,int]national ,education ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,volume ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,education ,,s]ies4 #abmo1 clo?1 uni=m b9d+4 ,! ,int]national ,education ,s]ies 0 project$ = ! purpose ( br++ toge!r 9 ord]ly arrangem5t ! be/ writ+s1 new & old1 ^u educational subjects1 & pres5t+ a complete c\rse ( read+ & tra9+ = tea*]s g5]ally4 ,x is edit$ by ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 :o has contribut$ = ! diff]5t volumes 9 ! way ( introductions1 analysis1 & comm5t>y4 ,! volumes are ta/efully & sub/antially b\nd 9 uni=m /yle4 ,,volumes ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,,johann ,k4 ,f4 ,,ros5kranz1 ,doctor ( ,!ology & ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,knigsb]g4 ,translat$ by ,,anna ,c4 ,,brackett4 ,second edition1 revis$1 ) ,comm5t>y & complete ,analysis4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,pa9t]1 ,a4 ,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,languages & ,lit]ature1 ,roanoke ,college1 ,va4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,e>ly ,,con/itution ,,( ,,univ]sities4 ,,) ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,education4 ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,,laurie1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ! ,in/itutes & ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,v5tilation ,,& ,,w>m+ ,,( ,,s*ool ,,build+s4 ,by ,,gilb]t ,b4 ,,morrison1 ,tea*] ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 ,kansas ,city ,high ,s*ool4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,v4--,,! ,,education ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4 ,translat$ & annotat$ by ,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann1 ,a4 ,m41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools1 ,la ,porte1 ,ind4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,,elem5t>y ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,education4 ,by ,,joseph ,,baldw91 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4 ,d41 au?or ( 8,! ,art ( ,s*ool ,managem5t40 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,vii4--,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! ,,w4 7,"p ,i ( 8,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,! ,,*ild407 ,by ,w4 ,,prey]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,j5a4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n1 ,tea*] 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,viii4--,,memory3 ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,improve ,,x4 ,by ,,david ,,kay1 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s41 au?or ( 8,education & ,educators10 etc4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,ix4--,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,intellect4 7,"p ,,ii ( 8,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,! ,,*ild407 ,by ,w4 ,,prey]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,j5a4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,x4--,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,geography4 ,a ,practical ,exposition ( ,me?ods & ,devices 9 ,tea*+ ,geography :i* apply ! ,pr9ciples & ,plans ( ,ritt] & ,guyot4 ,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,cook ,c\nty 7,ill9ois7 ,normal ,s*ool4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xi4--,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3 ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,settlem5ts4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,boone1 ,a4 ,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,p$agogy1 ,indiana ,univ]sity4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xii4--,,european ,,s*ools3 ,,or1 ,,:at ,i ,,saw ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,au/ria1 ,,& ,,switz]l&4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,,klemm1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,c9c9nati ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #b4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4--,,practical ,,h9ts ,,= ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,public ,,s*ools4 ,by ,,george ,,h[l&1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,*icago ,public ,s*ools4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4--,,pe/alozzi3 ,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"w4 ,by ,,rog] ,,de ,,guimps4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation f ! second ,fr5* edition1 by ,j4 ,,russell1 ,b4 ,a4 ,) an ,introduction by ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,quick1 ,m4 ,a4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xv4--,,s*ool ,,sup]vision4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,pick>d1 ,,ll4 ,d4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4--,,high] ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,europe4 ,by ,,hel5e ,,lange1 ,b]l94 ,translat$ & accompani$ by comp>ative /ati/ics by ,l4 ,r4 ,,klemm4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xvii4--,,essays ,,on ,,educational ,,re=m]s4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,h]b]t ,,quick1 ,m4 ,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,only au?oriz$ edition ( ! "w z rewritt5 9 #ahij4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4--,a ,,text-,,book ,,9 ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,,johann ,,fri$ri* ,,h]b>t4 ,translat$ by ,,m>g>et ,k4 ,,smi?4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xix4--,,psy*ology ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,tea*+4 ,by ,,joseph ,,baldw91 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xx4--,,r\sseau',s ,,mile3 ,,or1 ,,treatise ,,on ,,education4 ,translat$ & annotat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,payne1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,na%ville4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxi4--,,! ,,moral ,,in/ruction ,,( ,,*ildr54 ,by ,,felix ,,adl]4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxii4--,,engli% ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,by ,,isaac ,,%>pless1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,hav]=d ,college4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4--,,education ,,f ,a ,,national ,,/&po9t4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,f\ill,e4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4--,,m5tal ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,*ild4 ,by ,w4 ,,prey]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,j5a4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xxv4--,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,& ,,tea* ,,hi/ory4 ,by ,b4 ,a4 ,,h9sdale1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxvi4--,,symbolic ,,education3 ,a ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,froebel',s 8,,"m ,,play40 ,by ,,susan ,e4 ,,bl[4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4--,,sy/ematic ,,sci5ce ,,tea*+4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,g>dni] ,,h[e4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4--,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,p4 ,by ,,?omas ,,davidson4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxix4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,public-,,s*ool ,,sy/em4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,m>t91 ,a4,m4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxx4--,,p$agogics ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t54 ,by ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4 #abmo4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi4--,,! ,,mottoes ,,& ,,comm5t>ies ,,( ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel',s ,,"m ,,play4 ,by ,,susan ,e4 ,,bl[ & ,,h5rietta ,r4 ,,eliot4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxxii4--,,! ,,songs ,,& ,,music ,,( ,,froebel',s ,,"m ,,play4 ,by ,,susan ,e4 ,,bl[4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii4--,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,numb]1 ,,& ,,its ,,applications ,,to ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,ari?metic4 ,by ,,james ,a4 ,,mclellan1 ,a4 ,m41 & ,,john ,,dewey1 ,ph4 ,d4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv4--,,tea*+ ,,! ,,language-,,arts4 ,,spee*1 ,,read+1 ,,composition4 ,by ,b4 ,a4 ,,h9sdale1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,sci5ce & ! ,art ( ,tea*+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xxxv4--,,! ,,intellectual ,,& ,,moral ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,*ild4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,conta9+ ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,p]ception1 ,,emotion1 ,,memory1 ,,imag9ation1 ,,& ,,consci\sness4 ,by ,,gabriel ,,compayr4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,,m>y ,e4 ,,wilson1 ,b4 ,l4 ,smi? ,college1 ,memb] ( ! ,graduate ,sem9>y 9 ,*ild ,/udy1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi4--,,h]b>t',s ,a ,b ,c ,,( ,,s5se-,,p]ception1 ,,& ,,introductory ,,works4 ,by ,,william ,j4 ,,eck(f1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,pd4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,p$agogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,au?or ( 8,kant's ,inaugural ,diss]tation40 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii4--,,psy*ologic ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,vol4 ,,xxxviii4--,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,ont>io4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,,george ,w4 ,,ross1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,m9i/] ( ,education = ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io4 #a4jj ,vol4 ,,xxxix4--,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,tea*+4 ,by ,,james ,,johonnot4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xl4--,,s*ool ,,managem5t ,,& ,,s*ool ,,me?ods4 ,by ,,joseph ,,baldw94 ,,o!rs ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,,int]national ,,education ,,s]ies ,,essays ,,on ,,educational ,,re=m]s ,,by ,,rob]t ,,heb]t ,,quick ,m4 ,a4 ,,tr94 ,,coll41 ,,cambridge ,,=m]ly ,,assi/ant ,,ma/] ,,at ,,h>r[1 ,,& ,,lectur] ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,,at ,,cambridge ,,late ,,vic> ,,( ,,s$b]gh ,,only ,,au?oriz$ ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,z ,,rewritt5 ,,9 #ahij ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahif ,,copyright1 #ahij1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,to ,,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,b>n>d1 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 ,,:o ,,9 ,a ,,long ,,life ,,( ,,self-,,sacrific+ ,,lab\r ,,has ,,giv5 ,,to ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,an ,,educational ,,lit]ature1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,d$icat$1 ,,) ,,! ,,e/eem ,,& ,,admiration ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 1 4 ,plato 9 initio ,!agis 7p4 #abb ,b74 ,socrates sai? pla9lie1 t 8no man goe? ab\t a m godlie purpose1 ?an he t is m9dfull ( ! good br++ up bo? ( hys owne & o!r m5's *ildr540--,as*am's ,s*olema/]4 ,preface4 ,fundam5tum totius reipublic e/ recta juv5tutis educatio4 ,! v f\ndation ( ! :ole commonweal? is ! prop] br++ up ( ! "y4--,cic4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i propos$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,quick to rewrite 8 ,educational ,re=m]s1 mak+ "s additions 7,/urm & ,froebel1 = example71 & all[ me to place x 9 ?is s]ies ( educational works4 ,i _h read 8 essays :5 !y fir/ appe>$1 & not$ _! great value z a contribution to ! "r k9d ( educational lit]ature4 ,!y %[$ admirable tact 9 ! selection ( ! mat]ials2 ! 8epo*-mak+0 writ]s 7 *os5 & ! ?+s t _h be5 said & done ( p]man5t value 7 br\ght =w>d4 ,bett] ?an all 0 ! runn+ comm5t>y on ^! mat]ials by ,mr4 ,quick himself4 ,8 /yle 0 popul>1 tak+ ! read]1 z x 71 into confid5tial relations ) him f ! />t1 & (f]+ n[ & !n a ^w ( criticism 9 ! mo/ judicial _s1 lean+ nei!r to ! extreme ( de/ructive radicalism1 :i* seeks revolution r ?an re=m1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! extreme ( bl9d cons]vatism1 :i* wi%es to pres]ve ! ve/ure ( ! pa/ r ?an its wisdom4 ,i h call$ ?is book ( ,mr4 ,quick ! mo/ valuable hi/ory ( education 9 our "m-tongue1 fit only to be comp>$ ) ,k>l von ,raum]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik = its pres5tation ( ess5tials & = ! sanity ( its v]dicts4 ,i made my proposal t he 8rewrite0 8 book because ,i knew t he consid]$ 8 fir/ edition ha/ily writt5 &1 9 _m respects1 n adequate to ! ideal he _h conceiv$ ( ! book4 ,i knew1 moreov]1 t ye>s ( cont9u$ ?9k+ on a !me necess>ily modifies "o's views4 ,he w\ld wi% to make "s *anges 9 matt] pres5t$1 "s 9 judgm5ts r5d]$1 & _m m 9 /yle ( pres5tation4 ,h5ce x has come ab\t t aft] ?is lapse ( "t ,mr4 ,quick has produc$ a sub/antially new book1 :i*1 reta9+ all or ne>ly all ( ! admirable features ( ! fir/ edition1 has br\ght up to _! /&>d ( excell5ce _m o!rs4 ,! hi/ory ( education is a va/ field1 & we are accu/om$ to dem& bulky treatises z ! only adequate ones4 ,b ! obvi\s disadvantage ( su* works has l$ to ! cle>ly def9$ ideal ( a book l ,mr4 ,quick's1 :i* sep>ates ! gold f ! dross1 & (f]s x small 9 bulk b preci\s 9 value4 ,! educational re=m]s are ! m5 above all o!rs :o /imulate u to ?9k ab\t education4 ,e "o ( ^! 0 an extremi/1 & err$ 9 8 judgm5t z to ! value ( ! me?ods :i* prevail$ 9 8 "t1 & also ov]e/imat$ ! effects ( ! new education t he propos$ 9 ! place ( ! old4 ,b ?\ght beg9s ) negations1 & orig9ality %[s itself fir/ n 9 creat+ some?+ new1 b 9 remov+ ! fett]+ limitations ( its exi/+ environm5t4 ,! old is attack$--its good & its bad are condemn$ alike4 ,x has be5 impos$ on u by au?ority1 & we h n be5 all[$ to summon x be=e ! b> ( our reason & ask ( x its cr$5tials4 ,x in=ms u t x pres5t$ ^! cr$5tials ages ago to our ance/ors--m5 old] & wis] ?an we are4 ,su* imposition ( au?ority leaves u no *oice b to revolt4 ,we1 too1 h a "r to ?9k z well z our ance/ors2 we1 too1 mu/ cle> up ! gr\nd ( our belief & sub/itute insight = bl9d fai? 9 tradition4 ,^! educational re=m]s are prophets ( ! cle>+-up p]iod 7,aufklrung7 ( revolution aga9/ m]e au?ority4 ,:ile we are inspir$ to ?9k = ourselves1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n neglect t m important matt] ( ?9k+ ! tru?4 ,free-?9k+1 if x does n rea* ! tru?1 is n ( great value4 ,x sets itself z puny individual aga9/ ! might ( ! race1 :i* pres]ves its exp]i5ce 9 ! =ms ( in/itutions--! family1 ! social organism1 ! /ate1 ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce our wis] & m sci5tific me?od /udies ev]y?+ t is1 or exi/s1 9 its hi/ory1 & endeavors to discov] h[ x came to be :at x is4 ,x inquires into its evolution4 ,! ess5tial tru? is n ! pres5t fact1 b ! entire process by :i* ! pres5t fact grew to be :at x is4 ,= ! liv+ =ce t made ! pres5t fact made also ! pa/ facts antec$5t to ! pres5t1 & x w g on mak+ subsequ5t facts4 ,! revelation ( ! liv+ =ces :i* make ! facts ( exi/5ce is ! object ( sci5ce4 ,x takes all ^! facts to reveal ! liv+ =ce t is act+ & produc+ !m4 ,h5ce ! sci5tific attitude is sup]ior to ! attitude ( ^! educational re=m]s1 & we %all 9 our own m9ds weigh ^! m5 9 our scales1 ask+ fir/ ( all3 ,:at is _! view ( ! _w8 ,h[ mu* d !y value human in/itutions8 ,h[ mu* d !y "k ( ! sub/antial good t is wr\ght by ^? in/itutions8 ,if !y "k no?+ ( ^! ?+s1 if !y see only incumbrance 9 ^! in/itutions1 if to !m ! individual is ! measure ( all ?+s1 we c n d rev]5ce to _! propos$ rem$ies1 b mu/ acc\nt _! value to u *iefly ?is1 t !y h /imulat$ u to ?9k+1 & help$ u to discov] :at !y h n discov]$--namely1 ! positive value ( in/itutions4 ,all education deals ) ! b\nd>y betwe5 ignorance & k & betwe5 bad habits & good ones4 ,! pupil z pupil br+s ) him ! ignorance & ! bad habits1 & is engag$ 9 acquir+ good habits & correct k4 ,?is situation gives u a g5]al recipe = a frequ5tly recurr+ type ( educational re=m]4 ,any w\ld-be re=m] may take 8 /& on ! b\nd>y m5tion$1 &1 ca/+ an angry look at ! realm ( ignorance & bad habit n yet conqu]$1 condemn 9 :olesale t]ms ! sy/em ( education t has n be5 effici5t 9 remov+ ?is m5tal & moral d>kness4 ,su* a re=m] selects an exam9ation pap] writt5 by a pupil ^: ignorance is n yet vanqui%$1 & p>ades ! same z a product ( ! "w ( ! s*ool1 tak+ great pa9s to avoid an accurate & j admeasurem5t ( ! actual "w done by ! s*ool4 ,! re=m] critic assumes t !re is "o factor "h1 :]eas !re are ?ree factors--namely1 7a7 ! pupil's native & acquir$ p[]s ( le>n+1 7b7 8 actual k acquir$1 & 7c7 ! in/ruction giv5 by ! s*ool4 ,! s*ool is n responsible = ! fir/ & second ( ^! factors1 b x is responsible only = :at increm5t has gr[n "u its tutelage4 ,h[ mu* & :at has ! pupil increas$ 8 k1 & h[ mu* 8 p[] ( acquir+ k & ( do+8 ,! educational re=m] is always tell+ u to leave words & take up ?+s4 ,he dissuades f ! /udy ( language1 & also und]values ! k ( mann]s & cu/oms & laws & usages4 ,he dislikes ! /udy ( in/itutions ev54 ,he 8loves ,nature10 z he in=ms u4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] wants u to /udy ! body1 & to be m int]e/$ 9 biology ?an 9 =mal logic2 m int]e/$ 9 natural hi/ory ?an 9 lit]ature4 ,b ,i ?9k he w\ld be indignant if "o 7 to ask him :e!r he ?\ght ! /udy ( ! habits & social in/9cts ( bees & ants is less important ?an ! /udy ( insect anatomy & physiology4 ,anatomy & physiology are1 ( c\rse1 important1 b ! social organism is m important ?an ! physiological organism1 ev5 9 bees & ants4 ,s 9 man ! social organism is transc5d5t z comp>$ ) human physiology1 & social hygi5e comp>$ ) physiological hygi5e is supreme4 ,to suppose t ! habits ( plants & insects are facts1 & t ! /ructure ( human languages1 ! logical /ructure ( ! m9d itself z reveal$ 9 ! figures & modes ( ! syllogism & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( social life1 ! deep e?ical pr9ciples :i* gov]n peoples z reveal$ 9 works ( lit]ature--to suppose t ^! & ! l ( ^! are n real facts & wor?y ( /udy is "o ( ! /range/ delusions t has ev] prevail$4 ,b x is a worse delusion to suppose t ! /udy ( ,nature is m practical ?an ! /udy ( man1 ?\gh ?is is (t5 en\gh claim$ by ! educational re=m]s4 ,! k ( mo/ wor? is fir/ & =emo/ ! k ( h[ to behave--a k ( social cu/oms & usages4 ,any p]son totally ignorant 9 ?is reg>d w\ld n escape imprisonm5t--p]haps ,i %\ld say decapitation--= "o day 9 any city ( ! _w--say 9 ,london1 9 ,pek91 9 ,timbuctoo1 or 9 a pueblo ( ,arizona4 ,a k ( human cu/oms & usages1 next a k ( human views ( ,nature & man--^! are ( primordial necessity to an individual1 & are means ( direct self-pres]vation4 ,! old trivium or ?reefold c\rse ( /udy at ! univ]sity taught gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric--namely1 7#a7 ! /ructure ( language1 7#b7 ! /ructure ( m9d & ! art ( reason+1 7#c7 ! pr9ciples & art ( p]suasion4 ,^! may be se5 at once to be l(ty subjects & wor?y objects ( sci5ce4 ,!y w always rema9 su*1 b !y are n easy = ! *ild4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ma/]+ !m he mu/ le>n to ma/] himself & ga9 great intellectual /ature4 ,p$agogy has wisely grad$ ! road to ^! heights1 & plac$ mu* easi] /udies at ! beg9n+ & also made ! /udies m v>i\s4 ,improvem5ts 9 me?ods & 9 grad+--devices = int]e/+ ! pupil--s ess5tial to 8 self-activity1 = ^! we h to ?ank ! ,educational ,re=m]s4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahij4 ,,preface ,,to ,,edition ,,( #ahfh4 8,x is cle> t 9 :atev] x is our duty to act1 ^? matt]s also x is our duty to /udy40 ,^! words ( ,dr4 ,arnold's seem to me incontrov]tible4 ,s a s5se ( duty1 z well z fondness = ! subject1 has l$ me to devote a p]iod ( leisure to ! /udy ( ,education1 9 ! practice ( :i* ,i h be5 = "s ye>s engag$4 ,!re are c\ntries :]e x w\ld be consid]$ a truism t a tea*] 9 ord] to ex]cise 8 pr(ession intellig5tly %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ! *ief au?orities 9 x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i suppose su* an ass]tion w seem p>adoxical2 b !re is a good deal to be said 9 def5ce ( x4 ,de ,qu9cey has po9t$ out t a man :o takes up any pursuit )\t kn[+ :at advances o!rs h made 9 x works at a great disadvantage4 ,he does n apply 8 /r5g? 9 ! "r direction1 he tr\bles himself ab\t small matt]s & neglects great1 he falls into errors t h long s9ce be5 explod$4 ,an educator is1 ,i ?9k1 liable to ^! dang]s if he br+s to 8 task no k b t :i* he le>nt = ! tripos1 & no skill b t :i* he acquir$ 9 ! cricket gr\nd or on ! riv]4 ,if 8 pupils are plac$ entirely 9 8 h&s1 8 "w is "o ( great difficulty1 ) heavy p5alties atta*$ to all blund]+ 9 x2 ?\gh "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! ignorant doctor & ! c>eless ar*itect1 ! p5alties1 un=tunately1 are paid by 8 victims4 ,if 7z m commonly happ5s7 he has simply to give a class prescrib$ in/ruction1 8 small] scope ( action limits proportionally ! mis*ief t may ensue2 b ev5 !n x is obvi\sly desirable t 8 tea*+ %\ld be z good z possible1 & he is n likely to employ ! be/ me?ods if he inv5ts z he goes along1 or simply falls back on 8 remembrance ( h[ he 0 taught himself1 p]haps 9 v diff]5t circum/ances4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 !re=e1 t practical m5 9 education1 z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s1 may d]ive b5efit f ! k ( :at has already be5 said & done by ! lead+ m5 engag$ 9 x1 bo? pa/ & pres5t4 ,all /udy ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 is v mu* imp$$ by want ( books4 8,good books are 9 ,g]man10 says ,pr(essor ,seeley4 ,i h f\nd t on ! hi/ory ( ,education1 n only good books b all books are 9 ,g]man or "s o!r =eign language4#a ,i h1 !re=e1 ?\ght x wor? :ile to publi% a few su* imp]fect sket*es z ^!1 ) :i* ! read] c h>dly be less satisfi$ ?an ! au?or4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 prove useful till !y give place to a bett] book4 ,sev]al ( ! foll[+ essays are no?+ m ?an compilations4 ,inde$1 a ho/ile critic might ass]t t ,i _h us$ ! scissors ) ! en]gy ( ,mr4 ,timbs & )\t 8 discretion4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 w probably agree ) me t ,i h done wisely 9 putt+ be=e him ! op9ions ( great writ]s 9 _! own language4 ,:]e ,i am simply act+ z report]1 ! au?or's own way ( express+ himself is obvi\sly ! be/2 & if1 foll[+ ! example ( ! gipsies & ,sir ,fretful ,plagi>y1 ,i _h disfigur$ o!r p's (fspr+ to make !m pass = my own1 success w\ld h be5 fatal to ! purpose ,i h /eadily kept 9 view4 ,! s\rces ( orig9al ideas 9 any subject1 z ! /ud5t is well aw>e1 are few1 b = irrigation we require tr\ghs z well z wat]-spr+s1 & ^! essays are int5d$ to s]ve 9 ! humbl] capacity4 ,a ^w ab\t ! incomplete h&l+ ( my subjects4 ,i h n attempt$ to treat any subject completely1 or ev5 ) any?+ l complet5ess4 ,9 giv+ a sket* ( ! op9ions ( an au?or "o ( two me?ods mu/ be adopt$2 we may give an epitome ( all t he has said1 or by conf9+ ourselves to 8 m valuable & *>act]i/ic op9ions1 may ga9 space to give ^! fully4 ,z ,i dete/ epitomes1 ,i h adopt$ ! latt] me?od exclusively1 b ,i may sometimes h fail$ 9 select+ an au?or's mo/ *>act]i/ic pr9ciples2 & probably no two read]s ( a book w\ld entirely agree z to :at 0 mo/ valuable 9 x3 s my acc\nt mu/ rema91 aft] all1 b a poor sub/itute = ! au?or himself4 ,= ! "p ( a critic ,i h at lea/ "o qualification--practical acqua9tance ) ! subject4 ,z boy or ma/]1 ,i h be5 connect$ ) no less ?an elev5 s*ools1 & my p]ception ( ! blund]s ( o!r tea*]s is d]iv$ ma9ly f ! remembrance ( my own4 ,"s ( my mi/akes h be5 br\ght home to me by read+ works on education1 ev5 ^? ) :i* ,i d n 9 ! ma9 agree4 ,p]haps !re are tea*]s :o on look+ ?r\gh ! foll[+ pages may meet ) a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,_h ! essays be5 writt5 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y /&1 a good deal ( repetition might h be5 avoid$1 b ?is repetition has at lea/ ! advantage ( br++ out po9ts :i* seem to me important2 & z no "o w read ! book z c>efully z ,i h done1 ,i hope no "o w be s mu* alive to ?is & o!r blemi%es 9 x4 ,i mu* regret t 9 a "w :i* is no?+ if x is n practically useful1 ,i h s (t5 neglect$ to m>k ! exact place f :i* quotations are tak54 ,i h myself paid ! p5alty ( ?is c>elessness 9 ! tr\ble x has co/ me to v]ify passages :i* seem$ inaccurate4 ,! au?ority ,i h _h rec\rse to mo/ frequ5tly is ,raum] 7,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik74 ,9 8 fir/ two volumes he gives an acc\nt ( ! *ief m5 connect$ ) education1 f ,dante to ,pe/alozzi4 ,! ?ird volume conta9s essays on v>i\s p>ts ( education1 & ! f\r? is devot$ to ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,!re is an ,engli% translation1 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 ( ! f\r? volume only4 ,i confess to a great p>tiality = ,raum]--a p>tiality :i* is n %>$ by a ,saturday ,review] & by o!r compet5t au?orities 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b surely a ,g]man au?or :o is n pr(\nd1 & is almo/ p]spicu\s1 has "s claim on ! gratitude ( ,engli% read]s1 if he gives in=mation :i* we _c get 9 our own language4 ,to ,raum] ,i am indebt$ = all t ,i h writt5 ab\t ,ratke1 & almo/ all ab\t ,bas$[4 ,else:]e 8 hi/ory has be5 us$1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t4 ,c4 ,a4 ,s*mid's ,encyclopdie des ,erziehungs-und-,unt]ri*tswes5s is a va/ m9e ( in=mation on ev]y?+ connect$ ) education4 ,! "w is /ill 9 progress4 ,! "p conta9+ ,r\sseau has only j rea*$ me4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad ( x :5 ,i 0 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! ,emile1 z ,raum] 0 ( little use to me4 ,^? = :om ,s*mid is too diffuse & exp5sive w f9d ,c>l ,gottlob ,h]gang's ,pdagogis*e ,real5cyclopdie useful4 ,?is is 9 two ?ick volumes1 & co/s1 to ! be/ ( my memory1 ab\t eighte5 %ill+s4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahdg4 ,! be/ sket* ,i h met ) ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( education is 9 ! article on ,pdagogik 9 ,mey]s ,conv]sations-,lexicon4#b ,i wi% someone w\ld translate ?is article2 & ,i %\ld be glad to draw ! att5tion ( ! editor ( an educational p]iodical1 say ! ,museum or ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,education1 to x4 ,i h come ^u ref]5ces to _m o!r works on ! hi/ory ( ,education1 b ( ^! ! only ones ,i h se5 are ,!odore ,fritz's ,esquisse d'un ,sy/me complet d'in/ruction et d'ducation et de leur hi/oire 7#c vols41 ,/rasburg1 #ahdc71 & ,c>l ,s*midt's ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik 7#d vols474 ,! fir/ ( ^! gives only ! outl9e ( ! subject4 ,! second is1 ,i believe1 consid]$ a /&>d "w4 ,x does n seem to me s readable z ,raum]'s hi/ory1 b x is mu* m complete1 & comes d[n to q rec5t times4 ,= my acc\nt ( ! ,jesuit s*ools & ( ,pe/alozzi1 ! au?orities w be f\nd else:]e 7pp4 #cd & #chc74 ,9 writ+ ab\t ,com5ius ,i h _h mu* assi/ance f a life ( him prefix$ to an ,engli% translation ( 8 ,s*ool ( ,infancy1 by ,daniel ,b5ham 7,london1 #aheh74 ,= almo/ all ! in=mation giv5 ab\t ,jacotot1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,payne's pap]s1 :i* ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to extract f s freely if !y _h be5 be=e ! public 9 a m p]man5t =m4 ,i am sorry ,i _c ref] to any ,engli% works on ! hi/ory ( ,education1 except ! essays ( ,mr4 ,p>k] & ,mr4 ,furnivall1 & ,*ri/ian ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s1 :i* are m5tion$ above1 b we h a v good treatise on ! pr9ciples ( education 9 ,m>cel's ,language z a ,means ( ,m5tal ,culture 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahec74 ,edgewor?'s ,practical ,education seems fall+ into undes]v$ neglect1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rec5t "w is n univ]sally kn[n ev5 by s*oolma/]s4 ,if ! foll[+ pages attract b few read]s1 x w be "s consolation1 ?\gh r a melan*oly "o1 t ,i %>e ! fate ( my bett]s4 ,r4 ,h4 ,q4 ,,+ate/one1 ,,essex1 ,may1 #ahfh4 ,,preface ,,to ,,edition ,,( #ahij4 ,:5 ,i 0 a "y man 7i4e41 ne>ly =ty ye>s ago71 ,i once did :at ^? :o "k ! gr\nd w\ld decl>e a v risky1 inde$1 a fool-h>dy ?+4 ,i 0 at ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,gemmi ,pass 9 ,switz]l&1 above ! ,rhone ,valley2 & be+ 9 a hurry to get d[n & ov]take my p>ty ,i ran f ! top to ! bottom4 ,! pa? 9 ^? days 0 n s good z x is n[1 & x is s ne> ! precipice t a few ye>s aft]w>ds a lady 9 desc5d+ lo/ h] head & fell ov]4 ,no d\bt ,i 0 9 great dang] ( a drop ( a ?\s& feet or s4 ,b ( ?is ,i 0 totally unconsci\s4 ,i 0 9 a ?ick mi/1 & saw ! pa? = a few y>ds 9 front ( me & no?+ m4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! way 9 :i* ?is book 0 writt5 ?ree & tw5ty ye>s ago ,i c comp>e x to no?+ b my fir/ desc5t ( ! ,gemmi4 ,i did a v risky ?+ )\t kn[+ x4 ,my pa? came into view little by little z ,i w5t on4 ,all else 0 hid f me by a ?ick mi/ ( ignorance4 ,:5 ,i began ! book ,i knew next to no?+ ( ! ,re=m]s1 b ,i /udi$ h>d & wrote h>d1 & ,i turn$ out ! essays )9 ! ye>4 ,?is feat ,i n[ reg>d ) amazem5t1 almo/ ) horror4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h giv5 m ye>s ( "w to ! subject ?an ,i _h !n giv5 mon?s1 & ! consequ5ce is ,i f9d ,i c write fa/ no long]4 ,! mi/ has 9 a measure cle>$ (f1 & ,i _c jog along 9 com=t z ,i did :5 ,i saw less4 ,at ! same "t ,i h no reason to rep5t ( ! adv5ture4 ,be+ =tunate 9 my plan & ?or\ghly int]e/$ by my subject1 ,i succe$$ beyond my wilde/ expectations 9 gett+ o!rs to take an int]e/ 9 x also4 ,! small ,engli% edition ( #ejj copies 01 z soon z ,i r$uc$ ! price1 sold (f imm$iately1 & ! book has be51 9 ,engl&1 = tw5ty ye>s 8out ( pr9t40 ,b no less ?an ?ree publi%+ firms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h repr9t$ x 7"o q rec5tly7 )\t my cons5t1 &1 except 9 ! edition ( ,messrs4 ,r4 ,cl>ke ,co41 ,c9c9nati1 ) omissions & additions made )\t my k4 ,x seems !n t ! book w live = "s ye>s yet1 :e!r ,i l x or n2 & :ile x lives ,i wi% x to be 9 a =m some:at less defective ?an at its fir/ appe>ance4 ,i h !re=e 9 a great measure re-writt5 x1 beside fill+ 9 a gap "h & !re ) an additional essay4 ,p]haps "s critics w call x a new book ) an old title4 ,if !y d1 !y w ,i tru/ all[ t ! new book has at lea/ two m]its :i* w5t f> to secure ! success ( ! old1 #a/1 a good title1 & #bnd1 a good plan4 ,my plan 9 bo? editions has be5 to select a few p :o seem$ specially wor? kn[+ ab\t1 & to tell conc]n+ !m 9 "s detail j t :i* seem$ to me specially wor? kn[+4 ,s ,i h giv5 :at ,i ?\ght v valuable or v int]e/+1 & ev]y?+ ,i ?\ght n p>ticul>ly valuable or int]e/+ ,i h ru?lessly omitt$4 ,i h n attempt$ a complete acc\nt ( anybody or any?+2 & z = :at ! exam9] may 8set10 ,i h n once giv5 8 que/ions a ?\ght4 ,z ! book is likely to h m read]s 9 ! c\ntry ( its adoption ?an 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir?1 ,i h p]suad$ my fri5d ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 to put x into 8,! ,int]national ,education ,s]ies0 :i* he edits4 ,s ! only au?oriz$ editions ( ! book are ! ,engli% edition1 & ! ,am]ican edition publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,r4 ,h4 ,q4 ,,e>lswood ,,cottage1 ,,r$hill1 ,,surrey1 ,,engl&1 #bh? ,july1 #ahij4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,*apt] ,i4--,effects ( ! ,r5asc5ce #a-ba ,no escape f ! ,pa/ #b 8,discov]y0 ( ! ,classics #c ,m>k ,pattison's acc\nt ( ,r5asc5ce #d ,revival ( ta/e = beauty 9 ,lit]ature #e ,:at is ,lit]ature8 #f ,r5asc5ce lov$ beauty ( expression #g ,no translations4 ,! 8educat$0 #h ,spread ( lit]ature by pr9t+ #i ,s*ool c\rse settl$ be=e ,bacon #aj ,fir/ defect3 ,le>n] above ,do] #aa ,second3 ,ov]-e/imate ( lit]ature #ab ,lit]>y ta/e n common #ac ,?ird3 ,lit]ature bani%$ f s*ool #ad ,translations w\ld be lit]ature #ae ,! classics n writt5 = *ildr5 #af ,language v]sus ,lit]ature #ag ,f\r?3 8,miss z good z a mile0 #ah ,fif?3 ,neglect ( *ildr5 #ai ,*ild's /udy ( 8 surr\nd+s #bj ,aut ,cs> aut nihil #ba ,*apt] ,,ii4--,r5asc5ce ,t5d5cies #bb-bf ,reviv+ ! ,pa/4 ,! ,s*ol>s #bc ,! ,s*ol>s3 ?+s = words #bd ,v]bal ,reali/s3 ?+s ?r\gh words #be ,/yli/s3 words = !mselves #bf ,*apt] ,,iii4--,/urmius4 7#aejg-aehi7 #bg-cb ,8 e>ly life4 ,settles 9 ,/rassburg #bh ,8 c\rse ( ,lat94 ,dismiss$ #bi ,! ,s*oolma/] taught ,lat9 ma9ly #cj ,result+ v]balism #ca ,"s books ab\t ,/urm #cb ,*apt] ,,iv4--,s*ools ( ! ,jesuits #cc-fb ,importance ( ! ,jesuit ,s*ools #cd ,! ,society 9 "p educational #ce 8,ratio atque ,in/itutio40 ,societas ,pr(essa #cf ,! ,jesuit tea*]3 8 prep>ation1 c4 #cg ,sup]vision4 ,ma9t5ance4 ,l[] ,s*ools #ch ,free in/ruction4 ,equality4 ,bo>d]s #ci ,classes4 ,curriculum4 ,lat9 only us$ #dj ,tea*] ,lectur$4 ,ex]cises4 ,say+ by he>t #da ,emulation4 8muli40 ,conc]tations #db 8,academies40 ,exp$i5ts4 ,s*ool-h\rs #dc ,me?od ( tea*+4 ,an example #dd ,att5tion4 ,extra "w4 8,repetitio0 #de ,repetition4 ,?or\ghness #df ,ye>ly exam9ations4 ,moral tra9+ #dg ,c>e ( heal?4 ,puni%m5ts #dh ,engli% want ( sy/em #di ,jesuit limitations #ej ,ga9s f memoriz+ #ea ,popul>ity4 ,k9dness #eb ,sympa?y ) ea* pupil #ec ,"w mod]ate 9 am\nt & difficulty #ed ,! ,society ! ,army ( ! ,*ur* #ee ,_! p$agogy n dis9t]e/$ #ef ,practical #eg ,! =ces3 #a4 ,ma/]'s influ5ce4 #b4 ,emulation #eg-eh ,a pupil's summ+-up #ei ,"s books #fj ,b>bi]'s advice to new ma/] #fa ,loyola & ,montaigne4 ,port-,royal #fb ,*apt] ,v4--,rabelais4 7#adhc-aeec47 #fc-fi ,rabelais' ideal4 ,a new />t #fd ,religion4 ,/udy ( ,?+s #fe 8,ans*auung40 ,h&-"w4 ,books & ,life #ff ,tra9+ ! body #fg ,rabelais' ,curriculum #fh ,/udy ( ,scripture4 ,piety #fi ,*apt] ,,vi4--,montaigne4 7#aecc-aeib47 #gj-gi ,writ]s & do]s4 ,montaigne v]sus ,r5asc5ce #ga ,"* be=e k4 ,true k #gb ,a!ns & ,sp>ta4 ,wisdom be=e k #gc ,kn[+1 & kn[+ by he>t #gd ,le>n+ necess>y z employm5t #ge ,montaigne & our ,public ,s*ools #gf ,pressure f ,sci5ce & ,exam9ations #gg ,dang] f k #gh ,montaigne & ,"l ,arm/rong #gi ,*apt] ,,vii4--,as*am4 7#aeae-aefh47 #hj-hi ,wolsey on tea*+ #ha ,hi/ory ( ,me?ods useful #hb ,our ?ree celebrities #hc ,as*am's me?od = ,lat93 fir/ /age #hd ,second /age4 ,! six po9ts #he ,value ( d\ble translat+ & writ+ #hf ,/udy ( a model book4 ,que5 ,elizabe? #hg1 #hh 8,a doz5 times at ! lea/0 #hh 8,impressioni/s0 & 8,reta9]s0 #hi ,*apt] ,,viii4--,mulca/]4 7#aeca787-afaa47 #ij-ajb ,old books 9 ,engli% on education #ia ,mulca/]'s wisdom hidd5 by 8 /yle #ib ,education & 8le>n+0 #ic #a4 ,developm5t #b4 ,*ild-/udy #id #c4 ,gr\ndwork by be/ workman #ie #d4 ,no =c+ ( "y plants #if #e4 ,! elem5t>y c\rse4 ,engli% #ig #f4 ,girls z well z ,boys #ih #g4 ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s #ii ,tra9+ college at ! ,univ]sities #ajj ,mulca/]'s reasons = tra9+ tea*]s #aja ,mulca/]'s ,life & ,writ+s #ajb ,*apt] ,,ix4--,rati*ius4 7#aega-afce47 #ajc-aah ,pr9ciples ( ! ,innovators #ajd ,ratke's ,address to ! ,diet #aje ,at ,augsburg4 ,at ,koe!n #ajf ,failure at ,koe!n #ajg ,g]man 9 ! s*ool4 ,rati*ius's s]vices #ajh #a4 ,foll[ ,nature4 #b4 ,"o ?+ at a "t #aji #c4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 #aaj #d4 ,ev]y?+ ?r\gh ! "m-tongue #aaa #e4 ,no?+ on compulsion #aab #f4 ,no?+ to be le>nt by he>t #aac #g4 ,uni=mity4 #h4 ,ne modus rei ante rem #aad #i4 ,p] inductionem omnia #aae ,ratke's me?od = language #aaf ,ratke's me?od & ,as*am's #aag ,sl[ progress 9 me?ods #aah ,*apt] ,x4--,com5ius4 7#aeib-afga47 #aai-aga ,e>ly ye>s4 ,8 fir/ book #abj ,tr\bles4 ,exile #aba ,p$agogic /udies at ,leszna #abb ,didactic writt54 ,janua publi%$4 ,pansophy #abc ,samuel ,h>tlib #abd ,! ,prodromus & ,dilucidatio #abe ,com5ius 9 ,london4 ,p>liam5t>y s*emes #abf ,com5ius driv5 away by ,civil ,w> #abg ,9 ,sw$54 ,int]views ) ,ox5/i]n #abh ,ox5/i]n criticises #abi ,com5ius at ,elb+ #acj ,at ,leszna aga9 #aca ,s>os-,patak4 ,flight f ,leszna #acb ,la/ ye>s at ,am/]dam #acc ,com5ius s\ght true f\ndation #acd ,?reefold life4 ,se$s ( le>n+1 virtue1 piety #ace ,omnia sponte fluant4 ,analogies #acf ,analogies ( gr[? #acg ,s5ses4 ,fo/] desire ( k #ach ,no puni%m5ts4 ,words & ,?+s toge!r #aci ,languages4 ,sy/em ( s*ools #adj ,"m-tongue ,s*ool4 ,girls #ada ,s*ool tea*+4 ,"m's tea*+ #adb ,com5ius & ! ,k9d]g>t5 #adc ,/>t+-po9ts ( ! sci5ces #add ,beg9n+s 9 ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 c4 #ade ,draw+4 ,education = all #adf ,sci5tific & ,religi\s ,agreem5t #adg ,bi%op ,butl] on ,educat+ ! ,poor #adh ,com5ius & ,bacon #adi 8,ev]y?+ ,?r\gh ! ,s5ses0 #aej ,error ( ,neglect+ ! ,s5ses #aea ,insuffici5cy ( ! ,s5ses #aeb ,com5ius und]valu$ ! ,pa/ #aec ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce #aed ,com5ius's use ( ,analogies #aee ,?\ght-/udies & ,label-/udies #aef ,unity ( ,kn[l$ges #aeg ,!ory & ! ,practical ,man #aeh ,"m-tongue4 ,words & ,?+s toge!r #aei ,janua ,l+u>um #afj ,! ,jesuits' ,janua #afa ,com5ius adapts ,jesuits' ,janua #afb ,an*oran's edition ( ,com5ius's ,janua #afc ,*ange to be made by ,janua #afd ,popul>ity ( ,janua %ortliv$ #afe ,lub9us projector ( ,orbis ,pictus #aff ,orbis ,pictus describ$ #afg ,:y ,com5ius's s*oolbooks fail$ #afh 8,comp5dia ,disp5dia0 #afi ,com5ius & ,sci5ce ( ,education #agj ,books on ,com5ius #aga ,*apt] ,,xi4--,! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal #agb-aif ,! ,jesuits & ! ,arnaulds #agc ,sa9t-,cyran & ,port-,royal #agd ,sa9t-,cyran an 8,evangelical0 #age ,%ort c>e] ( ! ,little ,s*ools #agf ,sa9t-,cyran & ,locke on ,public ,s*ools #agg ,%ad[-side ( ,public ,s*ools #agh ,! ,little ,s*ools = ! few only #agi ,advantages ( great s*ools #ahj ,*oice ( ma/]s & s]vants4 ,wat* & pray #aha ,no rivalry or pressure4 ,fre$om f r\t9e #ahb ,/udy a delight4 ,read+ ,fr5* fir/ #ahc ,lit]ature4 ,"m-tongue fir/ #ahd ,beg9n]s' difficulties light5$ #ahe ,beg9 ) ,lat9 into ,"m-tongue #ahf ,s5se be=e s\nd4 ,reason mu/ rule #ahg ,n ,baconian4 ,! body despis$ #ahh ,p$agogic writ+s ( ,port-,royali/s #ahi ,arnauld4 ,nicole #aij ,light f )94 ,tea* by ! ,s5ses #aia ,be/ tea*+ escapes common te/s #aib ,/udy+ impossible )\t a w #aic ,aga9/ mak+ beg9n+s bitt] #aid ,port-,royal advance4 ,books on ,port-,royal #aie ,roll91 ,compayr1 c4 #aif ,*apt] ,,xii4--,"s ,engli% ,writ]s be=e ,locke #aig-bah ,bir? ( ,realism #aih ,reali/ ,lead]s n s*oolma/]s #aii ,john ,br9sley4 ,*>les ,hoole #bjj ,hoole's ,realism #bja ,art ( tea*+4 ,abraham ,c[ley #bjb ,au?ors & s*oolma/]s4 ,j4 ,dury #bjc ,disord]ly use ( our natural faculties #bjd ,dury's wat* simile #bje ,s5ses1 #a/2 imag9ation1 #bnd2 memory1 #crd #bjf ,petty's battlefield simile #bjg ,petty's realism #bjh ,cultivate obs]vation #bji ,petty on *ildr5's activities #baj ,h&-"w4 ,education = all4 ,bell]s #baa ,milton & ,s*ool-,re=m #bab ,milton z spokesman ( ,*ri/ian ,reali/s #bac ,language an in/rum5t4 ,object ( education #bad ,milton = b>rack life & ,v]bal ,realism #bae ,milton succe$$ z man n ma/] #baf ,he did n advance ,sci5ce ( ,education #bag ,milton an educator ( mank9d #bah ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,locke4 7#afcb-agjd47 #bai-bch ,locke's two ma9 *>act]i/ics #bbj #a/1 ,tru? = itself4 #bnd1 ,reason = ,tru? #bba ,locke's def9ition ( k #bbb ,kn[+ )\t see+ #bbc 8,disc5tem cr$]e oportet0 #bbd ,locke's 8,k0 & ! s*oolma/]'s #bbe 8,k0 9 ,geography #bbf ,= *ildr51 heal? & habits #bbg ,ev]y?+ educative =ms habits #bbh ,confusion ab\t special cases4 ,wax #bbi ,locke beh9d ,com5ius #bcj ,humani/s1 ,reali/s1 & ,tra9]s #bca ,caution aga9/ classifi]s #bcb ,locke & developm5t #bcc ,0 ,locke a utilit>ian8 #bcd ,utilit>ianism def9$ #bce ,locke n utilit>ian 9 education #bcf ,locke's ,pisgah ,vision #bcg ,sci5ce & education4 ,names ( books #bch ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau4 7#agab-aggh47 #bci-bgb ,middle ,age sy/em fell 9 #ah? c5tury #bdj ,d ! opposite to ! usual #bda ,family life4 ,no education be=e reason #bdb ,r\sseau 8neglects0 ess5tials4 ,lose "t #bdc ,e>ly education negative #bdd ,*ildhood ! sleep ( reason #bde ,/>t f /udy ( ! *ild #bdf ,r\sseau's p>adoxes un-,engli% #bdg ,man ! corrupt]4 ,! ?ree educations #bdh ,! aim1 liv+ ?or\ghly #bdi ,*ildr5 n small m5 #bej ,s*oolma/]s' contempt = *ildhood #bea ,s*oolroom rubbi% #beb ,ideas be=e symbols #bec ,"r ideas = *ildr5 #bed ,*ild-g>d5+4 ,*ild's activity #bee ,no sitt+ /ill or read+ #bef ,memory )\t books #beg ,use ( ! s5ses 9 *ildhood #beh ,intellect bas$ on ! s5ses #bei ,cultivation ( ! s5ses #bfj ,music & draw+ #bfa ,draw+ f objects4 ,morals #bfb ,contradictory /atem5ts on morals #bfc ,! mat]ial _w & ! moral #bfd ,%un ov]-direct+ #bfe ,lessons out ( s*ool4 ,que/ion+4 ,at #ab #bff ,no book-le>n+4 ,/udy ( nature #bfg ,aga9/ didactic tea*+ #bfh ,r\sseau exagg]ates ab\t self-tea*+ #bfi ,le>n ) ef=t #bgj ,h&-"w4 ,! 8,new ,education0 #bga ,! ,tea*]'s bus9ess #bgb ,*apt] ,,xv4--,bas$[ & ! ,philan?rop9um #bgc-bhi ,bas$[ tries to m5d religion & tea*+ #bgd ,re=m ne$$4 ,subscription = 8,elem5t>y0 #bge ,a j\rney ) ,goe! #bgf ,goe! on ,bas$[ #bgg ,! ,philan?rop9um op5$ #bgh ,bas$['s 8,elem5t>y0 & 8,book ( ,me?od0 #bgi ,subjects to be taught #bhj ,fr5* & ,lat94 ,religion #bha 8,fr$'s ,j\rney to ,dessau0 #bhb ,at ! ,philan?rop9um #bhc ,me?ods 9 ! ,philan?rop9um #bhd ,! ,philan?rop9um criticis$ #bhe ,bas$['s improvem5ts 9 tea*+ *ildr5 #bhf ,bas$['s successors #bhg ,kant on ! ,philan?rop9um #bhh ,influ5ce ( ,philan?rop9i/s #bhi ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,pe/alozzi4 7#agdf-ahbg47 #bij-chc ,8 *ildhood & /ud5t-life #bia ,a ,radical ,/ud5t #bib ,turns f>m]4 ,blunts*li's w>n+ #bic ,new ideas 9 f>m+4 ,a love lett] #bid ,resolutions4 ,buys l& & m>ries #bie ,pe/alozzi turns to education #bif ,neuh( fill$ ) *ildr5 #big ,appeal = ! new ,in/itution #bih ,bankruptcy4 ,! *ildr5 s5t away #bii ,eighte5 ye>s ( pov]ty & di/ress #cjj 8,g]trude0 to ! rescue4 ,pe/alozzi's religion #cja ,he turns au?or4 8,e4 ,h4 ( ,h]mit0 #cjb ,pe/alozzi's belief #cjc ,! 8,h]mit0 a ,*ri/ian #cjd ,success ( 8,leon>d & ,g]trude0 #cje ,g]trude's pati5ce tri$ #cjf ,be+ & do+ be=e kn[+ #cjg ,pe/alozzi's sev]ity4 ,wom5 ,commission]s #cjh ,pe/alozzi's sev5 ye>s ( au?or%ip #cji 8,citiz5 ( ,fr5* ,republic40 ,d\bts #caj ,wait+4 ,pe/alozzi's 8,inquiry0 #caa ,pe/alozzi's 8,fables0 #cab ,pe/alozzi's own pr9ciples #cac ,pe/alozzi's return to action #cad ,! ,fr5* at ,/anz #cae ,pe/alozzi at ,/anz #caf ,success & expulsion #cag ,at ,/anz3 ,pe/alozzi's own acc\nt #cah-ccb ,value ( ! five mon?s' exp]i5ce #ccc ,pe/alozzi a /range ,s*oolma/] #ccd ,at ,burgdorf4 ,fir/ (ficial approval #cce ,a *ild's notion ( ,pe/alozzi's tea*+ #ccf ,pe/alozzi eng9e]+ a new road #ccg ,psy*ologiz+ in/ruction #cch ,s*ool c\rse4 ,s++2 & ! beautiful #cci ,pe/alozzi's pov]ty4 ,kruesi jo9s him #cdj ,pe/alozzi's assi/ants4 ,! ,burgdorf ,in/itute #cda ,success ( ! ,burgdorf ,in/itute #cdb ,reaction4 ,pe/alozzi & ,napoleon ,i #cdc ,fell5b]g1 ,pe/alozzi goes to ,yv]dun #cdd ,a portrait ( ,pe/alozzi #cde ,prussia adopts ,pe/alozzianism #cdf ,ritt] & o!rs at ,yv]dun #cdg ,causes ( failure at ,yv]dun #cdh ,report made by ,fa!r ,gir>d #cdi ,gir>d's mi/ake4 ,s*mid 9 flight #cej ,s*mid's return4 ,pe/alozzi's fame f\nd useful #cea ,dr4 ,bell's visit4 ,dea? ( ,mrs4 ,pe/alozzi #ceb ,works republi%$4 ,cl9dy4 ,yv]dun left4 ,dea? #cec1 #ced ,new aim3 develop organism #ced ,true dignity ( man #cee ,education = all4 ,mo!rs' "p4 ,jacob's ,ladd] #cef ,educator only sup]9t5ds #ceg ,fir/1 moral developm5t #ceh ,moral & religi\s ! same #cei ,second1 intellectual developm5t #cfj ,le>n+ by 8intuition0 #cfa ,buisson & ,julli5 on intuition #cfb ,pe/alozzi & ,locke #cfc ,subjects =1 & art (1 tea*+ #cfd 8,ma/]y0 #cfe ,! body's "p 9 education #cff ,le>n+ mu/ n be play #cfg ,s++ & draw+ #cfh ,morf's summ+-up #cfi ,joseph ,payne's summ+-up #cgj ,! 8two nations40 ,"m's lessons #cga ,mi/akes 9 tea*+ *ildr5 #cgb ,*ildr5 & _! tea*]s #cgc 8,prep>atory0 ,s*ools #cgd ,"y boys ill taught at s*ool #cge ,engli% folk-s*ools n ,pe/alozzian #cgf ,s*ools judg$ by results #cgg ,pupil-tea*]s4 ,tea*+ n educat+ #cgh ,l[e or ,pe/alozzi8 #cgi ,*ief =ce1 p]sonality ( ! tea*] #chj ,engli% c>e = uness5tials #cha ,aim at ! ideal #chb ,use ( !ori/s4 ,books #chc ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,fri$ri* ,froebel4 7#aghc-aheb47 #chd-dac ,difficulty 9 und]/&+ ,froebel #che ,a lad's que/ ( unity #chf ,froebel w&]+ )\t re/ #chg ,f9ds 8 vocation4 ,) ,pe/alozzi #chh ,froebel at ! ,univ]sities #chi ,?r\gh ! ,freiheits-krieg4 ,m9]alogy #cij ,! 8,new ,education0 />t$ #cia ,at ,keilhau4 8,education ( ,man0 publi%$ #cib ,froebel fails 9 ,switz]l& #cic ,! fir/ ,k9d]g>t5 #cid ,froebel's la/ ye>s4 ,prussian edict aga9/ him4 ,8 end #cie ,au?or's attitude t[>ds ,re=m]s #cif ,difficulties ) ,froebel #cig 8,cui omnia unum sunt0 #cih ,froebel's ideal #cii ,!ory ( developm5t #djj ,developm5t ?r\gh self-activity #dja ,true idea f\nd 9 ,nature #djb ,god acts & man acts #djc ,! =mative & creative in/9ct #djd ,r5d]+ ! inn] out] #dje ,c>e = 8"y plants40 ,k9d]g>t5 #djf ,*ild's re/lessness3 h[ to use x #djg ,employm5ts 9 ,k9d]g>t5 #djh ,no s*oolwork 9 ,k9d]g>t5 #dji ,)\t ! idea ! 8gifts0 fail #daj ,! ,new ,education & ! old #daa ,! old /ill vigor\s #dab ,sci5ce ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,"s ,froebelians #dac ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,jacotot1 a ,me?odiz]4 7#aggj-ahdj47 #dad-dch ,self-tea*+ #dae #a4 ,all c le>n #daf #b4 ,ev]yone c tea* #dag ,c he tea* facts he does n "k8 #dah ,languages8 ,sci5ces8 #dai ,arts su* z draw+ & music8 #dbj ,true tea*] )9 ! le>n] #dba ,tra9+ r ?an tea*+ #dbb #c4 8,t\t e/ dans t\t40 ,quidlibet ex quolibet #dbc ,connexion ( kn[l$ges #dbd ,connect ) model book4 ,memoriz+ #dbe ,ways ( /udy+ ! model book #dbf ,%\ld ! book be made or *os58 #dbg ,rob]tsonian plan #dbh ,h9ts = ex]cises #dbi ,! good ( hav+ le>nt #dcj ,! old ,cambridge 8ma!matical man0 #dca ,wa/e ( memory at s*ool #dcb ,h[ to /op ?is wa/e #dcc ,multum1 non multa4 ,de ,morgan4 ,helps4 ,/eph5 #dcd ,jacotot's plan = read+ & writ+ #dce ,= ! "m-tongue #dcf ,me?od ( inve/igation #dcg ,jacotot's la/ days #dch ,*apt] ,,xix4--,h]b]t ,sp5c] #dci-dfi ,same k = discipl9e & use8 #ddj ,diff]5t /ages1 diff]5t kn[l$ges #dda ,relative value ( kn[l$ges #ddb ,k = self-pres]vation #ddc ,useful k v]sus ! classics #ddd ,special in/ruction v]sus education #dde ,sci5tific k & money-mak+ #ddf ,k ab\t re>+ (fspr+ #ddg ,k ( hi/ory3 its nature & use #ddh ,use ( hi/ory #ddi ,employm5t ( leisure h\rs #dej ,poetry & ! ,arts #dea ,m ?an sci5ce ne$$ = complete liv+ #deb ,objections to ,sp5c]'s curriculum #dec ,citiz5's duties4 ,?+s n to tea* #ded ,ne$ ( a sci5ce ( education #dee ,hope ( a sci5ce #def ,f simple to complex3 kn[n to unkn[n #deg ,connect+ s*oolwork ) life outside #deh ,books & life #dei ,mi/akes 9 gramm> tea*+ #dfj ,f indef9ite to def9ite3 concrete to ab/ract #dfa ,! ,individual & ! ,race4 ,empirical beg9n+ #dfb ,aga9/ 8tell+40 ,effect ( bad tea*+ #dfc ,le>n+ %\ld be pleasurable #dfd ,c le>n+ be made int]e/+8 #dfe ,apa?y f bad tea*+ #dff ,%\ld le>n+ be made int]e/+8 #dfg ,diff]5ce betwe5 !ory & practice #dfh ,importance ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s "w #dfi ,*apt] ,,xx4--,?\ghts & ,sugge/ions #dgj-dia ,want ( an ideal #dga ,get pupils to "w h>d #dgb ,= ?is ar\se int]e/4 ,wordswor? #dgc ,int]e/ ne$$ = activity #dgd ,tea*+ "y *ildr5 #dge ,value ( pictures #dgf ,dr4 ,vat] at ,leipzig #dgg ,dr4 ,vogel & ,dr4 ,vat] #dgh ,fir/ k ( numb]s4 ,grub #dgi ,measur+ & weigh+4 ,read+-books #dhj ,respect = books4 ,gramm>4 ,read+ #dha ,sil5t & ,vocal ,read+ #dhb ,memoris+ poetry4 ,composition #dhc ,correct+ ex]cises4 ,?ree k9ds ( books #dhd ,no epitomes #dhe ,as*am1 ,bacon1 ,goldsmi?1 aga9/ !m #dhf ,ar\se int]e/4 ,dr4 ,arnold's hi/orical prim] #dhg ,a ,macaulay1 n ,mangnall1 want$ #dhh ,beg9n+s 9 hi/ory & geography #dhi ,tales ( ,travel]s #dij ,results positive & negative #dia ,*apt] ,,xxi4--,! ,s*oolma/]'s ,moral & ,religi\s ,influ5ce #dib-ejc ,ma/]'s p[]1 h[ ga9$ & lo/ #dic ,ma/]s1 ! op5 & ! res]v$ #did ,dang] ( excess ei!r way #die ,high ideal4 ,dang] ( l[ practice #dif ,h>m f ov]work+ tea*]s #dig ,refuge 9 r\t9e "w4 ,small s*ools #dih ,influ5ce ?r\gh ! ,six?4 ,day s*ools want$ #dii ,tea*+ religion 9 ,engl& & ,g]many #ejj ,religi\s tea*+ connect$ ) wor%ip #eja ,education to goodness & piety #ejb ,h[ to avoid n>r[m9d$ness #ejc ,*apt] ,,xxii4--,conclusion #ejd-ebf ,a gr[+ sci5ce ( education #eje ,jesuits ! fir/ ,re=m]s #ejf ,! ,jesuits c>$ = m ?an classics #ejg ,rabelais = 8intuition0 #ejh ,montaigne = educat+ m9d & body #eji #ag? c5tury reaction aga9/ books #eaj ,reaction n felt 9 s*ools & ! ,univ]sities #eaa ,com5ius beg9s sci5ce ( education #eab ,locke's tea*] a dispos] ( influ5ce #eac ,locke & public s*ools4 ,escape f 8idols0 #ead ,r\sseau's clean sweep #eae ,b5evol5ce ( ,nature4 ,man di/urbs #eaf ,we arrange sequ5ces1 capitalise ideas #eag ,loss & ga9 f tradition #eah ,r\sseau = obs]v+ & foll[+ #eai ,r\sseau expos$ 8s*ool-le>n+0 #ebj ,function ( 8?+s0 9 education #eba 8,new ,education0 />t$ by ,r\sseau #ebb ,draw+ out4 ,man & ! o!r animals #ebc ,intuition4 ,man an organism1 a do] & creator #ebd ,anti!sis ( ,old & ,new ,education #ebe ,drill ne$$4 ,:at ! ,?9k]s d = u #ebf ,app5dix4 ,class ,mat*es4 ,words & ,?+s4 ,books = ,tea*]s1 c4 #ebg-edg ,i ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,r5asc5ce4 #a4 ,! hi/ory ( education1 mu* z x has be5 hi!rto neglect$1 especially 9 ,engl&1 mu/ h a great future be=e x4 ,if we ignore ! ,pa/ we _c und]/& ! ,pres5t1 or =eca/ ! ,future4 ,9 ?is book ,i am go+ to speak ( ,re=m]s or ,innovators :o aim$ at *ang+ :at 0 h&$ d[n to !m2 b ! ,radical c no m escape f ! ,pa/1 ?an ! ,cons]vative c /]eotype x4 ,x acts n by attraction only1 b no less by repulsion4 ,!re h be5 ?9k]s 9 latt] times :o h ann\nc$ !mselves z ! execution]s ( ! ,pa/ & lab\r$ to de/roy all x has bequea!d to u4 ,!y h rais$ ! f]oci\s cry1 8,vive la de/ruction6 ,vive la mort6 ,place l'av5ir6 ,hurrah = de/ruction6 ,hurrah = dea?6 ,make room = ! _w t is to be60 ,b _! v hatr$ ( ! ,pa/ has br\ght !m "u ! influ5ce ( x4 8,d j ! opposite ( :at has be5 done & y w d "r10 said ,r\sseau2 & ?is rule ( negation w\ld make ! ,pa/ regulate ! ,pres5t & ! ,future no less ?an its opposite1 8,d always :at is usual40 ,if we _c get free f ! ,pa/ 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght1 /ill less c we 9 action4 ,cu/om is to all our activities :at ! ma9spr+ is to ! wat*4 ,we may br+ =ces into play to make ! wat* g fa/] or sl[]1 b if we took out ! ma9spr+ x w\ld n g at all4 ,= our ma9spr+ we are indebt$ to ! ,pa/4 #b4 ,9 /udy+ ! ,pa/ we mu/ give our special att5tion to ^? p]iods 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ideas takes1 z ! ,fr5* say1 a new b5d4#c ,su* a p]iod 0 ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,!n x 0 t ! late/ b5d 0 giv5 to ! educational ideal ( ! civiliz$ _w2 & ?\gh we seem n[ aga9 to h arriv$ at a p]iod ( *ange1 we are /ill1 p]haps f> m ?an we are aw>e1 affect$ by ! ideas ( ! great s*ol>s :o guid$ ! intellect ( ,europe 9 ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 #c4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! balance 0 trembl+ betwe5 two k9ds ( culture1 & ! fate ( ! s*oolboy dep5d$ on ! result4 ,9 ?is c5tury m5 fir/ got a correct conception ( ! globe !y 7 inhabit+4 ,hi!rto !y _h n ev5 pr(ess$ to h any k ( geography2 !re is no m5tion ( x 9 ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium :i* 7 !n suppos$ to =m ! cycle ( ?+s kn[n1 if n ( ?+s kn[able4 ,b ,columbus & ,vasco da ,gama 7 gr& tea*]s ( geography1 & _! lessons 7 le>nt z f> z civilization ext5d$4 ,! impetus ?us giv5 to ! /udy ( ! e>? might1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 h engross$ ! m9d ( ,europe ) ! mat]ial _w1 _h n ! lean+ to physical sci5ce be5 enc\nt]$ & ov]come by an impulse d]iv$ f ano!r discov]y4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica !re also came to light ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome4 #d4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! discov]y ( ! anci5t lit]atures z rivall+ t ( ,am]ica1 ?is use ( ! ^w 8discov]y0 may be disput$4 ,x may be urg$ t ?\gh ! ,greek language & lit]ature 7 unkn[n 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe till !y 7 br\ght !re by ! fugitives aft] ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec1 yet ! works ( ! great ,lat9 writ]s _h always be5 kn[n 9 ,italy1 & ,dante decl>es himself ! disciple ( ,virgil4 ,& yet ,i _c give up ! ^w 8discov]y40 ,9 ! life ( an individual x sometimes happ5s t he sudd5ly acquires z x 7 a new s5se4 ,! _w ar\nd him rema9s ! same z be=e1 b x is n ! same to him4 ,a film passes f 8 eyes1 & :at has be5 ord9>y & unmean+ sudd5ly becomes a s\rce ( wond] & delight to him4 ,some?+ simil> happ5s at times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! g5]al m9d2 inde$ our own c5tury has se5 a rem>kable in/ance ( x4 ,9 read+ ! ?\ghts ( great writ]s ( e>li] times1 we _c b be /ruck1 n only ) _! ignorance ( ! mat]ial _w1 b also ) _! ignorance ( _! ignorance4 ,little z !y "k1 !y (t5 speak z if !y knew ev]y?+4 ,newton c\ld see t he 0 l a *ild discov]+ a few %ells :ile ! unexplor$ ocean lay be=e him2 b 9 ^? days x requir$ ! intellect ( a ,newton to und]/& ?is4 ,to ! o!r *ildr5 ! ocean seem$ to conceal no?+1 & !y innoc5tly ?\ght t all ! %ells1 or ne>ly all1 _h be5 pick$ up4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! p ( our own c5tury to become aw>e ( ! m>vels :i* lie ar\nd u 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & to be fasc9at$ by ! discov]y4 ,if ! human race c\ld live ?r\gh sev]al civilizations )\t op5+ its eyes to ! wond]s ( ! e>? x inhabits1 & !n c\ld sudd5ly become aw>e ( !m1 we may well und]/& its reta9+ unhe$$ ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome = c5turies1 & at l5g? z x 7 discov]+ !m1 & turn+ to !m ) unb\nd$ en?usiasm & delight4 ,z /ud5ts ( education we c h>dly atta* too mu* importance to ?is great revolution4 ,= ne>ly ?ree c5turies ! curriculum 9 ! public s*ools ( ,europe rema9$ :at ! ,r5asc5ce _h made x4 ,we h aga9 ent]$ on an age ( *ange1 b we are /ill mu* influ5c$ by ! ideas ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 & ! be/ way to und]/& ! =ces n[ at "w is to trace !m :]e possible to _! orig94 ,let u !n consid] :at ! ,r5asc5ce 01 & h[ x affect$ ! educational sy/em4 #e4 ,9 endeav\r+ to und]/& ! ,r5asc5ce1 we _c d bett] ?an li/5 to :at ,m>k ,pattison says ( x 9 8 8,life ( ,casaubon03--8,9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 reveal$ to a _w :i* _h hi!rto be5 tra9$ to logical analysis1 ! beauty ( lit]>y =m4 ,! conception ( /yle or f9i%$ expression _h di$ out ) ! pagan s*ools ( rhetoric4 ,x 0 n ! despotic act ( ,ju/9ian 9 clos+ ! s*ools ( ,a!ns :i* _h suppress$ x4 ,! s5se ( art 9 language decay$ f ! same g5]al causes :i* _h be5 fatal to all arti/ic p]ception4 ,bani%$ f ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! six? c5tury or e>li]1 ! classical conception ( beauty ( =m re-ent]$ ! circle ( ideas aft] ne> a ?\s& ye>s ( oblivion & abeyance4 ,cic]o & ,virgil1 ,livius & ,ovid1 _h be5 !re all along1 b ! idea ( composite h>mony on :i* _! works 7 con/ruct$ 0 want+4 ,! re/or$ conception1 z if to rec\p itself = its long suppression1 took entire possession ( ! m9d ( ,europe4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,r5asc5ce pass$ 9 adoration ( ! awak5$ beauty1 & 9 ef=ts to copy & multiply x40 #f4 ,"h ,m>k ,pattison speaks z if ! conception ( beauty ( =m belong$ exclusively to ! anci5ts & ^? :o le>nt ( !m4 ,?is seems to require "s abatem5t4 ,!re are po9ts 9 :i* m$ival art f> excell$ ! art ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury1 z ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* has said1 0 8ri* 9 glori\s creations ( almo/ e k9d20 & 9 t c5tury our great ,engli% ar*itect1 ,/reet1 f\nd ! root ( all t is be/ 9 mod]n art4 7,see 8,dubl9 ,aft]noon ,lectures10 #ahfh47 ,b !re are expressions ( beauty to :i* ! ,greeks1 & ^? :o caught _! _s1 7 ke5ly alive1 & to :i* ! p ( ! ,middle ,age seem to h be5 bl9d4 ,! fir/ is beauty 9 ! human =m2 ! second is beauty 9 lit]ature4 ,! old delight 9 beauty 9 ! human =m has nev] come back to u4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 tells u we are an ugly race1 ) ill-%ap5 limbs1 & well pleas$ ) our ugl9ess & de=mity1 & 9 reply we only mutt] some?+ ab\t ! necessity ( clo?+ bo? = w>m? & dec5cy4 ,b z to ! o!r expression ( beauty1 beauty 9 lit]ature1 ! m9d ( ,europe aga9 became consci\s ( x 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! re-awak5+ ( ?is s5se ( beauty we call ! ,r5asc5ce4 #g4 ,be=e we consid] ! effect ( ?is intellectual revolution on education1 let u be sure t we are n 8pay+ ourselves ) words10 & t we "k exactly :at we mean by 8lit]ature40 ,:5 ! conceptions ( an individual m9d are express$ 9 a p]man5t =m ( words1 we get lit]ature4 ,! sum total ( all ! p]man5t =ms ( expression 9 "o language make up ! lit]ature ( t language2 & if no "o has giv5 8 conceptions a =m :i* has be5 pres]v$1 ! language is )\t a lit]ature4 ,!re are !n two ?+s ess5tial to a lit]>y "w3 fir/1 ! conceptions ( an individual m9d2 second1 a p]man5t =m ( expression4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! doma9 ( lit]ature is di/9ct f ! doma9 ( natural or ma!matical sci5ce4 ,sci5ce does n give u ! conceptions ( an individual m9d1 b x tells u :at e rational p]son :o /udies ! subject mu/ ?9k4 ,& sci5ce is entirely indep5d5t ( any =m ( words3 a proposition ( ,euclid is sci5ce2 a sonnet ( ,wordswor?'s is lit]ature4 ,we le>n f ,euclid c]ta9 tru?s :i* we %\ld h le>nt f "s "o else if ,euclid _h nev] exi/$1 & ! propositions may be convey$ equally well 9 diff]5t =ms ( words & 9 any language4 ,b a sonnet ( ,wordswor?'s conveys ?\ght & feel+ peculi> to ! poet2 & ev5 if ! same ?\ght & feel+ 7 convey$ to u 9 o!r words1 we %\ld lose at lea/ half ( :at he has giv5 u4 ,poetry is inde$ only "o k9d ( lit]ature1 b x is ! highe/ k9d2 & :at is true ( lit]>y works 9 v]se1 is true also 9 a measure ( lit]>y works 9 prose4 ,s great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5ce & lit]ature1 t 9 lit]ature1 z ! fir/ ,"l ,lytton said1 ! be/ books are g5]ally ! olde/2 9 sci5ce !y are ! newe/4 #h4 ,at pres5t we are conc]n$ ) lit]ature only4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a "w ( lit]ature may excite our admiration & affect our m9ds4 ,^! are1 fir/1 by ! beauty ( ! conceptions x conveys to u2 & second1 by ! beauty ( ! language 9 :i* x conveys !m4 ,9 ! greate/ works ! two excell5ces w be comb9$4#d ,n[ ! lit]>y ta/e prop] fa/5s especially on ! second ( ! two1 i4e41 on beauty ( expression2 & ! ,r5asc5ce 0 ! revival ( lit]>y ta/e4 8,x 010 z ,m>k ,pattison says1 8! conception ( /yle or f9i%$ expression :i* _h di$ out ) ! pagan s*ools ( rhetoric1 & :i* re-ent]$ ! circle ( ideas aft] a ?\s& ye>s ( oblivion & abeyance40 ,if we lose sight ( ?is1 we %all be p]plex$ by ! unb\nd$ en?usiasm :i* we f9d 9 ! sixte5? c5tury = ! old classics4 ,:at great evangel1 we may ask1 _h ,cic]o & ,virgil & ,ovid1 or ev5 ,plato & ! ,greek dramati/s1 = m5 :o liv$ :5 ,europe _h exp]i5c$ a ?\s& ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,!y _h none :atev]4 ,_! ?\ghts & conceptions 7 n adapt$ to ! wants ( ! new _w4 ,! civilization ( ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 a v diff]5t ?+ f ! civilization ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x _h its own ?\ghts1 its own problems1 its own wants4 ,! old-_w ?\ghts c\ld n be ?\ght ov] aga9 by x4 ,?is inde$ 0 felt ?\gh n admitt$ by ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s !mselves4 ,_h x be5 ! ?\ghts ( ! anci5ts :i* seem$ to !m s valuable !y w\ld h made "s ef=t to diffuse ^? ?\ghts 9 ! languages ( ! mod]n _w4 ,mu* z a great lit]>y "w loses by translation1 !re may /ill be en\gh left ( x to be a s\rce ( in/ruction & delight4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,ari/otle1 convey$ 9 a ,lat9 translation ( an ,arabic translation1 pr(\ndly affect$ ! m9d ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,bible1 or ,book p> excell5ce1 is kn[n to few inde$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,"s great writ]s--,c]vantes1 & ,%akespe>e1 & ! au?or ( ! 8,arabian ,nights0--please & in/ruct nations :o "k n ! s\nd ( ! languages :]e9 _! works are compos$4 ,if !n ! great writ]s ( ,greece & ,rome _h be5 valu$ = _! matt]1 _! works w\ld h be5 translat$ by ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s z ! ,bible 0 translat$ by ! ,re=m]s1 & ! hi/ory ( mod]n education w\ld h tak5 a v diff]5t turn f t :i* await$ x4 ,b x 0 n s4 ,! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s did all !y c\ld to disc\rage translations4 ,= ! gr& discov]y :i* we call ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 01 n t ! anci5ts _h some?+ to say1 b t :atev] !y _h to say !y knew h[ to say x4 #i4 ,& ?us x happ5s t 9 ! p]iod ( *ange1 :5 ,europe 0 re-arrang+ its in/itutions1 develop+ new ideas & settl+ into new grooves ( habit1 we f9d ! m5 mo/ influ5tial 9 education entirely fasc9at$ by beauty ( expression1 & ?is 9 two anci5t languages1 s t ! "o ?+ ne$ful = ! "y seem$ to !m an introduction to ! /udy ( anci5t writ+s4 ,! inevitable consequ5ce 0 ?is3 education became a m]e synonym = in/ruction 9 ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,! only ideal set up = ! 8educat$0 0 ! classical s*ol>4 #aj4 ,p]haps ! absurdity ( tak+ ?is ideal1 an ideal :i* is obvi\sly fitt$ = a small class ( m5 only1 & propos+ x = g5]al adoption1 0 p>tly conceal$ f ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s by ! peculi> circum/ances ( _! age4 ,no d\bt !y ?\ght lit]ature w\ld 9 ! future be a =ce capable ( mu* wid] application ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,true1 lit]ature _h till !n affect$ a small class only4 ,lit]ature meant books1 books meant ,,mss41 & ,,mss4 7 r>e & co/ly4 ,lit]ature1 ! embodim5t ( gr& ?\ghts 9 gr& words1 _h exi/$ be=e lett]s1 or at lea/ )\t lett]s4 ,! ,hom]ic poems1 = example1 _h be5 kn[n to ?\s&s :o c\ld n read or write4 ,b beauty ( expression naturally got associat$ & inde$ conf\nd$ ) ! art by :i* x 0 pres]v$2 s ! creations ( ! m9d1 :5 embodi$ 9 p>ticul> comb9ations ( words1 acquir$ ! "n ( lit]ature or lett]s1 & became almo/ exclusively ! affair ( ^? :o _h opportunities ( /udy1 opportunities af=d$ only to ! few4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages e "o :o c\ld read 0 all[$ 8 8privilege ( cl]gy20 t is1 he 0 assum$ to be a cl]gyman4 ,lit]ature !n 0 n ?\ght ( z a means ( in/ruction4 ,b at ! v "t t ! beauty ( ! anci5t writ+s dawn$ on ! m9d ( ,europe1 a me*anical inv5tion seem$ to remove all h9drances to ! spread ( lit]ature4 ,! s*ol>s seiz$ on ! pr9t+ press & ?\ght by means ( x to give all 8! educat$0 a k ( classics4 #aa4 ,we _c help speculat+ :at w\ld h be5 ! effect ( ! discov]y ( pr9t+ if x _h be5 made at ano!r "t4 ,z !re may be lit]ature )\t books1 s !re may be books )\t lit]ature4 ,if at ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ !re _h be5 no lit]ature1 no creations ( individual m9ds embodi$ 9 p]man5t =ms ( spee*1 books might h be5 us$ z app>atus 9 a m5tal gymnasium1 or !y might h be5 made ! means ( convey+ in=mation4 ,b j !n ! intellect ( ,europe 0 tir$ ( m5tal gymna/ics4 ,x _h tak5 ex]cise 9 ! ,trivium l a squirrel 9 its revolv+ cage1 & 0 vex$ to f9d x made no progress4#e ,z = in=mation !re 0 little to be _h4 ,! age ( obs]vation & ( physical sci5ce 0 n yet4 ,s ! pr9t+ press 0 entirely at ! s]vice ( ! new passion = lit]ature & ! s*ol>s dream$ ( ! g5]al diffusion ( lit]>y culture by means ( pr9t$ books4 #ab4 ,= "s two c5turies ! lit]>y _s _h supreme control ov] ! intellect ( ,europe1 & ! lit]>y _s c\ld !n f9d satisfaction n[h]e b 9 ! /udy ( ! anci5t classics4 ,! natural consequ5ce 0 t ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ! 8educat$ man0 0 suppos$ to be id5tifi$ ) ! classical s*ol>4 ,! great rival ( ! lit]>y _s1 ! sci5tific _s :i* c>es = no?+ b sequ5ces indep5d5t ( ! human m9d1 began to %[ itself e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury3 its fir/ great *ampion 0 ,francis ,bacon4 ,b by ?is "t ! s*ool c\rse ( /udy _h be5 settl$1 & two c5turies _h to elapse be=e ! sci5tific _s c\ld unsettle x aga94 ,ev5 n[ :5 we speak ( a man z 8well-educat$0 we are commonly und]/ood to mean t 9 8 y\? he 0 taught ! two classical languages4 #ac4 ,! tak+ ( ! classical s*ol> z ! only ideal ( ! educat$ man has be5 a fruitful s\rce ( evil 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,i4 ,?is ideal exalt$ ! le>n] above ! do]4 ,z f> back z ,x5ophon1 we f9d a conte/ betwe5 ! passive ideal & ! active1 betwe5 ! excell5ce :i* dep5ds on a k ( :at o!rs h ?\ght & done & ! excell5ce :i* comes ( ?9k+ & do+4 ,b ! excell5ce d]iv$ f le>n+ _h nev] be5 highly e/eem$4 ,to be able to repeat ,hom]'s poetry 0 reg>d$ 9 ,greece z we n[ reg>d a pleas+ accompli%m5t2 b ! dignity ( ! le>n$ man z su* 0 n )9 ! range ( ,greek ideas4 ,_m ( ! ,romans aft] !y began to /udy ,greek lit]ature c]ta9ly piqu$ !mselves on be+ good ,greek s*ol>s1 & ,cic]o occasionally quotes ) all ! airs ( a p$ant2 b s ?or\ghly 0 ! contr>y ideal1 ! ideal ( ! do]1 e/abli%$ at ,rome1 t nobody ev] dreamt ( plac+ its rival above x4 ,9 ! decl9e ( ! ,empire1 especially at ,alex&ria1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t hon\rs paid to ! le>n$ man2 b he 0 soon lo/ sight ( aga94 ,at ! ,r5asc5ce he bur/ into sudd5 blaze1 & x 0 !n discov]$ t he 0 :at e man w\ld wi% to be4 ,?us ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s1 not)/&+ _! admiration ( ! great nations ( antiquity1 set up an ideal :i* ^? nations w\ld he>tily h despis$4 ,! s*oolma/] v readily adopt$ ?is ideal2 & s*ools h be5 places ( le>n+1 n tra9+1 ev] s9ce4 #ad4 ,,ii4 ,! next defect ,i obs]ve 9 ! ,r5asc5ce ideal is ?is3 x attributes to lit]ature m direct p[] ov] common life ?an lit]ature has ev] _h1 or is ev] likely to h4 ,i say direct p[]1 = indirectly lit]ature is "o ( ! gr& =ces :i* act on all ( u2 b x acts on u ?r\gh o!rs1 its mo/ important function be+ to affect great intellects1 ! m9ds ( ^? :o ?9k out & act out important *anges4 ,its direct action on ! mass ( mank9d is aft] all b insignificant4 ,we h se5 t lit]ature consi/s 9 p]man5t =ms ( words1 express+ ! conceptions ( individual m9ds2 & ^! =ms w be /udi$ only by ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! conceptions or f9d pleasure 9 ! mode 9 :i* !y are express$4 ,n[ ! va/ majority ( ord9>y p are )\t ^! inducem5ts to lit]>y /udy4 ,!y take a ke5 int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) _! relations & intimate fri5ds1 & a weak] int]e/ 9 ! ?9k+s & say+s & do+s ( e "o else :o is p]sonally kn[n to !m2 b z to ! m5tal conceptions ( ^? :o liv$ 9 o!r times1 or if n[ alive are n kn[n ev5 by sight1 ! ord9>y p]son is pr(\ndly indiff]5t to !m2 & ( c\rse delight 9 expression1 z su*1 is out ( ! "q4 ,! natural consequ5ce is t ! habit ( read+ books is by no means common4 ,m>k ,pattison obs]ves t !re are few books to be f\nd 9 mo/ ,engli% middle-class homes1 & he says3 8,! de>? ( books is only ! outw>d & visible sign ( ! m5tal torpor :i* reigns 9 ^? de/itute regions0 7see 8,=tnightly ,review10 ,novemb]1 #ahgg74 ,i mu* d\bt if he w\ld h f\nd m books 9 ! middle-class homes ( ! ,cont95t4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( read+ t is ne>ly univ]sal--! read+ ( newspap]s2 & ! newspap] lacks ! elem5t ( p]man5ce1 & belongs to ! doma9 ( talk r ?an ( lit]ature4 ,ev5 :5 we get among ! s-call$ 8educat$10 we f9d t ^? :o c>e = lit]ature =m a v small m9ority4 ,! re/ h ( c\rse read ,%akespe>e & ,milton & ,walt] ,scott & ,t5nyson1 b !y d n read !m4 ,! lion's %>e ( our "t & ?\ghts & int]e/s mu/ be giv5 to our bus9ess or pr(ession1 :atev] t may be2 & 9 few in/ances is ?is connect$ ) lit]ature4 ,= ! re/1 :atev] "t or ?\ght a man c sp>e f 8 call+ is mo/ly giv5 to 8 family1 or to society1 or to "s hobby :i* is n lit]ature4 ,& love ( lit]ature is n %[n 9 su* read+ z is common4 ,! lit]>y _s %[s itself1 z ,i said1 9 appreciat+ beauty ( expression1 & h[ f> beauty ( expression is c>$ = we may e/imate f ! fact t few p ?9k ( read+ any?+ a second "t4 ,! ord9>y read] is pr(\ndly indiff]5t ab\t /yle1 & w n take ! tr\ble to und]/& ideas4 ,he keeps to p]iodicals or light fiction1 :i* enables ! m9d to loll 9 its easy *air 7s to speak7 & see pass be=e x a s]ies ( pleas+ images4 ,an idea1 z ,m>k ,pattison says1 8is an excitant1 comes f m9d & calls =? m9d2 an image is a s$ative20 & mo/ p :5 !y take up a book are seek+ a s$ative4 ,s lit]ature is aft] all a v small =ce 9 ! lives ( mo/ m51 & p]haps ev5 less 9 ! lives ( mo/ wom54 ,:y !n are ! employm5ts ( ! s*ool-room arrang$ on ! supposition t x is ! gr& =ce ( all8 ,! reason is1 t we h inh]it$ f ! ,r5asc5ce a false notion ( ! function ( lit]ature4 #ae4 ,,iii4 ,i mu/ n[ po9t out a fault 9 ! ,r5asc5ce ideal :i* is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all4 ,^? by :om ?is ideal 0 set up 7 entirely possess$ by an en?usiasm = lit]ature1 & !y made ! mi/ake ( attribut+ to lit]ature a %>e 9 g5]al culture :i* lit]ature seems incapable ( tak+4 ,aft] ?is we c\ld little h expect$ t ! new ideal w\ld exclude lit]ature f ! s*oolroom1 & yet s x has actually turn$ out4 ,z a lit]>y creation conta9s ! conceptions ( an individual m9d express$ 9 a p]man5t =m ( words1 x exi/s only = ^? :o c und]/& ! words or at lea/ ! conceptions4 ,f ?is x foll[s t lit]ature = ! "y mu/ h its expression 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,! in/ances are r>e inde$ 9 :i* any "o bel[ ! age ( fifte5 or sixte5 7p]haps ,i might put ! limit a ye> or two high]7 und]/&s any b ! "m tongue4 ,9 ! "m tongue inde$ "s =ms ( lit]ature ex]cise a great influ5ce ov] "y m9ds4 ,ballad lit]ature seems especially to belong to y\?1 ! y\? ( nations & ( individuals4 ,ari/otle educat$ ,alex&] ) ,hom]2 & we c easily imag9e ! effect :i* ! ,iliad mu/ h _h on ! "y ,greeks4 ,al?\gh 9 ! days ( ,plato in/ruction 0 n conf9$ to lit]ature1 he gives ?is acc\nt ( "p ( ! tra9+ 9 ! ,a!nian s*ools3 8,plac+ ! pupils on b5*es1 ! in/ructors make !m read & le>n by he>t ! poems ( good poets 9 :i* are _m moral lessons1 _m tales & eulogies & lays ( ! brave m5 ( old2 t ! boys may imitate !m ) emulation & /rive to become su* !mselves40 ,"h we see a v important function attribut$ to lit]ature 9 ! br++ up ( ! "y2 b ! lit]ature s us$ mu/ obvi\sly be 9 ! language ( ! le>n]s4 ,! influ5ce ( a lit]>y "w may1 h[ev]1 ext5d itself f> beyond ! limits ( its own language4 ,:5 our m9ds c receive & take pleasure 9 ! conceptions ( a great writ]1 he may speak to u by an int]pret]4 ,at ! ,r5asc5ce !re 7 books 9 ! _w :i* might h affect$ ! m9ds ( ! "y--,plut>*1 ,h]odotus1 & above all ,hom]4 ,b1 z ,i h already said1 x 0 n ! conceptions1 b ! lit]>y =m ( ! anci5ts1 :i* seem$ to ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s ( su* ine/imable value1 s !y refus$ to give ! conceptions 9 any b ! orig9al words4 8,/udy+ ! anci5ts 9 translations10 says ,melanc?on1 8is m]ely look+ at ! %ad[40 ,he c\ld n h made a great] mi/ake4 ,z f> z ! "y are conc]n$ ! tru? is exactly ! rev]se4 ,! translation w\ld give ! sub/ance3 ! orig9al c give no?+ b ! %ad[4 ,let u take ! exp]i5ce ( ,mr4 ,k+lake1 ! au?or ( 8,eo!n40 ,?is di/+ui%$ ,eton man1 fir$ by 8 remembrances ( ,hom]1 visit$ ! ,troad4 ,he _h1 z he tells u1 8clasp$ ! ,iliad l9e by l9e to 8 bra9 ) rev]5ce z well z love40 ,well done1 ,eton6 we are tempt$ to exclaim :5 we read ?is passage3 "h at lea/ is pro( t "s lit]ature 0 taught 9 ^? days ( ! dom9ion ( ! classics4 ,b /op6 ,x seems t ?is clasp+ did n take place at ,eton1 b 9 happy days be=e ,eton1 :5 ,k+lake knew no ,greek & read translations4 8,h]oic days are ^!10 he writes1 8b ! ,d>k ,ages ( s*oolboy life come clos+ ov] !m4 ,i suppose x's all "r 9 ! end3 yet1 by ,jove6 at fir/ sight x does seem a sad intellectual fall4444 ,! dismal *ange is orda9$ & ?9 meagre ,lat9 7! same = ev]ybody7 ) small %r$s & pat*es ( ,greek1 is ?r[n l a paup]'s pall ov] all y\r e>ly lore2 in/ead ( sweet k1 vile monki% doggrel1 gramm>s & graduses1 diction>ies & lexicons1 horrible odds & ends ( dead languages are giv5 y = y\r portion1 & d[n y fall f ,roman /ory to a ?ree-in* scrap ( #8,scriptores ,romani'--f ,greek poetry d[n1 d[n1 to ! cold rations ( #8,poet ,grci1' cut up by comm5tators & s]v$ out by s*oolma/]s60 78,eo!n10 ! ,troad47 ,we see f ?is h[ ! ,r5asc5ce ideal _h ! extraord9>y effect ( bani%+ lit]ature f ! s*ool-room4 ,lit]ature has inde$ n ceas$ to influ5ce ! "y2 x /ill c\nts = mu* m 9 _! lives ?an 9 ! lives ( _! s5iors2 b we all "k :o are ! writ]s :o affect$ our own m9ds 9 *ildhood & y\?1 & :o affect ! m9ds ( our pupils n[--n ,eutropius or ,x5ophon1 or ,cs> or ,cic]o1 b ,defoe & ,swift & ,m>ryatt & ,walt] ,scott4 ,! anci5t writ+s :i* 7 lit]ature to ,melanc?on & ,erasmus1 z !y are /ill to _m 9 our univ]sities & else:]e1 c nev] be lit]ature to ! "y4 ,mo/ ( ! classical au?ors read 9 ! s*oolroom c\ld n be made lit]ature to "y p ev5 by means ( translations1 = !y 7 m5 :o wrote = m5 & wom5 only4 ,we see t x w\ld be absurd to make an ord9>y boy ( twelve or f\rte5 /udy ,burke or ,pope4 ,& if we d n make him read ,burke1 ^: language he und]/&s1 :y d we make him read ,cic]o ^: language he does n und]/&8 ,if he _c appreciate ,pope1 :y d we tea* him ,horace8 ,! ,r5asc5ce gives u ! explanation ( ?is s+ul> anomaly4 ,! s*ol>s ( t age 7 s delight$ ) ! 8composite h>mony0 ( ! anci5t classics t ! /udy ( ^! classics seem$ to !m ! "o ?+ wor? liv+ =4 ,! ma91 if n ! only object !y kept 9 view 9 br++ up ! "y 0 to ga9 = !m admission to ! treasure h\se2 & ?\gh "y p c\ld n und]/& ! anci5t writ+s z lit]ature1 !y might at lea/ /udy !m z language & ?us be ready to enjoy !m z lit]ature 9 aft]-life4 ,?us ! subject ( in/ruction 9 ! s*oolroom came to be1 n ! classics b1 ! classical languages4 ,! classics 7 us$ z s*ool books1 b ! only mean+ ?\ght ( 0 ! mean+ ( ! deta*$ ^w or at be/ ( ! deta*$ s5t5ce4 ,y ask a *ild le>n+ to read if he und]/&s :at he is read+ ab\t1 & he says1 8,i c't ?9k ( ! mean+ because ,i am ?9k+ ( ! words40 ,! same ?+ happ5$ 9 ! s*oolboy's /udy ( ! classics1 & s x has come to pass t to ?is day ! great writ]s ( antiquity dis*>ge a humble function :i* !y c]ta9ly nev] contemplat$4 8,great ,cs>'s body dead & turn$ to clay ,may /op a hole to keep ! w9d away40 ,& great ,cs>'s m9d has be5 turn$ to uses almo/ z paltry4 ,he has 9 fact writt5 = ! s*oolroom n a comm5t>y on ! ,w>s ( ,gaul--no?+ ( ! k9d--b simply a book ( ex]cises 9 ,lat9 con/ru+2 & an excell5t book x w\ld be if he _h only graduat$ ! difficulties bett]4 #af4 ,,iv4 ,!re is yet ano!r weakness ab\t ! ,r5asc5ce ideal--a weakness f :i* mo/ ideals are free4 ,mo/ ideals h ?is m]it at lea/1 t he :o makes ev5 a feeble & abortive attempt to rea* !m is b5efit$ 9 proportion to 8 advance1 h[ev] small t advance may be4 ,if he fails to seize ! coat ( gold1 he c>ries away1 z ! prov]b tells u1 at lea/ "o ( ! sleeves2 or1 to use ,george ,h]b]t's metaphor-- 8 444 ,:o aime? at ! sky1 ,%oots high] f> ?an he :o means a tree40 ,b ! le>n$ ideal has n ev5 ?is advantage4 ,! fir/ /age1 ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 is s totally diff]5t f ! /udy ( ! anci5t lit]atures to :i* x is ! prelim9>y1 t ! /ud5t :o nev] goes beyond ?is fir/ /age ei!r gets no b5efit at all1 or a b5efit :i* is n ( ! k9d int5d$4 ,suppose ,i am )9 a walk1 ?\gh a long "o1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & he>+ ( "s valuable books 9 ! libr>y1 :i* ,i c see n[h]e else1 ,i set (f to consult !m4 ,9 ?is case x makes no diff]5ce to me h[ valuable ! books are if ,i d n get z f> z ! ,museum4#f ,my fri5ds may com=t me ) ! assurance t ! walk mu/ h done me good4 ,p]haps s2 b ,i left home to get a k ( c]ta9 books1 n to ex]cise my legs4 ,_h ex]cise be5 my object ,i %\ld probably h *os5 ano!r direction4 ,n[ s*oolma/]s1 s9ce ! ,r5asc5ce1 h be5 9 ! habit ( lead+ all _! pupils ?r\gh ! back slums ( ! ,sev5 ,dials & ,soho 9 ! direction ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) ! av[$ purpose ( tak+ !m to ! libr>y1 al?\gh !y knew full well t n "o pupil 9 t51 n "o 9 fifty1 w\ld ev] rea* ! door4 ,to produce a few s*ol>s able to appreciate ! classics ( ,greece & ,rome !y h sacrific$ ev]ybody else2 & accord+ to _! own %[+ !y h condemn$ a l>ge portion ( ! upp] classes1 ne>ly all ! middle classes1 & q all ! poor] classes to rema9 8un$ucat$40 ,&1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ! s*oolroom1 "o-half ( ! human race--! wom5--h n be5 suppos$ to ne$ education4 ,= !m 8accompli%m5ts0 h be5 held suffici5t4 #ag4 ,v4 ,9 conclusion ,i mu/ po9t out "o effect ( ! ,r5asc5ce ideal :i* seems to me no less mis*iev\s ?an ^? ,i h already m5tion$4 ,?is ideal l$ ! s*oolma/]s to atta* little importance to ! education ( *ildr54 ,directly _! pupils 7 old en\gh = ,lat9 ,gramm> ! s*oolma/]s 7 q at home2 b till !n ! *ildr5's "t seem$ to !m ( small value1 & !y nei!r knew nor c>$ to "k h[ to employ x4 ,if ! little ones c\ld le>n by he>t =ms ( words :i* w\ld aft]w>ds 8come 9 useful10 ! s*oolma/]s 7 ready to assi/ su* le>n+ by unsp>+ application ( ! rod1 b no o!r le>n+ seem$ wor?y ev5 ( a can+4 ,absorb$ 9 ! _w ( books !y ov]look$ ! _w ( nature4 ,galileo compla9s t he c\ld n induce !m to look ?r\gh 8 telescope1 = !y held t tru? c\ld be arriv$ at only by comp>ison ( ,,mss4 ,no wond] !n t !y _h s little sympa?y ) *ildr51 & did n "k h[ to tea* !m4 ,x is by sl[ degrees t we are break+ away f ! bad tradition !n e/abli%$1 are gett+ to und]/& *ildr51 & ) su* lead]s z ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel1 are inve/igat+ ! be/ education = !m4 ,we no long] ?9k ( !m z immature m5 & wom51 b see t ea* /age has its own complet5ess1 & t !re is a p]fection 9 *ildhood :i* mu/ prec$e ! p]fection ( manhood j z truly z ! fl[] goes be=e ! fruit4 8,*ildhood10 says ,r\sseau1 8has its own ways ( see+1 feel+1 ?9k+20 & x is by /udy+ ^! t we f9d out h[ *ildr5 %\ld be educat$4 ,our connexion ) ! _w ( nature seems mu* clos] 9 our e>ly ye>s ?an ev] aft]w>ds4 ,! *ild's m9d seems drawn out to its surr\nd+s4 ,he is int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! new _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 & :il/ s _m ( u gr[n p ne$ a flapp]1 l ! sages ( ,laputa1 to call our att5tion f our own ?\ghts to any?+ t meets ! eye or e>1 ! *ild sees & he>s ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ se5 or he>d becomes associat$ 9 8 m9d n s mu* ) ?\ght z ) feel+4 ,h5ce x is t we mo/ ( u look back wi/fully to our e>ly days1 & confess sorr[fully t ?\gh ye>s may h br\ght 8! philosophic m9d10 8 444 ,no?+ c br+ back ! h\r ,( spl5d\r 9 ! grass1 ( glory 9 ! fl[]40 ,! mat]ial _w !n seems to supply j ^? objects1 :e!r birds1 bea/s1 or fl[]s1 by :i* ! *ild is attract$1 & on :i* 8 faculties w !re=e be mo/ naturally & heal?ily employ$4 ,b ! ,r5asc5ce s*oolma/]s _h little notion ( ?is4 ,if y ?9k t ! greate/ s*ol> is ! greate/ man1 y w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 place at ! o!r end ( ! scale ^? :o are n s*ol>s at all4 ,an ,engli% inspector1 :o seems to h ?\ght *ildr5 _h be5 creat$ ) due reg>d to ! ,revis$ ,code ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 spoke ( ! infants :o c\ld n be class$ by _! p]=mances 9 8! ?ree ,r's0 z 8! fag end ( ! s*ool20 & no d\bt ! ,r5asc5ce s*oolma/]s consid]$ ! *ildr5 ! fag end ( humanity4 ,! great s*ol>s 7 inde$ f> above ! race ( p$ants2 b ! s*oolma/]s :o adopt$ _! ideal 7 n4 ,& :at is a p$ant8 8,a man :o has got rid ( 8 bra9s to make room = 8 le>n+40#g ,! p$antic s*oolma/]s ( ! ,r5asc5ce wi%$ ! m9d ( ! pupil to be cle>$ ( ev]y?+ else1 t x might h room = ! languages ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,b :at if ! m9d fail$ to take 9 its de/9$ freight8 ,9 t case ! s*oolma/]s _h no?+ else = x1 & 7 cont5t t x %\ld g empty4 ,,ii4 ,,r5asc5ce ,,t5d5cies4 #a4 ,9 consid]+ & comp>+ ! two great epo*s ( intellectual activity & *ange 9 mod]n times1 viz41 ! sixte5? c5tury & ! n9ete5?1 we _c b be /ruck ) "o fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 #b4 ,x w affect all our ?\ghts1 z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e has said1 :e!r we place ! ,gold5 ,age 9 ! ,pa/ or 9 ! ,future4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! 8good "t0 is suppos$ to be 8com+10 b 9 ! sixte5? c5tury all ?9k]s look$ backw>ds4 ,! great ,italian s*ol>s gaz$ ) admiration & envy on ! works ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 & long$ to re/ore ! old languages1 & z mu* z possible ! old _w1 s t su* works might be produc$ aga94 ,_m 7 suspect$1 n altoge!r p]haps )\t reason1 ( wi%+ to uproot ,*ri/ianity itself1#h t !y might br+ back ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,p]icles4 #c4 ,at ! same "t ano!r movem5t 0 go+ on1 pr9cipally 9 ,g]many4 ,"h too1 m5 7 endeav\r+ to ?r[ (f ! imm$iate pa/ 9 ord] to revive ! remote pa/4 ,! religi\s re=m]s1 l ! s*ol>s1 wi%$ to re/ore a gold5 age1 only a diff]5t age1 n ! age ( ! ,antigone1 b ! age ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! s*ol>s & ! re=m]s jo9$ 9 atta*+ ! v highe/ importance to ! anci5t languages4 ,?r\gh ^! languages1 &1 z !y ?\ght1 ?r\gh !m alone1 0 x possible to get a glimpse into ! bygone _w 9 :i* _! s\l delight$4 #d4 ,b ?\gh all jo9$ 9 extoll+ ! anci5t writ+s1 we f9d at ! ,r5asc5ce great diff]5ces 9 ! way ( reg>d+ ^! writ+s & 9 ! objects = :i* !y 7 employ$4 ,a consid]ation ( ^! diff]5ces w help u to und]/& ! c\rse ( education :5 ! ,r5asc5ce 0 a =ce no long]4 #e4 ,v p[]ful 9 education 7 ! great s*ol>s1 ( :om ,erasmus 0 p]haps ! greate/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,9 devot+ _! lives to ! /udy ( ! anci5ts _! object 0 n m]ely to appreciate lit]>y /yle1 ?\gh ?is 0 a s\rce ( b\ndless delight to !m1 b also to und]/& ! classical writ+s & ! anci5t _w ?r\gh !m4 ,^! m51 :om we may call p> excell5ce ! ,s*ol>s1 c>$ inde$ be=e all ?+s = lit]ature2 b ) all _! delight 9 ! =m !y nev] lo/ sight ( ! sub/ance4 ,!y knew ! tru? t ,milton aft]w>ds express$ 9 ^! memorable words3 8,?\gh a l+ui/ %\ld pride himself to h all ! tongues t ,babel cleft ! _w into1 yet if he h n /udi$ ! solid ?+s 9 !m z well z ! words & lexicons1 he 7 no?+ s mu* to be e/eem$ a le>n$ man z any yeoman or tradesman compet5tly wise 9 8 "m dialect only40 7,tractate to ,h>tlib1 #d74 ,s ,erasmus & ! s*ol>s w\ld h all ! educat$ und]/& ! classical au?ors4 ,b to und]/& words y mu/ "k ! ?+s to :i* ! words ref]4 ,?us ! ,s*ol>s 7 l$ to advocate a p>tial /udy ( ?+s a k9d ( realism4 ,b we mu/ c>efully obs]ve a peculi>ity ( ?is s*ola/ic realism :i* di/+ui%$ x f ! realism ( a lat] date--! realism ( ,bacon4 ,! /udy ( ?+s 0 und]tak5 n = its own sake1 b simply 9 ord] to und]/& books4 ,p]haps "s ( u are consci\s t ?is k9d ( lit]>y realism has n :olly pass$ away4 ,we may h obs]v$ wild fl[]s1 or ! *anges 9 tree or cl\d1 because we f9d t ! be/ way to und]/& "s fav\rite au?or1 z ,wordswor? or ,t5nyson4 ,?is w help u to und]/& ! realism ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! writ+s ( great au?ors h be5 comp>$ to ! pla/] globes 78cele/ial globes0 z we call !m71 :i* assi/ u 9 und]/&+ ! configuration ( ! />s 7,guesses at ,tru?1 j4 #dg74 ,adopt+ ?is simile we may say t ! ,s*ol>s lov$ to /udy ! globe = its own sake1 & :5 !y look$ at />s !y did s ) ! object ( und]/&+ ! globe4 ,?us we read ( doctors :o recomm5d$ _! pupils to look at actual cases ( disease z ! be/ comm5t>y on ! works ( ,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,?is k9d ( realism 0 good z f> z x w5t1 b x did n g f>4 ,( c\rse ! end 9 view limit$ ! /udy1 & ! ,s*ol>s took no int]e/ 9 ?+s except ^? :i* 7 m5tion$ 9 ! classics4 ,!y _h no desire to inve/igate ! mat]ial univ]se & make discov]ies = !mselves4 ,?is is :y ,galileo c\ld n induce !m to look ?r\gh 8 telescope2 = ! anci5ts _h no telescopes1 & ! ,s*ol>s wi%$ to see no?+ t _h n be5 se5 by _! fav\rite au?ors4 ,fir/ !n we h ! ,s*ol>s1 head$ by ,erasmus4 #f4 ,next we f9d a p>ty less num]\s & = a "t less influ5tial1 :o did c>e ab\t ?+s = ! sake ( ! ?+s !mselves2 b c>ri$ away by ! lit]>y curr5t ( _! age1 !y s\ght to le>n ab\t !m n directly1 b only by read+4 ,"h aga9 we h a k9d ( realism :i* is n yet ext9ct4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i 0 assur$ by a ,graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london :o _h pass$ 9 *emi/ry1 t1 z f> z he knew1 he _h nev] se5 a *emical 9 8 life3 he _h got all 8 k f books4 ,:ile su* a ?+ is possible among u1 we ne$ n wond] if ^? :o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury priz$ ! k ( ?+s1 all[$ books to come betwe5 ! le>n] & ! object ( 8 /udy1 if !y reg>d$ ,nature z a f>-(f c\ntry ( :i* we c\ld "k no?+ b :at great au?ors report$ to u4 ,z ?is p>ty1 unlike ! ,s*ol>s1 did n delight 9 lit]ature z su*1 b simply z a means ( acquir+ k1 lit]>y =m 0 n valu$ by !m1 & !y pref]r$ ,euclid to ,sophocles1 ,columella to ,virgil4 ,seek+ to le>n ab\t ?+s1 n imm$iately1 b ?r\gh words1 !y h receiv$ f ,raum] a "n !y are likely to keep--,v]bal ,reali/s4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! greate/ ( ! ,v]bal ,reali/s also gave a h9t ( ,realism prop]2 = he 0 no less a man ?an ,rabelais4 #g4 ,la/ly we come to ^? :o1 z x turn$ out1 7 to h m influ5ce 9 ! s*oolroom ?an ! ,s*ol>s & ! ,v]bal ,reali/s comb9$4 ,i d n "k t ^! h _h any "n giv5 !m1 b = di/9ction sake we may call !m ,/yli/s4 ,9 /udy+ lit]ature ! ,s*ol>s c>$ bo? = =m & sub/ance1 ! ,v]bal ,reali/s = sub/ance only1 & ! ,/yli/s = =m only4 ,! ,/yli/s gave up _! lives1 n1 l ! s*ol>s1 to ga9 a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! anci5t writ+s & ( ! old _w1 b to an attempt$ reproduction ( ! anci5t languages & ( ! classical lit]>y =m4 #h4 ,9 m>k+ ^! t5d5cies at ! ,r5asc5ce1 we mu/ rememb] t ?\gh di/+ui%$ by _! t5d5cies1 ^! ,s*ol>s1 ,v]bal ,reali/s1 & ,/yli/s1 7 n divid$ into cle>ly def9$ p>ties4 ,categories l ^! no d\bt assi/ u 9 ga9+ precision ( ?\ght1 b we mu/ n ga9 precision at ! exp5se ( accuracy4 ,! t5d5cies we h be5 consid]+ did n act 9 precisely opposite directions1 & all 7 to "s ext5t affect$ by !m4 ,b "o t5d5cy 0 pr$om9ant 9 "o man & ano!r 9 ano!r2 & ?is ju/ifies u 9 call+ ,/urm a ,/yli/1 ,erasmus a ,s*ol>1 & ,rabelais a ,v]bal ,reali/4 #i4 ,9 "o respect !y 7 all agre$4 ,! _w 0 to be reg5]at$ by means ( books4 ,no?+ pleas$ !m m ?an to ?9k ( _! age z ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,,iii4 ,,/urmius4 #aejg-aehi4 #a4 ,! curriculum bequea!d by ! ,r5asc5ce & /]eotyp$ 9 ! ,s*ool ,codes ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,ratio ( ! ,jesuits1 & 9 ! ,engli% public s*ool sy/em1 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! mo/ fam\s s*oolma/] ( ! fifte5 hundr$s1 ,john ,/urm1 :o 0 = ov] =ty ye>s ,rector ( ! ,/rassburg ,gymnasium4 #b4 ,/urm 0 a f9e specim5 ( ! successful man3 he knew :at 8 contempor>ies want$1 & t 0 j :at he want$4 8,he 0 a bless$ fell[10 z ,pr9ce ,hal says ( ,po9s1 8to ?9k z e man ?\ght10 & he n only 8kept ! roadway0 himself1 b he also 8p]sonally conduct$0 great b&s ( pupils ov] x1 at "o "t 8#bjj noblem51 #bd c\nts & b>ons1 & #c pr9ces40 ,:at c\ld s*oolma/] desire m8 #c4 ,b ,i frankly own t ,/urm is no fav\rite ( m9e1 & t ,i ?9k t he did mu* h>m to education4 ,h[ev]1 8 influ5ce 9 ! s*oolroom 0 s great t ,i mu/ n leave him unnotic$2 & ,i give "s in=mation1 tak5 ma9ly f ,raum]'s acc\nt ( him1 :i* is translat$ 9 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's 8,g]man ,tea*]s & ,educators40 ,i h also look$ at ! exhau/ive article by ,dr4 ,bossi] 9 ,k4 ,a4 ,s*mid's ,encyklopdie 7sub v47 #d4 ,john ,/urm1 born at ,s*leid5 9 ! ,eifel1 n f> f ,cologne1 9 #aejg1 0 "o ( #ae *ildr51 & w\ld n h _h mu* tea*+ _h n 8 fa!r be5 /ew>d to a nobleman1 ) ^: sons he 0 br\ght up4 ,he always spoke ) rev]5ce & affection ( 8 e>ly tea*]s1 & f !m no d\bt he acquir$ 8 ?ir/ = le>n+4 ,) ! nobleman's sons & "u ! guidance ( a tutor he 0 s5t to ,lige1 & !re he att5d$ a s*ool ( ! 8,bre?r5 ( ! ,life 9 ,common10 alias ,hi]onymites4 ,_m ( ! arrangem5ts ( ?is s*ool he aft]w>ds reproduc$ 9 ! ,/rassburg ,gymnasium1 & 9 ?is way ! good ,bre?r5 ga9$ an influ5ce ov] classical education ?r\gh\t ! _w4 #e4 ,betwe5 ! age ( #ae & #bj ,/urm 0 at ,lyons1 & be=e ! end ( ?is p]iod he 0 =c$ into tea*+ = a ma9t5ance4 ,he !n1 l _m o!r le>n$ m5 ( ! "t1 turn$ pr9t]4 ,we next f9d him at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :]e he ?\ght ( becom+ a doctor ( m$ic9e1 b 0 f9ally c>ri$ away f natural sci5ce by ! ,r5asc5ce devotion to lit]ature1 & he became a popul> lectur] on ! classics4 ,f ,p>is he 0 call$ to ,/rassburg 7!n1 z n[1 9 ,g]many7 9 #aecg4 ,9 #aech he publi%$ 8 plan ( a ,gymnasium or ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ) ! title1 8,! "r way ( op5+ s*ools ( lit]ature 7,de ,lit]>um ,ludis recte ap]i5dis710 & "s ye>s aft]w>ds 7#aefe7 he publi%$ 8 ,lett]s 7,classic ,epi/ol7 to ! diff]5t =m-ma/]s 9 8 s*ool4 #f4 ,! object ( tea*+ is ?ree-fold1 says ,/urm1 8piety1 k1 & ! art ( expression40 ,! /ud5t %\ld be di/+ui%$ by reasonable & neat spee* 7ratione et oratione74 ,to atta9 ?is ! boys 9 8 s*ool _h to give sev5 ye>s to ! acquirem5t ( a pure ,lat9 /yle2 !n two ye>s m 7 devot$ to elegance2 !n five ye>s ( collegiate life 7 to be giv5 to ! art ( ,lat9 spee*4 ,?is c\rse is = t5 ye>s c>efully mapp$ out by ,/urm 9 8 ,lett]s to ! ma/]s4 ,! f\ndation is to be laid 9 ! t5? class1 :i* ! *ild ent]s at sev5 ye>s old1 & 9 :i* he le>ns to read1 & is turn$ on to ! decl5sions & conjugations4 ,we h = all classes ! exact 8p5sum10 & also specim5s ( ! que/ions put 9 exam9ation by ! top boy ( ! next class above1 a h9t :i* 0 n ?r[n away ^u ! ,jesuits4 #g4 ,/urm cries ov] ! sup]ior advantages ( ! ,roman *ildr54 8,cic]o 0 b tw5ty :5 he deliv]$ 8 spee*es 9 behalf ( ,qu9tius & ,roscius2 b 9 ^! days :]e is !re ! man ev5 ( eighty1 :o c\ld make su* spee*es8 ,yet !re are books en\gh & intellect en\gh4 ,:at ne$ we fur!r8 ,we ne$ ! ,lat9 language & a correct me?od ( tea*+4 ,bo? ^! we mu/ h be=e we c arrive at ! summit ( eloqu5ce40 #h4 ,/urm did n1 l ,rabelais1 put ,greek on a level ) ,lat9 or above x4 ,! read+ ( ,greek words is begun 9 ! six? class4 ,hebrew1 ,/urm did n himself le>n till he 0 ne>ly sixty4 #i4 ,) a ?\s& boys 9 8 s*ool1 & c>ry+ on correspond5ce ) ! lead+ sov]eigns ( 8 age1 ,/urm 0 a model ( ! successful man4 ,b 9 ! end 8! religi\s difficulty0 0 too mu* ev5 = him1 & he 0 dismiss$ f 8 po/ by 8 oppon5ts 8= old age & o!r causes40 ,surely ! 8o!r causes0 ne$ n h be5 m5tion$4 ,/urm 0 !n eighty ye>s old4 #aj4 ,! successful man 9 e age is ! man :o *ooses a popul> & atta9able object1 & %[s trem5d\s en]gy 9 pursuit ( x4 ,mo/ p don't "k precisely :at !y want2 & among ! few :o d1 n9e-t5?s or m fail ?r\gh lack ( en]gy4 ,b ,/urm 0 q cle> 9 8 aim1 & hav+ settl$ ! means1 he %[$ imm5se en]gy & /r5g? ( w 9 go+ ?r\gh ) !m4 ,he want$ to re/ore ! language ( ,cic]o & ,ovid & to give 8 pupils great p[] ( elegant expression 9 t language4 ,l all s*oolma/]s he pr(ess$ t piety & k 7:i* 9 m mod]n phrase w\ld be wisdom & k7 %\ld come fir/1 b l mo/ s*oolma/]s he tr\bl$ himself ma9ly1 if n exclusively1 ab\t ! art ( expression4 ,z an ab/ract proposition ! s*oolma/] admits t to h 9 y\r head some?+ wor? say+ is m important ?an to h ! p[] ( expression ready 9 case any?+ wor? say+ %\ld 8come along40 ,b ! s*oolma/]'s art always has tak51 & ,i suppose1 9 ! ma91 always w take = its mat]ial ! means ( expression2 & by pref]5ce x *ooses a tongue n vulg> or 8und]/&$ ( ! p40 ,?us ! s*oolma/]s ) ,/urm at _! head set !mselves to tea* words--=eign words1 & all[$ _! pupils to /udy no?+ else1 n ev5 ! "m tongue4 ,! satiri/ :o wrote ,hudibras has /at$ = u ! result-- 8,no soon] are ! organs ( ! bra9 ,quick to receive & /$fa/ to reta9 ,be/ kn[l$ges1 b all's laid out ^u ,retriev+ ( ! curse ( ,babylon4 444 ,& he t is b able to express ,no s5se 9 sev]al languages ,w pass = le>n$] ?an he t's kn[n ,to speak ! /ronge/ reason 9 8 own40#i #aa4 ,"o ( ! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 ,hi]onymus ,wolf1 0 wise en\gh to see t !re might be no small m]it 9 a boy's sil5ce3 8,nec m9ima pu]i virtus e/ tac]e cum recte loqui nesciat0 7,quot$ by ,p>k]74 ,b ?is virtue ( sil5ce 0 n enc\rag$ by ,/urm1 & he det]m9$ t by ! age ( sixte5 8 pupils %\ld h a fair comm& ( expression 9 ,lat9 & "s k ( ,greek4#aj ,lat9 inde$ 0 to supplant ! "m tongue1 & boys 7 to be sev]ely puni%$ = us+ _! own language4 ,by ?is we may judge ( ! p]nici\s effects ( foll[+ ,/urm4 ,& x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! unwisdom ( tilt+ at ! v]nacul> 0 n s mu* ,/urm's1 z ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! typical ,engli% s*oolma/] ( ! c5tury1 ,mulca/]1 0 9 ?is & _m o!r ways greatly 9 advance ( ,/urm4 ,to him x 0 pla9 t we %\ld 8c>e = t mo/ :i* we ev] use mo/1 because we ne$ x mo/40#aa ,! only ne$ recogniz$ by ,/urm 0 ne$ ( ! classical languages4 ,?us he & 8 admir]s l$ ! unlucky s*oolboy /raight into t 8sl\gh ( ,despond0--v]balism1 9 :i* he has /ruggl$ ev] s9ce2 8,plung$ = "s s5se1 b f\nd no bottom !re1 ,s le>n$ & fl\nd]$ on 9 m]e despair40#ab ,,iv4 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits4 #a4 ,s9ce ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 no body ( m5 has play$ s prom95t a "p 9 education z ! ,jesuits4 ,) *>act]i/ic sagacity & en]gy !y soon seiz$ on education z a /epp+-/one to p[] & influ5ce2 & ) _! tal5t = organization1 !y fram$ a sy/em ( s*ools :i* drove all important competitors f ! field1 & made ,jesuits ! in/ructors ( ,ca?olic1 & ev51 to "s ext5t1 ( ,prote/ant ,europe4 ,_! skill 9 ?is capacity is atte/$ by ! highe/ au?orities1 by ,bacon#ac & by ,desc>tes1 ! latt] ( :om _h himself be5 _! pupil2 & x naturally met ) its rew>d3 = m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ne>ly all ! =emo/ m5 ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 bo? among ! cl]gy & laity1 _h receiv$ ! ,jesuit tra9+1 & 9 mo/ cases reta9$ = life an atta*m5t to _! old ma/]s4 #b4 ,ab\t ^! ,jesuit s*ools--once s celebrat$ & s p[]ful1 & /ill exi/+ 9 great numb]s1 ?\gh little rema9s ( _! orig9al importance--!re does n seem to be mu* in=mation accessible to ! ,engli% read]4 ,i h1 !re=e1 collect$ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ab\t !m2 & ref] any "o :o is dissatisfi$ ) s meagre an acc\nt1 to ! works :i* ,i h consult$4#ad ,! ,jesuit s*ools1 z ,i said1 /ill exi/1 b !y did _! great "w 9 o!r c5turies2 & ,i !re=e pref] to speak ( !m z ?+s ( ! pa/4#ae #c4 ,:5 ! ,jesuits 7 fir/ =mally recogniz$ by a ,bull ( ,paul ,,iii 9 #aedj1 ! ,bull /at$ t ! ,ord] 0 =m$1 among o!r ?+s1 8especially = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ boys & ignorant p]sons 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,b ! ,society well und]/ood t secul> 0 m 9 dem& ?an religi\s le>n+2 & !y (f]$ ! m valu$ in/ruction1 t !y might h ! opportunity ( inculcat+ lessons :i*1 to ! ,society at lea/1 7 ! m valuable4 ,f v>i\s ,popes !y obta9$ p[]s = f\nd+ s*ools & colleges1 = giv+ degrees1 & = lectur+ publicly at univ]sities4 ,_! f\ndations rapidly ext5d$ 9 ! ,romance c\ntries1 except 9 ,france1 :]e !y 7 long 9 ov]com+ ! opposition ( ! ,regul> cl]gy & ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,ov] ! ,teutonic & ,slavonic c\ntries !y spread _! influ5ce fir/ by means ( national colleges at ,rome1 :]e boys ( ! diff]5t nations 7 tra9$ z mission>ies4 ,b1 9 "t1 ! ,jesuits pu%$ _! camps =w>d1 ev5 into ! he>t ( ! enemy's c\ntry4 #d4 ,! sy/em ( education to be adopt$ 9 all ! ,jesuit in/itutions 0 settl$ dur+ ! ,g5]al%ip ( ,aquaviva4 ,9 #aehd t ,g5]al appo9t$ a ,s*ool ,commission1 consi/+ ( six di/+ui%$ ,jesuits f ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,^! sp5t ne>ly a ye> 9 ,rome1 9 /udy & consultation2 & ! fruit ( _! lab\rs 0 ! gr\nd-"w ( ! ,ratio atque ,in/itutio ,/udiorum ,societatis ,jesu4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n take its f9al =m till twelve o!r commission]s _h be5 at "w ^u x4 ,x 0 !n 7#aeii7 revis$ & approv$ by ,aquaviva & ! ,fif? & ,six? ,g5]al ,assemblies4 ,by ?is code ! ,jesuit s*ools 7 gov]n$ till #ahcb1 :5 ! curriculum 0 enl>g$ s z to include physical sci5ce & mod]n languages4 #e4 ,! ,jesuits :o =m$ ! ,societas ,pr(essa1 i4e41 ^? :o _h tak5 all ! v[s1 _h sp5t f fifte5 to eighte5 ye>s 9 prep>ation1 viz41 two ye>s z novices & "o z approv$ s*ol>s1 dur+ :i* !y 7 engag$ *iefly 9 religi\s ex]cises1 ?ree ye>s 9 ! /udy ( philosophy & ma!matics1 f\r ye>s ( !ology1 &1 9 ! case ( ! m di/+ui%$ /ud5ts1 two ye>s m 9 repetition & private !ological /udy4 ,at "s po9t 9 ?is c\rse1 mo/ly aft] ! philosophy1 ! /ud5ts 7 s5t1 = a :ile1 to tea* ! 8l[] /udies0 to boys4#af ,! me?od ( tea*+ 0 to be le>nt 9 ! tra9+ s*ools1 call$ ,juv5ats1#ag "o ( :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 ea* prov9ce4 ,few1 ev5 ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ /ud5ts1 receiv$ disp5sation f giv+ elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,salm]on & ,bobadilla p]=m$ ?is duty 9 ,naples1 ,la9ez 9 ,flor5ce1 ,borgia 7:o _h be5 ,vic]oy ( ,catalonia7 9 ,cordova1 ,canisius 9 ,cologne4 #f4 ,dur+ ! "t ! ,jesuit held 8 po/ z tea*] he 0 to give himself up entirely to ! "w4 ,8 private /udies 7 ab&on$2 8 religi\s ex]cises %ort5$4 ,he began g5]ally ) ! boys 9 ! l[e/ =m1 & t he might be able to /udy ! "* ( 8 pupils he w5t up ! s*ool ) !m1 advanc+ a /ep e ye>1 z 9 ! sy/em n[ common 9 ,scotl&4 ,b "s =ms 7 always taught1 z ! highe/ is 9 ,scotl&1 by ! same ma/]1 :o rema9$ a tea*] = life4 #g4 ,great c>e 0 to be tak5 t ! frequ5t *anges 9 ! /aff ( ma/]s did n lead to alt]ation 9 ! conduct ( ! s*ool4 ,ea* tea*] 0 b\nd to c>ry on ! e/abli%$ in/ruction by ! e/abli%$ me?ods4 ,all 8 p]sonal peculi>ities & op9ions 7 to be z mu* z possible suppress$4 ,to secure ?is a rigid sy/em ( sup]vision 0 adopt$1 & reports 7 furni%$ by ea* (fic] to 8 imm$iate sup]ior4 ,ov] all /ood ! ,g5]al ( ! ,ord]4 ,next came ! ,prov9cial1 appo9t$ by ! ,g5]al4 ,ov] ea* college 0 ! ,rector1 :o 0 appo9t$ 7= ?ree ye>s7 by ! ,g5]al1 ?\gh he 0 responsible to ! ,prov9cial1 & made 8 reports to him4 ,next came ! ,prefect ( ,/udies1 appo9t$1 n by ! ,rector1 b by ! ,prov9cial4 ,! tea*]s 7 c>efully wat*$ bo? by ! ,rector & ! ,prefect ( ,/udies1 & x 0 ! duty ( ! latt] to visit ea* tea*] 9 8 class at lea/ once a =tnight1 to he> him tea*4 ,! o!r au?orities1 besides ! ma/]s ( classes1 7 usually a ,h\se ,prefect1 & ,monitors select$ f ! boys1 "o 9 ea* =m4 #h4 ,! s*ool or college 0 to be built & ma9ta9$ by gifts & beque/s :i* ! ,society might receive = ?is purpose only4 ,_! in/ruction 0 always giv5 gratuit\sly4 ,:5 suffici5t funds 7 rais$ to support ! (fic]s1 tea*]s1 & at lea/ twelve s*ol>s1 no ef=t 0 to be made to increase !m2 b if !y fell %ort ( ?is1 donations 7 to be s\ght by begg+ f h\se to h\se4 ,want ( money1 h[ev]1 0 n a difficulty :i* ! ,jesuits (t5 exp]i5c$4 #i4 ,! ,jesuit education includ$ two c\rses ( /udy1 /udia sup]iora et inf]iora4 ,9 ! small] colleges only ! /udia inf]iora 7 c>ri$ on2 & x is to ^! l[] s*ools t ! foll[+ acc\nt ma9ly ref]s4 ,! boys usually began ?is c\rse at t5 ye>s old & end$ x at sixte54#ah #aj4 ,! pupils 9 ! ,jesuit colleges 7 ( two k9ds3 #a/1 ^? :o 7 tra9+ = ! ,ord]1 & _h pass$ ! ,novitiate2 #bnd1 ! ext]ns1 :o 7 pupils m]ely4 ,:5 ! build+ 0 n fill$ by ! fir/ ( ^! 7! ,s*ola/ici1 or ,no/ri1 z !y are call$ 9 ! ,jesuit writ+s71 o!r pupils 7 tak5 9 to bo>d1 :o _h to pay simply ! co/ ( _! liv+1 & n ev5 ?is unless !y c\ld well af=d x4 ,in/ruction1 z ,i said1 0 gratuit\s to all4 8,gratis receive1 gratis give10 0 ! ,society's rule2 s !y w\ld nei!r make any *>ge = in/ruction1 nor accept any gift t 0 burd5$ ) conditions4 #aa4 ,fai?ful to ! tradition ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,society did n e/imate a man's wor? simply accord+ to 8 bir? & outw>d circum/ances4 ,! ,con/itutions expressly laid d[n t pov]ty & mean extraction 7 nev] to be any h9drance to a pupil's admission2 & ,sac*9i says3 8,d n let any fav\r+ ( ! high] classes int]f]e ) ! c>e ( mean] pupils1 s9ce ! bir? ( all is equal 9 ,adam1 & ! inh]itance 9 ,*ri/40#ai #ab4 ,! ext]ns :o c\ld n be receiv$ into ! build+ 7 bo>d$ 9 lic5s$ h\ses1 :i* 7 always liable to an unexpect$ visit f ! ,prefect ( ,/udies4 #ac4 ,! 8l[] s*ool0 0 arrang$ 9 five classes 7s9ce increas$ to eight71 ( :i* ! l[e/ usually _h two divisions4 ,p>allel classes 7 =m$ :]ev] ! numb] ( pupils 0 too great = five ma/]s4 ,! names giv5 to ! sev]al divisions 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,infima #b4 ,m$ia ,classis ,grammatic4 #c4 ,suprema #d4 ,humanitas4 #e4 ,rhetorica4 ,ea* 0 8absolv$0 9 a ye>1 except ,rhetorica1 :i* requir$ two ye>s 7,/ckl1 p4 #bcg74 ,jesuits & ,prote/ants alike 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ?\ght ( little b lit]>y in/ruction1 & t too connect$ only ) ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,jesuit s*ools 0 to be 8prt] ,grammaticam1 quod ad ,rhetoricam1 ,posim et ,hi/oriam p]t9et10 9 addition to ,gramm>1 :atev] relat$ to ,rhetoric1 ,poetry1 & ,hi/ory4 ,read+ & writ+ ! "m-tongue might n be taught )\t special leave f ! ,prov9cial4 ,lat9 0 z mu* z possible to sup]s$e all o!r languages1 ev5 9 speak+2 & no?+ else might be us$ by ! pupils 9 ! high] =ms on any day b a holiday4#bj ,to ga9 a supply ( ,lat9 words = ord9>y use1 ! pupils committ$ to memory ,lat9 conv]sations on g5]al topics1 su* z ,francis ,pomey's 8,indiculus ,univ]salis0 & 8,colloquia ,s*ola/ica40 #ad4 ,al?\gh _m good s*ool-books 7 writt5 by ! ,jesuits1 a great "p ( _! tea*+ 0 giv5 orally4 ,! ma/] 01 9 fact1 a lectur]1 :o exp\nd$ sometimes a piece ( a ,lat9 or ,greek au?or1 sometimes ! rules ( gramm>4 ,! pupils 7 requir$ to get up ! sub/ance ( ^! lectures1 & to le>n ! gramm>-rules & p>ts ( ! classical au?ors by he>t4 ,! ma/] = 8 "p _h to be/[ great pa9s on ! prep>ation ( 8 lectures4#ba #ae4 ,writt5 ex]cises1 translations1 c41 7 giv5 9 on e day1 except ,saturday2 & ! ma/] _h1 if possible1 to g ov] ea* "o ) its writ] & 8 appo9t$ rival or mulus4 #af4 ,! me?od ( he>+ ! rules1 c41 committ$ to memory 0 ?is3--,c]ta9 boys 9 ea* class1 :o 7 call$ ,decurions1 repeat$ _! tasks to ! ma/]1 & !n 9 8 pres5ce he>d ! o!r boys repeat !irs4 ,! ma/] mean:ile correct$ ! writt5 ex]cises4#bb #ag4 ,"o ( ! lead+ peculi>ities 9 ! ,jesuits' sy/em 0 ! pa9s !y took to fo/] emulation--8cotem +5ii pu]ilis1 calc> indu/ri--! :et/one ( tal5t1 ! spur ( indu/ry40 ,= ?is purpose all ! boys 9 ! l[] "p ( ! s*ool 7 arrang$ 9 pairs1 ea* pair be+ rivals 7muli7 to "o ano!r4 ,e boy 0 to be con/antly on ! wat* to cat* 8 rival tripp+1 & 0 imm$iately to correct him4 ,besides ?is individual rivalry1 e class 0 divid$ into two ho/ile camps1 call$ ,rome & ,c>?age1 :i* _h frequ5t pit*$ battles ( que/ions on set subjects4 ,^! 7 ! 8,conc]tations10 9 :i* ! boys sometimes _h to put que/ions to ! opposite camp1 sometimes to expose errone\s answ]s :5 ! que/ions 7 ask$ by ! ma/]#bc 7see ,app5dix3 ,class ,mat*es1 p4 #ebi74 ,emulation1 inde$1 0 enc\rag$ to a po9t :]e1 z x seems to me1 x mu/ h endang]$ ! good feel+ ( ! boys among !mselves4 ,j\v5cy m5tions a practice ( appo9t+ mock def5d]s ( any p>ticul>ly bad ex]cise1 :o %\ld make ! au?or ( x ridicul\s by _! excuses2 & any boy ^: "w 0 v discr$itable1 0 plac$ on a =m by himself1 ) a daily puni%m5t1 until he c\ld %[ t "s "o des]v$ to *ange places ) him4 #ah4 ,9 ! high] classes a bett] k9d ( rivalry 0 cultivat$ by means ( 8,academies10 i4e41 volunt>y associations = /udy1 :i* met toge!r1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a ma/]1 to read !mes1 translations1 c41 & to discuss passages f ! classics4 ,! new memb]s 7 elect$ by ! old1 & to be ?us elect$ 0 a mu*-covet$ di/9ction4 ,9 ^! ,academies ! clev]] /ud5ts got practice = ! disputations1 :i* =m$ an important "p ( ! s*ool "w ( ! high] classes4 #ai4 ,!re 0 a va/ numb] ( o!r exp$i5ts by :i* ! ,jesuits s\ght to "w on _! pupils' am\r propre1 su* z1 on ! "o h&1 ! weekly publication ( (f5ces p] prconem1 &1 on ! o!r1 besides prizes 7:i* c\ld be won only by ! ext]ns71 titles & badges ( hon\r1 & ! l4 8,!re are10 says ,j\v5cy1 8hundr$s ( exp$i5ts ( ?is sort1 all t5d+ to %>p5 ! boys' wits1 to light5 ! lab\r ( ! ma/]1 & to free him f ! invidi\s & tr\blesome necessity ( puni%+40 #bj4 ,! s*ool-h\rs 7 rem>kably %ort3 two h\rs & a half 9 ! morn+1 & ! same 9 ! aft]noon2 ) a :ole holiday a week 9 summ]1 & a half holiday 9 w9t]4 ,! "t 0 sp5t 9 ! fir/ =m aft] ! foll[+ mann]3--,dur+ ! fir/ half-h\r ! ma/] correct$ ! ex]cises ( ! previ\s day1 :ile ! ,decurions he>d ! lesson :i* _h be5 le>nt by he>t4 ,!n ! ma/] he>d ! piece ( ,lat9 :i* he _h expla9$ on ! previ\s day4 ,) ?is con/ru+1 0 connect$ a great deal ( p>s+1 conjugat+1 decl9+1 c4 ,! tea*] !n expla9$ ! piece = ! foll[+ day1 :i*1 9 ?is =m1 0 nev] to exce$ f\r l9es4 ,! la/ half-h\r ( ! morn+ 0 sp5t 9 expla9+ gramm>4 ,?is 0 done v sl[ly & c>efully3 9 ! words ( ! ,ratio ,/udd43 8,pluribus diebus f]e s+ula prcepta inculc&a sunt0--8,g5]ally take a s+le rule & drive x 91 sev]al days40 ,= ! fir/ h\r ( ! aft]noon ! ma/] correct$ ex]cises1 & ! boys le>nt gramm>4 ,if !re 0 "t1 ! ma/] put que/ions ab\t ! gramm> he _h expla9$ 9 ! morn+4 ,! second h\r 0 tak5 up ) m explanations ( gramm>1 & ! s*ool clos$ ) half an h\r's conc]tation1 or ! ma/] correct$ ! notes :i* ! pupils _h tak5 dur+ ! day4 ,9 ! o!r =ms1 ! "w 0 v simil> to ?is1 except t ,greek 0 add$1 & also 9 ! high] classes a little ma!matics4 #ba4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ! above acc\nt1 t almo/ all ! /r5g? ( ! ,jesuit tea*+ 0 ?r[n into ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 language1 :i* 0 to be us$1 n only = read+1 b also 9 writ+ & speak+4 ,b "u ! "n ( 8erudition0 "s am\nt ( in/ruction 9 o!r subjects1 especially 9 hi/ory & geography1 0 giv5 9 expla9+1 or r lectur+ on1 ! classical au?ors4 ,j\v5cy says t ?is lecture mu/ consi/ ( ! foll[+ p>ts3--#a/1 ! g5]al mean+ ( ! :ole passage2 #bnd1 ! explanation ( ea* clause1 bo? z to ! mean+ & con/ruction2 #crd1 any in=mation1 su* z acc\nts ( hi/orical ev5ts1 or ( anci5t mann]s & cu/oms1 :i* c\ld be connect$ ) ! text2 #d?1 9 ! high] =ms1 applications ( ! rules ( rhetoric & poetry2 #e?1 an exam9ation ( ! ,lat9ity2 #f?1 ! inculcation ( "s moral lesson4 ,?is treatm5t ( a subject he illu/rates by examples4 ,among ^! is an acc\nt ( a lesson = ! fir/ 7i4e41 l[e/7 class 9 ! ,fable ( ! ,fox & ! ,mask3--#a/1 comes ! argum5t & ! explanation ( words2 #bnd1 ! gramm> & p>s+1 z vulpes1 a sub/antive ( ! ?ird decl5sion1 c41 l proles1 clades1 c4 7"h ! ma/] is always to give among 8 examples "s :i* ! boys already "k72 #crd1 comes ! eruditio--some?+ ab\t foxes1 ab\t trag$y1 ab\t ! bra91 & h5ce ab\t o!r p>ts ( ! head2 #d?1 ,lat9ity1 ! ord] ( ! words1 *oice ( ! words1 synonyms1 c4 ,!n ! s5t5ces may be p>odi$2 o!r suitable sub/antives may be f\nd = ! adjectives & vice v]s2 & e me?od is to be adopt$ ( %[+ ! boys h[ to use ! words !y h le>nt4 ,la/ly1 comes ! moral4 #bb4 ,! practical tea*] w be tempt$ to ask1 ,h[ is ! att5tion ( ! class to be kept up :il/ all ?is in=mation is giv58 ,?is ! ,jesuits did p>tly by puni%+ ! inatt5tive4 ,e boy 0 subsequ5tly requir$ to reproduce :at ! tea*] _h said1 & to %[ 8 writt5 notes ( x4 ,b no d\bt ?is matt] ( att5tion 0 f\nd a difficulty4 ,j\v5cy tells ! tea*]s to break (f f "t to "t 9 _! lectures1 & to ask que/ions2 & he adds3 8,v>i sunt artes excit& att5tionis quas docebit usus et sua cuique indu/ria sugg]et4--,v v>i\s are ! devices = ar\s+ att5tion4 ,^! w occur ) practice & pa9s40 ,= private /udy1 besides writt5 ex]cises & le>n+ by he>t1 ! pupils 7 recomm5d$ subjects to get up 9 _! own "t2 & 9 ?is1 & also z to ! l5g? ( "s ( ! regul> lessons1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to decide = !mselves4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 ! ,jesuits tru/$ to ! s5se ( hon\r & emulation--^? :o did extra "w 7 prais$ & rew>d$4 #bc4 ,"o ( ! maxims ( ?is sy/em 03 8,repetitio mat] /udiorum40 ,e lesson 0 connect$ ) two repetitions--"o be=e x began1 ( prec$+ "w1 & ! o!r at ! close1 ( ! "w j done4 ,besides ?is1 "o day a week 0 devot$ entirely to repetition4 ,9 ! ?ree l[e/ classes ! desire ( lay+ a solid f\ndation ev5 l$ to ! second six mon?s 9 ! ye> be+ giv5 to aga9 go+ ov] ! "w ( ! fir/ six mon?s4#bd ,by ?is means boys ( extraord9>y ability c\ld pass ?r\gh ^! =ms 9 eighte5 mon?s1 in/ead ( ?ree ye>s4 #bc4 ,?or\ghness 9 "w 0 ! "o ?+ insi/$ on4 ,sac*9i says t mu* "t %\ld be sp5t 9 go+ ov] ! m important ?+s1 :i* are 8veluti multorum fontes et capita 7z x 7 ! s\rces & />t+ po9ts ( _m o!rs702 & t ! ma/] %\ld pref] to tea* a few ?+s p]fectly1 to giv+ indi/9ct impressions ( _m ?+s4#be ,we %\ld rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! pupils ( ! ,jesuits 7 n *ildr54 ,subjects su* z gramm> _c1 by any exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble1 be p]fectly taught to *ildr51 because *ildr5 _c p]fectly und]/& !m2 s t ! ,jesuit ?or\ghness is n always atta9able4 #bd4 ,! usual duration ( ! c\rse 9 ! l[] s*ools 0 six ye>s--i4e41 "o ye> 9 ea* ( ! f\r l[] classes1 & two ye>s 9 ! highe/ class4 ,e ye> clos$ ) a v =mal exam9ation4 ,be=e ?is exam9ation took place1 ! pupils _h lessons 9 ! mann] ( x1 s t !y might come prep>$1 n only ) a k ( ! subjects1 b also ( ! laws ( writ+ = exam9ation 78scrib5di ad exam5 leges074 ,! exam9ation 0 conduct$ by a commission appo9t$ = ! purpose1 ( :i* commission ! ,prefect ( ,/udies 0 an ex (ficio memb]4 ,! ma/]s ( ! classes1 ?\gh !y 7 pres5t1 & c\ld make rem>ks1 7 n ( ! exam9+ body4 ,= ! viv voce ! boys 7 u%]$ 91 ?ree at a "t1 be=e ! solemn conclave4 ,! results ( ! exam9ation1 bo? writt5 & v]bal1 7 jo9$ ) ! records ( ! "w done 9 ! pa/ ye>2 & ! names ( ^? pupils :o _h di/+ui%$ !mselves 7 !n publi%$ 9 ord] ( m]it1 b ! poll 0 arrang$ alphabetically1 or accord+ to bir?place4 #be4 ,z might be expect$1 ! ,jesuits 7 to be v c>eful ( ! moral & religi\s tra9+ ( _! pupils4 8,quam maxime 9 vit probitate ac bonis artibus doctr9aque pr(iciant ad ,dei gloriam40 7,ratio ,/udd41 quot$ by ,s*mid47 ,& ,sac*9i tells ! ma/] to rememb] h[ hon\rable 8 (fice is2 z x has to d1 n ) gramm> only1 b also ) ! sci5ce & practice ( a ,*ri/ian & religi\s life3 8atque eo quidem ord9e ut ipsa +5ii eruditio sit expolitio morum1 et humana lit]atura div9 ancilletur sapi5ti40#bf ,ea* lesson 0 to beg9 ) pray] or ! sign ( ! ,cross4 ,! pupils 7 to he> ,mass e morn+1 & 7 to be urg$ to frequ5t confession & receiv+ ( ! ,holy ,communion4 ,! ,fa!r ,confessor 0 always a ,jesuit1 b he 0 n a ma/] 9 ! s*ool4 #bf4 ,! bodily heal? also 0 to be c>efully att5d$ to4 ,! pupils 7 n to /udy too mu* or too long at a "t4 ,no?+ 0 to be done = a space ( f "o or two h\rs aft] d9n]4 ,on holidays excursions 7 made to f>ms 9 ! c\ntry4#bg #bg4 ,puni%m5ts 7 to be z light z possible1 & ! ma/] 0 to %ut 8 eyes to (f5ces :5ev] he ?\ght he might d s ) safety4 ,grave (f5ces 7 to be visit$ ) corporal puni%m5t1 p]=m$ by a 8corrector10 :o 0 n a memb] ( ! ,ord]4 ,:]e ?is *a/isem5t did n h a good effect1 ! pupil 0 to be expell$4#bh #bh4 ,! dry details into :i* ,i h be5 drawn by fai?fully copy+ ! mann] ( ! ,ratio ,/udiorum may seem to ! read] to af=d no answ] to ! "q :i* naturally sugge/s itself--,to :at did ! s*ool-sy/em ( ! ,jesuits owe its enorm\s popul>ity8 ,b 9 "p1 at lea/1 ^! details d af=d an answ]4 ,!y %[ u t ! ,jesuits 7 int5sely practical4 ,! ,ratio ,/udiorum h>dly conta9s a s+le pr9ciple2 b :at x does is ?is--x po9ts out a p]fectly atta9able goal1 & c>efully def9es ! road by :i* t goal is to be approa*$4 ,= ea* class 0 prescrib$ n only ! "w to be done1 b also ! end to be kept 9 view4 ,?us me?od reign$ ?r\gh\t--p]haps n ! be/ me?od1 z ! object to be atta9$ 0 assur$ly n ! highe/ object--b ! me?od1 su* z x 01 0 appli$ ) undeviat+ exactness4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ! ,jesuit s*ools contra/$ /rongly ) _! rivals ( old1 z inde$ ) ! ord9>y s*ool ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,head ,ma/]1 :o is to ! mod]n ,engli% s*ool :at ! ,g5]al1 ,prov9cial1 ,rector1 ,prefect ( ,/udies1 & ,ratio ,/udiorum comb9$ 7 to a s*ool ( ! ,jesuits1 has p]haps no /&>d 9 view up to :i* ! boy %\ld h be5 br\ght :5 8 s*ool c\rse is complet$4#bi ,! ma/]s ( =ms tea* j ^? portion ( _! subject 9 :i* !y !mselves are int]e/$1 9 any way t occurs to !m1 ) by no means uni=m success2 s t :5 two =ms are exam9$ ) ! same exam9ation pap]1 x is no v uncommon occurr5ce = ! l[] to be f\nd sup]ior to ! high]4 ,x is1 p]haps1 to be expect$ t a c\rse 9 :i* uni=m me?od t5ds to a def9ite goal w\ld on ! :ole be m successful ?an "o 9 :i* a boy has to accu/om himself by turns to half-a-doz5 diff]5t me?ods1 inv5t$ at haphaz>d by individual ma/]s ) diff]5t aims 9 view1 if inde$ !y h any aim at all4 #bi4 ,i h said t ! object :i* ! ,jesuits propos$ 9 _! tea*+ 0 n ! highe/ object4 ,!y did n aim at develop+ all ! faculties ( _! pupils1 b ma9ly ! receptive & reproductive faculties4 ,:5 ! "y man _h acquir$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! ,lat9 language = all purposes1 :5 he 0 well v]s$ 9 ! !ological & philosophical op9ions ( 8 preceptors1 :5 he 0 skilful 9 dispute1 & c\ld make a brilliant display f ! res\rces ( a well-/or$ memory1 he _h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t to :i* ! ,jesuits s\ght to lead him4#cj ,orig9ality & indep5d5ce ( m9d1 love ( tru? = its own sake1 ! p[] ( reflect+1 & ( =m+ correct judgm5ts 7 n m]ely neglect$--!y 7 suppress$ 9 ! ,jesuits' sy/em4 ,b 9 :at !y attempt$ !y 7 em95tly successful1 & _! success w5t a long way t[>ds secur+ _! popul>ity4#ca #cj4 ,_! popul>ity 0 due1 moreov]1 to ! means employ$1 z well z to ! result atta9$4 ,! ,jesuit tea*]s 7 to lead1 n drive _! pupils1 to make _! le>n+1 n m]ely endurable1 b ev5 acceptable1 8discipl9am non modo tol]abilem1 s$ etiam amabilem40 ,sac*9i expresses himself v =cibly on ?is subject4 8,x is10 says he1 8! unv>y+ decision ( wise m51 :e!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 t ! in/ruction ( y\? w be always be/ :5 x is pleasante/3 :5ce ?is application ( ! ^w ludus4 ,! t5d]ness ( y\? requires ( u t we %\ld n ov]/ra9 x1 its innoc5ce t we %\ld ab/a9 f h>%ness4444 ,t :i* ent]s into will+ e>s ! m9d z x 7 runs to welcome1 seizes ) avidity1 c>efully /[s away1 & fai?fully pres]ves40#cb ,! pupils 7 !re=e to be enc\rag$ 9 e way to take k9dly to _! le>n+4 ,) ?is end 9 view 7& no d\bt o!r objects also71 ! ma/]s 7 c>efully to seek ! boys' affections4 8,:5 pupils love ! ma/]10 says ,sac*9i1 8!y w soon love 8 tea*+4 ,let him1 !re=e1 %[ an int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ t conc]ns !m & n m]ely 9 _! /udies4 ,let him rejoice ) ^? t rejoice1 & n disda9 to weep ) ^? t weep4 ,aft] ! example ( ! ,apo/le let him become a little "o among/ little ones1 t he may make !m adult 9 ,*ri/1 & ,*ri/ adult 9 !m 444 ,let him unite ! grave k9dness & au?ority ( a fa!r ) a "m's t5d]ness40#cc #ca4 ,9 ord] t le>n+ might be pleasant to ! pupils1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld n be ov]task$4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! ma/] _h to /udy ! "* & capacity ( ea* boy 9 8 class1 & to keep a book ) all p>ticul>s ab\t him1 & m>ks f "o to six indicat+ pr(ici5cy4 ,?us ! ma/] =m$ an e/imate ( :at %\ld be requir$1 & ! am\nt v>i$ consid]ably ) ! pupil1 ?\gh ! quality ( ! "w 0 always to be good4 #cb4 ,n only 0 ! "w n to be excessive1 x 0 nev] to be ( great difficulty4 ,ev5 ! gramm> 0 to be made z easy & attractive z possible4 8,i ?9k x a mi/ake0 says ,sac*9i1 8to introduce at an e>ly /age ! m ?orny difficulties ( gramm>3 444 = :5 ! pupils h become famili> ) ! e>li] p>ts1 use w1 by degrees1 make ! m difficult cle> to !m4 ,8 m9d exp&+ & 8 judgm5t rip5+ z he gr[s old] ! pupil w (t5 see = himself t :i* he c\ld h>dly be made to see by o!rs4 ,moreov]1 9 read+ an au?or1 examples ( grammatical difficulties w be m easily obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! context1 & w make m impression on ! m9d1 ?an if !y are taught 9 an ab/ract =m by !mselves4 ,let !m !n1 be c>efully expla9$ :5ev] !y occur40#cd #cc4 ,p]haps no body ( m5 9 ,europe 7! ,?ugs may1 9 ?is respect1 rival !m 9 ,asia7 h be5 s hat$ z ! ,jesuits4 ,i once he>d ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice say he ?\ght ,k+sley c\ld f9d good 9 e "o except ! ,jesuits1 &1 he add$1 he ?\ght he c\ld f9d good ev5 9 !m4 ,b :y %\ld a devot$ ,*ri/ian f9d a difficulty 9 see+ good 9 ! ,jesuits1 a body ( m5 ^: devotion to _! idea ( ,*ri/ian duty has nev] be5 surpass$8#ce ,! difficulty arose f diff]5ces 9 ideal4 ,bo? held t ! ideal ,*ri/ian w\ld d ev]y?+ 8to ! great] glory ( ,god10 or z ! ,jesuits put x 9 _! bus9ess-l fa%ion1 8,a4,m4,d4,g410 7i4e41 ad majorem ,dei gloriam74 ,b ,maurice & ,k+sley ?\ght ( a div9e idea = e man4 ,! ,jesuits' idea lo/ sight ( ! individual4 ,l _! enemy1 ,c>lyle1 ! ,jesuits 9 effect wor%ipp$ /r5g?1 b ,c>lyle ?\ght ( ! /r5g? ( ! individual1 ! ,jesuits ( ! /r5g? ( 8! ,ca?olic ,*ur*40 8,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*0 0 to !m ! manife/$ k+dom ( ,god4 ,ev]y?+ !re=e t gave p[] to ! ,*ur* t5d$ 8,a4,m4,d4,g40 ,! ,company ( ,jesus 0 ! regul> army ( ! ,*ur*1 s1 argu+ logically f _! premises1 !y made ! glory ( ,god & ! success ( ! ,society conv]tible t]ms4 #cd4 ,?us _! conception 0 a purely milit>y conception4 ,a comm&]-9-*ief1 if he 7 an ard5t patriot & a great g5]al1 w\ld d all he c\ld to make ! army p[]ful4 ,he w\ld c>e mu* = ! heal?1 morals1 & tra9+ ( ! soldi]s1 b always ) direct ref]5ce to ! army4 ,he w\ld att5d to ev]y?+ t made a man a bett] soldi]2 beyond ?is he w\ld n conc]n himself4 ,9 8 eyes ! army w\ld be ev]y?+1 & a soldi] no?+ b a "p ( x1 j z a l9k is only a "p ( a *a94 ,pauls51 speak+ ( ! ,jesuits1 says truly t no great organization c exi/ )\t a root idea4 ,! root idea ( ! army is ! sacrifice & annihilation ( ! individual1 t ! body may be fus$ toge!r & s ga9 a /r5g? great] ?an t ( any numb] ( individuals4 ,=m$ on ?is idea ! army acts all toge!r & 9 ob$i5ce to a s+le w1 & no mob c /& its *>ge4 ,ignatius ,loyola & succe$+ ,g5]als took up ?is idea & =m$ an army = ! ,*ur*1 an army t became ! wond] & ! t]ror ( all m54 ,nev]1 z ,compayr says1 _h a body be5 s sagaci\sly organiz$1 or _h wield$ s great res\rces = good & = evil4#cf 7,see ,buisson1 ij1 #adai47 #ce4 ,to ! ,engli% s*oolma/] ! ,jesuits mu/ always be int]e/+1 if = no o!r reason at lea/ = ?is--t !y 7 s int5sely practical4 8,les ,jsuites ne sont pas des pdagogues assez des9tresss p\r n\s plaire4--,! ,jesuits z s*oolma/]s10 says ,m4 ,compayr1 8are n dis9t]e/$ en\gh = u40 7,buisson1 sub v4 ,jsuites1 ad f474 ,b dis9t]e/$ p$agogy is n mu* to ! m9d ( ! ,engli%man4 ,x does n seem to "k q :at x w\ld be aft]1 & deals 9 g5]alities1 su* z 8,education is n a means b an end20 & ! end be+ some:at indef9ite1 ! means are /ill m want+ 9 precision4 ,?is vagu5ess is :at ! ,engli% ma/] hates4 ,he pref]s n to tr\ble himself ab\t ! end4 ,! wisdom ( 8 ance/ors has settl$ t1 & he c direct 8 att5tion to :at really int]e/s him--! practical details4 ,9 ?is he resembles ! ,jesuits4 ,! end has be5 settl$ = !m by _! f\nd]4 ,!y revel 9 practical details1 9 :i* !y are truly great1 & "h we may le>n mu* f !m4 8,ratio appli$ to /udies0 says ,fa!r ,eyre1#cg 8m naturally means ,me?od ?an ,pr9ciple2 & our ,ratio ,/udiorum is ess5tially a ,me?od or ,sy/em ( tea*+ & le>n+40 ,"h is a me?od t has be5 work$ uni=mly & ) s+ul> success = ?ree c5turies1 & c /ill give a good acc\nt ( its old rivals4 ,b w x hold its own aga9/ ! late ,re=m]s8 ,z reg>ds intellectual tra9+ ! new s*ool seeks to draw out ! faculties ( ! "y m9d by employ+ !m on subjects 9 :i* x is int]e/$4 ,! ,jesuits fix$ a c\rse ( /udy :i*1 z !y frankly recogniz$1 c\ld n be made int]e/+4 ,s !y endeav\r$ to secure accuracy by con/ant repetition1 & reli$ = indu/ry on two motive p[]s3 #a/1 ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! ma/]2 &1 #bnd1 8! spur ( indu/ry0--emulation4 #cf4 ,to acquire 8influ5ce0 has ev] be5 ! ma9 object ( ! ,society1 & 8 devotion to ?is object makes a great di/9ction betwe5 ! ,jesuit & mo/ o!r in/ructors4 ,8 notion ( ! task 0 ?us express$ by ,fa!r ,g]>d1 ,s4 ,j41 at ! ,educational ,conf]5ce ( #ahhd3 8,tea*+ is an art among/ arts4 ,to be wor?y ( ! "n x mu/ be ! "w ( an individual ^u individuals4 ,! true tea*] mu/ und]/&1 appreciate1 & sympa?ize ) ^? :o are committ$ to him4 ,he mu/ be daily discov]+ :at !re is 7& und\bt$ly !re is some?