,betwe5 ,hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity ,betwe5 ,hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity3 ,be+ a ,translation ( ,s5eca's ,de ,provid5tia1 & ,plut>*'s ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta1 toge!r ) ,notes1 ,additional ,extracts f ^! writ]s & ,two ,essays on ,graeco-,roman ,life 9 ! ,fir/ ,c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,,by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,sup]1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,ex-,presid5t ( ! ,ohio ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ( ,greek1 ibidem2 translator ( ,weil's ,ord] ( ,words1 & au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,language4 8,he :o di/ru/s ! light ( reason w be ! fir/ to foll[ a m lum9\s guide2 & if ) an ard5t love = tru? he has s\ght h] 9 va9 ?r\gh ! ways ( ?is life1 he w b turn ) ! m hope to t bett] _w :]e all is simple1 true1 & ev]la/+3 = !re is no p>allax at ! z5i?2 x is only ne> our tr\bl$ horizon t objects deceive u into vague & errone\s calculations40 ,,flem+ ,h4 ,,revell ,,company ,*icago1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto #ahii ,copyright$ #ahii1 by ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,company ,,preface4 ,x is admitt$ by /ud5ts ( hi/ory ( e %ade ( belief t ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity & its rapid spread ov] ! anci5t _w is ! mo/ rem>kable fact 9 ! record$ annals ( ! human race4 ,:5 we rememb] t x 01 f ! fir/1 m or less closely id5tifi$ ) ! despis$ religion ( ! despis$ ,jews2 t l>gely = ?is reason x _h to make its way aga9/ a unit$ front1 pres5t$ by ! le>n$ & intellig5t 9 ! :ole g5tile _w1 :ile ! ,jews !mselves almo/ unanim\sly repudiat$ x2 t ! mo/ effici5tly organiz$ gov]nm5t t _h exi/$ until !n1 0 indiff]5t or ho/ile2 t x set be=e ! hea!n _w a condition ( society 9 :i* all curr5t economic ideas 7 trans=m$1 & t x dem&$ a complete r5unciation ( its "t-honor$ cre$s1 we may well ask 9 amazem5t1 8,h[ came ^! ?+s to pass80 ,second 9 ord] among ! great facts ( anci5t hi/ory is ! gr[? ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,"h we see a p at fir/ occupy+ a few squ>e miles ( t]ritory1 compell$ = ne>ly fifte5 g5]ations to ex]t !mselves to ! utmo/ to keep _! enemies at bay1 sudd5ly bur/+ ! b>ri]s t conf9$ !m & 9 less ?an half ?is "t br++ "u _! scept] almo/ ! :ole ( ! !n kn[n _w4 ,rome's conque/s h be5 exce$$ 9 rapidity1 b !y h nev] be5 equall$ 9 p]man5ce4 ,! triumphs ( ,*ri/ianity & ^? ( ,roman arms /& 9 a c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! latt] 7 ga9$ ) mat]ial1 ! =m] ) spiritual1 weapons4 ,:5 ! conque/s ( ! "o 7 end$1 ! o!r began4 ,:5 mat]ial =ces _h sp5t !mselves1 m5 began to turn1 reluctantly inde$1 to spiritual ag5cies & und]took to subdue ! p[]s ( d>kness t _h s long held sway 9 ! human brea/4 ,:ile ! arms ( ,rome 7 engag$ 9 ov]com+ ! m>tial opposition ( h] enemies1 ,greece 0 occupi$ ) ! ef=t to subjugate ! passions ( m5 by ! weapons ( ! intellect4 ,by ! "t ,roman conque/s _h rea*$ _! limits x _h be5 demon/rat$ t ,greece1 too1 c\ld g no f>!r4 ,b ,greece did n fail because !re 7 no m worlds to conqu]3 x 0 because m5 _h le>n$ t h] weapons 7 p[]less to compass ! end 9 view4 8,he t rule? 8 own _s is mighti] ?an he t take? a city10 0 ! lesson t ! be/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s /rove to impress ^u m51 b /rove 9 va94 ,x w always rema9 a matt] ( int]e/ to /udy ! intellectual sph]e 9 :i* ! old doctr9es & ! new fai? conflict4 ,:at 0 ! be/ t ,greek ?\ght _h to (f] to ! _w1 & = :at reasons did ! _w reject x8 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h attempt$ to put be=e my read]s a solution ( "s ( ! problems to :i* ?is "q gives rise4 ,no "o w d5y t ,s5eca /ood on ! ?re%old ( ,*ri/ianity1 :ile 9 ! op9ion ( _m he _h already pass$ )92 yet all w admit t1 at be/1 he fell f> %ort ( ! /&>d ,*ri/ianity sets up = its conv]ts4 ,plut>* is n claim$ by ,*ri/ians1 b he exemplifies _m ( _! virtues1 & comm5ds _m ( ! precepts !y endeavor$ to put 9 practice4 ,^! two m5 be/ repres5t ! /rong & ! weak po9ts ( *>act]s =m$ "u ! /imulus ( e>ne/ ef=t to lead upright lives & to dis*>ge fai?fully _! duties to !mselves1 _! fell[ m51 & ! high] p[] t controll$ _! de/9ies4 ,i h select$ a typical "w f ! writ+s ( bo? z a nucleus ar\nd :i* to gr\p su* reflections & facts z seem be/ fitt$ to illu/rate ! environm5t 9 :i* !y liv$ & ! intellectual inh]itance to :i* !y _h fall5 heir1 :ile ,i h all[$ ea* to speak = himself on "o ( ! pr(\nde/ problems t has ev] engag$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( man4 ,surely1 x _c be a m]ely accid5tal co9cid5ce t a ,greek at ,delphi1 a ,roman 9 8 adopt$ city1 a ,jew 9 ,alex&ria1 & ano!r ,jew 9 ,pale/9e1 :o _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity & _h adopt$ ! pr(ession ( a travel+ evangeli/1 %\ld at ! same "t1 yet almo/ or q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( a div9e ,provid5ce or prea* a gospel t recogniz$ x z a fundam5tal dogma4 ,! treatise ( ,philo1 ?\gh no long] extant 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 is m ext5sive ?an ! tracts "h br\ght toge!r4 ,! ?ree unit$ 9 a s+le volume w\ld make a rem>kable tr9ity 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,! feel+ 0 evid5tly widespread1 bo? consci\sly & unconsci\sly1 t ,god _h nev] be=e be5 s ne> to m51 ?\gh b a few _h le>n$ t ! ,^w _h become fle% & dwelt among !m1 full ( grace & tru?4 ,c4 ,w4 ,s4 ,a!ns1 ,o41 ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 #ahih4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface #e ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,us$ ,,or ,,consult$ ,,on ,,s5eca #aj ,,s5eca3 ,,8 ,,"* ,,& ,,environm5t #aa ,,li/ ,,( ,,s5eca',s ,,extant ,,works #fj ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,s5eca #fc ,,conc]n+ ,,provid5ce #gh ,,notes #ajd ,,plut>* ,,& ,,! ,,greece ,,( ,,8 ,,age #ajh ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,us$ ,,or ,,consult$ ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,plut>* #afj ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,delay ,,( ,,! ,,deity ,,9 ,,puni%+ ,,! ,,wick$ #afb ,,notes #bad ,,app5dix4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plut>*',s ,,works #bah ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,us$ ,,or ,,consult$ ,,on ,,s5eca4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal works us$ or consult$ 9 prep>+ ! matt] relat+ to ,s5eca3 ,oeuvres compltes de ,s5que4 ,p> ,*>p5ti] et ,lemai/re4 #d tomes4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,oeuvres compltes de ,s5que4 ,publies s\s la direction de ,m4 ,nis>d4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,l4 ,annaeus ,s5eca des ,philosoph5 ,w]ke b]setzt von ,pauly und ,mos]4 ,/uttg>d1 #ahbh-cb4 ,*ri/li*e ,klnge aus d5 grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,klassik]n4 ,von ,r4 ,s*neid]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 ,lucius ,annaeus ,s5eca und das ,*ri/5?um4 ,von ,mi*ael ,baumg>t54 ,ro/ock1 #ahie4 ,la ,religion roma9e4 ,p> ,ga/on ,boissi]1 #b tomes4 ,p>is4 #ahib4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans "u ! ,empire4 ,by ,*>les ,m]ivale4 #g vols4 ,new ,york1 #ahfc-e4 ,l4 ,annaei ,s5ecae op]a quae sup]sunt4 ,ed4 ,frid4 ,haase4 ,voll4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,lipsiae1 #ahga-fb-ec4 ,! two ,p>is editions h ! ,lat9 text & ! ,fr5* translation on ! same page4 ,bo? translations are *>act]i/ically ,fr5*1 & consequ5tly v smoo? & agreeable to read4 ,b !y pres]ve few ( ! sali5t features ( ! orig9al1 & r5d] ! ?\ghts r ?an ! /yle ( ,s5eca4 ,to ! translation is accord$ ! place ( honor bo? 9 type & position4 ,! ,g]man v]sion holds v close to ! text & errs1 p]haps1 some:at at ! o!r extreme z comp>$ ) ! ,fr5*4 ,! "w ( ,baumg>t5 is ?or\gh & pa9/ak+4 ,x is n endors+ all ! au?or's views to say t x is ! be/ rec5t book on ,s5eca & 8 times4 ,,s5eca3 ,,8 ,,"* ,,& ,,environm5t4 ,lucius ,annaeus ,s5eca1 surnam$ ! ,philosoph] to di/+ui% him f 8 fa!r ! ,rhetorician1 0 born 9 ,corduba1#a 9 ,spa91 ab\t #d ,b4 ,c4--au?orities diff] by sev]al ye>s z to ! precise date4 ,:5 q "y he 0 br\ght to ,rome by 8 fa!r4 ,he devot$ himself ) great zeal & brilliant success to rhetorical & philosophical /udies4 ,9 ! reign ( ,claudius he atta9$ ! (fice ( quae/or & subsequ5tly rose to ! rank ( s5ator4 ,9 ! ye> #da he 0 bani%$ to ! isl& ( ,corsica on a *>ge t is admitt$ to h be5 false1 b ! nature ( :i* is n cle>ly und]/ood4 ,9 ?is b>r5 & inhospitable isl& he 0 compell$ to rema9 eight ye>s4 ,he 0 !n recall$ to ,rome & entru/$ ) ! education ( ! "y ,lucius ,domitius ,ah5ob>bus1 :o aft]w>ds became emp]or ( ,rome1 & notori\s z ! mon/] ,n]o4 ,= five ye>s aft] 8 accession to ! pr9cipate1 ! "y emp]or treat$ 8 =m] tea*] ) mu* def]5ce1 consult$ him on all important matt]s1 & seems to h be5 l>gely guid$ by 8 advice4 ,he also te/ifi$ 8 reg>d = him by rais+ him to ! rank ( consul4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! feel+s & conduct ( ! pr9ce und]w5t a *ange4 ,! possession ( unlimit$ p[] by a "* t 0 bo? weak & va92 ! adulation ( ! consci5celess favorites ) :om he surr\nd$ himself2 ! intrigues or cabals to :om ! high morality ( ! philosoph] 0 a /&+ rebuke2 & ! naturally vici\s temp] ( ,n]o1 all conspir$ to prep>e ! way = ! d[nfall ( ,s5eca4 ,:5 ! conspiracy ( ,calpurnius ,piso aga9/ ! mon>* 0 discov]$1 ! *>ge ( p>ticipation1 or at lea/ ( crim9al k1 0 br\ght aga9/ ,s5eca1 & he 0 condemn$ to die4 ,all[$ to *oose ! means ( end+ 8 life1 he caus$ a ve9 to be op5$ & ?us sl[ly bl$ to dea?4 ,x 0 8 de/9y to be compell$ to take 8 dep>ture f ?is _w 9 ! way he _h s (t5 comm5d$ to o!rs2 inde$ x is probable t 8 reit]at$ encomiums ^u suicide z an effectual rem$y aga9/ ! ills ( ?is life1 0 n )\t its influ5ce ^u 8 execution]s4 ,!y probably want$ to give him ! opportunity to prove by 8 works ! s9c]ity ( 8 fai?4 ,dur+ ! clos+ sc5e he told 8 disconsolate fri5ds t ! only beque/ he 0 p]mitt$ to leave to !m 0 ! example ( an honorable life2 & ?is he bes\ght !m to keep 9 fai?ful remembrance4 ,he implor$ 8 weep+ wife to re/ra9 ! expression ( h] grief1 & bade h] seek 9 ! recollection ( ! life & virtues ( h] husb& a solace = h] loss4 ,x 0 ! =tune ( ,s5eca n only to be well born1 b also to be well br\ght up & c>efully educat$4 ,t he appreciat$ ! high wor? ( 8 "m is evid5t f ! words1 8be/ ( mo!rs10 ) :i* he address$ h] 9 ! ,consolation to ,helvia4 ,8 fa!r1 ?\gh weal?y1 0 a man ( rigid morality1 ( temp]ate habits1 ( great indu/ry1 & possess$ v unusual lit]>y atta9m5ts4 ,8 old] bro!r1 bett] kn[n z ,junius ,gallio f ! "n ( ! family into :i* he 0 adopt$1 0 = "s "t proconsul ( ,a*aia1 9 :i* capacity he is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts1 xviii1 #ab-ag4 ,s5eca's y\ng] bro!r 0 ! fa!r ( ,lucan1 ! well-kn[n au?or ( ! poem1 ,ph>salia4 ,bo? 8 "m & 8 aunt1--he 0 an especial favorite ( ! latt]--7 n only wom5 ( exalt$ "*1 b !y _h acquir$ an intellectual culture t 0 v uncommon = _! sex 9 _! day4 ,our au?orities = a life ( ,s5eca & = an e/imate ( 8 "* are fairly ample & h be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,no?+ c be ga9$ by tak+ up ! controv]sy anew4 ,to "s ( 8 contempor>ies ev51 he 0 m or less ( an enigma4 ,o!rs1 aga91 reg>d$ him z a "t-s]v]1 a hypocrite1 a man ^: pr(essions 7 beli$ by 8 actions4 ,/ill o!rs1--& !y are l>gely 9 ! majority--are m l5i5t 9 _! judgm5t2 ?\gh !y _c exculpate him f inconsi/5cies1 !y excuse !m by po9t+ to ! extremely difficult position 9 :i* he 0 plac$ dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life4 ,he has /rong p>tisans :o are attract$ & *>m$ by ! sublime s5tim5ts scatt]$ s pr(usely ?r\gh 8 writ+s2 8 enemies1 9 =m+ _! op9ions1 lay ! *ief /ress on :at !y reg>d z ! inexcusable de$s ( 8 life4 ,x is too late to add any?+ to ! evid5ce ei!r pro or contra4 ,all t x is propos$ to d 9 ?is essay is to place be=e ! read] a picture ( ! man1 ma9ly f 8 own writ+s1 z ! *ief expon5t ( ! highe/ philosophy rea*$ by ! anci5t _w be=e ?is philosophy 0 supplant$ by ! new religion t 0 de/9$ to take its place 9 ! ?\ght ( mank9d4 ,s5eca 0 next to ,cic]o1 or r along ) ,cic]o1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,roman philosoph]2 b z a philosoph] he has receiv$ ! f> great] %>e ( att5tion4 ,bo? 7 ,romans at he>t2 bo? 7 e>ne/ly engag$ 9 ! se>* = ! supreme good2 bo? 7 guilty ( conduct inconsi/5t ) _! pr(essions2 bo? tri$ & tri$ 9 va9 to comb9e a life devot$ to reflection ) ) an active c>e] 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate2 & bo? fail$4 ,b ,s5eca n only _h a high] ideal ?an ,cic]o2 he also came ne>] atta9+ x4 ,he 0 less va91 less hungry = public honors & applause1 & atta*$ less importance to m]e outw>d display4 ,z a ?9k] ,s5eca has m orig9ality ?an ,cic]o1 is less dep5d5t ^u books1 kn[s bett] ! motives t und]lie human conduct4 ,bo? 7 ess5tially ,roman 9 _! views ( life1 & x is only by keep+ ?is 9 m9d t we are able to expla91 if n to excuse1 ! lack ( h>mony betwe5 :at !y said & :at !y did2 betwe5 :at !y prea*$ & :at !y practis$4 ,l t ( ,cic]o1 ,s5eca's 0 no adamant9e s\l1 no unyield+ b>ri] aga9/ :i* ! vices ( 8 "t beat 9 va94 ,he _h ! ,roman lik+ = :at is practical4 ,he tri$ to be a /atesman & 0 some:at ( a c\rti] :5 to be a c\rti] & an upright man 0 impossible4 ,he 0 no ,socrates to :om virtue1 ! fundam5tally & intr9sically "r1 0 m important ?an any?+ else1 ?an all else1 ev5 ab/5tion f ! political turmoil ( 8 "t4 ,:5 a long & acrimoni\s /rife is c>ri$ on ov] a man x is evid5ce t he is no ord9>y p]son4 ,?is has be5 ! fate ( ,s5eca 9 an em95t degree4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & ev5 aft] _! close1 a great deal ( att5tion 0 paid to 8 reput$ correspond5ce ) ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,national ,libr>y 9 ,p>is conta9s m ?an sixty ,,mss4 ( ?is pseudo-correspond5ce4 ,t he 0 claim$ z a ,*ri/ian ne$ surprise no "o4 ,! poet ,virgil %>$ a simil> fate2 yet !re is f> less 9 ! writ+s ( ,virgil to m>k him a ,*ri/ian1 or r z a writ] :o 0 9 a s5se div9ely inspir$1 ?an !re is 9 ,s5eca to /amp him z a man :o _h accept$ ! new fai?4 ,! rise & p]si/5ce ( su* a lit]ature is n an anomaly 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,x is n out ( h>mony ) ! _s ( an age :5 ! *ur* 0 supreme 9 ev]y?+2 :5 all que/ions 7 view$ f ! !ological /&po9t1 & :5 e means 7 employ$ to ga9 support = ! exi/+ ecclesia/ical organization4 ,x 0 hone/ly believ$ t ! practice or pr(ession ( a high morality1 except "u ! sanction & guidance ( ! *ur*1 0 impossible4 ,x 0 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t a good man1 "o :o eloqu5tly prea*$ righte\sness1 :o seem$ to be consci\s ( a /ruggle )9 himself betwe5 ! fle%#b & ! _s1 mu/ h be5 enlight5$ f on high4 ,giv5 ! int]nal evid5ce ( ,s5eca's own writ+s1 x 0 n difficult to supply ! complem5t>y ext]nal te/imony4 ,?is all-embrac+ & all-absorb+ p[] ( ! *ur* la/$ ab\t a ?\s& ye>s & end$ ) ! ,re=mation1 ?\gh x _h begun to decl9e "s two c5turies e>li]4 ,= ?is condition ( ?