+ 9 ea* ( !m7 capable ( fruitful developm5t1 & contriv+ h[ bett] to get at !m & to evoke :atev] possibilities !re are 9 !m = good40 ,! ,jesuit ma/]1 !n1 tri$ to ga9 influ5ce ov] ! boys & to use t influ5ce = _m purposes2 to make !m "w well be+ "o ( ^!1 b n p]haps ! mo/ important4 #cg4 ,z = emulation1 no in/ructors h us$ x s elaborately z ! ,jesuits4 ,9 mo/ ,engli% s*ools ! prizes h no effect :atev] except on ! fir/ ?ree or f\r boys1 & ! m>k+ is s arrang$ t ^? :o take ! lead 9 ! fir/ few lessons c keep _! position )\t mu* ef=t4 ,?is clumsy sy/em w\ld n suit ! ,jesuits4 ,!y (t5 = prize-giv+ divide a class into a numb] ( small gr\ps1 ! boys 9 ea* gr\p be+ approximately equal1 & a prize is (f]$ = ea* gr\p4 ,! class mat*es1 too1 /imulate ! weak] pupils ev5 m ?an ! /rong4 #ch4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w give ! *ief po9ts ( ! sy/em 9 ! words ( "o ( its advocates & admir]s1 :o 0 himself educat$ at ,/onyhur/3 8,let u n[ try to put toge!r ! v>i\s pieces ( ?is s*ool ma*9]y & /udy ! effect4 ,we h se5 t ! boys h ma/]s entirely at _! disposition1 n only at class "t1 b at recreation "t aft] supp] 9 ! night ,read+ ,rooms4 ,ea* day !y record victory or defeat 9 ! recurr+ ex]cises or !mes ^u v>i\s matt]s4 ,by ! qu>t]ly pap]s or exam9ations 9 composition1 = :i* n9e h\rs are assign$1 ! ord] ( m]it is fix$1 & ?is ord] entails _m little privileges & prec$5cies1 9 *apel1 refectory1 class room1 & else:]e4 ,ea* ma/]1 if he prove a success & 8 heal? p]mit1 cont9ues to be ! in/ructor ( ! boys 9 8 class dur+ ! space ( six ye>s4 #8,x is obvi\s' says ,%eil1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,/onyhur/1 #8t mu* ( a boy's acquirem5ts1 & a good deal ( ! "* ( 8 ta/e1 mu/ h dep5d$ ^u ! individual to ^: in/ructions he 0 ?us almo/ exclusively conf9$4' ,& 9 _m cases ! effects mu/ be a great] int]e/ felt 9 ! /ud5ts by _! tea*]s1 a mutual atta*m5t f\nd$ on long acqua9tance1 & a m ?or\gh k1 on ! "p ( ! ma/]1 ( ! weak & /rong po9ts ( 8 pupils4 ,add to ! above1 ! #8rival' & #8side' sy/em1 ! effect ( *all5ges & class combats2 ( ! we>+ ( decorations & m$als by ! ,imp]ators on ,sundays1 ,fe/ival ,days1 ,conc]tation ,days1 & ,exam9ation ,days2 ( ! extraord9>y "w--done mu* m z private ?an z class "w--help+ to give individuality to ! boy's ex]tions1 :i* might o!rwise be m]g$ 9 ! r\t9e "w ( ! class2 & ! #8free "t' giv5 = improvem5t on wet ev5+s & aft] night pray]s2 add ! ,hon\rs ,matt]2 ! ,reports read be=e ! ,rector & all subord9ate ,sup]iors1 ! ,pr(essors1 & :ole body ( ,/ud5ts2 add ! competition 9 ea* class & betwe5 ! v>i\s classes1 & ev5 betwe5 ! v>i\s colleges 9 ,engl& ( ! ,society2 & only "o conclusion c be arriv$ at4 ,x is a sy/em :i* ev]yone is free to admire or ?9k inf]ior to "s o!r pref]r$ by him2 b x is a sy/em40 7,/onyhur/ ,college1 ,pres5t & ,pa/1 by ,a4 ,hewitson1 #bnd edition1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bad1 ff47 #ci4 ,yes1 x is a sy/em1 a sy/em built up by ! unit$ ef=ts ( _m a/ute intellects & %[+ m>vell\s skill 9 select+ means to atta9 a cle>ly conceiv$ end4 ,!re is !n 9 ! hi/ory ( education little t %\ld be m int]e/+ or might be m in/ructive to ! ma/] ( an ,engli% public s*ool ?an ! *apt] ab\t ! ,jesuits4#ch ,v4 ,,rabelais4 7#adhc-aeec47 #a4 ,to great g5iuses x is giv5 to ?9k !mselves 9 a measure free f ! ord9>y notions ( _! "t & (t5 to anticipate ! discov]ies ( a future age4 ,9 all lit]ature !re is p]haps h>dly a m /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 8deta*$0 ?9k+ ?an we f9d 9 ,rabelais' acc\nt ( ! education ( ,g>gantua4 #b4 ,we see 9 ,rabelais an en?usiasm = le>n+ & a t5d5cy to v]bal realism2 t is1 he turn$ to ! old writ]s = in/ruction ab\t ?+s4 ,s f> he 0 a *ild ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,b 9 o!r respects he advanc$ f> beyond x4 #c4 ,aft] a scornful acc\nt ( ! ord9>y s*ool books & me?ods by :i* ,g>gantua 8?\gh he /udi$ h>d1 did nev]!less pr(it no?+1 b only grew !reby fooli%1 simple1 dolt$1 & blocki%10 ,rabelais decides t 8x 7 bett] = him to le>n no?+ at all ?an to be taught su*like books "u su*like s*oolma/]s40 ,all ?is old lumb] mu/ be swept away1 & 9 two ye>s a y\? may acquire a bett] judgm5t1 a bett] mann]1 & m comm& ( language ?an c\ld ev] h be5 obta9$ by ! old me?od4 ,we are !n introduc$ to ! model pupil4 ,! end ( education has be5 decl>$ to be sapi5s et eloqu5s pietas2 & we f9d t ?\gh ,rabelais might h sub/itut$ k = piety1 he did c>e = piety1 & valu$ v highly bo? wisdom & eloqu5ce4 ,! eloqu5t ,roman 0 ! ideal ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 & ,rabelais' model pupil expresses himself 8) ge/ures s prop]1 pronunciation s di/9ct1 a voice s eloqu5t1 language s well turn$ & 9 su* good ,lat9 t he seem$ r a ,grac*us1 a ,cic]o1 an milius ( ! "t pa/ ?an a y\? ( ! pres5t age40 #d4 ,s a ,r5asc5ce tutor is appo9t$ = ,g>gantua & adm9i/]s to him a potion t makes him =get all he has ev] le>n$4 ,he !n puts him ?r\gh a v diff]5t c\rse4 ,l all wise in/ructors he fir/ endeav\rs to secure ! w ( ! pupil4 ,he all[s ,g>gantua to g ! accu/om$ road till he c conv9ce him x is ! wrong "o4 ,?is seems to me a rem>kable pro( ( wisdom4 ,h[ (t5 does ! 8new ma/]0 break abruptly ) ! pa/1 & raise ! opposition ( ! pupil by dispraise ( all he has already done6 ,by degrees ,ponocrates1 ! model tutor1 inspir$ 9 8 pupil a great desire = improvem5t4 ,?is he did by br++ him into ! society ( le>n$ m51 :o fill$ him ) ambition to be l !m4 ,!reupon ,g>gantua 8put himself into su* a tra9 ( /udy t he lo/ n any h\r 9 ! day1 b employ$ all 8 "t 9 le>n+ & hone/ k40 ,! day 0 to beg9 at #d a4m41 ) read+ ( 8"s *apt] ( ! ,holy ,scripture1 & (t5times he gave himself to rev]e1 adore1 pray1 & s5d up 8 supplications to t good ,god1 ^: ^w did %[ ,8 maje/y & m>vell\s judgm5ts40 ,?is is ! only h9t we get 9 ?is "p ( ! book on ! subject ( religi\s or moral education3 ! tra9+ is direct$ to ! intellect & ! body4 #e4 ,! rem>kable feature 9 ,rabelais' curriculum is ?is1 t x is conc]n$ ma9ly ) ?+s4 ,( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! fir/ ?ree 7 purely =mal3 gramm>1 logic1 rhetoric2 :ile ! foll[+ c\rse3 ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & music1 7 n4 ,! effect ( ! ,r5asc5ce 0 to cause increas+ neglect ( ! ,quadrivium1 b ,rabelais c>es = ! ,quadrivium only2 ,g>gantua /udies ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & music1 & ! ,trivium is n m5tion$4 ,great use is made ( books & ,g>gantua le>n$ !m by he>t2 b all t he le>n$ he at once 8appli$ to practical cases conc]n+ ! e/ate ( man40 ,x 0 ! sub/ance ( ! read+1 n ! =m1 t 0 ?\ght (4 ,at d9n] 8if !y ?\ght good !y cont9u$ read+ or began to disc\rse m]rily toge!r2 speak+ fir/ ( ! virtue1 propriety1 efficacy1 & nature ( all t 0 s]v$ 9 at t table2 ( bread1 ( w9e1 ( wat]1 ( salt1 ( fle%1 fi%1 fruits1 h]bs1 roots1 & ( _! dress+4 ,by means :]e( he le>n$ 9 a little "t all ! passages t on ^! subjects are to be f\nd 9 ,pl9y1 ,a!nu1 c4 ,:il/ !y talk$ ( ^! ?+s1 _m times to be m c]ta9 !y caus$ ! v books to be br\ght to ! table2 & s well & p]fectly did he 9 8 memory reta9 ! ?+s above said1 t 9 t "t !re 0 n a physician t knew half s mu* z he did40 ,aga91 out ( doors he 0 to obs]ve trees & plants1 & 8comp>e !m ) :at is writt5 ( !m 9 ! books ( ! anci5ts1 su* z ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 c40 ,"h aga91 actual realism 0 to be jo9$ ) v]bal realism1 = ,g>gantua 0 to c>ry home ) him great h&fuls = h]boris+4 ,rabelais ev5 recomm5ds /udy+ ! face ( ! heav5s at night1 & !n obs]v+ ! *ange t has tak5 place at #d 9 ! morn+4 ,s he seems to h be5 ! fir/ writ] on education 7& ! fir/ by a long int]val71 :o w\ld tea* ab\t ?+s by obs]v+ ! ?+s !mselves4 ,x 0 ?is ,ans*auungs-pr9zip--use ( s5se-impressions--t ,pe/alozzi ext5d$ & claim$ z 8 inv5tion two c5turies & a half lat]4 ,rabelais also gives a h9t ( ! use ( h&-"w z well z head-"w4 ,g>gantua & 8 fell[s 8did recreate !mselves 9 bottl+ hay1 9 cleav+ & saw+ wood1 & 9 ?re%+ %eaves ( corn 9 ! b>n4 ,!y also /udi$ ! art ( pa9t+ or c>v+40 ,! c\rse 0 fur!r connect$ ) life by visits to ! v>i\s h&icraftsm51 9 ^: work%ops 8!y did le>n & consid] ! indu/ry & inv5tion ( ! trad]40 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 ,rabelais saw t ! life ( ! intellect might be n\ri%$ by _m ?+s besides books4 ,b books 7 /ill kept 9 ! highe/ place4 ,ev5 on a holiday1 :i* occurr$ on "s f9e & cle> day once a mon?1 8?\gh sp5t )\t books or lecture1 yet 0 ! day n )\t pr(it2 = 9 ! mead[s !y repeat$ c]ta9 pleasant v]ses ( ,virgil's ,agriculture1 ( ,hesiod1 ( ,politian's ,husb&ry40 ,!y also turn$ ,lat9 epigrams into ,fr5* rondeaux4 ,?is c\rse ( /udy1 8al?\gh at fir/ x seem$ difficult1 yet soon became s sweet1 s easy1 & s delightful1 t x seem$ r ! recreation ( a k+ ?an ! /udy ( a s*ol>40 ,9 pref]r+ ! ,quadrivial /udies to ! ,trivial1 & /ill m 9 8 use ( actual ?+s1 ,rabelais sep>ates himself f all ! tea*]s ( 8 "t4 #f4 ,v rem>kable too is ! att5tion he pays to physical education4 ,a day does n pass on :i* ,g>gantua does n gallantly ex]cise 8 body z he has already ex]cis$ 8 m9d4 ,! ex]cises prescrib$ are v v>i\s1 & include runn+1 jump+1 swimm+1 ) practice on ! horizontal b> & ) dumb-bells1 c4 ,b 9 "o respect ,rabelais seems beh9d our own writ]1 ,ri*>d ,mulca/]4 ,mulca/] tra9$ ! body simply ) a view to heal?4 ,rabelais is ?9k+ ( ! g5tleman1 & all 8 physical ex]cises are to prep>e him = ! g5tleman's occupation1 w>4 ,! con/ant prep>ation = w> _h a /rong & 9 "s respects a v b5eficial influ5ce on ! education ( g5tlem5 9 ! fifte5 & sixte5 hundr$s1 z x has _h on t ( ! ,g]mans 9 ! eighte5 hundr$s4 ,b to be ready to slaught] "o's fell[ creatures is n an ideal aim 9 education2 & besides ?is1 "o half ( ! human race c nev] 7z f> z we c judge at pres5t7 be affect$ by x4 ,we !re=e pref] ! physical tra9+ recomm5d$ by ! ,engli%man4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,besant by 8 ,read+s 9 ,rabelais 7,blackwood1 #ahhc71 has put ,rabelais' wit & wisdom :]e we c get at mo/ ( x )\t se>*+ 9 ! dung-hill4 ,b he has un=tunately omitt$ ,g>gantua's lett] to ,pantagruel at ,p>is 7book ij1 *ap4 #h71 :]e we get ! curriculum z propos$ by ,rabelais1 a *apt] 9 :i* no scav5g] is ne$$4 ,i w give "s extracts f x3-- 8,al?\gh my deceas$ fa!r ( happy memory1 ,grang\si]1 _h b5t 8 be/ endeav\rs to make me pr(it 9 all p]fection & political k1 & t my lab\r & /udy 0 fully correspond5t to1 yea1 w5t beyond 8 desire2 nev]!less1 ! "t !n 0 n s prop] & fit = le>n+ z x is at pres5t1 nei!r _h ,i pl5ty ( su* good ma/]s z ?\ ha/ _h2 = t "t 0 d>ksome1 obscur$ ) cl\ds ( ignorance & sav\r+ a little ( ! infelicity & calamity ( ! ,go?s1 :o _h1 :]ev] !y set foot+1 de/roy$ all good lit]ature1 :i* 9 my age ha? by ! ,div9e ,goodness be5 re/or$ unto its =m] light & dignity1 & t ) su* am5dm5t & increase ( k t n[ h>dly %\ld ,i be admitt$ unto ! fir/ =m ( ! little gramm> s*ool boys 7des petits grimaulx73 ,i say1 ,i1 :o 9 my y\?ful days 0 7& t ju/ly7 reput$ ! mo/ le>n$ ( t age4 ,n[ x is t ! old kn[l$ges 7discipl9es7 are re/or$1 ! languages reviv$4 ,greek 7)\t :i* x is a %ame = any "o to call himself le>n$71 ,hebrew1 ,*aldee1 ,lat94 ,pr9t+ 7,des impressions7 too1 s elegant & exact1 is 9 use1 :i* 9 my day 0 inv5t$ by div9e inspiration1 z cannon 7 by sugge/ion ( ! devil4 ,all ! _w is full ( m5 ( k1 ( v le>n$ tea*]s1 ( l>ge libr>ies2 s t x seems to me t nei!r 9 ! age ( ,plato1 nor ( ,cic]o1 nor ( ,pap9ian 0 !re su* conv5i5ce = /udy+ z !re is n[4 ,i see ! robb]s1 hangm51 adv5tur]s1 o/l]s ( to-day m le>n$ !n ! doctors & ! prea*]s ( my y\?4 ,:y1 wom5 & girls h aspir$ to ! heav5ly manna ( good le>n+ 444 ,i mean y to le>n ! languages p]fectly fir/ ( all1 ! ,greek z ,qu9tilian wi%es1 !n ! ,lat91 !n ,hebrew = ! ,scriptures1 & ,*aldee & ,arabic at ! same "t2 & t ?\ =m ?y /yle 9 ,greek on ,plato1 9 ,lat9 on ,cic]o4 ,let !re be no hi/ory :i* ?\ ha/ n ready 9 ?y memory1 9 :i* cosmography w aid !e4 ,( ! ,lib]al ,arts1 geometry1 ari?metic1 music1 ,i h giv5 !e a ta/e :5 ?\ wa/ /ill a *ild1 at ! age ( five or six ,pantagruel 0 a giant1 we mu/ rememb]2 c>ry !m on2 & "k'/ ?\ all ! rules ( a/ronomy8 ,don't t\* a/rology = div9ation & ! art ( ,lullius1 :i* are m]e vanity4 ,9 ! civil law ?\ mu/ "k ! five texts by he>t4 8 444 ,z = k ( ! works ( ,nature1 ,i w\ld h !e devote ?yself to !m s t !re may be no sea1 riv]1 or spr+ ( :i* ?\ kn[e/ n ! fi%es2 all ! birds ( ! air1 all ! trees1 =e/ or or*>d1 all ! h]bs ( ! field1 all ! metals hid 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 all ! preci\s /ones ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,s\?1 let no?+ be unkn[n to !e4 8,!n turn aga9 ) dilig5ce to ! books ( ! ,greek physicians1 & ! ,arabs1 & ! ,lat91 )\t despis+ ! ,talmudi/s & ! ,cabali/s2 & by frequ5t dissections acquire a p]fect k ( ! o!r _w1 :i* is ,man4 ,& "s h\rs a-day beg9 to read ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 fir/ 9 ,greek ! ,new ,te/am5t & ,epi/les ( ! ,apo/les2 !n 9 ,hebrew ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 brief1 let me see !e an abyss & bottomless pit ( k1 = f h5ce=? z ?\ gr[e/ great & become/ a man ?\ mu/ "p f ?is tranquillity & re/ ( /udy 444 ,& because1 z ,solomon sai?1 wisdom ent]e? n into a malici\s m9d1 & sci5ce )\t consci5ce is b ! ru9 ( ! s\l1 ?\ %\ld/ s]ve1 love1 & fe> ,god1 & 9 ,him c5tre all ?y ?\ghts1 all ?y hope2 & by fai? root$ 9 *>ity be jo9$ to ,him1 s z nev] to be sep>at$ f ,him by s940 ,! influ5ce ( ,rabelais on ,montaigne1 ,locke1 & ,r\sseau has be5 well trac$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,arn/dt4 7,franois ,rabelais1 ,leipzig1 ,b>?1 #ahgb47 ,,vi4 ,,montaigne4 7#aecc-aeib47 #a4 ,! le>n$ ideal e/abli%$ by ! ,r5asc5ce 0 accept$ by ,rabelais1 ?\gh he made "s sugge/ions ab\t ,reali5#ci t seem to u mu* 9 advance ( x4 ,:5 he quotes ! say+ 8,magis magnos cl]icos non sunt magis magnos sapi5tes0 78! greate/ cl]ks are n ! greate/ sages071 ?is s+ul> piece ( ,lat9ity is appropriately put into ! m\? ( a monk1 :o repres5ts ev]y?+ ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s despis$4 ,9 ,montaigne we /rike into a new ve9 ( ?\ght1 & we f9d t :at ! monk alleges 9 def5ce ( 8 ignorance ! cultur$ g5tleman adopts z ! expression ( an important tru?4 #b4 ,we ord9>y p see tru?s inde$1 b we see !m indi/9ctly1 & are n completely guid$ by !m4 ,x is res]v$ = m5 ( g5ius to see tru?s1 "s tru?s t is1 (t5 a v few1 ) int5se cle>ness4 ,"s ( ^! m5 h no great tal5t = spee* or writ+1 & !y try to express ! tru?s !y see1 n s mu* by books z by action4 ,su* m5 9 education 7 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel4 ,b sometimes ! man ( g5ius has a great p[] ov] language1 & !n he f9ds = ! tru?s he has se51 fitt+ expression1 :i* becomes almo/ z la/+ z ! tru?s !mselves4 ,su* m5 7 ,montaigne & ,r\sseau4 ,if ! hi/orian ( education is ask$ 8,:at did ,montaigne d80 he w answ] 8,no?+40 8,:at did ,froebel say80 8,he said a great deal1 b v few p c read him & /ill few] und]/& him40 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are & mu/ rema9 =ces 9 education4 ,montaigne has giv5 to "s tru?s imp]i%able =m 9 8 ,essays1 & ,froebel's ideas come home to all ! _w 9 ! ,k9d]g>t54 #c4 ,! ideal set up by ! ,r5asc5ce atta*$ ! highe/ importance to le>n+4 ,montaigne ma9ta9$ t ! result+ tra9+ ev5 at its be/ 0 n suit$ to a g5tleman or man ( action4 ,virtue1 wisdom1 & intellectual activity %\ld be ?\ght ( be=e le>n+4 ,education %\ld be fir/ & =emo/ ! developm5t & ex]cise ( faculties4 ,& ev5 if ! acquirem5t ( k is ?\ght (1 ,montaigne ma9ta9s t ! p$ants d n und]/& ! fir/ conditions ( k & give a semblance n ! true ?+4--8,il ne faut pas atta*] le savoir l'me1 il faut l'incorpor]4--,k _c be fa/5$ on to ! m9d2 x mu/ become "p & p>cel ( ! m9d itself40#dj ,"h !n we h two sep>ate c\nts aga9/ ! ,r5asc5ce education3 #a/4--,k is n ! ma9 ?+4 #bnd4--,true k is some?+ v diff]5t f kn[+ by he>t4 #d4 ,x is a pity ,montaigne's utt]ances ab\t education are to be f\nd 9 ,engli% only 9 ! complete translation ( 8 essays4 ,see+ t a good _m millions ( p read ,engli%1 & are mo/ ( !m conc]n$ 9 education1 "o may hope t "s day ! say+s ( ! %rewd old ,fr5*man may be (f]$ !m 9 a conv5i5t =m4 #e4 ,"h are "s ( !m3 8,! evil comes ( ! fooli% way 9 :i* our in/ructors set to "w2 & on ! plan on :i* we are taught no wond] if nei!r s*ol>s nor ma/]s become m able1 :atev] !y may d 9 becom+ m le>n$4 ,9 tru? ! tr\ble & exp5se ( our fa!rs are direct$ only to furni% our heads ) k3 n a ^w ( judgm5t or virtue4 ,cry out to our p ab\t a pass]-by1 #8,!re's a le>n$ man6' & ab\t ano!r #8,!re's a good man6' !y w be all agog aft] ! le>n$ man1 & w n look at ! good man4 ,"o might fairly raise a ?ird cry3 #8,!re's a set ( numskulls6' ,we are ready en\gh to ask #8,does he "k ,greek or "k ,lat98 ,does he write v]se or write prose8' ,b :e!r he has become wis] or bett] %\ld be ! fir/ "q1 & t is always ! la/4 ,we ought to f9d out1 n :o kn[s mo/ b :o kn[s be/40 7,i1 *ap4 #bd1 ,du ,pdantisme1 page or two beyond ,odi hom9es47 #f4 ,! true educators1 accord+ to ,montaigne1 7 ! ,sp>tans1 :o despis$ lit]ature1 & c>$ only = "* & action4 ,at ,a!ns !y ?\ght ab\t words1 at ,sp>ta ab\t ?+s4 ,at ,a!ns boys le>nt to speak well1 at ,sp>ta to d well3 at ,a!ns to escape f sophi/ical argum5ts1 & to face all attempts to deceive !m2 at ,sp>ta to escape f ! allurem5ts ( pleasure1 & to face ! sl+s & arr[s ( outrage\s =tune1 ev5 dea? itself4 ,9 ! "o sy/em !re 0 con/ant ex]cise ( ! tongue1 9 ! o!r ( ! s\l4 8,s x is n /range t :5 ,antipat] dem&$ ( ! ,sp>tans fifty *ildr5 z ho/ages !y repli$ !y w\ld soon] give twice z _m gr[n m51 su* /ore did !y set by _! c\ntry's tra9+40 7,du ,pdantisme1 ad f47 #g4 ,x is odd to f9d a man ( ! fifte5 hundr$s :o quotes f ! old au?ors at e turn1 & yet ma9ta9s t 8we lean s mu* on ! arm ( o!r p t we lose our own /r5g?40 ,! ?+ a boy %\ld le>n is n :at ! old au?ors say1 b 8:at he himself ought to d :5 he becomes a man40 ,wisdom1 n k6 8,we may become le>n$ f ! le>n+ ( o!rs2 wise we c nev] be except by our own wisdom40 7,bk4 j1 *ap4 #bd74 #h4 ,s entirely 0 ,montaigne deta*$ f ! ?\ght ( ! ,r5asc5ce t he sc(fs at 8 own le>n+1 & decl>es t true le>n+ has = its subject1 n ! pa/ or ! future1 b ! pres5t4 8,we are truly le>n$ f kn[+ ! pres5t1 n f kn[+ ! pa/ any m ?an ! future40 ,& yet 8we toil only to /uff ! memory & leave ! consci5ce & ! und]/&+ void4 ,& l birds :o fly abroad to =age = gra9 br+ x home 9 _! beak1 )\t ta/+ x !mselves1 to fe$ _! "y1 s our p$ants g pick+ k "h & !re out ( sev]al au?ors1 & hold x at _! tongue's end1 only to spit x out & di/ribute x among/ _! pupils40 7,du ,pdantisme47 8,we are all ri*] ?an we ?9k1 b !y drill u 9 borr[+ & begg+1 & lead u to make m use ( o!r p's goods ?an ( our own40#da 7,bk4 iij1 *ap4 #ab1 ,de la ,physionomie1 beg4 ( #crd p>agraph74 #i4 ,s f> ,montaigne4 ,:at d we s*oolma/]s say to all ?is8 ,if we w\ld be q c&id ,i ?9k we mu/ all[ t1 aft] read+ ,montaigne's essay1 we put x d[n ) ! conviction t 9 ! ma9 he 0 "r1 & t he _h prov$ ! error & absurdity ( a va/ deal t goes on 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,b f ?is fir/ view we h _h on reflection to make sev]al drawbacks4 #aj4 ,montaigne1 l ,locke & ,r\sseau1 :o foll[$ 9 8 /eps1 arranges = e boy to h a tutor entirely devot$ to him4 ,we may "q :e!r ?is me?od ( br++ up *ildr5 is desirable1 & we may ass]t1 )\t "q1 t 9 mo/ cases x is impossible4 ,x seems orda9$ t at e /age ( life we %\ld require ! companion%ip ( ^? ( our own age4 ,if we take two be+s z little alike z a man & a *ild & =ce !m to be ea* o!r's companions1 s great is ! diff]5ce 9 _! ?\ghts & int]e/s t !y w fall into inevitable bor$om & re/ra9t4 ,s we see t ?is plan1 ev5 9 ! few cases 9 :i* x w\ld be possible1 w\ld n be desirable2 & = ! great majority ( boys x w\ld be out ( ! "q4 ,we mu/ !n arrange = ! "y to be taught1 n z individuals1 b 9 classes1 & ?is greatly *anges ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,"o ( ! fir/ conditions is ?is1 t we h to employ ea* class regul>ly & uni=mly = "s h\rs e day4 ,s*oolma/]s "k :at _! non-s*ola/ic m5tors =get3 we c make a class le>n1 b1 broadly speak+1 we _c make a class ?9k1 /ill less c we make x judge4 ,z a great deal ( occupation has to be provid$1 we are !re=e =c$ to make our pupils le>n4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( ! le>n+ 9 itself x is absolutely necess>y z employm5t4 #aa4 ,no d\bt x w make a va/ diff]5ce :e!r we consid] ! le>n+ ma9ly z employm5t1 z a means ( tak+ up "t & prev5t+ 8saunt]+10 z ,locke boldly calls x1 or :e!r we are *iefly anxi\s to secure "s special results4 ,! k ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages & ! ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors 0 a result s highly priz$ by ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s t !y insi/$ on a prodigi\s quantity ( le>n+1 n z employm5t1 b simply z ! means ( acquir+ ?is k4 ,z ! k got to be less e/eem$ ! pressure 0 by degrees relax$4 ,9 our public s*ools fifty or sixty ye>s ago ! le>n+ 0 to "s ext5t reta9$ z employm5t1 b !re c]ta9ly 0 no pressure1 & ! majority ( ! boys nev] le>nt ! anci5t languages4 ,s ! ma/]s ( t "t _h giv5 up ! ,r5asc5ce en?usiasm = ! classics1 & on ! negative side ( 8 tea*+ _h come to an agreem5t ) ,montaigne4 ,any "o incl9$ to s>casm might say t on ! positive side !y 7 /ill totally oppos$ to him1 = he ?\ght virtue & judgm5t 7 ! ma9 ?+s to be c>$ =1 & !y did n c>e = ^! ?+s at all4 ,b ?is is n a fair /atem5t4 ,! "o ?+ ga9$1 or suppos$ to be ga9$1 9 ! public s*ools 0 ! art ( liv+1 & ?is art1 ?\gh x does n dem& h]oic virtue1 requires at lea/ prud5ce & self-control4 ,montaigne's sy/em 0 a revolt aga9/ ! booki%ness ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 8,9 our /udies10 says he1 8:atev] pres5ts itself be=e u is book en\gh2 a rogui% trick ( a page1 a blund] ( a s]vant1 a je/ at table1 are s _m new subjects40 ,s ! education out ( s*ool 0 9 8 eyes ( m value ?an ! education 9 s*ool4 ,& ?is 0 ackn[l$g$ also 9 our public s*ools3 8,x is n ! ,lat9 & ,greek !y le>n or don't le>n t we consid] s important10 ! ma/]s us$ to say1 8b x is ! tone ( ! s*ool & ! discipl9e ( ! games40 ,b ( late ye>s ?is virtual agreem5t ) ,montaigne has be5 brok5 up4 ,s*ool "w is no long] m]e employm5t1 b x is done "u pressure1 & ) p5alties if ! tale ( brick turn$ out does n pass ! inspector4 #ab4 ,:at has produc$ ?is great *ange8 ,x is due ma9ly to two causes3 #a4 ,! pressure put on ! "y to atta9 classical k 0 relax$ :5 x 0 ?\ght t !y c\ld get ?r\gh life v well )\t ?is k4 ,b 9 ^! days new k has awak5$ a new en?usiasm4 ,! k ( sci5ce promises su* great advantages t ! late/ re=m]s1 head$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 seem to make ! well-be+ ( ! gr[n p]son dep5d ma9ly on ! am\nt ( sci5tific k he /or$ up 9 8 y\?4 ,?is is ! fir/ cause ( educational pressure4 #ac4 #b4 ,! second & m urg5t cause is ! rapid developm5t ( our sy/em ( exam9ations4 ,ev]ybody's educational /atus is n[ settl$ by ! exam9]1 a pot5tate ^: influ5ce has br\ght back 9 a v malignant =m all ! evils ( :i* ,montaigne compla9s4 ,d :at we w1 ! faculty *iefly ex]cis$ 9 prep>+ = ord9>y exam9ations is ! 8c>ry+ memory40 ,s ! acquisition ( k--m]e memory or exam9ation k--has aga9 come to be reg>d$ z ! "o ?+ ne$ful 9 education1 & !re is great dang] ( ev]y?+ else be+ neglect$ = x4 ,( ! f\rfold results ( education--virtue1 wisdom1 good mann]s1 le>n+--! la/ alone c be fairly te/$ 9 exam9ations2 & z ! s*oolma/]'s v bread dep5ds n[adays fir/ on 8 gett+ ?r\gh exam9ations himself & !n on gett+ 8 pupils ?r\gh1 he w\ld be m ?an human1 if ) ,locke he ?\ght ( le>n+ 8la/ & lea/40 ,a great *ange has come ov] our public s*ools4 ,! am\nt ( "w requir$ f ! boys is f> great] ?an x us$ to be & ma/]s aga9 measure _! success by ! am\nt ( k ! av]age boy takes away ) him4 ,x seems to me high "t t ano!r ,montaigne arose to prote/ t a man's intellectual life does n consi/ 9 ! numb] ( ?+s he rememb]s1 & t 8 true life is n 8 intellectual life only1 b embraces 8 p[] ( w & action & 8 love ( :at is noble & "r4 8,wisdom cri$ ( old1 ,i am ! "m ( fair ,love & ,fe> & ,k & holy ,hope0 7,ecclesia/icus74 ,9 ^! days ( sci5ce & exam9ations does !re n seem "s dang] le/ k %\ld prove ! sole survivor8 ,may n ,k1 l ano!r ,ca91 raise its h& aga9/ its bre?r5 8fair ,love & ,fe> & holy ,hope80 ,?is is p]haps ! great dang] ( our "t1 a dang] especially felt 9 education4 ,e s*ool p>ades its s*ol>%ips at ! public s*ools or at ! univ]sities1 or its passes 9 ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,locals1 or its p]c5tage at ! la/ ,inspection1 & asks to be judg$ by ^!4 ,& yet ^! are n ! "o ?+ or inde$ ! *ief ?+ ne$ful3 & x w be ! ru9 ( true education if1 z ,m>k ,pattison said1 ! ma/]'s att5tion is conc5trat$ on ! lea/ important "p ( 8 duty4#db ,,vii4 ,,as*am4 7#aeae-aefh47 #a4 ,ma/]s & s*ol>s :o sigh ov] :at seem to !m ! intricacies & obscurities ( mod]n gramm>s may f9d "s consolation 9 ?9k+ t1 aft] all1 matt]s might h be5 worse1 & t our fate is enviable inde$ comp>$ ) t ( ! /ud5ts ( ,lat9 #djj ye>s ago4 ,did ! read] ev] op5 ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] de ,villa ,dei1 :i* 0 ! gramm> 9 g5]al use f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury8 7v4 ,app5dix1 p4 #ecb74 ,if s1 he is aw>e h[ great a /ep t[>ds simplicity 0 made by our grammatical re=m]s1 ,lily1 ,colet1 & ,erasmus4 ,inde$1 ^? :om we n[ reg>d z ! =g]s ( our *a9s 71 9 _! own op9ion & t ( _! contempor>ies1 ! *ampions ( fre$om 7,app5dix1 p4 #ecc74 #b4 ,i h giv5 else:]e 7,app5dix1 p4 #ecc7 a rem>kable passage f ,colet1 9 :i* he recomm5ds ! leav+ ( rules1 & ! /udy ( examples 9 good ,lat9 au?ors4 ,wolsey also1 9 8 directions to ! ma/]s ( ,ipswi* ,s*ool 7dat$ #aebh71 proposes t ! boys %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! eight p>ts ( spee* 9 ! fir/ =m1 & %\ld beg9 to speak ,lat9 & translate f ,engli% into ,lat9 9 ! second4 ,if ! ma/]s ?9k fit1 !y may also let ! pupils read ,lily's ,c>m5 ,monitorium1 or ,cato's ,di/i*s4 ,f ! ?ird upw>ds a regul> c\rse ( classical au?ors 0 to be read1 & ,lily's rules 7 to be introduc$ by degrees4 8,al?\gh ,i confess su* ?+s are necess>y10 writes ,wolsey1 8yet1 z f> z possible1 we c\ld wi% !m s appo9t$ z n to occupy ! m valuable "p ( ! day40 ,only 9 ! six? =m1 ! highe/ b two1 ,lily's syntax 0 to be begun4 ,9 ^! s*ools ! boys' "t 0 :olly tak5 up ) ,lat91 & ! speak+ ( ,lat9 0 en=c$ ev5 9 play h\rs1 s we see t anomalies 9 ! accid5ce z taught 9 ! ,z 9 prs5ti 7 n giv5 till ! boys _h be5 "s "t us+ ! language2 & ! syntax 0 kept till !y _h a good practical k ( ! usages to :i* ! rules ref]r$4#dc #c4 ,b al?\gh !re 0 a great /ir 9 education ?r\gh\t ?is c5tury1 & sev]al ,engli% books 7 publi%$ ab\t x1 we come to #aegj be=e we f9d any?+ t has liv$ till n[4 ,we !n h ,rog] ,as*am's ,s*olema/]1 a po/hum\s "w br\ght out by ,as*am's wid[1 & republi%$ 9 #aega & #aehi4 ,! book 0 !n lo/ sight (1 b reappe>$1 ) ,james ,upton z editor1 9 #agaa1dd & has be5 reg>d$ z an educational classic ev] s9ce4 ,dr4 ,johnson says 8x conta9s p]haps ! be/ advice t 0 ev] giv5 = ! /udy ( languages10 & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,mayor1 :o on ?is po9t is a high] au?ority ?an ,dr4 ,johnson1 decl>es t 8?is book sets =? ! only s\nd me?od ( acquir+ a dead language40 #d4 ,) all _! contempt = !ory1 ,engli% s*oolma/]s might h be5 expect$ to take an int]e/ 9 "o "p ( ! hi/ory ( education1 viz41 ! hi/ory ( me?ods4 ,!re is a true say+ attribut$ by ,m>cel to ,talleyr&1 8,les ,m?odes sont les matres des matres--,me?od is ! ma/]'s ma/]40 ,! hi/ory ( education %[s u t e subject ( in/ruction has be5 taught 9 v>i\s ways1 & fur!r1 t ! conte/ ( me?ods has n uni=mly end$ 9 ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,me?ods !n might (t5 tea* ! tea*]s1 if ! tea*]s c>$ to be taught2 b till )9 ! la/ half c5tury or s an un9tellig5t traditional r\t9e has suffic$ = !m4 ,!re has no d\bt be5 a great *ange s9ce m5 n[ old 7 at s*ool1 b 9 ^? days ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! tea*+ 0 giv5 to ,lat91 & ! ma/]s knew ( no bett] me?od ( />t+ boys 9 ?is language ?an mak+ !m le>n by he>t ,lily's1 or z x 0 !n call$1 ! ,eton ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,if reason _h _h any?+ to d ) tea*+1 ?is book w\ld h be5 demoli%$ by ,ri*>d ,johnson's ,grammatical ,comm5t>ies publi%$ 9 #agjf2 b wor?less z ,johnson prov$ x to be1 ! ,gramm> 0 = ano!r #aej ye>s treat$ by ,engli% s*oolma/]s z ! only introduction to ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,! books t h rec5tly be5 publi%$ %[ a t5d5cy to rev]t to me?ods set =? 9 ,elizabe?'s reign 9 ,as*am's ,s*olema/] 7#aegj7 & ,william ,kempe's ,education ( ,*ildr5 7#aehh71 b ! innovators h n z a rule be5 drawn to ^! me?ods by hi/orical inquiry4 #e4 ,!re seem to be only ?ree ,engli% writ]s on education :o h caught ! e> ( o!r nations1 & ^! are ,as*am1 ,locke1 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,( a contempor>y we d well to speak ) ! same res]ve z ( 8pres5t company10 b ( ! o!r two we may say t ! *oice has be5 some:at caprici\s4 ,locke's ,?\ghts p]haps des]ves ! reputation & influ5ce x has always _h1 b 9 x he h>dly does himself ju/ice z a philosoph] ( ! m9d2 & mu* ( ! advice :i* has be5 consid]$ 8 exclusively1 is to be f\nd 9 8 ,engli% pr$ecessors ^: v names are unkn[n except to ! educational antiqu>ian4 ,as*am wrote a few pages on me?od :i* entitle him to m5tion 9 an acc\nt ( me?ods ( language-le>n+4 ,he also wrote a great _m pages ab\t ?+s 9 g5]al :i* w\ld h %>$ ! fate ( _m m valuable b long =gott5 books _h he n _h "o peculi>ity 9 :i* ! o!r writ]s 7 want+1 t indescribable some?+ :i* ,mat!w ,arnold calls 8*>m40 #f4 ,as*am has be5 v =tunate 9 8 editors1 ,pr(essor ,arb] & ,pr(essor ,mayor1 & ! la/ editions#de give ev]yone an opportunity ( read+ ! ,s*olema/]4 ,i %all !re=e speak ( no?+ b ! me?od4 #g4 ,lat9 is to be taught z foll[s3--,fir/1 let ! *ild le>n ! eight p>ts ( spee*1 & !n ! "r jo9+ toge!r ( sub/antives ) adjectives1 ! n\n ) ! v]b1 ! relative ) ! antec$5t4 ,aft] ! concords are le>n$1 let ! ma/] take ,/urm's selection ( ,cic]o's ,epi/les1 & read !m aft] ?is mann]3 8fir/1 let him tea* ! *ild1 *e]fully & pla9ly1 ! cause & matt] ( ! lett]2 !n1 let him con/rue x into ,engli% s (t z ! *ild may easily c>ry away ! und]/&+ ( x2 la/ly1 p>se x ov] p]fectly4 ,?is done1 !n let ! *ild by & by bo? con/rue & p>se x ov] aga92 s t x may appe> t ! *ild d\bte? 9 no?+ t 8 ma/] has taught him be=e4 ,aft] ?is1 ! *ild mu/ take a pap] book1 &1 sitt+ 9 "s place :]e no man %all prompt him1 by himself let him translate into ,engli% 8 =m] lesson4 ,!n %[+ x to 8 ma/]1 let ! ma/] take f him 8 ,lat9 book1 & paus+ an h\r at ! lea/1 !n let ! *ild translate 8 own ,engli% into ,lat9 aga9 9 ano!r pap] book4 ,:5 ! *ild br+e? x turn$ into ,lat91 ! ma/] mu/ comp>e x ) ,tully's book1 & lay !m bo? toge!r1 & :]e ! *ild do? well1 praise him10 :]e amiss po9t out :y ,tully's use is bett]4 ,?us ! *ild w easily acquire a k ( gramm>1 8& also ! gr\nd ( almo/ all ! rules t are s busily taught by ! ma/]1 & s h>dly le>n$ by ! s*ol> 9 all common s*ools4444 ,we d n contemn rules1 b we gladly tea* rules2 & tea* !m m pla9ly1 s5sibly1 & ord]ly1 ?an !y be commonly taught 9 common s*ools4 ,= :5 ! ma/] %all comp>e ,tully's book ) ! s*ol>'s translation1 let ! ma/] at ! fir/ lead & tea* ! s*ol> to jo9 ! rules ( 8 gramm> book ) ! examples ( 8 pres5t lesson1 until ! s*ol> by himself be able to fet* out ( 8 gramm> e rule = e example2 & let ! gramm> book be ev] 9 ! s*ol>s h&1 & also us$ by him z a diction>y = e pres5t use4 ,?is is a lively & p]fect way ( tea*+ ( rules2 :]e ! common way us$ 9 common s*ools to read ! gramm> alone by itself is t$i\s = ! ma/]1 h>d = ! s*ol>1 cold & uncom=table = !m bo?40 ,& else:]e ,as*am says3 8,yea1 ,i d wi% t all rules = "y s*ol>s 7 %ort] ?an !y be4 ,=1 )\t d\bt1 grammatica itself is soon] & sur] le>n$ by examples ( good au?ors ?an by ! nak$ rules ( gramm>ians40 #h4 8,z y p]ceive y\r s*ol> to g bett] on away1 fir/1 ) und]/&+ 8 lesson m quickly1 ) p>s+ m readily1 ) translat+ m spe$ily & p]fectly ?an he 0 wont2 aft]1 give him long] lessons to translate1 &1 )al1 beg9 to tea* him1 bo? 9 n\ns & v]bs1 :at is proprium & :at is translatum1 :at synonymum1 :at div]sum1 :i* be contr>ia1 & :i* be mo/ notable phrases1 9 all 8 lectures1 z-- ,proprium ,rex sepultus e/ magnifice4 ,translatum ,cum illo pr9cipe1 sepulta e/ et gloria et salus reipublic4 ,synonyma ,ensis1 gladius3 laud>e1 prdic>e4 ,div]sa ,dilig]e1 am>e3 cal]e1 ex>desc]e3 inimicus1 ho/is4 ,contr>ia ,ac]bum et luctuosum bellum1 dulcis et lta pax4 ,phrases ,d>e v]ba1 adjic]e ob$i5tiam40 ,e lesson is to be ?us c>efully analys$1 & ent]$ "u ^! head+s 9 a ?ird ,,ms4 book4 #i4 ,"h ,as*am leaves 8 me?od1 & returns to x only at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,,ii4 ,he !re supposes ! fir/ /age to be f9i%$ & 8y\r s*ol> to h come inde$1 fir/ to a ready p]fectness 9 translat+1 !n to a ripe & skilful *oice 9 m>k+ out 8 six po9ts40 ,he n[ recomm5ds a c\rse ( ,cic]o1 ,t]5ce1 ,cs>1 & ,livy :i* is to be read 8a good deal at e lecture40 ,& ! ma/] is to give passages 8put into pla9 natural ,engli%40 ,^! ! s*ol> %all 8n "k :]e to f9d0 till he %all h tri$ 8 h& at putt+ !m into ,lat92 !n ! ma/] %all 8br+ =? ! place 9 ,tully40 #aj4 ,9 ! ,second ,book ( ! ,s*olema/]1 ,as*am discusses ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! /udy !n common1 viz43 #a4 ,translatio l+u>um2 #b4 ,p>aphrasis2 #c4 ,metaphrasis2 #d4 ,epitome2 #e4 ,imitatio2 #f4 ,declamatio4 ,he does n lay mu* /ress on any ( ^!1 except translatio & imitatio4 ,( ! la/ he says3 8,all languages1 bo? le>n$ & "m-tongue1 be gott51 & gott5 only1 by imitation4 ,=1 z ye use to he>1 s ye use to speak2 if ye he> no o!r1 ye speak n y\rself2 & :om ye only he>1 ( !m ye only le>n40 ,b translation 0 8 great in/rum5t = all k9ds ( le>n+4 8,! translation10 he says1 8is ! mo/ common & mo/ comm5dable ( all o!r ex]cises = y\?2 mo/ common1 = all y\r con/ructions 9 gramm> s*ools be no?+ else b translations1 b because !y be n d\ble translations 7z ,i d require7 !y br+ =? b simple & s+le commodity3 & because also !y lack ! daily use ( writ+1 :i* is ! only ?+ t bre$e? deep root1 bo? 9 ! wit = good und]/&+ & 9 ! memory = sure keep+ ( all t is le>n$2 mo/ comm5dable also1 & t by ! judgm5t ( all au?ors :i* entreat ( ^! ex]cises40 #aa4 ,aft] quot+ ,pl9y1#df he says3 8,y p]ceive h[ ,pl9y tea*e? t by ?is ex]cise ( d\ble translat+ is le>n$ easily1 s5sibly1 by little & little1 n only all ! h>d congruities ( gramm>1 ! *oice ( able/ words1 ! "r pron\nc+ ( words & s5t5ces1 comel9ess ( figures1 & =ms fit = e matt] & prop] = e tongue3 b1 t :i* is great] also1 9 m>k+ daily & foll[+ dilig5tly ?us ! foot/eps ( ! be/ au?ors1 l inv5tion ( argum5ts1 l ord] 9 disposition1 l utt]ance 9 elocution1 is easily ga!r$ up2 & h]eby y\r s*ol> %all be br\ght n only to l eloqu5ce1 b also to all true und]/&+ & rightful judgm5t1 bo? = writ+ & speak+40 ,aga9 he says3 8,= spe$y atta9+1 ,i dur/ v5ture a good wag] if a s*ol> 9 :om is aptness1 love1 dilig5ce1 & con/ancy1 w\ld b translate aft] ?is sort "s little book 9 ,tully 7z ,de ,s5ectute1 ) two ,epi/les1 ! fir/ #8,ad ,qu9tum ,fratrem1' ! o!r #8,ad ,l5tulum'71 t s*ol>1 ,i say1 %\ld come to a bett] k 9 ! ,lat9 tongue ?an ! mo/ "p d t sp5d f five to six ye>s 9 toss+ all ! rules ( gramm> 9 common s*ools40 ,aft] quot+ ! in/ance ( ,dion ,prussu1 :o came to great le>n+ & utt]ance by read+ & foll[+ only two books1 ! ,phd1 & ,demo/h5es de ,falsa ,legatione1 he goes on3 8,& a bett] & ne>] example h]e9 may be our mo/ noble ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o nev] took yet ,greek nor ,lat9 gramm> 9 h] h& aft] ! fir/ decl9+ ( a n\n & a v]b2 b only by ?is d\ble translat+ ( ,demo/h5es & ,isocrates daily1 )\t miss+1 e =5oon1 & likewise "s "p ( ,tully e aft]noon1 = ! space ( a ye> or two1 ha? atta9$ to su* a p]fect und]/&+ 9 bo? ! tongues1 & to su* a ready utt]ance ( ! ,lat91 & t ) su* a judgm5t1 z !re be few n[ 9 bo? ,univ]sities or else:]e 9 ,engl& t be 9 bo? tongues comp>able ) ,h] ,maje/y40 ,as*am's au?ority is inde$ n conclusive on ?is po9t1 z he1 9 prais+ ! ,que5's atta9m5ts1 0 vaunt+ 8 own success z a tea*]1 &1 moreov]1 if he flatt]$ h] he c\ld plead prevail+ cu/om4 ,b we h1 ,i believe1 abundant evid5ce t ,elizabe? 0 an accompli%$ s*ol>4 #ab4 ,be=e ,i leave ,as*am ,i mu/ make "o m quotation1 to :i* ,i %all m ?an once h occasion to ref]4 ,speak+ ( ! plan ( d\ble translation1 he says3 8,ere ! s*ol> h con/ru$1 p>s$1 twice translat$ ov] by good advisem5t1 m>k$ out 8 six po9ts by skilful judgm5t1 he %all h necess>y occasion to read ov] e lecture a doz5 times at ! lea/2 :i* because he %all d always 9 ord]1 he %all d x always ) pleasure4 ,& pleasure allure? love3 love ha? lu/ to lab\r2 lab\r always obta9e? 8 purpose40 #ac4 ,a good deal has be5 said1 & p]haps some?+ le>nt1 ab\t ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 s9ce ! days ( ,as*am4 ,z f> z ,i "k ! me?od :i* ,as*am d5\nc$1 & :i* mo/ ,engli% s*oolma/]s /uck to = m ?an two c5turies long]1 has n[ be5 ab&on$4 ,no "o ?9ks ( mak+ ! beg9n] le>n by he>t all ! ,lat9 ,gramm> be=e he is introduc$ to ! ,lat9 language4 ,to und]/& ! ma*9]y ( :i* an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! gramm>1 ! le>n] mu/ see x at "w1 & mu/ ev5 endeav\r 9 a small way to "w x himself4 ,s x seems pretty well agre$ t ! in=mation giv5 9 ! gramm> mu/ be jo9$ ) "s con/ru+ & "s ex]cises f ! v fir/4 ,b "h ! agreem5t ends4 ,our tea*]s1 consci\sly or 9 ignorance1 foll[ "o or m ( a numb] ( me?odiz]s :o h exam9$ ! problem ( language-le>n+1 su* m5 z ,as*am1 ,ratke1 ,com5ius1 ,jacotot1 ,hamilton1 ,rob]tson1 & ,pr5d]ga/4 ,^! naturally divide !mselves into two p>ties1 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to call 8,rapid ,impressioni/s10 & 8,complete ,reta9]s40 ,! fir/ ( ^! plunge ! beg9n] into ! language1 & tru/ to ! great mass ( vague impressions cle>+ & def9+ !mselves z he goes along4 ,! second insi/ on 8 le>n+ at ! fir/ a v small portion ( ! language1 & ma/]+ & reta9+ ev]y?+ he le>ns4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! c\rse ,as*am is a 8,complete ,reta9]40 ,he does n talk1 l ,pr5d]ga/1 ( 8ma/]y10 nor1 l ,jacotot1 does he require ! le>n] to beg9 e lesson at ! beg9n+ ( ! book3 b he makes ! pupil g ov] ea* lesson 8a doz5 times at ! lea/10 be=e he may advance beyond x4 ,z = 8 practice ( d\ble translation1 = ! advanc$ pupil x is excell5t1 b if x is requir$ f ! beg9n]1 x leads to un9tellig5t memoriz+4 ,i ?9k ,i %all be able to %[ lat] on t o!r me?odiz]s h advanc$ beyond ,as*am4 7,infra1 #bdf n47 ,,viii4 ,,mulca/]4 7#aeca787-afaa47 #a4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli% ?\ght on education has yet to be writt54 ,9 ! lit]ature ( education ! ,g]mans h be5 ! pione]s1 & h consequ5tly settl$ ! r\tes2 & :5 a track has once be5 e/abli%$ few travell]s w face ! risk & tr\ble ( leav+ x4 ,s up to ! pres5t "t1 writ]s on ! hi/ory ( ,european education aft] ! ,r5asc5ce h occupi$ !mselves *iefly ) m5 :o liv$ 9 ,g]many1 or wrote 9 ,g]man4 ,b ! ,fr5* are at l5g? explor+ ! c\ntry = !mselves2 & 9 "t1 no d\bt1 ! ,engli%-speak+ races w %[ an int]e/ 9 ! ?\ghts & do+s ( _! common ance/ors4 ,we "k :at toils & dang]s m5 w enc\nt] 9 gett+ to ! s\rce ( great riv]s2 & al?\gh1 z ,mr4 ,widg]y truly says1 8! /udy ( orig9s is n ev]ybody's bus9ess10#dg we yet may hope t /ud5ts w be f\nd ready to give "t & tr\ble to an inve/igation ( great int]e/ & p]haps "s utility--! orig9 ( ! s*ool c\rse :i* n[ affects ! millions :o h ,engli% = _! "m-tongue4 #b4 ,9 ! fifte5 hundr$s !re 7 publi%$ sev]al works on education1 ?ree ( :i*1 ,elyot's ,gov]n\r1 ,as*am's ,s*olema/]1 & ,mulca/]'s ,positions1 h be5 rec5tly repr9t$4#dh ,o!rs1 su* z ,edw>d ,coote's ,engli% ,s*oolma/]1 & ,mulca/]'s ,elem5t>ie1 are pretty sure to foll[1 )\t s]i\s loss1 let u hope1 to _! editors1 ?\gh nei!r ,coote nor ,mulca/] are likely to become z well-kn[n writ]s z ,rog] ,as*am4 #c4 ,h5ry ,b>n>d1 ^: k ( our educational lit]ature no less ?an 8 lab\rs 9 x1 makes him ! greate/ liv+ au?ority1 says t ,mulca/]'s ,positions is 8"o ( ! e>lie/1 & /ill "o ( ! be/ treatises 9 ! ,engli% language40 7,engli% ,p$agogy1 #bnd s]ies1 p4 #agg47 ,mulca/] 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,engli% s*oolma/]s1 & by 8 writ+s he prov$ t he 0 f> 9 advance ( ! s*oolma/]s ( 8 own "t1 & ( ! times :i* succe$$4 ,b he paid ! p5alty ( ?9k+ ( himself m highly ?an he %\ld h ?\ght2 & :e!r or no ! conjecture is "r t ,%akespe>e _h him 9 8 m9d :5 writ+ ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/1 !re is an affectation 9 ,mulca/]'s /yle :i* is v irritat+1 = x has caus$ ev5 ! ma/] ( ,edmund ,sp5s] to be =gott54 ,9 a curi\s & int]e/+ allegory on ! progress ( language 79 ! ,elem5t>ie1 pp4 #ff1 ff471 ,mulca/] says t ,art selects ! be/ age ( a language to draw rules f1 su* z ! age ( ,demo/h5es 9 ,greece & ( ,tully 9 ,rome2 & he goes on3 8,su* a p]iod 9 ! ,engli% tongue ,i take to be 9 our days = bo? ! p5 & ! spee*40 ,& he sugge/s t ! ,engli% language1 hav+ rea*$ its z5i?1 is se5 to advantage1 n 9 ! writ+s ( ,%akespe>e or ,sp5s]1 b 9 ^? ( ,ri*>d ,mulca/]4 ,aft] enum]at+ ! excell5cies ( ! language1 he adds3 8,i ne$ no example 9 any ( ^!1 :]e( my own p5n+ is a g5]al patt]n40 ,"h we feel tempt$ to exclaim ) ,armado 9 ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/ 7,act #e1 sc4 #b73 8,i prote/ ! s*oolma/] is exce$+ fanta/ical3 too too va91 too too va940 ,he speaks else:]e ( 8 8s c>eful1 ,i w n say s curi\s writ+0 7,elem5t>ie1 p4 #bec71 & says v truly3 8,ev5 "s ( reasonable /udy c h>dly und]/& ! c\*+ ( my s5t5ce1 & ! dep? ( my conceit0 7ib41 #bce74 ,& ?is 0 ! dea?-w>rant ( 8 lit]>y r5[n4 #d4 ,b !re is good reason :y ,mulca/] %\ld n be =gott54 ,:5 we read 8 books we f9d t wisdom :i* we are import+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 9 a great measure (f]$ u by an ,engli% s*oolma/] 9 ! sixte5?4 ,! late/ advances 9 p$agogy h e/abli%$ 7#a7 t ! end & aim ( education is to develop ! faculties ( ! m9d & body2 7#b7 t all tea*+ processes %\ld be c>efully adapt$ to ! m5tal con/itution ( ! le>n]2 7#c7 t ! fir/ /age 9 le>n+ is ( imm5se importance & requires a v high degree ( skill 9 ! tea*]2 7#d7 t ! bra9 ( *ildr51 especially ( clev] *ildr51 %\ld n be subject$ to 8pressure02 7#e7 t *ildhood %\ld n be sp5t 9 le>n+ =eign languages1 b t its language %\ld be ! "m-tongue1 & its ex]cises %\ld include h&work1 especially draw+2 7#f7 t girls' education %\ld be c>$ = no less ?an boys'2 7#g7 t ! only hope ( improv+ our s*ools lies 9 provid+ tra9+ = our tea*]s4 ,^! are all reg>d$ z planks 9 ! plat=m ( 8! new education10 & ^! 7 all advocat$ by ,mulca/]4 #e4 ,be=e ,i po9t ?is out 9 detail ,i may rem>k h[ greatly education has suff]$ f be+ conf\nd$ ) le>n+4 ,!re are int]e/+ passages bo? 9 ,as*am & ,mulca/] :i* prove t ! class-ideal ( ! 8s*ol> & g5tleman0 0 ( lat] gr[?4 ,9 ! fifte5 hundr$s le>n+ 0 ?\ght suitable1 n = ! ri*1 b = ! clev]4 ,/ill1 le>n+1 & !re=e education1 0 n = ! _m1 b ! few4 ,mulca/] consid]s at "s l5g? h[ ! numb] ( ! educat$ is to be kept d[n 7,positions1 *app4 #cf1 #cg1 #ci71 ?\gh ev5 "h he is 9 ! van1 & w\ld h ev]yone taught to read & write 7,positions1 *app4 #e1 #cf74 ,b ! true problem ( education 0 n fac$ till x 0 discov]$ t e human be+ 0 to be consid]$ 9 x4 ,?is 01 ,i ?9k1 fir/ se5 by ,com5ius4 ,) ?is abatem5t we f9d ,mulca/]'s sixte5?-c5tury notions n mu* beh9d our n9ete5?4 #f4 7#a #b7 8,:y is x n good10 he asks1 8to h e "p ( ! body & e p[] ( ! s\l to be f9$ to 8 be/80 7,,pp41 p4 #cddi74 ,else:]e he says3 8,! end ( education & tra9 is to help ,nature to h] p]fection1 :i* is1 :5 all h] abilities be p]fect$ 9 _! habit1 :]eunto "r elem5ts be "r great helps4 ,consid]ation & judgm5t mu/ wisely m>k :]eunto ,nature is ei!r evid5tly giv5 or secretly affectionate & mu/ frame an education consonant !reto40 7,el41 p4 #bh74 ,mi*elet has ) ju/ice claim$ = ,montaigne t he drew ! tea*]'s att5tion f ! ?+ to be le>nt to ! le>n]3 8,non l'objet1 le savoir1 mais le sujet1 c'e/ l'homme40 7,nos ,fils1 p4 #agj47 ,mulca/] has a claim to %>e ?is hon\r ) 8 great contempor>y4 ,he really laid ! f\ndation ( a sci5ce ( education4 ,discuss+ our natural abilities1 he says3 8,we h a p]ceiv+ by outw>d s5se to feel1 to he>1 to see1 to smell1 to ta/e all s5sible ?+s2 :i* qualities ( ! outw>d1 be+ receiv$ 9 by ! common s5se & exam9$ by fantsie1 are deliv]$ to remembrance1 & aft]w>d prove our great & only gr\nds unto fur!r k40#ej 7,el41 p4 #cb47 ,"h we see ,mulca/] endeav\r+ to base education1 or z he s well calls x1 8tra910 on :at we receive f ,nature4 ,else:]e he speaks ( ! ?ree ?+s :i* we 8f9d pe]+ out ( ! little "y s\ls10 viz3 8wit to take1 memory to keep1 & discretion to disc]n40 7,,pp41 p4 #bg47 #g4 7#c7 ,i h po9t$ out t ! false ideal ( ! ,r5asc5ce l$ s*oolma/]s to neglect *ildr54 ,mulca/] rem>ks t ! anci5ts consid]$ ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 %\ld date f ! bir?2 b he himself beg9s ) ! s*ool age4 ,"h he has ! boldness to propose t ^? :o tea* ! beg9n]s %\ld h ! smalle/ numb] ( pupils1 & %\ld receive ! highe/ pay4 8,! fir/ gr\ndwork w\ld be laid by ! be/ workman10 says ,mulca/] 7,,pp41 #acj71 "h express+ a tru? :i*1 l _m tru?s t are n q conv5i5t1 is seldom d5i$ b almo/ sy/ematically ignor$4#ea #h4 7#d7 ,9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,novemb]1 #ahhh1 appe>$ a vigor\s prote/ ) ne>ly #djj signatures1 _m ( :i* c>ri$ great weight ) !m1 aga9/ our sacrifice ( education to exam9ation4 ,our pres5t sy/em1 :e!r good or bad1 is ! result ( accid5t4 ,w9*e/] & ,eton _h l>ge end[m5ts1 & naturally endeav\r$ by means ( ^! end[m5ts to get hold ( clev] boys4 ,at fir/ no d\bt !y succe$$ fairly well2 b o!r s*ools felt b\nd to compete = juv5ile bra9s1 & z ! numb] ( prizes increas$1 _m ( our prep>atory s*ools became m]e rac+ /ables = *ildr5 de/9$ at #ab or #ad to run = 8s*ol>%ip /akes40 ,?us1 9 ! scramble = ! money all ?\ght ( education has be5 lo/ sight (2 injury has be5 done 9 _m cases to ^? :o h succe$$1 /ill great] injury to ^? :o h fail$ or :o h f ! fir/ be5 consid]$ 8out ( ! runn+40 ,^! v s]i\s evils w\ld h be5 avoid$ _h we tak5 c\nsel ) ,mulca/]3 8,pity x 7 = s petty a ga9 to =ego a great]2 to w9 an h\r 9 ! morn+ & lose ! :ole day aft]2 z ^? p mo/ commonly d :i* />t out ( _! b$s too e>ly be=e !y be well awak$ or "k :at x is o'clock2 & be dr[sy :5 !y are up = want ( _! sleep40 7,,pp41 p4 #ai2 see also ,el41 xi41 pp4 #eb ff47 #i4 7#e7 ,x w\ld h be5 a va/ ga9 to all ,europe if ,mulca/] _h be5 foll[$ in/ead ( ,/urm4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ advocates ( ! use ( ,engli% in/ead ( ,lat9 7see ,app5dix1 p4 #ecd71 & good read+ & writ+ 9 ,engli% 7 to be secur$ be=e ,lat9 0 begun4 ,8 elem5t>y c\rse includ$ ^! five ?+s3 ,engli% read+1 ,engli% writ+1 draw+1 s++1 play+ a musical in/rum5t4 ,if ! fir/ c\rse 7 made to occupy ! s*ool-"t up to ! age ( #ab1 ,mulca/] held t m w\ld be done betwe5 #ab & #af ?an betwe5 #g & #ag 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,!re w\ld be ! fur!r ga9 t ! *ildr5 w\ld n be set aga9/ le>n+4 8,because ( ! too timely onset too little is done 9 too long a "t1 & ! s*ool is made a torture1 :i* z x br+s =? delight 9 ! end :5 le>n+ is held fa/1 s %\ld x pass on v pleasantly by ! way1 :ile x is 9 le>n+40#eb 7,,pp41 #cc47 #aj4 7#f7 ,among ! _m *anges br\ght ab\t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury we f9d little t c comp>e 9 importance ) ! advance 9 ! education ( wom54 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 :5ev] a woman ex]cis$ h] m5tal p[]s %e _h to d x by /eal?1#ec & h] position 0 degrad$ inde$ :5 comp>$ n only ) h] desc5dants ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b also ) h] ance/ors ( ! sixte5?4 ,?is ,i "k has be5 disput$ by "s au?orities1 e4g41 by ! late ,pr(essor ,brew]3 b to o!rs1 e4g41 to a man :o1 z reg>ds hone/y & wisdom1 has _h few equals & no sup]iors 9 inve/igat+ ! c\rse ( education1 ,i mean ! late ,joseph ,payne1 ?is educational sup]iority ( ! wom5 ( ,elizabe?'s "t has seem$ to be entirely beyond "q4 ,on ?is po9t ,mulca/]'s evid5ce is v valuable1 &1 to me at lea/1 conclusive4 ,he n only 8admits "y maid5s to le>n10 b says t 8cu/om /&s = him10 & t 8! cu/om ( my c\ntry 444 ha? made ! maid5s' tra9 h] own approv$ travail40 7,,pp41 p4 #afg47 #aa4 7#g7 ,( all ! educational re=ms ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by f> ! mo/ fruitful & mo/ expansive is1 9 my op9ion1 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ educational matt]s1 ! ,engli%1 ?\gh advanc+1 are 9 ! re>4 ,f> m is made ( 8tra9+0 on ! ,cont95t & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,& yet we made a good />t4 ,our e>ly writ]s on education saw t ! tea*] has imm5se influ5ce1 & t to turn ?is influ5ce to good acc\nt he mu/ h made a /udy ( 8 pr(ession & h le>nt 8! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & done0 9 x4 ,e occupation 9 life has a traditional capital ( k & exp]i5ce1 & ^? :o int5d to foll[ ! bus9ess1 :atev] x may be1 are requir$ to g ?r\gh "s k9d ( tra9+ or appr5tice%ip be=e !y e>n wages4 ,to ?is rule !re is b "o exception4 ,9 ,engli% elem5t>y s*ools *ildr5 are paid to 8tea*0 *ildr51 & 9 ! high] s*ools ! beg9n] is all[$ to blund] at ! exp5se ( 8 fir/ pupils into :atev] skill he may 9 ! end manage to pick up4 ,b our ,engli% practice receiv$ no enc\ragem5t f ! e>ly ,engli% writ]s1 ,mulca/]1 ,br9sley1#ed & ,hoole4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e ! fir/ sugge/ion ( a tra9+ college = tea*]s came f ,mulca/]4 ,he s*em$ sev5 special colleges at ! ,univ]sity2 & ( ^! "o is = tea*]s4 ,"s ( 8 sugge/ions1 e4g41 ab\t 8,univ]sity ,read]s0 h lately be5 adopt$1 ?\gh )\t ackn[l$gm5t2 & z ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge has s9ce #ahgi ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( tea*]s1 & appo9t$ a 8,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,syndicate10 we may p]haps 9 a few c5turies m c>ry out 8 s*eme1 & h tra9+ colleges at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4#ee ,"s ( ! reasons he gives u h n gone out ( date ) 8 ,engli%4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- 8,& :y %\ld n ^! m5 7! tea*]s7 h bo? ?is suffici5cy 9 le>n+1 & su* room to re/ 91 !nce to be *os5 & set =? = ! common s]vice8 ,be ei!r *ildr5 or s*ools s small a portion ( our multitude8 or is ! fram+ ( "y m9ds1 & ! tra9+ ( _! bodies s mean a po9t ( cunn+8 ,be s*oolma/]s 9 ?is ,realm su* a paucity1 z !y are n ev5 9 good sadness to be s\ndly ?\ght on8 ,if ! *ancel h a m9i/]1 ! belfry ha? a ma/]3 & :]e y\? is1 z x is ea*:]e1 !re mu/ be tra9]s1 or !re w be worse4 ,he t w n all[ ( ?is c>eful provision = su* a sem9>y ( ma/]s1 is mo/ unwor?y ei!r to h _h a good ma/] himself1 or h]eaft] to h a good "o = 84 ,:y %\ld n tea*]s be well provid$ =1 to cont9ue _! :ole life 9 ! s*ool1 z ,div9es1 ,lawy]s1 ,physicians d 9 _! sev]al pr(essions8 ,!reby judgm5t1 cunn+1 & discretion w gr[ 9 !m3 & ma/]s w\ld prove old m51 & su* z ,x5ophon sette? ov] *ildr5 9 ! s*ool+ ( ,cyrus4 ,:]eas n[1 ! s*ool be+ us$ b = a %ift1 aft]w>d to pass !nce to ! o!r pr(essions1 ?\gh x s5d out v suffici5t m5 to !m1 itself rema9e? too too nak$1 consid]+ ! necessity ( ! ?+4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t ?is trade require? a p>ticul> college1 = ^! f\r causes4 #a4 ,fir/1 = ! subject be+ ! mean to make or m> ! :ole fry ( our ,/ate4 #b4 ,secondly1 = ! numb]1 :e!r ( !m t are to le>n1 or ( !m t are to tea*4 #c4 ,?irdly1 = ! necessity ( ! pr(ession1 :i* may n be sp>$4 #d4 ,f\r?ly1 = ! matt] ( _! /udy1 :i* is comp>able to ! greate/ pr(essions1 = language1 = judgm5t1 = skill h[ to tra91 = v>iety 9 all po9ts ( le>n+1 :]e9 ! fram+ ( ! m9d1 & ! ex]cis+ ( ! body crave? exquisite consid]ation1 beside ! /aidness ( ! p]son40 7,,pp41 #i pp4 #bdh1 #i47 #ab4 ,?\gh once a celebrat$ man1 & moreov] ! ma/] ( ,edmund ,sp5s]1 ,mulca/] has be5 long =gott52 b :5 ! hi/ory ( education 9 ,engl& comes to be writt51 ! hi/orian w %[ t few s*oolma/]s 9 ! fifte5 hundr$s or s9ce 7 s enlight5$ z ! fir/ headma/] ( ,m]*ant ,taylors'4#ef ,,ix4 ,,rati*ius4 7#aega-afce47 #a4 ,! hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! fifte5 hundr$s tells *iefly ( two v diff]5t classes ( m54 ,fir/ we h ! practical m51 :o set !mselves to supply ! g5]al dem& = in/ruction 9 ! classical languages4 ,?is class includes mo/ ( ! successful s*oolma/]s1 su* z ,/urm1 ,trotz5dorf1 ,ne&]1 & ! ,jesuits4 ,! o!r class 7 ?9k]s1 :o nev] attempt$ to tea*1 b m]ely gave =m to tru?s :i* w\ld 9 ! end affect tea*+4 ,^! 7 especially ,rabelais & ,montaigne4 #b4 ,) ! sixte5 hundr$s we come to m5 :o h e>n$ = !mselves a "n unpleasant 9 our e>s1 al?\gh x might fitt+ly be appli$ to all ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! human race4 ,i mean ! "n ( ,innovators4 ,^! m5 7 n successful2 at lea/ !y seem$ unsuccessful to _! contempor>ies1 :o contra/$ ! promis$ results ) ! actual4 ,b _! ef=ts 7 by no means ?r[n away3 & po/]ity at lea/1 has ackn[l$g$ its obligations to !m4 ,"o sees n[ t !y c\ld h>dly h expect$ ju/ice 9 _! own "t4 ,x is safe to adopt ! cu/om>y plan2 x is safe to speculate h[ t plan may & %\ld be alt]$2 b x is dang]\s to attempt to translate new ?\ght into new action1 & boldly to advance )\t a track1 tru/+ to pr9ciples :i* may1 l ! compass1 %[ y ! "r direction1 b1 l ! compass1 w give y no h9t ( ! ob/acles t lie be=e y4 ,! *ief dem&s made by ! ,innovators h be53 #a/1 t ! /udy ( ?+s %\ld prec$e1 or be unit$ )1 ! /udy ( words 7v4 ,app5dix1 p4 #ech72 #bnd1 t k %\ld be communicat$1 :]e possible1 by appeals to ! s5ses2 #crd1 t all l+ui/ic /udy %\ld beg9 ) t ( ! "m-tongue2 #d?1 t ,lat9 & ,greek %\ld be taught to su* boys only z w\ld be likely to complete a le>n$ education2 #e?1 t physical education %\ld be att5d$ to 9 all classes ( society = ! sake ( heal?1 n simply ) a view to g5tlemanly accompli%m5ts2 #f?1 t a new me?od ( tea*+ %\ld be adopt$1 fram$ 8accord+ to ,nature40 ,_! notions ( me?od h1 ( c\rse1 be5 v v>i\s2 b _! sy/ems mo/ly agree 9 ^! p>ticul>s3-- #a4 ,!y proce$ f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 giv+ "s k ( ! ?+ itself be=e ! rules :i* ref] to x4 #b4 ,!y employ ! /ud5t 9 analys+ matt] put be=e him1 r ?an 9 work+ syn!tically accord+ to precept4 #c4 ,!y require ! /ud5t to tea* himself & inve/igate = himself "u ! sup]9t5d5ce & guidance ( ! ma/]1 r ?an be taught by ! ma/] & receive any?+ on ! ma/]'s au?ority4 #d4 ,!y rely on ! int]e/ excit$ 9 ! pupil by ! acquisition ( k1 & r5\nce co]cion4 #e4 ,only t :i* is und]/ood may be committ$ to memory 7v4 supra1 p4 #gd1 n47 #c4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,innovators 0 ,wolfgang ,rati*ius1 :o1 oddly en\gh1 is kn[n to po/]ity by a "n he & 8 contempor>ies nev] he>d (4 ,8 fa!r's "n 0 ,radtk or ,ratk1 & ! son hav+ receiv$ a ,univ]sity education1 translat$ ?is into ,rati*ius4 ,) our usual impati5ce ( r$undant syllables1 we h attempt$ to r$uce ! ^w to its orig9al dim5sions1 & 9 ! process h hit ^u ,rati*1 :i* is a new "n altoge!r4 ,ratke 7to adopt ! true =m ( ! orig9al7 0 connect$1 z ,bas$[ 0 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 ) ,hol/e9 & ,hamburg4 ,he 0 born at ,wil/] 9 ,hol/e9 9 #aega1 & /udi$ at ,hamburg & at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro/ock4 ,he aft]w>ds travell$ to ,am/]dam & to ,engl&1 & x 0 p]haps ow+ to 8 resid5ce 9 ?is c\ntry t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! new philosophy ( ,bacon4 ,we next he> ( him at ! ,electoral ,diet1 held z usual 9 ,frankfurt-on-,ma91 9 #afab4 ,he 0 !n ov] =ty ye>s old1 & he _h elaborat$ a new s*eme = tea*+4 ,l all inv5tors1 he 0 fully impress$ ) ! importance ( 8 discov]y1 & he s5t to ! assembl$ ,pr9ces an address1 9 :i* he und]took "s />tl+ p]=mances4 ,he 0 able1 he said3 7#a7 to tea* "y or old ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 or o!r languages1 9 a v %ort "t & )\t any difficulty2 7#b7 to e/abli% s*ools 9 :i* all arts %\ld be taught & ext5d$2 7#c7 to introduce & peaceably e/abli% ?r\gh\t ! ,g]man ,empire a uni=m spee*1 a uni=m gov]nm5t1 & 7/ill m wond]ful7 a uni=m religion4 #d4 ,naturally en\gh ! address arre/$ ! att5tion ( ! ,pr9ces4 ,! ,l&graf ,lewis ( ,d>m/adt ?\ght ! matt] wor?y ( exam9ation1 & he deput$ two le>n$ m51 ,jung & ,helwig1 to conf] ) ,ratke4 ,_! report 0 entirely fav\rable1 & !y did all !y c\ld to get = ,ratke ! means ( c>ry+ 8 s*eme into execution4 8,we are10 writes ,helwig1 89 bondage to ,lat94 ,! ,greeks & ,s>ac5s w\ld nev] h done s mu* = po/]ity if !y _h sp5t _! y\? 9 acquir+ a =eign tongue4 ,we mu/ /udy our own language1 & !n sci5ces4 ,rati*ius has discov]$ ! art ( tea*+ accord+ to ,nature4 ,by 8 me?od1 languages w be quickly le>n$1 s t we %all h "t = sci5ce2 & sci5ce w be le>n$ ev5 bett] /ill1 z ! natural sy/em suits be/ ) sci5ce1 :i* is ! /udy ( ,nature40 ,mov$ by ?is report ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( ,augsburg agre$ to give ,ratke ! necess>y p[] ov] _! s*ools1 & accompani$ by ,helwig1 he accord+ly w5t to ,augsburg & set to "w4 ,b ! good folks ( ,augsburg 7 l *ildr51 :o expect a plant z soon z !y h s[n ! se$4 ,!y 7 spe$ily dissatisfi$1 & ,ratke & ,helwig left ,augsburg1 ! latt] mu* disc\rag$ b /ill fai?ful to 8 fri5d4 ,ratke w5t to ,frankfurt aga91 & a ,commission 0 appo9t$ to consid] 8 proposals1 b by its advice ,ratke 0 8all[$ to try else:]e40 #e4 ,he w\ld nev] h _h a fair *ance _h he n _h a firm fri5d 9 ! ,du*ess ,doro?y ( ,weim>4 ,!n1 z n[1 we f9d wom5 tak+ ! lead 9 ev]y?+ :i* promises to improve education1 & ?is good ,du*ess s5t = ,ratke & te/$ 8 me?od by h]self tak+ lessons ( him 9 ,hebrew4 ,) ?is adult pupil 8 plans seem to h answ]$ well1 & %e always cont9u$ 8 admir] & advocate4 ,by h] advice h] bro!r1 ,pr9ce ,lewis ( ,anhalt-,koe!n1 decid$ t ! great discov]y %\ld n be lo/ = want ( a fair trial2 s he call$ ,ratke to ,koe!n & compli$ ) all 8 dem&s4 ,a b& ( tea*]s sworn to secrecy 7 fir/ ( all in/ruct$ 9 ! art by ,ratke himself4 ,next1 s*ools ) v co/ly appliances 7 provid$1 & la/ly "s #ejj little ,koe!n]s--boys & girls--7 collect$ & h&$ ov] to ,ratke to "w 8 wond]s )4 #f4 ,x nev] seems to h occurr$ ei!r to ,ratke or 8 fri5ds or ! ,pr9ce t all ! pr9ciples & me?ods t ev] 7 or ev] w be e/abli%$ c\ld n enable a man )\t exp]i5ce to organize a s*ool ( #ejj *ildr54 ,a man :o _h nev] be5 9 ! wat] might j z well plunge into ! sea at once & tru/ to 8 k ( ! laws ( fluid pressure to save him f dr[n+4 ,!re are endless details to be settl$ :i* w\ld bewild] any "o )\t exp]i5ce4 ,"s ye>s ago s*ool-build+s 7 provid$ = "o ( our c\nty s*ools1 & ! c\ncil consult$ a ma/] ( great exp]i5ce :o /rongly urg$ !m n to />t z !y _h int5d$ ) #cjj boys4 8,i w\ld n und]take su* a ?+10 said he4 ,:5 press$ = 8 reason1 he said quietly1 8,i w\ld n be responsible = ! boots40 ,i h no d\bt ,ratke _h to come d[n f 8 pr9ciples & 8 new me?od to deal ) numb]less little que/ions ( caps1 bonnets1 late *ildr51 brok5 w9d[s1 & ! l2 & he 0 )\t ! tact & ! exp]i5ce :i* enable _m ord9>y m5 & wom51 :o "k no?+ ( pr9ciples1 to settle su* matt]s satisfactorily4 #g4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds !re 0 ano!r ?9k] mu* m pr(\nd & influ5tial ?an ,ratke1 :o 0 q z incompet5t to organize4 ,i mean ,pe/alozzi4 ,b ,pe/alozzi _h "o great advantage ov] ,ratke4 ,he atta*$ all 8 assi/ants to him by inspir+ !m ) love & rev]5ce ( himself4 ,?is made up = _m defici5cies4 ,b ,ratke 0 n l ! fa!rly1 self-sacrific+ ,pe/alozzi4 ,he leads u to suspect him ( be+ an impo/or by mak+ a my/]y ( 8 inv5tion1 & he nev] c\ld keep ! peace ) 8 assi/ants4 #h4 ,s1 z might h be5 expect$1 ! gr& exp]im5t fail$4 ,! ,pr9ce1 exasp]at$ at be+ plac$ 9 a some:at ridicul\s position1 & possibly at ! s]i\s loss ( money into ! b>ga91 rev5g$ himself on ,ratke by ?r[+ him into prison1 nor w\ld he release him till he _h made him sign a pap] 9 :i* he admitt$ t he _h und]tak5 m ?an he 0 able to fulfil4 #i4 ,?is 0 no d\bt ! case2 & yet ,ratke _h done m = ! ,pr9ce ?an ! ,pr9ce = ,ratke4 ,9 ,koe!n _h be5 op5$ ! fir/ ,g]man s*ool 9 :i* ! *ildr5 7 taught to make a /udy ( ! ,g]man language4 ,ratke nev] recov]$ f 8 failure at ,koe!n1 & no?+ memorable is record$ ( him aft]w>ds4 ,he di$ 9 #afce4 #aj4 ,mu* 0 writt5 by ,ratke2 mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t him2 & ^? :o wi% to "k m ?an ! few p>ticul>s ,i h giv5 may f9d all !y want 9 ,raum] or ,b>n>d4 ,! ,innovator fail$ 9 ga9+ ! applause ( 8 contempor>ies1 & he does n seem to /& high 9 ! respect ( po/]ity2 b he 0 a pione] 9 ! art ( didactics1 & ! rules :i* ,raum] has ga!r$ f ! ,me?odus ,in/itutionis nova 444 ,rati*ii et ,rati*ianorum1 publi%$ by ,rh5ius at ,leipzig 9 #afbf1 raise "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts to :i* a tea*]s att5tion c be direct$4 ,i w !re=e /ate !m1 & say briefly :at ,i ?9k ( !m4 #aa4 ,i4 ,9 ev]y?+ we %\ld foll[ ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,!re is a c]ta9 natural sequ5ce along :i* ! human intellig5ce moves 9 acquir+ k4 ,?is sequ5ce mu/ be /udi$1 & in/ruction mu/ be bas$ on ! k ( x4 ,"h1 z 9 all tea*+ ( ! ,re=m]s1 we f9d 8,nature0 us$ z if ! ^w /ood = "s def9ite idea4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,/oics we h be5 exhort$ to 8foll[ ,nature40 ,9 m mod]n times ! dem& 0 well =mulat$ by ,picus ( ,mir&ola3 8,take no he$ :at ?+ _m m5 d1 b :at ?+ ! v law ( ,nature1 :at ?+ v reason1 :at ?+ our ,"l ,himself %[e? !e to be done40 7,trans4 by ,sir ,?omas ,m1 quot$ 9 ,seebohm1 ,ox=d ,re=m]s47 ,pope1 always happy 9 expression b n always cle> 9 ?\ght1 talks (-- 8,un]r+ ,nature1 /ill div9ely bright1 ,"o cle>1 un*ang$1 & univ]sal light40 7,essay on ,c41 i1 #gj47 ,b z ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris has well po9t$ out 7,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 ,s*ool ,report1 '#gh1 '#gi1 p4 #bag71 ) ?is ^w 8,nature0 writ]s on education d a great deal ( juggl+4 ,"s times !y use x = ! ext]nal _w1 includ+ 9 x man's unconsci\s gr[?1 sometimes !y make x /& = ! ideal4 ,:at s5se does ,ratke atta* to x8 ,"o might h "s difficulty 9 det]m9+4 ,p]haps ! be/ mean+ we c n[adays f9d = 8 rule is3 /udy ,psy*ology4 #ab4 ,,ii4 ,"o ?+ at a "t4 ,ma/] "o subject be=e y take up ano!r4 ,= ea* language ma/] a s+le book4 ,g ov] x aga9 & aga9 till y h completely made x y\r own4 ,9 its crude =m ?is rule c\ld n be c>ri$ out4 ,if ! attempt 7 made ! results w\ld be no bett] ?an f ! six mon?s' c\rse ( ,t]5ce "u ,ratke4 ,x is 8aga9/ all ,nature0 to g on hamm]+ away at "o ?+ day aft] day )\t any *ange2 & !re is a po9t beyond :i* any attempt at ?or\ghness mu/ end 9 simple /agnation4 ,! rule !n w\ld h two fatal drawbacks3 #a/1 x w\ld lead to monotony2 #bnd1 x w\ld require a complet5ess ( le>n+ :i* to ! "y w\ld be impossible4 ,b 9 ^! days no "o foll[s ,ratke4 ,on ! o!r h&1 conc5tration 9 /udy is (t5 neglect$1 & our "t-tables af=d specim5s ( ! mo/ +5i\s mosaic "w1 9 :i* ev]y?+ has a place1 b 9 s small a quantity t ! le>n]s nev] f9d out :at ea* ?+ really is4 ,s*ool subjects are l ! clubs ( ! ea/]n tale1 :i* did n give out _! m$ic9al prop]ties till ! pati5t got w>m 9 ! use ( !m4 ,:5 a good hold on a subject has once be5 secur$1 %ort /udy1 ) consid]able int]vals betwe51 may suffice to keep up & ev5 increase ! k already obta9$2 b 9 matt]s ( any difficulty1 e4g41 9 a new language1 no />t is ev] made )\t allott+ to x mu* m ?an two or ?ree h\rs a week4 ,x is p]haps a mi/ake to suppose t if a good deal ( ! language may be le>nt by giv+ x t5 h\rs a week1 twice t am\nt might be acquir$ 9 tw5ty h\rs4 ,x is a mu* great] mi/ake if we ?9k t "o-fif? ( ! am\nt might be acquir$ 9 two h\rs4 #ac4 ,,iii4 ,! same ?+ %\ld be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,?is is l ! ,jesuits' ,repetitio ,mat] ,/udiorum2 & ! same notion 0 well develop$ #bjj ye>s lat] by ,jacotot4 ,by ,ratke's application ( ?is rule "s odd results 7 produc$4 ,! little ,koe!n]s 7 drill$ = ,g]man 9 a book ( ! ,bible 7,g5esis 0 select$71 & !n = ,lat9 9 a play ( ,t]5ce4 ,unlike _m 8!oretical notions0 ?is precept ( ,ratke's comes m & m into fav\r z ! s*oolma/] increases 9 age & exp]i5ce4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful to take our pupils ) u2 & ?is repeat+ ! same ?+ ov] & ov] may seem to !m :at m>k+ "t w\ld seem to soldi]s :o want$ to m>*4 ,ev5 m ?an ! la/ rule ?is is op5 to ! objections t monotony is dead5+1 & p]fect atta9m5t ( any?+ b words impossible4 ,9 keep+ to a subject !n we mu/ n rely on simple repetition4 ,! rule n[ accept$ is ?us /at$ by ,die/]weg3--8,e subject ( in/ruction %\ld be view$ f z _m sides z possible1 & z v>i$ ex]cises z possible %\ld be set on "o & ! same ?+40 ,! art ( ! ma/] is %[n 9 disguis+ repetition & br++ kn[n ?+s into new connection1 s t !y may p>tially at lea/ reta9 _! fre%ness4 #ad4 ,,iv4 ,fir/ let ! "m-tongue be /udi$1 & tea* ev]y?+ ?r\gh ! "m-tongue1 s t ! le>n]s att5tion may n be div]t$ to ! language4 ,we saw t ,/urm1 ! lead+ s*oolma/] ( ,r5asc5ce1 tri$ to suppress ! "m-tongue & sub/itute ,lat9 = x4 ,aga9/ ?is a vigor\s prote/ 0 made 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mulca/]4 ,& our language 0 nev] conqu]$ by a =eign language1 z ,g]man 0 conqu]$ fir/ by ,lat9 & !n by ,fr5*4 ,b 8! tongues0 h always _h ! lion's %>e ( att5tion 9 ! s*oolroom1 & ?\gh _m h se5 & ,milton has said t 8our und]/&+ _c 9 ?is body f\nd itself b on s5sible ?+s10 ?is tru? is only n[ mak+ its way into ! s*oolroom4 ,hi!rto ! f\ndation has h>dly be5 laid be=e 8! s*oolma/] has /ept 9 & /aid ! build+ by conf\nd+ ! language40#eg ,ratke's prote/ aga9/ ?is w always be put to 8 cr$it 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 #ae4 ,v4 ,ev]y?+ )\t con/ra9t4 8,! "y %\ld n be beat5 to make !m le>n or = n hav+ le>nt4 ,x is compulsion & /ripes t set "y p aga9/ /udy+4 ,boys are (t5 beat5 = n hav+ le>nt1 b !y w\ld h le>nt _h !y be5 well taught4 ,! human und]/&+ is s =m$ t x has pleasure 9 receiv+ :at x %\ld reta93 & ?is pleasure y de/roy by y\r h>%ness4 ,:]e ! ma/] is skilful & judici\s1 ! boys w take to him & to _! lessons4 ,folly lurks inde$ 9 ! he>t ( ! *ild & mu/ be driv5 out ) ! rod2 b n by ! tea*]40 ,"h at lea/ !re is no?+ orig9al 9 ,ratke's precept4 ,a goodly array ( au?orities h condemn$ le>n+ 8^u compulsion40 ,?is array ext5ds at lea/ z f> z f ,plato to ,bi%op ,dupanl\p4 8,9 ! case ( ! m9d1 no /udy pursu$ "u compulsion rema9s root$ 9 ! memory10 says ,plato4#eh 8,ev]y?+ dep5ds10 says ,dupanl\p1 8on :at ! tea*] induces 8 pupils to d freely3 = au?ority is n con/ra9t--x ought to be insep>able f respect & devotion4 ,i w respect human lib]ty 9 ! smalle/ *ild40 ,z f> z ,i h obs]v$ !re is only "o class ( p]sons :om ! au?orities f ,plato to ,dupanl\p h fail$ to conv9ce1 & t is ! s*oolma/]s4 ,?is is ! class to :i* ,i h belong$1 & ,i %\ld n be prep>$ to take ,plato's c\nsel3 8,br+ up y\r boys 9 _! /udies )\t con/ra9t & 9 a playful mann]40 7,ib47 ,at ! same "t ,i see ! importance ( self-activity1 & !re is no su* ?+ z self-activity ^u compulsion4 ,y c no m hurry ?\ght ) ! cane ?an y c hurry a snail ) a p94 ,s )\t int]e/ !re c be no prop] le>n+4 ,int]e/ mu/ be ar\s$--ev5 9 ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,b if !y c\ld *oose _! own occupation1 ! boys1 h[ev] int]e/$ 9 _! "w1 w\ld probably f9d some?+ else m int]e/+ /ill4 ,we _c get on1 & nev] %all1 )\t ! mu/4 #af4 ,,vi4 ,no?+ may be le>nt by he>t4 ,x has always be5 a common mi/ake 9 ! s*oolroom to conf\nd ! p[] ( runn+ along a sequ5ce ( s\nds ) a ma/]y ( ! ?\ght ) :i* ^? s\nds %\ld be connect$4 ,b1 z ,i h rem>k$ else:]e 7supra1 p4 #gd1 note71 ! two ?+s1 ?\gh diff]5t1 are n oppos$4 ,too mu* is likely to be made ( le>n+ by he>t1 = ( ! two ?+s ! pupils f9d x ! easi]1 & ! tea*] ! m easily te/$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 gu>d aga9/ ! abuse )\t giv+ up ! use4 #ag4 ,,vii4#ei ,uni=mity 9 all ?+s4 ,bo? 9 ! way ( le>n+1 & 9 ! books1 & ! rules1 a uni=m me?od %\ld be obs]v$1 says ,ratke4 ,! "r plan is = ! le>n] to acquire famili> k ( "o subject or "p ( a subject1 & !n use ?is = comp>ison :5 he le>ns beyond x4 ,if ! same me?od ( le>n+ is adopt$ ?r\gh\t1 ?is w r5d] comp>ison m easy & m /rik+4#fj #ah4 ,,viii4 ,! ?+ itself %\ld come fir/1 !n :atev] expla9s x4 ,to ^? :o d n ) clos$ eyes cl+ to ! me?od ( _! pr$ecessors1 ?is rule may seem f\nd$ on common-s5se4 ,w\ld any "o b a 8tea*]10 or a writ] ( s*ool books1 ev] ?9k ( mak+ *ildr5 :o d n "k a ^w ( ,fr5*1 le>n ab\t ! ,fr5* acc5ts8 ,& yet :at ,ratke said #bej ye>s ago has n be5 disprov$ s9ce3 8,accid5s rei priusquam rem ipsam qua]]e prorsus absonum et absurdum esse videtur10 :i* ,i take to mean3 8,be=e ! le>n] has a notion ( ! ?+ itself1 x is folly to worry him ab\t its accid5ts or ev5 its prop]ties1 ess5tial or uness5tial40 ,ne modus rei ante rem4#fa ,?is rule ( ,ratke's w>ns tea*]s aga9/ a v common mi/ake4 ,! subject is to !m 9 full view1 & !y make ! mo/ m9ute obs]vations on x4 ,b ^! ?+s _c be se5 by _! pupils2 & ev5 if ! beg9n] c\ld see ^! m9uti1 he w\ld f9d 9 !m nei!r int]e/ nor advantage4 ,b :5 we apply ,ratke's pr9ciple m widely1 we f9d ourselves involv$ 9 ! great "q :e!r our me?od %\ld be bas$ on syn!sis or analysis1 a "q :i* ,ratke's me?od did n settle = u4 #ai4 ,,ix4 ,ev]y?+ by exp]i5ce & exam9ation ( ! p>ts4 ,or z he /ates ! rule 9 ,lat93 ,p] inductionem et exp]im5tum omnia4 ,no?+ 0 to be receiv$ on au?ority1 & ?is disciple ( ,bacon w5t beyond 8 ma/] & took = 8 motto3 ,vetu/as cessit1 ratio vicit 78,age has yield$1 reason prevail$072 z if reason mu/ be br&-new1 & tru? might wax old & be ready to vani% away4 #bj4 ,f ^! rules ( 8 we see t ,ratke did mu* to =mulate ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ,didactics4 ,he also des]ves to be rememb]$ among ! me?odiz]s :o h tackl$ ! problem--h[ to tea* a language4 ,at ,k!n ! in/ructor ( ! l[e/ class _h to talk ) ! *ildr51 & to take pa9s ) _! pronunciation4 ,:5 !y knew _! lett]s 7,ickelsam]'s plan = read+ ,ratke seems to h neglect$7 ! tea*] read ! ,book ( ,g5esis ?r\gh to !m1 ea* *apt] twice ov]1 requir+ ! *ildr5 to foll[ ) eye & f+]4 ,!n ! tea*] began ! *apt] aga91 & read ab\t f\r l9es only1 :i* ! *ildr5 read aft] him4 ,:5 ! book _h be5 work$ ov] 9 ?is way1 ! *ildr5 7 requir$ to read x ?r\gh )\t assi/ance4 ,read+ once secur$1 ! ma/] proce$$ to gramm>4 ,he expla9$1 say1 :at a sub/antive 01 & !n %[$ in/ances 9 ,g5esis1 & next requir$ ! *ildr5 to po9t out o!rs4 ,9 ?is way ! gramm> 0 v]ifi$ ?r\gh\t f ,g5esis1 & ! pupils 7 ex]cis$ 9 decl9+ & conjugat+ words tak5 f ! ,book4 ,:5 !y advanc$ to ! /udy ( ,lat91 !y 7 giv5 a translation ( a play ( ,t]5ce1 & work$ ov] x sev]al times be=e !y 7 %[n ! ,lat94 ,! ma/] !n translat$ ! play to !m1 ea* half-h\r's "w twice ov]4 ,at ! next read+1 ! ma/] translat$ ! fir/ half-h\r1 & ! boys translat$ ! same piece ! second4 ,hav+ ?us got ?r\gh ! play1 !y began aga91 & only ! boys translat$4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 a c\rse ( gramm>1 :i* 0 appli$ to ! ,t]5ce1 z ! gramm> ( ! "m-tongue _h be5 to ,g5esis4 ,f9ally1 ! pupils 7 put ?r\gh a c\rse ( ex]cises1 9 :i* !y _h to turn into ,lat9 s5t5ces imitat$ f ! ,t]5ce1 & diff]+ f ! orig9al only 9 ! numb] or p]son us$4 ,raum] gives o!r p>ticul>s1 & quotes l>gely f ! almo/ unreadable acc\nt ( ,kromay]1 "o ( ,ratke's foll[]s1 9 ord] t we may h1 z he says1 a notion ( ! t$i\sness ( ! me?od4 ,no d\bt anyone :o has foll[$ me hi!rto1 w consid] t ?is po9t has be5 br\ght out already ) suffici5t di/9ctness4 #ba4 ,:5 we comp>e ,ratke's me?od ) ,as*am's1 we f9d sev]al po9ts ( agreem5t4 ,ratke w\ld beg9 ! /udy ( a language by tak+ a model book1 & work+ ?r\gh x ) ! pupil a great _m times4 ,as*am did ! same4 ,ea* lecture accord+ to 8 plan w\ld be gone ov] 8a doz5 times at ! lea/40 ,bo? con/ru$ to ! pupil in/ead ( requir+ him to make out ! s5se = himself4 ,bo? ,ratke & ,as*am taught gramm> n by itself1 b 9 connection ) ! model book4 ,b ! po9ts ( diff]5ce are /ill m /rik+4 ,9 "o respect ,ratke's plan 0 weak4 ,x gave ! pupils little to d1 & made no use ( ! p54 ,as*am's 0 bett] 9 ?is & also z a tra9+ 9 accuracy4 ,as*am 01 z ,i h po9t$ out1 a 8complete reta9]40 ,ratke 0 a 8rapid impressioni/40 ,8 sy/em 0 a good deal l t :i* _h great vogue 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury z ! 8,hamiltonian ,sy/em40 ,f ! fir/ ! language 0 to be laid on 8v ?ick10 9 ! belief t 8"s ( x 0 sure to /ick40 ,! impressions w\ld be slight1 & !re w\ld at fir/ be mu* confusion betwe5 words :i* _h a sup]ficial resemblance1 b accuracy x 0 ?\ght w\ld come 9 "t4 #bb4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! two s*ools ( ?\ght ( :i* ,as*am & ,ratke may be tak5 z repres5tatives has cont9u$ till n[1 & )9 ! la/ few ye>s bo? p>ties h made great advances 9 me?od4 ,b 9 no?+ does progress seem sl[] ?an 9 education2 & ! plan ( gramm>-tea*+ 9 vogue fifty ye>s ago 0 inf]ior to ! me?ods advocat$ by ! old writ]s4#fb ,x4 ,,com5ius4 7#aeib-afga74 #a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ hopeful signs ( ! improvem5t ( education is ! rapid advance 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! fame ( ,com5ius1 & ! gr[? ( a l>ge lit]ature ab\t ! man & 8 ideas4 ,tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ,i fir/ became int]e/$ 9 him1 8 "n 0 h>dly kn[n beyond ,g]many4 ,9 ,engli% !re 0 inde$ an excell5t life ( him prefix$ to a translation ( 8 ,s*ool ( ,infancy2 b ?is "w1 by ,daniel ,b5ham 7,london1 #aheh71 _h n !n1 & has n n[1 any?+ l ! circulation x des]ves4 ,a mu* m successful book has be5 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie's ,john ,amos ,com5ius 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press71 & ?is is kn[n to mo/1 & %\ld be to all1 ,engli% /ud5ts ( education4 ,by ! ,g]mans & ,fr5* ,com5ius is n[ recognis$ z ! man :o fir/ treat$ education 9 a sci5tific _s1 & :o bequea!d ! rudim5ts ( a sci5ce to lat] ages4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! great libr>y ( p$agogy at ,leipzig has be5 nam$ 9 8 hon\r ! 8,com5ius ,/iftung40 #b4 ,john ,amos ,kom5sky or ,com5ius1 ! son ( a mill]1 :o belong$ to ! ,moravian ,bre?r51 0 born1 at ! ,moravian village ( ,niwnic1 9 #aeib4 ,( 8 e>ly life we "k no?+ b :at he himself tells u 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,los+ bo? my p>5ts :ile ,i 0 yet a *ild1 ,i began1 ?r\gh ! neglect ( my gu>dians1 b at sixte5 ye>s ( age to ta/e ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,yet by ! goodness ( ,god1 t ta/e br$ su* a ?ir/ 9 me1 t ,i ceas$ n f t "t1 by all means & endeav\rs1 to lab\r = ! repair+ ( my lo/ ye>s2 & n[ n only = myself1 b = ! good ( o!rs also4 ,= ,i c\ld n b pity o!rs also 9 ?is respect1 especially 9 my own nation1 :i* is too slo?ful & c>eless 9 matt] ( le>n+4 ,!reupon ,i 0 cont9ually full ( ?\ghts = ! f9d+ out ( "s means :]eby m might be inflam$ ) ! love ( le>n+1 & :]eby le>n+ itself might be made m comp5di\s1 bo? 9 matt] ( ! *>ge & co/1 & ( ! lab\r belong+ !reto1 t s ! y\? might be br\ght by a m easy me?od1 unto "s notable pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+40#fc ,) ^! ?\ghts 9 8 head1 he pursu$ 8 /udies 9 sev]al ,g]man t[ns1 especially at ,h]born 9 ,nassau4 ,"h he saw ! ,report on ,ratke's me?od publi%$ 9 #afab = ! ,univ]sities ( ,j5a & ,giess52 & we f9d him %ortly aft]w>ds writ+ 8 fir/ book1 ,grammatic facilioris ,prcepta1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,prag 9 #afaf4 ,on 8 return to ,moravia1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! ,bre?r5's s*ool at ,pr]au1 b 7to use 8 own words7 8be+ %ortly aft] at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r call$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 because t div9e function *all5g$ all my endeav\rs 7div9umque ,,hoc ,,age pr oculis erat7 ^! s*ola/ic c>es 7 laid aside40#fd ,8 pa/oral *>ge 0 at ,fulneck1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,bre?r54 ,z su* x soon felt ! effects ( ! ,battle ( ,prag1 be+ 9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#afba7 tak5 & plund]$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,on ?is occasion ,com5ius lo/ 8 ,,mss4 & almo/ ev]y?+ he possess$4 ,! ye> aft] 8 wife di$1 & !n 8 only *ild4 ,9 #afbd all ,prote/ant m9i/]s 7 bani%$1 & 9 #afbg a new decree ext5d$ ! bani%m5t to ,prote/ants ( e description4 ,com5ius bore up aga9/ wave aft] wave ( calamity ) ,*ri/ian c\rage & resignation1 & 8 writ+s at ?is p]iod 7 ( great value to 8 fell[-suff]]s4 #c4 ,= a "t he f\nd a hid+-place 9 ! family ( a ,bohemian nobleman1 ,b>on ,sad[sky1 at ,slaupna1 9 ! ,bohemian m\nta9s1 & 9 ?is retirem5t1 8 att5tion 0 aga9 direct$ to ! sci5ce ( tea*+4 ,! ,b>on _h engag$ ,/adius1 "o ( ! proscrib$1 to educate 8 ?ree sons1 &1 at ,/adius' reque/1 ,com5ius wrote 8"s canons ( a bett] me?od10 = 8 use4 ,we f9d him1 too1 endeav\r+ to enri* ! lit]ature ( 8 "m-tongue1 mak+ a metrical translation ( ! ,psalms ( ,david1 & ev5 writ+ imitations ( ,virgil1 ,ovid1 & ,cato's ,di/i*s4 ,9 #afbg1 h[ev]1 ! p]secution wax$ s hot1 t ,com5ius1 ) mo/ ( ! ,bre?r51 _h to flee _! c\ntry1 nev] to return4 ,on cross+ ! bord]1 ,com5ius & ! exiles :o accompani$ him knelt d[n1 & pray$ t ,god w\ld n suff] ,8 tru? to fail out ( _! native l&4 #d4 ,com5ius _h n[1 z ,mi*elet says1 lo/ 8 c\ntry & f\nd 8 c\ntry1 :i* 0 ! _w4 ,_m ( ! bani%$1 & ,com5ius among !m1 settl$ at ! ,poli% t[n ( ,leszna1 or1 z ! ,g]mans call x1 ,lissa1 ne> ! ,silesian fronti]4 ,"h !re 0 an old-e/abli%$ s*ool ( ! ,bre?r51 9 :i* ,com5ius f\nd employm5t4 ,once m engag$ 9 education1 he e>ne/ly set ab\t improv+ ! traditional me?ods4 ,z he himself says1#fe 8,be+ by ,god's p]mission bani%$ my c\ntry ) div]s o!rs1 & =c$ = my su/5ance to apply myself to ! in/ruction ( y\?1 ,i gave my m9d to ! p]usal ( div]s au?ors1 & light$ ^u _m :i* 9 ?is age h made a beg9n+ 9 re=m+ ! me?od ( /udies1 z ,rati*ius1 ,helvicus1 ,rh5ius1 ,ritt]us1 ,glaumius1 ,ccilius1 & :o inde$ %\ld h _h ! fir/ place1 ,joannes ,val5t9us ,&re1 a man ( a nimble & cle> bra92 z also ,campanella & ! ,"l ,v]ulam1 ^? fam\s re/or]s ( philosophy2--by read+ ( :om ,i 0 rais$ 9 good hope1 t at la/ ^? s _m v>i\s sp>ks w\ld conspire into a flame2 yet obs]v+ "h & !re "s defects & gaps z x 71 ,i c\ld n conta9 myself f attempt+ some?+ t might re/ ^u an immovable f\ndation1 & :i*1 if x c\ld be once f\nd out1 %\ld n be subject to any ru94 ,!re=e1 aft] _m work+s & toss+s ( my ?\ghts1 by r$uc+ ev]y?+ to ! immovable laws ( ,nature1 ,i light$ ^u my ,didactica ,magna1 :i* %[s ! art ( readily & solidly tea*+ all m5 all ?+s40 #e4 ,?is "w did n imm$iately see ! light1 b 9 #afca ,com5ius publi%$ a book :i* made him & ! little ,poli% t[n :]e he liv$ kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe & beyond x4 ,?is 0 ! ,janua ,l+u>um ,res]ata1 or 8,gate ( ,tongues unlock$40 ,writ+ ab\t x _m ye>s aft]w>ds he says t he nev] c\ld h imag9$ t t little "w1 fitt$ only = *ildr5 7pu]ile i/ud opusculum71 w\ld h be5 receiv$ ) applause by all ! le>n$ _w4 ,lett]s ( congratulation came to him f e qu>t]2 & ! "w 0 translat$ n only into ,greek1 ,bohemian1 ,poli%1 ,sw$i%1 ,belgian1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 ,hung>ian1 b also into ,turki%1 ,arabic1 ,p]sian1 & ev5 8,mongolian1 :i* is famili> to all ! ,ea/ ,indies40 7,d$ication ( ,s*ola ,ludus 9 vol4 i4 ( collect$ works47 #f4 ,incit$ by ! applause ( ! le>n$1 ,com5ius n[ plann$ a s*eme ( univ]sal k1 to imp>t :i* a s]ies ( works w\ld h to be writt51 f> exce$+ :at ! res\rces & indu/ry ( "o man1 h[ev] great a s*ol>1 c\ld produce4 ,he !re=e look$ ab\t = a patron to supply money = ! support ( himself & 8 assi/ants1 :il/ ^! works 7 9 progress4 8,! va/ness ( ! lab\rs ,i contemplate10 he writes to a ,poli% nobleman1 8dem&s t ,i %\ld h a weal?y patron1 :e!r we look at _! ext5t1 or at ! necessity ( secur+ assi/ants1 or at ! exp5ses g5]ally40 #g4 ,at ,leszna !re seem$ no prospect ( 8 obta9+ ! aid he requir$2 b 8 fame n[ procur$ him invitations f di/ant c\ntries4 ,fir/ he receiv$ a call to improve ! s*ools ( ,sw$54 ,aft] decl9+ ?is he 0 induc$ by 8 ,engli% fri5ds to und]take a j\rney to ,london1 :]e ,p>liam5t _h %[n its int]e/ 9 ! matt] ( education1 & _h employ$ ,h>tlib1#ff an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,com5ius1 to attempt a re=m4 ,probably ?r\gh 8 family connections1 ,h>tlib 0 on intimate t]ms ) ,com5ius1 & he _h mu* influ5ce on 8 c>e]4 ,x w\ld seem t ,com5ius1 ?\gh nev] tir$ ( =m+ magnific5t s*emes1 hung back f putt+ any?+ into a def9ite %ape4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,janua ,l+u>um ,res]ata1 he plann$ a ,janua ,r]um1 & ev5 all[$ t title to appe> 9 8! li/ ( new books to come =? at ! next ,m>t at ,frank=d40#fg ,b aga9 he hesitat$1 & )drew ! ann\ncem5t4 ,"h ,h>tlib came 91 & =c$ him into pr9t )\t 8 int5d+ or ev5 kn[+ x 78prt] meam spem et me inconsulto02 preface to ,conatuum ,pansophicorum ,dilucidatio1 #afch74 ,h>tlib begg$ ( ,com5ius a sket* ( 8 great s*eme1 & ) apologies to ! au?or = n await+ 8 cons5t1 he publi%$ x at ,ox=d 9 #afcg1 "u ! title ( ,conatuum ,com5ianorum ,prludia4 ,com5ius accept$ ! fait accompli ) ! be/ grace he c\ld--pleas$ at ! /ir ! book made 9 ! le>n$ _w1 b gall$ by criticisms1 especially by d\bts ( 8 or?odoxy4 ,to refute ! cavill]s1 he wrote a tract call$ ,conatuum ,pansophicorum ,dilucidatio :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afch4 ,9 #afci ,h>tlib issu$ 9 ,london a new duodecimo edition ( ! ,prludia 7or z he !n call$ x1 ,prodromus7 & ! ,dilucidatio1 add+ a diss]tation by ,com5ius on ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,n[1 :5 ev]y?+ seem$ ripe = a *ange 9 education1 & ,com5ius himself 0 on 8 way to ,engl&1 ,h>tlib translat$ ! ,prodromus1 & :5 ,com5ius _h come he publi%$ x ) ! title1 ,a ,re=mation ( ,s*ools1 #afdb4fh #h4 ,x 0 no d\bt by ,h>tlib's influ5ce t ,p>liam5t _h be5 l$ to summon ,com5ius1 & at any o!r "t ! visit might h be5 8! occasion ( great good to ?is isl&10 b int] arma sil5t magi/ri1 & ,com5ius w5t away aga94 ,?is is ! acc\nt he himself has left u3-- 8,:5 s]i\sly propos+ to ab&on ! ?orny /udies ( ,didactics1 & pass on to ! pleas+ /udies ( philosophical tru?1 ,i f9d myself aga9 among ! same ?orns4444 ,aft] ! ,pansophi ,prodromus _h be5 publi%$ & disp]s$ ?r\gh v>i\s k+doms ( ,europe1 _m ( ! le>n$ approv$ ( ! object & plan ( ! "w1 b despair$ ( its ev] be+ accompli%$ by "o man alone1 & !re=e advis$ t a college ( le>n$ m5 %\ld be in/itut$ to c>ry x into effect4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,h>tlib1 :o _h =w>d$ ! publication ( ! ,pansophi ,prodromus 9 ,engl&1 lab\r$ e>ne/ly 9 ?is matt]1 & endeav\r$1 by e possible means1 to br+ toge!r = ?is purpose a numb] ( m5 ( intellectual activity4 ,& at l5g?1 hav+ f\nd "o or two1 he invit$ me also1 ) _m v /rong entreaties4 ,my p hav+ cons5t$ to ! j\rney1 ,i came to ,london on ! v day ( ! autumnal equ9ox 7,septemb] #bb1 #afda71 & !re at la/ le>nt t ,i _h be5 invit$ by ! ord] ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,b z ! ,p>liam5t1 ! ,k+ hav+ !n gone to ,scotl& ,augu/ #aj1 0 dismiss$ = a ?ree mon?s' recess n q ?ree mon?s1 b f ,septemb] #i to ,octob] #bj1 ,i 0 deta9$ !re ?r\gh ! w9t]1 my fri5ds mu/]+ :at pansophic app>atus !y c\ld1 ?\gh x 0 b sl5d]4444 ,! ,p>liam5t mean:ile1 hav+ re assembl$1 & our pres5ce be+ kn[n1 ,i _h ord]s to wait until !y %\ld h suffici5t leisure f o!r bus9ess to appo9t a ,commission ( le>n$ & wise m5 f _! body = he>+ u & consid]+ ! gr\nds ( our design4 ,!y communicat$ also be=eh& _! ?\ghts ( assign+ to u "s college ) its rev5ues1 :]eby a c]ta9 numb] ( le>n$ & indu/ri\s m5 call$ f all nations might be hon\rably ma9ta9$1 ei!r = a t]m ( ye>s or 9 p]petuity4 ,!re 0 ev5 nam$ = ! purpose ,! ,savoy 9 ,london2 ,w9*e/] ,college out ( ,london 0 nam$2 & aga9 ne>] ! city1 ,*elsea ,college1 inv5tories ( :i* & ( its rev5ues 7 communicat$ to u1 s t no?+ seem$ m c]ta9 ?an t ! design ( ! great ,v]ulam1 conc]n+ ! op5+ some:]e ( a ,univ]sal ,college1 devot$ to ! advancem5t ( ! ,sci5ces c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,b ! rum\r ( ! ,insurrection 9 ,irel&1 & ( ! massacre 9 "o night ( m ?an #bjj1jjj ,engli% ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ! sudd5 dep>ture ( ! ,k+ f ,london ,janu>y #aj1 #afda-b1 & ! pl5tiful signs ( ! bloody w> ab\t to break out di/urb$ ^! plans1 & oblig$ me to ha/5 my return to my own p40#fi #i4 ,:ile ,com5ius 0 9 ,engl&1 :]e he /ay$ till ,augu/1 #afdb1 he receiv$ an invitation to ,france4 ,?is invitation1 :i* he did n accept1 came p]haps ?r\gh 8 correspond5t ,m]s5ne1 a man ( great le>n+1 :o is said to h be5 highly e/eem$ & (t5 consult$ by ,desc>tes4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! /ate ( op9ion 9 su* matt]s 9 ^? days1 t ,m]s5ne tells ,com5ius ( a c]ta9 ,le ,maire1 by ^: me?od a boy ( six ye>s old1 might1 ) n9e mon?s' in/ruction1 acquire a p]fect k ( ?ree languages4 ,m]s5ne also _h dreams ( a univ]sal alphabet1 & ev5 ( a univ]sal language4 #aj4 ,com5ius' hopes ( assi/ance 9 ,engl& be+ at an end1 he ?\ght ( return+ to ,leszna2 b a lett] n[ rea*$ him f a ri* ,dut* m]*ant1 ,lewis de ,ge]1 :o (f]$ him a home & means = c>ry+ out 8 plans4 ,?is ,lewis de ,ge]1 8! ,gr& ,almon] ( ,europe10 z ,com5ius calls him1 display$ a pr9cely munific5ce 9 ! assi/ance he gave ! exil$ ,prote/ants4 ,at ?is "t he 0 liv+ at ,nordcop+ 9 ,sw$54 ,com5ius hav+ n[ f\nd su* a patron z he 0 seek+1 set out f ,engl& & jo9$ him !re4 #aa4 ,soon aft] ! arrival ( ,com5ius 9 ,sw$51 ! great ,ox5/i]n s5t = him to ,/ockholm1 & ) ,john ,skyte1 ! ,*ancellor ( ,upsal ,univ]sity1 exam9$ him & 8 sy/em4 8,^! two10 z ,com5ius says1 8ex]cis$ me 9 colloquy = f\r days1 & *iefly ! mo/ illu/ri\s ,ox5/i]n1 t eagle ( ! ,nor? 7,aquila ,aquilonius74 ,he inquir$ into ! f\ndations ( bo? my s*emes1 ! ,didactic & ! ,pansophic1 s se>*+ly1 t x 0 unlike any?+ t _h be5 done be=e by any ( my le>n$ critics4 ,9 ! fir/ two days he exam9$ ! ,didactics1 & f9ally said3 #8,f an e>ly age ,i p]ceiv$ t our ,me?od ( ,/udies g5]ally 9 use is a h>% & crude "o 7viol5tum quiddam71 b :]e ! ?+ /uck ,i c\ld n f9d out4 ,at l5g?1 hav+ be5 s5t by my ,k+ ( glori\s memory i4e41 by ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 z ambassador into ,g]many1 ,i conv]s$ on ! subject ) v>i\s le>n$ m54 ,& :5 ,i _h he>d t ,wolfgang ,rati*ius 0 toil+ at an am5d$ ,me?od ,i _h no re/ ( m9d till ,i _h him be=e me1 b in/ead ( talk+ on ! subject1 he put into my h&s a big qu>to volume4 ,i swall[$ ?is tr\ble1 & hav+ turn$ ov] ! :ole book1 ,i saw t he _h detect$ well en\gh ! maladies ( our s*ools b ! rem$ies he propos$ did n seem to me suffici5t4 ,y\rs1 ,mr4 ,com5ius1 re/ on firm] f\ndations4 ,g on ) ! "w4' ,i answ]$ t ,i _h done all ,i c\ld 9 ^? matt]s1 & mu/ n[ g on to o!rs4 #8,i "k1' said he1 #8t y are toil+ at great] affairs1 = ,i h read y\r ,prodromus ,pansophi4 ,t we w discuss to-morr[1 ,i mu/ n[ to public bus9ess4' ,next day he began on my ,pansophic attempts1 & exam9$ !m ) /ill great] sev]ity4 #8,are y a man1' he ask$1 #8:o c be> contradiction8' #8,i c1' said ,i1 #8& = t reason my ,prodromus or prelim9>y sket* 0 s5t out fir/ 7n inde$ t ,i s5t x out myself1 ?is 0 done by fri5ds71 t x might meet ) criticism4 ,& if we seek ! criticism ( all & sundry1 h[ mu* m f m5 ( mature wisdom & h]oic reason8' ,he began accord+ly to disc\rse aga9/ ! hope ( a bett] /ate ( ?+s aris+ f a rightly in/itut$ /udy ( ,pansophia2 fir/1 object+ political reasons1 !n :at 0 said 9 ,scripture ab\t #8! la/ times4' ,all :i* objections ,i s answ]$ t he end$ ) ^! words3 #8,into no "o's m9d d ,i ?9k su* ?+s h come be=e4 ,/& ^u ^! gr\nds ( y\rs2 s %all we "s "t come to agreem5t1 or !re w be no way left4 ,my advice1 h[ev]1' add$ he1 #8is t y fir/ d some?+ = ! s*ools1 & br+ ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 tongue to a great] facility2 ?us y w prep>e ! way = ^? great] matt]s4'0 ,z ,skyte & aft]w>ds ,de ,ge] gave ! same advice1 ,com5ius felt himself con/ra9$ to foll[ x2 s he agre$ to settle at ,elb+1 9 ,prussia1 & !re write a "w on tea*+1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ! ,didactica ,magna %\ld be work$ out ) especial ref]5ce to tea*+ languages4 ,not)/&+ ! remon/rances ( 8 ,engli% fri5ds1 to :i* ,com5ius w\ld gladly h li/5$1 he 0 kept by ,ox5/i]n & ,de ,ge] /rictly to 8 agreem5t1 & ?us1 mu* aga9/ 8 w1 he 0 held fa/ = eight ye>s 9 :at he calls ! 8miry entanglem5ts ( logoma*y40 #ab4 ,elb+1 :]e1 aft] a j\rney to ,leszna to fet* 8 family 7= he _h m>ri$ aga971 ,com5ius n[ settl$1 is 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 ?irty-six miles s\?-ea/ ( ,dantzic4 ,f #aegg to #affj an ,engli% trad+ company 0 settl$ "h1 ) :i* ! family ( ,h>tlib 0 connect$4 ,?is p]haps 0 "o reason :y ,com5ius *ose ?is t[n = 8 resid5ce4 ,b al?\gh he _h a grant ( #cjj a ye> f ,p>liam5t1 ,h>tlib1 in/ead ( assi/+ ) money1 seems at ?is "t to h himself ne$$ assi/ance1 = 9 ,octob]1 #afdb1 ,com5ius writes to ,de ,ge] t he fe>s ,fundanius & ,h>tlib are suff]+ f want1 & t he int5ds = !m #bjj promis$ by ! ,london booksell]s2 he sugge/s t ,de ,ge] %all give !m #cj ea* mean:ile4 7,b5ham1 p4 #fc47 #ac4 ,! relation betwe5 ,com5ius & 8 patron naturally prov$ a difficult "o4 ,! ,dut*man ?\ght t z he support$ ,com5ius1 & contribut$ some?+ m = ! assi/ants1 he might expect ( ,com5ius t he w\ld devote all 8 "t to ! s*ola/ic treatise he _h und]tak54 ,com5ius1 h[ev]1 0 a man ( imm5se en]gy & ( widely ext5d$ sympa?ies & connections4 ,he 0 a 8,bi%op0 ( ! religi\s body to :i* he belong$1 & 9 ?is capacity he engag$ 9 controv]sy1 & att5d$ "s religi\s conf]5ces4 ,!n aga91 pupils 7 press$ ^u him1 & z money to pay five writ]s :om he kept at "w 0 always runn+ %ort1 he did n decl9e !m4 ,de ,ge] compla9$ ( ?is1 & supplies 7 n furni%$ ) wont$ regul>ity4 ,9 #afdg ,com5ius writes to ,h>tlib t he is almo/ ov]:elm$ ) c>es1 & sick to dea? ( writ+ begg+-lett]s4 ,yet 9 ?is ye> he f\nd means to publi% a book ,on ! ,causes ( ?is 7i4e41 ! ,?irty ,ye>s7 ,w>1 9 :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olics are attack$ ) great bitt]ness--a bitt]ness = :i* ! position ( ! writ] af=ds too good an excuse4 #ad4 ,! ye> #afdh br\ght ) x ! d[nfall ( all ,com5ius' hopes ( return+ to 8 native l&4 ,! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 0 conclud$ )\t any provision be+ made = ! re/oration ( ! exiles4 ,b ?\gh ?us doom$ to pass ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life 9 bani%m5t1 ,com5ius1 9 ?is ye>1 seem$ to h f\nd an escape f all 8 pecuni>y difficulties4 ,! ,s5ior ,bi%op1 ! head ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r51 di$1 & ,com5ius 0 *os5 to succe$ him4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,com5ius return$ to ,leszna1 :]e due provision 0 made = him by ! ,bre?r54 ,be=e he left ,elb+1 h[ev]1 ! fruit ( 8 resid5ce !re1 ! ,me?odus ,l+u>um ,novissima1 _h be5 submitt$ to a commission ( le>n$ ,sw$es1 & approv$ ( by !m4 ,! ,,ms4 w5t ) him to ,leszna1 :]e x 0 publi%$4 #ae4 ,z head ( ! ,moravian ,*ur*1 !re n[ devolv$ ^u ,com5ius ! c>e ( all ! exiles1 & 8 widespread reputation enabl$ him to get situations = _m ( !m 9 all ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,b he 0 n[ s mu* connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( education1 t ev5 8 po/ at ,leszna did n prev5t 8 receiv+ & accept+ a call to re=m ! s*ools 9 ,transylvania4 ,a model s*ool 0 =m$ at ,s>os-,patak1 :]e !re 0 a settlem5t ( ! bani%$ ,bre?r51 & 9 ?is s*ool ,com5ius lab\r$ f #afej till #afed4 ,at ?is "t he wrote 8 mo/ celebrat$ book1 :i* is inde$ only an abridgm5t ( 8 ,janua ) ! important addition ( pictures1 & s5t x to ,nrnb]g1 :]e x appe>$ ?ree ye>s lat] 7#afeg74 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,orbis ,pictus4 #af4 ,full ( tr\ble z ,com5ius' life _h hi!rto be51 its greate/ calamity 0 /ill be=e him4 ,aft] he 0 aga9 settl$ at ,leszna1 ,pol& 0 invad$ by ! ,sw$es1 on :i* occasion ! sympa?ies ( ! ,bre?r5 7 ) _! fell[-,prote/ants1 & ,com5ius 0 imprud5t en\gh to write a congratulatory address to ! ,sw$i% ,k+4 ,a peace foll[$1 by ! t]ms ( :i*1 sev]al t[ns1 & ,leszna among !m1 7 made ov] to ,sw$52 b :5 ! ,k+ )drew1 ! ,poles took up arms aga91 & ,leszna1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,prote/ants1 ! t[n 9 :i* ! *ief ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 _h writt5 8 address welcom+ ! enemy1 0 tak5 & plund]$4 ,com5ius & 8 family escap$1 b 8 h\se 0 m>k$ = special viol5ce1 & no?+ 0 pres]v$4 ,8 sole rema9+ possessions 7 ! clo!s 9 :i* he & 8 family travell$4 ,all 8 books & manuscripts 7 burnt1 among !m 8 valu$ "w on ,pansophia1 & a ,lat9-,bohemian & ,bohemian-,lat9 ,diction>y1 giv+ words1 phrases1 idioms1 adages1 & aphorisms--a book on :i* he _h be5 lab\r+ = =ty ye>s4 8,?is loss10 he writes1 8,i %all cease to lam5t only :5 ,i cease to brea!40 #ag4 ,aft] w&]+ = "s "t ab\t ,g]many1 & be+ pro/rat$ by fev] at ,hamburg1 he at l5g? came to ,am/]dam1 :]e ,lawr5ce ,de ,ge]1 ! son ( 8 deceas$ patron1 gave him an asylum4 ,"h 7 sp5t ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life 9 ease & dignity4 ,compassion = 8 mis=tunes 0 unit$ ) v5]ation = 8 le>n+ & piety4 ,he e>n$ a suffici5t income by giv+ in/ruction 9 ! families ( ! weal?y2 & by ! lib]ality ( ,de ,ge] he 0 enabl$ to publi% a f9e folio edition ( all 8 writ+s on ,education 7#afeg74 ,8 political works1 h[ev]1 7 to ! la/ a s\rce ( tr\ble to him4 ,8 ho/ility to ! ,pope & ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg made him ! dupe ( c]ta9 8prophets0 ^: soo?say+s he publi%$ z ,lux 9 ,t5ebris4 ,"o ( ^! prophets1 :o _h ann\nc$ t ! ,turk 0 to take ,vi5na1 0 execut$ at ,pressburg1 & ! ,lux 9 ,t5ebris at ! same "t burnt by ! hangman4 ,be=e ! news ( ?is disgrace rea*$ ,am/]dam1 ,com5ius 0 no m4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #afga1 at ! advanc$ age ( eighty1 & ) him t]m9at$ ! (fice ( ,*ief ,bi%op among ! ,moravian ,bre?r54 #ah4 ,8 long life _h be5 full ( tr\ble1 & he saw little ( ! improvem5ts he s e>ne/ly desir$ & lab\r$ aft]1 b he cont9u$ ! /ruggle hopefully to ! end4 ,9 8 sev5ty-sev5? ye> he wrote ^! memorable words3 8,i ?ank ,god t ,i h all my life be5 a man ( aspirations4444 ,= ! long+ aft] good1 h[ev] x spr+ up 9 ! he>t1 is always a rill fl[+ f ! ,f\nta9 ( all good--f ,god40#gj ,lab\r+ 9 ?is _s he did n toil 9 va91 & ! hi/orians ( education h agre$ 9 rank+ him among ! mo/ influ5tial z well z ! mo/ noble-m9d$ ( ! ,re=m]s4 #ai4 ,be=e ,com5ius1 no "o _h br\ght ! m9d ( a philosoph] to be> practically on ! subject ( education4 ,montaigne & ,bacon _h advanc$ pr9ciples1 leav+ o!rs to see to _! application4 ,a few able s*oolma/]s1 ,as*am1 e4g41 _h inve/igat$ new me?ods1 b _h made success 9 tea*+ ! te/ to :i* !y appeal$1 r ?an any ab/ract pr9ciple4 ,com5ius 0 at once a philosoph] :o _h le>nt ( ,bacon1 & a s*oolma/] :o _h e>n$ 8 livelihood by tea*+ ! rudim5ts4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! /ate ( education z he f\nd x1 he s\ght = a bett] sy/em by an exam9ation ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,:atev] is ?us e/abli%$ is inde$ on an immovable f\ndation1 &1 z ,com5ius himself says1 8n liable to any ru940 ,x w h>dly be disput$1 :5 broadly /at$1 t !re are laws ( ,nature :i* mu/ be obey$ 9 deal+ ) ! m9d1 z ) ! body4 ,no d\bt ^! laws are n s easily e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ case z 9 ! second1 nor c we f9d !m )\t mu* 8grop+0 & "s mi/akes2 b :oev] 9 any way assi/s or ev5 tries to assi/ 9 ! discov]y1 des]ves our gratitude2 & greatly are we indebt$ to him :o fir/ boldly set ab\t ! task1 & devot$ to x ye>s ( pati5t lab\r4 #bj4 ,com5ius has left volum9\s ,lat9 writ+s4 ,pr(essor ,laurie gives u ! titles ( ! books connect$ ) education1 & !y are 9 numb] =ty-two3 s !re mu/ be mu* repetition & inde$ retractation2 = ,com5ius 0 always le>n+1 & "o ( 8 la/ books 0 ,v5tilabrum ,sapi5ti1 sive sapi5t] sua retract&i ,ars--i4e41 8,wisdom's ,w9n[+-ma*9e1 or ! ,art ( wisely )draw+ "o's own ass]tions40 ,we owe mu* to ,pr(essor ,laurie1 :o has s]v$ z a v5tilabrum & left u a succ9ct & cle> acc\nt ( ! ,re=m]'s tea*+4 ,i h read little ( ! writ+s ( ,com5ius except ! ,g]man translation ( ! 8,great ,didactic10 f :i* ! foll[+ is tak54 #ba4 ,we live1 says ,com5ius1 a ?reefold life--a vegetative1 an animal1 & an intellectual or spiritual4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is p]fect 9 ! womb1 ! la/ 9 heav54 ,he is happy :o comes ) heal?y body into ! _w1 mu* m he :o goes ) heal?y _s out ( x4 ,accord+ to ! heav5ly idea1 man %\ld 7#a7 "k all ?+s2 7#b7 %\ld be ma/] ( all ?+s1 & ( himself2 7#c7 %\ld ref] ev]y?+ to ,god4 ,s t )9 u ,nature has implant$ ! se$s ( 7#a7 le>n+1 7#b7 virtue1 & 7#c7 piety4 ,to br+ ^! se$s to maturity is ! object ( education4 ,all m5 require education1 & ,god has made *ildr5 unfit = o!r employm5ts t !y may h leisure to le>n4 #bb4 ,b s*ools h fail$1 & in/ead ( keep+ to ! true object ( education1 & tea*+ ! f\ndations1 relations1 & int5tions ( all ! mo/ important ?+s1 !y h neglect$ ev5 ! "m tongue1 & conf9$ ! tea*+ to ,lat92 & yet t has be5 s badly taught1 & s mu* "t has be5 wa/$ ov] gramm> rules & diction>ies1 t f t5 to tw5ty ye>s are sp5t 9 acquir+ z mu* k ( ,lat9 z is spe$ily acquir$ ( any mod]n tongue4 #bc4 ,! cause ( ?is want ( success is t ! sy/em does n foll[ ,nature4 ,ev]y?+ natural goes smoo?ly & easily4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be no pressure4 ,le>n+ %\ld come to *ildr5 z swimm+ to fi%1 fly+ to birds1 runn+ to animals4 ,z ,ari/otle says1 ! desire ( k is implant$ 9 man3 & ! m9d gr[s z ! body does--by tak+ prop] n\ri%m5t1 n by be+ /ret*$ on ! rack4 #bd4 ,if we w\ld asc]ta9 h[ tea*+ & le>n+ are to h good results1 we mu/ look to ! kn[n processes ( ,nature & ,art4 ,a man s[s se$1 & x comes up he kn[s n h[1 b 9 s[+ x he mu/ att5d to ! requirem5ts ( ,nature4 ,let u !n look to ,nature to f9d out h[ k takes root 9 "y m9ds4 ,we f9d t ,nature waits = ! fit "t4 ,!n1 too1 %e has prep>$ ! mat]ial be=e %e gives x =m4 ,9 our tea*+ we con/antly run c\nt] to ^! pr9ciples ( h]s4 ,we give in/ruction be=e ! "y m9ds are ready to receive x4 ,we give ! =m be=e ! mat]ial4 ,words are taught be=e ! ?+s to :i* !y ref]4 ,:5 a =eign tongue is to be taught1 we commonly give ! =m1 i4e41 ! grammatical rules1 be=e we give ! mat]ial1 i4e41 ! language1 to :i* ! rules apply4 ,we %\ld beg9 ) an au?or1 or prop]ly prep>$ translation-book1 & ab/ract rules %\ld nev] come be=e ! examples4 #be4 ,aga91 ,nature beg9s ea* ( h] works ) its inmo/ "p4 ,moreov]1 ! crude =m comes fir/1 !n ! elaboration ( ! p>ts4 ,! ar*itect1 act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 fir/ makes a r\gh plan or model1 & !n by degrees designs ! details2 la/ ( all he att5ds to ! ornam5tation4 ,9 tea*+1 !n1 let ! inmo/ "p1 i4e41 ! und]/&+ ( ! subject1 come fir/2 !n let ! ?+ und]/ood be us$ to ex]cise ! memory1 ! spee*1 & ! h&s2 & let e language1 sci5ce1 & art be taught fir/ 9 its rudim5t>y outl9e2 !n m completely ) examples & rules2 f9ally1 ) exceptions & anomalies4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 "s tea*]s are fooli% en\gh to require beg9n]s to get up all ! anomalies 9 ,lat9 ,gramm>1 & ! dialects 9 ,greek4 #bf4 ,aga91 z ,nature does no?+ p] saltum1 nor halts :5 %e has begun1 ! :ole c\rse ( /udies %\ld be arrang$ 9 /rict ord]1 s t ! e>li] /udies prep>e ! way = ! lat]4 ,e ye>1 e mon?1 e day & h\r ev51 %\ld h its task m>k$ out be=eh&1 & ! plan %\ld be rigidly c>ri$ out4 ,mu* loss is occasion$ by abs5ce ( boys f s*ool1 & by *anges 9 ! in/ruction4 ,iron t might be wr\ght ) "o heat+ %\ld n be all[$ to get cold1 & be heat$ ov] & ov] aga94 #bg4 ,nature protects h] "w f injuri\s influ5ces1 s boys %\ld be kept f injuri\s companion%ips & books4 #bh4 ,9 a *apt] devot$ to ! pr9ciples ( easy tea*+1 ,com5ius lays d[n1 among rules simil> to ! =ego+1 t *ildr5 w le>n if !y are taught only :at !y h a desire to le>n1 ) due reg>d to _! age & ! me?od ( in/ruction1 & especially :5 ev]y?+ is fir/ taught by means ( ! s5ses4 ,on ?is po9t ,com5ius laid great /ress1 & he 0 ! fir/ :o did s4 ,education %\ld proce$1 he said1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 fir/1 educate ! s5ses1 !n ! memory1 !n ! intellect2 la/ ( all ! critical faculty4 ,?is is ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,! *ild fir/ p]ceives ?r\gh ! s5ses4 8,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! intellect mu/ h come ?r\gh ! s5ses40 ,^! p]ceptions are /or$ 9 ! memory1 & call$ up by ! imag9ation4#ga ,by comp>+ "o ) ano!r1 ! und]/&+ =ms g5]al ideas1 & at l5g? ! judgm5t decides betwe5 ! false & ! true4 ,by keep+ to ?is ord]1 ,com5ius believ$ x w\ld be possible to make le>n+ entirely pleasant to ! pupils1 h[ev] "y4 ,"h ,com5ius w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ! ,jesuits4 ,!y wi%$ to make le>n+ pleasant1 b despair$ ( do+ ?is except by ext]nal influ5ces1 emulation & ! l4 ,com5ius did n neglect ext]nal means to make ! road to le>n+ agreeable4 ,l ! ,jesuits1 he w\ld h %ort s*ool-h\rs1 & w\ld make great use ( praise & blame1 b he did n dep5d1 z !y did almo/ exclusively1 on emulation4 ,he w\ld h ! desire ( le>n+ fo/]$ 9 e possible way--by p>5ts1 by tea*]s1 by s*ool build+s & app>atus1 by ! subjects !mselves1 by ! me?od ( tea*+ !m1 & la/ly1 by ! public au?orities4 7#a7 ,! p>5ts mu/ praise le>n+ & le>n$ m51 mu/ %[ *ildr5 beautiful books1 c41 mu/ treat ! tea*]s ) great respect4 7#b7 ,! tea*] mu/ be k9d & fa!rly1 he mu/ di/ribute praise & rew>d1 & mu/ always1 :]e x is possible1 give ! *ildr5 some?+ to look at4 7#c7 ,! s*ool build+s mu/ be light1 airy1 & *e]ful1 & well furni%$ ) app>atus1 z pictures1 maps1 models1 collections ( specim5s4 7#d7 ,! subjects taught mu/ n be too h>d = ! le>n]'s compreh5sion1 & ! m ent]ta9+ p>ts ( !m mu/ be especially dwelt ^u4 7#e7 ,! me?od mu/ be natural1 & ev]y?+ t is n ess5tial to ! subject or is beyond ! pupil mu/ be omitt$4 ,fables & allegories %\ld be introduc$1 & enigmas giv5 = ! pupils to guess4 7#f7 ,! au?orities mu/ appo9t public exam9ations & rew>d m]it4 #bi4 ,nature helps h]self 9 v>i\s ways1 s ! pupils %\ld h e assi/ance giv5 !m4 ,x %\ld especially be made cle> :at ! pupils are to le>n1 & h[ !y %\ld le>n x4 #cj4 ,! pupils %\ld be puni%$ = (f5ces aga9/ morals only4 ,if !y d n le>n1 ! fault is ) ! tea*]4 #ca4 ,"o ( ,com5ius's mo/ di/9ctive pr9ciples 0 t !re %\ld no long] be 8infelix divortium r]um et v]borum1 ! wret*$ divorce ( words f ?+s0 7! phrase1 ,i ?9k1 is ,campanella's71 b t k ( ?+s & words %\ld g toge!r4 ,?is1 toge!r ) 8 desire ( submitt+ ev]y?+ to ! pupil's s5ses1 w\ld h introduc$ a great *ange into ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 :i* 0 !n1 z x has = ! mo/ "p cont9u$1 purely lit]>y4 ,we %\ld le>n1 says ,com5ius1 z mu* z possible1 n f books1 b f ! great book ( ,nature1 f heav5 & e>?1 f oaks & bee*es4 #cb4 ,:5 languages are to be le>nt1 he w\ld h !m taught sep>ately4 ,till ! pupil is f eight to t5 ye>s old1 he %\ld be in/ruct$ only 9 ! "m-tongue1 & ab\t ?+s4 ,!n o!r languages c be acquir$ 9 ab\t a ye> ea*2 ,lat9 7:i* is to be /udi$ m ?or\ghly7 9 ab\t two ye>s4 ,e language mu/ be le>nt by use r ?an by rules1 i4e41 x mu/ be le>nt by he>+1 read+ & re-read+1 transcrib+1 attempt+ imitations 9 writ+ & orally1 & by us+ ! language 9 conv]sation4 ,rules assi/ & confirm practice1 b !y mu/ come aft]1 n be=e x4 ,! fir/ ex]cises 9 a language %\ld take = _! subject some?+ ( :i* ! s5se is already kn[n1 s t ! m9d may be fix$ on ! words & _! connections4#gb ,! ,cate*ism & ,bible ,hi/ory may be us$ = ?is purpose4 #cc4 ,consid]+ ! classical au?ors n suit$ to boys' und]/&+1 & n fit = ! education ( ,*ri/ians1 ,com5ius propos$ writ+ a set ( ,lat9 manuals = ! diff]5t /ages betwe5 *ildhood & manhood3 ^! 7 to be call$ 8,ve/ibulum10 8,janua10 8,palatium0 or 8,atrium10 8,!saurus40 ,! 8,ve/ibulum10 8,janua10 & 8,atrium0 7 really c>ri$ out4 #cd4 ,9 ,com5ius's s*eme !re 7 to be f\r k9ds ( s*ools = a p]fect educational c\rse3--#a/1 ! "m's brea/ = infancy2 #bnd1 ! public v]nacul> s*ool = *ildr51 to :i* all %\ld be s5t f six ye>s old till twelve2 #crd1 ! ,lat9 s*ool or ,gymnasium2 #d?1 resid5ce at a ,univ]sity & travell+1 to complete ! c\rse4 ,! public s*ools 7 to be = all classes alike1 & = girls#gc z well z boys4 #ce4 ,mo/ boys & girls 9 e community w\ld /op at ! v]nacul> s*ool2 & z ?is s*ool is a v di/9ctive feature 9 ,com5ius's plan1 x may be wor? :ile to give 8 programme ( /udies4 ,9 ?is s*ool ! *ildr5 %\ld le>n--#a/1 to read & write ! "m-tongue well1 bo? ) writ+ & pr9t+ lett]s2 #bnd1 to compose grammatically2 #crd1 to ciph]2 #d?1 to measure & weigh2 #e?1 to s+1 at fir/ popul> airs1 !n f music2 #f?1 to say by he>t1 sacr$ psalms & hymns2 #g?1 ,cate*ism1 ,bible ,hi/ory1 & texts2 #h?1 moral rules1 ) examples2 #i?1 economics & politics1 z f> z !y c\ld be und]/ood2 #aj?1 g5]al hi/ory ( ! _w2 #aa?1 figure ( ! e>? & motion ( />s1 c41 physics & geography1 especially ( native l&2 #ab?1 g5]al k ( arts & h&icrafts4 #cf4 ,ea* s*ool 0 to be divid$ into six classes1 correspond+ to ! six ye>s ! pupil %\ld sp5d 9 x4 ,! h\rs ( "w 7 to be1 9 s*ool1 two h\rs 9 ! morn+ & two 9 ! aft]noon1 ) ne>ly ! same am\nt ( private /udy4 ,9 ! morn+ ! m9d & memory 7 to be ex]cis$1 9 ! aft]noon ! h&s & voice4 ,ea* class 0 to h its prop] lesson-book writt5 expressly = x1 s z to conta9 ev]y?+ t class _h to le>n4 ,:5 a lesson 0 to be got by he>t f ! book1 ! tea*] 0 fir/ to read x to ! class1 expla9 x1 & re-read x2 ! boys !n to read x al\d by turns till "o ( !m (f]$ to repeat x )\t book2 ! o!rs 7 to d ! same z soon z !y 7 able1 till all _h repeat$ x4 ,?is lesson 0 !n to be work$ ov] aga9 z a writ+ lesson1 c4 ,9 ! high] =ms ( ! v]nacul> s*ool a mod]n language 0 to be taught & duly practis$4 #cg4 ,"h we see a regul> s*ool c\rse project$ :i* diff]$ ess5tially f ! only complete s*ool c\rse /ill e>li]1 t ( ! ,jesuits4 ,9 education ,com5ius 0 immeasurably 9 advance ( ,loyola & ,aquaviva4 ,l ! great ?9k]s1 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 :o mo/ resemble him1 he ?\ght ( ! developm5t ( ! *ild f its bir?2 & 9 a s+ul>ly wise little book1 call$ ,s*ola mat]ni gremii1 or 8,s*ool ( ! ,"m's ,brea/10 he has giv5 advice = br++ up *ildr5 to ! age ( six4#gd #ch4 ,v int]e/+ are ! h9ts "h giv51 9 :i* we get ! fir/ approa*es to ,k9d]g>t5 tra9+4 ,com5ius saw t1 mu* z _! eld]s might d to develop *ildr5's p[]s ( ?\ght & expression1 8yet *ildr5 ( ! same age & ! same mann]s & habits are ( great] s]vice /ill4 ,:5 !y talk or play toge!r1 !y %>p5 ea* o!r m effectually2 = ! "o does n surpass ! o!r 9 dep? ( inv5tion1 & !re is among !m no assumption ( sup]iority ( ! "o ov] ! o!r1 only love1 c&\r1 free que/ion+s & answ]s0 7,s*ool ( ,infancy1 vi1 #ab1 p4 #ch74ge ,! con/ant activity ( *ildr5 mu/ be provid$ =4 8,x is bett] to play ?an to be idle1 = dur+ play ! m9d is int5t on "s object :i* (t5 %>p5s ! abilities4 ,9 ?is way *ildr5 may be e>ly ex]cis$ to an active life )\t any difficulty1 s9ce ,nature h]self /irs !m up to be do+ some?+0 7,ib4 ix1 #ae1 p4 #ee74 8,9 ! second1 ?ird1 f\r? ye>s1 c41 let _! spirits be /irr$ up by means ( agreeable play ) !m or _! play+ among !mselves4444 ,nay1 if "s little occupation c be conv5i5tly provid$ = ! *ild's eyes1 e>s1 or o!r s5ses1 ^! w contribute to its vig\r ( m9d & body0 7,ib4 vi1 #ba1 p4 #ca74 #ci4 ,we h ! usual cautions aga9/ =c+4 8,e>ly fruit is useful = ! day1 b w n keep2 :]eas late fruit may be kept all ! ye>4 ,z "s natural capacities w\ld fly1 z x 71 be=e ! six?1 ! fif?1 or ev5 ! f\r? ye>1 yet x w be b5eficial r to re/ra9 ?an p]mit ?is2 b v mu* worse to en=ce x40 8,x is saf] t ! bra9 be rightly consolidat$ be=e x beg9 to su/a9 lab\rs3 9 a little *ild ! :ole bregma is sc>cely clos$ & ! bra9 consolidat$ )9 ! fif? or six? ye>4 ,x is suffici5t1 !re=e1 = ?is age to compreh5d spontane\sly1 imp]ceptibly & z x 7 9 play1 s mu* z is employ$ 9 ! dome/ic circle0 7,ib4 *ap4 xi74 #dj4 ,"o disa/r\s t5d5cy has always %[n itself 9 ! s*oolroom--! t5d5cy to sev] all connection betwe5 /udies 9 ! s*oolroom & life outside4 ,! "y pack away _! k z x 7 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 :]e x may lie conv5i5tly till ! s*ola/ic voyage is ov] & x c be aga9 un%ipp$4#gf ,aga9/ ?is t5d5cy _m great tea*]s h /riv51 & none m vigor\sly ?an ,com5ius4 ,l ,pe/alozzi he s\ght to resolve ev]y?+ into its simple/ elem5ts1 & he f9ds ! comm5cem5ts be=e ! s*ool age4 ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,infancy he says 7speak+ ( rhetoric71 8,my aim is to %ew1 al?\gh ?is is n g5]ally att5d$ to1 t ! roots ( all sci5ces & arts 9 e in/ance arise z e>ly z 9 ! t5d] age1 & t on ^! f\ndations x is nei!r impossible nor difficult = ! :ole sup]/ructure to be laid2 provid$ always t we act reasonably ) a reasonable creature0 7viij1 #f1 p4 #df74 ,?is pr9ciple he applies 9 8 *apt]1 8,h[ *ildr5 ought to be accu/om$ to an active life & p]petual employm5t0 7*ap4 vij74 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? ye> _! p[]s are to be drawn out 9 me*anical or ar*itectural ef=ts1 9 draw+ & writ+1 9 music1 9 ari?metic1 geometry1 & dialectics4 ,= ari?metic 9 ! f\r?1 fif?1 or six? ye>1 x w be suffici5t if !y c\nt up to tw5ty2 & !y may be taught to play at 8odd & ev540 ,9 geometry !y may le>n 9 ! f\r? ye> :at are l9es1 :at are squ>es1 :at are circles2 also ! usual measures--foot1 p9t1 qu>t1 c41 & soon !y %\ld try to measure & weigh = !mselves4 ,simil> beg9n+s are f\nd = o!r sci5ces su* z physics1 a/ronomy1 geography1 hi/ory1 economics1 & politics4 8,! elem5ts ( geography w be dur+ ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ye> & !nce=w>d1 :5 *ildr5 beg9 to di/+ui% betwe5 _! cradles & _! "m's bosom0 7vj1 #f1 p4 #cd74 ,z ?is geographical k ext5ds1 !y discov] 8:at a field is1 :at a m\nta91 =e/1 mead[1 riv]0 7iv1 #i1 p4 #ag74 8,! beg9n+ ( hi/ory w be1 to be able to rememb] :at 0 done ye/]day1 :at rec5tly1 :at a ye> ago40#gg 7,ib47 #da4 ,9 ?is book ,com5ius is c>eful to provide *ildr5 ) occupation = 8m9d & h&0 7iv1 #aj1 p4 #ah74 ,draw+ is to be practis$ by all4 8,x matt]s n10 says ,com5ius1 8:e!r ! objects be correctly drawn or o!rwise provid$ t !y af=d delight to ! m9d40#gh #db4 ,we see !n t ?is re/less ?9k] consid]$ ! entire c\rse ( a *ild's br++-up f ! cradle to maturity2 & we _c d\bt t ,raum] is "r 9 say+1 8,! influ5ce ( ,com5ius on subsequ5t ?9k]s & work]s 9 education1 especially on ! ,me?odiz]s1 is incalculable40 7,ges*4 d4 ,p41 ij1 8,com5ius10 #aj47 ,be=e we ?9k ( 8 me?ods & s*ool books1 let u inquire :at he did = education t has prov$ to be on a solid f\ndation & 8n liable to any ru940 #dc4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to rea* a /&po9t :i* 0 & p]haps always w be above ! heads ( 8! practical m510 & dem& education = all4 8,we design = all :o h be5 born human be+s1 g5]al in/ruction to fit !m = ev]y?+ human4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 z f> z possible be taught toge!r1 s t !y may mutually draw ea* o!r out1 enliv5 & /imulate4 ,( ! #8"m-tongue s*ool' ! end & aim w be1 t all ! y\? ( bo? sexes betwe5 ! six? & ! twelf? or ?irte5? ye>s be taught ^? ?+s :i* w be useful to !m all _! life long40#gi ,9 ^! days we (t5 he> controv]sies betwe5 ! m5 ( sci5ce & ! m9i/]s ( religion4 ,x is z f> beyond my int5tion z x is beyond my abilities to discuss h[ f> ! anti!sis betwe5 religion & sci5ce is a true "o2 b our subject sometimes =ces u to obs]ve t religion & sci5ce (t5 br+ ?9k]s by diff]5t pa?s to ! same result2 e4g41 !y bo? refuse to recognise class di/9ctions & make u see an ess5tial unity und]ly+ sup]ficial v>iations4 ,9 ,com5ius we h an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian m9i/] :o 0 also an en?usia/ = sci5ce4 ,moreov] he 0 )\t social & virtually )\t national re/rictions1 & he 0 ?us 9 a good position = express+ freely & )\t bias :at bo? 8 sci5ce & 8 religion taught him4 8,n only are ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* & noble to be drawn to ! s*ool1 b all alike1 g5tle & simple1 ri* & poor1 boys & girls1 9 great t[ns & small1 d[n to ! c\ntry villages4 ,& = ?is reason4 ,e "o :o is born a human be+ is born ) ?is int5t--t he %\ld be a human be+1 t is1 a reasonable creature rul+ ov] ! o!r creatures & be>+ ! lik5ess ( 8 ,mak]40 7,didactica ,m4 ix1 #a47 ,?is s\nds to me nobl] ?an ! utt]ances ( ,r\sseau & ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s1 n to m5tion ,locke :o fell back on consid]+ m]ely 8! g5tleman's call+40 ,ev5 ,bi%op ,butl] a c5tury aft] ,com5ius h>dly takes s firm a gr\nd1 ?\gh he lays x d[n t 8*ildr5 h z mu* "r to "s prop] education z to h _! lives pres]v$40#hj #dd4 ,! fir/ man :o dem&$ tra9+ = e human be+ because he or %e 0 a human be+ mu/ always be ?\ght ( ) respect & gratitude by all :o c>e ei!r = sci5ce or religion4 ,x has tak5 u #bej ye>s to rea* ! /&po9t ( ,com5ius2 b we h rea*$ x1 or almo/ rea*$ x at la/1 & :5 we h once got hold ( ! idea we are n likely to lose x aga94 ,! only "q is :e!r we %all n g on & 9 ! end agree ) ,com5ius t ! prim>y s*ool %all be = ri* & poor alike4 ,at pres5t ! practical m51 9 ,engl& especially1 h ?+s all _! own way2 b _! horizon is & mu/ be v limit$4 ,!y h already _h to adju/ !mselves to _m ?+s :i* _! pr$ecessors decl>$ to be 8q impracticable--inde$ impossible40 ,may n _! successors 9 l mann] get accu/om$ to o!r 8impossible0 ?+s1 ?is s*eme ( ,com5ius among !m8 #de4 ,! *ampions ( realism h always recognis$ ,com5ius z "o ( _! e>lie/ lead]s4 ,bacon _h j giv5 voice to ! sci5tific _s :i* _h at l5g? rebell$ aga9/ ! lit]>y _s dom9ant at ! ,r5asc5ce1 & _h begun to turn f all t _h be5 ?\ght & said ab\t ,nature1 /raight to ,nature h]self4 ,com5ius 0 ! pr(ess$ disciple ( 8! noble ,v]ulam1 :o10 said he1 8has giv5 u ! true key ( ,nature40 ,furni%$ ) ?is key1 ,com5ius w\ld unlock ! door ( ! treasure-h\se = himself4 8,x griev$ me10 he says1 8t ,i saw mo/ noble ,v]ulam pres5t u inde$ ) a true key ( ,nature1 b n to op5 ! secrets ( ,nature1 only %ew+ u by a few examples h[ !y 7 to be op5$1 & leave i4e41 leav+ ! re/ to dep5d on obs]vations & inductions cont9u$ = sev]al ages40 ,com5ius ?\ght t by ! light ( ! s5ses1 ( reason1 & ( ! ,bible1 he might advance fa/]4 8,= :at8 ,are n we z well z ! old philosoph]s plac$ 9 ,nature's g>d58 ,:y !n d we n ca/ ab\t our eyes1 no/rils1 & e>s z well z !y8 ,:y %\ld we le>n ! works ( ,nature ( any o!r ma/] r ?an ( ^! our s5ses8 ,:y d we n1 ,i say1 turn ov] ! liv+ book ( ! _w in/ead ( dead pap]s8 ,9 x we may contemplate m ?+s & ) great] delight & pr(it ?an any "o c tell u4 ,if we h any:]e ne$ ( an int]pret]1 ! ,mak] ( ,nature is ! be/ int]pret] ,himself40 7,preface to ,naturall ,philosophie re=m$4 ,engli% trans41 #afea47 #df4 ,sev]al ?+s are involv$ 9 ?is s-call$ 8realism40 ,fir/1 ,com5ius w\ld fix ! m9d ( le>n]s on mat]ial objects4 ,secondly1 he w\ld h !m acquire _! notions ( ^! = !mselves ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,f ^! two pr9ciples he drew ! coroll>y t ! va/ accumulation ( traditional le>n+ & lit]ature mu/ be ?r[n ov]bo>d4 #dg4 ,! dem& = ! /udy ( ?+s has be5 be/ =mulat$ by "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( words1 by ,milton4 8,because our und]/&+ _c 9 ! body f\nd itself b on s5sible ?+s1 nor arrive s cle>ly to ! k ( ,god & ?+s invisible1 z by ord]ly conn+ ov] ! visible & inf]ior creature1 ! same me?od is necess>ily to be foll[$ 9 all discreet tea*+40 7,to ,h>tlib47 ,its mat]ial surr\nd+s !n are to be ! subjects on :i* ! m9d ( ! *ild mu/ be fix$4 ,?is be+ settl$1 ,com5ius dem&s t ! *ild's k %all n be v]bal b real realism1 k d]iv$ at fir/ h& ?r\gh ! s5ses4#ha #dh4 ,on ?is subject ,com5ius may speak = himself3 8,! gr\nd ( ?is bus9ess is1 t s5sual objects we n[ say s5sible3 :y n s5su\s8 be rightly pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 = fe> !y may n be receiv$4 ,i say1 & say x aga9 al\d1 t ?is la/ is ! f\ndation ( all ! re/3 because we c nei!r act nor speak wisely1 unless we fir/ rightly und]/& all ! ?+s :i* are to be done & :]e( we h to speak4 ,n[ !re is no?+ 9 ! und]/&+ :i* 0 n be=e 9 ! s5se4 ,& !re=e to ex]cise ! s5ses well ab\t ! "r p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ces ( ?+s w be to lay ! gr\nds = all wisdom & all wise disc\rse & all discreet actions 9 "o's c\rse ( life4 ,:i*1 because x is commonly neglect$ 9 ,s*ools1 & ! ?+s t are to be le>n$ are (f]$ to s*ol>s )\t _! be+ und]/ood or be+ rightly pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 x come? to pass t ! "w ( tea*+ & le>n+ goe? heavily onw>d & af=de? little b5efit40 7,preface to ,orbis ,pictus1 ,hoole's trans4 ,a4,d4 #afeh47 #di4 ,)\t go+ into any metaphysical discussion1 we mu/ all agree t a va/ am\nt ( impressions come to *ildr5 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & t x is by ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses t !y le>n mo/ readily4 ,z ,com5ius says3 8,! s5ses 7be+ ! ma9 guides ( *ildhood1 because !re9 ! m9d do? n z yet raise up x self to an ab/ract$ contemplation ( ?+s7 ev]more seek _! own objects2 & if ^! be away1 !y gr[ dull1 & wry !mselves hi!r & ?i!r out ( a we>9ess ( !mselves3 b :5 _! objects are pres5t1 !y gr[ m]ry1 wax lively1 & will+ly suff] !mselves to be fa/5$ ^u !m till ! ?+ be suffici5tly disc]n$40 7,p4 to ,orbis47 ,?is tru? lay at ! root ( mo/ ( ! me?ods ( ,pe/alozzi2 & ?\gh x has _h little effect on tea*+ 9 ,engl& 7:]e = ! ^w ans*auli* !re is no equival5t71 ev]y?+ t goes on 9 a ,g]man ,folks*ool has ref]5ce to x4 #ej4 ,= *ildr5 !n ,com5ius gave good c\nsel :5 he w\ld h _! s5ses ex]cis$ on ! _w ab\t !m4 ,b aft] all1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! proposition t all k comes ?r\gh ! s5ses1 we mu/ n ignore :at is bequea!d to u1 bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 lit]ature4 ,com5ius says3 8,& n[ ,i besee* y let ?is be our bus9ess t ! s*ools may cease to p]suade & beg9 to demon/rate2 cease to dispute & beg9 to look2 cease la/ly to believe & beg9 to "k4 ,= t ,ari/otellical maxim #8,disc5tem oportet cr$]e1 ,a le>n] mu/ believe1' is z tyrannical z x is dang]\s2 s also is t same ,py?agorean #8,ipse dixit1 ,! ,ma/] has said x4' ,let no man be compell$ to swe> to 8 ,ma/]s words1 b let ! ?+s !mselves con/ra9 ! intellect40 7,p4 to ,nat4 ,phil4 ,r47 ,b ! ?+s !mselves w n take u f>4 ,ev5 9 ,natural ,sci5ce we ne$ tea*]s1 = ,sci5ce is n rea*$ ?r\gh ! s5ses b ?r\gh ! intellectual grasp ( k :i* has be5 accumulat+ = c5turies4 ,if ! education ( times pa/ has neglect$ ! s5ses1 we mu/ n dem& t ! education ( ! future %\ld c>e = ! s5ses only4 ,!re is z yet little dang] ( our ?9k+ too mu* ( physical education2 b we sometimes he> re=m]s talk+ z if ! true ideal 7 sket*$ 9 8,locksley ,hall30 8,iron-jo9t$1 supple-s9ew'd1 !y %all dive1 & !y %all run1 ,cat* ! wild goat by ! hair1 & hurl _! lances 9 ! sun1 ,:i/le back ! p>rot's call1 & leap ! ra9b[s ( ! brooks2 ,n ) bl9d$ eyesight por+ ov] mis]able books40 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 /ill "s reason = c\nt+ 8! gray b>b>ian l[] ?an ! ,*ri/ian *ild40 ,& ! reason is t we are 8! heirs ( all ! ages40 ,our education mu/ enable e *ild to ent] 9 "s measure on 8 inh]itance2 & n a few ( our mo/ preci\s heirlooms w be f\nd n only 9 sci5tific discov]ies b also 9 ^? great works ( lit]ature :i* ! vot>ies ( sci5ce are apt to despise z 8mis]able books40 ,?is tru? 0 n duly appreciat$ by ,com5ius4 ,z ,pr(essor ,laurie well says1 8he accept$ only 9 a half-he>t$ way ! products ( ! g5ius ( pa/ ages40 7,laurie's ,c41 p4 #bb47 ,9 8 day !re 0 a viol5t reaction f ! ,r5asc5ce passion = lit]ature1 & ,com5ius w\ld entirely bani% f education ! only lit]atures :i* 7 !n important1 ! 8hea!n0 lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome4 8,our mo/ le>n$ m510 says he1 8ev5 among ! !ologians take f ,*ri/ only ! mask3 ! blood & life !y draw f ,ari/otle & a cr[d ( o!r hea!ns40 7,see ,pauls5's ,ges*41 pp4 #cab1 ff47 ,s = ,cic]o & ,virgil he w\ld sub/itute1 & 8 contempor>ies at fir/ seem$ will+ to accept1 ! ,janua ,l+u>um4 ,b ?\gh !re may be mu* m 8real0 k 9 ! ,janua1 ! classics h surviv$ x4#hb ,9 ^! days !re is a passion = ! /udy ( ?+s :i* 9 its int5sity resembles ! ,r5asc5ce passion = lit]ature4 ,!re is a crav+ = k1 & we "k only ! tru?s we c v]ify2 s ?is crav+ mu/ be satisfi$1 n by words1 b ?+s4 ,& yet t doma9 :i* ! physici/s contemptu\sly describe z ! /udy ( words mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 inde$ _c be1 ei!r by "y or old4 ,z ,mat!w ,arnold has said1 8^? :o are = giv+ to natural k ! *ief place 9 ! education ( ! majority ( mank9d leave "o important ?+ out ( _! acc\nt--! con/itution ( human nature40 8,we live by ,admiration1 ,hope1 & ,love1 ,& e'en z ^! are well & wisely fix$1 ,9 dignity ( be+ we asc5d40 ,s says ,wordswor?1 & if ?is ass]tion _c be v]ifi$1 no m c x be disprov$2 t ! words h become almo/ prov]bial %[s t x comm5ds itself to ! g5]al consci\sness4 ,:atev] k we may acquire1 x w h little effect on our lives unless we c 8relate x0 7aga9 to use ,mat!w ,arnold's words71 8to our s5se ( conduct & our s5se ( beauty40 7,disc\rses 9 ,am]ica4 8,lit]ature & ,sci5ce407 ,s long z we reta9 our s5se = ^!1 8! humanities0 are safe4 ,l ,milton we may h no incl9ation to /udy 8mod]n ,januas10 b we %all n cease to value _m ( ! works :i* ! ,janua ( ,com5ius 0 suppos$ to h supplant$4#hc #ea4 8,analogies are good = illu/ration1 n = pro(40 ,if ,com5ius _h accept$ ?is caution1 he w\ld h escap$ mu* useless lab\r1 & might h _h a bett] f\ndation = 8 rules ?an fanciful applications ( :at he obs]v$ 9 ! ext]nal _w4 8,com5ius0 z ,augu/ ,vogel has said1 8is unque/ionably "r 9 wi%+ to draw 8 pr9ciples ( education f ,nature2 b in/ead ( exam9+ ! prop] con/itution & nature ( man1 & tak+ t z ! basis ( 8 !ory1 he wat*es ! life ( birds1 ! gr[? ( trees1 or ! quiet influ5ce ( ! sun1 & ?us sub/itutes = ! nature ( man nature )\t man 7die objective ,natur74 ,& yet by ,nature he und]/&s t fir/ & primordial /ate to :i* z to our orig9al idea we %\ld be re/or$1 & by ! voice ( ,nature he und]/&s ! univ]sal ,provid5ce ( ,god or ! ceaseless influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,goodness work+ all 9 all1 t is1 lead+ e creature to ! /ate orda9$ = x4 ,! vegetative & animal life 9 ,nature is accord+ to ,com5ius himself n life at all 9 its highe/ s5se1 b ! only true life is ! intellectual or spiritual life ( ,man4 ,no d\bt 9 ! two l[] k9ds ( life c]ta9 analogies may be f\nd = ! high]2 b no?+ c be less wor?y ( reliance & less sci5tific ?an a me?od :i* draws its pr9ciples = ! high] life f :at has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! l[]40 7,a4 ,vogel's ,ges*4 d4 ,pdagogik als ,wiss5s*aft1 p4 #id47 #eb4 ,?is seems to me judici\s criticism2 b :atev] mi/akes he may h made1 ,com5ius1 l ,froebel long aft] him1 /rove aft] a high] unity :i* %\ld embrace k ( e k9d4 ,! connexion ( kn[l$ges 7s con/antly ov]look$ 9 ! s*oolroom7 0 always 9 8 ?\ghts4 8,we see t ! bran*es ( a tree _c live unless !y all alike suck _! juices f a common trunk ) common roots4 ,& c we hope t ! bran*es ( ,wisdom c be torn asund] ) safety to _! life1 t is to tru?8 ,c "o be a ,natural ,philosoph] :o is n also a ,metaphysician8 or an ,e?ical ,?9k] :o does n "k some?+ ( ,physical ,sci5ce8 or a ,logician :o has no k ( real matt]s8 or a ,!ologian1 a jurisconsult1 or a ,physician1 :o is n fir/ a ,philosoph]8 or an ,orator or ,poet1 :o is n all ^! at once8 ,he deprives himself ( light1 ( h&1 & ( regulation1 :o pu%es away f him any %r$ ( ! kn[able40 7,quot$ 9 ,masson's ,l4 ( ,milton vol4 iij41 p4 #bac f ! ,del9eatio1 i4e41 ,pansophi ,prodromus4 ,conf4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,idea ( a ,univ]sity1 ,disc4 iij47 #ec4 ,we see !n t on ! side ( !ory1 ,com5ius 0 truly great4 ,b ! practical man :o has always be5 ! tyrant ( ! s*oolroom c>$ no?+ = !ory & held1 ) a mod]n ,engli% m9i/] responsible = education1 :o prov$ 8 ignorance ( !ory by 8 8,new ,code10 t !re 01 & c\ld be no su* ?+4 ,s ! reputation ( ,com5ius became pretty mu* :at our great au?ority ,hallam has record$1 t he 0 a p]son ( "s +5uity & little judgm5t :o inv5t$ a new way ( le>n+ ,lat94 ,?is e/imate ( him enables u to foll[ "s w9d+s 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght ab\t education4 ,com5ius fac$ ! :ole problem 9 its d\ble be>+1 !ory & practice3 he ask$1 ,:at is ! educator's task8 ,h[ c he be/ accompli% x8 ,b 8 contempor>ies _h n yet recov]$ f ! idolatry ( ,lat9 :i* _h be5 bequea!d to !m by _! fa!rs f ! ,r5asc5ce1 & !y too saw 9 ,com5ius *iefly an inv5tor ( a new way ( le>n+ ,lat94 ,he s\ght to tra9 up *ildr5 = ?is _w & ! next2 !y suppos$1 z ,ox5/i]n himself said1 t ! ma9 ?+ to be rem$i$ 0 ! clumsy way ( tea*+ ,lat94 ,s ,com5ius 0 little und]/ood4 ,8 books 7 seiz$ ^u z af=d+ at once an introduction to ! k ( ?+s & a %ort way ( le>n+ ,lat94 ,b 9 ! long run !y 7 f\nd m tiresome ?an ! old classics3 s !y w5t out ( fa%ion1 & _! au?or 0 =gott5 ) !m4 ,n[ t s*oolma/]s are =m+ a m wor?y conception ( _! (fice1 !y are beg9n+ to d ju/ice to ,com5ius4 #ed4 ,z ! ,jesuits kept to ,lat9 z ! common language ( ! ,*ur*1 s ,com5ius ?\ght to use x z a means ( int]-communication = ! in/ruct$ ( e nationality4 ,b he 0 s+ul>ly free f ov]-e/imat+ ! value ( ,lat91 & he dem&$ t all nations %\ld be taught 9 _! own language :]e9 !y 7 born4 ,on ?is subject he expresses himself ) great emphasis4 8,we desire & prote/ t /udies ( wisdom be no long] committ$ to ,lat9 alone1 & kept %ut up 9 ! s*ools1 z has hi!rto be5 done1 to ! greate/ contempt & injury ( ! p at l>ge1 & ! popul> tongues4 ,let all ?+s be deliv]$ to ea* nation 9 its own spee*40 7,del9eatio ,prodromus 9 ,masson ut supra47 #ee4 ,com5ius 0 !n nei!r a v]bali/ nor a classici/1 & yet 8 contempor>ies 7 n entirely wrong 9 ?9k+ ( him z 8a man :o _h inv5t$ a new way ( le>n+ ,lat940 ,8 great pr9ciple 0 t in/ruction 9 words & ?+s %\ld g toge!r4#hd ,! "y 7 to le>n ab\t ?+s1 & at ! same "t 7 to acquire bo? 9 ! v]nacul> & also 9 ,lat91 ! int]national tongue1 ! words :i* 7 connect$ ) ! ?+s4 ,hav+ settl$ on ?is plan ( concurr5t in/ruction 9 words & ?+s1 ,com5ius det]m9$ to write a book = c>ry+ x out4 ,j !n !re fell into 8 h&s a book :i* a less op5-m9d$ man might h ?r[n aside on acc\nt ( its orig91 = x 0 writt5 by ! bitt] foes & p]secutors ( ! ,bohemian ,prote/ants1 by ! ,jesuits4 ,b ,com5ius says truly1 8,i c>e n :e!r ,i tea* or :e!r ,i le>n10 & he gave a m>vell\s pro( ( ?is by adopt+ ! l+ui/ic me?od ( ! ,jesuits' ,janua ,l+u>um4#he ,?is 8,noah's ,ark = words10 treat$ 9 a s]ies ( prov]bs ( all k9ds ( subjects1 9 su* a way z to introduce 9 a natural connection e common ^w 9 ! ,lat9 language4 8,! idea10 says ,com5ius1 80 bett] ?an ! execution4 ,nev]!less1 inasmu* z !y 7! ,jesuits7 7 ! prime inv5tors1 we ?ankfully ackn[l$ge x1 nor w we upbraid !m ) ^? errors !y h committ$40 7,preface to ,an*oran's trans4 ( ,janua47 #ef4 ,! plan comm5d$ itself to ,com5ius on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,fir/1 he _h a notion ( giv+ an outl9e ( all k be=e any?+ 0 taught 9 detail4 ,next1 he c\ld by su* a book connect ! tea*+ ab\t simple ?+s ) in/ruction 9 ! ,lat9 words :i* appli$ to !m4 ,& ?irdly1 he hop$ by ?is means to give su* a complete ,lat9 vocabul>y z to r5d] ! use ( ,lat9 easy = all requirem5ts ( mod]n society4 ,he accord+ly wrote a %ort acc\nt ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 :i* he put 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 & ?is he publi%$ 9 ,lat9 & ,g]man at ,leszna 9 #aeca4 ,! success ( ?is "w1 z we h already se51 0 prodigi\s4 ,no d\bt ! _s :i* animat$ ,bacon 0 l>gely diffus$ among educat$ m5 9 all c\ntries1 & !y hail$ ! appe>ance ( a book :i* call$ ! y\? f ! /udy ( old philosophical ideas to obs]ve ! facts ar\nd !m4 #eg4 ,! c\ntrym5 ( ,bacon 7 n backw>d 9 adopt+ ! new "w1 z ! foll[+1 f ! title-page ( a volume 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 w %[3 8,! ,gate ( ,tongues ,unlock$ & ,op5$2 or else1 a ,sem9>y or ,se$-plot ( all ,tongues & ,sci5ces4 ,t is1 a %ort way ( tea*+ & ?or\ghly le>n+1 )9 a ye>e & a half at ! fur!/1 ! ,lat9e1 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & any o!r tongue1 ) ! gr\nd & f\ndation ( arts & sci5ces1 compris$ "u a hundr$ titles & #ajeh p]iods4 ,9 ,lat9 fir/1 & n[1 z a tok5 ( ?ankfulness1 br\ght to light 9 ,lat9e1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 9 ! behalfe ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ,pr9ce ,*>les1 & ( ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,iri% y\?4 ,! #d? edition1 mu* enl>g$1 by ! lab\r & indu/ry ( ,john ,an*oran1 ,lic5tiate 9 ,div9ity1 ,london4 ,pr9t$ by ,edw>d ,griff9 = ,mi*ael ,sp>ke1 dwell+ at ! ,blew ,bible 9 ,gre5 ,arbor1 #afci40 ,! fir/ edition mu/ h be5 "s ye>s e>li]1 & ! "w conta9s a lett] to ,an*oran f ,com5ius dat$ 8,lessiv polonorum 7,leszna7 #aa? ,oct1 #afcb40 ,s we see t1 h[ev] ! connexion arose1 x 0 ,an*oran n ,h>tlib :o fir/ made ,com5ius kn[n 9 ,engl&4 #eh4 ,9 ! preface to ! volume 7sign$ by ,an*oran & ,com5ius7 we read ( ! compla9ts ( 8,ascam1 ,vives1 ,erasmus1 ,/urmius1 ,friscl9us1 ,dornavius & o!rs40 ,! ,scalig]s & ,lipsius did climb b left no track4 8,h5ce x is t ! great] numb] ( s*ools 7h[soev] "s boa/ ! happ9esse ( ! age & ! spl5d\r ( le>n+7 h n z yet %ak$ (f _! ataxies4 ,! y\? 0 held (f1 nay di/ract$1 & is yet 9 _m places delay$ ) gramm> precepts inf9itely t$i\s1 p]plex$1 obscure1 & 7= ! mo/ "p7 unpr(itable1 & t = _m ye>s40 ,! names ( ?+s 7 taught to ^? :o 7 9 total ignorance ( ! ?+s !mselves4 #ei4 ,f ?is b>r5 region ! pupil 0 to escape to become acqua9t$ ) ?+s4 8,come on10 says ! tea*] 9 ! op5+ dialogue1 8let u g =? into ! op5 air4 ,!re y %all view :atsoev] ,god produc$ f ! beg9n+1 & do? yet effect by nature4 ,aft]w>ds we w g into t[ns1 %ops1 s*ools1 :]e y %all see h[ m5 d bo? apply ^? ,div9e works to _! uses1 & also in/ruct !mselves 9 arts1 mann]s1 tongues4 ,!n we w ent] into h\ses1 c\rts1 & palaces ( pr9ces1 to see 9 :at mann] communities ( m5 are gov]n$4 ,at la/ we w visit temples1 :]e y %all obs]ve h[ div]sely mortals seek to wor%ip _! ,creator & to be spiritually unit$ unto ,him1 & h[ ,he by ,8 ,almight9ess dispose? all ?+s40 7,?is is f ! #afef edition1 by 8,w4,d407 ,! book is /ill amus+1 b only f ! qua9t mann] 9 :i* ! mode ( life two hundr$ ye>s ago is describ$ 9 x4#hf #fj4 ,b ?\gh p>ts ( ! book may on fir/ read+ h gratifi$ ! y\? ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a great deal ( x gave scanty in=mation ab\t difficult subjects1 su* z physiology1 geometry1 logic1 rhetoric1 & t too 9 ! drie/ & dulle/ way4 ,moreov]1 9 8 fir/ v]sion 7mu* modifi$ at ,s>os-,patak7 ,com5ius foll[+ ! ,jesuit boa/s t no important ^w occurs twice2 s t ! book1 to atta9 ! end ( giv+ a p]fect /ock ( ,lat9 words1 w\ld h to be read & re-read till x 0 almo/ kn[n by he>t2 & h[ev] amus+ boys might f9d an acc\nt ( _! toys writt5 9 ,lat9 ! fir/ "t ( read+1 ! int]e/ w\ld some:at we> away by ! fif? or six? "t4 ,we _c !n feel mu* surpris$ on read+ ?is 8g5]al v]dict10 writt5 "s ye>s lat]1 t\*+ ^? e>li] works ( ,com5ius3 8,!y are ( s+ul> use1 & v advantage\s to ^? ( m discretion 7especially to su* z h already got a smatt]+ 9 ,lat971 to help _! memories to reta9 :at !y h scatt]+ly gott5 "h & !re1 & to furni% !m ) _m words :i* p]haps !y _h n =m]ly read or s well obs]v$2 b to "y *ildr5 7:om we h *iefly to in/ruct1 z ^? t are ignorant altoge!r ( mo/ ?+s & words71 !y prove r a m]e toil & burd5 ?an a delight & fur!rance40 7,*as4 ,hoole's preface to 8 trans4 ( ,orbis ,pictus1 dat$ 8,f my s*ool 9 ,lo?bury1 ,london1 ,jan4 #be1 #afeh407 #fa4 ,! 8,janua0 w\ld1 !re=e1 h _h b a %ort-liv$ popul>ity ) tea*]s1 & a /ill %ort] ) le>n]s1 if ,com5ius _h n c>ri$ out 8 pr9ciple ( appeal+ to ! s5ses1 & adopt$ a plan :i* _h be5 sugge/$1 ne>ly #ej ye>s e>li]1 by a ,prote/ant div9e1 ,lub9us1#hg ( ,ro/ock4 ,! arti/ 0 call$ 91 & ) ,endt] at ,nrnb]g 9 #afeg 0 publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( a book :i* long outliv$ ! ,janua4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus1 :i* 0 us$ = a c5tury at lea/ 9 _m a s*oolroom1 & lives 9 imitations to ! pres5t day4 ,com5ius wrote ?is book on ! same l9es z ! ,janua1 b he goes into less detail1 & e subject is illu/rat$ by a small engrav+4 ,! text is mo/ly on ! opposite page to ! picture1 & is connect$ ) x by a s]ies ( correspond+ numb]s4 ,ev]y?+ nam$ 9 ! text is numb]$ z 9 ! picture4 ,! arti/ employ$ mu/ h be5 a bold man1 z he /icks at no?+2 b 9 skill he 0 n ! equal ( _m ( 8 contempor>ies2 witness ! pictures 9 ! ,s*affhaus5 ,janua 7,editio secunda1 ,schaffhus,i1 #afeh71 9 ,daniel's edition ( ! ,janua1 #aefb1 & ! v small b beautiful illu/rations 9 ! ,ve/ibulum ( 8,jacob ,r$+] & ,j4 ,s40 7,am/]dam1 #afgc74 ,h[ev]1 ! ,orbis ,pictus gives su* a qua9t del9eation ( life #bjj ye>s ago t copies ) ! orig9al engrav+s keep ris+ 9 value1 & an ,am]ican publi%] 7,b>de5 ( ,syracuse1 ,new ,york71 has lately reproduc$ ! old book ) ! help ( photography4 #fb4 ,& yet z in/rum5ts ( tea*+1 ^! books1 i4e4 ! ,ve/ibulum & ! ,janua & ev5 ! ,orbis ,pictus :i* 9 a great measure sup]s$$ bo?1 prov$ a failure4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ?is8 ,com5ius imm5sely ov]-e/imat$ ! importance ( k & ! p[] ( ! human m9d to acquire k4 ,he took x = ! heav5ly idea t man %\ld "k all ?+s4 ,?is notion />t$ him on ! wrong road = =m+ a s*eme ( in/ruction1 & x ne$$ _m ye>s & mu* exp]i5ce to %[ him 8 error4 ,:5 he wrote ! ,orbis ,pictus he said ( x3 8,x is a little book1 z y see1 ( no great bulk1 yet a brief ( ! :ole _w & a :ole language20 7,hoole's trans4 ,preface72 & he aft]w>ds speaks ( 8?is our little encyclopdia ( ?+s subject to ! s5ses40 ,b 9 8 old age he saw t 8 text-books 7 too cond5s$ & attempt$ too mu* 7,laurie1 p4 #ei72 & he admitt$ t aft] all ,s5eca 0 "r3 8,melius e/ scire pauca et iis rect uti quam scire multa1 quorum ignores usum4 ,x is bett] to "k a few ?+s & h ! "r use ( !m ?an to "k _m ?+s :i* y _c use at all40 #fc4 ,! attempt to give 8in=mation0 has be5 ! ru9 ( a va/ numb] ( pr(ess+ educators s9ce ,com5ius4 ,ma/]s 8( ! old s*ool0 :om "s ( u c /ill rememb] made boys le>n ,lat9 & ,greek ,gramm> & no?+ else4 ,_! successors seem to ?9k t boys %\ld n le>n ,lat9 & ,greek ,gramm> b ev]y?+ else3 & ! la/ error ,i take to be mu* worse ?an ! fir/4 ,z ,rusk9 has neatly said1 education is n tea*+ p to "k :at !y d n "k1 b to behave z !y d n behave4 ,x is to be judg$ n by ! k acquir$1 b ! habits1 p[]s1 int]e/s3 k mu/ be ?\ght ( 8la/ & lea/40 #fd4 ,s ! attempt to tea* ab\t ev]y?+ 0 unwise4 ,! means adopt$ 7 unwise also4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t a 8g5]al view0 %\ld come fir/2 ?is is n ! "r way to give k 9 any subject4 8,a *ild beg9s by see+ bits ( ev]y?+--"h a little & !re a little2 x makes up its :oles out ( its own littles1 & is long 9 rea*+ ! fulness ( a :ole2 & 9 ?is we are *ildr5 all our lives 9 mu*40 7,dr4 ,john ,br[n 9 ,hor ,subseciv1 p4 #e47 ,s no?+ c\ld h be5 mu* m un=tunate ?an an attempt to give ! "y 8a brief ( ! :ole _w40 ,comp5dia1 disp5dia4 #fe4 ,correspond+ to 8a brief ( ! :ole _w10 ,com5ius (f]s 8a brief ( a :ole language40 ,! two mi/akes 7 well mat*$4 ,9 8! :ole _w0 !re are a va/ numb] ( ?+s ( :i* we mu/1 & a good numb] ( :i* we v advantage\sly may be ignorant4 ,9 a language !re are _m words :i* we _c "k & _m m :i* we d n want to "k4 ,! language lives = u 9 a small vocabul>y ( ess5tial words1 & our hold ^u ! language dep5ds ^u ! p[] we h 9 receiv+ & express+ ?\ght by means ( ^? words4 ,b ! ,jesuit ,ba?1 & aft] him ,com5ius1 made ! trem5d\s mi/ake ( treat+ all ,lat9 words z ( equal value1 & took cr$it = us+ ea* ^w once & once only6 ,moreov]1 ,com5ius wrote n simply to tea* ! ,lat9 language1 b also to /ret* ! ,lat9 language till x cov]$ ! :ole area ( mod]n life4 ,he aim$ at two ?+s & miss$ !m bo?4 #ff4 ,we see !n t ,com5ius 0 n :at ,hallam calls him1 8a man :o inv5t$ a new way ( le>n+ ,lat940 ,he did n d ?is1 b he did mu* m ?an ?is4 ,he saw t e human creature %\ld be tra9$ up to become a reasonable be+1 & t ! tra9+ %\ld be su* z to draw out ,god-giv5 faculties4 ,?us he /ruck ! key-note ( ! sci5ce ( education4 ,! quantity & ! diffus5ess ( ! writ+s ( ,com5ius are truly bewild]+4 ,9 ^! days em95t m51 ,c>lyle1 e4g41 sometimes f9d x difficult to get into pr9t2 b pr9t+-presses all ov] ,europe seem$ to be at ! s]vice ( ,com5ius4 ,an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s editions ( ! ,janua w\ld be an int]e/+ piece ( bibliography1 b ! task ( mak+ x w\ld n be a light "o4 ,! e>lie/ copy ( :i* ,i c f9d a trace is ent]$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,bodleian3 8,com5ius ,j4 ,a4 ,janua ,l+u>um1 #hvo1 ,lips 7,leipzig7 #afcb40 ,i also f9d !re ano!r copy ent]$ 8p] ,an*oranum1 cum clave p] ,w4 ,salton/all1 ,london1 #afcc40 ,! fame ( ,com5ius is increas+ & _m int]e/+ works h n[ be5 writt5 ab\t him4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! ,engli% books ( ,b5ham & ,laurie4 ,9 ,g]man ,i h ! foll[+ books1 b n ! "t to read !m all3-- ,daniel1 ,h4 ,a4 ,z]/reute ,bltt]4 ,halle1 #ahff4 ,free1 ,h4 ,pdagogik d4 ,com5ius4 ,b]nburg1 #ahhd4 ,hill]1 ,r4 ,late9 ,me?ode d4 ,j4 ,a4 ,com5ius4 ,zs*opau1 #ahhc4 7v4 g4 & t]se2 only #df pp47 ,mll]1 ,walt]4 ,com5ius e9 ,sy/ematik] 9 d4 ,pd4 ,dresd51 #ahhg4 ,papp5heim1 ,e4 ,amos ,com5ius4 ,b]l91 #ahga4 ,seyff>?1 ,l4 ,w4 ,j4 ,a4 ,com5ius4 ,leipzig1 #bnd edition1 #ahga4 7,a c>eful &1 z f> z ,i c judge 9 ha/e1 an excell5t piece ( "w47 ,z\bek1 ,fr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,a4 ,com5ius4 ,e9e quell5mssige ,leb5sskizze1 7,prefix$ to trans4 ( ,didac4 ,m4 9 ,ri*t]'s ,pd4 ,biblio!k47 ,= a ,port-,royali/'s criticism ( ! ,janua1 see infra4 7p4 #ahe note47 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,port-,,royal4#hh #a4 ,9 ! sixte5-hundr$s by f> ! mo/ successful s*oolma/]s 7 ! ,jesuits4 ,9 spite ( _! exclusion f ! ,univ]sity1 !y _h 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,p>is "s #ad1jjj pupils1 & 9 ,p>is itself at ! ,collge de ,cl]mont1 #a1hjj4 ,might !y n h neglect$ 8! ,little ,s*ools10 :i* 7 organiz$ by ! fri5ds & disciples ( ! ,abb de ,sa9t-,cyran1 s*ools 9 :i* ! numb]s 7 always small1 ab\t tw5ty or tw5ty-five1 & only once increas+ to fifty8 ,& yet ! ,jesuits left no /one unturn$1 no weapon unemploy$1 9 _! attack on 8! ,little ,s*ools40 ,! conflict seems to u l an engagem5t betwe5 a man-(-w> & a fi%+-boat4 ,t ! poor fi%+-boat w\ld soon be b5ea? ! waves1 0 cle> en\gh f ! beg9n+1 & %e did inde$ spe$ily disappe>2 b ! victors h nev] recov]$ f _! victory & nev] w4 ,:5ev] we ?9k ( ,jesuitism we are n m =cibly rem9d$ ( ,loyola ?an ( ,pascal4 ,all educat$ ,fr5*m51 mo/ educat$ p ev]y:]e1 get _! be/ rememb]$ impressions ( ! ,society ( ,loyola f ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s4#hi #b4 ,! ,society _h a long /&+ rivalry ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & ! ,univ]sity n only refus$ to admit ! ,jesuits1 b sev]al times petition$ ! ,p>liam5t to *ase !m out ( ,france4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions ! advocate :o 0 reta9$ by ! ,univ]sity 0 ,anto9e ,arnauld1 a man ( r5[n$ eloqu5ce2 & he ?rew himself into ! attack ) all 8 he>t4 ,f t "t ! ,jesuits _h a /&+ feud ) ! h\se ( ,arnauld4 #c4 ,b x 0 no m]e p]sonal dislike t sep>at$ ! ,port-,royali/s & ! ,jesuits4 ,port-,royal ) :i* ! ,arnauld family 0 s closely unit$1 became ! /ronghold ( a !ology :i* 0 unlike t ( ! ,jesuits1 & 0 d5\nc$ by !m z h]esy4 ,! daught] ( ,anto9e ,arnauld 0 made1 at ! age ( elev5 ye>s1 ,abbess ( ,port-,royal1 a ,ci/]cian conv5t n f> f ,v]sailles4 ,?is position 0 obta9$ = h] by a fraud ( ,m>ion1 ,h5ry ,,iv's advocate-g5]al1 :o ?\ght only ( provid+ com=tably = "o ( ! tw5ty *ildr5 to :om 8 daught]1 ,made4 ,arnauld1 _h made him gr&fa!r4 ,nev] 0 a nom9ation m sc&al\sly obta9$ or us$ to bett] purpose4 ,! ,mre ,anglique is "o ( ! sa9ts ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 & %e soon became ! re/or] ( ! religi\s life fir/ 9 h] own & !n by h] influ5ce & example 9 o!r conv5ts ( h] ,ord]4 #d4 ,9 ^! re=ms %e _h no?+ to fe> f h] h]$it>y foes ! ,jesuits2 b %e soon came "u ! influ5ce ( a man ^: !ory ( life 0 z mu* oppos$ to ! ,jesuits' !ory z to t ( ! _w :i* f\nd 9 ! ,jesuits ! mo/ accommodat+ fa!r confessors4 ,duv]gi] de ,hauranne 7#aeha-afdc7 bett] kn[n by ! "n ( 8 8abbaye10 ,sa9t-,cyran1 0 "o ( ^? comm&+ spirits :o seem born to direct o!rs & =m a di/9ct society4 ,9 va9 ,ri*elieu (f]$ him ! po/s mo/ likely to tempt him4 ,! prize t ,sa9t-,cyran _h set 8 he>t ^u 0 n ( ?is _w1 & ,ri*elieu c\ld assi/ him 9 "o way only--by p]secution4 ,?is assi/ance ! ,c>d9al readily grant$1 & by 8 ord]s ,sa9t-,cyran 0 imprison$ at ,v9c5nes1 & n set at lib]ty till ,ri*elieu 0 himself summon$ be=e a high] tribunal4 #e4 ,driv5 by prevail+ sickness f ,port-,royal des ,*amps1 ! ,mre ,anglique transport$ h] community 79 #afbf7 to a h\se pur*as$ = !m 9 ,p>is by h] "m :o 9 h] wid[hood became "o ( ! ,si/]s4 ,9 ,p>is ,anglique s\ght = h]self & h] conv5t ! spiritual direction ( ,sa9t-,cyran 7n yet a prison]71 & f t "t ,sa9t-,cyran add$ ! ,abbess & ,si/]s ( ,port-,royal to ! numb] ( ^? :o look$ up to him z _! patt]n & guide 9 all ?+s4 ,port-,royal des ,*amps 0 9 c\rse ( "t occupi$ by a b& ( solit>ies :o at ! bidd+ ( ,sa9t-,cyran r5\nc$ ! _w & devot$ !mselves to pray] & /udy4 ,to !m we owe ! works ( 8! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal40 #f4 ,x is !n to ,sa9t-,cyran we mu/ look = ! ideas :i* became ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! ,port-,royali/s4 ,sa9t-,cyran 0 be=e all ?+s a !ologian4 ,9 8 e>ly days at ,bayonne 8 /udies _h be5 %>$ by a fri5d :o aft]w>ds 0 pr(essor ( !ology at ,l\va91 & !n ,bi%op ( ,ypres4 ,?is fri5d 0 ,jans5ius4 ,_! se>*es aft] tru? _h br\ght !m to op9ions :i* 9 ! ,engl& ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are kn[n z 8,evangelical40 ,accord+ to 8,ca?olic0 tea*+ all ^? :o receive ! cre$ & ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur* & d n commit 8mortal0 s9 are 9 a 8/ate ( salvation10 t is to say ! great majority ( ,*ri/ians are sav$4 ,?is tea*+ is reject$ by ^? ( ano!r s*ool ( ?\ght :o hold t only a few 8elect0 are sav$ & t ! great body ev5 ( ,*ri/ians are doom$ to p]dition4 #g4 ,su* a belief z ?is w\ld seem to be associat$ ( necessity ) h>%ness & gloom2 b f :atev] cause1 !re has be5 f\nd 9 _m1 ev5 9 mo/1 cases no su* connexion4 ,^? :o h held t ! great mass ( _! fell[-creatures _h no hope 9 a future _w1 h ?r[n !mselves lov+ly into all attempts to improve _! condition 9 ?is _w4 ,/ill1 _! ma9 ef=t has always be5 to increase ! numb] ( ! conv]t$ & to pres]ve !m f ! wiles ( ! enemy4 ,?is ,sa9t-,cyran s\ght to d by select+ a few *ildr5 & br++ !m up 9 _! t5d] ye>s l hot-h\se plants1 9 ! hope t !y w\ld be prep>$ :5 old] & /rong]1 to resi/ ! evil influ5ces ( ! _w4 #h4 ,8 fir/ plan 0 to *oose out ( all ,p>is six *ildr5 & to confide !m to ! c>e ( a prie/ appo9t$ to direct _! consci5ces1 & a tutor ( n m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s old1 to tea* !m ,lat94 8,i %\ld ?9k10 says he1 8x 0 do+ a good deal if ,i did n advance !m f> 9 ,lat9 be=e ! age ( twelve1 & made !m pass _! fir/ ye>s conf9$ to "o h\se or a mona/]y 9 ! c\ntry :]e !y might be all[$ all ! pa/imes suit$ to _! age & :]e !y might see only ! example ( a good life set by ^? ab\t !m40 7,lett] quot$ by ,c>r1 p4 #bj47 #i4 ,8 imprisonm5t put a /op to ?is plan1 8b10 says ,sa9t-,cyran1 8,i d n lightly break (f :at ,i und]take = ,god20 s :5 intru/$ ) ! disposal ( #b1jjj francs by ,m4 ,bignon1 he />t$ ! fir/ 8,little ,s*ool10 9 :i* two small sons ( ,m4 ,bignon's 7 tak5 z pupils4 ,! "n ( 8,little ,s*ools10 0 giv5 p>tly p]haps because accord+ to _! design ! numb]s 9 any s*ool c\ld nev] be l>ge1 p>tly no d\bt to deprecate any suspicion ( rivalry ) ! s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! *ildr5 7 to be tak5 at an e>ly age1 n9e or t51 be=e !y c\ld h any guilty k ( evil1 & ,sa9t-,cyran made 9 all cases a /ipulation t at any "t a *ild might be return$ to 8 fri5ds2 b 9 cases :]e ! ma/]'s c>e seem$ successful1 ! pupils 7 to be kept "u x till !y 7 gr[n up4 #aj4 ,! ,little ,s*ools _h a %ort & tr\bl$ c>e] ( h>dly m ?an fifte5 ye>s4 ,!y 7 n fully organiz$ till #afdf2 !y 7 proscrib$ a few ye>s lat] & 9 #affa 7 f9ally brok5 up by ,l\is ,,xiv1 :o 0 "u ! influ5ce ( _! enemies ! ,jesuits4 ,b 9 t "t ! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal _h introduc$ new ideas :i* h be5 a =ce 9 ,fr5* education & inde$ 9 all lit]>y education ev] s9ce4 ,to ,sa9t-,cyran !n we trace ! attempt at a p>ticul> k9d ( s*ool1 & to 8 foll[]s "s new dep>tures 9 ! tra9+ ( ! intellect4 #aa4 ,bas+ 8 sy/em on ! ,fall ( ,man1 ,sa9t-,cyran came to a conclusion :i* 0 also rea*$ by ,locke ?\gh by a diff]5t road4 ,to bo? ( !m x seem$ t *ildr5 require mu* m individual c>e & wat*+ ?an !y c possibly get 9 a public s*ool4 ,sa9t-,cyran w\ld h said :at ,locke said3 8,! diff]5ce is great betwe5 two or ?ree pupils 9 ! same h\se & ?ree or f\r score boys lodg$ up & d[n3 = let ! ma/]'s indu/ry & skill be nev] s great1 x is impossible he %\ld h fifty or "o hundr$ s*ol>s "u 8 eye any long] ?an !y are 9 s*ool toge!r3 ,nor c x be expect$ t he %\ld in/ruct !m successfully 9 any?+ b _! books2 ! =m+ ( _! m9ds & mann]s pres]v+ !m f ! dang] ( ! enemy1 ,sa9t-,cyran w\ld h said requir+ a con/ant att5tion & p>ticul> application to e s+le boy1 :i* is impossible 9 a num]\s flock1 & w\ld be :olly 9 va9 7c\ld he h "t to /udy & correct ev]yone's peculi> defects & wrong incl9ations7 :5 ! lad 0 to be left to himself or ! prevail+ infection ( 8 fell[s ! great] "p ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs40 7,?\ghts c4 ,ed4 #gj47 #ab4 ,an ,engli% public s*oolma/] told ! ,commission on ,public ,s*ools1 t he /ood 9 loco p>5tis to fifty boys4 8,r a l>ge family10 obs]v$ "o ( ! ,commission]s drily4 ,! tru? is t 9 ! br++ up ( ! "y !re is ! place ( ! s*oolma/] & ( ! s*ool-fell[s1 z well z t ( ! p>5ts2 & ( ^! sev]al =ces "o _c fulfil ! functions ( ! o!rs4 #ac4 ,accord+ to ! !ory or at lea/ ! practice ( ,engli% public s*ools1 boys are left 9 _! leisure h\rs to organize _! life = !mselves1 & !y =m a community f :i* ! ma/]s are1 p>tly by _! own ov]-"w1 p>tly by ! traditions ( ! s*ool1 utt]ly exclud$4 ,f ?is ! intellectual education ( ! boys no d\bt suff]s4 8,engage !m 9 conv]sation ) m5 ( p>ts & bre$+10 says ,locke2 & ?is 0 ! old notion ( tra9+ :5 boys ( good family grew up z pages 9 ! h\sehold ( "s nobleman4 ,b1 except 9 ! holidays1 ! "y ari/ocrats ( ! pres5t day talk only ) o!r boys1 & s]vants1 & tradesm54 ,h5ce ! am\nt ( ?\ght & conv]sation giv5 to s*ool topics1 especially ! games1 is out ( all proportion to ! importance ( su* ?+s2 & ?is does mu* to increase :at ,mat!w ,arnold calls 8! b>b>ians'0 inaptitude = ideas4 #ad4 ,:at are we to say ab\t ! effects ( ! sy/em on ! morals ( ! boys8 ,if we 7 to />t l ,sa9t-,cyran f ! doctr9e ( human depravity1 we %\ld entirely condemn ! sy/em & pr$ict f x ! mo/ disa/r\s results2#ij b f exp]i5ce we come to a v diff]5t conclusion4 ,bi%op ,dupanl\p1 inde$1 spoke ( ! public s*ools ( ,france z 8ces g\ffres40 ,?is is n :at is said or ?\ght ( ! ,engli% s*ools1 & !y are fill$ ) boys ^: fa!rs & gr&fa!rs 7 br\ght up 9 !m1 & desire above all ?+s to ma9ta9 ! old traditions4 #ae4 ,! ,little ,s*ools ( ,port-,royal aim$ at tra9+ a few boys v diff]5tly2 ea* ma/] _h ! *>ge ( five or six only1 & ^! 7 nev] to be out ( 8 pres5ce day or night4#ia #af4 ,x may reasonably be object$ t su* s*ools w\ld be possible only = a few *ildr5 ( well-to-d p>5ts1 & t m5 :o w\ld ?us devote !mselves c\ld be f\nd only at seasons ( great en?usiasm4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances small s*ools h mo/ ( ! drawbacks & few ( ! advantages :i* are to be f\nd 9 l>ge s*ools4 ,z ,i h already said1 p>5ts1 s*oolma/]s1 & s*ool-fell[s h sep>ate functions 9 education2 & ev5 9 ! smalle/ s*ool ! ma/] c nev] take ! place ( ! p>5t1 or ! s*ool become ! home4 ,*ildr5 at home ent] into ! _w ( _! fa!r & "m2 ! family fri5ds are _! fri5ds1 ! family ev5ts affect !m z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b 9 ! s*ool1 h[ev] small1 ! *ildr5's int]e/s are unconnect$ ) ! ma/] & ! ma/]'s family4 ,! boys may be on ! mo/ intimate1 ev5 affectionate t]ms ) ! gr[n p :o h *>ge ( !m2 b ! m5tal horizon ( ! two p>ties is v diff]5t1 & _! common area ( vision b small4 ,9 su* cases ! "y d n rise into ! _w ( ! adults1 & x is almo/ impossible = ! adults to desc5d into !irs4 ,!y are 8no company0 ! "o = ! o!r1 & to be con/antly 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce w\ld subject bo? to v irksome re/ra9t4 ,:5 left to !mselves1 boys 9 small numb]s are f> m likely to get into h>m ?an boys 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 l>ge communities ev5 ( boys1 8! common s5se ( mo/0 is a *eck on ! badly dispos$4 ,s z x seems to me if f any cause ! "y _c live at home & att5d a day-s*ool1 !y w be f> bett] (f 9 a l>ge bo>d+ s*ool ?an 9 "o t w\ld bett] fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ,erasmus1#ib ,sa9t-,cyran1 & ,locke4 #ag4 ,z ,sa9t-,cyran attribut$ imm5se importance to ! "p ( ! ma/] 9 education1 he 0 n easily satisfi$ ) 8 qualifications4 8,!re is no occupation 9 ! ,*ur* t is m wor?y ( a ,*ri/ian2 next to giv+ up "o's life !re is no great] *>ity4444 ,! *>ge ( ! s\l ( "o ( ^! little ones is a high] employm5t ?an ! gov]nm5t ( all ! _w40 7,cadet1 #b47 ,s ?\ght ,sa9t-,cyran1 & he 0 ready to g to ! ends ( ! e>? to f9d ! sort ( tea*] he want$4 #ah4 ,he 0 s anxi\s t ! *ildr5 %\ld see only t :i* 0 good t ! s]vants 7 *os5 ) peculi> c>e4 #ai4 ,= ! ma/]s 8 fav\rite rule 03 8,speak little2 put up ) mu*2 pray /ill m40 ,piety 0 n to be in/ill$ s mu* by precepts z by ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ! *ildr5 grew up4 8,d n sp5d s mu* "t 9 speak+ to !m ab\t ,god z to ,god ab\t !m30 s =mal in/ruction 0 nev] to be made we>isome4 ,b !re 0 to be an incessant wat* aga9/ evil influ5ces & = good4 8,9 gu>d+ ! citadel10 says ,lancelot1 8we fail if we leave op5 a s+le gateway by :i* ! enemy might ent]40 #bj4 ,?\gh anxi\s1 l ! ,jesuits1 to make _! boys' /udies 8n only endurable1 b ev5 delightful10 ! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal bani%$ e =m ( rivalry4 ,ea* pupil 0 to ?9k ( "o :om he %\ld try to cat* up1 b ?is 0 n a s*ool-fell[1 b 8 own high] self1 8 ideal4 ,"h ,pascal admits t ! exclusion ( competition _h its drawbacks & t ! boys sometimes became indiff]5t--8tomb5t dans la non*alance10 z he says4 #ba4 ,z = ! in/ruction x 0 f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple3 ! object ( s*ools be+ piety r ?an k !re 0 to be no pressure 9 /udy+1 b ! *ildr5 7 to be taught :at 0 s\nd & endur+4 #bb4 ,9 all occupations !re is ( necessity a tradition4 ,9 ! high] call+s ! tradition may be ( sev]al k9ds4 ,fir/ !re may be a tradition ( noble ?\ghts & high ideals1 :i* w be convey$ 9 ! words ( ! greate/ m5 :o h be5 engag$ 9 t call+1 or h ?\ght out ! !ory ( x4 ,next !re w be ! tradition ( ! v be/ work]s 9 x4 ,& la/ly !re is ! tradition ( ! common man :o le>ns & passes on j ! ord9>y views ( 8 class & ! ord9>y exp$i5ts = gett+ ?r\gh ord9>y "w4 ,( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( tradition1 ! s*ool-room has always %[n a t5d5cy to keep to ?is la/1 & ! common man is supreme4 ,"y tea*]s are mo/ly requir$ to fulfil _! daily tasks )\t ! smalle/ prep>ation = !m2 s !y h to get ?r\gh z be/ !y c1 & h no "t to ?9k ( any high ideal1 or ( any way ( do+ _! "w except t :i* gives !m lea/ tr\ble4 8,practice makes p]fect10 says ! prov]b1 b x w\ld be tru] to say t practice 9 do+ "w badly soon makes p]fect 9 cont5tm5t ) bad workman%ip4 ,?us x is t ! tradition ( ! s*ool-room settles d[n = ! mo/ "p into a deadly r\t9e1 & tea*]s :o h long be5 engag$ 9 c>ry+ x on seem to lose _! p[]s ( vision l horses :o turn mills 9 ! d>k4 ,! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal work$ free f s*ool-room tradition4 8,if ! want ( emulation 0 a drawback10 says ,sa9te-,beuve1 8x 0 a cle> ga9 to escape f all r\t9e1 f all p$antry4 ,la crasse et la morgue des rg5ts n'en appro*ai5t pas40 7,p4,r4 vol4 iij1 p4 #dad7 ,piety z we h se5 0 _! ma9 object4 ,next to x !y wi%$ to 8c>ry ! intellects ( _! pupils to ! highe/ po9t !y c\ld atta9 to40 #bc4 ,9 do+ ?is !y pr(it$ by _! fre$om f r\t9e to try exp]im5ts4 ,!y us$ _! own judgm5ts & s\ght to tra9 ! judgm5t ( _! pupils4 ,!mselves kn[+ ! delights ( lit]ature1 !y resolv$ t _! pupils %\ld "k !m also4 ,!y w\ld bani% all useless difficulties & d :at !y c\ld to 8help ! "y & make /udy ev5 m pleasant to !m ?an play & pa/ime40 7,preface to ,cic4's ,billets1 quot$ by ,sa9te-,beuve1 vol4 iij1 p4 #dbc47 #bd4 ,"o ( _! innovations1 ?\gh />tl+ to _! contempor>ies1 does n seem to u v surpris+4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to beg9 read+ ) a ?ree or f\r ye>s' c\rse ( read+ ,lat91 because 9 t language all ! lett]s 7 pron\nc$4 ,! connexion betwe5 s\nd & s5se is 9 our days n always ?\ght (1 b ev5 among tea*]s no advocates w\ld n[ be f\nd = ! old me?od :i* kept "y p = ! fir/ ?ree or f\r ye>s utt]+ s\nds !y c\ld by no possibility und]/&4 ,! ,fr5* language might h "s disadvantage f its sil5t lett]s1 b ?is 0 small comp>$ ) ! disadvantage felt 9 ,lat9 f its sil5t s5se4 ,s ! ,port-,royali/s began read+ ) ,fr5*4 #be4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 !y object$ to read+ ?r\gh spell+1 & po9t$ out t z consonants _c be pron\nc$ by !mselves !y %\ld be tak5 only 9 connexion ) ! adjac5t v[el4 ,pascal appli$ himself to ! subject & inv5t$ ! me?od describ$ 9 ! #f? *ap4 ( ! ,g5]al ,gramm> 7,c>r1 p4 xxiij7 & introduc$ by 8 si/] ,jacquel9e at ,port-,royal des ,*amps4 #bf4 ,:5 ! *ild c\ld read ,fr5*1 ! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal s\ght = him books )9 ! range ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,!re 0 no?+ suitable 9 ,fr5*1 s !y set to "w to produce translations 9 good ,fr5* ( ! mo/ readable ,lat9 books1 8alt]+ !m j a little--en y *angeant =t peu de *ose10 z said ! *ief translator ,de ,saci1 = ! sake ( purity4 ,9 ?is way !y gallicis$ ! ,fables ( ,phdrus1 ?ree ,com$ies ( ,t]5ce1 & ! ,famili> ,lett]s 7,billets7 ( ,cic]o4 #bg4 ,9 ?is we see an important innovation4 ,z ,i h tri$ to expla9 7supra pp4 #ad ff47 ! effect ( ! ,r5asc5ce 0 to bani% bo? ! "m-tongue & lit]ature prop] f ! s*ool-room2 = no language 0 tol]at$ b ,lat91 & no lit]ature 0 ?\ght possible except 9 ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,be=e any lit]ature c\ld be kn[n1 or inde$1 in/ruction 9 any subject c\ld be giv51 ! pupils _h to le>n ,lat94 ,?is neglect ( ! "m-tongue 0 "o ( ! traditional mi/akes po9t$ out & ab&on$ by ! ,port-,royali/s4 8,p ( quality compla910 says ,de ,saci1 8& compla9 ) reason1 t 9 giv+ _! *ildr5 ,lat9 we take away ,fr5*1 & to turn !m into citiz5s ( anci5t ,rome we make !m /rang]s 9 _! native l&4 ,aft] le>n+ ,lat9 & ,greek = #aj or #ab ye>s1 we are (t5 oblig$ at ! age ( #cj to le>n ,fr5*40 7,cadet1 #aj47 ,s ,port-,royal propos$ break+ ?r\gh ?is bondage to ,lat91 & laid d[n ! pr9ciple1 new 9 ,france1 ?\gh n 9 ! c\ntry ( ,mulca/] or ( ,ratke1 t ev]y?+ %\ld be taught ?r\gh ! "m-tongue4 ,next1 ! ,port-,royali/s s\ght to give _! pupils an e>ly & a pleas+ introduction to lit]ature4 ,! be/ lit]ature 9 ^? days 0 ! classical2 & suitable works f t lit]ature might be made intelligible by means ( translations4 ,9 ?is way ! ,port-,royali/s l$ _! pupils to look ^u "s ( ! classical au?ors n z inv5tors ( examples 9 syntax1 b z writ]s ( books t meant some?+4 ,& ?us bo? ! "m-tongue & lit]ature 7 br\ght into ! s*ool-room4 #bh4 ,:5 ! boys _h by ?is means got "s feel+ = lit]ature & "s acqua9tance ) ! _w ( ! anci5ts1 !y began ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,"h aga9 all ne$less difficulties 7 tak5 out ( _! way4 ,no attempt inde$ 0 made to tea* language )\t gramm>1 ! rationale ( language1 b ! sci5ce ( gramm> 0 r$uc$ to fir/ pr9ciples 7set =? 9 ! ,grammaire ,gnrale et ,raisonne ( ,arnauld & ,lancelot71 & ! special gramm> ( ! ,lat9 language 0 no long] taught by means ( ! "w e/abli%$ 9 ! ,univ]sity1 ! ,lat9 ,lat9 ,gramm> ( ,despautre1 b by a 8,new ,me?od0 writt5 9 ,fr5* :i* gave ess5tials only & _h = its motto3 8,mihi int] virtutes grammatici habebitur aliqua nescire--,to me x w be among ! gramm>ian's good po9ts n to "k ev]y?+40 7,qu9til47#ic #bi4 ,) ?is m9imum ( ! ess5tials ( ! gramm> & ) a previ\s acqua9tance ) ! s5se ( ! book ! pupils 7 introduc$ to ! ,lat9 language & 7 taught to translate a ,lat9 au?or into ,fr5*4 ,?is 0 a dep>ture f ! ord9>y r\te1 :i* aft] a c\rse ( le>n+ gramm>-rules 9 ,lat9 w5t to ! 8!me10 i4e41 to composition 9 ,lat94 ,! art ( translat+ into ! "m-tongue 0 made mu* (4 ,s*ool 8con/rues10 :i* consi/ 9 sub/itut+ a ^w = a ^w1 7 entirely =bidd51 & ! pupils _h to produce ! old writ]'s ?\ghts 9 ,fr5*4#id #cj4 ,f ?is we see t ! tra9+ 0 lit]>y4 ,b 9 ! /udy ( =m ! ,port-,royali/s did n neglect ! inw>d = ! outw>d4 ,_! great "w1 :i* /ill /&s ! attacks ( "t1 is ! ,port-,royal ,logic1 or ! ,art ( ,?9k+ 7see ,trans1 by ,t4 ,sp5c] ,baynes1 #ahej74 ,?is 0 sub/antially ! "w ( ,arnauld2 & x 0 ,arnauld :o l$ ! ,port-,royali/s 9 _! rupture ) ! philosophy ( ! ,middle ,age1 & :o op5ly foll[$ ,desc>tes4 ,9 ! ,logic we f9d ! claims ( reason ass]t$ z if 9 defiance ( ! ,jesuits4 8,x is a heavy bondage to ?9k oneself =c$ to agree 9 ev]y?+ ) ,ari/otle & to take him z ! /&>d ( tru? 9 philosophy4444 ,! _w _c long cont9ue 9 ?is re/ra9t1 & is recov]+ by degrees its natural & reasonable lib]ty1 :i* consi/s 9 accept+ t :i* we judge to be true & reject+ t :i* we judge to be false40 7,quot$ by ,cadet1 p4 #ca47ie #ca4 ,to m>k ! *ange1 ! ,port-,royali/s call$ _! book n 8! ,art ( ,reason+10 b 8! ,art ( ,?9k+10 & x 0 9 ?is art ( ?9k+ t !y endeav\r$ to tra9 _! s*ol>s4 ,!y paid great att5tion to geometry1 & ,arnauld wrote a book 78,new ,elem5ts ( ,geometry07 :i* s well satisfi$ ,pascal t aft] read+ ! ,,ms4 he burnt a simil> "w ( 8 own4 #cb4 ,! ,port-,royali/s !n s\ght to introduce into ! s*ool-room a 8sweet reasonabl5ess40 ,!y 7 n t\*$1 z ,com5ius 01 by ! _s ( ,bacon1 & knew no?+ ( a key = op5+ ! secrets ( ,nature4 ,!y lov$ lit]ature & resolv$ t _! pupils %\ld love x also2 & ) ?is end !y w\ld give ! fir/ notions ( x 9 ! "m-tongue2 b ! love ( lit]ature /ill b\nd !m to ! pa/1 & !y aim$ simply at mak+ ! be/ ( ! ,old ,education )\t any ?\ght ( a ,new4 #cc4 ,9 "o respect !y seem less wise ?an ,rabelais & ,mulca/]1 less wise p]haps ?an _! foes ! ,jesuits4 ,!y gave little he$ to tra9+ ! body1 & ?\ght ( ! s\l & ! m9d only2 or if !y ?\ght ( ! body !y 7 conc]n$ m]ely t x %\ld d no h>m4 8,n only mu/ we =m ! m9ds ( our pupils to virtue10 says ,nicole1 8we mu/ also b5d _! bodies to x1 t is1 we mu/ endeav\r t ! body d n prove a h9drance to _! lead+ a well-regulat$ life or draw !m by its weight to any disord]4 ,= we %\ld "k t z m5 are made up ( m9d & body1 a wrong turn giv5 to ! body 9 y\? is (t5 9 aft] life a great h9drance to piety40 7,vues p4 bi5 lev] un pr9ce1 quot$ by ,cadet1 p4 #bjf47 #cd4 ,b let u n und]rate ! good effect produc$ by ?is unit$ ef=t ( ,*ri/ian toil & ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 8,no?+ %\ld be m highly e/eem$ ?an good s5se10 7,preface to ! ,logique71 & ,port-,royal did a great "w 9 br++ good s5se & reason to be> on ! practice ( ! s*ool-room4 ,:5 ! ,little ,s*ools 7 disp]s$ ! ,g5tlem5 /ill cont9u$ to tea*1 b ! lessons !y gave 7 n[ 9 ! 8art ( ?9k+0 & 9 ! art ( tea*+2 & all ! _w might le>n ( !m1 = !y taught 9 ! only way left op5 to !m2 !y publi%$ books4 #ce4 ,( ^! writ]s on p$agogy ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 0 8! great ,arnauld10 i4e41 ,anto9e ,arnauld1 7#afab-afid7 bro!r ( ! ,mre ,anglique4 ,8 8,rglem5t des tudes0 %[s u h[ lit]>y in/ruction 0 giv5 at ,port-,royal4 ,9 ^! directions we h n s mu* ! rules obs]v$ 9 ! ,little ,s*ools z ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,little ,s*ools r5d]$ available = ! s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,sa9te-,beuve speaks ( ! ,rglem5t ( ,arnauld z =m+ a preface to ! ,treatise on ,/udies 7,trait des tudes7 ( ,roll94 ,9 ! ,rglem5t we see ,arnauld yield+ to :at seems a practical necessity & admitt+ competition & prizes4 ,"s excell5t advice is giv51 especially on practice 9 ! use ( ! "m-tongue4 ,! "y p are to "q & answ] ea* o!r ab\t ! sub/ance ( :at !y h read1 ab\t ! m rem>kable ?\ghts 9 _! au?or or ! m beautiful expressions4 ,ea* day two ( ! boys are to n>rate a /ory :i* !y !mselves h select$ f a classical au?or4#if #cf4 ,) ! notable exception ( ,pascal1 ,arnauld 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ] among ! ,g5tlem5 ( ,port-,royal4 ,a writ] less devot$ to controv]sy ?an ,arnauld1 less atta*$ to ! ?\ght ( ,sa9t-,cyran & ( ,desc>tes1 b ( wid] popul>ity1 0 ,nicole1 :o _h ,made4 de ,svign = an admir]1 & ,locke = "o ( 8 translators4 ,nicole has giv5 u a valuable contribution to p$agogy 9 8 essay on ! "r br++-up ( a pr9ce4 7,vues gnrales p\r bi5 lev] un pr9ce47 ,9 ?is essay he %[s u ) :at ?\ght & c>e he _h appli$ himself to ! art ( in/ruction1 & he gives u h9ts t all tea*]s may pr(it by4 ,take ! foll[+3-- #cg4 8,prop]ly speak+ x is n ! ma/]s1 x is no in/ruction f )\t1 t makes ?+s und]/ood2 at ! be/ ! ma/]s d no?+ b expose ! ?+s to ! int]ior light ( ! m9d1 by :i* alone !y c be und]/ood4 ,x foll[s t :]e ?is light is want+ in/ruction is z useless z try+ to %ew pictures 9 ! d>k4 ,! v greate/ m9ds are no?+ b lights 9 conf9em5t1 & !y h always sombre & %ady spots2 b 9 *ildr5 ! m9d is ne>ly full ( %ade & emits b little rays ( light4 ,s ev]y?+ dep5ds on mak+ ! mo/ ( ^! rays1 on increas+ !m & expos+ to !m :at "o wi%es to h und]/ood4 ,= ?is reason x is h>d to give g5]al rules = in/ruct+ anyone1 because ! in/ruction mu/ be adapt$ to ! mixture ( light & d>kness1 :i* diff]s widely 9 diff]5t m9ds1 especially ) *ildr54 ,we mu/ look :]e ! day is break+ & br+ to x :at we wi% !m to und]/&2 & to d ?is we mu/ try a v>iety ( ways = gett+ at _! m9ds & mu/ p]sev]e ) su* z we f9d h mo/ success4 8,b g5]ally speak+ we may say t1 z 9 *ildr5 ! light dep5ds greatly on _! s5ses1 we %\ld z f> z possible atta* to ! s5ses ! in/ruction we give !m1 & make x ent] n only by ! e> b also by ! sight1 z !re is no s5se :i* makes s lively an impression on ! m9d & =ms su* %>p & cle> ideas40 ,?is is excell5t4 ,!re is a wise prov]b t w>ns u t 8h[ev] soon we get up 9 ! morn+ ! sunrise comes nev] ! e>li]40 ,a va/ am\nt ( in/ruction is ?r[n away because ! in/ructors w n wait = ! day-break4 #ch4 ,= ! moral tra9+ ( ! "y !re is "o qualification 9 ! tea*] :i* is absolutely indisp5sable--goodness4 ,simil>ly = ! intellectual tra9+1 !re is an indisp5sable qualification--intellig5ce4 ,?is is ! qualification requir$ by ! sy/em ( ,port-,royal1 b n requir$ 9 work+ ! ord9>y ma*9]y ( ! s*ool-room ei!r 9 ^? days or 9 ours4 ,:5 ,nicole has describ$ h[ in/ruction %\ld be giv5 s z to tra9 ! judgm5t & cultivate ! ta/e1 he cont9ues3 8,z ?is k9d ( in/ruction comes )\t obs]vation1 s is ! pr(it d]iv$ f x likely to escape obs]vation also2 t is1 x w n ann\nce itself by any?+ on ! surface & palpable to ! common man4 ,& on ?is acc\nt p]sons ( small intellig5ce are mi/ak5 ab\t x & ?9k t a boy ?us in/ruct$ is no bett] ?an ano!r1 because he _c make a bett] translation f ,lat9 into ,fr5*1 or beat him 9 say+ 8 ,virgil4 ,?us judg+ ( ! in/ruction by ^! trifles only1 !y (t5 make less acc\nt ( a really able tea*] ?an ( "o ( little sci5ce & ( a m9d )\t light40 7,nicole 9 ,cadet1 p4 #bjd2 ,c>r1 p4 #ahg47 ,9 ^! days ( m>ks & p]c5tages we seem agre$ t x mu/ be all "r if ! *ildr5 c /& ! te/s ( ! exam9] or ! inspector4 ,some?+ may no d\bt be got at by ^! te/s2 b we _c hope = any g5u9e c>e = education :ile ev]y?+ is e/imat$ 8p> des signes grossi]s et extrieurs40 #ci4 ,:atev] 0 requir$ to adapt ! ?\ght ( ,port-,royal to ! ne$s ( classical s*ools1 especially ! s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 suppli$ by ,roll9 7#affa-agda7 ^: ,trait des tudes or 8,way ( tea*+ & /udy+ ,lit]ature10 unit$ ! lessons ( ,port-,royal ) mu* mat]ial drawn f 8 own exp]i5ce & f 8 acqua9tance ) ! writ+s ( o!r au?ors1 especially ,qu9tilian & ,s5eca4 ,hav+ be5 twice ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity 79 #afid & #afie7 ,roll9 _h manag$ to br+ into ! s*ools mu* t 0 due to ,port-,royal2 & 9 8 ,trait he has ! tact to give ! improv$ me?ods z ! ord9>y practice ( 8 colleagues4 #dj4 ,mu* t ,roll9 has said applies only to classical or at mo/ to lit]>y in/ruction2 b "s ( 8 advice w be good = all tea*]s z long z ! human m9d ne$s in/ruction4 ,i h met ) no?+ t seems to me to g m truly to ! v f\ndation ( ! art ( tea*+ ?an ! foll[+3 8,we %\ld nev] lose sight ( ?is gr& pr9ciple t ,,/udy ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,! ,,w1 & ! w does n endure con/ra9t3 #8,/udium disc5di voluntate qu cogi non pote/ con/at4' 7,qu9t4 j1 #a1 cap4 #c47ig ,we c1 to be sure1 put con/ra9t on ! body & make a pupil1 h[ev] unwill+1 /ick to 8 desk1 c d\ble 8 toil by puni%m5t1 compel him to f9i% a task impos$ ^u him1 & ) ?is object we c deprive him ( play & recreation4 ,b is ?is "w ( ! galley-slave /udy+8 ,& :at rema9s to ! pupil f ?is k9d ( /udy b a hatr$ ( books1 ( le>n+1 & ( ma/]s1 (t5 till ! end ( 8 days8 ,x is !n ! w t we mu/ draw on our side1 & ?is we mu/ d by g5tl5ess1 by fri5dl9ess1 by p]suasion1 & above all by ! allurem5t ( pleasure40 7,trait1 #h? ,bk4 ,du ,g\v]nem5t des ,classes1 #are ,p>tie1 ,art4 x47 #da4 ,! passage ,i h quot$ is f ! ,article 8on giv+ a ta/e = /udy 7r5dre l'tude aimable720 & if "s ma/]s d n agree t ?is is 8"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts conc]n+ education10 !y w n d5y t 8x is at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ difficult40 ,z ,roll9 truly says1 8among a v great numb] ( ma/]s :o 9 o!r respects are highly m]itori\s !re w be f\nd v few :o manage to get _! pupils to l _! "w40 #db4 ,"o ( ! great causes ( ! dis9cl9ation = s*ool "w is to be f\nd accord+ to ,roll9 & ,qu9tilian1 9 ! repulsive =m 9 :i* *ildr5 fir/ become acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts ( le>n+4 8,9 ?is matt] success dep5ds v mu* on fir/ impressions2 & ! ma9 ef=t ( ! ma/]s :o tea* ! fir/ rudim5ts %\ld be s to d ?is1 t ! *ild :o _c z yet love /udy %\ld at lea/ n get an av]sion = x f t "t =w>d1 = fe> le/ ! bitt] ta/e once acquir$ %\ld /ill be 9 8 m\? :5 he gr[s old]40#ih 7,beg94 ( ,art4 x1 z above47 #dc4 ,9 ?is matt] ,roll9 0 m truly ! disciple ( ! ,port-,royali/s ?an ( ,qu9tilian4 ,!y x 0 :o prote/$ aga9/ ! dismal 8gr9d0 ( le>n+ to read fir/ 9 an unkn[n tongue1 & ( /udy+ ! rules ( ,lat9 9 ,lat9 ) no k ( ,lat91 a c\rse :i* pr(ess$ to lead1 z ,sa9te-,beuve puts x1 8to ! unkn[n ?r\gh ! un9telligible40 ,!y direct$ _! highly-tra9$ intellects to ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts1 & succe$$ 9 prov+ t ! ord9>y difficulties 7 due n to ! dulness ( ! le>n]s1 b to ! /upidity ( ! ma/]s4 ,!y %[$ h[ mu* might be done to remove ^! difficulties by foll[+ n r\t9e b ! dictates ( ?\ght1 & /udy & love ( ! little ones4 ,!re is an excell5t ?\gh cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! ,port-,royali/s "u 8,jans5i/s0 9 ,sonn5s*e9's ,cyclopdia ( ,education4 ,9 vol4 ij1 ( ,*>les ,be>d's ,port-,royal1 7#b vols41 #ahfa7 !re is a *apt] on ! ,little ,s*ools4 ,! mo/ pleas+ acc\nt ,i h se5 9 ,engli% ( ! ,port-,royali/s 7)\t ref]5ce to education7 is 9 ,sir ,jas4 ,/eph5's ,essays on ,ecclesia/ical ,biography4 ,9 ,fr5* ! great "w on ! subject is ,sa9te-,beuve's ,port-,royal1 #e vols4 7#ga ed41 #f vols47 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,s*ools is 9 #d? bk41 9 vol4 iij1 ( #a/ ed4 ,v useful = /udy+ ! p$agogy ( ,port-,royal are ,l',education ,port-,royal by ,flix ,cadet 7,ha*ette1 #ahhg7 & ,les ,pdagogues de ,port-,royal1 by ,i4 ,c>r 7,delagrave1 #ahhg74 ,^! la/ give extracts f ! ma9 writ+s on education by ,arnauld1 ,nicole1 ,lancelot1 ,c\/el1 c4 ,! article1 ,port-,royal1 9 ,buisson's ,d41 is ! 8,introduction0 to ,c>r's book4 ,a #c-vol4 ed4 ( ,roll9's ,trait 0 publi%$ 7,p>is1 ,didot7 9 #ahgb4 ,! m int]e/+ p>ts ( ?is book are conta9$ 9 ,f4 ,cadet's ,roll93 ,trait des tudes 7,delagrave1 #ahhb74 ,roll9's "w 0 at "o "t well-kn[n 9 ! ,engli% trans41 & copies ( x are (t5 to be f\nd 8second-h&40 ,! be/ "p comes la/2 :i* may acc\nt = ! neglect into :i* ! book has fall54 ,! acc\nts ( ,port-,royal & ( ,roll9 9 ,g4 ,compayr's ,hi/oire ,critique are v good p>ts ( a v good book4 ,vr9's tude sur ,lancelot ,i h n se51 & x is only too probable t ,i h n giv5 to ,lancelot ! att5tion due to him4 ,,xii4 ,,"s ,,engli% ,,writ]s ,,be=e ,,locke4 #a4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury br\ght ) x a *ange 9 ! ma9 direction ( ?\ght & int]e/4 ,z we h se51 ! #af? c5tury ador$ lit]ature & 0 ?r[n back on ! remote pa/4 ,"s ( ! great s*ol>s l ,/urm _h inde$ visions ( lit]>y works to be writt51 t w\ld rival ! old models on :i* !y 7 fa%ion$2 b :e!r !y hop$ or n to br+ back ! ,gold5 ,age all ! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5asc5ce ?\ght ( x z hav+ be54 ,) ! *ange ( c5tury1 h[ev]1 a new conception came into m5's m9ds4 ,might n ?is wor%ip ( ! old writ]s aft] all be some:at ( a sup]/ition8 ,! languages 9 :i* !y wrote 7 beautiful languages1 no d\bt1 b !y 7 ill adapt$ to express ! ideas & wants ( ! mod]n _w4 ,z = ! sub/ance ( ^! old writ+s1 ?is did n satisfy ! crav+s ( m5's m9ds4 ,x left unsolv$ all ! ma9 problems ( exi/5ce1 & (f]$ = k m]e speculations or poetic fancies or poli%$ rhetoric4 ,man ne$$ to und]/& 8 position ) reg>d to ,god & to ,nature2 b on bo? ( ^! topics ! classics 7 ei!r sil5t or mislead+4 ,revelation _h suppli$ :at ! classics c\ld n give conc]n+ man's relation to ,god2 b no?+ _h z yet ?r[n light on 8 relation to ,nature4 ,& yet ) 8 mat]ial body & animal life he c\ld n b see h[ close t relation 01 & c\ld n b wi% t some?+ ab\t x might be kn[n1 n simply guess$ or feign$4 ,h5ce ! dem& = real k1 t is1 a k ( ! facts ( ! univ]se z di/9ct f ! k ( :at m5 h ?\ght & said4 ,we h he>d ( ! ma!matician :o put d[n ,p>adise ,lo/ ) ! rem>k t x seem$ to him a poor book1 = x did n prove any?+2 & x 0 j 9 ?is _s t ! new s*ool ( ?9k]s1 ! ,reali/s1 look$ ^u ! classics4 ,!y want$ to "k ,nature's laws3 & words :i* did n convey su* k seem$ to !m ( little value4 #b4 ,"h 0 a trem5d\s revolution f ! mode ( ?\ght preval5t 9 ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,no long] 0 ! ,gold5 ,age 9 ! pa/4 ,9 sci5ce ! ,gold5 ,age mu/ always be 9 ! future4 ,sci5tific m5 />t ) :at has be5 discov]$ & add to x4 ,e discov]y passes into ! common /ock ( k1 & becomes ! prop]ty ( ev]yone :o kn[s x j z mu* z ( ! discov]]4 ,h>vey _h no m prop]ty 9 ! circulation ( ! blood1 ,newton & ,leibnitz no m prop]ty 9 ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus ?an ,columbus 9 ! ,cont95t ( ,am]ica2 inde$ n s mu*1 = ,columbus ga9$ "s exclusive rights 9 ,am]ica1 b ,h>vey ga9$ none ov] ! blood4 ,s we see t :]eas ! lit]>y _s made ! dom9ant m9ds rev]5ce ! pa/1 ! sci5tific _s l$ !m to despise ! pa/2 & :]eas ! lit]>y _s rais$ ! value ( words & l$ to ! /udy ( celebrat$ writ+s1 ! sci5tific _s 0 totally c>eless ab\t words & priz$ only physical tru?s :i* 7 entirely indep5d5t ( words4 ,aga91 ! lit]>y _s naturally fav\r$ ! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 = its oracles _h already spok53 ! sci5tific _s set aside all au?ority & accept$ no?+ t did n ( itself satisfy ! reason4 7,comp>e ,com5ius1 supra p4 #aeb47 #c4 ,! fir/ great lead] 9 ?is revolution 0 an ,engli%man1 ,francis ,bacon4 ,b ! s*ool-room felt 8 influ5ce only ?r\gh ^? :o le>nt f him2 & among educational re=m]s1 ! *ief advocates ( realism h be5 f\nd on ! ,cont95t1 e4g41 ,ratke & ,com5ius4#ii ,b ! desire to le>n by 8?+s1 n words0 affect$ ! m9ds ( _m ,engli% writ]s on education1 & we f9d ?is _s %[+ itself ev5 9 ,milton & ,locke1 & f> m cle>ly 9 "s writ]s less kn[n to fame4 #d4 ,!re is a wide di/9ction 9 educational writ]s betwe5 ^? :o 7 s*oolma/]s & ^? :o 7 n4 ,s*oolma/]s h to come to t]ms ) :at exi/s & to make a livelihood by x4 ,s !y are cons]vatives by position1 & r>ely get beyond an attempt at %[+ h[ t :i* is n[ done badly might be done well4 ,sugge/ions ( radical *ange usually come f ^? :o nev] belong$ to ! class ( tea*]s1 or :o1 n )\t disgu/1 h left x4 ,among ,engli% s*oolma/]s ( ! old5 times ! *ief writ]s ,i h met ) besides ,mulca/] are ,john ,br9sley ! eld]1 & ,*>les ,hoole4 #e4 ,john ,br9sley ! eld]1 a ,puritan s*oolma/] at ,a%by-de-la-,z\*1 a bro!r-9-law ( ,bi%op ,hall's1 & fa!r ( ,john ,br9sley ! y\ng] :o became a lead+ ,puritan m9i/] & au?or1 0 a v]itable re=m]1 b only ) ref]5ce to me?ods4 ,8 mo/ int]e/+ books are ,ludus ,lit]>ius or ! ,gramm> ,s*oole1 #afab 7writt5 aft] #bj ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 z we le>n f ! ,consolation1 p4 #de71 & ,a ,consolation = our ,gramm> ,s*ooles3 or a fai?full & mo/ com=table inc\ragem5t = lay+ ( a sure f\ndation ( all good le>n+ 9 our s*ooles & = prosp]\s build+ !reupon1 #afbb4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 :5 repr9t$1 z x is sure to be1 w always secure = its au?or ! notice & ! gratitude ( /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( our education2 = 9 ?is book he tells u n only :at %\ld be done 9 ! s*ool-room1 b also :at 0 done4 ,9 a dialogue ) ! ord9>y s*oolma/] ! re=m] draws to light ! usual practice1 criticizes x1 & sugge/s improvem5ts4 #f4 ,9 ,br9sley we get no h9t ( realism2 b by ! middle ( ! sixte5 hundr$s we f9d ! reali/ic _s is felt ev5 by a s*oolma/]1 ,*>les ,hoole1#ajj :o 0 a k9sman ( ,bi%op ,s&]son1 ! ,casui/1 & 0 ma/] fir/ ( ! ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,ro!rham1 !n ( a private ,gramm> ,s*ool 9 ,london1 publi%$ besides a numb] ( s*ool books1 a translation ( ! ,orbis ,pictus 7date ( preface1 ,janu>y1 #afeh71 & also 8,a ,new ,discov]y ( ! old art ( tea*+ s*oole 444 publi%$ = ! g5]al pr(it1 especially ( "y ,s*oolema/]s0 7date ( preface1 ,decemb]1 #afei74 ,9 ^! books we f9d t ,hoole succe$$ ev5 9 ! s*ool-room 9 keep+ 8 m9d op54 ,he compla9s ( ! neglect ( ,engli%1 & evid5tly 9 !ory at lea/ w5t a long way ) ! reali/ic re=m]s4 8,com5ius10 he says1 8ha? proce$$ 7z ,nature itself do?7 9 an ord]ly way1 fir/ to ex]cise ! s5ses well by pres5t+ _! objects to !m1 & !n to fa/5 ^u ! intellect by impress+ ! fir/ notions ( ?+s ^u x & l9k+ !m "o to ano!r by a rational disc\rse2 :]eas inde$ we g5]ally1 miss+ ?is way1 d tea* *ildr5 z we d p>rots to speak !y "k n :at1 nay1 :i* is worse1 we tak+ ! way ( tea*+ little ones by gramm> only1 at ! fir/ d puzzle _! imag9ations ) ab/ractive t]ms & second>y int5tions1 :i*1 till !y be some:at acqua9t$ ) ?+s1 & ! words belong+ to !m 9 ! language :i* !y le>n1 !y _c appreh5d :at !y mean4 ,& ?is ,i guess to be ! reason :y _m great] p]sons d resolve sometimes n to put a *ild to s*ool till he be at lea/ elev5 or twelve ye>s ( age4444 ,y !n1 t h ! c>e ( little *ildr51 d n too mu* tr\ble _! ?\ghts & clog _! memories ) b>e gramm> rudim5ts1 :i* to !m are h>% 9 gett+1 & fluid 9 reta9+2 because inde$ to !m !y signifie no?+ b a me] swimm+ notion ( a g5]al t]m1 :i* !y "k n :at x meane? till !y compreh5d all p>ticul>s3 b by ?is i4e41 ! ,orbis ,p4 or ! l subsidi>ie in=m !m fir/ ) "s k ( ?+s & words :]e) to express !m2 & !n _! rules ( speak+ w be bett] und]/ood & m firmly kept 9 m9d4 ,else h[ %\ld a *ild conceive :at a rule meane? :5 he nei!r kn[e? :at ! ,lat9e ^w importe?1 nor :at mann] ( ?+ x is :i* is signifi$ to him 9 8 own native language :i* is giv5 him !reby to und]/& ! rule8 = rules consi/+ ( g5]alities are deliv]$ 7z ,i may say7 at a ?ird h&1 presum+ fir/ ! ?+s & !n ! words to be already appreh5d$ t\*+ :i* !y are made40 ,?is subject ,hoole wisely comm5ds to ! consid]ation ( tea*]s1 8x be+ ! v basis ( our pr(ession to se>* into ! way ( *ildr5's tak+ hold by little & little ( :at we tea* !m1 t s we may apply ourselves to _! rea*40 7,preface to trans4 ( ,orbis ,pictus47 #g4 8,good ,"l6 h[ _m good & cle> wits ( *ildr5 be n[-a-days p]i%$ by ignorant s*oolma/]s60 ,s said ,sir ,?omas ,elyot 9 8 ,gov]nor 9 #aeca1 & ! compla9t w\ld n h be5 out ( date 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 possibly n 9 ! #ai?4 ,9 ! sixte5 hundr$s we c]ta9ly f9d little advance 9 practice1 ?\gh 9 !ory _m bold projects 7 advanc$1 "s ( :i* po9t$ to ! /udy ( ?+s1 to ! tra9+ ( ! h&1 & ev5 to obs]vation ( ! 8educ&s40 #h4 ,! poet ,c[ley's 8proposition = ! advancem5t ( exp]im5tal philosophy0 is a s*eme ( a college ne> ,london to :i* is to be atta*$ a s*ool ( #bjj boys4 8,& because x is deplorable to consid] ! loss :i* *ildr5 make ( _! "t at mo/ s*ools1 employ+ or r ca/+ away six or sev5 ye>s 9 ! le>n+ ( words only1 & t too v imp]fectly2 t a me?od be "h e/abli%$ = ! infus+ k & language at ! same "t1 ,is ?is an e*o ( ,com5ius8 & t ?is may be _! appr5tice%ip 9 ,natural ,philosophy40#aja #i4 ,r>ely inde$ h ^? :o ei!r !oretically or practically h made a /udy ( education ev] acquir$ suffici5t lit]>y skill to cat* ! e> ( ! public or 7:at is at lea/ z difficult7 ! e> ( ! tea*+ body4 ,& among ! em95t writ]s :o h spok5 on education1 z ,rabelais1 ,montaigne1 ,milton1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 we _c f9d "o :o has giv5 to x m ?an pass+1 if n accid5tal1 att5tion4 ,s*oolma/]s are1 z ,i said1 cons]vative1 at lea/ 9 ! s*ool-room2 & moreov]1 !y seldom f9d ! necess>y "t1 money1 or incl9ation = publi%+ on ! "w ( _! call+4 ,! curr5t ?\ght at any p]iod mu/ !n be ga!r$ f books only to be f\nd 9 our great libr>ies1 books 9 :i* writ]s n[ long =gott5 give h9ts ( :at 0 want$ out ( ! s*ool-room & grumble at :at w5t on 9 x4 #aj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al ( ^! writ]s t h come 9 my way is ,john ,dury1 a ,puritan1 :o 0 at "o "t ,*apla9 to ! ,engli% ,company ( ,m]*ants at ,elb+1 & lab\r$ ) ,com5ius & ,h>tlib to promote unity among ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian bodies ( ! re=m$ fai? 7see ,masson's ,life ( ,milton1 vol4 iii74 ,ab\t #afdi ,dury publi%$ ,! ,re=m$ ,s*oole :i* gives ! s*eme ( an association = ! purpose ( educat+ a numb] ( boys & girls 89 a ,*ri/ian way40 #aa4 ,t ,dury 0 n himself a s*oolma/] is pla9 f ! fir/ ( 8 8rules ( education40 8,! *ief rule ( ! :ole "w is t no?+ be made t$i\s & griev\s to ! *ildr51 b all ! toilsom5ess ( _! bus9ess ! ,gov]nor & ,u%]s are to take ^u !mselves2 t by dilig5ce & indu/ry all ?+s may be s prep>$1 me?odiz$ & ord]$ = _! appreh5sion1 t ?is "w may unto !m be z a delightful recreation by ! v>iety & eas9ess !re(40 #ab4 8,! ?+s to be look$ unto 9 ! c>e ( _! education10 he enum]ates 9 ! ord] ( importance3 8#a4 ,_! advancem5t 9 piety2 #b4 ,! pres]vation ( _! heal?2 #c4 ,! =m+ ( _! mann]s2 #d4 ,_! pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+0 7p4 #bd74 8,godl9ess & bodily heal? are absolutely necess>y10 says ,dury2 8! "o = spiritual & ! o!r = _! temporal felicitie0 7p4 #ca73 s great c>e is to be tak5 9 8ex]cis+ _! bodies 9 husb&ry or manufactures or milit>y employm5ts40#ajb #ac4 ,ab\t in/ruction we f9d ! usual compla9ts :i* l 8"m's tru? keep con/ant y\?40 8,*ildr510 says ,dury1 8are taught to read au?ors & le>n words & s5t5ces be=e !y c h any notion ( ! ?+s signifi$ by ^? words & s5t5ces or ( ! au?or's /ra9 & wit 9 sett+ !m toge!r2 & !y are made to le>n by he>t ! g5]all rules1 s5t5ces & precepts ( ,arts be=e !y are furni%$ ) any matt] :]eunto to apply ^? rules & precepts0 7p4 #ch74 ,dury w\ld entirely sweep away ! old r\t9e1 & 9 all in/ruction he w\ld keep 9 view ! foll[+ end3 8! true end ( all human le>n+ is to supply 9 ourselves & o!rs ! defects :i* proce$ f our ignorance ( ! nature & use ( ! creatures1 & ! disord]l9ess ( our natural faculties 9 us+ !m & reflect+ ^u !m0 7p4 #da74 #ad4 8,our natural faculties0--"h ,dury /ruck a new note1 :i* has n[ become ! keynote 9 ! sci5ce ( education4 ,he en=ces 8 po9t ) ! foll[+ +5i\s illu/ration3--8,z 9 a wat* "o :eel rightly set do? ) its tee? take hold ( ano!r & sets t a-"w t[>ds a ?ird2 & s all move "o by ano!r :5 !y are 9 _! "r places = ! end = :i* ! wat* is made2 s is x ) ! faculties ( ! human nature be+ rightly ord]$ to ! ends = :i* ,god ha? creat$ !m4 ,b contr>iwise1 if ! :eels be n rightly set1 or ! wat* n duly w\nd up1 x is useless to him t ha? x4 ,& s x is ) ! faculties ( ,man2 if 8 :eels be n rightly ord]$ & w\nd up by ! ends ( sci5ces 9 _! subord9ation lead+ him to employ ! same accord+ to 8 capacity to make use ( ! creatures = t :]eunto ,god ha? made !m1 he becomes n only useless1 b ev5 a bur!n & hurtful unto himself & o!rs by ! misus+ ( !m0 7p4 #dc74 #ae4 8,z 9 ,nature s5se is ! s]vant ( imag9ation2 imag9ation ( memory2 memory ( reason2 s 9 tea*+ arts & sci5ces we mu/ set ^! faculties a-"w 9 ?is ord] t[>ds _! prop] objects 9 ev]y?+ :i* is to be taught4 ,:5ce ?is w foll[1 t z ! faculties ( ,man's s\l naturally p]fect ea* o!r by _! mutual subord9ation2 s ! ,arts :i* p]fect ^? faculties %\ld be gradually sugge/$3 & ! objects :]e) ! faculties are to be conv]sant accord+ to ! rules ( ,art %\ld be (f]$ 9 t ord] :i* is answ]able to _! prop] ends & uses & n o!rwise40 #af4 ,9 ?is & mu* else t ,dury says we see a firm grasp ( ! pr9ciple t ! in/ruction giv5 %\ld be regulat$ by ! gradual developm5t ( ! le>n]'s faculties4 ,! ?ree s\rces ( our k1 says he1 are--#a4 ,s5se2 #b4 ,tradition2 #c4 ,reason2 & ,s5se comes fir/4 8,art or sci5ces :i* may be le>nt by m]e s5se %\ld n be le>nt any o!r way40 8,z *ildr5's faculties break =? 9 !m by degrees to be vigor\s ) _! ye>s & ! gr[? ( _! bodies1 s !y are to be fill$ ) objects :]e( !y are capable1 & pli$ ) arts2 :5ce foll[e? t :ile *ildr5 are n capable ( ! acts ( reason+1 ! me?od ( fill+ _! s5ses & imag9ations ) outw>d objects %\ld be pli$4 ,nor is _! memory at ?is "t to be *>g$ fur!r ) any objects ?an _! imag9ation rightly ord]$ & fix$ do? ( itself impress ! same ^u !m40 ,aft] speak+ ( ! common abuse ( g5]al rules1 he says3 8,s f> z ^? faculties 7viz41 s5se1 imag9ation1 & memory7 are />t$ ) matt]s ( obs]vation1 s f> rules may be giv5 to direct ! m9d 9 ! use ( ! same1 & no fur!r40 8,! arts & sci5ces :i* lead u to reflect ^u ! use ( our own faculties are n to be taught till we are fully acqua9t$ ) _! prop] objects1 & ! direct acts ( ! faculties ab\t !m40 ,s 8x is a v absurd & prepo/]\s c\rse to tea* ,logick & ,metaphysicks be=e or ) o!r ,humane ,sci5ces :i* dep5d m ^u ,s5se & ,imag9ation ?an reason+0 7p4 #df74 #ag4 ,9 all ?is x seems to me t ! wor?y ,puritan1 ( :om nobody b ,dr4 ,b>n>d & ,pr(essor ,masson has ev] he>d1 has truly done m to lay a f\ndation = ! art ( tea*+ ?an 8 fam\s contempor>ies ,milton & ,locke4 #ah4 ,ano!r writ] ( t day bett] kn[n ?an ,dury & ) f> m p[] ( expression 0 ,sir ,william ,petty4 ,he is ! 8,w4,p410 :o 9 an ,epi/le 8to 8 hon\r$ fri5d ,ma/] ,samuel ,h>tlib10 set d[n 8 8?\ghts conc]n+ ! advancem5t ( real le>n+0 7#afdg74 ,?is lett] is to be %[n only 8to ^? few t are ,reall ,fri5ds to ! ,designe ( ,realities40#ajc #ai4 ,petty sees ! ne$ ( int]communication ( ^? :o wi% to advance any art or sci5ce4 ,he compla9s t 8! wits & endeav\rs ( ! _w are z s _m scatt]$ coals or fire-br&s1 :i* = want ( union are soon qu5*$1 :]eas be+ b laid toge!r !y w\ld yield a com=table light & heat40 ,?is is a ?\ght :i* may well be appli$ to ! br++ up ( ! "y2 & ! foll[+ passage might h be5 writt5 to secure a tra9+ = tea*]s3 8,me?9ks ! pres5t condition ( m5 is l a field :]e a battle ha? be5 lately f\ght1 :]e we may see _m legs & arms & eyes ly+ "h & !re1 :i* = want ( a union & a s\l to quick5 & enliv5 !m are good = no?+ b to fe$ rav5s & infect ! air4 ,s we see _m wits & +5uities ly+ scatt]$ up & d[n ! _w1 :]e( "s are n[ lab\r+ to d :at is already done1 & puzzl+ !mselves to re-inv5t :at is already inv5t$4 ,o!rs we see q /uck fa/ 9 difficulties = want ( a few directions :i* "s o!r man 7might he be met )al7 bo? c\ld & w\ld mo/ easily give him40 ,i wond] h[ _m "y tea*]s are n[ wa/+ _! own & _! pupils' "t 9 ?is awkw>d pr$icam5t4 #bj4 8,z = 444 education10 says ,petty1 8we _c b hope t ^? :o make x _! trade w supply x & r5d] ! idea !re( mu* m p]fect40 ,8 own contributions to ! m p]fect idea consi/ ma9ly 9 mak+ ! /udy ( 8realities0 prec$e lit]ature1 & ?us ann\nc+ ! pr9ciple :i* 9 lat] times has l$ to ! introduction ( 8object lessons40 ,! ,baconians ?\ght t ! good "t 0 at h&1 & t !y _h f\nd ! "r road at la/4 ,by exp]im5ts !y w\ld le>n to int]pret ,nature4 ,aft] s*em+ a 8,gymnasium1 ,me*anicum1 or ,college ( ,tradesm510 ,petty says1 8,:at exp]im5ts & /uff w\ld all ^? %ops & op]ations af=d to active & philosophical heads1 out ( :i* to extract t int]pretation ( nature :]e( !re is s little1 & t s bad1 z yet extant 9 ! _w60#ajd ,& ?is /udy ( ?+s 0 to affect ! "w ( ! s*ool-room1 & r$eem x f ! dismal /ate into :i* x 0 fall54 8,z = ! /udies to :i* *ildr5 are n[-a-days put10 says ,petty1 8!y are altoge!r unfit = want ( judgm5t :i* is b weak 9 !m1 & also = want ( w1 :i* is suffici5tly se5 444 by ! difficulty ( keep+ !m at s*ools & ! puni%m5t !y w endure r ?an be altoge!r deb>r$ f ! pleasure :i* !y take 9 ?+s40 #ba4 ,! gr& re=m requir$ is ?us set =?2 8,s9ce few *ildr5 h ne$ ( read+ be=e !y "k or c be acqua9t$ ) ! ?+s !y read (2 or ( writ+ be=e _! ?\ghts are wor? ! record+ or !y are able to put !m into any =m 7:i* we call indit+72 mu* less ( le>n+ languages :5 !re be books en\gh = _! pres5t use 9 _! own "m-tongue2 our op9ion is t ^? ?+s be+ )al some:at above _! capacity 7z be+ to be atta9$ by judgm5t :i* is weake/ 9 *ildr57 be def]r$ a:ile1 & o!rs m ne$ful = !m1 su* z are 9 ! ord] ( ,nature be=e ^? a=e-m5tion$1 & are atta9able by ! help ( memory :i* is ei!r mo/ /rong or unpreoccupi$ 9 *ildr51 be /udi$ be=e !m4 ,we wi%1 !re=e1 t ! educ&s be taught to obs]ve & rememb] all s5sible objects & actions1 :e!r !y be natural or artificial1 :i* ! educators mu/ ^u all occasions exp\nd unto !m40 #bb4 ,9 propos+ ?is great *ange ,petty 0 influ5c$ n m]ely by 8 own delight 9 ! /udy ( ?+s b by some?+ f> m important = education1 by obs]vation ( ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,?is /udy ( ?+s in/ead ( 8a rabble ( words0 w\ld be 8m easy & pleasant to ! "y z ! m suitable to ! natural prop5sions we obs]ve 9 !m4 ,= we see *ildr5 d delight 9 drums1 pipes1 fiddles1 guns made ( eld] /icks1 & bell[s' noses1 pip$ keys1 c41 pa9t+ flags & ensigns ) eld]b]ries & cornpoppy1 mak+ %ips ) pap]1 & sett+ ev5 nut-%ells a-swimm+1 h&l+ ! tools ( workm5 z soon z !y turn _! backs & try+ to "w !mselves2 fi%+1 f[l+1 hunt+1 sett+ spr+es & traps = birds & o!r animals1 mak+ pictures 9 _! writ+-books1 mak+ tops1 gigs & :irligigs1 gilt+ balls1 practis+ div]s juggl+ tricks ^u ! c>ds1 c41 ) a million m besides4 ,& = ! females !y w be mak+ pies ) clay1 mak+ _! babies' clo!s & dress+ !m !re)2 !y w spit leaves on /icks z if !y 7 roa/+ meat2 !y w imitate all ! talk & actions :i* !y obs]ve 9 _! "m & h] gossips1 & punctually act ! com$y or ! trag$y 7,i "k n :e!r to call x7 ( a woman's ly+-94 ,by all :i* x is mo/ evid5t t *ildr5 d mo/ naturally delight 9 ?+s & are mo/ capable ( le>n+ !m1 hav+ quick s5ses to receive !m & unpreoccupi$ memories to reta9 !m0 7ad f474 #bc4 ,9 ^! writ]s1 ,dury & ,petty1 we f9d a wond]ful advance 9 ! !ory ( in/ruction4 ,*ildr5 are to be taught ab\t ?+s & ?is because _! inw>d con/itution det]m9es !m t[>ds ?+s4 ,moreov] ! subjects ( in/ruction are to be graduat$ to accord ) ! developm5t ( ! le>n]'s faculties4 ,! giv+ ( rules & incompreh5sible /atem5ts t w come 9 useful at a future /age is entirely =bidd54 ,all ?is is excell5t1 & greatly h *ildr5 suff]$1 greatly d !y suff] /ill1 f _! tea*]s' neglect ( x4 ,!re seems to me to h be5 no important advance on ! ?\ght ( ^! m5 till ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel fix$ _! att5tion on ! m9d ( ! *ild1 & valu$ ?+s n 9 !mselves b simply z ! means be/ fitt$ = draw+ out ! *ild's self-activity4 #bd4 ,9 sev]al o!r matt]s we f9d ,sir ,william ,petty's recomm5dations 9 advance ( ! practice ( 8 own "t & ours4 ,he advises 8t ! bus9ess ( education be n 7z n[7 committ$ to ! wor/ & unwor?ie/ ( m5 "h at lea/ we h improv$ b t x be s]i\sly /udi$ & practis$ by ! be/ & abl] p]sons40 ,to ?is /&>d we h n yet atta9$4 #be4 ,h&work is to be practis$1 b its educational value is n cle>ly p]ceiv$4 8,all *ildr51 ?\gh ( ! highe/ rank1 are to be taught "s g5tle manufacture 9 _! m9ority40 ,erga/ula ,lit]>ia1 lit]>y workh\ses1 are to be in/itut$ :]e *ildr5 may be taught z well to d some?+ t[>ds _! liv+ z to read & write4#aje #bf4 ,education 0 to be univ]sal1 b *iefly ) ! object ( br++ to ! front ! clev] sons ( poor p>5ts4 ,! rule he w\ld lay d[n is 8t all *ildr5 ( above sev5 ye>s old may be pres5t$ to ?is k9d ( education1 none be+ to be exclud$ by reason ( ! pov]ty & unability ( _! p>5ts1 = h]eby x ha? come to pass t _m are n[ hold+ ! pl\gh :i* might h be5 made fit to /e] ! /ate40#ajf #bg4 ,f ^! en?usia/s = realities we f9d a *ange :5 we turn to _! contempor>y1 a s*oolma/] & au?or ( a ,lat9 ,accid5ce1 :o 0 p]haps ! mo/ notable ,engli%man :o ev] kept a s*ool or publi%$ a s*ool-book4 #bh4 ,milton 0 n only a great poet3 he 0 also a great s*ol>4 ,ev]y?+ he said or wrote bore traces ( 8 le>n+4 ,! _w ( books !n r ?an ! _w ( ! s5ses is 8 _w4 ,he has b5efit$ z he says 8among old r5[n$ au?ors0 & 88 incl9ation leads him n0 to read mod]n ,januas & ,didactics1 or app>5tly ! writ+s ( any ( 8 contempor>ies includ+ ^? ( 8 great c\ntryman1 ,bacon4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,laurie rem9ds u1 no man1 n ev5 a ,milton1 h[ev] he may ignore ! orig9ators ( ideas c keep himself outside ! influ5ce ( ! ideas !mselves :5 !y are 9 ! air2 & s we f9d ,milton us+ 8 incomp>able p[] ( expression 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,reali/s4 #bi4 ,b brief he endeav\rs to be1 & pay+ ! ,horatian p5alty he becomes obscure4 ,9 ! 8few obs]vations :i* fl[]$ (f & 7 ! burni%+ ( _m /udi\s & contemplative ye>s10 ,milton t\*es only on ! br++ up ( g5tlem5's sons betwe5 ! ages ( #ab & #ba1 & 8 sugge/ions d n1 l ^? ( ,com5ius1 deal ) ! education ( ! p1 or ( bo? sexes4#ajg ,?is limit ( age1 sex1 & /ation deprives ,milton's plan ( mu* ( its int]e/1 z ! abs5ce ( detail deprives x ( mu* ( its value4 #cj4 ,/ill1 we f9d 9 ! ,tractate a v great advance on ! ideas curr5t at ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,le>n+ is no long] ! aim ( education b is reg>d$ simply z a means4 ,no f9] expression has be5 giv5 9 our lit]ature to ! ma9 !sis ( ! ,*ri/ian & ( ! ,reali/ & to ! ,reali/'s contempt ( v]balism1 ?an ?is3 8,! end ( le>n+ is to repair ! ru9s ( our fir/ p>5ts by rega9+ to "k ,god aright1 & out ( t k to love ,him1 to imitate ,him1 to be l ,him1 z we may ! ne>e/ by possess+ our s\ls ( true virtue1 :i* be+ unit$ to ! heav5ly grace ( fai? makes up ! highe/ p]fection4 ,b because our und]/&+ _c 9 ?is body f\nd itself b on s5sible ?+s1 nor arrive s cle>ly to ! k ( ,god & ?+s invisible1 z by ord]ly conn+ ov] ! visible & inf]ior creature1 ! same me?od is necess>ily to be foll[$ 9 all discreet tea*+4 ,& see+ e ,nation af=ds n exp]i5ce & tradition en\gh = all k9d ( le>n+1 !re=e we are *iefly taught ! languages ( ^? p :o h at any "t be5 mo/ indu/ri\s aft] wisdom2 s t language is b ! in/rum5t convey+ to u ?+s useful to be kn[n4 ,& ?\gh a l+ui/ %\ld pride himself to h all ! tongues t ,babel cleft ! _w into1 yet1 if he h n /udi$ ! solid ?+s 9 !m z well z ! words & lexicons1 he 7 no?+ s mu* to be e/eem$ a le>n$ man z any yeoman or tradesman compet5tly wise 9 8 "m-dialect only40 #ca4 ,! sev]al propositions "h impli$ h ?us be5 8dis5tangl$0 by ,pr(essor ,laurie 7,john ,milton 9 ,addresses1 c41 p4 #afg74 #a4 ,! aim ( education is ! k ( ,god & lik5ess to ,god4 #b4 ,lik5ess to ,god we atta9 by possess+ our s\ls ( true virtue & by ! ,heav5ly ,grace ( ,fai?4 #c4 ,k ( ,god we atta9 by ! /udy ( ! visible ?+s ( ,god4 #d4 ,tea*+ !n has = its aim ?is k4 #e4 ,language is m]ely an in/rum5t or vehicle = ! k ( ?+s4 #f4 ,! l+ui/ may be less le>n$ 7i4e41 educat$7 9 ! true s5se ?an a man :o c make good use ( 8 "m-tongue ?\gh he kn[s no o!r4 #cb4 ,else:]e1 ,milton gives 8 idea ( 8a complete & g5]\s education20 x 8fits a man to p]=m ju/ly1 skilfully1 & magnanim\sly all ! (fices bo? private & public ( ,peace & ,w>40 7,br[n+'s edition1 p4 #h47 ,"h & inde$ 9 all t ,milton says we feel t 8! noble moral gl[ t p]vades ! ,tractate on ,education1 ! mood ( magnanimity 9 :i* x is conceiv$ & writt51 & ! fai? x inculcates 9 ! p[]s ( ! "y human _s1 if rightly nurtur$ & direct$1 are m]its ev]la/+40 7,masson iij1 p4 #beb47 #cc4 ,b 9 ?is moral gl[ & 9 an int5se hatr$ ( v]balism lie z x seems to me ! *ief m]its ( ! ,tractate4 ,! practical sugge/ions are ei!r incompreh5sible or ( d\btful wisdom4 ,! re=m+ ( education 01 z ,milton says1 "o ( ! greate/ & noble/ designs t c\ld be ?\ght on1 b he does n take ! "r road :5 he proposes = e city 9 ,engl& a jo9t s*ool & univ]sity = ab\t #abj bo>d]s4 ,! advice to keep boys betwe5 #ab & #ba 9 ?is b>rack life ,i consid]1 ) ,pr(essor ,laurie1 to be 8fundam5tally uns\nd20 & ! project ( unit+ ! milit>y tra9+ ( ,sp>ta ) ! humani/ic tra9+ ( ,a!ns seems to me a pure *imra4 #cd4 ,:5 we come to in/ruction we f9d t ,milton aft] ann\nc+ ! di/9ctive pr9ciple ( ! ,reali/s proves to be himself ! la/ survivor ( ! ,v]bal ,reali/s4 7,see supra1 p4 #be47 ,no d\bt 8,8 daily tea*]s _h be5 woods & rills10 b 8 ?\ghts _h be5 ev5 m 9 8 books2 & = ! "y he sket*es out a purely booki% curriculum4 ,! "y are to le>n ab\t ?+s1 b !y are to le>n ?r\gh books2 & ! only books to :i* ,milton atta*es importance are writt5 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 or ,hebrew4 ,he held1 probably ) good reason1 t f> too mu* "t 8is n[ be/[$ 9 pure trifl+ at gramm> & sophi/ry40 8,we d amiss10 he says1 8to sp5d #g or #h ye>s m]ely 9 scrap+ toge!r s mu* mis]able ,lat9 & ,greek z might be le>n$ o!rwise easily & delightfully 9 "o ye>40 ,)\t an explanation ( ! 8o!rwise0 ?is /atem5t is a truism1 & :at ,milton says fur!r h>dly am\nts to an explanation4 ,8 plan1 if plan x c be call$1 is z foll[s3 8,if aft] "s prep>atory gr\nds ( spee* by _! c]ta9 =ms got into memory1 ! boys 7 l$ to ! praxis !re( 9 "s *os5 %ort book lesson$ ?or\ghly to !m1 !y might !n proce$ to le>n ! sub/ance ( good ?+s & arts 9 due ord]1 :i* w\ld br+ ! :ole language quickly into _! p[]4 ,?is10 adds ,milton1 8,i take to be ! mo/ rational & mo/ pr(itable way ( le>n+ languages40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! mo/ intelligible4 #ce4 8,i d\bt n b ye %all h m ado to drive our dulle/ & lazie/ y\?1 our /ocks & /ubbs1 f ! inf9ite desire ( su* a happy nurture ?an we h n[ to hale & drag our *oice/ & hopefulle/ wits to t as99e fea/ ( s[ ?i/les & brambles :i* is commonly set be=e !m z all ! food & ent]ta9m5t ( _! t5d]e/ & mo/ docible age40 ,we _c b wond] :e!r ?is belief surviv$ ! exp]i5ce ( 8! pretty g>d5-h\se 9 ,ald]sgate40 ,f ! little we are told by 8 nephew & old pupil ,edw>d ,phillips we %\ld inf] t ,milton 0 n unsuccessful z a s*oolma/]4 ,9 ?is we h a /rik+ pro( h[ mu* m important is ! tea*] ?an ! tea*+4 ,a "* su* z ,milton's 9 :i* we f9d ! noble/ aims unit$ ) untir+ en]gy 9 pursuit ( !m c\ld n b dom9ate ! impressionable m9ds ( "y p br\ght "u its influ5ce4 ,b :atev] success he met ) c\ld n h be5 due to ! ?+s he taught nor to 8 me?od 9 tea*+ !m4 ,9 spite ( ! 8moral gl[0 ab\t 8 recomm5dations !y are 8n a b[ = e or any man to %oot 9 t c\nts himself a tea*]40 #cf4 ,nor did he d mu* = ! sci5ce ( education4 ,8 s*eme is vitiat$1 z ,m>k ,pattison says1 by 8! in=mation fallacy40 ,9 ! lit]>y in/ruction !re is no ?\ght ( tra9+ ! faculties ( all or ! special faculties ( ! individual4 8,x requires mu* obs]vation ( "y m9ds to discov] t ! rapid inculcation ( unassimilable in=mation /upefies ! faculties in/ead ( tra9+ !m10 says ,pattison2 & ,milton absorb$ by 8 own ?\ghts & ! ?\ghts ( ! anci5ts did n obs]ve ! m9ds ( ! "y1 & knew little ( ! p[]s ( any m9d b 8 own4 ,= in=mation ! y\?s are n requir$ to obs]ve = !mselves b are to be taught 8a g5]al compact ( physicks40 8,also 9 c\rse might be read to !m out ( "s n t$i\s writ] ! ,in/itution ( ,physick2 t !y may "k ! temp]s1 ! hum\rs1 ! seasons1 & h[ to manage a crudity40 #cg4 ,ev5 ! /udy ( ! classics is advocat$ by ,milton on false gr\nds4 ,if1 l ! ,port-,royali/s1 he _h recomm5d$ ! /udy ( ! classical au?ors = ! sake ( pure ,lat9 & ,greek or z models ( lit]>y /yle1 ! means w\ld h be5 suit$ to ! end2 b x 0 v diff]5t :5 he direct$ boys to /udy ,virgil & ,columella 9 ord] to le>n ab\t bees & f>m+4 ,9 aft]-life !y w\ld f9d ^! au?orities a little out ( date2 & if !y ev] attempt$ to improve tillage1 8to recov] ! bad soil & to rem$y ! wa/e t is made ( good1 :i* 0 "o ( ,h]cules's praises10 !y w\ld h f\nd a k ( ! me?ods ( ,h]cules ab\t z useful z ( ! me?ods ( ! ,romans4 #ch4 ,milton 0 !n a re=m] 8= 8 own h&20 & not)/&+ 8 moral & intellectual elevation & 8 sup]b p[] ( rhetoric1 he seems to me a less useful writ] on education ?an ! humble ,puritans :om he probably w\ld n deign to read4 ,9 8 haughty self-reliance1 he1 l ,c>lyle ) :om ,seeley has well comp>$ him 7,lectures & ,addresses3 ,milton71 address$ 8 contempor>ies de haut en bas1 & ?\gh ready to tea* c\ld le>n only among ! old r5[n$ au?ors ) :om he associat$ himself & we associate him4 #ci4 ,judg$ f our pres5t /&po9t ! ,tractate is f\nd ) _m weaknesses to be /rong 9 ?is1 t x co-ord9ates physical1 moral1 m5tal & /hetic tra9+4 #dj4 ,b no?+ ( ,milton's c be judg$ by our ord9>y canons4 ,he so>s f> above !m & raises u ) him 8to my/]i\s altitudes above ! e>?0 7supra1 p4 #aec1 note74 ,:atev] we little p may say ab\t ! sugge/ions ( ! ,tractate1 ,milton w rema9 "o ( ! great educators ( mank9d4#ajh ,,xiii4 ,,locke4 7#afcb-agjd74 #a4 ,:5 an ,engli% ,univ]sity e/abli%$ an exam9ation = future tea*]s1#aji ! 8special subjects0 fir/ set 7 8,locke & ,dr4 ,arnold40 ,! selection seems to me a v happy "o4 ,arnold greatly affect$ ! _s & ev5 ! organization ( our public s*ools at a "t :5 ! old s*ools 7 ab\t to h new life infus$ into !m1 & :5 new s*ools 7 to be />t$ on ! model ( ! old4 ,he is p]haps ! greate/ educator ( ! ,engli% type1 i4e41 ! greate/ educator :o _h accept$ ! sy/em h&$ d[n to him & tri$ to make ! be/ ( x4 ,locke on ! o!r h&1 ^: reputation is m ,european ?an ,engli%1 belongs r to ! cont95tal type4 ,l 8 disciple ,r\sseau & l ,r\sseau's disciples ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s1 ,locke refus$ ! traditional sy/em & appeal$ f tradition & au?ority to reason4 ,we ,engli% rev]e ,arnold1 b s long z ! hi/ory ( education cont9ues to be writt51 z x has be5 writt5 hi!rto1 on ! ,cont95t1 ! only ,engli%man celebrat$ 9 x w be z n[ n ! great s*oolma/] b ! great philosoph]4 #b4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ,locke we mu/ always be> 9 m9d :at ,i may call 8 two ma9 *>act]i/ics2 #a/1 8 crav+ to "k & to speak ! tru? & ! :ole tru? 9 ev]y?+1 tru? n = a purpose b = itself#aaj2 #bnd1 8 p]fect tru/ 9 ! reason z ! guide1 ! only guide1 to tru?4#aaa #c4 #a/4 ,^? :o h n reflect$ mu* on ! subject w naturally suppose t ! desire to "k ! tru? is common to all m51 & ! desire to speak ! tru? common to mo/4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,if we _h any e>ne/ desire = tru? we %\ld exam9e ?+s c>efully be=e we admitt$ !m z tru?s2 9 o!r words our op9ions w\ld be ! gr[? ( long & en]getic ?\ght4 ,b in/ead ( ?is !y are =m$ = ! mo/ "p q c>elessly & at haphaz>d1 & we value !m n on acc\nt ( _! suppos$ agreem5t ) fact b because ?\gh 8poor ?+s0 !y are 8our own0 or ^? ( our sect or p>ty4 ,locke on ! o!r h& 0 always endeav\r+ to get at ! tru? = its own sake4 ,?is sep>at$ him f m5 9 g5]al4 ,& he br\ght great p[]s ( m9d to be> on ! inve/igation4 ,?is rais$ him above !m4 #d4 #bnd4 ,locke's second *>act]i/ic 0 8 entire reliance on ! guidance ( reason4 8,! faculty ( reason+10 says he1 8seldom or nev] deceives ^? :o tru/ to x40 ,else:]e1 borr[+ a metaphor f ,solomon 7,prov4 xx1 #bg71 he speaks ( ?is faculty z 8! c&le ( ! ,"l set up by ,himself 9 m5's m9ds40 7,f4 ,b4 ij41 #abi74 ,9 a f9e passage 9 ! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ he calls x 8! t\*/one ( tru?0 7 iij1 ,f[l]'s edition1 p4 #aj74 ,he ev5 goes s f> 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,molyneux z to ma9ta9 t intellig5t hone/ m5 _c possibly diff]4#aab ,b if we consid] x f "o po9t ( view ! treatise on ! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ is itself a witness t human reason is a compass liable to incalculable v>iations & likely en\gh to %ipwreck ^? :o /e] by x alone4 ,9 ?is book ,locke %[s u t to come to a true result ! und]/&+ 7#a7 mu/ be p]fectly tra9$1 7#b7 mu/ n be affect$ by any feel+ 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ any p>ticul> result1 & 7#c7 mu/ h be=e x all ! data necess>y = =m+ a judgm5t4 ,9 practice ^! conditions are seldom 7if ev]7 fulfill$2 & ,locke himself1 :5 he wants an in/ance ( a m9d t c acquiesce 9 ! c]ta9ty ( its conclusions1 takes x f 8angels & sep>ate spirits :o may be end[$ ) m compreh5sive faculties0 ?an we are 7,c4 ( ,u4 iij1 #c74 #e4 ,x seems to me !n t ,locke mu* exagg]ates ! p[] ( ! individual reason = gett+ at ! tru?4 ,& to exagg]ate ! importance ( "o function ( ! m9d is to unduly dim9i% ! importance ( ! re/4 ,?us we f9d t 9 ,locke's s*eme ( education little ?\ght is tak5 = ! play ( ! affections & feel+s2 & z = ! imag9ation x is treat$ m]ely z a s\rce ( mis*ief4 #f4 ,locke1 z x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 diff]s f ! s*oolma/] 9 mak+ small acc\nt ( ! k to be acquir$ by ^? "u education4 ,b x has n be5 s (t5 rem>k$ t ! fundam5tal diff]5ce is mu* deep] ?an ?is & lies 9 ! conception ( k itself4 ,) ! ord9>y s*oolma/] ! te/ ( k is ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,:atev] pupils c reproduce ) difficulty !y "k imp]fectly2 :atev] !y c reproduce ) ease !y "k ?or\ghly4 ,b ,locke's def9ition ( k conf9es x to a mu* small] area4 ,accord+ to him k is 8! int]nal p]ception ( ! m9d0 7,locke to ,/ill+fleet v4 ,f4 ,b4 ij1 #dcb74 8,kn[+ is see+2 & if x be s1 x is madness to p]suade ourselves we d s by ano!r man's eyes1 let him use nev] s _m words to tell u t :at he ass]ts is v visible4 ,till we ourselves see x ) our own eyes1 & p]ceive x by our own und]/&+s1 we are z mu* 9 ! d>k & z void ( k z be=e1 let u believe any le>n$ au?ors z mu* z we w0 7,c4 ( ,u4 #bd74aac #g4 ,"h ,locke makes no di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t classes ( tru?s4 ,b surely v important diff]5ces exi/4 ,ab\t "s physical facts our k is at once mo/ c]ta9 & mo/ def9ite :5 we d]ive x ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( our own s5ses4 8,see+ is believ+10 says ! prov]b4 ,x may be believ+1 b x is n kn[+4 ,t c]ta9ty :i* we call k we (t5 arrive at bett] by ! te/imony ( o!rs ?an by t ( our own s5ses4 ,miss ,m>t9eau 9 h] ,autobiography tells u t z a *ild ( t5 %e entirely & unacc\ntably fail$ to see a comet :i* 0 visible to all o!r p2 b1 al?\gh h] own s5ses 7 at fault1 ! evid5ce = ! comet 0 s conclusive t %e may be said to h kn[n !re 0 a comet 9 ! sky4 ,on suffici5t evid5ce we c "k any?+1 j z we "k !re is a great wat]-fall at ,niag>a ?\gh we may nev] h cross$ ! ,atlantic4 ,b we _c be s c]ta9 simply on ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,if we tru/$ entirely to !m we might take ! e>? = a plane & 8"k0 t ! sun mov$ r\nd x4 #h4 ,b ,locke probably consid]s z ! subject ( k n s mu* physical facts z ! great body ( tru?s :i* are asc]ta9$ by ! intellect4 ,x is ! eye ( ! m9d by :i* alone k is to be ga9$4 ,( ^! tru?s ! pure/ specim5s are ! tru?s ( geometry4 ,x may be said t only ^? :o h foll[$ ! pro(s "k t ! area ( ! squ>e on ! side opposite ! "r angle 9 a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es on ! o!r sides4 ,b ev5 9 pure reason+ l ?is1 ! tiro (t5 seems to see :at he does n really see2 & :]e 8 own reason br+s him to a conclusion diff]5t f ! "o e/abli%$ he kn[s only t he is mi/ak54 #i4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ !n t fir/-h& k1 k d]iv$ f ! vision ( ! eye or ( ! m9d1 is n ! only k ! "y require4 ,e le>n] mu/ take ?+s on tru/1 z ev5 ,"l ,bacon admits4 ,disc5tem cr$]e oportet4 ,to use ,locke's own words3--8,i d n say1 to be a good geograph] t a man %\ld visit e m\nta91 riv]1 promontory1 & creek ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 view ! build+s & survey ! l& ev]y:]e z if he 7 go+ to make a pur*ase0 7,c4 ( ,u41 iij1 ad f474 ,s t ev5 accord+ to ,locke's own %ew+ we mu/ use ! eyes ( o!rs z well z our own1 & ?is is true n 9 geography only1 b 9 all o!r bran*es ( k4 #aj4 ,b are we driv5 to ! alt]native ( agree+ ei!r ) ,locke or ) ! s*oolma/]8 ,i d n see t we are4 ,! ?\ght :i* und]lies ,locke's sy/em ( education is ?is3 true k c be acquir$ only by ! ex]cise ( ! reason3 9 *ildhood ! reason+ p[] is n /rong en\gh = ! pursuit ( k3 k1 !re=e1 is out ( ! "q at t age1 & ! only ?+ to be ?\ght ( is ! =mation ( habits4 ,oppos$ to ?is we h ! s*oolma/]'s ideal :i* is gov]n$ by exam9ations4 ,accord+ to ?is ideal ! object ( ! s*ool c\rse is to give c]ta9 8k10 l+ui/ic & o!r1 & to fix x 9 ! memory 9 su* a mann] t x c be display$ on ! day ( exam9ation4 8,k0 ( ?is k9d (t5 makes no dem& :atev] on ! reason+ faculty1 or inde$ on any faculty b t ( rememb]+ & reproduc+ :at ! le>n] has be5 told2 9 extreme cases ! memory ( m]e s\nds or symbols suffices4 ,b aft] all we are n compell$ to *oose betwe5 ^! two !ories4 ,take1 e4g41 ! subject :i* ,locke has m5tion$1 geography4 ,! s*oolma/]s ( ! old5 "t began ) ! use ( ! globes1 a plan :i*1 by ! way1 ,locke himself seems to h w9k$ at4 ,8 disciple ,molyneux tells him ( ! p]=mances ( ! small ,molyneux4 ,:5 he 0 b j turn$ five he c\ld read p]fectly well1 & on ! globe c\ld h trac$ out & po9t$ at all ! not$ ports1 c\ntries1 & cities ( ! _w1 bo? l& & sea2 by five & a half c\ld p]=m _m ( ! pla9e/ problems on ! globe1 z ! longitude & latitude1 ! ,antipodes1 ! "t ) !m & o!r c\ntries1 c4 7,molyneux to ,l41 #bd? ,augu/1 #afie47 ,"h we f9d a *ild br\ght up1 )\t any prote/ f ,locke1 on m]e exam9ation k1 :i* accord+ to ,locke himself is n k at all4 ,x is /range t ,locke did n at once po9t out to ,molyneux t ! *ild 0 n really le>n+ :at ! fa!r suppos$ him to be le>n+4 ,:5 ! *ild turn$ ov] ! pla/] ball & f\nd ! ^w 8,p>is10 ! fa!r no d\bt attribut$ to ! *ild mu* t 0 9 8 own m9d only4 ,to ! *ild 8! ,globe0 7z ,r\sseau aft]w>ds said71 0 no?+ b a pla/] ball2 8,p>is0 0 no?+ b "s lett]s m>k$ on t ball4 ,com5ius _h already got a notion h[ *ildr5 may be giv5 "s k ( geography4 8,*ildr5 beg9 geography10 said he1 8:5 !y get to und]/& :at a hill1 a valley1 a field1 a riv]1 a village1 a t[n is40 7,supra1 p4 #ade47 ,:5 ?is beg9n+ has be5 made1 geographical k is at once possible to ! *ild1 & n be=e4 ,p]fect k 9 geography1 z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s1 is out ( e "o's rea*4 ,nobody kn[s1 e4g41 all t c\ld be kn[n ab\t ,p>is4 ,! k its inhabitants h ( x is v v>i\s1 b 9 all cases ?is k is f> great] ?an t ( a visitor4 ,! visitor's k aga9 is f> great] ?an t ( /rang]s :o h nev] se5 ,p>is4 ,nobody1 !n1 c "k ev]y?+ ev5 ab\t ,p>is2 b a *ild :o kn[s :at a l>ge t[n is1 & c fancy to himself a big t[n call$ ,p>is1 :i* is ! bigge/ & mo/ important t[n 9 ,france has "s k ab\t x4 ,?is mu/ be ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,locke4 ,aga9/ ! s*oolma/] x may be po9t$ out t mak+ an ,eskimo say ! words3--8,p>is is ! capital ( ,france10 w\ld n be giv+ him any k at all2 & ! same may be said ( _m 8lessons0 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,if a common sailor 7 to tea* an ,eskimo ,engli%1 he w\ld v likely suppose t :5 he _h taught ! s\nds 8,p>is is ! capital ( ,france10 he _h convey$ to 8 pupil all ! ideas :i* ^? s\nds sugge/$ to 8 own m9d4 ,a common s*oolma/] may fall into a simil> error4 #aa4 ,9 ! mo/ celebrat$ "w :i* has be5 affect$ by ! ,?\ghts ( ,locke1 ,r\sseau's ,emile1 we f9d *ildhood treat$ 9 a mann] altoge!r diff]5t f y\?3 ! *ild's education is ma9ly physical1 & in/ruction is n giv5 till ! age ( twelve4 ,locke's sy/em on fir/ sight seems v diff]5t to ?is1 b !re is a deep] connection betwe5 ! two ?an is usually obs]v$4 ,we h se5 t ,locke all[$ no?+ to be k t 0 n acquir$ by ! p]ception ( ! intellect4 ,b 9 *ildr5 ! intellectual p[] is n yet develop$2 s accord+ to ,locke k prop]ly s-call$ is n )9 _! rea*4 ,:at !n c ! educator d = !m8 ,he c prep>e !m = ! age ( reason 9 two ways1 by c>+ fir/ = _! physical heal?1 second = ! =mation ( good habits4 #ab4 #a/4 ,on ! ,cont95t ,locke has always be5 consid]$ "o ( ! fir/ advocates ( physical education1 & he does1 x is true1 give physical education ! fir/ place1 a feature 9 8 sy/em1 :i* we naturally connect ) 8 /udy ( m$ic9e1 & also ) ! tr\ble he _h all 8 life ) 8 own heal?4 ,b c>e ( ! body1 & especially bodily ex]cises1 7 always mu* ?\ght ( 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! ma9 writ]s on education be=e ,locke1 e4g41 ,sir ,?os4 ,elyot1 ,mulca/]1 ,milton1 7 v emphatic ab\t physical tra9+4 ,9 ! autobiography ( ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 we may see :at att5tion 0 paid 9 ,locke's own c5tury to ?is "p ( education4#aad #ac4 #bnd4 8,t1 & t only1 is educative :i* m\lds =ms or modifies ! s\l or m9d40 7,m>k ,pattison 9 ,new ,qu>t]ly ,magaz9e1 ,janu>y1 #ahhj47 ,"h we h a proposition :i* is p]haps seldom d5i$1 b v commonly ignor$ by ^? :o br+ up ! "y4 ,b ,locke seems to h be5 entirely possess$ ) ?is notion1 & ! great] "p ( ! ,?\ghts is no?+ b a long application ( x4 ,! pr9ciple :i* lies at ! root ( mo/ ( 8 advice1 he has himself express$ z foll[s3 8,t :i* ,i _c too (t5 inculcate is1 t :atev] ! matt] be ab\t :i* x is conv]sant :e!r great or small1 ! ma91 ,i _h almo/ said only ?+1 to be consid]$ 9 e action ( a *ild is :at influ5ce x w h ^u 8 m9d2 :at habit x t5ds to1 & is likely to settle 9 him3 h[ x w become him :5 he is bigg]1 & if x be enc\rag$1 :i!r x w lead him :5 he is gr[n up40 7,?\ghts1 #ajg1 p4 #hf47 ,"h we see t ,locke diff]$ widely f ! s*oolma/]s ( 8 "t1 p]haps ( all "t4 ,a man mu/ be a philosoph] inde$ if he c sp5d 8 life 9 tea*+ boys1 & yet always ?9k m ab\t :at !y w be & :at !y w d :5 _! s*ool+ is ov] ?an :at !y w "k4 ,& 9 ^! days if we /opp$ to ?9k at all we %\ld be trodd5 on by ! exam9]4#aae ,9 ?is respect ,locke has n be5 surpass$4 ,l 8 pr$ecessor ,montaigne he took = 8 c5tre n ! object1 k1 b ! subject1 man4#aaf #ad4 ,9 "s o!r respects he does n seem s happy4 ,he makes little attempt to rea* a sci5tific /&po9t & to e/abli% g5]al tru?s ab\t our common human nature4 ,he ?9ks n s mu* ( ! man z ! g5tleman1 n s mu* ( ! common laws ( ! m9d z ( ! peculi>ities ( ! individual *ild4 ,he ev5 h9ts t diff]5ces ( disposition 9 *ildr5 r5d] treatises on education defective if n useless4 8,!re are a ?\s& o!r ?+s t may ne$ consid]ation0 he writes 8especially if "o %\ld take 9 ! v>i\s temp]s1 diff]5t incl9ations1 & p>ticul> defaults t are to be f\nd 9 *ildr5 & prescribe prop] rem$ies4 ,! v>iety is s great t x w\ld require a volume1 nor w\ld t rea* x4 ,ea* man's m9d has "s peculi>ity z well z 8 face1 t di/+ui%es him f all o!rs2 & !re are possibly sc>ce two *ildr5 :o c be conduct$ by exactly ! same me?od3 besides t ,i ?9k a pr9ce1 a nobleman1 or an ord9>y g5tleman's son %\ld h diff]5t ways ( bre$+4 ,b hav+ _h "h only "s g5]al views 9 ref]5ce to ! ma9 end & aims 9 education1 & ^? design$ = a g5tleman's son1 :om be+ !n v little ,i consid]$ only z :ite pap] or wax to be m\ld$ & fa%ion$ z "o pleases1 ,i h t\*$ little m ?an ^? heads :i* ,i judg$ necess>y = ! bre$+ ( a "y g5tleman ( 8 condition 9 g5]al40 7,?\ghts1 #bag1 p4 #ahg47 ,no language c\ld br+ out m cle>ly ! inf]iority ( ,locke's /&po9t to t ( lat] ?9k]s4 ,he makes little acc\nt ( our common nature & wi%es education to be bas$ ^u an e/imate ( ! peculi>ities ( ! individual pupil & ( 8 social ne$s4 ,& no "o ) an adequate notion ( education c\ld ev] comp>e ! "y *ild to 8:ite pap] or wax40 ,p]haps ! developm5t ( an organism 0 a conception t c\ld n h be5 =m$ )\t a great advance 9 physical sci5ce4 ,froebel :o makes mo/ ( x le>nt x f ! sci5tific /udy ( trees & f m9]alogy4 ,we ne$ n !n be surpris$ t ,locke does n say1 z ,pe/alozzi said a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 8,education in/ead ( m]ely consid]+ :at is to be imp>t$ to *ildr5 ought to consid] fir/ :at !y already possess40 ,b if he _h read ,com5ius he w\ld h be5 sav$ f comp>+ ! *ild to wax or :ite pap] 9 ! h&s ( ! educator4 ,com5ius _h said3 8,nature has implant$ )9 u ! se$s ( le>n+1 ( virtue1 & ( piety4 ,! object ( education is to br+ ^! se$s to p]fection40 7,supra1 p4 #ace47 ,?is seems to me a high] conception ?an any t ,i meet ) 9 ,locke4 #ae4 ,b if our philosoph] did n le>n f ,com5ius he c]ta9ly le>nt f ,montaigne4#aag ,inde$ ,dr4 ,arn/dt 7v4 supra1 p4 #fi7 has put him into a s]ies ( ?9k]s :o h mu* 9 common4 ,?is succession is z foll[s3 ,rabelais1 ,montaigne1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau2 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,br[n+'s division1 !y =m a s*ool by !mselves4 8,?9k]s on education10 says ,mr4 ,br[n+1#aah 8are #a/ ^? :o wi% to educate ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! classics1 or #bnd ^? :o wi% to educate ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! works ( ,nature1 or #crd ^? :o aim at an education indep5d5t ( /udy & k1 & ?9k r ( ! tra9+ ( "* & ! atta9+ to ! ,greek ideal1 ! man beautiful & good40 ,to ! ?ree s*ools ,mr4 ,br[n+ gives ! names ,humani/1 ,reali/1 & ,naturali/1 78nos autres naturali/es10 ,montaigne says74 ,locke he consid]s "o ( ! pr9cipal writ]s ( ! 8naturali/ic0 s*ool1 & says1 ,locke 8has giv5 a p[]ful bias to naturali/ic education bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t = ! la/ #bjj ye>s40 7,ed4 ,!ories1 p4 #he47 ,?is use ( ! ^w 8naturali/ic0 seems to me some:at mislead+1 or at be/ vague1 & x is a ^w ov]work$ already3 s ,i %\ld pref] to speak ( ! 8develop+0 or 8tra9+0 s*ool4 ,! classification itself c]ta9ly has its uses b x mu/ be employ$ ) caution4 ,if caught up by ^? :o h only an elem5t>y acqua9tance ) ! subject a class ( p]sons apt to delight 9 su* arrangem5ts z an aid to memory1 ^! divisions may easily prove a h9drance to light4 #af4 ,?is subject ( classification is s important to /ud5ts t x may be wor? :ile to make a few rem>ks ^u x4 ,! only ?or\ghly consi/5t p are ! p ( fiction4 ,we c "k all ab\t !m4 ,directly we und]/& _! c5tral ?\ght or peculi>ity we may be sure t ev]y?+ !y say & d w be /rictly 9 accordance ) x1 w inde$ be expla9able by x4 ,to take a bald & simple in/ance1 directly we "k t ,mrs4 ,jellaby 9 ,bleak ,h\se is absorb$ by h] int]e/ 9 an ,african ,mission1 we "k all t is to be kn[n ab\t h]2 & ev]y?+ %e does or omits to d has "s ref]5ce to ,borrioboola ,gh>4 ,b 9 real life n only are p mu* less easily und]/ood1 b :5 we actually h seiz$ _! ma9 idea or peculi>ity or int]e/ we mu/ n expect to f9d !m always consi/5t3 & !y w say & d mu* :i* if n inconsi/5t ) ! ma9 idea or peculi>ity or int]e/ has at lea/ no connection ) x4 ,suppose1 e4g41 y c make out ) "s c]ta9ty t ,locke belong$ to ! develop+ s*ool1 y mu/ n expect him to pay little he$ to in/ruction z su*4 ,aga91 suppose y f9d t 8 philosophy 0 utilit>ian2 y mu/ n suppose t 9 ev]y?+ he says he w be ?9k+ ( utility4 ,n[ ! hi/orian is tempt$ to treat real m5 & wom5 z ! writ] ( fiction treats 8 puppets4 ,hav+ fa/5$1 q correctly let u suppose1 on _! ma9 peculi>ity he consid]s x necess>y to squ>e ev]y?+ ) 8 !ory ( !m1 & :atev] w n fall 9 ) x he1 if he is unscrupul\s1 misrepres5ts1 or if he is scrupul\s1 suppresses4 ,aga91 we are too apt to read into words mean+s d]iv$ f controv]sies unkn[n at ! "t :5 ! words 7 utt]$4 ,?is is a well-kn[n fact 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,we mu/ always consid] n m]ely ! words us$ b ! "t :5 !y 7 us$4 ,:at a man might say q naturally & or?odoxly at "o p]iod w\ld be suffici5t to convict him ( sympa?iz+ ) "s t]rible h]esy if utt]$ half a c5tury lat]4 ,we f9d some?+ l ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,if anyone n[adays speaks ( ! pleasure ) :i* z a "y man he read ,tacitus1 he is und]/ood to mean t he is oppos$ to ! introduction ( 8mod]n /udies0 into ! s*ool-room4 ,if on ! o!r h& he extols botany1 or regrets t he nev] le>n$ *emi/ry1 ?is is tak5 = an assault on classical in/ruction4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 no su* inf]5ce c\ld be drawn if we w5t back to a "t :5 ! anti!sis betwe5 classics & natural sci5ce _h n be5 acc5tuat$4 ,9 _m o!r in/ances we h to be on our gu>d aga9/ =c+ into language mean+ :i* belongs r to a lat] date4 #ag4 ,) ^! cautions 9 m9d let u see h[ f> ,locke may be said 7#a7 to be a tra9]1 & 7#b7 h[ f> a utilit>ian4 #ah4 ,i4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ attributes to ,rabelais1 ,montaigne1 & ,locke ! desire to br+ up a well-develop$ man r ?an a good s*ol>4 ,b ,rabelais c]ta9ly crav$ = ! k ( ?+s2 & if he is to be class$ at all ,i %\ld put him r ) ! ,reali/s1 albeit he liv$ be=e ! reali/ic _s became p[]ful4 ,montaigne w5t m on ! l9es ( develop+ r ?an tea*+1 &1 %rewd man ( ! _w z he 01 he ?\ght a great deal ab\t ! art ( liv+4 ,b 8 ideal 0 n s mu* ! man z ! g5tleman4 ,?is 0 true also ( ,locke2 & "h we see "s explanation :y bo? ,montaigne & ,locke d n value classical le>n+4#aai ,on ! ,cont95t classical le>n+ has nev] be5 associat$ ) ! "* ( an accompli%$ g5tleman2 &1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! conception t ! highe/ type ( excell5ce is f\nd 9 ! union ( 8! s*ol> & ! g5tleman0 is peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! society ( ,locke's day ?is union does n seem to h be5 recogniz$1 & ,locke obs]ves3 8,a great "p ( ! le>n+ n[ 9 fa%ion 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe1 & t goes ord9>ily into ! r\nd ( education1 a g5tleman may 9 a good measure be unfurni%$ )1 )\t any great disp>agem5t to himself or prejudice to 8 affairs40 7,?\ghts1 #id1 p4 #gd47 ,s ,locke s\ght z ! true ess5tial = ! "y g5tleman 8prud5ce & good bre$+40 ,he puts 8 requisites 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( importance3--#a1 virtue2 #b1 wisdom2 #c1 mann]s2 #d1 le>n+2 & s 8places le>n+ la/ & lea/40 ,"h he %ews himself f> ahead ( ^? :o /ill held to ! le>n$ ideal2 b 8 notions ( developm5t 7 cramp$ by 8 ?9k+ only ( ! g5tleman & :at 0 requisite = him4 #ai4 ,,ii4 ,0 ,locke a utilit>ian 9 education8 ,x is ! fa%ion 7& 9 hi/ory z 9 o!r ?+s fa%ion is a p[]ful =ce71 x is ! fa%ion to treat ( ,locke z a great *ampion ( utilit>ianism4 ,we might expect ?is 9 ! ord9>y hi/orians1 = 8:5 !y d agree _! unanimity is0 n p]haps v wond]ful4 ,b !re is "o great ,engli% au?ority q un9flu5c$ by !m :o has said ! same ?+1 viz4--,c>d9al ,newman4 ,! ,c>d9al1 z ! *ampion ( au?ority1 is p]haps prejudic$ aga9/ ,locke1 :o holds t 8! faculty ( reason+ seldom or nev] deceiv$ ^? :o tru/$ to x40 ,be ?is z x may1 ,newman ass]ts t 8! tone ( ,locke's rem>ks is condemnatory ( any tea*+ :i* t5ds to ! g5]al cultivation ( ! m9d40 7,idea ( a ,univ]sity4 ,disc\rse vij41 #d2 see also #f47 ,a v int]e/+ po9t = u to consid] is !n1 ,is ?is reputation ( ,locke's = utilit>ianism well des]v$8 #bj4 ,fir/ let u be q c]ta9 ( our def9ition4 ,9 le>n+ any?+ !re are two po9ts to be consid]$2 #a/1 ! advantage we %all f9d f kn[+ t subject or hav+ t skill1 & #bnd1 ! effect :i* ! /udy ( t subject or practis+ = t skill w h on ! m9d or ! body4 ,^! two po9ts are 9 !mselves di/9ct1 ?\gh x is op5 to anyone to ma9ta9 t !y ne$ n be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,nature has provid$ t ! bodies ( mo/ animals %\ld get ! ex]cise be/ = !m 9 procur+ food4 ,s ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has come to ! conclusion t x w\ld be contr>y to 8! economy ( nature0 if "o set ( occupations 7 ne$$ z gymna/ics & ano!r = utility4 ,9 o!r words he consid]s t x is 9 le>n+ ! mo/ useful ?+s we get ! be/ tra9+4 ,! utilit>ian view ( in/ruction is t we %\ld tea* ?+s useful 9 !mselves & ei!r neglect ! result on ! m9d & body ( ! le>n] or assume ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s law ( 8! economy ( nature40 ,aga91 :5 ! subjects are settl$ ! utilit>ian ?9ks h[ ! k or skill may be mo/ spe$ily acquir$1 & n h[ ?is me?od or t me?od ( acquisition w affect ! faculties4 #ba4 ,?is be+ utilit>ianism 9 education ! "q is h[ f> 0 ,locke ! utilit>ian he is g5]ally consid]$8 ,if we take by itself :at he says "u ! head ( 8,le>n+0 9 ! ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education no d\bt we %\ld pron\nce him a utilit>ian4 ,he consid]s ea* subject ( in/ruction & pron\nces = or aga9/ x accord+ z x seems likely or unlikely to be useful to a g5tleman4 ,& 9 ! me?ods he sugge/s he simply po9ts out ! quicke/ r\te1 z if ! k 7 ! only ?+ to be ?\ght (4 ,h5ce 8 utilit>ian reputation4 ,b two v important consid]ations h be5 lo/ sight (4 #a/4 ,le>n+ is ) him 8! la/ & lea/ "p0 9 education4 #bnd4 ,intellectual education 0 n = *ildhood b = ! age :5 we c tea* ourselves4 8,:5 a man has got an entrance into any ( ! sci5ces10 says he1 8x w be "t !n to dep5d on himself & rely ^u 8 own und]/&+ & ex]cise 8 own faculties1 :i* is ! only way to improvem5t & ma/]y40 7,l4 to ,pet]bor\gh1 quot$ 9 ,camb4 edition ( ,?\ghts1 p4 #bbi47 8,s10 he says1 8! bus9ess ( education is n1 z ,i ?9k1 to make ! "y p]fect 9 any "o ( ! sci5ces b s to op5 & dispose _! m9ds z may be/ make !m capable ( any :5 !y %all apply !mselves to x40 ,! /udies he proposes 9 ! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ 7:i* is 8 treatise on intellectual education7 h = _! object 8an increase ( ! p[]s & activity ( ! m9d1 n an enl>gem5t ( its possessions0 7,c4 ( ,u4 #ai1 ad f474 ,?us /range to say ! suppos$ lead] ( ! ,utilit>ians has actually prop\nd$ 9 s _m words ! doctr9e ( _! oppon5ts4 #bb4 ,:5 ,locke is m /udi$ x w be f\nd t ! ,?\ghts are mislead+ if we neglect 8 o!r works1 m p>ticul>ly ! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+4 #bc4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 days1 ,locke 0 consci\s ( gleams ( ! 8untravell$ _w0 :i* lay be=e ! g5]ations to come4 ,) great pa?os he writes to a fri5d3 8,:5 ,i consid] h[ mu* ( my life has be5 trifl$ away 9 beat5 tracks :]e ,i vamp$ on ) o!rs only to foll[ ^? :o w5t be=e me1 ,i _c b ?9k ,i h j z mu* reason to be pr\d z if ,i _h travell$ all ,engl& &1 if y w1 all ,france too1 only to acqua9t myself ) ! roads1 & be able to tell h[ ! highways lie :]e9 ^? ( equipage1 & ev5 ! common h]d too1 travel4 ,n[1 me?9ks--& ^! are (t5 old m5's dreams--,i see op5+s to tru? & direct pa?s lead+ to x1 :]e9 a little application & indu/ry w\ld settle "o's m9d ) satisfaction & leave no d>kness or d\bt4 ,b ?is is ! end ( my day :5 my sun is sett+3 & ?\gh ! prospect x has giv5 me be :at ,i w\ld n = any?+ be )\t--!re is s mu* tru?1 beauty1 & consi/5cy 9 x--yet x is = "o ( y\r age1 ,i ?9k ,i ought to say = y\rself1 to set ab\t0 7,l4 to ,bolde1 quot$ by ,f[l]1 ,locke1 p4 #abj74 ,b ano!r #bjj ye>s h n suffic$ to put u 9 possession ( ! ,promis$ ,l& ( :i* ,locke _h ^! ,pisgah visions4 ,we /ill 8vamp on10 foll[+ ^? :o w5t be=e u & gett+ small help f exp\nd]s ( 8,education z a ,sci5ce40 ,b z x w\ld seem ! days ( vamp+ on bl9dly 9 ! beat5 track are draw+ to a close4 ,we _c d\bt t if ,locke _h kn[n ! wond]ful advance :i* v>i\s sci5ces h made s9ce 8 day he w\ld h se5 9 !m 8op5+s to tru? & direct pa?s lead+ to x0 = _m purposes1 c]ta9ly = education4 ,x is = our age & ages to come to set ab\t apply+ our sci5tific k to ! br++ up ( *ildr52 & ?9k]s su* z ,froebel w %ew u h[4 ,locke's ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education & 8 ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+ %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all /ud5ts ( education :o "k ! ,engli% language4 ,i h !re=e n attempt$ to epitomise :at he has said1 b h endeav\r$ to get at ! ma9 ?\ghts :i* are1 s to speak1 ! taproot ( 8 sy/em4 ,( ! ,?\ghts !re is an edition publi%$ by ! ,national ,society & ano!r by ! ,pitt ,press1 ,cambridge4 ,! ,cambridge edition gives f ,fox-,b\rne's ,life ,locke's s*eme ( 8,work+ ,s*ools0 & f ,"l ,k+'s ! essay 8,( ,/udy40 ,( ! ,conduct !re is an edition publi%$ by ! ,cl>5don ,press4 8,f4,b40 9 ! ref]5ces above /&s = ,fox-,b\rne's ,life ( ,locke4 ,9 ! above essay ,i h n treat$ ( ,locke z a me?odiz]2 b he advocat$ tea*+ =eign languages )\t gramm>1 & he publi%$ 8sop's ,fables 9 ,engli% & ,lat91 int]l9e>y4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^?1 :o n hav+ a ma/] w\ld le>n ei!r ( ^! ,tongues40 ,:5 ,i edit$ ! ,?\ghts = ,pitt ,press ,i did n "k ( ?is book or ,i %\ld h m5tion$ x4 ,,xiv4 ,,jean-,,jacques ,,r\sseau4 7#agab-aggh74 #a4 ,! great m5 :om we meet ) 9 ! hi/ory ( education may be divid$ into two classes1 ?9k]s & do]s4 ,!re w\ld seem no good reason :y ! ?9k] %\ld n be great z a do] or ! do] z a ?9k]2 & yet we h>dly f9d any records ( m5 :o h be5 successful bo? 9 inve/igat+ !ory & direct+ practice4 ,hi/ory tells u ( fir/-rate practical s*oolma/]s l ,/urm & ! ,jesuits2 b !y did n ?9k out _! own !ory ( _! task3 !y accept$ ! curr5t !ory ( _! "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 :o l ,montaigne & ,locke reject$ ! curr5t !ory & s\ght to e/abli% a bett] by an appeal to reason 7 n practical s*oolma/]s4 ,:5ev] ! ?9k] tries to turn 8 ?\ght into action he has cause to be disappo9t$ ) ! result4 ,we saw ?is 9 ! disa/r\s failure ( ,ratke2 & ev5 ! books 9 :i* ,com5ius tri$ to "w out 8 pr9ciples1 ! ,ve/ibulum1 ,janua & ! re/1 ) ! exception ( ! ,orbis ,pictus1 7 spe$ily =gott54 ,9 ! _w ( education z else:]e x takes "t to f9d = great ?\ghts ! practice :i* gives effect to !m4 ,! c\rse ( great ?\ghts is 9 "s ways l ! c\rse ( great riv]s4 ,mo/ romantic & beautiful ne> _! s\rce1 !y are n mo/ useful4 ,!y mu/ leave ! m\nta9s 9 :i* !y fir/ appe>$1 & mu/ fl[ n 9 cat>acts b smoo?ly along ! pla9 among ! dwell+s ( common m5 be=e !y c be turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! e-day bus9ess ( life4 #b4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 soon di/+ui%$ by b\ndless activity ( ?\ght2 & ?is ?\ght 0 direct$ ma9ly to a great "w ( de/ruction4 ,europe _h outgr[n ! ideas ( ! ,middle ,age1 & ! framework ( ,society1 :i* ! ,middle ,age _h bequea!d1 _h wax$ old & 0 ready to vani% z soon z any /rong =ce c\ld be f\nd to pu% x out ( ! way4 ,z ,mat!w ,arnold has describ$ x-- 8,x's frame yet /ood )\t a brea* 8,:5 blood & w>m? 7 fl$2 8,& /ill x spake x's wont$ spee*-- 8,b e ^w 0 dead40 ,"h !n !re 0 ne$ ( "s de/ructive p[] t %\ld remove & burn up mu* t _h become m]e ob/acle & incumbrance4 ,?is p[] 0 f\nd 9 ! writ+s :i* appe>$ 9 ,france ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury2 & among ! au?ors ( !m none spoke ) m effect ?an "o :o diff]$ f all ! re/1 a vagabond )\t family ties or social position ( any k9d1 ) no lit]>y tra9+1 ) little k & 9 conduct at lea/1 ) no morals4 ,! writ+s ( ,r\sseau & ! results produc$ by !m are among ! /range/ ?+s 9 hi/ory2 & especially 9 matt]s ( education x is m ?an d\btful if ! wise man ( ! _w ,montaigne1 ! ,*ri/ian philan?ropi/ ,com5ius1 or t 8slave ( tru? & reason0 ! philosoph] ,locke1 _h half z mu* influ5ce z ?is deprav$ s]v+ man4 #c4 ,! "w by :i* ,r\sseau became fam\s 0 a prize essay 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t civilization1 ! arts & all human in/itutions 7 f fir/ to la/ p]nici\s 9 _! effects1 & t no happ9ess 0 possible = ! human race )\t giv+ !m all up & return+ to :at he call$ ! /ate ( ,nature4 ,he glorifi$ ! 8noble savage40 ,if man _h br\ght himself to a /ate ( mis]y bord]+ on despair by foll[+ 8 own _m inv5tions1 take away all ^! inv5tions & y w h man 9 8 prop] condition4 ,! argum5t seems some?+ ( ?is k9d3 ,man 0 once happy3 ,man is n[ mis]able3 undo ev]y?+ t has be5 done & ,man w be happy aga94 #d4 ,?is pr9ciple ( a s-call$ 8natural0 /ate exi/+ be=e man's _m inv5tions1 ,r\sseau appli$ boldly to education1 & he d$uc$ ?is g5]al rule3 8,d precisely ! opposite to :at is usually done1 & y w h hit on ! "r plan40 ,n re=m b revolution 0 8 advice4 ,he took ! ord9>y s*ool tea*+ & held x up to ridicule1 & c]ta9ly he did prove its absurdity4 ,& a mo/ valuable s]vice he ?us r5d]$ to tea*]s4 ,e employm5t :ile x makes u see "s ?+s cle>ly1 also provides u ) bl9k]s1 s to speak1 :i* prev5t our see+ o!r ?+s at all4 ,! s*ool tea*]'s bl9k]s (t5 prev5t 8 see+ mu* t is pla9 en\gh to o!r p2 & :5 a writ] l ,r\sseau takes (f our bl9k]s = u & makes u look ab\t u1 he does u a great deal ( good4 ,b we ne$ m ?an ?is3 if we h *ildr5 entru/$ to u we mu/ d some?+ ) !m1 & ,r\sseau's rule ( do+ ! opposite to :at is usual w n be f\nd univ]sally applicable4 ,s we consult ,r\sseau aga91 & :at is 8 advice8 #e4 ,r\sseau w\ld br+ ev]y?+ back to ! 8natural0 /ate1 & un=tunately he nev] pauses to settle :e!r he means by ?is a /ate ( ideal p]fection1 or ( simply savag]y4 ,! savage1 he says1 gets 8 education )\t any "o's tr\bl+ ab\t x1 & s he inf]s t all ! tr\ble tak5 by ! civiliz$ is worse ?an ?r[n away4 7,gir>d9's ,r\sseau1 ij41 #he47 ,b he does n fall back on laiss] faire4 ,he urges on p>5ts ! duty ( !mselves att5d+ to ! br++ up ( _! *ildr54 8,po9t de mre1 po9t d'enfant--no "m1 no *ild10 says he2 & he w\ld h ! fa!r see to ! tra9+ ( ! *ild :om ! "m has suckl$4 #f4 ,r\sseau's picture ( family life is giv5 u :]e few ,engli%m5 are likely to f9d x1 envelop$ 9 ! ,n\velle ,hlose4 ,"h we read h[ ,julie always has h] *ildr5 ) h]1 & :ile seem+ to let !m d z !y l1 conceals ) ! air ( app>5t c>elessness ! mo/ vigilant obs]vation4 ,possess$ by ! notion t !re c be no intellectual education be=e ! age ( reason1 %e proclaims3 8,la fonction dont je suis *>ge n'e/ pas d'lev] mes fils1 mais de les prp>] p\r tre levs3 ,my bus9ess is n to educate my sons1 b to prep>e !m = be+ educat$40 7,n4 ,hlose1 #e? ,p41 ,lett4 #c47abj #g4 ,!re is mu* t is v pleas+ 9 ?is picture ( ideal family life2 b :5 ,r\sseau comes =mally to prop\nd 8 ideas on education1 he gives up family life to atta9 great] simplicity4 8,je m'en ti5s ce qui e/ plus simple10 says he3 8,:at ,i /ick to is ! m simple40 ,he tries to /ate ev]y?+ 9 its l[e/ t]ms1 s to speak2 & ?is me?od is excell5t s long z he puts on "o side only :at is accid5tal1 & reta9s all ! ess5tials ( ! problem4 ,b 8 rage = simplicity sometimes c>ri$ him beyond ?is4 ,!re is an old ,cambridge /ory ( a problem introduc+ an elephant 8^: weight may be neglect$40 ,?is is aft] ! mann] ( ,r\sseau4 ,9 ! br++ up ( ! model *ild1 he 8neglects0 p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 "y companions2 & ?\gh he says t ! ne$ful qualities ( a ma/] may be expect$ only 9 8un homme de gnie10 he h&s ov] mile to a gov]nor to live an isolat$ life 9 ! c\ntry4 #h4 ,?is gov]nor is to devote himself1 = "s ye>s1 entirely to imp>t+ to 8 pupil ^! difficult arts--! art ( be+ ignorant & ( los+ "t4 ,till he is twelve ye>s old1 mile is to h no direct in/ruction :atev]4 8,at t age he %all n "k :at a book is10 says ,r\sseau2 ?\gh else:]e we are told t he w le>n to read ( 8 own accord by ! "t he is t51 if no attempt is made to tea* him4 ,he is to be "u no re/ra9t1 & is to d no?+ b :at he sees to be useful4 #i4 ,fre$om f re/ra9t is1 h[ev]1 to be app>5t1 n real4 ,z 9 ord9>y education ! *ild employs all its faculties 9 dup+ ! ma/]1 s 9 education 8accord+ to ,nature0 ! ma/] is to devote himself to dup+ ! *ild4 8,let him always be 8 own ma/] 9 appe>ance1 & d y take c>e to be s 9 reality4 ,!re is no subjection s complete z t :i* pres]ves ! appe>ance ( lib]ty2 x is by ?is means ev5 ! w is l$ captive40 #aj4 8,! mo/ critical int]val ( human nature is t betwe5 ! h\r ( our bir? & twelve ye>s ( age4 ,?is is ! "t :]e9 vice & error take root )\t our be+ possess$ ( any in/rum5t to de/roy !m40 7m4 ij41 #gi47 ,?r\gh\t ?is season1 ! gov]nor is to be at "w tra9+ ! pupil 9 ! art ( be+ ignorant & los+ "t4 8,! fir/ education %\ld be purely negative4 ,x consi/s by no means 9 tea*+ virtue or tru?1 b 9 secur+ ! he>t f vice & ! intellect f error4 ,if y c\ld d no?+ & let no?+ be done1 if y c\ld br+ on y\r pupil heal?y & /rong to ! age ( #ab )\t 8 be+ able to tell 8 "r h& f 8 left1 f y\r v fir/ lessons ! eyes ( 8 und]/&+ w\ld op5 to reason4 ,be+ )\t prejudices & )\t habits he w\ld h no?+ 9 him to ?w>t ! effect ( y\r c>e2 & by beg9n+ ) do+ no?+ y w\ld h made an educational prodigy40#aba 8,ex]cise 8 body1 8 organs1 8 s5ses1 8 p[]s2 b keep 8 m9d passive z long z possible4 ,mi/ru/ all 8 s5tim5ts =m$ be=e ! judgm5t :i* det]m9es _! value4 ,re/ra91 avoid all =eign impressions1 & to prev5t ! bir? ( evil be 9 no hurry to cause good2 = good is good only 9 ! light ( reason4 ,look on all delays z s _m advantages3 x is a great ga9 to advance t[>ds ! goal )\t loss3 let *ildhood rip5 9 *ildr54 ,9 %ort1 :atev] lesson !y may ne$1 be sure n to give x !m to-day if y c safely put x (f till to-morr[40#abb 8,d n1 !n1 al>m y\rself mu* ab\t ?is app>5t idl5ess4 ,:at w\ld y say ( ! man1 :o1 9 ord] to make ! mo/ ( life1 %\ld det]m9e nev] to g to sleep8 ,y w\ld say1 ,! man is mad3 he is n enjoy+ ! "t2 he is depriv+ himself ( x3 to avoid sleep he is hurry+ t[>ds dea?4 ,consid]1 !n1 t x is ! same "h1 & t *ildhood is ! sleep ( reason40#abc #aa4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! climax 7or %all we say ! nadir87 9 negation4 ,r\sseau has giv5 ! c\p de grce to ! ideal ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,com5ius 0 ! fir/ to take a compreh5sive view ( ! educator's task & to connect x ) man's nature & de/9y2 b he c\ld n get cle> f an ov]-e/imate ( ! importance ( k4 ,accord+ to 8 ideal1 man %\ld "k all ?+s2 s 9 practice he ?\ght too mu* ( imp>t+ k4 ,!n came ,locke & treat$ ! imp>t+ ( k z ( trifl+ importance :5 comp>$ ) ! =mation ( "*2 b he too 9 practice h>dly w5t s f> z ?is pr9ciple might h l$ him4 ,he 0 mu* "u ! influ5ce ( social di/9ctions1 & c\ld n help ?9k+ ( :at x 0 necess>y = a g5tleman to "k4 ,s t ,r\sseau 0 ! v fir/ to %ake himself entirely free f ! notion :i* ! ,r5asc5ce _h h&$ d[n t man 0 ma9ly a le>n+ animal4 ,r\sseau has ! c\rage to d5y ?is 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann] possible1 & to say3 8,= ! fir/ #ab ye>s ! educator mu/ tea* ! *ild no?+40 #ab4 ,9 ?is reaction aga9/ ! ,r5asc5ce ,r\sseau puts ! tru? 9 ! =m ( su* a viol5t p>adox t we />t back 9 t]ror4 ,b x 0 p]haps necess>y ?us to sweep away ! ord9>y s*oolroom rubbi% be=e ! true nature ( ! educator's task c\ld be fairly consid]$4 ,! rubbi% hav+ be5 cle>$ away :at 0 to take its place8 ,no long] hav+ 8 m9d engross$ by ! k he wi%$ to communicate1 ! educator _h n[ an eye = some?+ else n less wor?y ( 8 att5tion1 viz41 ! *ild itself4 ,r\sseau 0 ! fir/ to base education entirely on a /udy ( ! *ild to be educat$2 & by do+ ?is he became1 z ,i believe1 "o ( ! greate/ ( educational ,re=m]s4 #ac4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 purely z a ?9k]1 or r z a voice giv+ expression to ! g5]al discont5t t ,r\sseau became su* a trem5d\s =ce 9 ,europe4 ,he has inde$ (t5 be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution :i* he did n live to see4 ,b1 z ,macaulay has well said1 a good deal besides eloqu5t writ+ is ne$$ to cause su* a convulsion2 & we c no m attribute ! ,fr5* ,revolution to ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau ?an we c attribute ! %ock ( an explosion ( gunp[d] to ! lucif] mat* )\t :i* x might nev] h happ5$ 7v4 ,macaulay's ,b>rre74 ,r\sseau did 9 ! _w ( ideas :at ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s aft]w>ds did 9 ! _w ( politics2 he made a clean sweep & endeav\r$ to />t afre%4 #ad4 ,i h already said t z reg>ds education ,i ?9k 8 lab\rs 9 de/ruction 7 ( v great value4 ,b :at %all we say ( 8 ef=ts at con/ruction8 ,!re w\ld n be ! lea/ difficulty 9 %[+ t mo/ ( 8 proposals are impracticable4 ,x is no m 8natural0 to treat z a typical case a *ild br\ght up 9 solitude ?an x w\ld be to write a treatise on ! re>+ ( a bee cut (f f ! hive4#abd ,r\sseau requires impossibilities1 e4g41 he po/ulates t ! *ild is nev] to be br\ght into contact ) anyone :o might set a bad example4 ,mod]n sci5ce has %[n u t ! "y are liable to take diseases f impurities 9 ! air !y brea!3 b z yet no "o has propos$ t all *ildr5 %\ld be kept at an elevation ( #e1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,yet ! advice w\ld be ab\t z practicable z ! advice ( ,r\sseau4 ,a me?od :i* always />ts ) p>adox & n infrequ5tly ends ) platitude might seem to h little 9 its fav\r2 & ,r\sseau has _h f> less influ5ce s9ce 79 ! words ( ,h]man ,m]ivale7 8he 0 de?ron$ ) ! fall ( 8 extravagant *ild1 ! ,fir/ ,republic40 ,no d\bt ! great expon5t ( ,engli% op9ion 0 "r 9 call+ ,r\sseau 8! mo/ un-,engli% /rang] :o ev] l&$ on our %ores0 7,times1 #bi ,aug41 #ahgc72 & ! tor* ( 8 eloqu5ce w nev] cause a conflagration1 /ill less an explosion1 "h4 ,8 disreg>d = 8appe>ances0--or r 8 evid5t purpose ( mak+ an impression by defy+ 8appe>ances0 & say+ j ! opposite ( :at is expect$1 is simply di/ress+ to u4 ,b !re is no d5y+ ,r\sseau's g5ius4 ,8 0 "o ( ! orig9al voices t g on s\nd+ & awak5+ e*oes 9 all l&s4 ,will+ly or unwill+ly1 at fir/ h& or f imp]fect e*oes1 ev]yone :o /udies education mu/ /udy ,r\sseau4 #ae4 ,z specim5s ( ,r\sseau's tea*+ ,i w give a few *>act]i/ic passages f ! mile4 8,ev]y?+ is good z x leaves ! h&s ( ! ,creator3 ev]y?+ deg5]ates 9 ! h&s ( man40#abe ,^! are ! fir/ words ( ! 8mile10 & ! key-note ( ,r\sseau's philosophy4 #af4 8,we are born weak1 we h ne$ ( /r5g?2 we are born de/itute ( ev]y?+1 we h ne$ ( assi/ance2 we are born /upid1 we h ne$ ( und]/&+4 ,all t we h n at our bir?1 & :i* we require :5 gr[n up1 is be/[$ on u by education4 ,?is education we receive f nature1 f m51 or f ?+s4 ,! int]nal developm5t ( our organs & faculties is ! education ( nature3 ! use we are taught to make ( t developm5t is ! education giv5 u by m52 & 9 ! acquisitions made by our own exp]i5ce on ! objects t surr\nd u1 consi/s our education f ?+s40#abf 8,s9ce ! concurr5ce ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( education is necess>y to _! p]fection1 x is by t "o :i* is entirely indep5d5t ( u1 we mu/ regulate ! two o!rs40#abg #ag4 ,n[ 8to live is n m]ely to brea!2 x is to act1 x is to make use ( our organs1 our s5ses1 our faculties1 & ( all ^? p>ts ( ourselves :i* give u ! feel+ ( our exi/5ce4 ,! man :o has liv$ mo/1 is n he :o has c\nt$ ! greate/ numb] ( ye>s1 b he :o has mo/ ?or\ghly felt life40#abh #ah4 ,! aim ( education1 !n1 mu/ be complete liv+4 ,b ord9>y education1 in/ead ( seek+ to develop ! life ( ! *ild1 sacrifices *ildhood to ! acquirem5t ( k1 or r ! semblance ( k1 :i* x is ?\ght w prove useful to ! y\? or ! man4 ,r\sseau's great m]it lies 9 8 hav+ expos$ ?is fundam5tal error4 ,he says1 v truly1 8,we d n und]/& *ildhood1 & pursu+ false ideas ( x our e /ep takes u fur!r a/ray4 ,! wise/ among u fix ^u :at x conc]ns m5 to "k )\t ev] consid]+ :at *ildr5 are capable ( le>n+4 ,!y always expect to f9d ! man 9 ! *ild )\t ?9k+ ( :at ! *ild is be=e x is a man4 ,& ?is is ! /udy to :i* ,i h especially devot$ myself1 9 ord] t %\ld my entire me?od be false & vision>y1 my obs]vations might always turn to acc\nt4 ,i may n h se5 aright :at ought to be done3 b ,i believe ,i h se5 aright ! subject on :i* we h to act4 ,beg9 !n by /udy+ y\r pupils bett]1 = mo/ c]ta9ly y d n und]/& !m40#abi 8,nature wills t *ildr5 %\ld be *ildr5 be=e !y are m54 ,if we seek to p]v]t ?is ord] we %all produce =w>d fruits )\t rip5ess or flav\r1 & ?o' n ripe1 soon rott53 we %all h "y savans & old *ildr54 ,*ildhood has ways ( see+1 ?9k+1 feel+ peculi> to itself2 no?+ is m absurd ?an to wi% to sub/itute ours 9 _! place40#acj 8,we nev] "k h[ to put ourselves 9 ! place ( *ildr52 we d n ent] into _! ideas1 we attribute to !m our own2 & foll[+ always our own tra9 ( ?\ght1 ev5 ) syllogisms we manage to fill _! heads ) no?+ b extravagance & error40#aca 8,i wi% "s discreet p]son w\ld give u a treatise on ! art ( obs]v+ *ildr5--an art :i* w\ld be ( imm5se value to u1 b ( :i* fa!rs & s*oolma/]s h n z yet le>nt ! v fir/ rudim5ts40#acb #ai4 ,9 ^! passages1 ,r\sseau /rikes ! key-note ( true education4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y = u is to see aright ! subject on :i* we h to act4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?is subject has (t5 be5 ! subject mo/ neglect$ 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,*ildr5 h be5 treat$ z if !y 7 made = _! s*ool books1 n _! s*ool books = !m4 ,z education has be5 ?\ght ( z le>n+1 *ildhood has be5 treat$ z unimportant1 a necess>y /age 9 exi/5ce no d\bt1 b f> m tr\blesome & h>dly m int]e/+ ?an ! /ate ( ! *rysalis4 ,if "s =ms ( words1 tables1 decl5sions1 c\nty t[ns1 & ! l c be drumm$ into *ildr51 ?is is1 say educators ( ! old s*ool1 a cle> ga94 ,= ! re/ no?+ c be done ) !m except tea*+ !m to read1 write1 & say ! multiplication table4 ,b s9ce ! publication ( ! mile1 !re has be5 9 ! _w a v diff]5t view ( education4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! importance ( *ildhood is n to be measur$ by ! am\nt ( our k1 or ev5 ! numb] ( our words1 we c =ce x to rememb]4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 9 deal+ ) *ildr5 we mu/ n ?9k ( our k or ( our notions at all4 ,we mu/ ?9k n ( our own m9ds1 b ( ! m9ds ( ! little ones4#acc #bj4 ,! absurd results 9 :i* ! opposite c\rse has end$1 ,r\sseau exposes ) great sev]ity4 8,all ! /udies dem&$ f ! poor un=tunates lead to su* ?+s z are entirely beyond ! range ( _! ideas1 s y may judge :at am\nt ( att5tion !y c give to !m4 ,s*oolma/]s :o make a great display ( ! in/ruction !y give _! pupils are paid to diff] f me2 b we see f :at !y d t !y are entirely ( my op9ion4 ,= :at d !y really tea*8 ,words1 words1 = ev] words4 ,among ! v>i\s kn[l$ges :i* !y boa/ ( giv+1 !y are c>eful n to include su* z w\ld be ( use2 because ^! w\ld involve a k ( ?+s1 & !re !y w\ld be sure to fail2 b !y *oose subjects t seem to be kn[n :5 ! t]ms are kn[n su* z h]aldry1 geography1 *ronology1 languages & ! l2 all ( !m /udies s =eign to a man1 & /ill m to a *ild1 t x is a great *ance if any?+ ( ! :ole lot ev] proves useful to him on a s+le occasion 9 8 :ole life40#acd 8,:atev] ! /udy may be1 )\t ! idea ( ! ?+s repres5t$ ! signs repres5t+ !m g = no?+4 ,& yet ! *ild is always kept to ^! signs )\t our be+ able to make him compreh5d any ( ! ?+s !y repres5t40#ace ,:at does a *ild und]/& by 8! globe08 ,an old geography book says c&idly1 t x is a r\nd ?+ made ( pla/]2 & ?is is ! only notion *ildr5 h ( x4 ,:at a fe>ful wa/e1 & worse ?an wa/e1 x is to make !m le>n ! signs )\t ! ?+s1 :5 if !y ev] le>n ! ?+s1 !y mu/ at ! same "t acquire ! signs6 7,conf4 ,rusk9 supra p4 #aei1 note47 8,no6 if ,nature gives to ! *ild's bra9 ?is pliability :i* makes x capable ( receiv+ impressions ( e k9d1 ?is is n t we may engrave on x ! names ( k+s1 dates1 ! te*nical words ( h]aldry1 ( a/ronomy1 ( geography1 & all ^? words mean+less at 8 age & useless at any age1 ) :i* we oppress 8 sad & /]ile *ildhood2 b t all ! ideas :i* he c conceive & :i* are useful to him1 all ^? :i* relate to 8 happ9ess & w "o day make 8 duty pla9 to him1 may trace !mselves !re 9 *>act]s nev] to be effac$1 & may assi/ him 9 conduct+ himself ?r\gh life 9 a mann] appropriate to 8 nature & 8 faculties40#acf #ba4 ,) ,r\sseau1 z aft]w>ds ) ,froebel1 education 0 a k9d ( 8*ild-g>d5+40 8,plants are develop$ by cultivation10 says he1 8m5 by education3 ,on faonne les plantes p> la culture1 et les hommes p> l'ducation0 7m4 j41 #f74 ,! gov]nor1 :o is ! *ild-g>d5]1 is to aim at ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 he is to %ield ! *ild f all corrupt+ influ5ces2 second1 he is to devote himself to develop+ 9 ! *ild a heal?y & /rong body 9 :i* ! s5ses are to be r5d]$ acute by ex]cise2 ?ird1 he is1 by practice n precept1 to cultivate ! *ild's s5se ( duty4 #bb4 ,9 8 /udy ( *ildr5 ,r\sseau fix$ on _! nev]-re/+ activity4 8,! fail+ en]gy conc5trates itself 9 ! he>t ( ! old man2 9 ! he>t ( ! *ild en]gy is ov]fl[+ & spreads outw>ds2 he feels 9 him life en\gh to animate all 8 surr\nd+s4 ,:e!r he makes or m>s x is all "o to him3 x is en\gh t he has *ang$ ! /ate ( ?+s1 & e *ange is an action4 ,if he seems by pref]5ce to de/roy1 ?is is n f mis*ief2 b ! act ( con/ruction is always sl[1 & ! act ( de/ruction be+ quick] is m suit$ to 8 vivacity40#acg ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 ! c>e ( ! "y is !n to provide = ! expansion ( _! activity4 ,all re/ra9ts su* z swaddl+ clo!s = infants & 8s*ool0 & 8lessons0 = *ildr5 are to be entirely done away )4#ach ,lit]>y in/ruction mu/ n be ?\ght (4 8,!re mu/ be no o!r book ?an ! _w10 says ,r\sseau1 8no o!r in/ruction ?an facts4 ,! *ild :o reads does n ?9k1 he does no?+ b read1 he gets no in/ruction2 he le>ns words3 ,po9t d'autre livre que le monde1 po9t d'autre in/ruction que les faits4 ,l'enfant qui lit ne p5se pas1 il ne fait que lire2 il ne s'in/ruit pas1 il appr5d les mots40 7m4 iij41 #aha47aci #bc4 ,if x be object$ t1 accord+ to ,r\sseau's plan1 !re w\ld be a neglect ( memory1 he replies3 8,)\t ! /udy ( books ! k9d ( memory t a *ild %\ld h w n rema9 inactive2 all he sees1 all he he>s1 /rikes him1 & he rememb]s x2 he keeps a record 9 himself ( p's actions & p's talk2 & all ar\nd him makes ! book by :i* )\t ?9k+ ( x he is con/antly enri*+ 8 memory aga9/ ! "t t 8 judgm5t may b5efit by x3 ,sans tudi] dans les livres1 l'espce de mmoire que peut avoir un enfant ne re/e pas p\r cela oisive2 t\t ce qu'il voit1 t\t ce qu'il ent5d le frappe1 et il s'en s\vi5t2 il ti5t regi/re en lui-mme des actions1 des disc\rs des hommes2 et t\t ce qui l'environne e/ le livre1 dans lequel1 sans y song]1 il enri*it cont9uellem5t sa mmoire1 en att5dant que son jugem5t puisse en pr(it]40 7m4 ij41 #ajf47 ,we %\ld be mo/ c>eful n to commit to our memory any?