+s ! ,roman empire _h prep>$ ! way4 ,x 0 ! prototype to :i*1 9 "p unconsci\sly & 9 "p consci\sly1 ecclesia/ical au?ority 0 made to con=m4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! ,gospel 0 fir/ widely proclaim$ 9 ,greek l&s & ! body ( its doctr9e =mulat$ 9 ! ,greek tongue1 :5 ! *ur* began to aspire to univ]sal dom9ion x naturally assum$ ! g>b ( ,roman secul> au?ority4 ,! ,ea/]n ,empire 0 reg>d$ z an (f%oot f1 r ?an z a cont9uation (1 ! empire t _h s long rul$ ! _w f ! great city on ! banks ( ! ,tib]4 ,! natural consequ5ce 0 t ! ,lat9 language 9 "t supplant$ ! ,greek1 & ecclesia/ical ?\ght fl[$ 9 ! *annels worn by ! political ?\ght t _h prec$$ x4 ,! /ruggle 9 lat] times = ! supremacy ( ! /ate z aga9/ ! *ur* 0 m]ely ! ef=t to return to a condition ( ?+s t _h exi/$ be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,greeks 7 n less patriotic ?an ! ,romans4 ,! /ate occupi$ j z prom95t a place 9 _! m9ds z x did 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,romans4 ,b x 0 _! mis=tune to appe> ^u ! sc5e ( hi/ory1 brok5 up into a l>ge numb] ( small polities ( ne>ly equal /r5g?1 & ! ,greek m9d nev] got beyond ! p>ticul>ism ?us inh]it$4 ,x 0 _! fundam5tal concept ( gov]nm5t4 ,rome repres5t$ a m advanc$ type ( political developm5t ?an ,greece1 & if x _h be5 p]mitt$ to "w out its own salvation )\t ext]nal int]f]5ce1--= ! city at its wor/ 0 h>dly m corrupt ?an _m a mod]n capital--x might be 9 exi/5ce to-day4 ,! ,roman empire endur$ s long because x 0 upheld by ! patriotism ( its citiz5s4 ,?is 0 (t5 n>r[ly selfi%1 & frequ5tly grossly unju/ to =eign]s1 b x 0 effectual 9 ma9ta9+ ! supremacy ( ,rome aga9/ all attempts f )9 or )\t to subv]t x4 ,! ,romans t 7 drawn t[>d philosophy pursu$ x 9 a half-he>t$ mann] because ! /ate occupi$ ! fir/ place 9 _! m9ds4 ,to s]ve ! /ate 0 ! ultimate goal ( _! ambition4 ,! emp]ors1 ev5 ! mo/ corrupt1 /ill repres5t$ ! gov]nm5t & z su* receiv$ ! homage ( good m54 ,if we keep ?is fact 9 m9d we %all be able to und]/& ! brav]y & devotion to duty ( _m ( ! (fic]s & ev5 soldi]s 9 ! imp]ial =ces4 ,m or less out ( rea* ( ! contam9at+ influ5ces t 7 s p[]ful 9 ! capital1 !y p]=m$ ! s]vices expect$ ( !m z became ,romans4 ,long1 long aft]w>d1 & :5 ,rome 0 nom9ally a ,*ri/ian city1 a ,g]man monk left its walls z he 0 return+ to 8 nor!rn home1 a f> less zeal\s *ur*man ?an he _h ent]$ x4 ,/range co9cid5ce6 ,! city t _h become ! head ( a spiritual empire 0 no less corrupt & corrupt+ ?an x _h be5 z ! head ( a temporal empire4 ,m ?an sixte5 c5turies ( exp]i5ce1 "s ( x ( ! bitt]e/ k9d1 _h wr\ght no p]ceptible *ange4 ,! ,*ri/ian foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! hea!n4 ,= u :o h be5 br\ght up 9 ! belief t morality & "r & ju/ice h a claim to our s]vices = _! own sake1 )\t accessory support & "u all circum/ances1 ! devotion ( ! ,roman to 8 gov]nm5t1 ev5 ! mo/ unwor?y1 is n easy to und]/&4 ,rome ow$ h] greatness m to ! brav]y ( h] citiz5s 9 w> ?an to any o!r cause4 ,to ?is virtue !y always accord$ ! =emo/ place1 & to ^? :o display$ x1 ! highe/ honors ! /ate c\ld be/[4 ,b ,s5eca 0 a man ( peace4 ,?is fact _h )\t d\bt some?+ to d 9 produc+ ! unfavorable e/imate "s ( 8 contempor>ies =m$ ( him4 ,tacitus1 too1 0 n a milit>y man2 yet he looks ) a c]ta9 disda9 ^u ^? :o devot$ !mselves to ! arts ( peace r ?an to ! pr(ession ( arms4 ,he reg>ds ) less favor ! man :o has wisely adm9i/]$ a prov9ce ?an him :o _h ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! empire4 ,we naturally incl9e to ! op9ion t no man :o respect$ himself c\ld accept s]vice "u su* a rul] z ,n]o1 or ,caligula1 or ,domitian1 unless x 7 9 ! hope t he might mitigate a f]oci\s temp] or av]t calamity f p]sonal fri5ds4 ,& yet1 _m tyrants s9ce ! dissolution ( ! ,roman empire h be5 s]v$ by honorable m52 & !y h usually requit$ _! s]vices 9 ! same way1 ) exile1 or confiscation ( goods1 or an ignom9i\s dea?4 ,! read9ess ) :i* _m ( ! be/ ,romans resort$ to self-de/ruction z a release f mis=tune /rikes u ) surprise4 ,suicide is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,s5eca1 & always ) approval4 ,x is n h>d to und]/& ?is attitude ( m9d if we recollect ! relation ! ,roman reg>d$ z exi/+ betwe5 himself & ! /ate4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 9 a s5se a "p ( himself1 & an ess5tial "p4 ,to ! ,greek !re 0 /ill some?+ wor? liv+ = aft] ! loss ( c\ntry & citiz5%ip4 ,he c\ld devote himself to lit]ature1 or philosophy1 or to "s m ignoble means ( ga9+ a livelihood4 ,to ! ,roman su* a ?+ 0 well-nigh impossible1 especially if he 0 a memb] ( "o ( ! rul+ families4 ,exile1 exclusion f s]vice 9 ! /ate1 0 to him ! end ( e ?+4 ,_m ,romans ( :om "o w\ld h expect$ bett] ?+s are inconsolable s long z !y are compell$ to live away f ! capital ) no c]ta9 prospect ( return4 ,ne$ we wond] t to _m o!rs life 0 no long] wor? liv+1 & t !y freely put an end to x ) _! own h&4 ,(t5 ! be/ m5 s\ght surcease ( sorr[ 9 ?is unnatural way4 ,^? 9 :om ! moral s5se 0 weak1 plung$ recklessly into debau*]y & s5sual gratification4 ,lit]ature1 too1 0 corrupt$ to m9i/] to _! corrupt ta/es4 ,we "k little ( ! life ( ! av]age ,roman citiz52 b !re is suffici5t evid5ce )9 rea* ( ! mod]n read] to prove t ! rul+ class _h few r$eem+ traits4 ,! d[nw>d t5d5cy is pla9ly disc]nible 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,republic4 ,julius & ,augu/us ,cs> 7 m5 ( deprav$ appetites & l[ morals4 ,_! tal5ts z milit>y capta9s & adm9i/rators1 _! patronage ( lett]s1 & _! ta/es z lit]>y m51 h some:at put _! moral del9qu5cies into ! backgr\nd4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! example ( ^! & su* m51 accel]at$ ! evil prop5sities to :i* ! ,roman p 7 only too prone4 ,:5 ! l[e/ dep? ( moral degradation 0 rea*$1 z 9 ! decl9+ ye>s ( ,s5eca1 crime & debau*]y held high c>nival 9 ! imp]ial h\sehold4 ,!re 0 no wick$ness s flagrant1 no species ( immorality s be/ial1 no de$ s horrible1 t m5 %rank f x4 ,=1 _h !y n m ?an once ! example ( ! pr9ce himself8 ,x is sometimes *>itably said t ,n]o 0 insane4 ,!re are m5 :o ?9k x too degrad+ to human nature to hold x responsible = 8 crimes & indec5cies4 ,yet ,n]o's excesses 7 ! natural results ( unlimit$ p[] 9 irresponsible h&s1 :5 ! h&s 7 s]vants ( a he>t t 0 ?or\ghly corrupt1 & a "* t 0 weak1 & va9 z x 0 weak4 ,! same ?+s h (t5 be5 repeat$ )9 ! la/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s2 b nev] 0 vice s rampant & s unblu%+1 on su* a l>ge scale1 z x 0 9 ,rome 9 ! days ( ,s5eca4 ,we mu/ n believe1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 no dec5cy1 no reg>d = morality1 no love ( culture1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,roman empire ev5 9 its wor/ e/ate4 ,!re 7 always gr\ps & cot]ies ( noble m5 & wom5 :o kept !mselves free f ! prevail+ corruption4 ,!re 0 always a sav+ remnant t rema9$ uncontam9at$4 ,qu9tillian 0 ! c5t] ( su* a gr\p1 & :at he 0 9 ,rome1 ,plut>* 0 9 ano!r "p ( ! empire1 = !y 7 almo/ exactly contempor>ies4 ,! belief 9 ,god1 9 ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 & 9 man's p]sonal responsibility to a high] p[]1 kept "s1 p]haps _m1 :o 7 n directly "u ! degrad+ influ5ce ( ! c\rt1 or :o _h ! moral /r5g? to resi/ x1 f deviat+ v f> f ! pa? ( rectitude4 ,!re 7 slaves ( :om bett] ?+s c\ld be said ?an ( _! ma/]s4 ,b :at 7 ^! among s _m8 ,s5eca & o!r writ]s ( 8 "t frequ5tly express contempt = ^? m5 :o pr(ess$ to be philosoph]s1 & ^: lives br\ght only disgrace ^u ! fair "n ( philosophy4 ,he does n seem to be aw>e t1 9 a measure at lea/1 he is record+ an unfavorable v]dict ^u himself4 ,does he ?9k t 8 ab/emi\sness1 8 untir+ indu/ry1 8 devotion to /udy ought to cov] 8 %ortcom+s8 ,x looks s4 ,he comm5ds solitude1 yet always rema9$ 9 ! noonday ( publicity4 ,he inveighs aga9/ ri*es1 yet 0 ! possessor ( va/ e/ates1 & 0 n above l5d+ money at usuri\s rates ( int]e/4 ,he tea*es m5 to be> ) =titude ! inevitable ills ( life1 & ends by comm5d+ suicide z a f9al resort4 ,comp>$ ) ,socrates1 to cite b a s+le "n1 ,s5eca 0 a v unwor?y expon5t ( practical philosophy4 ,! =m] took philosophy s]i\sly1 s s]i\sly t he n only want$ to live = x b 0 will+ to die = x4 ,he kept alo( f politics because he felt t a public c>e] w\ld int]f]e ) a duty he ow$ to a high] p[]4 ,he1 too1 believ$ 9 a ,provid5ce1 b ) him ?is belief am\nt$ to a conviction4 ,all 8 report$ words & de$s te/ify to ?is1 :ile ,s5eca acts & writes z if try+ to conv9ce himself q z mu* z o!rs4 ,socrates _h an abid+ fai? 9 a p]sonal ,god :o n only wat*$ ov] 8 life1 b c>$ = him 9 dea?4 ,duty 0 to him a ?+ ( su* supreme importance t he nev] hesitat$ to p]=m x1 no matt] :at ! consequ5ces to himself might be4 ,socrates taught no?+ he did n himself practice2 ,s5eca1 mu*4 ,socrates fe>$ nei!r ,god nor man2 ,s5eca 0 afraid ( bo?4 ,socrates expect$ no?+ ( o!rs t he did n exact ( himself2 ,s5eca sets up a high] /&>d ( morals ?an he1 "u all circum/ances1 atta9$4 ,8 precepts are bett] ?an 8 practice4 ,8 fatal mi/ake lay 9 try+ to d two ?+s t h always be5 f\nd incompatible3 to be a successful politician & an upright man4 ,!re 7 o!rs besides ,socrates1 be=e ! days ( ,s5eca1 9 ^: life & "* philosophy _h _h m consi/5t expon5ts & fai?ful devotees ?an 9 him4 ,b :5 !y f\nd t philosophy & a c>e] 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate 7 incompatible & reciprocally exclusive1 !y unhesitat+ly gave up ! latt]4 ,s5eca c always admire high ideals1 b he _c always imitate !m4 ,he is fasc9at$ :5 he gazes on ! l(ty heights to :i* virtue _h sometimes atta9$1 & he (t5 makes h]oic ef=ts to foll[ aft]2 b he is only n[ & !n successful4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t ,socrates _h ev5 9 8 lifetime _m ard5t admir]s & en?usia/ic disciples t rema9$ true to 8 memory1 :ile ,s5eca _h none4 ,canon ,f>r> is mi/ak5 :5 he calls ,s5eca a 8seek] aft] ,god40 ,god 0 9 no man's ?\ghts (t5] ?an 9 84 ,nor has any un9spir$ writ] giv5 utt]ance to a l>g] numb] ( noble s5tim5ts & l(ty precepts ?an he4 ,x is easy to extract f 8 writ+s a complete code ( morals1 a brevi>y ( human conduct1 t w\ld diff] b little f t conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he is a conspicu\s example ( ! hea!n ( :om ,paul says1 !y are )\t excuse4 ,b :ile ,s5eca is n a seek] aft] ,god he c ) ju/ice be call$ a seek] aft] ,*ri/4 ,he is an e>ne/ inquir] aft] ! peace t passe? und]/&+2 aft] t s]5e confid5ce t su/a9$ ! greate/ & ! lea/ ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! noble army ( m>tyrs no less4 ,he lacks t ,*ri/ian en?usiasm t comes only ?r\gh fai? 9 a liv+ ,*ri/ & 9 ,8 atonem5t4 ,s5eca n[ & !n caught a glimpse ( t univ]sal k+dom :i* ! company ( believ]s expect$ w\ld "o day be e/abli%$ ^u ! e>?4 ,he says1 8,no "o c lead a happy life :o ?9ks only ( himself & turns ev]y?+ to 8 own use4 ,if y w\ld live = y\rself1 y mu/ live = o!rs4 ,?is bond ( fell[%ip mu/ be dilig5tly & sacr$ly gu>d$1--! bond t unites u all to all & %[s to u t !re is a "r common to all nations :i* ought to be ! m sacr$ly *]i%$ because x leads to t intimate fri5d%ip ( :i* we 7 speak+40 ,x is h>d to see h[ he c\ld write ! foll[+ /rik+ passage )\t ?9k+ ( himself2 =1 ?\gh guiltless ( "s ( ! vices he condemns1 !re are o!rs ( :i* he _c be acquitt$4 ,aft] def9+ philosophy z no?+ else ?an ! "r way ( liv+1 or ! sci5ce ( liv+ honorably1 or ! art ( pass+ a good life1 & d5\nc+ ! fraudul5t pr(essors ( x1 he proce$s3 8,_m ( ! philosoph]s are ( ?is description1 eloqu5t to _! own condemnation2 = if y he> !m argu+ aga9/ av>ice1 aga9/ lu/ & ambition1 y w\ld ?9k !y 7 mak+ a public disclosure ( _! own "*1 s entirely d ! c5sures :i* !y utt] 9 public fl[ back ^u !mselves2 s t x is "r to reg>d !m 9 no o!r light ?an z physicians ^: adv]tisem5ts conta9 m$ic9e1 b _! m$ic9e-*e/s1 poison4 ,"s are n a%am$ ( _! vices2 b !y inv5t def5ses = _! own bas5ess1 s t !y may ev5 appe> to s9 ) honor40 ,to ! same effect is ! te/imony ( ,nepos3 8,s f> am ,i f ?9k+ t philosophy is ! tea*] ( life & ! complet] ( happ9ess1 t ,i consid] t none h great] ne$ ( tea*]s ( liv+ ?an _m :o are engag$ 9 ! discussion ( ?is subject4 ,= ,i see t a great "p ( ^? :o give mo/ elaborate precepts 9 _! s*ool respect+ mode/y & self-re/ra9t1 live at ! same "t 9 ! unre/ra9$ desires ( all lu/s40 ,bo? ,s5eca & ,plut>* are firmly conv9c$ t man is ! arbit] ( 8 own happ9ess2 b ! =m] f\nd great difficulty 9 mak+ a practical application ( ! doctr9e to 8 own case4 ,not)/&+ ! sorry spectacle pres5t$ to ! _w by _m pr(ess$ philosoph]s1 nei!r lo/ fai? 9 philosophy4 ,x 0 ! c\rt ( la/ resort4 ,= ! man to :om philosophy w n br+ happ9ess !re is no happ9ess 9 ?is _w4 ,to ! importance & b5ign influ5ce ( ?is culture ( m9d1 ,s5eca rev]ts aga9 & aga94 ,he cont5ds t 8,he :o frequ5ts ! s*ool ( a philosoph] ought e day to c>ry away ) him some?+ t w be to 8 pr(it3 he ought to return home a wis] man4 ,& he w s return1 = su* is ! p[] ( philosophy t x n only b5efits ^? :o devote !mselves to x1 b ev5 ^? :o talk ab\t x40 8,y mu/ *ange y\rself1 n y\r abode4 ,y may cross ! sea1 or z our ,virgil says1 #8,l&s & cities may vani% f sight1 yet :]ev] y g y\r vices w foll[ y4' ,:5 a c]ta9 p]son made ! same compla9t to ,socrates t y make1 he answ]$1 #8,:y are y surpris$ t y\r travels d y no good1 :5 y take y\rself ) y ev]y:]e8' ,if we c\ld look into ! m9d ( a good man1 :at a beautiful vision1 :at purity1 we %\ld behold beam+ =? f its placid dep?s6 ,"h ju/ice1 !re =titude2 "h self-control1 !re prud5ce4 ,besides ^!1 sobriety1 cont95ce1 frankness & k9dl9ess1 & 7:o w\ld believe x87 human5ess1 t r>e trait 9 man1 %$ _! lu/] ov] him40 ,?\gh ,s5eca's life 0 full ( contradictions & inconsi/5cies :5 measur$ by ! /&>d ( 8 own writ+s1 x w\ld be unju/ to *>ge him ) hypocrisy4 ,he 01 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a man ( moods2 a man 9 ^: m9d conflict+ desires 7 cont9ually /riv+ = ! ma/]y4 ,x seems to h be5 a h>d matt] = him to atta9 settl$ convictions on a numb] ( important que/ions4 ,ev5 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 a subject ^u :i* he has mu* to say1 & :i* to ,plut>* is an inconte/able dogma1 is to ,s5eca h>dly m ?an a hope4 ,8 m9d matur$ e>ly & !re is almo/ no evid5ce ( developm5t or *ange ( views or ( /yle 9 8 writ+s4 ,he 0 su* a man z nature made him1 & he 0 on ! :ole pretty well satisfi$ ) ! product4 ,?