+ we d n und]/&1 = if we d1 we c nev] tell :at "p ( our /ores really belong to u4 7m4 iij41 #bcf47 #bd4 ,on ! positive side ! mo/ /rik+ "p ( ,r\sseau's advice relates to ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses4 8,! fir/ faculties :i* become /rong 9 u10 says he1 8are our s5ses4 ,^! !n are ! fir/ t %\ld be cultivat$2 !y are 9 fact ! only faculties we =get or at lea/ ^? :i* we neglect mo/ completely40 ,we f9d t ! "y *ild 8wants to t\* & h&le ev]y?+4 ,by no means *eck ?is re/lessness2 x po9ts to a v necess>y appr5tice%ip4 ,?us x is t ! *ild gets to be consci\s ( ! hotness or coldness1 ! h>dness or s(tness1 ! heav9ess or lightness ( bodies1 to judge ( _! size & %ape & all _! s5sible prop]ties by look+1 feel+1 li/5+1 especially by comp>+ sight & t\*1 & comb9+ ! s5sations ( ! eye ) ^? ( ! f+]s40#adj 8,see a cat ent] a room = ! fir/ "t2 %e exam9es r\nd & />es & sniffs ab\t )\t a mom5t's re/1 %e is satisfi$ ) no?+ be=e %e has tri$ x & made x out4 ,?is is j :at a *ild does :5 he beg9s to walk1 & ent]s1 s to say1 ! *amb] ( ! _w4 ,! only diff]5ce is t to ! sight :i* is common to ! *ild & ! cat ! fir/ jo9s 9 8 obs]vations ! h&s :i* nature has giv5 him1 & ! o!r animal t subtle s5se ( smell :i* has be5 be/[$ ^u h]4 ,x is ?is t5d5cy1 accord+ z x is well cultivat$ or ! rev]se1 t makes *ildr5 ei!r %>p or dull1 active or sl[1 giddy or ?\ghtful4 8,! fir/ natural movem5ts ( ! *ild be+ !n to measure himself ) 8 surr\nd+s & to te/ 9 ev]y?+ he sees all its s5sible prop]ties :i* may conc]n him1 8 fir/ /udy is a k9d ( exp]im5tal physics relat+ to 8 own pres]vation2 & f ?is we div]t him to speculative /udies be=e he feels himself at home "h bel[4 ,s long z 8 delicate & flexible organs c adju/ !mselves to ! bodies on :i* !y ought to act1 s long z 8 s5ses z yet uncorrupt$ are free f illusion1 ?is is ! "t to ex]cise !m all 9 _! prop] functions2 ?is is ! "t to le>n to und]/& ! s5su\s relations :i* ?+s h ) u4 ,z ev]y?+ t ent]s ! m9d f9ds its way ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ! fir/ reason ( a human be+ is a reason ( s5sations2 ?is x is :i* =ms ! basis ( ! intellectual reason2 our fir/ ma/]s 9 philosophy are our feet1 our h&s1 our eyes4 ,sub/itut+ books = all ?is is n tea*+ u to reason1 b simply to use ! reason ( o!r p2 x tea*es u to take a great deal on tru/ & nev] to "k any?+4 8,9 ord] to practise an art we mu/ beg9 by gett+ ! prop] implem5ts2 & t we may h good use ( ^! implem5ts !y mu/ be made /rong en\gh to /& we> & te>4 ,t we may le>n to ?9k we mu/ !n ex]cise our memb]s1 our s5ses1 our organs1 z ^! are ! implem5ts ( our intellig5ce2 & t we may make ! mo/ ( ^! implem5ts ! body :i* supplies !m mu/ be /rong & heal?y4 ,we see !n t f> f man's true reason =m+ itself indep5d5tly ( 8 body1 x is ! s\nd con/itution ( ! body t makes ! op]ations ( ! m9d easy & c]ta940#ada #be4 ,r\sseau does n conf9e himself to advis+ t ! s5ses %\ld be cultivat$2 he also gives "s h9ts ( ! way 9 :i* !y %\ld be cultivat$1 & _m mod]n exp]im5ts1 su* z 8object lessons0 & ! use ( actual weights & measures1 may be directly trac$ to him4 8,z soon z a *ild beg9s to di/+ui% objects1 a prop] *oice %\ld be made 9 ^? :i* are pres5t$ to him40 ,else:]e he says1 8,to ex]cise ! s5ses is n simply to make use ( !m2 x is to le>n to judge aright by means ( !m2 x is to le>n1 s to say1 to p]ceive2 = we c only t\* & see & he> accord+ z we h le>nt h[4 ,!re is a k9d ( ex]cise p]fectly natural & me*anical :i* s]ves to make ! body /rong )\t giv+ any?+ = ! judgm5t to lay hold (3 swimm+1 runn+1 jump+1 :ip-top1 /one ?r[+2 all ?is is capital2 b h we no?+ b arms & legs8 h we n also eyes & e>s8 & are ^! organs n ne$$ 9 our use ( ! o!rs8 ,d n !n m]ely ex]cise ! /r5g? b ex]cise all ! s5ses :i* direct x2 get all y c out ( ea* ( !m1 & !n *eck ! impressions ( "o by ! impressions ( ano!r4 ,measure1 reckon1 weigh1 comp>e40#adb #bf4 ,two subjects !re 7 9 :i* mile 0 to receive in/ruction1 viz43 music & draw+4 ,r\sseau's advice ab\t draw+ is well wor? consid]+4 ,he says3 8,*ildr5 :o are great imitators all try to draw4 ,i %\ld wi% my *ild to cultivate ?is art1 n exactly = ! art itself1 b to make 8 eye correct & 8 h& supple3 ,les enfants1 gr&s imitateurs1 essay5t t\s de dess9]3 je v\drais que le mi5 cultivt cet art1 non prcism5t p\r l'art mme1 mais p\r se r5dre l'il ju/e et la ma9 flexible40 7m4 ij41 #adi74 ,b mile is to be kept cle> ( ! ord9>y draw+-ma/] :o w\ld put him to imitate imitations2 & !re is a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ,r\sseau's sugge/ions & ^? ( ! au?orities at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,te*nical skill he c>es = less ?an ! tra9+ ( ! eye2 s mile is always to draw f ! object1 &1 says ,r\sseau1 8my int5tion is n s mu* t he %\ld get to imitate ! objects1 z get to "k !m3 mon int5tion n'e/ pas tant qu'il sa*e imit] les objets que les connatre40 7m4 ij41 #aej74 #bg4 ,be=e we pass ! age ( twelve ye>s1 at :i* po9t1 z someone says1 ,r\sseau sub/itutes ano!r mile = ! "o he has hi!rto spok5 (1 let u look at 8 proposals = moral tra9+4 ,r\sseau is "r1 beyond "q1 9 desir+ t *ildr5 %\ld be treat$ z *ildr54 ,b :at are *ildr58 ,:at c !y und]/&8 ,:at is ! _w 9 :i* !y live8 ,is x ! mat]ial _w only1 or is ! moral _w also op5 to !m8 7,gir>d9's ,r41 vol4 ij41 #acf74 ,on ! subject ( morals ,r\sseau seems to h admirable in/9cts1#adc b no pr9ciples1 & moral z he is 8on in/9ct10 !re is always "s confusion 9 :at he ,says4 ,at "o "t he ass]ts t 8!re is only "o k to give *ildr51 & t is a k ( duty3 ,il n'y a qu'une sci5ce enseign] aux enfants3 c'e/ celle des devoirs de l'homme40 7m4 j41 #bf74 ,else:]e he says3 8,to "k "r f wrong1 to be consci\s ( ! reason ( duty is n ! bus9ess ( a *ild3 ,connatre le bi5 et le mal1 s5tir la raison des devoirs de l'homme1 n'e/ pas l'affaire d'un enfant40 7m4 ij41 #ge74add ,9 ano!r place he m\nts 8 hobby t 8! mo/ sublime virtues are negative0 7m4 ij41 #ie71 & t ab\t ! be/ man :o ev] liv$ 7till he f\nd ,friday87 0 ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,! outcome ( all ,r\sseau's tea*+ on ?is subject seems t we %\ld 9 e way develop ! *ild's animal or physical life1 ret>d 8 intellectual life1 & ignore 8 life z a spiritual & moral be+4 #bh4 ,a v>iety ( influ5ces _h comb9$1 z !y comb9e /ill1 to draw att5tion away f ! importance ( physical tra9+2 & by plac+ ! *ild's bodily organs & s5ses z ! fir/ ?+s to be ?\ght ( 9 education1 ,r\sseau did mu* to save u f ! bad tradition ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,b !re 7 m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an 7 dreamt ( 9 8 philosophy1 & :atev] ,r\sseau might say1 mile c\ld nev] be re/ra9$ f inquir+ aft] !m4 ,e boy w ?9k2 i4e41 he w ?9k = himself1 h[ev] unable he may seem to ?9k 9 ! direction 9 :i* 8 in/ructors try to urge him4 ,! wise eld]s :o h *>ge ( him mu/ take ?is into acc\nt1 & mu/ endeav\r to guide him into ?9k+ mode/ly & ?9k+ "r4 ,!n aga91 z soon z ! *ild c speak1 or be=e1 ! _w ( s5sation becomes = him a _w1 n ( s5sations only1 b also ( s5tim5ts1 ( sympa?ies1 ( affections1 ( consci\sness ( "r & wrong1 good & evil4 ,all ^! feel+s1 x is true1 may be affect$ by traditional prejudices4 ,! air ! *ild brea!s may also conta9 mu* t is noxi\s2 b we h no m p[] to exclude ! atmosph]e ( ! moral _w ?an ( ! physical4 ,all we c d is to take ?\ght = fre% air 9 bo? cases4 ,z = ,r\sseau's notion t we c )draw ! *ild f ! moral atmosph]e1 we see 9 x no?+ b a pro( h[ little he und]/ood ! problems he pr(ess$ to solve4#ade #bi4 ,al?\gh ! gov]nor is to devote himself to a s+le *ild1 ,r\sseau is c>eful to prote/ aga9/ ov]-direction4 8,y w\ld /upify ! *ild10 says he1 8if y 7 con/antly direct+ him1 if y 7 always say+ to him1 #8,come "h6 ,g !re6 ,/op6 ,d ?is6 ,don't d t6' ,if y\r head always directs 8 arms1 8 own head becomes useless to him40 7m41 ij41 #aad74 ,"h we h a w>n+ :i* %\ld n be neglect$ by ^? :o ma9ta9 ! ,lyces 9 ,france1 & ! ord9>y private bo>d+-s*ools 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ^! s*ools a boy is h>dly call$ ^u to ex]cise 8 w all day long4 ,he rises 9 ! morn+ :5 he mu/2 at meals he eats till he is oblig$ to /op2 he is tak5 out = ex]cise l a horse2 he has all 8 indoor "w prescrib$ = him bo? z to "t & quantity4 ,9 ?is k9d ( life he nev] has occasion to ?9k or act = himself4 ,he is !re=e )\t self-reliance4 ,s mu* c>e is tak5 to prev5t 8 do+ wrong1 t he gets to ?9k only ( *ecks f )\t4 ,he is !re=e incapable ( self-re/ra9t4 ,9 ! ,engli% public s*ools boys h mu* less sup]vision f _! eld]s1 & organise a great portion ( _! lives = !mselves4 ,?is proves a bett] prep>ation = life aft] ! s*ool age2 & mo/ public s*oolma/]s w\ld agree ) ,r\sseau t 8! lessons ! boys get f ea* o!r 9 ! playgr\nd are a hundr$ times m useful to !m ?an ! lessons giv5 !m 9 s*ool3 les leons que les coli]s pr5n5t entre eux dans la c\r du collge leur sont c5t fois plus utiles que t\t ce qu'on leur dira jamais dans la classe40 7m4 ij41 #abc47 #cj4 ,on que/ions put by *ildr51 ,r\sseau says3 8,! art ( que/ion+ is n s easy z x may be ?\ght2 x is r ! art ( ! ma/] ?an ( ! pupil4 ,we mu/ h le>nt a good deal ( a ?+ to be able to ask :at we d n "k4 ,! le>n$ "k & inquire1 says an ,indian prov]b1 b ! ignorant "k n :at to inquire ab\t40 ,& f ?is he inf]s t *ildr5 le>n less f ask+ ?an f be+ ask$ que/ions4 7,n4 ,h41 #e? p4 #dij47 #ca4 ,at twelve ye>s old mile is said to be fit = in/ruction4 8,n[ is ! "t = lab\r1 = in/ruction1 = /udy2 & obs]ve t x is n ,i :o arbitr>ily make ?is *oice2 x is po9t$ out to u by ,nature h]self40 #cb4 ,:at novelties await u "h8 ,z we h se5 ,r\sseau 0 det]m9$ to recomm5d no?+ t w\ld h>monise ) ord9>y educational practice2 b ev5 a g5ius1 ?\gh he may ab&on previ\s practice1 _c keep cle> ( previ\s ?\ght1 & ,r\sseau's plan = in/ruction is obvi\sly connect$ ) ! ?\ghts ( ,montaigne & ( ,locke4 ,b :ile on ! same l9es ) ^! great writ]s ,r\sseau goes beyond !m & is bo? cle>] & bold] ?an !y are4 #cc4 ,r\sseau's proposals = in/ruction h ! foll[+ ma9 features4 #a/4 ,in/ruction is to be no long] lit]>y or l+ui/ic4 ,! tea*+ ab\t words is to disappe>1 & ! "y are n to le>n by books or ab\t books4 #bnd4 ,! subjects to be /udi$ are to be ma!matics & physical sci5ce4 #crd4 ,! me?od to be adopt$ is n ! didactic b ! me?od ( self-tea*+4 #d?4 ,! h&s are to be call$ into play z a means ( le>n+4 #cd4 #a/4 ,till q rec5tly ! only le>n+ ev] giv5 9 s*ools 0 book-le>n+1 a fact to :i* ! language ( ! p /ill be>s witness3 :5 a *ild does n pr(it by s*ool in/ruction he is always said to be 8no good at 8 book40 ,n[-a-days ! t5d5cy is to *ange ! "* ( ! s*ools s t !y may become less & less m]e 8,ludi ,lit]>ii40 ,9 ?is ,r\sseau seems to h be5 a c5tury & m 9 advance ( u2 & yet we _c cr$it him ) any rem>kable wisdom or insight ab\t lit]ature4 ,he himself us$ books z a means ( 8collect+ a /ore ( ideas1 true or false1 b at any rate cle>0 7,j4 ,morley's ,r\sseau1 j4 *ap4 #c1 p4 #he71 & he has record$ = u 8 op9ion t 8! s5sible & int]e/+ conv]sations ( a "y woman ( m]it are m prop] to =m a "y man ?an all ! p$antical philosophy ( books0 7,confessions1 quot$ by ,morley j41 #hg74 ,aft] ?is1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! m]it ( 8 sugge/ions we c sit at ! ,sage's feet no long]4 #ce4 #bnd4 ,r\sseau _h himself little k ( ma!matics & natural sci5ce1 b he 0 /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! 8/udy ( ,nature02 & 9 8 la/ ye>s 8 devotion to botany became a passion4 ,8 curriculum = mile is 9 ! air1 b ! *ief ?+ is to get him to att5d to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & 8to fo/] 8 curiosity by be+ 9 no hurry to satisfy x40 #cf4 #crd4 ,ab\t tea*+ & le>n+1 !re is "o po9t on :i* we f9d a cons5sus ( great au?orities ext5d+ f ! lea/ le>n$ ( writ]s :o 0 probably ,r\sseau to ! mo/ le>n$ :o 0 probably ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf4 ,9 "o =m or o!r ^! ass]t t !re is no true tea*+ b self-tea*+4 ,pa/ a d\bt ! besett+ weakness ( tea*]s is 8tell+40 ,!y c h>dly resi/ ! t5d5cy to be didactic4 ,!y h ! k :i* !y desire to f9d 9 _! pupils1 & !y _c help express+ x & endeav\r+ to pass x on to ^? :o ne$ x1 8l weal?y m5 :o c>e n h[ !y give40 ,b true 8tea*+10 z ,jacotot & 8 disciple ,joseph ,payne 7 nev] tir$ ( te/ify+1 is 8caus+ to le>n10 & x is seldom t 8didactic0 tea*+ has ?is effect4 ,r\sseau saw ?is cle>ly1 & cle>ly po9t$ out ! dang] ( didacticism4 ,z usual he by exagg]ation laid himself op5 to an answ] t seems to refute him1 b 9 spite ( ?is we feel t !re is valuable tru? und]ly+ :at he says4 8,i l n explanations giv5 9 long disc\rses10 says he2 8"y p pay little att5tion to !m & reta9 little f !m4 ,! ?+s !mselves6 ,! ?+s !mselves6 ,i %all nev] repeat (t5 en\gh t we atta* too mu* importance to words3 ) our *att]+ education we make no?+ b *att]]s40#adf ,accord+ly ,r\sseau lays d[n ! rule t mile is n to le>n sci5ce b to inv5t x 7qu'il n'appr5ne pas la sci5ce2 qu'il l'inv5te72 & he ev5 expects him to inv5t geometry4 ,z mile is n suppos$ to be a "y ,pascal b only an ord9>y boy ) extraord9>y physical developm5t su* a requirem5t is obvi\sly absurd1 & ,h]b>t has reckon$ x among ,r\sseau's ,hauptfehl] 7,pd4 ,s*rift51 ij41 #bdb74 ,! tra9+ prescrib$ is 9 fact ! tra9+ ( ! intellectual a?lete2 & ! tra9] may put ! body ?r\gh its ex]cises mu* m easily ?an ! m9d4 ,( ?is ! practical tea*] is only too consci\s1 & he w accept ,r\sseau's advice1 if at all1 only z 8c\nsels ( p]fection40 ,r\sseau says3 8mile1 oblig$ to le>n ( himself1 makes use ( 8 own reason & n t ( o!rs2 = to give no weight to op9ion1 none mu/ be giv5 to au?ority2 & ! m "p ( our mi/akes come less f ourselves ?an f o!r p4 ,f ?is con/ant ex]cise !re %\ld result a vig\r ( m9d l t :i* ! body gets f lab\r & fatigue4 ,ano!r advantage is t we advance only 9 proportion to our /r5g?4 ,! m9d l ! body c>ries t only :i* x c c>ry4 ,:5 ! und]/&+ makes ?+s its own be=e !y are committ$ to memory1 :atev] x aft]w>ds draws =? belongs to x2 b if ! memory is burd5$ ) :at ! und]/&+ kn[s no?+ ab\t we are 9 dang] ( br++ f x ?+s :i* ! und]/&+ decl9es to ackn[l$ge40#adg ,aga9 he writes3 8,beyond contradiction we get mu* m cle> & c]ta9 notions ( ! ?+s we le>n ?us ( ourselves ?an ( ^? we d]ive f o!r p's in/ruction1 & besides n accu/om+ our reason to b[ z a slave be=e au?ority1 we become m +5i\s 9 f9d+ connexions1 9 unit+ ideas1 & 9 inv5t+ our implem5ts1 ?an :5 we take all t is giv5 u & let our m9ds s9k into indiff]5ce1 l ! body ( a man :o always has 8 clo!s put on = him1 is wait$ on by 8 s]vants & drawn ab\t by 8 horses till at l5g? he loses ! /r5g? & use ( 8 limbs4 ,boileau boa/$ ( hav+ taught ,rac9e to f9d difficulty 9 rhym+4 ,among all ! admirable me?ods ( %ort5+ ! /udy ( ! sci5ces we might h ne$ t "s "o %\ld give u a way ( le>n+ !m ) ef=t40#adh #cg4 #d?4 ,h[ev] highly we may value our ga9s f ! use ( books we mu/ admit t 9 "s ways ! use ( books t5ds to ! neglect ( p[]s t %\ld n be neglect$4 ,z ,r\sseau wi%$ to see ! "y br\ght up )\t books he naturally look$ to o!r means ( le>n+1 especially to le>n+ by ! eye & by ! h&4 ,mu* is n[ said ab\t us+ ! h& = education1 & _m w agree ) ,r\sseau3 8,if in/ead ( mak+ a *ild /ick to 8 books ,i employ him 9 a work%op1 8 h&s "w to ! advantage ( 8 intellect3 he becomes a philosoph] :ile he ?9ks he is becom+ simply an artisan3 ,au lieu de coll] un enfant sur des livres1 si je l'occupe dans un ateli]1 ses ma9s travaill5t au pr(it de son esprit3 il devi5t philosophe1 et crot n'tre qu'un ouvri]40 7m4 iij41 #aic74 #ch4 ,9 ^! essays ,i h done :at ,i c\ld to %ew ! be/ t ea* re=m] has left u4 ,9 ,r\sseau's case ,i h be5 oblig$ to conf9e myself to 8 words4 8,we atta* f> too mu* importance to words10 said ,r\sseau1 & yet x is by words & words only t ,r\sseau /ill lives2 & = ! sake ( 8 words we =get 8 de$s4 ,( ! mile ,mr4 ,morley says3 8,x is "o ( ! sem9al books 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,x cle>$ away ! accumulation ( clogg+ prejudices & obscure invet]ate usage :i* made education "o ( ! d>k =mali/ic arts2 & x admitt$ floods ( light & air into tightly-clos$ nurs]ies & s*oolrooms0 7,r\sseau1 ij41 #bdh74 ,9 ! region ( ?\ght x set u free f ! ,r5asc5ce2 & x did m ?an ?is1 x ann\nc$ ! true nature ( ! tea*]'s call+1 8,/udy ! subject y h to act ^u40 ,9 ^! words we h ! />t+ po9t ( ! 8,new ,education40 ,f !m ! educator gets a fre% conception ( 8 task4 ,we gr[n p h receiv$ innum]able impressions :i*1 =gott5 z !y are1 h left _! m>k beh9d 9 our way ( look+ at ?+s2 & z we advance 9 life ^! exp]i5ces & associations clu/] ar\nd ev]y?+ to :i* we direct our att5tion1 till 9 ! end ! pa/ seems to dom9ate ! pres5t & to u 8no?+ is b :at is n40 ,b to ! *ild ! pres5t ) its revelations & ! future :i* w be 8some?+ m1 a br+] ( new ?+s10 are all engross+4 ,x is our bus9ess z tea*]s to try to realize h[ ! _w looks f ! *ild's po9t ( view4 ,we may "k a great _m ?+s & be ready to tea* !m1 b we %all h little success unless we get ano!r k :i* we _c tea* & c le>n only by pati5t obs]vation1 a k ( 8! subject to be act$ on10 ( ! m9d ( our pupils & :at goes on !re4 ,:5 we set out on ?is pa?1 :i* 0 fir/ cle>ly po9t$ out by ,r\sseau1 tea*+ becomes a new occupation ) b\ndless possibilities & unceas+ int]e/ 9 x4 ,e tea*] becomes a le>n]1 = we h to /udy ! m9ds ( ! "y1 _! way ( look+ at ?+s1 _! habits1 _! difficulties1 _! likes & dislikes1 h[ !y are /imulat$ to ex]tion1 h[ !y are disc\rag$1 h[ "o mood succe$s ano!r4 ,:at we ne$ we may well devote a lifetime to acquir+2 x is a k ( ! human m9d ) ! object ( influ5c+ x4 ,,xv4 ,,bas$[ ,,& ,,! ,,philan?rop9um4 #a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s movem5ts ev] made 9 educational re=m 0 />t$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by ,john ,b]n>d ,bas$[4 ,bas$[ 0 born at ,hamburg 9 #agbc1 ! son ( a wigmak]4 ,8 e>ly ye>s 7 n sp5t 9 ! ord9>y happ9ess ( *ildhood4 ,8 "m he describes z melan*oly1 almo/ to madness1 & 8 fa!r 0 sev]e almo/ to brutality4 ,x 0 ! fa!r's int5tion to br+ up 8 son to 8 own bus9ess1 b ! lad ran away1 & engag$ himself z s]vant to a g5tleman 9 ,hol/e94 ,! ma/] soon p]ceiv$ :at _h nev] occurr$ to ! fa!r1 viz41 t ! y\? _h v extraord9>y abilities4 ,s5t home ) a lett] f 8 ma/] po9t+ out ?is notable discov]y1 ,bas$[ 0 all[$ to r5\nce ! pat]nal call+1 & to g to ! ,hamburg ,gramm> ,s*ool 7,gymnasium71 :]e he 0 "u ,reim>us1 ! au?or ( ! 8,wolf5bttel ,fragm5t40 ,9 due c\rse 8 fri5ds manag$ to s5d him to ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig to prep>e himself = ! lea/ exp5sive ( ! le>n$ pr(essions--! cl]ical4 ,bas$[1 h[ev]1 0 n a man to foll[ ! beat5 tracks4 ,aft] an irregul> life he left ! univ]sity too unor?odox to ?9k ( be+ orda9$1 & 9 #agdi became private tutor to ! *ildr5 ( ,h]r von ,quaal5 9 ,hol/e94 ,9 ?is situation 8 tal5t = inv5t+ new me?ods ( tea*+ fir/ %[$ itself4 ,he knew h[ to adapt himself to ! capacity ( ! *ildr51 & he taught !m mu* by conv]sation1 & 9 ! way ( play1 connect+ 8 in/ruction ) surr\nd+ objects 9 ! h\se1 g>d51 & fields4 ,?r\gh ,quaal5's influ5ce1 he next obta9$ a pr(essor%ip at ,soroe1 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e he lectur$ = eight ye>s1 b 8 unor?odox writ+s rais$ a /orm ( opposition1 & ! ,gov]nm5t f9ally remov$ him to ! ,gymnasium at ,altona4 ,"h he /ill cont9u$ 8 ef=ts to *ange ! prevail+ op9ions 9 religi\s matt]s2 & s great a /ir 0 made by ! publication ( 8 8,philale?ia10 & 8 8,me?odical ,in/ruction 9 bo? ,natural & ,biblical ,religion10 t he & 8 family 7 refus$ ! ,communion at ,altona1 & 8 books 7 exclud$1 "u a heavy p5alty1 f ,lbeck4 #b4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,bas$[1 incit$ by ,r\sseau's 8,emile10 turn$ 8 att5tion to a fre% field ( activity1 9 :i* he 0 to make z _m fri5ds z 9 !ology he _h f\nd enemies4 ,a v g5]al dissatisfaction 0 !n felt ) ! condition ( ! s*ools4 ,physical education 0 n attempt$ 9 !m4 ,! "m-tongue 0 neglect$4 ,in/ruction 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 :i* 0 ! only in/ruction giv51 0 c>ri$ on 9 a me*anical way1 )\t any ?\ght ( improvem5t4 ,! education ( ! poor & ( ! middle classes receiv$ b little att5tion4 8,y\?10 says ,raum]1 80 9 ^? days1 = mo/ *ildr51 a sadly h>ass$ p]iod4 ,in/ruction 0 h>d & he>tlessly sev]e4 ,gramm> 0 can$ into ! memory1 s 7 portions ( ,scripture & poetry4 ,a common s*ool puni%m5t 0 to le>n by he>t ,psalm cxix4 ,s*ool-rooms 7 dismally d>k4 ,no "o conceiv$ x possible t ! "y c\ld f9d pleasure 9 any k9d ( "w1 or t !y _h eyes = aught besides read+ & writ+4 ,! p]nici\s age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h inflict$ on ! poor *ildr5 ( ! upp] class1 hair curl$ by ! b>b] & mess$ ) p[d] & pomade1 braid$ coats1 knee bree*es1 silk /ock+s1 & a dagg] by ! side--= active1 lively *ildr5 a p]fect torture0 7,ges*4 d4 ,pdagogik1 ii4 #big74 ,kant gave expression to a v wide-spread feel+ :5 he said t :at 0 want$ 9 education 0 no long] a re=m b a revolution4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a good scope (f]$ = innovators1 & ,bas$[ 0 a pr9ce ( innovators4 #c4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 int]e/+ ! ,dani% m9i/]1 ,b]n/orff1 9 8 plans1 he 0 p]mitt$ to devote himself entirely to a "w on ! subject ( education :il/ reta9+ 8 income f ! ,altona ,gymnasium4 ,! result 0 8 8,address to ,philan?ropi/s & ,m5 ( ,prop]ty on ,s*ools & ,/udies & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,public ,weal0 7#agff71 9 :i* he ann\nces ! plan ( 8 8,elem5t>y40#adi ,9 ?is address he calls ^u pr9ces1 gov]nm5ts1 t[n-c\ncils1 dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*1 freemasons' lodges1 c41 c41 if !y lov$ _! fell[-creatures1 to come to 8 assi/ance 9 br++ out 8 book4 ,nor did he call 9 va94 ,:5 ! 8,elem5t>y0 at l5g? appe>$ 79 #aggd71 he _h to ackn[l$ge contributions f ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii41 f ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia1 f ,*ri/ian ,,vii4 ( ,d5m>k1 f ! ,gr& ,pr9ce ,paul1 & _m o!r celebrities1 ! total sum receiv$ be+ ov] #b1jjjl4 #d4 ,:ile ,bas$[ 0 travell+ ab\t 79 #aggd7 to get subscriptions1 he sp5t "s "t 9 ,frankfurt1 & !nce made an excursion to ,ems ) two di/+ui%$ companions1 "o ( !m ,lavat]1 & ! o!r a "y man ( five-&-tw5ty1 already celebrat$ z ! au?or ( 8,gtz von ,b]li*+510 & ! 8,sorr[s ( ,w]!r40 ,( ,bas$['s p]sonal peculi>ities at ?is "t ,goe! has left u an amus+ description 9 ! 8,wahrheit und ,di*tung20 b we mu/ accept ! portrait ) caution3 ! sket* 0 ?r[n 9 z an arti/ic contra/ ) t ( ,lavat]1 & no d\bt exagg]ates ^? features 9 :i* ! anti!sis c\ld be br\ght out ) be/ effect4 8,"o c\ld n see10 writes ,goe!1 8a m m>k$ contra/ ?an betwe5 ,lavat] & ,bas$[4 ,z ! l9es ( ,lavat]'s c\nt5ance 7 free & op5 to ! behold]1 s 7 ,bas$['s contract$1 & z x 7 drawn inw>ds1 ,lavat]'s eye1 cle> & b5ign1 "u a v wide eye-lid2 ,bas$['s1 on ! o!r h&1 deep 9 8 head1 small1 black1 %>p1 gleam+ out f "u %aggy eyebr[s1 :il/ ,lavat]'s frontal bone seem$ b\nd$ by two ar*es ( ! s(te/ br[n hair4 ,bas$['s impetu\s r\gh voice1 8 rapid & %>p utt]ances1 a c]ta9 d]isive laugh1 an abrupt *ang+ ( ! topic ( conv]sation1 & :atev] else di/+ui%$ him1 all 7 oppos$ to ! peculi>ities & ! behavi\r by :i* ,lavat] _h be5 mak+ u ov]-fa/idi\s40 #e4 ,goe! approv$ ( ,bas$['s desire to make all in/ruction lively & natural1 & ?\ght t 8 sy/em w\ld promote m5tal activity & give ! "y a fre%] view ( ! _w3 b he f9ds fault ) ! 8,elem5t>y10 & pref]s ! 8,orbis ,pictus0 ( ,com5ius1 9 :i* subjects are pres5t$ 9 _! natural connection4 ,bas$[ himself1 says ,goe!1 0 n a man ei!r to edify or to lead o!r p4 ,al?\gh ! object ( 8 j\rney 0 to int]e/ ! public 9 8 philan?ropic ent]prise1 & to op5 n only he>ts b purses1 & he 0 able to speak eloqu5tly & conv9c+ly on ! subject ( education1 he spoilt ev]y?+ by 8 tirades aga9/ preval5t religi\s belief1 especially on ! subject ( ! ,tr9ity4 #f4 ,goe! f\nd 9 ,bas$['s society an opportunity ( 8ex]cis+1 if n enlight5+10 8 m9d1 s he bore ) 8 p]sonal peculi>ities1 ?\gh app>5tly ) great difficulty4 ,bas$[ seems to h delight$ 9 worry+ 8 associates4 8,he w\ld nev] see anyone quiet b he provok$ him ) mock+ irony1 9 a ho>se voice1 or put him to confusion by an unexpect$ "q1 & laugh$ bitt]ly :5 he _h ga9$ 8 end2 yet he 0 pleas$ :5 ! object ( 8 je/s 0 quick en\gh to collect himself1 & answ] 9 ! same /ra940 ,s f> ,goe! 0 8 mat*2 b he 0 ne>ly r\t$ by ,bas$['s use ( bad tobacco1 & ( "s t9d] /ill worse ) :i* he 0 con/antly light+ 8 pipe & poison+ ! air insuff]ably4 ,he soon discov]$ ,goe!'s dislike to ?is prep>ation ( 81 s he took a malici\s pleasure 9 us+ x & dilat+ ^u its m]its4 #g4 ,"h is an odd acc\nt ( _! int]c\rse4 ,dur+ _! /ay at ,ems ,goe! w5t a great deal into fa%ionable society4 8,to make up = ^! dissipations10 he writes1 8,i always pass$ a "p ( ! night ) ,bas$[4 ,he nev] w5t to b$1 b dictat$ )\t cessation4 ,occasionally he ca/ himself on ! c\* & slumb]$1 :ile 8 amanu5sis sat quietly1 p5 9 h&1 ready to cont9ue 8 "w :5 ! half-awak5$ au?or %\ld once m give free c\rse to 8 ?\ghts4 ,all ?is took place 9 a close conf9$ *amb]1 fill$ ) ! fumes ( tobacco & ! odi\s t9d]4 ,z (t5 z ,i 0 dis5gag$ f a dance ,i ha/5$ up to ,bas$[1 :o 0 ready at once to speak & dispute on any "q2 & :5 aft] a "t ,i hurri$ aga9 to ! ball-room1 be=e ,i _h clos$ ! door beh9d me he w\ld resume ! ?read ( 8 essay z compos$ly z if he _h be5 engag$ ) no?+ else40 #h4 ,x 0 ?r\gh a fri5d ( ,goe!'s1 ,behris*1 ^: acqua9tance we make 9 ! 8,wahrheit und ,di*tung10 t ,bas$[ became connect$ ) ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,dessau4 ,behris* 0 tutor to ! ,pr9ce's son1 & by him ! ,pr9ce 0 s int]e/$ 9 ,bas$['s plans t he det]m9$ to f\nd an ,in/itute 9 :i* !y %\ld be realis$4 ,bas$[ 0 !re=e call$ to ,dessau1 & "u 8 direction 0 op5$ ! fam\s ,philan?rop9um4 ,!n = ! fir/1 & probably = ! la/ "t1 a s*ool 0 />t$ 9 :i* use & wont 7 entirely set aside1 & ev]y?+ done on 8improv$ pr9ciples40 ,su* a bold ent]prise attract$ ! att5tion ( all int]e/$ 9 education1 f> & ne>3 b x w\ld seem t few p>5ts consid]$ _! own *ildr5 vilia corpora on :om exp]im5ts might be made = ! public good4 ,:51 9 ,may #aggf1 a numb] ( s*oolma/]s & o!rs collect$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many1 & ev5 f beyond ,g]many1 to be pres5t by ,bas$['s invitation at an exam9ation ( ! *ildr51 !y f\nd only ?irte5 pupils 9 ! ,philan?rop9um1 includ+ ,bas$['s own son & daught]4 #i4 ,be=e we inve/igate h[ ,bas$['s pr9ciples 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,philan?rop9um1 let u see ! =m 9 :i* he _h already ann\nc$ !m4 ,! great "w f :i* all *ildr5 7 to be taught 0 ! 8,elem5t>y40 ,z a companion to ?is 0 publi%$ ! 8,book ( ,me?od0 7,me?od5bu*7 = p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,! 8,elem5t>y0 is a "w 9 :i* a great deal ( in=mation ab\t ?+s 9 g5]al is giv5 9 ! =m ( dialogue1 int]sp]s$ ) tales & easy poetry4 ,except 9 bulk1 x does n seem to me to diff] v mat]ially f _m ( ! read+-books1 :i*1 9 late ye>s1 h be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x _h ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( be+ accompani$ by a set ( engrav+s to :i* ! text ref]r$1 ?\gh !y 7 too l>ge to be b\nd up ) x4 ,! root-ideas ( ,bas$[ put =? 9 8 8,book ( ,me?od10 & o!r writ+s1 are ^? ( ,r\sseau4 ,= example1 8,y %\ld att5d to nature 9 y\r *ildr5 f> m ?an to art4 ,! elegant mann]s & usages ( ! _w are = ! mo/ "p unnatural 7,unnatur74 ,^! come ( !mselves 9 lat] ye>s4 ,treat *ildr5 l *ildr51 t !y may rema9 ! long] uncorrupt$4 ,a boy ^: acute/ faculties are 8 s5ses1 & :o has no p]ception ( any?+ ab/ract1 mu/ fir/ ( all be made acqua9t$ ) ! _w z x pres5ts itself to ! s5ses4 ,let ?is be %[n him 9 nature h]self1 or :]e ?is is impossible1 9 fai?ful draw+s or models4 ,!reby c he1 ev5 9 play1 le>n h[ ! v>i\s objects are to be nam$4 ,com5ius alone has po9t$ out ! "r road 9 ?is matt]4 ,by all means r$uce ! wret*$ ex]cises ( ! memory40 ,else:]e he gives in/ances ( ! sort ( ?+s to :i* ?is me?od %\ld be appli$4 #a/4 ,man4 ,"h he w\ld use pictures ( =eign]s & wild m51 also a skeleton1 a h& 9 spirits1 & o!r objects /ill m appropriate to a surgical museum4 #bnd4 ,animals4 ,only su* animals are to be depict$ z x is useful to "k ab\t1 because !re is mu* t ought to be kn[n1 & a good me?od ( in/ruction mu/ %ort5 r ?an increase ! h\rs ( /udy4 ,articles ( comm]ce made f ! animals may also be exhibit$4 #crd4 ,trees & plants4 ,only ! mo/ important are to be select$4 ,( ^! ! se$s also mu/ be %[n1 & cubes =m$ ( ! diff]5t woods4 ,g>d5]s' & f>m]s' implem5ts are to be expla9$4 #d?4 ,m9]als & *emical sub/ances4 #e?4 ,ma!matical in/rum5ts = weigh+ & measur+2 also ! air-pump1 siphon1 & ! l4 ,! =m & motion ( ! e>? are to be expla9$ ) globes & maps4 #f?4 ,trades4 ,! use ( v>i\s tools is to be taught4 #g?4 ,hi/ory4 ,?is is to be illu/rat$ by engrav+s ( hi/orical ev5ts4 #h?4 ,comm]ce4 ,samples ( commodities may be produc$4 #i?4 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 %\ld be %[n pictures ( famili> objects ab\t ! h\se & its surr\nd+s4 #aj4 ,we see f ?is li/ t ,bas$[ contemplat$ giv+ 8 educational c\rse ! *>m ( v>iety4 ,inde$1 ) t c&\r 9 ackn[l$g+ mi/akes :i* p>tly makes am5ds = ! effront]y too common 9 ! trumpet+s ( 8 own p]=mances1 pa/1 pres5t1 & to come1 he confesses t :5 he began ! 8,elem5t>y0 he _h exagg]at$ notions ( ! am\nt boys 7 capable ( le>n+1 & t he _h subsequ5tly v mu* contract$ 8 propos$ curriculum4 ,& ev5 8! ,revolution10 :i* 0 to introduce s mu* new le>n+ into ! s*ools1 c\ld n af=d entirely to neglect ! old4 ,h[ev] pleas$ p>5ts might be ) ! novel acquirem5ts ( _! *ildr51 !y 7 n likely to be satisfi$ )\t ! usual k ( ,lat91 & /ill less w\ld !y tol]ate ! neglect ( ,fr5*1 :i* 9 ,g]man polite society ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ! recognis$ sub/itute = ! vulg> tongue4 ,^!1 !n1 mu/ be taught4 ,b ! old me?ods might be ab&on$1 if n ! old subjects4 ,bas$[ propos$ to tea* bo? ,fr5* & ,lat9 by conv]sation4 ,let a cab9et ( models1 or some?+ ( ! k9d1 be %[n ! *ildr52 let !m le>n ! names ( ! diff]5t objects 9 ,lat9 or ,fr5*2 !n let que/ions be ask$ 9 ^? languages1 & ! "r answ]s at fir/ put into ! *ildr5's m\?s4 ,:5 !y h 9 ?is way acquir$ "s k ( ! language1 !y may apply x to ! translat+ ( an easy book4 ,bas$[ does n claim orig9ality = ! conv]sational me?od4 ,he appeals to ! success ) :i* x _h be5 already us$ 9 tea*+ ,fr5*4 8,are ! ,fr5* gov]nesses10 he asks1 8:o1 )\t vocabul>ies & gramm>s1 fir/ by conv]sation1 !n by read+1 tea* _! language v successfully & v rapidly 9 s*ools ( f ?irty to =ty *ildr51 bett] tea*]s ?an mo/ ma/]s 9 our ,lat9 s*ools80 #aa4 ,on ! subject ( religion ! in/ruction 0 to be q z orig9al z 9 matt]s ( less importance4 ,! tea*]s 7 to give an imp>tial acc\nt ( all religions1 & no?+ b 8natural religion0 0 to be inculcat$4 #ab4 ,! key-note ( ! :ole sy/em 0 to be--ev]y?+ accord+ to nature4 ,! natural desires & incl9ations ( ! *ildr5 7 to be educat$ & direct$ aright1 b 9 no case to be suppress$4 #ac4 ,^!1 !n1 7 ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods :i*1 z ,bas$[ believ$1 7 to revolutionise education ?r\gh ! success ( ! ,philan?rop9um4 ,bas$[ himself1 z we might inf] f ,goe!'s description ( him1 0 by no means a model director = ! model ,in/itution1 b he 0 =tunate 9 8 assi/ants4 ,( ^! he _h ?ree at ! "t ( ! public exam9ation1 ( :om ,wolke is said to h be5 ! able/4 #ad4 ,a lively description ( ! exam9ation 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ by ,h]r ,s*ummel ( ,magdeburg1 "u ! title ( 8,fr$'s ,j\rney to ,dessau40 ,x purports to be writt5 by a boy ( twelve ye>s old1 & to describe :at took place )\t attempt+ criticism4 ,a few extracts w give u a notion ( ! in/ruction c>ri$ on 9 ! ,philan?rop94 8,i h j come f a visit ) my fa!r to ! ,philan?rop9um1 :]e ,i saw ,h]r ,bas$[1 ,h]r ,wolke1 ,h]r ,simon1 ,h]r ,s*weighus]1 & ! little ,philan?rop9i/s4 ,i am delight$ ) all t ,i h se51 & h>dly "k :]e to beg9 my description ( x4 ,!re are two l>ge :ite h\ses1 & ne> !m a field ) trees4 ,a pupil--n "o ( ! regul> s*ol>s1 b ( ^? !y call ,famulants 7a poor] class1 :o 7 s]vitors7--receiv$ u at ! door1 & ask$ if we wi%$ to see ,h]r ,bas$[4 ,we said #8,yes1' & he took u into ! o!r h\se1 :]e we f\nd ,h]r ,bas$[ 9 a dress+-g[n1 writ+ at a desk4 ,we came at an inconv5i5t "t1 & ,h]r ,bas$[ said he 0 v busy4 ,he 0 v fri5dly1 h[ev]1 & promis$ to visit u 9 ! ev5+4 ,we !n w5t into ! o!r h\se1 & enquir$ = ,h]r ,wolke40 ,by him !y 7 tak5 to ! s*ol>s4 8,!y h10 says ,fr$1 8_! hair cut v %ort1 & no wig-mak] is employ$4 ,_! ?roats are q op51 & _! %irt-coll>s fall back ov] _! coats40 ,fur!r on he describes ! exam9ation4 8,! little ones h gone ?r\gh ! odde/ p]=mances4 ,!y play at #8^w ( comm&4' ,eight or t5 /& 9 a l9e l soldi]s1 & ,h]r ,wolke is (fic]4 ,he gives ! ^w 9 ,lat91 & !y mu/ d :atev] he says4 ,= in/ance1 :5 he says ,claudite oculos1 !y all %ut _! eyes2 :5 he says ,circumspicite1 !y look ab\t !m2 ,imitam9i s>torem1 !y all sew l tailors2 ,imitam9i sutorem1 !y draw ! wax$ ?read l ! cobbl]s4 ,h]r ,wolke gives a ?\s& diff]5t comm&s 9 ! drolle/ fa%ion4 ,ano!r game1 #8! hid+ game1' ,i w also tea* y4 ,"s "o writes a "n1 & hides x f ! *ildr5--! "n ( "s "p ( ! body1 or ( a plant1 or animal1 or metal--& ! *ildr5 guess :at x is4 ,:oev] guesses "r gets an apple or a piece ( cake4 ,"o ( ! visitors wrote ,inte/9a1 & told ! *ildr5 x 0 a "p ( ! body4 ,!n ! guess+ began4 ,"o guess$ caput1 ano!r nasus1 ano!r os1 ano!r manus1 pes1 digiti1 pectus1 & s =?1 = a long "t2 b "o ( !m hit x at la/4 ,next ,h]r ,wolke wrote ! "n ( a bea/1 a quadrup$4 ,!n came ! guesses3 leo1 ursus1 camelus1 elephas1 & s on1 till "o guess$ "r--x 0 mus4 ,!n a t[n 0 writt51 & !y guess$ ,lisbon1 ,madrid1 ,p>is1 ,london1 till a *ild won ) ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,!y _h ano!r game1 :i* 0 ?is3 ,h]r ,wolke gave ! comm& 9 ,lat91 & !y imitat$ ! noises ( diff]5t animals1 & made u laugh till we 7 tir$4 ,!y ro>$ l lions1 cr[$ l cocks1 mew$ l cats1 j z !y 7 bid40 #ae4 ,! subject t 0 next h&l$ _h also ! effect ( mak+ ! /rang]s laugh1 till a sev]e repro( f ,h]r ,wolke re/or$ _! gravity4 ,a picture 0 br\ght1 9 :i* 0 repres5t$ a sad-look+ woman1 ^: p]son indicat$ ! approa*+ arrival ( ano!r subject = education4 ,f "o "p ( ! picture x also appe>$ t ! prospective "m1 ) a prodigality ( =e?\ght1 _h got ready clo?+ = bo? a boy & a girl4 ,aft] a w>n+ f ,h]r ,wolke1 t ?is 0 a mo/ s]i\s & important subject1 ! *ildr5 7 que/ion$ on ! topics ! picture sugge/$4 ,!y 7 fur!r taught ! debt ( gratitude !y ow$ to _! mo!rs1 & ! ,g]man fiction ab\t ! /ork 0 dismiss$ ) due contempt4 #af4 ,next came ! exam9ation 9 ari?metic4 ,"h !re seems to h be5 no?+ rem>kable1 except t all ! rules 7 work$ viv voce4 ,f ! ari?metic ,h]r ,wolke w5t on to an 8,attempt at v>i\s small draw+s40 ,he ask$ ! *ildr5 :at he %\ld draw4 ,"s "o answ]$ leonem4 ,he !n pret5d$ he 0 draw+ a lion1 b put a beak to x2 :]eupon ! *ildr5 %\t$ ,non e/ ,leo--leones non hab5t ro/rum6 ,he w5t on to o!r subjects1 z ! *ildr5 direct$ him1 sometimes go+ wrong t ! *ildr5 might put him "r4 ,9 ! next ex]cise dice 7 introduc$1 & ! *ildr5 ?rew to see :o %\ld give an acc\nt ( an engrav+4 ,! engrav+s repres5t$ workm5 at _! diff]5t trades1 & ! *ild _h to expla9 ! process1 ! tools1 c4 ,a lesson on pl\gh+ & h>r[+ 0 giv5 9 ,fr5*1 & ano!r1 on ,alex&]'s exp$ition to ,india1 9 ,lat94 ,f\r ( ! pupils translat$ passages f ,curtius & f ,ca/alio's ,bible1 :i* 7 read to !m4 8,^! *ildr510 said ! tea*]1 8knew n a ^w ( ,lat9 a ye> ago40 8,! li/5]s 7 well pleas$ ) ! ,lat910 writes ,fr$1 8except two or ?ree1 :om ,i he>d grumbl+ t ?is 0 all *ild's play1 & t if ,cic]o1 ,livy1 & ,horace 7 introduc$1 x w\ld soon be se5 :at 0 ! value ( ,philan?rop9i/ ,lat940 ,aft] ! exam9ation1 two com$ies 7 act$ by ! *ildr51 "o 9 ,fr5*1 ! o!r 9 ,g]man4 ,mo/ ( ! /rang]s seem to h left ,dessau ) a fav\rable impression ( ! ,philan?rop94 ,!y 7 especially /ruck ) ! brightness & animation ( ! *ildr54 #ag4 ,h[ f> did ! ,philan?rop9um really des]ve _! good op9ion8 ,! conclusion to :i* we are driv5 by ,fr$'s n>rative is1 t ,bas$[ c>ri$ to excess 8 pr9ciple--8,treat *ildr5 z *ildr51 t !y may rema9 ! long] uncorrupt$20 & t ! ,philan?rop9um 01 9 fact1 no?+ b a good infant-s*ool4 ,surely none ( ! ?irte5 *ildr5 :o 7 ! subjects ( ,bas$['s exp]im5ts c\ld h be5 m ?an t5 ye>s old4 ,b if we consid] ,bas$['s sy/em to h be5 int5d$ = *ildr51 say betwe5 ! ages ( six & t51 we mu/ all[ t x possess$ great m]its4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( a boy's le>n+1 x has always be5 too mu* ! cu/om to make him hate ! sight ( a book1 & escape at e opportunity f s*ool-"w1 by giv+ him difficult tasks1 & neglect+ 8 acute/ faculties4 8,*ildr5 love motion & noise10 says ,bas$[3 8"h is a h9t f nature40 ,yet ! y\nge/ *ildr5 9 mo/ s*ools are expect$ to keep quiet & to sit at _! books = z _m h\rs z ! y\?s ( sev5te5 or eighte54 ,_! vivacity is repress$ ) ! cane4 ,_! delight 9 ex]cis+ _! h&s & eyes & e>s is tak5 no notice (2 & !y are requir$ to keep _! att5tion fix$ on subjects (t5 beyond _! compreh5sion1 & almo/ always beyond ! range ( _! int]e/s4 ,ev]yone :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ boys kn[s h[ h>d x is to get !m to ?r[ !mselves he>tily into any task :atev]2 & probably ?is difficulty arises 9 _m cases1 f ! habits ( inatt5tion & ( %irk+ s*ool-"w1 :i* ! boys h acquir$ almo/ necess>ily f ! dre>9ess ( _! e>lie/ lessons4#aej ,bas$[ det]m9$ to *ange all ?is2 & 9 ! ,philan?rop9 no d\bt he succe$$4 ,we h already se5 "s ( ! exp$i5ts by :i* he s\ght to r5d] s*ool-"w pleasurable4 ,he appeal$1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 to ! *ildr5's s5ses2 & ^!1 especially ! sight1 7 tra9$ ) great c>e by ex]cises1 su* z draw+1 %oot+ at a m>k1 c4 ,"o ( ^! ex]cises1 int5d$ to give quick p]ception1 be>s a curi\s lik5ess to :at has s9ce be5 practis$ 9 a v diff]5t educational sy/em4 ,a picture1 ) a some:at v>i$ subject1 0 exhibit$ = a %ort "t & remov$4 ,! boys _h !n1 ei!r v]bally or on pap]1 to give an acc\nt ( x1 nam+ ! diff]5t objects 9 prop] ord]4 ,h\d91 if ,i rightly rememb]1 tells u t ! "y ?ieves ( ,p>is are requir$ by _! ma/]s to make a m5tal inv5tory ( ! cont5ts ( a %op w9d[1 :i* !y see only z !y walk rapidly by4 ,o!r ex]cises ( ! ,philan?rop9um connect$ ! pupils ) m hon\rable call+s4 ,!y became acqua9t$ ) bo? skill$ & unskill$ manual lab\r4 ,e boy 0 taught a h&icraft1 su* z c>p5t]+ & turn+1 & 0 put to su* tasks z ?re%+ corn4 ,bas$['s division ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 ! foll[+3 ,eight h\rs = sleep1 eight = food & amusem5t1 &1 = ! *ildr5 ( ! ri*1 six h\rs ( s*ool-"w1 & two ( manual lab\r4 ,9 ! case ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 he w\ld h ! division ( ! la/ eight h\rs inv]t$1 & w\ld give = s*ool-"w two1 & = manual lab\r six4 ,! developm5t ( ! body 0 specially c>$ = 9 ! ,philan?rop9um4 ,gymna/ics 7 n[ fir/ introduc$ into mod]n s*ools2 & ! boys 7 tak5 long exp$itions on foot--! comm5cem5t1 ,i believe1 ( a practice n[ common ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 #ah4 ,z ,i h already said1 ,bas$[ prov$ a v unfit p]son to be at ! head ( ! model ,in/itution4 ,_m ( 8 fri5ds agre$ ) ,h]d]1 t he 0 n fit to h calves entru/$ to him1 mu* less *ildr54 ,he soon resign$ 8 po/2 & 0 succe$$ by ,campe1 :o _h be5 "o ( ! visitors at ! public exam9ation4 ,campe did n rema9 long at ! ,philan?rop9um2 b left x to set up a s*ool1 on l pr9ciples1 at ,hamburg4 ,8 fame n[ re/s on 8 writ+s = ! "y2 "o ( :i*--8,rob9son ,crusoe ! ,y\ng]0--is /ill a g5]al fav\rite4 ,o!r di/+ui%$ m5 became connect$ ) ! ,philan?rop9--among !m ,salzmann1 & ,mat?ison ! poet--& ! numb] ( pupils rose to ov] fifty2 ga!r$ we are told1 f all p>ts ( ,europe betwe5 ,riga & ,lisbon4 ,b ?is numb] is by no means a fair measure ( ! int]e/1 nay1 en?usiasm1 :i* ! exp]im5t excit$4 ,we f9d ,pa/or ,ob]l9 rais+ money on 8 wife's e>r+s to s5d a donation4 ,we f9d ! philosoph] ,kant prophesy+ t q ano!r race ( m5 w\ld gr[ up1 n[ t education accord+ to ,nature _h be5 introduc$4 #ai4 ,^! hopes 7 disappo9t$4 ,kant confesses z mu* 9 ! foll[+ passage 9 8 treatise 8,on ,pdagogy03-- 8,"o fancies1 inde$1 t exp]im5ts 9 education w\ld n be necess>y2 & t we might judge by ! und]/&+ :e!r any plan w\ld turn out well or ill4 ,b ?is is a great mi/ake4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t (t5 9 our exp]im5ts we get q opposite results f :at we _h anticipat$4 ,we see1 too1 t s9ce exp]im5ts are necess>y1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( "o g5]ation to =m a complete plan ( education4 ,! only exp]im5tal s*ool :i*1 to "s ext5t1 made a beg9n+ 9 cle>+ ! road1 0 ! ,in/itute at ,dessau4 ,?is praise at lea/ mu/ be all[$ x1 not)/&+ ! _m faults :i* c\ld be br\ght up aga9/ x--faults :i* are sure to %[ !mselves :5 we come to ! results ( our exp]im5ts1 & :i* m]ely prove t fre% exp]im5ts are necess>y4 ,x 0 ! only ,s*ool 9 :i* ! tea*]s _h lib]ty to "w accord+ to _! own me?ods & s*emes1 & :]e !y 7 9 free communication bo? among !mselves & ) all le>n$ m5 ?r\gh\t ,g]many40 #bj4 ,we obs]ve "h1 t ,kant speaks ( ! ,philan?rop9um z a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,x 0 f9ally clos$ 9 #agic4 ,b ev5 f ,kant we le>n t ! exp]im5t _h be5 by no means a useless "o4 ,! cons]vatives1 ( c\rse1 did n neglect to po9t out t "y ,philan?rop9i/s1 :5 !y left s*ool1 7 n 9 all respects ! sup]iors ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,b1 al?\gh no "o c\ld pret5d t ! ,philan?rop9um _h effect$ a ti! ( :at ,bas$[ promis$1 & ! 8fri5ds ( humanity0 ?r\gh\t ,europe expect$1 x _h introduc$ _m new ideas1 :i* 9 "t _h _! influ5ce1 ev5 9 ! s*ools ( ! opposite p>ty4 ,moreov]1 tea*]s :o _h be5 connect$ ) ! ,philan?rop9um f\nd$ s*ools on simil> pr9ciples 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 z ,bahrd's at ,heide%eim1 & ,salzmann's celebrat$ s*ool at ,s*nepf5?al1 :i* is1 ,i believe1 /ill ?riv+4 ,_! doctr9es1 too1 made conv]ts among o!r ma/]s1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( :om 0 ,mei]otto ( ,b]l94 #ba4 ,little rema9s to be said ( ,bas$[4 ,he liv$ *iefly at ,dessau1 e>n+ 8 subsi/5ce by private tuition1 b giv+ (f5ce by 8 irregul>ities4 ,9 #agij1 :5 visit+ ,magdeburg1 he di$1 aft] a %ort illness1 9 8 sixty-sev5? ye>4 ,8 la/ words 71 8,i wi% my body to be dissect$ = ! good ( my fell[-creatures40 ,bas$[ has a po/hum\s connexion ) ?is c\ntry z ! great-gr&fa!r ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]4 ,bas$['s son became 8,regi]ungs ,prsid5t10 9 ,dessau4 ,! ,presid5t's daught]1 born 9 #ahjj1 became ! wife ( ! poet ,wilhelm ,mll]1 & ! "m ( ,max ,mll]4 ,max ,mll] has contribut$ a life ( 8 great-gr&fa!r to ! ,allgeme9e ,deuts*e ,biographie4 ,^? :o read ,g]man & c>e ab\t ei!r ,bas$[ or ,com5ius %\ld get ,die ,didaktik ,bas$[s im ,v]glei*e zur ,didaktik des ,com5ius von ,dr4 ,petru ,g>bovicianu 7,buc>e/1 ,c4 ,gobl71 #ahhg4 ,?is is a v good piece ( "w2 x is pr9t$ 9 roman type1 & ! price is only #as4 #f;d4 ,s9ce ! above 0 9 type ,i h got an important book1 ,l',education en ,allemagne au ,dix-huitime ,sicle3 ,bas$[ et le ,philan?rop9isme1 by ,a4 ,p9lo*e 7,p>is1 ,a4 ,col91 #ahhi47 ,,xvi4 ,,pe/alozzi4 #agdf-ahbg4 #a4 ,qui facit p] alium facit p] se4 ,x is ?us ! law holds u acc\ntable = ! action ( o!rs :i* we direct4 ,by ! ext5sion ( ?is rule we imm5sely increase ! p]sonality ( great writ]s & may cr$it !m ) va/ sph]es ( action :i* nev] come )9 _! consci\sness4 ,no man ga9s & suff]s m f ?is consid]ation ?an ,r\sseau4 ,on ! "o h&1 we may attribute to him ! crimes ( ,robespi]re & ,sa9t-,j2 on ! o!r ,pe/alozzi 0 in/igat$ by him to turn to f>m+ &--education4 ,9 treat+ ( ,r\sseau z an educational re=m] ,i pass$ ov] a life 9 :i* almo/ e incid5t t5ds to weak5 ! effect ( 8 words4 ,) ,pe/alozzi we mu/ turn to 8 life = ! true s\rce ( 8 writ+s & ! be/ comm5t on !m4 #b4 ,john ,h5ry ,pe/alozzi 0 born at ,zuri* 9 #agdf4 ,8 fa!r dy+ :5 he 0 five ye>s old1 he 0 br\ght up ) a bro!r & si/] by a pi\s & self-d5y+ "m & by a fai?ful s]vant 8,babeli10 :o _h com=t$ ! fa!r 9 8 la/ h\rs by promis+ to /ay ) 8 family4 ,?us ,pe/alozzi _h an advantage d5i$ to ,r\sseau & d5i$ z x w\ld seem to ,locke2 !re 0 scope = 8 home affections1 & ! head 0 n develop$ be=e ! he>t4 ,:5 he 0 s5t to a day-s*ool he became to "s ext5t ! laugh+ /ock ( 8 companions :o dubb$ him ,h>ry ,oddity ( ,foolbor\gh2 b he ga9$ _! good-w by 8 unselfi%ness4 ,x 0 rememb]$ t on ! %ock ( an e>?quake :5 tea*]s & taught fl$ f ! s*ool build+ ,h>ry ,oddity 0 induc$ to g back & br+ away :at 8 companions consid]$ preci\s4 ,8 holidays he sp5t ) 8 gr&fa!r ! pa/or ( a village "s ?ree miles f ,zuri*1 :]e ! lad le>nt ! condition ( ! rural poor & saw :at a good man c\ld d = !m4 ,he always look$ back to ^! visits z an important elem5t 9 8 education4 8,! be/ way = a *ild to acquire ! fe> ( ,god10 he wrote1 8is = him to see & he> a true ,*ri/ian40 ,! gr&fa!r's example s affect$ him t he wi%$ to foll[ 9 8 /eps1 & he became a /ud5t ( !ology4#aea #c4 ,ev5 z a /ud5t ,pe/alozzi prov$ t he 0 no ord9>y man4 ,9 8 "t !re 0 great intellectual & moral en?usiasm among ! /ud5ts ( ! little ,swiss ,univ]sity4 ,"s di/+ui%$ pr(essors1 especially ,bodm]1 _h awak5$ a crav+ = ! old ,swiss virtues ( pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+2 & a b& ( /ud5ts1 among :om ,lavat] 0 lead] & ,pe/alozzi play$ a prom95t "p1 became eag] re=m]s4 ,! citiz5s ( ! great t[ns l ,g5eva & ,zuri* _h become 9 effect privileg$ classes2 & z _! spokesm5 ! ,g5eva magi/rates condemn$ ! ,contrat ,social & ! ,emile4 ,?is rais$ ! indignation ( ! re=m+ /ud5ts at ,zuri*2 & ?\gh _! organ1 a p]iodical call$ ! ,memorial1 kept cle> ( politics1 "o ,mull] wrote a pap] :i* conta9$ "s /rong language1 & ?is 0 held to be pro( ( a conspiracy4 ,mull] fl$ & 0 bani%$4 ,pe/alozzi & "s o!r ( 8 fri5ds 7 imprison$4 ,! ,memorial 0 suppress$4 #d4 ,x is 9 ?is ,memorial1 a weekly pap] edit$ by ,lavat] :o 0 five ye>s ,pe/alozzi's s5ior t we h ,pe/alozzi's e>lie/ writ+4 ,we f9d him com+ =w>d z 8a man ( aspirations40 ,no "o he says c object to 8 express+ 8 wi%es4 ,& 8wi%es0 ) a man ( #ai are usually hopes4 ,among o!r wi%es he says3 8,i w\ld t "s "o w\ld draw up 9 a simple mann] a few pr9ciples ( education intelligible to ev]ybody2 t "s g5]\s p w\ld !n %>e ! exp5se ( pr9t+1 s t ! pamphlet might be giv5 to ! public = no?+ or next to no?+4 ,i w\ld !n h cl]gym5 di/ribute x to all fa!rs & mo!rs1 s t !y might br+ up _! *ildr5 9 a rational & ,*ri/ian mann]4 ,b10 he adds1 8p]haps ?is is ask+ too mu* at a "t40 ,! ,memorial 0 suppress$ because 8! privileg$ classes0 knew t x 0 9 ! h&s ( _! oppon5ts4 ,pe/alozzi !n & always felt ke5ly ! oppression to :i* ! peasants 7 expos$2 & he spoke ( 8! privileg$0 z m5 on /ilts :o mu/ desc5d among ! p be=e !y c\ld secure a natural & firm position4 ,he also satirises !m 9 "s ( 8 fables1 z1 e4g41 t ( ! 8,fi%es & ! ,pike40 8,! fi%es 9 a pond br\ght an accusation aga9/ ! pike :o 7 mak+ great ravages among !m4 ,! judge1 an old pike1 said t _! compla9t 0 well f\nd$1 & t ! def5dants1 to make am5ds1 %\ld all[ two ord9>y fi% e ye> to become pike40 #e4 ,by ?is "t ,pe/alozzi _h giv5 up !ology & _h tak5 to ! law4 ,n[ "u ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau1 or r ( ! crav+ = a simple 8natural0 life :i* f\nd its mo/ eloqu5t expression 9 ,r\sseau's writ+1 ,pe/alozzi made a bonfire ( 8 ,,mss4 & decid$ on becom+ a f>m]4 #f4 ,!re 0 ano!r p]son conc]n$ 9 ?is decision4 ,9 8 *ildhood he _h "o day v5tur$ into ! %op ( "o ( ! lead+ tradesm51 ,h]r ,s*ul!ss1 b5t on procur+ = 8 f>?+s "s object ( delight2 b he f\nd !re a little %op-keep]1 ,anna ,s*ul!ss1 sev5 ye>s 8 s5ior1 :o disc\rag$ 8 extravagance & p]suad$ him to keep 8 money4 ,anna & he s9ce ^? days _h become engag$--n at all to ! satisfaction ( h] p>5ts4 ,_! intimacy _h be5 /r5g!n$ by _! conc]n = a common fri5d1 a "y man nam$ ,blunts*li1 :o di$ ( consumption4 ,?is fri5d1 ?ree ye>s old] ?an ,pe/alozzi1 seems to h und]/ood him ?or\ghly2 & 9 ! p>t+ advice he gave him !re 0 a w>n+ :i* happily = ! g5]al good 0 9 aft] ye>s neglect$4 8,i am go+10 said ,blunts*li1 8& y w be left alone4 ,avoid any c>e] 9 :i* y might become ! victim ( y\r own goodness & tru/1 & *oose "s quiet life 9 :i* y w run no risk4 ,above all1 d n take "p 9 any important und]tak+ )\t hav+ at y\r side a man :o by 8 cool judgm5t1 k ( m5 & ?+s1 & un%akable fidelity may be able to protect y f ! dang]s to :i* y w be expos$40 #g4 ,:5 ! fri5d%ip ) ,anna ,s*ul!ss _h rip5$ into a betro?al ,pe/alozzi sp5t a ye> 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]n le>n+ f>m+ "u a man !n fam\s = 8 innovations4 ,8 new ideas ,pe/alozzi absorb$ v readily4 8,i _h come to him10 he says1 8a political vision>y1 ?\gh ) _m pr(\nd & correct atta9m5ts1 views1 & anticipations 9 matt]s political4 ,i w5t away f him j z great an agricultural vision>y1 ?\gh ) _m enl>g$ & correct ideas & int5tions ) reg>d to agriculture40 #h4 ,dur+ 8 8le>n+ ye>0 he kept up a correspond5ce ) 8 betro!d1 & ! lett]s ( bo?1 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 diff] v widely f love-lett]s 9 g5]al4 ,( himself ,pe/alozzi gives an acc\nt :i* %[s t 9 "p at lea/ he c\ld see himself z o!rs saw him4 8,de>e/10 he writes1 8^? ( my faults :i* appe> to me mo/ important 9 relation to ! situation 9 :i* ,i may be plac$ 9 aft]-life are improvid5ce1 incauti\sness1 & a want ( pres5ce ( m9d to meet unexpect$ *anges 9 my prospects4444 ,( my great1 & inde$ v repreh5sible neglig5ce 9 all matt]s ( etiquette1 & g5]ally 9 all matt]s :i* are n 9 !mselves ( importance1 ,i ne$ n speak2 anyone may see !m at fir/ sight ( me4 ,i also owe y ! op5 confession1 my de>1 t ,i %all always consid] my duties t[>d my belov$ p>tn] subord9ate to my duties t[>ds my c\ntry2 & t1 al?\gh ,i %all be ! t5d]e/ husb&1 nev]!less1 ,i hold myself b\nd to be inexorable to ! te>s ( my wife if %e %\ld ev] attempt to re/ra9 me by !m f ! direct p]=mance ( my duties z a citiz51 :atev] ?is mu/ lead to4 ,my wife %all be ! confidante ( my he>t1 ! p>tn] ( all my mo/ secret c\nsels4 ,a great & hone/ simplicity %all reign 9 my h\se4 ,& "o ?+ m4 ,my life w n pass )\t important & v critical und]tak+s4 ,i %all n =get 444 my fir/ resolutions to devote myself :olly to my c\ntry4 ,i %all nev]1 f fe> ( man1 refra9 f speak+ :5 ,i see t ! good ( my c\ntry calls ^u me to speak4 ,my :ole he>t is my c\ntry's3 ,i w risk all to alleviate ! ne$ & mis]y ( my fell[-c\ntrym54 ,:at consequ5ces may ! und]tak+s to :i* ,i feel myself urg$ on draw aft] !m6 h[ unequal to !m am ,i6 & h[ imp]ative is my duty to %[ y ! possibility ( ! great dang]s :i* !y may br+ ^u me6 ,my de>1 my belov$ fri5d1 ,i h n[ spok5 c&idly ( my "* & my aspirations4 ,reflect ^u ev]y?+4 ,if ! traits :i* x 0 my duty to m5tion dim9i% y\r respect = me1 y w /ill e/eem my s9c]ity1 & y w n ?9k less highly ( me1 t ,i did n take advantage ( y\r want ( acqua9tance ) my "* = ! atta9m5t ( my inmo/ wi%es40 #i4 ,! "y lady address$ 0 wor?y ( h] lov]4 8,su* nobl5ess1 su* elevation ( "*1 rea* my v s\l10 said %e4 ,) equal nobl5ess %e enc\rag$ ,pe/alozzi 9 8 s*emes & took ! consequ5ces )\t a murmur dur+ _! long m>ri$ life ( #df ye>s4 #aj4 ,full ( new ideas ab\t f>m+ ,pe/alozzi n[ ?\ght he saw 8 way to mak+ a =tune4 ,he took "s poor l& ne> ,birr n f> f ,zuri*1 & p]suad$ a bank+ firm to advance money ) :i* he propos$ to cultivate vegetables & madd]4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #agfi1 he 0 m>ri$1 & six mon?s lat] ! pair settl$ 9 a new h\se1 8,neuh(10 :i* ,pe/alozzi _h built on 8 l&4 #aa4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 excell5t ideas & great indu/ry1 8 speculation fail$4 ,! bank]s soon )drew _! money4 ,pe/alozzi 0 n cauti\s en\gh = !m4 ,h[ev]1 8 wife's fri5ds prev5t$ an imm$iate collapse4 #ab4 ,b be=e he _h any reason to d\bt ! success ( 8 speculation ,pe/alozzi _h begun to reproa* himself ) be+ engross$ by x4 ,:at _h become ( all 8 ?\ghts = ! p8 ,0 he n sp5d+ 8 /r5g? entirely to ga9 ! prosp]ity ( himself & 8 h\sehold8 ,^! ?\ghts came to him ) all ! m =ce :5 a son 0 born to him2 & at ?is "t !y naturally connect$ !mselves ) education4 ,he _h n[ se5 a good deal ( ! degrad$ /ate ( ! peasantry4 ,h[ 7 !y to be rais$ out ( x8 #ac4 ,to ,pe/alozzi !re seem$ "o answ] & "o only4 ,?is 0 by education4 ,to _m p 9 ! pres5t day x might seem t 8education10 :5 q successful1 w\ld qualify lab\r]s to become cl]ks4 ,?is 0 n ! notion ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,r\sseau _h completely fre$ him f bondage to ! ,r5asc5ce1 & education did n mean to him a tra9+ 9 ! use ( books4 ,he look$ at ! *ildr5 ( ! l[e/ class ( ! peasants & ask$ himself :at !y ne$$ to raise !m4 ,k w\ld n d x4 8,! ?+ 0 n t !y %\ld "k :at !y did n "k1 b t !y %\ld behave z !y did n behave0 7supra1 p4 #afi72 & ! road to "r action lay ?r\gh "r feel+4 ,if !y c\ld be made consci\s t !y 7 lov$ & c>$ =1 _! he>ts w\ld op5 & give back love & respect 9 return4 ,m ?an ?is1 !y mu/ be taught n only to respect _! eld]s b also !mselves4 ,!y mu/ be taught to help !mselves & contribute to _! own ma9t5ance4 ,s ,pe/alozzi resolv$ to take into 8 own h\se "s ( ! v poore/ *ildr51 to br+ !m up 9 an atmosph]e ( love1 & to in/ruct !m 9 field-"w & sp9n+ :i* w\ld soon p>tly 7z ,pe/alozzi hop$1 :olly7 pay = _! keep4 ,?us1 j at ! "t :5 ! exp]im5t = himself fail$ he began = o!rs an exp]im5t t seem$ likely to add indef9itely to 8 difficulties4 #ad4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aggd ! fir/ *ildr5 7 tak5 into ,neuh(4 ,! consequ5ces to 8 wife & to 8 little son only f\r ye>s old might h vanqui%$ ! c\rage ( a less ard5t philan?ropi/4 8,our position entail$ mu* suff]+ on my wife20 he writes1 8b no?+ c\ld %ake u 9 our resolve to devote our "t1 /r5g? & rema9+ =tune to ! simplification ( ! in/ruction & dome/ic education ( ! p40 #ae4 ,^! *ildr51 at fir/ n m ?an #bj 9 numb]1 ,pe/alozzi treat$ z 8 own4 ,!y work$ ) him 9 ! summ] 9 ! g>d5 & fields1 9 w9t] 9 ! h\se4 ,v little "t 0 giv5 to sep>ate lessons1 ! *ildr5 (t5 le>n+ :ile !y work$ ) _! h&s4 ,pe/alozzi held t talk+ %\ld come be=e read+ & writ+2 & he practis$ !m 9 conv]sation on subjects tak5 f _! e day life4 ,!y also repeat$ passages f ! ,bible till !y knew !m by he>t4 #af4 ,9 a few mon?s1 z we are told1 ! appe>ance ( ^! poor little creatures _h entirely *ang$2 ?\gh f$ only on bread & vegetables !y look$ /rong & he>ty1 & _! faces ga9$ an expression ( *e]fulness1 frankness & intellig5ce :i* till !n _h be5 totally want+4 ,!y made good progress ) _! manual "w z well z ) ! associat$ lessons1 & took pleasure 9 bo?4 ,9 all !y said & did1 !y seem$ to %[ _! consci\sness ( _! b5efactor's k9d c>e ( !m4 #ag4 ,?is exp]im5t naturally drew mu* att5tion to x1 & :5 x _h gone on ov] a ye> ,pe/alozzi 0 induc$ by 8 fri5d ,isel9 ( ,basel to ins]t 9 ! ,ephem]ides 7a pap] ( :i* ,isel9 0 editor71 an 8appeal 444 = an in/itution int5d$ to provide education & "w = poor c\ntry *ildr540 ,9 ?is appeal ,pe/alozzi n>rates 8 exp]i5ce4 8,i h prov$10 says he1 8t x is n regul> "w t /ops ! developm5t ( s _m poor *ildr51 b ! turmoil & irregul>ity ( _! lives1 ! privations !y endure1 ! excesses !y indulge 9 :5 opportunity (f]s1 ! wild rebelli\s passions s seldom re/ra9$1 & ! hopelessness to :i* !y are s (t5 a prey4 ,i h prov$ t *ildr5 aft] hav+ lo/ heal?1 /r5g? & c\rage 9 a life ( idl5ess & m5dicity h1 :5 once set to regul> "w quickly recov]$ _! heal? & spirits & gr[n rapidly4 ,i h f\nd t :5 tak5 out ( _! abject condition !y soon become k9dly1 tru/ful & sympa!tic2 t ev5 ! mo/ degrad$ ( !m are t\*$ by k9dness1 & t ! eyes ( ! *ild :o has be5 /eep$ 9 mis]y1 gr[ bright ) pleasure & surprise1 :51 aft] ye>s ( h>d%ip1 he sees a g5tle fri5dly h& /ret*$ out to help him2 & ,i am conv9c$ t :5 a *ild's he>t has be5 t\*$ ! consequ5ces w be great = 8 developm5t & entire moral "*40 ,pe/alozzi !re=e w\ld h ! v poore/ *ildr5 br\ght up 9 private e/abli%m5ts :]e agriculture & indu/ry 7 comb9$1 & :]e !y w\ld le>n to "w /eadily & c>efully ) _! h&s1 ! *ief "p ( _! "t be+ devot$ to ?is manual "w1 & _! in/ruction & education be+ associat$ ) x4 ,& he asks = support 9 greatly increas+ ! e/abli%m5t he has already begun4 #ah4 ,enc\rag$ by ! support he receiv$ & /ill m by 8 love = ! *ildr5 & 8 own too sangu9e disposition ,pe/alozzi enl>g$ 8 und]tak+4 ,! consequ5ce 0 bankruptcy4 ,sev]al causes conspir$ to br+ ab\t ?is result4 ,:atev] he might d = ! *ildr51 he c\ld n educate ! p>5ts1 & ^! 7 _m ( !m begg>s ) ! ord9>y vices ( _! class4 ,) ! usual disc]nm5t ( su* p !y soon came to ! conclusion t ,pe/alozzi 0 mak+ a =tune out ( _! *ildr5's lab\r2 s !y haunt$ ,neuh(1 treat$ ,pe/alozzi ) ! greate/ insol5ce1 & (t5 induc$ _! *ildr5 to run away 9 _! new clo!s4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = mu*1 b !re 0 ano!r cause ( failure t acc\nt$ = a great deal m4 ,?is 0 ,pe/alozzi's extreme incapacity z an adm9i/rator4 ,ev5 8 indu/rial exp]im5t he c>ri$ on 9 su* a way t x prov$ a s\rce ( exp5se r ?an ( pr(it4 ,he says himself1 t1 contr>y to 8 own pr9ciples1 :i* %\ld h l$ him to beg9 at ! beg9n+ & lay a good f\ndation 9 tea*+1 he put ! *ildr5 to "w t 0 too difficult = !m1 want$ !m to sp9 f9e ?read be=e _! h&s got /ead9ess & skill by ex]cise on ! co>s] k9d1 & to manufacture musl9 be=e !y c\ld turn out well-made cotton goods4 8,be=e ,i 0 aw>e ( x10 he adds1 8,i 0 deeply involv$ 9 debt1 & ! great] "p ( my de> wife's prop]ty & expectations _h1 z x 71 9 an in/ant gone up 9 smoke40 #ai4 ,! precise arrangem5t made ) ! cr$itors we d n "k4 ,! b>e facts rema9 t ! *ildr5 7 s5t away1 & t ! l& 0 let = ! cr$itors' b5efit2 b ,pe/alozzi rema9$ 9 ! h\se4 ,?is 0 settl$ 9 #aghj4 #bj4 ,we h n[ come to ! mo/ gloomy p]iod 9 ,pe/alozzi's hi/ory1 a p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s1 & ^? ! be/ ye>s 9 a man's life1 :i* ,pe/alozzi sp5t 9 great di/ress f pov]ty )\t & d\bt & despond5cy )94 ,:5 he got into difficulties1 8 fri5ds1 he tells u1 lov$ him )\t hope3 89 ! :ole surr\nd+ di/rict x 0 ev]y:]e said t ,i 0 a lo/ man1 t no?+ m c\ld be done = me40 8,9 8 only too elegant c\ntry h\se10 we are told1 8he (t5 want$ money1 bread1 fuel1 to protect himself aga9/ hung] & cold40 8,eighte5 ye>s6--:at a "t = a s\l l 8 to wait6 ,hi/ory passes lightly ov] su* a p]iod4 ,t51 tw5ty1 ?irty ye>s--x makes b a ciph] diff]5ce if no?+ great happ5s 9 !m4 ,b ) :at agony mu/ he h se5 day aft] day1 ye> aft] ye> glid+ by1 :o 9 8 f]v5t s\l long$ to lab\r = ! good ( mank9d & yet look$ 9 va9 = ! opportunity60 7,palm]47 #ba4 ,b he :o 0 always ready to sacrifice himself = o!rs n[ f\nd someone1 & t a /rang]1 ready to make a great sacrifice = him4 ,a s]vant1 nam$ ,elizabe? ,naef1 he>d ( ! disa/] & di/ress at ,neuh(1 & h] ma/] hav+ j di$ %e resolv$ to g to ! rescue4 ,at fir/ ,pe/alozzi refus$ h] help4 ,he did n wi% h] to %>e ! pov]ty ( 8 h\sehold1 & he felt himself out ( sympa?y ) h] 8evangelical0 =m ( piety4 ,b ,elizabe? decl>$ %e _h come to /ay1 & :5 ,pe/alozzi f\nd he c\ld n %ake h] det]m9ation he cons5t$1 say+1 8,well1 y w f9d aft] all t ,god is 9 our h\se also40 #bb4 ,to ?is pi\s s5sible b illit]ate peasant woman ,pe/alozzi 0 fond ( trac+ _m ( 8 ideas4 ,%e 0 ! orig9al ( 8 ,g]trude1 & x 0 ( h] he wrote3 8,god's sun pursues its pa? f morn+ to ev5+2 yet y\r eye detects no movem5t1 y\r e> no s\nd4 ,ev5 :5 x goes d[n1 y "k t x w rise aga9 & cont9ue to rip5 ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,extreme z x may seem1 ,i am n a%am$ to say t ?is is an image ( ,g]trude z ( e woman :o makes h] h\se a temple ( ! liv+ ,god & w9s heav5 = h] husb& & *ildr540 7,leon>d & ,g]trude74 ,%e 0 invaluable at ,neuh( & re/or$ com=t to ! h\sehold4 ,9 aft] ye>s %e manag$ ! e/abli%m5t at ,yv]dun & m>ri$ "o ( ! ,krsis :o 7 ,pe/alozzi's assi/ants4 #bc4 ,writ+ ( ! gloomy ye>s at ,neuh( ,pe/alozzi aft]w>ds said2 8,my head 0 grey1 yet ,i 0 /ill a *ild4 ,) a he>t 9 :i* all ! f\ndations ( life 7 %ak51 ,i /ill pursu$ 9 ^? /ormy times my fav\rite object1 b my way 0 "o ( prejudice1 ( passion & ( error40 ,b ) ,pe/alozzi self-depreciation _h 8almo/ gr[n ! habit ( 8 s\l10 & 9 8 writ+s at ,neuh( at ?is p]iod we f9d no traces ( ?is prejudice1 passion & error f :i* he supposes himself to h suff]$4 ,he c]ta9ly did n ab&on 8 love ( humanity2 & 9 8 sacrifice = x he s\ght a religi\s basis4 ,9 ^! ,neuh( days he wrote3 8,*ri/ tea*es u by ,8 example & doctr9e to sacrifice n only our possessions b ourselves = ! good ( o!rs1 & %ews u t no?+ we h receiv$ is absolutely ours b is m]ely entru/$ to u by ,god to be pi\sly employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( *>ity40 7,quot$ by ,guimps4 ,r's trans4 #gb47 ,:atev] 7 8 d\bts & difficulties1 he nev] sw]v$ f pursu+ ! great object ( 8 life1 & no?+ c\ld cl\d 8 m9d z to ! true me?od ( atta9+ t object4 ,z he aft]w>ds wrote to ,gessn] 7,wie ,g]trud u4s4w471 8,ev5 :ile ,i 0 ! sport ( m5 :o condemn$ me ,i nev] lo/ sight = a mom5t ( ! object ,i _h 9 view1 :i* 0 ! removal ( ! causes ( ! mis]y t ,i saw on all sides ( me4 ,my /r5g? too kept on increas+1 & my own mis=tunes taught me valuable tru?s4 ,i knew ! p z no "o else did4 ,:at deceiv$ no "o else always deceiv$ me1 b :at deceiv$ ev]ybody else deceiv$ me no long]4444 ,my own suff]+s h enabl$ me to und]/& ! suff]+s ( ! p & _! causes z no man )\t suff]+ c und]/& !m4 ,i suff]$ :at ! p suff]$ & saw !m z no "o else saw !m2 & /range z x may seem1 ,i 0 nev] m pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( ! fundam5tal tru?s on :i* ,i _h bas$ my und]tak+ ?an :5 ,i saw t ,i _h fail$40 7,r's4 ,guimps #gd47 #bd4 ,pe/alozzi /ill _h a few fri5ds :o did n despise ! dream] ( dreams4 ,among !m 0 ! editor ( ! ,ephem]ides1 ,isel94 ,?is fri5d enc\rag$ him to write1 & !re soon appe>$ 9 ! ,ephem]ides a s]ies ( reflexions "u ! title ( 8,! ,ev5+ ,h\r ( a ,h]mit40 ,n _m editors w\ld h pr9t$ ^! aphorisms1 & !y attract$ little or no att5tion at ! "t1 b !y h prov$ wor? att5d+ to4 8,! fruit ( ,pe/alozzi's pa/ ye>s1 !y are10 says ,raum]1 8at ! same "t ! se$-corn ( ! ye>s t 7 to come1 ! plan & key to 8 action 9 p$agogy4444 ,! draw+ ( ! ar*itect ( g5ius conta9s 8 "w1 ev5 ?\gh ! ar*itect himself has n skill en\gh to c>ry out 8 own design40 7,quot$ by ,otto ,fis*]74#aeb #be4 ,:at 0 ! connexion betwe5 ,pe/alozzi's belief at ?is season & complete belief 9 dogmatic ,*ri/ianity8 ,! "q is "o t w always be ask$ & c nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be fully answ]$4 ,9 ! days prec$+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution x 0 a pro( ( wisdom to 8,cleave ev] to ! sunni] side ( d\bt1 & cl+ to ,fai?10 ev5 ?\gh ! ,fai? 7 8beyond ! =ms ( ,fai?0 7see ,t5nyson's ,anci5t ,sage74 ,b ,pe/alozzi did f> m ?an ?is4 ,he trac$ all virtue & /r5g? 9 ! p to belief 9 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god2 & he saw 9 unbelief ! sev]ance ( all ! bonds ( society4 ,! 8,h]mit0 does n inde$ use ! phrases common among 8evangelical0 ,*ri/ians1 b t he 0 inde$ a ,*ri/ian is e/abli%$ n only by ! g5]al tone ( 8 aphorisms b /ill m cle>ly by 8 la/ words3 8,! ,man ( ,god1 :o ) 8 suff]+s & dea? has re/or$ to humanity ! lo/ feel+ ( ! *ild's disposition t[>ds ,god is ! ,r$eem] ( ! _w2 he is ! sacrific$ ,prie/ ( ! ,"l2 he is ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & ,god-=gett+ mank9d4 ,8 tea*+ is pure ju/ice1 educat+ philosophy ( ! p2 x is ! revelation ( ,god ! ,fa!r to ! lo/ race ( 8 *ildr540 #bf4 ,! 8,ev5+ ,h\r0 rema9+ almo/ unnotic$1 ,pe/alozzi's fri5ds urg$ him to write some?+ 9 a m popul> =m4 ,s he set to "w on a tale :i* %\ld depict ! life ( ! peasantry & %ew ! causes ( _! degradation & ! cure4 ,) extraord9>y rapidity he wrote betwe5 ! l9es ( an old acc\nt book ! fir/ "p ( 8 8,leon>d & ,g]trude40 ,! book1 :i* 0 complete 9 itself1 & ?r\gh ! good (fices ( ,isel9 7( ! ,ephem]ides71 soon f\nd a publi%]1 sudd5ly sprang into imm5se popul>ity1 a popul>ity ( :i* no?+ b ! 8cont9uations0 c\ld ev] h depriv$ x4 ,9 ! works ( a great arti/ we see natural objects repres5t$ ) p]fect fidelity & yet ) a life brea!d into !m by g5ius1 :i* is want+ or at lea/ is n visible to common eyes 9 ! orig9als4 ,j s d we f9d ,swiss peasant life depict$ by ,pe/alozzi4 ,! del9eation is evid5tly true to nature2 &1 at ! same "t1 %[s ,nature z %e reveals h]self to g5ius4 ,b = ?is "w some?+ m ?an g5ius 0 necess>y1 viz41 sympa?y & love4 ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition1 he says1 8,9 t :i* ,i "h relate1 & :i* ,i h1 = ! mo/ "p1 se5 & he>d myself 9 ! c\rse ( an active life1 ,i h tak5 c>e n once to add my own op9ion to :at ,i saw & he>d ! p !mselves say+1 feel+2 believ+1 judg+1 & attempt+40 ,9 a lat] edition 7#ahjj7 he says1 8,i desir$ no?+ !n1 & ,i desire no?+ else n[1 z ! object ( my life1 b ! welf>e ( ! p1 :om ,i love1 & :om ,i feel to be mis]able z few feel !m to be mis]able1 because ,i h ) !m borne _! suff]+s z few h borne !m40 #bg4 ,:]ev] ,g]man 0 read ?is book excit$ va/ int]e/1 & ?\gh x seem$ to mo/ p only a good tale1 x met ) "s m disc]n+ read]s4 ,! ,b]n ,agricultural ,society s5t ! au?or _! ?anks & a gold m$al1 & ,pe/alozzi 0 at once recognis$ z a man :o und]/ood ! peasantry & _h good ideas = rais+ !m4 ,! book is & mu/ rema9 a classic1 b ,pe/alozzi 9 8 zeal to spread ! tru? add$ aga9 & aga9 8cont9uations10 & ^! became less & less popul> 9 ! me?od ( exposition4#aec #bh4 ,"h & !re we get glimpses ( ! trials ,pe/alozzi _h gone ?r\gh 9 8 indu/rial exp]im5t4 8,! love & pati5ce10 he writes1 8) :i* ,g]trude bore ) ! disord]ly & untra9$ little ones 0 almo/ pa/ belief4 ,_! eyes 7 (t5 any:]e b on _! y>n1 s t ?is w\ld n[ be too ?ick1 & n[ too ?94 ,:5 !y _h spoil$ x1 !y w\ld wat* = a mom5t :5 ,g]trude 0 n look+1 & ?r[ x out ( ! w9d[ by ! h&ful1 until !y f\nd t %e discov]$ ! trick :5 %e weigh$ _! "w at night40 7,e4 ,c's4 trans41 p4 #abb47 ,& 9 ?is connexion ,pe/alozzi prea*$ 8 doctr9e ( p]fect atta9m5t4 8#8,:at y c't d bl9dfold1'0 said ,h>ry1 8#8y c't d at all4'0 7ib47 #bi4 8,g]trude10 we are told1 8seem$ q unable to expla9 h] me?od 9 words20 & "h no d\bt ,pe/alozzi 0 speak+ ( himself2 b l ,g]trude he 8w\ld let fall "s significant rem>k :i* w5t to ! root ( ! :ole matt] ( education40 ,z an in/ance we may take :at ,g]trude said to ! s*oolma/]3 8,y %\ld d = ! *ildr5 :at _! p>5ts fail to d = !m4 ,! read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are n aft] all :at !y mo/ ne$4 ,x is all well & good = !m to le>n some?+1 b ! really important ?+ = !m is to be some?+40 ,:5 ?is tru? is fully realiz$ by tea*]s & s*ool manag]s !re w be "s hope = national education4 #cj4 8,al?\gh ,g]trude ex]t$ h]self to develop v e>ly ! manual dext]ity ( h] *ildr51 %e 0 9 no ha/e = !m to le>n to read & write2 b %e took pa9s to tea* !m e>ly h[ to speak3 =1 z %e said1 #8,( :at use is x = a p]son to be able to read & write if he _c speak1 s9ce read+ & writ+ are only an artificial sort ( spee*4' 444 ,%e did n adopt ! tone ( an in/ructor t[>ds ! *ildr5 444 & h] v]bal in/ruction seem$ to vani% 9 ! _s ( h] real activity1 9 :i* x always _h its s\rce4 ,! result ( h] sy/em 0 t ea* *ild 0 skilful1 intellig5t1 & active to ! full ext5t t its age & developm5t all[$40 7,ib4 p4 #acj47 #ca4 ,9 ?is book we see t k is treat$ z valueless unless x has a basis 9 action4 8,! pa/or 0 soon conv9c$ t all v]bal in/ruction 9 s f> z x aims at true human wisdom & at ! highe/ goal ( ?is wisdom1 true religion1 ought to be subord9at$ to a con/ant tra9+ 9 practical dome/ic lab\r4444 ,s he /rove to lead ! *ildr5 )\t _m words to a quiet indu/ri\s life1 & ?us to lay ! f\ndations ( a sil5t wor%ip ( ,god & love ( humanity4 ,to ?is end he connect$ e ^w ( 8 brief religi\s tea*+s ) _! actual e-day exp]i5ce1 s t :5 he spoke ( ,god & et]nity1 x seem$ to !m z if he 7 speak+ ( fa!r & "m1 h\se & home2 9 %ort ( ! ?+s ) :i* !y 7 mo/ famili>0 7p4 #aef74 ,?us he built on ! f\ndation laid by ! s*oolma/]1 :o 8c>$ = ! *ildr5's heads z he did = _! he>ts1 & dem&$ t :atev] ent]$ !m %\ld be pla9 & cle> z ! sil5t moon 9 ! sky4 ,to insure ?is he taught !m to see & he> ) accuracy1 & cultivat$ _! p[]s ( att5tion0 7p4 #aeg74 #cb4 ,) all 8 love = ! *ildr51 an elem5t ( sev]ity 0 n want+4 ,pe/alozzi ma9ta9$ t 8love 0 only useful 9 ! education ( m5 :5 9 conjunction ) fe>3 = !y mu/ le>n to root out ?orns & ?i/les1 :i* !y nev] d ( _! own accord1 b only "u compulsion & 9 consequ5ce ( tra9+0 7p4 #aeg74 #cc4 ,j at ! end ( ! book 8! ,duke0 appo9ts a commission to report on ! success ( ! ,bonal exp]im5t1 & ,pe/alozzi makes him give ! foll[+ ord]3 8,to insure ?or\ghness !re mu/ be among ! exam9]s m5 skill$ 9 law & f9ance1 m]*ants1 cl]gym51 gov]nm5t (ficials1 s*oolma/]s1 & physicians1 besides wom5 ( diff]5t ranks & conditions ( life :o %all view ! matt] ) _! woman's eyes & be sure !re is no?+ vision>y 9 ! backgr\nd0 7p4 #ahj74 ,9 ?is respect ,pe/alozzi is 9 advance ( u /ill4 ,no woman has yet sat on an educational commission4 #cd4 ,?us we f9d ,pe/alozzi at ! age ( ?irty-five turn+ au?or1 & = ! next six or sev5 ye>s he work$ indefatigably ) 8 p54 ,mo/ m5 ( g5ius h "s lead+ purpose :i* unites _! v>i$ activities1 & ?is 0 specially true ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,he nev] lo/ sight ( 8 "o object1 :i* 0 ! elevation ( ! p2 & ?is he held to be atta9able only by means ( education prop]ly s call$4 ,! success ( ! fir/ "p ( ,leon>d & ,g]trude he n[ endeav\r$ to turn to acc\nt 9 spread+ true ideas ( education4 ,) ?is int5t he publi%$ ,*ri/oph] & ,eliza3 ,my ,second ,book = ! ,p 7#aghb71 :i* 0 a k9d ( comm5t>y on ,leon>d & ,g]trude4 ,b ! public wi%$ to be amus$1 n taught2 & ! book 0 a failure4 ,he 0 ?us driv5 into ! attempt already m5tion$ to cat* ! public e> by cont9u+ ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 ?us endang]+ 8 fir/ &1 z x prov$1 8 only great success 9 lit]ature4 #ce4 ,to ga9 circulation = 8 ideas he also />t$ a weekly pap] call$ ! ,swiss ,j\rnal1 & issu$ x regul>ly ?r\gh\t ! ye> #aghb2 b ! subscrib]s 7 s few t he 0 !n oblig$ to give x up4 ,i h n ! smalle/ d\bt t x 01 z ,guimps says1 full ( wisdom1 b n ! k9d ( wisdom t read]s ( p]iodicals are likely to c>e =4#aed #cf4 ,9 ! ,swiss ,j\rnal we get a h9t ( ! analogy betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! plant & ( ! man4 ,?is analogy1 (t5 z x _h be5 obs]v$ be=e1 0 nev] be=e s fruitful z x became 9 ! h&s ( ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel4 ,! passage quot$ by ,guimps is ?is3 8,tea* me1 summ] day1 t man =m$ f ! du/ ( ! e>?1 gr[s & rip5s l ! plant root$ 9 ! soil40 #cg4 ,betwe5 ! close ( ! ye> #aghg & #agig ,pe/alozzi did n publi% any?+4 ,?\gh he _h become fam\s1 _h made ! acqua9tance ( ! greate/ m5 9 ,g]many1 su* z ,goe!1 ,wiel&1 ,h]d]1 & ,fi*te1 & _h be5 decl>$ a 8,citiz5 ( ! ,fr5* ,republic10 toge!r ) ,b5?am1 ,tom ,payne1 ,wilb]=ce1 ,cl>kson1 ,wa%+ton1 ,madison1 ,klop/ock1 ,kozciusko1 c41 he 0 ne>ly />v+1 &1 naturally en\gh 9 t /ate ( affairs bo? private & public1 he 0 9 great despond5cy4 ,z we h se51 8 :ole life & "w 7 f\nd$ on religion & on ! only religion possible = u1 ! ,*ri/ian religion2 b c>ri$ away by 8 political radicalism he seems at ?is "t to h d\bt$ :e!r ,*ri/ianity 0 m ?an ! highe/ human wisdom4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agic1 he wrote to a fri5d 9 ,b]l93 8,i d\bt1 n because ,i look on d\bt z ! tru?1 b because ! sum ( ! impressions ( my life has driv5 fai? ) its bless+s f my s\l4 ,?us impell$ by my fate ,i see no?+ m 9 ,*ri/ianity b ! pure/ & noble/ tea*+ ( ! victory ( ! _s ov] ! fle%1 ! "o possible means ( rais+ our nature to its true nobility1 or 9 o!r words ( e/abli%+ ! empire ( ! reason ov] ! s5ses by ! developm5t ( ! pure/ feel+s ( ! he>t40 ,if ?is 0 ! l[e/ po9t to :i* ,pe/alozzi's fai? sank 9 ! days ( ! ,revolution1 x rema9$ = practical purposes high] ?an ! fai? ( mo/ pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians !n & s9ce4 #ch4 ,at ?is "t we f9d him compla9+3 8,my agriculture swall[s up all my "t4 ,i am long+ = w9t] ) its leisure4 ,my "t passes l a %ad[40 ,he 0 !n =ty-six ye>s ( age & seem$ to himself to h done no?+4 #ci4 ,ano!r five ye>s he _h to wait be=e he f\nd an opportunity = action4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 impell$ by ,fi*te1 he endeav\r$ to give 8 ideas philosophic complet5ess1 & aft] lab\r+ = ?ree ye>s ) almo/ incr$ible toil he publi%$ 9 #agig 8 8,inquiry into ! ,c\rse ( ,nature 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race40 ,?is book is pron\nc$ ev5 by 8 biograph] ,guimps to be 8prolix & obscure10 &1 says ,pe/alozzi1 8nobody und]/ood me40 ,b ev5 9 ?is book !re 0 mu* wisdom1 _h ! _w c>$ to le>n2 b ! _w _h !n no place = ,pe/alozzi1 & z he says at ! end ( ?is book1 8)\t ev5 ask+ :e!r ! fault 0 8 or ano!r's1 x cru%$ him ) its iron hamm] z ! mason cru%es a useless /one40 ,he 01 h[ev]1 n actually cru%$1 & a place 0 9 "t f\nd = him4 #dj4 ,! _w might be p>don$ = neglect+ an ,inquiry :i* ev5 a biograph] f9ds 8prolix & obscure40 ,b :y c\ld x see no?+ 9 ano!r book :i* ,pe/alozzi publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 8,figures to my ,,abc ,book10 or accord+ to its lat] title1 8,fables10 a s]ies ( apologues z witty & wise z ^? ( ,less+4#aee #da4 ,z ,i h said already 7supra p4 #bci7 !re seems a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ?9k]s & do]s1 at lea/ 9 education1 & we seldom f9d a man great 9 bo?4 ,b ) all 8 weakness z a practical man ,pe/alozzi prov$ great bo? z a ?9k] & a do]4 ,he n only ?\ght out :at %\ld be done1 b he also made spl5did ef=ts to d x4 ,8 fir/ attempt at ,neuh( 01 z we h se51 all 8 own2 s 0 ! next at ,/anz2 b aft]w>ds he _h to "w ) o!rs1 & ! "w w\ld h come to a /&/ill if he _h n ga9$ ! co-op]ation ( ! magi/rates1 ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr51 & 8 own assi/ants4 ,s he nev] aga9 _h ! free h&1 or at lea/ ! free ?\ght :i* bore su* good fruit 9 8 en=c$ cessation f practice 9 ! ye>s betwe5 #aghj & #agih4 ,x is well !n to ask1 z 8 biograph] ,guimps has ask$1 :at 0 ! ma9 outcome ( ,pe/alozzi's ?\ght be=e he plung$ into action a second "t 9 #agih4 #db4 ,pe/alozzi set himself to f9d a means ( rescu+ ! p f _! pov]ty & degradation4 ,?is he held w\ld la/ z long z _! moral & intellectual pov]ty la/$2 s !re 0 no hope except 9 an education t %\ld make !m bett] & m intellig5t4 ,9 /udy+ ! *ildr5 ev5 ( ! mo/ degrad$ p>5ts he f\nd ! se$s1 z x 71 ( a weal? ( faculties1 s5tim5ts1 ta/es1 & capabilities1 :i*1 if develop$1 might make !m reasonable & upright human be+s4 ,b :at 0 call$ education did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,in/ead ( develop+ ! noble/ "p ( ! *ild's nature x neglect$ ?is entirely1 & br++ to ! *ild ! k1 ideas1 & feel+s ( o!rs1 x tri$ to make him 8le>n0 !m4 ,s 8education0 did little beyond /ifl+ ! *ild's individuality "u a mass ( borr[$ ideas4 ,! s*oolma/] work$1 z x 71 f )\t to )94 ,?is ,pe/alozzi w\ld *ange1 & make education beg9 9 ! *ild & "w f )9 outw>ds4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple he s\ght = "s means ( develop+ ! *ild's inborn faculties1 & he f\nd z he says3 8,nature develops all ! p[]s ( humanity by ex]cis+ !m2 !y increase ) use40 7,ev5+ ,h\r1 ,aph4 #bb47 ,no means c be f\nd ( ex]cis+ ! high] faculties :i* c be comp>$ ) ! actual relations ( daily life2 s ,pe/alozzi decl>es3 8,! pure s5tim5t ( tru? & wisdom is =m$ 9 ! n>r[ circle ( ! relation%ips :i* affect u1 ! circum/ances :i* sugge/ our actions1 & ! common k :i* we _c d )\t40 ,& tak+ z 8 />t+-po9t ! ne$s1 desires1 & connexions ( actual life he 0 naturally l$ to associate ! "w ( ! body ) t ( ! m9d1 to develop indu/ry & /udy side by side1 to comb9e ! work%op & ! s*ool4 ,) reg>d to in/ruction he 0 nev] tir$ ( insi/+ on ! importance ( ?or\gh ma/]y 9 ! fir/ elem5ts1 & !re 0 to be no advance till ?is ma/]y 0 atta9$4 7,see :at 8,h>ry0 says1 supra p4 #cjf47 8,! s*ools10 he says 7,e4 ,h41 ,no4 #bh71 8ha/ily sub/itute an artificial me?od ( words = ! tru] me?od ( ,nature :i* kn[s no hurry b waits40 #dc4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ( ,pe/alozzi's doctr9e be=e #agih ,i h z usual foll[$ ,m4 ,guimps4 ,accord+ to him ,pe/alozzi _h discov]$ 8a pr9ciple :i* settles ! law ( man's developm5t1 & is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( education40 ,?is pr9ciple ,m4 ,guimps briefly /ates z foll[s3 8,all ! real k1 useful p[]s1 & noble s5tim5ts t a man c acquire are b ! ext5sion ( 8 individuality by ! developm5t ( ! p[]s & faculties t ,god has put 9 him1 & by _! assimilation ( ! elem5ts suppli$ by ! out] _w4 ,!re exi/s = ?is developm5t & ! "w ( assimilation a natural & necess>y ord]1 an ord] :i* ! s*ool mo/ly sets at n\ght40 #dd4 ,n[ we come to ! p]iod ( ,pe/alozzi's practical activity4 ,9 #agih ,switz]l& 0 ov]run by ! ,fr5*4 ,ev]y?+ 0 remodell$ aft] ! ,fr5* patt]n2 & 9 con=mity ) ! exi/+ phase 9 ! model c\ntry ! gov]nm5t ( ,switz]l& 0 decl>$ to be 9 ! h&s ( five 8,directors40 ,pe/alozzi 0 a ,radical1 & he at once set to "w to s]ve ! new gov]nm5t ) 8 p54 ,! ,directors gladly welcom$ su* an ally z ! au?or ( ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 & !y made him editor ( a newspap] int5d$ to diffuse ! revolution>y pr9ciples among ! p4 ,naturally en\gh !y suppos$ t he1 l o!r p1 8want$0 some?+2 b :5 ask$ :at he want$ he repli$ simply t he wi%$ to be a s*oolma/]4 ,! ,directors1 especially ,le ,gr&1 took a g5u9e int]e/ 9 education1 & 7 q will+ t ,pe/alozzi %\ld be all[$ a free h& 9 8 8new dep>ture40 ,!y !re=e agre$ to f9d ! funds ) :i* ,pe/alozzi might op5 a new ,in/itution 9 ,a>gau4 #de4 ,b ! editor%ip & ! plans = ! new ,in/itution came to an abrupt end+4 ,! ,ca?olic cantons did n acquiesce 9 giv+ up _! local lib]ties & be+ subject$ to a new gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( m5 :om !y reg>d$ z h]etics & ev5 a!i/s4 ,consequ5tly ^? mission>ies ( enlight5m5t1 ! ,fr5* troops1 at once fell ^u !m & slaught]$ _m )\t di/9ction ( age or sex4 ,! ,fr5*1 we are told1 did n expect to meet ) resi/ance2 s _! light became lightn+ & /ruck dead ! /upid p :o c\ld n or w\ld n see4 8,our soldi]s0 7x is ,mi*elet :o speaks7 87 f]oci\s at ,/anz40 7,nos ,fils1 #bag74 ,?is f]ocity at ,/anz 9 ,septemb]1 #agih1 0 9 secret disapprov$ ( by ! ,directors1 :o 7 nom9ally responsible = x4 ,b all !y c\ld d 0 to provide 9 a measure = ! 8#aaa infirm old p1 ! #afi orphans1 & #bcg o!r *ildr510 :o 7 left totally de/itute4 ,le ,gr& propos$ to ,pe/alozzi t he %\ld1 = ! pres5t1 give up 8 o!r plans & g to ,/anz 7:i* is on ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne7 to take *>ge ( ! orphan & de/itute *ildr54 ,pe/alozzi 0 n ! man to refuse su* a task z ?is4 ,he at once set out4 ,"s build+s connect$ ) an ,ursul9e conv5t 71 )\t ! cons5t ( ! nuns1 made ov] to him4 ,workm5 7 employ$ ^u !m1 & z soon z a s+le room c\ld be inhabit$ ,pe/alozzi receiv$ =ty *ildr5 into x4 ,?is 0 9 ,janu>y1 #agii1 9 ! middle ( a rem>kably cold w9t]4 #df4 ,?us "u circum/ances p]haps less unfav\rable ?an !y seem$ began ! five mon?s' trial ( pure ,pe/alozzianism4 ,! physical difficulties 7 imm5se4 ,at fir/ ,pe/alozzi & all ! *ildr5 7 %ut up day & night 9 a s+le room4 ,he _h ?r\gh\t no help] ( any k9d b "o female s]vant1 & he _h to d ev]y?+ = ! *ildr51 ev5 :at 0 mo/ m5ial & disgu/+4 ,z soon z possible ! numb] 0 increas$1 & be=e long 0 ne>ly eighty1 "s ( ! *ildr5 hav+ to g out to sleep4 ,b great z 7 ! mat]ial difficulties1 ^? aris+ f ! opposition & hatr$ ( ! p he came to succ\r 7 /ill worse4 ,to !m he seem$ no philan?ropi/1 b only a s]vant ( ! devil1 an ag5t ( ! wick$ gov]nm5t :i* _h s5t its f]oci\s soldi]s & slaught]$ ! p>5ts ( ^! poor *ildr51 a ,prote/ant :o came to complete ! "w by de/roy+ _! s\ls4 ,pe/alozzi1 :o 0 mak+ h]oic ef=ts 9 _! behalf1 seems to h wond]$ at ! animosity %[n him by ! p ( ,/anz2 b on look+ back we mu/ admit t 9 ! circum/ances x 0 only natural4 #dg4 ,& yet 9 spite ( enorm\s difficulties ( e k9d ,pe/alozzi triumph$4 ,)9 ! five mon?s he sp5t ) !m he atta*$ to him ! he>ts ( ! *ildr51 & produc$ 9 !m a m>vell\s physical1 intellectual1 & moral *ange4 8,if ev] !re 0 a miracle10 says ,mi*elet1 8x 0 "h4 ,x 0 ! rew>d ( a /rong fai?1 ( a wond]ful expansion ( he>t4 ,he believ$1 he will$1 he succe$$40 7,nos ,fils #bbc47 ,:at 0 ! great act ( fai? by :i* ,pe/alozzi triumph$8 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,mi*elet he /ood be=e ^! vici\s & degrad$ *ildr5 & said1 8,man is good40 ,pe/alozzi does n tell u ?is himself2 & z a b5ight$ believ] 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,i v5ture to diff] f ! enlight5$ ,mi*elet4 ,z f> z ,i c judge f ,pe/alozzi's own tea*+ ! s\rce ( 8 /r5g? 0 8 belief 9 ! goodness n ( ,man b ( ,god4 #dh4 ,b enc\rag$ & rew>d$ z he 0 by ! result1 ,pe/alozzi c\ld n long h ma9ta9$ ?is fe>ful ex]tion4 ,he 0 ov] fifty ye>s ( age1 & he mu/ soon h succumb$2 inde$ he 0 already spitt+ blood :5 9 ,june1 #agii1 ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 ^: action _h br\ght him to ,/anz1 drove him away aga94 ,fall+ back be=e ! ,au/rians !y _h ne$ ( a hospital 9 ,/anz1 & dem&$ ! build+s occupi$ by ,pe/alozzi & ! *ildr54 ,s almo/ all ! *ildr5 _h to be s5t away1 & !n at la/ ,pe/alozzi took ?\ght = 8 own heal? & retir$ to "s ba?s 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,b mo/ ( 8 peculi>ities 9 tea*+ may be said to date f ! exp]i5ce at ,/anz2 & ,i w !re=e give ?is exp]i5ce 9 8 own words4 #di4 ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt giv5 9 8 lett] to 8 fri5d ,gessn]4 7,i h 9 "p avail$ myself ( ,mr4 ,russell's translation ( ,guimps1 pp4 #adi ff47 8,my fri5d1 once m ,i awake f a dream2 once m ,i see my "w de/roy$1 & my fail+ /r5g? wa/$4 8,b1 h[ev] weak & un=tunate my attempt1 a fri5d ( humanity w n grudge a few mom5ts to consid] ! reasons :i* conv9ce me t "s day a m =tunate po/]ity w c]ta9ly take up ! ?read ( my hopes at ! place :]e x is n[ brok54444 8,i once m made kn[n1 z well z ,i c\ld1 my old wi%es = ! education ( ! p4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i laid my :ole s*eme be=e ,legr& 7!n "o ( ! ,directors71 :o n only took a w>m int]e/ 9 x1 b agre$ ) me t ! ,republic /ood 9 urg5t ne$ ( a re=m ( public education4 ,he also agre$ ) me t mu* might be done = ! reg5]ation ( ! p by giv+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! poore/ *ildr5 an education :i* %\ld be complete1 b :i*1 f> f lift+ !m out ( _! prop] sph]e1 w\ld b atta* !m ! m /rongly to x4 8,i limit$ my desires to ?is "o po9t1 ,legr& help+ me 9 e possible way4 ,he ev5 ?\ght my views s important t he once said to me3 #8,i %all n will+ly give up my pres5t po/ till y h begun y\r "w4' 444 8,x 0 my int5tion to try to f9d ne> ,zuri* or 9 ,a>gau a place :]e ,i %\ld be able to jo9 indu/ry & agriculture to ! o!r means ( in/ruction1 & s give my e/abli%m5t all ! developm5t necess>y to its complete success4 ,b ! ,unt]wald5 disa/] 7,septemb]1 #agih7 left me no fur!r *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t felt ! urg5t ne$ ( s5d+ help to ?is un=tunate di/rict1 & begg$ me = ?is once to make an attempt to put my plans into execution 9 a place :]e almo/ ev]y?+ t c\ld h made x a success 0 want+4 8,i w5t !re gladly4 ,i felt t ! innoc5ce ( ! p w\ld make up = :at 0 want+1 & t _! di/ress w\ld1 at any rate1 make !m grateful4 8,my eag]ness to realise at la/ ! great dream ( my life w\ld h l$ me to "w on ! v highe/ peaks ( ! ,alps1 &1 s to speak1 )\t fire or wat]4 8,= a h\se1 ! ,gov]nm5t made ov] to me ! new "p ( ! ,ursul9e conv5t at ,/anz1 b :5 ,i arriv$ x 0 /ill uncomplet$1 & n 9 any way fitt$ to receive a l>ge numb] ( *ildr54 ,be=e any?+ else c\ld be done1 !n1 ! h\se itself _h to be got ready4 ,! ,gov]nm5t gave ! necess>y ord]s1 & ,r5gg] pu%$ on ! "w ) mu* zeal & useful activity4 ,i 0 nev] inde$ all[$ to want = money4 8,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! admirable support ,i receiv$1 all ?is prep>ation took "t1 & "t 0 precisely :at we c\ld lea/ af=d1 s9ce x 0 ( ! highe/ importance t a numb] ( *ildr51 :om ! w> _h left homeless & de/itute1 %\ld be receiv$ at once4 8,i 0 /ill )\t ev]y?+ b money :5 ! *ildr5 cr[d$ 92 nei!r kit*51 rooms1 nor b$s 7 ready to receive !m4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 a s\rce ( inconceivable confusion4 ,= ! fir/ few weeks ,i 0 %ut up 9 a v small room2 ! wea!r 0 bad1 & ! alt]ations1 :i* made a great du/ & fill$ ! corridors ) rubbi%1 r5d]$ ! air v unheal?y4 8,! want ( b$s compell$ me at fir/ to s5d "s ( ! poor *ildr5 home at night2 ^! *ildr5 g5]ally came back ! next day cov]$ ) v]m94 ,mo/ ( !m on _! arrival 7 v deg5]at$ specim5s ( humanity4 ,_m ( !m _h a sort ( *ronic sk9-disease1 :i* almo/ prev5t$ _! walk+1 or sores on _! heads1 or rags full ( v]m92 _m 7 almo/ skeletons1 ) hagg>d1 c>eworn faces1 & %r9k+ looks2 "s braz51 accu/om$ to begg+1 hypocrisy1 & all sorts ( deceit2 o!rs brok5 by mis=tune1 pati5t1 suspici\s1 timid1 & entirely devoid ( affection4 ,!re 7 also "s spoilt *ildr5 among/ !m :o _h kn[n ! sweets ( com=t1 & 7 !re=e full ( pret5sions4 ,^! kept to !mselves1 affect$ to despise ! little begg>s _! comrades1 & to suff] f ?is equality1 & seem$ to f9d x impossible to adapt !mselves to ! ways ( ! h\se1 :i* diff]$ too mu* f _! old habits4 ,b :at 0 common to !m all 0 a p]si/5t idl5ess1 result+ f _! want ( physical & m5tal activity4 ,out ( e t5 *ildr5 !re 0 h>dly "o :o knew 8 ,a ,b ,c2 z = any o!r k1 x 01 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 8,! entire abs5ce ( s*ool le>n+ 0 :at tr\bl$ me lea/1 = ,i tru/$ 9 ! natural p[]s t ,god be/[s on ev5 ! poore/ & mo/ neglect$ *ildr54 ,i _h obs]v$ = a long "t t beh9d _! co>s5ess1 %yness1 & app>5t incapacity1 are hidd5 ! f9e/ faculties1 ! mo/ preci\s p[]s2 & n[1 ev5 among/ ^! poor creatures by :om ,i 0 surr\nd$ at ,/anz1 m>k$ natural abilities soon began to %[ !mselves4 ,i knew h[ useful ! common ne$s ( life are 9 tea*+ m5 ! relations ( ?+s1 9 br++ out _! natural intellig5ce1 9 =m+ _! judgm5t1 & 9 ar\s+ faculties :i*1 buri$1 z x 71 b5ea? ! co>s] elem5ts ( _! nature1 _c become active & useful till !y are set free4 ,x 0 my object !n to set free ^! faculties1 & br+ !m to be> on ! pure & simple circum/ances ( dome/ic life1 = ,i 0 conv9c$ ?is 0 all t 0 want+1 & ^! natural faculties w\ld %ew !mselves capable ( rais+ ! he>ts & m9ds ( my pupils to all t ,i c\ld desire4 8,i saw !n h[ my wi%es might be c>ri$ out2 & ,i 0 p]suad$ t my affection w\ld *ange ! /ate ( my *ildr5 j z quickly z ! spr+ sun w\ld awake to new life ! e>? t w9t] _h b5umb$4 ,i 0 n deceiv+ myself3 be=e ! spr+ sun melt$ ! sn[ ( our m\nta9s my *ildr5 7 h>dly to be recognis$4 8,b ,i mu/ n anticipate4 ,j z 9 ! ev5+ ,i (t5 m>k ! quick gr[? ( ! g\rd by ! side ( ! h\se1 s ,i want y to m>k ! gr[? ( my plant2 &1 my fri5d1 ,i w n hide f y ! worm :i* sometimes fa/5s on ! leaves1 sometimes ev5 on ! he>t4 8,i op5$ ! e/abli%m5t ) no o!r help] b a woman-s]vant4 ,i _h n only to tea* ! *ildr51 b to look aft] _! physical ne$s4 ,i pref]r$ be+ alone1 &1 un=tunately1 x 0 ! only way to rea* my end4 ,no "o 9 ! _w w\ld h c>$ to ent] into my views = ! education ( *ildr51 & at t "t ,i knew sc>cely any "o ev5 capable ( x4 8,9 proportion z ! m5 :om ,i might h call$ to my aid 7 highly educat$ j s f> !y fail$ to und]/& me1 & 7 incapable ( conf9+ !mselves ev5 9 !ory to ! simple />t+-po9ts :i* ,i s\ght to come back to4 ,all _! views ab\t ! organisation & requirem5ts ( ! ent]prise diff]$ entirely f m9e4 ,:at !y specially object$ to 0 ! notion t ! ent]prise might be c>ri$ out )\t ! aid ( any artificial means1 & simply by ! influ5ce ( nature 9 ! environm5t ( ! *ildr51 & by ! activity ar\s$ 9 !m by ! ne$s ( _! daily life4 8,& yet x 0 precisely ^u ?is idea t ,i bas$ all my hope ( success2 x 01 z x 71 a basis = innum]able o!r po9ts ( view4 8,exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 !n1 c\ld n help me2 /ill less boori%1 ignorant m54 ,i _h no?+ to put into ! h&s ( assi/ants to guide !m1 nor any results or app>atus by :i* ,i c\ld make my ideas cle>] to !m4 ,?us1 :e!r ,i w\ld or no1 ,i _h fir/ to make my exp]im5t alone1 & collect facts to illu/rate ! ess5tial features ( my sy/em be=e ,i c\ld v5ture to look = outside help4 ,inde$1 9 my !n position1 nobody c\ld help me4 ,i knew t ,i mu/ help myself & %ap$ my plans accord+ly4 8,i want$ to prove by my exp]im5t t if public education is to h any real value = humanity1 x mu/ imitate ! means :i* make ! m]it ( dome/ic education2 = x is my op9ion t if s*ool tea*+ does n take into consid]ation ! circum/ances ( family life1 & ev]y?+ else t be>s on a man's g5]al education1 x c only lead to an artificial & me?odical dw>f+ ( humanity4 8,9 any good education1 ! "m mu/ be able to judge daily1 nay h\rly1 f ! *ild's eyes1 lips1 & face1 ( ! slighte/ *ange 9 8 s\l4 ,! p[] ( ! educator1 too1 mu/ be t ( a fa!r1 quick5$ by ! g5]al circum/ances ( dome/ic life4 8,su* 0 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ,i built4 ,i det]m9$ t !re %\ld n be a m9ute 9 ! day :5 my *ildr5 %\ld n be aw>e f my face & my lips t my he>t 0 !irs1 t _! happ9ess 0 my happ9ess1 & _! pleasures my pleasures4 8,man readily accepts :at is good1 & ! *ild readily li/5s to x2 b x is n = y t he wants x1 ma/] & educator1 b = himself4 ,! good to :i* y w\ld lead him mu/ n dep5d on y\r caprici\s hum\r or passion2 x mu/ be a good :i* is good 9 itself & by ! nature ( ?+s1 & :i* ! *ild c recognize z good4 ,he mu/ feel ! necessity ( y\r w 9 ?+s :i* conc]n 8 com=t be=e he c be expect$ to obey x4 8,:atev] he does gladly1 :atev] ga9s him cr$it1 :atev] t5ds to accompli% 8 great hopes1 :atev] awak5s 8 p[]s & enables him truly to say ,i c1 all ?is he wills4 8,b ?is w is n ar\s$ by words2 x is ar\s$ only by a k9d ( complete culture :i* gives feel+s & p[]s4 ,words d n give ! ?+ itself1 b only an expression1 a cle> picture1 ( ! ?+ :i* we already h 9 our m9ds4 8,be=e all ?+s ,i 0 b\nd to ga9 ! confid5ce & ! love ( ! *ildr54 ,i 0 sure t if ,i succe$$ 9 ?is all ! re/ w\ld come ( itself4 ,fri5d1 only ?9k h[ ,i 0 plac$1 & h[ great 7 ! prejudices ( ! p & ( ! *ildr5 !mselves1 & y w compreh5d :at difficulties ,i _h to ov]come40 ,aft] n>rat+ :at we already "k he goes on3 8,?9k1 my fri5d1 ( ?is temp] ( ! p1 ( my weakness1 ( my poor appe>ance1 ( ! ill-w to :i* ,i 0 almo/ publicly expos$1 & !n judge h[ mu* ,i _h to endure = ! sake ( c>ry+ on my "w4 8,& yet1 h[ev] pa9ful ?is want ( help & support 0 to me1 x 0 fav\rable to ! success ( my und]tak+1 = x compell$ me to be always ev]y?+ = my *ildr54 ,i 0 alone ) !m f morn+ till night4 ,x 0 f me t !y receiv$ all t c\ld d !m good1 s\l & body4 ,all ne$ful help1 consolation1 & in/ruction !y receiv$ direct f me4 ,_! h&s 7 9 m9e1 my eyes 7 fix$ on !irs4 8,we wept & smil$ toge!r4 ,!y =got ! _w & ,/anz2 !y only knew t !y 7 ) me & ,i ) !m4 ,we %>$ our food & dr9k4 ,i _h ab\t me nei!r family1 fri5ds1 nor s]vants2 no?+ b !m4 ,i 0 ) !m 9 sickness1 & 9 heal?1 & :5 !y slept4 ,i 0 ! la/ to g to b$1 & ! fir/ to get up4 ,9 ! b$room ,i pray$ ) !m1 &1 at _! own reque/1 taught !m till !y fell asleep4 ,_! clo!s & bodies 7 intol]ably fil?y1 b ,i look$ aft] bo? myself1 & 0 ?us con/antly expos$ to ! risk ( contagion4 8,?is is h[ x 0 t ^! *ildr5 gradually became s atta*$ to me1 "s inde$ s deeply t !y contradict$ _! p>5ts & fri5ds :5 !y he>d evil ?+s said ab\t me4 ,!y felt t ,i 0 be+ treat$ unfairly1 & lov$ me1 ,i ?9k1 ! m = x4 ,b ( :at avail is x = ! "y ne/l+s to love _! "m :5 ! bird ( prey t is b5t on de/roy+ !m is con/antly hov]+ ne>8 8,h[ev]1 ! fir/ results ( ^! pr9ciples & ( ?is l9e ( action 7 n always satisfactory1 nor1 inde$1 c\ld !y be s4 ,! *ildr5 did n always und]/& my love4 ,accu/om$ to idl5ess1 unb\nd$ lib]ty1 & ! =tuit\s & lawless pleasures ( an almo/ wild life1 !y _h come to ! conv5t 9 ! expectation ( be+ well f$1 & ( hav+ no?+ to d4 ,"s ( !m soon discov]$ t !y _h be5 !re long en\gh1 & want$ to g away aga92 !y talk$ ( ! s*ool fev] t attacks *ildr5 :5 !y are kept employ$ all day long4 ,?is dissatisfaction1 :i* %[$ itself dur+ ! fir/ mon?s1 result$ pr9cipally f ! fact t _m ( !m 7 ill1 ! consequ5ce ei!r ( ! sudd5 *ange ( diet & habits1 or ( ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r & ! dampness ( ! build+ 9 :i* we liv$4 ,we all c\gh$ a great deal1 & sev]al *ildr5 7 seiz$ ) a peculi> sort ( fev]4 ,?is fev]1 :i* always began ) sickness1 0 v g5]al 9 ! di/rict4 ,cases ( sickness1 h[ev]1 n foll[$ by fev]1 7 n at all r>e1 & 7 an almo/ natural consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( food4 ,_m p attribut$ ! fev] to bad food1 b ! facts soon %[$ !m to be wrong1 = n a s+le *ild succumb$4 8,on ! return ( spr+ x 0 evid5t to ev]ybody t ! *ildr5 7 all do+ well1 gr[+ rapidly1 & ga9+ col\r4 ,c]ta9 magi/rates & ecclesia/ics1 :o saw !m "s "t aft]w>ds1 /at$ t !y _h improv$ almo/ beyond recognition4444 8,mon?s pass$ be=e ,i _h ! satisfaction ( hav+ my h& grasp$ by a s+le grateful p>5t4 ,b ! *ildr5 7 won ov] mu* soon]4 ,!y ev5 wept sometimes :5 _! p>5ts met me or left me )\t a ^w ( salutation4 ,_m ( !m 7 p]fectly happy1 & us$ to say to _! mo!rs3 #8,i am bett] "h ?an at home4' ,at home1 inde$1 z !y readily told me :5 we talk$ alone1 !y _h be5 ill-us$ & beat51 & _h (t5 _h nei!r bread to eat nor b$ to lie d[n ^u4 ,& yet ^! same *ildr5 w\ld sometimes g (f ) _! mo!rs ! v next morn+4 8,a good _m o!rs1 h[ev]1 soon saw t by /ay+ ) me !y might bo? le>n some?+ & become some?+1 & ^! nev] fail$ 9 _! zeal & atta*m5t4 ,be=e v long _! conduct 0 imitat$ by o!rs :o _h n altoge!r ! same feel+s4 8,^? :o ran away 7 ! wor/ 9 "* & ! lea/ capable4 ,b !y 7 n incit$ to g till !y 7 free ( _! v]m9 & _! rags4 ,sev]al 7 s5t to me ) no o!r purpose ?an t ( be+ tak5 away aga9 z soon z !y 7 clean & well clo!d4 8,b aft] a "t _! bett] judgm5t ov]came ! defiant ho/ility ) :i* !y arriv$4 ,9 #agiiaef ,i _h ne>ly eighty *ildr54 ,mo/ ( !m 7 bright & intellig5t1 "s ev5 rem>kably s4 8,= mo/ ( !m /udy 0 some?+ entirely new4 ,z soon z !y f\nd t !y c\ld le>n1 _! zeal 0 indefatigable1 & 9 a few weeks *ildr5 :o _h nev] be=e op5$ a book1 & c\ld h>dly repeat a ,pat] ,no/] or an ,ave1 w\ld /udy ! :ole day long ) ! ke5e/ int]e/4 ,ev5 aft] supp]1 :5 ,i us$ to say to !m1 #8,*ildr51 w y g to b$1 or le>n some?+8' !y w\ld g5]ally answ]1 especially 9 ! fir/ mon? or two1 #8,le>n some?+4' ,x is true t aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h to get up v e>ly1 x 0 n q ! same4 8,b ?is fir/ eag]ness did mu* t[>ds />t+ ! e/abli%m5t on ! "r l9es1 & mak+ ! /udies ! success !y ultimately 71 a success inde$1 :i* f> surpass$ my expectations4 ,& yet great beyond expression 7 my difficulties4 ,i did n z yet f9d x possible to organise ! /udies prop]ly4 8,nei!r my tru/ nor my zeal _h be5 able to ov]come ei!r ! intractability ( individuals or ! want ( coh]5ce 9 ! :ole exp]im5t4 ,! g5]al ord] ( ! e/abli%m5t1 ,i felt1 mu/ be bas$ ^u ord] ( a high] "*4 ,z ?is high] ord] did n yet exi/1 ,i _h to attempt to create x2 = )\t ?is f\ndation ,i c\ld n hope to organise prop]ly ei!r ! tea*+ or ! g5]al managem5t ( ! place1 nor %\ld ,i h wi%$ to d s4 ,i want$ ev]y?+ to result n f a preconceiv$ plan1 b f my relations ) ! *ildr54 ,! high pr9ciples & educat+ =ces ,i 0 seek+1 ,i look$ = f ! h>moni\s common life ( my *ildr51 f _! common att5tion1 activity1 & ne$s4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 f any ext]nal organisation t ,i look$ = ! reg5]ation ( :i* !y /ood s mu* 9 ne$4 ,if ,i _h employ$ con/ra9t1 regulations1 & lectures1 ,i %\ld1 in/ead ( w9n+ & ennobl+ my *ildr5's he>ts1 h repell$ !m & made !m bitt]1 & ?us be5 f>!r ?an ev] f my aim4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i _h to ar\se 9 !m pure1 moral1 & noble feel+s1 s t aft]w>ds1 9 ext]nal ?+s1 ,i might be sure ( _! ready att5tion1 activity1 & ob$i5ce4 ,i _h1 9 %ort1 to foll[ ! high precept ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 #8,cleanse fir/ t :i* is )91 t ! outside may be clean also2 & if ev] ! tru? ( ?is precept 0 made manife/1 x 0 made manife/ !n4 8,my "o aim 0 to make _! new life 9 common1 & _! new p[]s1 awak5 a feel+ ( bro!rhood among/ ! *ildr51 & make !m affectionate1 j1 & consid]ate4 8,i 0 successful 9 ga9+ my aims4 ,among/ ^! sev5ty wild begg>-*ildr5 !re soon exi/$ su* peace1 fri5d%ip1 & cordial relations z are r>e ev5 betwe5 actual bro!rs & si/]s4 8,! pr9ciple to :i* ,i endeav\r$ to con=m all my conduct 0 z foll[s3 ,endeav\r1 fir/1 to broad5 y\r *ildr5's sympa?ies1 &1 by satisfy+ _! daily ne$s1 to br+ love & k9dness into su* unceas+ contact ) _! impressions & _! activity1 t ^! s5tim5ts may be engraft$ 9 _! he>ts2 !n try to give !m su* judgm5t & tact z w enable !m to make a wise1 sure1 & abundant use ( ^! virtues 9 ! circle :i* surr\nds !m4 ,9 ! la/ place1 d n hesitate to t\* on ! difficult que/ions ( good & evil1 & ! words connect$ ) !m4 ,& y mu/ d ?is especially 9 connection ) ! ord9>y ev5ts ( e day1 ^u :i* y\r :ole tea*+ 9 ^! matt]s mu/ be f\nd$1 s t ! *ildr5 may be rem9d$ ( _! own feel+s1 & suppli$1 z x 71 ) solid facts ^u :i* to base _! conception ( ! beauty & ju/ice ( ! moral life4 ,ev5 ?\gh y %\ld h to sp5d :ole nights 9 try+ to express 9 two words :at o!rs say 9 tw5ty1 nev] regret ! loss ( sleep4 8,i gave my *ildr5 v few explanations2 ,i taught !m nei!r morality nor religion4 ,b sometimes1 :5 !y 7 p]fectly quiet1 ,i us$ to say to !m1 #8,d y n ?9k t y are bett] & m reasonable :5 y are l ?is ?an :5 y are mak+ a noise8' ,:5 !y clung r\nd my neck & call$ me _! fa!r1 ,i us$ to say1 #8,my *ildr51 w\ld x be "r to deceive y\r fa!r8 ,aft] kiss+ me l ?is1 w\ld y l to d any?+ beh9d my back to vex me8' ,:5 our talk turn$ on ! mis]y ( ! c\ntry1 & !y 7 feel+ glad at ! ?\ght ( _! own happi] lot1 ,i w\ld say1 #8,h[ good ,god is to h giv5 man a compassionate he>t6' 444 ,!y p]fectly und]/ood t all !y did 0 b a prep>ation = _! future activity1 & !y look$ =w>d to happ9ess z ! c]ta9 result ( _! p]sev]ance4 ,t is :y /eady application soon became easy to !m1 its object be+ 9 p]fect accordance ) _! wi%es & _! hopes4 ,virtue1 my fri5d1 is develop$ by ?is agreem5t1 j z ! "y plant ?rives :5 ! soil suits its nature1 & supplies ! ne$s ( its t5d] %oots4 8,i witness$ ! gr[? ( an inw>d /r5g? 9 my *ildr51 :i*1 9 its g5]al developm5t1 f> surpass$ my expectations1 & 9 its p>ticul> manife/ations n only (t5 surpris$ me1 b t\*$ me deeply4 8,:5 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,altdorf 0 burnt d[n1 ,i ga!r$ ! *ildr5 r\nd me1 & said1 #8,altdorf has be5 burnt d[n2 p]haps1 at ?is v mom5t1 !re are a hundr$ *ildr5 !re )\t home1 food1 or clo!s2 w y n ask our good ,gov]nm5t to let tw5ty ( !m come & live ) u8' ,i /ill seem to see ! emotion ) :i* !y answ]$1 #8,oh1 yes1 yes6' #8,b1 my *ildr51' ,i said1 #8?9k well ( :at y are ask+6 ,ev5 n[ we h sc>cely money en\gh1 & x is n at all c]ta9 t if ^! poor *ildr5 came to u1 ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld give u any m ?an !y d at pres5t1 s t y might h to "w h>d]1 & %>e y\r clo!s ) ^! *ildr51 & sometimes p]haps g )\t food4 ,d n say1 !n1 t y w\ld l !m to come unless y are q prep>$ = all ^! consequ5ces4' ,aft] hav+ spok5 to !m 9 ?is way z s]i\sly z ,i c\ld1 ,i made !m repeat all ,i _h said1 to be q sure t !y _h ?or\ghly und]/ood :at ! consequ5ces ( _! reque/ w\ld be4 ,b !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ %ak5 9 _! decision1 & all repeat$1 #8,yes1 yes1 we are q ready to "w h>d]1 eat less1 & %>e our clo!s1 = we want !m to come4' 8,"s refugees f ! ,grisons hav+ giv5 me a few cr[ns = my poor *ildr51 ,i at once call$ !m & said1 #8,^! m5 are oblig$ to leave _! c\ntry2 !y h>dly "k :]e !y w f9d a home to-morr[1 yet1 9 spite ( _! tr\ble1 !y h giv5 me ?is = y4 ,come & ?ank !m4' ,& ! emotion ( ! *ildr5 br\ght te>s to ! eyes ( ! refugees4 8,x 0 9 ?is way t ,i /rove to awak5 ! feel+ ( ea* virtue be=e talk+ ab\t x1 = ,i ?\ght x unwise to talk to *ildr5 on subjects :i* w\ld compel !m to speak )\t ?or\ghly und]/&+ :at !y 7 say+4 8,i foll[$ up ?is awak5+ ( ! s5tim5ts by ex]cises int5d$ to tea* ! *ildr5 self-control1 s t all t 0 good 9 !m might be appli$ to ! practical que/ions ( e-day life4 8,x w easily be und]/ood t1 9 ?is respect1 x 0 n possible to organise any sy/em ( discipl9e = ! e/abli%m5t2 t c\ld only come sl[ly1 z ! g5]al "w develop$4 8,sil5ce1 z an aid to application1 is p]haps ! great secret ( su* an in/itution4 ,i f\nd x v useful to insi/ on sil5ce :5 ,i 0 tea*+1 & also to pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! attitude ( my *ildr54 ,i succe$$ s well t ! mom5t ,i ask$ = sil5ce1 ,i c\ld tea* 9 q a l[ voice4 ,! *ildr5 repeat$ my words all toge!r2 & z !re 0 no o!r s\nd1 ,i 0 able to detect ! slighte/ mi/akes ( pronunciation4 ,x is true t ?is 0 n always s4 ,sometimes1 :il/ !y repeat$ s5t5ces aft] me1 ,i w\ld ask !m z if 9 fun to keep _! eyes fix$ on _! middle f+]s4 ,x is h>dly cr$ible h[ useful simple ?+s ( ?is sort sometimes are z means to ! v highe/ ends4 8,"o "y girl1 = in/ance1 :o _h be5 little bett] ?an a savage1 by keep+ h] head & body upright1 & n look+ ab\t1 made m progress 9 h] moral education ?an any "o w\ld h believ$ possible4 8,^! exp]i5ces h %[n me t ! m]e habit ( c>ry+ oneself well does mu* m = ! education ( ! moral s5tim5ts ?an any am\nt ( tea*+ & lectures 9 :i* ?is simple fact is ignor$4 8,?anks to ! application ( ^! pr9ciples1 my *ildr5 soon became m op51 m cont5t$ & m susceptible to e good & noble influ5ce ?an any "o c\ld possibly h =ese5 :5 !y fir/ came to me1 s utt]ly devoid 7 !y ( ideas1 good feel+s1 & moral pr9ciples4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is lack ( previ\s in/ruction 0 n a s]i\s ob/acle to me2 inde$1 x h>dly tr\bl$ me at all4 ,i am incl9$ ev5 to say t1 9 ! simple me?od ,i 0 foll[+1 x 0 (t5 an advantage1 = ,i _h incomp>ably less tr\ble to develop ^? *ildr5 ^: m9ds 7 /ill blank1 ?an ^? :o _h already acquir$ inaccurate ideas4 ,! =m]1 too1 7 mu* m op5 ?an ! latt] to ! influ5ce ( all pure & simple s5tim5ts4 8,b :5 ! *ildr5 7 obdurate & *urli%1 !n ,i 0 sev]e1 & made use ( corporal puni%m5t4 8,my de> fri5d1 ! p$agogical pr9ciple :i* says t we mu/ w9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( our *ildr5 by words alone )\t hav+ rec\rse to corporal puni%m5t1 is c]ta9ly good1 & applicable "u fav\rable conditions & circum/ances2 b ) *ildr5 ( su* widely diff]5t ages z m9e1 *ildr5 = ! mo/ "p begg>s1 & all full ( deeply-root$ faults1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( corporal puni%m5t 0 inevitable1 especially z ,i 0 anxi\s to arrive surely1 spe$ily1 & by ! simple/ means1 at ga9+ an influ5ce ov] !m all1 = ! sake ( putt+ !m all 9 ! "r road4 ,i 0 compell$ to puni% !m1 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ,i !reby1 9 any way1 lo/ ! confid5ce ( my pupils4 8,x is n ! r>e & isolat$ actions t =m ! op9ions & feel+s ( *ildr51 b ! impressions ( e day & e h\r4 ,f su* impressions !y judge :e!r we are k9dly dispos$ t[>ds !m or n1 & ?is settles _! g5]al attitude t[>ds u4 ,_! judgm5t ( isolat$ actions dep5ds ^u ?is g5]al attitude4 8,?is is h[ x is t puni%m5ts inflict$ by p>5ts r>ely make a bad impression4 ,b x is q diff]5t ) s*oolma/]s & tea*]s :o are n ) _! *ildr5 night & day1 & h none ( ^? relations ) !m :i* result f life 9 common4 8,my puni%m5ts nev] produc$ ob/9acy2 ! *ildr5 ,i _h beat5 7 q satisfi$ if a mom5t aft]w>ds ,i gave !m my h& & kiss$ !m1 & ,i c\ld read 9 _! eyes t ! f9al effect ( my bl[s 0 really joy4 ,! foll[+ is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! effect ?is sort ( puni%m5t sometimes _h4 ,"o day "o ( ! *ildr5 ,i lik$ be/1 tak+ advantage ( my affection1 unju/ly ?reat5$ "o ( 8 companions4 ,i 0 v indignant1 & my h& did n sp>e him4 ,he seem$ at fir/ almo/ brok5-he>t$1 & cri$ bitt]ly = at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,:5 ,i _h gone out1 h[ev]1 he got up1 & go+ to ! boy he _h ill-treat$1 begg$ 8 p>don1 & ?ank$ him = hav+ spok5 ab\t 8 bad conduct4 ,my fri5d1 ?is 0 no com$y2 ! *ild _h nev] se5 any?+ l x be=e4 8,x 0 impossible t ?is sort ( treatm5t %\ld produce a bad impression on my *ildr51 because all day long ,i 0 giv+ !m pro(s ( my affection & devotion4 ,!y c\ld n misread my he>t1 & s !y did n misjudge my actions4 ,x 0 n ! same ) ! p>5ts1 fri5ds1 /rang]s1 & tea*]s :o visit$ u2 b t 0 natural4 ,b ,i c>$ no?+ = ! op9ion ( ! :ole _w1 provid$ my *ildr5 und]/ood me4 8,i always did my be/1 !re=e1 to make !m cle>ly und]/& ! motives ( my actions 9 all matt]s likely to excite _! att5tion & int]e/4 ,?is1 my fri5d1 br+s me to ! consid]ation ( ! moral means to be employ$ 9 a truly dome/ic education4 8,elem5t>y moral education1 consid]$ z a :ole1 includes ?ree di/9ct p>ts3 ! *ildr5's moral s5se mu/ fir/ be ar\s$ by _! feel+s be+ made active & pure2 !n !y mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 self-control1 s t !y may give !mselves to t :i* is "r & good2 f9ally !y mu/ be br\ght to =m = !mselves1 by reflection & comp>ison1 a j notion ( ! moral rights & duties :i* are !irs by reason ( _! position & surr\nd+s4 8,s f>1 ,i h po9t$ out "s ( ! means ,i employ$ to rea* ! fir/ two ( ^! ends4 ,!y 7 j z simple = ! ?ird2 = ,i /ill made use ( ! impressions & exp]i5ces ( _! daily life to give my *ildr5 a true & exact idea ( "r & duty4 ,:51 = in/ance1 !y made a noise1 ,i appeal$ to _! own judgm5t1 & ask$ !m if x 0 possible to le>n "u su* conditions4 ,i %all nev] =get h[ /rong & true ,i g5]ally f\nd _! s5se ( ju/ice & reason1 & h[ ?is s5se increas$ &1 z x 71 e/abli%$ _! good w4 8,i appeal$ to !m 9 all matt]s t conc]n$ ! e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 g5]ally 9 ! quiet ev5+ h\rs t ,i appeal$ to _! free judgm5t4 ,:51 = in/ance1 x 0 report$ 9 ! village t !y _h n en\gh to eat1 ,i said to !m1 #8,tell me1 my *ildr51 if y are n bett] f$ ?an y 7 at home8 ,?9k1 & tell me y\rselves1 :e!r x w\ld be well to keep y "h 9 su* a way z w\ld make x impossible = y aft]w>ds1 9 spite ( all y\r application & h>d "w1 to procure :at y _h become accu/om$ to4 ,d y lack any?+ t is really necess>y8 ,d y ?9k t ,i c\ld reasonably & ju/ly d m = y8 ,w\ld y h me sp5d all ! money t is entru/$ to me on ?irty or =ty *ildr5 in/ead ( on eighty z at pres5t8 ,w\ld t be j8' 8,9 ! same way1 :5 ,i he>d t x 0 report$ t ,i puni%$ !m too sev]ely1 ,i said to !m3 #8,y "k h[ ,i love y1 my *ildr52 b tell me w\ld y l me to /op puni%+ y8 ,d y ?9k t 9 any o!r way ,i c free y f y\r deeply-root$ bad habits1 or make y always m9d :at ,i say8' ,y 7 !re1 my fri5d1 & saw ) y\r own eyes ! s9c]e emotion ) :i* !y answ]$1 #8,we don't compla9 ab\t y\r hitt+ u4 ,we wi% we nev] des]v$ x4 ,b we want to be puni%$ :5 we d wrong4' 8,_m ?+s t make no diff]5ce 9 a small h\sehold c\ld n be tol]at$ :]e ! numb]s 7 s great4 ,i tri$ to make my *ildr5 feel ?is1 always leav+ !m to decide :at c\ld or c\ld n be all[$4 ,x is true t 9 my int]c\rse ) !m ,i nev] spoke ( lib]ty or equality2 b1 at ! same "t1 ,i enc\rag$ !m z f> z possible to be free & uncon/ra9$ 9 my pres5ce1 ) ! result t e day ,i m>k$ m & m t cle> op5 look 9 _! eyes :i*1 9 my exp]i5ce1 is ! sign ( a really lib]al education4 ,i c\ld n be> ! ?\ght ( betray+ ! tru/ 9 me :i* ,i saw %9+ 9 _! eyes2 ,i /rove con/antly to /r5g!n x & at ! same "t _! free individuality1 t no?+ might happ5 to tr\ble ^? angel-eyes1 ! sight ( :i* caus$ me ! mo/ int5se delight4 ,b ,i c\ld n endure fr[ns & anxi\s looks2 ,i myself smoo!d away ! fr[ns2 !n ! *ildr5 smil$1 & ev5 among !mselves !y took c>e n to %ew fr[n+ faces4 8,by reason ( _! great numb]1 ,i _h occasion ne>ly e day to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,good & evil are equally contagi\s among/ s _m *ildr51 s t1 accord+ z ! good or bad s5tim5ts spread1 ! e/abli%m5t 0 likely to become ei!r mu* bett] or mu* worse ?an if x _h only conta9$ a small] numb]4 ,ab\t ?is1 too1 ,i talk$ to !m frankly4 ,i %all nev] =get ! impression t my words produc$ :51 9 speak+ ( a c]ta9 di/urbance t _h tak5 place among !m1 ,i said1 #8,my *ildr51 x is ! same ) u z ) e o!r h\sehold2 :5 ! *ildr5 are num]\s1 & ea* gives way to 8 bad habits1 ! disord] becomes su* t ! weake/ "m is driv5 to take s5sible measures 9 br++ up h] *ildr51 & make !m submit to :at is j & "r4 ,& t is :at ,i mu/ d n[4 ,if y d n will+ly assi/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 our e/abli%m5t _c g on1 y w fall back into y\r =m] condition1 & y\r mis]y--n[ t y h be5 accu/om$ to a good home1 clean clo!s1 & regul> food--w be great] ?an ev]4 ,9 ?is _w1 my *ildr51 necessity & conviction alone c tea* a man to behave2 :5 bo? fail him1 he is hateful4 ,?9k = a mom5t :at y w\ld become if y 7 safe f want & c>$ no?+ = "r1 ju/ice1 or goodness4 ,at home !re 0 always "s "o :o look$ aft] y1 & pov]ty itself =c$ y to _m a "r action2 b ) convictions & reason to guide y1 y w rise f> high] ?an by foll[+ necessity alone4' 8,i (t5 spoke to !m 9 ?is way )\t tr\bl+ 9 ! lea/ :e!r !y ea* und]/ood e ^w1 feel+ q sure t !y all caught ! g5]al s5se ( :at ,i said4444 8,"h are a few m ?\ghts :i* produc$ a great impression on my *ildr53 #8,d y "k any?+ great] or nobl] ?an to give c\nsel to ! poor1 & com=t to ! un=tunate8 ,b if y rema9 ignorant & incapable1 y w be oblig$1 9 spite ( y\r good he>t1 to let ?+s take _! c\rse2 :]eas1 if y acquire k & p[]1 y w be able to give good advice1 & save _m a man f mis]y4' 8,i h g5]ally f\nd t great1 noble1 & high ?\ghts are indisp5sable = develop+ wisdom & firmness ( "*4 8,su* an in/ruction mu/ be complete 9 ! s5se t x mu/ take acc\nt ( all our aptitudes & all our circum/ances2 x mu/ be conduct$1 too1 9 a truly psy*ological _s1 t is to say1 simply1 lov+ly1 en]getically1 & calmly4 ,!n1 by its v nature1 x produces an enlight5$ & delicate feel+ = ev]y?+ true & good1 & br+s to light a numb] ( accessory & dep5d5t tru?s1 :i* are =?) accept$ & assimilat$ by ! human s\l1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? :o c\ld n express ^! tru?s 9 words4 8,i believe t ! fir/ developm5t ( ?\ght 9 ! *ild is v mu* di/urb$ by a wordy sy/em ( tea*+1 :i* is n adapt$ ei!r to 8 faculties or ! circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 success dep5ds ^u :e!r :at is taught to *ildr5 comm5ds itself to !m z true ?r\gh be+ closely connect$ ) _! own p]sonal obs]vation & exp]i5ce4444 8,i knew no o!r ord]1 me?od1 or art1 b t :i* result$ naturally f my *ildr5's conviction ( my love = !m1 nor did ,i c>e to "k any o!r4 8,?us ,i subord9at$ ! in/ruction ( my *ildr5 to a high] aim1 :i* 0 to ar\se & /r5g!n _! be/ s5tim5ts by ! relations ( e-day life z !y exi/$ betwe5 !mselves & me4444 8,z a g5]al rule ,i atta*$ little importance to ! /udy ( words1 ev5 :5 explanations ( ! ideas !y repres5t$ 7 giv54 8,i tri$ to connect /udy ) manual lab\r1 ! s*ool ) ! work%op1 & make "o ?+ ( !m4 ,b ,i 0 ! less able to d ?is z /aff1 mat]ial1 & tools 7 all want+4 ,a %ort "t only be=e ! close ( ! e/abli%m5t1 a few *ildr5 _h begun to sp92 & ,i saw cle>ly t1 be=e any fusion c\ld be effect$1 ! two p>ts mu/ be firmly e/abli%$ sep>ately--/udy1 t is1 on ! "o h&1 & lab\r on ! o!r4 8,b 9 ! "w ( ! *ildr5 ,i 0 already incl9$ to c>e less = ! imm$iate ga9 ?an = ! physical tra9+ :i*1 by develop+ _! /r5g? & skill1 0 b\nd to supply !m lat] ) a means ( livelihood4 ,9 ! same way ,i consid]$ t :at is g5]ally call$ ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 %\ld be m]ely an ex]cise ( ! faculties1 & ,i felt x important to ex]cise ! att5tion1 obs]vation1 & memory fir/1 s z to /r5g!n ^! faculties be=e call+ into play ! art ( judg+ & reason+2 ?is1 9 my op9ion1 0 ! be/ way to avoid turn+ out t sort ( sup]ficial & presumptu\s talk]1 ^: false judgm5ts are (t5 m fatal to ! happ9ess & progress ( humanity ?an ! ignorance ( simple p ( good s5se4 8,guid$ by ^! pr9ciples1 ,i s\ght less at fir/ to tea* my *ildr5 to spell1 read1 & write ?an to make use ( ^! ex]cises = ! purpose ( giv+ _! m9ds z full & z v>i$ a developm5t z possible4444 8,9 natural hi/ory !y 7 v quick 9 corroborat+ :at ,i taught !m by _! own p]sonal obs]vations on plants & animals4 ,i am q sure t1 by cont9u+ 9 ?is way1 ,i %\ld soon h be5 able n only to give !m su* a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! subject z w\ld h be5 useful 9 any vocation1 b also to put !m 9 a position to c>ry on _! education !mselves by means ( _! daily obs]vations & exp]i5ces2 & ,i %\ld h be5 able to d all ?is )\t go+ outside ! v re/rict$ sph]e to :i* !y 7 conf9$ by ! actual circum/ances ( _! lives4 ,i hold x to be extremely important t m5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to le>n by !mselves & all[$ to develop freely4 ,x is 9 ?is way alone t ! div]sity ( individual tal5t is produc$ & made evid5t4 8,i always made ! *ildr5 le>n p]fectly ev5 ! lea/ important ?+s1 & ,i nev] all[$ !m to lose gr\nd2 a ^w once le>nt1 = in/ance1 0 nev] to be =gott51 & a lett] once well writt5 nev] to be writt5 badly aga94 ,i 0 v pati5t ) all :o 7 weak or sl[1 b v sev]e ) ^? :o did any?+ less well ?an !y _h done x be=e4 8,! numb] & inequality ( my *ildr5 r5d]$ my task easi]4 ,j z 9 a family ! elde/ & clev]e/ *ild readily %[s :at he kn[s to 8 y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s1 & feels pr\d & happy to be able to take 8 "m's place = a mom5t1 s my *ildr5 7 delight$ :5 !y knew some?+ t !y c\ld tea* o!rs4 ,a s5tim5t ( hon\r awoke 9 !m1 & !y le>n$ twice z well by mak+ ! y\ng] ones repeat _! words4 ,9 ?is way ,i soon _h help]s & collaborators among/ ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,:5 ,i 0 tea*+ !m to spell difficult words by he>t1 ,i us$ to all[ any *ild :o succe$$ 9 say+ "o prop]ly to tea* x to ! o!rs4 ,^! *ild-help]s1 :om ,i _h =m$ f ! v outset1 & :o _h foll[$ my me?od /ep by /ep1 7 c]ta9ly mu* m useful to me ?an any regul> s*oolma/]s c\ld h be54 8,i myself le>n$ ) ! *ildr54 ,our :ole sy/em 0 s simple & s natural t ,i %\ld h _h difficulty 9 f9d+ a ma/] :o w\ld n h ?\ght x undignifi$ to le>n & tea* z ,i 0 do+4444 8,y w h>dly believe t x 0 ! ,capu*9 fri>s & ! nuns ( ! conv5t t %[$ ! greate/ sympa?y ) my "w4 ,few p1 except ,truttman1 took any active int]e/ 9 x4 ,^? f :om ,i _h hop$ mo/ 7 too deeply engross$ ) _! high political affairs to ?9k ( our little in/itution z hav+ ! lea/ degree ( importance4 8,su* 7 my dreams2 b at ! v mom5t t ,i seem$ to be on ! po9t ( realiz+ !m1 ,i _h to leave ,/anz40 #ej4 ,h]oic ef=ts rise above ! measurem5t ( "t4 ,z ,byron has said1 8,a ?\ght is capable ( ye>s10 & x seldom happ5s t ! nobl5ess ( any human action dep5ds on ! "t x la/s4 ,pe/alozzi's five mon?s' exp]im5t at ,/anz prov$ "o ( ! mo/ memorable ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,he 0 n[ completely satisfi$ t he saw 8 way to giv+ *ildr5 a "r education & 8?us rais+ ! begg> out ( ! dung-hill02 & see+ ! "r c\rse he 0 urg$ by 8 love ( ! p into tak+ x4 ,b h[ 0 he to set to "w8 ,8 notions ( s*ool in/ruction diff]$ entirely f ^? ( ! tea*+ pr(ession2 & ev5 9 ! revolution>y age !y _h "s reason = look+ askance at ?is revolutioni/4 8,he _h ev]y?+ aga9/ him10 we read1 8?ick1 indi/9ct spee*1 bad writ+1 ignorance ( draw+1 scorn ( grammatical le>n+4 ,he _h /udi$ v>i\s bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 b )\t any p>ticul> att5tion ei!r to classification or t]m9ology4 ,he 0 conv]sant ) ! ord9>y op]ations 9 ari?metic1 b he w\ld h _h difficulty 9 gett+ ?r\gh a really long sum 9 multiplication or division2 & he probably _h nev] tri$ to "w out a problem 9 geometry4 ,= ye>s ?is dream] _h read no books4 ,b in/ead ( ! usual k t any "y man ( ord9>y tal5t c acquire 9 a ye> or two1 he und]/ood ?or\ghly :at mo/ ma/]s 7 entirely ignorant (--! m9d ( man & ! laws ( its developm5t1 human affections & ! art ( ar\s+ & ennobl+ !m4 ,he seem$ to h almo/ an intuitive insight into ! developm5t ( human nature1 & 0 nev] tir$ ( contemplat+ x40 7,c4 ,monn>d 9 ,r4's ,guimps1 p4 #agd47aeg #ea4 ,?is man wi%$ to be a s*oolma/]1 b :o w\ld v5ture to entru/ him ) a s*ool8 ,no "o seem$ will+ to d ?is2 & he w\ld h be5 at a loss :]e to turn _h he n _h influ5tial fri5ds at ,burgdorf1 a t[n n f> f ,b]n4 ,^! got = him p]mission to tea*1 n inde$ ! *ildr5 ( burgesses b ! *ildr5 ( non-burgesses1 sev5ty-?ree ( :om us$ to assemble "u a %oemak] 9 8 h\se 9 ! suburbs4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 ! %oemak] & ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 7 by no means satisfi$4 8,if ! burgesses l ! new me?od10 !y said v reasonably1 8let !m try x on _! own *ildr540 ,_! grumbl+ 0 he>d1 & p]mission to tea* 0 )drawn f ,pe/alozzi4 #eb4 ,! *eck1 h[ev]1 0 only tempor>y4 ,8 fri5ds 7 wis] ?an ! %oemak]1 & !y procur$ = him admission into ! l[e/ class ( ! s*ool = burgh]s' *ildr54 ,9 ?is class !re 7 ab\t #be *ildr51 boys & girls betwe5 ! ages ( #e & #h4 ,"h he prov$ t he 0 va/ly diff]5t f a m]e dream]4 ,aft] tea*+ ^! *ildr5 9 8 own way = eight mon?s he receiv$ ! fir/ (ficial recognition ( ! m]its ( 8 sy/em4 ,! ,burgdorf ,s*ool ,commission aft] ! usual exam9ation1 wrote a public lett] to ,pe/alozzi1 9 :i* !y said3 8,! surpris+ progress ( y\r little s*ol>s ( v>i\s capacities %ews pla9ly t e "o is good = some?+1 if ! tea*] kn[s h[ to get at 8 abilities & develop !m accord+ to ! laws ( psy*ology4 ,by y\r me?od ( tea*+ y h prov$ h[ to lay ! gr\ndwork ( in/ruction 9 su* a way t x may aft]w>ds support :at is built on x4444 ,betwe5 ! ages ( #e & #h1 a p]iod 9 :i* accord+ to ! sy/em ( torture en=c$ hi!rto1 *ildr5 h le>nt to "k _! lett]s1 to spell & read1 y\r s*ol>s h n only accompli%$ all ?is ) a success z yet unkn[n1 b ! be/ ( !m h already di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! good writ+1 draw+1 & calculat+4 ,9 !m all y h be5 able s to ar\se & excite a lik+ = hi/ory1 natural hi/ory1 m5suration1 geography1 c41 t ?us future tea*]s mu/ f9d _! task a f> easi] "o if !y only "k h[ to make good use ( ! prep>atory /age ! *ildr5 h gone ?r\gh ) y0 7,morf1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #bbc74 #ec4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is report1 ,pe/alozzi 9 ,june #ahjj 0 made ma/] ( ! second s*ool ( ,burgdorf1 a s*ool numb]+ ab\t #gj boys & girls f #aj to #af ye>s old4 ,) !m ,pe/alozzi did n get on s well4 ,ramsau]1 a poor boy ( #aj :o aft]w>ds help$ ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]dun & became "o ( 8 be/ tea*]s1 has left u 8 remembrances4 ,two ?+s seem$ cle> to ! *ild's m9d3 #a/1 t _! tea*] 0 v k9d b v unhappy2 #bnd1 t ! pupils did n le>n any?+ & behav$ v badly4 ,_m s*oolma/]s h smil$ 9 d]ision at ?is acc\nt ( ,pe/alozzi's actual tea*+2 b 9 read+ x sev]al ?+s %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,fir/ ,ramsau] z a *ild w\ld h a ke5 eye & good memory = ! ma/]'s ecc5tricities2 b h[ f> ! tea*+ succe$$ he c\ld n judge1 = he did n "k :at x aim$ at4 ,!n aga9 he saw t ,pe/alozzi's zeal 0 = ! :ole s*ool1 n = individual s*ol>s4 ,b ! *ild :o knew ( no?+ beyond ,burgdorf c\ld n tell t ,pe/alozzi 0 ?9k+ n s mu* ( ! *ildr5 ( ,burgdorf z ( ! *ildr5 ( ,europe4 ,= ,burgdorf--:e!r x 0 pleas$ to hon\r or to dismiss ,pe/alozzi--c\ld n conta9 him4 ,8 aims ext5d$ beyond ! t[n1 beyond canton ,b]n1 beyond ,switz]l& ev52 & he 0 consum$ ) zeal to br+ ab\t a radical *ange 9 elem5t>y education ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! tru? :i* 0 burn+ )9 him he has himself express$ z foll[s3 8,if we desire to aid ! poor man1 ! v l[e/ among ! p1 ?is c be done 9 "o way only1 t is1 by *ang+ 8 s*ools into true places ( education1 9 :i* ! moral1 intellectual1 & physical p[]s :i* ,god has put into our nature may be drawn out1 s t ! man may be enabl$ to live a life su* z a man %\ld live1 cont5t$ 9 himself & satisfy+ o!r p4 ,?us & only ?us does ! man1 :om 9 ,god's wide _w nobody helps & nobody c help1 le>n to help himself40 8,! public common s*ool-coa* ?r\gh\t ,europe mu/ n simply be bett] hors$1 b /ill m x mu/ be turn$ r\nd & be br\ght on to an entirely new road40 7,quot$ by ,morf1 ,p4 ,i1 p4 #baa47 #ed4 ,pe/alozzi 0 n[ work+ he>t & s\l at ! eng9e]+ ( ?is 8new road40 ,8 gr& successes hi!rto _h be5 ga9$ m by ! he>t ?an by ! head2 b ! s*ool c\rse mu/ draw out ! faculties ( ! head z well z ( ! he>t4 ,pe/alozzi made all in/ruction />t f :at *ildr5 obs]v$ = !mselves4 8,i laid special /ress10 he says1 8on j :at usually affect$ _! s5ses4 ,& z ,i dwelt mu* on elem5t>y k1 ,i want$ to "k :5 ! *ild receives its fir/ lesson1 & ,i soon came to ! conviction t ! fir/ h\r ( le>n+ dates f bir?4 ,f ! v mom5t t ! *ild's s5ses op5 to ! impressions ( nature1 nature tea*es x4 ,its new life is b ! faculty1 n[ come to maturity1 ( receiv+ impressions2 x is ! awak5+ ( ! g]ms n[ p]fect :i* w g on us+ all _! =ces & en]gies to secure ! developm5t ( _! prop] organisation2 x is ! awak5+ ( ! animal n[ complete :i* w & %all become a man4 ,s ! sole in/ruction giv5 to ! human be+ consi/s m]ely 9 ! art ( giv+ a help+ h& to ?is natural t5d5cy t[>ds its prop] developm5t2 & ?is art consi/s ess5tially 9 ! means ( putt+ ! *ild's impressions 9 connexion & h>mony ) ! precise degree ( developm5t ! *ild has rea*$4 ,!re mu/ be !n 9 ! impressions to be giv5 him by in/ruction1 a regul> gradation2 & ! beg9n+ & ! progress ( 8 v>i\s kn[l$ges mu/ exactly correspond ) ! beg9n+ & increase 9 8 p[]s z !y are develop$4 ,f ?is ,i soon saw t ?is gradation mu/ be asc]ta9$ = all ! bran*es ( human k1 especially = ^? fundam5tal notions f :i* our ?9k+ p[] takes its rise4 ,on su* pr9ciples & no o!rs is x possible to con/ruct real s*ool books & books ab\t tea*+0 7,wie ,g]trud1 c41 ,lett] ,i474 #ee4 ,9 endeav\r+ to put tea*+1 z he said1 8on a psy*ological basis10 ,pe/alozzi comp>$ x to a me*anism4 ,on "o occasion :5 exp\nd+ 8 views1 he 0 int]rupt$ by ! exclamation1 8,v\s v\lez mcanis] l'ducation60 ,pe/alozzi 0 weak 9 ,fr5*1 & he took ^! words to mean1 8,y wi% to get at ! me*anism ( education40 ,he accord+ly ass5t$1 & 0 9 8 turn misund]/ood4 ,soon aft]w>ds he endeav\r$ to express ! new ?+ by a new ^w & said1 8,i* w d5 m5s*li*5 ,unt]ri*t psy*ologisi]52 ,i wi% to psy*ologise in/ruction10 & ?is he expla9s to mean t he s\ght to make in/ruction fall 9 ) ! et]nal laws :i* gov]n ! developm5t ( ! human intellect 7,morf1 ,i1 p4 #bbg74 ,b ?is 0 a task :i* no "o man c\ld accompli%1 n ev5 ,pe/alozzi4 ,! et]nal laws :i* gov]n ! developm5t ( m9d h n be5 completely asc]ta9$ ev5 aft] inve/igations c>ri$ on dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & ,pe/alozzi did n "k :at _h be5 e/abli%$ by previ\s ?9k]s4 ,he made a gigantic ef=t to f9d bo? ! laws & _! application1 b if he _h cont9u$ to /& alone he c\ld h done b little4 ,happily he attract$ to him "s "y & vigor\s assi/ants1 :o caught 8 en?usiasm & work$ 9 8 _s4 ,!y did mu*1 b !re 0 "o ?+ ! ,ma/] c\ld n communicate--8 g5ius4 #ef4 ,j at ?is "t1 be=e ,pe/alozzi f\nd associates 9 8 "w1 he drew up = a 8,society ( ,fri5ds ( ,education0 an acc\nt ( 8 me?od2 & ?is beg9s ) ! words ,i h already quot$1 8,i want to psy*ologise education40 ,bas+ all in/ruction on ,ans*auung 7:i* is ne>ly equival5t to ! *ild's own obs]vation71 he expla9s h[ ?is may be us$ = a s]ies ( ex]cises1 & he takes z ! g5]al elem5ts ( culture ! foll[+3 language1 draw+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & ! art ( measur+4 ,9 ! education ( ! poor he w\ld lay special /ress on ! importance ( two ?+s1 !n & s9ce mu* neglect$1 viz41 s++ & ! s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,! "m's cradle song %\ld beg9 a s]ies lead+ up to hymns ( praise to ,god4 ,education %\ld develop 9 all a s5se ( ! beauties ( ,nature4 8,nature is full ( lovely sights1 yet ,europe has done no?+ ei!r to awak5 9 ! poor a s5se = ^! beauties1 or to arrange !m 9 su* a way z to produce a s]ies ( impressions capable ( develop+ ?is s5se4444 ,if ev] popul> education %\ld cease to be ! b>b>\s absurdity x n[ is1 & put itself into h>mony ) ! real ne$s ( our nature1 ?is want w be suppli$40 7,r4's ,guimps1 #ahf47 #eg4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7#ahjj7 ,pe/alozzi 0 toil+ away1 con/ant to 8 purpose b n cle>ly see+ ! road be=e him4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahjj1 he wrote to ,zs*okke3 8,= ?irty ye>s my life has be5 a well-nigh hopeless /ruggle aga9/ ! mo/ frightful pov]ty4444 ,= ?irty ye>s ,i h _h to =ego _m ( ! b>e/ necess>ies ( life1 & h _h to %un ! society ( my fell[-m5 f %e] lack ( dec5t clo!s4 ,_m & _m a "t h ,i gone )\t a d9n] & eat5 9 bitt]ness a dry cru/ ( bread on ! road at a "t :5 ev5 ! poore/ 7 seat$ r\nd a table4 ,all ?is ,i h suff]$ & am /ill suff]+ to-day1 & ) no o!r object ?an ! realization ( my plans = help+ ! poor0 7,r4's ,guimps1 #ahi74 ,x 0 cle> t he c\ld n help o!rs till he himself got help2 & he n[ did get j ! help he want$1 an assi/ant :o ?\gh a s*oolma/] 01 /range to say1 p]fectly ready to le>n1 & to ?r[ himself into c>ry+ out ano!r man's ideas4 ,?is 0 ,h]mann ,kruesi1 a man tw5ty-five ye>s old1 :o f ! age ( #ah _h be5 ma/] ( ! village s*ool at ,gais 9 ,app5zell4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! w> betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,au/rians1 ,app5zell 0 n[ r$uc$ to a /ate ( fam9e1 & b&s ( *ildr5 7 s5t (f to o!r cantons to escape />vation4 ,fis*]1 a fri5d ( ,pe/alozzi's1 & himself an educationi/ taught by ,salzmann 7supra #bhi71 wrote f ,burgdorf to ! pa/or ( ,gais1 (f]+ to get ?irty *ildr5 tak5 9 by ! p ( ,burgdorf1 & ask+ t !y might be s5t ) "s "o :o w\ld look aft] !m 9 ! day-"t & tea* !m4 ,9 answ] to ?is invitation ,kruesi1 aft] a week's m>*1 ent]$ ,burgdorf ) a troop ( little ones4 ,! *ildr5 7 drawn up 9 an op5 place1 & b5evol5t p *ose :i* !y w\ld adopt4 ,kruesi 0 tak5 into ! ,ca/le :i* ! ,gov]nm5t _h made ov] p>tly to ,fis*]1 p>tly to ,pe/alozzi4 ,9 x ,kruesi op5$ a day-s*ool4 ,fis*] soon aft]w>ds di$2 & ,pe/alozzi propos$ to ,kruesi1 :o _h become entirely conv]t$ to 8 views1 t !y %\ld unite & toge!r c>ry on ! s*ool 9 ! ,ca/le4 ,by a decree ( #bcrd ,july1 #ahjj1 ! ,executive ,c\ncil grant$ to ,pe/alozzi ! gratuit\s use ( z mu* ( ! ,ca/le & g>d5 z he ne$$1 & ?us 0 e/abli%$ ,pe/alozzi's celebrat$ ,in/itute at ,burgdorf4 #eh4 ,v soon ,kruesi enli/$ o!r help]s :o _h read ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 viz41 ,tobl] & ,buss1 & ?is is 8 acc\nt ( ! p>ty3 8,our society ?us consi/$ ( f\r v diff]5t m5 444 ! f\nd]1 ^: *ief reputation 0 t ( a dreamy writ]1 incapable 9 practical life1 & ?ree "y m51 "o ,tobl] a private tutor ^: y\? _h be5 mu* neglect$1 :o _h begun to /udy late1 & ^: p$agogic ef=ts _h nev] produc$ ! results 8 "* & tal5ts seem$ to promise2 ano!r ,buss1 a bookb9d]1 :o devot$ 8 leisure to s++ & draw+2 & a ?ird ,kruesi himself1 a village s*oolma/] :o c>ri$ out ! duties ( 8 (fice z be/ he c\ld )\t hav+ be5 9 any way prep>$ = !m4 ,^? :o look$ on ?is gr\p ( m51 sc>ce "o ( !m ) a home ( 8 own1 naturally =m$ b a small op9ion ( _! capabilities4 ,& yet our "w succe$$1 & won ! public confid5ce beyond ! expectations ( ^? :o knew u1 & ev5 beyond our own0 7,r4's ,guimps1 #cjd74 #ei4 ,) assi/ance f ! ,gov]nm5t !re 0 add$ to ! unit$ s*ools ( ,pe/alozzi & ,kruesi a tra9+ class = tea*]s2 & elem5t>y tea*]s 7 s5t to sp5d a mon? at ,burgdorf & le>n ( ,pe/alozzi1 z ye>s aft]w>ds !y 7 s5t to ! same t[n to le>n ( ,froebel4 ,?is ,in/itute op5$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahja1 & _h ne>ly ?ree ye>s ( complete success4 ,9 x 0 c>ri$ out ,pe/alozzi's notion t !re %\ld be 8no gulf betwe5 ! home & ! s*ool40 ,on "o occasion a p>5t visit+ ! e/abli%m5t exclaim$1 8,:y1 ?is is n a s*ool b a family60 & ,pe/alozzi decl>$ t ?is 0 ! highe/ praise he c\ld give x4 ,! bond :i* unit$ !m all1 bo? tea*]s & s*ol>s1 0 love ( 8,fa!r ,pe/alozzi40 ,want ( space kept ! numb] ( *ildr5 bel[ a hundr$1 & ^! enjoy$ great fre$om & work$ away )\t rew>ds & almo/ )\t puni%m5ts4 ,bo? public reports & private speak v highly ( ! results4 ,9 ,june1 #ahjb1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,public ,education 9 ,b]n decl>es3 8,pe/alozzi has discov]$ ! real & univ]sal laws ( all elem5t>y tea*+40 ,a visitor1 ,*>les ,victor von ,bon/ett51 writes3 8,! *ildr5 "k little1 b :at !y "k1 !y "k well4444 ,!y are v happy & evid5tly take great pleasure 9 _! lessons1 :i* says a great deal = ! me?od4444 ,z x w be long be=e !re is ano!r ,pe/alozzi1 ,i fe> t ! ri* h>ve/ 8 discov]y seems to promise w be res]v$ = future ages40 ,! success ( ! me?od 0 specially conspicu\s 9 ari?metic4 ,a ,nrnb]g m]*ant :o came prejudic$ aga9/ ,pe/alozzi 0 mu* impress$ & has ackn[l$g$3 8,i 0 amaz$ :5 ,i saw ^! *ildr5 treat+ ! mo/ complicat$ calculations ( fractions z ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w40 #fj4 ,up to ?is po9t ,pe/alozzi may be said to h ga9$ by ! disposition to 8re=m0 or revolutionise ev]y?+1 :i* _h prevail$ 9 ,switz]l& s9ce #agih4 ,b f ! reaction :i* n[ set 9 he suff]$ m ?an he _h ga9$4 ,switz]l& s5t deputies to ,p>is to discuss "u ! direction ( ! ,fir/ ,consul ,bonap>te :at %\ld be _! future =m ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,among ^! deputies ,pe/alozzi 0 elect$1 & he set (f ?9k+ m ( ! future ( ! s*ools ?an ( ! future ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,at ,p>is he ask$ = an int]view ) ,bonap>te1 b de/ruction be+ 9 8 op9ion a mu* high] art ?an in/ruction1 ! ,fir/ ,consul said he c\ld n be bo!r$ ab\t que/ions ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,he1 h[ev]1 deput$ ,monge to he> :at ,pe/alozzi _h to say1 b ! ma!matician seems to h agre$ ) "s ,engli% au?orities t 8!re 0 no?+ 9 ,pe/alozzi40#aeh ,on 8 return to ,switz]l& ,pe/alozzi 0 ask$ by ,buss1 8,did y see ,bonap>te80 8,no10 repli$ ,pe/alozzi1 8,i did n see ,bonap>te & ,bonap>te did n see me40 ,8 presumption 9 ?us putt+ himself on an equality ) ! great conqu]or seems to h tak5 away ! brea? ( 8 contempor>ies3 b 8! :irligig ( "t br+s 9 8 rev5ges10 & be=e ! close ( ! c5tury ,europe already ?9ks m 9 am\nt1 & immeasurably m 9 respect1 ( ,pe/alozzi ?an ( ,bonap>te4 #fa4 ,z a result ( ! reaction ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,unit$ ,switz]l& ceas$ to exi/1 & ! ,cantons 7 re/or$4 ,?is de/roy$ ,pe/alozzi's hopes ( ,gov]nm5t support1 & ev5 turn$ 8 ,in/itute out ( doors4 ,! ,ca/le ( ,burgdorf 0 at once dem&$ = ! ,prefect ( ! ,di/rict2 b ,pe/alozzi 0 (f]$ an old conv5t at ,mn*5bu*see ne> ,b]n1 & ?i!r he 0 =c$ to migrate4 #fb4 ,close to ,mn*5bu*see 0 ,h(wyl :]e 0 ! agricultural in/itution ( ,emmanuel ,fell5b]g4 ,fell5b]g & ,pe/alozzi 7 old fri5ds & correspond5ts1 & z !y _h mu* reg>d = ea* o!r & ,fell5b]g 0 z great 9 adm9i/ration z ,pe/alozzi 9 ideas1 !re seem$ a *ance ( _! b5efit+ by co-op]ation2 b ?is c\ld n be4 ,! tea*]s desir$ t ! adm9i/ration %\ld be put into ! h&s ( ,fell5b]g1 & ?is 0 done accord+ly1 8n )\t my cons5t10 says ,pe/alozzi1 8b to my pr(\nd mortification40 ,he c\ld n "w ) ?is 8man ( iron10 z he calls ,fell5b]g2 s he left ,mn*5bu*see & accept+ "o ( sev]al invitations he settl$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,yv]dun ne> ! lake ( ,neu*atel4 ,)9 a twelvemon? he 0 foll[$ by 8 old assi/ants1 :o _h f\nd gov]nm5t by ,fell5b]g less to _! ta/e ?an no-gov]nm5t by ,pe/alozzi4 #fc4 ,?us arose ! mo/ celebrat$ ,in/itute ( :i* we read 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,= "s ye>s its success seem$ prodigi\s4 ,tea*]s came f all qu>t]s1 _m ( !m s5t by ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! c\ntries to :i* !y belong$1 t !y might get initiat$ into ! ,pe/alozzian sy/em4 ,*ildr5 too 7 s5t f great di/ances1 "s ( !m be+ intru/$ to ,pe/alozzi1 "s ( !m liv+ ) _! own tutor 9 ,yv]dun & only att5d+ ! ,in/itute dur+ ! day4 ,! wave ( en?usiasm = ! new ideas seem$ to c>ry ev]y?+ be=e x2 b !re is no?+ /able 9 a wave1 & :5 ! en?usiasm has subsid$ disappo9tm5t foll[s4 ,?is 0 ! case at ,yv]dun1 & ,pe/alozzi outliv$ 8 ,in/itute4 ,b ! pr9ciples on :i* he work$ & ! _s 9 :i* he work$ c\ld n pass away2 &1 at lea/ 9 ,g]many1 all elem5t>y s*oolma/]s ackn[l$ge h[ mu* !y are indebt$ to 8 tea*+4 #fd4 ,( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,in/itute we h a v lively acc\nt writt5 = 8 own *ildr5 by ,pr(essor ,vuillem91 :o ent]$ x 9 #ahje z a *ild ( eight1 & 0 9 x = two ye>s4 ,f ?is ,i extract ! foll[+ portrait ( ,pe/alozzi3 8,imag9e1 my *ildr51 a v ugly man ) r\gh bri/l+ hair1 8 face sc>r$ ) small-pox & cov]$ ) freckles1 an untidy be>d1 no neck-tie1 8 bree*es n prop]ly button$ & com+ d[n to 8 /ock+s1 :i* 9 _! turn desc5d$ on to 8 great ?ick %oes2 fancy him pant+ & j]k+ z he walk$2 !n 8 eyes :i* at "o "t op5$ wide to s5d a fla% ( lightn+1 at ano!r 7 half clos$ z if engag$ on :at 0 go+ on )92 8 features n[ express+ a pr(\nd sadness & n[ aga9 ! mo/ peaceful happ9ess2 8 spee* ei!r sl[ or hurri$1 ei!r s(t & melodi\s or bur/+ =? l ?und]2 imag9e ! man & y h him :om we us$ to call our ,fa!r ,pe/alozzi4 ,su* z ,i h sket*$ him = y we lov$ him2 we all lov$ him1 = he lov$ u all2 we lov$ him s w>mly t :5 "s "t pass$ )\t our see+ him1 we 7 q tr\bl$ ab\t x1 & :5 he aga9 appe>$ we c\ld n take our eyes (f him0 7,guimps1 #cae74 #fe4 ,at ?is "t he 0 no less lov$ by 8 assi/ants1 :o put up ) any qu>t]s t c\ld be f\nd = !m1 & receiv$ no sal>y4 ,we read t ! money paid by ! s*ol>s 0 kept 9 ! room ( 8! head ( ! family02 e ma/] c\ld get ! key1 & :5 !y requir$ clo!s !y took f ^! funds j ! sum requisite4 ,?is sy/em1 or want ( sy/em1 w5t on = "s "t )\t abuse4 ,z ,vuillem9 says1 x 0 l a return to ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #ff4 ,we h se5 t ! fir/ ,emp]or ,napoleon 8c\ld n be bo!r$ ab\t que/ions ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c40 ,8 0 ! pride t goes be=e a fall4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t :i* he br\ght to ! du/ 9 ! battle ( ,j5a 7#ahjf7 _h ! wisdom to p]ceive t *ildr5 w become m51 & t ! nature ( ! in/ruction !y receive w 9 a great measure det]m9e :at k9d ( m5 !y turn out4 ,h[ 0 ,prussia aga9 to raise its head8 ,its rul]s decid$ t x 0 by ! education ( ! p4 8,we h lo/ 9 t]ritory10 said ! k+2 8our p[] & our cr$it abroad h fall52 b we mu/ & w g to "w to ga9 9 p[] & 9 cr$it at home4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i desire above ev]y?+ t ! greate/ att5tion be paid to ! education ( ! p0 7,guimps1 #cai74 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,que5 7,l\isa7 wrote 9 h] private di>y1 8,i am read+ ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 & ,i delight 9 be+ transport$ into ! ,swiss village4 ,if ,i c\ld d z ,i lik$ ,i %\ld take a c>riage & />t = ,switz]l& to see ,pe/alozzi2 ,i %\ld w>mly %ake him by ! h&1 & my eyes fill$ ) te>s w\ld speak my gratitude4444 ,) :at goodness1 ) :at zeal1 he lab\rs = ! welf>e ( 8 fell[-creatures6 ,yes1 9 ! "n ( humanity1 ,i ?ank him ) my :ole he>t40 ,s 9 ! day ( humiliation ,prussia s]i\sly w5t to "w at ! education ( ! p1 & ?is %e did on ! l9es po9t$ out by ,pe/alozzi4 ,to him !y 7 direct$ by _! philosoph] ,fi*te1 :o 9 8 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation 7deliv]$ at ,b]l9 #ahjg-h7 decl>$ t education 0 ! only means ( rais+ a nation1 & t all s\nd re=m ( public in/ruction mu/ be bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,to br+ ^! pr9ciples to be> on popul> education1 ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t s5t sev5te5 "y m5 = a ?ree ye>s' c\rse to ,pe/alozzi's ,in/itute1 8:]e10 z ! ,m9i/] said 9 a lett] to ,pe/alozzi1 8!y w be prep>$ n only 9 m9d & judgm5t1 b also 9 he>t1 = ! noble vocation :i* !y are to foll[1 & w be fill$ ) a s5se ( ! hol9ess ( _! task1 & ) new zeal = ! "w to :i* y h devot$ y\r life40 #fg4 ,among ! em95t m5 :o 7 drawn to ,yv]dun 7 "s :o aft]w>ds did great ?+s 9 education1 z e4g41 ,k>l ,ritt]1 ,k>l von ,raum] ! hi/orian ( education1 ! philosoph] ,h]b>t1 & a man :o 0 de/9$ to h m influ5ce ?an anyone1 except p]haps ,pe/alozzi himself--,i mean ,fri$ri* ,froebel4 ,ritt]'s te/imony is especially /rik+4 8,i h se510 says he1 8m ?an ! ,p>adise ( ,switz]l&1 = ,i h se5 ,pe/alozzi1 & recognis$ h[ great 8 he>t is1 & h[ great 8 g5ius2 nev] h ,i be5 s fill$ ) a s5se ( ! sacr$ness ( my vocation & ! dignity ( human nature z 9 ! days ,i sp5t ) ?is noble man4444 ,pe/alozzi knew less geography ?an a *ild 9 "o ( our prim>y s*ools1 yet x 0 f him t ,i ga9$ my *ief k ( ?is sci5ce2 = x 0 9 li/5+ to him t ,i fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! natural me?od4 ,x 0 he :o op5$ ! way to me1 & ,i take pleasure 9 attribut+ :atev] value my "w may h entirely to him40 #fh4 ,at ?is "t we read gl[+ acc\nts ( ! heal?y & happy life ( ! *ildr52 & ?r\gh\t ,pe/alozzi nev] lo/ a s+le pupil by illness4 ,) a body ( v able assi/ants1 in/ruction 0 c>ri$ on = t5 h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r2 b 9 ^! h\rs !re 0 reckon$ ! "t sp5t 9 drill1 gymna/ics1 h&-"w1 & s++4 ,! monotony ( s*ool-life 0 also brok5 by frequ5t 8fe/ivals40 #fi4 ,& yet ! ,in/itute _h tak5 into x ! se$s ( its own ru94 ,!re 7 sev]al causes ( failure1 ?\gh ^! 7 n visible till ! h\se 0 divid$ aga9/ itself4 #gj4 ,fir/1 ,pe/alozzi bas$ ! morality & discipl9e ( ! s*ool on ! relations ( family life4 ,he w\ld be ! 8fa!r0 ( all ! *ildr54 ,at ,burgdorf ?is relation seem$ a reality1 b x completely fail$ at ,yv]dun :5 ! ,in/itute became1 f ! numb] ( ! pupils & _! diff]5ces 9 language1 habits1 & antec$5ts1 a little _w4 ,! pupils /ill call$ him 8,fa!r ,pe/alozzi10 b he c\ld no long] "k !m z a fa!r %\ld "k 8 *ildr54 ,?us ! discipl9e ( affection sl[ly disappe>$1 & !re 0 no s*ool discipl9e to take its place4 #ga4 ,next1 we c see t ev5 at ,burgdorf1 & /ill m at ,yv]dun1 ,pe/alozzi 0 attempt+ to d impossibilities4 ,accord+ to 8 sy/em1 ! faculties ( ! *ild 7 to be develop$ 9 a natural unbrok5 ord]1 & ! fir/ ex]cises 7 to give ! *ild ! p[] ( surm\nt+ lat] difficulties by its own ex]tions4 ,b ?is education c\ld n be />t$ at any age1 & yet *ildr5 ( e age & e c\ntry 7 receiv$ into ! ,in/itution4 ,x 0 n likely t ! fre% com]s c\ld be made to und]/& t !y 8knew no?+10 & mu/ />t ov] aga9 on a totally diff]5t road4 ,! tea*]s might take su* pupils to ! wat] ( 8s5se-impressions10 b !y c\ld n inspire ! incl9ation to dr9k1 nor induce ! lad to le>n :at he suppos$ himself to "k already4 7,cfr4 supra p4 #fd1 #d47 #gb4 ,b !re 0 a great] mis*ief at "w ?an ei!r ( ^!4 ,9 8 disc\rse to ! memb]s ( ! ,in/itution on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #ahjh1 ,pe/alozzi surpris$ !m all by 8 gloom4 ,he _h _h a c(f9 br\ght 91 & he /ood beside x4 8,?is "w10 said he1 80 f\nd$ by love1 b love has disappe>$ f our mid/40 ,?is 0 only too true1 & ! discord 0 m deeply root$ ?an at fir/ appe>$4 ,among ! brood ( ,pe/alozzians !re 0 a ,ca?olic %eph]d lad f ,tyrol1 ,joseph ,s*mid by "n1 & he1 9 ! end1 prov$ a v]itable cuckoo4 ,z he %ew$ v m>k$ ability 9 ma!matics1 he became "o ( ! assi/ant ma/]s2 & a good deal ( ! fame ( ! ,in/itution re/$ on ! p]=mances ( 8 pupils4 ,b 8 ideas diff]$ totally f ^? ( 8 colleagues1 especially f ^? ( ,ni$]]1 a cl]gyman ) a turn = philosophy1 :o _h become ,pe/alozzi's *ief expon5t4 #gc4 ,aft] ,pe/alozzi's gloomy spee*1 ! ma/]s1 ) ! exception ( ,s*mid1 urg$ ,pe/alozzi to apply = a ,gov]nm5t inquiry into ! /ate ( ! ,in/itution4 ,?is ,pe/alozzi did1 & ,commission]s 7 appo9t$1 among !m an educationi/1 ,pre ,gir>d ( ,freiburg1 by :om ! ,report 0 drawn up4 ,! ,report 0 n fav\rable4 ,pre ,gir>d 0 by no means incl9$ to sit at ! feet ( ,pe/alozzi1 z he _h pr9ciples ( 8 own4 ,pe/alozzi1 he ?\ght1 laid f> too mu* /ress on ma!matics1 & he drew f him a /atem5t t ev]y?+ taught to a *ild %\ld seem z c]ta9 z t two & two made f\r4 8,!n10 said ,gir>d1 8if ,i _h ?irty *ildr5 ,i w\ld n intru/ y ) "o ( !m4 ,y c\ld n tea* him t ,i 0 8 fa!r40 ,?us ! ,report1 ?\gh v fri5dly 9 tone1 0 by no means fri5dly 9 _s4 ,! ,commission]s simply comp>$ ! p]=mances ( ! s*ol>s ) :at pupils ( ! same age c\ld d 9 good s*ools ( ! ord9>y type1 & ,pre ,gir>d /at$1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,report1 t ! ,in/itution 0 inf]ior to ! ,cantonal ,s*ool ( ,a>gau4 ,b ! comp>ison ( ^! incomm5surables only %ews t ,gir>d 0 n capable ( und]/&+ :at 0 go+ on at ,yv]dun4 ,inde$1 he ass]ts 8n only t ! "m-tongue 0 neglect$10 b also t ! *ildr51 8?\gh !y _h rea*$ a high pit* ( excell5ce 9 ab/ract ma!matics1 7 inconceivably weak 9 all ord9>y practical calculations40 ,?is is absurd4 ,9 ,pe/alozzian tea*+ ! ab/ract nev] w5t be=e ord9>y practical calculations4 ,! good ,fa!r evid5tly blund]s1 & takes 8head-reckon+0 = ab/ract1 & p5 or p5cil ari?metic = practical "w4 ,reckon+ ) slate or pap] is no d\bt 8ord9>y10 b a di/9ction has (t5 to be drawn betwe5 :at is ord9>y & :at is practical4 #gd4 ,soon aft] ?is ! disputes betwe5 ,s*mid & 8 colleagues wax$ s fi]ce t ,s*mid 0 virtually driv5 away4 ,9 #ahaj he left ,yv]dun1 & decl>$ ! ,in/itution 8a disgrace to humanity40 ,great 0 ! disord] into :i* ! ,in/itution n[ fell f hav+ ov] x only a g5ius ) 8an unrivall$ incapacity to gov]n40 ,! days :i* 8rem9d u ( ! e>ly ,*ur*0 7 no m1 & f9ancial difficulties naturally foll[$ !m4 ,= ! next five ye>s ?+s w5t f bad to worse1 & ! ma/]s 7 !n driv5 to ! desp]ate1 &1 z x prov$1 ! fatal /ep ( invit+ ! able & /rong-will$ ,s*mid back aga94 ,he came 9 #ahae1 he acquir$ entire control ov] ,pe/alozzi1 & drove f him all 8 mo/ fai?ful adh]5ts1 among !m n only ,ni$]]1 :o _h invit$ ! return ( 8 rival1 b ev5 ,kruesi & ! fai?ful s]vant1 ,elizabe? ,naef1 n[ ,mrs4 ,kruesi1 ! wid[ ( ,kruesi's bro!r4 ,pe/alozzi's gr&son m>ri$ ,s*mid's si/]1 & ?us unit$ ) him by family ties1 ,s*mid took entire possession ( ! old man & kept x till ! end4 ,8 =m] colleagues seem to h be5 deceiv$ 9 _! e/imate bo? ( ,s*mid's integrity & ability4 ,he complet$ ! ru9 ( ! ,in/itution1 & he 0 f9ally expell$ f ,yv]dun by ! ,magi/rates4 #ge4 ,b :ile ,pe/alozzi seem$ fall+ l[] & l[] to ! eyes ( ! inhabitants ( ,yv]dun1 & s _h little hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry1 8 fame 0 spread+ all ov] ,europe4 ,( ?is ,yv]dun 0 to reap ! b5efit4 ,9 #ahac-ad1 ,au/rian troops m>*$ across ,switz]l& to invade ,france4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahad1 ! ,ca/le & o!r build+s 9 ,yv]dun 7 8requisition$0 = a milit>y hospital1 _m ( ! ,au/rian soldi]s be+ d[n ) typhus fev]4 ,9 a great fright ! ,municipality s5t (f two deputies to headqu>t]s1 !n at ,basel1 to petition t ?is ord] might be )drawn4 ,z ! ord] ?reat5$ ! de/ruction ( 8 ,in/itution1 ,pe/alozzi w5t ) !m1 & x 0 entirely to him !y ow$ _! success4 ,on _! return !y report$ t 8no milit>y hospital w\ld be e/abli%$ at ,yv]dun1 & t ,m4 ,pe/alozzi _h be5 receiv$ ) mo/ extraord9>y fav\r40 #ge4 ,on ?is occasion ,pe/alozzi took ! opportunity ( prea*+ to ! ,emp]or ,alex&] on ! necessity ( e/abli%+ good s*ools & ( emancipat+ ! s]fs4 ,! ,emp]or took ! lecture 9 good "p1 & all[$ ! philan?ropi/ to drive him into a corn] & 8button-hole0 him4 #gf4 ,9 #ahae ,pe/alozzi receiv$ a visit f an ,engli%man1 or m accurately ,scotsman--,dr4 ,bell1 :o1 h[ev]1 l mo/ ( our compatriots1 c\ld f9d no?+ 9 ,pe/alozzi4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ,bell z an educationi/1 he 0 c]ta9ly a poor prophet4 ,on leav+ ,yv]dun he said1 8,9 ano!r twelve ye>s mutual in/ruction w be adopt$ by ! :ole _w & ,pe/alozzi's me?od w be =gott540#aei #gg4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahae1 ,pe/alozzi 0 ?r[n m completely into ! p[] ( ,s*mid by los+ ! only companion f :om no?+ b dea? c\ld sep>ate him--8 wife4 ,at ! fun]al ,pe/alozzi1 /&+ by ! c(f91 & z if he>d by h] ^: e>?ly rema9s 7 9 x1 ran ov] ! disa/]s & trials !y _h pass$ ?r\gh toge!r1 & ! sacrifices %e _h made = him4 8,:at 9 ^? days ( affliction10 said he1 8gave u /r5g? to be> our tr\bles & recov] hope80 & tak+ up a ,bible he w5t on1 8,?is is ! s\rce :5ce y drew1 :5ce we bo? drew c\rage1 /r5g?1 & peace40 #gh4 ,! 8dea? agony ( ! ,in/itution10 z ,guimps calls x1 la/$ = "s ye>s1 b 9 ?is gloomy p]iod !re are only two incid5ts ,i w m5tion4 ,! fir/ is ! publication ( ,pe/alozzi's writ+s1 = :i* ,s*mid & ,pe/alozzi s\ght subscriptions2 & ! appeal 0 s cordially answ]$ t ,pe/alozzi receiv$ #b1jjj4 ,?is sum he wi%$ to devote to ! c>ry+ out ( a plan he _h always *]i%$ ( an orphanage at ,neuh(2 b ! money seems to h melt$ we d n "k h[4 #gi4 ,! o!r incid5t is t ( ,pe/alozzi's la/ success4 ,9 spite ( ,s*mid he w\ld op5 a s*ool = twelve neglect$ *ildr5 at ,cl9dy1 a hamlet ne> ,yv]dun4 ,"h he produc$ results l ^? :i* _h cr[n$ 8 fir/ ef=ts at ,neuh(1 ,/anz1 & ,burgdorf4 ,old1 abs5t-m9d$1 & incapable z he seem$ 9 ord9>y affairs1 he1 z ?\gh by en*antm5t1 ga9$ ! att5tion & ! affection ( ! *ildr51 & b5t !m entirely to 8 w4 ,9 a few mon?s ! numb] ( *ildr5 _h ris5 to ?irty1 & wond]ful progress _h be5 made4 ,cl9dy at once became celebrat$4 ,pe/alozzi 0 induc$ to admit "s *ildr5 ^: fri5ds paid = !m1 & ,s*mid !n p]suad$ ! old man to remove ! s*ool into ! ,ca/le4 #hj4 ,9 #ahbd ! ,in/itution1 :i* _h la/$ = tw5ty ye>s1 0 f9ally clos$1 & ,pe/alozzi w5t to sp5d 8 rema9+ days 7ne>ly ?ree ye>s z x prov$7 at ,neuh(1 :i* 0 !n 9 ! h&s ( 8 gr&son4 ,! ye> be=e 8 dea? he visit$ an orphanage conduct$ on 8 pr9ciples by ,zell] at ,beugg5 ne> ,rhe9feld54 ,! *ildr5 sang a poem ( ,goe!'s quot$ 9 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 & _h a cr[n ( oak ready to put on ! old man's head2 b ?is he decl9$4 8,i am n wor?y ( x10 said he1 8keep x = innoc5ce40 #ha4 ,on #ag? ,febru>y1 #ahbg1 at ! age ( eighty-"o1 ,pe/alozzi fell asleep4 #hb4 8,! re=m ne$$10 said ,pe/alozzi1 8is n t ! s*ool-coa* %\ld be bett] hors$1 b t x %\ld be turn$ "r r\nd & />t$ on a new track40 ,?is may seem a viol5t metaphor1 b p]haps x is n m viol5t ?an ! *ange t 0 7& 9 ?is c\ntry /ill is7 necess>y4 ,let u try to asc]ta9 :at is ! "r road accord+ to ,pe/alozzi1 & !n see on :at road ! s*ool-coa* is n[ travell+4 #hc4 ,! gr& *ange advocat$ by ,pe/alozzi 0 a *ange ( object4 ,! ma9 object ( ! s*ool %\ld n be to tea* b to develop4 #hd4 ,?is *ange ( object naturally br+s _m *anges ) x4 ,measur$ by _! capacity = acquir+ s*ool k & skill "y *ildr5 may be consid]$1 z "o ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors consid]$ !m1 8! fag-end ( ! s*ool40 ,b if ! s*ool exi/s n to tea* b to develop1 "y *ildr51 in/ead ( be+ ! 8fag-end10 become ! mo/ important "p ( all4 ,9 ! developm5t ( all organisms m dep5ds on ! e>li] ?an on ! lat] /ages2 & !re is no reason to d\bt t ?is law holds 9 ! case ( human be+s4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 f ! days ( ,pe/alozzi educational sci5ce has be5 greatly1 ,i may say ma9ly1 conc]n$ ) "y *ildr54 ,= ! dom9at+ ?\ght has be5 t ! "y human be+ is an undevelop$ organism1 & t 9 education t organism is develop$4 ,s ! ess5ce ( ,pe/alozzianism lies n s mu* 9 its me?od z 9 its aim1 n m 9 :at x does ?an 9 :at x endeav\rs to d4 #he4 ,& ?us x 0 t ,pe/alozzi 79 ,raum]'s words7 8compell$ ! s*ola/ic _w to revise ! :ole ( _! task1 to reflect on ! nature & de/9y ( man1 & also on ! prop] way ( lead+ him f 8 y\? t[>ds t de/9y40 ,& x 0 8 love ( 8 fell[-creatures t rais$ him to ?is /&po9t4 ,he 0 mov$ by 8! en?usiasm ( humanity40 ,consum$ ) grief = ! degradation ( ! ,swiss peasantry1 he nev] lo/ fai? 9 _! true dignity z m51 & 9 ! possibility ( rais+ !m to a condition wor?y ( x4 ,he ca/ ab\t = ! be/ means ( ?us rais+ !m1 & decid$ t x c\ld be effect$1 n by any improvem5t 9 _! outw>d circum/ances1 b by an education :i* %\ld make !m :at _! ,creator int5d$ !m to be1 & %\ld give !m ! use & ! consci\sness ( all _! inborn faculties4 8,f my y\? up10 he says1 8,i felt :at a high & indisp5sable human duty x is to lab\r = ! poor & mis]able2 444 t he may atta9 to a consci\sness ( 8 own dignity ?r\gh 8 feel+ ( ! univ]sal p[]s & end[m5ts :i* he possesses awak5$ )9 him2 t he may n only le>n to gabble ov] by rote ! religi\s maxim t #8man is creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 & is b\nd to live & die z a *ild ( ,god1' b may himself exp]i5ce its tru? by virtue ( ! ,div9e p[] )9 him1 s t he may be rais$1 n only above ! pl\gh+ ox51 b also above ! man 9 purple & silk :o lives unwor?ily ( 8 high de/9y0 7,quot$ 9 ,b>n>d1 p4 #ac74 ,aga9 he says 7& ,i quote at l5g? on ! po9t1 z x is inde$ ! key to ,pe/alozzianism71 8,:y h ,i insi/$ s /rongly on att5tion to e>ly physical & intellectual education8 ,because ,i consid] ^! z m]ely lead+ to a high] aim1 to qualify ! human be+ = ! free & full use ( all ! faculties implant$ by ! ,creator1 & to direct all ^! faculties t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! :ole be+ ( man1 t he may be enabl$ to act 9 8 peculi> /ation z an in/rum5t ( t ,all-wise & ,almighty ,p[] t has call$ him into life0 7,to ,greaves1 p4 #afj74 #hf4 ,believ+ 9 ?is high aim ( education1 ,pe/alozzi requir$ a prop] e>ly tra9+ = all alike4 8,e human be+10 said he1 8has a claim to a judici\s developm5t ( 8 faculties by ^? to :om ! c>e ( 8 infancy is confid$0 7,ib4 p4 #afc74 #hg4 ,pe/alozzi !re=e mo/ e>ne/ly address$ himself to mo!rs1 to conv9ce !m ( ! p[] plac$ 9 _! h&s1 & to tea* !m h[ to use x4 8,! "m is qualifi$1 & qualifi$ by ! ,creator ,himself1 to become ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! developm5t ( h] *ild2 444 & :at is dem&$ ( h] is--a ?9k+ love4444 ,god has giv5 to ?y *ild all ! faculties ( our nature1 b ! gr& po9t rema9s undecid$--h[ %all ?is he>t1 ?is head1 ^! h&s1 be employ$8 to ^: s]vice %all !y be d$icat$8 ,a "q ! answ] to :i* involves a futurity ( happ9ess or mis]y to a life s de> to !e4444 ,x is record$ t ,god op5$ ! heav5s to ! patri>* ( old1 & %[$ him a ladd] lead+ ?i!r4 ,?is ladd] is let d[n to e desc5dant ( ,adam2 x is (f]$ to ?y *ild4 ,b he mu/ be taught to climb x4 ,& let him n attempt x by ! cold calculations ( ! head1 or ! m]e impulse ( ! he>t2 b let all ^! p[]s comb9e1 & ! noble ent]prise w be cr[n$ ) success4 ,^! p[]s are already be/[$ on him1 b to !e x is giv5 to assi/ 9 call+ !m =?0 7,to ,greaves1 p4 #ba74 8,mat]nal love is ! fir/ ag5t 9 education4444 ,?r\gh x ! *ild is l$ to love & tru/ 8 ,creator & 8 ,r$eem]40 #hh4 ,f ! !ory ( developm5t :i* lay at ! root ( ,pe/alozzi's views ( education1 x foll[$ t ! imp>t+ ( k & ! tra9+ = special pursuits held only a subord9ate position 9 8 s*eme4 8,education1 in/ead ( m]ely consid]+ :at is to be imp>t$ to *ildr51 ought to consid] fir/ :at !y may be said already to possess1 if n z a develop$1 at lea/ z an involv$ faculty capable ( developm5t4 ,or if1 in/ead ( speak+ ?us 9 ! ab/ract1 we w b recollect t x is to ! great ,au?or ( life t man owes ! possession1 & is responsible = ! use1 ( 8 innate faculties1 education %\ld n simply decide :at is to be made ( a *ild1 b r inquire :at x 0 int5d$ t he %\ld become4 ,:at is 8 de/9y z a creat$ & responsible be+8 ,:at are 8 faculties z a rational & moral be+8 ,:at are ! means = _! p]fection1 & ! end held out z ! highe/ object ( _! ef=ts by ! ,almighty ,fa!r ( all1 bo? 9 creation & 9 ! page ( revelation80 #hi4 ,education1 !n1 mu/ consi/ 89 a cont9ual b5evol5t sup]9t5d5ce1 ) ! object ( call+ =? all ! faculties :i* ,provid5ce has implant$2 & its prov9ce1 ?us enl>g$1 w yet be ) less difficulty survey$ f "o po9t ( view1 & w h m ( a sy/ematic & truly philosophical "*1 ?an an incoh]5t mass ( #8lessons'--arrang$ )\t unity ( pr9ciple1 & gone ?r\gh )\t int]e/--:i* too (t5 usurps its "n40 ,! educator's task !n is to sup]9t5d & promote ! *ild's developm5t1 morally1 intellectually1 & physically4 #ij4 8,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( education is n tea*+10 said ,pe/alozzi2 8x is love0 7,r4's ,g41 #bhi74 ,aga9 he says1 8,! *ild loves & believes be=e x ?9ks & acts0 7,ib4 #cgh74 ,& 9 a v /rik+ passage 7,ib4 #cbi71 :]e he comp>es ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s p[]s ( a human be+ to ! developm5t ( a tree1 he says1 8,^! =ces ( ! he>t--fai? & love--are 9 ! =mation ( immortal man :at ! root is = ! tree40 ,s1 accord+ to ,pe/alozzi1 a *ild )\t fai? & love c no m gr[ up to be :at he %\ld be ?an a tree c gr[ )\t a root4 ,ap>t f ?is vital tru? !re c be no su* ?+ z ,pe/alozzianism4 8,ah yet :5 all is ?\ght & said ,! he>t /ill ov]rules ! head40 ,x is our he>ts & affections t lead u "r or wrong f> m ?an our intellects4 ,9 advocat+ ! tra9+ ( ! m9ds ( ! p1 ,"l ,d]by once rem>k$ t z ,*airman ( ,qu>t] ,sessions he _h f\nd mo/ ( ! culprits br\ght be=e him 7 /upid & ignorant4 ,x c]ta9ly _c be d5i$ t ! commone/ k9d ( crim9al is bad 9 e way4 ,he has 8 body ru9$ by debau*]y1 8 intellect almo/ 9 abeyance1 & 8 he>t & affections set on :at is vile & degrad+4 ,if y c\ld cultivate 8 intellect y w\ld c]ta9ly raise him out ( ! l[e/ & by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! crim9al classes4 ,b he might become a crim9al ( a type less disgu/+ 9 ext]nals1 b 9 reality f> m dang]\s4 ,! mo/ atroci\s miscreant ( our "t1 if n ( all "t1 0 a man :o contriv$ a ma*9e to s9k %ips 9 mid-ocean1 8 only object be+ to ga9 a sum ( money on a false insurance4 ,?is man 0 a type ( ! lite ( crim9als1 _h receiv$ an intellectual tra9+1 & c\ld n h be5 describ$ by ,"l ,d]by z ignorant or /upid4 #ia4 ,pe/alozzi !n1 mu* z he valu$ ! developm5t ( ! intellect1 put fir/ ! moral & religi\s influ5ce ( education2 & ) him moral & religi\s 7 "o & ! same4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ ! ord9>y r\t9e ( elem5t>y education1 because 8ev]y:]e 9 x ! fle% pr$om9at$ ov] ! _s1 ev]y:]e ! div9e elem5t 0 ca/ into ! %ade1 ev]y:]e selfi%ness & ! passions 7 tak5 z ! motives ( action1 ev]y:]e me*anical habits usurp$ ! place ( intellig5t spontaneity0 7,r4's ,g41 #dgj74 ,education = ! p mu/ be diff]5t to ?is4 8,man does n live by bread alone2 e *ild ne$s a religi\s developm5t2 e *ild ne$s to "k h[ to pray to ,god 9 all simplicity1 b ) fai? & love0 7,r4's ,g41 #cgh74 8,if ! religi\s elem5t does n run ?r\gh ! :ole ( education1 ?is elem5t w h little influ5ce on ! life2 x rema9s =mal or isolat$0#afj 7,ib4 #cha74 ,& ,pe/alozzi sums up ! ess5tials ( popul> education 9 ! words3 8,! *ild accu/om$ f 8 e>lie/ ye>s to pray1 to ?9k1 & to "w1 is already m ?an half educat$0 7,ib4 #cha74 #ib4 ,"h we see ! ma9 requisites4 ,fir/ ! *ild mu/ pray ) fai? & love4 ,next he mu/ ?9k4 8,! *ild mu/ ?9k60 exclaims ! s*oolma/]3 8,mu/ he n le>n80 ,to :i* ,pe/alozzi w\ld h repli$1 8,mo/ c]ta9ly he mu/40 ,le>n+ 0 n 9 ,pe/alozzi's e/imation z 9 ,locke's1 ! 8la/ & lea/0 ?+1 b le>n+ 0 ) him some?+ v diff]5t f ! le>n+ imp>t$ by ! ord9>y s*oolma/]4 ,pe/alozzi 0 v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ?\ghts & ef=ts ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b ! "o book on education :i* he _h /udi$ _h fre$ him f ! 8idols0 ( ! s*oolroom4 ,?is book 0 ! ,emile ( ,r\sseau1 & f x he came no less ?an ,r\sseau himself to despise ! le>n+ ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,b :5 he _h to face ! problem ( organiz+ a c\rse ( education = ! p1 ,pe/alozzi did n agree ) ,r\sseau t ! fir/ twelve ye>s %\ld be sp5t 9 8los+ "t40 ,no1 ! *ildr5 mu/ le>n1 b !y mu/ le>n 9 su* a way z to develop all ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,& s ,pe/alozzi 0 l$ to :at he consid]$ 8 great discov]y1 viz41 t all in/ruction mu/ be bas$ on 8,ans*auung40 #ic4 ,! ,g]mans1 :o h devot$ s mu* ?\ght & c>e & ef=t to education1 greatly hon\r ,pe/alozzi1#afa & z 8 disciples aim at mak+ all elem5t>y in/ruction 8ans*auli*40 ,we ,engli% h tr\bl$ ourselves s little ab\t ,pe/alozzi1 or1 ,i might say1 ab\t ! !ory ( education1 t we h n c>$ to get equival5t words = ,ans*auung & ans*auli*4 ,= ,ans*auung 8s5se-impression0 has lately be5 tri$2 b ?is is 9 two ways defective2 = 7#a7 !re may be 8,ans*auung50 beyond ! range ( ! s5ses1 & 7#b7 !re is 9 an 8,ans*auung0 an active z well z a passive elem5t1 & ?is ! ^w 8impression0 does n convey4 ,! active "p is br\ght out bett] by 8obs]vation0--! ^w us$ by ,joseph ,payne & ,james ,mac,alister2 b ?is seems h>dly wide en\gh4 ,o!r writ]s ( ,engli% borr[ words /raight f ! ,fr5*1 & talk ab\t 8intuition0 & 8intuitive10 words :i* 7 tak5 7fir/ ,i believe by ,kant7 f ! ,lat9 intu]i1 8to look at ) att5tion & reflection40 #id4 ,i ?9k we %all be wise 9 foll[+ ^! writ]s4 ,on good au?ority ,i h he>d ( a ,g]man pr(essor :o :5 ask$ if he _h read "s l>ge "w rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! di/ress+ type ( 8 nation1 repli$ t he _h n2 he 0 wait+ = a ,fr5* translation4 ,if ! ,g]mans f9d t ! ,fr5* express _! ?\ghts m cle>ly ?an !y c !mselves1 we may ?9k ourselves =tunate :5 ! ,fr5* w act z int]pret]s4 ,i !re=e gladly turn to ,m4 ,buisson & translate :at he says ab\t 8intuition40 8,intuition is j ! mo/ natural & mo/ spontane\s action ( human intellig5ce1 ! action by :i* ! m9d seizes a reality )\t ef=t1 hesitation1 or g-betwe54 ,x is a #8direct app]ception1' made z x 7 at a glance4 ,if x has to d ) "s matt] )9 ! prov9ce ( ! s5ses1 ! s5ses p]ceive x at once4 ,"h we h ! simple/ case ( all1 ! mo/ common1 ! mo/ easily not$4 ,if ! ?+ conc]n$ is an idea1 a reality1 t is1 beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses1 we /ill say t we seize x by intuition :5 all t is necess>y is t x pres5t itself to ! m9d1 & ! m9d at once grasps x & is satisfi$ ) x )\t any ne$ ( pro( or inve/igation4 ,we advance by intuition :5ev] our m9d1 act+ by ! s5ses1 or by ! judgm5t1 or by ! consci5ce1 kn[s ?+s ) ! same am\nt ( evid5ce & ! same am\nt ( spe$ t a di/9ct view ( an object af=ds ! eye4 ,s intuition is no sep>ate faculty2 x is no?+ /range or new 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,x is j ! m9d itself #8intuitively' recognis+ :at exi/s 9 x or ar\nd x0 7,les ,confr5ces ,pd4 faites aux ,in/ituteurs1 ,delagrave1 #ahgi1 p4 #cca74 ,s ! 8intuitive me?od0 7to keep ! ,fr5* "n = x7 is ( v wide application4 8,x appeals to ?is =ce sui g5]is1 to ?is glance ( ! m9d1 to ?is spontane\s spr+ ( ! intellig5ce t[>ds tru?40 ,x sets ! pupil's m9d to "w 9 foll[+ 8 own intellectual in/9cts4 ,if 9 our tea*+ we c use x1 we %all h ga9$1 z ,m4 ,buisson says1 ! be/ help] 9 ! _w1 viz41 ! pupil4 ,if he c be got to take an active "p 9 ! in/ruction all difficulty vani%es at once4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to drag him along1 y w see him delight$ to keep y company4 #ie4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,buisson !re are ?ree k9ds ( intuition--s5su\s1 intellectual1 & moral4 ,simil>ly ,m4 ,julli5 7,esprit de ,pe/alozzi1 #ahab1 vol4 j1 p4 #aeb7 says t !re are 8intuitions0 ( ! 8int]nal s5ses0 z well z ( ! ext]nal3 ! 8int]nal s5ses0 are f\r 9 numb]3 fir/1 ! s5se = ! true2 second1 ! s5se = ! beautiful2 ?ird1 ! s5se = ! good2 f\r?1 ! s5se = ! inf9ite4 #if4 ,)\t settl+ :e!r ?is analysis is complete we %all h no difficulty 9 admitt+ t bo? body & m9d h faculties by means ( :i* we appreh5d1 lay hold (1 :at is true & "r2 & x is on ! use ( ^! faculties t ,pe/alozzi bases in/ruction4 ,no ,engli%man may h f\nd a good ^w to indicate ,ans*auung1 b "o ,engli%man at lea/ _h ! idea ( x long be=e ,pe/alozzi4 ,m ?an a c5tury e>li] ,locke _h call$ k 8! int]nal p]ception ( ! m9d40 8,kn[+ is see+10 said he2 8& if x be s1 x is madness to p]suade ourselves we d s by ano!r man's eyes1 let him use nev] s _m words to tell u t :at he ass]ts is v visible0 7,supra p4 #bbb74 #ig4 ,?us 9 !ory ,pe/alozzi 01 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 a foll[] ( ,locke4 ,b 9 practice !y w5t f> asund]4 ,locke's ?\ghts 7 con/antly occupi$ ) philosophical inve/igations1 & he seems to h made small acc\nt ( ! intellectual p[] ( *ildr51 & to h suppos$ t !y _c 8see0 any?+ at all4 ,s he c>$ little :at 0 taught !m1 & till !y rea*$ ! age ( reason ! tutor might give su* lessons z w\ld be useful to 8"y g5tlem510 ! av[$ object be+ to 8keep !m f saunt]+40 ,8 foll[] ,r\sseau pref]r$ t ! *ild's m9d %\ld n be fill$ ) ! traditional lore ( ! s*oolroom1 & t ! in/ructor1 :5 ! y\? rea*$ ! age ( twelve1 %\ld f9d 8an unfurni%$ ap>tm5t to let40 ,!n came ,pe/alozzi1 & he saw t at :atev] age ! in/ructor began to tea* ! *ild1 he w\ld n f9d an unfurni%$ ap>tm5t1 see+ t e *ild le>ns cont9u\sly f ! h\r ( its bir?4 ,& h[ does ! *ild le>n8 ,n by repeat+ words :i* express ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & exp]i5ces ( o!r p1#afb b by 8 own exp]i5ces & feel+s1 & by ! ?\ghts :i* ^! sugge/ to him4 #ih4 ,elem5t>y education !n on its intellectual side is tea*+ ! *ild to ?9k4 ,! prop] subjects ( ?\ght = *ildr5 ,pe/alozzi held to be ! *ildr5's surr\nd+s1 ! realities ( _! own lives1 ! ?+s t affect !m & ar\se _! feel+s & int]e/s4 ,p]haps he did n emphasize int]e/ z mu* z ,h]b>t has done s9ce2 b cle>ly an ,ans*auung or 8intuition0 is only possible :5 ! *ild is int]e/$ 9 ! ?+ obs]v$4 #ii4 ,! art ( tea*+ 9 ,pe/alozzi's sy/em consi/s 9 analyz+ ! k t ! *ildr5 %\ld acquire ab\t _! surr\nd+s1 arrang+ x 9 a regul> sequ5ce1 & br++ x to ! *ildr5's consci\sness gradually & 9 ! way 9 :i* _! m9ds w act ^u x4 ,9 ?is way !y le>n sl[ly1 b all !y le>n is _! own4 ,!y are n l ! cr[ dre/ up 9 peacock's fea!rs1 = !y h n appropriat$ any dead k 78angel]nte todte ,begriffe10 z ,die/]weg has x71 & x _c be said ( !m1 8,!y "k ab\t mu*1 b "k no?+ 7,sie k5n5 viel und wiss5 ni*ts740 ,_! k is actual k1 = !y are taught n :at to ?9k b to ?9k1 & to ex]cise _! p[]s ( obs]vation & draw conclusions f _! own exp]i5ce4 ,! tea*] simply furni%es mat]ials & occasions = ?is ex]cise 9 obs]v+1 & z x goes on gives 8 b5evol5t sup]9t5d5ce4 #ajj4 ,!y le>n sl[ly = ano!r reason4 ,accord+ to ,pe/alozzi ! fir/ conceptions mu/ be dwelt ^u till !y are di/9ct & firmly fix$4 ,buss tells u t :5 he fir/ jo9$ ,pe/alozzi at ,burgdorf ! delay ov] ! prime elem5ts seem$ to him a wa/e ( "t1 b t aft]w>ds he 0 conv9c$ ( its be+ ! "r plan1 & felt t ! failure ( 8 own education 0 due to its incoh]5t & desultory "*4 8,n only10 says ,pe/alozzi1 8h ! fir/ elem5ts ( k 9 e subject ! mo/ important be>+ on its complete outl9e1 b ! *ild's confid5ce & int]e/ are ga9$ by p]fect atta9m5t ev5 9 ! l[e/ /age ( in/ruction40#afc #aja4 ,we h se5 t ,pe/alozzi w\ld h *ildr5 le>n to pray1 to ?9k1 & to "w4 ,9 s*ools = ! soi-disant 8upp] classes0 ! p>5ts or fri5ds ( a boy sometimes say1 8,!re is no ne$ = him to "w he w be v well (f40 ,f ?is k9d ( demoralization ,pe/alozzi's pupils 7 free4 ,!y w\ld h to "w1 & ,pe/alozzi wi%$ !m to le>n to "w z soon z possible4 ,9 ?is way he s\ght to increase _! self-respect1 & to unite _! s*ool-life ) _! life beyond x4#afd #ajb4 ,pe/alozzi 0 trem5d\sly 9 e>ne/1 & he wi%$ ! *ildr5 also to take in/ruction s]i\sly4 ,he 0 totally oppos$ to ! notion :i* _h f\nd fav\r ) _m great au?orities z e4g41 ,locke & ,bas$[1 t in/ruction %\ld always be giv5 9 ! guise ( amusem5t4 8,i am conv9c$10 says he1 8t su* a notion w = ev] preclude solidity ( k1 &1 = want ( suffici5t ex]tions on ! "p ( ! pupils1 w lead to t v result :i* ,i wi% to avoid by my pr9ciple ( a con/ant employm5t ( ! ?9k+ p[]s4 ,a *ild mu/ v e>ly 9 life be taught ! lesson t ex]tion is indisp5sable = ! atta9m5t ( k0#afe 7,to ,g41 xxiv1 p4 #aag74 ,b he %\ld be taught at ! same "t t ex]tion is n an evil1 & he %\ld be enc\rag$1 n fright5$1 into x4 ,heal?y ex]tion1 :e!r ( body or m9d1 is always att5d$ ) a feel+ ( satisfaction am\nt+ to pleasure1 & :]e ?is pleasure is abs5t ! in/ructor has fail$ 9 produc+ prop] ex]tion4 ,z ,pe/alozzi says1 8,:5ev] *ildr5 are inatt5tive & app>5tly take no int]e/ 9 a lesson1 ! tea*] %\ld always fir/ look to himself = ! reason0#aff 7,ib474 #ajc4 ,b ?\gh he took s s]i\s a view ( in/ruction1 he made in/ruction include & inde$ give a prom95t place to ! arts ( s++ & draw+4 ,9 ! ,pe/alozzian s*ools s++ f\nd imm5se fav\r ) bo? ! ma/]s & ! pupils1 & ! collection ( songs by ,ngeli1 a ma/] at ,yv]dun1 became fam\s4 ,draw+ too 0 practis$ by all4 ,z ,pe/alozzi writes to ,greaves 7xxiv1 #aag71 8,a p]son :o is 9 ! habit ( draw+1 especially f nature1 w easily p]ceive _m circum/ances :i* are commonly ov]look$1 & w =m a mu* m correct impression ev5 ( su* objects z he does n /op to exam9e m9utely1 ?an "o :o has nev] be5 taught to look ^u :at he sees ) an int5tion ( reproduc+ a lik5ess ( x4 ,! att5tion to ! exact %ape ( ! :ole & ! proportion ( ! p>ts1 :i* is requisite = ! tak+ ( an adequate sket*1 is conv]t$ into a habit1 & becomes productive bo? ( in/ruction & amusem5t40 #ajd4 ,i h n[ endeav\r$ to po9t out ! ma9 features ( ,pe/alozzianism4 ,! foll[+ is ! summ+ up ( ^! features giv5 by ,morf 9 8 ,contribution to ,pe/alozzi's ,biography3-- #a4 ,in/ruction mu/ be bas$ on ! le>n]'s own exp]i5ce4 7,das ,fundam5t des ,unt]ri*ts i/ die ,ans*auung47 #b4 ,:at ! le>n] exp]i5ces & obs]ves mu/ be connect$ ) language4 #c4 ,! "t = le>n+ is n ! "t = judg+1 n ! "t = criticism4 #d4 ,9 e dep>tm5t in/ruction mu/ beg9 ) ! simple/ elem5ts1 & />t+ f ^! mu/ be c>ri$ on /ep by /ep accord+ to ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 t is1 x mu/ be br\ght into psy*ological sequ5ce4 #e4 ,at ea* po9t ! in/ructor %all n g =w>d till t "p ( ! subject has become ! prop] intellectual possession ( ! le>n]4 #f4 ,in/ruction mu/ foll[ ! pa? ( developm5t1 n ! pa? ( lectur+1 tea*+1 or tell+4 #g4 ,to ! educator ! individuality ( ! *ild mu/ be sacr$4 #h4 ,n ! acquisition ( k or skill is ! ma9 object ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 b ! developm5t & /r5g!n+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 #i4 ,) k 7,wiss57 mu/ come p[] 7,knn571 ) in=mation 7,k5ntniss7 skill 7,f]tigkeit74 #aj4 ,int]c\rse betwe5 educator & pupil1 & s*ool discipl9e especially1 mu/ be bas$ on & controll$ by love4 #aa4 ,in/ruction %all be subord9at$ to ! aim ( education4 #ab4 ,! gr\nd ( moral-religi\s br++ up lies 9 ! relation ( "m & *ild4#afg #aje4 ,hav+ n[ se5 9 :i* direction ,pe/alozzi w\ld />t ! s*ool-coa*1 let u exam9e 7) ref]5ce to ,engl& only7 ! direction 9 :i* x is travell+ at pres5t4 #ajf4 ,= educational purposes we may1 ) ,"l ,beaconsfield1 reg>d ! ,engli% z compos$ ( two nations1 ! ri* & ! poor4 ,let u consid] ^! sep>ately4 ,9 ! case ( ! ri* we f9d t ! wor/ "p ( our educational c\rse--! "p mo/ wrong 9 !ory & p]nici\s 9 practice--is ! s*ool+ ( "y *ildr51 say betwe5 six & twelve ye>s old4 ,be=e ! age ( six "s few are =tunate en\gh to att5d a good ,k9d]g>t52 b ! opportunity ( do+ ?is is at pres5t r>e1 & = mo/ *ildr5 ( well-to-d p>5ts !re is1 up to six ye>s old1 little or no organis$ in/ruction4 ,pe/alozzi w\ld h e "m made capable ( giv+ su* in/ruction4 ,froebel w\ld h e *ild s5t to a skill$ 8,k9d]grtn]940 ,x seems to me beyond "q t *ildr5 ga9 imm5sely f jo9+ a prop]ly-manag$ ,k9d]g>t52 b :]e ?is is impossible1 p]haps ! "m may leave ! *ild to ! s]ies ( impressions :i* come to its s5ses )\t any regul> ord]4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ ,"l ,lytton1 ! "m's int]f]5ce might rem9d u ( ! man :o ?\ght 8 bees w\ld make honey fa/] if1 in/ead ( go+ 9 se>* ( fl[]s1 !y 7 %ut up & _h fl[]s br\ght to !m4 ,! way 9 :i* "y *ildr5 turn f object to object1 l ! bees f fl[] to fl[]1 seems to %[ t at ?is /age _! intellectual tra9+ goes on :e!r we help x or n4 ,!re is no d\bt an education = *ildr5 h[ev] "y1 & ! "m is ! tea*]1 b ! lessons h m to d ) ! he>t ?an ! head4 #ajg4 ,b ! "t = regul> tea*+ comes at la/1 & :at is to be done !n8 ,let u consid] briefly :at is done4 ,hi!rto1 ! only def5ce ev] made ( our s*ool-c\rse lead+ up to resid5ce at a ,univ]sity1 has be5 t x aims n at giv+ k b at tra9+ ! m9d4 ,y\?s !n are suppos$ to be engag$1 n 9 ga9+ k1 b 9 tra9+ _! faculties = adult life4 ,b :5 we come to provide = ! 8education0 ( *ildr51 we nev] ?9k ( tra9+ _! faculties = y\?1 b endeav\r solely to inculcate :at w !n come 9 useful4 ,we see cle>ly en\gh t x w\ld be absurd to cram ! m9d ( a y\? ) laws ( sci5ce or art or comm]ce :i* he c\ld n und]/&1 on ! gr\nd t ! gett+-up ( ^! ?+s might save him tr\ble 9 aft]-life4 ,b we d n hesitate to sacrifice *ildhood to ! le>n+ by he>t ( gramm> rules1 ,lat9 decl5sions1 hi/orical dates1 & ! l1 ) no ?\ght :atev] ( ! *ild's faculties1 b simply ) a view ( giv+ him k 7s-call$7 t w come 9 useful five or six ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,we d n treat y\?s ?us1 probably because we h m sympa?y ) !m1 or at lea/ und]/& !m bett]4 ,! intellectual life to :i* ! s5ses & ! imag9ation are subord9at$ 9 ! man has already begun 9 ! y\?4 ,9 an inf]ior degree he c d :at ! man c d1 & und]/& :at ! man c und]/&4 ,he has already "s notion ( reason+1 & ab/raction1 & g5]alisation4 ,b ) ! *ild x is v diff]5t4 ,8 active faculties may be said almo/ to diff] 9 k9d f a man's4 ,he has a feel+ = ! s5su\s _w :i* he w lose z he gr[s up4 ,8 /rong imag9ation1 "u no control ( ! reason1 is con/antly at "w build+ ca/les 9 ! air1 & inve/+ ! doll or ! puppet-%[ ) all ! prop]ties ( ! ?+s !y repres5t4 ,8 feel+s & affections1 easily excit$1 f9d an object to love or dislike 9 e p]son & ?+ he meets )4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he has only vague notions ( ! ab/ract1 & has no int]e/ except 9 actual kn[n p]sons1 animals1 & ?+s4 #ajh4 ,!re is1 !n1 betwe5 ! *ild ( eight or n9e & ! y\? ( f\rte5 or fifte5 a great] diff]5ce ?an betwe5 ! y\? & ! man ( tw5ty2 & ?is dem&s a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 _! /udies4 ,& yet1 z matt]s are c>ri$ on n[1 ! *ild is too (t5 kept to ! drudg]y ( le>n+ by rote m]e collections ( h>d words1 p]haps1 too1 9 a =eign language3 & absorb$ 9 ! pres5t1 he is n mu* com=t$ by ! tea*]'s assurance t 8"s day0 ^! ?+s w come 9 useful4 #aji4 ,h[ to educate ! *ild is d\btless ! mo/ difficult problem ( all1 & x is g5]ally allott$ to ^? :o are ! lea/ likely to f9d a satisfactory solution4 ,! e>lie/ educator ( ! *ildr5 ( _m ri* p>5ts is ! nursemaid--a p]son n usually di/+ui%$ by ei!r intellectual or moral excell5ce4#afh ,at an e>ly age ?is educator is sup]s$$ by ! ,prep>atory ,s*ool4 ,tak5 z a body1 ! ladies :o op5 8e/abli%m5ts = "y g5tlem50 _c be said to hold enl>g$ views1 or1 inde$1 any views :atev]1 on ! subject ( education4 ,_! int5tion is n s mu* to cultivate ! *ildr5's faculties z to make a livelihood1 & to he> no compla9ts t pupils :o h left !m h be5 f\nd defici5t 9 ! expect$ k by ! ma/] ( ! next s*ool4 ,if anyone w\ld inve/igate ! sort ( tea*+ :i* is consid]$ adapt$ to ! capacity ( *ildr5 at ?is /age1 let him look into a /&>d "w /ill 9 vogue 78,mangnall's ,que/ions071 f :i* ! "y ( bo? sexes acquire a great quantity & v>iety ( le>n+2 ! :ole ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory & biography1 toge!r ) ! hea!n my?ology1 ! planet>y sy/em1 & ! names ( all ! con/ellations1 ly+ v compactly 9 ab\t #cjj pages4#afi ,un=tunately1 moreov]1 f ! g5tility ( ^! ladies1 _! s*ol>s' bodies are (t5 treat$ 9 prep>atory s*ools no less injuri\sly ?an _! m9ds4 ,x may be natural 9 a *ild to use 8 lungs & delight 9 noise1 b ?is c h>dly be consid]$ g5teel1 s ! t5d5cy is1 z f> z possible1 suppress$4 ,x is f\nd1 too1 t if *ildr5 are all[$ to run ab\t !y get dirty & spoil _! clo!s1 & d n look l 8"y g5tlem510 s !y are made to take ex]cise 9 a mu* m g5teel fa%ion1 walk+ sl[ly two-&-two1 ) gloves on4#agj #aaj4 ,at n9e or t5 ye>s old1 boys are commonly put to a s*ool taught by ma/]s4 ,"h !y lose sight ( _! gloves1 & le>n ! use ( _! limbs2 b _! m9ds are n s =tunate z _! bodies4 ,! /udies ( ! s*ool h be5 arrang$ )\t any ?\ght ( _! peculi> ne$s4 ,! y\nge/ class is g5]ally ! l>ge/1 (t5 mu* ! l>ge/1 & x is h&$ ov] to ! lea/ compet5t & wor/ paid ma/] on ! /aff ( tea*]s4 ,! reason is1 t little boys are f\nd to le>n ! tasks impos$ ^u !m v sl[ly4 ,a y\? or a man :o came fre% to ! ,lat9 gramm> w\ld le>n 9 a morn+ z mu* z ! ma/]1 ) great lab\r1 c get into *ildr5 9 a week4 ,x is ?\ght1 !re=e1 t ! be/ tea*+ %\ld be appli$ :]e x w h ! mo/ obvi\s results4 ,if anyone 7 to say to ! manag] ( a s*ool1 8,! ma/] :o takes ! l[e/ =m tea*es badly1 & ! *ildr5 le>n no?+02 he w\ld p]haps say1 8,v likely2 b if ,i paid a mu* high] sal>y1 & got a bett] man1 !y w\ld le>n b little40 ,! only ?+ ! s*ool-manag] ?9ks ( is1 ,h[ mu* d ! little boys le>n ( :at is taught 9 ! high] =ms8 ,h[ _! faculties are be+ develop$1 or :e!r !y h any faculties except = read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 & = gett+ gramm>-rules1 c4 by he>t1 he is n s 8unpractical0 z to enquire4 #aaa4 ,) ref]5ce to ! education ( ! fir/ ( our 8two nations10 x seems !n pretty cle> t ,pe/alozzi w\ld require t ! s*ool-coa* %\ld be turn$ & />t$ 9 a totally diff]5t direction4 #aab4 ,:at ab\t ! education ( ! o!r 8nation10 a nation ( :i* ! v]b 8to rule0 has = _m c5turies be5 us$ 9 ! passive voice1 b c be us$ 9 t voice no long]8 ,a c5tury ago1 ) ! p>tial exception ( ,scotl& & ,massa*usetts1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z s*ool education = ! p to be f\nd any:]e 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,b f #aghi onw>ds p[] has be5 pass+ m & m f ! few to ! _m2 & z a natural consequ5ce folk-s*ools 7= :i* we h n yet f\nd a "n7 h become ( va/ importance ev]y:]e4 ,! ,g]mans1 z we h se51 h be5 ! disciples ( ,pe/alozzi1 & _! elem5t>y education 9 ev]y?+ be>s traces ( 8 ideas4 ,! ,engli% h organis$ a great sy/em ( elem5t>y education 9 total ignorance ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,z usual1 we seem to h suppos$ t ! "r sy/em w\ld come to u 89 sleep40 ,b has x come8 ,! *ildr5 ( ! poor are n[ compell$ by ! law to att5d an elem5t>y s*ool4 ,:at sort ( an education has ! law !re provid$ = !m8 ,! ,education ,dep>tm5t pr(esses to measure ev]y?+ by results4 ,let u d ! same4 ,suppose t on 8 leav+ s*ool we wi%$ to =eca/ a lad's future4 ,:at %\ld we try to f9d out ab\t him8 ,no d\bt we %\ld ask :at he knew2 b ?is w\ld n be by any means ! ma9 ?+4 ,8 skill w\ld int]e/ u1 & /ill m w\ld 8 /ate ( heal?4 ,b :at we %\ld ask fir/ & =emo/ is ?is1 ,:om does he love8 ,:om does he admire & imitate8 ,:at does he c>e ab\t8 ,:at int]e/s him8 ,x is only :5 ! answ]s to ^! que/ions are satisfactory1 t we c ?9k hopefully ( 8 future2 & x is only 9 s f> z ! s*ool-c\rse has t5d$ to make ! answ]s satisfactory1 t x des]ves our approval4 ,s*ools su* z ,pe/alozzi design$ w\ld h ?us des]v$ our approval2 b we _c say ?is ( ! s*ools into :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! ,engli% poor are n[ driv54 ,9 ^! s*ools ! he>t & ! affections are n ?\ght (1 ! p[]s ( nei!r m9d nor body are develop$ by ex]cise1 & ! *ildr5 d n acquire any int]e/s t w raise or b5efit !m4 #aac4 ,an advocate ( our sy/em w\ld n d5y ?is1 b w\ld probably say1 8,! "q = u to consid] is1 n :at is ! be/ t 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances might be attempt$1 b :at is ! be/ t 9 v re/rict$ & by no means fav\rable circum/ances1 we are likely to get4 ,! tea*]s 9 our s*ools are n self-devot+ ,pe/alozzis1 b only ord9>y m5 & wom51 & /ill worse1 ord9>y boys & girls4#aga ,x w\ld be ( no use talk+ to our tea*]s 7/ill less our pupil-tea*]s7 ab\t develop+ ! affections & ! m5tal or bodily p[]s ( ! *ildr54 ,all su* talk c\ld end 9 no?+ b silly cant4 ,z = "*1 we expect ! s*ool to cultivate 9 ! *ildr5 habits ( ord]1 neatness1 indu/ry4 ,beyond ?is we _c g40 ,& yet1 ?\gh ?is seems reasonable1 we feel t x is n q satisfactory4 ,if s mu* dep5ds 9 all ( u on 8admiration1 hope1 & love10 we c h>dly consid] a sy/em ( education t entirely ignores !m to be well adapt$ to ! ne$s ( human nature4 ,if ,pe/alozzi 0 "r1 we mu/ be wrong4 ,we h nev] suppos$ ! object ( ! s*ool to be ! developm5t ( ! faculties ( he>t1 ( head1 & ( h&1 b we h ?\ght ( no?+ b le>n+--le>n+ fir/ ( all to read1 write1 & ciph]1 & !n 9 8good0 s*ools1 "o or m 8extra subjects0 may be tak5 up1 & a grant obta9$ = !m4 ,! sole object1 bo? ( manag]s & tea*]s1 is to prep>e = ! ,inspector1 :o comes once a ye>1 & f an exam9ation ( five h\rs or s1 pron\nces on :at ! *ildr5 h le>nt4 #aad4 ,! eng9e] mo/ conc]n$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,rob]t ,l[e1 ann\nc$ t !re c\ld be 8no su* ?+ z a sci5ce ( education20 & z :5 we h no op9ion ( our own we always adopt ! op9ion ( "s positive p]son1 we took 8 ^w = x4 ,b :at if ! confid5t ,mr4 ,l[e 0 mi/ak58 ,:at if !re is su* a sci5ce1 & ! aim ( x is t *ildr5 %\ld gr[ up n s mu* to "k some?+ z to be some?+8 ,9 ?is case we %all be oblig$ soon] or lat] to give up ,mr4 ,l[e & to come r\nd to ,pe/alozzi4#agb ,sci5ce is correct inf]5ces drawn f ! facts ( ! univ]se2 & :]e su* sci5ce exi/s1 confid5t ass]tions t x does n & _c exi/ are dang]\s = ! confid5t p]sons & = ^? :o foll[ !m4 ,ev5 if 8!re is no su* ?+ z a sci5ce ( education10 su* a ?+ z education !re is2 & ?is is j :at ,mr4 ,l[e1 & we may say ! ,engli%1 practically d5y4 ,!y make arrangem5ts = in/ruction & mete out 8! grant0 accord+ to ! results obta9$1 b !y totally fail to conceive ( ! exi/5ce ( education1 education :i* has in/ruction among its v>i\s ag5ts4 #aae4 ,9 "o respect ! analogy betwe5 ! educator & *ild & ! g>d5] & plant1 an analogy 9 :i* ,pe/alozzi no less ?an ,froebel delight$1 entirely breaks d[n4 ,! g>d5] has to /udy ! conditions necess>y = ! heal? & developm5t ( ! plant1 b ^! conditions lie outside 8 own life & are indep5d5t ( x4 ,) ! educator x is diff]5t4 ,l ! g>d5] he c create no?+ 9 ! *ild1 b unlike ! g>d5] he c fur!r ! developm5t only ( t :i* exi/s 9 himself4 ,he draws out 9 ! "y ! intellig5ce & ! s5se ( :at is j1 ! love ( :at is beautiful1 ! admiration ( :at is noble1 b ?is he c d only by 8 own intellig5ce & 8 own en?usiasm = :at is j & beautiful & noble4 ,ev5 indu/ry is 9 _m cases caught f ! tea*]4 ,9 a volume ( essays 7orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! ,=um71 9 :i* "s m51 di/+ui%$ z s*ol>s or 9 lit]ature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h giv5 an acc\nt ( _! e>ly ye>s1 we f9d t almo/ 9 e case !y date _! intellectual indu/ry & gr[? f ! "t :5 !y came "u ! influ5ce ( "s inspir+ tea*]4 ,?us ev5 = in/ruction & /ill m = education1 ! great =ce is ! tea*]4 ,?is is a tru? :i* all our 8p>ties0 ov]look4 ,!y wage _! controv]sies & h _! triumphs & defeats ab\t uness5tials1 & leave ! ess5tials to 8crot*ety educationi/s40 ,9 su* que/ions z :e!r ! ,*ur* ,cate*ism %all or %all n be taught1 :e!r natural sci5ce %all or %all n figure 9 ! "t-table 7)\t sci5tific tea*]s x c figure n[h]e else71 :e!r ! p>5ts or ! ,gov]nm5t %all pay = ea* *ild twop5ce or ?reep5ce a week1 :e!r ! ratepay]s %all or %all n be 8repres5t$0 among ! ,manag]s 9 8volunt>y0 s*ools1 9 all que/ions ( ?is k9d education is n conc]n$2 & yet ^! are ! only que/ions t we ?9k ab\t4 ,9 ! end x w p]haps dawn ^u u t 9 e s*ool :at is important = education is n ! "t-table b ! tea*]1 & t s f> z pupil-tea*]s are employ$ education is impossible4 ,else:]e 7infra p4 #dgf7 ,i h told ( a man 9 ! prime ( life 7he seem$ betwe5 #dj & #ej ye>s old7 ^: "t 0 entirely tak5 up 9 tea*+ a l>ge class ( *ildr51 boys & girls1 ( six or sev5 ye>s4 ,he mo/ c]ta9ly c\ld & did educate !m bo? 9 he>t & m9d4 ,he made _! lessons a delightful occupation to !m1 & he ex]cis$ ov] !m ! influ5ce ( a good & wise fa!r4 ,"h 0 ! "r sy/em se5 at its be/4 ,i d n say t all or ev5 mo/ adult tea*]s w\ld h ex]cis$ s good an influ5ce z ?is g5tleman2 b s f> z !y come up to :at !y ought to be & might be !y d ex]cise su* an influ5ce4 ,& ?is ( c\rse c be said ( no pupil-tea*]4 #aaf4 ,z reg>ds s*ools !n1 s*ools = ! ri* & s*ools = ! poor1 ! great educat+ =ce is ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]4 ,be=e we c h ,pe/alozzian s*ools we mu/ h ,pe/alozzian tea*]s4 ,tea*]s mu/ cat* some?+ ( ,pe/alozzi's _s & ent] into 8 conception ( _! task4 ,p]haps "s ( !m w feel incl9$ to say3 8,f9e words1 no d\bt1 & 9 a s5se v true1 t education %\ld be ! unfold+ ( ! faculties accord+ to ! ,div9e idea2 b betwe5 ?is high poetical !ory & ! dull prose ( actual s*ool-tea*+1 !re is a great gulf fix$1 & we _c att5d to bo? at ! same "t40 ,i "k full well ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 !ories & plans ( education z !y seem to u :5 we are at leisure & c ?9k ( !m )\t ref]5ce to p>ticul> pupils1 & :5 all our en]gy is tax$ to get ?r\gh our day's tea*+1 & our animal spirits jad$ by hav+ to keep ord] & exact att5tion among v]itable s*oolboys :o d n answ] 9 all respects to 8! "y0 ( ! !ori/s4 ,b :il/ admitt+ mo/ he>tily ! diff]5ce "h1 z else:]e1 betwe5 ! actual & ! ideal1 ,i ?9k t ! dull prose ( s*ool-tea*+ w\ld be less dull & less prosaic if our aim 0 high]1 & if we did n cont5t$ly assume t our pres5t p]=mances are z good z ! nature ( ! case w admit (4 ,_m tea*]s 7p]haps ,i may say mo/7 are discont5t$ ) ! great] numb] ( _! pupils1 b x is n s usual = tea*]s to be discont5t$ ) !mselves4 ,& yet ev5 ^? :o are mo/ av]se f !oretical views1 :i* !y call unpractical1 w\ld admit1 z practical m51 t _! me?ods are probably susceptible ( improvem5t1 & t ev5 if _! me?ods are "r1 !y !mselves are by no means p]fect tea*]s4 ,only let ! desire ( improvem5t once exi/1 & ! tea*] w f9d a new int]e/ 9 8 "w4 ,9 "p1 ! treadmill-l monotony s we>+ to ! spirits w be done away1 & he w at times h ! enc\ragem5t ( consci\s progress4 ,to a man ?us m9d$1 !ori/s may be ( great assi/ance4 ,8 practical k may1 inde$1 (t5 %[ him ! absurdity ( "s pomp\sly enunciat$ pr9ciple1 & ev5 :]e ! pr9ciples seem s\nd1 he may smile at ! applications4 ,b ! !ori/s w %[ him _m aspects ( 8 pr(ession1 & w lead him to make _m obs]vations 9 x1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h escap$ him4 ,!y w save him f a dang] caus$ by ! difficulty ( gett+ any?+ done 9 ! s*ool-room1 ! dang] ( ?9k+ m ( means ?an ends4 ,!y w tea* him to exam9e :at 8 aim really is1 & !n :e!r he is us+ ! mo/ suitable me?ods to accompli% x4 ,su* a !ori/ is ,pe/alozzi4 ,he po9ts to a high ideal1 & bids u measure our modes ( education by x4 ,let u n =get t if we are practical m5 we are ,*ri/ians1 & z su* ! ideal set be=e u is ! highe/ ( all4 8,be ye p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect40 ,! ,pe/alozzian lit]ature 9 ,g]man & ev5 9 ,fr5* is n[ consid]able1 b x is /ill small 9 ,engli%4 ,! book ,i h made mo/ use ( is ,hi/oire de ,pe/alozzi p> ,r4 de ,guimps 7,lausanne1 ,bridel71 ) its translation by ,john ,russell 7,london3 ,sonn5s*e94 ,appleton's3 ,n4 ,yk474 ,9 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's ,pe/alozzi & ,pe/alozzianism are collect$ "s good pap]s1 among !m ,tille>d's trans4 f ,raum]4 ,we also h ,h4 ,kruesi's ,pe/alozzi 7,c9c9atti3 ,wilson1 ,h9kle1 ,co474 ,i h already m5tion$ ,miss ,*ann+'s ,leon>d & ,g]trude4 ,! ,lett]s to ,greaves are n[ out ( pr9t4 ,a complete acc\nt ( ,pe/alozzi & ev]y?+ connect$ ) him1 bibliography includ$1 is giv5 9 ,m4 ,j4 ,guillaume's article ,pe/alozzi1 9 ,buisson's ,dictionnaire de ,pdagogie4 7,see also ,pe/alozzi p> ,j4 ,guillaume 7,ha*ette7 j publi%$47 ,,xvii4 ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4 7#aghc-aheb47 #a4 ,i n[ approa* ! mo/ difficult "p ( my subject4 ,i h endeav\r$ to give "s acc\nt ( ! lessons taught u by ! *ief ,educational ,re=m]s4 ,no d\bt my selection ( ^! has be5 made 9 a fa%ion some:at arbitr>y1 & !re are names :i* d n appe> & yet might reasonably be look$ = if all ! *ief ,educational ,re=m]s 7 suppos$ to be includ$4 ,b ! plan ( my book has re/rict$ me to a few1 & ,i am by no means sure t "s to :om ,i h giv5 a *apt] are z wor?y ( x z "s to :om ,i h n4 ,i h 9 a measure be5 guid$ by fancy & ev5 by *ance4 ,"o man1 h[ev]1 ,i d>e n leave out4 ,all ! be/ t5d5cies ( mod]n ?\ght on education seem to me to culm9ate 9 :at 0 said & done by ,fri$ri* ,froebel1 & ,i h little d\bt t he has %[n ! "r road = fur!r advance4 ,( :at he said & did ,i !re=e feel b\nd to give ! be/ acc\nt ,i c1 b ,i am well aw>e t ,i %all fail1 ev5 m conspicu\sly ?an 9 o!r cases1 to d him ju/ice4 ,!re are "s great m5 :o seem to h access to a _w f :i* we ord9>y mortals are %ut out4 ,l ,moses 8!y g up into ! ,m\nt10 & ! directions !y give u are bas$ ^u :at !y h se5 9 x4 ,b we _c g up ) !m2 s we feel t we v imp]fectly und]/& !m2 & :5 !re c be n ! smalle/ d\bt ( _! s9c]ity we at times hesitate ab\t ! nature ( _! visions4 ,= myself ,i mu/ admit t ,i v imp]fectly und]/& ,froebel4 ,i am conv9c$1 z ,i said1 t he has po9t$ out ! "r road = our advance 9 education2 b he 0 p]haps "r 9 say+3 8,c5turies may yet pass be=e my view ( ! human creature z manife/$ 9 ! *ild1 & ( ! educational treatm5t x requires1 are univ]sally receiv$40 ,x has already tak5 c5turies to recov] f ! mi/akes made at ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,= ! full atta9m5t ( ,froebel's /&po9t p]haps a few additional c5turies may be necess>y4 #b4 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,augu/ ,froebel#agc 0 born at ,ob]weissba*1 a village ( ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/1 on ! #ba/ ,april1 #aghc4 ,he complet$ 8 sev5tie? ye>1 & di$ at ,m>i5?al1 ne> ,bad-,lieb5/e91 on ! #ba/ ,june1 #aheb4 ,l ,com5ius1 ) :om he _h mu* 9 common1 he 0 neglect$ 9 8 y\?2 & ! remembrance ( 8 own e>ly suff]+s made him 9 aft] life ! m eag] 9 promot+ ! happ9ess ( *ildr54 ,8 "m he lo/ 9 8 infancy1 & 8 fa!r1 ! pa/or ( ,ob]weissba* & ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 att5d$ to 8 p>i% b n to 8 family4 ,fri$ri* soon _h a /epmo!r1 & neglect 0 succe$$ by /epmo!rly att5tion2 b a mat]nal uncle took pity on him1 & = "s ye>s gave him a home a few miles (f at ,/adt-,ilm4 ,"h he w5t to ! village s*ool1 b l _m ?\ghtful boys he pass$ = a dunce4 ,?r\gh\t life he 0 always seek+ = hidd5 connexions & an und]ly+ unity 9 all ?+s4 ,9 8 own words3 8,man1 p>ticul>ly 9 boyhood1 %\ld become intimate ) nature--n s mu* ) ref]5ce to ! details & ! out] =ms ( h] ph5om5a z ) ref]5ce to ! ,_s ( ,god t lives 9 h] & rules ov] h]4 ,inde$1 ! boy feels ?is deeply & dem&s x0 7,ed4 ( ,m41 ,hailmann's trans41 p4 #afb74 ,b no?+ ( ?is unity 0 to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! piecemeal /udies ( ! s*ool2 s ,froebel's m9d1 busy z x 0 = itself1 w\ld n "w = ! ma/]s4 ,8 half-bro!r 0 !re=e ?\ght m wor?y ( a univ]sity education1 & ,fri$ri* 0 appr5tic$ = two ye>s to a =e/] 7#agig-agii74 ,left to himself 9 ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/1 ,froebel n[ began to 8become intimate ) nature20 & )\t sci5tific in/ruction he obta9$ a pr(\nd insight into ! uni=mity & ess5tial unity ( nature's laws4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds ! celebrat$ ,jahn 7! 8,fa!r ,jahn0 ( ! ,g]man gymna/s7 told a ,b]l9 /ud5t ( a que] fell[ he _h met1 :o made out all sorts ( wond]ful ?+s f /ones & cobwebs4 ,?is 8que] fell[0 0 ,froebel2 & ! habit ( mak+ out g5]al tru?s f ! obs]vation ( nature1 especially ( plants & trees1 dat$ f 8 solit>y rambles 9 ! ,=e/4 ,no tra9+ c\ld h be5 bett] suit$ to /r5g!n 8 inborn t5d5cy to my/icism2 & :5 he left ! ,=e/ at ! e>ly age ( sev5te51 he seems to h be5 possess$ by ! ma9 ideas :i* influ5c$ him all 8 life4 ,! conception :i* 9 him dom9at$ all o!rs 0 ! unity ( nature2 & he long$ to /udy natural sci5ces t he might f9d 9 !m v>i\s applications ( nature's univ]sal laws4 ,) great difficulty he got leave to jo9 8 eld] bro!r at ! univ]sity ( ,j5a2 & !re = a ye> he w5t f lecture-room to lecture-room hop+ to grasp t connexion ( ! sci5ces :i* _h = him f> m attraction ?an any p>ticul> sci5ce 9 itself4 ,b ,froebel's all[ance ( money 0 v small1 & 8 skill 9 ! managem5t ( money 0 nev] great2 s 8 univ]sity c>e] end$ 9 an imprisonm5t ( n9e weeks = a debt ( ?irty %ill+s4 ,he !n return$ home ) v poor prospects1 b mu* m int5t on :at he calls ! c\rse ( 8self-completion0 7,v]vollkommnung me9es selb/7 ?an on 8gett+ on0 9 a worldly po9t ( view4 ,he 0 soon s5t to le>n f>m+1 b 0 recall$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fail+ heal? ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 #ahjb ! fa!r di$1 & ,froebel1 n[ tw5ty ye>s old1 _h to %ift = himself4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e he f\nd 8 true vocation1 & = ! next ?ree-&-a half ye>s we f9d him at "w n[ 9 "o "p ( ,g]many n[ 9 ano!r1--sometimes l&-survey+1 sometimes act+ z acc\ntant1 sometimes z private secret>y4 #c4 ,b 9 all ?is 8 8out] life 0 f> remov$ f 8 inn] life40 8,i c>ri$ my own _w )9 me10 he tells u1 8& ?is x 0 = :i* ,i c>$ & :i* ,i *]i%$40 ,9 spite ( 8 outw>d circum/ances he became m & m consci\s t a great task lay be=e him = ! good ( humanity2 & ?is consci\sness prov$ fatal to 8 8settl+ d[n40 8,to !e may ,fate soon give a settl$ he>? & a lov+ wife0 7?us he wrote 9 a fri5d's album 9 #ahje72 8me let x keep w&]+ )\t re/1 & all[ only "t to le>n aright my true relation to ! _w & to my own inn] be+4 ,d ?\ give bread to m52 be x my ef=t to give m5 to !mselves0 7,k4 ,s*midt's ,ges*4 d4 ,pd41 #crd ed4 by ,lange1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bgg74 #d4 ,z yet ! nature ( ! task 0 n cle> to him1 & x seem$ det]m9$ by accid5t4 ,:ile /udy+ ar*itecture 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 he became acqua9t$ ) ! director ( a model s*ool :o _h caught "s ( ! en?usiasm ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,?is fri5d saw t ,froebel's true field 0 education1 & he p]suad$ him to give up ar*itecture & take a po/ 9 ! model s*ool4 8,! v fir/ "t10 he says1 8t ,i f\nd myself be=e ?irty or =ty boys1 ,i felt ?or\ghly at home4 ,9 fact1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ,i _h at la/ f\nd my long-miss$ life-elem5t2 & ,i wrote to my bro!r t ,i 0 z well pleas$ z ! fi% 9 ! wat]3 ,i 0 inexpressibly happy40 #e4 ,9 ?is s*ool ,froebel work$ = two ye>s ) rem>kable success2 b he felt m & m 8 ne$ ( prep>ation1 s he !n retir$ & und]took ! education ( ?ree lads ( "o family4 ,ev5 9 ?is he c\ld n satisfy himself1 & he obta9$ ! p>5ts' cons5t to 8 tak+ ! boys to ,yv]dun1 & !re =m+ ) !m a "p ( ! celebrat$ in/itution ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,?us f #ahjg till #ahji ,froebel 0 dr9k+ 9 ,pe/alozzianism at ! f\nta9 head1 & qualify+ himself to c>ry on ! "w :i* ,pe/alozzi _h begun4 ,= ! sci5ce ( education _h to d$uce f ,pe/alozzi's exp]i5ce pr9ciples :i* ,pe/alozzi himself c\ld n d$uce2 & 8,froebel1 ! pupil ( ,pe/alozzi1 & a g5ius l 8 ma/]1 complet$ ! re=m]'s sy/em2 tak+ ! results at :i* ,pe/alozzi _h arriv$ ?r\gh ! necessities ( 8 position1 ,froebel develop$ ! ideas involv$ 9 !m1 n by fur!r exp]i5ce b by d$uction f ! nature ( man1 & ?us he atta9$ to ! conception ( true human developm5t & to ! requirem5ts ( true education0 7,s*midt's ,ges*4 d4 ,pd474 #f4 ,hold+ t man & nature1 inasmu* z !y proce$ f ! same ,s\rce1 mu/ be gov]n$ by ! same laws1 ,froebel long$ = m k ( natural sci5ce4 ,ev5 ,pe/alozzi seem$ to him n to 8hon\r sci5ce 9 h] div9ity40 ,he !re=e det]m9$ to cont9ue ! univ]sity c\rse :i* _h be5 s rudely int]rupt$ elev5 ye>s be=e1 & 9 #ahaa he began /udy+ at ,gtt+51 :5ce he proce$$ to ,b]l94 ,9 8 ,autobiography he tells u3 8,! lectures = :i* ,i _h s long$ really came up to ! ne$s ( my m9d & s\l1 & made me feel m f]v5tly ?an ev] ! c]ta9ty ( ! demon/rable inn] connexion ( ! :ole cosmical developm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,i saw also ! possibility ( man's becom+ consci\s ( ?is absolute unity ( ! univ]se1 z well z ( ! div]sity ( ?+s & appe>ances :i* is p]petually unfold+ itself )9 t unity2 & !n :5 ,i _h made cle> to myself1 & br\ght fully home to my consci\sness ! view t ! inf9itely v>i$ ph5om5a 9 man's life1 "w1 ?\ght1 feel+1 & position 7 all summ$ up 9 ! unity ( 8 p]sonal exi/5ce ,i felt myself able to turn my ?\ghts once m to educational problems0 7,autob4 trans4 by ,mi*aelis & ,moore1 p4 #hi74 ,b aga9 8 /udies 7 int]rupt$1 ?is "t by ! k+ ( ,prussia's celebrat$ call 8,to my p40 ,?\gh n a ,prussian1 ,froebel 0 he>t & s\l a ,g]man4 ,he !re=e respond$ to ! call1 enli/$ 9 ,ltz['s corps1 & w5t ?r\gh ! campaign ( #ahac4 ,8 milit>y ard\r1 h[ev]1 did n take 8 m9d (f education4 8,ev]y:]e10 he writes1 8z f> z ! fatigues ,i und]w5t all[$1 ,i c>ri$ 9 my ?\ghts my future call+ z educator2 yes1 ev5 9 ! few engagem5ts 9 :i* ,i _h to take "p4 ,ev5 9 ^! ,i c\ld ga!r exp]i5ce = ! task ,i propos$ to myself40 ,froebel's soldi]+ %[$ him ! value ( discipl9e & unit$ action1 h[ ! individual belongs n to himself b to ! :ole body1 & h[ ! :ole body supports ! individual4 ,froebel 0 rew>d$ = 8 patriotism by ! fri5d%ip ( two m5 ^: names w always be associat$ ) 81 ,lange?al & ,midd5dorff4 ,^! "y m51 t5 ye>s y\ng] ?an ,froebel1 became atta*$ to him 9 ! field1 & 7 ev] aft]w>ds 8 devot$ foll[]s1 sacrific+ all _! prospects 9 life = ! sake ( c>ry+ out 8 ideas4 #g4 ,at ! peace ( ,fonta9ebleau 7sign$ 9 ,may1 #ahad7 ,froebel return$ to ,b]l91 & became curator ( ! ,museum ( ,m9]alogy "u ,pr(essor ,weiss4 ,9 accept+ ?is appo9tm5t f ! ,gov]nm5t he seem$ to turn aside f 8 "w z educator2 b if n tea*+ he 0 le>n+4 ,! unity ( nature & human nature seem$ m & m to reveal itself to him4 ,( ! days pa/ 9 ! museum he aft]w>ds wrote3 8,"h 0 ,i at ! c5tral po9t ( my life & /rife1 :]e inn] work+ & law1 :]e life1 nature1 & ma!matics 7 unit$ 9 ! fix$ cry/al9e =m1 :]e a _w ( symbols lay op5 to ! inn] eye40 ,aga9 he says3 8,! /ones 9 my h& & "u my eye became speak+ =ms4 ,! _w ( cry/als decl>$ to me ! life & laws ( life ( man1 & 9 /ill b real & s5sible spee* taught ! true life ( humanity40 8,geology & cry/allography n only op5$ = me a high] circle ( k & insight1 b also %[$ me a high] goal = my inquiry1 my speculation1 & my endeav\r4 ,nature & man n[ seem$ to me mutually to expla9 ea* o!r ?r\gh all _! numb]less v>i\s /ages ( developm5t4 ,man1 z ,i saw1 receives f a k ( natural objects1 ev5 because ( _! imm5se deep-seat$ div]sity1 a f\ndation = & a guidance t[>ds a k ( himself & life1 & a prep>ation = ! manife/ation ( t k0 7,autob4 ut supra1 p4 #ig74 ,m & m ! ?\ght possess$ him t ! "o ?+ ne$ful = man 0 unity ( developm5t1 p]fect evolution 9 accordance ) ! laws ( 8 be+1 su* evolution z sci5ce discov]s 9 ! o!r organisms ( nature4 #h4 ,he at fir/ int5d$ to become a tea*] ( natural sci5ce1 b be=e long wid] views dawn$ ^u him4 ,lange?al & ,midd5dorff 7 9 ,b]l91 engag$ 9 tuition4 ,froebel gave !m regul> in/ruction 9 8 !ory1 & at l5g?1 c\nt+ on _! support1 he resolv$ to set ab\t realis+ 8 own idea ( 8! new education40 ,?is 0 9 #ahaf4 ,?ree ye>s be=e "o ( 8 bro!rs1 a cl]gyman1 _h di$ ( fev] caught f ! ,fr5* prison]s4 ,8 wid[ 0 /ill liv+ 9 ! p>sonage at ,grie%eim1 a village on ! ,ilm4 ,froebel gave up 8 po/ 9 ,b]l91 & set out = ,grie%eim on foot1 sp5d+ 8 v la/ gros*5 on ! way = bread4 ,"h he und]took ! education ( 8 orphan niece & nephews1 & also ( two m nephews s5t him by ano!r bro!r4 ,) ^! he op5$ a s*ool1 & wrote to ,midd5dorff & ,lange?al to come & help 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,midd5dorff came at once1 ,lange?al a ye> or two lat]1 :5 ! s*ool _h be5 mov$ to ,keilhau1 ano!r ( ! ,?ur+ian villages1 :i* became ! ,mecca ( ! new fai?4 ,9 ,keilhau1 ,froebel1 ,lange?al1 ,midd5dorff1 & ,b>op1 a relation ( ,midd5dorff's1 all m>ri$ & =m$ an educational community4 ,su* zeal c\ld n be fruitless1 & ! s*ool gradually increas$1 ?\gh = _m ye>s its tea*]s1 ) ,froebel at _! head1 7 9 ! greate/ /raits = money1 & at times ev5 = food4 ,k>l ,froebel1 :o 0 br\ght up 9 ! s*ool1 tells h[1 on "o occasion1 he & ! o!r *ildr5 7 s5t to ramble 9 ! woods till "s ( ! se$-corn provid$ = ! com+ ye> _h be5 turn$ into bread = !m4 ,besides ^! difficulties ! community suff]$ f ! panic & reaction aft] ! murd] ( ,kotzebue 7#ahai71 & 7 p]secut$ z a ne/ ( demagogues4 ,b 8! ,new ,education0 0 suffici5tly successful to attract notice f all qu>t]s2 & :5 he _h be5 t5 ye>s at ,keilhau 7#ahbf7 ,froebel publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,! ,education ( ,man4 #i4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he det]m9$ to />t o!r in/itutions 9 connexion ) ! p>5t in/itution at ,keilhau2 & be+ (f]$ by a private fri5d ! use ( a ca/le on ! ,w>t5see1 9 ! canton ( ,luc]ne1 he left ,keilhau "u ! direction ( ,b>op1 & ) ,lange?al made a settlem5t 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 0 v ill *os54 ,! ,ca?olic cl]gy resi/$ :at !y consid]$ z a ,prote/ant invasion1 & ! exp]im5t on ! ,w>t5see & at ,willisau 9 ! same canton1 to :i* ! in/itution 0 mov$ 9 #ahcc1 nev] _h a fair *ance4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,midd5dorff at ,froebel's call left 8 wife & family at ,keilhau1 & lab\r$ = f\r ye>s 9 ,switz]l& )\t once see+ !m4 ,! ,swiss in/itution nev] fl\ri%$4 ,b ! ,swiss ,gov]nm5t wi%$ to turn to acc\nt ! pres5ce ( ! great educator2 s "y tea*]s 7 s5t to ,froebel = in/ruction1 & f9ally he remov$ to ,burgdorf 7a t[n already fam\s f ,pe/alozzi's lab\rs !re ?irty ye>s e>li]7 to und]take ! e/abli%m5t ( a public orphanage1 & also to sup]9t5d a c\rse ( tea*+ = s*oolma/]s4 ,! elem5t>y tea*]s ( ! canton 7 to sp5d ?ree mon?s e alt]nate ye> at ,burgdorf1 & !re comp>e exp]i5ces1 & le>n ( di/+ui%$ m5 su* z ,froebel & ,bitzius4 #aj4 ,9 8 conf]5ces ) ^! tea*]s ,froebel f\nd t ! s*ools suff]$ f ! /ate ( ! raw mat]ial br\ght into !m4 ,till ! s*ool age 0 rea*$ ! *ildr5 7 entirely neglect$4 ,froebel's conception ( h>moni\s developm5t naturally l$ him to atta* mu* importance to ! e>lie/ ye>s1 & 8 great "w on ,! ,education ( ,man1 publi%$ z e>ly z #ahbf1 deals *iefly ) ! education ( *ildr54 ,at ,burgdorf 8 ?\ghts 7 mu* occupi$ ) ! prop] treatm5t ( "y *ildr51 & 9 s*em+ = !m a graduat$ c\rse ( ex]cises modell$ on ! games 9 :i* he obs]v$ !m to be mo/ int]e/$4 ,9 8 eag]ness to c>ry out 8 new plans he grew impati5t ( (ficial re/ra9ts2 & p>tly f ?is reason1 p>tly on acc\nt ( 8 wife's ill heal?1 he left ,burgdorf )\t ev5 actually becom+ 8,wais5vat]0 7fa!r ( ! orphans74#agd ,aft] a soj\rn ( "s mon?s 9 ,b]l91 :]e he 0 deta9$ ?r\gh family affairs1 b us$ ! opportunities ?us af=d$ ( exam9+ ! rec5tly f\nd$ infant s*ools1 ,froebel return$ to ,keilhau1 & soon aft]w>ds op5$ ! fir/ ,k9d]g>t51 or 8,g>d5 ( ,*ildr510 9 ! neighb\r+ village ( ,blank5burg 7,a4,d4 #ahcg74 ,n only ! ?+ b ! "n seem$ to ,froebel a happy inspiration1 & x has n[ become insep>ably connect$ ) 8 own4 ,p]haps we c h>dly und]/& ! pleasure he took 9 x unless we "k its pr$ecessor1 ,kle9k9d]bes*ftigungsan/alt4 #aa4 ,firmly conv9c$ ( ! importance ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 = ! :ole human race1 ,froebel describ$ 8 sy/em 9 a weekly pap] 78 ,sonntagsblatt7 :i* appe>$ f ! middle ( #ahcg till #ahdj4 ,he also lectur$ 9 great t[ns2 & he gave a regul> c\rse ( in/ruction to "y tea*]s at ,blank5burg4 #ab4 ,b al?\gh ! pr9ciples ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 7 gradually mak+ _! way1 ! fir/ ,k9d]g>t5 0 fail+ = want ( funds4 ,x _h to be giv5 up2 & ,froebel1 n[ a wid[] 7he _h lo/ 8 wife 9 #ahci71 c>ri$ on 8 c\rse = tea*]s fir/ at ,keilhau1 & f #ahdh1 = ! la/ f\r ye>s ( 8 life1 at or ne> ,lieb5/e91 9 ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/1 & 9 ! du*y ( ,me9+54 ,x is 9 ^! la/ ye>s t ! man ,froebel w be be/ kn[n to po/]ity2 = 9 #ahdi be attract$ )9 ! circle ( 8 influ5ce a woman ( great intellectual p[]1 ! ,b>oness von ,m>5holtz-,bl[1 :o has giv5 u 9 h] ,recollections ( ,fri$ri* ,froebel ! only life-l portrait we possess4 ,9 ^! records ( p]sonal int]c\rse we see ! tru? ( ,de9h>dt's words3 8,! liv+ p]ception ( univ]sal & ideal tru? :i* 8 talk reveal$ to u1 8 unb\nd$ en?usiasm = ! education & happ9ess ( ! human race1 8 will+ness to (f] up ev]y?+ he possess$ = ! sake ( 8 idea1 ! /ream ( ?\ghts :i* fl[$ f 8 en?usiasm = ! ideal z f an inexhau/ible f\nta91 all ^! made ,froebel a wond]ful appe>ance 9 ! _w1 by :om no unprejudic$ spectator c\ld fail to be attract$ & elevat$40 #ac4 ,^! seem$ likely to be ,froebel's mo/ peaceful days4 ,he m>ri$ aga92 & hav+ n[ devot$ himself to ! tra9+ ( wom5 z educators1 he sp5t 8 "t 9 in/ruct+ 8 class ( "y female tea*]s4 ,b tr\ble came ^u him f a qu>t] :5ce he lea/ expect$ x4 ,9 ! great ye> ( revolutions1 #ahdh1 ,froebel _h hop$ to turn to acc\nt ! g5]al eag]ness = improvem5t1 & ,midd5dorff _h pres5t$ an address on ,k9d]g>t5s to ! ,g]man ,p>liam5t4 ,besides ?is a nephew ( ,froebel's publi%$ books :i* 7 suppos$ to tea* socialism4 ,true ! uncle & nephew diff]$ s widely t 8! ,new ,froebelians0 7 ! enemies ( ! 8,old40 ,b ! di/9ction 0 ov]look$1 & ,fri$ri* & ,k>l ,froebel 7 reg>d$ z ! unit$ advocates ( 8"s new ?+40 ,9 ! reaction :i* soon set 91 ,froebel f\nd himself suspect$ ( socialism & irreligion2 & 9 #ahea ! ,cultus-m9i/] ,raum] issu$ an edict =bidd+ ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 8aft] ,fri$ri* & ,k>l ,froebel's pr9ciples0 9 ,prussia4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,froebel prov$ t 8 pr9ciples diff]$ fundam5tally f 8 nephew's4 ,x 0 9 va9 t a congress ( s*oolma/]s1 presid$ ov] by ! celebrat$ ,die/]weg1 prote/$ aga9/ ! calumni\s decree4 ,! ,m9i/] turn$ a deaf e>1 & ! decree rema9$ 9 =ce t5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,froebel 7i4e41 till #ahfb74 ,b ! edict 0 a heavy bl[ to ! old man1 :o look$ to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! 8,cultus-/aat0 ,prussia = support1 & 0 met ) d5unciation4 ,( ! ju/ice ( ! *>ge br\ght by ! ,m9i/] aga9/ ,froebel ! read] may judge f ! acc\nt ( 8 pr9ciples giv5 bel[4 ,:e!r f ! worry ( ?is new controv]sy1 or f :atev] cause1 ,froebel did n long survive ! decree4 ,8 sev5tie? bir?day 0 celebrat$ ) great rejoic+s 9 ,may1 #aheb1 b he di$ 9 ! foll[+ mon?1 & lies buri$ at ,s*we9a1 a village ne> 8 la/ abode1 ,m>i5?al4 #ad4 ,?r\gh\t ^! essays my object has be5 to collect :at seem$ to me ! mo/ valuable lessons ( v>i\s ,re=m]s4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i h _h to judge & decide :at 0 mo/ valuable1 & at times to criticise & diff] f my au?orities4 ,?is may p]haps give rise to ! "q1 ,d y !n ?9k y\rself ! sup]ior or at lea/ ! equal ( ! great m5 y criticise8 & ,i c\ld only reply 9 all s9c]ity1 ,i mo/ c]ta9ly d n4 ,if ,i am ask$ fur!r1 :at !n is my attitude t[>ds !m8 ,i reply1 x diff]s v mu* ) diff]5t individuals4 ,i _c say ,i am prep>$ to sit at ! feet ( ,mulca/]1 or ,dury1 or ,petty4 ,9 writ+ ( ^! m5 ,i simply po9t out v e>ly expression ( ideas t foll[+ g5]ations h develop$ p>tially & we are develop+ /ill4 ,:5 we come to ! great lead]s we see among !m m5 l ,com5ius :o unite a ?or\gh /udy ( :at has already be5 ?\ght & done ) a g5ius = orig9al ?9k+1 m5 l ,locke ) spl5did intellectual gifts & a p[] ( happy & cle> expression1 m5 l ,r\sseau ) a tal5t = %ak+ !mselves free f 8cu/om0--cu/om :i* 8lies ^u u ) a weight1 ,heavy z fro/ & deep almo/ z life10 & besides ?is 79 8 case at lea/7 end[$ ) a voice to be he>d ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!n aga9 we h m5 l ,pe/alozzi :o ) a g5ius = inve/igat+1 devote _! lives to ! inve/igation1 & m5 l ,froebel :o seem to p5etrate to a region above u or at lea/ beyond u1 & to talk ab\t x 9 language :i* at times only p>tially conveys a mean+4 ,f all ^! m5 we h mu* to le>n2 & t we may d ?is we mu/ come z le>n]s to !m4 ,:5 we ?us come we f9d t ! great lessons !y tea* become cle>] & cle>] z ea* takes up :olly or 9 "p :at has be5 taught by 8 pr$ecessors & adds to x4 ,"s ( ^! lessons we may n[ receive z e/abli%$ tru?s & seek to con=m our practice to !m4 ,b 9 foll[+ our lead]s we d>e n close our eyes4 ,be=e we c "k any?+ we mu/ see x1 z ,locke says1 ) our m9d's eye4 ,! great ?+ is to keep ! eye ( ! m9d wide op5 & always on ! look\t = tru?4 ,act+ on ?is conviction ,i h n bl9dly accept$ ! dicta ev5 ( ! greate/ m5 b h select$ ^? ( _! lessons :i* are taught if n by all at lea/ by mo/ ( !m1 & :i* also seem to evoke 8! spontane\s spr+ ( ! intellig5ce t[>ds tru?0 7see p4 #cfb1 supra74 #ae4 ,9 read+ ,froebel h[ev] ,i am consci\s t ?is 8spr+0 is want+4 ,be=e "o c accept tea*+ "o mu/ at lea/ und]/& x1 & ?is prelim9>y is n always possible :5 we w\ld le>n f ,froebel4 ,at times he goes entirely out ( sight1 & :e!r ! words we he> are ! expression ( deep tru? or h absolutely no mean+ at all1 ,i = my "p am at times totally unable to det]m9e4 ,b :]e ,i c und]/& him he seems to me s+ul>ly wise2 & work+ 9 ! same l9es z ,pe/alozzi he 9 "s respects advances f> beyond 8 great pr$ecessor4 #af4 ,bo? ^! m5 7 devotees ( sci5ce2 b in/ead ( f9d+ 9 sci5ce any?+ antagoni/ic to religion !y look$ ^u sci5ce z ! expression ( ! m9d ( ,god4 ,_! belief 0 j t :i* ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne _h utt]$ m ?an #bjj ye>s be=e 9 ! ,religio ,m$ici3 8,?\gh we *ri/5 effects by _! mo/ s5sible & ne>e/ causes yet is ,god ! true & infallible cause ( all1 ^: conc\rse i4e41 concurr5ce1 co-op]ation ?\gh x be g5]al1 yet do? x subdivide itself into ! p>ticul> actions ( ev]y?+1 & is t _s by :i* ea* s+ul> ess5ce n only subsi/s b p]=ms its op]ation40#age ,) ?is belief ,froebel s\ght to trace ev]y?+ back to ! c5tral ,unity1 to ,god4 ,! au?or ( ! ,de ,imitatione ,*ri/i has said3 8,! man to :om all ?+s are "o1 :o ref]s all ?+s to "o & sees all ?+s 9 "o1 he c /& firm & be at peace 9 ,god4 ,cui omnia unum sunt1 et qui omnia ad unum trahit1 et omnia 9 uno videt1 pote/ /abilis esse et 9 ,deo pacificus p]man]e0 7,de ,im4 ,xti4 lib4 i2 cap4 #c1 #b74 ,s ?\ght ,froebel1 & 8 great long+ 0 to ref] all ?+s to "o & see all ?+s 9 "o4 ,h[ev] little we may %>e ?is long+ we mu/ admit t x is a natural outcome f ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,if !re is ,"o 9 ,:om all 8live & move & h _! be+10 ev]y?+ %\ld be ref]r$ to ,him4 ,z ,froebel says1 8,9 ,allem wirkt und s*afft ,e9 ,leb51 ,weil das ,leb5 ,all' e9 e9z'g] ,gott gegeb54 7,9 ev]y?+ !re works & /irs "o life1 because to all ,"o ,god has giv5 life470 ,s long !n z we rema9 ,*ri/ians we mu/ agree ) ,froebel t all true education is f\nd$ on ,religion4 ,p]haps 9 ! end we may adopt 8 high ideal & say ) him1 8,education %\ld lead & guide man to cle>ness conc]n+ himself & 9 himself1 to peace ) nature1 & to unity ) ,god2 h5ce1 x %\ld lift him to a k ( himself & ( mank9d1 to a k ( ,god & ( ,nature1 & to ! pure & holy life to :i* su* k leads40 7,e4 ( ,m41 ,hailmann's t41 #e47 8,! object ( education is ! realization ( a fai?ful1 pure1 inviolate1 & h5ce holy life0 7,ib4 #d74 #ag4 ,?is is inde$ a high ideal3 & we naturally ask1 ,if we w\ld "w t[>ds x :at road w\ld ,froebel po9t out to u8 ,?is br+s u to 8 !ory ( developm5t or1 z x has be5 call$ s9ce ,d>w91 evolution4 ,! idea ( organic gr[? 0 fir/ def9itely appli$ to ! "y by ,pe/alozzi1 b x 0 m cle>ly & consi/5tly appli$ by ,froebel4 ,x has gone =? conqu]+ & to conqu]2 & ?\gh f> inde$ f be+ accept$ by ! tea*+ pr(ession ( ?is age1 x is likely to h a va/ influ5ce on ! practice ( ^? :o w come aft] !m4 ,i !re=e give ! foll[+ /atem5t ( x1 :i* seems to me excell5t3-- 8,! fir/ ?+ to note 9 ! idea ( developm5t is t x indicates1 n an increase 9 bulk or quantity 7?\gh x may include ?is71 b an increase 9 complexity ( /ructure1 an improvem5t 9 p[]1 skill1 & v>iety 9 ! p]=mance ( natural functions4 ,we say t a ?+ is fully develop$ :5 its int]nal organisation is p]fect 9 e detail1 & :5 x c p]=m all its natural actions or functions p]fectly4 ,if we apply ?is di/9ction to m9d1 an increase 9 bulk w be repres5t$ by an increase 9 ! am\nt ( mat]ial reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 9 ! memory2 developm5t w be a p]fect+ ( ! /ructure ( ! m9d itself1 an increase ( p[] & skill & v>iety 9 deal+ ) k1 & 9 putt+ k to all its natural uses4 ,! next ?+ to consid] is h[ ?is developm5t is produc$4 ,h[ c we aid 9 promot+ ?is *ange f g]m to complete organism1 f p>tially develop$ ?+ to m highly develop$ ?+8 ,! answ] comes f e "p ( creation ) ev]-increas+ cle>ness & emphasis--developm5t is produc$ by ex]cise ( function1 use ( faculty4 ,neglect or disuse ( any "p ( an organism leads to ! dw9dl+1 & sometimes ev5 to ! disappe>ance1 ( t "p4 ,& ?is applies n only to individuals1 b /ret*es also f p>5t to *ild1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 con/itut+ !n :at we call h]$ity1 or :at ,froebel calls ! connect$ness ( humanity4 ,sl[ly ?r\gh successive g5]ations a faculty or organ may dw9dle & decay1 or may be br\ght to great] & great] p]fection4 ,z ,froebel puts x1 humanity pa/1 pres5t1 & future is "o cont9u\s :ole4 ,! am\nt ( developm5t1 !n1 possible 9 any p>ticul> case pla9ly dep5ds p>tly on ! orig9al outfit1 & p>tly 7& z a rule 9 a great] measure7 on ! opportunities !re h be5 = ex]cise1 & ! use made ( ^? opportunities4 ,if we wi% to develop ! h&1 we mu/ ex]cise ! h&4 ,if we wi% to develop ! body1 we mu/ ex]cise ! body4 ,if we wi% to develop ! m9d1 we mu/ ex]cise ! m9d4 ,if we wi% to develop ! :ole human be+1 we mu/ ex]cise ! :ole human be+4 ,b w any ex]cise suffice8 ,aga9 ! answ] is cle>4 ,only t ex]cise :i* is always 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ! ?+1 & :i* is always proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! ?+1 produces true developm5t4 ,all o!r ex]cise is p>tially or :olly hurtful4 ,& ano!r condition1 evid5t 9 e case1 becomes /ill m evid5t :5 we apply ^! laws to ! m9d4 ,to produce developm5t mo/ truly & effectively1 ! ex]cise mu/ arise f & be su/a9$ by ! ?+'s own activity--its own natural p[]s1 & all ( !m 7z f> z ^! are 9 any s5se connect$ ) ! activity propos$7 %\ld be awak5$ & become naturally active4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we desire to fur!r ! developm5t ( a plant1 :at we h to d is to induce ! plant 7& ! :ole ( x7 to become active 9 its own natural way1 & to help x to su/a9 t activity4 ,we may abridge ! "t2 we may modify ! result2 b we mu/ act ?r\gh & by ! plant's own activity4 ,?is activity ( a ?+'s own self we call self-activity 7,e4 ( ,m41 #i74 ,we g5]ally consid] ! m9d 9 ! light ( its ?ree activities ( kn[+1 feel+1 & will+4 ,! ex]cise :i* aims at produc+ m5tal developm5t mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( kn[+1 feel+1 & will+1 & cont9ually 9 proportion to _! /r5g?4 ,&1 fur!r1 x is f\nd t ! m ! activity is t ( ! :ole m9d1 ! m x is ! m9d's own activity--self-produc$1 & self-ma9ta9$1 & self-direct$--! bett] is ! result4 ,9 o!r words1 kn[+1 feel+1 & will+ mu/ all take _! rightful %>e 9 ! ex]cise2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 feel+ & will+--! m9d's p[]s ( prompt+ & n\ri%+1 ( ma9ta9+ & direct+ its own activities--mu/ nev] be neglect$0 7,h4 ,c4 ,b[5 on ,ed4 ( ,m474 #ah4 8,a div9e message or et]nal regulation ( ! ,univ]se !re v]ily is1 9 reg>d to e conceivable proc$ure & affair ( man2 fai?fully foll[+ ?is1 said proc$ure or affair w prosp] 444 n foll[+ ?is 444 de/ruction & wreck are c]ta9 = e affair40 ,^! words ( ,c>lyle's express ,froebel's ?\ght ab\t education4 ,be=e attempt+ to educate we mu/ d all we c to asc]ta9 ! div9e message & mu/ !n direct our proce$+s by x4 ,! div9e message mu/ be le>nt accord+ to ,froebel by /udy+ ! nature ( ! organism we h to assi/ 9 develop+4 ,ea* human be+ mu/ 8develop f )91 self-active & free1 9 accordance ) ! et]nal law4 ,?is is ! problem & ! aim ( all education 9 in/ruction & tra9+2 !re c be & %\ld be no o!r0 7,ed4 ( ,m41 #ac74 ,= 8all has come =? f ! ,div9e1 f ,god1 & is ?r\gh ,god alone condition$4 ,to ?is x is t all ?+s owe _! exi/5ce--to ! ,div9e work+ 9 !m4 ,! ,div9e elem5t t works 9 ea* ?+ is ! true idea 7das ,wes57 ( ! ?+40 ,!re=e 8! de/9y & call+ ( all ?+s is to develop _! true idea1 & 9 s do+ to reveal ,god 9 outw>d & ?r\gh pass+ =ms40 #ai4 ,:at we mu/ ?9k ( !n is ! 8true idea0 :i* ea* *ild %\ld develop4 ,h[ is ?is idea to be asc]ta9$8 ,9 o!r words1 h[ are we to le>n ! ,div9e ,message ab\t ! br++ up ( *ildr58 ,?is ,message is giv5 u ?r\gh ! works ( ,god4 8,9 ! creation1 9 nature & ! ord] ( ! mat]ial _w1 & 9 ! progress ( mank9d1 ,god has giv5 u ! true type 7,urbild7 ( education40 #bj4 ,s ,froebel w\ld h all educators lay to he>t ! great pr9ciple ( ! ,baconian philosophy3 ,we comm& ,nature only by obey+ h]4 ,!y are to be v cauti\s h[ !y int]f]e1 & ! education !y give is to be 8passive1 foll[+40 ,ev5 9 tea*+ !y mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t 8! purpose ( tea*+ is to br+ ev] m out ( man r ?an to put m & m into him40 7,ed4 ( ,m41 #bgi47 ,froebel 9 fact taught ! ,pe/alozzian doctr9e t ! function ( ! educator 0 t ( 8b5evol5t sup]9t5d5ce40#agf #ba4 ,b if ,froebel w\ld ?us limit ! action ( ! educator he w\ld greatly ext5d ! action ( ^? educat$2 & "h we see ! great pr9ciple ) :i* ! "n ( ,froebel is likely to be p]man5tly associat$4 8,! />t+-po9t ( all t appe>s1 ( all t exi/s1 & !re=e ( all intellectual conception1 is act1 action4 ,f ! act1 f action1 mu/ !re=e />t true human education1 ! develop+ education ( ! man2 9 action1 9 act+1 x mu/ be root$ & mu/ spr+ up4444 ,liv+1 act+1 conceiv+1--^! mu/ =m a triple *ord )9 e *ild ( man1 ?\gh ! s\nd n[ ( ?is /r+1 n[ ( t1 may prepond]ate1 & !n aga9 ( two toge!r40 #bb4 ,_m ?9k]s be=e ,froebel _h se5 ! transc5d5t importance ( action2 b ,froebel n only bas$ ev]y?+ ^u x1 b he bas$ x ^u ,god4 8,god creates & works productively 9 un9t]rupt$ cont9uity4 ,ea* ?\ght ( ,god is a "w1 a de$0 7,ed4 ( ,m41 #bc74 ,z ,jesus has said3 8,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto & ,i "w0 7,/4 ,john v1 #ag74 ,f ?is x foll[s t1 s9ce ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 8man %\ld create & br+ =? l ,god0 7,ed4 ( ,m41 ib474 8,he :o w e>ly le>n to recognise ! ,creator mu/ e>ly ex]cise 8 own p[] ( action ) ! consci\sness t he is br++ ab\t :at is good2 = ! do+ good is ! l9k betwe5 ! creature & ! ,creator1 & ! consci\s do+ ( x ! consci\s connexion1 ! true liv+ union ( ! man ) ,god1 ( ! individual man z ( ! human race1 & is !re=e at once ! />t+ po9t & ! et]nal aim ( all education40 ,else:]e he says3 8,we become truly ,god-l 9 dilig5ce & indu/ry1 9 work+ & do+1 :i* are accompani$ by ! cle> p]ception or ev5 by ! vague/ feel+ t !reby we repres5t ! inn] 9 ! out]2 t we give body to _s1 & =m to ?\ght2 t we r5d] visible ! invisible2 t we imp>t an outw>d1 f9ite1 transi5t be+ to life 9 ! _s4 ,?r\gh ?is ,god-lik5ess we rise m & m to a true k ( ,god1 to insight into ,8 ,_s2 & ?us1 inw>dly & outw>dly1 ,god comes ev] ne>] to u4 ,!re=e ,jesus says ( ! poor1 #8,!irs is ! k+dom ( heav51' if !y c\ld b see & "k x & practice x 9 dilig5ce & indu/ry1 9 productive & creative "w4 ,( *ildr5 too is ! k+dom ( heav52 = un*eck$ by ! presumption & conceit ( adults !y yield !mselves 9 *ild-l tru/ & *e]fulness to _! =mative & creative in/9ct0 7,ed4 ( ,m41 #bc4 ,p4 #ca74 #bc4 ,?is 8=mative & creative in/9ct0 :i* z we mu/ suppose has exi/$ 9 all *ildr5 9 all nations & 9 all ages ( ! _w1 ,froebel 0 ! fir/ to take duly into acc\nt = education4 ,pe/alozzi saw ! importance ( gett+ *ildr5 to ?9k1 & to ?9k ab\t _! mat]ial surr\nd+s4 ,^! ! *ild c obs]ve & se>* into2 & 9 do+ ?is he may discov] :at is n at fir/ obvi\s to sight or t\* & may ev5 asc]ta9 relations betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! same ?+ or connexions betwe5 diff]5t ?+s comp>$ toge!r4 ,all ^! discov]ies may be made by ! *ild's self-activity1 b only on "o condition1 viz43 t ! *ild is int]e/$4 ,b 9 ! se>* int]e/ soon flags & !n obs]vation comes to an end4 ,besides1 ev5 :ile x la/s 9 full vig\r ! activity is m5tal only2 x is conc]n$ ) p]ceiv+1 tak+ 92 & = developm5t some?+ m is ne$$2 ! organism mu/ n only take 91 x mu/ also give out4 ,& s we f9d 9 *ildr5 a re/less eag]ness to t\*1 pull ab\t1 & *ange ! condition ( ?+s ar\nd !m4 ,:5 ?is activity ( !irs1 in/ead ( be+ *eck$ is prop]ly direct$1 ! *ildr5 are delight$ 9 recognis+ desirable results :i* !y !mselves h br\ght ab\t2 especially ^? :i* give expression to :at is _! own ?\ght4 ,9 ?is way ! *ild 8r5d]s ! inn] out]20 & 9 ?us satisfy+ 8 creative in/9ct he is l$ to ex]cise "s faculties bo? ( m9d & body4 #bd4 ,! prom95ce :i* ,froebel gave to action1 8 doctr9e t man is prim>ily a do] & ev5 a creator1 & t he le>ns only ?r\gh 8self-activity10 may produce great *anges 9 educational me?ods g5]ally1 & n simply 9 ! treatm5t ( *ildr5 too "y = s*ool+4 ,b x 0 to ! fir/ /age ( life t ,froebel paid ! greate/ att5tion1 & x is ov] ?is /age t 8 influ5ce is gradually ext5d+4 ,froebel held t ea* age has a complet5ess ( its own 78,fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 !n ! full corn 9 ! e>071 & t ! p]fection ( ! lat] /age c be atta9$ only ?r\gh ! p]fection ( ! e>li]4 ,if ! infant is :at he %\ld be z an infant1 & ! *ild z a *ild1 he w become :at he %\ld be z a boy1 j z naturally z new %oots spr+ f ! heal?y plant4 ,e /age1 !n1 mu/ be c>$ = & t5d$ 9 su* a way t x may atta9 its own p]fection4 ,b z ,bacon says ) ref]5ce to education1 ! g>d5] be/[s mo/ c>e on ! "y plants1 & x 0 8! "y plants0 = :om ,froebel design$ 8 ,k9d]g>t54 ,l ,pe/alozzi he atta*$ ! v highe/ importance to giv+ in/ruction to mo!rs4 ,b he w\ld n l ,pe/alozzi leave "y *ildr5 entirely 9 ! "m's h&s4 ,!re 0 some?+ to be done = !m :i* ev5 ! ideal "m 9 ! ideal family c\ld n d4 ,pe/alozzi held t ! *ild belong$ to ! family4 ,fi*te on ! o!r h& claim$ x = society & ! /ate4 ,froebel1 ^: m9d1 l t ( our own !ologian ,fr$]ick ,maurice1 delight$ 9 h>monis+ app>5t contradictions1 & :o taught t 8all progress lay ?r\gh opposites to _! reconciliation10 ma9ta9$ t ! *ild belongs bo? to ! family & to society2 & he w\ld !re=e h *ildr5 prep>e = society by sp5d+ "s h\rs ( ! day 9 a common life & 9 well-organis$ common employm5ts4 #be4 ,8 /udy ( *ildr5 %[$ him t "o ( _! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics 0 re/lessness4 ,?is 01 fir/1 re/lessness ( body1 delight 9 m]e motion ( ! limbs2 &1 secondly1 re/lessness ( m9d1 a con/ant curiosity ab\t :atev] came )9 ! range ( ! s5ses1 & especially a desire to exam9e ) ! h& e unkn[n object )9 rea*4#agg ,*ildr5's fondness = us+ _! h&s 0 especially not$ by ,froebel2 & he f\nd t !y delight$1 n m]ely 9 exam9+ by t\*1 b also 9 alt]+ :atev] !y c\ld alt]1 & fur!r t !y endeav\r$ to imitate kn[n =ms :e!r by draw+ or :5ev] !y c\ld get any k9d ( pla/ic mat]ial by modell+4 ,besides rem>k+ 9 !m ^! v>i\s activities1 he saw t *ildr5 7 sociable & ne$$ ! sympa?y ( companions4 ,!re 01 too1 9 !m a gr[+ moral nature1 passions1 affections1 & consci5ce1 :i* ne$$ to be controll$1 respond$ to1 cultivat$4 ,bo? ! re/ra9ts & ! opportunities incid5t to a well-organis$ community w\ld be b5eficial to _! moral nature1 & prove a cure = selfi%ness4 #bf4 ,z all education 0 to be s\ght 9 rightly direct$ b spontane\s action1 ,froebel consid]$ h[ ! *ildr5 9 ?is community %\ld be employ$4 ,at t age _! mo/ natural employm5t is play1 especially z ,wordswor? has po9t$ out1 games 9 :i* !y imitate & 8con ! p>ts0 !y !mselves w h to fill 9 aft] ye>s4 ,froebel agre$ ) ,montaigne t ! games ( *ildr5 7 8_! mo/ s]i\s occupations10 & ) ,locke t 8all ! plays & div]sions ( *ildr5 %\ld be direct$ t[>ds good & useful habits1 or else !y w introduce ill ones0 7,?4 c4 ,ed41 #acj74 ,s he inv5t$ a c\rse ( occupations1 a great "p ( :i* consi/$ 9 social games4 ,_m ( ! names are connect$ ) ! 8,gifts10 z he call$ ! s]ies ( simple play?+s provid$ = ! *ildr51 ! fir/ be+ ! ball1 8! type ( unity40 ,! 8gifts0 are *iefly n m]e play?+s b mat]ials :i* ! *ildr5 "w up 9 _! own way1 ?us ga9+ scope = _! p[] ( do+ & inv5t+ & creat+4 ,! arti/ic faculty 0 mu* ?\ght ( by ,froebel1 &1 z 9 ! education ( ! anci5ts1 ! s5se ( rhy?m 9 s\nd & motion 0 cultivat$ by music & poetry introduc$ 9 ! games4 ,mu* c>e 0 to be giv5 to ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses1 especially ^? ( sight1 s\nd1 & t\*4 ,intuition 7,ans*auung7 0 to be recognis$ z ! true basis ( k1 & ?\gh /ories 7 to be told1 & !re 0 to be mu* int]c\rse 9 ! way ( social *at1 in/ruction ( ! imp>t+ & 8le>n+-up0 k9d 0 to be exclud$4 ,!re 0 to be no 8dead k20 9 fact ,froebel l ,pe/alozzi endeav\r$ to d = ! *ild :at ,bacon ne>ly #bjj ye>s be=e _h done = ! philosoph]4 ,bacon %[$ ! philosoph] t ! way to /udy ,nature 0 n to le>n :at o!rs _h surmis$ b to g /raight to ,nature & use 8 own s5ses & 8 own p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel wi%$ *ildr5 to le>n 9 ?is way z well z philosoph]s4 #bg4 ,s*ools = v "y *ildr5 exi/$ be=e ,froebel's ,k9d]g>t51 b !y _h be5 ?\ght ( m 9 ! int]e/ ( ! mo!rs ?an ( ! *ildr54 ,x 0 = ! sake ( ! mo!rs t ,ob]l9 e/abli%$ !m 9 ! ,vosges m ?an a c5tury ago1 8 fir/ ,conductrices de l',enfance be+ peasant wom51 ,s>a ,banzet & ,l\ise ,s*eppl]4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ! notion 0 tak5 up by ,james ,bu*anan & ,samuel ,wild]sp9 9 ?is c\ntry 7see ,james ,leit*'s ,practical ,educationi/s7 & by ,j4 ,m4 ,d4 ,co*9 9 ,france4 ,b ,froebel's conception diff]$ f t ( ! 8,infant ,s*ool40 ,8 object 0 purely educational b he w\ld h no 8s*ool+40 ,he call$ ^! communities ( *ildr5 ,k9d]g>t51 ,g>d5s ( *ildr51 i4e41 enclosures 9 :i* "y human plants are nurtur$4#agh ,! *ildr5's employm5t is to be play4 ,b any occupation 9 :i* *ildr5 delight is play to !m2 & ,froebel's s]ies ( employm5ts1 :ile !y are 9 ?is s5se play to ! *ildr51 h nev]!less1 z se5 f ! adult po9t ( view1 a di/9ctly educational object4 ,?is object1 z ,froebel himself describes x1 is 8to give ! *ildr5 employm5t 9 agreem5t ) _! :ole nature1 to /r5g!n _! bodies1 to ex]cise _! s5ses1 to engage _! awak5+ m9d1 & ?r\gh _! s5ses to br+ !m acqua9t$ ) nature & _! fell[-creatures2 x is especially to guide aright ! he>t & ! affections1 & to lead !m to ! orig9al gr\nd ( all life1 to unity ) !mselves40 #bh4 ,no less ?an six-&-?irty ye>s ago ,h5ry ,b>n>d 79 8 ,report to ,gov]nor ( ,connecticut1 #ahed7 decl>$ ! ,k9d]g>t5 to be 8by f> ! mo/ orig9al1 attractive1 & philosophical =m ( infant developm5t ! _w has yet se540 ,s9ce !n x has spread 9 all civilis$ l&s1 & 9 _m ( !m !re are n[ public ,k9d]g>t5s1 ! fir/ ,i believe hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgc by ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,b ,froebel's ideas are n s easily got hold ( z 8 8,gifts10 & ! real ext5sion ( 8 sy/em may be by no means s great z x seems4 8,! ,k9d]g>t5 sy/em 9 ! h&s ( "o :o und]/&s x10 says ,dr4 ,james ,w>d1 8produces admirable results2 b x is apt to be too me*anical & =mal4 ,!re does n seem room = ! individuality ( a *ild1 to :i* all free play possible %\ld be giv5 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s40 7,9 ,p>5ts' ,review ,ap4 #ahij47 ,& ,mr4 ,c\r?ope ,b[5 has well said3 8,k9d]g>t5 "w )\t ! ,k9d]g>t5 idea1 l a body )\t a s\l1 is subject to rapid deg5]ation & decay40 ,s p]haps x w 9 ! end prove t ,froebel 9 8 ,education ( ,man :i* is 8a book ) sev5 seals0 has left u a m preci\s legacy ?an 9 8 8,gifts0 & ,occupations :i* are s popul> & s easily adopt$4 #bi4 ,x has be5 well said t 8! ess5ce ( /upidity is 9 ! dem& = f9al op9ions40 ,h[ our ?\ghts h wid5$ ab\t education s9ce a man l ,dr4 ,johnson c\ld ass]t1 8,education is z well kn[n1 & has long be5 z well kn[n1 z ev] x c be60#agi 7,hill's ,boswell's ,j4 ij1 #djg47 ,! a/ronom]s ( ! ,middle ,ages might z well h ass]t$ t no?+ m c\ld ev] be kn[n ab\t a/ronomy4 ,0 ,froebel :at he believ$ himself to be1 ! ,kepl] or ! ,newton ( ! educational sy/em8 ,:oso is wise w n dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury lay claim to a 8f9al op9ion0 on ?is po9t4 ,b ! 8,new ,education0 seems ga9+ gr\nd4 ,f4 ,w4 ,p>k] emphatically decl>es 8! ,k9d]g>t50 7by :i* he probably means ,froebel's enc\ragem5t ( self-activity7 to be 8! mo/ important f>-rea*+ educational re=m ( ! n9ete5? c5tury40 ,we sometimes see x que/ion$ :e!r ! 8,new ,education0 has any prop] claim to its title2 b ! education :i* ,dr4 ,johnson consid]$ f9al & :i* seems to u old aim$ at le>n+2 & ! education :i* aims n at le>n+1 b at develop+ ?r\gh self-activity is s diff]5t f ?is t x may well be call$ ,new4 ,if we consid] ! plat=m ( ! ,new ,educationi/s z x /&s1 e4g41 9 ! ,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 we %all f9d t if x is n all new 9 !ory x w\ld be sub/antially new 9 practice4 #cj4 ,let u look at a brief /atem5t ( :at ! 8,new ,education0 requires3-- #a4 ,ea* /udy mu/ be valu$ 9 proportion z x develops p[]2 & p[] is develop$ by self-activity4 #b4 ,! memory mu/ be employ$ 9 /rict subs]vi5ce to ! high] faculties ( ! m9d4 #c4 ,:atev] in/ruction is giv51 x mu/ be adapt$ to ! actual /ate ( ! pupil1 & n rul$ by ! wants ( ! future boy or man4 #d4 ,m "t mu/ be giv5 to ! /udy ( nature & to mod]n language & lit]ature2 less to ! anci5t languages4 #e4 ,! body mu/ be educat$ z well z ! m9d4 #f4 ,ri* & poor alike mu/ be taught to use _! eyes & h&s4 #g4 ,! high] education ( wom5 mu/ be c>$ = no less ?an t ( m54 #h4 ,tea*]s1 no less ?an doctors1 mu/ g ?r\gh a c\rse ( pr(essional tra9+4 ,to ^! !re mu/ 9 "t be add$ ano!r3 #i4 ,all me?ods %all h a sci5tific f\ndation1 i4e41 !y %all be bas$ on ! laws ( ! m9d1 or %all h be5 te/$ by ^? laws4 #ca4 ,:5 ?is program is adopt$1 ev5 z ! object ( our ef=ts1 we %all1 inde$1 h a ,new ,education4 ,at pres5t ! enc\ragem5t ( self-activity is ?\ght (1 if at all1 only z a 8c\nsel ( p]fection40 ,our s*ool "w is *iefly me*anical & w long rema9 s4 8,f ! prim>y s*ool to ! college productive creative do+ is almo/ :olly exclud$4 ,k 9 its b>r5e/ =m is communicat$1 & te/$ 9 ! b>r5e/1 wordie/ way possible4 ,nev] is ! le>n] taught or p]mitt$ to apply 8 k to ev5 second-h& life-purpose4444 ,s invet]ate is ! habit ( ! s*ool t ! ,k9d]g>t5 itself1 al?\gh inv5t$ by ! deep-feel+ & f>-see+ ,froebel = ! v purpose ( correct+ ?is fault1 has 9 mo/ cases fall5 a victim to its influ5ce40 ,s says ,w4 ,h4 ,hailmann 7,k9d]g>t51 ,may1 #ahhh7 & ^? :o be/ "k :at usually goes on 9 ! s*ool-room are ! lea/ likely to diff] f him4 #cb4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ,i h sp5t ! greate/ "p ( my work+ h\rs 9 a v>iety ( s*ool-rooms2 & if my s*ool exp]i5ce has %[n me t our advance is sl[1 my /udy ( ! ,re=m]s conv9ces me t x is sure4 8,r+ out ! old1 r+ 9 ! new60 ,x has be5 well said t to /udy sci5ce is to /udy ! ?\ghts ( ,god2 & ?us x is t all true educational ,re=m]s decl>e ! ?\ghts ( ,god to u4 8,a div9e message1 ( et]nal regulation ( ! ,univ]se1 !re v]ily is 9 reg>d to e conceivable proc$ure & affair ( man20 & x behoves u to asc]ta9 :at t message is 9 reg>d to ! imm5sely important proc$ure & affair ( br++ up *ildr54 ,aft] innum]able mi/akes we seem by degrees to be gett+ "s notion ( x2 & su* insight z we h we owe to ^? :o h contribut$ to ! sci5ce ( education4 ,among ^! !re are probably no great] names ?an ! names ( ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel4 ,froebel's ,education ( ,man1 trans4 by ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann1 is a vol4 ( ,appleton's ,s]ies1 ed4 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris4 ,! ,autobiography trans41 by ,mi*aelis & ,moore1 is publi%$ by ,sonn5s*e94 ,! ,mutt]-u-,k4-li$] h be5 trans4 by ,miss ,"l 7,london1 ,rice74 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,froebel by ! ,b>oness ,m>5holtz-,bl[1 is trans4 by ,mr4 ,horace ,mann4 ,! ,*ild & ,*ild ,nature is trans4 f ! ,b>oness by ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,*ri/ie4 ,! ,froebel lit4 is n[ imm5se4 ,i w simply m5tion "s ( ^? :o h exp\nd$ ,froebel 9 ,engli%3 ,miss ,%irreff1 ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,mann+1 ,miss ,lys*9ska1 ,miss ,he]w>t1 ,mdme4 ,de ,portugall1 ,miss ,peabody1 ,h4 ,g ,b[51 ,f4 ,w4 ,p>k]1 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann1 ,joseph ,payne1 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 are ! names t fir/ sugge/ !mselves4 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's ,k9d]g>t5 & ,*ild ,culture is a valuable collection ( pap]s4 ,,xviii4 ,,jacotot1 ,a ,,me?odiz]4 #aggj-ahdj4 #a4 ,we are n[ by degrees becom+ conv9c$ t tea*]s1 l ev]yone else :o und]takes skill$ lab\r1 %\ld be tra9$ be=e !y seek an engagem5t4 ,?is has l$ to a great increase 9 ! numb] ( ,normal ,s*ools4 ,9 "s ( ^! s*ools x has already be5 discov]$ t :ile ! /udy ( pr9ciples requires mu* "t & ! application ( mu* intellectual =ce1 ! /udy ( me?ods is a f> simpl] matt] & c be knock$ (f 9 a %ort "t & ) no intellectual =ce at all4 ,me?ods are special ways ( do+ ?+s1 & :5 x has be5 settl$ :at is to be done & :y1 a k ( ! me?ods available adds greatly to a tea*]'s p[]2 b ! :at & ! :y dem& our att5tion be=e ! h[1 & ! /udy ( me?ods disconnect$ f pr9ciples leads /raight to ! prison-h\se ( all ! tea*]s' high] faculties--r\t9e4 #b4 ,i h call$ ,jacotot a me?odiz] because he inv5t$ a special me?od & wi%$ ev]y?+ to be taught by x4 ,b 9 advocat+ ?is me?od he appeals to pr9ciples2 & 8 pr9ciples are s important t at lea/ "o man great 9 educational sci5ce1 ,joseph ,payne1 always spoke ( him z 8 ma/]4 #c4 ,9 ! foll[+ summ>y ( ,jacotot's sy/em ,i am l>gely indebt$ to ,joseph ,payne's ,lectures1 :i* he publi%$ 9 ! ,educational ,times 9 #ahfg1 & :i* ,i believe ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,payne has lately repr9t$ 9 a volume ( 8 fa!r's collect$ pap]s4 #d4 ,jacotot 0 born at ,dijon1 ( humble p>5tage1 9 #aggj4 ,ev5 z a boy he %[$ 8 pref]5ce = 8self-tea*+40 ,we are told t he rejoic$ greatly 9 ! acquisition ( all k9ds ( k t c\ld be ga9$ by 8 own ef=ts1 :ile he /eadily resi/$ :at 0 impos$ on him by au?ority4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 e>ly di/+ui%$ by 8 acquirem5ts1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-five 0 appo9t$ sub-director ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds he became ,pr(essor ( 8! ,me?od ( ,sci5ces0 at ,dijon1 & x 0 "h t 8 me?od ( in/ruction fir/ attract$ att5tion4 8,in/ead ( p\r+ =? a flood ( in=mation on ! subject "u att5tion f 8 own ample /ores--expla9+ ev]y?+1 & ?us too frequ5tly sup]s$+ 9 a great degree ! pupil's own inve/igation ( x--,jacotot1 aft] a simple /atem5t ( ! subject1 ) its lead+ divisions1 boldly />t$ x z a qu>ry = ! class to hunt d[n1 & invit$ e memb] ( x to take "p 9 ! *ase40 ,all 7 free to ask que/ions1 to raise objections1 to sugge/ answ]s4 ,! ,pr(essor himself did little m ?an by lead+ que/ions put !m on ! "r sc5t4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t & ,ori5tal ,languages1 ( ,ma!matics1 & ( ,roman ,law2 & he pursu$ ! same me?od1 we are told1 ) uni=m success4 ,be+ compell$ to leave ,france z an enemy ( ! ,b\rbons1 he 0 appo9t$1 9 #ahah1 :5 he 0 =ty-eight ye>s old1 to ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ! ,fr5* ,language & ,lit]ature at ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,! celebrat$ tea*] 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm1 b he soon met ) an unexpect$ difficulty4 ,_m memb]s ( 8 l>ge class knew no language b ! ,flemi% & ,dut*1 & ( ^! he himself 0 totally ignorant4 ,he 01 !re=e1 =c$ to consid] h[ to tea* )\t talk+ to 8 pupils4 ,! plan he adopt$ 0 z foll[s3--,he gave ! "y ,flem+s copies ( ,fnelon's 8,tlmaque10 ) ! ,fr5* on "o side1 & a ,dut* translation on ! o!r4 ,?is !y _h to /udy = !mselves1 comp>+ ! two languages1 & le>n+ ! ,fr5* by he>t4 ,!y 7 to g ov] ! same gr\nd aga9 & aga91 & z soon z possible !y 7 to give 9 ,fr5*1 h[ev] bad1 ! sub/ance ( ^? p>ts :i* !y _h n yet committ$ to memory4 ,?is me?od 0 f\nd to succe$ m>vell\sly4 ,jacotot attribut$ its success to ! fact t ! /ud5ts _h le>nt entirely by ! ef=ts ( _! own m9ds1 & t1 ?\gh work+ "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 !y _h be51 9 fact1 _! own tea*]s4 ,h5ce he proce$$ to g5]alise1 & by degrees arriv$ at a s]ies ( a/\nd+ p>adoxes4 ,^! p>adoxes at fir/ did _! "w well1 & made noise en\gh 9 ! _w2 b ,jacotot seems to me l a capta9 :o 9 8 eag]ness to a/oni% 8 oppon5ts takes on bo>d guns mu* too heavy = 8 own safety4 #e4 8,all human be+s are equally capable ( le>n+10 said ,jacotot4 ,! tru? :i* ,jacotot *ose to ?r[ into ?is m ?an d\btful =m1 may p]haps be express$ by say+ t ! /ud5t's p[] ( le>n+ dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on 8 w1 & t :]e !re is no w !re is no capacity4 #f4 8,ev]yone c tea*2 &1 moreov]1 c tea* t :i* he does n "k himself40 ,let u ask ourselves :at is ! mean+ ( ?is4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h to get rid ( "s ambiguity 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w tea*4 ,to tea*1 accord+ to ,jacotot's idea1 is to cause to le>n4 ,tea*+ & le>n+ are !re=e correlatives3 :]e !re is no le>n+ !re c be no tea*+4 ,b ?is mean+ ( ! ^w only co9cides p>tially ) ! ord9>y mean+4 ,we speak ( ! lectur] or prea*] z tea*+ :5 he gives 8 he>]s an opportunity ( le>n+1 & d n say t 8 tea*+ ceases ! in/ant !y cease to att5d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we d n call a p>5t a tea*] because he s5ds 8 boy to s*ool1 & s causes him to le>n4 ,! notion ( tea*+1 !n1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ ( u1 includes giv+ in=mation1 or %[+ h[ an art is to be p]=m$1 & we look ^u ,jacotot's ass]tion z absurd1 because we feel t no "o c give in=mation :i* he does n possess1 or %[ h[ any?+ is to be done if he does n himself "k4 ,b let u take ! ,jacototian def9ition ( tea*+--caus+ to le>n--& !n see h[ f> a p]son c cause ano!r to le>n t ( :i* he himself is ignorant4 #g4 ,subjects :i* are taught may be divid$ into ?ree great classes3--#a1 ,facts2 #b1 reason+s1 or g5]alisation f facts1 i4e41 sci5ce2 #c1 actions :i* h to be p]=m$ by ! le>n]1 i4e41 arts4 #a4 ,we le>n "s facts by 8intuition10 i4e41 by direct exp]i5ce4 ,x may be z well to make ! numb] ( !m z l>ge z possible4 ,no d\bt !re are no facts :i* are kn[n s p]fectly z ^!4 ,= in/ance1 a boy :o has tri$ to smoke kn[s ! fact t tobacco is apt to produce nausea mu* bett] ?an ano!r :o has pick$ up ! in=mation second-h&4 ,an intellig5t ma/] may sugge/ exp]im5ts1 ev5 9 matt]s ab\t :i* he himself is ignorant1 & ?us1 9 ,jacotot's s5se1 he tea*es ?+s :i* he does n "k4 ,b "s facts _c be le>nt 9 ?is way1 & !n a ,newton is helpless ei!r to f9d !m out = himself1 or to tea* !m to o!rs )\t kn[+ !m4 ,if ! tea*] does n "k 9 :at c\nty ,tavi/ock is1 he c only le>n f ^? :o d1 & ! pupils w be no clev]] ?an _! ma/]4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i consid] t ,jacotot's pret5sions utt]ly break d[n4 8,no10 ! answ] is2 8! tea*] may give 8 pupil an atlas1 & direct ! boy to f9d out = himself3 ?us ! ma/] w tea* :at he does n "k40 ,b1 9 ?is case1 he is a tea*] only s f> z he kn[s4 ,= :at he does n "k1 he h&s ov] ! pupil to ! mak] ( ! map1 :o communicates ) him1 n orally1 b by ink & pap]4 ,! ma/]'s ignorance is simply an ob/acle to ! boy's le>n+2 = ! boy w\ld le>n soon] ! position ( ,tavi/ock if x 7 %[n him on ! map4 8,t's ! v po9t10 says ! disciple ( ,jacotot4 8,if ! boy gets ! k )\t any tr\ble1 he is likely to =get x aga9 directly4 #8,lightly come1 lightly g4' ,moreov]1 8 faculty ( obs]vation w n h be5 ex]cis$40 ,x is inde$ well n to all[ ! k ev5 ( facts to come too easily2 ?\gh ! difficulties :i* arise f ! ma/]'s ignorance w n be f\nd ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,/ill !re is obvi\sly a limit4 ,if we gave boys _! lessons 9 ciph]1 & (f]$ a prize to ! fir/ deciph]]1 "o w\ld probably be f\nd at la/1 & meantime all ! boys' p[]s ( obs]vation1 c41 w\ld h be5 cultivat$ by comp>+ l signs 9 diff]5t positions1 & guess+ at _! mean+2 b ! boys' "t might h be5 bett] employ$4 ,jacotot's plan ( tea*+ a language :i* ! ma/] did n "k1 0 to put a book )1 say1 8,arma virumque cano10 c41 on "o side1 & 8,i s+ arms & ! man1 c40 on ! o!r1 & to require ! pupil to puzzle ov] x till he f\nd out :i* ^w answ]$ to :i*4 ,9 ?is case ! tea*] 0 ! translator2 & ?\gh f ! r\ndab\t way 9 :i* ! k 0 communicat$ ! pupil d]iv$ "s b5efit1 ! b5efit 0 h>dly suffici5t to make up = ! exp5diture ( "t involv$4 ,jacotot1 !n1 did n tea* facts ( :i* he 0 ignorant1 except 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! p>5t :o s5ds 8 boy to s*ool may be said to tea* him4 ,all ,jacotot did 0 to direct ! pupil to le>n1 sometimes 9 a v awkw>d fa%ion1 f somebody else4#ahj #h4 #b4 ,:5 we come to sci5ce1 we f9d all ! be/ au?orities agree t ! pupil %\ld be l$ to pr9ciples if possible1 & n h ! pr9ciples br\ght to him4 ,m5 l ,tyndall1 ,huxley1 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,wilson h spok5 eloqu5tly on ?is subject1 & %[n h[ valuable sci5tific tea*+ is1 :5 ?us conduct$1 9 draw+ out ! faculties ( ! m9d4 ,b al?\gh a s*oolboy may be l$ to great sci5tific discov]ies by anyone :o kn[s ! road1 he w h no m *ance ( mak+ !m ) an ignorant tea*] ?an he w\ld h _h 9 ! days ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,"h aga91 !n1 ,i _c und]/& h[ ! tea*] c tea* :at he does n "k4 ,he may1 inde$1 jo9 8 pupil 9 inve/igat+ pr9ciples1 b he mu/ ei!r keep ) ! pupil or g 9 advance ( him4 ,9 ! fir/ case he is only a fell[-pupil2 9 ! second1 he tea*es only t :i* he kn[s4 #i4 ,f9ally1 we come to arts1 & we are told t ,jacotot taught draw+ & music1 )\t be+ ei!r a draughtsman or a musician4 ,9 art ev]y?+ dep5ds on rightly direct$ practice4 ,! mo/ consummate arti/ _c communicate 8 skill1 &1 except = inspiration may be inf]ior z a tea*] to "o ^: att5tion is m conc5trat$ on ! me*anism ( ! art4 ,p]haps x is n ev5 necess>y t ! tea*] %\ld be able to d ! ex]cises himself1 if only he kn[s h[ !y %\ld be done2 b he seldom gets cr$it = ?is k1 unless he c %[ t he kn[s h[ ! ?+ %\ld be done1 by do+ x4 ,less+ tells u t ,raphael w\ld h be5 a great pa9t] ev5 if he _h be5 born )\t h&s4 ,he w\ld n1 h[ev]1 h succe$$ 9 gett+ mank9d to believe x4 ,i grant1 !n1 t ! tea*] ( art ne$ n be a fir/-rate arti/1 &1 9 "s v exceptional cases1 ne$ n be an arti/ at all2 b1 if he _c p]=m ! ex]cises he gives 8 pupil1 he mu/ at lea/ "k h[ !y %\ld be done4 ,b ,jacotot claims p]fect ignorance4 ,we are told t he 8taught0 draw+ by sett+ objects be=e 8 pupils1 & mak+ !m imitate !m on pap] z be/ !y c\ld4 ,( c\rse ! art orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 & a p]son ) great p]sev]ance1 & 7,i mu/ say1 9 spite ( ,jacotot7 ) m ?an av]age ability1 w\ld make consid]able progress ) no prop] in/ruction2 b he w\ld lose mu* by ! ignorance ( ! p]son call+ himself 8 tea*]4 ,an awkw>d habit ( hold+ ! p5cil w make skill d\bly difficult to acquire1 & ?us half 8 "t might be wa/$4 ,!n1 aga91 he w\ld h>dly h a bett] eye ?an ! e>ly pa9t]s1 s ! draw+ ( 8 l&scape w\ld n be less faulty ?an !irs4 ,to consid] music ,i am told t a p]son :o is ignorant ( music c tea*1 say1 ! piano or ! viol94 ,?is seems to g beyond ! region ( p>adox into t ( utt] nons5se4 ,tal5t (t5 surm\nts all k9ds ( difficulties2 b 9 ! case ( self-taught1 & ill-taught musicians1 x is (t5 pa9ful to see :at "t & tal5t h be5 wa/$ = want ( prop] in/ruction4 ,i h ?us c>efully exam9$ ,jacotot's pret5sions to tea* :at he did n "k1 because ,i am anxi\s t :at seems to me ! rubbi% %\ld be cle>$ away f 8 pr9ciples1 & %\ld no long] conceal ^? p>ts ( 8 sy/em :i* are wor?y ( g5]al att5tion4 #aj4 ,at ! root ( ,jacotot's p>adox lay a tru? ( v great importance4 ,! highe/ & be/ tea*+ is n t :i* makes ! pupils passive recipi5ts ( o!r peoples' ideas 7n to speak ( ! tea*+ :i* conveys m]e words )\t any ideas at all71 b t :i* guides & enc\rages ! pupils 9 work+ = !mselves & ?9k+ = !mselves4 ,! ma/]1 z ,joseph ,payne well says1 c no m ?9k1 or practise1 or see = 8 pupil1 ?an he c dige/ = him1 or walk = him4 ,! pupil mu/ owe ev]y?+ to 8 own ex]tions1 :i* x is ! function ( ! ma/] to enc\rage & direct4 ,p]haps ?is may seem v obvi\s tru?1 b obvi\s or n x has be5 v g5]ally neglect$4 ,! old sy/em ( lectur+ :i* f\nd fav\r ) ! ,jesuits1 has inde$ n[ pass$ away1 & boys are left to acquire facts f s*ool-books in/ead ( f ! ma/]4 ,b ?is *ange is m]ely accid5tal4 ,! ess5ce ( ! tea*+ /ill rema9s4 ,ev5 :]e ! ma/] does n conf9e himself to he>+ :at ! s*ol>s h le>nt by he>t1 he seldom does m ?an (f] explanations4 ,he measures ! tea*+ r by ! am\nt :i* has be5 put be=e ! s*ol>s--by :at he has done = !m & %[n !m--?an by :at !y h le>n$4 ,b ?is is n tea*+ ( ! highe/ type4 ,:5 ! vot>y ( ,dulness 9 ! 8,dunciad0 is r5d]+ an acc\nt ( 8 s]vices1 he arrives at ?is climax1 8,= !e expla9 a ?+ till all m5 d\bt x1 ,& write ab\t x1 ,goddess1 & ab\t x40 ,& 9 ! same _s ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,wilson /igmatises z synonym\s 8! mo/ /upid & mo/ didactic tea*+40 #aa4 ,all ! em95t au?orities on education h a v diff]5t !ory ( ! tea*]s function4 ,accord+ to !m ! ma/]'s att5tion is n to be fix$ on 8 own m9d & 8 own /ore ( k1 b on 8 pupil's m9d & on its gradual expansion4 ,he mu/1 9 fact1 be n s mu* a tea*] z a tra9]4 ,"h we h ! view :i* ,jacotot int5d$ to en=ce by 8 p>adox2 = we may possibly tra9 faculties :i* we d n ourselves possess1 j z ! sportsman tra9s 8 po9t] & 8 hunt] to p]=m feats :i* are altoge!r out ( ! range ( 8 own capacities4 ,n[1 8tra9+ is ! cultivation be/[$ on any set ( faculties ) ! object ( develop+ !m0 7,j4 ,m4 ,wilson71 & to tra9 any faculty1 y mu/ set x to "w4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t z boys' m9ds are n simply _! memories1 ! ma/] mu/ aim at some?+ m ?an caus+ 8 pupils to rememb] facts4 ,jacotot has done good s]vice to education by giv+ prom95ce to ?is tru?1 & by %[+ 9 8 me?od h[ o!r faculties may be cultivat$ besides ! memory4 #ab4 8,t\t e/ dans t\t0 78,all is 9 all071 is ano!r ( ,jacotot's p>adoxes4 ,i d n propose discuss+ x z ! philosophical !sis :i* takes o!r =ms1 z 8,e man is a microcosm10 c41 b m]ely to inquire into its mean+ z appli$ to didactics4 ,if y ask$ an ord9>y ,fr5* s*oolma/] :o ,jacotot 01 he w\ld probably answ]1 ,jacotot 0 a man :o ?\ght y c\ld le>n ev]y?+ by gett+ up ,fnelon's 8,tlmaque0 by he>t4 ,by c>ry+ y\r inve/igation fur!r1 y w\ld f9d t ?is acc\nt ( him requir$ modification1 t ! le>n+ by he>t 0 only "p1 & a v small "p1 ( :at ,jacotot dem&$ f 8 pupils1 b y w\ld also f9d t entire ma/]y ( 8,tlmaque0 0 ! fir/ requisite1 & t he manag$ to connect ev]y?+ he taught ) t 8model-book40 ,( c\rse1 if 8t\t e/ dans t\t10 ev]y?+ is 9 8,tlmaque20 &1 said an objector1 also 9 ! fir/ book ( 8,tlmaque0 & 9 ! fir/ ^w4 ,jacotot w5t ?r\gh a v>iety ( subtilties to %[ t all 8,tlmaque0 is conta9$ 9 ! ^w ,calypso1 & p]haps he w\ld h be5 equally successful1 if he _h be5 requir$ to take only ! fir/ lett] in/ead ( ! fir/ ^w4 ,8 maxim inde$ becomes by 8 treatm5t ( x a m]e p>aphrase ( 8,quidlibet ex quolibet40 ,! read] is amus$ r ?an conv9c$ by ^! discussions1 b he f9ds !m n )\t fruit4 ,!y br+ to 8 m9d v =cibly a tru? to :i* he has hi!rto probably n paid suffici5t att5tion4 ,he sees t all k is connect$ toge!r1 or 7:at w d equally well = our pres5t purpose7 t !re are a ?\s& l9ks by :i* we may br+ into connexion ! diff]5t subjects ( k4 ,if by means ( ^! l9ks we c atta* 9 our m9ds ! k we acquire to ! k we already possess1 we %all le>n fa/] & m intellig5tly1 & at ! same "t we %all h a mu* bett] *ance ( reta9+ our new acquisitions4 ,! memory1 z we all "k1 is assi/$ ev5 by artificial association ( ideas1 mu* m by natural4 ,h5ce ! value ( 8t\t e/ dans t\t10 or1 to adopt a modification sugge/$ by ,joseph ,payne1 ( ! connexion ( kn[l$ges4 ,suppose we "k only "o subject1 b "k t ?or\ghly1 our k1 if ,i may express myself algebraically1 _c be repres5t$ by ignorance plus ! k ( t subject4 ,we h acquir$ a great deal m ?an t4 ,:5 o!r subjects come be=e u1 !y may prove to be s connect$ ) :at we _h be=e1 t we may also seem to "k !m already4 ,9 o!r words :5 we "k a little ?or\ghly1 ?\gh our actual possession is small1 we h pot5tially a great deal m4#aha #ac4 ,jacotot's practical application ( 8 8t\t e/ dans t\t0 0 z foll[s3--8,il faut appr5dre quelque *ose1 et y rapport] t\t le re/e40 78,! pupil mu/ le>n some?+ ?or\ghly1 & ref] ev]y?+ to t407 ,= language he mu/ take a model book1 & become ?or\ghly ma/] ( x4 ,8 k mu/ n be a v]bal k only1 b he mu/ ent] into ! s5se & _s ( ! writ]4 ,"h we f9d t ,jacotot's practical advice co9cides ) t ( _m o!r great au?orities1 :o d n base x on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! ,jesuits' maxim 01 t _! pupils %\ld always le>n some?+ ?or\ghly1 h[ev] little x might be4 ,pe/alozzi insi/$ on ! *ildr5 go+ ov] ! elem5ts aga9 & aga9 till !y 7 completely ma/] ( !m4 ,as*am1 ,ratke1 & ,com5ius all requir$ a model-book to be read & re-read till words & ?\ghts 7 firmly fix$ 9 ! pupil's memory4 ,jacotot probably nev] read ,as*am's 8,s*oolma/]40 ,if he _h done s he might h appropriat$ "s ( ,as*am's words z exactly convey+ 8 own ?\ghts4 ,as*am1 z we saw1 recomm5d$ t a %ort book %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$1 ea* lesson be+ work$ ov] 9 diff]5t ways a doz5 times at ! lea/1 & 9 ?is way 8y\r s*ol> %all be br\ght n only to l eloqu5ce1 b also to all true und]/&+ & "r judgm5t1 bo? = writ+ & speak+40 ,9 ?is ! ,engli%man & ! ,fr5*man are 9 p]fect accord4 #ad4 ,b if ,jacotot agrees s f> ) e>li] au?orities1 !re is "o po9t 9 :i* he seems to diff] f !m4 ,he makes great dem&s on ! memory1 & requires six books ( 8,tlmaque0 to be le>n$ by he>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,montaigne1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 & o!r great writ]s w\ld be oppos$ to ?is4 ,ratke insi/$ t no?