\gh he n[ & !n seems to be consci\s ( a c]ta9 lack ( con/ancy1 & on ! po9t ( confess+ 8 s9s1 he g5]ally ends by excus+ !m or by try+ to %[ t !y are v5ial4 ,yet ! fact t he at times ackn[l$ges a k9d ( moral weakness is p]haps ! *ief reason :y ,s5eca has be5 s (t5 claim$ z a ,*ri/ian1 :ile no su* claim has ev] be5 made = ,plut>* :o sees no defects ei!r 9 himself or 8 doctr9e4 ,! *ief problem ( philosophy has at all times be51 h[ to make ! judgm5t supreme 9 all matt]s t pres5t !mselves be=e ! m9d & h[ to make ! w c>ry out ! decisions ( ! critical faculty4 ,:5 ! poet says1 8,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor10 he is ?9k+ ( ?is irrepressible conflict4 ,paul himself 0 n a /rang] to x1 = he exclaims 9 a mom5t ( self-abasem5t :5 writ+ to ,s5eca's fell[ citiz5s1 8,! good :i* ,i w\ld1 ,i d n2 b ! evil :i* ,i w\ld n1 t ,i practice40 ,he1 too1 f9ds )9 himself a 8law10 a fact ( human exp]i5ce1 t ! fle% w>s aga9/ ! _s2 t ! appet5cies are h>d to reconcile ) ! judgm5t4 ,s5eca's own writ+s furni% abundant evid5ce t _m :o pr(ess$ to be philosoph]s us$ _! intellects solely1 or *iefly1 9 devis+ means = gratify+ _! desires4 ,to m5 ( 8 way ( ?9k+ ! ,epicureans 7 a con/ant object ( attack2 yet ! ,epicureans 7 g5]ally consi/5t f _! po9t ( view & 9 accordance ) ! po/ulates ( _! sy/em4 ,! all-important "q ) e man :o is 9 ! habit ( giv+ an acc\nt to himself ( 8 life is h[ to get ! mo/ out ( x1--h[ to =mulate a sy/em ( complete liv+4 ,if ! individual is ! goal1 consid]$ solely f ! /&po9t ( 8 e>?ly life1 x is evid5t t he w act diff]5tly 9 ! same circum/ances f him ^: aim is ! good ( society consid]$ z an undy+ entity1 or ! happ9ess ( ! individual reg>d$ z an immortal s\l4 ,! disagreem5ts ( philosoph]s h always h+$ on ^! fundam5tal problems & x is /range t s little note has be5 made ( !m4 ,x is too (t5 tak5 = grant$ t ! m]e use ( ! reason+ faculties1 t is1 philosophy p] se1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! highe/ good1 is able to make m5 z ne>ly p]fect z !y c become 9 ?is life1 bo? z individuals & z memb]s ( ! community4 ,x 0 ! conviction t philosophy _h run its c\rse2 t x 0 8play$ out10--to use a phrase m expressive ?an elegant--t made s _m ( ! be/ m51 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies1 turn f x & seek refuge 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y _h become we>y ( ! ceaseless & acrimoni\s discussions ( ! diff]5t philosophical s*ools4 ,disgu/$ ) contradictions & inconsi/5cies1 !y turn$ to ! ,gospel z (f]+ a solution ( problems at :i* s _m acute ?9k]s _h labor$ = c5turies 9 va94 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t ! ,roman _w _h gr[n old4 ,e exp]im5t _h be5 tri$1 e !ory _h be5 sugge/$ t might lead to complete liv+2 all _h end$ 9 failure & disappo9tm5t = ^? :o _h ! good ( _! fell[ m5 at he>t4 ,he :o w\ld p]=m a successful exp]im5t 9 physics or *emi/ry mu/ see to x t all ! necess>y conditions h be5 provid$4 ,if ?is is n done1 no am\nt ( c>e 9 manipulation w br+ ab\t ! desir$ result4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( ! prop] +r$i5ts1 h[ev] pure1 w n insure success4 ,s 9 society1 ! exi/5ce & vitality ( social =ces w avail ! re=m] 9 no wise unless he kn[s h[ to put a motive =ce into m5's m9ds & he>ts t w induce !m to aid him 9 br++ ab\t ! *anges he proposes4 ,"s good m5 h be5 made s by a noble sy/em ( philosophy1 to ! practical exemplification ( :i* !y h devot$ _! lives4 ,bo? ,greece & ,rome furni%$ n a few su*4 ,on ! o!r h& !re h be5 _m bad m5 :o 7 made s by foll[+ ! t5ets ( a vici\s philosophy4 ,!re are two reasons :y ,s5eca has1 = m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 engag$ ! att5tion ( ?9k+ m54 ,no d\bt ! mo/ important is 8 extraord9>y ability4 ,! _w w n will+ly =get ! words ( a great man1 nor suff] 8 life to pass into oblivion4 ,x cl+s to ?\ghts & de$s t are wor?y to survive4 ,s5eca n only _h some?+ to say t m5 want$ to he>1 b he knew h[ to say x 9 su* a way t !y 7 glad to li/54 ,great z has be5 ! evil 9 ! _w at all times x has nev] lack$ _m m5 :o felt t !y 7 made = some?+ bett] ?an ! daily conc]ns t occupi$ _! "t & labor4 ,9 _! bett] mom5ts !y f\nd pleasure 9 li/5+ to ! voices t spoke to !m ( some?+ m abid+ ?an ! fleet+ affairs ( ?is transitory life4 ,s5eca1 too1 0 int5sely human4 ,he frequ5tly furni%es evid5ce ( extraord9>y m5tal /r5g? :ile n[ & !n he s9ks d[n 9 %e] exhau/ion4 ,8 m9d ranges freely along ! :ole scale ( m5tal exp]i5ces2 & ?\gh he dwell1 longe/ on ! high] p>ts1 he does n always d s4 ,! record ( su* an exp]i5ce has an attraction = _m m54 ,!y see 9 x a c\nt]p>t ( _! own /ruggles1 & are r>ely )\t hope t its triumphs may be an e>ne/ ( _! own4 ,! s*ol> 9 politics is a "* ( :om we he> a good deal1 b z a matt] ( fact1 s*ol>%ip1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 & successful politics1 z ! _w und]/&s success1 are a comb9ation t has r>ely be5 made4 ,aga91 an ecclesia/ical /atesman1 /rictly speak+1 is an equally r>e ph5om5on & has be5 s9ce ! days ( ! supremacy ( ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,! great] ! success ( ! ecclesia/ic 9 /atecraft1 ! f>!r he dep>t$ f ! prescriptions ( ! *ur*1 or at lea/ ( ! ,gospel4 ,h[ (t5 has ! exp]i5ce ( ,wolsey be5 anticipat$ or repeat$2 & _m m51 bo? laics & prie/s1 h felt ! tru? ( ,%akespe>e's ?\ghts1 if !y h n express$ !m 9 8 words3 8,_h ,i b s]v$ my ,god ) half ! zeal ,i s]v$ my k+1 he w\ld n 9 m9e age ,h left me nak$ to m9e enemies40 ,we /ill hope to f9d a place = ! s*ol> 9 politics1 b we h giv5 up ! se>* s f> z ! ecclesia/ic is conc]n$4 ,yet 9 ,s5eca we h a man :o _h ma/]$ all ! k ( 8 "t2 :o 0 by no means an unsuccessful prea*] ( righte\sness1 & :o1 nev]!less1 0 a successful c\rti] & /atesman dur+ "p ( 8 life4 ,he might h be5 bo? to ! end+ ( 8 days 9 peace1 _h x n be5 8 fate to s]ve "o ( ! wor/ rul]s t ev] liv$4 ,! secret ( 8 undy+ fame !n is 8 ability & 8 :ilom position at ! c\rt t rul$ ! greate/ empire ( ! _w4 ,x is probable t ! cause ( 8 exile1 at an age :5 he _h z yet n writt5 v mu*1 s f> z we "k1 0 8 prom95ce 9 a way t 0 di/a/eful to ! emp]or ,claudius4 ,:ile !re 0 no?+ 9 8 pa/ life or pres5t conduct to ju/ify putt+ him to dea?1 8 removal f ,rome seem$ desirable to ! reign+ mon>* & 8 mo/ influ5tial advis]s4 ,b ev5 9 exile ,s5eca 0 n a man calmly to p]mit 8 enemies to =get him2 nor w\ld 8 fri5ds suff] him to be =gott54 ,not)/&+ 8 sudd5 elevation to a position ( great importance 9 ! empire1 he seems nev] to h lo/ sight ( ! fact t he 0 /&+ on ! edge ( a precipice f :i* he might be ?ru/ at any mom5t1 & t he /ill _h ne$ ( all ! consolation 8 philosophy c\ld af=d4 ,boissi] rightly says1 8,?\gh praetor & consul he rema9$ n ! less a sage :o gives in/ruction to 8 age2 :ile he 0 gov]n+ ! ,romans he prea*$ virtue to !m40 ,& he might h add$1 8to himself10 = x is evid5t f _m passages 9 8 works t he _h himself 9 view no less ?an o!rs4 ,he /rove to =tify 8 own s\l aga9/ temptations by giv+ expression to ! t5ets ( 8 philosophy1 j z m5 f9d relief 9 sorr[ by record+ ! ?\ghts t pass ?r\gh _! m9ds4 ,we may be c]ta91 too1 t to 8 contempor>ies 8 spee* (t5 s\nd$ bold] & fre] ?an to u ) our inadequate k ( ! inn] life ( ! ,roman c\rt-circle1 & accu/om$ z we are to ! fre$om ( criticism to :i* all our public *>act]s1 n except+ sov]eigns1 are subject4 ,!y d\btless saw 9 _m ( 8 pi?y say+s1 allusions1 :e!r always int5tional or n1 does n matt]1 to occurr5ces to :i* we no long] h ! key4 ,& we may be sure t he 0 n )\t an abundance ( enemies & detractors4 ,a few ( ^! h left !mselves on record = u4 ,!re 71 d\btless1 also _m p]sons :o 7 wont to sne] at ! man :o pr(ess$ to f9d ! highe/ good 9 a contemplative life2 9 devotion to an ideal t diff]$ s widely f ! reality 9 :i* he liv$2 & :o c\ld yet ma9ta9 8 influ5ce at a c\rt ( :i* little t 0 good c\ld be said4 ,e society conta9s a c]ta9 numb] ( memb]s :o reg>d all :o endeavor to lead a bett] life ?an !y !mselves d1 or ^: ideals are high] ?an _! own1 z (f]+ a sort ( p]sonal *all5ge or direct+ a rebuke at !m :i* !y mu/ ne$s res5t4 ,s5eca 0 himself consci\s t 8 life & pr(essions 7 sometimes irreconcilable4 ,he says3 8,to ! /ud5t :o pr(esses 8 wi% & hope to rise to a l(ti] grade ( virtue1 ,i w\ld answ] t ?is is my wi% also1 b ,i d>e n hope x4 ,i am preoccupi$ ) vices4 ,all ,i require ( myself is1 n to be equal to ! be/1 b only to be bett] ?an ! bad40 ,on ! mu*-debat$ "q ( ,s5eca's responsibility = ! vices ( ,n]o1 ,m]ivale is probably "r 9 say+ t he mu/ soon h become aw>e t x 0 impossible to make ev5 a reasonably virtu\s man out ( 8 pupil4 ,"u su* circum/ances x 0 natural = him to conclude t ! be/ ?+ to be done 0 to all[ ! y\? to indulge 9 private vices 9 ord] to keep him f injur+ o!rs4 ,! morality he impress$ ^u ,n]o1 ! mod]n writ] sums up 9 ^! words3 8,be c\rte\s & mod]ate2 %un cruelty & rap9e2 ab/a9 f blood2 comp5sate y\rself ) ! pleasures ( y\? )\t compunction2 amuse y\rself1 b hurt no man40 ,?is pr9ciple 0 a dang]\s "o1 z we n[ "k2 b x is easy to be wise aft] ! ev5t4 ,a philosoph] ought to h kn[n t x is nev] safe to make a compromise ) vice4 ,our philosoph] did n "k x1 or1 kn[+ x1 0 will+ to take ! risk4 ,x is d\btless "s ( 8 detractors t he has 9 m9d 9 8 def5se ( ri*es4 ,he c see no h>m 9 l>ge possessions :5 !y h be5 hone/ly1 or at lea/ lawfully1 acquir$ & are prop]ly us$4 ,x may help u to und]/& 8 attitude 9 ?is matt] if we comp>e x ) t ( "s ( ! m9i/]s ( our own day1 & ) "s ( ! ecclesia/ical dignit>ies ( ! pa/4 ,s5eca's philosophy did n come to him z a div9e comm&4 ,x 0 ! fruit ( 8 own cogitation 9 ! se>* = ! supreme good4 ,b !re are m5 9 our day1 z !re h always be51 :o are n only memb]s ( ! *ur* b prea*]s ( ! ,gospel1 :o are bo? ri* !mselves & apologi/s ( ! ri*4 ,yet !y pr(ess to be foll[]s ( ! ,son ( ,god2 ( ,him :o taught t x is exce$+ly difficult = a ri* man to ent] ! k+dom ( heav54 ,s5eca did n pr(ess to seek ?is k+dom4 ,8 se>* 0 aft] ! k+dom ( e>?ly felicity1 & he c\ld n see :y ri*es %\ld be an ob/acle to 8 ent]+ x4 ,s5eca 0 a good exempl> ( ! tru? ( a say+ quot$ by ,x5ophon 9 8 ,memorabilia ( ,socrates to ! effect t ev5 an upright man is sometimes good1 sometimes bad4 ,8 writ+s convey ! impression t _! au?or is always "u /ress4 ,! philosophical composure ( :i* he has mu* to say1 is an aspiration & a hope1 n a fruition4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! passions he sees !m 9 _! int5sity4 ,he seems to reg>d all m5 z ei!r v good or v bad1 & f9ds ! latt] class to include ! great body ( mank9d4 ,he fails to realize t ! majority belong to nei!r extreme4 ,! !at] on :i* he saw ! game ( life play$ probably nev] _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! _w4 ,he /&s at "o extreme & ,plut>* at ! o!r1 j z ! social circle 9 :i* ea* mov$ & knew be/ is ! antipode ( ! o!r4 ,bo? look$ too int5tly & exclusively ^u ! m]ely ext]nal4 ,?\gh ,plut>* judges ! av]age man m correctly1 nei!r possess$ suffici5t p5etration ( intellect to fa?om all ! passions t dom9ate or agitate ! s\l4 ,plut>* 0 mo/ famili> ) ! man :o is conc]n$ ) ! ord9>y affairs ( life2 ,s5eca knew be/ ! corrupt cr[d t s\ght to +ratiate itself into ! favor ( ^? :o controll$ ! de/9ies ( all ab\t !m1 &1 9 a measure1 ( ! entire _w4 ,bo? 7 mu* 9 ! public eye1 b ! public 0 a widely diff]5t "o4 ,plut>* s\ght to make an impression by ! arts ( p]suasion alone2 ,s5eca1 by all ! arts t are )9 ! p[] ( a res\rceful intellect4 ,h[ mu* he 0 9 ! public eye is evid5t f ! /atem5t ( ,tacitus t 8 la/ words 7 writt5 d[n & at once made public4 ,8 fri5ds no less ?an 8 enemies desir$ ?is3 8 enemies1 because !y 7 eag]ly wat*+ = a f9al opportunity to prove t ?is fam\s prea*] ( an exalt$ philosophy w\ld1 aft] all1 prove to be no?+ m ?an a mak] ( f9e phrases :5 ! crucial te/ came2 8 fri5ds1 9 ord] to furni% indubitable evid5ce t he _h be5 true to 8 tea*+s to ! end4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t %\ld always be kept 9 m9d 9 ! /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 & ! c>e] ( _! /atesm51 t !re exi/$ no univ]sal consci5ce to :i* m5 c\ld appeal4 ,ev5 ! sep>ate /ates 7 )\t any consid]able p>ty among _! citiz5s :o %>$ ! conviction t !re exi/ et]nal pr9ciples ( ju/ice t dem& ! recognition ( rights = all liv+ be+s1 = slaves z well z = brutes1 :e!r !y are 9 position to en=ce ^! rights or n4 ,!re 0 an int]m9able /ruggle ( class ) class1 ea* /riv+ to wre/ f ! o!r ! privileges !y )held z long z !y c\ld1 & f9ally grant$ only s f> z !y c\ld no long] be )held4 ,! political economy ( ! anci5ts did n conc]n itself ) mak+ ! public burd5s be> z lightly z possible on ea* memb] ( ! body politic1 & compell+ ev5 ! mo/ refractory to contribute _! %>e2 ! problem 0 almo/ inv>iably h[ to raise ! l>ge/ am\nt ( public rev5ue4 ,only a "p1--(t5 b a small "p1 especially "u ! lat] republic--f\nd its way into ! imp]ial fisc4 ,mo/ ( x fl[$ into ! c(f]s ( ! f>m]s ( ! rev5ue1 & = ?is reason _! repres5tatives1 ! publicans or tax-ga!r]s1 7 s ?or\ghly dete/$4 ,_! relation to ! citiz5s 0 entirely diff]5t f ! mod]n (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t :o p]=m ! same functions4 ,e privilege or alleviation grant$ by ! gov]n+ class 0 usually wrung f x by =ce or ?reats on ! "p ( ! subject4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! empire 0 m l5i5t ?an ! republic because ! emp]ors ne$$ ! support ( ! mass ( _! subjects aga9/ ! turbul5t & av>ici\s nobility4 ,! _s ( altruism t is su* a p[]ful =ce 9 our day is ( v mod]n gr[?4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ! _w by ,*ri/ianity1 b its developm5t 0 n rapid4 ,sociology z a sci5tific t]m is b little old] ?an ! pres5t g5]ation2 nor does ! /udy ( political economy z a sci5ce ext5d f> into ! la/ c5tury4 ,t rem>kable p1 ! ,jews1 h f "t immemorial recogniz$ ! claims ( a bro!r 9 ! fai?1 ^u e o!r1 = aid & sympa?y4 ,_! volunt>y contributions = ! ma9t5ance ( ! temple at ,j]usalem & its ritual1 no matt] h[ widely scatt]$ !y might be1 is ! e>lie/ indication ( a _s ( altruism1 ! recognition ( an obligation t 0 coext5sive ) ! fai?4 ,! ,jews1 h[ev]1 made b a fa9t impression ^u ! ?\ght ( antiquity4 ,?is is evid5t f ! way !y are treat$ by ,greek writ]s )\t exception4 ,!y 7 p]haps nev] m num]\s or m influ5tial ?an dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies ,b4 ,c4 & ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 until ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,yet ,plut>*1 :o 0 ! mo/ widely read man ( 8 "t1 & :o might easily h obta9$ 8 k ( _! doctr9es almo/ at fir/ h& f ! ,septuag9t1 does n %[ 9 a s+le l9e t he ev] ?\ght ?is k wor? ! tr\ble4 ,:5 he m5tions ! ,jews x is only to disp>age !m1 & to betray ! grosse/ ignorance ( _! religion & _! nationality4 ,! same is true ( ,s5eca & ! o!r ,roman writ]s4 ,tacitus1 :o pr(esses to give an acc\nt ( _! orig9 & ( "s ( ! t5ets ( _! religion1 %amefully misrepres5ts bo?1 :ile he holds ! p up to ! scorn ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,s little are ! mo/ intellig5t m5 (t5 aw>e ( ! occult =ces at "w 9 ! _w1 & s ready are !y to p\r contempt ^u ev]y?+ t does n accord ) _! preconceiv$ op9ions6 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 z is well kn[n1 7 reluctant to believe t ! new doctr9es 7 int5d$ = ,g5tiles z well z ,jews4 ,bo? ! ,new ,te/am5t & "s ( ! *ur* fa!rs te/ify to ?is fact4 ,m]ivale makes x cle> t ,t]tullian believ$ t ,*ri/ianity mu/ always1 to "s ext5t1 /& ap>t f ! ord9>y m>* ( ev5ts1 & t ! true fai? c\ld only be held by a *os5 few4 ,he does n int5d 8 words to be und]/ood 9 _! spiritual significance1 t _m are call$ b few *os51 & he makes ?is pla9 by add+ t ! ,roman emp]ors might !mselves h be5 ,*ri/ians1 if gov]nm5ts c\ld become ,*ri/ian2 9 o!r words 8mank9d 9 g5]al 7 equally incapable ( moral r5ovation & spiritual conv]sion40 ,?\gh ,s5eca 01 dur+ almo/ 8 :ole life 9 ! public eye & liv$ amid ! toil & turbul5ce ( ! busie/ city 9 ! _w1 he pr(ess$ a di/a/e = cr[ds4 ,he tries to dissuade ^? :o value _! peace ( m9d1 b especially ^? :o are truly devot$ to philosophy1 f seek+ popul> applause4 ,he loves to be ! c5t] ( a circle ( *oice spirits1 to associate on intimate t]ms ) m5 ( l aims & ta/es ) 8 own4 ,x is almo/ exclusively aga9/ ! vices ( ! ri* & ! great t he declaims4 ,only 9 8good society0 is he at home2 9 fact he seems to "k no o!r1 has no?+ 9 common ) any o!r4 ,he is pr(\ndly ignorant1 ) ,plut>*1 ( ! fact t society _c be re=m$ f ! top or f )94 ,yet ! ref9em5ts ( luxury are hateful to him1 & f boyhood to ! end ( 8 days he liv$ a frugal life4 ,h[ easy x is = ,s5eca to talk1 to express himself 9 words :e!r ) tongue or p51 becomes evid5t n only f a glance at ! subjects ^u :i* he writes1 "s ( :i* are ( ! same t5or ) ^? discuss$ by 8 equally flu5t pr$ecessor1 ,cic]o1 b f 8 own direct te/imony4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fif? ,book on ,b5efits he tells 8 read]s t he has virtually exhau/$ ! subject4 ,yet he runs on ?r\gh ?ree m ,books1 app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an because he f9ds pleasure 9 discuss+ e "q t has ! remote/ connection ) ! ma9 !me4 ,! result is t ! portion :i* he consid]s irrelevant is almo/ z long z ! treatise prop]4 ,i h once or twice 9 ! pres5t essay1 t\*$ ^u ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! ,roman "*1 b ! ph5om5on is s important1 contributes s mu* to a prop] e/imate ( ! c>e] ( ,s5eca1 & goes s f> t[>d reconcil+ ! app>5t or real inconsi/5cies betwe5 8 life & 8 doctr9es1 betwe5 8 words & 8 de$s1 t x is necess>y to dwell ^u ! po9t at great] l5g?4 ,! ,romans 71 above ev]y?+ else1 m5 ( ! _w2 m5 :o laid ! greate/ possible /ress on practical activity 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate2 m5 :o 7 :olly out ( _! sph]e :5 ?is outlet = _! en]gies 0 clos$ to !m4 ,greece gave bir? to _m individuals :o liv$ entirely1 or at lea/ *iefly1 9 ! realm ( _! ?\ghts2 or z ,jean ,paul says ( ! ,g]mans1 ! air 0 _! doma94 ,! prec9cts ( ab/ract speculation lay 9 a region nev] ent]$ by a ,roman4 ,a few trod ! out] c\rts "u ! guidance ( ,greeks1 b n "o ev] p5etrat$ f>!r4 ,! ,romans _h no lit]ature ( _! own1 no music1 no pictorial or pla/ic arts1 no ar*itecture4 ,?\gh s long "u ! intellectual tutelage ( ,greece1 _! ta/e 0 n ref9$1 nor 0 a g5u9e love ( culture inh]5t 9 ! nation4 ,x saw no use = ^! ?+s because !y 7 n practical2 c\ld n be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! occasional ef=ts ( ! emp]ors & ( "s ( ! lead+ families to elevate ! national ta/e produc$ b meag] results4 ,su* be+ ! case1 :at 0 !re = ! av]age ,roman to d :5 he _h become ri*1 or _h no public duty to p]=m1 & want$ to 8h a good "t08 ,!re is abundant evid5ce )9 our rea* to enable u to answ] ?is "q4 ,he plung$ headlong into debau*]ies s %ameful t ! mod]n p5 %r9ks f describ+ !m1 & ! m9d f contemplat+ !m4 ,=tunes 7 sometimes sp5t on a s+le banquet4 ,! ,roman ba?s m9i/]$ equally to luxury & lic5ti\sness4 ,9 %ort1 x seems z if all ! +5uity ( ! empire _h at times be5 ex]t$ to ! utmo/ to devise new me?ods ( s5sual gratification4 ,b he c\ld n indulge incessantly 9 bac*analian orgies2 ! jad$ body ne$$ "s relaxative t c\ld be f\nd nei!r 9 sleep nor 9 su* bus9ess t c\ld n be delegat$ to a subord9ate4 ,!re he regal$ himself ) ! sight ( blood4 ,! huge /ructures erect$ = ! gladiatorial combats te/ify to ! ,roman passion = ^! cruel sports4 ,e liv+ creature t c\ld be induc$ to fight 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ar5a :]e m5 & wom5 took equal delight 9 ! bloody spectacle4 ,lecky1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 sets =? 9 graphic colors ! pomp & circum/ance ) :i* ^! horrible exhibitions 7 giv54 ,i _c d bett] ?an to transcribe 8 words3 8,! gladiatorial games =m1 inde$1 ! "o feature ( ,roman society :i* to a mod]n m9d is almo/ inconceivable 9 its atrocity4 ,t n only m51 b wom51 9 an advanc$ p]iod ( civilization--m5 & wom5 :o n only pr(ess$1 b v frequ5tly act$ ^u1 a high code ( morals--%\ld h made ! c>nage ( m5 _! habitual amusem5t2 t all ?is %\ld h cont9u$ = c5turies1 ) sc>cely a prote/1 is "o ( ! mo/ />tl+ facts 9 moral hi/ory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 p]fectly normal1 & 9 no degree inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( natural moral p]ceptions1 :ile x op5s out fields ( e?ical enquiry ( a v deep1 ?\gh pa9ful int]e/40 8,! m]e desire = novelty impell$ ! p to e excess or ref9em5t ( b>b>ity4 ,! simple combat became at la/ insipid1 & e v>iety ( atrocity 0 devis$ to /imulate ! flagg+ int]e/4 ,at "o "t a be> & a bull1 *a9$ toge!r1 roll$ 9 fi]ce conte/ along ! s&2 at ano!r1 crim9als dress$ 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 7 ?r[n to bulls1 :i* 7 madd5$ by r$-hot irons1 or by d>ts tipp$ ) burn+ pit*4 ,f\r hundr$ be>s 7 kill$ 9 a s+le day "u ,caligula2 ?ree hundr$ on ano!r day "u ,claudius4 ,"u ,n]o1 f\r hundr$ tig]s f\ght ) bulls & elephants2 f\r hundr$ be>s & ?ree hundr$ lions 7 slaught]$ by 8 soldi]s4 ,9 a s+le day1 at ! d$ication ( ! ,colosseum by ,titus1 five ?\s& animals p]i%$4 ,"u ,trajan1 ! games cont9u$ = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree successive days4 ,lions1 tig]s1 elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 giraffes1 bulls1 /ags1 ev5 crocodiles & s]p5ts1 7 employ$ to give novelty to ! spectacle4 ,nor 0 any =m ( human suff]+ want+4 ,! fir/ ,gordian1 :5 edile1 gave twelve spectacles1 9 ea* ( :i* f "o hundr$ & fifty to five hundr$ pair ( gladiators appe>$4 ,eight hundr$ pair f\ght at ! triumph ( ,aurelian4 ,t5 ?\s& m5 f\ght dur+ ! games ( ,trajan4 ,n]o illum9$ 8 g>d5s dur+ ! night by ,*ri/ians burn+ 9 _! pit*y %irts4 ,"u ,domitian1 an army ( feeble dw>fs 0 compell$ to fight1 & m ?an once female gladiators desc5d$ to p]i% 9 ! ar5a40 8,s int5se 0 ! crav+ = blood1 t a pr9ce 0 less unpopul> if he neglect$ ! di/ribution ( corn ?an if he neglect$ ! games2 & ,n]o himself1 on acc\nt ( 8 munific5ce 9 ?is respect1 0 probably ! sov]eign :o 0 mo/ belov$ by ! ,roman multitude40 8,x is well = u to look /eadily on su* facts z ^!4 ,!y display m vividly ?an any m]e philosophical disquisition ! abyss ( depravity into :i* x is possible = human nature to s9k4 ,!y furni% u ) /rik+ pro(s ( ! reality ( ! moral progress we h atta9$1 & !y enable u 9 "s degree to e/imate ! reg5]at+ influ5ce t ,*ri/ianity has ex]cis$ 9 ! _w4 ,= ! de/ruction ( ! gladiatorial games is all its "w4 ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 might deplore !m1 g5tle natures might %r9k f _! contagion1 b to ! multitude !y possess$ a fasc9ation :i* no?+ b ! new religion c\ld ov]come40 ,h[ deeply ! virul5t poison ( inhumanity & ! insatiable ?ir/ = blood _h infect$ ! ,roman p is fur!r evid5t1 n only f ! means employ$ to make ^! sangu9>y spectacles z fasc9at+ z possible1 b also f ! impress !y made ^u ! curr5t phraseology4 ,lecky says fur!r3 8,no pageant has ev] comb9$ m p[]ful elem5ts ( attraction4 ,! magnific5t circus1 ! gorge\s dresses ( ! assembl$ c\rt1 ! contagion ( a passionate en?usiasm ?rill+ almo/ visibly ?r\gh ! mighty ?rong1 ! brea?less sil5ce ( expectation1 ! wild *e]s bur/+ simultane\sly f eighty ?\s& tongues1 & e*o+ to ! f>!re/ outskirts ( ! city1 ! rapid alt]nations ( ! fray1 ! de$s ( spl5did c\rage t 7 manife/$1 7 all well fitt$ to entrance ! imag9ation4 ,! crimes & s]vitude ( ! gladiator 7 = a "t =gott5 9 ! blaze ( glory t surr\nd$ him4 ,repres5t+ to ! highe/ degree t c\rage :i* ! ,romans deem$ ! fir/ ( virtues1 ! cynosure ( c\ntless eyes1 ! *ief object ( conv]sation 9 ! metropolis ( ! univ]se1 de/9$1 if victori\s1 to be immortaliz$ 9 ! mosaic & ! sculpture1 he n unfrequ5tly rose to h]oic gr&eur4444 ,beautiful eyes1 trembl+ ) passion1 look$ d[n ^u ! fight1 & ! noble/ ladies ( ,rome1 ev5 ! empress h]self1 _h be5 kn[n to crave ! victor's love4 ,we read ( gladiators lam5t+ t ! games occurr$ s seldom1 compla9+ bitt]ly if !y 7 n p]mitt$ to desc5d into ! ar5a1 scorn+ to fight except ) ! mo/ p[]ful antagoni/s1 laugh+ al\d at _! w\nds :5 dress$1 & at la/1 :5 pro/rate 9 ! du/1 calmly turn+ _! ?roats to ! sword ( ! conqu]or4 ,! en?usiasm t ga!r$ r\nd !m 0 s int5se t special laws 7 f\nd necess>y1 & 7 sometime insuffici5t1 to prev5t patricians f enli/+ 9 _! ranks1 :ile ! tranquil c\rage ) :i* !y nev] fail$ to die1 suppli$ ! philosoph] ) 8 mo/ /rik+ examples4 ,! sev]e cont95ce t 0 requir$ be=e ! combat1 contra/+ vividly ) ! lic5ti\sness ( ,roman life1 _h ev5 inve/$ !m ) some?+ ( a moral dignity2 & x is a s+ul>ly sugge/ive fact1 t1 ( all pagan *>act]s1 ! gladiator 0 select$ by ! fa!rs z ! close/ approximation to a ,*ri/ian model4 ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u h[ "o ( 8 fri5ds1 be+ drawn to ! spectacle1 endeavor$ by clos+ 8 eyes to gu>d aga9/ a fasc9ation t he knew to be s9ful4 ,a sudd5 cry caus$ him to break 8 resolution1 & he nev] c\ld )draw 8 gaze aga940 ,! ,roman p clung ) amaz+ t5acity to ?is gruesome sport4 ,n]o in/itut$1 9 a private way1 games aft] ! ,grecian model1 & ,hadrian made a simil> ef=t on a l>g] scale2 b ! public took little int]e/ 9 !m :ile /urdy ,romans prote/$ aga9/ ^! ,hell5ic corruptions4 ,i h dwelt some:at at l5g? on ?is s+ul> in/itution1 bo? because x 0 peculi> to anci5t ,rome & because1 above ev]y?+ else1 x ?r[s light on ! "* ( its populace4 ,x is true t m5 ( k9dly natures l ,virgil & ,cic]o condemn$ ^! atroci\s pa/imes1 or at lea/ took no pleasure 9 !m1 b _! influ5ce produc$ no effect on public op9ion4 ,no?+ t ,s5eca has writt5 is m to 8 cr$it ?an ! vigor\s language he employs 9 d5unciation ( ! gladiatorial combats4 ,a life devot$ to /udy & speculation 0 to a ,roman citiz5 impossible4 ,cic]o1 :o did m ?an any ( 8 c\ntrym5 to naturalize ,greek philosophy on ,roman soil ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,lat9 language1 0 a practical /atesman4 ,:5 =c$ to retire f ! s]vice ( ! /ate he long$ to return to its labors1 not)/&+ ! dang]s to be incurr$4 ,livy & ,virgil devot$ _! lives almo/ exclusively to ! glorification ( ! pa/ 9 extoll+ ! h]oes by ^: toil1 endurance1 & self-sacrifice1 ! ,rome ( _! day _h become :at x 04 ,?\gh 9 a s5se liv+ 9 retirem5t1 _! ?\ghts 7 none ! less ^u ! /ate2 _! "t & tal5ts n ! less devot$ to its s]vice4 ,to a ,roman ! /ate embodi$ almo/ ev]y?+ wor? liv+ =2 asceticism 0 impossible = him4 ,ev5 :5 n actively engag$ 9 public affairs he f\nd pleasure 9 obs]v+1 at close range1 ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t 9 action4 ,he long$ to live & move 9 ! /rife & turmoil ( ! capital4 ,we ne$ n wond] t ,ovid1 9 exile1 0 ready to submit ) *e]ful alacrity to any moral indignity1 & to humiliate himself 9 ! du/ be=e 8 emp]or1 w\ld he b p]mit him to return to ! city :i* 8 _s _h nev] left4 ,s5eca's conduct1 :5 9 bani%m5t1 0 ev5 less to 8 cr$it ?an t ( ,ovid1 inasmu* z he pr(ess$ to be gov]n$ by f> high] pr9ciples4 ,he ?\ght he 0 a philosoph]1 yet :5 compell$ to live 9 ,corsica :]e he _h all 8 "t to devote to /udy & m$itation1 he 0 wret*$ 9 ! extreme2 belittl$ himself by ! mo/ degrad+ exhibition ( s]vility2 did n scruple to /oop to ! mo/ %ameful falsehoods & ! mo/ disgu/+ flatt]y 9 ord] to br+ ab\t 8 recall4 ,8 encomium on solitude1 & 8 av]sion to cr[ds1 if !y are any?+ m ?an m]e !ory1 are ! result ( l>g] exp]i5ce & ( deep] insight into ! human he>t4 ,yet x is h>dly op5 to d\bt t he c\ld h gone into volunt>y retirem5t at any p]iod ( 8 life1 except p]haps ne> its close4 ,x has be5 said ( ! emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 t 8 m9d 0 m ,greek ?an ,roman4 ,:ile x is true t he lov$ philosophy1 & /udi$ x daily1 he did s 9 ! belief t 9 ?is way he c\ld ! bett] prep>e 8 m9d & he>t to p]=m ! duties :i* 8 exalt$ /ation impos$ ^u him4 ,he seems nev] to h s]i\sly ent]ta9$ ! ?\ght t x 0 9 8 p[] at all times to lay d[n 8 (ficial burd5s 9 ord] to foll[ 8 natural incl9ations4 ,8 highe/ ideal ( virtue 0 to cultivate & /r5g!n 8 s5se ( duty2 b ?is duty 0 prim>ily political4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! conspicu\s place occupi$ by ! /ate 9 ! m9d ( e ,roman citiz5 prep>$ ! way = ! deification ( ! emp]ors1 a =m ( adulation t 9 ! c\rse ( "t wr\ght untold mis*ief1 & l$ to ! mo/ abject s]vility on ! "p ( m5 ( :om "o w\ld h expect$ bett] ?+s4 ,baumg>t5 devotes _m pages to a discussion ( ?is curi\s feature ( ,roman politics4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case ?is deification _h no reg>d :atev] to ! p]sonal "* ( ! sov]eign4 ,x elevat$ him to ! skies1 solely z ! p]sonification ( ! l>ge/ possible p[] entru/$ to a mortal4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( "t all ! functions ( ! gov]nm5t 7 conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a s+le individual1 x 0 natural t he %\ld become an object ( wor%ip1 at lea/ 9 a s5se1 ev5 dur+ 8 lifetime1 & z a matt] ( c\rse plac$ among ! gods at 8 dea?4 ,we %all f9d ?is transition easy if we consid] fur!r ! "* ( ! gods ( antiquity4 ,!y 7 n di/+ui%$ f mortals by high] attributes1 b only by ! possession ( great] p[]4 ,a god1 9 ! popul> e/imation1 0 n necess>ily any bett] ?an a man--he 0 only /rong]4 ,8 good-w 0 to be ga9$ & 8 ill-w av]t$ by precisely ! same means t 7 employ$ 9 ! case ( m54 ,! ,roman gods 71 9 a f> l>g] measure ?an ^? ( ! ,greeks1 p]sonifications ( ab/ract qualities4 ,!re 0 ?us a wide scope = project+ into _! "* ! sali5t traits ( ! wor%ip]4 ,! gods1 !n1 be+ an ab/raction1 & ! /ate be+ ! mightie/ visible repres5tation ( human p[]1 x requir$ no great ef=t ( ! imag9ation to reg>d its head z div9e1 9 ! s5se :i* ! ,romans atta*$ to ! t]m4 ,! un?9k+ multitude naturally fell 9 ) ! ideas ( _! lead]s1 & ev5 ! bett] class ( m5 r>ely prote/$ because !y consid]$ ! c]emony ( little mom5t1 or because prote/s w\ld h be5 unavail+4 ,/rangely1 too1 ! belief 9 fate1 9 an inevitable de/9y1 did mu* to p>alize ! free action ( _m ( ! brave/ m54 ,! fate ( ! republic1 ! de/9y ( ! ,roman p1 reg>d$ z an immutable law ( nature1 ! utt] insignificance ( ! individual ei!r express$ or impli$1 are ideas t figure prom95tly 9 ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,rome4 ,x has be5 truly said t ,rome atta9$ its greatness )\t great m54 ,almo/ f its remote/ beg9n+s x 0 l an organism 9 :i* ea* sep>ate cell1 ?\gh incapable ( life by itself1 p]=ms its function z "p ( a :ole & contributes to its life & gr[?4 ,9 ?is case ! cell1 z we may designate ea* individual moral entity1 ?\gh consci\s 9 a s5se ( a life ap>t1 0 p[]less to modify ! :ole organism4 ,to :at ext5t ! ,roman emp]ors took _! apo!osis s]i\sly we h scant means ( kn[+4 ,x is well e/abli%$ t a few ( !m reg>d$ x z a huge joke4 ,b x is beyond "q t on ! great mass ( ! p x _h a mo/ delet]i\s effect4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise1 :5 "s ( !m rea*$ ! l[e/ dep?s ( degradation to :i* human nature c\ld s9k8 ,:5 ! mon>* 9 8 (ficial capacity 0 recogniz$ n only z ! political & milit>y head ( ! gov]nm5t b also its div9e head1 x is easy to imag9e :at ! effect ( su* a recognition mu/ be ^u ! av]age ,roman1 9 contract+ 8 spiritual outlook4 ,z long z ! gods 7 m]e ab/ract qualities1 or ev5 to "s ext5t p]sonal be+s l ^? ( ! ,greeks1 !re 0 a sort ( indi/9ctness 9 :i* !y 7 veil$ t did n invite imitation4 ,b a deifi$ emp]or 01 or _h be51 a creature ( fle% & blood2 no matt] :at he might d1 !re w\ld be _m ready to tread 9 8 foot/eps1 s f> z !y c\ld4 ,! p]nici\s influ5ce ( ! anci5t my?ology engag$ ! att5tion ( ?