+ %\ld be le>nt by he>t4 ,prote/s aga9/ 8load+ ! memory10 8say+ )\t book10 c41 are ev]y:]e to be met )1 & n[h]e m vigor\sly express$ ?an 9 ,as*am4 ,he says ( ! gramm>-s*ool boys ( 8 "t1 t 8_! :ole k1 by le>n+ )\t ! book1 0 ti$ only to _! tongue & lips1 & nev] asc5d$ up to ! bra9 & head1 & !re=e 0 soon spit out ( ! m\? aga94 ,!y le>nt )\t book ev]y?+1 !y und]/ood )9 ! book little or no?+40 ,b ^! prote/s 7 really direct$ at v]bal k1 :5 x is made to take ! place ( k ( ! ?+ signifi$4 ,we are always too ready to suppose t words are connect$ ) ideas1 ?\gh bo? old & "y are con/antly expos+ !mselves to ! s>casm ( ,mephi/opheles3-- 444 eb5 wo ,begriffe fehl51 ,da /ellt e9 ,wort zur re*t5 ,zeit si* e94 444 j :]e mean+ fails1 a ^w ,comes patly 9 to s]ve y\r turn4 ,aga9/ ?is dang] ,jacotot took special precautions4 ,! pupil 0 to und]go an exam9ation 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! lesson le>nt1 & ! ma/]'s %>e 9 ! "w 0 to conv9ce himself1 f ! answ]s he receiv$1 t ! pupil ?or\ghly grasp$ ! mean+1 z well z rememb]$ ! words1 ( ! au?or4 ,/ill ! six books ( 8,tlmaque10 :i* ,jacotot gave to be le>nt by he>t1 0 a v l>ge dose1 & he w\ld h be5 m fai?ful to 8 own pr9ciples1 says ,joseph ,payne1 if he _h giv5 ! fir/ book only4 #ae4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! model-book may be /udi$4 #a/1 x may be read ?r\gh rapidly aga9 & aga91 :i* 0 ,ratke's plan & ,hamilton's2 or1 #bnd1 ea* lesson may be ?or\ghly ma/]$1 read 9 v>i\s ways a doz5 times at ! lea/1 :i* 0 ,as*am's plan2 or1 #crd1 ! pupil may beg9 always at ! beg9n+1 & advance a little fur!r ea* "t1 :i* 0 ,jacotot's plan4#ahb ,?is la/1 c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ v f> ,! repetitions1 :5 ! pupil _h got on "s way 9 ! book1 c\ld n always be f ! beg9n+2 /ill e "p 0 to be repeat$ s frequ5tly t no?+ c\ld be =gott54 ,jacotot did n wi% 8 pupils to le>n simply 9 ord] to =get1 b to le>n 9 ord] to rememb] = ev]4 8,we are le>n$10 said he1 8n s f> z we h le>n$1 b only s f> z we rememb]40 ,he seems1 inde$1 almo/ to ignore ! fact t ! act ( le>n+ s]ves o!r purposes ?an t ( mak+ le>n$1 & to ass]t t to =get is ! same z nev] to h le>n$1 :i* is a palpable error4 ,we necess>ily =get mu* t passes ?r\gh our m9ds1 & yet its effect rema9s4 ,all gr[n p h arriv$ at "s op9ions1 convictions1 k1 b !y _c call to m9d e spot !y trod on 9 ! road ?i!r4 ,:5 we h read a great hi/ory1 say1 or travell$ ?r\gh a fre% c\ntry1 we h ga9$ m ?an ! numb] ( facts we happ5 to rememb]4 ,! m9d seems to h =m$ an acqua9tance ) t hi/ory or t c\ntry1 :i* is some?+ diff]5t f ! m]e acquisition ( facts4 ,moreov]1 our int]e/s1 z well z our ideas1 may long survive ! memory ( ! facts :i* orig9ally />t$ !m4 ,we are told t "o ( ! old judges1 :5 a b>ri/] object$ to "s dictum ( 81 put him d[n by ! ass]tion1 8,sir1 ,i h =gott5 m law ?an ev] y read40 ,if he wi%$ to make ! am\nt =gott5 a measure ( ! am\nt rememb]$1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly fallaci\s1 z ! ratio betwe5 ! two is n a con/ant quantity4 ,b he may h meant t ?is ext5sive read+ _h left its result1 & t he c\ld see ?+s f m po9ts ( view ?an ! less travell$ legal vision ( 8 oppon5t4 ,t p[] acquir$ by le>n+ may also la/ long] ?an ! k ( ! ?+ le>n$ is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,s ! advantages d]iv$ f hav+ le>nt a ?+ are n entirely lo/ :5 ! ?+ itself is =gott54#ahc #af4 ,b ! reflection by no means ju/ifies ! disgraceful wa/e ( memory :i* goes on 9 mo/ s*ool-rooms4 ,mu* is le>nt :i*1 = want ( ! necess>y repetition1 w soon be lo/ aga91 besides mu* t w\ld be valueless if rememb]$4 ,! ?+ to aim at is n giv+ 8useful k10 b mak+ ! memory a /ore h\se ( su* facts z are good mat]ial = ! o!r p[]s ( ! m9d to "w )2 & t ! facts may s]ve ?is purpose !y mu/ be su* z ! m9d c ?or\ghly grasp & h&le1 & su* z c be connect$ toge!r4 ,to in/ruct is in/ru]e1 8to put toge!r 9 ord]1 to build20 x is n cramm+ ! memory ) facts )\t connexion1 &1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] calls !m1 unorganisable4 ,& yet a great deal ( our *ildr5's memory is wa/$ 9 /or+ facts ( ?is k9d1 :i* c nev] =m "p ( any organism4 ,we d n tea* !m geography 7e>? k1 z ! ,g]mans call x71 b ! names ( places4 ,our 8hi/ory0 is a simil>1 ?\gh disconnect$ /udy4 ,we leave our *ildr5 ignorant ( ! l&1 b insi/ on _! gett+ up ! 8l&m>ks40 ,&1 p]haps1 f a lat5t p]ception ( ! uselessness ( su* "w1 nei!r tea*]s nor s*ol>s ev] ?9k ( ^! ?+s z le>nt to be rememb]$4 ,!y are inde$ got up1 z ,s*uppius says ( ! ,logic ( 8 day1 9 spem futur oblivionis4 ,lat9 gramm> is gone ?r\gh aga9 & aga91 & a boy feels t ! soon] he gets x into 8 head1 ! bett] x w be = him2 b :o expects t ! li/s ( geographical & hi/orical names :i* are le>nt "o half-ye>1 w be rememb]$ ! next8 ,i h se5 x ass]t$1 t :5 a boy leaves s*ool1 he has already =gott5 n9e-t5?s ( :at he has be5 taught1 & ,i d>e say t e/imate is q )9 ! m>k4 #ag4 ,by adopt+ ! pr9ciples ( ,jacotot1 we avoid a great deal ( ?is wa/e4 ,we give "s ?or\gh k1 ) :i* fre% k may be connect$4 ,& x w !n be f\nd t p]fect famili>ity ) a subject is some?+ beyond ! m]e und]/&+ x & be+ able1 ) difficulty1 to reproduce :at we h le>n$4 ,by ?us go+ ov] ! same ?+ aga9 & aga91 we acquire a ?or\gh comm& ov] our k2 & ! feel+ p]fectly at home1 ev5 )9 n>r[ bord]s1 gives a consci\sness ( /r5g?4 ,an old adage tells u t ! ,jack-(-all-trades is ma/] ( none2 b ! ma/] ( "o trade w h no difficulty 9 ext5d+ 8 insight & capacity beyond x4 ,to use an illu/ration1 :i* is ( c\rse an illu/ration m]ely1 we %\ld k9dle k 9 *ildr51 l fire 9 a grate4 ,a /upid s]vant1 ) a small quantity ( wood1 spreads x ov] ! :ole grate4 ,x blazes away1 goes out1 & is simply wa/$4 ,ano!r1 :o is wis] or m exp]i5c$1 k9dles ! :ole ( ! wood at "o spot1 & ! fire1 ?us conc5trat$1 ext5ds 9 all directions4 ,simil>ly we %\ld conc5trate ! beg9n+s ( k1 & al?\gh we c\ld n expect to make mu* %[ = a "t1 we might be sure t aft] a bit ! fire w\ld ext5d1 almo/ ( its own accord4#ahd #ah4 ,f ,joseph ,payne ,i take ,jacotot's directions = c>ry+ out ! rule1 8,,ii faut appr5dre quelque *ose1 et y rapport] t\t le re/e40 #a4 ,,le>n--i4e41 le>n s z to "k ?or\ghly1 p]fectly1 immovably 7imp]turbablem5t71 z well six mon?s or twelve mon?s h5ce1 z n[--,,some?+--some?+ :i* fairly repres5ts ! subject to be acquir$1 :i* conta9s its ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 #b4 ,,repeat t 8some?+0 incessantly 7sans cesse71 i4e41 e day1 or v frequ5tly1 f ! beg9n+1 )\t any omission1 s t no "p may be =gott54 #c4 ,,reflect ^u ! matt] ?us acquir$1 s z1 by degrees1 to make x a possession ( ! m9d z well z ( ! memory1 s t1 be+ appreciat$ z a :ole1 & appreciat$ 9 its m9ute/ p>ts1 :at is z yet unkn[n1 may be ref]r$ to x & int]pret$ by x4 #d4 ,,v]ify1 or te/1 g5]al rem>ks1 e4g41 grammatical rules1 c41 made by o!rs1 by comp>+ !m ) ! facts 7i4e41 ! words & phraseology7 :i* y h le>nt y\rself4 #ai4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w give "s acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* read+1 writ+1 & ! "m-tongue 7 taught on ! ,jacototian sy/em4 ,! tea*] takes a book1 say ,edgewor?'s 8,e>ly ,lessons10 po9ts to ! fir/ ^w1 & names x1 8,frank40 ,! *ild looks at ! ^w & also pron\nces x4 ,!n ! tea*] does ! same ) ! fir/ two words1 8,frank &02 !n ) ! ?ree fir/1 8,frank & ,rob]t10 c4 ,:5 a l9e or s has be5 ?us gone ov]1 ! tea*] asks :i* ^w is ,rob]t8 ,:at ^w is t 7po9t+ to "o78 8,f9d me ! same ^w 9 ?is l9e0 7po9t+ to ano!r "p ( ! book74 ,:5 a s5t5ce has be5 ?us acquir$1 ! words already kn[n are analys$ into syllables1 & ^! syllables ! *ild mu/ pick out else:]e4 ,f9ally1 ! same ?+ is done ) lett]s4 ,:5 ! *ild c read a s5t5ce1 t s5t5ce is put be=e him writt5 9 small-h&1 & ! *ild is requir$ to copy x4 ,:5 he has copi$ ! fir/ ^w1 he is l$1 by ! que/ions ( ! tea*]1 to see h[ x diff]s f ! orig9al1 & !n he tries aga94 ,! pupil mu/ always correct himself1 guid$ only by que/ions4 ,?is s5t5ce mu/ be work$ at till ! pupil c write x pretty well f memory4 ,he !n tries x 9 l>g] *>act]s4 ,by c>ry+ out ?is plan1 ! *ildr5's p[]s ( obs]vation & mak+ comp>isons are /r5g!n$1 & ! arts ( read+ & writ+ are said to be v readily acquir$4 #bj4 ,= ! "m-tongue1 a model book is *os5 & ?or\ghly le>n$4 ,suppose 8,rasselas0 is select$4 8,! pupil le>ns by he>t a s5t5ce1 or a few s5t5ces1 & to-morr[ adds a few m1 /ill repeat+ f ! beg9n+4 ,! tea*]1 aft] two or ?ree lessons ( le>n+ & repeat+1 takes portions--any portion--( ! matt]1 & submits x to ! crucible ( ! pupil's m9d3--,:o 0 ,rasselas8 ,:o 0 8 fa!r8 ,:at is ! fa!r ( wat]s8 ,:]e does x beg9 its c\rse8 ,:]e is ,abyss9ia8 ,:]e is ,egypt8 ,:]e 0 ,rasselas plac$8 ,:at sort ( a p]son 0 ,rasselas8 ,:at is #8cr$ulity'8 ,:at are ! #8:isp]s ( fancy1' ! #8promises ( y\?1' c41 c480 ,a great v>iety ( writt5 ex]cises is soon jo9$ ) ! le>n+ by he>t4 ,pieces mu/ be writt5 f memory1 & ! spell+1 po9t+1 c41 correct$ by ! pupil himself f ! book4 ,! same piece mu/ be writt5 aga9 & aga91 till !re are no m mi/akes to correct4 8,?is10 said ,joseph ,payne1 :o _h himself taught 9 ?is way1 8is ! be/ plan = spell+ t has be5 devis$40 ,!n ! pupil may write an analysis1 may def9e words1 di/+ui% betwe5 synonyms1 expla9 metaphors1 imitate descriptions1 write imag9>y dialogues or correspond5ce betwe5 ! *>act]s1 c4 ,besides ^!1 a great v>iety ( grammatical ex]cises may be giv51 & ! =ce ( prefixes & affixes may be f\nd out by ! pupils !mselves by collection & comp>ison4 8,! res\rces ev5 ( su* a book z 8,rasselas0 w be f\nd all b exhau/less1 :ile ! tra9+ :i* ! m9d und]goes 9 ! process ( ?or\ghly ma/]+ x1 ! acts ( analysis1 comp>ison1 induction1 & d$uction1 p]=m$ s frequ5tly z to become a sort ( second nature1 _c b s]ve z an excell5t prep>ation = ! subsequ5t /udy ( ,engli% lit]ature0 7,payne74 #ba4 ,we see1 f ^! in/ances1 h[ ,jacotot s\ght to imitate ! me?od by :i* "y *ildr5 & self-taught m5 tea* !mselves4 ,all su* proce$ f objects to def9itions1 f facts to reflections & !ories1 f examples to rules1 f p>ticul> obs]vations to g5]al pr9ciples4 ,!y pursue1 9 fact1 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 ! me?od ( inve/igation1 ! advantages ( :i* are ?us set out 9 a passage f ,burke's treatise on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful3--8,i am conv9c$10 says he1 8t ! me?od ( tea*+ :i* approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ! me?od ( inve/igation is incomp>ably ! be/2 s9ce1 n cont5t ) s]v+ up a few b>r5 & lifeless tru?s1 x leads to ! /ock on :i* !y grew2 x t5ds to set ! read] or le>n] himself 9 ! track ( inv5tion1 & to direct him into ^? pa?s 9 :i* ! au?or has made 8 own discov]ies40 8,= ,jacotot1 ,i ?9k ! claim may1 )\t presumption1 be ma9ta9$ t he has1 beyond all o!r tea*]s1 succe$$ 9 co-ord9at+ ! me?od ( elem5t>y tea*+ ) ! me?od ( inve/igation0 7,payne74 #bb4 ,! latt] "p ( 8 life1 :i* did n end till #ahdj1 ,jacotot sp5t 9 8 native c\ntry--fir/ at ,val5ci5nes1 & !n at ,p>is4 ,to ! la/ he lab\r$ indefatigably1 & ) a noble dis9t]e/$ness1 = :at he believ$ to be ! 8intellectual emancipation0 ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,= a "t1 8 sy/em made great way 9 ,france1 b we n[ he> little ( x4 ,jacotot has1 h[ev]1 lately f\nd an advocate 9 ,m4 ,b]n>d ,p]ez1 :o has writt5 a book ab\t him & also a v good article 9 ,buisson's ,dictionnaire4 ,,xix4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4#ahe #a4 ,i once he>d x said by a tea*] ( great ability t no "o )\t practical acqua9tance ) ! subject c\ld write any?+ wor? read+ on ,education4 ,my own op9ion diff]s v widely f ?is4 ,i am n1 inde$1 prep>$ to agree ) ano!r au?ority1 mu* giv5 to p>adox1 t ! actual "w ( education unfits a man = =m+ enlight5$ views ab\t x1 b ,i ?9k t ! outsid]1 com+ fre% to ! subject1 & un5cumb]$ by tradition & prejudice1 may hit ^u tru?s :i* ! tea*]1 ^: att5tion is too mu* engross$ ) practical difficulties1 w\ld fail to p]ceive )\t assi/ance1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! !ories ( intellig5t m51 unconnect$ ) ! "w ( education1 des]ve our c>eful1 &1 if possible1 our imp>tial consid]ation4 #b4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important works ( ?is k9d :i* has lately appe>$1 is ! treatise ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,s em95t a writ] has e claim to be li/5$ to ) respect1 & 9 ?is book he speaks ) m ?an 8 individual au?ority4 ,! views he has v vigor\sly prop\nd$ are %>$ by a numb] ( di/+ui%$ sci5tific m52 & n a few ( ! unsci5tific believe t 9 !m is %ad[$ =? ! education ( ! future4 #c4 ,x is p]haps to be regrett$ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has n kept ! tone ( "o :o inve/igates ! tru? 9 a subject ( great difficulty1 b lays ab\t him "r & left1 aft] ! mann] ( a spirit$ controv]siali/4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 makes 8 book mu* m ent]ta9+ read+ ?an su* treatises usually are1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x has ! disadvantage ( ar\s+ ! antagonism ( ^? :om he w\ld mo/ wi% to influ5ce4 ,:5 ! man :o has no practical acqua9tance ) education1 lays d[n ! law ex ca!dr1 g>ni%$ ) s>casms at all t is n[ go+ on1 ! s*oolma/]1 (f5d$ by ! assum$ tone ( au?ority1 sets himself to %[ :]e ^! !ories w\ld n "w1 in/ead ( exam9+ :at basis ( tru? !re is 9 !m1 & h[ f> !y %\ld influ5ce 8 own practice4 ,i %all proce$ to exam9e ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s proposals ) all ! imp>tiality ,i am ma/] (4 #d4 ,! great "q1 :e!r ! tea*+ :i* gives ! mo/ valuable k is ! same z t :i* be/ discipl9es ! faculties ( ! m9d1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] dismisses briefly4 8,x w\ld be utt]ly contr>y to ! beautiful economy ( nature10 he says1 8if "o k9d ( culture 7 ne$$ = ! ga9+ ( in=mation1 & ano!r k9d 7 ne$$ z a m5tal gymna/ic40#ahf ,b x seems to me t diff]5t subjects mu/ be us$ to tra9 ! faculties at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,! processes ( sci5ce1 :i* =m ! /aple ( education 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em _c be grasp$ by ! intellect ( a *ild4 8,! sci5tific discov]] does ! "w1 & :5 x is done ! s*oolboy is call$ 9 to witness ! result1 to le>n its *ief features by he>t1 & to repeat !m :5 call$ ^u1 j z he is call$ on to "n ! mo!rs ( ! patri>*s1 or to give an acc\nt ( ! ,ea/]n campaigns ( ,alex&] ! ,great40--7,pall ,mall ,g474 ,?is1 h[ev]1 af=ds b scanty tra9+ = ! m9d4 ,we want to draw out ! *ild's int]e/s1 & to direct !m to wor?y objects4 ,we want n only to tea* him1 b to enable & enc\rage him to tea* himself2 &1 if foll[+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s advice1 we make him get up ! species ( plants1 8:i* am\nt to "s #cbj1jjj10 & ! v>i$ =ms ( animal life1 :i* are 8e/imat$ at "s #b1jjj1jjj10 we may1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] tells u1 h /r5g!n$ 8 memory z effectually z by tea*+ him languages2 b ! pupil w1 p]haps h no great reason to rejoice ov] 8 escape f ! horrors ( ! 8,z 9 ,prs5ti10 & 8,propria qu ,m>ibus40 ,! consequ5ces w be ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,we %all disgu/ ! great majority ( our s*ol>s ) ! acquisition ( k1 & ) ! use ( ! p[]s ( _! m9d4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we adopt or reject ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conclusion1 t !re is "o sort ( k :i* is univ]sally ! mo/ valuable1 ,i ?9k we mu/ d5y t !re is "o sort ( k :i* is univ]sally & at e /age 9 education1 ! be/ adapt$ to develop ! intellectual faculties4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself ackn[l$ges ?is else:]e4 8,!re is10 says he1 8a c]ta9 sequ5ce 9 :i* ! faculties spontane\sly develop1 & a c]ta9 k9d ( k1 :i* ea* requires dur+ its developm5t40 ,x is = u to asc]ta9 ?is sequ5ce1 & supply ?is k4 #e4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] discusses m fully 8! relative value ( kn[l$ges10 & ?is is a subject :i* has hi!rto n met ) ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,x is n suffici5t = u to prove ( any subject taught 9 our s*ools t ! k or ! le>n+ ( x is valuable4 ,we mu/ also %[ t ! k or ! le>n+ ( x is ( at lea/ z great value z t ( any?+ else t might be taught 9 ! same "t4 8,_h we "t to ma/] all subjects we ne$ n be p>ticul>4 ,to quote ! old song-- ,c\ld a man be secure ,t 8 life w\ld endure1 ,z ( old1 = a ?\s& long ye>s1 ,:at ?+s he might "k6 ,:at de$s he might d6 ,& all )\t hurry or c>e6 ,b we t h b span-long lives mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d our limit$ "t = acquisition40 #f4 ,to te/ ! value ( ! le>n+ imp>t$ 9 education we mu/ look to ! end ( education4 ,?is ,mr4 ,sp5c] def9es z foll[s3 8,to prep>e u = complete liv+ is ! function :i* education has to dis*>ge1 & ! only rational mode ( judg+ ( an educational c\rse is to judge 9 :at degree x dis*>ges su* function40 ,= complete liv+ we mu/ "k 89 :at way to treat ! body2 9 :at way to treat ! m9d2 9 :at way to manage our affairs2 9 :at way to br+ up a family2 9 :at way to behave z a citiz52 9 :at way to utilise ^? s\rces ( happ9ess :i* nature supplies--h[ to use all our faculties to ! greate/ advantage ( ourselves & o!rs40 ,!re are a numb] ( sci5ces1 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :i* ?r[ light on ^! subjects4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be ! bus9ess ( education to imp>t ^! sci5ces4 ,b if !re 7 7:i* is f> f be+ ! case7 a well-def9$ & well-e/abli%$ sci5ce 9 ea* ( ^! dep>tm5ts1 ^? sci5ces w\ld n be und]/&able by *ildr51 nor w\ld any individual h "t to ma/] ! :ole ( !m1 or ev5 8a due proportion ( ea*40 ,! utmo/ t c\ld be attempt$ w\ld be to give "y p "s k ( ! results ( su* sci5ces & ! rules d]iv$ f !m4 ,b to ?is ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld object t x w\ld t5d1 l ! le>n+ ( languages1 8to increase ! already undue respect = au?ority40 #g4 ,to consid] ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s divisions 9 detail1 we come fir/ to k t leads to self-pres]vation4 8,happily1 t all-important "p ( education :i* goes to secure direct self-pres]vation is1 9 "p1 already provid$ =4 ,too mom5t\s to be left to our blund]+1 ,nature takes x into h] own h&s40 ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] w>ns u aga9/ su* ?w>t+s ( ,nature z t by :i* 8/upid s*oolmi/resses commonly prev5t ! girls 9 _! *>ge f ! spontane\s physical activities !y w\ld indulge 91 & s r5d] !m comp>atively incapable ( tak+ c>e ( !mselves 9 circum/ances ( p]il40 #h4 ,indirect self-pres]vation1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes1 may be mu* assi/$ by a k ( physiology4 8,diseases are (t5 contract$1 our memb]s are (t5 injur$1 by causes :i* sup]ior k w\ld avoid40 ,i believe ^! are n ! only gr\nds on :i* ! advocates ( physiology urge its claim to be admitt$ into ! curriculum2 b ^!1 if !y c be e/abli%$1 are no d\bt v important4 ,is x true1 h[ev]1 t doctors pres]ve _! own life & heal? or t ( _! *ildr5 by _! k ( physiology8 ,i ?9k ! matt] is op5 to dispute4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n4 ,he says v truly t _m a man w\ld blu% if convict$ ( ignorance ab\t ! pronunciation ( ,iphig5ia1 or ab\t ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules :o1 nev]!less1 w\ld n scruple to ackn[l$ge t he _h nev] he>d ( ! ,eu/a*ian tubes1 & c\ld n tell ! normal rate ( pulsation4 8,s t]ribly10 adds ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 89 our education does ! ornam5tal ov]ride ! useful60 ,b ?is is begg+ ! "q4 ,at pres5t classics =m "p ( ! in/ruction giv5 to e g5tleman1 & physiology does n4 ,?is is ! simpl] =m ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ass]tion ab\t ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules & ! ,eu/a*ian tubes1 & no "o d5ies x4 ,b we are n s well agre$ on ! comp>ative value ( ^! subjects4 ,9 8 ,address at ,/4 ,&rews1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill %[$ t he at lea/ 0 n conv9c$ ( ! uselessness ( classics1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n tell u h[ ! k ( ! normal /ate ( pulsation is useful2 h[1 to use 8 own te/1 x 8influ5ces action40 ,h[ev]1 :e!r we admit ! claims ( physiology or n1 we %all probably all[ t !re are c]ta9 physiological facts & rules ( heal?1 ! k ( :i* w\ld be ( great practical value1 & %\ld !re=e be imp>t$ to ev]yone4 ,"h ! doctor %\ld come to ! s*oolma/]'s assi/ance1 & give him a manual f :i* to tea* !m4 #i4 ,next 9 ord] ( importance1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 comes ! k :i* aids indirect self-pres]vation by facilitat+ ! ga9+ ( a livelihood4 ,"h ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?9ks x necess>y to prove to u t su* sci5ces z ma!matics & physics & biology und]lie all ! practical arts & bus9ess ( life4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( jo9+ issue ) him on ?is po9t2 b ! "q /ill rema9s1 :at influ5ce %\ld ?is h on education8 8,tea* sci5ce10 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 8,a gr\nd+ 9 sci5ce is ( great importance1 bo? because x prep>es = all ?is bus9ess ( life1 & because rational k has an imm5se sup]iority ov] empirical k40 ,%\ld we tea* all sci5ces to ev]ybody8 ,?is is cle>ly impossible4 ,%\ld we1 !n1 decide = ea* *ild :at is to be 8 p>ticul> means ( money-gett+1 & in/ruct him 9 ^? sci5ces :i* w be mo/ useful 9 t bus9ess or pr(ession8 ,9 o!r words1 %\ld we h a sep>ate s*ool = ea* call+8 ,! only attempt ( ?is k9d :i* has be5 made is1 ,i believe1 ! in/itution ( ,h&els*ul5 7comm]cial s*ools7 9 ,g]many4 ,9 !m1 y\?s ( fifte5 or sixte5 ent] = a c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s' in/ruction :i* aims exclusively at fitt+ !m = comm]ce4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 _! g5]al education is already f9i%$4 ,) u1 ! lad commonly goes to "w at ! bus9ess itself q z soon z he has ! faculties = le>n+ ! sci5ces connect$ ) x4 ,if ! s*ool s5ds him to x ) a love ( k1 & ) a m9d well discipl9$ to acquire k1 ?is w be ( m value to him ?an any special in=mation4 #aj4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] is "h consid]+ sci5ce m]ely ) ref]5ce to its importance 9 e>n+ a livelihood1 x is n beside ! "q to rem>k1 t 9 a great numb] ( in/ances1 ! k ( ! sci5ce :i* und]lies an op]ation conf]s no practical ability :atev]4 ,no "o sees ! bett] = und]/&+ ! /ructure ( ! eye & ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,9 swimm+ or r[+1 a s5ior wrangl] has no advantage ov] a man :o is entirely ignorant ab\t ! laws ( fluid pressure4 ,z f> z money-gett+ is conc]n$ !n1 sci5ce w n be f\nd to be univ]sally s]viceable4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] gives in/ances inde$1 :]e sci5ce w\ld prev5t v exp5sive blund]+2 b ! true inf]5ce is1 n t ! blund]]s %\ld le>n sci5ce1 b t !y %\ld m9d _! own bus9ess1 & take ! op9ion ( sci5tific m5 ab\t !irs4 8,"h is a m9e10 says he1 89 ! s9k+ ( :i* _m %>ehold]s ru9$ !mselves1 f n kn[+ t a c]ta9 fossil belong$ to ! old r$ s&/one1 bel[ :i* no coal is f\nd40 ,p]haps !y 7 misl$ by ! little k :i* ,pope tells u is a dang]\s ?+4 ,if !y _h be5 entirely ignorant1 !y w\ld surely h call$ 9 a pr(essional geologi/1 ^: op9ion w\ld h be5 m valuable ?an _! own1 ev5 ?\gh geology _h tak5 ! place ( classics 9 _! s*ool+4 8,daily are m5 induc$ to aid 9 c>ry+ out inv5tions :i* a m]e tyro 9 sci5ce c\ld %[ to be futile40 ,b ^! are m5 ^: function x w\ld always be to lose money1 n make x1 :atev] y might tea* !m4#ahg ,i h great d\bt1 !re=e1 :e!r ! le>n+ ( sci5ces w ev] be f\nd a ready way ( mak+ a =tune4 ,b directly we get beyond ! region ( p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce1 ,i agree mo/ cordially ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t a rational k has an imm5se sup]iority ov] empirical k4 ,&1 z a "p ( _! education1 boys %\ld be taught to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r1 & to desire rational k4 ,mu* might be done 9 ?is way by tea*+1 n all ! sci5ces & no?+ else1 b ! ma9 pr9ciples ( "s "o sci5ce1 :i* w\ld enable ! m intellig5t boys to und]/& & appreciate ! value ( 8a rational explanation ( ph5om5a40 ,i believe ?is addition to :at 0 be=e a lit]>y education has already be5 made 9 "s ( our lead+ s*ools1 z ,h>r[1 ,rugby1 & ! ,city ( ,london4#ahh #aa4 ,next1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld h in/ruction 9 ! prop] way ( re>+ (fspr+ =m a "p ( 8 curriculum4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! importance ( ?is k1 & all t ,mr4 ,sp5c] says ( ! lam5table ignorance ( p>5ts is1 un=tunately1 no less und5iable4 ,b c\ld ?is k be imp>t$ e>ly 9 life8 ,"y p w\ld naturally take b little int]e/ 9 x4 ,x is by p>5ts1 or at lea/ by ^? :o h "s notion ( ! p>5tal responsibility1 t ?is k %\ld be s\ght4 ,! be/ way 9 :i* we c tea* ! "y w be s to br+ !m up t :5 !y !mselves h to re> *ildr5 ! remembrance ( _! own y\? may be a guide & n a beacon to !m4 ,b m k ?an ?is is necess>y1 & ,i diff] f ,mr4 ,sp5c] only z to ! prop] "t = acquir+ x4 #ab4 ,next comes ! k :i* fits a man = ! dis*>ge ( 8 functions z a citiz51 a subject to :i* ,dr4 ,arnold atta*$ great importance at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,re=m ,bill1 & :i* des]ves our att5tion all ! m 9 consequ5ce ( ! second & ?ird4 ,b :at k are we to give = ?is purpose8 ,"o ( ! subjects :i* seem especially suitable is hi/ory4 ,b hi/ory1 z x is n[ writt51 is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 useless4 8,x does n illu/rate ! "r pr9ciples ( political action40 8,! great mass ( hi/orical facts are facts f :i* no conclusions c be drawn--unorganisable facts1 &1 !re=e1 facts ( no s]vice 9 e/abli%+ pr9ciples ( conduct1 :i* is ! *ief use ( facts4 ,read !m if y l = amusem5t1 b d n flatt] y\rself !y are in/ructive40 ,ab\t ! "r pr9ciples ( political action we seem s completely at sea t1 p]haps1 ! ma9 ?+ we c d = ! "y is to po9t out to !m ! responsibilities :i* w h]eaft] devolve ^u !m1 & ! dang]1 bo? to ! /ate & ! individual1 ( j e*o+ ! popul> cry )\t ! lea/ reflection1 accord+ to our pres5t usage4 ,b hi/ory1 z x is n[ writt5 by great hi/orians1 may be ( "s use 9 tra9+ ! "y bo? to be citiz5s & m54 8,read+ ab\t ! fifte5 decisive battles1 or all ! battles 9 hi/ory1 w\ld n make a man a m judici\s vot] at ! next election10 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,b is ?is true8 ,! k ( :at has be5 done 9 o!r times1 ev5 by ^? ^: coronation r5d]s !m s di/a/eful to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is k :i* influ5ces a man's :ole "*1 & may1 !re=e1 affect p>ticul> acts1 ev5 :5 we are unable to trace ! connexion4 ,z x has be5 (t5 said1 ! effect ( read+ hi/ory is1 9 "s respects1 ! same z t ( travell+4 ,anyone 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ve9 might ask1 8,if a man has se5 ! ,alps1 ( :at use w t be to him 9 weigh+ out groc]ies80 ,directly1 none at all2 b indirectly1 mu*4 ,! travell$ man w n be su* a slave to ! petty views & cu/oms ( 8 trade z ! man :o looks on 8 c\nty t[n z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory1 l travell+1 wid5s ! /ud5t's m5tal vision1 frees him to "s ext5t f ! bondage ( ! pres5t1 & prev5ts 8 mi/ak+ conv5tionalities = laws ( nature4 ,x br+s home to him1 9 all its =ce1 ! tru? t 8!re are also p beyond ! m\nta90 7,h9t] dem ,b]ge s9d au* ,leute71 t !re are high] int]e/s 9 ! _w ?an 8 own bus9ess conc]ns1 & nobl] m5 ?an himself or ! be/ ( 8 acqua9tance4 ,x tea*es him :at m5 are capable (1 & ?us gives him ju/] views ( 8 race4 ,& to h all ?is tru? work$ into ! m9d contributes p]haps z l>gely to 8complete liv+0 z k ( ! ,eu/a*ian tubes or ( ! normal rate ( pulsation4#ahi ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! works ( great hi/orians & biograph]s1 :i* we already possess1 may be usefully employ$ 9 education4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! value ( hi/ory accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s idea1 z x has yet to be writt52 b ,i v5ture to pr$ict t if boys1 in/ead ( read+ ab\t ! hi/ory ( nations 9 connection ) _! lead+ m51 are requir$ to /udy only 8! progress ( society10 ! subject w at once lose all its int]e/ = !m2 &1 p]haps1 _m ( ! facts communicat$ w prove1 aft] all1 no less unorganisable ?an ! fifte5 decisive battles4 #ac4 ,la/ly1 we come to t 8rema9+ division ( human life :i* includes ! relaxations & amusem5ts fill+ leisure h\rs40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] assures u t he w yield to none 9 ! value he atta*es to /hetic culture & its pleasures2 b if he does n value ! f9e arts less1 he values sci5ce m2 & pa9t+1 music1 & poetry w\ld receive z little enc\ragem5t "u 8 dictator%ip z 9 ! days ( ! ,commonweal?4 8,z ! f9e arts & belles-lettres occupy ! leisure "p ( life1 s %\ld !y occupy ! leisure "p ( education40 ,?is language is r obscure2 b ! only mean+ ,i c atta* to x is1 t music1 draw+1 poetry1 c41 may be taught if "t c be f\nd :5 all o!r kn[l$ges are provid$ =4 ,?is rem9ds me ( ! au?or ^: works are s valuable t !y w be /udi$ :5 ,%akspe>e is =gott5--b n be=e4 ,any "o ( ! sci5ces :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] consid]s s necess>y might employ a lifetime4 ,:]e !n %all we look = ! leisure "p ( education :5 education includes !m all8#aij #ad4 ,b1 if adopt+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own measure1 we e/imate ! value ( k by its influ5ce on action1 we %all probably rank 8accompli%m5ts0 mu* high] ?an !y h hi!rto be5 plac$ 9 ! s*emes ( educationi/s4 ,k & skill connect$ ) ! bus9ess ( life1 are ( necessity acquir$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( bus9ess4 ,b ! k & skill :i* make our leisure valuable to ourselves & a s\rce ( pleasure to o!rs1 c seldom be ga9$ aft] ! "w ( life has begun4 ,& yet e day a man may b5efit by possess+ su* an ability1 or may suff] f ! want ( x4 ,"o ^: eyesight has be5 tra9$ by draw+ & pa9t+ f9ds objects ( int]e/ all ar\nd him1 to :i* o!r p are bl9d4 ,a primrose by a riv]'s brim is1 p]haps1 m to him :o has a feel+ = its =m & col\r ?an ev5 to ! sci5tific /ud5t1 :o c tell all ab\t its classification & compon5t p>ts4 ,a k ( music is (t5 ( ! greate/ practical s]vice1 z by virtue ( x1 its possessor is valuable to 8 associates1 to say no?+ ( 8 hav+ a con/ant s\rce ( pleasure & a means ( recreation :i* is mo/ preci\s z a relief f ! c>es ( life4 ,( f> great] importance is ! k ( our be/ poetry4 ,"o ( ! fir/ re=ms 9 our s*ool c\rse w\ld h be51 ,i %\ld h ?\ght1 to give ?is k a mu* m prom95t place2 b ,mr4 ,sp5c] consigns x1 ) music & draw+1 to 8! leisure "p ( education40 ,:e!r a man :o 0 engross$ by sci5ce1 :o _h no k ( ! f9e arts except z !y illu/rat$ sci5tific laws1 no acqua9tance ) ! lives ( great m51 or ) any hi/ory b sociology1 & :o /udi$ ! ?\ghts & emotions express$ by our great poets m]ely ) a view to _! psy*ological classification--:e!r su* a man c\ld be said to 8live completely0 is a "q to :i* e "o1 n except+ ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself1 w\ld probably return ! same answ]4 ,& yet ?is is ! k9d ( man :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em w\ld produce :]e x 0 mo/ successful4 #ae4 ,let me n[ briefly sum up ! conclusions arriv$ at1 & consid] h[ f> ,i diff] f ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,i believe t !re is no "o /udy :i* is suit$ to tra9 ! faculties ( ! m9d at e /age ( its developm5t1 & t :5 we h decid$ on ! necessity ( ?is or t k1 we mu/ consid] fur!r :at is ! "r "t = acquir+ x4 ,i believe t intellectual education %\ld aim1 n s mu* at communicat+ facts1 h[ev] valuable1 z at %[+ ! boy :at true k is1 & giv+ him ! p[] & ! disposition to acquire x4 ,i believe t ! exclusively sci5tific tea*+ :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] approves w\ld n effect ?is4 ,x w\ld lead at be/ to a v "o-sid$ developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,x might fail to engage ! pupil's int]e/ suffici5tly to draw out 8 faculties1 & 9 ?is case ! net outcome ( 8 s*ool-days w\ld be no l>g] ?an at pres5t4 ,( ! kn[l$ges :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] recomm5ds = special objects1 "s1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld n conduce to ! object1 & "s c\ld n be communicat$ e>ly 9 life1 7#a47 ,= indirect self-pres]vation we d n require to "k physiology1 b ! results ( physiology4 7#b47 ,! sci5ce :i* be>s on special pursuits 9 life has n1 9 _m cases1 any pecuni>y value1 & al?\gh x is mo/ desirable t e "o %\ld /udy ! sci5ce :i* makes 8 "w intelligible to him1 ?is mu/ usually be done :5 8 s*ool+ is ov]4 ,! s*ool w h done its "p if x has accu/om$ him to ! intellectual processes by :i* sci5ces are le>n$1 & has giv5 him an intellig5t appreciation ( _! value4#aia 7#c47 ,! "r way ( re>+ & tra9+ *ildr5 %\ld be /udi$1 b n by ! *ildr5 !mselves4 7#d47 ,! k :i* fits a man to dis*>ge 8 duties z a citiz5 is ( great importance1 &1 z ,dr4 ,arnold po9t$ out1 is likely to be entirely neglect$ by ^? :o h to /ruggle = a livelihood4 ,! s*oolma/] %\ld1 !re=e1 by no means neglect ?is subject ) ^? ( 8 pupils ^: s*ool-days w soon be ov]1 b1 probably1 all t he c d is to cultivate 9 !m a s5se ( ! citiz5's duty1 & a capacity = be+ _! own tea*]s4 7#e47 ,! k ( poetry1 belles-lettres1 & ! f9e arts1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] h&s ov] to ! leisure "p ( education1 is ! only k 9 8 program :i* ,i ?9k %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly =m a prom95t "p 9 ! curriculum ( e s*ool4 #af4 ,i !re=e diff]1 ?\gh ) great respect1 f ! conclusions at :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has arriv$4 ,b ,i he>tily agree ) him t we are b\nd to inquire into ! relative value ( kn[l$ges1 & if we take1 z ,i %\ld will+ly d1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s te/1 & ask h[ does ?is or t k influ5ce action 7includ+ 9 our inquiry its influ5ce on m9d & "*1 ?r\gh :i* x be>s ^u action71 ,i ?9k we %\ld bani% f our s*ools mu* t has hi!rto be5 taught 9 !m1 besides ^? old torm5tors ( y\? 7laid1 ,i fancy1 at la/--requiescant 9 pace7--! ,propria qu ,m>ibus & its k9dr$ absurdities4 ,:at we %\ld tea* is1 ( c\rse1 n s easily decid$ z :at we %\ld n4 #ag4 ,i n[ come to consid] ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s second *apt]1 9 :i*1 "u ! head+ ( 8,intellectual ,education10 he gives an admirable summ+ up ( ! ma9 pr9ciples 9 :i* ! great writ]s on ! subject h agre$1 f ,com5ius d[nw>ds4 ,^! pr9ciples are1 p]haps1 n all ( !m unassailable1 & ev5 :]e !y are true1 _m mi/akes mu/ be expect$ be=e we arrive at ! be/ me?od ( apply+ !m2 b ! only reason t c be assign$ = ! small am\nt ( influ5ce !y h hi!rto ex]cis$ is1 t mo/ tea*]s are z ignorant ( !m z ( ! ab/ruse/ doctr9es ( ,kant & ,hegel4 #ah4 ,9 /at+ ^! pr9ciples ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts out t !y m]ely =m a comm5cem5t = a sci5ce ( education4 8,be=e educational me?ods c be made to h>monise 9 "* & arrangem5t ) ! faculties 9 ! mode & ord] ( unfold+1 x is fir/ ne$ful t we asc]ta9 ) "s complet5ess h[ ! faculties d unfold4 ,at pres5t we h acquir$ on ?is po9t only a few g5]al notions4 ,^! g5]al notions mu/ be develop$ 9 detail--mu/ be trans=m$ into a multitude ( specific propositions be=e we c be said to possess t sci5ce on :i* ! art ( education mu/ be bas$4 ,& !n1 :5 we h def9itely made out 9 :at succession & 9 :at comb9ations ! m5tal p[]s become active1 x rema9s to *oose out ( ! _m possible ways ( ex]cis+ ea* ( !m1 t :i* be/ con=ms to its natural mode ( action4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 x is n to be suppos$ t ev5 our mo/ advanc$ modes ( tea*+ are ! "r ones1 or ne>ly ! "r ones40 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t we h no sci5ce ( education4 ,^? :o h be5 able to obs]ve ! ph5om5a h _h no int]e/ 9 g5]alis+ f !m4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! s*oolma/] has be5 a p]son to :om boys 7 s5t to le>n ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,he has _h1 !re=e1 no m ne$ ( a sci5ce ?an ! danc+-ma/]4#aib ,b ! pres5t c5tury1 :i* has br\ght 9 s _m *anges1 w n leave ! /ate ( education z x f\nd x4 ,lat9 & ,greek1 if !y are n de?ron$ 9 our high] s*ools1 w h _! despotism *ang$ = a v limit$ mon>*y4 ,a c\rse ( in/ruction c]ta9ly )\t ,greek & p]haps )\t ,lat9 w h to be provid$ = middle s*ools4 ,ju/] views are beg9n+ to prevail ( ! s*oolma/]'s function4 ,x is at l5g? p]ceiv$ t he has to assi/ ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 & p]haps1 by-&-bye1 he may ?9k x z well to le>n all he c ( t :i* he is employ$ 9 develop+4 ,:5 matt]s h advanc$ z f> z ?is1 we may beg9 to hope = a sci5ce ( education4 ,9 ,locke's day he c\ld say ( physical sci5ce t !re 0 no su* sci5ce 9 exi/5ce4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! human race _h liv$ 9 ignorance ( ! simple/ laws ( ! _w x inhabit$4 ,b ! true me?od ( inquir+ once introduc$1 sci5ce has made su* rapid conque/s1 & acquir$ s great importance1 t "s ( our able/ m5 seem incl9$ to d5y1 if n ! exi/5ce1 at lea/ ! value1 ( any o!r k9d ( k4 ,s1 too1 :5 tea*]s seek by actual obs]vation to discov] ! laws ( m5tal developm5t1 a sci5ce may be arriv$ at1 :i*1 9 its influ5ce on mank9d1 w\ld p]haps rank be=e any we n[ possess4 #ai4 ,^? :o h read ! previ\s ,essays w h se5 9 v>i\s =ms mo/ ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] enum]ates1 b ,i gladly avail myself ( 8 assi/ance 9 summ+ !m up4 #a4 ,we %\ld proce$ f ! simple to ! complex1 bo? 9 our *oice ( subjects & 9 ! way 9 :i* ea* subject is taught4 ,we %\ld beg9 ) b few subjects at once1 &1 successively add+ to ^!1 %\ld f9ally c>ry on all subjects abrea/4 ,ea* l>g] concept is made by a comb9ation ( small] ones1 & presupposes !m4 ,if ?is ord] is n att5d$ to 9 communicat+ k1 ! pupil c le>n no?+ b words1 & w spe$ily s9k into apa?y & disgu/4 #bj4 ,t we mu/ proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n is some?+ m ?an a coroll>y to ! above2#aic because n only are new concepts =m$ by ! comb9ation ( old1 b ! m9d has a lik+ = :at x kn[s1 & ?is lik+ ext5ds itself to all t c be connect$ ) its object4 ,! pr9ciple ( us+ ! kn[n 9 tea*+ ! unkn[n is s simple1 t all tea*]s :o really endeav\r to make any?+ und]/ood1 naturally adopt x4 ,! travell] :o is describ+ :at he has se5 & :at we h n se5 tells u t x is 9 "o p>ticul> l ?is object1 & 9 ano!r l t object1 ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,we comb9e ^! diff]5t concepts we possess1 & s get "s notion ( ?+s ab\t :i* we 7 previ\sly ignorant4 ,:at is requir$ 9 our tea*+ is t ! use ( ! kn[n %\ld be employ$ m sy/ematically4 ,mo/ tea*]s ?9k ( boys :o h no s*ool le>n+ z entirely ignorant4 ,! lea/ reflection %[s1 h[ev]1 t !y "k already mu* m ?an s*ools c ev] tea* !m4 ,a s>ca/ic exam9] is said to h h&$ a small piece ( pap] to a /ud5t & told him to write all he knew on x4 ,p]haps _m boys w\ld h no difficulty 9 /at+ ! sum ( _! s*ool-le>n+ )9 v n>r[ limits1 b ) o!r k a *ild ( five ye>s old1 c\ld he write1 might soon fill a volume4#aid ,our aim %\ld be to connect ! k boys br+ ) !m to ! s*oolroom ) t :i* !y are to acquire !re4#aie ,i suppose all w all[1 :e!r !y ?9k x a matt] ( regret or o!rwise1 t h>dly any?+ ( ! k9d has hi!rto be5 attempt$4 ,aga9/ ?is /ate ( ?+s ,i _c refra9 f borr[+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s eloqu5t prote/4 8,n recognis+ ! tru? t ! function ( books is supplem5t>y--t !y =m an indirect means to k :5 direct means fail1 a means ( see+ ?r\gh o!r m5 :at y _c see = y\rself1 tea*]s are eag] to give second-h& facts 9 place ( fir/-h& facts4 ,n p]ceiv+ ! enorm\s value ( t spontane\s education :i* goes on 9 e>ly ye>s1 n p]ceiv+ t a *ild's re/less obs]vation1 in/ead ( be+ ignor$ or *eck$1 %\ld be dilig5tly m9i/]$ to1 & made z accurate & complete z possible1 !y insi/ on occupy+ its eyes & ?\ghts ) ?+s t are1 = ! "t be+1 incompreh5sible & repugnant4 ,possess$ by a sup]/ition :i* wor%ips ! symbols ( k in/ead ( ! k itself1 !y d n see t only :5 8 acqua9tance ) ! objects & processes ( ! h\sehold1 ! /reet1 & ! fields1 is becom+ tol]ably exhau/ive1 only !n %\ld a *ild be introduc$ to ! new s\rces ( in=mation :i* books supply1 & ?is n only because imm$iate cognition is ( f> great] value ?an m$iate cognition1 b also because ! words conta9$ 9 books c be rightly int]pret$ into ideas only 9 proportion to ! antec$5t exp]i5ce ( ?+s40#aif ,:ile agree+ he>tily 9 ! _s ( ?is prote/1 ,i d\bt :e!r we %\ld wait till ! *ild's acqua9tance ) ! objects & processes ( ! h\sehold1 ! /reets1 & ! fields1 is becom+ tol]ably exhau/ive be=e we give him in/ruction f books4 ,! po9t ( "t :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] indicates is1 at all ev5ts1 r h>d to fix1 & ,i %\ld wi% to connect book-le>n+ z soon z possible ) ! le>n+ t is be+ acquir$ 9 o!r ways4 ,?us might bo? ! books1 & ! acts & objects ( daily life1 w9 an additional int]e/4 ,if1 e4g41 ! fir/ read+-books 7 ab\t ! animals1 & lat] on ab\t ! trees & fl[]s :i* ! *ildr5 con/antly meet )1 & _! att5tion 0 kept up by l>ge col\r$ pictures1 to :i* ! text might ref]1 ! *ildr5 w\ld soon f9d bo? pleasure & advantage 9 read+1 & !y w\ld look at ! animals & trees ) a ke5] int]e/ f ! additional k ( !m !y _h d]iv$ f books4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only "o small application ( a v influ5tial pr9ciple4 #ba4 ,"o m>vell\s in/ance ( ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! practice ( tea*+ ,lat9 gramm> be=e ,engli% gramm>4 ,z ,pr(essor ,seeley has s well po9t$ out1 *ildr5 br+ ) !m to s*ool ! k ( language 9 its concrete =m4 ,!y may soon be taught to obs]ve ! language !y already "k1 & to f9d1 almo/ = !mselves1 "s ( ! ma9 divisions ( words 9 x4 ,b1 in/ead ( avail+ himself ( ! *ild's previ\s k1 ! s*oolma/] takes a new & difficult language1 diff]+ z mu* z possible f ,engli%1 a new & difficult sci5ce1 t ( gramm>1 convey$1 too1 9 a new & difficult t]m9ology1 & all ?is he tries to tea* at ! same "t4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! sci5ce is de/roy$1 ! t]m9ology is ei!r misund]/ood1 or1 m probably1 associat$ ) no ideas1 & ev5 ! language = :i* e sacrifice is made1 is f\nd1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 nev] to be acquir$ at all4#aig #bb4 #b4 8,all developm5t is an advance f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite40 ,i d n feel v c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 or ( its application1 if true4 ,( c\rse1 a *ild's intellectual conceptions are at fir/ vague1 & we %\ld n =get ?is2 b x is r a fact ?an a pr9ciple4 #bc4 #c4 8,our lessons ought to />t f ! concrete1 & end 9 ! ab/ract40 ,:at ,mr4 ,sp5c] says "u ?is head well des]ves ! att5tion ( all tea*]s4 8,g5]al =mulas :i* m5 h devis$ to express gr\ps ( details1 & :i* h sev]ally simplifi$ _! conceptions by unit+ _m facts into "o fact1 !y h suppos$ mu/ simplify ! conceptions ( a *ild also4 ,!y h =gott5 t a g5]alisation is simple only 9 comp>ison ) ! :ole mass ( p>ticul> tru?s x compreh5ds2 t x is m complex ?an any "o ( ^! tru?s tak5 simply2 t only1 aft] _m ( ^! s+le tru?s h be5 acquir$1 does ! g5]alisation ease ! memory & help ! reason2 & t1 to a m9d n possess+ ^! s+le tru?s1 x is necess>ily a my/]y4 ,?us1 conf\nd+ two k9ds ( simplification1 tea*]s h con/antly err$ by sett+ out ) 8fir/ pr9ciples10 a proce$+ ess5tially1 ?\gh n app>5tly1 at v>iance ) ! prim>y rule ( proce$+ f ! simple to ! complex1 :i* implies t ! m9d %\ld be introduc$ to pr9ciples ?r\gh ! m$ium ( examples1 & s %\ld be l$ f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract40 ,9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 ,pe/alozzi made ! actual c\nt+ ( ?+s prec$e ! tea*+ ( ab/ract rules 9 ari?metic4 ,bas$[ introduc$ weights & measures into ! s*ool1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] describes "s ex]cise 9 cutt+ out geometrical figures 9 c>dbo>d1 z a prep>ation = geometry4 ,! difficulty ab\t su* in/ruction is t x requires app>atus1 & app>atus is apt to get lo/ or out ( ord]4 ,b if app>atus is good = any?+ at all1 x is wor? a little tr\ble4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! m9ds ( _m tea*]s to depreciate 8me*anical appliances40 ,ev5 a dec5t black-bo>d is n always to be f\nd 9 our high] s*ools4 ,b1 ?\gh su* appliances w n enable a bad ma/] to tea* well1 nev]!less1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! ma/] w tea* bett] ) !m ?an )\t !m4 ,!re is little cr$it due to him = manag+ to disp5se ) app>atus4 ,an au?or might z well pride himself on be+ sav+ 9 p5s & pap]4 #bd4 #d4 8,! g5esis ( k 9 ! individual mu/ foll[ ! same c\rse z ! g5esis ( k 9 ! race40 ,?is is ! !sis on :i* ,i h no op9ion to (f]4 #be4 #e4 ,f ! above pr9ciple ,mr4 ,sp5c] inf]s t e /udy %\ld h a purely exp]im5tal introduction1 ?us proce$+ ?r\gh an empirical /age to a rational4 #bf4 #f4 ,a second conclusion :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] draws is t1 9 education1 ! process ( self-developm5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to ! utmo/4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be l$ to make _! own inve/igations1 & to draw _! own inf]5ces4 ,!y %\ld be told z little z possible1 & induc$ to discov] z mu* z possible4 ,i q agree ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ?is pr9ciple _c be too /r5u\sly insi/$ on1 ?\gh x obvi\sly dem&s a high am\nt ( intellig5ce 9 ! tea*]4 ,b if education is to be a tra9+ ( ! faculties1 if x is to prep>e ! pupil to tea* himself1 some?+ m is ne$$ ?an simply to p\r 9 k & make ! pupil reproduce x4 ,! receptive & reproductive faculties =m b a small portion ( a *ild's p[]s1 & yet ! only portion :i* _m s*oolma/]s seek to cultivate4 ,x is inde$1 n easy to get beyond ?is po9t2 b ! imp$im5t is 9 u1 n 9 ! *ildr54 8,:o c wat*10 ask ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 8! ceaseless obs]vation1 & inquiry1 & inf]5ce1 go+ on 9 a *ild's m9d1 or li/5 to its acute rem>ks 9 matt]s )9 ! range ( its faculties1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ^! p[]s x manife/s1 if br\ght to be> sy/ematically ^u /udies )9 ! same range1 w\ld readily ma/] !m )\t help8 ,?is ne$ = p]petual tell+ results f our /upidity1 n f ! *ild's4 ,we drag x away f ! facts 9 :i* x is int]e/$1 & :i* x is actively assimilat+ ( itself4 ,we put be=e x facts f> too complex = x to und]/&1 & !re=e di/a/eful to x4 ,f9d+ t x w n volunt>ily acquire ^! facts1 we ?ru/ !m into its m9d by =ce ( ?reats & puni%m5t4 ,by ?us d5y+ ! k x craves1 & cramm+ x ) k x _c dige/1 we produce a morbid /ate ( its faculties1 & a consequ5t disgu/ = k 9 g5]al4 ,& :51 z a result1 p>tly ( ! /olid indol5ce we h br\ght on1 & p>tly ( /ill-cont9u$ unfitness 9 its /udies1 ! *ild c und]/& no?+ )\t explanation1 & becomes a m]e passive recipi5t ( our in/ruction1 we inf] t education mu/ necess>ily be c>ri$ on ?us4 ,hav+ by our me?od induc$ helplessness1 we make ! helplessness a reason = our me?od40 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 mu* easi] to po9t out defects ?an to rem$y !m3 b e "o :o has obs]v$ ! usual indiff]5ce ( s*oolboys to _! "w1 & ! wa/e ( "t consequ5t on _! inatt5tion or only half-he>t$ att5tion to ! matt] be=e !m1 & !n ?9ks ( ! eag]ness ) :i* ! same boys ?r[ !mselves into ! pursuits ( _! play-h\rs1 w feel a desire to get at ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce2 &1 p]haps1 x may seem to him p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t _! s*ool-"w makes a monoton\s dem& on a s+le faculty--! memory4 #bg4 #g4 ,?is br+s me to ! la/ ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s pr9ciples ( intellectual education4 ,in/ruction mu/ excite ! int]e/ ( ! pupils & !re=e be pleasurable to !m4 8,nature has made ! heal?ful ex]cise ( our faculties bo? ( m9d & body pleasurable4 ,x is true t "s ( ! highe/ m5tal p[]s z yet b little develop$ 9 ! race1 & cong5itally possess$ 9 any consid]able degree only by ! mo/ advanc$1 are indispos$ to ! am\nt ( ex]tion requir$ ( !m4 ,b ^!1 9 virtue ( _! v complexity w 9 a normal c\rse ( culture come la/ into ex]cise1 & w1 !re=e1 h no dem&s made on !m until ! pupil has arriv$ at an age :5 ult]ior motives c be br\ght into play1 & an indirect pleasure made to c\nt]balance a direct displeasure4 ,) all faculties l[] ?an ^!1 h[ev]1 ! imm$iate gratification consequ5t on activity is ! normal /imulus1 & "u good managem5t ! only ne$ful /imulus4 ,:5 we h to fall back on "s o!r1 we mu/ take ! fact z evid5ce t we are on ! wrong track4 ,exp]i5ce is daily %[+ ) great] cle>ness t !re is always a me?od to be f\nd productive ( int]e/--ev5 ( delight--& x ev] turns out t ?is is ! me?od prov$ by all o!r te/s to be ! "r "o40 #bh4 ,z f> z ,i h _h ! means ( judg+1 ,i h f\nd t ! majority ( tea*]s reject ?is pr9ciple4 ,if y ask !m :y1 mo/ ( !m w tell y t x is impossible to make s*ool-"w int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,a l>ge numb] also hold t x is n desirable4 ,let u consid] ^! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,( c\rse1 if x is n possible to get *ildr5 to take int]e/ 9 any?+ !y c\ld be taught 9 s*ool1 !re is an end ( ! matt]4 ,b no "o really goes z f> z ?is4 ,e tea*] f9ds t "s ( ! ?+s boys are taught !y l bett] ?an o!rs1 & p]haps t "o boy takes to "o subject & ano!r to ano!r2 & he also f9ds1 bo? ( classes & individuals1 t !y always get on be/ ) :at !y l be/4 ,! utmo/ t c be ma9ta9$ is1 !n1 t "s subjects :i* mu/ be taught w n int]e/ ! majority ( ! le>n]s4 ,& if x be once admitt$ t x is desirable to make le>n+ pleasant & int]e/+ to our pupils1 ?is pr9ciple w influ5ce u to "s ext5t 9 ! subjects we select = tea*+1 & /ill m 9 ! me?ods by :i* we endeav\r to tea* !m4 ,i say we %all be guid$ to "s ext5t 9 ! selection ( subjects4 ,!re are !ori/s :o ass]t t nature gives to "y m9ds a crav+ = _! prop] alim5t1 s t !y %\ld be taught only :at !y %[ an incl9ation =4 ,b surely our natural incl9ations 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 o!rs1 are nei!r on ! "o h& to be ignor$1 nor on ! o!r to be uncontroll$ by su* motives z our reason dictates to u4 ,we at l5g? p]ceive ?is 9 ! physical nurture ( our *ildr54 ,locke directs t *ildr5 are to h v little sug> or salt4 8,sweetmeats ( all k9ds are to be avoid$10 says he1 8:i*1 :e!r !y d m h>m to ! mak] or eat] is n easy to tell40 7,ed4 #bj47 ,n[1 h[ev]1 doctors h f\nd out t "y p's ta/e = sweets %\ld 9 mod]ation be gratifi$1 t !y require sug> z mu* z !y require any o!r k9d ( nutrim5t4 ,b no "o w\ld ?9k ( fe$+ 8 *ildr5 entirely on sweetmeats1 or ev5 ( lett+ !m h an unlimit$ supply ( plum pudd+s & h>dbake4 ,if we foll[ out ?is analogy 9 n\ri%+ ! m9d1 we %all1 to "s ext5t1 gratify a *ild's ta/e = 8/ories10 :il/ we also provide a l>ge am\nt ( m solid f>e4 ,b al?\gh we %\ld c]ta9ly n ignore our *ildr5's likes & dislikes 9 le>n+1 or 9 any?+ else1 x is easy to atta* too mu* importance to !m4 ,dislike v (t5 proce$s f m]e want ( insight into ! subject4 ,:5 a boy has 8done0 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,euclid )\t kn[+ h[ to judge ( ! size ( an angle1 or ! ,second ,book )\t =m+ any conception ( a rectangle1 no "o c be surpris$ at 8 n lik+ ,euclid4 ,& !n ! failure :i* is really due to bad tea*+ is attribut$ by ! ma/] to ! /upidity ( 8 pupil1 & by ! pupil to ! dulness ( ! subject4 ,if ma/]s really desir$ to make le>n+ a pleasure to _! pupils1 ,i ?9k !y w\ld f9d t mu* might be done to effect ?is )\t any alt]ation 9 ! subjects taught4 ,b ! pres5t dulness ( s*ool-"w is n )\t its def5d]s4 ,!y insi/ on ! importance ( break+ 9 ! m9d to h>d "w4 ,?is c only be done1 !y say1 by tasks :i* are repulsive to x4 ,! s*oolboy does n l1 & ought n to l1 le>n+ ,lat9 gramm> any m ?an ! colt %\ld f9d pleasure 9 runn+ r\nd 9 a circle3 ! v fact t ^! ?+s are n pleasant makes !m b5eficial4 ,p]haps a c]ta9 am\nt ( su* tra9+ may tra9 d[n ! m9d & qualify x = "s drudg]y f :i* x might o!rwise revolt2 b if ?is result is atta9$1 x is atta9$ at ! sacrifice ( ! intellectual activity :i* is necess>y = any high] function4 ,z ,c>lyle says1 7,latt]-,day ,,pp41 ,no4 iij71 :5 speak+ ( r\t9e "w g5]ally1 y want no?+ b a sorry nag to draw y\r s&-c>t2 y\r high-spirit$ ,arab w be dang]\s 9 su* a capacity4 ,b :o w\ld advocate = all colts a tra9+ :i* %\ld r5d] !m fit = no?+ b su* humble toil8 ,i %all say m ab\t ?is fur!r on 7v4 pp4 #dgb ff472 "h ,i w m]ely express my /rong conviction t boys' m9ds are frequ5tly dw>f$1 & _! int]e/ 9 intellectual pursuits blight$1 by ! practice ( employ+ ! fir/ ye>s ( _! s*ool-life 9 le>n+ by he>t ?+s :i* x is q impossible = !m to und]/& or c>e =4 ,tea*]s set out by assum+ t little boys _c und]/& any?+1 & t all we c d ) !m is to keep !m quiet & cram !m ) =ms :i* w come 9 useful at a lat] age4 ,:5 ! boys h be5 taught on ?is sy/em = two or ?ree ye>s1 _! tea*] compla9s t !y are /upid & inatt5tive1 & t s long z !y c say a ?+ by he>t !y nev] tr\ble !mselves to und]/& x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tea*] grumbles at !m = do+ precisely :at !y h be5 taught to d1 = repeat+ words )\t any ?\ght ( _! mean+4 #bi4 ,9 ?is v important matt] ,i am fully alive to ! diff]5ce betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,x is s easy to recomm5d t boys %\ld be got to und]/& & take an int]e/ 9 _! "w--s difficult to c>ry out ! recomm5dation6 ,gr[n p c h>dly conceive t words :i* h 9 _! m9ds be5 associat$ ) famili> ideas f "t immemorial1 are m]e s\nds 9 ! m\?s ( _! pupils4 ,! tea*] ?9ks he is beg9n+ at ! beg9n+ if he says t a transitive v]b mu/ gov]n an accusative1 or t all ! angles ( a squ>e are "r angles4 ,he gives 8 pupils cr$it = innate ideas up to ?is po9t1 at all ev5ts1 & advanc+ on ?is supposition he f9ds t he c get no?+ out ( !m b memory-"w2 s he insi/s on ?is t 8 "t & !irs may seem n to be :olly wa/$4 ,! great difficulty ( tea*+ well1 h[ev]1 is aft] all b a poor excuse = cont5t$ly tea*+ badly1 & x w\ld be a great /ep 9 advance if tea*]s 9 g5]al 7 z dissatisfi$ ) !mselves z !y usually are ) _! pupils4#aih #cj4 ,i d n purpose foll[+ ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?r\gh 8 *apt]s on moral & physical education4 ,9 practice ,i f9d ,i c draw no l9e betwe5 moral & religi\s education2 s ! discussion ( "o )\t ! o!r has n = me mu* int]e/4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has "s v valuable rem>ks on physical education :i* ,i c\ld d little m ?an extract1 & ,i h already made too _m quotations f a "w :i* w be 9 ! h&s ( mo/ ( my read]s4 #ca4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] diff]s v widely f ! great body ( our s*oolma/]s4 ,i h v5tur$ 9 turn to diff] on "s po9ts f ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 b ,i h fail$ to give any adequate notion ( ! "w ,i h be5 discuss+ if ! read] has n p]ceiv$ t x is n only "o ( ! mo/ readable1 b also "o ( ! mo/ important books on education 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,,xx4 ,,?\ghts ,,& ,,sugge/ions4 #a4 ,"o ( ! great wants ( middle-class education at pres5t1 is an ideal to "w t[>ds4 ,our old public s*ools h su* an ideal4 ,! model public s*ool-man is a g5tleman :o is an elegant ,lat9 & ,greek s*ol>4 ,true1 ?is may n be a v good ideal1 & "s ( our able/ m51 bo? lit]>y & sci5tific1 are pr(\ndly dissatisfi$ ) x4 ,b1 s long z x is ma9ta9$1 all que/ions ( re=m are comp>atively simple4 ,9 middle-class s*ools1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no t]m9us ad quem4 ,a numb] ( boys are got toge!r1 & ! "q arises1 n simply h[ to tea*1 b :at to tea*4 ,:]e ! ma/]s are n univ]sity m51 !y are1 x may be1 n m5 ( broad views or high culture4 ,( c\rse no "o w suppose me ignorant ( ! fact t a great numb] ( tea*]s :o h nev] be5 at a univ]sity1 are bo? enlight5$ & highly cultivat$2 & also t _m tea*]s :o h tak5 degrees1 ev5 9 hon\rs1 are nei!r4 ,b1 speak+ broadly ( ! two classes1 ,i may fairly assume t ! non-univ]sity m5 are inf]ior 9 ^! respects to ! graduates4 ,if n1 our univ]sities %\ld be re=m$ on ,c>lyle's 8live-coal0 pr9ciple )\t fur!r loss ( "t4 ,_m non-univ]sity ma/]s h be5 engag$ 9 tea*+ ev] s9ce !y 7 boys !mselves1 & tea*+ is a v n>r[+ occupation4 ,!y are apt !re=e to be c>eless ( g5]al pr9ciples1 & to aim m]ely at /or+ _! pupils' memory ) facts--facts ab\t language1 ab\t hi/ory1 ab\t geography1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves to consid] :at is & :at is n wor? kn[+1 or :at faculties ! boys h1 & h[ !y %\ld be develop$4 ,! consequ5ce is _! boys get up1 = ! purpose ( =gett+ ) all conv5i5t spe$1 quantities ( details ab\t z in/ructive & ent]ta9+ z ! ,propria qu m>ibus1 su* z ! division ( ,engl& "u ! ,hept>*y1 ! battles 9 ! w>s ( ! ,roses1 & li/s ( geographical names4 ,:]e ! ma/]s are univ]sity m51 !y h r a contempt = ?is k9d ( cramm+1 :i* makes !m d x badly1 if !y attempt x at all2 b !y are driv5 to ?is tea*+ 9 _m cases because !y d n "k :at to sub/itute 9 its place4 ,9 _! own s*ool-education !y 7 taught classics & ma!matics & no?+ else4 ,_! pupils are too "y to h mu* capacity = ma!matics1 & !y w leave s*ool too soon to get any s\nd k ( classics2 s ! /r5g? ( ! tea*+ ought cle>ly n to be ?r[n into ^! subjects4 ,b ! ma/] really kn[s no o!r4 ,he soon f9ds t he is n mu* 8 pupils' sup]ior 9 acqua9tance ) ! !ory ( ! ,engli% language or ) hi/ory & geography4 ,!re are n _m m5 ) suffici5t /r5g? ( w to /udy :il/ _! en]gies are tax$ by tea*+2 & /&>d books are n always )9 rea*3 s ! ma/] is =c$ to cont5t himself ) he>+ lessons 9 a p]functory way out ( dre>y s*ool-books4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t he goes on tea*+ subjects ( :i* he himself is ignorant1 subjects1 too1 ( :i* he does n recognise ! importance1 ) an enlight5$ disbelief 9 8 own me?od ( tuition4 ,he f9ds x uphill "w1 to be sure1 & is consci\s t 8 pupils d n get on1 h[ev] h>d he may try to drive !m2 b he nev] hop$ = success 9 8 tea*+1 s ! want ( x does n di/ress him4 ,i may be suspect$ ( c>icature1 b n1 ,i ?9k1 by univ]sity m5 :o h !mselves _h to tea* any?+ besides classics & ma!matics4 #b4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 :at ,i h be5 say+1 s*ool-tea*+1 9 subjects o!r ?an classics & ma!matics 7:i* ,i am n n[ consid]+71 is v commonly a failure4 ,& a failure x mu/ rema9 until boys c be got to "w ) a w1 9 o!r words1 to feel int]e/ 9 ! subject taught4 ,i "k !re is a /rong prejudice 9 "s p's m9ds aga9/ ! notion ( mak+ le>n+ pleasant4 ,!y rem9d u t s*ool %\ld be a prep>ation = aft]-life4 ,aft]-life w br+ ) x an imm5se am\nt ( drudg]y4 ,if1 !y say1 ?+s at s*ool are made too easy & pleasant 7words1 by ! way1 v (t5 & v errone\sly conf\nd$71 s*ool w cease to give ! prop] discipl9e3 boys w be turn$ out n kn[+ :at h>d "w is1 :i*1 aft] all1 is ! mo/ important lesson t c be taught !m4 ,9 ^! views ,i s9c]ely concur1 s f> z ?is at lea/1 t we want boys to "w h>d1 & vigor\sly to g ?r\gh ! necess>y drudg]y1 i4e41 lab\r 9 itself disagreeable4 ,b ?is result is n atta9$ by su* a sy/em z ,i h describ$4 ,boys d n le>n to "w h>d1 b 9 a dull /upid way1 ) mo/ ( _! faculties ly+ dormant1 & ?\gh !y are put ?r\gh a va/ quantity ( drudg]y1 !y seem z incapable ( ?r[+ any en]gy into x z prison]s on ! tread-mill4 ,i ?9k we %all f9d on consid]ation1 t no "o succe$s 9 any occupation unless t occupation is int]e/+1 ei!r 9 itself or f "s object t is to be obta9$ by means ( x4 ,only :5 su* an int]e/ is ar\s$ is en]gy possible4 ,no "o w d5y t1 z a rule1 ! mo/ successful m5 are ^? = :om _! employm5t has ! greate/ attractions4 ,we %\ld be sorry to give ourselves up to ! treatm5t ( a doctor :o ?\ght ! /udy ( disease m]e drudg]y1 or a d5ti/ :o felt a /rong repugnance to op]at+ on tee?4 ,no d\bt ! successful man 9 e pursuit has to g ?r\gh a great deal ( drudg]y1 b he has a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! subject1 :i* ext5ds1 p>tially at lea/1 to its mo/ we>isome details2 8 en]gy1 too1 is excit$ by ! desire ( :at ! drudg]y w ga9 = him4#aii #c4 ,obs]ve1 t al?\gh ,i w\ld h boys take pleasure 9 _! "w1 ,i reg>d ! pleasure z a means1 n an end4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! m9d 0 be/ tra9$ by ! mo/ repulsive ex]cises1 ,i %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly en=ce !m4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ! m9d is b5efit$ by galley-slave lab\r2 inde$1 h>dly any ( its faculties are capable ( su* lab\r4 ,we c compel a boy to le>n a ?+ by he>t1 b we _c compel him to wi% to und]/& x2 & ! intellect does n act )\t ! w 7v4 supra p4 #aic74 ,h5ce1 :5 any?+ is requir$ :i* _c be p]=m$ by ! memory alone1 ! driv+ sy/em utt]ly breaks d[n2 & ev5 ! memory1 z ,i hope to %[ pres5tly1 works mu* m effectually 9 matt]s ab\t :i* ! m9d feels an int]e/4 ,inde$1 ! m9d )\t sympa?y & int]e/ is l ! sea-anemone :5 ! tide is d[n1 an unlovely ?+1 clos$ aga9/ ext]nal influ5ces1 endur+ exi/5ce z be/ x c4 ,b let x f9d itself 9 a m cong5ial elem5t1 & x op5s out at once1 %[s altoge!r unexpect$ capacities1 & eag]ly assimilates all ! prop] food t comes )9 its rea*4 ,our s*ool tea*+ is (t5 little bett] ?an an attempt to get sea-anemones to fl\ri% on dry l&4 #d4 ,we see !n1 t a boy1 be=e he c ?r[ en]gy into a /udy1 mu/ f9d t /udy int]e/+ 9 itself1 or 9 its results4 ,"s subjects1 prop]ly taught1 are int]e/+ 9 !mselves4 ,"s subjects may be int]e/+ to old] & m ?\ghtful boys1 f a p]ception ( _! usefulness4 ,all subjects may be made int]e/+ by emulation4 #e4 ,h>dly any ef=t is made 9 "s s*ools to int]e/ ! y\ng] *ildr5 9 _! "w1 & yet no ef=t c be1 z ! ,g]mans say1 m 8rew>d+40 ,! tea*] ( *ildr5 has ?is advantage1 t 8 pupils are nev] dull & li/less1 z y\?s are apt to be4 ,if !y are n att5d+ to him1 !y v soon give him notice ( x2 & if he has ! s5se to see t _! inatt5tion is 8 fault1 n !irs1 ?is w save him mu* annoyance & !m mu* mis]y4 ,he has1 too1 ano!r advantage1 :i* gives him ! p[] ( ga9+ _! att5tion--_! emulation is easily excit$4 ,9 ! ,wais5haus at ,halle ,i once he>d a class ( v "y *ildr51 none ( !m mu* above six ye>s old1 p]=m feats ( m5tal ari?metic q1 z ,i %\ld h said1 beyond _! age1 & ,i well rememb] ! pretty eag]ness ) :i* ea* *ild held out a little h& & %\t$1 8,mi*6 ,bitte60 to ga9 ! privilege ( answ]+4 #f4 ,!n aga91 !re are _m subjects 9 :i* *ildr5 take an int]e/4 ,inde$1 all visible ?+s1 especially animals1 are mu* m to !m ?an to u4 ,a *ild has made acqua9tance ) all ! animals 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & c tell y mu* m ab\t ! h\se & its surr\nd+s ?an y "k y\rself4 ,b all ?is k & int]e/ y w\ld wi% =gott5 directly he comes into s*ool4 ,read+1 writ+1 & figures are taught 9 ! drie/ mann]4 ,! two fir/ are 9 !mselves n un9t]e/+ to ! *ild1 z he has some?+ to d1 & "y p are mu* m ready to d any?+ ?an to le>n any?+4 ,b :5 lessons are giv5 ! *ild to le>n1 !y are n ab\t ?+s conc]n+ :i* he has ideas & feels an int]e/1 b y tea* him m]e s\nds--e4g41 t ,alfr$ 7to him only a "n7 came to ! ?rone 9 #hga1 ?\gh he has no notion :at ! ?rone is1 or :at #hga means4 ,! *ild le>ns ! lesson ) mu* tr\ble & small pr(it1 be>+ ! infliction ) :at pati5ce he c1 till he escapes out ( s*ool & beg9s to le>n mu* fa/] on a v diff]5t sy/em4 #g4 ,we _c (t5 introduce into ! s*ool ! ?+1 mu* less ! animal1 :i* *ildr5 w\ld c>e to see1 b we c introduce :at w please !m z well1 9 "s cases ev5 bett]1 viz41 good pictures4 ,a tea*] :o c\ld draw boldly on ! blackbo>d1 w\ld h no difficulty 9 arre/+ ! *ildr5's att5tion4 ,b1 at pres5t1 few c d ?is1 & pictures mu/ be provid$4 ,a good deal has be5 done ( late ye>s 9 ! way ( illu/rat+ *ildr5's books1 & ev5 *ildhood mu/ be ! happi] = su* pictures z ^? ( ,t5niel & ,h>rison ,weir4 ,b x seems well und]/ood t ^! g5tlem5 are incapable ( do+ any?+ = *ildr5 beyond af=d+ !m innoc5t amusem5t1 & we %\ld be z mu* surpris$ at see+ _! works introduc$ into t region ( asceticism1 ! ,engli% s*ool-room1 z if we ran across "o ( ,raphael's ,madonnas 9 a ,bapti/ *apel4#bjj #h4 ,i _h ! good =tune1 _m ye>s ago1 to be pres5t at ! lessons giv5 by a v excell5t tea*] to ! y\nge/ class1 consi/+ bo? ( boys & girls1 at ! fir/ ,brg]-s*ule ( ,leipzig4 ,9 ,saxony ! s*ool+ :i* ! /ate dem&s = ea* *ild1 beg9s at six ye>s old1 & la/s till f\rte54 ,^! *ildr5 71 !re=e1 betwe5 six & sev54 ,9 "o ye>1 a c]ta9 ,dr4 ,vat] taught !m to read1 write1 & reckon4 ,8 me?od ( tea*+ 0 z foll[s3--,ea* *ild _h a book ) pictures ( objects1 su* z a hat1 a slate1 c4 ,"u ! picture 0 ! "n ( ! object 9 pr9t+ & writ+ *>act]s1 & also a c\plet ab\t ! object4 ,! *ildr5 hav+ op5$ _! books1 & f\nd ! picture ( a hat1 ! tea*] %[$ !m a hat1 & told !m a tale connect$ ) "o4 ,he !n ask$ ! *ildr5 que/ions ab\t 8 /ory1 & ab\t ! hat he _h 9 8 h&--,:at 0 ! col\r ( x8 c4 ,he !n drew a hat on ! blackbo>d1 & made ! *ildr5 copy x on _! slates4 ,next he wrote ! ^w 8hat0 & told !m t = p :o c\ld read ?is did z well z ! picture4 ,! *ildr5 !n copi$ ! ^w on _! slates4 ,! tea*] proce$$ to analyse ! ^w 8hat1 7hut740 8,x is made up10 said he1 8( ?ree s\nds1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! a 7u71 :i* comes 9 ! middle40 ,9 all cases ! v[el s\nd 0 fir/ asc]ta9$ 9 e syllable1 & !n 0 giv5 an approximation to consonantal s\nds be=e & aft]4 ,! c\plet 0 n[ read by ! tea*]1 & ! *ildr5 repeat$ x aft] him4 ,9 ?is way ! book _h to be work$ ov] & ov] till ! *ildr5 7 p]fectly famili> ) ev]y?+ 9 x4 ,!y _h be5 already six mon?s ?us employ$ :5 ,i visit$ ! s*ool1 & knew ! book pretty ?or\ghly4 ,to te/ _! k1 ,dr4 ,vat] fir/ wrote a numb] ( capitals at r&om on ! bo>d1 & call$ out a boy to tell him words hav+ ^! capitals z initials4 ,?is boy _h to call out a girl to d some?+ ( ! k9d1 %e a boy1 & s =?4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done v sm>tly1 bo? by ma/] & *ildr54 ,! be/ pro( ,i saw ( _! accuracy & quickness 0 ?is3 ! ma/] trac$ words f ! book v rapidly ) a /ick on ! blackbo>d1 & ! *ildr5 always call$ out ! "r ^w1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n foll[ him4 ,he also wrote ) *alk words :i* ! *ildr5 _h nev] se51 & made !m "n fir/ ! v[el s\nds1 !n ! consonantal1 !n comb9e !m4 ,i h be5 ?us m9ute 9 my description ( ?is lesson1 because x seems to me an admirable example ( ! way 9 :i* *ildr5 betwe5 six & eight ye>s ( age %\ld be taught4 ,! me?od 7see ,regg's ,pdagogik1 p4 #cfj2 also ,die ,normalwrt]me?ode1 publi%$ by ,orell1 ,fssli1 ,zri*1 #ahgf71 0 arrang$ & ! book prep>$ by ! late ,dr4 ,vogel1 :o 0 !n ,director ( ! s*ool4 ,its m]its1 z its au?or po9t$ out to me1 are3--#a4 ,t x connects ! in/ruction ) objects ( :i* ! *ild has already an idea 9 8 m9d1 & s associates new k ) old2 #b4 ,t x gives ! *ildr5 pl5ty to d z well z to le>n1 a po9t on :i* ! ,doctor 0 v emphatic2 #c4 ,t x makes ! *ildr5 g ov] ! same matt] 9 v>i\s ways till !y h le>nt a little ?or\ghly1 & !n applies _! k to ! acquirem5t ( m4 ,"h ! ,doctor seems to h foll[$ ,jacotot4 ,b ?\gh ! me?od 0 no d\bt a good "o1 ,i mu/ say its success at ,leipzig 0 due at lea/ z mu* to ,dr4 ,vat] z to ,dr4 ,vogel4 ,?is g5tleman _h be5 tak+ ! y\nge/ class 9 ?is s*ool = tw5ty ye>s1 &1 :e!r by practice or natural tal5t1 he _h acquir$ precisely ! "r mann] = keep+ *ildr5's att5tion4 ,he 0 en]getic )\t bu/le & excitem5t1 & quiet )\t a suspicion ( dulness or apa?y4 ,by frequ5tly *ang+ ! employm5t ( ! class1 & requir+ sm>tness 9 ev]y?+ t 0 done1 he kept !m all on ! al]t4 ,! lesson ,i h describ$ 0 foll[$ )\t pause by "o 9 ari?metic1 ! two toge!r occupy+ an h\r & ?ree qu>t]s1 & ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 nev] flagg$ ?r\gh\t4 #i4 ,dr4 ,vat]'s me?od = ari?metic ,i _c n[ recall2 b ,i d n d\bt t1 z a ,g]man tea*] :o _h /udi$ 8 pr(ession1 he und]/ood :at ,engli% tea*]s & pupil-tea*]s d n und]/&1 viz41 h[ *ildr5 %\ld get _! fir/ k ( numb]s4 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel insi/$ t *ildr5 %\ld le>n ab\t numb]s f ?+s :i* !y actually c\nt$2 &1 accord+ to ,grub's me?od1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ,g]many ov] #cj ye>s ago1 & :i* is n[ ext5d+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! :ole ( ! fir/ ye> is giv5 to ! relations ( numb]s n exce$+ t5 7see ,grub's ,me?od by ,l4 ,seeley1 ,new ,york1 ,kellogg1 & ,f4 ,l4 ,soldan's ,grub's ,m41 ,*icago74 ,9 ari?metic ev]y?+ dep5ds on ^! relations becom+ ?or\ghly famili>4 ,! decimal scale is possibly n s good z ! scale ( eight or ( twelve1 b ! human race has adopt$ x2 & ev5 ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s1 ) all _! belief 9 8reason10 & _! hatr$ ( ! pa/1 recoil$ f any attempt to *ange x4 ,b 9 accept+ x1 !y endeav\r$ to remove anomalies1 & s %\ld we4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be bas$ on gr\ps ( t52 & ) *ildr5 we %\ld d well1 z ,mr4 ,w4 ,wood+ sugge/s1 to avoid ! great anomaly 9 our nom5clature1 & call ! numb]s betwe5 t5 & tw5ty 7i4e41 twa9-t5s or two-t5s71 8t5-"o1 t5-two1 c40 ,num]ation %\ld by a long way prec$e any k9d ( notation1 & ! ma9 tru?s ab\t numb]s %\ld be got at exp]im5tally ) c\nt]s or co9s4 ,9 ^! tru?s %\ld be includ$ all t we usually sep>ate "u ! 8,fir/ ,f\r ,rules10 & ) integ]s we may ev5 f ! fir/ give a cle> conception ( ! fractional p>ts ( :ole numb]s1 e4g41 t "o ?ird ( #f is #b4bja ,actual measur+ & weigh+1 besides actual c\nt+1 g t[>ds actual ari?metic = *ildr54 ,all ?is tea*+1 if conduct$ z ,dr4 ,vat] w\ld h conduct$ x1 w\ld n give *ildr5 any di/a/e = le>n+ or make !m dread ! s\nd ( ! s*ool bell4 #aj4 ,i w suppose a *ild to h pass$ ?r\gh su* a c\rse z ?is by ! "t he is eight or n9e ye>s old4 ,besides hav+ "s cle> notions ( numb] & =m1 he c n[ read & copy easy words4 ,:at we next want = him is a s]ies ( good read+-books1 ab\t ?+s 9 :i* he takes an int]e/4 ,! language mu/ ( c\rse be simple1 b ! matt] s good t nei!r ma/] nor pupils w be disgu/$ by its frequ5t repetition4 ,! fir/ volume may v well be ab\t animals--dogs1 horses1 c41 ( :i* l>ge pictures %\ld be provid$1 illu/rat+ ! text4 ,! fir/ co/ ( ^! pictures w\ld be consid]able1 b z !y w\ld la/ = ye>s1 ! exp5se to ! fri5ds ( ea* *ild taught f !m w\ld be a m]e trifle4 #aa4 ,! books plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be well pr9t$ & /rongly b\nd4 ,9 ! pres5t p5ny-wise sy/em1 s*ool-books are giv5 out 9 clo?1 & ! leaves are loose at ! end ( a =tnight1 s t *ildr5 get accu/om$ to _! de/ruction & treat x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is ru9s _! respect = books1 :i* is n s unimportant a matt] z x may at fir/ appe>4 #ab4 ,aft] ea* read+ lesson1 :i* %\ld conta9 at lea/ "o int]e/+ anecdote1 !re %\ld be columns ( all ! words :i* occurr$ = ! fir/ "t 9 t lesson4 ,^! %\ld be arrang$ accord+ to _! grammatical classification1 n t ! *ild %\ld be taught gramm>1 b ?is ord] is z good z any o!r1 & by x ! *ild w\ld le>n to obs]ve c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 words almo/ unconsci\sly4#bjb ,"h ,i _c resi/ quot+ an excell5t rem>k f ,helps's ,brevia 7p4 #abe74 8,we %\ld make ! greate/ progress 9 art1 sci5ce1 politics1 & morals1 if we c\ld tra9 up our m9ds to look /raight & /eadfa/ly & un9t]rupt$ly at ! ?+ 9 "q t we are obs]v+4 ,?is seems a v slight ?+ to d2 b practically x is h>dly ev] done4 ,betwe5 y & ! object rises a mi/ ( te*nicalities1 ( prejudices1 ( previ\s k1 &1 above all1 ( t]rible famili>ity40 ,p]haps x is ?is 8t]rible famili>ity0 t has prev5t$ our see+ till q lately t read+ is ! art ( gett+ mean+ by signs t appeal to ! eye1 n ! art ( report+ to o!rs ! mean+ we h ?us arriv$ at4 8,accu/om+ boys to read al\d :at !y d n fir/ und]/&10 says ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 8is ! cause ( ^? ev5 set tones s common among read]s1 :i*1 :5 !y h once got a habit ( us+ !m1 !y f9d s difficult to correct2 by :i* means1 among fifty read]s we sc>cely f9d a good "o40 7,essays1 ,sk4 ( ,engli% ,s*47 ,x seems to h escap$ ev5 ,frankl9's sagacity t read+ al\d is a diff]5t art to ! art ( read+1 & a mu* h>d] "o4 ,! two %\ld be /udi$ sep>ately1 & mo/ "t & att5tion %\ld be giv5 to sil5t read+1 :i* is by f> ! m important ( ! two4 ,colonel ,f4 ,w4 ,p>k]1 :o has successfully cultivat$ ! p[] ( 8look+ /raight at0 ?+s1 gives u 9 8 ,talks on ,tea*+ ! "r rule = read+4 8,*ang+10 says he1 8! beautiful p[] ( expression1 full ( melody1 h>mony1 & correct emphasis & inflection1 to ! sl[1 pa9ful1 almo/ agonis+ pronunciation t we h he>d s _m times 9 ! s*ool-room1 is a t]rible s9 t we %\ld nev] be guilty (4 ,!re is1 inde$1 n ! slighte/ ne$ ( *ang+ a good habit to a mis]able "o if we w\ld foll[ ! rule t ! *ild has naturally foll[$ all 8 life4 ,nev] all[ a *ild to give a ?\ght till he gets x0 7p4 #cg74 ,n[ t ! exi/5ce ( a ?\ght 9 *ildr5 is all[$ =1 we may expect all sorts ( improvem5ts4 ,read+1 z a means ( asc]ta9+ ?\ght1 is second only to he>+1 & ?is art %\ld be cultivat$ by giv+ *ildr5 books ( que/ions 7e4g41 ,horace ,grant's ,ari?metic = ,"y ,*ildr571 & requir+ ! le>n] sil5tly to get at ! "q & !n give ! answ] al\d4 #ac4 ,easy descriptive & n>rative poetry %\ld be le>nt by he>t at ?is /age4 ,t ! *ildr5 may repeat x well1 !y %\ld get _! fir/ notions ( x f ! ma/] viv voce4 ,accord+ to ! usual plan1 !y get x up ) false emphasis & false /ops1 & ! m ?or\ghly !y h le>nt ! piece1 ! m difficulty ! ma/] has 9 mak+ !m say x prop]ly4 #ad4 ,e lesson %\ld be work$ ov] 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! columns ( words at ! end ( ! read+ lessons may be pr9t$ ) writ+ *>act]s1 & us$ = copies4 ,to write an upright column ei!r ( words or figures is an excell5t ex]cise 9 neatness4 ,! columns w also be us$ z spell+ lessons1 & ! *ildr5 may be que/ion$ ab\t ! mean+ ( ! words4 ,! poetry1 :5 ?or\ghly le>n$1 may sometimes be writt5 f memory4 ,s5t5ces f ! book may be copi$ ei!r directly or f ! black-bo>d1 & aft]w>ds us$ = dictation4 #ae4 ,boys %\ld1 z soon z possible1 be accu/om$ to write out fables1 or ! sub/ance ( o!r read+ lessons1 9 _! own words4 ,!y may also write descriptions ( ?+s ) :i* !y are famili>1 or any ev5t :i* has rec5tly happ5$1 su* z a c\ntry excursion4 ,e "o feels ! necessity1 on gr\nds ( practical utility at all ev5ts1 ( boys be+ taught to express _! ?\ghts neatly on pap]1 9 good ,engli% & ) correct spell+4 ,yet ?is is a po9t r>ely rea*$ be=e ! age ( fifte5 or sixte51 (t5 nev] rea*$ at all4 ,! reason is1 t writt5 ex]cises mu/ be c>efully look$ ov] by ! ma/]1 or !y are done 9 a slov5ly mann]4 ,anyone :o has nev] taught 9 a s*ool w say1 8,!n let ! ma/] c>efully look !m ov]40 ,b ! exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble ?is involves on ! ma/] is s great1 t 9 ! end he is pretty sure ei!r to h few ex]cises writt51 or to neglect to look !m ov]4 ,! only rem$y is = ! ma/] n to h _m boys to tea*1 & n to be _m h\rs 9 s*ool4 ,ev5 !n1 unless he set ap>t a special "t e day = correct+ ex]cises1 he is likely to f9d !m 8increase ^u him40 #af4 ,! c\rse ( read+-books1 accompani$ by l>ge illu/rations1 may g on to _m o!r ?+s :i* ! *ildr5 see ar\nd !m1 su* z trees & plants1 & s lead up to in/ruction 9 natural hi/ory & physiology4 ,b 9 imp>t+ all k ( ?is k9d1 we %\ld aim1 n at gett+ ! *ildr5 to rememb] a numb] ( facts1 b at op5+ _! eyes1 & ext5d+ ! range ( _! int]e/s4 #ag4 ,i %\ld sugge/1 !n1 = *ildr51 ?ree books to be us$ concurr5tly1 viz41 a read+ book ab\t animals & ?+s1 a poetry book1 & a prose n>rative or sop's ,fables4 ,) ! fir/ comm5ces a s]ies culm9at+ 9 works ( sci5ce2 ) ! second1 a s]ies t %\ld lead up to ,milton & ,%akespe>e2 ! ?ird %\ld be succe$$ by "s ( our be/ writ]s 9 prose4 #ah4 ,b _m s*oolma/]s w %udd] at ! ?\ght ( a *ild's sp5d+ a ye> or two at s*ool )\t ev] he>+ ( ! ,hept>*y or ,magna ,*>ta1 & )\t kn[+ ! names ( ! great t[ns 9 any c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,i confess ,i reg>d ?is ignorance ) great equanimity4 ,if ! *ild1 or ! y\? ev51 takes no int]e/ 9 ! ,hept>*y & ,magna ,*>ta1 & kn[s no?+ ( ! t[ns b _! names1 ,i ?9k him q z well (f )\t ?is k z ) x--p]haps bett]1 z su* k turns ! lad into a 8w9d-bag10 z ,c>lyle might say1 & gives him ! appe>ance ( be+ well-in=m$ )\t ! reality4 ,b ,i nei!r despise a k ( hi/ory & geography2 nor d ,i ?9k t ^! /udies %\ld be neglect$ = =eign languages or sci5ce3 & x is because ,i %\ld wi% a pupil ( m9e to become1 9 ! end1 ?or\ghly conv]sant 9 hi/ory & geography1 t ,i %\ld1 if possible1 conceal f him ! exi/5ce ( ! num]\s s*ool manuals on ^! subjects4 ,we w suppose t a p>5t meets ) a book :i* he ?9ks w be bo? in/ructive & ent]ta9+ to 8 *ildr54 ,b ! book is a l>ge "o1 & w\ld take a long "t to get ?r\gh2 s in/ead ( read+ any "p ( x to !m or lett+ !m read x = !mselves1 he makes !m le>n by he>t ! table ( cont5ts4 ,! *ildr5 d n f9d x ent]ta9+2 !y get a horror ( ! book1 :i* prev5ts _! ev] look+ at x aft]w>ds1 & !y =get :at !y h le>nt z soon z !y possibly c4 ,j su* is ! sagaci\s plan adopt$ 9 tea*+ hi/ory & geography 9 s*ools1 & su* are ! natural consequ5ces4 ,e /ud5t kn[s t ! use ( an epitome is to sy/ematise k1 n to communicate x1 & yet1 9 tea*+1 we give ! epitome fir/1 & all[ x to prec$e1 or r to supplant1 ! k epitomis$4 ,! *ildr5 are disgu/$1 & no wond]4 ,! subjects1 inde$1 are int]e/+1 b n s ! epitomes4 ,i suppose if we c\ld see ! skeletons ( ! ,gunn+s1 we %\ld n f9d !m m fasc9at+ ?an any o!r skeletons4#bjc #ai4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be aim$ at1 !n1 is to excite ! *ildr5's int]e/4 ,ev5 if we ?\ght ( no?+ b ! acquir+ ( in=mation1 ?is is cle>ly ! true me?od4 ,:at are ! facts :i* we rememb]8 ,^? 9 :i* we feel an int]e/4 ,if we are told t ,s-&-s has met ) an accid5t1 or fail$ 9 bus9ess1 we =get x directly1 unless we "k ! p]son spok5 (4 ,simil>ly1 if ,i read any?+ ab\t ,addison or ,goldsmi?1 x int]e/s me1 & ,i rememb] x because !y are1 s to speak1 fri5ds ( m9e2 b ! same in=mation ab\t ,sir ,ri*>d ,blackmore or ,cumb]l& w\ld n /ay 9 my head = f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs4 ,s1 aga91 we naturally reta9 any?+ we le>n ab\t a =eign c\ntry 9 :i* a relation has settl$1 b x w\ld require "s little tr\ble to commit to memory ! same facts ab\t a place 9 :i* we _h no conc]n4 ,all ?is proce$s f two causes4 ,fir/1 t ! m9d reta9s t 9 :i* x takes an int]e/2 &1 secondly1 t "o ( ! pr9cipal helps to memory is ! association ( ideas4 ,^! 71 no d\bt1 ! gr\nd reasons :i* influ5c$ ,dr4 ,arnold 9 fram+ 8 plan ( a *ild's fir/ hi/ory book4 ,?is book1 he says1 %\ld be a picture-book ( ! memorable de$s :i* w\ld be/ appeal to ! *ild's imag9ation4 ,!y %\ld be arrang$ 9 ord] ( "t1 b ) no o!r connection4 ,! lett]-press %\ld simply1 b fully1 tell ! /ory ( ! action depict$4 ,^! w\ld =m />t+-po9ts ( int]e/4 ,! *ild w\ld be curi\s to "k m ab\t ! great m5 ^: acqua9tance he _h made1 & w\ld associate ) !m ! sc5es ( _! exploits2 & ?us we might actually f9d our *ildr5 anxi\s to le>n hi/ory & geography6 ,i am sorry t ev5 ! great au?ority ( ,dr4 ,arnold has n avail$ to br+ ?is me?od into use4 ,su* a book w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be de>4 ,bad pictures are worse ?an none at all3 & ,goe! tells u t 8 appreciation ( ,hom] 0 = ye>s de/roy$ by 8 hav+ be5 %[n1 :5 a *ild1 absurd pictures ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,! book w\ld1 !re=e1 co/ six or eight %ill+s at lea/2 & :o w\ld give ?is sum = an acc\nt ( s+le actions ( a few great m51 :5 he might buy ! lives ( all great m51 toge!r ) anci5t & mod]n hi/ory1 ! names ( ! planets1 & a great am\nt ( miscellane\s in=mation1 all = a %ill+ 9 8,mangnall's ,que/ions08 ,h[ev]1 if ! sav+ ( a few %ill+s is m to be ?\ght ( ?an ! be/ me?od ( in/ruction1 ! subject h>dly des]ves our s]i\s consid]ation4 #bj4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t books = ! "y are s seldom writt5 by di/+ui%$ au?ors4 ,i suppose t ( ! ?ree ?+s :i* ! au?or seeks1 money1 reputation1 influ5ce1 ! fir/ is n (t5 despis$1 nor ! la/ consid]$ ! lea/ valuable4 ,& yet bo? money & influ5ce are m c]ta9ly ga9$ by a good book = ! "y ?an by any o!r4 ,! influ5ce ( 8,tom ,br[n10 h[ev] diff]5t 9 k9d1 is probably n small] 9 am\nt ?an t ( 8,s>tor ,res>tus40 #ba4 ,:at we want is a ,macaulay = boys1 :o %all h&le hi/orical subjects ) t wond]ful art display$ 9 ! 8,essays10--! art ( elaborat+ all ! m tell+ portions ( ! subject1 outl9+ ! re/1 & suppress+ ev]y?+ t does n conduce to height5 ! g5]al effect4 ,"s ( ^! essays1 su* z ! 8,ha/+s0 & 8,clive10 w be read ) avidity by ! eld] boys2 b ,macaulay did n write = *ildr51 & he ab\nds 9 words to !m un9telligible4 ,_h he be5 a m>ri$ man1 we might p]haps h _h su* a volume ( hi/orical sket*es = boys z n[ we mu/ wi% = 9 va94 ,b !re are good /ory-tell]s left among u1 & we might soon expect su* books z we desid]ate1 if x 7 cle>ly und]/ood :at is ! "r sort ( book1 & if m5 ( lit]>y ability & exp]i5ce w\ld condesc5d to write !m4 #bb4 ,if1 9 ^! latt] days1 8! individual )]s1 & ! _w is m & m10 we mu/ n expect our *ildr5 to ent] into ?is4 ,_! sympa?y & _! imag9ation c be ar\s$1 n = nations1 b = individuals2 & ?is is ! reason :y "s biographies ( great m5 %\ld prec$e any hi/ory4 ,^! %\ld be writt5 aft] ,macaulay's me?od4 ,!re %\ld be no attempt at complet5ess1 b :at is mo/ important & int]e/+ ab\t ! man %\ld be n>rat$ 9 detail1 & ! re/ lightly sket*$1 or omitt$ altoge!r4 ,pa9t]s und]/& ?is pr9ciple1 &1 9 tak+ a portrait1 v (t5 depict a man's features m9utely )\t tell+ all ! tru? ab\t ! buttons on 8 wai/coat4 ,b1 because 9 a lit]>y picture ea* t\* takes up additional space1 writ]s seem to fe> t ! picture w be di/ort$ unless e p>ticul> is exp&$ or cond5s$ 9 ! same ratio4 #bc4 ,at ! risk ( we>isome repetition1 ,i mu/ aga9 say t ,i c>e z little ab\t driv+ 8useful k0 into a boy z ! mo/ ultra ,cambridge man c\ld wi%2 b ,i want to get ! boy to h wide sympa?ies1 & to tea* himself2 & ,i %\ld !re=e select ! great m5 f v diff]5t p]iods & c\ntries1 t 8 net ( int]e/ 7s to speak7 may be spread 9 all wat]s4 #bd4 ,:5 we h ?us got our boys to =m ! acqua9tance ( great m51 !y w h c]ta9 associations connect$ ) _m t[ns & c\ntries4 ,con/ant ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! map1 & ! boys' k & int]e/ w ?us make settlem5ts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe4 ,^! may be ext5d$ by a good book ( travels1 especially ( voyages ( discov]y4 ,!re are n[ _m su* books suitable = ! purpose1 b ,i am /ill p>tial to a book :i* has be5 a delight to me & to my own *ildr5 f our e>lie/ ye>s3--,miss ,hack's 8,w9t] ,ev5+s2 or1 ,tales ( ,travel]s02 or1 z ,r\tl$ge n[ calls a "p ( x1 8,travels 9 ,hot & ,cold ,l&s40 ,9 /udy+ su* travels1 ! map %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be always 9 sight2 & outl9e maps may be fill$ up by ! boys z !y le>n ab\t ! places 9 ! travell]'s r\te4 ,anyone :o has _h ! managem5t ( a s*ool libr>y kn[s h[ popul> 8voyage & v5ture0 is ) ! boys :o h pass$ ! /age 9 :i* ! picture-books ( animals 7 ! ma9 attraction4 ,capta9 ,cook1 ,mungo ,p>k1 & ,admiral ,byron are h]oes )\t :om boyhood w\ld be incomplete2 b z boys are engross$ by ! adv5tures1 & nev] tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! map1 !y (t5 rememb] ! incid5ts )\t kn[+ :]e !y happ5$4 ,( c\rse1 s*ool geographies nev] m5tion su* p z celebrat$ travell]s2 if !y did1 x w\ld be impossible to give all ! pr9cipal geographical names 9 ! _w )9 ! compass ( #bjj pages4 #be4 ,:at might we fairly expect f su* a c\rse ( tea*+ z ,i h "h sugge/$8 ,at ! end ( a ye> & a half1 or two ye>s1 f ! age1 say1 ( n9e1 ! boy w\ld read to himself intellig5tly2 he w\ld write fairly2 he w\ld spell all common ,engli% words correctly2 he w\ld be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! relations ( all common numb]s1 t is1 ( all numb]s bel[ #ajj2 he w\ld h _h 8 int]e/ ar\s$1 or1 to speak m accurately1 n /ifl$ b increas$ 9 common objects1 su* z animals1 trees1 & plants2 he w\ld h made ! acqua9tance ( "s great m51 & trac$ ! voyages ( "s great travell]s2 he w\ld be able to say by he>t & to write f memory "s ( ! be/ simple ,engli% poetry1 & 8 e> w\ld be famili> ) ! s\nd ( good ,engli% prose4 ,s mu*1 at lea/1 on ! positive side4 ,on ! negative !re might also be results ( consid]able value4 ,he w\ld n h le>n$ to look ^u books & s*ool-"t z ! torm5t ( 8 life1 nor h fall5 into ! habit ( giv+ !m z little ( 8 att5tion z he c\ld reconcile ) immunity f ! cane4 ,! b5efit ( ! negative result might outweigh a v glib k ( 8tables0 & ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,s*oolma/]',s ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,influ5ce4 #a4 ,all :o are acqua9t$ ) ! /&>d treatises on ! !ory ( education1 & also ) ! managem5t ( s*ools1 w h obs]v$ t moral & religi\s tra9+ occupies a l>g] & m prom95t space 9 !ory ?an 9 practice4 ,on consid]ation1 we %all f9d p]haps t ?is might naturally be expect$4 ,( c\rse we are all agre$ t morality is m important ?an le>n+1 & ma/]s :o are _m ( !m cl]gym51 w h>dly be accus$ ( "u-e/imat+ ! value ( religion4 ,:y !n1 does n moral & religi\s tra9+ receive a l>g] %>e ( ! ma/]'s att5tion8 ,! reason ,i take to be ?is4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x dep5ds directly on ! ma/] :e!r a boy acquires k1 b only indirectly1 & 9 a mu* less degree1 :e!r he gr[s up a good & religi\s man4 ,! aim :i* engrosses mo/ ( our "t is likely to absorb an equal %>e ( our int]e/2 & ?us x happ5s t ma/]s1 especially ^? :o nev] associate on t]ms ( intimacy ) _! pupils out ( s*ool1 ?r[ en]gy en\gh into mak+ boys le>n1 b seldom ?9k at all ( ! developm5t ( _! "*1 or ab\t _! ?\ghts & feel+s 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,?is /atem5t may inde$ be exagg]at$1 b no "o :o has ! means ( judg+ w ass]t t x is altoge!r )\t f\ndation4 ,& yet1 al?\gh a ma/] c be m c]ta9 ( s5d+ out 8 pupils well-taught ?an well-pr9cipl$1 8 influ5ce on _! "* is mu* great] ?an x might appe> to a sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,i am n speak+ ( =mal religi\s in/ruction4 ,i ref] n[ to ! tea*]'s indirect influ5ce4 ,! results ( 8 =mal tea*+ v>y z its am\nt1 b he c apply no su* gauge to 8 in=mal tea*+4 ,a few words ( e>ne/ advice or remon/rance1 :i* a boy he>s at ! "r "t f a man :om he respects1 may affect t boy's "* = life4 ,"h ev]y?+ dep5ds1 n on ! words us$1 b on ! feel+ ) :i* !y are spok51 & on ! way 9 :i* ! speak] is reg>d$ by ! he>]4 ,9 su* matt]s ! ma/] has a mu* m delicate & difficult task ?an 9 m]e in/ruction4 ,! words1 inde$1 are soon spok51 b t :i* gives !m _! influ5ce is n soon or easily acquir$4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m o!r in/ances1 we may 9 a few m9utes ?r[ d[n :at x has co/ u days--p]haps ye>s--to build up4 ,an unk9d ^w w de/roy ! effects ( long-cont9u$ k9dness4 ,boys always =m _! op9ion ( a man f ! wor/ !y "k ( him4 ,exp]i5ce has n yet taught !m t good p h _! fail+s1 & bad p _! virtues4 ,if ! s*ol>s f9d ! ma/] at times h>% & te/y1 !y _c believe 9 8 k9dness ( he>t & c>e = _! welf>e4 ,!y d n see t he may h an ideal be=e him to :i* he is p>tly1 ?\gh n :olly true4 ,!y judge him by 8 demean\r 9 8 lea/ gu>d$ mom5ts--at times :5 he is jad$ & dissatisfi$ ) ! result ( 8 lab\rs4 ,at su* times he is no long] 89 t\*0 ) 8 pupils4 ,he is consci\s only ( 8 own p[] & m5tal sup]iority4 ,feel+ almo/ a contempt = ! boys' weakness1 he does n c>e = _! op9ion ( him or ?9k = an in/ant :at impression he is mak+ by 8 words & conduct4 ,he gives full play to 8 arbitrium1 & says or does some?+ :i* seems to ! boys to reveal him 9 8 true "*1 & :i* causes !m ev] aft] to di/ru/ 8 k9dness4 #b4 ,:5 we consid] ! way 9 :i* ma/]s endeav\r to ga9 influ5ce1 we %all f9d t !y may be divid$ r\ghly into two p>ties1 :om ,i w call ! op5 & ! res]v$4 ,a tea*] ( ! op5 p>ty endeav\rs to appe> to 8 pupils precisely z he is4 ,he w he> ( no re/ra9t except t ( decorum4 ,he believes t if he is z mu* ! sup]ior ( 8 pupils z he ought to be1 8 au?ority w take c>e ( itself )\t 8 ca/+ r\nd x a wall ( artificial res]ve4 8,be natural10 he says2 8get rid ( affectations & %ams ( all k9ds2 & !n1 if !re is any good 9 y1 x w tell on ^? ar\nd y4 ,:atev] is bad1 w\ld be felt j z surely 9 disguise2 & ! disguise w\ld only be an additional s\rce ( mis*ief40 ,! res]v$1 on ! o!r h&1 wi% _! pupils to ?9k ( !m z !y ought to be r ?an z !y are4 ,aga9/ ! o!r p>ty !y urge t our words & actions _c always be 9 h>mony ) our ?\ghts & feel+s1 h[ev] mu* we may desire to make !m s4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 !y say1 reconcile ourselves to ?is2 & s9ce our words & actions are m "u our control ?an our ?\ghts & feel+s1 we mu/ make !m z ne>ly z possible :at !y %\ld be1 in/ead ( debas+ !m to involunt>y ?\ghts & feel+s :i* are n wor?y ( u4 ,!n aga91 a tea*] :o is an ideali/ may say1 8,! "y require "s "o to look up to4 ,9 my bett] mom5ts ,i am n altoge!r unwor?y ( _! respect2 b if !y knew all my weaknesses1 !y w\ld naturally1 & p]haps ju/ly1 despise me4 ,= _! sakes1 !re=e1 ,i mu/ keep my weaknesses out ( sight1 & ! ef=t to d ?is dem&s a c]ta9 res]ve 9 all our int]c\rse40 #c4 ,i suppose an excess 9 ei!r direction might lead to mis*iev\s results4 ,! 8op50 man might be want+ 9 self-re/ra9t1 & might say & d ?+s :i*1 ?\gh n wrong 9 !mselves1 might h a bad effect on ! "y4 ,!n1 aga91 ! l[] & m worldly side ( 8 "* might %[ itself 9 too /rong relief2 & 8 pupils see+ ?is ma9ly1 & suppos+ t !y und]/ood him entirely1 might disbelieve 9 8 high] motives & religi\s feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o set up = be+ bett] ?an !y really are1 are1 z x 71 walk+ on /ilts4 ,!y ga9 no real influ5ce by _! sep>ation f _! pupils1 & !y are always liable to an accid5t :i* may expose !m to _! ridicule4#bjd #d4 ,i am1 !re=e1 ?\gh ) "s limitation1 9 fav\r ( ! op5 s*ool4 ,i am well aw>e1 h[ev]1 :at an imm5se dem& ?is sy/em makes on ! ma/] :o desires to ex]cise a good influ5ce on ! moral & religi\s "* ( 8 pupils4 ,if he w\ld h 8 pupils "k him z he is1 if he w\ld h !m ?9k z he ?9ks1 feel z he feels1 & believe z he believes1 he mu/ be1 at lea/ 9 he>t & aim1 wor?y ( _! imitation4 ,he mu/ 7) rev]5ce be x spok57 ent]1 9 8 humble way1 into ! _s ( ! p]fect ,tea*]1 :o said1 8,= _! sakes ,i sanctify myself1 t !y also may be sanctifi$ 9 tru?40 ,are we prep>$ to look ^u our call+ 9 ?is light8 ,i believe t ! s*ool-tea*]s ( ?is c\ntry ne$ n fe> comp>ison ) any o!r body ( m51 9 po9t ( morality1 & religi\s e>ne/ness2 b ,i d>e say _m h f\nd1 z ,i h1 t ! occupation is a v n>r[+ "o1 t ! tea*] soon gets to "w 9 a groove1 & f hav+ 8 ?\ghts s mu* occupi$ ) r\t9e "w1 especially ) small fault-f9d+s & small corrections1 he is apt to settle d[n ins5sibly into a k9d ( moral & intellectual /agnation--,phili/9ism1 z ,mat!w ,arnold has taught u to call x--9 :i* he c>es z little = high aims & g5]al pr9ciples z 8 mo/ commonplace pupil4 ,?us x happ5s sometimes t a man :o set out ) ! notion ( develop+ all ! p[]s ( 8 pupils' m9ds1 ?9ks 9 ! end ( no?+ b gett+ !m to "w out equations & d ,lat9 ex]cises )\t false concords2 & ! cl]gyman ev51 :o began ) a /rong s5se ( 8 responsibility & a confid5t hope ( influ5c+ ! boys' belief & "*1 at l5g? is q cont5t if !y con=m to discipl9e & give him no tr\ble out ( s*ool-h\rs4 ,we may say ( a really good tea*] :at ,wordswor? says ( ! poet2 9 8 "w he mu/ nei!r lack t fir/ great gift1 ! vital s\l1 ,nor g5]al tru?s1 :i* are !mselves a sort ,( elem5ts & ag5ts1 "u-p[]s1 ,subord9ate help]s ( ! liv+ m9d4--,prelude1 i4 #i4 ,b ! 8vital s\l0 is too (t5 cru%$ by excessive r\t9e lab\r1 & !n :5 g5]al tru?s1 bo? moral & intellectual1 h ceas$ to int]e/ u1 our own education /ops1 & we become incapable ( fulfill+ ! highe/ & mo/ important "p ( our duty 9 educat+ o!rs4 #e4 ,x is1 !n1 ! duty ( ! tea*] to resi/ gravitat+ into ?is /ate1 no less = 8 pupils' sake ?an = 8 own4 ,! ways & means ( do+ ?is ,i am by no means compet5t to po9t out2 s ,i w m]ely insi/ on ! importance ( tea*]s n be+ ov]work$--a matt] :i* has n1 ,i ?9k1 hi!rto receiv$ due att5tion4 ,we _c expect intellectual activity ( m5 ^: m9ds are compell$ 8) pack-horse con/ancy to keep ! road0 h\r aft] h\r1 till !y are too jad$ = ex]tion ( any k9d4 ,! man himself suff]s1 & 8 "w1 ev5 8 easie/ "w1 suff]s also4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t no "o c tea* long & tea* well4 ,all satisfactory tea*+ & managem5t ( boys absolutely requires t ! ma/] %\ld be 9 good spirits4 ,:5 ! 8g5ial spirits fail10 z !y mu/ f an ov]dose ( monoton\s "w1 ev]y?+ goes wrong directly4 ,! ma/] has no long] ! p[] ( keep+ ! boys' att5tion1 & has to resort to puni%m5ts ev5 to pres]ve ord]4 ,8 gloom qu5*es _! int]e/ & m5tal activity1 j z fire goes out be=e c>bonic acid2 & 9 ! end tea*] & taught acquire1 n )\t cause1 a feel+ ( mutual av]sion4 #f4 ,& ano!r reason :y ! ma/] %\ld n sp5d ! great] "p ( 8 "t 9 =mal tea*+ is ?is--8 do+ s compels him to neglect ! in=mal b v important tea*+ he may bo? give & receive by mak+ 8 pupils 8 companions4 #g4 ,i fe> ,i %all be met "h by an objection :i* has only too mu* =ce 9 x4 ,mo/ ,engli%m5 are at a loss h[ to make any use ( leisure4 ,if a man has no turn = ?9k+1 no fondness = read+1 & is )\t a hobby1 :at good %all 8 leisure d him8 he w only pass x 9 insipid gossip1 f :i* any easy "w w\ld be a relief4 ,t ?is is s 9 _m cases1 is a pro( to my m9d ( ! utt] failure ( our ord9>y education3 & p]haps an improv$ education may "s day alt] :at n[ seems a national peculi>ity4 ,meantime ! m9d1 ev5 ( ,engli%m51 is m ?an a 8succ$aneum = salt20#bje & its t5d5cy to bury its sight1 o/ri*-fa%ion1 "u a heap ( r\t9e "w mu/ be /r5u\sly resi/$1 if x is to escape its deadly enemies1 /upidity & ignorance4 #h4 ,i h else:]e express$ :at ,i believe is ! common conviction ( ^? :o h se5 some?+ bo? ( l>ge s*ools & ( small1 viz41 t ! moral atmosph]e ( ! =m] is1 z a rule1 by f> ! m :olesome2#bjf & also t ea* boy is m influ5c$ by 8 companions ?an by 8 ma/]4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,i believe t 9 _m1 p]haps 9 mo/1 s*ools1 "o or two boys affect ! tone ( ! :ole body m ?an any ma/]4#bjg ,:at are call$ ,prep>atory ,s*ools lab\r "u ?is imm5se disadvantage1 t _! rul+ spirits are m]e *ildr5 )\t reflection or s5se ( responsibility4#bjh ,b :]e ! lead+ boys are virtually "y m51 ^! may be made a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! m9d ( ! ma/] may act ^u ! :ole s*ool4 ,!y c ent] into ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & aims ( ! ma/] on ! "o h&1 & !y "k :at is said & done among ! boys on ! o!r4 ,! ma/] mu/1 !re=e1 "k ! eld] boys intimately1 & !y mu/ "k him4 ,?is consummation1 h[ev]1 w n be arriv$ at )\t great tact & self-d5ial on ! "p ( ! ma/]4 ,! y\? :o is 8nei!r man nor boy0 is apt to be %y & awkw>d1 & is n by any means s easy to ent]ta9 z ! lad :o *att]s freely ( ! s*ool's cricket or football1 pa/1 pres5t1 & to come4 ,b ! ma/] :o feels h[ all-important is ! tone ( ! s*ool1 w n grudge any pa9s to influ5ce ^? on :om x *iefly dep5ds4 #i4 ,b1 all[+ ! value ( all ^! indirect influ5ces1 c we af=d to neglect direct =mal religi\s in/ruction8 ,we h mo/ ( u ! greate/ horror ( :at we call a secul> education1 mean+ !reby an education )\t =mal religi\s tea*+4 ,b ?is horror seems to affect our !ory m ?an our practice4 ,few p>5ts ev] enquire :at religi\s in/ruction _! sons get at ,eton1 ,h>r[1 or ,we/m9/]4 ,at ,h>r[ :5 ,i 0 9 ! ,f\r? ,=m !re 7ne>ly fifty ye>s ago by ! way7 we _h no religi\s in/ruction except a weekly lesson 9 ,watts's ,scripture ,hi/ory2 & :5 ,i 0 a ma/] "s tw5ty ye>s ago my =m _h only a ,sunday lesson 9 a portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & a lesson 9 ,fr5* ,te/am5t at 8,fir/ ,s*ool0 on ,monday4 ,ev5 9 "s 8,volunt>y ,s*ools0 we d n f9d 8religi\s in/ruction0 made s mu* ( z ! ari?metic4 #aj4 ,9 ?is matt] we diff] v widely f ! ,g]mans4 ,all _! classes h a 8religion-lesson0 7,religion/unde7 ne>ly e day1 ! y\ng] *ildr5 9 ! ,g]man ,bible1 ! eld] 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t or ,*ur* ,hi/ory2 & 9 all cases ! tea*] is c>eful to in/ruct 8 pupils 9 ! t5ets ( ,lu!r or ,calv94 ,! ,g]mans may urge t if we believe a set ( doctr9es to be a fitt+ expression ( ,div9e revelation1 x is our fir/ duty to make ! "y famili> ) ^? doctr9es4 ,i _c say1 h[ev]1 t ,i h be5 fav\rably impress$ by ! religion-lessons ,i h he>d giv5 9 ,g]man s*ools4 ,i d n d5y t dogmatic tea*+ is necess>y1 b ! fir/ ?+ to cultivate 9 ! "y is rev]5ce2 & rev]5ce is surely 9 dang] if y take a class 9 8religion0 j z y take a class 9 gramm>4 ,em]son says some:]e1 t to ! poet1 ! sa9t1 & ! philosoph]1 all di/9ction ( sacr$ & pr(ane ceases to exi/1 all ?+s become alike sacr$4 ,z ! s*oolboy1 h[ev]1 does n z yet come "u any "o ( ^! d5om9ations1 if ! di/9ction ceases to exi/ = him1 all ?+s w become alike pr(ane4 #aa4 ,i believe t religi\s in/ruction is convey$ 9 ! mo/ impressive way :5 x is connect$ ) wor%ip4 ,:]e ! pray]s are jo9$ ) ! read+ ( ,scripture & ) occasional simple addresses1 & :]e ! congregation h responses to repeat1 & psalms & hymns to s+1 !re is reason to hope t boys w increase1 n only 9 k1 b 9 wisdom & rev]5ce too4 ,)\t ass]t+ t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& s]vice is ! be/ possible = ! "y1 ,i hold t any =m = !m %\ld at lea/ resemble x 9 its ma9 features1 %\ld be z v>i$ z possible1 %\ld require frequ5t *ange ( po/ure1 & %\ld give ! congregation mu* to say & s+4 ,mu* use might be made z 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ( litanies4 ,! s]vice1 :atev] its =m1 %\ld be conduct$ ) great solemnity1 & ! boys %\ld n sit or kneel s close toge!r t ! badly dispos$ may di/urb _! neighb\rs :o try to jo9 9 ! act ( wor%ip4 ,if good hymns are sung1 ^! may be tak5 occasionally z ! subject ( an address1 s t att5tion may be drawn to _! mean+4 ,music %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to1 & ! dang] ( irrev]5ce at practices gu>d$ aga9/ by nev] us+ sacr$ words m ?an is necess>y1 & by impress+ on ! s+]s ! sacr$ness ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) ,div9e wor%ip4 ,que/ions comb9$ ) in/ruction may sometimes keep up boys' att5tion bett] ?an a =mal s]mon4 ,?\gh common pray] %\ld be frequ5t1 ?is %\ld n be suppos$ to take ! place ( private pray]4 ,9 _m s*ools boys h h>dly an opportunity = private pray]4 ,!y kneel d[n1 p]haps1 ) all ! talk & play ( _! s*oolfell[s go+ on ar\nd !m1 & sometimes fe> ( public op9ion prev5ts _! kneel+ d[n at all4 ,a s*oolma/] _c tea* private pray]1 b he c at lea/ see t !re is opportunity = x4 ,education to goodness & piety1 z f> z x lies 9 human h&s1 mu/ consi/ almo/ entirely 9 ! influ5ce ( ! good & pi\s sup]ior ov] 8 inf]iors1 & z ?is influ5ce is indep5d5t ( rules1 ^! rem>ks ( m9e _c d m ?an t\* ! surface ( ?is mo/ important subject4#bji #ab4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i wi% to say a ^w on ! education ( op9ion4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps lays great /ress on prep>+ ! way to mod]ation & op5-m9d$ness by tea*+ boys t all good m5 are n ( ! same way ( ?9k+4 ,x is inde$ a mis]able error to lead a "y p]son to suppose t 8 small ideas are a measure ( ! univ]se1 & t all :o d n accept 8 =mul>ies are less enlight5$ ?an himself4 ,if a "y man is s br\ght up1 he ei!r c>ries intellectual bl9k]s all 8 life1 or1 :at is f> m probable1 he f9ds t some?+ he has be5 taught is false1 & =?) beg9s to d\bt ev]y?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a necessity ) ! "y to believe1 & we c\ld n1 ev5 if we w\ld1 br+ a y\? into su* a /ate ( m9d z to reg>d ev]y?+ ab\t :i* !re is any v>iety ( op9ion z an op5 "q4 ,b he may be taught rev]5ce & humility2 he may be taught to reflect h[ inf9itely great] ! facts ( ! univ]se mu/ be ?an our poor ?\ghts ab\t !m1 & h[ inadequate are words to express ev5 our imp]fect ?\ghts4 ,!n he w n suppose t all tru? has be5 taught him 9 8 =mul>ies1 nor t he und]/&s ev5 all ! tru? ( :i* ^? =mul>ies are ! imp]fect expression4#baj ,,xxii4 ,,conclusion4 #a4 ,:5 ,i orig9ally publi%$ ^! essays 7m ?an #bb ye>s ago7 ! critic ( ! ,noncon=mi/ 9 "o ( ! be/1 ?\gh by no means mo/ complim5t>y1 ( ! _m notices ) :i* ! book 0 fav\r$1 took me to task = be+ 9 su* a hurry to publi%4 ,i _h confess$ incomplet5ess4 ,:at ne$ 0 !re = me to publi% be=e ,i _h complet$ my "w8 ,s9ce t "t ,i h sp5t ye>s on my subject & at lea/ two ye>s on ^! essays !mselves2 b !y n[ seem to me ev5 fur!r f complet5ess ?an !y seem$ !n4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h reason to believe t ! old book1 incomplete z x 01 prov$ useful to tea*]s2 & 9 its alt]$ =m x w1 ,i hope1 be f\nd useful /ill4 #b4 ,x may be useful ,i ?9k 9 two ways4 ,fir/3 x may lead "s tea*]s to ! /udy ( ! great ?9k]s on education4 ,!re are "s vital tru?s :i* rema9 9 ! books :i* "t _c de/roy4 ,9 ! _w z ,goe! says are few voices1 _m e*oes2 & ! e*oes (t5 prev5t our he>+ ! voices di/9ctly4 ,p]haps mo/ p _h a bett] *ance ( he>+ ! voices :5 !re 7 few] books & no p]iodicals4 ,speak]s prop]ly s call$ _c n[ be he>d = ! hubbub ( ! talk]s2 & z lit]ature is becom+ m & m p]iodical our writ]s seem mo/ly employ$ l *ildr5 on c>d pagodas or l ! recumb5t arti/s ( ! ,london /reets :o produce on ! /ones ( ! pavem5t gaudy *alk draw+s :i* ! next %[] wa%es out4 ,b if ,i w\ld h few] books :at bus9ess h ,i to add to ! numb]8 ,i may be told t-- 8,he :o 9 que/ ( quiet1 #8,sil5ce6' hoots1 ,is apt to make ! hubbub he imputes40 ,my answ] is t ,i d n write to exp\nd my own ?\ght1 b to draw att5tion to ! ?\ghts ( ! m5 :o are be/ wor? he>+4 ,x is n giv5 to u small p to ?9k /rongly & cle>ly l ! great p2 we1 h[ev]1 ga9 9 /r5g? & cle>ness by contact ) !m2 & ?is contact ,i seek to promote4 ,s long z ?is book is us$1 x w ,i hope be us$ only z an introduction to ! great ?9k]s ^: names are f\nd 9 x4 #c4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! book may be ( use4 ,by consid]+ ! great ?9k]s 9 *ronological ord] we see t ea* adds to ! treasure :i* he f9ds already accumulat$1 & ?us by degrees we are arriv+ 9 education1 z 9 mo/ dep>tm5ts ( human endeav\r1 at a sci5ce4 ,9 ?is sci5ce lies our hope = ! future4 ,tea*]s mu/ endeav\r to obta9 m & m k ( ! laws to :i* _! art has to con=m itself4 #d4 ,x may be ( advantage to "s read]s if ,i po9t out briefly :at seems to me ! c\rse ( ! ma9 /ream ( ?\ght z x has fl[$ d[n to u f ! ,r5asc5ce4 #e4 ,z ,i endeav\r$ to %[ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is book1 ! ,s*ol>s ( ! ,r5asc5ce fell into a great mi/ake1 a mi/ake :i* p]haps c\ld n h be5 avoid$ at a "t :5 lit]ature 0 r$iscov]$ & ! pr9t+ press _h j be5 inv5t$4 ,?is mi/ake 0 ! idolatry ( books1 &1 /ill worse1 ( books 9 ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,s ! s*oolma/] fell into a bad !ory or conception ( 8 task1 = he suppos$ t 8 function 0 to tea* ,lat9 & ,greek2 & 8 practice or way ( go+ to "w 0 n mu* bett]1 = 8 *ief implem5ts 7 gramm> & ! cane4 #f4 ,! fir/ :o made a great advance 7 ! ,jesuits4 ,!y 7 inde$ f> too mu* b5t on be+ popul> to be 8,innovators40 ,!y endeav\r$ to d well :at mo/ s*oolma/]s did badly4 ,!y taught ,lat9 & ,greek1 & !y made great use ( gramm>1 b !y gave up ! cane4 ,boys 7 to be made happy4 ,s*ool-h\rs 7 to be r$uc$ f #aj h\rs a day to #e h\rs1 & 9 ^? #e h\rs le>n+ 0 to be made 8n only endurable b ev5 pleasurable40 ,b ! pupils 7 to f9d ?is pleasure n 9 ! ex]cise ( _! m5tal p[]s b 9 o!r ways4 ,z ,mr4 ,eve has said1 "y tea*]s are incl9$ to ?9k ma9ly ( /imulat+ _! pupils' m9ds & s neglect ! repetition ne$$ = accuracy4 ,old tea*]s on ! o!r h& c>e s mu* = accuracy t !y require ! same ?+ ov] & ov] till ! pupils lose ze/ & m5tal activity4 ,! ,jesuits frankly adopt$ ! maxim 8,repetition is ! "m ( /udies10 & work$ ov] ! same gr\nd aga9 & aga94 ,! two =ces on :i* !y reli$ = mak+ ! "w pleasant 7 "o good--! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! ma/] 78boys w soon love le>n+ :5 !y love ! tea*]107 & "o bad or at lea/ d\btful--! spur ( emulation4 ,h[ev]1 ! attempt to lead1 n drive1 0 a great /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,moreov] z !y did n hold ) ! ,/urms & ,trotz5dorfs t ! classics 9 & = !mselves 7 ! object ( education ! ,jesuits 7 able to ?9k ( o!r ?+s z well4 ,!y 7 v c>eful ( ! heal? ( ! body4 ,& !y also enl>g$ ! task ( ! s*oolma/] 9 ano!r & /ill m important way4 ,to ! be/ ( _! lights !y att5d$ to ! moral & religi\s tra9+ ( _! pupils4 ,x is mu* to ! cr$it ( ! ,fa!rs t ?\gh ,plautus & ,t]5ce 7 consid]$ v valuable = giv+ a k ( colloquial ,lat9 & 7 /udi$ & le>nt by he>t 9 ! ,prote/ant s*ools1 ! ,jesuits reject$ !m on acc\nt ( _! impurity4 ,! ,jesuits wi%$ ! :ole boy1 n 8 memory only1 to be affect$ by ! ma/]2 s ! ma/] 0 to make a /udy ( ea* ( 8 pupils & to g on ) ! same pupils ?r\gh ! great] "p ( _! s*ool c\rse4 ,! ,jesuit sy/em /&s out 9 ! hi/ory ( education z a rem>kable in/ance ( a s*ool sy/em elaborately ?\ght out & work$ z a :ole4 ,9 x ! individual s*oolma/] )]$1 b ! sy/em grew1 & 01 ,i may say is1 a mighty organism4 ,! s+le ,jesuit tea*] might n be ! sup]ior ( ! av]age tea*] 9 good ,prote/ant s*ools1 b by _! unity ( action ! ,jesuits triumph$ ov] _! rivals z easily z a regim5t ( soldi]s scatt]s a mob4 #g4 ,! s*oolma/]'s !ory ( ! human m9d made ( x1 to use ,b>tle ,massey's simile1 a k9d ( bladd] fit only to hold :at 0 p\r$ into x4 ,?is p\r+-9 !ory ( education 0 fir/ call$ 9 "q by t /range g5ius :o seems to h /ood outside all ! traditions & op9ions ( 8 age1 8hold+ no =m ( cre$1 ,b contemplat+ all40 ,i mean ,rabelais4 ,l mo/ re=m]s1 ,rabelais beg9s ) d5unciations ( ! sy/em e/abli%$ by use & wont4 ,aft] an acc\nt ( ! s*ool-tea*+ & s*ool-books ( ! day1 he says--8,x w\ld be bett] = a boy to le>n no?+ at all ?an to be taught su*-l books by su*-l ma/]s40 ,he !n proposes a tra9+ 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! boy is to /udy books1 he is n to d ?is ma9ly1 b is to be l$ to look ab\t him1 & to use bo? 8 s5ses & 8 limbs4 ,= in/ance1 he is to exam9e ! />s :5 he goes to b$1 & !n to be call$ up at f\r 9 ! morn+ to f9d ! *ange t has tak5 place4 ,"h we see a tra9+ ( ! p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,^! p[]s are also to be ex]cis$ on ! trees & plants :i* are met ) out-(-doors1 & on objects )9 ! h\se1 z well z on ! food plac$ on ! table4 ,! /udy ( books is to be jo9$ ) ?is /udy ( ?+s1 = ! old au?ors are to be consult$ = _! acc\nts ( :atev] has be5 met )4 ,! /udy ( trades1 too1 & ! practice ( "s ( !m1 su* z wood-cutt+1 & c>v+ 9 /one1 makes a v int]e/+ feature 9 ?is sy/em4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k we may say t ,rabelais 0 ! fir/ to advocate tra9+ z di/+ui%$ f tea*+2 & he 0 ! fa!r ( ,ans*auungs-unt]ri*t1 tea*+ by intuition1 i4e41 by ! pupil's own s5ses & ! spr+ ( 8 own intellig5ce4 ,rabelais w\ld be/[ mu* c>e on ! body too4 ,n only 0 ! pupil to ride & f5ce2 we f9d him ev5 %\t+ = ! b5efit ( 8 lungs4 #h4 ,rabelais _h n[ />t$ an entirely new !ory ( ! educator's task1 & fifty ye>s aft]w>ds 8 ?\ght 0 tak5 up & put =w>d ) incomp>able vig\r by ! great essayi/1 ,montaigne4 ,montaigne />ts ) a quotation f ,rabelais--8,! greate/ cl]ks are n ! wise/ m510 & !n he makes "o ( ! mo/ effective onslaughts on ! p\r+-9 !ory t is to be f\nd 9 all lit]ature4 ,8 accusation aga9/ ! s*oolma/]s ( 8 "t is tw(old4 ,fir/1 he says1 !y aim only at giv+ k1 :]eas !y %\ld fir/ ?9k ( judgm5t & virtue4 ,secondly1 9 _! me?od ( tea*+ !y d n ex]cise ! pupils' own m9ds4 ,! sum & sub/ance ( ! *>ge is conta9$ 9 ^! words--8,we lab\r to /uff ! memory & 9 ! meantime leave ! consci5ce & und]/&+ impov]i%$ & void40 ,8 notion ( education embrac$ ! :ole man4 8,our v ex]cises & recreations10 says he1 8runn+1 wre/l+1 music1 danc+1 hunt+1 rid+1 f5c+1 w prove to be a good "p ( our /udy4 ,i w\ld h ! pupil's outw>d fa%ion & mi5 & ! disposition ( 8 limbs =m$ at ! same "t ) 8 m9d4 ',tis n a s\l1 'tis n a body1 t we are tra9+ up1 b a man1 & we ought n to divide him40 #i4 ,be=e ! end ( ! fifte5 hundr$s !n we see 9 ! be/ ?\ght ( ! "t a great improvem5t 9 ! conception ( ! task ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,le>n+ is n ! only ?+ to be ?\ght (4 ,moral & religi\s tra9+ are recognis$ z ( no less importance4 ,& z 8bo? s\l & body h be5 creat$ by ! h& ( ,god0 7! words are ,ignatius ,loyola's71 bo? mu/ be ?\ght ( 9 education4 ,:5 we come to in/ruction we f9d ,rabelais recomm5d+ t at lea/ "p ( x %\ld be 8intuitive10 & ,montaigne requir+ t ! in/ruction %\ld involve an ex]cise ( ! intellectual p[]s ( ! le>n]4 ,b ! escape ev5 9 ?\ght f ! ,r5asc5ce ideal 0 b p>tial4 ,"s ( ,rabelais' directions seem to come f a 8,v]bal ,reali/10 & ,montaigne 0 f> f say+ z ,joseph ,payne has said1 8e act ( tea*+ is a mode ( deal+ ) m9d & w be successful only 9 proportion z ?is is recognis$10 8tea*+ is only ano!r "n = m5tal tra9+40 ,b if ,rabelais & ,montaigne did n rea* ! be/ ?\ght ( our "t !y 7 mu* 9 advance ( a great deal ( our practice4 #aj4 ,! op5+ ( ! sixte5 hundr$s saw a great revolt f ! lit]>y _s ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,! exclusive devotion to books 0 foll[$ by a reaction4 ,!re might aft] all be some?+ wor? kn[+ t books w\ld n tea*4 ,:y give s mu* "t to ! /udy ( words & s little to ! obs]vation ( ?+s8 8,y\?10 says a writ] ( ! "t1 8is delug$ ) gramm> precepts inf9itely t$i\s1 p]plex$1 obscure1 & = ! mo/ "p unpr(itable1 & t = _m ye>s40 ,:y n escape f ?is b>r5 region8 8,come =?1 my son10 says ,com5ius4 8,let u g into ! op5 air4 ,!re y %all view :atsoev] ,god produc$ f ! beg9n+ & do? yet effect by nature40 ,& ,milton ?us expresses ! conviction ( 8 day3 8,because our und]/&+ _c 9 ?is body f\nd itself b on s5sible ?+s1 nor arrive s cle>ly to ! k ( ,god & ?+s invisible z by ord]ly conn+ ov] ! visible & inf]ior creature1 ! same me?od is necess>ily to be foll[$ 9 all discreet tea*+40 ,?is great revolution :i* 0 involv$ 9 ! ,baconian philosophy may be describ$ z a turn+ f fancy to fact4 ,all ! creations ( ! human m9d seem$ to h lo/ _! value4 ,! only ?+s t seem$ wor? /udy+ 7 ! mat]ial univ]se & ! laws or sequ5ces :i* 7 gradually asc]ta9$ by pati5t induction & exp]im5t4 #aa4 ,till ! pres5t c5tury ?is revolution did n ext5d to our s*ools & univ]sities4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s t natural sci5ce has be5 /udi$ ev5 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bacon & ,newton4 ,! ,public ,s*ool ,commission ( #ahfb f\nd t ! curriculum 0 j z x _h be5 settl$ at ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,b if ! walls ( ^! educational ,j]i*os 7 /ill /&+ ?is 0 n f any remissness on ! "p ( 8! *ildr5 ( light0 9 %\t+ & bl[+ ) ! trumpet4 ,!y rais$ ! w>-cry 8,n words1 b ?+s60 & ! cry has be5 cont9u$ by a succession ( em95t m5 aga9/ ! s*ools ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies & has at l5g? begun to tell on ! s*ools ( ! #ai?4 ,p]haps ! *ange dem&$ is be/ %[n 9 ! words ( ,john ,dury ab\t #afdi3 8,! true end ( all human le>n+ is to supply 9 ourselves & o!rs ! defects :i* proce$ f our ignorance ( ! nature & use ( ! creatures & ! disord]l9ess ( our natural faculties 9 us+ !m & reflect+ ^u !m40 ,s ! ,innovators requir$ tea*]s to devote !mselves to natural sci5ce & to ! sci5ce ( ! human m9d4 #ab4 ,! fir/ ,innovators1 l ! p ( ! fifte5 hundr$s1 ?\ght ma9ly ( ! acquisition ( k1 only ! k 0 to be n ( ! classics b ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,9 ?is !y seem inf]ior to ,montaigne :o _h giv5 ! fir/ place to virtue & judgm5t4 #ac4 ,b t[>ds ! middle ( ! sixte5 hundr$s a v em95t ,innovator took a compreh5sive view ( education1 & r$uc$ in/ruction to its prop] place1 t is1 he treat$ x z a "p ( education m]ely4 ,?is man1 ,com5ius1 0 at once a philosoph]1 a philan?ropi/1 & a s*oolma/]2 & 9 8 writ+s we f9d ! fir/ attempt at a sci5ce ( education4 ,! outl9e ( 8 sci5ce is z foll[s3-- 8,we live a ?reefold life--a vegetative1 an animal1 & an intellectual or spiritual4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is p]fect 9 ! womb1 ! la/ 9 heav54 ,he is happy :o comes ) heal?y body into ! _w1 mu* m he :o goes ) heal?y _s out ( x4 ,accord+ to ! heav5ly idea a man %\ld--#a/1 ,"k all ?+s2 #bnd1 ,he %\ld be ma/] ( ?+s & ( himself2 #crd1 ,he %\ld ref] ev]y?+ to ,god4 ,s t )9 u ,nature has implant$ ! se$s ( le>n+1 ( virtue1 & ( piety4 ,to br+ ^! se$s to maturity is ! object ( education4 ,all m5 require education1 & ,god has made *ildr5 unfit = o!r employm5t t !y may h "t to le>n40 ,"h we h q a new !ory ( ! educator's task4 ,he is to br+ to maturity ! se$s ( le>n+1 virtue1 & piety1 :i* are already s[n by ,nature 9 8 pupils4 ,?is is q diff]5t f ! p\r+-9 !ory1 & seems to anticipate ! notion ( ,froebel1 t ! educator %\ld be call$ n tea*] b g>d5]4 ,b ,com5ius evid5tly made too mu* ( k4 ,_h he liv$ two c5turies lat] he w\ld h se5 ! area ( possible k ext5d+ to inf9ity 9 all directions1 & he w\ld no long] h made x 8 ideal t 8man %\ld "k all ?+s40 #ad4 ,! next great ?9k] ab\t education--,i mean ,locke--seems to me *iefly important f 8 hav+ tak5 up ! pr9ciples ( ,montaigne & treat$ ! giv+ ( k z ( v small importance4 ,montaigne1 z we h se51 0 ! fir/ to br+ out cle>ly t education 0 mu* m ?an in/ruction1 z ! :ole 0 great] ?an its "p1 & t in/ruction 0 ( f> less importance ?an "s o!r p>ts ( education4 ,& ?is lies at ! root ( ,locke's !ory also4 ,! great function ( ! educator1 accord+ to him1 is n to tea*1 b to dispose ! pupil to virtue fir/1 indu/ry next1 & !n k2 b he ?9ks :]e ! fir/ two h be5 prop]ly c>$ = k w come ( itself4 ,! foll[+ are ,locke's own words3--8,! great "w ( a gov]nor is to fa%ion ! c>riage & to =m ! m9d1 to settle 9 8 pupil good habits & ! pr9ciples ( virtue & wisdom1 to give him little by little a view ( mank9d & "w him into a love & imitation ( :at is excell5t & praisewor?y2 & 9 ! prosecution ( x to give him vig\r1 activity1 & indu/ry4 ,! /udies :i* he sets him ^u are b1 z x 71 ! ex]cise ( 8 faculties & employm5t ( 8 "t2 to keep him f saunt]+ & idl5ess2 to tea* him application & accu/om him to take pa9s1 & to give him "s little ta/e ( :at 8 own indu/ry mu/ p]fect40#baa ,s we see t ,locke agrees ) ,com5ius 9 8 enl>g$ view ( ! educator's task1 & t he ?\ght mu* less ?an ,com5ius ( ! importance ( ! k to be giv54 #ae4 ,we already see a gradual escape f ! 8idols0 ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,locke1 in/ead ( accept+ ! le>n$ ideal1 decl>es t le>n+ is ! la/ & lea/ ?+ to be ?\ght (4 ,he c>es little ab\t ! ord9>y lit]>y in/ruction giv5 to *ildr51 ?\gh he ?9ks !y mu/ be taught some?+ & does n "k :at to put 9 its place4 ,he provides = ! education ( ^? :o are to rema9 ignorant ( ,greek1 b only :5 !y are 8g5tlem540 ,9 ?is respect ! van is l$ by ,com5ius1 :o ?\ght ( education = all1 boys & girls1 ri* & poor1 alike4 ,com5ius also gave ! fir/ h9t ( ! true nature ( our task--to br+ to p]fection ! se$s implant$ by ,nature4 ,he also c>$ = ! little ones :om ! s*oolma/] _h despis$4 ,locke does n escape f a c]ta9 intellectual disda9 ( 8my "y ma/]s10 z he calls !m2 b 9 "o respect he advanc$ z f> z ! be/ ?9k]s among 8 successors h advanc$4 ,k1 he says1 mu/ come by ! action ( ! le>n]'s own m9d4 ,! true tea*] is )94 #af4 ,we n[ come to ! lea/ practical & at ! same "t ! mo/ influ5tial ( all ! writ]s on education--,i mean ,r\sseau4 ,he1 l ,rabelais1 ,montaigne1 & ,locke1 0 7to use ,mat!w ,arnold's expression7 a 8*ild ( ! idea40 ,he attack$ s*ola/ic use & wont n 9 ! "n ( exp$i5ce1 b 9 ! "n ( reason2 & su* an attack--s eloqu5t1 s vehem5t1 s uncompromis+--_h nev] be5 made be=e4 ,/ill !re rema9$ ev5 9 !ory1 & f> m 9 practice1 effects produc$ by ! false ideal ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,?is ideal ,r\sseau entirely reject$4 ,he propos$ mak+ a clean sweep & return+ to :at he call$ ! /ate ( ,nature4 #ag4 ,r\sseau 0 by no means ! fir/ ( ! ,re=m]s :o advocat$ a return to ,nature4 ,!re has be5 a con/ant conviction 9 m5's m9ds f ! "t ( ! ,/oics onw>ds t mo/ ( ! evils :i* afflict humanity h come f our n foll[+ 8,nature40 ,! cry ( 8,ev]y?+ accord+ to ,nature0 0 soon rais$ by educationi/s4 ,ratke ann\nc$ x z "o ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,com5ius w\ld base all action on ! analogy ( ,nature4 ,inde$1 !re has h>dly ev] be5 a sy/em ( education :i* did n lay claim to be ! 8natural0 sy/em4 ,& by 8natural0 has be5 always und]/ood some?+ diff]5t f :at is usual4 ,:at is ! notion t produces ?is anti!sis8 #ah4 ,:5 we come to trace back ?+s to _! cause we are wont to attribute !m to ,god1 to ,nature1 or to ,man4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al belief1 ,god works 9 & ?r\gh ,nature1 & !re=e ! t5d5cy ( ?+s ap>t f human ag5cy mu/ be to good4 ,?is fai? :i* und]lies all our ?\ghts & modes ( spee*1 has be5 beautifully express$ by ,wordswor?-- 8,a graci\s _s o'er ?is e>? presides1 ,& 9 ! he>t ( man2 invisibly ,x comes to works ( unreprov$ delight ,& t5d5cy b5ign2 direct+ ^? ,:o c>e n1 "k n1 ?9k n1 :at !y d40 ,prelude1 v1 ad f4 ,b if ! t5d5cy ( ?+s is to good1 :y %\ld ! usual be 9 su* /rong contra/ ) 8! natural08 ,"h aga9 we may turn to ,wordswor?4 ,aft] po9t+ to ! h>mony ( ! visible _w1 & decl>+ 8 fai? t 8e fl[] enjoys ! air x brea!s10 he goes on-- 8,if ?is belief f heav5 be s5t1 ,if ?is be ,nature's holy plan1 ,h ,i n reason to lam5t1 ,:at ,man has made ( ,man80 ,?is passage might be tak5 z ! motto ( ,r\sseauism4 ,accord+ to t philosophy man is ! great di/urb] & p]v]t] ( ! natural ord]4 ,o!r animals simply foll[ nature1 b man has no in/9ct1 & is ?us left to f9d 8 own way4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,a v diff]5t au?ority f ,r\sseau1 ! poet ,c[p]1 tells u 9 language :i* ,r\sseau might h adopt$-- 8,reason+ at e /ep he treads1 ,man yet mi/akes 8 way3 ,:ile mean] ?+s :om in/9ct leads1 ,are seldom kn[n to /ray40 ,man has to inve/igate ! sequ5ces ( ,nature1 & to arrange !m = himself4 ,9 ?is way he br+s ab\t a great numb] ( =ese5 results1 b 9 do+ ?is he also br+s ab\t p]haps ev5 a great] numb] ( un=ese5 results2 & alas6 x turns out t _m1 if n mo/1 ( ^! un=ese5 results are ! rev]se ( b5eficial4 #ai4 ,ano!r ?+ is obs]vable4 ,o!r animals are guid$ by in/9ct2 we1 = ! mo/ "p1 are guid$ by tradition4 ,man1 x has be5 said1 is ! only animal t capitalises 8 discov]ies4 ,if we capitalis$ no?+ b our discov]ies1 ?is accumulation w\ld be an imm5se advantage to u2 b we capitalise also our conjectures1 our ideals1 our habits1 & unhappily1 9 _m cases1 our blund]s4#bab ,s a great deal ( action :i* is purely mis*iev\s 9 its effects1 comes n f our own mi/akes1 b f ^? ( our ance/ors4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t :at ) our own mi/akes & ! mi/akes we inh]it1 we sometimes g f> inde$ out ( ! c\rse :i* 8,nature0 has prescrib$ = u4 #bj4 ,! g5]ation :i* f\nd a m\?piece 9 ,r\sseau _h become firmly conv9c$1 n inde$ ( its own /upidity1 b ( ! /upidity ( all its pr$ecessors2 & ! va/ patrimony bequea!d to x seem$ no?+ b lumb] or worse4 ,s ,r\sseau f\nd an eag] & en?usia/ic audi5ce :5 he propos$ a return to ,nature1 9 o!r words1 to give up all exi/+ cu/oms1 & = ! mo/ "p to d no?+ & 8give ,nature a *ance40 ,8 boy ( twelve ye>s old 0 to h be5 taught no?+4 ,up to t age ! great art ( education1 says ,r\sseau1 is to d ev]y?+ by do+ no?+4 ,! fir/ "p ( education %\ld be purely negative4 #ba4 ,r\sseau !n 0 ! fir/ :o escap$ completely f ! notion ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 t man 0 ma9ly a le>n+ & rememb]+ animal4 ,b if he is n ?is1 :at is he8 ,we mu/ asc]ta91 said ,r\sseau1 n a priori1 b by obs]vation4 ,we ne$ a new art1 ! art ( obs]v+ *ildr54 #bb4 ,n[ at l5g? !re 0 hope = ! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 ,?is sci5ce mu/ be bas$ on a /udy ( ! subject on :om we h to act4 ,accord+ to ,locke !re is su* v>iation n only 9 ! circum/ances1 b also 9 ! p]sonal peculi>ities ( individuals1 t g5]al laws ei!r d n exi/ or c nev] be asc]ta9$4 ,b ?is v>iation is no less obs]vable 9 ! human body1 & ! art ( ! physician has to con=m itself to a sci5ce :i* is /ill v f> f p]fect4 ,! physician1 h[ev]1 does n despair4 ,he c>efully avails himself ( su* sci5ce z we n[ h1 & he makes a /udy ( ! human body 9 ord] to increase t sci5ce4 ,:5 a few m g5]ations h pass$ away1 ! m$ical pr(ession w v likely smile at mi/akes made by ! old ,victorian doctors4 ,b1 meantime1 we pr(it by ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e 9 its pres5t /ate1 & we f9d t ?is sci5ce has consid]ably increas$ ! av]age duration ( human life4 ,we !re=e require e practition] to h made a sci5tific /udy ( 8 call+1 & to h _h a tra9+ 9 bo? ! !ory & practice ( x4 ,! sci5ce ( education _c be said to h done mu* = u at pres5t1 b x w d m 9 ! future1 & might d m n[ if no "o 7 all[$ to tea* be=e he or %e _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! be/ !ory & practice we h4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! ,emile ! be/ educators h /udi$ ! subject on :om !y _h to act1 & !y h be5 le>n+ m & m ( ! laws or sequ5ces :i* affect ! human m9d & ! human body4 ,! m>vell\s /rides ( sci5ce 9 e o!r dep>tm5t enc\rages u to hope t x w make great advances 9 ! field ( education :]e x is /ill s greatly ne$$4 ,p]haps ! day may come :5 a ,pe/alozzi may be consid]$ ev5 by 8 contempor>ies on an equality ) a ,napoleon1 & ! human race may be will+ to give to ! art ( in/ruction ! same am\nt ( "t1 money1 ?\ght1 & en]gy1 :i* 9 our day h be5 devot$ ) su* trem5d\s success to ! art ( de/ruction4 ,x is already dawn+ on ! g5]al consci\sness t 9 education z 9 physical sci5ce 8we conqu] ,nature by obey+ h]10 & we are le>n+ m & m h[ to obey h]4 #bc4 ,r\sseau's great "w 0 fir/1 to expose ! absurdities ( ! s*ool-room1 & second1 to set ! educator on /udy+ ! laws ( nature 9 ! human m9d & body4 ,he also drew att5tion to ! *ild's re/less activity4 ,he w\ld also 7l ,locke be=e him71 make ! "y le>n] 8 own tea*]4 #bd4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( ! ,emile 01 z ! ,g]mans say1 8epo*-mak+40 ,f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ ,innovators1 we h se5 t 8,?+s n ,words10 _h be5 ! w>-cry ( a /rong p>ty ( ,re=m]s4 ,b ?+s _h be5 consid]$ m]ely z a sup]ior means ( in/ruction4 ,r\sseau fir/ po9t$ out ! intimate relation t exi/s betwe5 *ildr5 & ! mat]ial _w ar\nd !m4 ,*ildr5 _h till !n be5 ?\ght ( only z immature & inf]ior m54 ,s9ce 8 day an ,engli% poet has taught u t 9 "s ways ! man is f> inf]ior to ! *ild1 8! ?+s :i* we h se5 we n[ c see no m10 & t 8no?+ c br+ back ! h\r 8,( spl5d\r 9 ! grass1 ( glory 9 ! fl[]40 ,r\sseau _h n ,wordswor?'s gifts1 b he1 too1 obs]v$ t *ildhood is ! age ( /rong impressions f )\t & t its mat]ial surr\nd+s affect x mu* m acutely ?an !y w 9 aft] life4 ,:i* ( u kn[s z mu* ab\t our own h\se & furniture z our *ildr5 "k8 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! sympa?y *ildr5 h ) animals4 ,if a cat comes into a room :]e !re are gr[n p & also a *ild1 :i* sees ! cat fir/8 :i* obs]ves x mo/ accurately8 ,n[1 ?is intimate relation ( ! *ild ) its surr\nd+s plays a mo/ important "p 9 its education4 ,! educator may1 if s m9d$1 ignore ?is altoge!r1 & /ick to gramm>1 dates1 & c\nty t[ns1 b if he does s ! *ild's real education w n be mu* affect$ by him4 ,r\sseau saw ?is cle>ly1 & wi%$ to use 8?+s0 n = in/ruction b = education4 ,_! special function 0 to tra9 ! s5ses4 #be4 ,p]haps x is n too mu* to say ( ,r\sseau t he 0 ! fir/ :o gave up ?9k+ ( ! *ild z a be+ ^: *ief faculty 0 ! faculty ( rememb]+1 & ?\ght ( him r z a be+ :o feels & reflects1 acts & inv5ts4 #bf4 ,b if ! ?\ght may be trac$ back to ,r\sseau1 x 01 z left by him1 q crude or r embryonic4 ,s9ce 8 "t ?is conception ( ! "y has be5 tak5 up & m\ld$ into a fair comm5cem5t ( a sci5ce ( education4 ,?is comm5cem5t is n[ occupy+ ! att5tion ( ?9k]s su* z ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & mu* may be expect$ f x ev5 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,= ! sci5ce s f> z x exi/s we are indebt$ ma9ly to ! two ,re=m]s ) :om ,i w conclude--,pe/alozzi & ,froebel4 #bg4 ,pe/alozzi1 l ,com5ius m ?an #ajj ye>s be=e him1 conceiv$ ( education = all4 8,e human be+10 said he1 8has a claim to a judici\s developm5t ( 8 faculties40 ,e *ild mu/ g to s*ool4 ,b ! ^w s*ool includes a great v>iety ( in/itutions4 ,! object ^! h 9 view diff]s imm5sely4 ,) u ! ma9 object 9 "s s*ools seems to be to prep>e boys to compete at an e>ly age = entrance s*ol>%ips aw>d$ to ! greate/ pr(ici5ts 9 ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,9 o!r s*ools ! object is to turn ! *ildr5 out 8good s*ol>s0 9 ano!r s5se2 t is1 ! s*ool is held to be successful :5 ! boys & girls acquire skill 9 ! arts ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 & c rememb] a numb] ( facts--facts ( hi/ory1 ( geography1 & ev5 ( natural sci5ce4 ,s ! common notion is t :at is want$ 9 ! way ( education dep5ds entirely on ! *ild's social position4 ,!re /ill l+] among u notions d]iv$ f ! lit]>y m5 ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,we /ill measure all *ildr5 by _! lit]>y & mnemonic atta9m5ts4 ,we /ill consid] k ( ,lat9 & ,greek ! highe/ k9d ( k4 ,*ildr5 are s5t to s*ool t !y may n be ignorant4#bac ,pe/alozzi1 :o _h /udi$ ,r\sseau1 entirely d5i$ all ?is4 ,he requir$ t ! s*ool-coa* %\ld be turn$ & />t$ 9 a new direction4 ,! ma9 object ( ! s*ool 0 n to tea*1 b to develop1 n to put 9 b to draw out4 #bh4 ,! /udy ( nature %[s u t e animal comes into ! _w ) c]ta9 faculties or capabilities4 ,!re are a set ( circum/ances :i* w develop ^! capabilities & make ! mo/ ( !m4 ,!re are o!r circum/ances :i* w\ld imp$e ?is developm5t1 decrease x1 or ev5 prev5t x altoge!r4 ,all o!r animals h ?is developm5t secur$ = !m by _! ord9>y environm5t3 b ,man1 ) f> high] capacities1 & ) immeasurably great] faculties bo? = good & evil1 is left f> m to 8 own res\rces ?an ! o!r animals4 ,plac$ 9 an almo/ endless v>iety ( circum/ances we h to asc]ta9 h[ ! developm5t ( our (fspr+ may be/ be br\ght ab\t4 ,we h to consid] :at are ! inborn faculties ( our *ildr51 & also :at aids & :at h9d]s _! developm5t4 ,:5 we h arriv$ at ?is k we mu/ educate !m by plac+ !m 9 ! be/ circum/ances 9 our p[]1 & !n sup]9t5d+1 judici\sly & lov+ly1 ! developm5t ( _! faculties & ( _! high] nature4 #bi4 ,!re is1 said ,pe/alozzi1 only "o way 9 :i* faculty c be develop$1 & t is by ex]cise2 s 8 sy/em s\ght to enc\rage ! activities ( *ildr51 & 9 ?is respect he 0 surpass$1 z we %all see1 by ,froebel4 8,dead0 k1 z x has be5 call$--! k commonly acquir$ = exam9ations1 our s*ool-k1 9 fact--0 despis$ by ,pe/alozzi z x _h be5 by ,locke & ,r\sseau be=e him4 ,9 its place he w\ld put k acquir$ by 8intuition10 by ! spr+ ( ! le>n]'s own intellig5ce4 #cj4 ,! conception ( e *ild z an organism & ( education z ! process by :i* ! developm5t ( t organism is promot$ is f\nd fir/ 9 ,pe/alozzi1 b x 0 m consi/5tly ?\ght out by ,froebel4 ,!re is1 said ,froebel1 a div9e idea = e human be+1 = we are all ,god's (fspr+4 ,! object ( ! education ( a human be+ is to fur!r ! developm5t ( 8 div9e idea4 ,?is developm5t is atta9able only ?r\gh action2 = ! developm5t ( e organism dep5ds on its self-activity4 ,self-activity !n1 activity 8) a w10 is ! ma9 ?+ to be c>$ = 9 education4 ,! educator has to direct ! *ildr5's activity 9 su* a way t x may satisfy _! in/9cts1 especially ! =mative & creative in/9cts4 ,! *ild f 8 e>lie/ ye>s is to be treat$ z a do] & ev5 a creator4 #ca4 ,n[1 at la/1 we h arriv$ at ! complete anti!sis betwe5 ! old education & ! ,new4 ,! old education _h "o object1 & t 0 le>n+4 ,man 0 a be+ :o le>nt & rememb]$4 ,education 0 a process by :i* he le>nt1 at fir/ ! languages & lit]atures ( ,rome & ,greece only2 b z "t w5t on ! curriculum 0 greatly ext5d$4 ,! ,new ,education treats ! human be+ n s mu* a le>n] z a do] & creator4 ,! educator no long] fixes 8 eyes on ! object--! k1 b on ! subject--! be+ to be educat$4 ,! success ( ! education is n det]m9$ by :at ! educat$ "k1 b by :at !y d & :at !y are4 ,!y are well educat$ :5 !y love :at is good1 & h _h all _! faculties ( m9d & body prop]ly develop$ to d x4 #cb4 ,! ,new ,education !n is 8passive1 foll[+10 & mu/ be bas$ on ! /udy ( human nature4 ,:5 we h asc]ta9$ :at are ! faculties to be develop$ we mu/ consid] fur!r h[ to fo/] ! self-activity t w develop !m4 #cc4 ,we h travell$ f> f ,dr4 ,johnson1 :o ass]t$ t education 0 z well kn[n z x ev] c\ld be4 ,"s ( u are m incl9$ to ass]t t 9 8 day education 0 n inv5t$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ^? :o belittle ! ,new ,education & endeav\r to %[ t 9 x !re is no?+ new at all4 ,z x seems to me a revolution ( ! mo/ salut>y k9d 0 made by ! ?9k]s :o propos$ bas+ education on a /udy ( ! subject to be educat$1 &1 m ?an ?is1 mak+ ! process a 8foll[+0 process ) ! object ( draw+ out self-activity4 #cd4 ,?is *ange ( object mu/ 9 ! end be fruitful 9 *anges ( e k9d4 ,b z yet we are only grop+ our way2 &1 if ,i may give a caution :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 is q sup]flu\s1 we %\ld be cauti\s1 & till we see our way cle>ly we %\ld try no great exp]im5t t w\ld de/roy our connexion ) ! pa/4 ,mo/ ( our pr$ecessors ?\ght only ( k4 ,by a reaction "s ( our ,new ,educationi/s seem to despise k4 ,b k is necess>y1 & )\t "s k developm5t w\ld be impossible4 ,we probably _c d too mu* to assi/ developm5t & enc\rage 8intuition10 b !re is1 p]haps1 "s dang] ( our los+ sight ( tru?s :i* s*oolroom exp]i5ce w\ld br+ home to u4 ,ev5 ! cle>e/ 8concepts0 get hazy aga9 & totally unfit = use1 unless !y are p]man5tly fix$ 9 ! m9d by repetition1 :i* to be effective mu/ to "s ext5t take ! =m ( drill4 ,! practical man1 ev5 ! cramm]1 has "h ma/]$ a tru? ( ! tea*+ art :i* ! educationi/ is prone to ov]look4 ,& !re are1 no d\bt1 o!r ?+s :i* ! practical man c tea*4 ,b ! great ?9k]s w\ld raise u to a high] /&+-po9t f :i* we may see mu* t w make ! "r road cle>] to u1 & lead u to press =w>d 9 x ) good he>t & hope4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes #a ,:5 ! great] "p ( ?is volume 0 already writt51 ,mr4 ,p>k] publi%$ 8 sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,classical ,education 7,essays on a ,lib]al ,education1 edit$ by ,f>r>74 ,he seems to me to h be5 v successful 9 br++ out ! mo/ important features ( 8 subject1 b 8 essay necess>ily %[s m>ks ( ov]-compression4 ,two volumes h also lately appe>$ on ,*ri/ian ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s 7,longmans1 #ahfg74 ,"h we h a good deal ( in=mation :i* we want1 & also1 x seems to me1 a good deal :i* we d n want4 ,! "w *>act]i/ically op5s ) a #aj? c5tury description ( ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ,/4 ,m>k :5 he l&$ at ,alex&ria4 ,! au?or treats only ( ! times :i* prec$$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( e>ly ,engli% education has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,furnivall1 9 ! #bnd & #crd numb]s ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,education 7#ahfg74 ,i did n !n "k ( ,dr4 ,b>n>d's works4 #b ,?is article is omitt$ 9 ! la/ edition4 #c ,! re/ ( ?is *apt] 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,septemb]1 #ahhj numb] ( ,education4 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 #d ,on ! nature ( lit]ature see ,c>d9al ,newman's 8,lectures on ! ,nature ( a ,univ]sity4 ,univ]sity ,subjects4 ,,ii4 ,lit]ature40 #e ,i see ,c>lyle has us$ a simil> metaphor 9 ! same connexion3 8,consid] ! old s*oolm5 & _! pilgrimage t[>ds ,tru?6 ! fai?fulle/ endeav\r1 incessant unwe>i$ motion2 (t5 great natural vig\r1 only no progress2 no?+ b antic feats ( "o limb pois$ aga9/ ! o!r2 !re !y balanc$1 som]set$1 & made po/ures2 at be/ gyrat$ swiftly ) "s pleasure l sp9n+ d]vi%es & end$ :]e !y began40--,*>act]i/ics1 ,misc41 vol4 iii1 #e4 #f ,?is illu/ration 0 sugge/$ by a simil> "o 9 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,r4 ,seeley's essay 8,on ! tea*+ ( ,engli%0 9 8 ,lectures & ,essays1 #ahgj4 #g ,miss ,j4 ,d4 ,pott]1 9 8,j\rnal ( ,education40 ,london1 ,june1 #ahgi #h ,see ,erasmus's ,cic]onianus1 or acc\nt ( x1 9 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's ,g]man ,tea*]s4 #i 8,on ,abuse ( ,human ,le>n+10 by ,samuel ,butl]4 #aj ,multum ilium pr(ecisse arbitror1 qui ante sextum decimum tatis annum facultatem du>um l+u>um m$iocrem assecutus e/4 7,quot$ by ,p>k]47 #aa ,r4 ,mulca/]'s ,positions1 #aeha1 p4 #cj4 ,i h repr9t$ ?is book 7,longmans1 #ahhh1 price #ajs474 #ab ,/urm's s*ool 8_h an ,european reputation3 !re 7 ,poles & ,portuguese1 ,spani>ds1 ,danes1 ,italians1 ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,b besides ?is1 x 0 ! model & "m s*ool ( a num]\s prog5y4 ,/urm himself organiz$ s*ools = sev]al t[ns :i* appli$ to him4 ,8 disciples became organiz]s1 rectors1 & pr(essors4 ,9 %ort1 if ,melan*?on 0 ! in/ructor1 ,/urm 0 ! s*oolma/] ( ,g]many4 ,toge!r ) 8 me?od1 8 s*ool-books 7 spread broadca/ ov] ! l&4 ,bo? 7 adopt$ by ,as*am 9 ,engl&1 & by ,bu*anan 9 ,scotl&4 ,/urm himself 0 a great man at ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,no diplomati/ pass$ ?r\gh ,/rasburg )\t /opp+ to conv]se ) him4 ,he drew a p5sion f ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ano!r f ! ,k+ ( ,france1 a ?ird f ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 collect$ political in=mation = ,c>d9al ,granvella1 & 0 ennobl$ by ,*>les ,v4 ,he help$ to negotiate peace betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 & 0 appo9t$ to conf] ) a commission ( ,c>d9als on reunion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 %ort1 ,/urm knew :at he 0 ab\t z well z mo/ m5 ( 8 "t4 ,yet few w be dispos$ to accept 8 !ory ( education1 ev5 = ! sixte5? c5tury1 z ! be/4 ,:]e9 !n lay ! mi/ake8444 ,/urm ass]t$ t ! prop] end ( s*ool education is eloqu5ce1 or 9 mod]n phrase1 a ma/]ly comm& ( language1 & t ! k ( ?+s ma9ly belongs to a lat] /age 444 ,/urm assum$ t ,lat9 is ! language 9 :i* eloqu5ce is to be acquir$40 ,?is is f ,mr4 ,*>les ,/u>t ,p>k]'s excell5t acc\nt ( ,/urm 9 ,essays on a ,lib]al ,education1 edit$ by ,f>r>1 ,essay ,i41 ,on ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,education1 p4 #ci4 ,i f9d f ,h]b>t 7,pd4 ,s*rift51 ,o4 ,wilmann's edition1 vol4 ij1 #bbi ff2 ,bey]'s edition1 ij1 #cba7 t ! hi/orian1 ,f4 ,h4 ,*4 ,s*w>z1 took a v fav\rable view ( ,/urm's "w2 & bo? he & ,k>l ,s*midt give ,/urm cr$it = introduc+ ! two ways ( /udy+ an au?or t may be c>ri$ on at ! same "t--#a/1 /at>is*1 i4e41 read+ a small quantity accurately1 & #bnd1 cursoris*1 i4e41 gett+ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,^! two k9ds1 ( read+ 7 made mu* ( by ,j4 ,m4 ,gesn] 7#afia-agfa74 ,ern/ ,laas has writt5 ,die ,pdagogik ,j4 ,/urms :i* no d\bt does him ju/ice1 b ,i h n se5 ! book4 #ac ,:y did ,bacon1 :o spoke slight+ly ( ,/urm 7see ,p>k]1 9 ,essays on ,lib4 ,ed471 rate ! ,jesuits s highly8 8,consule s*olas ,jesuit>um3 nihil enim quod 9 usum v5it 8 melius10 ,de ,aug41 lib4 iv1 cap4 iv4 ,see1 too1 a long] passage 9 fir/ book ( ,de ,aug4 7ab\t end ( fir/ #a_/d71 8,qu nobilissima p>s prisc discipl9 revocata e/ aliquat5us1 quasi po/lim9io1 9 ,jesuit>um collegiis2 quorum cum intueor indu/riam sol]tiamque tam 9 doctr9a excol5da quam 9 moribus in=m&is1 illud occurrit ,agesilai de ,ph>nabazo1 #8,talis cum sis1 ut9am no/] esses4'0 #ad 7#a7 ,joseph ,anton ,s*mid's 8,ni$]e ,s*ul5 d] ,jesuit530 ,reg5sburg1 #aheb4 7#b7 ,article by ,wag5mann 9 ,k4 ,a4 ,s*mid's 8,encyclopdie des ,erziehungs-und ,unt]ri*tswes5s40 7#c7 8,ratio atque ,in/itutio ,/udiorum ,soc4 ,jesu40 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aehe1 0 suppress$ z h]etical1 because x contemplat$ ! possibility ( diff]+ f ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,! book is n[ v sc>ce4 ,!re is a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on comp>+ x ) ! folio edition 78,con/itutiones10 c41 publi%$ at ,prag 9 #afcb71 ,i f9d _m omissions 9 ! latt]1 "s ( :i* are curi\s1 e4g41 "u 8,de ,matrimonio30--8,matremne an uxorem occid]e sit gravius1 non e/ hujus loci40 7#d7 8,p>nesis ad ,magi/ros ,s*ol>um ,inf]iorum ,soc4 ,jesu1 scripta a ,p4 ,francisco ,sac*9o1 ex edem ,societate40 7#e7 8,juv5cius de ,ratione ,disc5di et ,doc5di40 ,crt9eau-,joly's 8,hi/oire de la ,compagnie de ,jsus0 7,p>is1 #ahdd71 ,i h n made mu* use (4 ,sac*9i & ,j\v5cy 7 bo? hi/orians ( ! ,ord]4 ,! =m] di$ 9 #afbe1 ! latt] 9 #agai4 ,!re is a good sket* ( ! ,jesuit s*ools1 by ,&rewes1 9 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 xiv1 #ahfd1 repr9t$ 9 ! be/ book ,i "k ( 9 ,engli% on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,b>n>d's ,g]man ,tea*]s4 #ae 8,l'excution des dcrets de #ahhj a eu p\r rsultat la f]meture de leurs collges4 ,mais malgr leur disp]sion app>5te ils sont encore plus puissants qu'on ne le croit1 et ce s]ait une erreur de p5s] que le d]ni] mot e/ dit avec eux40--,compayr1 9 ,buisson1 ij1 p4 #adbj4 #af ,accord+ to ! article 9 ,k4 ,a4 ,s*mid's 8,encyclopdie10 ! usual c\rse 0 ?is--! two ye>s' novitiate 0 ov] by ! "t ! y\? 0 betwe5 fifte5 & sev5te54 ,he !n ent]$ a ,jesuit college z ,s*ola/icus4 ,"h he le>nt lit]ature & rhetoric = two ye>s1 & !n philosophy 7) ma!matics7 = ?ree m4 ,he !n ent]$ on 8 ,reg5cy1 i4e41 he w5t ov] ! same gr\nd z a tea*]1 = f f\r to six ye>s4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod ( !ological /udy1 end+ ) a ye> ( trial1 call$ ! ,t]tiorat4 ,! c&idate 0 n[ admitt$ to ,prie/'s ,ord]s1 & took ! v[s ei!r z pr(essus quatuor votorum1 pr(ess$ fa!r ( f\r v[s1 or z a coadjutor4 ,if he 0 !n s5t back to tea*1 he gave only ! high] in/ruction4 ,! f\r? v[ plac$ him at ! disposal ( ! ,pope4 #ag ,k>l ,s*midt 7,ges*4 d4 ,pd41 iij4 #aii1 #bjj71 says t h[ev] mu* tea*]s 7 want$1 a two ye>s' c\rse ( prep>ation 0 consid]$ indisp5sable4 ,:5 ! ,novitiate 0 ov] ! c&idate became a 8,junior0 7,gallic 8,juv5i/e074 ,he !n cont9u$ 8 /udies 9 lit]is humanioribus1 prep>atory to tea*+4 ,:5 9 ! 8,juv5at0 or 8,juniorate0 he _h rubb$ up 8 classics & ma!matics1 he ent]$ ! 8,sem9>y10 & two or ?ree times a week he exp\nd$ to a class ! matt] ( ! previ\s lecture1 & answ]$ que/ions1 c4 ,= ?is in=mation ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,fa!r ,eyre 7,s4 ,j471 ( ,/onyhur/4 #ah ,s says ,&rewes 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education71 b o!r au?orities put ! age ( entrance z high z f\rte54 ,! /udia sup]iora 7 begun be=e tw5ty-f\r4 #ai 8,non gratia nobilium (ficiat cultur vulg>ium3 cum s9t natales omnium p>es 9 ,adam et hr$itates quoque p>es 9 ,*ri/o40 #bj ,ev5 junior ma/]s 7 n to be mu* addict$ to _! own language4 8,illud cav5dum imprimis juniori magi/ro ne v]naculis nimium libris indulgeat1 prs]tim poetis1 9 quibus maximam temporis ac =tasse morum jacturam fac]et40--,j\v5cy4 #ba 8,multum prod]it si magi/] non tumultu>io ac subito dicat1 s$ qu domi cogitate scrips]it4--,x w be a great ga9 if ! ma/] does n speak 9 a hurry & )\t =e?\ght1 b is ready ) :at he has ?\ght out & writt5 out 9 8 own room40--,ratio ,/udd41 quot$ by ,s*mid4 ,& ,sac*9i says3 8,ante omnia1 qu quisque docturus e/1 egregie calleat4 ,tum enim b5e docet1 et facile docet1 et lib5t] docet2 b5e1 quia s9e errore2 facile1 quia s9e labore2 lib5t]1 quia ex pl5o4444 ,memori m9imum fidat3 in/auret eam refricetque it]ata lectione antequam quicquam doceat1 etiamsi idem spe docu]it4 ,occurret non r>o quod addat vel commodius proponat4--,be=e all ?+s let ev]yone be ?or\ghly skill$ 9 :at he is go+ to tea*2 = !n he tea*es well1 he tea*es easily1 he tea*es readily3 well1 because he makes no mi/akes2 easily1 because he has no ne$ to ex]t himself2 readily1 because1 l weal?y m5 he c>es n h[ he gives4444 ,let him be v di/ru/ful ( 8 memory2 let him r5ew 8 remembrance & rub x up by repeat$ read+ be=e he tea*es any?+1 ?\gh he may h (t5 taught x be=e4 ,some?+ w n[ & !n occur to him :i* he may add1 or put m neatly40 #bb ,9 a s*ool 7n belong+ to ! ,jesuits7 :]e ?is plan 0 adopt$1 ! boys1 by an +5i\s contrivance1 manag$ to make x "w v smoo?ly4 ,! boy :o 0 8he>+0 ! lessons held ! book upside d[n 9 su* a way t ! o!rs read in/ead ( repeat+ by he>t4 ,! ma/]s f9ally int]f]$ ) ?is arrangem5t4 #bc ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 an acc\nt ( ^! conc]tations has appe>$ 9 ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,r4 ,k+don's evid5ce be=e ! ,s*ools ,commission1 #ahfg 7vol4 v1 ,answ]s #ab1 #bbh ff47 ,mr4 ,k+don1 ! ,prefect ( ,/udies at ,/onyhur/1 m5tions t ! side :i* w9s 9 mo/ conc]tations gets an extra half-holiday4 #bd 8,! gr9d+ ov] & ov] ( a subject aft] pupils h atta9$ a fair k ( x1 is no?+ less ?an /ultify+--kill+ out curiosity & ! desire ( k1 & begett+ me*anical habits40--,supt4 ,j4 ,hancock1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,e tea*] ( exp]i5ce kn[s h[ true ?is is4 #be 8,/ude potius ut pauciora cl>e di/9cteque p]cipiant1 quam obscure atque confuse pluribus imbuantur4--,c>e r = _! see+ a few ?+s vividly & def9itely1 ?an t !y %\ld get fill$ ) hazy & confus+ notions ( _m ?+s40 7,!re are few m valuable precepts = ! tea*] ?an ?is47 #bf ,sac*9i writes 9 a v high tone on ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ passage is /rik+3 8,gravitatem sui mun]is summasque opportunitates assidue animo v]set 7magi/]74444 #8,pu]ilis in/itutio mundi r5ovatio e/2' hc gymnasia ,dei ca/ra sunt1 hic bonorum omnium sem9a lat5t4 ,video solum fundam5tumque republic quod multi non videant int]positu t]r4--,let ! m9d ( ! ma/] dwell ^u ! responsibilities ( 8 (fice & its imm5se opportunities4444 ,! education ( ! "y is ! r5ovation ( ! _w4 ,^! s*ools are ! camp ( ,god3 9 !m lie ! se$s ( all t is good4 ,!re ,i see ! f\ndation & gr\nd-"w ( ! commonweal?1 :i* _m fail to see f its be+ und]gr\nd40 ,p]haps he _h read ( ,trotz5dorf's address to a s*ool1 8,hail rev]5d div9es1 le>n$ doctors1 wor%ipful magi/rates1 c40 #bg 8,circa illorum valetud9em peculi>i cura animadv]tat 7,rector7 ut et 9 laboribus m5tis modum s]v5t1 et 9 iis qu ad corpus p]t95t1 religiosa commoditate tract5tur1 ut diutius 9 /udiis p]sev]>e tam 9 litt]is addisc5dis quam 9 eisdem ex]c5dis ad ,dei gloriam poss9t40--,ratio ,/udd41 quot$ by ,s*mid4 ,see also infra p4 #fb4 #bh ,! foll[+1 f ! ,ratio ,/udd41 s\nds ,jesuitical3 8,nec public puniant flagitia qudam secretiora s$ privatim2 aut si public1 alias obt5dant causas1 et satis e/ eos qui plectuntur conscios esse caus>um40 #bi ,z ! ,public ,s*ools ,commission po9t$ out1 ! ,head ,ma/] (t5 ?9ks ( no?+ b ! atta9m5t ( ,univ]sity hon\rs1 ev5 :5 ! great majority ( 8 pupils are n go+ to ! ,univ]sity4 #cj ,! advantages ( le>n+ by he>t are tw(old1 says ,sac*9i3 8,primum memoriam ipsam p]ficiunt1 quod e/ 9 totam tatem ad univ]sa negotia 9/imabile commodum4 ,de9de suppellectilem inde pul*]rimam congregant v]borum ac r]um3 qu item1 quamdiu vivant1 usui futura sit3 cum qu tate illa ins$]9t indelebilia soleant p]man]e4 ,magnam itaque1 ubi adolev]9t1 gratiam ,praeceptori habebunt1 cui memori debebunt pr(ectum1 magnamque ltitiam capi5t inv5i5tes quodammodo domi !saurum quem1 9 tate ct]oqui p>um fructuosa1 prope non s5ti5tes p>r9t4 ,enim v]o quam spe viros graves atque pr/antes magnoque jam natu vid]e et audire e/1 dum 9 docta ac nobili corona jucundissime qudam promunt ex iis qu pu]i condid]unt8--,fir/1 !y /r5g!n ! memory itself & s ga9 an ine/imable advantage 9 affairs ( e k9d ?r\gh\t life4 ,!n !y get toge!r by ?is means ! faire/ furniture = ! m9d1 bo? ( ?\ghts & words1 a /ock t w be ( use to !m z long z !y live1 s9ce t :i* settles 9 ! m9d 9 y\? mo/ly /ays !re4 ,& :5 ! lads h gr[n up !y w feel gratitude to ! ma/] to :om !y are indebt$ = _! good memory2 & !y w take delight 9 f9d+ )9 !m a treasure :i* at a "t ( life o!rwise unfruitful !y h be5 prep>+ almo/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,h[ (t5 we see & he> em95t m5 f> advanc$ 9 life1 :5 9 le>n$ & noble company1 take a special delight 9 quot+ :at !y /or$ up z boys60 ,! ma/]1 he says1 mu/ po9t out to 8 pupils ! advantages we d]ive f memory2 t we only "k & possess t :i* we reta91 t ?is _c be tak5 f u1 b is ) u always & is always ready = use1 a liv+ libr>y1 :i* may be /udi$ ev5 9 ! d>k4 ,boys %\ld !re=e be enc\rag$ to run ov] 9 _! m9ds1 or to say al\d1 :at !y h le>nt1 z (t5 z opportunity (f]s1 z :5 !y are walk+ or are by !mselves3 8,ita numquam 9 otio futuros otiosos2 ita m9us =e solos cum soli erunt1 consuetud9e fru5tes sapi5tum4444 ,d5ique cur&um erit ut selecta qudam ediscant qu de9de 9 quovis /udiorum g5]e ac vita f]e omni usui s9t futura4--,s !y w nev] be )\t employm5t :5 unemploy$1 nev] less alone ?an :5 alone1 = !n !y pr(it by int]c\rse ) ! wise4444 ,to sum up1 take c>e t !y ?or\ghly commit to memory *oice selections :i* w = ev] aft] be ( use to !m 9 e k9d ( /udy1 & ne>ly e pursuit 9 life40--7,cap4 viij47 ,?is is int]e/+ & well put1 b we see "o or two po9ts 9 :i* we h n[ made an advance4 ,le>n+ by he>t w give none ( ! advantages m5tion$ unless ! boys und]/& ! pieces & delight 9 !m4 ,le>n+ by he>t /r5g!ns1 no d\bt1 a faculty1 b no?+ l>ge en\gh to be call$ 8! memory40 ,& ! ,r5asc5ce mu/ inde$ h bl9d$ ! eyes ( ! man to :om *ildhood & y\? seem$ an 8tas p>um fructuosa06 ,simil>ly1 ,/urm speaks ( ! small fry 8qui 9 extremis lat5t classibus40 7,quot$ by ,p>k]47 ,b :5 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel came ^! lay hid no long]4 #ca ,ranke1 speak+ ( ! success ( ! ,jesuit s*ools1 says3 8,x 0 f\nd t "y p]sons le>n$ m "u !m 9 half a ye> ?an ) o!rs 9 two ye>s4 ,ev5 ,prote/ants call$ back _! *ildr5 f di/ant s*ools1 & put !m "u ! c>e ( ! ,jesuits40--,hi/4 ( ,popes1 book v1 p4 #ach4 ,kelly's ,trans4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,univ]sity 9 va9 procur$ an arrt =bidd+ ! ,p>isians to s5d away _! sons to ! ,jesuit colleges3 8,jesuit s*ools enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( ! public 9 a degree :i* plac$ !m beyond competition40 7,pattison's ,casaubon1 p4 #ahb47 ,pattison rem>ks else:]e t su* 0 ! common notion ( ! ,jesuits' c\rse ( in/ruction t _! controv]siali/s c\ld treat anyone1 ev5 a ,casaubon1 :o _h n gone ?r\gh x1 z an un$ucat$ p]son4 #cb 8,sapi5tum hoc omnium seu vet]um seu rec5tum con/ans judicium e/1 in/itutionem pu]ilem tum =e optimam cum jucundissima fu]it1 inde enim et ludum voc>i4 ,m]etur tatis t5]itas ut ne on]etur3 m]etur innoc5tia ut ei p>catur 444 ,qu lib5tibus auribus in/illantur1 ad ea velut occurrit animus1 avide suscipit1 /udiose recondit1 fidelit] s]vat40 #cc 8,conciliabit facil /udiis quos primm sibi concilirit4 ,det itaque omnem op]am illorum erga se obs]vantionem ut sapi5t] colligat et cont95t] enutriat4 ,o/5dat1 sibi res eorum cur esse non solum qu ad animum s$ etiam qu ad alia p]t95t4 ,gaudeat cum gaud5tibus1 nec d$ignetur fl]e cum fl5tibus4 ,in/> ,apo/oli int] p>vulos p>vulus fiat quo magnos 9 ,*ri/o et magnum 9 eis ,*ri/um efficiat 444 ,s]iam comitatem et pat]nam gravitatem cum mat]na b5ignitate p]misceat40 ,un=tunately1 ! ,jesuits' k9d mann] loses its value f be+ due n s mu* to k9d feel+ z to "s ult]ior object1 or to a rule ( ! ,ord]4 ,i ?9k x is ,j\v5cy :o recomm5ds t :5 a boy is abs5t f sickness or o!r suffici5t reason1 ! ma/] %\ld s5d daily to inquire aft] him1 because ! p>5ts w be pleas$ by su* att5tion4 ,:5 ! motive ( ! inquiry is suspect$1 ! p>5ts w be pleas$ no long]4 #cd 8,errorem exi/imo /atim initio sp9osiores quasdam grammatic difficultates inculc>e 444 cum enim planioribus insuev]9t difficiliora paulatim usus explanabit4 ,qu9 et capacior sub9de m5s ac firmius cum tate judicium1 quod alio mon/rante p]gre unquam p]cepisset p] sese non r>o intelliget4 ,exempla quoque talium r]um dum praelegitur autor facilius 9 orationis contextu agnosc5tur et p5etrabunt 9 animos quam si solit>ia et abscissa proponantur4 ,quamobrem faci5dum erit ut quoties occurrunt dilig5t] enucle5tur40 #ce ,see1 e4g41 m>vell\s in/ances ( _! self-devotion 9 t mo/ int]e/+ book1 ,francis ,p>kman's ,jesuits 9 ,n4 ,am]ica 7,bo/on1 ,little ,co41 #aj? edition1 #ahgf74 #cf ,i h ref]r$ to ,francis ,p>kman1 :o has *ronicl$ ! m>vell\s self-devotion & h]oism ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies 9 ,canada4 ,su* a witness may be tru/$ :5 he says3 8,! ,jesuit 0 z (t5 a fanatic = 8 ,ord] z = 8 fai?2 & (t5] yet1 ! two fanaticisms m+l$ 9 him inextricably4 ,ard5tly z he burn$ = ! sav+ ( s\ls1 he w\ld h none sav$ on ! ,upp] ,lakes except by 8 bre?r5 & himself4 ,he claim$ a monopoly ( conv]sion ) its att5dant monopoly ( toil1 h>d%ips1 & m>tyrdom4 ,(t5 dis9t]e/$ = himself1 he 0 inord9ately ambiti\s = ! great corporate p[] 9 :i* he _h m]g$ 8 own p]sonality2 & "h lies "o ( ! causes among _m1 ( ! seem+ contradictions :i* ab\nd 9 ! annals ( ! ,ord]40--,! ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,we/1 by ,f4 ,p>kman1 ,london1 #ahfi1 p4 #bh4 #cg ,9 a lett] dat$ f ,/onyhur/1 #bbnd ,april1 #ahhj4 #ch ,! be/ acc\nt ,i h se5 ( life 9 a ,jesuit s*ool is 9 ,er9n]ung5 e9es *emalig5 ,jesuit5zgl+s 7,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahfb74 ,! writ] 7,khl]87 says t he has become an evangelical cl]gyman1 b !re is no ho/ile feel+ %[n to 8 old in/ructors1 & ! n>rative be>s ! /ronge/ int]nal evid5ce ( accuracy4 ,"s ( ! ,jesuit devices m5tion$ are v +5i\s4 ,all h\se ma/]s :o h adopt$ ! cubicle arrangem5t ( dormitories "k h[ difficult x is to keep ! boys 9 _! own cubicles4 ,! ,jesuits h ! cubicles b>r$ across at ! top1 & ! locks on ! doors are s con/ruct$ t ?\gh !y c be op5$ f ! inside !y _c be %ut aga94 ,! ,fa!rs at ,freiburg 79 ,breisgau7 op5$ a 8tuck-%op0 = ! boys1 & gave 8week's-pay0 9 c\nt]s :i* pass$ at _! own %op & n[h]e else4 ,! au?or speaks w>mly ( ! k9dness ( ! ,fa!rs & ( _! c>e = heal? & recreation4 ,b _! ways 7 inscrutable & e boy felt himself 9 ! h&s ( a human provid5ce4 ,z ! boys g out = a walk1 "o ( !m is deta9$ by ! port]1 :o says 8! ,rector wants to speak to y40 ,on _! way back ! boys meet a dilig5ce 9 :i* sits _! late comrade wav+ adieus4 ,he has be5 expell$4 ,ano!r book :i* ?r[s mu* light on ,jesuit p$agogy is by a ,jesuit--,la ,discipl9e1 p> le ,r4 ,p4 ,emmanuel ,b>bi] 7,p>is1 ,v4 ,palm1 #bnd edition1 #ahhh74 ,i w give a specim5 9 a loose translation1 z x may int]e/ ! read] to see h[ c>efully ! ,jesuits h /udi$ ! ma/]'s difficulties4 8,! ma/] 9 *>ge ( ! boys1 especially 9 play-"t1 9 8 fir/ int]c\rse ) !m1 has no great] sn>e 9 8 way ?an tak+ 8 p[] = grant$1 & tru/+ to ! /r5g? ( 8 w & 8 k ( ! _w1 especially z he is at fir/ lull$ into security by ! def]5tial mann] ( 8 pupils4 8,t ma/] :o goes (f ) su* ease f ! v fir/1 to :om ! c>ry+ out ( all ! rules seems ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 :o 9 ! v fir/ h\r he is ) !m has already made himself lik$1 almo/ popul>1 ) 8 pupils1 :o %[s no m anxiety ab\t 8 "w ?an he mu/ %[ to keep 8 "* = good s5se1 t ma/] is inde$ to be piti$2 he is mo/ likely a lo/ man4 ,he w soon h to *oose "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r to %ut 8 eyes & put up ) all ! irregul>ities he ?\ght he _h done away )1 or to break ) a pa/ t he w\ld wi% =gott51 & engage 9 op5 conflict ) ! boys :o are incl9$ to set him at defiance4 ,^! cases are we tru/ r>e4 ,b _m believe ) a k9d ( ra% ignorance & 9 spite ( ! w>n+s ( exp]i5ce t ! good feel+s ( _! pupils w "w toge!r to ma9ta9 _! au?ority4 ,!y h be5 told t ?is au?ority %\ld be mild & ende>$ by acts ( k9dness4 ,s !y set ab\t cr[n+ ! edifice )\t mak+ sure ( ! f\ndations2 & tak+ ! title ( au?ority = its possession !y sp5d all _! ef=ts 9 light5+ a yoke ( :i* no "o really be>s ! weight4 8,9 po9t ( fact ! fir/ /eps (t5 det]m9e ! :ole c\rse4 ,= ?is reason y w atta* extreme importance to :at ,i am n[ go+ to advise3 8,! *ief *>act]i/ic 9 y\r conduct t[>ds ! boys dur+ ! fir/ few weeks %\ld be an extreme res]ve4 ,h[ev] f> y g 9 ?is1 y c h>dly ov]do x4 ,s y\r fir/ attitude is cle>ly def9$4 8,y h ev]y?+ to obs]ve1 ! individual "* ( ea* boy & ! g5]al t5d5cies & feel+s ( ! :ole body4 ,b be sure ( "o ?+1 viz41 t y are obs]v$ also1 & a c>eful /udy is made bo? ( y\r /rong po9ts & ( y\r weak4 ,y\r way ( speak+ & ( giv+ ord]s1 ! tone ( y\r voice1 y\r ge/ures1 disclose y\r "*1 y\r ta/es1 y\r fail+s1 to a hundr$ boys on ! al]t to p\nce ^u !m4 ,"o is summ$ up long be=e "o has ! lea/ notion ( x4 ,try !n to rema9 imp5etrable4 ,y %\ld nev] give up y\r res]ve till y are ma/] ( ! situation4 8,= ! re/1 let !re be no affectation ab\t y4 ,don't attempt to put on a sev]e mann]2 answ] politely & simply y\r pupils' que/ions1 b let x be 9 few words1 & avoid conv]sation4 ,all dep5ds on t4 ,let !re be no *att+ ) !m 9 ^! e>ly days4 ,y _c be too cauti\s 9 ?is respect4 ,boys h su* a polite1 su* a tak+ way ) !m 9 draw+ out in=mation ab\t y\r impressions1 y\r ta/es1 y\r antec$5ts2 don't attempt ! diplomate2 don't mat* y\r skill aga9/ !irs4 ,y _c *at )\t com+ out ( y\r %ell1 s to speak4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 y mu/ puzzle !m by y\r res]ve1 & drive !m to ?is admission3 #8,we don't "k :at to make ( our new ma/]4' 8,d ,i advise y !n to be on ! def5sive ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye> & l a /rang] among y\r pupils8 ,no6 a ?\s& times1 ,no6 ,x is j to make _! relations ) y simple1 confid+1 ,i might say cordial1 )\t ! lea/ dang] to y\r au?ority1 t ,i endeav\r to raise ?is au?ority at fir/ beyond ! rea* ( assault40--,la ,discipl9e1 *ap1 v1 pp4 #ca ff4 ,9 ?is book we see ! be/ side ( ! ,jesuits4 ,!y believe 9 _! 8mission10 & ?is belief ?r[s light on _m ?+s4 ,^? :o hate ! ,jesuits h (t5 extoll$ ! wisdom ( ,montaigne1 :5 he says3 8,we h n to tra9 up a s\l1 nor yet a body1 b a man2 & we _c divide him40 ,c !y see no wisdom 9 ?is8 8,let y\r m9d be fill$ ) ! ?\ght t bo? s\l & body h be5 creat$ by ! ,h& ( ,god3 we mu/ acc\nt to ,him = ^! two p>ts ( our be+2 & we are n requir$ to weak5 "o ( !m out ( love = ! ,creator4 ,we %\ld love ! body 9 ! same degree t ,he c\ld love x40 ,?is is :at ,loyola wrote 9 #aedh to ,francis ,borgia 7,compayr1 ,doctr9es1 c41 vol4 j1 #agi74 ,b if we wi% to see ! o!r side ( ! ,jesuit "*1 we h only to look at ! ,jesuit z a controv]siali/4 ,we sometimes see *ildr5 hid+ ?+s & !n hav+ a pret5ce hunt = !m4 ,! ,jesuits are no *ildr51 b 9 argu+ !y pret5d to be se>*+ = conclusions :i* are settl$ be=e argum5ts are ?\ght (4 ,see1 e4g41 ! attack on ! ,port ,royali/s 9 ,les ,jsuites ,in/ituteurs1 p> le ,p4 ,*4 ,daniel1 #ahhj1 9 :i* ! ,jesuit sets himself to ma9ta9 ?is !sis3 8,d'une s\rce aussi pr(ondm5t infecte du poison de l'hrsie1 il ne p\vait sortir ri5 d'absolum5t bon0 7p4 #abc74 ,"o good po9t he c]ta9ly makes1 & 9 my judgm5t "o only1 9 comp>+ ! ,port ,royali/ s*ools ) ! s*ools ( ,jesuits4 ,me?ods :i* answ] ) v small numb]s may n d ) l>ge numb]s3 8,y might z well try to ext5d y\r g>d5+ op]ations to agriculture0 7p4 #ajb74 #ci ,i am sorry to use a ,g]man ^w1 b educational matt]s h be5 s little consid]$ among u t we h no ,engli% vocabul>y = !m4 ,! want ( a ^w = ,reali5 0 felt ov] #bjj ye>s ago4 8,repositories = visibles %all be prep>$ by :i* f behold+ ! ?+s g5tlewom5 may le>n ! names1 natures1 values1 & use ( h]bs1 %rubs1 trees1 m9]al-juices 7sic71 metals1 & /ones40 7,essay to ,revive ! ,anti5t ,education ( ,g5tlewom54 ,london1 #afgb47 #dj ,see ! v int]e/+ ,essay on ,montaigne by ,dean ,r4 ,w4 ,*ur*4 #da ,p]haps ! say+ ( ,montaigne's :i* is mo/ frequ5tly quot$ is ! p>adox ,savoir p> cur n'e/ pas savoir3 78to "k by he>t is n to "k407 ,b ^! words are (t5 misund]/ood4 ,! mean+1 z ,i take x1 is ?is3 ,:5 a ?\ght has ent]$ into ! m9d x %akes (f ! words by :i* x 0 convey$ ?i!r4 ,!re=e s long z ! words are indisp5sable ! ?\ght is n kn[n4 ,kn[+ & kn[+ by he>t are n necess>ily oppos$1 b !y are diff]5t ?+s2 & z ! m9d mo/ easily runs along sequ5ces ( words a k ( ! words (t5 conceals ignorance or neglect ( ! ?\ght4 ,i once ask$ a boy if he ?\ght ( ! mean+ :5 he repeat$ ,lat9 poetry & ,i got ! in/ructive answ]3 8,sometimes1 :5 ,i am n sure ( ! words40 ,b !re are cases 9 :i* we naturally connect a p>ticul> =m ( words ) ?\ghts t h become "p ( our m9ds4 ,we !n "k1 & "k by he>t also4 #db ,"l ,arm/rong has p]haps nev] read ,montaigne's ,essay on ,p$antry2 c]ta9ly1 he has n borr[$ f x2 & yet mu* t he says 9 discuss+ 8,! ,cry = ,useless ,k0 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #ahhh71 is j :at ,montaigne said m ?an ?ree c5turies ago4 8,! aphorism t k is p[] is s con/antly us$ by educational en?usia/s t x may almo/ be reg>d$ z ! motto ( ! p>ty4 ,b ! fir/ ess5tial ( a motto is t x be true1 & x is c]ta9ly n true t k is ! same z p[]1 see+ t x is only an aid to p[]4 ,! p[] ( a surgeon to amputate a limb no m lies 9 8 k ?an 9 8 knife4 ,9 fact1 ! knife has ! bett] claim to pot5cy ( ! two1 = a man may hack (f a limb ) 8 knife alone1 b n ) 8 k alone4 ,k is n ev5 an aid to p[] 9 all cases1 see+ t useless k1 :i* is no uncommon article 9 our popul> s*ools1 has no relation to p[]4 ,! true s\rce ( p[] is ! orig9ative action ( ! m9d :i* we see exhibit$ 9 ! daily incid5ts ( life1 z well z 9 matt]s ( great importance4444 ,a man's success 9 life dep5ds incomp>ably m ^u 8 capacities = useful action ?an ^u 8 acquirem5ts 9 k1 & ! education ( ! "y %\ld !re=e be direct$ to ! developm5t ( faculties & valuable qualities r ?an to ! acquisition ( k4444 ,m5 ( capacity & possess+ qualities = useful action are at a premium all ov] ! _w1 :ile m5 ( m]e education are at a deplorable disc\nt40 7p4 #ffd74 8,!re is a great t5d5cy 9 ! s*ola/ic _w to und]rate ! value & pot5cy ( self-education1 :i* comm5ces on leav+ s*ool & endures all ?r\gh life40 7p4 #ffg74 8,i deprecate plung+ into d\btful & co/ly s*emes ( in/ruction1 l$ on by ! ignis fatuus t #8k is a p[]4' ,= :]e natural capacity is wa/$ 9 atta9+ k1 x w\ld be tru] to say t k is weakness40 7p4 #ffh74 #dc ,9 ano!r matt]1 also1 we f9d t ! ma/]s ( ^! s*ools subsequ5tly dep>t$ widely f ! int5tion ( ! great m5 :o fo/]$ ! revival ( le>n+4 ,wolsey writes3 8,imprimis hoc unum admon5dum c5su]imus1 ut neque plagis sev]ioribus neque vultuosis m9is1 aut ulla tyrannidis specie1 t5]a pubes afficiatur3 hac enim injuria +5ii alacritas aut ext+ui aut magna ex p>te obtundi solet40 ,aga9 he says3 8,9 ipsis /udiis sic voluptas e/ int]misc5da ut pu] ludum potius disc5di quam laborem exi/imet40 ,he adds3 8,cav5dum erit ne immodica cont5tione +5ia disc5tium obruantur aut lectione prolonga defatig5tur2 utraque enim juxta (f5ditur40 #dd ,pr(essor ,arb] is "o ( ! v few editors :o give accurate & suffici5t bibliographical in=mation ab\t ! books !y edit4 ,all /ud5ts ( our old lit]ature are "u deep obligations to him4 #de ,mayor's is beautifully pr9t$ & co/s #as4 7,london1 ,bell & ,sons47 #df 8,utile imprimis ut multi prcipiunt1 vel ex ,grco 9 ,lat9um vel ex ,lat9o v]t]e 9 ,grcum2 quo g5]e ex]citationis proprietas spl5dorque v]borum1 copia figur>um1 vis explic&i1 prt]ea imitatione optimorum similia inv5i5di facultas p>atur3 simul qu leg5tem fefelliss5t transf]5tem fug]e non possunt4 ,intellig5tia ex hoc et judicium acquiritur40--,epp4 vii4 #i1 #b4 ,s ! passage /&s 9 ,pl9y4 ,as*am quotes 8et ex ,grco 9 ,lat9um et ex ,lat9o v]t]e 9 ,grcum40 ) o!r v>iations4 #dg ,tea*+ ( ,languages 9 ,s*ools1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,widg]y1 p4 #f4 #dh ,mu* in=mation ab\t our e>ly books1 ) quotations f "s ( !m1 w be f\nd 9 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's ,engli% ,p$agogy1 #a/ & #bnd s]ies4 ,"s notice ( r>e books is giv5 9 ,s*ools1 ,s*ool-books1 & ,s*oolma/]s1 by ,w4 ,c>ew ,hazlitt 7,london1 ,j>vis1 #ahhh71 b 9 ?is "w !re are /range omissions4 #di ,! pag+ is t ( ! repr9t4 ,x diff]s slightly f t ( fir/ edition4 #ej ,mulca/] goes on to talk ab\t ! bra91 c4 ,( c\rse he does n anticipate ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 b 8 language is v diff]5t f :at we %\ld expect f a writ] 9 ! pre-sci5tific age1 e4g41 8,to s]ve ! turn ( ^! two1 bo? s5se & motion1 ,nature ha? plant$ 9 our body a bra91 ! pr9ce ( all our p>ts1 :i* by spread+ s9ews ( all sorts ?r\gh\t all our p>ts do? "w all ^? effects :i* ei!r s5se is se5 9 or motion p]ceiv$ by40 7,el41 p4 #cb47 ,b mu* z he ?9ks ( ! body ,mulca/] is no mat]iali/4 8,la/ ( all our s\l ha? 9 x an imp]ial pr]ogative ( und]/&+ beyond s5se1 ( judg+ by reason1 ( direct+ by bo?1 = duty t[>ds ,god1 = society t[>ds m51 = conque/ 9 affections1 = pur*ase 9 k1 & su* o!r ?+s1 :]eby x furni%e? out all mann] ( uses 9 ?is our mortal life1 & bewraye? 9 itself a m excell5t be+ ?an to cont9ue /ill 9 ?is roam+ pilgrimage40 7p4 #cc47 ,! gr& ?+1 he says1 is to br+ all ^! abilities to p]fection 8:i* s heav5ly a b5efit is begun by education1 confirm$ by use1 p]fect$ ) cont9uance :i* cr[ne? ! :ole "w40 7p4 #cd47 8,nature makes ! boy t[>d2 nurture sees him =w>d40 7p4 #ce47 ,! neglect ( ! mat]ial _w :i* has be5 = ages ! s\rce ( mis*ief ( all k9ds 9 ! s*oolroom1 & :i* has n yet entirely pass$ away1 w\ld h be5 impossible if ,mulca/]'s elem5t>y c\rse _h be5 adopt$4 8,is ! body made by ,nature nimble to run1 to ride1 to swim1 to f5ce1 to d any?+ else :i* be>e? praise 9 t k9d = ei!r pr(it or pleasure8 ,& do? n ! ,elem5t>y help !m all =w>d by precept & tra98 ,! h&1 ! e>1 ! eye be ! greate/ in/rum5ts :]eby ! receiv+ & deliv]y ( our le>n+ is *iefly execut$1 & do? n ?is ,elem5t>y in/ruct ! h& to write1 to draw1 to play2 ! eye to read by lett]s1 to disc]n by l9e1 to judge by bo?2 ! e> to call = voice & s\nd ) proportion = pleasure1 ) reason = wit8 ,g5]ally :atsoev] gift ,nature ha? be/[$ ^u ! body1 to be br\ght =? or bett]$ by ! mean ( tra9 = any pr(itable use 9 our :ole life1 do? n ?is ,elem5t>y bo? f9d x & =esee x80 7,el41 p4 #ce74 8,! h&1 ! e>1 ! eye1 be ! greate/ in/rum5ts10 said ! ,elizabe?an s*oolma/]4 ,s says ! ,victorian re=m]4 #ea ,i wi% "s good au?or w\ld write a book on ,unpopul> ,tru?s1 & %[ h[1 on "s subjects1 wise m5 g on say+ ! same ?+ 9 all ages & nobody li/5s to !m4 ,plato said 8,9 e "w ! beg9n+ is ! mo/ important "p1 especially 9 deal+ ) any?+ "y & t5d]40 7,rep41 bk4 ii1 #cgg2 ,davies & ,vaughan1 p4 #fe47 ,& ! compla9ts ab\t 8bad gr\nd+0 prove our common neglect ( :at ,mulca/] urg$ ?ree c5turies ago3 8,= ! ,elem5t>ie because good s*ol>s w n abase !mselves to x1 x is left to ! meane/1 & !re=e to ! wor/4 ,= t ! fir/ gr\nd+ w\ld be h&l$ by ! be/1 & 8 rew>d w\ld be greate/1 because bo? 8 pa9s & 8 judgm5t %\ld be ) ! greate/4 ,& x w\ld easily allure suffici5t m5 to come d[n s l[1 if !y might p]ceive t rew>d w\ld rise up4 ,no man ( judgm5t w contr>y ?is po9t1 nei!r c any ignorant be blam$ = ! contr>y3 ! "o see? ! ?+ to be b l[ 9 ord]1 ! o!r kn[e? ! gr\nd to be great 9 lay+1 n only = ! matt] :i* ! *ild do? le>n3 :i* is v small 9 %[ ?\gh great = process3 b also = ! mann] ( h&l+ 8 wit1 to he>t5 him = aft]w>d1 :i* is ( great mom5t4 ,! fir/ ma/] c deal b ) a few1 ! next ) m1 & s /ill upw>d z reason gr[e? on & receives )\t =c+4 ,x is ! f\ndation well & s\ndly laid1 :i* makes all ! upp] build+ mu/]1 ) c\nt5ance & cont9uance4 ,if ,i 7 to /rike ! /roke1 z ,i am b to give c\nsel1 ! fir/ pa9s truly tak5 %\ld 9 good tru? be mo/ lib]ally recomp5s$2 & less all[$ /ill upw>d1 z ! pa9s dim9i% & ! ease increase?4 ,:]eat no ma/] ha? cause to rep9e1 s he may h 8 *ildr5 well gr\nd$ 9 ! ,elem5t>ie4 ,^: imp]fection at ?is day do? m>vell\sly tr\ble bo? ma/]s & s*ol>s1 s t we c h>dly d any good1 nay1 scantly tell h[ to place ! too too raw boys 9 any c]ta9 =m1 ) hope to g =w>d ord]ly1 ! gr\nd-"w ( _! entry be+ s rott5 und]nea?40 7,,pp41 pp4 #bcc1 #d47 #eb ,qua9t z we f9d ,mulca/] 9 8 mode ( expression1 ! ?+ express$ is sometimes r :at we %\ld expect f ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ?an f a s*oolma/] ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,i h met ) no?+ m mod]n 9 ?\ght ?an ! foll[+3 8,9 "t all le>n+ may be br\ght into "o tongue1 & t natural to ! inhabitant3 s t s*ool+ = tongues may prove ne$less1 z once !y 7 n ne$$2 b x c nev] fall out t arts & sci5ces 9 _! "r nature %all be b mo/ necess>y = any commonweal? t is n giv5 ov] unto too too mu* b>b>\sness40 7,,pp41 #bdj47 #ec 8,subject to a regulation l t ( ! anci5t ,sp>tans1 ! !ft ( k 9 our sex is only conniv$ at :ile c>efully conceal$1 & if display$ is puni%$ ) disgrace40 ,s says ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 & ,i h met ) simil> passages 9 o!r female writ]s4 #ed ,john ,br9sley 7! eld]7 :o m>ri$ a si/] ( ,bi%op ,hall's & kept s*ool at ,a%by-de-la-,z\* 70 x ! ,gramm> ,s*ool87 0 "o ( ! be/ ,engli% writ]s on education4 ,9 8 ,consolation = our ,gramm> ,s*ooles1 publi%$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5 hundr$s1 he says3 8,among/ o!rs myself hav+ fir/ _h long exp]i5ce ( ! manifold evils :i* gr[ f ! ignorance ( a "r ord] ( tea*+1 & aft]w>ds "s graci\s ta/e ( ! sweetness t is to be f\nd 9 ! bett] c\rses truly kn[n & practis$1 ,i h betak5 me almo/ :olly1 = _m ye>s unto ?is weighty "w1 & t n )\t mu* com=t1 ?r\gh ! goodness ( our bless$ ,god40 7p4 #a47 8,& = ! mo/ "p :]e9 any good is done1 x is ord9>ily effect$ by ! endless vexation ( ! pa9ful ma/]1 ! extreme lab\r & t]ror ( ! poor *ildr5 ) endur+ f> ov]mu* & long sev]ity4 ,n[ :5ce proce$e? all ?is b because s few ( ^? :o und]take ?is function are acqua9t$ ) any good me?od or "r ord] ( in/ruction fit = a gramm> s*ool80 7p4 #b47 ,x is sad to ?9k h[ _m g5]ations h s9ce suff]$ f tea*]s 8unacqua9t$ ) any good me?od or "r ord] ( in/ruction40 ,& x seems to ju/ify ,goe!'s dictum1 8,d] ,englnd] i/ eig5tli* ohne ,intellig5z10 t = sev]al g5]ations to come ?is evil w be b p>tially abat$4 #ee ,at ,cambridge 7z also 9 ,london & ,ed9burgh7 !re is already a ,tra9+ ,college = ,wom5 ,tea*]s 9 ,second>y ,s*ools4 #ef ,all we "k ( 8 life may soon be told4 ,ri*>d ,mulca/] 0 a ,cumb]l& man ( good family1 an 8esqui] borne10 z he calls himself1 :o 0 at ,eton1 !n ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 !n at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,8 bir? ye> 0 probably #aecj or #aeca1 & he became a /ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* 9 #aeee4 ,9 #aeeh he settl$ z a s*oolma/] 9 ,london1 & 0 elect$ fir/ headma/] ( ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool1 :i* dates f #aefa4 ,"h he rema9$ tw5ty-five ye>s1 i4e4 till #aehf4 ,:e!r he !n became1 z ,h4 ,b4 ,wilson says1 surma/] ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,i _c det]m9e1 b 8he came 90 highma/] 9 #aeif1 & held t (fice = twelve ye>s4 ,?\gh 9 #aeih ,elizabe? made him rector ( ,/an=d ,riv]s1 !re c be no d\bt t he did n give up ! highma/]%ip till #afjh1 :5 he mu/ h be5 ab\t #gg ye>s old4 ,he di$ at ,/an=d ,riv]s ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,:ile at ,m]*ant ,taylors'1 viz41 9 #aeha & #aehb1 he publi%$ ! two books :i* h secur$ = him a p]man5t place 9 ! hi/ory ( education 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ 0 8 ,positions1 ! second 8,! fir/ "p0 7&1 z x prov$1 ! only "p7 ( 8 ,elem5t>ie4 ,( 8 o!r writ+s1 8 ,cato ,*ri/ianus seems to h be5 ! mo/ important1 & a v int]e/+ quotation f x has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,robo?am's ,preface to ! ,janua ( ,com5ius2 b ! book itself is lo/3 at lea/ ,i nev] he>d ( a copy1 & ,i h s\ght 9 va9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>ies ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,8 ,cate*ismus ,paul9us is a r>e book1 b ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,lupton has f\nd & describ$ a copy 9 ! ,bodleian4 #eg ,lectures & ,essays3 ,engli% 9 ,s*ool1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,seeley1 p4 #bbb4 ,else:]e 9 ! same lecture 7p4 #bbi7 ,pr(essor ,seeley says3 8,! s*oolma/] might set ?is "r4 ,e boy t ent]s ! s*ool is a talk+ creature4 ,he is a p]=m]1 9 8 small degree1 ^u ! same in/rum5t z ,milton & ,%akespe>e4 ,only d n sacrifice ?is advantage4 ,d n try by artificial & labori\s processes to give him a new k be=e y h develop$ t :i* he has already4 ,tra9 & p]fect ! gift ( spee*1 unfold all t is 9 x1 & y tra9 at ! same "t ! p[] ( ?\ght & ! p[] ( intellectual sympa?y1 y enable y\r pupil to ?9k ! ?\ghts & to delight 9 ! words ( great philosoph]s & poets40 ,i wi% ?is lecture 7 publi%$ sep>ately4 #eh ,rep4 bk4 vii1 #ecf1 ad f42 ,davies & ,vaughan1 p4 #bfd4 #ei ,9 ,buisson 7,dictionnaire7 ,no4 #g is 8,! *ildr5 mu/ h frequ5t play1 & a break aft] e lesson40 ,raum] connects ?is ) ,no4 #f1 & says3 8breaks 7 r5d]$ necess>y by ,ratke's plan1 :i* kept ! le>n]s f> too sil5t40 #fj ,9 ! matt] ( gramm> ,ratke's advice1 s long disreg>d$1 has rec5tly be5 foll[$ 9 ! 8,p>allel ,gramm> ,s]ies10 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,sonn5s*e94 #fa ,! ord9>y tea*+ ( almo/ e subject (f]s illu/rations ( ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,take1 e4g41 ! way 9 :i* *ildr5 are usually taught to read4 ,fir/1 !y h to say ! alphabet--a v easy task z x seems to u1 b if we met ) a /range ^w ( tw5ty-six syllables1 & t n a comp\nd ^w1 b "o ( :i* e syllable 0 new to u1 we might h "s difficulty 9 rememb]+ x4 ,& yet su* a ^w w\ld be to u :at ! alphabet is to a *ild4 ,:5 he c p]=m ?is feat1 he is next requir$ to le>n ! visual symbols ( ! s\nds & to connect ^! ) ! vocal symbols4 ,"s ( ! vocal symbols br+ ! *ild 9 contact ) ! s\nd itself1 b mo/ are simply conv5tional4 ,:at notion does ! *ild get ( ! aspirate f ! "n ( ! lett] h8 ,hav+ le>nt tw5ty-six visual & tw5ty-six vocal symbols1 & connect$ !m toge!r1 ! *ild f9ally comes to ! s\nds 7ov] #dj 9 numb]7 :i* ! symbols are suppos$ to repres5t4 #fb ,see ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,b[5's vigor\s essay on 8,tea*+ by means ( ,gramm>10 9 ,essays on a ,lib]al ,education1 #ahfg4 ,i h return$ to ! subject ( language-le>n+ 9 #ae ( ,jacotot 9 ! note4 ,see page #dbf4 #fc ,preface to ! ,prodromus4 #fd ,preface to ,prodromus1 fir/ edition1 p4 #dj2 second edition 7#afci71 p4 #gh4 ,! above is ,h>tlib's translation1 see ,a ,re=mation ( ,s*ools1 c41 pp4 #df1 #dg4 #fe ,preface to ,prodromus1 fir/ edition1 p4 #dj2 second edition1 p4 #gi4 ,a ,re=mation1 c41 p4 #dg4 #ff ,v int]e/+ are ! 8immeasurable lab\rs & intellectual ef=ts0 ( ,ma/] ,samuel ,h>tlib1 :om ,milton addresses z 8a p]son s5t hi!r by "s good provid5ce f a f> c\ntry1 to be ! occasion & incitem5t ( great good to ?is isl&40 7,( ,education1 ,a4,d4 #afdd47 ,see ,masson's ,life ( ,milton1 vol4 iii2 also biographical & bibliographical acc\nt ( ,h>tlib by ,h4 ,dircks1 #ahfe4 ,h>tlib's "m 0 ,engli%4 ,8 fa!r1 :5 driv5 out ( ,pol& by triumph ( ! ,jesuits1 settl$ at ,elb+1 :]e !re 0 an ,engli% 8,company ( ,m]*ants0 ) ,john ,dury = _! *apla94 ,h>tlib came to ,engl& n lat] ?an #afbh1 & devot$ himself to ! fur!rance ( a v>iety ( s*emes = ! public good4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? r>e be+s :o lab\r to promote ! s*emes ( o!rs z if !y 7 _! own4 ,he c\ld1 z he says1 8contribute b little0 himself1 b 8be+ c>ri$ =? to wat* = ! opportunities ( provok+ o!rs1 :o c d m1 to improve _! tal5ts1 ,i h f\nd exp]im5tally t my endeav\rs h n be5 )\t effect40 7,quot$ by ,dircks1 p4 #ff47 ,! philosophy ( ,bacon seem$ to h introduc$ an age ( b\ndless improvem5t2 & m5 l ,com5ius1 ,h>tlib1 ,petty1 & ,dury1 caught ! fir/ un*eck$ en?usiasm4 8,!re is sc>ce "o day10 s ,h>tlib wrote to ,rob]t ,boyle1 8& "o h\r ( ! day or night1 be+ brim full ) all mann] ( objects ( ! mo/ public & univ]sal nature1 b my s\l is cry+ out #8,phosphore r$de diem6 ,quid gaudia no/ra mor>is8 ,phosphore r$de diem6'0 ,b 9 ?is _w ,h>tlib look$ 9 va9 = ! day4 ,! income ( #cjj a ye> all[$ him by ,p>liam5t 0 #gjj 9 arre>s at ! ,re/oration1 & he _h !n no?+ to hope4 ,8 la/ ye>s 7 att5d$ by mu* physical suff]+ & by extreme pov]ty4 ,he di$ z ,evelyn ?\ght at ,ox=d 9 #affb1 b ?is is unc]ta94 #fg ,dilucidatio1 ,h>tlib's trans41 p4 #fe4 #fh ,! ,dilucidation1 z he calls x1 is add$4 ,all ! books above m5tion$ are 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum "u ,kom5sky4 #fi ,masson's ,milton1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bbd1 ,pr(4 ,masson is quot+ ,op]a ,didactica1 tom4 ii1 ,introd4 #gj ,unum ,necess>ium1 quot$ by ,raum]4 ,comp>e ,george ,eliot3 8,by desir+ :at is p]fectly good1 ev5 :5 we don't q "k :at x is1 & _c d :at we w\ld1 we are "p ( ! ,div9e p[] aga9/ evil--wid5+ ! skirts ( light & mak+ ! /ruggle ) d>kness n>r[]40--,middlem>*1 bk4 iv1 p4 #cjh ( fir/ edition4 #ga ,comp>e ,mulca/]1 supra1 p4 #id4 #gb ,com5ius "h foll[s ,ratke1 :o1 z ,i h m5tion$ above 7p4 #aaf71 requir$ beg9n]s to /udy ! translation be=e ! orig9al4 #gc ,pr(essor ,masson 7,life ( ,milton1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bje1 note7 gives u ! foll[+ f *ap4 ix 7cols4 #db-dd71 ( ! ,didactica ,magna3-- 8,nor1 to say some?+ p>ticul>ly on ?is subject1 c any suffici5t reason be giv5 :y ! weak] sex sequior sexus1 lit]ally ! lat] or foll[+ sex1 is 8 phrase1 borr[$ f ,apuleius1 &1 ?\gh ! phrase is usually translat$ ! inf]ior sex1 x seems to h be5 *os5 by ,com5ius to avoid t implication %\ld be :olly %ut out f lib]al /udies :e!r 9 ! native tongue or 9 ,lat94 ,= equally are !y ,god's image2 equally are !y p>tak]s ( grace1 & ( ! ,k+dom to come2 equally are !y furni%$ ) m9ds agile & capable ( wisdom1 yea1 (t5 beyond our sex2 equally to !m is !re a possibility ( atta9+ high di/9ction1 inasmu* z !y h (t5 be5 employ$ by ,god ,himself = ! gov]nm5t ( peoples1 ! be/[+ ( :olesome c\nsels on ,k+s & ,pr9ces1 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e & o!r ?+s useful to ! human race1 nay ev5 ! prophetical (fice1 & ! rattl+ reprim& ( ,prie/s & ,bi%ops etiam ad propheticum munus1 et increp&os ,sac]dotes ,episcoposque1 are ! words2 & z ! treatise 0 prep>$ = ! press 9 #afch "o detects a ref]5ce1 by ! ,moravian ,bro!r 9 ,pol& to ! rec5t fame ( ,j5ny ,g$des1 ( ,scotl&4 ,:y !n %\ld we admit !m to ! alphabet1 b aft]w>ds deb> !m f books8 ,d we fe> _! ra%ness8 ,! m we occupy _! ?\ghts1 ! less room w !re be 9 !m = ra%ness1 :i* spr+s g5]ally f vacuity ( m9d40 #gd ,translat$ by ,daniel ,b5ham z ,! ,s*ool ( ,infancy4 ,london1 #aheh4 #ge ,"h ,com5ius seems to be ?9k+ ( ! int]c\rse ( *ildr5 :5 no old] companion is pres5t2 ,froebel made m ( ! v diff]5t int]c\rse :5 _! ?\ghts & actions are l$ by "s "o :o has /udi$ h[ to lead !m4 ,*ildr5 con/antly want help f _! eld]s ev5 9 amus+ !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is only ! v wise/ ( mortals :o c give help en\gh & no m4 ,self-dep5d5ce may sometimes be cultivat$ by 8a little :olesome neglect40 #gf ,comical & at ! same "t melan*oly results foll[4 ,9 an elem5t>y s*ool1 :]e ! *ildr5 8took up0 geography = ! ,inspector1 ,i once put "s que/ions ab\t ,/4 ,paul at ,rome4 ,i ask$ 9 :at c\ntry ,rome 01 b nobody seem$ to h he>d ( su* a place4 8,x's geography60 said ,i1 & "s tw5ty h&s w5t up directly3 _! own]s n[ answ]$ q readily1 8,9 ,italy40 #gg 8,a tal5t = ,hi/ory may be said to be born ) u1 z our *ief inh]itance4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se all m5 are hi/orians4 ,is n e memory writt5 q full ( annals4448 ,our v spee* is curi\sly hi/orical4 ,mo/ m51 y may obs]ve1 speak only to n>rate40 7,c>lyle on ,hi/ory4 ,miscellanies47 #gh ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :i* controls ! draw+ ( millions ( *ildr51 says precisely ! opposite1 & prescribes a k9d ( draw+1 :i*1 ?\gh x may give manual skill to adults1 does n 8af=d delight0 to ! m9d ( *ildr54 #gi 8,g5]alem nos int5dimus in/itutionem omnium qui hom9es nati sunt1 ad omnia humana4444 ,v]nacul 7s*ol7 scopus metaque erit1 ut omnis juv5tus utriusque sexus1 intra annum sextum et duodecimum seu decimum t]tium1 ea addoceatur quorum usus p] totam vitam se ext5dat40 ,i quote ?is ,lat9 f ! excell5t article ,comnius 7by sev]al writ]s7 9 ,buisson's ,dictionnaire4 ,x is a great ?+ to get an au?or's exact words4 ,un=tunately ! writ] 9 ! ,dictionnaire foll[s cu/om & does n give ! means ( v]ify+ ! quotation4 ,com5ius 9 ,lat9 ,i h nev] se5 except 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #hj ,9 ,s]mon on ,*>ity ,s*ools1 ,a4,d4 #agde4 ,! ,bi%op po9ts out t 8tra9+ up *ildr5 is a v diff]5t ?+ f m]ely tea*+ !m "s tru?s necess>y to be kn[n or believ$40 ,he goes into ! hi/orical aspect ( ! subject4 ,z s9ce ! days ( ,elizabe? !re has be5 legal provision = ! ma9t5ance ( ! poor1 !re has be5 8ne$ also ( "s p>ticul> legal provision 9 behalf ( poor *ildr5 = _! education2 ?is n be+ includ$ 9 :at we call ma9t5ance40 8,b10 says ! ,bi%op1 8x might be necess>y t a burd5 s entirely new z t ( a poor-tax 0 at ! "t ,i am speak+ (1 %\ld be z light z possible4 ,?us ! legal provision = ! poor 0 fir/ settl$ )\t any p>ticul> consid]ation ( t additional want 9 ! case ( *ildr52 z x /ill rema9s ) sc>ce any alt]ation 9 ?is respect40 ,& rema9$ = ne>ly a c5tury long]4 ,great *anges naturally foll[$ & w foll[ f ! ext5sion ( ! fran*ise2 & ano!r c5tury w probably see u ) a ,folks*ool wor?y ( its importance4 ,by t "t we %all no long] be op5 to ! s>casm ( 8! =eign fri5d30 8,x is highly in/ructive to visit ,engli% elem5t>y s*ools1 = !re y f9d ev]y?+ t %\ld be avoid$40 7,m4 ,braun quot$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,sonn5s*e94 ,! ,old ,code 0 9 =ce47 #ha 8,adhuc sub judice lis e/40 ,i f9d ! editor ( an ,am]ican educational pap] br&i%+ 9 ! face ( an oppon5t z a quotation f ,pr(essor ,n4 ,a4 ,calk9s' 8,e> & ,voice ,tra9+03 8,! s5ses are ! only p[]s by :i* *ildr5 c ga9 ! elem5ts ( k2 & until ^! h be5 tra9$ to act1 no def9ite k c be acquir$40 ,b ,calk9s says1 8act1 "u direction ( ! m9d40 #hb 8,:at d y le>n f #8,p>adise ,lo/'8 ,no?+ at all4 ,:at d y le>n f a cook]y book8 ,some?+ new1 some?+ t y did n "k be=e1 9 e p>agraph4 ,b w\ld y !re=e put ! wret*$ cook]y book on a high] level ( e/imation ?an ! div9e poem8 ,:at y owe to ,milton is n any k1 ( :i* a million sep>ate items are b a million ( advanc+ /eps on ! same e>?ly level2 :at y owe is p[]1 t is1 ex]cise & expansion to y\r own lat5t capacity ( sympa?y ) ! inf9ite1 :]e e pulse & ea* sep>ate influx is a /ep upw>d--a /ep asc5d+ z ^u a ,jacob's ladd] f e>? to my/]i\s altitudes above ! e>?4 ,all ! /eps ( k f fir/ to la/ c>ry y fur!r on ! same plane1 b c\ld nev] raise y "o foot above y\r anci5t level ( e>?2 :]eas ! v fir/ /ep 9 p[] is a flight1 is an asc5d+ into ano!r elem5t :]e e>? is =gott540 ,i h met ) ?is z a quotation f ,de ,qu9cey4 #hc ,:5 ,i visit$ 7"s ye>s ago7 ! 8cole ,modle0 at ,brussels ,i 0 told t books 7 us$ = no?+ except = le>n+ to read4 ,com5ius 0 sav$ f ?is consequ5ce ( 8 realism by 8 f]v5t ,*ri/ianity4 ,he valu$ ! /udy ( ! ,bible z highly z ! ,r5asc5ce s*ol>s valu$ ! /udy ( ! classics1 ?\gh = a v diff]5t reason4 ,he c>$ = ! ,bible n z lit]ature1 b z ! highe/ au?ority on ! problems ( exi/5ce4 ,^? :o1 l ,mat!w ,arnold1 may attribute to x f> less au?ority may /ill treasure x z lit]ature1 :ile ^? :o despise lit]ature & recognise no au?ority above ?+s w\ld limit u to ! curriculum ( ! 8cole ,modle0 & c>e = natural sci5ce only4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we are =tunately able to advocate "s re=ms :i* 7 sugge/$ by ! realism ( ,com5ius )\t incurr+ any suspicion ( reject+ 8 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is s+ul> to see h[ ! highe/ au?orities ( to-day--m5 conv]sant ) ! subject on ! side ( practice z well z !ory--hold precisely ! language :i* practical m5 h be5 wont to laugh at z 8!oretical nons5se0 ev] s9ce ! days ( ,com5ius4 ,a /rik+ in/ance w be f\nd 9 a lecture by ! ,pr9cipal ( ! ,batt]sea ,tra9+ ,college 7,rev4 ,canon ,daniel7 z report$ 9 ,educational ,times1 ,july1 #ahhi4 ,comp>e :at ,com5ius said 7supra p4 #aea7 ) ! foll[+3 8,*ildr5 are n suffici5tly requir$ to use _! s5ses4 ,!y are all[$ to obs]ve by deputy4 ,!y look at ,nature ?r\gh ! spectacles ( ,books1 & ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! tea*]1 b d n obs]ve = !mselves4 ,x might be expect$ t 9 object lessons & sci5ce lessons1 :i* are specially int5d$ to cultivate ! obs]v+ faculty1 ?is fault w\ld be avoid$1 b ,i d n f9d t su* is ! case4 ,i (t5 he> lessons on objects t are n object lessons at all4 ,! object is n all[$ to speak = itself1 eloqu5t ?\gh x is1 & capable ?\gh x is ( adapt+ its tea*+ to ! y\nge/ *ild :o int]rogates x4 ,! tea*] buries x "u a heap ( words & second-h& /atem5ts1 !reby conv]t+ ! object lesson into a v]bal lesson & ?r[+ away gold5 opportunities ( =m+ ! sci5tific habit ( m9d4 ,n[ m5tal sci5ce tea*es u t our k ( ! s5sible qualities ( ! mat]ial _w c come to u only ?r\gh our s5ses1 & ?r\gh ! "r s5ses4 ,if we _h no s5ses we %\ld "k no?+ ab\t ! mat]ial _w at all2 if we _h a s5se less we %\ld be cut (f f a :ole class ( facts2 if we _h z _m s5ses z are ascrib$ to ! inhabitants ( ,sirius 9 ,voltaire's novel1 our k w\ld be proportionately great] ?an x is n[4 ,words _c comp5sate = s5sations4 ,! eloqu5ce ( a ,cic]o w\ld n expla9 to a deaf man :at music is1 or to a bl9d man :at sc>let is4 ,yet ,i h frequ5tly se5 tea*]s :olly disreg>d ^! obvi\s tru?s4 ,!y h taught z ?\gh _! pupils _h eyes t saw n1 & e>s t he>d n1 & noses t smell$ n1 & palates t ta/$ n1 & sk9s t felt n1 & muscles t w\ld n "w4 ,!y h insi/$ on tak+ ! words out ( ,nature's m\? & speak+ = h]4 ,!y h ?\ght x d]ogatory to play a subord9ate "p to ! object itself40 ,?is subject has be5 well treat$ by ,mr4 ,?os4 ,m4 ,balliet 9 a pap] on %ort5+ ! curriculum 7,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 #aj? ,nov41 #ahhh74 8,/udies10 says he1 8are ( two k9ds 7#a7 /udies :i* supply ! m9d ) ?\ghts ( images1 & 7#b7 ^? :i* give u #8labels1' i4e4 ! means ( indicat+ & s communicat+ ?\ght4 ,"u ! la/ head come ! /udy ( language1 writ+ 7includ+ spell+71 notation1 c40 ,mr4 ,balliet proposes1 z ,com5ius did1 t ! symbol subjects %all n be tak5 sep>ately1 b 9 connexion ) ! ?\ght subjects4 ,especially 9 ! "m-tongue1 we %\ld /udy language = ?\ght1 n ?\ght = ! sake ( language4 ,b aft] all ?\gh we may & %\ld br+ ! "y 9 connexion ) ! objects ( ?\ght & n ) words m]ely1 we mu/ n =get t ! s*ola/ic aspect ( ?+s w diff] f ! practical4 ,:5 br\ght into ! s*oolroom ! ?+ mu/ be dive/$ ( details & surr\nd+s1 & us$ to give a conception ( "o ( a class4 ,! fir tree ( ! s*oolboy _c be ! fir tree ( ! wood-cutt]4 ,! 8boil]0 becomes a cyl9d] subject to int]nal or ext]nal pressure4 ,x is n ! ?+ t ! eng9e-driv] kn[s w burn & corrode1 get f\l 9 its tubes & loose 9 its jo9ts1 & be liable to bur/4 7,see ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,b5ton on 8,practical & ,!oretical ,tra9+0 9 ,spectator1 #aj? ,nov41 #ahhh74 ,! s*ool k ( ?+s no less ?an ( words may easily be ov]-valu$4 ,x %\ld be giv5 n = itself b to excite int]e/ & draw out ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 #hd ,rusk9 seems to be e*o+ ,com5ius 7( :om p]haps he nev] he>d7 :5 he says 8,to be taught to see is to ga9 ^w & ?\ght at once1 & bo? true40 7,address at ,camb4 ,s*4 ( ,art1 ,oct4 #aheh47 #he ,z f> z my exp]i5ce goes !re are few m5 capable bo? ( tea*+ & be+ taught1 & ( ^! r>e be+s ,com5ius 0 a noble example4 ,! passage 9 :i* he ackn[l$ges 8 obligation to ! ,jesuits' ,janua is a /rik+ pro( ( 8 c&\r & op5-m9d$ness4 ,z an exp]im5t 9 language-tea*+ ?is ,janua is a v int]e/+ book1 & w be well wor? a note4 ,f ,augu/9 & ,alois de ,back]'s ,biblio?que des ,ecriva9s de la ,c4 de ,jsus1 ,i le>n t ! au?or ,william ,ba? or ,ba! ,lat9 ,bateus 0 born 9 ,dubl9 9 #aefd1 & di$ 9 ,madrid 9 #afad4 8,a brief introduction to ! skill ( song z set =? by ,william ,ba!1 g5t40 is attribut$ to him2 b we "k no?+ ( 8 orig9 or occupation till he ent]$ on ! ,jesuit noviciate at ,t\rnai 9 #aeif4 ,ei!r be=e or aft] ?is 8he ran0 z he himself tells u 8! pleasant race ( /udy0 at ,beauvais4 ,aft] /udy+ at ,padua he 0 s5t z ,spiritual ,fa!r to ! ,iri% ,college at ,salamanca4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,c4 ,somm]vogel he wrote two ,lat9 books4 ,he also design$ ! ,janua ,l+u>um1 & c>ri$ out ! plan ) ! help ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! college4 ,! book 0 publi%$ at ,salamanca 8apud de ,cea ,tesa0 #afaa1 #dto4 ,f\r ye>s aft]w>ds an edition ) ,engli% v]sion add$ 0 publi%$ 9 ,london edit$ by ,wm4 ,welde4 ,i h nev] se5 ! ,spani% v]sion1 b a copy ( ,welde's edition 7want+ title page7 0 bequea!d to me by a fri5d hon\r$ by all ,engli%-speak+ /ud5ts ( education1 ,joseph ,payne4 ,! ,janua mu/ h _h great success 9 ?is c\ntry1 & soon _h o!r editors4 ,9 an old catalogue ,i h se5 8,janua ,l+u>um ,quadril+uis1 or a ,messe ( ,tongues1 ,lat9e1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 neatly s]v$ up toge!r = a :olesome repa/ to ! wor?y curiositie ( ! /udi\s1 sm4 #dto1 ,mat!w ,l[ndes1 #afag40 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! e>ly edition ( ,isaac ,habre*t4 ,i h 8 8,janua ,l+u>um ,sil+uis4 ,arg5t9 7,/rassburg71 #afcj10 & 9 ! ,preface he says t ! fir/ ,engli% edition came out 9 #afae1 & t he _h add$ a ,fr5* v]sion & publi%$ ! book at ,london 9 f\r languages 9 #afag4 ,i h se5 8six? edition #afbg10 also publi%$ by ,l[ndes1 & edit$ 8op]a ,i4 ,h4 7,john ,h>m>1 call$ 9 ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,museum #8,rector ( ,e:ur/'7 ,s*ol ,sancti ,albani ,magi/ri prim>ii40 ,h>m>1 ,i ?9k1 suppress$ all m5tion ( ! au?or ( ! book1 b he kept ! title4 ,?is seems to h be5 alt]$ by ! celebrat$ ,scioppius :o publi%$ ! book z ,pascasii ,grosippi ,m]curius bil+uis4 ,?is ,jesuits' ,janua is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 language tea*+ ,i ev] met )4 ,ba! & 8 co-adjutors collect$ z !y believ$ all ! common root words 9 ! ,lat9 language2 & ^! !y work$ up into #a1bjj %ort s5t5ces 9 ! =m ( prov]bs4 ,aft] ! s5t5ces foll[s a %ort ,app5dix ,de ambiguis ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specim53 8,dum malum com$is juxta malum navis1 de malo commisso sub malo vetita m$it>e4 ,:ile ?\ eate/ an apple ne> ! ma/ ( a %ip1 ?9k ( ! evil committ$ "u ! =bidd5 apple tree40 ,an alphabetical index ( all ! ,lat9 words is !n giv51 ) ! numb] ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* ! ^w occurs4 ,prefix$ to ?is ,janua we f9d "s introductory *apt]s 9 :i* ! problem3 ,:at is ! be/ way ( le>n+ a =eign language8 is consid]$ & "s advance made t[>ds a solution4 8,! body ( e language consi/e? ( f\r pr9cipal memb]s--words1 congruity1 phrases1 & elegancy4 ,! diction>y sets d[n ! words1 gramm> ! congruities1 ,au?ors ! phrases1 & ,rhetoricians 7) _! figures7 ! elegancy4 ,we call phrases ! prop] =ms or peculi> mann]s ( speak+ :i* e ,tongue ha?40 7,*ap4 #a ad f47 ,hi!rto1 says ,ba!1 !re h be5 9 use1 only two ways ( le>n+ a language1 8regul>1 su* z is gramm>1 to obs]ve ! congruities2 & irregul> su* z is ! common use ( le>n]s1 by read+ & speak+ 9 vulg> tongues40 ,! 8regul>0 way is m c]ta91 ! 8irregul>0 is easi]4 ,s ,ba! has plann$ a middle way :i* is to comb9e ! advantages ( ! o!r two4 ,! 8congruities0 are le>nt regul>ly by ! gramm>4 ,:y are n ! 8words0 le>n$ regul>ly by ! diction>y8 #a/1 ,because ! ,diction>y conta9s _m useless words2 #bnd1 because comp\nd words may be kn[n f ! root words )\t special le>n+2 #crd1 because words z !y /& 9 ! ,diction>y be> no s5se & s _c be rememb]$4 ,by ! use ( ?is ,janua all ^! objections w be avoid$4 ,useful words & root words only are giv51 & !y are work$ up into s5t5ces 8easy to be rememb]$40 ,& ) ! exception ( a few little words su* z et1 91 qui1 sum1 fio no ^w occurs a second "t2 ?us1 says ,ba!1 ! lab\r ( le>n+ ! language w be light5$ & 8z x 0 mu* m easy to h kn[n all ! liv+ creatures by (t5 look+ into ,noe's ,ark1 :]e9 0 a select$ c\ple ( ea* k9d1 ?an by travell+ ov] all ! _w until a man %\ld f9d "h & !re a creature ( ea* k9d1 ev5 9 ! same mann] w all ! words be f> m easily le>n$ by use ( ^! s5t5ces ?an by he>+1 speak+ or read+ until a man d accid5tally meet ) e p>ticul> ^w40 7,proeme ad f47 8,we hope no man w be s +rateful z n to ?9k ?is "w v pr(itable10 says ! au?or4 ,= my own "p ,i feel grateful = su* an e>ne/ attempt at 8retriev+ ( ! curse ( ,babylon10 b ,i _c %[ my gratitude by decl>+ 8?is "w v pr(itable40 ,! attempt to squeeze ! great] "p ( a language into #a1bjj %ort s5t5ces c\ld produce no?+ bett] ?an a curiosity4 ,! language c\ld n be ?us squeez$ into ! memory ( ! le>n]4 #hf ,?is book mu/ h _h a great sale 9 ,engl&4 ,an*oran's v]sion 7! ,lat9 title ( :i* is ,porta n ,janua7 w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,i h a copy ( ,janua ,l+u>um ,res]ata 8=m]ly translat$ by ,?o4 ,horn3 aft]w>ds mu* correct$ & am5d$ by ,joh4 ,robo?am3 n[ c>efully review$ & exactly comp>$ ) all =m] editions1 =eign & o!rs1 & mu* enl>g$ bo? 9 ! ,lat9e & ,engli%3 toge!r ) a ,portall 444 by ,g4 ,p4 #afdg40 8,w4 ,d40 0 a subsequ5t editor1 & f9ally x 0 issu$ by ,rog] ,daniel1 to :om ,com5ius d$icates f ,am/]dam 9 #afei z 8,dom9o ,rog]o ,danieli1 ,bibliopol ac ,typographo ,lond95si celeb]rimo40 #hg ,eilh>dus ,lub9us or ,eil]t ,lueb51 born #aefe2 0 ,pr(essor fir/ ( ,poetry !n ( ,!ology at ,ro/ock1 :]e he di$ 9 #afba4 ,?is projector ( ! mo/ fam\s s*ool-book ( mod]n times seems n to be m5tion$ 9 ,k4 ,a4 ,s*mid's great ,encyklopdie1 at lea/ 9 ! fir/ edition4 7,i h n se5 ! second47 ,i f9d f ,f4 ,s&]'s ,lexikon d4 ,pdagogik t ,ratke decl>$ he le>nt no?+ f ,lub9us1 :ile ,com5ius recognis$ him gratefully z 8 pr$ecessor4 ,?is is j :at we %\ld h expect$ f ! "* ( ,ratke & ( ,com5ius4 ,lub9us advocat$ ! use ( int]l9e> translations & publi%$ 7says ,s&]7 su* translations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ( ,plautus1 c4 ,! v int]e/+ ,preface to ! ,new ,te/41 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,h>tlib & publi%$ z 8,! ,true & ,readie ,way to ,le>ne ! ,lat9e ,tongue by ,e4 ,lub9us10 c41 #afed4 ,! date giv5 = ,lub9us' preface is #afad4 ,l4 f9ds fault ) ! gramm> tea*+ :i* is ?ra%$ into boys s t !y hate _! ma/]s4 ,he w\ld appeal to ! s5ses3 8,= f ^! ?+s fall+ "u ! s5se ( ! eyes1 & z x 7 m kn[n1 we w make entrance & beg9 to le>n ! ,lat9 spee*4 ,f\r-foot$ liv+ creatures1 creep+ ?+s1 fi%es & birds :i* c nei!r be gott5 nor live well 9 ^! p>ts ought to be pa9t$4 ,o!rs also1 :i* because ( _! bulk & greatness _c be %ut up 9 h\ses may be made 9 a less] =m1 or drawn ) ! p5cil1 yet ( su* bigness z !y may be well se5 by boys ev5 af> (f40 ,he says he has (t5 c\nsell$ ! ,/ation]s to br+ out a book 89 :i* all ?+s :atsoev] :i* may be devis$ & writt5 & se5 by ! eyes1 might be describ$1 s z !re might be also add$ to all ?+s & all p>ts & memb]s ( ?+s1 its own prop] ^w1 its own prop] appellation or t]m express$ 9 ! ,lat9 & ,dut* tongues0 7pp4 #bb1 #bc74 8,visible ?+s are fir/ to be kn[n by ! eyes0 7p4 #bc71 & ! jo9+ ( see+ ! ?+ & he>+ ! "n toge!r 8is by f> ! pr(itable/ & ! brave/ c\rse1 & pass+ fit & applicable to ! age ( *ildr540 ,?+s !mselves if possible1 if n1 pictures 7p4 #be74 ,!re are "s capital h9ts on tea*+ *ildr5 f ?+s common 9 ! h\se1 9 ! /reet1 c4 ,"o ,hadrianus ,junius has made a 8nom5clator0 t may be useful4 ,9 ! pictures ( ! project$ book !re are to be l9es "u ea* object1 & "u its pr9t$ "n4 7,! excell5t device ( correspond+ numb]s seems due to ,com5ius47 ,= pr9t+ bel[ ! pictures ,l4 also sugge/s s5t5ces :i* are simpl] & bett] = *ildr5 ?an ^? 9 ! ,ve/ibulum1 e4g4 8,panis 9 ,m5sa positus e/1 ,felis vorat ,murem40 ,9 ! ,brit4 ,museum !re is a copy ( ,m$ulla ,l+u ,grc 9 :i* ,l4 works up ! root words ( ,greek into s5t5ces4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ) ideas4 ,com5ius ?\ght ( !m s highly t he tri$ to c>ry out ano!r at ,s>os-,patak1 ! plan ( a 8,cnobium0 or ,roman colony 9 :i* no language %\ld be us$ b ,lat94 #hh ,= full titles ( ! books ref]r$ to see p4 #aie4 #hi ,! solit>ies ( ,port-,royal us$ to v>y _! m5tal toil ) manual4 ,a ,jesuit hav+ malici\sly ask$ :e!r x 0 true t ,monsieur ,pascal made %oes1 met ) ! awkw>d rep>tee1 8,je ne sais pas s'il fait des s\li]s1 mais je crois qu'il v\s a port une fameuse botte40 #ij ,a ma/] 9 a great public s*ool once /at$ 9 a s*ool address :at ma/]s & boys felt to be true4 8,x w\ld h>dly be too mu* to say t ! :ole problem ( education is h[ to surr\nd ! "y ) good influ5ces4 ,i believe we mu/ g on to add t if ! wise/ man _h set himself to "w out ?is problem )\t ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce1 he w\ld h be5 little likely to hit ^u ! sy/em ( :i* we are s pr\d1 & :i* we call 8! ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em40 ,if ! real secret ( education is to surr\nd ! "y ) good influ5ces1 is x n a /range p>adox to take !m at ! v age :5 influ5ces act mo/ despotically & mass !m toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 :]e mu* t is co>se/ is sure to be tol]at$1 & mu* t is g5tle/ & mo/ ref9+--! pres5ce ( mo!rs & si/]s = example--is = a l>ge "p ( ! ye> a memory or an e*o r ?an a liv+ voice8 ,i confess ,i h nev] se5 any answ]s to ?is objection :i* ap>t f ! te/ ( exp]i5ce ,i %\ld h be5 prep>$ to pron\nce satisfactory4 ,x is a simple tru? t ! moral dang]s ( our ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em are enorm\s4 ,x is ! simple tru? t d :at y w 9 ! way ( precaution1 y d give to boys ( l[1 animal natures1 ! v boys :o ought to be exceptionally subject to almo/ despotic re/ra9t1 exceptional opportunities ( ex]cis+ a debas+ influ5ce ov] natures f> m ref9$ & spiritual ?an _! own4 ,& x is fur!r ! simple b ! sad tru?1 t ^! exceptional opportunities are too (t5 turn$ to acc\nt1 & t ! "y boy's "* = a "t--sometimes = a long "t--is spoil$ or vulg>iz$ by ! influ5ce ( unwor?y companions40 ,?is is :at public s*oolma/]s1 if _! eyes are n bl9d$ by r\t9e1 are pa9fully consci\s (4 ,b !y f9d t 9 ! end good prevails2 ! av]age boy ga9s a manly "* & contributes t[>ds ! keep+ up a heal?y public op9ion :i* is ( great effect 9 re/ra9+ ! evil-do]4 #ia 8,! numb] ( bo>d]s 0 nev] v great1 because to a ma/] 7 assign$ no m ?an he c\ld h b$s = 9 8 room40 7,fonta9e's ,mmoire1 ,c>r1 p4 #bd47 #ib 8,pl]isque placet m$ia qudam ratio1 ut apud unum ,prceptorem qu9que sexve pu]i in/ituantur3 ita nec sodalitas de]it tati1 cui conv5it alacritas2 neque non sufficiet s+ulis cura ,prceptoris2 et facile vitabitur corruptio quam aff]t multitudo4 ,_m take up ) a middle c\rse1 & w\ld h five or six boys plac$ ) "o preceptor2 9 ?is way !y w n be )\t companion%ip at an age :5 f _! livel9ess !y seem specially to ne$ x1 & ! ma/] may give suffici5t c>e to ea* individual2 moreov]1 !re w be an easy avoidance ( ! moral corruption :i* numb]s br+40 ,erasmus on ,*ri/ian ,m>riage quot$ by ,c\/el 9 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,p4,riij1 bk4 #d1 p4 #djd4 #ic ,lancelot's 8,new way ( easily le>n+ ,lat9 7,n\velle ,m?ode p\r appr5dre facilem5t la langue ,lat9e70 0 publi%$ 9 #afdd1 8 me?od = ,greek 9 #afee4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #afeg by 8 8,g>d5 ( ,greek ,roots 7,j>d9 des rac9es grecques70 7see ,cadet1 pp4 #ae ff47 ,! ,port-,royali/s seem to me 9 "s respects f> beh9d ,com5ius1 b !y 7 "r 9 reject+ him z a me?odis] 9 language-le>n+4 ,lancelot 9 ! preface to 8 8,g>d5 ( ,greek ,roots10 says t ! ,janua ( ,com5ius is totally want+ 9 me?od4 8,x w\ld ne$10 says he1 8an extraord9>y memory2 & f my exp]i5ce ,i %\ld say t few *ildr5 c\ld le>n ?is book1 = x is long & difficult2 & z ! words 9 x are n repeat$1 ^? at ! beg9n+ w\ld be =gott5 be=e ! le>n] rea*$ ! end4 ,s he w\ld feel a con/ant disc\ragem5t1 because he w\ld always f9d himself 9 a new c\ntry :]e he w\ld recognize no?+4 ,& ! book is full ( all sorts ( uncommon & difficult words1 & ! fir/ *apt]s ?r[ no light on ^? :i* foll[40 ,to ?is well-gr\nd$ criticism he adds3 8,! entrances to ! ,tongues1 to des]ve its "n1 %\ld be no?+ b a %ort & simple way lead+ u z soon z possible to read ! be/ books 9 ! language1 s t we might n only acquire ! words we are 9 ne$ (1 b also all t is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! idiom & pure 9 ! phraseology1 :i* make up ! mo/ difficult & mo/ important "p ( e language40 7,quot$ by ,cadet1 p4 #ag74 #id ,lematre1 a nephew ( ,la ,mre ,anglique1 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ orators 9 ,france4 ,9 r5\nc+ ! _w = ,port-,royal1 he retir$ f a spl5did position at ! ,b>4 ,su* m5 _h qualifications out ( ! rea* ( ord9>y s*oolma/]s4 ,dufoss1 9 aft] ye>s1 told h[1 :5 he 0 a boy1 ,lematre call$ him (t5 to 8 room & gave him solid in/ruction 9 le>n+ & piety4 8,he read to me & made me read pieces f poets & orators1 & saw t ,i notic$ ! beauties 9 !m bo? 9 ?\ght & diction4 ,moreov] he taught me ! "r emphasis & articulation bo? 9 v]se & prose1 9 :i* he himself 0 admirable1 hav+ ! *>m ( a f9e voice & all else t goes to make a great orator4 ,he gave me also _m rules = good translation & = mak+ my progress 9 t art easy to me40 7,dufoss's ,mmoires1 c41 quot$ by ,cadet1 p4 #i47 ,x 0 ,lematre :o in/ruct$ ,rac9e 7born #afci1 admitt$ at ,les ,granges1 ,port ,royal des ,*amps1 9 #afee74 #ie ,9 #afgj ! ,g5]al ( ! ,jesuits issu$ a lett] to ! ,society aga9/ ! ,c>tesian philosophy4 ,! ,univ]sity 9 ?is agre$ ) its rivals1 & petition$ ! ,p>liam5t to prohibit ! ,c>tesian tea*+4 ,?is produc$ ! burlesque ,arrt by ,boileau 7#afge74 8,:]eas x is /at$ t = "s ye>s pa/ a /rang] nam$ ,reason has endeav\r$ to make entry by =ce into ! ,s*ools ( ! ,univ]sity 444 :]e ,ari/otle has always be5 ackn[l$g$ z judge )\t appeal & n acc\ntable = 8 op9ions4444 ,be x kn[n by ^! pres5ts t ?is ,c\rt has ma9ta9$ & kept & does ma9ta9 & keep ! said ,ari/otle 9 p]fect & peaceable possession ( ! said s*ools 444 & 9 ord] t = ! future he may n be int]f]$ ) 9 !m1 x has bani%$ ,reason = ev] f ! ,s*ools ( ! said ,univ]sity1 & =bids 8 entry to di/urb & disquiet ! said ,ari/otle 9 ! possession & enjoym5t ( ! a=esaid s*ools1 "u pa9 & p5alty ( be+ decl>$ a ,jans5i/ & a lov] ( innovations40 7,quot$ by ,cadet1 p4 #cd47 #if ,al?\gh s mu* "t is giv5 to ! /udy ( words1 practice 9 ! use ( words is almo/ entirely neglect$1 & ! ,engli% s*oolboy rema9s in>ticulate4 #ig ,roll9 some:at ext5ds ,qu9tilian's /atem5t3 8,! desire ( le>n+ re/s 9 ! w :i* y _c =ce40 ,ab\t attempts to co]ce ! w 9 ! abs5ce ( int]e/1 ,i may quote a passage f a lecture ( m9e at ,birm+ham 9 #ahhd1 :5 ,i did n "k t ,i _h beh9d me su* high au?orities z ,qu9tilian & ,roll93 8,i %\ld divide ! p[]s ( ! m9d t may be cultivat$ 9 ! s*ool-room into two classes3 9 ! fir/ ,i %\ld put all ! high] p[]s--grasp ( mean+1 p]ception ( analogy1 obs]vation1 reflection1 imag9ation1 intellectual memory2 9 ! o!r class is "o p[] only1 & t is a k9d ( memory t dep5ds on ! association ( s\nds4 ,h[ is x !n t 9 mo/ s*ool-rooms f> m "t is sp5t 9 cultivat+ ?is la/ & lea/-valuable p[] ?an all ! re/ put toge!r8 ,! explanation is easy4 ,all ! high] p[]s c be ex]cis$ only :5 ! pupils are int]e/$1 or1 z ,mr4 ,?r+ puts x1 #8c>e = :at !y are ab\t4' ,! memory t dep5ds on associat+ s\nds is indep5d5t ( int]e/ & c be secur$ by simple repetition4 ,n[ x is v h>d to awak5 int]e/1 & /ill h>d] to ma9ta9 x4 ,t magician's w&1 ! cane1 ) :i* ! s*oolma/]s ( old5 "t work$ su* wond]s1 is p[]less "h or p[]ful only 9 ! negative direction2 & s is e =m ( puni%m5t4 ,y may tell a boy--#8,if y c't say y\r lesson y %all /ay 9 & write x out half-a-doz5 times6' & ! ?reat may h effect2 b no #8in/ans tyrannus' f ,orbilius d[nw>ds has ev] ?\ght ( say+1 #8,if y don't take an int]e/ 9 y\r "w1 ,i'll keep y 9 till y d6' ,s tea*]s v naturally pref] ! k9d ( tea*+ 9 :i* !y c make sure ( success40 #ih ,"h z usual ,roll9 uses ,qu9tilian )\t directly quot+ him4 ,he gives 9 a note ! passage he _h 9 8 m9d4 8,id imprimis cav]e oportebit1 ne /udia qui am>e nondum pote/ od]it2 et am>itud9em semel prceptam etiam ultra rudes annos re=midet 7,qu9t41 lib4 j1 cap4 #a470 #ii ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel 7 also 9 ?is s5se reali/s1 b !y held t ! educational value ( k lay n 9 itself1 b only 9 s f> z x 0 an in/rum5t = develop+ ! faculties ( ! m9d4 #ajj ,h5ry ,b>n>d 7,engli% ,p$agogy1 second s]ies1 p4 #aib71 speaks ( ,hoole z 8"o ( ! pione] educators ( 8 c5tury40 ,accord+ to ,b>n>d he 0 born at ,wakefield1 9 #afaj1 & di$ 9 #afff1 rector ( 8,/ock ,bill]ica0 7p]haps ,/ock ) ,bill]icay71 9 ,essex4 #aja ,a v int]e/+ sugge/ion ( ,c[ley's is t ano!r h\se be built = poor m5's sons :o %[ ability4 ,^! %all be br\ght up 8) ! same conv5i5ces t are enjoy$ ev5 by ri* m5's *ildr5 7?\gh !y ma9ta9 ! few] = t cause71 !re be+ no?+ ( em95t & illu/ri\s to be expect$ f a l[1 sordid1 & hospital-l education40 #ajb ,x w\ld seem z if ^! ,puritans 7 m active 9 body ?an 9 m9d3 ev5 ! s5iors1 l ! *ildr5 at ,port-,royal1 tomb5t dans la non*alance4 ,dury has to lay x d[n t 8! ,gov]n\r & ,u%]s & ,/ew>d if !y be 9 heal? %\ld n g to b$ till t540 7p4 #cj47 #ajc ,x is a sign ( ! failure ( all attempts to e/abli% educational sci5ce 9 ,engl& t ?\gh ! mean+ ( 8real0 & 8realities0 :i* connect$ !m ) res seem$ e/abli%$ 9 ! sixte5 hundr$s1 our language soon lo/ x aga94 ,accord+ to a writ] 9 ,mey]'s ,conv]sations ,lexicon 7fir/ edition7 8reales0 9 ?is s5se occurs fir/ 9 ,taubmann1 #afad4 ,:e!r ?is is correct or n x 0 c]ta9ly ab\t ?is "t t !re arose a conte/ betwe5 ,humanismus & ,realismus1 a conte/ n[ at its height 9 ! ,gymnasi5 & ,reals*ul5 ( ,g]many4 ,= a discussion ( x1 see ,m4 ,arnold's 8,lit]ature & ,sci5ce10 ref]r$ to above 7p4 #aed74 #ajd ,_m ( ,petty's proposals are n[ realiz$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 #aje ,lat] 9 ! c5tury ,locke recomm5d$ t 8work+ s*ools %\ld be set up 9 e p>i%10 7see ,fox-,b\rne's ,locke1 or ,cambridge edition ( ! ,?\ghts c4 ,ed41 ,app4 ,a1 p4 #ahi74 ,! ,quak]s seem to h e>ly tak5 up 8indu/ri\s education40 ,john ,bell]s1 ^: ,proposals = ,rais+ a ,college ( ,indu/ry 7#afif7 0 repr9t$ by ,robt4 ,ow51 has "s v good notions4 ,aft] advis+ t boys & girls be taught to knit1 sp91 c41 & ! bigg] boys turn+1 c41 he says1 8,?us ! ,h& employ$ br+s ,pr(it1 ! ,reason us$ 9 x makes wise1 & ! ,w subdu$ makes !m good0 7,proposals1 p4 #ah74 ,ye>s aft]w>ds 9 a ,lett] to ! ,ye>ly ,meet+ 7dat$ #agbc71 he says1 8,x may be obs]v$ t "s ( ! ,boys 9 ,fri5ds' ,workh\se 9 ,cl]k5well by _! pres5t employm5t ( sp9n+ are capable to e>n _! own liv+40 #ajf ,petty does n lose sight ( ! body4 ,! 8educ&s0 are to 8use su* ex]cises :e!r 9 "w or = recreation z t5d to ! heal?1 agility1 & /r5g? ( _! bodies40 ,i h quot$ ,petty f ! v valuable collection ( ,engli% writ+s on ,education repr9t$ 9 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's ,engli% ,p$agogy1 #b vols4 ,petty is 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,9 ?is vol4 we h pl5ty ( evid5ce ( ! work+ ( ! ,baconian _s2 e4g41 we f9d ,sir ,mat!w ,hale 9 a ,lett] ( ,advice to 8 ,gr&*ildr51 writt5 9 #afgh1 say+ t !re is little use or improvem5t 9 8notional speculations 9 logic or philosophy deliv]$ by o!rs2 ! r because b>e speculations & notions h little exp]i5ce & ext]nal obs]vation to confirm !m1 & !y r>ely fix ! m9ds especially ( "y m54 ,b t "p ( philosophy t is real may be improv$ & confirm$ by daily obs]vation1 & is m /able & yet m c]ta9 & delightful1 & goes along ) a man all 8 life1 :atev] employm5t or pr(ession he und]takes40 #ajg 8,9 ?is respect10 says ,pr(essor ,masson1 8! passion & ! projects ( ,com5ius 7 a _w wid] ?an ,milton's40 7,l4 ( ,m4 iij1 p4 #bcg47 #ajh ,( ,education4 ,to ,ma/] ,samuel ,h>tlib 78! ,tractate0 z x is usually call$71 0 publi%$ by ,milton fir/ 9 #afdd1 & aga9 9 #afgc4 ,see ,osc> ,br[n+'s edition1 ,cambridge ,univ4 ,press4 #aji ,! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,! fir/ exam9ation 0 9 ,june1 #ahhj4 #aaj 8,believe x1 my good fri5d1 to love tru? = tru?'s sake is ! pr9cipal "p ( human p]fection 9 ?is _w & ! se$-plot ( all o!r virtues40 ,l4 to ,bolde1 quot$ by ,f[l]1 ,locke1 p4 #abj4 ,?is %[s u t accord+ to ,locke 8! pr9cipal "p ( human p]fection0 is to be f\nd 9 ! intellect4 #aaa ,lady ,ma%am seems to consid] ^! two *>act]i/ics id5tical4 ,%e wrote to ,lecl]c ( ,locke aft] 8 dea?3 8,he 0 always1 9 ! greate/ & 9 ! smalle/ affairs ( human life1 z well z 9 speculative op9ions1 dispos$ to foll[ reason1 :osoev] x 7 t sugge/$ x2 he be+ ev] a fai?ful s]vant1 ,i _h almo/ said a slave1 to tru?2 nev] ab&on+ h] = any?+ else1 & foll[+ h] = h] own sake purely0 7quot$ by ,fox-,b\rne74 ,b x is "o ?+ to desire tru?1 & ano!r to ?9k "o's own reason+ p[] ! sole means ( obta9+ x4 #aab 8,i am f> f imag9+ myself infallible2 b yet ,i %\ld be lo? to diff] f any ?9k+ man2 be+ fully p]suad$ !re are v few ?+s ( pure speculation :]e9 two ?9k+ m5 :o imp>tially seek tru? c diff] if !y give !mselves ! leisure to exam9e _! hypo!ses & und]/& "o ano!r0 7,l4 to ,w4 ,m41 #bf ,dec41 #afib74 ,aga9 he writes3 8,i am p]suad$ t ^u debate y & ,i _c be ( two op9ions1 nor ,i ?9k any two m5 us$ to ?9k ) fre$om1 :o really pref] tru? to op9iatrety & a little fooli% va9-glory ( n hav+ made a mi/ake0 7,l4 to ,w4 ,m41 #c ,sept41 #afid74 #aac ,comp>e ,c>lyle3--8,except ?9e own eye h got to see x1 except ?9e own s\l h victori\sly /ruggl$ to cle> vision & belief ( x1 :at is ! ?+ se5 or ! ?+ believ$ by ano!r or by nev] s _m o!rs8 ,alas1 x is n ?9e1 ?\gh ?\ look on x1 brag ab\t x1 & bully & fight ab\t x till ?\ die1 /riv+ to p]suade ?yself & all m5 h[ mu* x is ?9e6 ,n x is ?9e1 b only a w9dy e*o & tradition ( x b$d$ an e*o b$d$8 9 hypocrisy1 end+ sure en\gh 9 tragical futility is ?9e40 ,fr\de's ,?os4 ,c>lyle1 ij1 #aj4 ,simil>ly ,locke wrote to ,bolde 9 #afii3--8,to be le>n$ 9 ! lump by o!r m5's ?\ghts1 & to be "r by say+ aft] o!rs is mu* ! easi] & quiet] way2 b h[ a rational man t %\ld enquire & "k = himself c cont5t himself ) a fai? or religion tak5 ^u tru/1 or ) su* a s]vile submission ( 8 und]/&+ z to admit all & no?+ else b :at fa%ion makes passable among m51 is to me a/oni%+40 ,quot$ by ,f[l]1 ,locke1 p4 #aah4 #aad ,= ,rabelais1 see p4 #fg supra4 ,9 ! notes to ! ,cambridge edition ( ! ,?\ghts ,locke's advice on physical education is discuss$ & comp>$ ) ! results ( mod]n sci5ce by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,payne4 #aae 8,exam9ations direct$1 z ! pap] exam9ations ( ! num]\s exam9+ bo>ds n[ fl\ri%+ are direct$1 to f9d+ out :at ! pupil kn[s1 h ! effect ( conc5trat+ ! tea*]'s ef=t ^u ! lea/ important "p ( 8 function40 ,m>k ,pattison 9 ,n4 ,qu>t4 ,m41 ,janu>y1 #ahhj4 #aaf ,mi*elet 7,nos fils1 *ap4 ij4 ad f4 p4 #agj71 says ( ,montaigne's essay3 8c'e/ dj une belle esquisse1 vive et =te1 une t5tative p\r donn]1 non l'objet1 le savoir1 mais le sujet1 c'e/ l'homme40 #aag ,pope seems to contra/ ,montaigne & ,locke3 8,b ask n to :at doctors ,i apply6 8,sworn to no ma/]1 ( no sect am ,i3 8,z drives ! /orm1 at any door ,i knock1 8,& h\se ) ,montaigne n[1 or n[ ) ,locke40 ,satires iij41 #bf4 ,p]haps z ,dr4 ,abbott sugge/s he took ,montaigne z repres5t+ active & ,locke contemplative life4 #aah ,see 8,an introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,educational ,!ories10 by ,osc> ,br[n+4 #aai 8,hi/ory & ! ma!matics1 ,i ?9k1 are ! mo/ prop] & advantage\s /udies = p]sons ( y\r quality2 ! o!r are fitt] = s*oolm5 & p t mu/ live by _! le>n+1 ?\gh a little insight & ta/e ( !m w be no bur!n or inconv5i5ce to y1 especially ,natural ,philosophy40 ,advice to a "y ,"l writt5 by 8 fa!r1 #afia1 p4 #bi4 #abj 8,il n'y a po9t avant la raison de vritable ducation p\r l'homme40 7,n4 ,h41 #e? ,p41 ,lett4 #c4 ,conf4 supra1 p4 #bbg47 #aba 8,la premire ducation doit donc tre purem5t ngative4 ,elle consi/e1 non po9t enseign] la v]tu ni la vrit1 mais g>antir le cur du vice et l'esprit de l'erreur4 ,si v\s p\viez ne ri5 faire et ne ri5 laiss] faire2 si v\s p\viez am5] votre lve sa9 et robu/e l'ge de d\ze ans1 sans qu'il st di/+u] sa ma9 droite de sa ma9 gau*e1 ds vos premires leons les yeux de son ent5dem5t s'ouvrirai5t la raison2 sans prjugs1 sans habitudes1 il n'aurait ri5 en lui qui pt contr>i] l'effet de vos so9s4 ,bi5tt il devi5drait entre vos ma9s le plus sage des hommes2 et1 en comm5ant p> ne ri5 faire1 v\s auriez fait un prodige d'ducation40 m4 ij41 #hj4 #abb 8,ex]cez son corps1 ses organes1 ses s5s1 ses =ces1 mais t5ez son me oisive aussi longtemps qu'il se p\rra4 ,r$\tez t\s les s5tim5ts antrieurs au jugem5t qui les apprcie4 ,ret5ez1 arrtez les impressions trangres3 et1 p\r emp*] le mal de natre1 ne v\s pressez po9t de faire le bi52 c> il n'e/ jamais tel que qu& la raison l'claire4 ,reg>dez t\s les dlais comme des avantages3 c'e/ gagn] beauc\p que d'avanc] v]s le t]me sans ri5 p]dre2 laissez mrir l'enfance dans les enfants4 ,enf9 quelque leon leur devi5t-elle ncessaire1 g>dez-v\s de la donn] auj\rd'hui1 si v\s p\vez diffr] jusqu' dema9 sans dang]40 m4 ij41 #hj4 #abc 8,effrayez-v\s donc peu de cette oisivet prt5due4 ,que diriez-v\s d'un homme qui1 p\r mettre t\te la vie pr(it1 ne v\drait jamais dormir8 ,v\s diriez3 ,cet homme e/ ins5s2 il ne j\it pas du temps1 il se l'te2 p\r fuir le sommeil il c\rt la mort4 ,songez donc que c'e/ ici la mme *ose1 et que l'enfance e/ le sommeil de la raison40 m4 ij41 #ii4 #abd 8,il n'y a pas de philosophie plus sup]ficielle que celle qui1 pr5ant l'homme comme un tre g/e et viag]1 prt5d l'expliqu] et lui trac] ses devoirs en dehors de la socit dont il e/ une p>tie4 ,autant vaut considr] l'abeille ab/raction faite de la ru*e1 et dire qu' elle seule l'abeille con/ruit son alvole40 ,r5an1 ,la ,r=me1 #cab4 #abe 8,t\t e/ bi51 sortant des ma9s de l',auteur des *oses2 t\t dgnre entre les ma9s de l'homme40 #abf 8,n\s naissons faibles1 n\s avons beso9 de =ces2 n\s naissons dp\rvus de t\t1 n\s avons beso9 d'assi/ance2 n\s naissons /upides1 n\s avons beso9 de jugem5t4 ,t\t ce que n\s n'avons pas notre naissance1 et dont n\s avons beso9 tant gr&s1 n\s e/ donn p> l'ducation4 ,cette ducation n\s vi5t ou de la nature1 ou des hommes1 ou des *oses4 ,le dveloppem5t int]ne de nos facults et de nos organes e/ l'ducation de la nature2 l'usage qu'on n\s appr5d faire de ce dveloppem5t e/ l'ducation des hommes2 et l'acquis de notre propre expri5ce sur les objets qui n\s affect5t e/ l'ducation des *oses40 m4 j41 #f4 #abg 8,puisque le conc\rs des trois ducations e/ ncessaire leur p]fection1 c'e/ sur celle laquelle n\s ne p\vons ri5 qu'il faut dirig] les deux autres40 m4 j41 #g4 #abh 8,vivre ce n'e/ pas respir]1 c'e/ agir2 c'e/ faire usage de nos organes1 de nos s5s1 de nos facults1 de t\tes les p>ties de n\s-mmes qui n\s donn5t le s5tim5t de notre exi/5ce4 ,l'homme qui a le plus vcu n'e/ pas celui qui a compt le plus d'annes1 mais celui qui a le plus s5ti la vie40 m4 j41 #ac4 #abi 8,on ne connat po9t l'enfance3 sur les fausses ides qu'on en a1 plus on va1 plus on s'g>e4 ,les plus sages s'atta*5t ce qu'il importe aux hommes de savoir1 sans considr] ce que les enfants sont en tat d'appr5dre4 ,ils *]*5t t\j\rs l'homme dans l'enfant1 sans p5s] ce qu'il e/ avant que d'tre homme4 ,voil l'tude laquelle je me suis le plus appliqu1 af9 que1 qu& t\te ma m?ode s]ait *imrique et fausse1 on pt t\j\rs pr(it] de mes obs]vations4 ,je puis avoir trs-mal vu ce qu'il faut faire2 mais je crois avoir bi5 vu le sujet sur lequel on doit opr]4 ,comm5cez donc p> mieux tudi] vos lves2 c> trs-assurm5t v\s ne les connaissez po9t40 #acj 8,la nature veut que les enfants soi5t enfants avant que d'tre hommes4 ,si n\s v\lons p]v]tir cet ordre1 n\s produirons des fruits prcoces qui n'auront ni maturit ni saveur1 et ne t>d]ont pas se corrompre3 n\s aurons de jeunes docteurs et de vieux enfants4 ,l'enfance a des manires de voir1 de p5s]1 de s5tir1 qui lui sont propres2 ri5 n'e/ mo9s s5s que d'y v\loir sub/itu] les ntres40 m4 ij41 #ge2 also 9 ,n4 ,h41 #dgh4 #aca 8,n\s ne savons jamais n\s mettre la place des enfants2 n\s n'entrons pas dans leurs ides1 n\s leur prtons les ntres2 et1 suivant t\j\rs nos propres raisonnem5ts1 avec des *anes de vrits n\s n'entassons qu'extravagances et qu'erreurs dans leur tte40 m4 iij41 #ahe4 #acb 8,je v\drais qu'un homme judicieux n\s donnt un trait de l'art d'obs]v] les enfants4 ,cet art s]ait trs-important connatre3 les pres et les matres n'en ont pas encore les lm5ts40 m4 iij41 #bbd4 #acc ,r\sseau says3 8,full ( :at is go+ on 9 y\r own head1 y d n see ! effect y produce 9 _! head3 ,ple9s de ce qui se passe dans votre tte v\s ne voyez pas l'effet que v\s produisez dans la leur40 7m4 lib4 ij41 #hc47 #acd 8,or1 t\tes les tudes =ces de ces pauvres in=tuns t5d5t ces objets entirem5t trang]s leurs esprits4 ,qu'on juge de l'att5tion qu'ils y peuv5t donn]4 ,les pdagogues qui n\s tal5t en gr& app>eil les in/ructions qu'ils donn5t leurs disciples sont pays p\r t5ir un autre langage3 cep5dant on voit1 p> leur propre conduite1 qu'ils p5s5t exactem5t comme moi4 ,c> que leur appr5n5t-ils enf98 ,des mots1 encore des mots1 et t\j\rs des mots4 ,p>mi les div]ses sci5ces qu'ils se vant5t de leur enseign]1 ils se g>d5t bi5 de *oisir celles qui leur s]ai5t vritablem5t utiles1 p>ce que ce s]ai5t des sci5ces de *oses1 et qu'ils n'y russirai5t pas2 mais celles qu'on p>at savoir qu& on en sait les t]mes1 le blason1 la gographie1 la *ronologie1 les langues1 etc42 t\tes tudes si lo9 de l'homme1 et surt\t de l'enfant1 que c'e/ une m]veille si ri5 de t\t cela lui peut tre utile une seule fois en sa vie40 m4 ij41 #ajj4 #ace 8,en quelque tude que ce puisse tre1 sans l'ide des *oses reprs5tes1 les signes reprs5tants ne sont ri54 ,on borne p\rtant t\j\rs l'enfant ces signes1 sans jamais p\voir lui faire compr5dre aucune des *oses qu'ils reprs5t5t40 m4 ij41 #ajb4 #acf 8,non1 si la nature donne au c]veau d'un enfant cette s\plesse qui le r5d propre recevoir t\tes sortes d'impressions1 ce n'e/ pas p\r qu'on y grave des noms de rois1 des dates1 des t]mes de blason1 de sphre1 de gographie1 et t\s ces mots sans aucun s5s p\r son ge et sans aucune utilit p\r quelque ge que ce soit1 dont on accable sa tri/e et /rile enfance2 mais c'e/ p\r que t\tes les ides qu'il peut concevoir et qui lui sont utiles1 t\tes celles qui se rapport5t son bonheur et doiv5t l'clair] un j\r sur ses devoirs1 s'y trac5t de bonne heure en c>actres ineffaables1 et lui s]v5t se conduire p5dant sa vie d'une manire conv5able son tre et ses facults40 m4 ij41 #aje2 also ,n4 ,h41 ,p4 v41 ,l4 #c4 ,sans tudi] dans les livres1 l'espce de mmoire que peut avoir un enfant ne re/e pas p\r cela oisive2 t\t ce qu'il voit1 t\t ce qu'il ent5d le frappe1 et il s'en s\vi5t2 il ti5t regi/re en lui-mme des actions1 des disc\rs des hommes2 et t\t ce qui l'environne e/ le livre dans lequel1 sans y song]1 il enri*it cont9uellem5t sa mmoire1 en att5dant que son jugem5t puisse en pr(it]4 ,c'e/ dans le *oix de ces objets1 c'e/ dans le so9 de lui prs5t] sans cesse ceux qu'il peut connatre1 et de lui ca*] ceux qu'il doit ignor]1 que consi/e le vritable art de cultiv] en lui cette premire facult2 et c'e/ p> l qu'il faut t*] de lui =m] un magas9 de connaissances qui s]v5t son ducation durant sa jeunesse1 et sa conduite dans t\s les temps4 ,cette m?ode1 il e/ vrai1 ne =me po9t de petits prodiges et ne fait pas brill] les g\v]nantes et les prcepteurs2 mais elle =me des hommes judicieux1 robu/es1 sa9s de corps et d'ent5dem5t1 qui1 sans s'tre fait admir] tant jeunes1 se font honor] tant gr&s4 #acg 8,l'activit dfaillante se conc5tre dans le cur du vieill>d2 dans celui de l'enfant elle e/ surabondante et s't5d au dehors2 il se s5t1 p\r a9si dire1 assez de vie p\r anim] t\t ce qui l'environne4 ,qu'il fasse ou qu'il dfasse1 il n'importe2 il suffit qu'il *ange l'tat des *oses1 et t\t *angem5t e/ une action4 ,que s'il semble avoir plus de p5*ant dtruire1 ce n'e/ po9t p> m*ancet1 c'e/ que l'action qui =me e/ t\j\rs l5te1 et que celle qui dtruit1 tant plus rapide1 convi5t mieux sa vivacit40 m4 j41 #dg4 #ach ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a man m ,engli%1 9 a good s5se1 ?an ! pres5t ,"l ,d]by or1 :e!r we say x 9 praise or dispraise1 a man less l ,r\sseau4 ,s x is int]e/+ to f9d him 9 agreem5t ) ,r\sseau 9 condemn+ ! ord9>y re/ra9ts ( ! s*ool-room4 8,p are beg9n+ to f9d out :at1 if !y w\ld use _! own obs]vation m1 & n foll[ "o ano!r l %eep1 !y w\ld h f\nd out long ago1 t x is do+ positive h>m to a "y *ild1 m5tal & bodily h>m1 to keep x le>n+ or pret5d+ to le>n1 ! great] "p ( ! day4 ,nature says to a *ild1 #8,run ab\t1' ! s*oolma/] says1 #8,sit /ill2' & z ! s*oolma/] c puni% on ! spot1 & ,nature only long aft]w>ds1 he is obey$1 & heal? & bra9 suff]40--,spee* 9 #ahfd4 #aci ,all ?is is v crude1 & s is ! artifice by :i* ,julie 9 ! ,n\velle ,hlose entraps h] son into le>n+ to read4 ,no d\bt ,r\sseau is "r :5 he says t :]e !re is a desire to read ! p[] is sure to come4 ,b 8read+0 is "o ?+ 9 ! lives ( ! lab\r+ classes to :om x means read+ al\d 9 s*ool1 & q ano!r 9 families ( lit]>y ta/es & habits ) :om ! range ( ?\ght is 9 a great measure dep5d5t on books4 ,9 su* families ! *ildr5 le>n to read z surely z !y le>n to talk4 ,!y mo/ly h access to books :i* !y read to !mselves = pleasure2 & ( c\rse x is absurdly untrue to say t !y le>n no?+ b words & d n ?9k4 ,9 my op9ion x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! _w ( fiction into :i* _! read+ gives !m ! entre does n )draw !m too mu* f ! actual _w 9 :i* !y live4 ,! eld]s f9d x v conv5i5t :5 ! *ild c always be dep5d$ on to amuse himself ) a book2 b noise & motion contribute m to heal? ( body & p]haps ( m9d also4 ,:ile *ildr5 ( well-to-d p>5ts (t5 read too mu*1 ! *ildr5 ( our s*ools 8"u gov]nm5t0 h>dly get a notion :at read+ is4 ,9 ^! s*ools 8read+0 always /&s = vocal read+1 & ! p[] & ! habit ( us+ books = pleasure or = k 7o!r ?an v]bal7 are little cultivat$4 #adj 8,il veut t\t t\*]1 t\t mani]2 ne v\s opposez po9t cette inquitude2 elle lui suggre un appr5tissage trs-ncessaire4 ,c'e/ a9si qu'il appr5d s5tir la *aleur1 le froid1 la duret1 la mollesse1 la pesanteur1 la lgret des corps2 jug] de leur gr&eur1 de leur figure et de t\tes leurs qualits s5sibles1 en reg>dant1 palpant1 c\tant1 surt\t en comp>ant la vue au t\*]1 en e/imant l'il la s5sation qu'ils f]ai5t s\s ses doigts40 m4 j41 #dc4 #ada 8,voyez un *at entr] p\r la premire fois dans une *ambre3 il visite1 il reg>de1 il flaire1 il ne re/e pas un mom5t en repos1 il ne se fie ri5 qu'aprs avoir t\t exam91 t\t connu4 ,a9si fait un enfant comm5ant m>*]1 et entrant p\r a9si dire dans l'espace du monde4 ,t\te la diffr5ce e/ qu' la vue1 commune l'enfant et au *at1 le premi] jo9t1 p\r obs]v]1 les ma9s que lui donna la nature1 et l'autre l'odorat subtil dont elle l'a d\4 ,cette disposition1 bi5 ou mal cultive1 e/ ce qui r5d les enfants adroits ou l\rds1 pesants ou dispos1 t\rdis ou prud5ts4 ,les premi]s m\vem5ts naturels de l'homme tant donc de se mesur] avec t\t ce qui l'environne1 et d'pr\v] dans *aque objet qu'il ap]oit t\tes les qualits s5sibles qui peuv5t se rapport] lui1 sa premire tude e/ une sorte de physique exprim5tale relative sa propre cons]vation1 et dont on le dt\rne p> des tudes spculatives avant qu'il ait reconnu sa place ici-bas4 ,t&is que ses organes dlicats et flexibles peuv5t s'aju/] aux corps sur lesquels ils doiv5t agir1 t&is que ses s5s encore purs sont exempts d'illusion1 c'e/ le temps d'ex]c] les uns et les autres aux fonctions qui leur sont propres2 c'e/ le temps d'appr5dre connatre les rapports s5sibles que les *oses ont avec n\s4 ,comme t\t ce qui entre dans l'ent5dem5t huma9 y vi5t p> les s5s1 la premire raison de l'homme e/ une raison s5sitive2 c'elle qui s]t de base la raison intellectuelle3 nos premi]s matres de philosophie sont nos pi$s1 nos ma9s1 nos yeux4 ,sub/itu] des livres t\t cela1 ce n'e/ pas n\s appr5dre raisonn]1 c'e/ n\s appr5dre n\s s]vir de la raison d'autrui2 c'e/ n\s appr5dre beauc\p croire1 et ne jamais ri5 savoir4 ,p\r ex]c] un art1 il faut comm5c] p> s'en procur] les in/rum5ts2 et1 p\r p\voir employ] utilem5t ces in/rum5ts1 il faut les faire assez solides p\r rsi/] leur usage4 ,p\r appr5dre p5s]1 il faut donc ex]c] nos membres1 nos s5s1 nos organes1 qui sont les in/rum5ts de notre intellig5ce2 et p\r tir] t\t le p>ti possible de ces in/rum5ts1 il faut que le corps1 qui les f\rnit1 soit robu/e et sa94 ,a9si1 lo9 que la vritable raison de l'homme se =me indp5damm5t du corps1 c'e/ la bonne con/itution du corps qui r5d les oprations de l'esprit faciles et sres40 m4 ij41 #abc4 #adb 8,ex]c] les s5s n'e/ pas seulem5t en faire usage1 c'e/ appr5dre bi5 jug] p> eux1 c'e/ appr5dre1 p\r a9si dire1 s5tir2 c> n\s ne savons ni t\*]1 ni voir1 ni ent5dre1 que comme n\s avons appris4 ,il y a un ex]cice purem5t naturel et mcanique1 qui s]t r5dre le corps robu/e sans donn] aucune prise au jugem5t3 nag]1 c\rir1 saut]1 f\ett] un sabot1 lanc] des pi]res2 t\t cela e/ =t bi53 mais n'avons-n\s que des bras et des jambes8 n'avons-n\s pas aussi des yeux1 des oreilles8 et ces organes sont-ils sup]flus l'usage des premi]s8 ,n'ex]cez donc pas seulem5t les =ces1 ex]cez t\s les s5s qui les dirig5t2 tirez de *acun d'eux t\t le p>ti possible1 puis vrifiez l'impression de l'un p> l'autre4 ,mesurez1 comptez1 pesez1 comp>ez40 m4 ij41 #acc4 #adc ,e4g4--,:at c be bett] ?an ?is ab\t family life8 8,l'attrait de la vie dome/ique e/ le meilleur contrepoison des mauvaises murs4 ,le tracas des enfants qu'on croit importun devi5t agrable2 il r5d le pre et la mre plus ncessaires1 plus *]s l'un l'autre2 il ress]re entre eux le li5 conjugal4 ,qu& la famille e/ vivante et anime1 les so9s dome/iques font la plus *re occupation de la femme et le plus d\x amusem5t du m>i4 ,a9si de ce seul abus corrig rsult]ait bi5tt une r=me gnrale2 bi5tt la nature aurait repris t\s ses droits4 ,qu'une fois les femmes r$evi5n5t mres bi5tt les hommes r$evi5dront pres et m>is40 m4 j41 #ag4 ,aga9 he says 9 a lett] quot$ by ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 7ij41 #aba7--8,l'habitude la plus d\ce qui puisse exi/] e/ celle de la vie dome/ique qui n\s ti5t plus prs de n\s qu'aucune autre40 ,we may say ( ,r\sseau :at mile says ( ! ,corsair3--8,il savait fond t\te la morale2 il n'y avait que la pratique qui lui manqut40 7m4 et ,s4 #fcf74 ,& yet he himself te/ifies3--8,nurses & mo!rs become atta*$ to *ildr5 by ! c>es !y devote to !m2 x is ! ex]cise ( ! social virtues t c>ries ! love ( humanity to ! bottom ( our he>ts2 x is 9 do+ good t "o becomes good2 ,i "k no exp]i5ce m c]ta9 ?an ?is3 ,les n\rrices1 les mres1 s'atta*5t aux enfants p> les so9s qu'elles leur r5d5t2 l'ex]cice des v]tus sociales porte au fond des curs l'am\r de l'humanit2 c'e/ en faisant le bi5 qu'on devi5t bon2 je ne connais po9t de pratique plus sure40 m4 iv41 #bia4 #add ,else:]e he ass]ts 9 8 fitful way t !re is inborn 9 ! he>t ( man a feel+ ( :at is j & unju/4 ,aga91 aft] all 8 praise ( negation he contradicts himself1 & says3 8,i d n suppose t he :o does n ne$ any?+ c love any?+2 & ,i d n suppose t he :o does n love any?+ c be happy3 ,je ne conois pas que celui qui n'a beso9 de ri5 puisse aim] quelque *ose2 je ne conois pas que celui qui n'aime ri5 puisse tre heureux40 m4 iv41 #beb4 #ade ,?is "p ( ,r\sseau's s*eme is well discuss$ by ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 7,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 vol4 ij474 ,! foll[+ passage is /rik+3 8,h[ is x t ,madame ,neck]-,saussure und]/ood ! *ild bett] ?an ,r\sseau did8 ,%e saw 9 ! *ild two ?+s1 a creation & a gr\nd-plan1 some?+ f9i%$ & some?+ begun1 a p]fection :i* prep>es ! way = ano!r p]fection1 a *ild & a man4 ,god1 ,:o has put toge!r human life 9 sev]al pieces1 has will$1 x is true1 t all ^! pieces %\ld be relat$ to ea* o!r2 b ,he has also will$ t ea* ( !m %\ld be complete 9 itself1 s t e /age ( life has :at x ne$s z ! object ( t p]iod1 & also :at x ne$s to br+ 9 ! p]iod t comes next4 ,wond]ful union ( aims & means :i* %ews itself at e /ep 9 creation6 ,9 ev]y?+ !re is aim & also means1 ev]y?+ exi/s = itself & also = t :i* lies beyond x6 7,t\t e/ b et t\t e/ moy52 t\t e/ absolu et t\t e/ relatif470 ,j4 ,j4 ,r41 ij41 #aea4 #adf 8,je n'aime po9t les explications en disc\rs2 les jeunes g5s y font peu d'att5tion et ne les reti5n5t gure4 ,les *oses6 les *oses6 ,je ne rpt]ai jamais assez que n\s donnons trop de p\voir aux mots3 avec notre ducation babill>de n\s ne faisons que des babill>ds40 m4 iij41 #aih4 #adg 8,=c d'appr5dre de lui-mme1 il use de sa raison et non de celle d'autrui2 c>1 p\r ne ri5 donn] l'op9ion1 il ne faut ri5 donn] l'autorit2 et la plup>t de nos erreurs n\s vi5n5t bi5 mo9s de n\s que des autres4 ,de cet ex]cice cont9uel il doit rsult] une vigueur d'esprit semblable celle qu'on donne au corps p> le travail et p> la fatigue4 ,un autre avantage e/ qu'on n'avance qu' proportion de ses =ces4 ,l'esprit1 non plus que le corps1 ne porte que ce qu'il peut port]4 ,qu& l'ent5dem5t s'approprie les *oses avant de les dpos] dans la mmoire1 ce qu'il en tire ensuite e/ lui3 au lieu qu'en sur*>geant la mmoire1 son insu1 on s'expose n'en jamais ri5 tir] qui lui soit propre40 m4 iij41 #bce4 #adh 8,sans contr$it on pr5d des notions bi5 plus claires et bi5 plus sres des *oses qu'on appr5d a9si de soi-mme1 que de celles qu'on ti5t des enseignem5ts d'autrui2 et1 outre qu'on n'acc\tume po9t sa raison se s\mettre s]vilem5t l'autorit1 l'on se r5d plus +nieux tr\v] des rapports1 li] des ides1 inv5t] des in/rum5ts1 que qu&1 adoptant t\t cela tel qu'on n\s le donne1 n\s laissons affaiss] notre esprit dans la non*alance1 comme le corps d'un homme qui1 t\j\rs habill1 *auss1 s]vi p> ses g5s et tran p> ses *evaux1 p]d la f9 la =ce et l'usage de ses membres4 ,boileau se vantait d'avoir appris ,rac9e rim] difficilem5t4 ,p>mi tant d'admirables m?odes p\r abrg] l'tude des sci5ces1 n\s aurions gr& beso9 que quelqu'un n\s en donnt une p\r les appr5dre avec ef=t40 m4 iij41 #aic4 #adi ,i avail myself ( ! old sub/antival use ( ! ^w elem5t>y to express its ,g]man equival5t ,elem5t>bu*4 #aej 8,:o has n met ) "s exp]i5ce su* z ?is8 ,a *ild ) an active & inquir+ m9d accu/om$ to *att] ab\t ev]y?+ t int]e/s him is s5t to s*ool4 ,9 a few weeks 8 vivacity is ext+ui%$1 8 abundance ( talk has dri$ up4 ,if y ask him ab\t 8 /udies1 if y desire him to give y a specim5 ( :at he has le>nt1 he repeals to y 9 a s+-song voice "s rule = ! =mation ( t5ses or "s recipe = spell+ words4 ,su* are ! results ( ! tea*+ :i* %\ld be ( all tea*+ ! mo/ fruitful & ! mo/ attractive60 ,translat$ f ,quelques ,mots1 c41 by ,m4 ,bral4 #aea ,9 ^! visits he obs]v$ h[ ! *ildr5 suff]$ f work+ 9 factories4 ,^! obs]vations influ5c$ him 9 aft] ye>s4 #aeb ,9 ^! aphorisms ,pe/alozzi /ates ! ma9 pr9ciples at "w 9 8 own m9d2 b ?is b>e /atem5t is n well suit$ to communicate ^! pr9ciples to ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,= mo/ read]s ! aphorisms h z little attraction z ! enunciations1 say1 ( a book ( ,euclid w\ld h = ^? :o knew no geometry4 ,b z 8 future life 0 guid$ by ! pr9ciples he has =mulat$ 9 ?is pap] x seems necess>y = u to be> "s ( ^! 9 m9d4 ,:at he ma9ly insi/s ^u is t all wise guidance mu/ proce$ f a k ( ! nature ( ! creature to be guid$2 fur!r t !re is a simple wisdom :i* mu/ direct ! c\rse ( all m54 8,! pa? ( ,nature10 says he1 8:i* br+s out ! p[]s ( m5 mu/ be op5 & pla92 & human education to true peace-giv+ wisdom mu/ be simple & available = all4 ,nature br+s out all m5's p[]s by practice1 & _! increase spr+s f use40 ,! p[]s ( *ildr5 %\ld be /r5g!n$ by ex]cise on :at is close at h&2 & ?is %\ld be done )\t h>dness or pressure4 ,a =c$ & rigid sequ5ce 9 in/ruction is n ,nature's me?od1 says he3 ?is w\ld make m5 "o-sid$1 & tru? w\ld n p5etrate freely & s(tly into _! :ole be+4 ,! pure feel+ = tru? gr[s 9 a small area2 & human wisdom mu/ be gr\nd$ on a p]ception ( our close/ relation%ips1 & mu/ %[ itself 9 skill$ managem5t ( our ne>e/ conc]ns4 ,ev]y?+ we d aga9/ our consci\sness ( "r weak5s our p]ception ( tru? & di/urbs ! purity ( our fundam5tal conceptions & exp]i5ces4 ,on ?is acc\nt all wisdom ( man re/s 9 ! /r5g? ( a good he>t t foll[s aft] tru?1 & all ! bless+ ( man 9 ! s5se ( simplicity & innoc5ce4 ,peace ( m9d mu/ be ! outcome ( "r tra9+4 ,to get out ( 8 surr\nd+s all he ne$s = life & enjoym5t1 to be pati5t1 pa9/ak+1 & 9 e difficulty tru/ful 9 ! love ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 ?is comes ( a man's true education to wisdom4 ,no?+ conc]ns ! human race s closely & intimately z--,god4 8,god z ,fa!r ( ?y h\sehold1 z s\rce ( ?y bless+--,god z ?y ,fa!r2 9 ?is belief ?\ f9de/ re/ & /r5g? & wisdom1 :i* no viol5ce nor ! grave itself c ov]?r[40 ,belief 9 ,god :i* is a "p ( our nature1 l ! s5se ( "r & wrong & ! feel+ we c nev] qu5* ( :at is j & unju/1 mu/ be made ! f\ndation 9 educat+ ! human race4 ,! subject ( t belief is t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( m51 m5 are ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,to ?is div9e relation%ip ,pe/alozzi ref]s all human relation%ips z ^? ( p>5t & *ild1 ( rul] & subject4 ,! prie/ is appo9t$ to decl>e ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( m54 ,! only text ,i h se5 is t repr9t$ by ,raum] 7,ges*4 d4 ,pd474 ,f ,otto ,fis*] 7,wi*tig/e ,pdagog571 ,i le>n t ?is is ! edition ( #ahjg1 :i* diff]s1 at lea/ by omission1 f ! orig9al ( #aghj4 #aec ,!re are n[ f\r p>ts1 fir/ publi%$ respectively 9 #agha1 #aghc1 #aghe1 & #aghg 7,o4 ,fis*]74 ,! ,engli% translation 9 two small vols4 7#ahbe7 ends ) ! ,fir/ ,"p1 b ,miss ,eva ,*ann+ has rec5tly s\ght to weld ! f\r p>ts into "o 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4--,d4,c4 ,hea? ,co471 & 9 ?is =m ! book seems to me n only v in/ructive b v ent]ta9+ also4 ,n _m read]s :o look into x w fail to rea* ! end1 & few are ! books connect$ ) education ( :i* ?is c\ld prud5tly be ass]t$4 8,all good tea*]s %\ld read x ) c>e10 says ,/anley ,hall 9 8 ,introduction1 & if !y ?us read x & cat* any?+ ( ! _s ( ,pe/alozzi bo? !y & _! pupils w h reason to rejoice4 #aed ,9 ! pages ( ?is ,j\rnal ,pe/alozzi taught t x 0 8! dome/ic virtues :i* det]m9e ! happ9ess ( a nation40 ,aga9 he says3 8,on ! ?rone & 9 ! cottage man has equal ne$ ( religion1 & becomes ! mo/ wret*$ be+ on ! e>? if he =get 8 ,god40 8,! *ild at 8 "m's brea/ is weak] & m dep5d5t ?an any creature on e>?1 & yet he already feels ! fir/ moral impressions ( love & gratitude40 8,morality is no?+ b a result ( ! developm5t ( ! fir/ s5tim5ts ( love & gratitude felt by ! infant4 ,! fir/ developm5t ( ! *ild's p[]s %\ld come f 8 p>ticipation 9 ! "w ( 8 home2 = ?is "w is :at 8 p>5ts und]/& be/1 :at mo/ absorbs _! att5tion1 & :at !y c be/ tea*4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 n s1 "w und]tak5 to supply real ne$s w\ld be j z truly ! sure/ f\ndation ( a good education4 ,to engage ! att5tion ( ! *ild1 to ex]cise 8 judgm5t1 to raise 8 he>t to noble s5tim5ts1 ^! ,i ?9k ! *ief ends ( education3 & h[ c ^! ends be rea*$ s surely z by tra9+ ! *ild z e>ly z possible 9 ! v>i\s daily duties ( dome/ic life80 ,x w\ld seem !n t at ?is "t ,pe/alozzi 0 = bas+ education on dome/ic lab\r & w\ld tea* ! *ild to be useful4 ,b x is h>d to see h[ ?is pr9ciple c\ld always be appli$4 #aee ,"o ( ^! ,i h already giv5 7supra p4 #bib74 ,i w give ano!r1 n z by any means "o ( ! be/1 b z a fit companion to ,r\sseau's 8two dogs40 8#bf4 ,,! ,,two ,,colts4 8,two colts z l z two eggs1 fell into diff]5t h&s4 ,"o 0 b\ght by a peasant ^: only ?\ght 0 to h>ness x to 8 pl\gh z soon z possible3 ?is "o turn$ out a bad horse4 ,! o!r fell to ! lot ( a man :o by look+ aft] x well & tra9+ x c>efully1 made a noble /e$ ( x1 /rong & mettlesome4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs1 if y\r *ildr5's faculties are n c>efully tra9$ & direct$ "r1 !y w become n only useless1 b hurtful2 & ! great] ! faculties ! great] ! dang]40 ,comp>e ,r\sseau3 8,j look at ^? two dogs2 !y are ( ! same litt]1 !y h be5 br\ght up & treat$ precisely alike1 !y h nev] be5 sep>at$2 & yet "o ( !m is %>p1 lively1 affectionate1 & v intellig5t3 ! o!r is dull1 lumpi%1 surly1 & nobody c\ld ev] tea* him any?+4 ,simply a diff]5ce ( temp]am5t has produc$ 9 !m a diff]5ce ( "*1 j z a simple diff]5ce ( our int]ior organisation produces 9 u a diff]5ce ( m9d40 ,n4 ,hloise4 #eme ,p4 ,lettre iii4 #aef ,pe/alozzi 0 ) ! *ildr5 at ,/anz only dur+ ! fir/ half ( #agii4 #aeg ,z ,pe/alozzi wrote to ,gessn] 7,h[ ,g]trude1 c473 8,y see /reet-gossip is n always entirely wrong2 ,i really c\ld n write prop]ly1 nor read1 nor reckon4 ,b p always jump to wrong conclusions f su* #8notori\s facts4' ,at ,/anz y saw t ,i c\ld tea* writ+ )\t myself be+ able to write prop]ly40 ,he "h anticipates a p>adox ( ,jacotot's4 #aeh ,ye>s aft]w>ds ,napoleon1 ?\gh he c\ld n =esee ,s$an1 got a notion t aft] all !re 0 some?+ 9 ,pe/alozzi2 & t ! aim ( ! sy/em 0 to put ! fre$om & developm5t ( ! individual 9 ! place ( ! me*anical r\t9e ( ! old s*ools1 :i* t5d$ to produce a mass ( dull uni=mity4 ,) ?is aim1 z ,guimps says1 ,napoleon 0 q out ( sympa?y1 & :5ev] ! subject 0 m5tion$ he w\ld say1 8,! ,pe/alozzians are ,jesuits02 ?us v inaccurately express+ an accurate notion t !re 0 m 9 !m ?an c\ld be und]/ood at ! fir/ glance4 #aei ,pe/alozzi _h f ?is c\ntry "s m disc]n+ visitors1 e4g41 ,j4 ,p4 ,greaves1 to :om ,pe/alozzi address$ ,lett]s1 :i* 7 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 also ,dr4 ,mayo1 :o 0 at ,yv]dun ) 8 pupils = ?ree ye>s f #ahah & aft]w>ds conduct$ a celebrat$ ,pe/alozzian s*ool at ,*eam4 ,dr4 ,mayo 9 #ahbf lectur$ on ,pe/alozzi's sy/em at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,sir ,jas4 ,kay-,%uttlewor? & ,mr4 ,tufnell also drew att5tion to x 9 ! 8,m9utes ( ,c\ncil on ,education40 #afj ,! disciple is n above 8 ma/]1 & if p>5ts & tea*]s are )\t sympa?y & religi\s feel+ ! *ildr5 w also be )\t fai? & love4 ,?is _c be urg$ too /rongly on ^? :o h *>ge ( ! "y4 ,b !re is no te/ by :i* we c asc]ta9 t a ma/] has ^! ess5tial qualifications4 ,z 9 ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry ! unfit c be %ut out only by _! own consci5ces4 ,b let no "o ?9k to und]/& education if he loses sight ( :at ,joseph ,payne has call$ 8,pe/alozzi's simple b pr(\nd discov]y--! tea*] mu/ h a he>t40 8,s\l is k9dl$ only by s\l10 says ,c>lyle2 8to tea* religion ! fir/ ?+ ne$ful & also ! la/ & only ?+ is f9d+ ( a man :o has religion4 ,all else foll[s40 #afa ,9 #ahgb1 a ,congress 9 :i* m ?an #aj1jjj ,g]man elem5t>y tea*]s 7 repres5t$1 petition$ ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t = 8! organization ( tra9+ s*ools 9 accordance ) ! p$agogic pr9ciples ( ,pe/alozzi1 :i* =m]ly enjoy$ s mu* fav\r 9 ,prussia & s visibly contribut$ to ! reg5]ation ( ! c\ntry40 #afb ,did ,pe/alozzi make due all[ance = ! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* e *ild inh]its8 ,croom ,rob]tson 9 8,h[ we came by our ,k0 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,no4 #a1 ,m>*1 #ahgg71 )\t m5tion+ ,pe/alozzi1 seems to diff] f him4 ,croom ,rob]tson says t 8,*ildr5 be+ born into ! _w are born into society1 & are act$ on by ov]p[]+ social influ5ces be=e !y h any *ance ( be+ _! prop] selves4444 ,! words & s5t5ces t fall ^u a *ild's e> & are soon ^u 8 lips1 express n s mu* 8 subjective exp]i5ce z ! common exp]i5ce ( 8 k9d1 :i* becomes z x 7 an objective rule or measure to :i* 8 %all con=m4444 ,he does1 he mu/1 accept :at he is told2 & 9 g5]al he is only too glad to f9d 8 own exp]i5ce 9 accordance ) x4444 ,we use our incid5tal1 by :i* ,i mean our natural subjective exp]i5ce1 ma9ly to deciph] & v]ify ! ready-made s*eme ( k t is giv5 u en bloc ) ! words ( our "m-tongue0 7pp4 #aag1 #aah74 #afc ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ difficult problems 9 tea*+ is ?is3--,h[ long %\ld ! beg9n] be kept to ! rudim5ts8 ,) "y *ildr51 to :om ideas come fa/1 ! ma9 ?+ is no d\bt to take c>e t ^! ideas become di/9ct & are made 8! intellectual prop]ty0 ( ! le>n]s4 ,b aft] a ye> or two *ildr5 w be impati5t to 8get on10 & if !y seem 8m>k+ "t0 w be bor$ & disc\rag$4 ,!n aga9 9 "s subjects ! elem5t>y p>ts seem cle> only to ^? :o h a conception ( ! :ole4 ,z ,did]ot says 9 a passage ,i h se5 quot$ f ,le ,neveu de ,rameau1 8,il faut tre pr(ond dans l'art ou dans la sci5ce p\r en bi5 possd] les lm5ts40 8,c'e/ le milieu et la f9 qui clairciss5t les tnbres du comm5cem5t40 ,! greate/ 8coa*0 9 ,cambridge us$ to 8ru%0 8 m5 ?r\gh _! subjects & !n g back aga9 = ?or\gh le>n+4 ,to be sure1 ! 8sci5tific me?od0 suitable = "y m5 diff]s greatly f ! 8heuri/ic0 or 8me?od ( inve/igation10 :i* is be/ = *ildr54 7,see ,joseph ,payne's ,lecture on ,pe/alozzi47 ,b ev5 ) *ildr5 we %\ld be> 9 m9d ,niemey]'s caution1 8,?or\ghness itself may become sup]ficial by exagg]ation2 = x may keep too long to a "p & 9 ?is way fail to complete & give any notion ( ! :ole0 7,quot$ by ,o4 ,fis*]1 ,wi*tig/e ,pd4 #bac74 #afd ,ne>ly #bj ye>s ago 7#ahga7 appe>$ a pap] on 8,elem5t>y ,national ,education0 9 :i* 8,john ,p>k91 ,m4,d410 advocat$ mak+ all our elem5t>y s*ools indu/rial1 n only = practical purposes1 b /ill m = ! sake ( physical education4 ,! pap] attract$ no notice at ! "t1 b n[ we are beg9n+ to see t ! body is conc]n$ 9 education z well z ! m9d1 & t ! m9d le>ns ?r\gh x 8)\t book40 ,! application ( ?is tru? w br+ ab\t _m *anges4 #afe ,h]b>t1 :5 he visit$ ,pe/alozzi at ,burgdorf1 obs]v$ t ?\gh ,pe/alozzi's k9dness 0 app>5t to all1 he took no pa9s 9 8 tea*+ to mix ! dulce ) ! utile4 ,he nev] talk$ to ! *ildr51 or jok$1 or gave !m an anecdote4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n surprise ,h]b>t1 ^: own exp]i5ce _h taught him t :5 ! subject requires e>ne/ att5tion ! *ildr5 d n l x ! bett] = ! tea*]'s 8fun40 8,! feel+ ( cle> appreh5sion10 says he1 8,i held to be ! only g5u9e condim5t ( in/ruction0 7,h]b>t's ,pd4 ,s*rift51 ed4 by ,o4 ,willmann1 j4 #hi74 #aff ,fir/ look to himself1 b !re may be o!r causes ( failure z well4 ,! great ?+ is nev] to put up cont5t$ly1 or ev5 discont5t$ly1 ) failure4 ,9 tea*+ classes ( lads f t5 to sixte5 ye>s old1 :5 ,i h f\nd ! lessons 9 any subject 7 n go+ well1 ,i h sometimes tak5 ! class into my confid5ce1 told !m t !y no d\bt felt z ,i did t ?is lesson 0 a dull "o1 & ask$ !m ea* to put on pap] :at he consid]$ to be ! reasons1 & also to make any sugge/ions t occurr$ to him4 ,9 ?is way ,i h got "s v good h9ts1 & ,i h always be5 help$ 9 my ef=t to und]/& h[ ! "w seem$ to ! pupils4 ,e tea*] %\ld make ?is ef=t4 ,z ,pe/alozzi says1 8,c\ld we conceive ! indescribable t$ium :i* mu/ oppress ! "y m9d :ile ! we>y h\rs are sl[ly pass+ away "o aft] ano!r 9 occupations :i* x c nei!r reli% nor und]/& 444 we %\ld no long] be surpris$ at ! remissness ( ! s*oolboy creep+ l snail unwill+ly to s*ool0 7,to ,g41 xxx1 #aej74 #afg ,) ,morf's summ+-up x is int]e/+ to comp>e ,joseph ,payne's1 giv5 at ! end ( 8 lecture on ,pe/alozzi3 ,i4 ,! pr9ciples ( education are n to be devis$ ab extra2 !y are to be s\ght = 9 human nature4 ,,ii4 ,?is nature is an organic nature--a plexus ( bodily1 intellectual & moral capabilities1 ready = developm5t1 & /ruggl+ to develop !mselves4 ,,iii4 ,! education conduct$ by ! =mal educator has bo? a negative & a positive side4 ,! negative function ( ! educator consi/s 9 remov+ imp$im5ts1 s z to af=d free scope = ! le>n]'s self-developm5t4 ,8 positive function is to /imulate ! le>n] to ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]s1 to furni% mat]ials & occasion = ! ex]cise1 & to sup]9t5d & ma9ta9 ! action ( ! ma*9]y4 ,,iv4 ,self-developm5t beg9s ) ! impressions receiv$ by ! m9d f ext]nal objects4 ,^! impressions 7call$ s5sations71 :5 ! m9d becomes consci\s ( !m1 gr\p !mselves into p]ceptions4 ,^! are regi/]$ 9 ! m9d z conceptions or ideas1 & con/itute t elem5t>y k :i* is ! basis ( all k4 ,v4 ,spontaneity & self-activity are ! necess>y conditions "u :i* ! m9d educates itself & ga9s p[] & indep5d5ce4 ,,vi4 ,practical aptness or faculty1 dep5ds m on habits ga9$ by ! assidu\s (t-repeat$ ex]cise ( ! le>n]'s active p[]s ?an on k alone4 ,kn[+ & do+ 7,wiss5 und ,knn57 mu/1 h[ev]1 proce$ toge!r4 ,! *ief aim ( all education 7includ+ in/ruction7 is ! developm5t ( ! le>n]'s p[]s4 ,,vii4 ,all education 7includ+ in/ruction7 mu/ be gr\nd$ on ! le>n]'s own obs]vation 7,ans*auung7 at fir/ h&--on 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! true basis ( all 8 k4 ,fir/ ! reality1 !n ! symbol2 fir/ ! ?+1 !n ! ^w1 n vice v]s4 ,,viii4 ,t :i* ! le>n] has ga9$ by 8 own obs]vation 7,ans*auung7 & :i*1 z a "p ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 is incorporat$ ) 8 m9d1 he kn[s & c describe or expla9 9 8 own words4 ,8 compet5cy to d ?is is ! measure ( ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vation1 & consequ5tly ( 8 k4 ,,ix4 ,p]sonal exp]i5ce necessitates ! advancem5t ( ! le>n]'s m9d f ! ne> & actual1 ) :i* he is 9 contact1 & :i* he c deal ) himself1 to ! m remote2 !re=e f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f p>ticul>s to g5]als1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,?is is ! me?od ( elem5t>y education2 ! opposite proce$+--! usual proce$+ ( our traditional tea*+--leads ! m9d f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 f g5]als to p>ticul>s1 f ! unkn[n to ! kn[n4 ,?is latt] is ! ,sci5tific me?od--a me?od suit$ only to ! advanc$ le>n]1 :o x assumes is already tra9$ by ! ,elem5t>y me?od4 #afh ,mo/ p>5ts d n seem to ?9k ) ,jean ,paul1 8,if we reg>d all life z an educational in/itution1 a circumnavigator ( ! _w is less influ5c$ by all ! nations he has se5 ?an by 8 nurse40 7,levana1 quot$ 9 ,morley's ,r\sseau47 #afi ,i w quote ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is "w :i* is /ill consid]$ m5tal pabulum suit$ to ! dige/ions ( "y ladies & *ildr53-- 8,"n "s ( ! mo/ ,anci5t ,k+doms4--,*alda1 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,*9a 9 ,asia1 & ,egypt 9 ,africa4 ,nimrod1 ! gr&son ( ,ham1 is suppos$ to h f\nd$ ! fir/ ( ^! ,b4,c4 #bbba1 z well z ! fam\s cities ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh2 8 k+dom be+ )9 ! f]tile pla9s ( ,*alda1 ,*alontis1 & ,assyria1 0 ( small ext5t comp>$ ) ! va/ empires t aft]w>ds arose f x1 b includ$ sev]al l>ge cities4 ,9 ! di/rict call$ ,babylonia 7 ! cities ( ,babylon1 ,b>sta1 ,idic>ra1 & ,vologsia10 c41 c4 #agj ,i %all always feel gratitude & affection = ! two old ladies 7si/]s7 to :om ,i 0 entru/$ ov] half a c5tury ago4 ,m truly ,*ri/ian wom5 ,i nev] met )4 ,b ( ! sci5ce & art ( education !y 7 totally ignorant2 & moreov] ! premises !y occupi$ 7 unfit = a s*ool4 ,z all ! boys 7 "u t5 ye>s old1 x w seem /range1 b is alas6 too true1 t !re 7 vices among !m :i* are suppos$ to be unkn[n to *ildr5 & :i* if discov]$ w\ld h made ! old ladies close _! s*ool4 ,! want ( subjects 9 :i* ! *ildr5 c take a heal?y int]e/ w 9 a great measure acc\nt = ! spread ( evil 9 su* s*ools4 ,on ?is po9t "s mi/resses & mo/ p>5ts are dang]\sly ignorant4 #aga ,hav+ wat*$ ! 8tea*+0 ( pupil-tea*]s1 ,i f9d t "s ( !m 7,i may say _m7 nev] address m ?an "o *ild at a "t1 & nev] attempt to ga9 ! att5tion ( m ?an a s+le *ild4 ,s1 by a v simple calculation1 we c get at ! maximum "t ea* *ild is 8"u in/ruction40 ,if ! pupil-tea*] has b ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! pupils = :om ! ,dep>tm5t supposes him 8suffici5t10 ea* *ild _c be "u in/ruction m ?an two m9utes 9 ! h\r4 ,! re/ ( ! "t ! *ildr5 mu/ sit quiet1 or be cuff$ if !y d n4 ,:at is call$ 8simultane\s0 tea*+ 91 say1 read+1 consi/s 9 ! pupil-tea*] read+ f ! book1 & z he pron\nces ea* ^w1 ! *ildr5 %\t x aft] him2 b no "o except ! pupil-tea*] kn[s ! place 9 ! book4 ,b p]haps ! dang]s f employ+ boys & girls to tea* & gov]n *ildr5 are great] morally ?an intellectually4 ,:e!r he report on x or n1 ! ,inspector has less influ5ce on ! moral tra9+ ?an ! y\nge/ pupil-tea*]4 ,*ann+ has well said3 8,a *ild compell$ = six h\rs ea* day to see ! c\nt5ance & he> ! voice ( an unfeel+1 petulant1 passionate1 unju/ tea*] is plac$ 9 a s*ool ( vice40 ,^? :o h nev] taught day aft] day1 week aft] week1 mon? aft] mon?1 little "k :at dem&s s*ool-"w makes on ! temp] & ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,! h>%e/ tyrants are usually ^? :o are rais$ b a little way above ^? :om !y h to control2 & :5 ,i ?9k ( ! pupil-tea*] ) 8 =ty pupils to keep 9 ord]1 ,i he>tily pity bo? him & !m4 ,is !re n too mu* reason to fe> le/ 9 _m cases ! s*ool %\ld prove = bo? :at ,*ann+ has well describ$ z 8a s*ool ( vice08 7,r4 ,h4 ,q4 9 ,spectator1 #a/ ,m>*1 #ahij47 #agb ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ano!r 8,new ,code0 has appe>$ 7,m>*1 #ahij71 9 :i* ! sy/em ( measur+ by 8passes10 a sy/em ma9ta9$ 79 spite ( ! remon/rances ( all int]e/$ 9 education7 = ne>ly #cj ye>s1 is at l5g? ab&on$4 ,we are c]ta9ly travell+1 h[ev] sl[ly1 away f ,mr4 ,l[e4 ,f> z we are /ill f ,pe/alozzi !re seems reason to hope t ! di/ance is dim9i%+4 #agc ,?is %ort sket* ( ,froebel's life is ma9ly tak51 ) ,messrs4 ,black's p]mission1 f ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 = :i* ,i wrote x4 #agd ,?is (fice 0 fir/ fill$ by ,lange?al & aft]w>ds by ,f]d9& ,froebel4 ,i le>n$ ?is at ,burgdorf f ,h]r ,pf>r] ,heu]1 ^: fa!r _h himself be5 ,wais5vat]4 #age ,= ?is quotation1 & = mu* besides 7z w appe> lat] on71 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,c\r?ope ,b[54 ,see 8 pap] ,froebel's ,education ( ,man4 #agf ,! educator z tea*] has 8 activity limit$1 accord+ to ,de,garmo1 to ^! two ?