\ghtful m5 f ! remote/ times4 ,h[ mu* worse1 !n1 w\ld ?is influ5ce be :5 ! vile/ t tradition report$ ( ! gods 0 actually done by m5 9 fle% & blood4 8,l prie/1 l p10 is a true say+ ev5 :5 bo? prie/ & p are pagans4 ,aside f ! re/ra9ts ( religion1 !re is1 9 mod]n times1 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 a c]ta9 re/ra9+ influ5ce ex]cis$ by public op9ion t keeps ! ri*1 :o are incl9$ to a lax p]sonal morality1 )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,b s f> z we c discov]1 ! inhibitive =ce ( public op9ion 9 ,rome ^u ! individual 9 ! matt] ( e?ics 0 v slight1 especially "u ! empire4 ,x is pla9 !n :]e a debau*$ public s5tim5t plac$ no *eck ^u any =m ( vice f )\t1 & b few individuals yield$ to moral re/ra9ts f )91 ! condition ( society 0 su* t x c\ld h>dly h be5 worse4 ,we are sometimes incl9$ to wond] t s few prote/s 7 made by enlight5$ ,romans aga9/ ! deification ( ! emp]ors4 ,! explanation may be f\nd 9 ! prevail+ rationalism ( ! age4 ,to ! majority ( ^? m5 "o religion 0 j z good z ano!r1 & all religions 7 b =ms ( sup]/ition4 ,! p]secutions direct$ aga9/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 urg$ on ! g5]al gr\nd t ! failure to foll[ ! multitude 0 a m>k ( treason aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 & = ?is reason ! be/ m5 7 naturally ! in/igators4 ,to p]=m ! religi\s functions enjo9$ by ! /ate 0 reg>d$ z a m>k ( loyalty2 to refuse1 ! badge ( disloyalty4 ,x is n necess>y to g back to anci5t ,rome & to hea!n religions to f9d p>allels = treat+ ! ext]nals ( wor%ip z matt]s ( indiff]5ce1 or = requir+ ! subject1 "u p5alties1 to con=m to ! cre$ ( ! sov]eign4 ,:5 we come to speak ( ! relation ( ,s5eca to ,*ri/ianity1 b especially ( 8 conv]sion by ,/4 ,paul1 a !sis labori\sly def5d$ by m ?an "o mod]n writ]1 we _c d bett] ?an to transcribe a passage f ,m]ivale sett+ =? cle>ly ! c\rses t l$ m5 into a v natural error4 ,aft] call+ att5tion to ! fact t bo? ,s5eca & ,paul 7 moral re=m]s1 he proce$s3 8,!re is s mu* 9 _! pr9ciples1 s mu* ev5 9 _! language1 :i* agrees toge!r1 s t "o has be5 ?\ght1 ?\gh x mu/ be all[$ )\t adequate reason1 to h borr[$ directly f ! o!r4 ,b ! philosoph]1 be x rememb]$1 disc\rs$ to a l>ge & n inatt5tive audi5ce1 & surely ! soil 0 n all unfruitful on :i* ?is se$ 0 scatt]$1 :5 he proclaim$ t ,god dwells n 9 temples ( wood or /one1 nor wants ! m9i/ration ( human h&s2 t ,he has no delight 9 ! blood ( victims2 t ,he is ne> to all ,8 creatures2 t ,8 _s resides 9 m5's he>ts2 t all m5 are truly ,8 (fspr+2 t we are memb]s ( "o body1 :i* is ,god or nature2 t m5 mu/ believe 9 ,god be=e !y c approa* ,him2 t ! true s]vice ( ,god is to be l unto ,him2 t all m5 h s9n$1 & none p]=m$ all ! works ( ! law2 t ,god is no respect] ( nations1 ranks1 or conditions1 b all1 b>b>ian & ,roman1 bond & free1 are alike "u ,8 all-see+ provid5ce4 ,/4 ,paul enjo9$ submission & ob$i5ce ev5 to ! tyranny ( ,n]o1 & ,s5eca fo/]s no ideas subv]sive ( political subjection4 ,endurance is ! p>am\nt virtue ( ! ,/oic4 ,to =ms ( gov]nm5t ! wise man 0 :olly indiff]5t2 !y 7 among ! ext]nal circum/ances above :i* 8 _s so>$ 9 s]5e self-contemplation4 ,we trace 9 ,s5eca no ye>n+ = a re/oration ( political fre$om1 nor does he ev] po9t to ! s5ate1 aft] ! mann] ( ! patriots ( ! day1 z a legitimate *eck to ! autocracy ( ! despot4 ,! only mode1 9 8 view1 ( temp]+ tyranny is to educate ! tyrant himself 9 virtue4 ,8 0 ! self-d5ial ( ! ,*ri/ians1 b )\t _! anticipat$ comp5sation4 ,x seems impossible to d\bt t 9 8 highe/ flights ( rhetoric--& no man ev] recomm5d$ ! unatta9able ) a f9] grace--,s5eca mu/ h felt t he 0 labor+ to build up a h\se )\t f\ndations2 t 8 sy/em1 z ,caius said ( 8 /yle1 0 s& )\t lime4 ,he 0 surely n unconsci\s ( ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 own position1 z a public man & a m9i/]1 ) ! !ories to :i* he _h w$d$ himself2 & ( ! impossibility ( pres]v+ 9 x ! purity ( 8 "* z a philosoph] or a man4 ,he 0 aw>e t 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( society at ,rome1 weal? 0 necess>y to m5 high 9 /ation2 weal? alone c\ld reta9 influ5ce1 & a poor m9i/] became at once contemptible4 ,bo? ,cic]o & ,s5eca 7 m5 ( _m weaknesses1 & we rem>k !m ! m because bo? 7 pret5d]s to unusual /r5g? ( "*3 b :ile ,cic]o laps$ into political errors1 ,s5eca _c be absolv$ ( actual crime4 ,nev]!less1 if we may comp>e ! greate/ ma/]s ( ,roman wisdom toge!r1 ! ,/oic w appe>1 ,i ?9k1 ! m e>ne/ ( ! two1 ! m anxi\s to d 8 duty = its own sake1 ! m s5sible ( ! claims ( mank9d ^u him = su* precepts ( virtu\s liv+ z he _h to give4 ,9 an age ( unbelief & compromise1 he taught t ,tru? 0 positive & ,virtue objective4 ,he conceiv$1 :at nev] ent]$ ,cic]o's m9d1 ! idea ( improv+ 8 fell[ creatures2 he _h1 :at ,cic]o _h n1 a he>t = conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity40 ,not)/&+ ! _m po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! tea*+s ( ,s5eca1 no compet5t judge n[ holds t he 0 a ,*ri/ian4 ,! wond] is t !re %\ld ev] h aris5 any s]i\s controv]sy on ! subject4 ,! v fact t ,s5eca's fai? und]w5t no *ange f fir/ to la/ ought to be decisive4 ,he did n pass ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( conv]sion2 he %[s no vicissitudes ( intellectual or moral gr[?2 he nev] wav]$ 9 8 fai? 9 philosophy1 & 9 ! p[] ( man to atta9 ! supreme good by m]e =ce ( w4 ,yet ,s5eca is1 to ! ,*ri/ian1 unque/ionably1 ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sonality t hea!n antiquity has produc$4 ,8 philosophy & 8 morality %[1 9 a /rik+ way1 t a man may approa* v close to ! b\nd>y l9e ( ,*ri/ianity )\t cross+ x2 )\t ev5 kn[+ :at is be=e him4 ,! be/ ?\ght ( ! age cle>ly proves t ,greek philosophy _h1 9 a s5se1 prep>$ a few noble m9ds = ! reception ( ! e?ical & altrui/ic precepts ( ! ,gospel2 b x 0 9 no s5se ! h>b+] ( its spiritual doctr9es4 ,x rema9s yet to consid] briefly an in/itution :i*1 :ile n peculi> to ,rome1 01 nev]!less1 "h *>act]iz$ by "s features t 7 unique 9 _! influ5ces = evil4 ,slav]y re/$ l a horrible incubus ^u ! anci5t _w1 ?\gh few p]sons seem to h be5 aw>e ( x4 ,x plac$ a curse ^u labor & almo/ prev5t$ ! developm5t ( ! me*anic arts4 ,x s]i\sly imp$$ ! gr[? ( ! moral s5tim5ts by ! h9drances x plac$ 9 ! way ( free discussion1 & by ! opportunities x af=d$ ! basely incl9$ = ! gratification ( c>nal lu/s4 ,x plac$ a l>ge "p ( ! population virtually beyond ! range ( human sympa?y by br&+ ! expression ( su* sympa?y z a symptom ( treason4 ,:ile x did ^! ?+s ev]y:]e1 9 ,rome x made a p t 7 naturally co>se & brutal /ill m s1 by plac+ )9 ! easy rea* ( e slave-own] helpless objects ^u :i* he c\ld v5t 8 rage1 & ^: s]vices he c\ld exploit 9 ! mo/ unfeel+ mann]4 ,a lurid light is ?r[n on ! b>b>ity ( ! ,romans t[>d _! slaves by an occurr5ce t took place 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,s5eca4 ,a pla9 /atem5t ( ! facts is m impressive ?an _m pages ( !ory4 ,a prefect ( ! city1 ,p$anius ,secundus by "n1 0 murd]$ by "o ( 8 slaves & ! crim9al c\ld n be appreh5d$4 ,accord+ to law1 all ! bondm5 ( ! murd]$ man1 f\r hundr$ 9 numb]1 7 to be put to dea?4 ,! populace1 to _! honor be x said1 m humane ?an ! s5ators1 rais$ a tumult ( prote/ aga9/ ! execution ( ! s5t5ce4 ,_! sympa?y avail$ no?+2 ! unhappy victims 7 l$ away to die4 ,"o ( ! s5ators ev5 propos$ a decree t all ! fre$m5 belong+ to ! h\sehold ( ! late prefect %\ld be transport$ beyond ! conf9es ( ,italy4 ,b ! emp]or1 & t emp]or 0 ,n]o1 m humane ?an ! optimates1 alleg$ t ! laws 7 already sev]e en\gh1 & t x w\ld be cruel to add to _! sev]ity by fre% enactm5ts4 ,! decree ( expulsion 0 n pass$4 ,yet ,tacitus1 f :om ?is n>rative is tak51 a writ] :o nev] tires ( lam5t+ ! deg5]acy ( 8 age1 has n a ^w ( compassion = ! un=tunate suff]]s1 nor a syllable ( condemnation = an atroci\s law4 ,/ill x mu/ be said t "s ( ! ,roman philosoph]s1 especially ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 lay /ress 9 _! writ+s1 ^u ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man4 ,!y h mu* to say ab\t ! intr9sic wor? ( ! human s\l4 ,:ile ^! ideas are l>gely borr[$ f ! ,greeks1 or at lea/ sugge/$ by ,greek philosoph]s1 ! ,romans are s+ul>ly eloqu5t 9 proclaim+ !m4 ,b slav]y is nev] attack$ by "n4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a passage c be f\nd 9 any ,greek or ,roman writ] explicitly ass]t+ t x is wrong = "o man to hold ano!r 9 bondage4 ,?is may be due to ! conviction t su* a doctr9e w\ld be extremely dang]\s among a l>ge s]vile population1 ev5 if ! gov]nm5t all[$ entire fre$om ( spee*4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is almo/ sil5t ab\t slav]y4 ,its au?ors did n wi% to give utt]ance to any views t c\ld be us$ by _! enemies z ! basis = a *>ge ( disaffection ) ! 8p[]s t be40 ,aga91 slav]y 9 "s =m 0 univ]sal4 ,s]vitude 0 held to be ! prop] condition ( a l>ge "p ( ! human race4 ,no man :o liv$ dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,roman empire w\ld h v5tur$ to pr$ict ! ultimate d[nfall ( slav]y4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ,basil ,hall1 writ+ z late z #ahbh1 :ile admitt+ ev]y?+ t c\ld be alleg$ on ! evils ( slav]y1 ?\ght t to d away ) x seem$ 8s completely beyond ! rea* ( any human ex]tions t ,i consid] ! abolition ( slav]y z "o ( ! mo/ pr(itless ( all possible subjects ( discussion40 ,on ! supposition1 !n1 t slav]y mu/ cont9ue indef9itely1 if x c\ld ev] be aboli%$1 x 0 ! duty ( ! philan?ropi/ to d :at he c\ld to ameliorate ! condition ( ! s]vile class by educat+ _! ma/]s 9 ! pr9ciples ( a humane philosophy1 r ?an to incur ! risk ( mak+ x worse by ! sugge/ion ( emancipation4 ,if ! good man is k9d to 8 bea/1 he _c fail to treat k9dly 8 bondman4 ,x does n seem inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al t5or ( ,s5eca's writ+s to assume t he ?\ght ! be/ way to mitigate ! condition ( ! slaves 0 to indoctr9ate _! own]s ) a philosophy t w\ld accord to !m k9d treatm5t1 r ?an to seek to br+ ab\t _! lib]ation4 ,besides1 ! slaves !mselves 7 n (t5 consci\s ( _! un=tunate legal /atus4 ,! be/ !y desir$ = !mselves 0 t !y might fall into ! h&s ( a good ma/]4 ,t su* m5 7 n altoge!r want+1 ev5 among ! ,romans1 is evid5t f ! _m in/ances ( r>e devotion %[n by _! slaves4 ,x is "o ( ! surpris+ ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d t ! progress ( ! anti-slav]y s5tim5t 0 s rapid :5 ! cause ( ! slave _h obta9$ a he>+ be=e ! b> ( public consci5ce4 ,slav]y _h exi/$ f "t immemorial4 ,! wrongs x condon$1 ! evils entail$ ^u its victims1 attract$ b little att5tion until ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,)9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! agitation _h begun !re 0 n a slave recogniz$ z su* by law 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! contemplation ( ?is fact may well tea* political prophets to be c>eful 9 _! pr$ictions z to :at w or w n happ5 9 ! future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! =ego+ essay ,i h1 = ! mo/ "p omitt$ su* biographical data z may be f\nd 9 any encyclop$ia1 & h conf9$ myself *iefly to a /udy ( ! society 9 :i* ,s5eca mov$1 & to a consid]ation ( "s ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,e man %\ld be judg$ by 8 times1 = no man is un9flu5c$ by !m4 ,x is only m5 ( ! /ronge/ "* t rise f> above ! mann]s & ?\ghts ( _! contempor>ies4 ,s5eca 0 n "o ( ^!4 ,?\gh end[$ ) a p5etrat+ intellect & /rong moral convictions he sometimes yield$ to temptations aga9/ ! prote/ ( 8 bett] judgm5t4 ,he compell$ 8 intellect to sanction or at lea/ to excuse conduct t he felt to be unwor?y ( ! philosophy he pr(ess$ & taught4 ,yet aft] mak+ all due all[ance = 8 %ortcom+s1 ,i am p]suad$ t "o _c long /udy 8 writ+s & 8 c>e] )\t rea*+ ! conviction t among ! great m5 ( ,rome none t[]$ above him 9 moral gr&eur & b few surpass$ him 9 intellectual /ature4 ,if ,i may be all[$ to express a p]sonal op9ion ,i d n hesitate to affirm t 9 ! fir/ ?\s& ye>s ( its hi/ory no m int]e/+ & attractive "* liv$ & di$ 9 ! ,city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills ?an ! philosoph] ,s5eca4 ,footnote #a3 ,x is a notewor?y fact t _m ( ,rome's great m5 7 ,spani>ds1 :ile _m o!rs 7 n natives ( ! city4 ,among ! =m] 7 ! emp]ors ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 ,anton9us & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,! two ,s5ecas1 ,lucan1 ,m>tial & ,qu9tillian 7 also ,spani>ds4 ,vespasian 0 born at ,reate2 ,livy1 9 ,padua2 ,horace1 at ,v5usia2 ,virgil1 9 ,mantua2 ,cic]o1 at ,arp9um2 ! emp]or ,claudius1 at ,lugdunum2 ! two ,pl9ys1 at ,comum1 etc4 ,footnote #b3 ,s5eca is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! fir/ ,roman writ] :o us$ c>o1 fle%1 z di/9ct f1 & oppos$ to1 _s4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ,s5eca's extant works3 ,de ,provid5tia1 7,on ,provid5ce74 ,de ,con/antia ,sapi5tis1 7,on ! ,con/ancy ( ! ,sage74 ,de ,ira1 7,on ,ang]74 ,de ,vita beata1 7,on a happy life74 ,de ,otio1 7,on ,leisure74 ,de ,tranquillitate ,animi1 7,on ,peace ( ,m9d74 ,de ,brevitate ,vitae1 7,on ! ,%ortness ( ,life74 ,de ,b5eficiis1 7,on ,b5efic5ce74 ,de ,clem5tia1 7,on ,clem5cy74 ,ad ,m>ciam de ,consolatione1 7,a ,lett] ( ,condol5ce to ,m>cia74 ,ad ,polybium de ,consolatione1 7,a ,lett] ( ,condol5ce to ,polybius74 ,ad ,helviam matrem de ,consolatione4 7,a ,lett] ( ,condol5ce to 8 "m ,helvia74 ,apocolocyn?osis1 7,pumpk9fication1 z x may be translat$ by a p>ody on ,deification2 or we may call x ,pumpk9osis to correspond ) ,apo!osis74 ,epi/olae ,morales ad ,lucilium1 7,lett]s to ,lucilius on ! ,conduct ( ,life74 ,quae/iones ,naturales1 7,que/ions relat+ to ,physical ,ph5om5a74 ,?is is ! only "w ( ! k9d belong+ to ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x 0 mu* us$ z a text-book4 ,9 ! ,*>p5ti]-,lemai/re edition ! lett]s to ,lucilius fill ! fir/ volume & a little m ?an half ( ! second4 ,! fir/ ,book on ,b5efic5ce is 9 ! ?ird volume2 ! rema9d] ) ! ,problems 9 ,physics fill ! f\r? & la/4 ,! small] treatises occupy ! re/ ( ! f\r volumes4 ,a numb] ( ,trag$ies ) ,greek titles are also attribut$ to our ,s5eca1 probably ) ju/ice4 ,note3--,to translate ,s5eca adequately is n an easy task4 ,:ile 8 mean+ is usually pla91 ! mod]n read] is n 9 all cases c]ta9 t he cle>ly appreh5ds ! exact signification ( 8 words :5 tak5 sep>ately4 ,he is ?us 9 dang] ( read+ into !m ideas t savor m ( mod]n !ology ?an ! au?or int5d$1--a common fault ( int]pret]s4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ,s5eca knew no?+ ( ! ,gospels directly1 yet he has (t5 be5 claim$ z a ,*ri/ian4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 !re mu/ be a good deal 9 8 writ+s t c be us$ to support su* a claim4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to 8 use ( c>o4 ,he seems also to be ! fir/ ,roman :o uses ,provid5tia to designate an intellig5t guide & gu>dian ( ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,!re are o!r t]ms to :i* he gives a signification n f\nd 9 ! pr(ane writ]s ( anci5t ,rome4 ,b ! *ief ob/acle ! translator has to cont5d aga9/ is 8 diction4 ,?is is highly rhetorical & v difficult to transf] into ano!r language1 unless ! translator has at comm& all ! res\rces ( 8 "m tongue4 ,su* a weal? ( res\rces1 ,i d n hesitate to confess1 is n )9 my rea*4 ,if a translation is to make ! same impression on ! read] or he>] t is made by ! orig9al1 x is z important to pres]ve ! peculi>ities ( a writ]'s /yle z to r5d] accurately ! mean+ ( ! sep>ate words4 ,:ile ,i flatt] myself t ,i h be5 fairly successful 9 ! int]pretation ( ,s5eca's words1 ,i am n equally sangu9e z to 8 diction4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ,i h 9 no case /ray$ v f> afield & t ! read+ ( ! foll[+ pages w convey n only a fairly correct idea ( :at ,s5eca ?\ght on _m important problems1 b also ( ! mann] 9 :i* he express$ himself4 ,i hope at "s future "t1 if life & heal? are v\*saf$ to me1 to prep>e a complete translation ( ,s5eca's moral writ+s4 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,s5eca1 ,,to ,,:i* ,,passages ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,closely ,,ak9 ,,occur ,,9 ,,! ,,scriptures4 ,,f ,,! ,,lett]s ,,to ,,lucilius4 ,a holy _s dwells )9 u1 ! obs]v] & keep] ( ! evil & ! good2 x treats u j z x is treat$ by u4 ,if y d :at is "r1 let all m5 "k x2 if :at is wrong1 does x matt] t no "o kn[s x1 s9ce y "k x y\rself8 ,o :at a wret*$ man y are if y disreg>d su* a witness6 ,! human m9d has come d[n f ! _s t dwells on high4 ,=tune exempts _m f puni%m5t2 f fe>1 no "o4 ,x is natural = ^? :o h done wrong to be afraid4 ,! light is irksome to a bad consci5ce4 ,! guilty h sometimes ! good =tune n to be f\nd out2 nev] ! c]ta9ty ( x4 ,good precepts1 if y (t5 reflect ^u !m1 w pr(it y equally ) good examples4 ,if ?\ w\ld/ ga9 ! favor ( ! gods1 be good4 ,he adequately wor%ips ! gods :o imitates !m4 ,x suffices ,god t he be wor%ip$ & lov$2 love _c be mix$ ) fe>4 ,:at ?\ ha/ le>n$1 confirm by do+4 ,a great & holy _s1 x is true1 holds conv]se ) u1 b x cleaves to its orig94 ,let ! "y rev]5ce & look up to _! tea*]s4 ,h[ wisely y live is an important matt]3 n1 h[ long4 ,x is n a good ?+ to live2 x is1 to live wisely4 ,he :o w\ld live = himself mu/ live = o!rs4 ,he :o has mu* covets m4 ,no "o is wor?y ( ,god save him :o contemns ri*es4 ,d>e to contemn ri*es & ?us to make ?yself wor?y ( ,god4 ,! %orte/ road to ri*es is to contemn ri*es4 ,n he :o has little b he :o covets m is poor4 ,?9 is ! texture ( a lie2 x is easily se5 ?r\gh if closely exam9$4 ,! praise is n 9 ! de$ b 9 ! way x is done4 ,to be ma/] ( "o's self is ! greate/ ma/]y4 ,"o cause ( ! evils ( our "t is t we live aft] ! example ( o!rs4 ,we are n guid$ by reason b l$ a/ray by cu/om4 ,money nev] made anybody ri*4 ,:y did ,god create ! _w8 ,he is good2 a good be+ feels no av]sion to any?+ t is good4 ,!re=e ,he made ! _w z good z possible4 ,quot$ f ,plato4 ,"s ( our "t is fil*$ f u1 "s is /ol5 outright1 "s passes unnotic$4 ,b mo/ repreh5sible ( all ?+s is to lose x by m]e neglig5ce2 & if y w note c>efully1 m5 sp5d a great "p ( life 9 do+ evil1 ! greate/ "p 9 do+ no?+ ! :ole ( x do+ some?+ else ?an !y ought4 ,:om w y "n t places any value on "t8 ,:o prizes a day8 ,:o realizes t he is dy+ daily8 ,= we err :5 we reg>d dea? z some?+ 9 ! future2 a great "p ( x has already pass$2 ! portion ( our life t is beh9d u1 dea? holds4 ,d1 !re=e1 ,lucilius1 :at y write t y are do+1 husb& e h\r2 y w be less dep5d5t ^u to-morr[ if y seize to-day4 ,ev]y?+ else belongs to o!rs1 "t only is ours4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 n want+ to s9 & n kn[+ h[4 ,if ?\ w\ld/ get rid ( ?y vices keep out ( bad company4 ,he wor%ips ,god :o kn[s ,him4 ,no "o commits wrongs = himself alone2 he communicates !m to o!rs & is 9 turn l$ a/ray by o!rs4 ,our m9ds are dazzl$ :5 !y look ^u tru?4 ,no virtue rema9s hidd51 & x suff]s no damage by hav+ be5 hidd54 ,nature has giv5 to all ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & se$s ( virtue4 ,nature does n make u virtu\s2 x is an art to become good4 ,if :at y are do+ is "r1 all m5 may "k x4 ,! rew>d ( all ! virtues is 9 ! virtues !mselves4 ,! recomp5se ( a good de$ is to h done x4 ,virtue alone br+s la/+ & sure happ9ess4 ,he errs :o ?9ks ! gods int5tionally inflict injuries on any "o2 !y _c d s2 !y c nei!r receive nor d injury4 ,s live ) m5 z if ,god saw !e2 s talk ) ,god z if m5 he>d !e4 ,god has no ne$ ( m9i/]+ s]vants3 ,he ,himself m9i/]s to m52 is pres5t ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+4 ,! gods ext5d a help+ h& to ^? :o w\ld rise4 ,d y wond] t man goes to ! gods8 ,god comes to m51 & :at is m1 ,he comes into m54 ,no m9d is good )\t ,god4 ,all m51 if !y are trac$ to _! fir/ orig91 are f ! gods4 ,e day1 e h\r1 rem9ds u ( our no?+ness &1 by "s fre% admonition1 w>ns ^? ( _! frailty :o are prone to =get x4 ,give he$ to ea* day z if x 7 y\r :ole life4 ,no?+ w s mu* enable y to ex]cise control ov] y\rself 9 all ?+s z to ?9k (t5 ( ! unc]ta9ty & brevity ( life4 ,y w grant t ! greate/ piety t[>d ! gods is a *>act]i/ic ( a good man2 & s :atev] may befall him he w be> ) equanimity1 = he w "k t x has happ5$ 9 h>mony ) t div9e law by :i* all ?+s are gov]n$4 ,no "o is /rong en\gh to rise by 8 own /r5g?2 e man ne$s "s "o to ext5d a h&1 "s "o to lead him4 ,s let u live1 s let u talk1 t our de/9y may f9d u prep>$ & ready to foll[ x4 ,great is ! s\l t has yield$ itself to ,god2 on ! o!r h&1 t "o is c[>dly & deg5]ate t resi/s1 t f9ds fault ) ! ord] ( ! _w1 & is m ready to set ! ! gods "r ?an itself4 ,we ought to h be=e our m9ds "s "o :om we rev]e2 "s "o ^: influ5ce makes ev5 our mo/ secret ?\ghts holi]4 ,long is a way by precepts2 %ort & effectual1 by examples4 ,weak] m9ds1 h[ev]1 h ne$ ( "s "o to g be=e :o %all say1 8,?is avoid1 ?is d40 ,! community ( :i* we =m a "p is v mu* l an ar* built ( /one2 x w\ld at once fall d[n if "o did n support ano!r4 ,we are memb]s ( an imm5se body4 ,nature begat u z k9sm51 s9ce x =m$ u ( ! same elem5ts & = ! same end4 ,:at is x t draws u 9 "o direction :5 we w\ld g 9 ano!r1 t urges u on :5 we want to resi/1 t /rives aga9/ our desires & does n p]mit u to d :at we purpose8 ,if ?\ wi%e/ to be lov$1 love6 ,no "o is free t is ! slave ( 8 body4 ,we ought to live 9 ?is ?\ght3 ,i 0 n born = a corn] only2 my c\ntry is ?is entire _w4 ,! beg9n+ ( salvation is ! k ( s94 ,quot$ f ,epicurus4 ,philosophy %$s its light ^u all m54 ,x is s difficult = u to get well because we d n "k t we are sick4 ,x is ! /ronge/ evid5ce t our m9d is direct$ t[>d its own improvem5t :5 we see faults t we _h n be=e obs]v$4 ,x is an infirmity ( m9d n to be able to be> ri*es4 ,to live "r is 9 ! p[] ( ev]ybody4 ,! ackn[l$gem5t ( a fault is ! beg9n+ ( a bett] life4 ,he :o does n admit 8 pron5ess to d wrong has no desire to be correct$4 ,y mu/ recognize y\r errors be=e y c correct !m4 ,! anci5ts held ! fir/ requisite ( rep5tance to be an exam9ation ( "o's self1 especially s9ce )\t ?is1 life w\ld n be wor? liv+4 ,!re is no vice )\t "s excuse4 ,y ask me :at y %\ld p>ticul>ly avoid4 7,i answ]17 a cr[d4 ,y _c ) safety to y\rself m+le 9 a l>ge company4 ,i mu/ v]ily confess my own weakness4 ,i nev] br+ back ! same "* t ,i took ) me2 some?+ :i* ,i _h bani%$1 returns2 some?+ else t ,i _h quiet$1 is ar\s$4444 ,b no?+ is s damag+ to a good "* z to sp5d mu* "t at public spectacles1 = ) ! pleasure we receive vices ! m easily creep 9 unaw>es4 ,x is a l>ge "p ( goodness to desire to become good4 ,!re is a c]ta9 fitness 9 ! feel+ ( sorr[2 ?is ! sage ought to he$1 & j z 9 ev]y?+ else s 9 grief !re is a prop] mean4 ,:at fate did n give x did n take away4 ,to obey ,god is lib]ty4 ,no "o is out ( ! rea* ( ! temptation ( vice unless he has bani%$ x :olly f 8 brea/2 & no "o has bani%$ x :olly until he has put wisdom 9 its /ead4 ,great is ! praise if man is helpful to man4 ,we admoni% y to ext5d a h& to ! %ipwreck$2 to po9t out ! way to ! lo/2 to %>e y\r bread ) ! hungry4 ,no "o ev] r5d]s a s]vice to ano!r )\t also r5d]+ a s]vice to himself4 ,(t5 :at is giv5 is a small matt]2 :at foll[s f x1 a great "o4 ,:5 we reason ^u ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we d n reg>d z ( little weight ! univ]sal belief ( m5 :o ei!r fe> or rev]e ! gods ( ! l[] _w4 ,t day :i* ?\ dreade/ z if x 7 ?y la/ is ! day ( ! bir? into et]nity4 ,a "t w come t %all unite u & br+ u into ea* o!r's company4 ,!n %all our s\l h reason to rejoice because1 fre$ f ?is d>kness 9 :i* x is involv$1 x %all see ! light1 no long] ) feeble vision1 b 9 all ! brightness ( day1 & x w h return$ to its own heav5 s9ce x w aga9 occupy ! place :i* belongs to x by "r ( bir?4 ,its orig9 calls x on high4 ,let ano!r beg9 a qu>rel1 b let reconciliation beg9 ) !e4 ,:at else is nature ?an ,god & ! div9e reason t p]meates ! :ole _w & all its p>ts4 ,:i!rsoev] ?\ turne/ ?\ wilt see ,him be=e !e2 !re is no place :]e ,he is n2 ,he ,himself fills all ,8 "w4 ,e crime is committ$ be=e ! de$ is done4 ,! human m9d has come d[n f ! _s t dwells on high4 ,believe me1 ! creator ( ?is va/ univ]se1 :oev] he may h be51 :e!r x 0 a god1 ma/] ( ev]y?+1 :e!r x 0 an incorporeal intellig5ce able to br+ =? ! mo/ brilliant m>vels1 :e!r x 0 a div9e _s diffus$ ) equal en]gy 9 ! smalle/ & ! l>ge/ ?+s1 :e!r x 0 de/9y & an immutable concat5ation ( causes l9k$ toge!r3 ?is sov]eign pot5tate did n wi% to leave u dep5d5t ^u any "o else ev5 9 ! smalle/ matt]s4 ,/>s %all imp+e ^u />s & all matt] t n[ delights u ) its beautiful ord] w burn 9 "o huge conflagration4 ,h[ (t5 he :o refuses p>don to o!rs begs x = himself6 ,x is base to say "o ?+ & mean ano!r2 x is bas] to write "o ?+ & mean ano!r4 ,a wise man w p>don an injury1 ?\gh x be great1 & if he c d x )\t brea* ( piety & fidelity1 t is1 if ! :ole injury p]ta9s to himself4 ,z f> z ?\ can/1 accuse ?yself1 try ?yself1 dis*>ge ! (fice1 fir/ ( a prosecutor1 !n ( a judge1 la/ly ( an int]cessor4 ,we c nev] qu>rel en\gh ) our vices1 :i*1 ,i besee* !e1 p]secute p]petually4 ,ca/ f !e ev]y?+ t corrupts ! he>t2 & if ?\ can/ n o!rwise get rid ( x1 sp>e n ! he>t itself4 ,,f ,,de ,,b5eficiis4 ,nature is n )\t ,god nor is ,god )\t nature4 ,bo? are ! same & _! functions are ! same4 ,s1 too1 nature1 de/9y1 =tune1 are all ! names ( ! same ,god4 ,x is ! m>k ( a noble & g5]\s s\l to be helpful1 to d good2 he :o conf]s favors1 imitates ! gods4 ,b5efic5ce always makes ha/e2 :at "o does will+ly "o does quickly4 ,we owe no ?anks = a favor t has = a long "t adh]$ to ! h&s ( ! giv]1 z x 72 :i* he seems to h let g ) reluctance & :i* "o might almo/ say _h be5 wre/$ f him4 ,^? favors are mo/ gratify+ to u t are delib]ately & will+ly (f]$1 & 9 connection ) :i* ! only hesitancy is on ! "p ( ! recipi5t4 ,i d n make ! favors ,i conf] a matt] ( public record4 ,he :o int5ds to be grateful ought to ?9k ab\t requit+ a favor z soon z he receives x4 ,?is is ! law ( b5efic5ce betwe5 two p]sons3 ! "o %\ld =?) =get t he has giv52 ! o!r %\ld nev] =get t he has receiv$4 ,y buy f ! physician a ?+ t is above price1 life & heal?2 f ! tea*] ( belles-lettres1 acqua9tance ) ! lib]al arts4 ,yet x is n ! value ( ^! ?+s t y pay = b _! pa9s1 because :5 !y are s]v+ u !y give up _! private bus9ess to devote !mselves to u4 ,! sun rises = ! evil also4 ,god has giv5 c]ta9 b5efactions to all m51 & f :i* none are exclud$4 ,:o is s wret*$1 s despis$1 :o born to s h>d & sorr[ful a de/9y t he has nev] p]ceiv$ ! munific5ce ( ! gods8 ,seek out ev5 ^? :o bewail _! fate & :o are always compla9+1 y w n f9d among ! entire numb] "o :o has n exp]i5c$ ! b5efic5ce ( heav52 !re is n "o = :om !re has n fl[$ some?+ f ! mo/ inexhau/ible ( all f\nta9s4 ,add1 n[1 t ext]nal circum/ances d n co]ce ! gods1 b _! sempit]nal w is _! law4 ,!y h e/abli%$ an ord] ( ev5ts :i* !y d n *ange4 ,! gods nev] rep5t ( _! fir/ purpose4 ,b5efic5ce consi/s n 9 :at is done or giv51 b 9 ! _s ( ! do] or giv]4 ,x is a mo/ glori\s "w to save ev5 ! unwill+ & refractory4 ,! door to virtue is clos$ to no "o2 x is op5 to all1 admits all2 virtue invites ev]ybody1 free-born1 fre$m51 slaves1 k+s & exiles4 ,x selects nei!r class nor condition1 x seeks ! man only4 ,nature directs u to d good to all m5 :e!r bond or free1 free-born or emancipat$ slaves4 ,:]ev] !re is a human be+1 !re is a place = b5efic5ce4 ,he :o reasons ?us 7l ,epicurus71 does n he> ! voices ( supplicants & ! pray]s (f]$ ev]y:]e1 9 public & private1 ) h&s out/ret*$ t[>d heav54 ,?is c\ld n be1 nor is x possible t all m5 %\ld h will+ly cons5t$ to ! folly ( address+ deaf div9ities & p[]less gods1 if !y _h n recogniz$ _! b5efactions1 sometimes giv5 spontane\sly1 sometimes 9 answ] to pray]1 always great1 timely1 av]t+ by _! int]v5tion imp5d+ disa/]s4 ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,s\rces4 ,x is easy to =m ! m9d :ile x is /ill t5d]2 b x is difficult to root out ^? vices t h gr[n up ) x4 ,x is a great ?+ to "k :5 to speak & :5 to be sil5t4 ,! vices ( o!rs we h be=e our eyes2 our own1 beh9d our backs4 ,use y\r e>s (t5] ?an y\r tongue4 ,no?+ is m out ( place 9 him :o is inflict+ puni%m5t ?an ang]4 ,x is n ! issue ( a ?+ t ought to be tak5 into acc\nt1 b ! purpose4 ,e crime is committ$ be=e ! de$ is done4 ,to cupidity no?+ is en\gh2 to nature ev5 a little is en\gh4 ,vice takes possession ( u unconsci\sly2 virtue is difficult to f9d1 & we ne$ a guide & tea*]4 ,vices are le>n$ )\t a tea*]4 ,/>s %all imp+e ^u />s & all matt] t n[ delights u ) its beautiful ord] %all burn 9 "o huge conflagration4 ,all t is be/ c nei!r be giv5 to m5 nor tak5 f !m4 ,!re are two ?+s1 ! mo/ preci\s ( all1 t att5d u :i!rsoev] we turn our /eps3 common nature & p]sonal virtue4 ,^! ?+s are s1 believe me1 because !y 7 s will$ by ! creator ( ! univ]se1 :e!r x is t ,god :o controls ev]y?+1 or incorporeal reason1 ! artific] ( great works1 or ! div9e _s t p]vades equally ! greate/ & ! smalle/ ?+s4 ,if ! dead h any feel+1 ! s\l ( my bro!r1 n[ set free f a long imprisonm5t1 is at l5g? 9 ! full enjoym5t ( 8 fre$om & 8 majority2 he beholds ) delight ! nature ( ?+s & looks d[n ^u human affairs f 8 high abode2 b ?+s div9e1 ! causes ( :i* he s long s\ght out 9 va91 he n[ beholds at close range4 ,:y !n d ,i p9e away 9 sorr[ = him :o is ei!r bless$ or n all8 ,to m\rn = "o :o is 9 bliss is envy2 = "o :o is n1 folly4 ,borne on high1 he so>s among beatifi$ spirits1 & a sanctifi$ company welcomes him--! ,scipios1 ! ,catos1 releas$ by ! b5efic5ce ( dea?4 ,!re ?y fa!r devotes himself to 8 gr&son1 respl5d5t 9 ! new light ev5 ?\gh 9 t place all are kn[n to ea*4 ,he expla9s to him ! motions ( ! />s ar\nd him2 n f conjectures1 b1 v]s$ 9 ! k ( all ?