+s2 87#a7 ,! prep>ation ( ! *ild's m9d = a rapid & effective assimilation ( new k2 7#b7 ,! pres5tation ( ! matt] ( in/ruction 9 su* ord] & mann] z w be/ conduce to ! mo/ effective assimilation0 7,ess5tials ( ,me?od by ,*as4 ,de,garmo1 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?1 #ahhi74 ,besides ?is he mu/ make 8 pupils use _! k bo? new & old1 & reproduce x 9 fre% connexions4 #agg 8,little *ildr510 says ,joseph ,payne1 8are sc>cely ev] cont5t$ ) simply do+ no?+2 & _! fidget9ess & unre/1 :i* (t5 give mo!rs & tea*]s s mu* anxiety1 are m]ely ! /ruggl+s ( ! s\l to get1 ?r\gh ! body1 "s employm5t = its p[]s4 ,supply ?is want1 give !m an object to "w ^u1 & y solve ! problem4 ,! div]g5ce & di/raction ( ! faculties cease z !y conv]ge ^u ! "w1 & ! m9d is at re/ 9 its v occupation40 ,v4 to ,g]man ,s*ools4 #agh ,i entirely agree ) ,joseph ,payne t :]e ! language spok5 is n ,g]man1 x w\ld be well to disc>d ,k9d]g>t51 ,k9d]grtn]1 & ,k9d]grtn]94 ,all :o h to d ) *ildr5 %\ld ma/] "s great pr9ciples taught by ,froebel1 b !re is no ne$ = !m to le>n ,g]man or to use ,g]man words4 ,! ,fr5* seem satisfi$ ) ,j>d9 d',enfants1 b we are n likely to be ) ,*ildr5-,g>d54 ,plays*ool might d4 #agi ,contra/ ?is ) :at has be5 said by an em95t ?9k] ( our "t3 8,no art ( equal importance to mank9d has be5 s little inve/igat$ sci5tifically z ! art ( tea*+40 ,sir ,h4 ,s4 ,ma9e1 quot$ 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,hoose's ,m4 ( ,tea*+4 #ahj ,"h ,jacotot's notion ( tea*+ rem9ds "o ( ! sophism quot$ by ,montaigne--8,a ,we/phalia ham makes a man dr9k4 ,dr9k qu5*es ?ir/4 ,!re=e a ,we/phalia ham qu5*es ?ir/40 #aha ,see ,h4 ,c\r?ope ,b[5 on 8,connect$ness 9 ,tea*+0 7,educational ,times1 ,june1 #ahij74 ,mr4 ,b[5 quotes f ,h4 ,sp5c]--8,k ( ! l[e/ k9d is un-unifi$ k3 sci5ce is p>tially unifi$ k3 philosophy is completely unifi$ k40 #ahb ,z ,i h said above 7p4 #hi7 ^! me?odiz]s 9 language-le>n+ may1 ) reg>d to ! fir/ /age1 be divid$ into two p>ties :i* ,i h call$ ,complete ,reta9]s & ,rapid ,impressioni/s4 ,two ,complete ,reta9]s1 ,rob]tson & ,pr5d]ga/1 h1 z x seems to me1 made1 s9ce ,jacotot1 a great advance on 8 me?od & t ( 8 pr$ecessor ,as*am4 ,z ,i h _h a good deal ( exp]i5ce ) beg9n]s 9 ,g]man1 ,i w give f an old lecture ( m9e ! ma9 conclusions at :i* ,i h arriv$3--8,my pr9ciple is to attack ! mo/ vital "p ( ! language1 & at fir/ to keep ! area small1 or r to enl>ge x v sl[ly2 b )9 t area ,i want to get z mu* v>iety z possible4 ,! /udy ( a book writt5 9 ! language %\ld be c>ri$ on p>i passu ) drill 9 its common inflexions4 ,n[ arises ! "q1 ,%\ld ! book be made ) ! object ( tea*+ ! language1 or %\ld x be select$ f ^? writt5 = o!r purposes8 ,i see mu* to be said on ei!r side4 ,! ?ree great facts we h to turn to acc\nt 9 tea*+ a language1 are ^!3--fir/1 a few words recur s con/antly t a k ( !m & grasp ( !m gives u a p[] 9 ! language q out ( proportion to _! numb]2 second1 l>ge classes ( words admit ( _m v>iations ( mean+ by inflection1 :i* v>iations we c und]/& f analogy2 ?ird1 comp\nd words are =m$ ad inf9itum on simple laws1 s t ! root ^w supplies ! key to a :ole family4 ,n[1 if ! book is writt5 by ! language-tea*]1 he has ! :ole language be=e him1 & he c make ! mo/ ( all ^! advantages4 ,he c use only ! important words ( ! language2 he c repeat !m 9 v>i\s connections2 he c br+ ! ma9 facts ( inflection & con/ruction be=e ! le>n] 9 a regul> ord]1 :i* is a great assi/ance to ! memory2 he c give ! simple words be=e introduc+ words comp\nd$ ( !m2 & he c provide t1 :5 a ^w occurs = ! fir/ "t1 ! le>n]s %all connect x ) its root mean+4 ,a %ort book secur+ all ^! advantages w\ld1 no d\bt1 be a v useful implem5t1 b ,i h nev] se5 su* a book4 ,almo/ all delectuses1 c41 bury ! le>n] ) a pile ( new words1 "u :i* he feels himself p[]less4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! book has yet to be writt54 ,& ev5 if x 7 writt51 ) ! greate/ success f a l+ui/ic po9t ( view1 x w\ld ( c\rse make no pret5sion to a mean+4 ,hav+ myself gone ?r\gh a c\rse ( ,ahn & ( ,oll5dorf1 ,i rememb]1 z a sort ( nightm>e1 innum]able que/ions & answ]s1 su* z 8,h y my ?read /ock+s8 ,no1 ,i h y\r wor/$ /ock+s40 ,/ill m repulsive are ! long s5t5ces ( ,mr4 ,pr5d]ga/3--8,h[ mu* mu/ ,i give to ! cabdriv] to take my fa!r to ! ,bank 9 ,new ,/reet be=e 8 second breakfa/1 & to br+ him home aga9 be=e half-pa/ two o'clock80 ,i _c =get ,voltaire's mot1 :i* has a good deal ( tru? 9 x1--8,e way is good b ! tiresome way40 ,& mo/ ( ! books writt5 = beg9n]s are inexpressibly tiresome4 ,no d\bt x w be said1 8,unless y adopt ! rapid-impressioni/ plan1 any book mu/ be tiresome4 ,:at is a mean+ at fir/ becomes no mean+ by frequ5t repetition40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r true4 ,i myself h taught ,niebuhr's ,h]o5ges*i*t5 = ye>s1 & ,i "k "s *apt]s by he>t2 b ! old tales ( ,jason & ,h]cules z !y are told 9 ,niebuhr's simple language d n bore me 9 ! lea/4 8,e9 ,begriff muss bei dem ,worte se910 says ! ,/ud5t 9 ,fau/2 & a notion--a v pleas+ notion1 too--rema9s to me ab\t e ^w 9 ! ,h]o5ges*i*t54 ,^!1 !n1 w\ld be my books to be work$ at ! same "t by a beg9n]1 say 9 ,g]man3--,a book = drill 9 ! pr9cipal inflexions1 foll[$ by ! ma9 facts ab\t g5d]1 c41 & a book l ! ,h]o5ges*i*t54 ,?is ,i w\ld h prep>$ v mu* aft] ! ,rob]tsonian mann]4 ,x %\ld be pr9t$1 z %\ld also ! ,prim]1 9 good-siz$ ,roman type2 ?\gh1 9 an app5dix1 "s ( x %\ld be repr9t$ 9 ,g]man type4 ,! book %\ld be divid$ into %ort lessons4 ,a translation ( ea* lesson %\ld be giv5 9 p>allel columns4 ,!n %\ld come a vocabul>y1 9 :i* all useful in=mation %\ld be giv5 ab\t ! really important words1 ! unimportant words be+ neglect$4 ,f9ally %\ld come v>iations1 & ex]cises 9 ! lessons2 & 9 ^! ! important words ( t & previ\s lessons %\ld be us$ exclusively4 ,! ex]cises %\ld be su* z ! pupils c\ld d 9 writ+ out ( s*ool1 & viv voce 9 s*ool4 ,!y %\ld be v easy--real ex]cises 9 :at is already kn[n1 n a s]ies ( l+ui/ic puzzles4 ,! object ( ! ex]cises1 & also ( a va/ numb] ( viv voce que/ions1 %\ld be to accu/om ! pupil to use 8 k readily4 7,b "s tea*]s1 "y tea*]s especially1 are always cross-exam9+1 & seem to !mselves to fail :5 _! que/ions are answ]$ )\t difficulty47 ,! e>1 ! voice1 ! h&1 %\ld all be practis$ on ea* lesson4 ,:5 ! con/ru+ is kn[n1 transcription ( ! ,g]man is n by any means to be despis$4 ,a good v>iety ( transcription is1 = ! tea*] to write ! ,g]man clause by clause on ! black-bo>d1 & rub out ea* clause be=e ! pupils beg9 to write x4 ,!n a kn[n piece may be prep>$ = dictation4 ,9 read+ ?is z dictation1 ! ma/] may introduce small v>iations1 to tea* 8 pupils to keep _! e>s op54 ,he may1 z ano!r ex]cise1 read ! ,g]man al\d1 & /op "h & !re = ! boys to give ! ,engli% ( ! la/ s5t5ce read2 or he may read to !m ei!r ! exact ,g]man 9 ! book or small v>iations on x1 & make ! pupils translate viv voce1 clause by clause4 ,he may !n ask que/ions on ! piece 9 ,g]man & require answ]s 9 ,engli%4 ,= ex]cises1 !re are _m devices by :i* ! pupil may be tra9$ to obs]vation1 & also be confirm$ 9 8 k ( back lessons4 ,! great tea*]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,wolf1 us$ to make 8 own *ildr5 asc]ta9 h[ _m times su* & su* a ^w occurr$ 9 su* & su* pages4 ,z ,m4 ,bral says1 *ildr5 are collectors by nature2 &1 act+ on ?is h9t1 we might say1 8,write 9 column all ! dative cases on pages a to c1 & give ! ,engli% & ! correspond+ nom9atives40 ,or1 8,copy f ^? pages all ! accusative prepositions ) ! accusatives aft] !m40 ,or1 8,write out ! pa/ p>ticiples1 ) _! inf9itives40 ,or1 8,translate su* & su* s5t5ces1 & expla9 !m ) ref]5ce to ! context40 ,or1 que/ions may be ask$ on ! subject-matt] ( ! book4 ,!re is no end to ! possible v>ieties ( su* ex]cises4 ,z soon z !y get any feel+ ( ! language1 ! pupils %\ld le>n by he>t "s easy poetry 9 x4 ,i %\ld recomm5d _! le>n+ ! ,engli% ( ! piece fir/1 & !n gett+ ! ,g]man viv voce f ! tea*]4 ,to quick5 ! ,g]man 9 _! m9ds1 ,i ?9k x is well to give !m 9 addition a ,g]man prose v]sion1 us+ almo/ ! same words4 ,v>iations ( ! m important s5t5ces %\ld be le>nt at ! same "t4 ,9 all ^! sugge/ions y w see :at ,i am aim+ at4 ,i wi% ! le>n] to get a feel+ (1 & a p[] ov]1 ! ma9 words ( ! language & ! ma*9]y 9 :i* !y are employ$4 #ahc ,i app5d 9 a note a passage f ! old edition ( ?is book ref]r+ to ! ,cambridge man ( =ty ye>s ago4 8,! typical ,cambridge man /udies ma!matics1 n because he likes ma!matics1 or d]ives any pleasure f ! p]ception ( ma!matical tru?1 /ill less ) ! notion ( ev] us+ 8 k2 b ei!r because1 if he is 8a good man10 he hopes = a fell[%ip1 or because1 if he _c aspire s high1 he consid]s read+ ! ?+ to d1 & f9ds a satisfaction 9 m5tal ef=t j z he does 9 a con/itutional to ! ,gogmagogs4 ,:5 su* a /ud5t takes 8 degree1 he is by no means a highly cultivat$ man2 b he is n ! sort ( man we c despise = all t4 ,he has 9 him1 to use "o ( 8 own metaphors1 a consid]able am\nt ( =ce1 :i* may be appli$ 9 any direction4 ,he has great p[] ( conc5tration & su/a9$ m5tal ef=t ev5 on subjects :i* are di/a/eful to him4 ,9 o!r words1 8 m9d is "u ! control ( 8 w1 & he c br+ x to be> promptly & vigor\sly on any?+ put be=e him4 ,he w sometimes be half ?r\gh a piece ( "w1 :ile an av]age ,oxonian 7z we ,cambridge m5 conceive ( him at lea/7 is ?9k+ ab\t beg9n+4 ,b 8 tra9+ has taught him to value m5tal =ce )\t tea*+ him to c>e ab\t its application4 ,p]haps he has be5 work+ at ! gymnasium1 & has at l5g? succe$$ 9 8putt+ up0 a hundr$weight4 ,9 le>n+ to d ?is1 he has be5 acquir+ /r5g? = its own sake4 ,he does n want to put up hundr$weights1 b simply to be able to put !m up1 & 8 rew>d is ! consci\sness ( p[]4 ,n[ ! tripos is a k9d ( competitive exam9ation 9 putt+ up weights4 ,! /ud5t :o has be5 tra9+ = x1 has acquir$ consid]able m5tal vig\r1 & :5 he has put up 8 weight he falls back on ! consci\sness ( /r5g? :i* he seldom ?9ks ( us+4 ,hav+ put up ! heavi]1 he despises ! light] weights4 ,he r prides himself on 8 ignorance ( su* ?+s z hi/ory1 mod]n languages1 & ,engli% lit]ature4 ,he 8c get ^? up 9 a few ev5+s10 :5ev] he wants !m4 ,he rem9ds me1 inde$1 ( a tradesman :o has work$ h>d to h a l>ge balance at 8 bank]'s4 ,?is done1 he is satisfi$4 ,he has nei!r ta/e nor desire = ! ?+s :i* make weal? valuable2 b :5 he sees o!r p 9 ! enjoym5t ( !m1 he hugs himself ) ! consci\sness t he c write a *eque = su* ?+s :5ev] he pleases40 #ahd ,on ?is int]e/+ subject ,i w quote ?ree m5 :o said no?+ inepte--,de ,morgan1 ,helps1 & ! fir/ ,sir ,james ,/eph54 ,de ,morgan1 speak+ ( ,jacotot's plan1 wrote3--8,!re is mu* tru? 9 ! ass]tion t new k hooks on easily to a little ( ! old ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,! day is com+ :5 x w be f\nd out t cramm$ erudition got up = exam9ation1 does n ca/ out any hooks = m40 7,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 p4 #c47 ,else:]e he says3--8,:5 ! /ud5t has occupi$ 8 "t 9 le>n+ a mod]ate portion ( _m diff]5t ?+s1 :at has he acquir$--ext5sive k or useful habits8 ,ev5 if he c be said to h v>i$ le>n+1 x w n long be true ( him1 = no?+ flies s quickly z half-dige/$ k2 & :5 ?is is gone1 !re rema9s b a sl5d] portion ( useful p[]4 ,a small quantity ( le>n+ quickly evaporates f a m9d :i* nev] held any le>n+ except 9 small quantities2 & ! intellectual philosoph] c p]haps expla9 ! foll[+ ph5om5on--t m5 :o h giv5 deep att5tion to "o or m lib]al /udies1 c le>n to ! end ( _! lives1 & are able to reta9 & apply v small quantities ( o!r k9ds ( k2 :ile ^? :o h nev] le>nt mu* ( any "o ?+ seldom acquire new k aft] !y atta9 to ye>s ( maturity1 & frequ5tly lose ! great] "p ( t :i* !y once possess$40 ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps 9 ,read+ 7,fri5ds 9 ,c47 says3--8,all ?+s are s connect$ toge!r t a man :o kn[s "o subject well1 _c1 if he w\ld1 h fail$ to h acquir$ mu* besides2 & t man w n be likely to keep few] pe>ls :o has a /r+ to put !m on ?an he :o picks !m up & ?r[s !m toge!r )\t me?od4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a v poor metaphor to repres5t ! matt]2 = :at ,i w\ld aim at produc+ n m]ely holds toge!r :at is ga9$1 b has vitality 9 itself--is always gr[+4 ,& anybody w confirm ?is :o 9 8 own case has _h any bran* ( /udy or human affairs to "w ^u2 = he mu/ h obs]v$ h[ all he meets seems to "w 9 )1 & assimilate itself to1 8 own peculi> subject4 ,dur+ 8 lonely walks1 or 9 society1 or 9 action1 x seems z if ?is "o pursuit 7 some?+ almo/ indep5d5t ( himself1 always on ! wat*1 & claim+ its %>e 9 :atev] is go+ on40 ,9 8 ,lecture on ,desultory & ,sy/ematic ,read+1 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 said3--8,le>n+ is a _w1 n a *aos4 ,! v>i\s accumulations ( human k are n s _m deta*$ masses4 ,!y are all connect$ p>ts ( "o great sy/em ( tru?1 & ?\gh t sy/em be inf9itely too compreh5sive = any "o ( u to compass1 yet ea* compon5t memb] ( x be>s to e o!r compon5t memb] relations :i* ea* ( u may1 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( /udy1 se>* out & discov] = himself4 ,a man is really & s\ndly le>n$ 9 exact proportion to ! numb] & to ! importance ( ^? relations :i* he has ?us c>efully exam9$ & accurately und]/ood40 #ahe ,?is essay1 :i* 0 writt5 ne>ly tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ,i leave z x /&s4 ,i take "s cr$it to myself = hav+ e>ly recognis$ ! importance ( a book n[ fam\s4 7,june1 #ahij47 #ahf ,?is proposition has be5 ably discuss$ by ,presid5t ,w4 ,h4 ,payne4 ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 8,education ,values40 #ahg 8,! brew]10 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself tells u1 8if 8 bus9ess is v ext5sive1 f9ds x pay to keep a *emi/ on ! premises0--pay a good deal bett]1 ,i suspect1 ?an le>n+ *emi/ry at s*ool4 #ahh ,helps1 :o by ta/e & tal5t is em95tly lit]>y1 put 9 ?is claim = sci5ce m ?an #bj n[ ne>] #ej ye>s ago4 8,! high] bran*es ( me?od _c be taught at fir/2 b y may beg9 by tea*+ ord]l9ess ( m9d4 ,collect+1 classify+1 contra/+1 & weigh+ facts are "s ( ! processes by :i* me?od is taught4444 ,sci5tific me?od may be acquir$ )\t _m sci5ces be+ le>nt2 b "o or two great bran*es ( sci5ce mu/ be accurately kn[n40 7,fri5ds 9 ,c\ncil1 ,education47 ,helps1 ?\gh by 8 delightful /yle he nev] gives ! read] any notion ( ov] compression1 has told u m tru? ab\t education 9 a few pages ?an "o sometimes meets ) 9 a complete treatise4 #ahi ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 7:o by ! way1 w\ld leave hi/ory entirely to private read+1 ,address at ,/4 ,&rews1 p4 #ba71 has po9t$ out t 8!re is n a fact 9 hi/ory :i* is n susceptible ( z _m diff]5t explanations z !re are possible !ories ( human affairs10 & t 8hi/ory is n ! f\ndation b ! v]ification ( ! social sci5ce40 ,b he admits t 8:at we "k ( =m] ages1 l :at we "k ( =eign nations1 is1 ) all its imp]fectness1 ( mu* use1 by correct+ ! n>r[ness incid5t to p]sonal exp]i5ce40 7,diss]tations1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aab47 #aij ,x is difficult to treat s]i\sly ! argum5ts by :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] endeav\rs to %[ t a k ( sci5ce is necess>y = ! practice or ! enjoym5t ( ! f9e arts4 ,( c\rse1 ! highe/ art ( e k9d is bas$ on sci5ce1 t is1 on tru?s :i* sci5ce takes cognizance ( & expla9s2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t 8)\t sci5ce !re c be nei!r p]fect production nor full appreciation40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] tells u ( mi/akes :i* ,john ,lewis & ,rossetti h made = want ( sci5ce4 ,v likely2 & _h ^? g5tlem5 devot$ mu* ( _! "t to sci5ce we %\ld nev] h he>d ( _! blund]s--or ( _! pictures ei!r4 ,if !y 7 to pa9t a piece ( woodwork1 a c>p5t] might1 p]haps1 detect some?+ amiss 9 ! mitr+4 ,if !y pa9t$ a wall1 a bricklay] might po9t out t ) _! arrangem5t ( /ret*]s & head]s ! wall w\ld tumble d[n = want ( a prop] bond4 ,b ev5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld n wi% !m to sp5d _! "t 9 ma/]+ ! te*nicalities ( e h&icraft1 9 ord] to avoid ^! inaccuracies4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! pa9t] to give u =m & col\r z !y reveal !mselves to ! eye1 n to prep>e illu/rations ( sci5tific text-books4 ,! physical sci5ces1 h[ev]1 are only "p ( ! pa9t]'s necess>y equipm5t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 8,he mu/ also und]/& h[ ! m9ds ( spectators w be affect$ by ! sev]al peculi>ities ( 8 "w--a "q 9 psy*ology60 ,/ill m surpris+ is ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s dictum ab\t poetry4 8,its rhy?m1 its /rong & num]\s metaphors1 its hyp]boles1 its viol5t inv]sions1 are simply exagg]ations ( ! traits ( excit$ spee*4 ,to be good1 !re=e1 poetry mu/ pay att5tion to ^? laws ( n]v\s action :i* excit$ spee* obeys40 ,x is difficult to see h[ poetry c pay att5tion to any?+4 ,! poet1 ( c\rse mu/ n violate ^? laws1 b1 if he has paid att5tion to !m 9 compos+1 he w d well to pres5t 8 ,,ms4 to ! local newspap]4 ,x seems ! class is n ext9ct ( :om ,pope wrote3-- 8,"s drily pla91 )\t inv5tion's aid 8,write dull receipts h[ poems may be made40 ,essay on ,criticism4 #aia ,speak+ ( law1 m$ic9e1 eng9e]+1 & ! indu/rial arts1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill rem>ks3 8,:e!r ^? ^: speciality !y are w le>n !m z a bran* ( intellig5ce or z a m]e trade1 & :e!r hav+ le>nt !m1 !y w make a wise & consci5ti\s use ( !m1 or ! rev]se1 dep5ds less on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are taught _! pr(ession1 ?an ^u :at sort ( m9d !y br+ to x--:at k9d ( intellig5ce & ( consci5ce ! g5]al sy/em ( education has develop$ 9 !m40--,address at ,/4 ,&rews1 p4 #f4 #aib 8,comme v\s n'avez pas su ou comme v\s n'avez pas v\lu atte9dre la p5se de l'enfant1 v\s n'avez aucune action sur son dveloppem5t moral et intellectuel4 ,v\s tes le matre de lat9 et de grec40 ,bral4 ,quelques ,mots1 c41 p4 #bdc4 #aic ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n m5tion ?is pr9ciple 9 8 enum]ation1 b1 no d\bt1 consid]s he implies x4 #aid 8,si l'on p>tageait t\te la sci5ce huma9e en deux p>ties1 l'une commune t\s les hommes1 l'autre p>ticulire aux savants1 celle-ci s]ait trs-petite en comp>aison de l'autre4 ,mais n\s ne songeons gure aux acquisitions gnrales1 p>ce qu'elles se font sans qu'on y p5se1 et mme avant l'ge de raison2 que d'ailleurs le savoir ne se fait rem>qu] que p> ses diffr5ces1 et que1 comme dans les quations d'algbre1 les quantits communes se compt5t p\r ri540--mile1 livre i4 #aie ,?is is well said 9 ,dr4 ,john ,br[n's admirable pap] ,education ?r\gh ! ,s5ses4 7,hor ,subseciv1 pp4 #cac1 #cad47 #aif ,aft] rem>k+ on ! wrong ord] 9 :i* subjects are taught1 he cont9ues1 8,:at ) p]ceptions unnaturally dull$ by e>ly ?w>t+s1 & a co]c$ att5tion to books1 :at ) ! m5tal confusion produc$ by tea*+ subjects be=e !y c be und]/ood1 & 9 ea* ( !m giv+ g5]alisations be=e ! facts ( :i* !y are ! g5]alisations1 :at ) mak+ ! pupil a m]e passive recipi5t ( o!rs' ideas & n 9 ! lea/ lead+ him to be an active inquir] or self-in/ructor1 & :at ) tax+ ! faculties to excess1 !re are v few m9ds t become z effici5t z !y might be40 #aig ,a class ( boys :om ,i once took 9 ,lat9 ,delectus d5i$1 ) ! utmo/ confid5ce1 :5 ,i que/ion$ !m on ! subject1 t !re 7 any su* ?+s 9 ,engli% z v]bs & sub/antives4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,i saw a poor boy ( n9e or t5 can$1 because1 :5 he _h said t pr(iciscor 0 a depon5t v]b1 he c\ld n say :at a depon5t v]b 04 ,ev5 if he _h rememb]$ ! inaccurate gramm> def9ition expect$ ( him1 8,a depon5t v]b is a v]b ) a passive =m & an active mean+10 8 compreh5sion ( pr(iciscor w\ld h be5 no great]4 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t1 ev5 :5 (f5d+ griev\sly 9 great matt]s aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( connect+ fre% k ) ! old1 tea*]s are sometimes driv5 to x 9 small4 ,!y f9d t x is bett] = boys to see t lignum is l regnum1 & laud>e l am>e1 ?an simply to le>n t lignum is ( ! ,second ,decl5sion1 & laud>e ( ! ,fir/ ,conjugation4 ,if boys _h to le>n by a m]e ef=t ( memory ! p>ticul> decl5sion or conjugation ( ,lat9 words be=e !y 7 taught any?+ ab\t decl5sions & conjugations1 ?is w\ld be z s5sible z ! me?od adopt$ 9 "s o!r in/ances1 & ! tea*]s might urge1 z usual1 t ! in=mation w\ld come 9 useful aft]w>ds4 #aih ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,pr(essor ,tyndall appeal to ! results ( exp]i5ce z ju/ify+ a m rational me?od ( tea*+4 ,speak+ ( geometrical d$uctions1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,x has repeat$ly occurr$ t ^? :o h be5 /upefi$ by ! ord9>y s*ool-drill--by its ab/ract =mulas1 its we>isome tasks1 its cramm+--h sudd5ly _h _! intellects r\s$ by ?us ceas+ to make !m passive recipi5ts1 & induc+ !m to become active discov]]s4 ,! disc\ragem5t caus$ by bad tea*+ hav+ be5 dim9i%$ by a little sympa?y1 & suffici5t p]sev]ance excit$ to a*ieve a fir/ success1 !re arises a revolution ( feel+ affect+ ! :ole nature4 ,!y no long] f9d !mselves incompet5t2 !y too c d some?+4 ,& gradually1 z success foll[s success1 ! incubus ( despair disappe>s1 & !y attack ! difficulties ( _! o!r /udies ) a c\rage insur+ conque/40 #aii ,on ?is subject ,i c quote ! au?ority ( a great obs]v] ( ! m9d--no less a man1 inde$1 ?an ,wordswor?4 ,he speaks ( ! 8gr& elem5t>y pr9cipal ( pleasure1 by :i* man kn[s1 & feels1 & lives1 & moves4 ,we h no sympa?y10 he cont9ues1 8b :at is propagat$ by pleasure--,i w\ld n be misund]/ood--b :]ev] we sympa?ise ) pa91 x w be f\nd t ! sympa?y is produc$ & c>ri$ on by subtile comb9ations ) pleasure4 ,we h no k1 t is1 no g5]al pr9ciples drawn f ! contemplation ( p>ticul> facts1 b :at has be5 built up by pleasure1 & exi/s 9 u by pleasure alone4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 ! *emi/1 & ma!matician1 :atev] difficulties & disgu/s !y may h to /ruggle )1 "k & feel ?is4 ,h[ev] pa9ful may be ! objects ) :i* ! anatomi/'s k may be connect$1 he feels t 8 k is pleasure1 & :5 he has no pleasure he has no k40--,preface to second edition ( ,lyrical ,ballads4 ,s ,wordswor? w\ld h agre$ ) ,tranio3 7,t4 ( ,%rew1 j4 #a47 8,no pr(it gr[s :]e is no pleasure ta'en2 ,9 brief1 ,sir1 /udy :at y mo/ affect40 #bjj ,?is rem>k1 ,i am glad to say1 is mu* less true n[ 7#ahij7 ?an :5 fir/ publi%$4 ,inde$ "s purveyors ( books = *ildr5 are gett+ to rely too exclusively on ! pictures1 j z ,i h notic$ t an organ-gr9d] ) a monkey seldom or nev] has a good organ4 ,( l>ge pictures = class tea*+1 "s ( ! be/ ,i h se5 7bo? = hi/ory & natural hi/ory7 are publi%$ by ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4 #bja ,tilli*'s boxes ( bricks 7sold by ! ,b'ham ,midl& ,educational ,supply ,company1 & by ,arnold1 ,briggate1 ,le$s71 are v useful = 8intuitive0 ari?metic3 = high] /ages "o might say ! same ( ,w4 ,wood+'s 8,decimal ,abacus0 ) v]tical wires4 #bjb ,! gramm> "q is /ill a p]plex+ "o4 ,!re are ,inspectors :o require *ildr5 7z ,i once he>d 9 a remote c\ntry s*ool7 to di/+ui% 8#g k9ds ( adv]bs40 ,!n we h *ildr5 discrim9at+ aft] ! fa%ion ( "o ( my own pupils1 7,i quote f a gramm> pap]17 8,p>se x40 8,x is a prepreition4 ,almo/ all small words are prepreitions40 ,9 su* cases x is v h>d inde$ to f9d any common gr\nd = ! m9ds ( ! old & ! "y4 ,! true way ,i believe is to lead ! "y to make _! own obs]vations4 ,! way is v v sl[1 b x developes p[]4 ,i h lately se5 an int]e/+ little book on ^! l9es1 call$ ,language ,"w by ,dr4 ,de ,g>mo 7,bloom+ton1 ,ill41 ,u4,s4,a47 #bjc ,books = a beg9n] %\ld conta9 a little matt] 9 mu* space1 &1 z !y are usually writt51 !y conta9 mu* matt] 9 a little space4 ,no?+ c be tru] ?an ! say+ ( ,lakanal1 8,l'abrg e/ le contraire de l'lmntaire3 ,t :i* is abridg$ is j ! opposite ( t :i* is elem5t>y40 ,:5 %all we le>n :at seems obvi\s 9 itself & :at is taught u by ! great au?orities8 8,epitome10 says ,as*am1 8is good privately = himself t do? "w x1 b ill commonly = all o!rs t use o!r m5's lab\r !re94 ,a silly poor k9d ( /udy1 n unlike to ! do+ ( ^? poor folk :i* nei!r till1 nor s[1 nor reap !mselves1 b glean by /eal? ^u o!r's gr\nds4 ,su* h empty b>ns = de> ye>s40 7,s*ool ,ma/]1 ,book ij47 ,bacon says 7,de ,aug41 lib4 vj41 cap4 iv471 8,ad pdagogicam quod att9et brevissimum =et dictu4444 ,illud imprimis consulu]im ut caveatur a comp5diis3 ,n mu* ab\t p$agogics4444 ,my *ief advice is1 keep cle> ( comp5diums40 ,& yet 8! table ( cont5ts0 me?od :i* ,i sugge/$ 9 irony ,i aft]w>ds f\nd propos$ 9 all s]i\sness 9 an ann\ncem5t ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,bright's ,engli% ,hi/ory3 8,! m>g9al analysis has be5 collect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! volume s z to =m an ab/ract ( ! hi/ory suitable = ! use ( ^? :o are beg9n+ ! /udy40 ,i w\ld r li/5 to ,oliv] ,goldsmi?3 8,9 hi/ory1 su* /ories alone %\ld be laid be=e !m z might cat* ! imag9ation3 in/ead ( ?is1 !y are too frequ5tly oblig$ to toil ?r\gh ! f\r ,empires1 z !y are call$1 :]e _! memories are bur!n$ by a numb] ( disgu/+ names t de/roy all _! future reli% = our be/ hi/orians40 7,lett] on ,education 9 ! ,bee3 a lett] conta9+ s mu* new tru? t ,goldsmi? 9 re-publi%+ x _h to po9t out t x _h appe>$ be=e ,r\sseau's ,emile47 ,a mod]n au?ority on education has come to ! same conclusion z ,goldsmi?4 8,! fir/ tea*+ 9 hi/ory w n give dates1 b w %[ ! le>n] m5 & actions likely to make an impression on him4 ,d] er/e ,ges*i*tsunt]ri*t wird ni*t ,jahreszahl5 geb51 sond]n e9drucksvolle ,p]son5 und ,?at5 vorfhr540 7,l4 ,wiese's ,deuts*e ,bildungsfrag51 #ahga47 #bjd ,dr4 ,jas4 ,donaldson has well said ( ! educator3--8,! mo/ ungu>d$ ( 8 acts1 ^? :i* come f ! dep? ( 8 nature1 uncall$ = & unbidd51 are ! actions :i* h ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce40 ,*amb]s' ,in=mation sub v4 ,education1 p4 #efe4 #bje 8,t y are wife ,to s mu* bloat$ fle% z sc>ce ha? s\l ,in/ead ( salt to keep x sweet1 ,i ?9k ,w ask no witnesses to prove40 ,,b5 ,,jonson3 ,! ,devil is an ,ass1 ,act i4 sc4 #c4 #bjf ,i =tify myself ) ! foll[+ quotation f ! ,book ab\t ,dom9ies by 8,ascott ,hope0 7,hope ,moncrieff74 ,he says t a s*ool ( f tw5ty to a hundr$ boys is too l>ge to be altoge!r "u ! influ5ce ( "o man1 & too small = ! developm5t ( a heal?y condition ( public op9ion among ! boys !mselves4 8,9 a community ( fifty boys1 !re w always be f\nd s _m bad ones :o w be likely to c>ry ?+s _! own way4 ,vice is m unblu%+ 9 small societies ?an 9 l>ge ones4 ,fifty boys w be m easily leav5$ by ! wick$ness ( five1 ?an five hundr$ by t ( fifty4 ,x w\ld be too dang]\s an ordeal to s5d a boy to a s*ool :]e s9 appe>s fa%ionable1 & :]e1 if he w\ld rema9 virtu\s1 he mu/ %un 8 companions4 ,!re may be middle-siz$ s*ools :i* d]ive a good & heal?y tone f ! moral /r5g? ( _! ma/]s or ! good example ( a c]ta9 set ( boys1 b ,i d\bt if !re are _m4 ,boys are s easily l$ to d "r or wrong1 t we %\ld be v c>eful at lea/ to set ! balance fairly0 7p4 #afg72 & aga9 he says 7p4 #agj71 8,! moral tone ( a middle-siz$ s*ool w be peculi>ly liable to be at ! m]cy ( a set ( bold & bad boys40 #bjg ,z ,i h be5 ?\ght to express myself too /rongly on ?is po9t1 ,i w give a quotation f a ma/] ^: op9ion w g f> ) all :o "k him4 8,! moral tone ( ! s*ool is made :at x is1 n ne>ly s mu* by its rules & regulations1 or its ma/]s1 z by ! lead+ *>act]s among ! boys4 ,!y ma9ly det]m9e ! public op9ion among/ _! s*oolfell[s--_! p]sonal influ5ce is incalculable40 ,rev4 ,d4 ,edw>des1 ( ,d5/one4 #bjh ,ab\t ,prep>atory ,s*ools ,i f9d ,i am at issue ) my fri5d ! ,head ,ma/] ( ,h>r[ 7,see ,public ,s*ools1 by ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon1 9 ,contempor>y ,r41 ,may1 #ahij74 ,i d inde$ incl9e to 8 op9ion t v "y boys %\ld n be at a public s*ool1 b ,i _c agree t !y %\ld be at a middle-siz$ bo>d+ s*ool4 ,i hold t !y %\ld live 9 a family 7_! own if possible7 & g to a day s*ool4 ,day ,s*ools h n[ be5 provid$ = girls1 b = "y boys !y d n seem 9 dem&4 ,engli% p>5ts :o c af=d x s5d _! sons to bo>d+ s*ools f eight ye>s old onw>ds4 ,?is seems to me a great mi/ake ( !irs4 #bji 8,:at is education8 ,x is t :i* is imbib$ f ! moral atmosph]e :i* a *ild brea!s4 ,x is ! involunt>y & unconsci\s language ( its p>5ts & ( all ^? by :om x is surr\nd$1 & n _! set spee*es & set lectures4 ,x is ! words :i* ! "y he> fall f _! s5iors :5 ! speak]s are (f _! gu>d3 & x is by ^! unconsci\s expressions t ! *ild int]prets ! he>ts ( its p>5ts4 ,t is education40--,drummond's ,spee*es 9 ,p>liam5t4 #baj ,9 :at ,i h said on ?is subject1 ! incomplet5ess :i* is noticeable en\gh 9 ! prec$+ essays1 has f\nd an appropriate climax4 ,i see1 too1 t if anyone w\ld take ! tr\ble1 ! little ,i h said might easily be mis9t]pret$4 ,i am well aw>e1 h[ev]1 t if ! "y m9d w n readily assimilate %>ply def9+ religi\s =mul1 /ill less w x feel at home among ! 8imm5sities0 & 8v]acities40 ,! great educat+ =ce ( ,*ri/ianity ,i believe to be due to ?is1 t x is n a set ( ab/ractions or vague g5]alities1 b t 9 x ,god reveals ,himself to u 9 a ,div9e ,man1 & raises u ?r\gh our devotion to ,him4 ,i hold1 !re=e1 t religi\s tea*+ = ! "y %\ld nei!r be vague nor ab/ract4 ,mr4 ,fr\de1 9 comm5t+ on ! use made ( hagiology 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 has %[n t we lose mu* by n foll[+ ! ,bible me?od ( in/ruction4 7,see ,%ort ,/udies3 ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ,repres5tative ,m547 #baa ,?is !ory ( ! educator's task :i* makes him a dispos] or director ( influ5ce r ?an a tea*]1 l$ ,locke to decry our public s*ools1 = 9 !m ! traditions & tone ( ! s*ool seem ! s\rce ( influ5ce1 & ! ma/]s are to all appe>ance ma9ly tea*]s4 ,locke's own words are ^!3--8,! diff]5ce is great betwe5 two or ?ree pupils 9 ! same h\se & ?ree or f\r score boys lodg$ up & d[n2 = let ! ma/]'s indu/ry & skill be nev] s great1 x is impossible he %\ld h fifty or a hundr$ s*ol>s "u 8 eye any long] ?an !y are 9 ! s*ool toge!r1 nor c x be expect$ t he %\ld in/ruct !m successfully 9 any?+ b _! books2 ! =m+ ( _! m9ds & mann]s requir+ a con/ant att5tion & p>ticul> application to e s+le boy :i* is impossible 9 a num]\s flock1 & w\ld be :olly 9 va9 7c\ld he h "t to /udy & correct ev]yone's p>ticul> defects & wrong incl9ations7 :5 ! lad 0 to be left to himself or ! prevail+ infection ( 8 fell[s ! greate/ "p ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs40 ,b ! educator :o consid]s himself a director ( influ5ces mu/ rememb] t he is n ! only =ce4 ,! boy's companions are a =ce at lea/ z great2 & if he 7 br\ght up 9 private on ,locke's sy/em1 he w\ld be entirely )\t a k9d ( influ5ce mu* m valuable ?an ,locke seems to ?9k--! influ5ce ( boy companions1 & ( ! traditions ( a great s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t our public s*ools us$ to be1 & p]haps are /ill to "s ext5t1 "u-ma/]$1 & t ! ma/]s %\ld n be ! m]e tea*]s :i*1 f ov]work & o!r causes1 !y (t5 t5d to become4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t ! real education ( ! boys has 9 a great measure pass$ out ( _! h&s4 ,:at has be5 ! result8 ,a long succession ( able tea*]s h aim$ at giv+ lit]>y in/ruction & mak+ _! pupils classical s*ol>s4 ,bo? mann]s & bodily tra9+ h be5 left to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,yet su* is ! irony ( ,fate t ! majority ( y\?s :o leave our great s*ools are n lit]>y & are n mu* ( classical s*ol>s1 b !y are decid$ly g5tlemanly & /ill m decid$ly a?letic4 #bab ,i app5d a note writt5 f a diff]5t po9t ( view--8,) h[ little wisdom60 c]ta9ly seems to cov] mo/ dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,seems8 ,yes2 b are we n apt to ov]look ! wisdom t lies 9 ! great mass ( p8 ,9 "s small dep>tm5t we may h inve/igat$ fur!r ?an our class-mates1 & may see1 or ?9k we see1 a good deal ( /upidity 9 :at goes on4 ,b 9 mo/ matt]s we d n inve/igate = ourselves1 b j d ! usual ?+2 & ?is seems to "w all "r4 ,!re mu/ be a good deal ( wisdom und]ly+ ! complex ma*9]y ( civilis$ life4 ,c>lyle's 8,mo/ly fools60 w by no means acc\nt = x4 ,at times "o has a dim p]ception t p 9 g5]al are n s /upid z !y seem4 ,p]haps a long life w\ld 9 ! end lead u to say l ,ti?onus1 8,:y %\ld a man desire 9 any way 8,to v>y f ! k9dly race ( m580 ,!re is a high] wisdom ?an ! dis9tegrat+ individualism ( ,c>lyle4 ,f> bett] to believe ) ,mazz9i 9 8! collective exi/5ce ( humanity10 & rememb]+ t we "w 9 a m$ium fa%ion$ = u by ! lab\rs ( all :o h prec$$ u1 reg>d our collective p[]s z 8graft$ ^u ^? ( all =ego+ humanity40 7,mazz9i's ,essays3 ,c>lyle47 ,?is is ! po9t ( view to :i* ,wordswor? w\ld raise u3-- 8,among ! multitudes 8,( t huge city1 (t5times 0 se5 84444444444444444444444444! unity ( man1 8,"o _s ov] ignorance & vice 8,pr$om9ant1 9 good & evil he>ts2 8,"o s5se = moral judgem5ts1 z "o eye 8,= ! sun's light4 ,! s\l :5 smitt5 ?us 8,by a sublime idea1 :5ce soe'er 8,v\*saf$ = union or communion1 fe$s 8,on ! pure bliss & takes h] re/ ) ,god40 ,prelude viij1 ad f4 ,?\gh unable to %>e 9 8! pure bliss0 ( ,wordswor? we may take refuge ) ,goe! 9 ! ?\ght t 8humanity is ! true man10 & enjoy mu* to :i* we h no claim z individuals4 ,tradition1 bl9d tradition1 mu/ rule our actions ?r\gh by f> ! greate/ "p ( our lives2 & see+ we owe x s mu*1 we %\ld be tol]ant1 ev5 grateful4 #bac ,pr(essor ,jebb has lately giv5 u ! ma9 ideas ( ! great ,s*ol> ,erasmus4 8,9 all 8 "w10 says ! ,pr(essor1 8he _h an educational aim4444 ,! evils ( 8 age1 9 ,*ur*1 9 ,/ate1 9 ! daily lives ( m51 seem$ to him to h _! roots 9 ignorance2 ignorance ( :at ,*ri/ianity meant1 ignorance ( :at ! ,bible taught1 ignorance ( :at ! noble/ & mo/ gift$ m9ds ( ! pa/1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or pagan1 _h contribut$ to ! in/ruction ( ! human race40 7,r$e ,lecture1 #ahij47 ,erasmus evid5tly fell into ! error aga9/ :i* ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel lift up _! voices1 (t5 9 va9--! error ( =gett+ t k is ( no avail )\t intellig5ce4 ,:at is ! use ( light+ additional c&les = ! bl9d8 ,,app5dix4 ,hi/ory ( ?is ,book4--,"s wise man has advis$ u nev] to f9d fault ) ourselves1 =1 says he1 y may always dep5d on y\r fri5ds to d x = y4 ,s1 hav+ look$ ?r\gh ! pro(s ( ?is book1 ,i ab/a9 f fault-f9d+4 ,i fancy ,i c\ld f9d fault m effectively ?an my fri5ds or ev5 my pr(essional critics4 ,z ! ,spectator's 8,correspond5t 9 an easy *air0 says v truly2 ! au?or has read 8 book _m times2 ! critic has read x at mo/ once4 ,9 fact ! critic gives to ! book 79 "s cases to ! subject ( ! book also7 no great] numb] ( h\rs ?an ! au?or has giv5 mon?s1 p]haps ye>s4 ,p>tiality bl9ds ! au?or1 no d\bt1 b unless he is a fatu\s p]son x does n bl9d him s mu* z 8 ha/e bl9ds ! critic4 ,an au?or ( note said ( a book ( 81 :i* _h be5 mu* criticis$3 8,! book has faults1 b ,i am ! only p]son :o has discov]$ !m10 to :i* a fri5d malici\sly app5d$3 8,= faults read m]its40 ,:atev] 0 ! tru? "h1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! au?or has ! be/ *ance ( putt+ 8 f+] on ! weak places4 ,b if ,i see weaknesses 9 ! =ego+ book1 :y d ,i n make x bett]8 ,j = two reasons3 to improve ! book ,i %\ld h to sp5d m "t on x & m money4 ,! m ,i read & ?9k ab\t any "o ( my subjects1 ! m ,i want to g on read+ & ?9k+4 ,p]haps ,i he> ( an old book t has escap$ my notice1 or a new book comes out1 sometimes an important book l ,p9lo*e's ,bas$[4 ,s ,i c nev] f9i% an essay to my satisfaction1 & ! only way ( gett+ x (f my h&s is to s5d ! copy to ! pr9t]4 ,by ! "t ! pro( comes 9 !re is some?+ t ,i %\ld l to add or alt]2 b !n ! dread ( a long bill = 8corrections0 re/ra9s me4 ,h[ev]1 n[ ! book is all 9 type1 ,i see "h & !re some?+ t sugge/s a note by way ( explanation or addition1 s ,i add ?is app5dix4 ,tak+ a h9t f "o ( my fav\rite au?ors1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps1 ,i ?r[ my notes into ! =m ( a dialogue1 b be+ entirely de/itute ( ,helps's dramatic skill ,i conf9e myself to ,e4 7! ,essayi/7 & ,a4 7,amicus71 :o is only too cle>ly an alt] ego4 ,a4 ,s ! ,am]icans h kept alive y\r old book = y1 & at la/ y h rewritt5 x4 ,y at lea/ h no reason to compla9 t !re is no int]national copyright4 ,y\r book w\ld h be5 =gott5 long ago if a lady 9 ,c9c9nati _h n p]suad$ an ,am]ican publi%] !re to repr9t x4 ,e4 ,yes1 ,i v readily all[ t ,i h be5 a ga9]4 ,! ,am]icans h done m = me ?an my own c\ntrym54 ,to be sure nei!r h 8prais$ ) ! h&s0 7z ,molire's pr(esseur has x72 &1 9 money at lea/1 ! book has nev] paid me its exp5ses2 b ?ree ,am]ican publi%]s h done = !mselves :at no ,engli%man w\ld d = me1 viz41 publi% at _! own risk4 ,9 #ahfh :5 my ,,ms4 0 ready1 ,i w5t to my old fri5d1 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,macmillan2 b he w\ld n ev5 look at x4 8,books on education10 said he1 8don't pay4 ,:y !re is ,?r+'s ,education & ,s*ool1 a capital book0 7,i ass5t$ he>tily1 = ,i 0 v fond ( x71 8well1 t doesn't sell40 ,i 0 =c$ to admit t 9 t case ,i _h little *ance4 8,b10 ,i said1 8,i suppose y w\ld publi% at my risk80 8,no10 said ,mr4 ,macmillan4 8,! au?or is nev] satisfi$ :5 8 book doesn't pay40 8,:at w\ld y advise80 ,i ask$4 8,i'll give y a lett] ( introduction to ,mr4 ,william ,longman10 said ,mr4 ,macmillan2 8,i d>e say he'll publi% = y40 ,) ?is lett] ,i w5t to ,mr4 ,william ,longman 7:o has s9ce ^? days be5 ga!r$ to 8 ance/ors1 =m]ly ( ,pat]no/] ,r[74 ,mr4 ,longman said he w\ld put ! ,,ms4 9 ! h&s ( 8 read]4 ,if ! read]'s report 0 fav\rable ! firm w\ld (f] me t]ms2 if n1 !y w\ld publi% = me on commission4 ,i s5t ! ,,ms4 accord+ly1 & soon aft] ,i _h a lett] f ! firm (f]+ to publi% 8on commission40 ,:5 ! book 0 9 type1 ,mr4 ,longman advis$ me to h only #ejj pr9t$1 & to publi% at a high price4 8,i %\ld *>ge #is410 he said4 8,v few p w buy1 & !y won't consid] ! price40 ,?is 0 n my op9ion1 b 9 su* a matt] ,i felt t ! weight ( au?ority 0 enorm\sly aga9/ me4 ,s ,i cons5t$ to ! publi%+ price ( #gs4 #f;d4 ,& at fir/ x seem$ t ,mr4 ,longman 0 "r--at lea/ ab\t ! small numb] ( pur*as]s4 #cj 0 sp5t 9 adv]tis+1 & ! book 0 v g5]ally & ,i may say v fav\rably review$2 b :5 ab\t #ajj copies _h be5 sold1 x almo/ entirely ceas$ 8to move40 ,i ?9k #ac copies 7 sold 9 six mon?s4 ,s to get rid ( ! rema9d] ( my #ejj copies 7"s #cjj ( !m7 ,i put d[n ! price to #cs4 #f;d4 ,!n x seem$ t ,mr4 ,longman _h made a mi/ake ab\t ! price4 ,)\t ano!r adv]tisem5t ! #cjj 7 sold 9 a mon? or two4 ,"s "t aft]1 ,i he>d t ! book _h be5 republi%$ 9 ,c9c9nati1 & on my writ+ to ! publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,cl>ke ,co41 !y pres5t$ me ) half-a-doz5 copies4 ,?is prov$ to be a p]fect repr9t1 :i* is m ?an ,i c say ( ^? :i* ye>s aft]w>ds 7 issu$ by ,mr4 ,b>de5 & ,messrs4 ,kellogg4 ,i h !re=e f "t to "t pur*as$ f ,messrs4 ,cl>ke & import$ ! copies 7,i suppose ab\t #aejj 9 all7 t h be5 want$ = ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,i hope ^! details d n bore y4 ,a4 ,n at all4 ,! hi/ory ( any book int]e/s me1 & y\r book has _h "s odd exp]i5ces4 ,x has liv$1 ,i own1 mu* long] ?an ,i expect$1 & = ?is y h to ?ank ! ,am]icans4 ,a4 ,9 my case ! abs5ce ( int]national copyright has done no h>m c]ta9ly2 b aft] all copyright has its advantages1 int]national copyright includ$4 ,speciali/s suff] sev]ely f ! want ( x4 ,p]haps ! 8special0 public 9 ?is c\ntry is s small t an important book = x _c be publi%$4 ,if to our special public 7 jo9$ ! special public ( ! ,u4,s41 ! book might be fairly remun]ative to its au?or4 ,take1 e4g41 ,joseph ,payne's writ+s4 ,^! w\ld h be5 lo/ to ! _w _h n ,dr4 ,payne publi%$ !m z an act ( filial piety4 ,) an int]national copyright ^! works w\ld be v good prop]ty4 ,e4 ,y ?9k !n t 9 ! long run 8hone/y is ! be/ policy0 ev5 int]nationally8 ,a4 ,i mu/ say my op9ion does incl9e 9 t direction4 ,class ,mat*es 7p #db74--;,a4 ,i ?9k y h _h a good deal to d ) class mat*es8 ,e4 ,yes4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful n to ov]do !m1 b ,i h f\nd an occasional mat* a capital way ( enliv5+ s*ool-"w4 ,"s "t be=e ! mat* takes place ! ma/] lets ! two be/ boys pick up sides1 ! second boy hav+ ! fir/ *oice4 ,! subject = ! mat* is !n arrang$1 & to prev5t disputes ! area mu/ be c>efully def9$4 ,moreov]1 !re mu/ be no opportunity = ! boys to ask que/ions ab\t unimportant details t are likely to h escap$ att5tion4 ,:5 ! mat* is to take place ea* boy %\ld come provid$ ) a set ( writt5 que/ions1 & :5ev] a boy %[s himself ignorant ( ! "r answ] to a "q ( 8 own he mu/ be held to h fail$ ev5 if 8 oppon5t is ignorant also4 ,at ,h>r[1 :]e ,i _h a class-room 78s*ool-room0 z x is !re call$7 to myself1 ,i us$ to "w ^! mat*es v successfully 9 ,g]man4 ,say ,he9e's ,lorelei _h be5 le>nt by he>t4 ,i set z a subject = a mat* ! plurals ( ! sub/antives & ! pa/ p>ticiples ( ! v]bs 9 ! poem4 ,or ! boys _h to make up = !mselves & numb] on pap] a set ( %ort s5t5ces 9 :i* only words :i* occurr$ 9 ! poem 7 us$4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! que/ion] h&$ 9 to ! ma/] 8 pap] ) bo? ! ,engli% & ! ,g]man on x1 & ! ma/] gave ! o!r side ! ,engli%1 ( :i* !y _h to write ! ,g]man4 ,! details ( su* mat*es may ( c\rse be v>i$ to any ext5t s long z ! subject set is q def9ite4 ,! scor+ w be f\nd be/ at ! l[] end1 s t a mat* /imulates ^? :o ne$ /imulus4 ,a4 ,:at did y call 8scrat* pairs80 ,e4 ,oh1 t 0 a device = gett+ up a little h>mless excitem5t4 ,kn[+ ! capacities ( my boys1 ,i arrang$ !m 9 pairs1 ! be/ boy & ! wor/ =m+ "o pair1 ! next be/ & next wor/ ! second pair1 c41 c4 ,i !n ask$ a s]ies ( que/ions to :i* all _h to write %ort answ]s4 ,i !n look$ ov] ! answ]s & m>k$ !m4 ,f9ally ! m>ks ( ea* pair 7 add$ toge!r1 & ,i ann\nc$ ! ord] 9 :i* ! pairs 8came 940 ,x 0 really 8anybody's race0 = nei!r ,i nor anyone c\ld pr$ict ! result4 ,if ! numb] ( boys 0 an odd numb] ! boy 9 ! middle f\ght = 8 own h& & _h 8 m>ks d\bl$4 ,p]haps on ! :ole he _h ! be/ *ance4 ,competition4--,a4 ,!re 7 !n "s =ms ( emulation :i* y did n set y\r face aga9/8 ,e4 ,!re 7 _m1 b ,i pref]r$ emulation :i* /imulat$ ! idle r ?an ! indu/ri\s4 ,mo/ 8prizes0 act only on ^? :o w\ld be bett] )\t !m4 ,a4 ,d y see no dang] 9 enc\rag+ rivalry betwe5 diff]5t bodies8 ,! /rife betwe5 p>ties has (t5 be5 m virul5t ?an ! /rife betwe5 individuals4 ,e4 ,yes1 ,i "k well t 9 excit+ p>ty-feel+ "o is play+ ) edg$ tools2 & besides ?is1 a boy :o = any cause is ?\ght a disgrace to 8 side1 is v likely to be bulli$ by x4 ,let me tell y ( "o =m ( /imulus :i* seem$ to "w well & 0 free f mo/ ( ! objections y are ?9k+ (4 ,:5 ,i _h a small s*ool ( my own 9 :i* !re 7 only "y boys1 ,i put up 9 ! s*ool-room a li/ ( ! boys' names 9 alphabetical ord] ) blank spaces aft] ! names4 ,i look$ ov] ! boys' writt5 "w v c>efully1 & :5ev] ,i came across any writt5 ex]cise evid5tly done ) great pa9/ak+ & = t boy ) m ?an ord9>y success1 ,i m>k$ x ) a ,g1 & ,i put up ! ,g 9 "o ( ! spaces aft] t boy's "n 9 ! li/ hung up 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,:5 ! s*ool collectively _h obta9$ a fix$ numb] ( ,g's we _h an extra half-holiday4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( a ,g 0 !re=e always hail$ ) delight4 ,a4 ,i see "o ?+ 9 fav\r ( t device4 ,y might by a ,g give enc\ragem5t to a boy :5 he has j begun to try4 ,?is is (t5 a turn+-po9t 9 a boy's life2 & a ma/]'s e>ly recognition ( ef=t may d mu* to /r5g!n into a habit :at might1 )\t ! recognition1 h prov$ no?+ b a pass+ :im4 ,at ! v lea/1 all su* devices h "o good effect2 !y break ! monotony ( s*ool-"w2 & monotony is mu* m we>+ to ! "y ?an x is to _! eld]s4 ,c y tell me ( o!rs :o h us$ su* plans8 ,e4 ,a fri5d ( m9e :o has a g5ius = inv5t+ s*ool plans ( all k9ds & m>vell\s en]gy 9 work+ !m1 has a bo>d+-h\se 9 connexion ) a l>ge s*ool4 ,! m>ks ( e boy 9 ! s*ool are giv5 out = ea* week4 ,my fri5d gives a supp] at ! end ( ! qu>t] if ! av]age m>ks ( 8 h\se come up to a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,he puts up ea* week a li/ ( 8,fur!r]s10 i4e41 ( ! boys :o h surpass$ ! av]age1 & ( 8,h9d]]s10 i4e41 ( boys :o h fall5 bel[ x ,a4 ,no d\bt ?is is an effective spur1 b ,i %\ld fe> x w\ld 9 practice deliv] ! h9d]mo/ to ,satan4 ,! boy :om nature has made a 8h9d]]0 is likely to h by no means a good "t 9 t h\se4 ,d y "k if su* devices z y h m5tion$ are common 9 s*ools8 ,e4 ,i really c't say4 ,i h se5 9 ,am]ican s*ool pap]s acc\nts ( class mat*es4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,j\rnal ( ,education 7#bbnd ,novemb]1 #ahhh7 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,w9%ip gave an acc\nt ( "s int]-class mat*es at ,milwaukee4 ,!re is a mat* betwe5 ?ree classes1 say 9 p5man%ip4 ,if !re are sev5ty boys 9 ! ?ree classes toge!r1 ea* boy draws a numb] f "o to sev5ty1 & puts n 8 "n b 8 numb] on 8 pap]4 ,! same lesson is set = all4 ,! pap]s are collect$1 divid$ into ?ree equal heaps1 & look$ ov] & m>k$ by ?ree ma/]s4 ,f9ally ! av]age ( ea* class is tak54 ,9 m5tal ari?metic ea* class *ooses its own *ampions4 ,?is w\ld be fun1 b w\ld d no?+ = ! l[] end ( ! class4 ,! pr9cipal ( ,mc,donough ,s*ool ,no4 #ab1 ,new ,orleans1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,*amb]s1 gives an acc\nt 9 ! ,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal 7#h? ,decemb]1 #ahhh71 h[ he organis$ sixte5 boys into teams ( f\r1 putt+ ! be/ & wor/ toge!r z ,i did 9 mak+ up scrat* pairs4 ,! mat* betwe5 ^! teams 0 to see :i* c\ld get ! be/ record = ! mon?4 ,z ,mr4 ,*amb]s tells u ! %>p] boys manag$ ) m success ?an ! ma/] to let light into ! dull intellects ( boys 9 ! same team ) !m4 ,?is union ( int]e/s betwe5 ! 8/rong0 & ! 8weak0 z ! ,fr5* call !m1 is a v good feature 9 combats ( sides4 ,! ,jesuits4--,a4 ,:at is x t int]e/s y s mu* 9 ! ,jesuits8 ,e4 ,two ?+s4 ,fir/1 ! ,jesuit %[s ! effects ( a def9itely plann$ & rigidly c>ri$ out sy/em ( education2 & next1 9 su* a society y f9d a cont9uity ( ef=t :i* is & mu/ be want+ 9 ! life ( an individual4 ,if ev] 8we feel t we are great] ?an we "k0 x is :5 we c ?9k ( ourselves z p>ts ( a society1 a society :i* exi/$ long be=e u1 & w la/ aft] u4 ,= in/ance1 x is a great ?+ to be connect$ ) an hi/orical s*ool su* z ,h>r[4 ,we !n realise1 z ! s*ool's poet1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,b[51 has said1 t we are no m]e 8sons ( ye/]day10 & ?9k+ ( ! connection betwe5 ! mighty dead & ! old s*ool we jo9 he>tily 9 ! *orus ( ! s*ool song3-- 8,_! glory ?us %all circle u 8,till "t be done40 ,a4 ,i v]ily believe y expect y\r %>e 9 ?is 8glory0 = hav+ inv5t$ ! ,h>r[ 8,blue ,book10 :i* is likely to outlive ,educational ,re=m]s2 b if ! boys ev] ?\ght ( ! inv5tor 7:i* !y don't7 !y w\ld naturally suppose t he 0 "s contempor>y ( ,cadmus or ,deucalion4 ,sic transit6 ,b :at has ?is to d ) ! ,jesuits8 ,e4 ,only ?is1 t by corporate life y secure a cont9uity ( ef=t4 ,!re is to me some?+ v attractive 9 ! idea ( a tea*+ society4 ,h[ su* a society might capitalise its discov]ies6 ,! ,roman ,*ur* has %[n a g5ius = su* societies1 witness ! ,jesuits & ! ,*ri/ian ,bro!rs4 ,! exp]i5ce ( c5turies mu/ h taught !m mu* t we c\ld le>n ( !m4 ,a4 ,! ,jesuits seem to me to be )\t ! _s ( inve/igators & discov]]s4 ,! rules ( _! ,society d n p]mit ( _! le>n+ any?+ or =gett+ any?+4 ,ignatius ,loyola 0 a wond]ful man1 b he mu/ h be5 sup]human if he c\ld legislate = all "t4 ,by ! way1 ,i see y say ! fir/ edition ( ! ,ratio 0 publi%$ 9 #aehe4 ,:at is y\r au?ority8 ,e4 ,i took ! date f ! copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,accord+ to a volume publi%$ by ,riv+tons 9 #ahch 7,con/itutiones ,societatis ,jesu7 ! ,con/itutions 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aeeh1 b 7 n divulg$ till 8! celebrat$ suit ( ! ,,mm4 ,lionci & ,fa!r ,la ,valette0 9 #agfa4 ,alex&]'s ,doctr9ale 7p4 #hj74--;,a4 ,i ?\ght y made x a rule to give only :at 0 useful4 ,:at c be ! use ( ! quotations :i* y\r old ,app5dix conta9$ 8f a celebrat$ gramm> writt5 by a ,franciscan ( ,brittany ab\t ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury08 ,e4 ,p]haps ,i _h an attack ( antiqu>ianism2 b ,i r ?9k ! quotations 7 giv5 9 ord] to %ew our progress s9ce ^? days4 ,! ,tea*]s' art ( mak+ easy ?+s difficult is well exemplifi$ 9 ,alex&]'s rules = ! fir/ decl5sion4 ,b life is %ort1 & folly is be/ =gott54 ,lily's ,gramm> 7p4 #hj74 ,a4 ,w\ld n y\r la/ rem>k rule out :at y told u ab\t ,lily's ,gramm>8 ,e4 ,z reg>ds ,lily's ass]tion1 8,g5d]s ( n\ns be #g10 x c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,surely nobody b a writ] ( s*ool-books w\ld ev] h ?\ght ( mak+ a 8g5d]0 out ( 8hic1 hc1 hoc1 felix06 ,b ! absurdity did n orig9ate ) ,lily4 ,he 0 all = simplification1 & ?\gh !re 7 "s *anges 9 ! ,eton ,lat9 ,gramm> :i* succe$$ ! 8,%ort introduction ( ,gramm>0 kn[n z ,lily's ,gramm>1 ^! *anges 71 "s ( !m at lea/1 by no means improvem5ts4 ,! old book put a be=e all ablatives & taught t 8by a k+dom0 0 a regno4 ,if ?is 0 n any bett] ?an tea*+ t dom9o by itself 0 8by a ,"l10 x 0 at lea/ no worse4 ,! optative ( ! old book 78,ut9am sim ,i pray ,god ,i be2 ,ut9am ,essem w\ld ,god ,i 71 c407 & ! subjunctive 78,cum ,sim ,:5 ,i am1 c4107 7 bett] ?an ! oracul> /atem5t :i* p]plex$ my y\?1 8,! subjunctive mood is decl9$ l ! pot5tial40 ,h[ (t5 ,i said ^? words1 & be+ ( an inquir+ m9d wond]$ :at on e>? 8! subjunctive mood0 06 ,colet4 ,e4 ,! passage ,i ref] to on page #hj f ,colet is 9 a little book 9 ! ,b4,m4 ,x is 8,joannis ,coleti !ologi1 olim ,decani ,divi ,pauli1 editio1 una cum quibusdam ,g4 ,lilii ,grammatices ,rudim5tis1 c4 ,antu]pi #aece40 ,aft] ! accid5ce ( ! eight p>ts ( spee*1 he says3--8,( ^! eight p>ts ( spee* 9 ord] well con/ru$1 be made reasons & s5t5ces1 & long orations4 ,b h[ & 9 :at mann]1 & ) :at con/ructions ( words1 & all ! v>ieties1 & div]sities1 & *anges 9 ,lat9 spee* 7:i* be innum]able71 if any man w "k1 & by t k atta9 to und]/& ,lat9 books1 & to speak & to write clean ,lat91 let him1 above all1 busily le>n & read good ,lat9 au?ors ( *os5 poets & orators1 & note wisely h[ !y wrote & spake2 & /udy always to foll[ !m1 desir+ none o!r rules b _! examples4 ,= 9 ! beg9n+ m5 spake n ,lat9 because su* rules 7 made1 b1 contr>iwise1 because m5 spake su* ,lat91 ^u t foll[$ ! rules1 & 7 made4 ,t is to say1 ,lat9 spee* 0 be=e ! rules1 & n ! rules be=e ! ,lat9 spee*4 ,:]e=e1 well-belov$ ma/]s & tea*]s ( gramm>1 aft] ! p>ts ( spee* suffici5tly kn[n 9 our s*ools1 read & exp\nd pla9ly unto y\r s*ol>s good au?ors1 & %[ to !m 9 e ^w1 & 9 e s5t5ce1 :at !y %all note & obs]ve1 w>n+ !m busily to foll[ & d l bo? 9 writ+ & 9 speak+2 & be to !m y\r own self also speak+ ) !m ! pure ,lat9 v pres5t1 & leave ! rules2 = read+ ( good books1 dilig5t in=mation ( le>n$ ma/]s1 /udi\s adv]t5ce & tak+ he$ ( le>n]s1 he>+ eloqu5t m5 speak1 & f9ally1 busy imitation ) tongue & p51 m availe? %ortly to get ! true eloqu5t spee*1 ?an all ! traditions1 rules1 & precepts ( ma/]s40 ,?is passage is1 ,i f9d1 well kn[n4 ,x is giv5 9 ,knights' ,life ( ,colet & is ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,seebohm4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,lupton1 ,colet's late/ biograph]1 has k9dly correct$ ! date = me3 x is indi/9ct 9 ! ,museum copy4 ,mulca/] = ,engli% 7p4 #ig74 ,a4 ,except 9 ,cl>ke's edition1 y\r extracts f ,mulca/]'s ,elem5t>ie h be5 omitt$ by y\r ,am]ican repr9t]s4 ,e4 ,s ,i see4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght ! ,am]icans w\ld h be5 mu* int]e/$ by ?is e>ly praise ( our common language4 ,! passage is c]ta9ly a v rem>kable "o1 & ,pr(essor ,masson has ?\ght x wor? quot+ 9 8 ,life ( ,milton4 ,! ,elem5t>ie is a sc>ce book2 s ,i w n foll[ my repr9t]s 9 leav+ out ?is passage3--8,is x n a m>vell\s bondage to become s]vants to "o tongue1 = le>n+'s sake1 ! mo/ "p ( our "t1 ) loss ( mo/ "t1 :]eas we may h ! v same treasure 9 our own tongue ) ! ga9 ( mo/ "t8 our own be>+ ! joyful title ( our lib]ty & fre$om1 ! ,lat9 tongue rememb]+ u ( our ?raldom & bondage8 ,i love ,rome1 b ,london bett]2 ,i fav\r ,italy1 b ,engl& m3 ,i hon\r ! ,lat91 b ,i wor%ip ! ,engli%4444 ,i hon\r =eign tongues1 b wi% my own to be p>tak] ( _! hon\r4 ,kn[+ !m1 ,i wi% my own tongue to resemble _! grace4 ,i confess _! furniture1 & wi% x 7 ours4444 ,! dilig5t lab\r ( le>n$ c\ntrym5 did s enri* ^? tongues1 & n ! tongues !mselves2 ?\gh !y prov$ v pliable1 z our tongue w prove1 ,i d>e assure x1 ( k1 if our le>n$ c\ntrym5 w put to _! lab\r4 ,& :y n1 ,i pray y1 z well 9 ,engli% z ei!r ,lat9 or any tongue else8 ,w ye say x is ne$less8 sure t w n hold4 ,if loss ( "t1 :ile ye be pilgrims to le>n+1 by l+]+ ab\t tongues be no argum5t ( ne$2 if lack ( s\nd skill :ile ! tongue di/racte? s5se m ?an half to itself & t mo/ ( all 9 a simple /ud5t or a silly wit1 be no argum5t ( ne$1 !n ye say some:at :i* pret5d no ne$4 ,b because we ne$$ n to lose any "t unless we li/$1 if we _h su* a vantage1 9 ! c\rse ( /udy1 z we n[ lose :ile we travail 9 tongues2 & because our und]/&+ also 7 mo/ full 9 our natural spee*1 ?\gh we "k ! =eign exce$+ly well--me?9k necessity itself do? call = ,engli%1 :]eby all t gaiety may be _h at home :i* makes u gaze s mu* at ! f9e /rang]40 ,among v>i\s objections to ! use ( ,engli% :i* he answ]s1 he comes to ?is "o3--8,b w ye ?us break (f ! common conf]5ce ) ! le>n$ =eign80 ,to ?is 8 answ] is n v =cible3--8,! conf]5ce w n cease :ile ! p h cause to int]*ange deal+s1 & )\t ! ,lat9 x may well be cont9u$3 z 9 "s c\ntries ! le>n$] sort & "s ne> c\s9s to ! ,lat9 itself d already wean _! p5s & tongues f ! use ( ! ,lat91 bo? 9 writt5 disc\rse & spok5 disputation1 into _! own natural1 & yet no dry nurse be+ s well appo9t$ by ! mil* nurse's help40 ,fur!r on he says3--8,! emp]or ,ju/9ian said1 :5 he made ! ,in/itutes ( =ce1 t ! /ud5ts 7 happy 9 hav+ su* a =$eal i4e41 advantage--,g]man ,vor!il z to he> him at once1 & n to wait f\r ye>s fir/4 ,& do? n our languag+ hold u back f\r ye>s & t full1 ?9k y8444 ,b ?is is n all4 ,our be/ und]/&+ is 9 our natural tongue1 & all our =eign le>n+ is appli$ to our use by means ( our own2 & )\t ! application to p>ticul> use1 :]e=e s]ves le>n+8444 ,z = di%on\r+ antiquity1 if we mu/ cleave to ! elde/ & n ! be/1 we %\ld be eat+ acorns & we>+ old ,adam's pelts4 ,b :y n all 9 ,engli%1 a tongue ( itself bo? deep 9 conceit & frank 9 deliv]y8 ,i d n ?9k t any language1 be x :atsoev]1 is bett] able to utt] all argum5ts ei!r ) m pi? or great] pla9ness ?an our ,engli% tongue is4444 ,x is our accid5t :i* re/ra9s our tongue & n ! tongue itself1 :i* w /ra9 ) ! /ronge/ & /ret* to ! fur!/1 = ei!r gov]nm5t if we 7 conqu]ors1 or = cunn+ if we 7 treasur]s2 n any :it beh9d ei!r ! subtle ,greek = cr\*+ close1 or ! /ately ,lat9 = spread+ fair40 ,m>cel's 8,axiomatic ,tru?s40--,a4 ,i h se5 ,m>cel ref]r$ to z a great au?ority 9 education1 b ,i look 9 va9 = 8 "n 9 ,kiddle's ,cyclopdia & 9 ,sonn5s*e9's4 ,e4 ,y w\ld be m successful 9 ,buisson's4 ,!re ,i see t ,claude ,m>cel 0 born at ,p>is 9 #agic1 & di$ 9 #ahgf4 ,he 0 "o ( ,napoleon's soldi]s4 ,aft] #dj ye>s' abs5ce f ,france dat+ f #ahbe he w5t back to ,p>is4 ,he _h be5 ,fr5* ,consul at ,cork1 & br\ght up n9e *ildr5 :om he taught entirely himself4 ,9 #ahec he publi%$ ) ,*apman & ,hall 8 ,language z a ,means ( ,m5tal ,culture 7#b vols474 ,?is book 0 n v well nam$1 = x conta9s 9 fact an analysis ( ! subject--education4 ,to ! /udy ( ?is subject ,m>cel mu/ h giv5 8 life1 & x seems odd t 8 contribution to ,engli% 7n ,fr5*7 p$agogic lit]ature is s little kn[n4 ,a ,fr5* abridgm5t ( 8 "w appe>$ 9 #ahee ) ! title ,premi]s ,pr9cipes d',education2 & 9 #ahfg he publi%$ 9 ,fr5* ,l'tudes des ,languages 7,p>is1 ,borrani7 ( :i* a translation 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,m>cel's notion ( education is ?reefold1 viz41 ,physical1 ,intellectual1 & ,moral ,education3 ! #a/ aim+ at heal?1 /r5g?1 & beauty2 ! #bnd at m5tal p[] & ! acquisition ( k2 ! #crd at piety1 ju/ice1 goodness1 & wisdom4 ,accord+ to him ! ,creator has made ! ex]cise ( our faculties pleasurable4 ,?is w sugge/ 8 ma9 l9es4 ,he expects to f9d g5]al ass5t1 = he quotes f ,g>rick3-- 8,:5 ,doctr9e meets ) g5]al approbation1 8,x is n h]esy b re=mation40 ,b he has met ) less approbation ?an neglect4 ,8 8axiomatic tru?s0 t ,i quot$ 9 ! old app5dix 7 abus$ )\t m]cy by a critic ( ^? days :o accus$ me ( 8bookmak+0 = putt+ !m 94 ,on ! o!r h& my la/ ,am]ican repr9t] s+les !m out = hon\r & puts !m at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,aft] ?is ,i suppose somebody likes !m1 s "h !y are3 8,axiomatic ,tru?s ( ,me?odology4--#a4 ,! me?od ( nature is ! ar*etype ( all me?ods1 & especially ( ! me?od ( le>n+ languages4 #b4 ,! classification ( ! objects ( /udy %\ld m>k out to tea*] & le>n] _! respective sph]es ( action4 #c4 ,! ultimate objects ( ! /udy %\ld always be kept 9 view1 t ! end be n =gott5 9 pursuit ( ! means4 #d4 ,! means ought to be consi/5t ) ! end4 #e4 ,example & practice are m effici5t ?an precept & !ory4 #f4 ,only "o ?+ %\ld be taught at "o "t2 & an accumulation ( difficulties %\ld be avoid$1 especially 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! /udy4 #g4 ,in/ruction %\ld proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! simple to ! complex1 f concrete to ab/ract notions1 f analysis to syn!sis4 #h4 ,! m9d %\ld be impress$ ) ! idea be=e x takes cognisance ( ! sign t repres5ts x4 #i4 ,! developm5t ( ! intellectual p[]s is m important ?an ! acquisition ( k2 ea* %\ld be made auxili>y to ! o!r4 #aj4 ,all ! faculties %\ld be equally ex]cis$1 & ex]cis$ 9 a way consi/5t ) ! exig5cies ( active life4 #aa4 ,! protract$ ex]cise ( ! faculties is injuri\s3 a *ange ( occupation r5ews ! en]gy ( _! action4 #ab4 ,no ex]cise %\ld be s difficult z to disc\rage ex]tion1 nor s easy z to r5d] x unnecess>y3 att5tion is secur$ by mak+ /udy int]e/+4 #ac4 ,fir/ impressions & e>ly habits are ! mo/ important1 because !y are ! mo/ endur+4 #ad4 ,:at ! le>n] discov]s by m5tal ex]tion is bett] kn[n ?an :at is told him4 #ae4 ,le>n]s %\ld n d ) _! in/ructor :at !y c d by !mselves1 t !y may h "t to d ) him :at !y _c d by !mselves4 #af4 ,! monitorial pr9ciple multiplies ! b5efits ( public in/ruction4 ,by tea*+ we le>n4 #ag4 ,! m conc5trat$ is ! pr(essor's tea*+1 ! m compreh5sive & effici5t 8 in/ruction4 #ah4 ,9 a class ! "t mu/ be s employ$ t no le>n] %all be idle1 & ! bus9ess s contriv$1 t le>n]s ( diff]5t degrees ( advancem5t %all d]ive equal advantage f ! in/ructor4 #ai4 ,repetition mu/ mature into a habit :at ! le>n] wi%es to rememb]4 #bj4 ,"y p]sons %\ld be taught only :at !y are capable ( cle>ly und]/&+1 & :at may be useful to !m 9 aft]-life40 ,a4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ^!8 ,e4 ,i confess !y br+ into my m9d ! advice giv5 to a le>n] 9 billi>ds3 8,:5 9 d\bt cannon & pocket ! r$40 ,fir/ cat* y\r 8,me?od ( ,nature10 z ,mrs4 ,glass might h said4 ,z to ,no4 #aj aga91 :o %all say :at 8all ! faculties0 are8 ,& is smell+ a faculty t mu/ be equally ex]cis$ ) see+8 ,:5 ! "y ,m>cels w5t to ,p>is ,i fancy !y f\nd !re f> m t 0 wor? see+ ?an wor? smell+4 ,a4 ,aft] :at y h said ab\t pupil-tea*]s ,i inf] y d n advocate ! 8monitorial pr9ciple08 ,e4 ,n exactly4 8,by tea*+ we le>n40 ,?is is v true4 ,b if we c't tea* we c't le>n by tea*+4 ,a4 ,b may we n ga9 by try+ to tea*8 ,& %ort ( tea*+ a good deal may be done by monitors4 ,e4 ,if by ! monitorial pr9ciple we mean 8,enc\rage ! "y to make !mselves useful0 x is a capital pr9ciple4 ,words & ,?+s4--,a4 ,9 y\r ,/urm ,essay y say3 8,! s*oolma/]'s art always has tak51 & ,i suppose1 9 ! ma91 always w take = its mat]ial ! means ( expression40 ,surely ! signs ( ! times d n indicate ?is4 ,h n ! tongue & ! p5 _h _! day1 & is n ! s*oolma/] turn+ 8 att5tion f !m1 n p]haps to ! bra91 b c]ta9ly to ! eye & ! h&8 ,x has at l5g? occurr$ to him to ask l ,%ylock 8,ha? n a boy eyes8 ,ha? n a boy h&s80 ,& z x seems c]ta9 t ! boy has ^! organs1 ! s*oolma/] wants to f9d employm5t = !m4 ,till n[ no s*ola/ic use has be5 f\nd = ! eye except read+1 or = ! h& except mak+ /rokes ) ! p5 & receiv+ !m f ! cane4 ,b x w be diff]5t 9 ! future4 ,words h _h _! day4 ,?+s w h !irs4 ,e4 ,y may be "r2 b be c>eful 9 y\r use ( t]ms4 ,z is usually ! case ) 8cries10 if we want a mean+ we may take our *oice4 ,! contra/ betwe5 8words0 & 8?+s0 is sometimes betwe5 /udies l gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ,reali51 /udies :i* 9 "s way h ,?+s = _! subject4 ,!n aga9 we h words z ! vocal or visible symbols ( ideas contra/$ ) ! ideas !mselves4 ,^? :o compla9 ( ! "t sp5t on words are ?9k+1 "s ( !m1 ( ! "t sp5t on ! art ( expression1 o!rs ( ! "t giv5 to symbols :i* d n1 to ! le>n]1 symbolize any?+4 ,b 9 our day ,words & ,?+s are suppos$ to repres5t ! /udy ( lit]ature & ! /udy ( natural sci5ce4 ,at pres5t !re is a rage = ,?+s1 b x is a little e>ly to adjudicate on ! comp>ative claims (1 say ,hom] & ,james ,watt1 on ! gratitude ( mank9d4 ,! great book ( our day on ,education1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s1 w\ld make %ort "w ) 8words02 & yet two ,s*ool ,commissions1 ! ,public ,s*ools ,commission ( #ahfb1 & ! ,middle ,s*ools ,commission ( #ahfg h def5d$ 8words40 ,! fir/ ( ^! says3 8,gramm> is ! logic ( common spee*1 & !re are few educat$ m5 :o are n s5sible ( ! advantages !y ga9$1 z boys1 f ! /eady practice ( composition & translation1 & f _! introduction to etymology4 ,! /udy ( lit]ature is ! /udy1 n inde$ ( ! physical1 b ( ! intellectual & moral _w we live 91 & ( ! ?\ghts1 lives1 & *>act]s ( ^? m5 ^: writ+s or ^: memories succe$+ g5]ations h ?\ght x wor? :ile to pres]ve40 ,! ,commission]s on ,middle ,s*ools express a simil> op9ion3--8,! #8human' subjects ( in/ruction1 ( :i* ! /udy ( language is ! beg9n+1 appe> to h a di/9ctly great] educational p[] ?an ! #8mat]ial4' ,z all civilisation really takes its rise 9 human int]c\rse1 s ! mo/ effici5t in/rum5t ( education appe>s to be ! /udy :i* mo/ be>s on t int]c\rse1 ! /udy ( human spee*4 ,no?+ appe>s to develop & discipl9e ! :ole man s mu* z ! /udy :i* assi/s ! le>n] to und]/& ! ?\ghts1 to ent] into ! feel+s1 to appreciate ! moral judgm5ts ( o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ s oppos$ to true cultivation1 no?+ s unreasonable1 z excessive n>r[ness ( m9d2 & no?+ contributes to remove ?is n>r[ness s mu* z t cle> und]/&+ ( language :i* lays op5 ! ?\ghts ( o!rs to ready appreciation4 ,nor is equal cle>ness ( ?\ght to be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,cle>ness ( ?\ght is b\nd up ) cle>ness ( language1 & ! "o is impossible )\t ! o!r4 ,:5 ! /udy ( language c be foll[$ by t ( lit]ature1 n only bread? & cle>ness1 b ref9em5t becomes atta9able4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory 9 ! full s5se belongs to a /ill lat] age3 = till ! le>n] is old en\gh to h "s appreciation ( politics1 he is n capable ( grasp+ ! mean+ ( :at he /udies4 ,b bo? lit]ature & hi/ory d b c>ry on t :i* ! /udy ( language has begun1 ! cultivation ( all ^? faculties by :i* man has contact ) man40 7,middle ,s*ools ,report1 vol4 i1 c4 iv1 p4 #bb47 ,z ,mat!w ,arnold says1 9 comp>+ two ?+s x is 8a k9d ( disadvantage0 to be totally ignorant ab\t "o ( !m2 & ,i lab\r "u ?is disadvantage 9 comp>+ lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,b ,i own ,i d n expect ! ultimate victory w be ) ^? :o may kill1 or ev5 cure or c>ry1 ! body1 & aft] t h no m t !y c d4 ,milton says ( f9e music1 t x 8br+s all heav5 be=e our eyes40 ,simil>ly f9e lit]ature c at lea/ br+ all e>? & its inhabitants1 & ! be/ ?\ghts & actions ! _w has kn[n4 ,i rememb] ,mat!w ,arnold 9 conv]sation dwell+ on ! diff]5ce x makes to u :at we read4 ,surely "o ( ! great ?+s education %\ld d is to enable & to accu/om ! ?\ghts ( ! "y to foll[ ! guidance :i* is (f]$ u 9 8! words ( ! wise40 ,s5eca v4 ,com5ius4--,a4 ,i l y\r quotation on p4 #afi f ,dr4 ,john ,br[n4 ,aft] y\r see-saw fa%ion1 y h1 9 a note on p4 #cfe1 express$ a fondness = 8a notion ( ! :ole40 ,e4 ,i am !re ?9k+ ( m9ute in/ruction ab\t p>ts4 ,b 9 mo/ ?+s notions ( ! p>ts prec$e ! notion ( ! :ole2 & 9 ?is matt] ,i ?9k ,s5eca 0 wis] ?an ,com5ius3 8,m easily are we l$ ?r\gh ! p>ts into a conception ( ! :ole4 ,facilius p] p>tes 9 cognitionem totius adducimur40 7,ep4 #hh1 #a47 ,a4 ,may ,i ask to :om y are indebt$ = ?is erudition8 ,e4 ,to ,wue/emann4 7,promptu>ium4 ,go?a1 #ahef47 ,useful ,k4--,a4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t n[ & !n y d n atta* suffici5t importance to ! possession ( k & skill4 ,e4 ,p]haps ,i d n4 ,:at ,i wi% to cultivate is1 n s mu* k z ! desire = k1 & fur!r1 ! activity ( m9d t w turn k to acc\nt4 ,k driv5 9 f )\t1 s to speak1 & skill obta9$ by en=c$ practice are1 ,i w n say valueless1 b v diff]5t 9 quality f ! k & skill t _! possessor has s\ght =4 ,k is a tool4 ,he :o has acquir$ x )\t c>+ = x1 w h nei!r ! skill nor ! w to use x4 ,a4 ,does n ?is apply to ! kn[l$ges recomm5d$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 k h[ to br+ up *ildr51 c41 & to ! k ( physiological facts & rules ( heal? :i* y y\rself say w\ld be 8( great practical value0 7p4 #ddd78 ,e4 ,c]ta9ly x does1 & also to ! 8dome/ic economy0 ( our ,bo>d s*ools2 /ill m to ! lessons 9 morality :i* x seems are1 at lea/ 9 ,france if n else:]e1 to sup]s$e religion4 ,if y c get ! le>n]s to c>e = su* lessons1 ! lessons are wor? giv+2 if n1 n4 ,c>e1 n = ! ?+1 b = ! exam9ation 9 ! ?+1 is diff]5t1 & c produce only a v inf]ior article4 ,i expect !re are in/ances 9 :i* c>e = ! exam9ation develops into c>e = ! subject ( ! exam9ation2 b ^! cases are s r>e t !y may be neglect$4 ,a4 ,i see y w\ld n take a deep int]e/ 9 ! 8,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k40 ,& yet h[ t]rible are ! results ( ignorance6 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is great on k = e>n+ a livelihood4 ,x w\ld add1 p]haps1 ?ree or f\r %ill+s a week to ! wages ( ! work+ man if 8 wife _h le>nt to cook4 ,9 matt]s ( food ! wa/e f ignorance among ! ,engli% poor is appall+4 ,e4 ,9 ?is case ! s*ool might d mu*1 z girls w\ld be anxi\s to le>n4 ,& ?\gh we _c lay d[n z a g5]al rule t x is 8nev] too late to le>n10 ?is rule might be appli$ to cook+4 ,i see t 9 ,govan1 a suburb ( ,glasg[1 ! wid[ ( ! great %ip-build]1 ,john ,eld]1 employs a tra9$ tea*] ( cook]y to in/ruct bo? by demon/rations1 & also by visit+ h\ses to :i* he 7or %e87 is invit$4 ,! results are said to be excell5t4 ,may ?is good lady f9d _m imitators6 ,memoriz+ ,poetry4--,a4 ,ab\t le>n+ poetry by he>t1 did y ev] he> ( ! old ,w9*e/] plan ( 8,/&+ up08 ,9 ! regul> 8exams40 78trials0 z we call$ !m at ,h>r[71 ea* boy _h to /ate 9 h[ mu* ,hom] & ,virgil he 0 ready to 8/& up40 ,! ma/] exam9$ into ! boy's p[] ( say+ ?is by he>t1 & ( con/ru+ all he said4 ,f ! v fir/ ! boy always gave 9 ! same poetry1 only add+ to x ea* "t4 ,e4 ,i h he>d ( x4 ,:y1 ,i wond]1 0 ?is plan giv5 up8 ,a4 ,i h ask$ old ,wykami/s1 b nobody seems to "k4 ,p]haps ! quantities le>nt became absurdly l>ge4 ,b ?is me?od ( accretion1 if n ov]done1 w\ld leave some?+ beh9d x = life4 ,let me %[ y a passage f s*9es 7,agn/ ,ktesip4 #ace7 :i* ,i h se51 n 9 s*9es1 b 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,krause's 8,education among ! ,greeks0 7,ges*4 d4 ,erziehg bei d4 ,grie*574 ,x is s simple t ev5 y may con/rue x4 ' 4 ,e4 ,!re is v little left ( my ,littlego ,greek1 b ,i w try3 8,= x is1 ,i suppose1 ) ?is object t1 :5 we are boys1 we ?or\ghly commit to memory ! say+s ( ! poets--9 ord] to turn !m to acc\nt :5 we are m540 ,i wi% ! old ,greek cu/om 7 cont9u$4 ,i believe 9 le>n+ by he>t :at is wor?y ( x 7see supra1 p4 #gd1 n474 ,a4 ,b ! poetry t appeals to *ildr5 !y gr[ out (4 ,e4 ,?is _c be said ( ! be/ ( x2 b ( ?is be/ !re is1 to be sure1 a v small quantity4 ,by 8appeals to10 ,i suppose y mean 8writt5 on purpose =40 ,b 9 a s5se mu* melodi\s poetry appeals to *ildr5 ev5 :5 !y c get only a vague notion t x has a mean+4 ,i h kn[n *ildr5 delight 9 8,! spl5d\r falls on ca/le walls10 & ,hoh5 ,l9d5 pleases !m mu* bett] ?an any?+ ( ,jane ,taylor's4 ,b "h1 at all ev5ts1 !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! wisdom ( ,tranio's rule3 8,/udy :at y mo/ affect40 ,z ,i h said 9 an old pap] ( m9e 7,h[ to ,tra9 ! ,memory2 ,kellogg's ,tea*]s ,manuals1 ,no4 #i71 ! tea*] may read al\d "s select$ pieces1 & let ! *ildr5 sep>ately 8give m>ks0 = ea*4 ,he c !n *oose 8:at !y mo/ affect40 ,books = ,tea*]s4--,a4 ,don't y ?9k y might give "s useful advice to "y tea*]s ab\t ! books !y %\ld read8 ,e4 ,i _h int5d$ giv+ "s advice1 b 9 read+ ta/es diff] widely1 & aft] all ! be/ advice is ,tranio's1 8,/udy :at y mo/ affect40 ,!re are ?ree ,engli%m5 :o h writt5 s well t1 z x seems1 !y w be read by ,engli%-speak+ tea*]s ( all "t4 ,^! are ,as*am1 ,locke1 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,if a tea*] does n "k ^! he is n likely to "k or c>e any?+ ab\t ! lit]ature ( education4 ,^! au?ors h atta9$ to ! position ( classics by writ+ %ort books 9 excell5t ,engli%4 ,aft] ^!1 ,i mu/ "k some?+ ( ! /ud5t be=e ,i v5tur$ on a recomm5dation4 ,if he 7or m probably %e7 be a /ud5t inde$1 no?+ w be f\nd m valuable ?an ,h5ry ,b>n>d's vols4 especially ^? ( ! ,engli% ,p$agogy4 ,b ! majority ( mank9d want books t are readable1 i4e41 c be read easily4 ,i d n "k any books on tea*+ t ,i h f\nd easi] read+ ?an ,d',arcy ,?ompson's ,day-,dreams ( a ,s*oolma/] & ,h4 ,clay ,trumbull's ,tea*+ & ,tea*]s 7,eng4 edition is ,hodd] & ,/\ghton's74 ,b "s v valuable books are by no means easy read+4 ,take e4g4 ,froebel's ,education ( ,man 7trans4 by ,hailmann1 ,appletons74 ,?is book is a f\nt ( ideas1 b ,froebel seems to want int]pret]s1 & happily he has f\nd !m4 ,! ,b>oness ,m>5holtz-,bl[ has done good "w = him 9 ,g]man1 & 9 ,engli% he has _h good int]pret]s z e4g41 ,miss ,%irreff1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,b[51 & ,supt4 ,hailmann4 ,9 ! case ( ,froebel !re is c]ta9ly a want ( lit]>y tal5t2 b ev5 :]e ?is tal5t is cle>ly %[n1 a book may be by no means 8easy read+40 ,x may make great dem&s on our ?9k+ p[]1 & ?\ght is nev] easy4 ,?is w probably prev5t ,?r+'s ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+ 7,pitt ,press1 #ds4 #f;d47 f ev] be+ a popul> book1 ?\gh e tea*] :o has read x w feel t he is ! bett] = x4 ,sometimes ! size ( a book /&s 9 ! way ( its popul>ity4 ,?is seems to me ! case ) ,joseph ,payne's ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+ 7,longmans1 #ajs472 b ?is book is popul> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,i take ?is z a pro( t ! ,am]ican tea*]s are m 9 e>ne/ ?an we are4 ,all ! ess5tials ( popul>ity are comb9$ 9 ,fit*'s ,lectures on ,tea*+ 7,pitt ,press1 #es471 & ?is is n[ 7& long may x cont9ue67 "o ( our mo/ read educational works4 ,a4 ,b :at ab\t less kn[n books8 ,_c y recomm5d any?+ z yet unkn[n to fame8 ,e4 ,ah6 y want me to tell y :at books des]ve fame1 t is1 to-- 8,look into ! se$s ( "t 8,& say :i* gra9 w gr[1 & :i* w n40 ,b ,i h no int5tion ( pos+ z ! repres5tative ( ! read]s ( our day1 /ill less ( ! future4 ,inde$1 f> f be+ able to tell y :at o!r p w\ld l or %\ld l1 ,i c h>dly say :at ,i l myself4 ,p]haps ,i come across a book & read x ) delight4 ,rememb]+ ! v fav\rable impression made by ! fir/ read+ ,i g back to ! book "s ye>s aft]w>ds & ,i !n 9 "s cases _c discov] :at x 0 t pleas$ me4 ,a4 ,t rem9ds me ( ,wordswor?'s simil> exp]i5ce-- 8,i sometimes c\ld be sad ,to ?9k (1 to read ov]1 _m a page1 ,poems )al ( "n1 :i* at t "t ,did nev] fail to entrance me1 & are n[ ,dead 9 my eyes1 dead z a !atre ,fre% empti$ ( spectators40 7,prelude v47 ,i suppose ?is has happ5$ to all ( u4 ,we g back & ! ?+s are ! same & yet look s diff]5t4 ,x is l aft] ! night ( an illum9ation look+ at ! designs by daylight4 ,e4 ,n _m ( our designs w be> 8! light ( common day40 ,& if we tri$ to settle :i*1 we %\ld probably be q wrong4 ,( my ?ree ,engli% ,educational ,classics "o c h>dly und]/& :y ! peoples :o speak ,engli% h reta9$ ,as*am :ile ,mulca/]1 ,br9sley1 & ,hoole are =gott54 ,locke _h 8 reputation z a philosoph] to keep 8 ,?\ghts f neglect1 & yet at ! beg9n+ ( #ahhj #a f\nd t !re 0 no ,engli% edition 9 pr9t4 ,p]haps "s ( ! old writ]s w come into ! field ( view aga94 ,e4g41 my fri5d ,dr4 ,blbr+1 ( ,heidelb]g1 ! editor ( ,de ,foe's ,compleat ,g5tleman1 talks ( reviv+ ! fame ( ,m>y ,a/ell1 :o at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury took up ! rights ( wom5 & put v vigor\sly "s ( ! pet ideas ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a4 ,i w n ask y to 8look into ! se$s ( "t10 & ,i w n take y = a repres5tative p]son 9 any way4 ,on ^! conditions p]haps y w give me ! names ( "s ( ! books t h made su* a fav\rable impression on fir/ read+--at lea/ 9 cases :]e t impression has n be5 effac$ by fur!r acqua9tance4 ,e4 ,agre$4 ,i ought to beg9 ) psy*ology1 b ,i mu/ ) sorr[ confess t ,i nev] read a :ole book on ! sci5ce ( m9d2 s ?is mo/ important section ( ! subject mu/ be omitt$4 ,fr5* & ,g]man books ,i w also omit unless !y exi/ 9 an ,engli% translation4 ,ab\t ! hi/orical & biographical "p ( ! subject ,i h already nam$ _m books su* z ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie's ,com5ius & ,russell's ,guimps's ,pe/alozzi4 ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,pa9t]'s ,hi/ory ( ,education is pleasantly writt52 b no really satisfactory hi/ory ( education c be held 9 "o small volume4 ,?is objection 9 lim9e also applies to ,g4 ,compayr's ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy 7trans4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,payne7 :i* is f> too full ( matt]4 ,9 x we f9d _m ?+s1 b only a v advanc$ /ud5t c f9d mu*4 ,little has be5 writt5 ab\t ,engli%-speak+ educators1 b !re are good acc\nts ( ,bell1 ,lanca/]1 ,wild]sp91 & ,/[ 9 ,j4 ,leit*'s ,practical ,educationi/s 7,macmillans1 #fs474 ,turn+ to books ab\t pr9ciples & me?ods ,i h f\nd no?+ t ) ref]5ce to ! fir/ /age ( in/ruction seems to me bett] ?an ,colonel ,f4 ,w4 ,p>k]'s ,talks on ,tea*+ 7,new ,york1 ,kelloggs74 ,fit*'s m complete book ,i h nam$ already4 ,a4 ,geikie's ,tea*+ ( ,geography 7,macmillans1 #bs4 #f;d47 is a book ,i read ) great delight4 ,= pr9ciples ,joseph ,payne seems to me "o ( our be/ educational writ]s1 & we %all be=e long h1 ,i hope1 ! mu* expect$ volume ( 8 pap]s on ! hi/ory ( education4 ,"s ( ! small] books t ,i rememb] read+ ) especial gratification are ,jacob ,abbott's ,tea*]1 ,cald]wood ,on ,tea*+1 ,a4 ,sidgwick's lectures on ,/imulus 7,pitt ,press7 & on ,discipl9e 7,riv+tons71 & ,mrs4 ,malleson's ,notes on ,e>ly ,tra9+ 7,sonn5s*e974 ,!re seem$ to me a v f9e tone 9 a book mu* read 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,d4 ,p4 ,page's ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+4 ,t4 ,tate's ,philosophy ( ,education ,i lik$ v mu*1 & ! book has be5 reviv$ by ,colonel ,p>k] 7,kelloggs74 ,!re are "s books t are wor? gett+ 8by opportunity10 z ! ,g]mans say1 good books n[ out ( pr9t4 ,among !m ,i %\ld "n ,roll9's ,me?od 9 ?ree volumes1 ,r\sseau's ,emilius 9 f\r1 ,de ,morgan's ,ari?metic1 ,essays on a ,lib]al ,education edit$ by ,f>r>4 ,i "k or h kn[n all ! books "h nam$1 b my k & "t = read+ d n ext5d z f> z my book%elves1 & ,i see be=e me "s books t ,i h n m5tion$ & yet feel sure ,i ought to m5tion4 ,among !m are ,compayr's ,lectures on ,p$agogy1 translat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,payne1 :i* seems an admirable compilation 7,bo/on1 ,hea?2 ,london1 ,sonn5s*e972 ,%aw & ,donnell's ,s*ool ,devices 7,kelloggs7 9 :i* ,i h se5 "s good 8wr9kles02 & ,t4 ,j4 ,morgan's ,educational ,mosaics 7,bo/on2 ,silv]1 ,rog]s ,co474 ,j4 ,l&on's ,s*ool ,managem5t 7,london1 ,k4 ,paul7 ,i h he>d spok5 ( z an excell5t book1 & ,i l :at ,i h se5 ( x4 ,b ,i set out ) a promise to m5tion n all our good books1 b ^? :i* ,i ?\ght good aft] read+ !m4 ,!re /ill rema9 "s t fall "u ?is category & h n be5 m5tion$1 e4g41 ,! ,action ( ,exam9ations1 by ,h4 ,la?am1 ,cott]ill's ,re=ms 9 ,public ,s*ools1 ,w4 ,h4 ,payne's ,contributions1 & a pamphlet f :i* ,i =m$ a v high e/imate ( ! writ]'s ability to give u "s fir/-rate books ab\t tea*+4 ,i mean ,a ,pot ( ,gre5 ,fea!rs1 by ,t4 ,g4 ,roop]4 ,pr(essional ,k4--,a4 ,:at a pity x is t 9 ,engli% we h no "n = ,k]nspr*e6 ,:5 an important tru? has be5 aptly express$1 ! v expression may be an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,take e4g4 ,milton's words :i* ,i obs]ve y h quot$ m ?an once1 ab\t 8! und]/&+ f\nd+ itself on s5sible ?+s0 7p4 #eaj74 ,"h we h a 8k]nel-say+0 t might h sprung up & yield$ a ri* crop ( improvem5ts 9 tea*+ if x _h only tak5 root 9 tea*]s' m9ds4 ,:y don't y make a collection ( su* 8k]nel-say+s08 ,e4 ,i h _h ?\ghts ( do+ s1 & ,i h a collection ( collections ( ,k]nspr*e 9 ,g]man4 ,a4 ,well1 ,g]man is n ! language ,i %\ld *oose = ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,accord+ to ,he9e1 9 ev]y?+ ! ,g]mans d !re is a ?\ght embodi$2 & we may add t 9 ev]y?+ !y say a ?\ght is emb$d$2 b ,i r %r9k f ! lab\r ( digg+ x out4 ,e4 ,y w\ld f9d a collection ( 8k]nel-say+s0 9 any language r /iff read+4 ,& aft] all1 ! say+s :i* /rike u are j ^? :i* give utt]ance to our own ?\ght4 ,?is is probably ! reason :y 9 read+ su* a book s few say+s seem to u wor?y ( selection4 ,i _h int5d$ prefac+ ^! essays ) "s mottoes1 z ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,hodgson us$ to d :5 he wrote1 b f9ally ,i h left my read]s to collect = !mselves4 ,a4 ,i %\ld l to "k ! sort ( ?+ y int5d$ = y\r 8fir/ c\rse40 ,e4 ,"h is "o ( !m f ,pr(essor ,/anley ,hall1 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass43 8,mod]n life 9 all its dep>tm5ts is rul$ by exp]ts & by ^? :o h atta9$ ! ma/]y t comes by conc5tration40 7,new ,engl& ,j4 ( ,ed41 #bg? ,febru>y1 #ahij47 ,a4 ,accord+ to y1 say+s /rike u only :5 !y express our own ?\ght4 ,9 t case ,pr(essor ,hall's say+ w\ld n make mu* impression on ! g5]ality ( y\r s*ola/ic fri5ds4 ,_m ( ! be/ paid s*oolma/]s 9 ,engl& w\ld bur/ out laugh+ if anyone spoke ( !m z 8educational exp]ts40 ,educational exp]ts8 ,:y !y h nev] ev5 ?\ght ( ! art ( tea*+1 leave alone ! sci5ce ( education4 ,!y are 8good s*ol>s0 :o at "o "t ?\ght en\gh ( prep>+ = ! ,tripos or ! ,hon\r ,s*ools2 & hav+ got a good degree !y ?\ght 7& small blame to !m67 h[ to employ _! k ( classics s z to secure a com=table income = life4 ,accord+ly !y took a ma/]%ip1 & soon settl$ d[n into ! groove ( "w4 ,b z = ! sci5ce ( education !y h ?\ght ( x ab\t z mu* z !y h ?\ght ( ! sea-s]p5t1 & w\ld probably tell y ) ,mr4 ,l[e 7n[ =gott5 z ,"l ,%]brooke7 t 8!re is no su* ?+40 ,e4 ,no d\bt !y feel ! =ce ( ,dr4 ,h>ris's words3 8,= ! mo/ "p ! tea*] :o is !oretically incl9$ is lame 9 ! region ( details ( "w40 ,x w\ld be a pity inde$ if _! 8resolution0 to make a good income 7 8sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght40 ,a4 ,!y _h to ?9k h[ to prep>e = ! ,tripos2 & be=e long !y w h to ?9k h[ to d _! "w ( tea*+ & educat+ bett] ?an !y h done x hi!rto4 ,! future w dem& some?+ m ?an 8a good degree40 ,pr(essor ,hall is "r4 ,! day ( ! exp]ts is com+4 ,b does n ev5 ,dr4 ,h>ris w>n tea*]s aga9/ be+ 8too !oretical08 ,e4 ,x is r jump+ at conclusions to assume ) "s ( our c\ntrym5 t if a man does n ?9k1 he does act4 ,goe!'s aphorism :i* ,dr4 ,h>ris quotes is ?is3 8,?\ght exp&s1 b lames2 action n>r[s1 b int5sifies40 ,n[ a good _m m5 :o d n exp5d en]gy 9 ?\ght are by no means /rong 9 action4 ,9 education !y h no desire ei!r to ?9k ! be/ t is ?\ght or to d ! be/ t is done4 ,!y won't inquire ab\t ei!r2 & !y %[ ! mo/ imp>tial ignorance ( bo?4 ,l ,dr4 ,ridd+ !y are ( op9ion t pr(essional k is to be s\ght only by p]sons )\t ! advantages ( hav+ be5 at a public s*ool & ( 8a good degree40 ,z = read+ books ab\t tea*+ !y leave t sort ( ?+ to national s*oolma/]s4 ,& yet if tea*+ is an art1 !y might get at lea/ z mu* good f books z ! golf-play] gets or ! :i/-play]4 8,h[ m>vell\s x is :5 "o comes to consid] ! matt]1 t a man %\ld decl9e to receive in/ruction on a te*nical subject f ^? :o h em95tly di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 x & h sy/ematis$ = ! b5efit ( o!rs ! results ( ! exp]i5ce ( a lifetime60 ,mr4 ,james ,payn :o wrote ?is 7,"s ,private ,views1 p4 #agf7 0 ?9k+ ( books n on tea*+ b on :i/2 b 8 words w\ld come home to tea*]s if !y took z mu* int]e/ 9 tea*+ z he takes 9 :i/4 ,a4 ,i fancy y h spott$ ! real defici5cy2 x is want ( int]e/4 ,x is only :5 a man becomes ?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 :i/ t he desires to play bett]1 & :5 he becomes ?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 tea*+ t he desires to tea* bett]4 ,& if only he desires to improve he w seek all ! pr(essional k )9 8 rea*4 8,e "o10 says ,mat!w ,arnold1 8e "o is aw>e h[ ^? :o want to cultivate any s5se or end[m5t 9 !mselves mu/ be habitually conv]sant ) ! works ( p :o h be5 em95t = t s5se1 mu/ /udy !m1 cat* inspiration f !m4 ,only 9 ?is way c progress be made40 7,quot$ by ,mom]ie74 ,let u hope t y h incit$ "s "y tea*]s to /udy & cat* inspiration f ! great ?9k]s & work]s 9 ! educational field4 ,e4 ,?is is ! object ,i h aim$ at4 ,if ,i want$ a motto ,i ?9k ,i %\ld *oose ?is f ,froebel int]pret$ by ,miss ,%irreff3 8,! duty ( ea* g5]ation is to ga!r up its inh]itance f ! pa/1 & ?us to s]ve ! pres5t1 & prep>e bett] ?+s = ! future40 ,,syllabus ,,( ,,quick',s ,,educational ,,re=m]s4 ,f ! ,int]national ,read+ ,circle ,c\rse ( ,pr(essional ,/udy4 ,pages #a to #fb4 ,i4 ,,! ,,r5asc5ce4 #a4 ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 lit]ature4 #b4 ,classical lit]ature 9 education4 #c4 ,! educational classes produc$ by r5asc5ce t5d5cies4 #d4 ,h[ mu* ( ! error ( ! 8r5asc5ce ideal0 /ill survives8 #e4 ,is ?is h>m ov]balanc$ by ! good influ5ces ( t ideal8 ,,ii4 ,,/urm4 7,see ,pa9t]1 pp4 #afj-afb1 = ,/urm's ,c\rse ( ,/udy47 #a4 ,:at two or m influ5ces ( ,/urm's s*ool w\ld y m5tion z mo/ prom95tly reta9$ 9 our l>g] s*ools ( to-day8 #b4 ,h[ f> are ^! influ5ces good1 & 9 :at ways are !y evil8 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,jesuits4 #a4 ,_! motive4 #b4 ,_! elem5ts ( excell5ce4 #c4 ,:at value atta*es to _! provisions = secur+ ?or\ghness8 #d4 ,:at to _! in/ruction 9 morals8 #e4 ,:at to _! physical tra9+8 ,pages #fc to #aga4 ,,rabelais4 #a4 ,8 products ( education3 wisdom1 eloqu5ce1 & piety4 #b4 ,8 emphasis ^u ! /udy ( ?+s4 #c4 ,8 /&>d ( physical tra9+4 ,,montaigne4 #a4 ,8 prime product ( education3 wisdom1 9 ?\ght & action2 n k4 #b4 ,! practical errors 9 8 !ory ( educational me?ods4 ,,as*am4 #a4 ,8 me?od ( ,lat9 in/ruction4 ,,mulca/]4 #a4 ,8 pr9ciples ( education z id5tical ) ! be/ ( to-day4 #b4 ,8 recognition ( ! ne$ = tra9$ tea*]s4 ,,ratke4 #a4 ,8 practical failure due to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! man1 n to faults 9 8 pr9ciples ( education4 #b4 ,n9e c>d9al pr9ciples ( didactics z ga!r$ f 8 writ+s ^u me?od4 ,,com5ius4 #a4 ,! fir/ to treat education 9 a sci5tific _s4 #b4 ,bas$ educational me?od ^u an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! *ild4 #c4 ,insi/$ ^u ! direct /udy ( ext]nal ,nature1 & ^u ! le>n+ ( words only 9 connection ) ?+s4 #d4 ,recogniz$ education z ! developm5t ( all ! faculties ( body & ( m9d4 #e4 ,dem&$ ! equal in/ruction ( bo? sexes4 #f4 ,taught t languages mu/ be le>n$ ?r\gh practice1 n by means ( rules4 #g4 ,made provision = education ?r\gh ! h& z well z ?r\gh ! eye & e>4 ,pages #agb to #bah4 ,,! ,,port-,,royali/s4 #a4 ,purpose & me?od ( ,sa9t ,cyran's 8,little ,s*ools40 #b4 ,actual results ( ,engli% public-s*ool influ5ces z oppos$ to ,/4 ,cyran's !ory4 #c4 ,port-,royali/s' re/oration ( ! "m tongue z ! subject-matt] ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 #d4 ,lit]ature /udy z di/+ui%$ f gramm> /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 #e4 ,logic1 or ! act ( ?9k+4 #f4 ,! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! p$agogic writ+s ( ! ,port-,royali/s4 ,,"s ,,engli% ,,writ]s ,,be=e ,,locke4 #a4 ,francis ,bacon3 fir/ great lead] ( ! reali/s--( ^? :o s\ght to "k ! facts ( ,nature r ?an ! ?\ghts ( man4 #b4 ,*>les ,hoole3 8"o ( ! pione] educators ( 8 c5tury40 #c4 ,dury & ,petty3 ext5d+ ! doctr9es ( realism4 #d4 ,milton3 elevat+ ! moral nature to ! fir/ place 9 8 !ory ( a complete education4 ,pages #bai to #bch4 ,,john ,,locke4 7,see ,pa9t]'s ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bah-bbc47 #a4 ,f ! /&po9ts ( reason he reject$ ! e/abli%$ me?ods4 #b4 ,8 def9ition ( k4 #c4 ,developm5t ( body & m9d1 & =mation ( "r habits ! true aim ( education4 #d4 ,locke's comp>ison ( ! *ild to :ite pap] or wax4 #e4 ,! naturali/ic s*ool ( educational ?9k]s4 #f4 ,objections to class+ ,locke z a utilit>ian4 ,pages #bci to #bhi4 ,,r\sseau4 #a4 ,to be class$ ) ! ?9k]s1 n ) ! do]s1 9 educational "w4 #b4 ,! value ( 8 de/ructive "w4 #c4 ,8 ?ree k9ds ( education--f ,nature1 f m51 f ?+s4 #d4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 ! "w ( education is to und]/& ! m9d ( *ildhood4 #e4 ,"s *>act]i/ics ( ! mode ( act+ ( ! *ild's m9d4 #f4 ,evil ( ov]-direct+ 9 bo? discipl9e & in/ruction4 #g4 ,"r & wrong views ( ! value ( self-tea*+4 ,,bas$[4 #a4 ,8 mode ( ?\ght & mann] ( life4 #b4 ,! !ory outl9$ 9 8 ,elem5t>y & 9 8 ,book ( ,me?od4 #c4 ,int]e/+ devices us$ at ! ,philan?rop9um4 #d4 ,! tra9+ ( ! s5ses & acquirem5t ( k ?r\gh ! s5ses pre-em95t bo? 9 ,r\sseau's & 9 ,bas$['s !ories4 ,pages #bij to #chc4 ,,pe/alozzi4 ,i4 ,,8 ,,life4 #a4 ,8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics z %[n 9 8 e>ly life & 9 8 f>m+ v5ture4 #b4 ,8 view ( ! nature & purpose ( education4 #c4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t at ,neuh( & its failure4 #d4 ,! orphanage at ,/anz4 #e4 ,! exp]i5ces at ,burgdorf4 #f4 ,! ,in/itute at ,yv]dun4 #g4 ,! la/ success at ,cl9dy4 #h4 ,dea? ( ,pe/alozzi at ,neuh(4 ,,ii4 ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,pr9ciples4 #a4 ,! ma9 object ( ! s*ool n to tea* b to develop4 #b4 ,! *ild fir/ to be tra9$ to love2 moral education4 #c4 ,! *ild next to be tra9$ to ?9k2 intellectual education4 #d4 ,! *ild also to be tra9$ to "w2 physical education4 #e4 ,! self-activity ( ! pupil ! real =ce 9 all true education4 ,pages #chd to #dac4 ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4 #a4 ,! be/ t5d5cies ( educational ?\ght embodi$ 9 ,froebel's tea*+s4 #b4 ,froebel imp]fectly und]/ood ev5 by ! mo/ e>ne/ /ud5ts4 #c4 ,influ5ce ( 8 own neglect$ y\? ^u 8 aft] consid]ation = *ildr54 #d4 ,8 communion ) ,nature 9 ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/4 #e4 ,8 transf] f ! /udy ( ar*itecture to ! practice & /udy ( education4 #f4 ,8 association ) ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]dun4 #g4 ,! influ5ce ( 8 milit>y exp]i5ce 9 %[+ him ! value ( discipl9e & unit$ action4 #h4 ,8 exp]i5ces 9 tea*+ prior to 8 fir/ k9d]g>t54 #i4 ,! edict =bidd+ ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools bas$ ^u ,froebel's pr9ciples4 #aj4 ,8 dea? at ?reescore ye>s & t54 ,,froebel',s ,,educational ,,pr9ciples4 #aa4 ,to f9d 9 sci5ce ! expression ( ! m9d ( ,god4 #ab4 ,to view education z f\nd$ ^u religion1 & lead+ to unity ) ,god4 #ac4 ,to reg>d ! educational process z a process ( developm5t4 #ad4 ,to seek developm5t1 or evolution ( p[]1 9 ! ex]cise ( ^? functions1 9 ! use ( ^? faculties1 t x is desir$ to develop4 #ae4 ,t ! ex]cise productive ( true developm5t mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! function or faculty to be develop$1 & proportion$ to its pres5t /r5g?4 #af4 ,t to be mo/ truly effici5t ! ex]cise mu/ arise f & be su/a9$ by ! self-activity ( ! function or faculty to be develop$4 #ag4 ,t ?is self-activity mu/ manife/ itself n 9 receptive action or acquisition alone1 b 9 expressive action or production4 #ah4 ,practically1 t *ildr5 %\ld be busi$ ) ?+s t !y c n only see b c h&le & use 9 ! mak+ or repres5t+ ( new ?+s to express _! gr[+ ideas4 ,pages #dad to #dfi4 ,,jacotot4 #a4 ,set pupils to le>n+ by _! own inve/igation & refra9$ f giv+ !m direct in/ruction4 #b4 ,ass]t$ t all human be+s are equally capable ( le>n+4 #c4 ,decl>$ t e "o c tea*2 &1 moreov]1 c tea* t :i* he does n "k4 #d4 ,has done great s]vice by giv+ prom95ce to ! pr9ciple t ! m5tal faculties mu/ be develop$ & tra9$ by be+ put to actual "w4 #e4 ,by 8 doctr9e 8,all is 9 all10 he gave prom95ce to ! correlation ( k4 #f4 ,made ! ?or\gh ma/]y ( a s+le book & ! ret5tion ( x all 9 ! memory 8 basis ( all fur!r accumulation4 #g4 ,8 me?odology summ>iz$3 ,le>n some?+1 repeat x1 reflect ^u x1 te/ all relat$ facts by x4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 #a4 ,! value 9 ! views ( "o :o comes to educational problems free f tradition & prejudice4 #b4 ,! tea*+ t gives ! mo/ valuable k also be/ discipl9es 9 ! m5tal faculties4 #c4 ,! end & aim ( education is to prep>e u = complete liv+4 #d4 ,! te/ ( ! relative value ( k lies 9 its p[] to influ5ce action 9 "r or wrong directions4 #e4 ,9 me?od we mu/ proce$ f ! simple to ! complex2 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 #f4 ,e /udy %\ld h a purely exp]im5tal introduction1 & *ildr5 %\ld be l$ to make _! own inve/igations & draw _! own inf]5ces4 #g4 ,in/ruction mu/ excite ! int]e/ ( pupils & !re=e be pleasurable to !m4 ,pages #dgj to #ejc4 ,i4 ,,?\ghts ,,& ,,sugge/ions4 #a4 ,! ideal ( public-s*ool "w is to beget a heal?y int]e/ & pleasure 9 ! do+ ( h>d "w4 #b4 ,! int]e/ to arise f ! nature ( ! subject itself1 or f ! recogniz$ usefulness ( ! subject1 or f emulation4 #c4 ,! value ( pictures 9 ! tea*+ ( *ildr5 z a means ( awak5+ active int]e/4 #d4 ,! fir/ tea*+ 9 read+ & numb] to beg9 ) ! objective me?od & pass !nce to ! subjective4 #e4 ,9 geography & hi/ory ! lively description & ! int]e/+ /ory to prec$e ! =mal comp5d4 ,,ii4 ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,influ5ce4 #f4 ,s\rces & means ( ! tea*]'s influ5ce ^u 8 pupils4 #g4 ,causes ( ! loss ( 8 good influ5ce4 #h4 ,! influ5ce ( a few lead+ spirits among ! pupils !mselves4 #i4 ,a mode ( religi\s tra9+4 ,pages #ejd to #edg4 ,,review ,,( ,,educational ,,progress4 #a4 ,! good & ! ill influ5ces ( ! ,jesuits z ! 8fir/ re=m]s0 9 educational practice4 #b4 ,rabelais1 ! fir/ to advocate tra9+ z di/+ui%$ f tea*+4 #c4 ,com5ius1 f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( education1 recogniz+ 9 8 s*eme ! ?reefold nature ( man4 #d4 ,r\sseau1 ! orig9ator ( ! 8new education0 z bas$ ^u ! inh]5t nature ( ! *ild4 #e4 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 re=m]s ( ! processes ( education1 seek+ to secure ! developm5t ( ea* faculty by its own activity 9 appropriate ex]cise4 ,,index4 ,abbott1 ,e4 ,a41 on ,montaigne & ,locke1 #bca1 n4 -- ,jacob2 ,tea*]1 #edd ,accompli%m5ts1 #dea ,action1 ! root ( ,ed41 #djc 8,advice to a ,"y ,"l0 7#afia71 #bcd1 n4 s*9es on memoriz+1 #eda sop's ,fables1 ,locke's1 #bch1 n4 ,alex&] ,de ,villa ,dei1 #hj1 #ecb ,all c le>n1 ,jacotot1 #daf -- ,education =1 #cef -- ,education =4 ,com5ius1 #eae1 #ebb -- is 9 all4 ,jacotot1 #dbc -- to be educat$4 ,com5ius1 #adf ,altdorf burnt1 #cbf ,analogies = illu/ration n pro(1 #aee ,an*oran edits ,c4's ,janua1 #afc ,&re1 ,j4 ,v41 #abb ,ans*auung1 ,pe/alozzi on1 #cfj -- ,froebel =1 #djh ,app>atus1 #dfb ,aquaviva & ,jesuit s*ools1 #cf ,arb]1 ,pr(41 #hb1 n41 #hc ,ari?metic1 ,*ildr5's4 ,com5ius1 #ade -- = *ildr51 #dgi1 #dhb ,arm/rong1 ,ld41 on cry = ,useless ,k1 #gh1 n4 ,arnauld1 8 ,rglem5t1 #ahi -- ! ,philosoph] ( ,port-,royal1 #ahg ,arnaulds1 ,!1 & ! ,jesuits1 #agc ,arnold1 ,dr41 educator ( ,engli% type1 #bai -- ,hi/ory ,prim]1 #dhg -- on citiz5s' duties1 #ddg ,arnold1 ,m41 ab\t ! ,middle ,age1 #bdj -- ,b>b>ian's inaptitude = ideas1 #agh -- on importance ( read+1 #eci -- on /udy+ great au?orities1 #edg -- on ,words & ,?+s1 #aed ,arn/dt1 ,f4 ,a43 ,rabelais1 #fi ,art le>nt by "r practice1 #dbj -- ( obs]v+ *ildr51 #beb ,as*am aga9/ epitomes1 #dhf1 n4 -- & ,jacotot1 #dbe ,as*am's me?od = ,lat91 #hd -- 8six po9ts10 #he 8,ascott ,hope10 quot$1 #dih1 n4 ,a?letic public s*oolm51 #ead1 n4 ,audition1 ,h9t =1 #dbi1 n4 ,augsburg1 ,ratke at1 #ajf ,bacon aga9/ epitomes1 #ddf1 n4 -- = ,jesuits1 #cc1 n4 -- = /udy ( ,nature1 #djh -- on 8"y plants10 #djf -- /udi$ by ,com5ius1 #abb1 #adi ,baconian tea*+1 ,effect (1 #eaj ,bahrd1 #bhi ,balliet1 ,t4 ,m41 quot$1 #aef1 n4 ,banzet1 ,s>a1 #djh ,b>bauld1 ,mrs41 on wom5's concealm5t ( k1 #ih1 n4 ,b>bi]1 ,la ,discipl9e1 #fj1 n4 ,b>de5's ,orbis ,pictus1 #afh ,b>n>d1 ,h41 ,engli% ,p$agogy1 #edb -- ,eng4 ,p$agogy1 #ia1 n41 #bab1 n4 -- on ,k9d]g>t51 #dji -- ,op9ion ( ,positions1 #ia1 & n4 -- ,! ,k9d]g>t51 #dac ,b>tle ,massey 9 ,adam ,b$e1 #ejg ,bas$[ & ,goe!1 #bgg ,bas$[1 ,p9lo*e's m5tion$1 #bhi1 n41 #ebg ,bateus1 #afj1 n4 ,ba?1 ,w41 #afj1 n4 ,beaconsfield1 ,ld4 ,8 8two nations10 #cga ,beautiful1 ,pe/alozzi on s5se ( !1 #cci ,beg9n]s %all h be/ tea*]s4 ,mulca/]1 #ie ,bell1 ,dr41 at ,yv]dun1 #ceb ,bell]s1 ,john1 = h&-"w1 #baa1 n4 ,b5ham1 ,d4 ,8 ,com5ius1 #aai -- ,8 trans4 ( ,s*4 ( ,infancy1 #adb ,besant1 ,w4 ,read+s 9 ,rabelais1 #fg1 n4 ,biographies be=e hi/ory1 #dhi ,birm+ham lecture quot$1 #aic1 n4 ,blackbo>d1 ,draw+ on1 #dgf ,blund] ( insi/+ on repulsive tasks1 #dfg -- ( n gett+ cle> ideas ab\t def9itions1 #dfj -- ( giv+ only book k1 #deh -- ( tea*+ epitomes1 #dhe -- ( tea*+ words )\t ideas1 #dge -- ( 8cramm+0 *ildr51 #cgd1 #cge -- ( n beg9n+ at ! beg9n+1 #dfh -- ( assum+ k 9 pupil1 #dfh -- ( neglect+ int]e/1 #dfd1 #dgd -- ( tea*+ ! incompreh5sible1 #aie -- ab\t 8fir/ pr9ciples10 #dfa ,blunts*li w>ns ,pe/alozzi1 #bic ,bodily heal?1 ,jesuits c>$ =1 #dh1 #ejg ,bodm]1 #bia ,body1 its "p 9 education1 #eff -- mu/ be educat$1 #daa -- ,rabelais's c>e ( !1 #ejh ,boileau's ,arrt1 #ahg1 n4 ,booki%ness ( ,r5asc5ce4 ,montaigne1 #gf ,book-le>n+1 connect$ ) life1 #dei ,books = tea*]s1 #eda 8,books1 ,mis]able10 #aec -- ,reaction aga9/1 #eaj -- ,respect =1 #dha -- ,r\sseau aga9/1 #bei -- useful 9 le>n+ an art1 #edf ,b[51 ,e4 ,e41 #aah1 n41 #ecb ,b[51 ,h4 ,c41 on connect$ tea*+1 #dbd1 n4 -- on developm5t1 #cii -- on ,k9d]g>t5s )\t idea1 #daj ,bral1 ,m41 quot$1 #bhf1 n4 -- on *ild-collectors1 #dbi1 n4 -- on tea*]s1 #dee1 n4 ,brew]1 ,pr(41 #ih ,br9sley1 ,j41 #bjj -- on tra9+ tea*]s1 #ii1 n4 ,br[n1 ,dr4 ,john1 ,ed4 ?r\gh s5ses1 #deh1 n4 -- ,hor ,sub41 quot$1 #afi ,br[n+1 ,osc>1 on ,humani/s1 c41 #bca ,bu*anan & ,infant ,s*ools1 #dji ,buisson on ,intuition1 #cfa ,blbr+1 ,dr41 & ,m>y ,a/ell1 #edc ,burgdorf ,in/itute1 #cda -- ,pe/alozzi at1 #cce ,burke1 quot$1 #dcg ,buss1 #cda1 #cfe ,butl]1 ,bp41 on ,ed41 #adg1 #adh1 n4 ,butl]1 ,samuel1 quot$1 #cj ,cadet on ,port-,royal1 #aie ,calk9s1 ,pr(41 on le>n+ ?ro' s5ses1 #aej1 n4 ,cambridge exam1 ( tea*]s1 #bai1 n4 -- man1 #dj ye>s ago1 #dca1 n4 ,campanella1 #abb ,campe1 #bhg ,capitaliz+ discov]ies1 #eag ,c>lyle ab\t ! ,s*oolm51 #aj1 n4 -- on div9e message1 #dja -- on ,hi/ory1 quot$1 #ade1 n4 -- on ,k1 #bbc -- on 8nag = s&-c>t10 #dfg -- on tea*+ religion1 #cei1 n4 ,c>lyle's 8mo/ly fools10 #eag1 n4 -- 8,succ$aneum = salt10 #dih ,c>r on ,port-,royal1 #aie ,cat1 ,r\sseau on !1 #beh ,cato's ,di/i*s1 #ha1 #aba ,*amb]s1 ,h4 ,e41 ( ,n4 ,orleans1 on 8teams10 #eca ,*ann+1 ,eva1 ,trans1 ( ,l4 & ,g41 #cjf1 n4 ,*ildr5 & poetry1 #eda -- c>e = ?+s & animals1 #dge1 #eba -- n small m51 #bej ,*ildhood ! sleep ( ,reason1 #bde ,*ri/oph] & ,eliza1 #cji ,*ur*1 ,dean ,r4 ,w41 on ,montaigne1 #ga1 n4 ,citiz5s' duties1 #ddg ,classics1 8,discov]y0 ( !1 #c -- d n satisfy mod]n wants1 #g -- 9 ,public ,s*ools1 #gf -- too h>d = boys1 #af ,classification1 ,?\ghts on1 #bcb ,classifi]s1 ,caution aga9/1 #bcb ,class mat*es1 #db1 #ebi ,cl9dy1 ,pe/alozzi at1 #cec ,cl\gh1 quot$1 #ceh ,colet1 ,dean1 #hj1 #ecc ,columbus & geography1 #b ,com5ius & ,sci5ce ( ed41 #eab -- ,books ab\t1 #agj -- at ,am/]dam1 #acc -- 9 ,london1 #abf -- criticiz$ by ,lancelot1 #ahf1 n4 -- /iftung1 #aai ,compayr1 ,hi/4 ( ,p$agogy & ,lectures1 #edd -- on ,jesuits1 #ef -- on ,port-,royal1 #aif ,comp5dia ,disp5dia1 #afi ,complete liv+1 ,h4 ,sp5c] on1 #ddb 8,complete ,reta9]s10 #hi1 #dbf1 n4 ,composition1 #dhc ,compulsion1 ,no?+ on1 #aab ,concept1 ,l>g]1 h[ =m$1 #deg ,conc]tations1 #db ,concrete1 ,/>t f1 #dfa ,conduct ( ,und]/&+ & ,reason1 #bba ,confr5ces pdagogiques1 #cfb ,connexion ( kn[l$ges1 #dbd ,consolation1 c41 ,br9sley1 #bjj ,cook+ %\ld be taught1 #edj ,coote1 ,edw>d1 ,engli% ,s*olema/]1 #ia ,corporal puni%m5t1 ,pe/alozzi =1 #cbg ,cott]ill1 ,c4 ,c41 ,sugge/$ ,re=ms1 #ede ,c[ley's ,proposition1 c41 #bjb ,c[p] on man & animals1 #eag ,creative in/9ct4 ,froebel1 #djd ,daniel1 ,canon1 quot$1 #aee1 n4 ,daniel1 ,le ,p4 ,*41 quot$1 #fb1 n4 ,day-dreams ( a ,s*oolma/]1 #eda ,day-s*ools want$1 #dii ,dead k1 #ebd ,decimal scale univ]sal1 #dgi ,de ,g>mo1 ,dr41 on language "w4 #dha1 n4 -- quot$1 #djc1 n4 ,de ,ge] & ,com5ius1 #acj ,de ,imitatione1 quot$1 #cih ,de ,morgan1 quot$1 #dcc1 n4 ,de ,qu9cey1 quot$1 #aec1 n4 ,d]by1 ,ld41 on crim9als1 #ceh -- quot$1 #bef1 n4 ,developm5t1 ,froebel's !ory (1 #djj ,didactic tea*+1 ,r\sseau aga9/1 #bfh ,did]ot1 quot$1 #cfe1 n4 ,die/]weg on dead k1 #cfe ,die/]weg's rule = repetition1 #aaa ,dilucidatio ( ,com5ius1 #abc ,disc5tem oportet cr$]e1 #aeb ,dislike (t5 f ignorance1 #dff ,doctr9ale1 #hj1 #ecb ,d\ble ,translat+1 #hf -- translation judg$1 #hi ,draw+1 ,com5ius =1 #adf -- ,pe/alozzi on1 #cfh -- ,r\sseau =1 #bfa ,drill1 ,ne$ (1 #ebf ,drudg]y def9$1 #dgb ,drummond1 ,h5ry1 quot$1 #ejb1 n4 ,dunciad1 quot$1 #ca1 #dbb ,dupanl\p1 ,bp41 quot$1 #aac ,dupanl\p aga9/ ,public ,s*ools1 #agi ,dury's ,re=m$ ,s*oole1 #bjc -- wat* simile1 #bje ,e>ly education negative1 #bdd1 #djb ,ecclesia/icus1 quot$1 #gg cole modle1 books n us$1 #aed1 n4 8,economy ( ,nature10 #ddj ,education ( ,man1 publi%$ #ahbf1 #cib ,educational ,re=m]s4 ,hi/ory ( ! book1 #ebg -- 9 ,am]ica1 #ebi ,educations4 ,r\sseau's ?ree1 #bdh ,edw>des1 ,rev4 ,d41 quot$1 #dii1 n4 ,elb+1 ,com5ius at1 #acj ,elem5t>ie4 ,mulca/]'s1 #ib ,elem5t>y1 ,bas$['s1 publi%$1 #bge -- c\rse4 ,mulca/]1 #ig -- /udies4 ,com5ius1 #ada ,elizabe?1 ,que51 ,as*am's pupil1 #hh ,elyot's ,gov]n\r1 #ia1 #bjb ,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 quot$1 #eja ,empirical be=e ,rational1 #dfb ,emulation cultivat$ by ,jesuits1 #db -- ,=ms (1 #ecj ,encyclopdia ,bri41 #che1 n4 ,endt]4 ,publi%] ( ,orbis ,rictus1 #afg ,engli%1 ,mulca/]'s eulogy (1 #ecd -- p>ty que/ions1 #cha -- tongue1 ,mulca/] on1 #ib -- )\t ,v]bs & ,sub/antives1 #dfj1 n4 ,epitomes4 ,aga9/1 #dhe ,erasmus aga9/ ignorance1 #ebc1 n4 -- = small s*ools1 #ahj1 n4 -- ! ,s*ol>1 #bc ,er9n]ung5 e9es ,jesuit5zgl+s1 #fj ,eruditio 9 ,jesuit ,s*ools1 #dj ,eve1 ,h4 ,w41 on old & "y tea*]s1 #ejf ,ev5+ ,h\r ( ,h]mit1 #cjb ,evolution & ,froebel1 #cii ,exam9ation ( *ildr5 = s*ol>%ips1 #ig -- k1 #edj ,exam9ations cause pressure1 #gg ,ex]cises1 ,correct+1 #dhd -- ,h9ts =1 #dbi1 n4 ,exp]i5ce v4 ,!ory1 #ajg ,exp]ts ne$$ 9 mod]n life1 #ede ,eyes1 ,use (1 #daa ,eyre1 ,fa!r1 on ! ,ratio1 #eg ,fables = ,composition1 #dhc -- ,pe/alozzi's1 #cab ,faculties1 ,equal att5tion to all1 #ecg ,fag-end1 ,*ildr5 n !1 #ced ,fau/1 quot$1 #dbf1 #dbh ,fell5b]g1 #cdd ,fi*te & ,pe/alozzi1 #cdg ,f9al op9ions1 ,dem& =1 #daj ,fire l k1 #dcc ,fir/-h& k n en\gh1 #bbd ,fir/ impressions important1 #aid ,fis*]1 ,o41 #cff1 n4 ,fit*'s ,lectures on ,tea*+1 #edb ,folk-s*ools1 ,importance (1 #cgf ,=c+1 ,com5ius aga9/1 #add ,=mative in/9ct4 ,froebel1 #djd ,frankl91 ,b41 on read+ al\d1 #dhb ,froebel & ,bacon1 #djh -- on prep>+ bett] ?+s = future1 #edg -- %[$ ! "r road1 #chd ,fr\de1 ,j4 ,a41 on use ( hagiology1 #ejc1 n4 8,fur!r]s0 & 8,h9d]]s10 #eca ,g>bovicianu on ,bas$[1 #bhi1 n4 ,g>gantua's ,education1 #fc ,g>rick1 ,david1 8,:5 doctr9e1 c410 #ecf ,geikie1 ,a43 ,tea*+ ( ,geography1 #edd ,g5]alization1 #dfa ,g5]al view %\ld n come fir/1 #afi ,geography abs5t f ,trivium & ,quadrivium1 #b -- ,beg9n+s 91 #dhi -- h[ begun1 ,com5ius1 #ade ,g]>d1 ,fa!r 7,s4 ,j471 quot$1 #eg ,g]man n a good m$ium ( ?\ght1 #ede 8,g]trude10 ,acc\nt (1 #cja ,gesn]1 ,j4 ,m41 = ,/at>is* & ,cursoris*1 #cb 8,gifts40 ,froebel's1 #djh ,gir>d1 ,pre1 & ,pe/alozzi1 #cdi ,gir>d91 ,/4 ,m41 on ,r\sseau1 #bfd1 n4 ,girls1 ,s*oolmi/resses' blund]s ab\t1 #ddc ,giv+ 8,g4's10 #ecj ,goe! & bad pictures1 #dhg -- on ,bas$[1 #bgf -- on unity ( man1 #eah1 n4 -- on ,voices & ,e*oes1 #ejd -- on ?\ght & action1 #edf ,gold5 ,age1 9 ,pa/ or ,future8 #bb ,goldsmi? aga9/ epitomes1 #dhf1 n4 8,good s*ol>s0 z s*oolma/]s1 #ede -- spirits ne$$ = tea*+1 #dig ,gramm>1 #dha1 n4 -- le>nt f good au?ors1 ,as*am1 #he -- ,mi/akes ab\t1 #dfj ,grant's1 ,h41 ,ari?metic1 #dhb 8,gratis receive1 gratis give40 ,jesuit rule1 #ci ,greaves1 ,j4 ,p41 at ,yv]dun1 #ceb1 n4 ,gr\nd+1 ,importance (1 ,mulca/]1 #if1 n4 ,gr\ndwork by be/ workman1 ,mulca/]1 #ie ,grub's me?od1 #dgi ,guesses at ,tru?1 quot$1 #bd ,guillaume's ,pe/alozzi m5tion$1 #chc1 n4 ,guimps1 #chc1 n4 ,guimps's ,pe/alozzi1 #cag1 c4 ,habre*t1 ,isaac1 #afa1 n4 ,hack1 ,miss1 ,tales ( ,travel]s1 #dij ,hailmann1 ,w4 ,h41 on creative do+1 #dab ,hale1 ,sir ,mat!w1 = realism1 #bab1 n4 ,hall1 ,/anley1 ab\t ,l4 ,g41 #cjf1 n4 -- ,exp]ts ne$$1 #ede ,hallam on ,com5ius1 #aeh ,hall1 ,*ildr5's ,lessons at1 #dge ,hancock1 ,supt4 ,j41 quot$1 #df1 n4 ,h&els*ul51 #dde ,h&s1 ,*ildr5's use (1 #djg -- use (1 #daa -- use (1 #ech ,h&work at ,neuh(1 #big -- ,com5ius =1 #adf -- ,petty on1 #baa -- ,rabelais =1 #ff -- ,r\sseau =1 #bga ,h>m>1 ,j4 #afa1 n4 ,h>ris1 ,w4 ,t41 on 8,nature10 #aji -- />t$ public ,k9d]g>t5s1 #daj -- on ?\ght & action1 #edf ,h>r[ 8,bluebook10 #ecb -- ,class-mat*es at1 #ebi -- ,religi\s in/ruction at1 #ejj ,h>tlib1 ,s41 #abd1 n41 #acj ,hazlitt1 ,w4 ,c41 #ia1 n4 ,helplessness produc$ by bad tea*+1 #dfd ,helps1 ,sir ,a41 = sci5ce1 #ddg1 n4 -- on look+ /raight at ?+s1 #dha -- on op5-m9d$ness1 #ejb -- quot$1 #dcd1 n4 ,h]b>t at ,burgdorf1 #cfg1 n4 -- on ,r\sseau1 #bfi ,h]b]t1 ,ld41 ( ,*]bury1 on physical ed41 #bbg ,hewitson on ,/onyhur/1 #ei 8,h9t] dem ,b]ge10 #ddi ,h9ts f pupils1 #cfg1 n4 ,hi/ory1 ,beg9n+s 91 #dhi -- ,h4 ,sp5c] on1 #ddh ,home & ,s*ool1 #cdb ,hone/y ! be/ policy1 #ebi ,hoole's ,a new discov]y1 c41 #bjj -- trans4 ( ,orbis ,pictus1 #aff ,humility to be taught1 #ejc ,hymns to be us$1 #eja ,ickelsam]1 #aaf ,ideal1 high1 #dif -- value (1 #chb -- want ( an1 #dga ,ideas be=e symbols1 #bec 8,idols10 escape f1 #ead ,ignorance1 ,erasmus ag/41 #ebc ,il faut appr5dre1 c41 ,jacotot1 #dbd 8,impressioni/s10 #hi1 #dbf1 n4 ,improvem5ts sugge/$ by ,mulca/]1 #ib ,incl9ations %\ld be /udi$1 #dfe ,indu/rial s*ool at ,neuh(1 #big 8,infelix divortium v]um et v]borum10 #aci ,innovators1 #ajc 8,inquiry into c\rse ( ,nature10 #caa ,in/ruct is in/ru]e1 #dcb ,in/ruction an ex]cise ( faculty1 #ccb ,intellect be=e critical faculty4 ,com5ius1 #ach ,int]e/1 ,degrees 91 #aac -- 9 tea*+ ne$$1 #edf -- ne$$ = activity1 #dgd -- ne$$ = m5tal ex]tion1 #aic1 n4 -- ,no success )\t1 #dgc ,int]e/+1 ,c le>n+ be8 #dfe ,intuition ,ans*auung1 #cfa -- ,froebel =1 #djh ,inve/igation1 ,me?od (1 #dcg 8,ipse dixit10 ,com5ius aga9/1 #aeb ,isel91 editor ( ,ephem]ides1 #bih1 #cjb 8,jacob's ,ladd]10 ,pe/alozzi1 #cef ,jahn on ,froebel1 #chf ,jans5ius & ,/4-,cyran1 #age ,janua1 ,engli% v]sions ( ,c4's1 #afe -- ,jesuits1 #afj1 n4 -- ( ,com5ius publi%$1 #abc1 #afc ,jebb on ,erasmus1 #ebc1 n4 ,jesuit a tra9$ tea*]1 #cg -- c\rse includ$ ,/udia ,sup]iora et inf]iora1 #ch -- exams41 #dg -- %[s effect ( plann$ sy/em1 #ecb -- tea*+4 ,an example (1 #dd ,jesuits4 ,books ab\t1 #cd -- ! army ( ! ,*ur*1 #ee -- ! fir/ re=m]s1 #ejf ,johnson1 ,ri*>d1 ,gram4 ,comm5t>ies1 #hb ,johnson1 ,dr41 on k ( education #daj1 #ebe -- on ,s*olema/]1 #hb ,jonson1 ,b54 8,s\l = salt10 #dih1 n4 ,julli5 on ,intuition1 #cfb ,jung1 #ajf ,kant & ,intuition1 #cfa -- on ! ,philan?rop9um1 #bhh ,kay-,%uttlewor? & ,pe/alozzi1 #ceb ,kempe1 ,w41 ,ed4 ( ,*ildr51 #hc 8,k]nspr*e10 #ede ,k9d]g>t5 & ,com5ius1 #adc -- a ,g]man ^w1 #dji1 n4 -- ,froebel on aim (1 #dji -- ,notion (1 #djf -- ,! fir/1 #cid ,k+lake's ,eo!n1 quot$1 #ae ,k+sley on ,jesuits1 #ed ,kn[+1 aft] ,be+ & ,do+1 #cjg -- by he>t1 #gd1 n4 ,k & ,locke1 #eac -- a tool1 #edj -- & ,com5ius1 #eab -- ,dang] f1 #gh -- ,desire =1 #edj -- despis$ by ,new ,educationi/s1 #ebf -- ,g5esis (1 #dfb -- ,locke's def9ition (1 #bbb -- mu/ n be dead k1 #ebd -- n fa/5$ to m9d1 ,montaigne1 #ga -- ov]-e/imat$ by ,com5ius1 #afh -- ,p]fect1 impossible1 #bbf -- spreads l fire1 #dcc -- self-ga9$1 ,locke1 #eae -- ,tea*+ :at x is1 #dec ,kn[l$ges1 ,relative value (1 #ddb -- ,connexion (1 ,com5ius1 #aeg ,kn[n to ,unkn[n1 #deg ,koe!n1 ,ratke fails at1 #ajg ,kruesi jo9s ,pe/alozzi1 #cdj ,lancelot on ,com5ius1 #ahf -- on le>n+ ,lat91 #ahe ,l&on1 ,j41 ,s*ool ,managem5t1 #edd ,lange?al & ,froebel1 #cij ,language-le>n+1 ,lancelot on1 #ahf1 n4 -- ,me?od =1 #dbf1 n4 ,language lives 9 small vocabul>y1 #afi -- n ,lit]ature1 #ag -- tea*+1 ,ratke's plan1 #aaf ,languages1 ,com5ius on le>n+1 #adj ,la?am1 ,h41 ,action ( ,exam41 #edd ,lat91 ,com5ius =1 #aei ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s41 8 ,com5ius1 #aai -- on books ( ,com5ius1 #ace -- on ,milton1 #bad ,lavat] & ,bas$[1 #bgf -- & ,pe/alozzi1 #bia ,le>n1 ,e "o c1 ,jacotot1 #daf ,le>n+ z employm5t1 #ge -- beg9s ) bir?4 ,pe/alozzi1 #ecg -- by he>t wrong4 ,ratke1 #aac -- by he>t4 ,see ,memoriz+ -- = ! few1 ,mulca/]1 #ic -- may be borr[$1 ,montaigne1 #gc -- mu/ n be play1 #cfg -- n ,k1 ,montaigne1 #ga ,leipzig1 ,dr4 ,vat] at1 #dgg ,leisure h\rs1 #dej -- (t5 useless1 #dih ,leit*1 ,j41 ,practical ,educationi/s1 #dji -- ,practical ,educationi/s1 #edd ,lematre1 #ahf1 n4 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 #cje ,less+ on ,raphael1 #dbj ,leszna sack$1 #acb 8,lett]s10 ,comm4 =1 #ech ,lewis1 ,pr9ce1 & ,ratke1 #ajf ,light f )91 ,nicole1 #aij ,likes & ,dislikes1 ,/udy1 #dff ,lily's ,c>m5 ,mon41 #ha -- ,gramm>1 #ecc ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce1 #aed1 #eci -- at ,port-,royal1 #ahd -- 9 education1 #eci -- or ,lett]s1 #i -- ,:at is8 #f 8,little ,s*ools10 #agf ,locke aga9/ sug> & salt1 #dff -- & ,froebel1 #djg -- beh9d ,com5ius1 #bcj -- ,books on1 #bch -- = ,work+ ,s*ools1 #baa1 n4 -- on ,public ,s*ools1 #agg1 #eac -- & ,r\sseau1 #bbg -- aga9/ ord9>y le>n+1 #bcd -- pr$ecessor ( ,pe/alozzi1 #cfb -- two *>act]i/ics1 #bbj -- tea*] disposes influ5ce1 #eac -- ,0 he a utilit>ian8 #bcd ,locksley ,hall quot$1 #aeb ,l\is ,,xiv & ,port-,royali/s1 #agf ,love ! ess5tial pr9ciple1 #ceh ,loyola on body & s\l1 #fb ,l[e or ,pe/alozzi8 #cgi ,lub9us1 ,e41 #aff1 n4 ,ludus ,lit]>ius1 #bjj ,lupton1 ,j4 ,h41 & ,colet1 #ecd ,lupton1 ,j4 ,h41 on ,cate*ismus ,p41 #ajb1 n4 ,lux 9 t5ebris1 #acc ,lytton1 ,ld41 on "m's int]f]5ce1 #cga ,mac,alister1 ,james1 & ,ans*auung1 #cfa ,macaulay on ,fr5* ,revolution1 #bdf -- want$1 #dhh 8,magis magnos cl]icos1 c410 #gj ,ma9e1 ,sir ,h4 ,s41 on /udy+ tea*+ sci5tifically1 #daj1 n4 ,malleson1 ,mrs41 ,notes on ,e>ly ,tra9+1 #edd ,mangnall's ,que/ions1 #cgd ,mann+1 ,miss ,e4 ,a41 a ,froebelian1 #dac ,manual lab\r at ,/anz1 #cca ,m>cel1 ,c41 #ece ,m>5holtz-,bl[ & ,froebel1 #cid ,m>ion's fraud1 #agc ,m>t9eau1 ,miss1 & comet1 #bbc ,ma%am1 ,lady1 on ,locke1 #bbj1 n4 ,masson1 ,d41 quotes ,mulca/]1 #ecd ,masson1 ,d41 quotes ,didac4 ,mag41 #adj1 n4 ,masson's ,milton1 quot$1 #abg1 n4 ,ma/]s & religion1 #dib ,ma/]s1 ,! 8op50 & ! 8res]v$10 #did ,ma/]y1 #cfe ,maurice & ,froebel1 #djf ,maurice1 ,f4 ,d41 on ,jesuits1 #ed ,max ,mll]1 a desc5dant ( ,bas$['s1 #bhi1 n4 ,mayo1 ,dr41 #ceb1 n4 ,mayor1 ,j4 ,e4 ,b41 on ,s*olema/]1 #hb1 #hc ,mazz9i on humanity1 #eah1 n4 ,measur+ = ari?metic1 #dhj ,m$ival art excell$ ,r5asc5ce1 #e 8,melius e/ scire paucca1 c410 #afh ,memoriz+1 #aac -- poetry1 #eda -- ,sac*9i on1 #ej1 n4 ,memory aft] s5ses1 ,com5ius1 #ach -- alone c be driv51 #dgd -- & int]e/1 #dhg -- dep5d+ on associat+ s\nds1 #aic1 n4 -- help$ by association1 #dbd -- ,jacotot's dem&s on1 #dbe -- /uff$1 ,montaigne1 #gc -- subs]vi5t to o!r p[]s1 #daa -- ,! c>ry+1 #gg -- ,wa/e (1 #dca -- )\t books1 #beg ,me?odology1 ,tru?s (1 #ecf ,me?ods def9$1 #dad 8,me?ods tea* ! ,tea*]s10 #hb ,me?odus ,l+u>um1 publi%$1 #aca ,mi*aelis & ,moore1 ,trans4 ( ,froebel1 #dac ,mi*elet on ,montaigne1 #id -- on ,montaigne1 #bbi1 n4 -- on ,/anz1 #cag ,midd5dorff & ,froebel1 #cij ,middle ,age bl9d to beauty 9 human =m & lit]ature1 #e ,middle-class education )\t ideal1 #dgj ,middle ,s*ools ,comm41 quot$1 #ech ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 aga9/ specializ+1 #dec1 n4 -- = tea*+ classics1 #ddd -- on hi/ory1 #ddi1 n4 ,milton a great s*ol>1 #bab -- a ,v]bal ,reali/1 #bae -- & ,realism1 #bc -- on le>n+ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 #aej1 #bac1 #eaj ,milwaukee1 ,int]-class mat*es at1 #eca ,m9d l sea-anemone1 #dgd ,model book1 ,as*am =1 #hg -- ,jacotot's use (1 #dcf -- ,ways ( /udy+1 #dbf ,molyneux on geography1 #bbe ,moncrieff1 ,h41 quot$1 #dih1 n4 ,monitorial pr9ciple1 #ech ,monitors at ,/anz1 #ccc ,monotony we>+ to ! "y1 #eca ,montaigne & ,froebel1 #djg ,montaigne = educat+ m9d & body1 #eji -- 8 p>adox ( ham1 #dai1 n4 ,moral developm5t fir/1 #ceh ,morality is developm5t ( infant's gratitude1 #cji ,morals1 ,r\sseau on1 #bfc ,morf1 ,summ>y ( ,pe/alozzi's pr9ciples1 #cfh ,morgan1 ,t4 ,j41 ,educational ,mosaics1 #edd ,"m-tongue1 #ajd -- ,ev]y?+ ?r\gh1 #aaa -- fir/ at ,port-,royal1 #ahd -- ,jacotot's plan =1 #dce -- only1 till t51 ,com5ius1 #aci -- ,ratke =1 #ajh ,mulca/] = ,engli%1 #ecd ,mulca/]'s elem5t>y subject1 #ig -- ,life1 #ajb -- propos$ re=ms1 #ib -- /yle fatal1 #ib ,music1 ,b5efit f1 #deb -- ,r\sseau =1 #bfa ,naef1 ,eliz41 at ,neuh(1 #cjj ,ngeli1 #cfh ,napoleon ,i & ,pe/alozzi1 #cdc ,n>r[-m9d$ness1 ,h[ to avoid1 #ejc ,natural ,hi/ory at ,/anz1 #ccc ,natural v4 ,usual1 #eaf ,nature1 ,com5ius ab\t1 #acf1 #acg -- ,laws (1 #acd -- ,ratke =1 #aji -- ,return to1 #eae ,negative education1 ,r\sseau1 #eai ,new ,code ( #ahij1 #cgi1 n4 8,new ,education0 />t$ by ,r\sseau1 #bga1 #ebb -- education & old1 #ebd -- ,froebel's 9 #ahaf1 #cia1 #daa ,newman1 ,j4 ,h41 on ,locke1 #bce -- on connexion ( kn[l$ges1 #aeh -- on nature ( lit]ature1 #g1 n4 ,new ma/]1 ,advice to1 #fj1 n4 ,new road1 ,pe/alozzi's1 #ccg -- ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal & ,new ,education1 #daa ,nicole on ,ed41 #aij ,niebuhr's ,h]o5ges*i*t51 #dbh1 n4 ,niemey] on ?or\ghness1 #cff1 n4 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu c41 #ach ,noah's ,ark = words1 #afa ,noncon=mi/1 #ejd ,normal ,s*ools on increase1 #dad ,n\velle ,hlose1 ,family life1 #bdb ,numb] ( bo>d]s 9 ,port-,royali/ s*ools small1 #agi ,numb]s1 ,fir/ k (1 #dgi ,num]ation be=e notation1 #dgi ,ob]l91 #djh ,obs]vation1 ,poetry = cultivat+1 #bji ,obs]v+ *ildr51 #bea 8,omnia sponte fluant10 ,com5ius1 #acf ,"o ?+ at a "t1 ,ratke1 #aji ,op9ion1 ,education (1 #ejb -- ,s5sible m5 _c diff] 91 ,locke1 #bba1 n4 ,orbis ,pictus publi%$1 #acb1 #afg 8,ov] & ov] aga910 ,ratke1 #aaj ,ov]-direct+1 ,r\sseau aga9/1 #bfe ,ov]work+ tea*]s1 #dig ,ox5/i]n sees ,com5ius1 #abh ,pa9t]1 ,f4 ,v4 ,n41 ,hi/ory ( ,education1 #edc ,p>allel ,gramm> ,s]ies1 #aad1 n4 ,p>nesis by ,sac*9i1 #cd1 n4 ,p>k]1 ,f4 ,w41 & ,k9d]g>t51 #daa -- on read+1 #dhb -- ,talks on ,tea*+1 #edd ,p>k]1 ,c4 ,s41 9 ,essays on ,lib4 ,ed41 #cb ,p>k91 ,john1 #cff1 n4 ,p>kman1 ,francis1 on ,jesuits1 #ee1 #ef ,pascal & ,loyola1 #agb ,pa/1 ,no escape f !1 #b ,pattison1 ,m>k1 on exams41 #bbh1 n4 -- on de>? ( books1 #ab -- on :at is education1 #bbh -- on ,milton ,pattison's acc\nt ( ,r5asc5ce1 #d ,paul ,,iii recognizes ,jesuits1 #ce ,pauls5 on ,jesuits1 #ee -- on ,com5ius1 #aec ,payn1 ,james1 on le>n+ f books1 #edf ,payne1 ,joseph1 on ,pe/alozzi1 #cei1 n4 -- on obs]vation1 #cfa -- on *ild's unre/1 #djg1 n4 -- ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+1 #edb -- ,pap]s on ,hi/ory ( ,ed41 #edd -- summ+ up ,pe/alozzi1 #cfi1 n4 -- a disciple ( ,jacotot1 #dae -- & ,int]national ,copyright1 #ebi -- on wom5's ed41 #ih ,payne1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f41 notes to ,locke1 #bbh1 n4 ,payne1 ,w4 ,h41 ,sci5ce ( ,ed41 #ede ,p]ez1 ,b41 on ,jacotot1 #dch ,p]fect famili>ity1 #dcc ,pe/alozzian books1 #chc ,pe/alozzianism lies 9 aim1 #ced ,pe/alozzi's s*ool at ,neuh(1 #bif -- talks ) *ildr5 at ,/anz1 #cbe ,pe/alozzi1 a /range s*oolma/]1 #ccd -- ,a portrait (1 #cde -- & ,bacon1 #djh -- ,8 pov]ty1 #cdj -- ,8 sev]ity1 #cjh ,petty's ,battlefield simile1 #bjg -- ,realism1 #bjh ,philan?rop9um1 ,subjects taught at1 #bgi ,physical education = heal?1 #ajd -- ,ed4 neglect$ by ,port-,royali/s1 #ahh -- ,ed41 ,rabelais =1 #fg ,physician's defective sci5ce1 #eai ,picture-book = ,hi/ory1 ,dr4 ,arnold1 #dhg ,pictures = tea*+1 #dgf ,piety at ,port-,royal1 #aha ,p9lo*e's ,bas$[ m5tion$1 #bhi1 n41 #ebg ,plants & education1 ,r\sseau1 #bee ,plato aga9/ compulsion1 #aac -- on lit]>y in/ruction1 #ad ,play & le>n+ diff]5t1 #cfg ,pleasant1 ,le>n+ mu/ be1 #ach ,pleasurable1 ,ex]cise is1 #dfd ,pleasure 9 le>n+1 ,jesuits1 #ejf -- 9 le>n+4 ,ratke1 #aab -- 9 s*4 "w4 ,sac*9i1 #eb -- 9 s*4 "w4 ,mulca/]1 #ih -- 9 /udy at ,port-,royal1 #ahc1 #aid ,poetry1 ,memoriz+1 #dhc ,pomey's ,indiculus1 #dj ,pope4 ,dunciad quot$1 #ca1 #dbb -- on ,locke & ,montaigne1 #bcj1 n4 -- on 8,nature10 #aji -- quot$1 #dea1 n4 ,pope's 8,little ,k10 #ddf ,port-,royal des ,*amps & ! ,solit>ies1 #agd ,po/ure1 ,importance (1 #cbg ,pott]1 ,miss ,j4 ,d41 quot$1 #ba ,p\r+-9 !ory1 #ejg ,practice does n make p]fect1 #ahb ,prep>atory ,s*ools1 #cgd ,pr5d]ga/ & language le>n+1 #dbf1 n4 ,pressure1 ,causes (1 #gg -- ,mulca/] aga9/1 #ig ,pr9ciples ( ! ,innovators1 #ajd -- ,h4 ,sp5c]'s summ+ up1 #ded ,pr9t+1 ,effect (1 #aj -- spread lit]ature at ,r5asc5ce1 #i ,private pray]1 #ejb ,prize-giv+ 9 ,jesuit s*ools1 #eh ,prodromus ( ,com5ius1 #abe1 #abf ,prussia adopts ,pe/alozzianism1 #cdf ,prussian edict aga9/ ,froebel1 #cie ,psy*ologiz+ in/ruction1 #cch ,public education mu/ imitate dome/ic1 ,pe/alozzi1 #cba -- s*ools1 #eac1 n4 -- s*ools ,comm41 quot$1 #eca -- s*ool fre$om1 #bfe -- s*ools leave boys to !mselves1 #agg -- s*ools und]ma/]$1 #ead1 n4 ,puni%m5ts = moral (f5ces only4 ,com5ius1 #aci -- 9 ,jesuit s*ools1 #dh -- ,pe/alozzi on1 #cbg ,pupil tea*]s1 #cgg1 n4 ,quadrivium pref]r$ by ,rabelais1 #fe ,que5 ,l\isa on ,pe/alozzi1 #cdf ,que/ion+1 art (1 #dbh1 n4 -- ,r\sseau1 on art (1 #bff ,que/ions by pupils at ,port-,royal1 #aij ,quidlibet ex quolibet1 #dbc ,qu9tilian on rudim5ts1 #aie1 n4 ,rabelais = intuition1 #ejh -- ,8 deta*m5t1 #fc -- on ,curriculum1 #fg1 n4 ,rac9e & ,port-,royal1 #ahg ,ramsau] & ,pe/alozzi1 #ccf 8,rapid impressioni/s10 #hi1 #dbf1 n4 8,rati*10 #aje ,ratio ,/udd1 ,soc4 ,jesu1 #cd1 note ,ratke & ,as*am1 #aag ,ratke's promises1 #aje ,raum] on ,com5ius1 #adf ,reaction 9 #ag? c5tury aga9/ books1 #eaj ,read+ aft] /udy ( ?+s4 ,petty1 #bji -- badly taught1 #aae1 n4 -- begun ) ,"m-tongue at ,port-,royal1 #ahc -- 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 #beg1 n4 -- ,jacotot's plan =1 #dce -- ,r\sseau aga9/1 #bef -- sil5t & vocal1 #dhb ,realism1 ,bir? (1 #aih -- ,com5ius =1 #adi -- ,rabelais1 #ff ,re>+ (fspr+1 to be taught1 #ddg ,reason1 ,locke's dep5d5ce on1 #bba -- ,no education be=e1 #bdb ,re=mation ( ,s*ools1 #abe ,re=m]s1 ,attitude t[>ds1 #cif ,reim>us & ,bas$[1 #bgc ,reject$ ,addresses1 quot$1 #eje ,relative value ( ,kn[l$ges1 #ddb ,religion & ,sci5ce1 #adg 8,religion0 lessons 9 ,g]many1 #eja ,religi\s & moral ,tra9+1 #cei ,religi\s in/ruction1 #ejj ,r5an1 quot$1 #bdg1 n4 ,r5asc5ce defects4 ,see ,table ( ,cont5ts -- gave a new b5d to ideas1 #b -- re-awak5+ to beauty 9 lit41 #e -- settl$ ,curriculum1 #d ,repetitio1 #de ,re/lessness1 ,! ,*ild's1 #djf 8,reta9]s10 #hi -- #dbf1 n4 ,rev]5ce to be taught1 #ejc ,ri*elieu & ,sa9t-,cyran1 #agd ,ri*t]1 ,j4 ,p41 on nurse's influ5ce1 #cgc1 n4 ,ritt]1 ,k>l1 on ,pe/alozzi1 #cdg ,rob]tson1 a me?odis]1 #dbf1 n4 -- ,croome1 on inh]it$ ,k1 #cfd1 n4 ,roll9's ,trait des ,etudes1 #aib ,roop]1 ,t4 ,g41 ,a ,pot ( ,gre5 ,fea!rs1 #ede ,r\sseau aga9/ s*oolroom lore1 #cfc -- fir/ %ook (f ,r5asc5ce1 #bdf -- ,8 proposals1 #bfg -- ,8 two dogs1 #cab --,8 great influ5ce1 #bdj1 #bij -- on ,common ,k1 #deh1 n4 -- /udi$ by all1 #bdh ,r\sseauism1 #eaf ,r\sseau's "w1 #ebj ,r\t9e "w a refuge1 #dih ,rudim5ts n to be made repulsive1 #aid ,rules1 ,hoole ab\t1 #bjb ,rusk9 on ?+s & words1 #aei1 n4 ,russell1 ,john1 translator ( ,guimps1 #cag ,sac*9i quot$1 #ci1 #da1 #df1 #dg ,sa9t-,cyran & ,port-,royal1 #agd ,sa9te-,beuve on ,port-,royal1 #aie ,salzmann1 #bhg1 #bhi ,s>os-,patak4 ,com5ius at1 #acb ,savoir p> cur1 c41 #gd1 n4 ,s*eppl]1 ,l\ise1 #djh ,s*mid1 ,josef1 goes to ,yv]dun1 #cdi ,s*mid1 ,j4 ,a41 on ,jesuits1 #cd ,s*uepf5?al1 ,s*ool at1 #bhi ,s*ola mat]ni gremii1 #adb ,s*olema/]1 ,:5 publi%$1 #ha ,s*ool-h\rs ( ,jesuits %ort1 #dc ,s*oolma/] & words1 #ech -- 8 te/ ( k1 #bbb -- 9 ,education1 #agg -- art l$ to ,v]balism1 #cj ,s*ool means diff]5t ?+s1 #ebb ,s*oolroom rubbi%1 #beb ,s*uppius1 9 spem1 c41 #dcb ,sci5ce ( ,education dates f ,com5ius1 #eab -- ( ,education d5i$ by ,l[e1 #cgi -- ( ,education gr[+1 #eje -- ( education1 ,importance (1 #def -- ( education l m$ic9e1 #eai -- ( ,education1 ,mulca/] =1 #id -- ( education1 only beg9n+4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 #dee -- ! ?\ght ( ,god1 #dac ,sci5tific f\ndation = ,me?od1 #dab -- k n[ valu$1 #gg ,scioppius edits ,janua1 #afa1 n4 8,scrat* pairs10 #ecj ,seeley1 ,j4 ,r41 on language tea*+1 #dfj -- on use ( tongue1 #aab1 n4 ,self-activity1 #dja -- ! ma9 ?+1 #ebd ,self-developm5t1 ,h4 ,sp5c] =1 #dfb ,self-education1 ,locke =1 #bcf ,self-pres]vation1 ,education =1 #ddc ,self-tea*+3 ,jacotot1 #dae ,s5eca = kn[+ few ?+s1 #afh -- on le>n+ ?r\gh p>ts1 #edj ,s5se1 ,art le>nt by4 ,dury1 #bjf ,s5ses1 ,ev]y?+ ?r\gh1 ,r\sseau1 #bei -- ,error ( neglect+1 #aea -- fir/1 ,com5ius1 #ach -- ,hoole ab\t1 #bj -- ,h[ to cultivate4 ,r\sseau1 #bfj -- ,insuffici5cy (1 #aeb -- ,le>n+ f4 ,com5ius1 #adi -- ,r\sseau on tra9+1 #beg1 #beh -- ,tea* by !4 ,nicole1 #aia -- ,tra9+ ( !4 ,mulca/]1 #ie1 n4 ,sequ5ces ( nature arrang$ by man1 #cad ,sev]ity1 ,wolsey aga9/1 #ha1 n4 ,%akespe>e & ,mulca/]1 #ia -- 8,no pr(it gr[s1 c410 #dgc -- quot$1 #ag ,%aw & ,donnell3 ,s*ool ,devices1 #edd ,%irreff1 ,miss1 a ,froebelian1 #dac1 n4 ,sides1 ,good (1 #ecb ,sidgwick1 ,a42 ,lectures on ,/imulus & ,discipl9e1 #edd ,simple to complex1 #def ,s++1 #cfh ,skyte sees ,com5ius1 #abh ,small s*ools worse ?an l>ge1 #agi ,societas ,pr(essa ( ,jesuits1 #cf ,sociology1 #ddi ,sonn5s*e9's p>allel ,gramm>s1 #aad1 n4 8,s\l in/ead ( salt10 ,b5 ,jonson1 #dih1 n4 ,sp>tan ,ed4 pref]r$ by ,montaigne1 #gb ,s4,p4,c4,k4 pictures1 #dgf1 n4 8,spectator's ,c4 9 easy *air10 quot$1 #ebg ,spell+1 #dhc -- ,jacotot's plan =1 #dcf ,sp5c]1 ,h41 ,conclusions ab\t1 #deb -- 8 8,economy ( nature10 #bce ,/an=d ,riv]s1 ,mulca/] at1 #ajb1 n4 ,/anz1 ,pe/alozzi at1 #caf1 #cah1 ff4 -- ,! ,fr5* at1 #cae ,/>t+-po9ts ( ! ,sci5ces1 ,com5ius1 #add ,/eph51 ,sir ,j41 quot$1 #dcd ,/onyhur/ ,college1 by ,hewitson1 #ei ,/reet = ,m$ival art1 #e ,/udy dep5ds on w1 #aic ,/urmius4 ,see ,table ( ,cont5ts ,/yli/s1 #bf ,sug> ne$$1 #dff ,sunrise c't be ha/5$1 #aia ,sup]9t5d5ce1 ! educator's function1 #ceg ,sweetmeats1 ,locke aga9/1 #dff ,swiss ,j\rnal1 ,pe/alozzi1 #cji ,talleyr& on me?ods1 #hb ,tea*1 ,ev]yone c1 ,jacotot1 #dag -- ,mean+ ( ^w1 #dag ,tea*] a g>d5]1 #eab -- ,c he write on ,education8 #dci -- does n beg9 at beg9n+1 #dfh ,tea*]s1 ,books =1 #eda ,tea*]s1 ,college =4 ,mulca/]1 #ajj -- ,h>m ( ov]work+1 #dig -- ignorant ( pr9ciples1 #dee -- mu/ be tra9$1 #dab -- ,old1 ov]do repetition1 #ejf -- ,"y1 neglect repetition1 #ejf ,tea*]'s bus9ess1 #bgb -- p]sonality1 ,=ce (1 ,=um1 quot$1 #chj ,tea*+1 caus+ to le>n1 #dag -- ga9$ f pupils1 #dig -- ,good1 escapes common te/s1 #aib -- ne$s good spirits1 #dig ,tlmaque1 #dbc 8,tell+10 ,h4 ,sp5c] aga9/1 #dfc ,!ori/s1 ,use (1 #chc ,?+s be=e words1 #ajd -- ,*ildr5's delight 94 ,petty1 #baj 8,?+s0 9 education1 #eba ,?+s1 ,rabelais =1 #fe ,?reefold life1 ,com5ius1 #ace ,?r+4 ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+1 #edb ,tilli*'s bricks1 #dhj1 n4 ,ti?onus1 ,quotation f ,t5nyson's1 #eah1 n4 ,tobl]1 #cda ,tone ( s*ool & big boys1 #ejj ,t\t e/ en t\t1 #dbc ,tradition1 loss & ga9 f1 #eah -- ne$$1 #ahb ,tra9] bett] ?an tea*]1 #dbb ,tra9+ ( tea*]s1 ,mulca/]1 #ii -- ( tea*]s ne$$1 #ebj ,transcription1 ,h9t =1 #dbi1 n4 ,translat+ bo? ways1 #hf ,translations at ,port-,royal1 #ahe -- disc\rag$ at ,r5asc5ce1 #h -- w\ld be lit]ature1 #ae ,travel]s1 ,tales (1 #dij ,tr5*1 ,ar*bi%op1 on #ac? c5tury art1 #e ,trumbull1 ,h4 ,k4 ,tea*+ & ,tea*]s1 #edb ,trivium & ,quadrivium1 #b -- l squirrel's revolv+ cage1 #aj ,tyndall on tea*+1 #dfh1 n4 ,uni=mity1 ,ratke =1 #aad ,unity1 ,froebel's desire =1 #cih -- ( ,univ]se1 ,froebel1 #chi ,univ]sities exclud$ ,baconian tea*+1 #eaa ,univ]sity m5 9 middle class education1 #dgb ,unum necess>ium1 quot$1 #acc ,upton1 ,editor ( ,s*olema/]1 #hb ,useful k1 #edj ,usual contra/$ ) natural1 #eaf ,utilit>ianism def9$1 #bce ,v>iations1 ,pr5d]ga/ian1 #dbh1 n4 ,vat]1 ,dr41 at ,leipzig1 #dgg ,v5tilabrum ,sapi5ti1 #ace ,v]bal ,realism1 #be -- ,rabelais1 #fe ,v]balism1 ,milton aga9/1 #bac1 #bad 8,visibles0 us$ = ,reali51 #gj1 n4 ,vive la de/ruction1 #a ,vogel1 ,dr41 at ,leipzig1 #dgh ,vogel1 ,a41 on ,com5ius1 #aef ,w>d1 ,james1 on ,k9d]g>t51 #daj ,weigh+ = ari?metic1 #dhj ,welldon1 ,j4 ,e4 ,c41 on s*ools = "y boys1 #dii1 n4 ,well-educat$1 ,:51 #ebe ,widg]y1 ,w4 ,h41 quot$1 #ij ,wild]sp9 & ,infant ,s*ools1 #dji ,w1 le>n+ dep5ds on4 ,jacotot1 #daf -- ne$$ = /udy1 #aic ,wilson1 ,h4 ,b41 on ,mulca/]1 #ajb ,wilson1 ,j4 ,m41 aga9/ 8tell+10 #dbb -- on tra9+1 #dbb ,w9*e/]1 8,/&+ up10 #eda ,w9%ip1 ,a4 ,e41 on int]-class mat*es1 #eca 8,wisdom cri$ ( old10 c41 #gg ,wisdom 9 8! g5]al10 #eag1 n4 -- mu/ be our own1 ,montaigne1 #gc ,wolf1 ,f4 ,a41 = self-tea*+1 #bfh -- on *ild-collectors1 #dbi1 n4 ,wolf1 ,hi]o41 quot$1 #ca ,wolsey1 #hj ,wom5 ,commission]s1 #cjh ,wom5's education1 #ih1 #dab -- education1 ,com5ius1 #ada -- int]e/ 9 education1 #ajf ,wood+1 ,w41 on numb]+1 #dgi1 #dhj1 n4 ,words & ,?+s1 #ech ,words1 ,le>n+ f1 #cfd1 n4 -- /udy+1 #aed -- taught )\t mean+1 #dfg 8,words10 ,v>i\s mean+s (1 #ech ,wordswor? on action ( man1 #eaf -- on *ildr5's games1 #djg -- on g5]al tru?s1 #dif -- on ne$ ( pleasure1 #dgc1 n4 -- quot$1 #bj -- ,ta/e 9 books *anges1 #edc -- on t5d5cy1 #eaf -- on unity ( man1 #eah1 n4 -- 8,we live by admiration c410 #aed ,work+-s*ools1 ,locke's1 #baa1 n4 ,wor%ip connect$ ) in/ruction1 #eja ,writ+1 ,jacotot's plan =1 #dce ,yv]dun1 ,pe/alozzi goes to1 #cdd