+s1 he gladly inducts him into ! arcana ( nature4 ,if y w believe ^? :o h look$ m deeply into ! tru?1 our :ole life is a puni%m5t4 ,= ^? :o sail ?is sea s /ormy1 s expos$ to e tempe/1 !re is no h>bor except dea?4 ,he n[ enjoys a s]5e & cl\dless heav54 ,f ?is humble & l[ abode1 he has sp$ swiftly into t region1 :]ev] x may be1 :]e s\ls1 fre$ f _! *a9s1 are receiv$ into ! abode ( ! ble/4 ,he n[ roams ab\t at w1 & beholds ) supreme/ delight all t is good 9 ! univ]se4444 ,he has n left u2 he has gone be=e4 ,,de ,,provid5tia ,,sive ,,qu>e ,,aliqua ,,incommoda ,,bonis ,,viris ,,accidantcum ,,provid5tia ,,sit4 ,,note3--,?is monograph is address$ to ! same ,lucilius1 procurator ( ,sicily1 to :om ,s5eca also d$icates 8 lett]s & 8 ,problems 9 ,physics4 ,! date ( composition is n kn[n1 b x probably belongs to ! lat] ye>s ( ! au?or's life4 ,! op5+ s5t5ces seem to make x a "p ( a l>g] "w on e?ics1 or r ( a !odicy1 :i* 0 ei!r nev] complet$ or has n come d[n to u4 ,?is is a s]i\s loss bo? to u & to ,s5eca3 to u1 because su* a "w w\ld d\btless h plac$ be=e u a complete !ory ( human conduct z conceiv$ by a man :o 0 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! motives t dom9ate m52 to ,s5eca1 because x w\ld 9 all probability h expla9$ if n ju/ifi$ "s ( ! inconsi/5cies t h s sadly m>r$ 8 c>e]4 ,inde$ ! fundam5tal proposition ( ! essay is inconsi/5t1 s9ce ! conclusion does n foll[ f ! premises4 ,= if ! pati5t endurance ( tribulation is ! supreme te/ ( a good man1 h[ is he ju/ifi$ 9 avoid+ t te/1 z our au?or proposes1 by tak+ 8 own life8 ,i4 ,y h ask$ me1 ,lucilius1 :y x is1 if ! _w is gov]n$ by a ,provid5ce1 t s _m mis=tunes befall good m54 ,to ?is an answ] w\ld m prop]ly be giv5 9 a "w 9 :i* ,i %\ld und]take to prove t a ,provid5ce presides ov] ! affairs ( m51 & t ,god dwells among u4 ,b s9ce y deem x be/ to take a small portion ( ! :ole subject1 & to settle ?is s+le disput$ "q1 ! ma9 proposition mean:ile be+ left unt\*$1 ,i %all und]take a case ( little difficulty3 ,i %all plead ! cause ( ! gods4 #b4 ,x is sup]flu\s to %[ at ! pres5t "t t s great a "w does n /& fa/ & firm )\t an ov]se]2 t ! regul> c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies is n a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms2 t ^? objects :i* *ance puts 9 motion are subject to frequ5t di/urbances & sudd5 collisions2 t ?is h>moni\s velocity is "u ! sway ( an et]nal law gov]n+ ev]y?+ on l& & sea1 no less ?an ! brilliant lum9>ies :i* %9e accord+ to a pre>rang$ plan2 t ?is ord] is n ! result ( elem5ts mov+ ab\t at r&om1 nei!r c =tuit\s aggregations ( matt] coh]e ) su* art t ! imm5se mass ( ! e>? rema9s motionless :ile behold+ ! rapid gyrations ( ! heav5ly bodies ab\t itself2 t ! seas p\r$ into ! valleys to fructify ! soil nev] feel any increase f riv]s2 or t enorm\s vegetation gr[s f ! m9ute/ se$s4 #c4 ,n ev5 ^? ?+s t appe> to be unc]ta9 & )\t regul>ity--,i mean ra9s & cl\ds & ! bolts ( lightn+ d>t+ f ! cl\ds1 & fires p\r$ f ! cleft summits ( m\nta9s1 & ! quak+s ( ! tott]+ gr\nd1 & su* o!r di/urbances ( ! e>? ab\t u--are )\t a rational explanation1 un=ese5 ?\gh !y be4 ,^! ?+s1 too1 h _! causes1 n less ^? :i*1 :5 !y appe> 9 unexpect$ places1 are reg>d$ z prodigies1 su* z w>m spr+s among ! bill[s or new insul> l&s ris+ up 9 ! va/ expanse ( ! sea4 #d4 ,moreov]1 if "o has obs]v$ ! bea* laid b>e by ! waves ( ! retir+ sea & cov]$ aga9 )9 a brief space ( "t1 does he believe t ! waves h be5 contract$ & drawn inw>d by a k9d ( bl9d re/lessness1 to bur/ =? aga9 to seek ) a mighty onset _! accu/om$ seats1 especially s9ce ! wat]s increase at regul> int]vals & move accord+ to a fix$ day & h\r j z ! lun> /> attracts !m m or less1 "u ^: influ5ce ! ocean regulates its ebb & fl[8 ,h[ev]1 ^! que/ions _h bett] be res]v$ = _! prop] place1 s9ce y d n d5y ! exi/5ce ( a provid5ce1 b only br+ compla9ts aga9/ x4 #e4 ,i wi% to reconcile y ) ! gods s9ce !y reg>d ! be/ m5 ) ! mo/ favor4 ,= 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 :at is good c nev] h>m ! good4 ,betwe5 good m5 & ! gods a fri5d%ip exi/s1 virtue be+ ! bond ( amity4 ,fri5d%ip1 d ,i say8 nay1 m2 x is a ne> relation%ip & lik5ess1 s9ce ! good man diff]s f ,god only 9 "t2 he is ,8 pupil & imitator1 ,8 true (fspr+1 :om 8 augu/ fa!r1 no l5i5t tra9] 9 ! virtues1 br+s up some:at rigor\sly aft] ! mann] ( /]n p>5ts4 #f4 ,accord+ly1 :5 y see good m51 ! favorites ( ! gods1 toil+1 sweat+1 asc5d+ by h>d pa?s1 & ! bad liv+ 9 lic5ti\s indulg5ce & gr[+ effem9ate 9 luxury1 consid] t we too are gratifi$ ) ! sobriety ( our sons1 b ) ! wantonness ( our h\sehold slaves2 t ! =m] ga9 great] self-control by ! /]n] discipl9e1 ! latt] are confirm$ 9 _! presumption4 ,! same ?+ is true 9 reg>d to ,god2 ,he does n support ! good man 9 en]vat+ ease2 ,he tries him1 h>d5s him1 prep>es him = ,himself4 ,,ii4 8,:y d ! good meet ) s _m adv]sities80 7y ask74 ,no evil ?+ c befall a good man2 ?+s 9 _! nature contradictory may n be comm+l$4 ,j z s _m riv]s1 s mu* wat] fall+ f ! cl\ds above1 s great a numb] ( spr+s impregnat$ ) m9]al sub/ances1 d n *ange ! saltness ( ! sea1 d n ev5 dilute x2 s ! assaults ( adv]sity produce no *ange 9 ! _s ( a brave man4 ,he rema9s /eadfa/1 & :atev] betides he ga9s = 8 colors1 = he is /rong] ?an all ext]nal circum/ances4 ,i d n1 x is true1 say1 t he is ins5sible to !m1 b t he triumphs ov] !m1 &1 moreov]1 rema9s calm & s]5e 9 spite ( ob/acles4 ,all unt[>d ev5ts he reg>ds z s mu* drill4 ,besides1 is !re any man :o is only an admir] ( noble de$s1 t is n eag] = hone/ toil1 or ready to d 8 duty ) alacrity ev5 9 ! face ( dang]8 ,to :at indu/ri\s man is n inactivity a puni%m5t8 ,we see a?letes1 ^: purpose is to develop _! bodily /r5g?1 mat*+ !mselves ) ! mo/ d\ghty antagoni/s1 & requir+ ^? :o prep>e !m = a conte/ to use all _! /r5g? aga9/ _! pupils2 !y all[ !mselves to be smitt5 & buffet$1 & if !y d n f9d suitable s+le antagoni/s !y pit !mselves aga9/ sev]al at ! same "t4 #c4 ,:5 virtue has no antagoni/ x becomes en]vat$2 !n only does x appe> :at its true "* is1 h[ /rong1 h[ virile x is :5 pati5t endurance %[s :at x c accompli%4 ,y surely "k t good m5 mu/ d ! same ?+1 to ! end t !y may n fe> :at is h>d or =midable1 nor compla9 ab\t fate4 ,:atev] happ5s1 let ! good be> x pati5tly & turn x to good uses4 ,n :at we be> b h[ we be> x1 is ! important ?+4 ,d y n see h[ diff]5tly fa!rs & mo!rs %[ _! love = _! *ildr58 ,! =m] want _! sons to be ar\s$ e>ly 9 ord] t !y may betake !mselves to _! /udies2 _! vacations ev5 !y w\ld n h !m pass 9 idl5ess1 & !y draw sweat & sometimes ev5 te>s f ! y\?s2 b mo!rs want to fondle !m on _! bosom1 keep !m 9 ! %ade2 !y w\ld nev] h !m weep1 nev] be sad1 nev] und]go toil4 #d4 ,god has a fa!r's feel+s t[>d good m5 & ard5tly loves !m1 & says3 8,by labors1 sorr[s1 privations1 let !m be tri$ 9 ord] t !y may ga9 real /r5g?40 ,animals t are be+ fatt5$ gr[ languid by _! inactivity1 & by ! weight ( _! own bodies become incapable n only ( "w1 b ( movem5t4 ,unalloy$ felicity _c )/& any %ock1 b a con/ant /ruggle aga9/ ob/acles h>d5s a man aga9/ injuries1 & he does n succumb to any disa/]1 = ev5 if he falls1 he fights on 8 knees4 #e4 ,are y surpris$ if ,god1 :o is a mo/ devot$ fri5d ( ! good1 & :o wi%es !m to atta9 ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 assigns !m a place 9 :i* !y are to be discipl9$8 ,v]ily1 ,i am n surpris$ t sometimes a desire seizes ! ! gods to behold great m5 /ruggl+ aga9/ "s mis=tune4 ,to u mortals x at times af=ds pleasure to see a c\rage\s y\? await ) ! hunt+ spe>1 ! onset ( "s wild bea/1 or if ) unblan*$ *eek he ?ru/s back ! attack ( a lion2 & ! spectacle is agreeable 9 proportion to ! rank ( him :o exhibits x4 #f4 ,^! are n ! sights t attract ! att5tion ( ! gods1 b *ildi% pa/imes & ! pleasures ( m5 :o h no s]i\s aims4 ,behold a spectacle wor?y ( a god :o is int5sely int]e/$ 9 8 "w2 behold a pair ( *ampions wor?y ( god1 a brave man pitt$ aga9/ adv]se =tune1 especially if he himself be ! *all5g+ p>ty4 ,i d n see1 ,i say1 :at m agreeable sight on e>? ,jupit] c look ^u1 if he turns 8 att5tion ?i!r1 ?an to behold ,cato1 aft] 8 p>ty _h be5 m ?an once defeat$1 /&+ erect1 nev]!less1 amid ! ru9s ( ! republic4 #g4 ,said he1 8,?\gh ev]y?+ has yield$ to ! behe/s ( "o man2 ?\gh ! l&s be gu>d$ by legions & ! seas by fleets & ! soldi]s ( ,caes> keep wat* at our gates1 !re is a way ( escape = ,cato4 ,s+le-h&$ w he make a broad way = lib]ty2 ?is sword1 pure & unt>ni%$ ev5 9 civil /rife1 %all at l5g? p]=m a wor?y & noble de$2 ! lib]ty x c\ld n give to 8 c\ntry1 x %all give to ,cato4 ,p]=m my s\l1 a de$ long m$itat$1 free ?yself f e>?ly conc]ns6 #h4 ,already ,petreius & ,juba h turn$ _! swords aga9/ ea* o!r & lie dead1 sla9 ) mutual h&s4 ,a brave & glori\s cov5ant to die 0 t1 b "o t 0 unwor?y ( my greatness2 x is z ignoble = ,cato to beg = dea? at ! h&s ( ano!r z 7to beg =7 life40 ,i am sure ! gods look$ ) ke5 satisfaction :5 t h]o1 ! intrepid lib]ator ( himself1 takes c\nsel = ! safety ( o!rs & provides a way ( escape = ! fugitives2 :5 he pursues 8 /udies f> ev5 into t f9al night2 :5 he ?ru/s ! sword into 8 own sacr$ brea/2 :5 he disemb[els himself & sets free ) 8 own h& t pure/ _s unwor?y to be contam9at$ ) a sword4 #i4 ,h5ce ,i w\ld fa9 believe t ! ?ru/ 0 badly direct$ & ! w\nd n fatal2 x 0 n en\gh = ! immortal gods to h beheld ,cato once only2 8 c\rage 0 re/ra9$ & call$ back t x might %[ itself 9 a m difficult "p4 ,= dea? may be said n s mu* to h come ^u s great a s\l z to h be5 s\ght by x4 ,:y %\ld !y n rejoice to see _! favorite pass f life 9 a way s glori\s & memorable8 ,dea? deifies ^? ^: dep>ture fills ) admiration ev5 ^? :o /& agha/ at ! mann] ( x4 ,,iii4 ,b z ,i proce$ ) my disc\rse1 ,i %all %[ t n all ^? ?+s :i* seem to be evils are su*4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i affirm t ! conditions y call h>d1 adv]se1 & t]rible1 are 9 ! fir/ place be/ = ^? v p]sons :om !y befall2 & 9 ! second1 = all m51 s9ce ! gods are m conc]n$ = mank9d z a :ole ?an = ! individual2 & la/ly2 t !y happ5 ei!r ) _! approval1 or to m5 :o are wor?y ( !m1 if )\t _! approval4 ,to ^! propositions ,i %all add t su* ?+s take place 9 ! fix$ ord] ( ! _w & rightly happ5 to ! good1 9 virtue ( ! same law :i* makes !m good4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,i %all !n conv9ce y t y nev] ne$ feel pity = ! good man2 = ?\gh he may be call$ un=tunate1 he nev] is s4 #b4 ,! mo/ difficult ( ! affirmations ,i h made seems to be ! fir/1 to wit1 t x is = our own good ^! v ?+s happ5 :i* we dread & %udd] at4 ,is x good = anybody1 y say1 to be driv5 into exile1 to see 8 *ildr5 r$uc$ to want1 to be> a wife to ! grave1 to be disgrac$1 maim$8 ,if y are surpris$ t ?is %\ld result 9 good to any "o1 !n y w be surpris$ t p]sons are sometimes cur$ by cutt+ & burn+ n ! less ?an by hung] & ?ir/4 ,b if y w reflect t z rem$ial measures1 ! bones h to be laid b>e or tak5 out1 ve9s to be extract$1 & ev5 memb]s to be amputat$1 because !y _c be all[$ to rema9 atta*$ to x )\t detrim5t to ! :ole body2 y w also admit t "s unpleasant ?+s are an advantage to ^? :om !y befall1 no less ?an t "s ?+s :i* are acc\nt$ good & are s\ght aft]1 are an injury to ^? :o f9d pleasure 9 !m1 su* z eat+ & dr9k+ to excess & o!r ?+s t kill by ! gratification !y af=d4 #c4 ,among ! _m notewor?y say+s ( our fri5d ,demetrius !re is "o t is fre% 9 my m9d & keeps s\nd+ & r++ 9 my e>s4 8,!re is no be+10 says he1 8m un=tunate ?an ! man :o nev] felt adv]sity40 ,= he has nev] _h an opportunity to te/ himself4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ may h come to him :5 he wi%$ x or ev5 be=e he wi%$ x1 ! gods h nev]!less n ?\ght well ( him4 ,!y h adjudg$ him unwor?y ( a /ruggle ) adv]sity le/ he be ov]come by x1 = x avoids all c[>ds z if say+1 ,:y %\ld ,i *oose su* an antagoni/8 he lays d[n 8 arms =?)2 !re is no ne$ ( all my /r5g? aga9/ him2 he is beat5 by a feeble onset2 he _c be> ev5 a look4 #d4 ,let ano!r be select$ = ! /ruggle4 ,x is a %ame to fight ) a man :o wants to be beat54 ,a gladiator reg>ds x z a disgrace to be pitt$ aga9/ an inf]ior antagoni/ = he kn[s !re is no glory 9 ov]com+ "o :o is vanqui%$ )\t dang]4 ,adv]sity does likewise2 x seeks out foem5 wor?y ( _! antagoni/ & passes by "s ) disda94 ,x always attacks ! d\ghtie/ & bolde/ = a trial ( its /r5g?4 #e4 ,x tries ,mucius ) fire1 ,fabricius ) pov]ty1 ,regulus ) torture1 ,socrates ) poison1 ,cato ) dea?4 ,x is mis=tune alone t f9ds noble examples4 ,is ,mucius to be commis]at$ because he put 8 h& into an enemy's fire & puni%$ himself = 8 mi/ake8 because he vanqui%$ ) a burn$ h& a k+ :om he c\ld n vanqui% ) x arm$8 ,w\ld he h be5 happi] if he _h w>m$ x 9 ! bosom ( a mi/ress8 #f4 ,is ,fabricius to be piti$ because he till$ 8 own field :5 n engag$ 9 public duties8 because he wag$ w> aga9/ ri*es z well z aga9/ ,pyrrhus8 because he ate1 by 8 own fireside1 ! same roots & h]bs t 8 triumphant old age pull$ up on 8 f>m8 ,c we say t he w\ld h be5 happi] if he _h fill$ 8 /oma* ) fi% f a f> (f /r& & ) exotic birds8 or if he _h /imulat$ 8 jad$ & nauseat$ /oma* ) oy/]s f ! ,upp] & ! ,l[] sea8 or if he _h encircl$ ) a huge pile ( diff]5t fruits1 ! f9e/ game captur$ at ! co/ ( _m a huntsman's life8 #g4 ,is ,rutilius un=tunate because ^? :o condemn$ him decid$ a case aga9/ !mselves = all "t to come8 because he 0 m will+ to be depriv$ ( 8 c\ntry ?an to be recall$ f exile8 because he alone d>$ to d5y any?+ to ! dictator ,sulla1 & :5 invit$ to return1 n only refus$1 b fl$ f>!r8 8,let ^? manage affairs10 said he1 8:om ?y good =tune keeps 9 ,rome6 ,let !m look ^u ! pool ( blood 9 ! ,=um & ! heads ( s5ators float+ on ! ,s]vilian lake1--= t 0 ! field ( c>nage ( ^? proscrib$ by ,sulla--& ! b&s ( assass9s roam+ ?r\gh ! city1 & ! _m ?\s&s ( ,roman citiz5s sla9 9 "o place aft] pl$ges ( immunity _h be5 giv51 yes1 because ( ^? v pl$ges6 ,let ^? look ^u ^! ?+s :o are n able to endure exile40 #h4 ,%all we say t ,sulla is to be congratulat$ because1 :5 he desc5ds to ! ,=um1 a way is op5$ = him ) ! sword8 because he all[s ! heads ( m5 ( consul> rank to be %[n him 9 public1 & paid ! price ( _! slaught] by ! h& ( ! quae/or & f ! fisc8 ,& he :o did ^! ?+s is ! same man t enact$ ! ,cornelian law6 ,let u return to ,regulus4 ,:at injury did 8 de/9y d him by mak+ him1 ! well-kn[n exempl> ( good fai?1 an exempl> ( pati5t endurance8 ,nails pi]ce 8 sk91 & :atev] way he lays d[n 8 we>y body he lies on a w\nd1 :ile 8 op5 eyes doom him to p]petual wakefulness4 #i4 ,! great] ! angui%1 ! great] w be ! glory4 ,w\ld/ ?\ "k h[ little he regrett$ ! high value he set on =titude8 ,heal 8 w\nds & s5d him back to ! s5ate--he w give ! same advice 7z be=e74 ,do/ ?\ ?9k ,maec5as happi] :5 a prey to ! torm5ts ( love & :5 griev+ ov] ! daily repulses ( a wayw>d wife1 he c\rts sleep amid ! s\nd ( symphonies s(tly s\nd+ 9 ! di/ance8 ,?\gh he /upify himself ) w9e1 & seek div]sion 9 ! murmur ( wat]s1 or trick 8 tr\bl$ m9d ) a ?\s& pa/imes1 he lies awake on 8 b$ ( d[n no less ?an ! o!r on 8 b$ ( torture4 ,b = ! =m] !re is ! solace t he is endur+ h>dness = a noble purpose1 & he c look away f 8 pa9 to its cause2 ! latt]1 surfeit$ ) pleasures1 weigh$ d[n by an excess ( good =tune1 is m torm5t$ by ! cause ( 8 suff]+s ?an by ! suff]+s !mselves4 #aj4 ,n yet has vice s completely tak5 possession ( ! human race z to make x d\btful t ! majority1 if !y _h ! *oice ( _! lot1 w\ld pref] t ( ,regulus to t ( ,maec5as4 ,or1 if !re %\ld be anybody :o _h presumption en\gh to say t he _h r be born a ,maec5as ?an a ,regulus1 ! same p]son1 ev5 ?\gh he might n op5ly admit x1 w\ld also r be born a ,t]5tia4 ,d y pron\nce ,socrates un=tunate because he dra9$ ! execution]'s cup z if x _h be5 ! draught ( immortality1 & disc\rs$ ab\t dea? up to ! mom5t x ov]took him8 ,0 8 lot an unhappy "o because 8 blood congeal$ & 8 vital =ce /opp$ by ! gradually advanc+ rigor ( dea?8 #aa4 ,h[ mu* m is he to be envi$ ?an ^? :o are s]v$ f goblets /udd$ ) gems1 = :om a male pro/itute1 accu/om$ to submit to e k9d ( abuse1 ^: virility is gone or at lea/ d\btful1 dissolves ! sn[ t floats 9 a gold5 *alice8 ,:atev] !y dr9k !y vomit up1 to _! *agr91 & ta/e aga9 mix$ ) bile2 b he will+ly & ) joy dra9s ! poison\s draught4 ,= ,cato x is suffici5t t ! unanim\s v]dict ( mank9d has rais$ him to ! p9nacle ( felicity2 him de/9y select$ z "o :o 0 fitt$ to cont5d aga9/ ev]y?+ t is to be dread$4 #ab4 ,is ! enmity ( ! p[]s t be a s]i\s matt]8 let him be oppos$ at ! same "t by ,pompey1 ,caes>1 ,crassus4 ,is x h>d to be> :5 "o is less honor$ ?an worse m58 let him be sacrific$ = ,vat9ius4 ,is x a h>d ?+ to be involv$ 9 civil w>s8 ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w let him fight = ! good cause1 equally r5[n$ = 8 mis=tunes z = 8 brav]y4 ,is x h>d to take "o's own life8 let him d x4 ,:at d ,i wi% to prove by ^! ?+s8 ,i w\ld h all m5 "k t ^? vicissitudes ( :i* ,cato 0 deem$ wor?y1 _c be reg>d$ z evils4 ,,iv4 ,prosp]ity comes to ord9>y p & to m5 ( mean abilities1 b x is ! pr]ogative ( a great man to ov]come ! calamities & t]rors t fright5 mortals4 ,9 tru?1 to be always happy & to pass "o's life )\t m5tal anxiety1 is to be ignorant ( half ( man's de/9y4 ,?\ art a great man2 yet h[ am ,i to "k x unless fate gives !e an opportunity to %[ ?y wor?8 #b4 ,?\ did/ ent] ! ,olympian games z a conte/ant2 if !re 0 none beside ?yself1 ?\ ha/ ! cr[n1 ?\ ha/ n ! victory4 ,i congratulate !e1 n z a brave man1 b z "o :o has ga9$ ! consul%ip or ! praetor%ip3 ?\ ha/ won political honors4 ,i c say ! same ?+ to a good man1 unless "s m ?an ord9>y em]g5cy has giv5 him an opportunity to %[ 8 /r5g? ( s\l4 #c4 ,unhappy d ,i adjudge !e1 if ?\ ha/ nev] be5 unhappy2 ?\ ha/ pass$ ?y life )\t an adv]s>y4 ,no "o kn[s :at ?\ mighte/ h done2 ?\ do/ n ev5 "k x ?yself4 ,we ne$ to be tri$ t we may f9d out :at we are2 :at a man c d c be asc]ta9$ only by trial4 ,= ?is reason m5 h sometimes volunt>ily enc\nt]$ ob/acles t seem$ to evade !m & s\ght an opportunity = demon/rat+ to o!rs ! virtue t 0 pass+ into oblivion4 #d4 ,i ass]t t great m5 sometimes rejoice 9 tribulation l valiant soldi]s 9 battles4 ,i he>d ,triumphus1 a gladiator "u ,caius ,caes> 7,caligula7 compla9 because he _h s little to d4 8,h[ my be/ days are spe$+ away10 said he6 ,c\rage is eag] = dang] & looks to ! end 9 view1 n at :at x is likely to enc\nt]1 = ! reason t :at x enc\nt]s is "p ( ! glory4 ,w>riors are pr\d ( _! w\nds2 joyfully !y po9t to ! blood x 0 _! good =tune to %$4 ,^? :o return f ! combat unsca!d may h be5 j z brave--x is ! w\nd$ man t is ! obs]v$ ( all eyes4 ,god %[s 8 good w to ^? :om he w\ld h atta9 ! highe/ excell5ce e "t he gives !m an opportunity to display c\rage & endurance2 ?is is possible only 9 "s cont+5cy beset ) difficulties4 ,y =m y\r op9ion ( a pilot 9 a /orm2 ( a soldi]1 9 battle4 ,by :at te/ am ,i to "k h[ ?\ wilt be> up aga9/ pov]ty1 if ?\ ab\nde/ 9 weal?8 ,by :at te/ am ,i to "k h[ ?\ wilt be> up "u ignom9y & disgrace & popul> hatr$1 if ?\ gr[e/ old amid public applause8 if a /rong & unsw]v+ popul> p>tiality supports !e 9 all ?\ doe/8 #f4 ,h[ am ,i to "k ) :at equanimity ?\ wilt be> ! loss ( *ildr51 if ?\ see/ ab\t !e all ^? ?\ ha/ begott58 ,i h li/5$ to !e :5 ?\ w]t (f]+ consolation to o!rs2 !n %\ld ,i h se5 !e :5 ?\ w]t ?yself 9 ne$ ( consolation2 :5 ?\ w]t try+ to re/ra9 ?yself f sorr[+4 ,d n1 ,i besee* !e1 %r9k f ^! ?+s :i* ! immortal gods s5d ^u !e z /imuli to ?y c\rage4 ,a disa/] is an occasion ( virtue4 ,^? p]sons "o c rightly call wret*$ :o gr[ effem9ate 9 sup]ab\nd+ prosp]ity2 :om a dead calm be>s along1 z x 71 9 a motionless sea4 #g4 ,no matt] :at befalls !m1 !y are unprep>$ = x4 ,h>d%ips be> heavie/ on ^? :o h nev] kn[n !m2 heavy lies ! yoke on ! neck t has n felt x4 ,! m]e ?\ght ( a w\nd makes ! raw recruit turn pale2 ! vet]an looks )\t blan*+ ^u 8 own blood because he kn[s t he has (t5 ga9$ a victory at ! price ( x4 ,!n x is t ,god tra9s & h>d5s ^? :om he has *os51 :om he loves & wi%es well to2 b ^? :om he seems to treat ) indulg5ce1 :om he sp>es1 he keeps t5d] = ! evils to come4 ,= y are mi/ak5 if y conclude t any "o is exempt2 he :o has long bask$ 9 ! sun%9e ( =tune w h 8 turn4 ,e "o t ?9ks he is dis*>g$ has be5 plac$ among ! res]ves4 7,y ask7 :y does ,god afflict e good man ) ill heal? or sorr[ or o!r mis=tune8 ,because 9 camp-life ! mo/ p]il\s duties are also laid on ! brave/2 ! comm&] s5ds pick$ m5 to fall ^u ! enemy f a nocturnal ambuscade1 or to explore a r\te1 or to c>ry by assault an outpo/4 ,no "o ( ^? :o g =? says1 8,! g5]al has a poor op9ion ( me10 b1 8,he has judg$ wisely & well10 ,& s let all say :o are ord]$ to und]go :at to ! c[>d & ! slo?ful seem to be pa9ful exp]i5ces3 ,god has acc\nt$ u wor?y to be us$ z examples by :i* to %[ h[ mu* human nature c endure4 ,flee f pleasure1 f t unmanly felicity 9 :i* ! active p[]s ( ! m9d gr[ torpid1 unless some?+ int]v5es to recall man's lot1 by a sort ( p]petual intoxication4 #i4 ,him :om glass w9d[s protect aga9/ e brea? ( air2 ^: feet are kept w>m by fom5tations p]iodically r5ew$2 ^: d9+-rooms are made always com=table by heat )9 ! walls & "u ! floor--su* a p]son1 n ev5 a g5tle breeze passes ov] )\t dang]4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ t transc5ds ! b\nds ( mod]ation is hurtful1 ! mo/ p]il\s intemp]ance is t ( good =tune4 ,x excites ! bra91 awak5s idle fancies 9 ! m9d1 puts d5se d>kness betwe5 ! false & ! true4 #aj4 ,:i* is bett]1 to be> up "u cont9u\s mis=tune t incites u to d our be/1 or to be cru%$ "u unb\nd$ & inexhau/ible ri*es8 ,dea? comes g5tly :5 ! /oma* is empty2 x is f repletion t m5 die l bea/s4 ,accord+ly ! gods foll[ ! same me?od ) good m5 t tea*]s foll[ ) good pupils--!y require ! h>de/ labor f ^? ( :om !y *]i% ! highe/ hopes4 ,do/ ?\ believe t x is out ( hatr$ = _! *ildr5 t ! ,lac$aemonians try1 by public sc\rg+s1 :at /uff !y are made (8 ,_! own fa!rs exhort !m to be> bravely _! flagellations1 & ask !m1 :5 ble$+ & half dead1 to pr(f] unfl9*+ly _! w\nds = fre% w\nds4 #aa4 ,:y is x /range if ,god s5ds sev]e trials ^u noble spirits8 a te/ ( "o's c\rage is nev] an easy matt]4 ,is x de/9y t sc\rges & lac]ates u8 let u endure x2 'tis n wanton cruelty1 x is a conte/2 ! (t5] we ent] x1 ! /rong] we %all become4 ,! solide/ "p ( ! body1 frequ5t use has made s4 ,we mu/ be subject$ to ! buffet+s ( =tune 9 ord] t 9 ?is way we may become call\s to x4 ,little by little1 =tune makes u a mat* = itself2 contempt ( dang]s results f (t5 brav+ !m4 ,9 ?is way sailors inure _! bodies to ! sea2 ! h&s ( ! husb&man are call\s$2 ! arms ( ! soldi] are /rong f hurl+ javel9s2 ! limbs ( runn]s are agile4 ,t "p ( ev]ybody is ! /ronge/ t has ex]cis$ ! mo/4 #ab4 ,! s\l acquires ! /r5g? to brave mis=tune by pati5t endurance2 :at x c effect 9 u ?\ may/ "k1 if ?\ do/ b consid] :at h>d%ip does = ^? peoples t g ab\t )\t clo?+ & are /rong by _! v indig5ce4 ,consid] all ! nations ov] :om ! sway ( ,rome does n ext5d1 ,i mean ! ,g]mans & e nomad tribe along ! ,danube4 ,p]petual w9t]1 a sev]e climate1 be> h>d ^u !m1 a /]ile soil grudg+ly supports !m1 a hut or bran*es ( trees protect !m aga9/ ! ra91 !y roam ov] m>%es h>d5$ by fro/1 = food !y capture wild bea/s4 #ac4 ,do/ ?\ ?9k !m wret*$8 ,no "o is wret*$ :5 he p]=ms :at habit has made second nature to him2 = by degrees we f9d pleasure 9 do+ :at we began to d f necessity4 ,^! peoples h no h\ses & no re/+ place except z we>9ess f9ds !m f day to day2 _! food is *eap & obta9$ only z want$2 _! nak$ bodies are expos$ to ! t]rible extremes ( a horrid climate2 :at ?\ reg>de/ z a frightful calamity is ! :ole life ( _m peoples4 #ad4 ,:y do/ ?\ wond] t good m5 are call$ ^u to und]go viol5t %ocks to ! end t !y may /& ! m firmly8 ,a tree does n take deep root1 or gr[ /rong1 unless x is frequ5tly %ak5 by ! w9d2 = z a result ( viol5t agitation its fib] is t\gh5$ & its roots m firmly set4 ,^? are fragile t gr[ up 9 %elt]$ valleys4 ,x is !re=e a boon to good m51 z x makes !m fe>less amid dang]1 to become famili> ) h>d%ips & to be> ) equanimity ^? ?+s t are n ills1 except :5 !y are borne ) an ill grace4 ,v4 ,add1 n[1 t x is be/ = all t e good man %\ld1 s to speak1 be always "u arms & 9 action4 ,x is ! purpose ( ,god1 j z if ,he 7 a wise man1 to demon/rate t ^? ?+s :i* ! av]age man longs =1 :i* he fe>s1 are nei!r good nor evil2 b x w be evid5t t ^? ?+s are good t are s5t ^u good m51 & ^? evil1 t fall ^u ! bad4 ,bl9dness w\ld be dreadful1 if nobody _h lo/ 8 sight except ^? :o des]v$ to h _! eyes put out4 ,accord+ly1 let ,appius & ,metellus be depriv$ ( eyesight4 ,ri*es are n a good4 #b4 ,& s ev5 ! procur] ,elius is ri* 9 ord] t money to :i* m5 h giv5 a sacr$ "* 9 temples may also be f\nd 9 a bro!l4 ,9 no way is ,god bett] able to expose to contempt ^? ?+s t m5 covet ?an by be/[+ !m ^u ! vile/ & tak+ !m f ! wor?ie/4 8,b10 say/ ?\1 8x is unju/ t a good man %\ld suff] mutilation1 or be crucifi$1 or be b\nd 9 fett]s1 :ile ! bad /rut pr\dly at l>ge & live 9 luxury40 #c4 ,:at !n8 is x n also unju/ :5 brave m5 are requir$ to take up arms1 to pass ! night 9 camps & to def5d ! outpo/s1 ?\gh ! b&ages are /ill on _! w\nds1 :ile 9 ! city1 eunu*s & debau*ees by pr(ession g ab\t 9 security4 ,:at fur!r8 is x n unju/ t ! noble/ virg9s %\ld be ar\s$ at night to p]=m _! sacr$ duties :ile impure wom5 are enjoy+ s\nd sleep8 ,toil claims ! be/ m54 ,! s5ate is (t5 9 session dur+ ! entire day1 :5 at ! same "t all ! vile/ m5 are ei!r tak+ _! ease 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 or loit]+ 9 eat+-h\ses1 or wa/+ _! "t 9 idle gossip4 ,x is j s 9 ! _w at l>ge--good m5 toil1 sacrifice !mselves or are sacrific$1 & will+ly at t4 ,!y are n dragg$ along by de/9y1 !y foll[ x & keep pace ) x2 _h !y kn[n :i!r x w\ld lead !m1 !y w\ld h prec$$ x4 #d4 ,i rememb] also to h he>d ^! enc\rag+ words f t noble/ ( m51 ,demetrius4 8,?is "o compla9t10 said he1 8,i h to make aga9/ y1 ye immortal gods3 x is t ye did n soon] make kn[n to me y\r w2 = ( my own accord ,i w\ld h come to ^? ?+s to :i* ,i am n[ summon$4 ,d y wi% to take away my *ildr58 ,= y ,i h br\ght !m up4 ,d y wi% any portion ( my body8 ,take x4 ,no great ?+ x is t ,i am (f]+ y2 soon ,i %all resign x entirely to y4 ,d y wi% my life8 ,:y n8 ,i %all n be sl[ to give back to y :at ye h entru/$ to my keep+2 ye %all f9d me will+ to give up any?+ ye ask4 ,/ill ,i %\ld r h pr(]r$ x to y ?an giv5 x up4 ,:at ne$ 0 !re to take :at y c\ld h _h z a gift4 ,yet n ev5 n[ d ye ne$ to con/ra9 me1 s9ce t is n tak5 f a man :i* he does n try to reta94 ,i am 9 no s5se ! victim ( con/ra9t or viol5ce1 nor am ,i ,god's slave1 b ,i am 9 accord ) ,him1 & ?is all ! m *e]fully because ,i "k t ev]y?+ takes its c\rse 9 accordance ) an immutable law e/abli%$ f all et]nity40 #e4 ,! fates lead u1 & our lot is assign$ to u f ! v h\r ( our bir?4 ,cause dep5ds ^u cause2 an unbrok5 *a9 ( ev5ts l9ks toge!r public & private affairs4 ,we ought !re=e to be> ) =titude :atev] befalls u because ev]y?+ takes place1 n z we ?9k1 by *ance1 b 9 its due ord]4 ,a long "t 9 advance1 all our pleasures & our pa9s h be5 det]m9$1 & al?\gh 9 ! great div]sity ( individual lives1 "o life may seem to /& ap>t1 x all comes to ?is3 transitory be+s ourselves we h ent]$ into a transitory inh]itance4 #f4 ,:y !n does ?is disquiet u8 ,:y indulge 9 compla9ts8 x is ! law ( our exi/5ce4 ,let nature use our bodies1 :i* are its own1 z x wi%es2 let u *e]fully & bravely meet :atev] comes1 be>+ 9 m9d t :at we lose is n our prop]ty4 ,:at is ! duty ( a good man8 ,to resign himself to 8 de/9y4 ,x is a great consolation to %>e ! fate ( ! univ]se4 ,:atev] x be t decrees h[ we are to live1 h[ to die1 x b9ds ev5 ! gods by ! same inexorable law2 an irresi/ible curr5t be>s along t]re/rial & cele/ial ?+s4 ,! creator & gov]nor ( ! univ]se has inde$ prescrib$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 b ,he ,himself foll[s !m2 ,he obeys always1 ,he comm&$ b once4 #g4 8,b :y 0 ,god s unju/ 9 ! de/9ies he prescrib$ = mortals1 z to s5d ^u good m5 pov]ty1 w\nds1 & cruel dea?s08 ,! artisan _c *ange matt]2 x is passive4 ,!re are "s ?+s t _c be sep>at$ f o!rs2 !y are b\nd toge!r & indivisible4 ,sluggi% natures & su* z are prone to s9k into slumb] or into a /ate closely ak9 to slumb]1 are conjo9$ ( in]t elem5ts2 to =m a man :o is really wor?y ( ! "n a m h]oic de/9y is ne$$4 ,8 pa? w n be smoo?2 he mu/ g up-hill & d[n-hill1 be toss$ on ! waves1 & guide 8 b>k ?r\gh turbid wat]s2 9 spite ( *ang+ =tune1 he mu/ hold on 8 way4 #h4 ,he w meet _m ob/acles h>d to remove or surm\nt1 b he w himself remove !m & smoo? 8 pa?4 ,gold is tri$ by fire2 brave m5 by mis=tune4 ,behold to :at heights virtue may climb2 ?\ %\ld/ "k t x _c g by ways t are free f dang]s4 ,h>d is ! way at fir/3 ?\gh drawn by pranc+ /e$s1 ,sl[1 up ! sky1 ! %9+ c> proce$s2-- ,on l& & sea ,i gaze f heav5's high cre/2 ,fe> & emotion fill my heav+ brea/4 ,/eep is ! d[nw>d way1 & ) tight re9 ,i mu/ ! ardor ( my /e$s re/ra92 ,e'en ,te?ys1 wont to greet me 'nea? ! waves1 ,fe>s le/ we plunge headlong to wat'ry graves4 #i4 ,:5 ! high-spirit$ y\? he>d ^! words he said1 8,i l ! way2 ,i %all asc5d x ev5 ?\gh ,i fall =?) 9 s do+40 ,! sun-god /ill tries to dissuade him f 8 ra% purpose by excit+ 8 fe>s3 ,hold /raight ?y c\rse nor turn = aught aside1 ,?r\gh ,taurus' horns adv]se ?y c\rs]s guide1 ,& ,haemon's b[ & ,leo's se>*+ face4 ,to ?is he repli$1 8,yoke ! /e$s to ! *>iot2 by ! v words :i* y seek to det] me1 y incite me4 ,i long to /& :]e ,sol himself quakes ) fe>2 x is only ignoble & weak s\ls t j\rney on safe roads2 c\rage v5tures on giddy heights40 ,,vi4 8,b :y does ,god suff] any evil to befall ! good08 ,v]ily1 ,he does n suff] x4 ,he w>ds (f f !m all evils1 crimes & misde$s & impure ?\ghts & av>ici\s designs & unbridl$ passions & lu/ aft] o!r m5's prop]ty2 ,he wat*es ov] & protects !m4 ,w any "o 9 addition to ?is dem& ( ,god t ,he %all also be> ! luggage ( good m5 7z if ,he 7 a slave76 ,!y !mselves ca/ ?is burd5 ^u ,god2 m]e ext]nals !y make light (4 ,democritus ?rew away 8 ri*es1 ?9k+ !m a f>del ^u 8 noble s\l4 ,:y d y wond] t ,god sometimes suff]s t to come ^u a good man :i* he himself desires8 #b4 8,good m5 sometimes lose _! *ildr540 ,:y n1 :5 !y sometimes ev5 put !m to dea?8 8,!y are s5t into exile40 ,:y n1 :5 !y sometimes leave _! c\ntry1 volunt>ily1 nev] to return8 8,!y are put to dea?40 ,:y n1 :5 !y sometimes lay viol5t h&s on !mselves8 8,:y d !y suff] _m h>d%ips80 ,t !y may tea* o!rs to suff] pati5tly2 !y are born to be examples4 #c4 ,?9k ( ,god z speak+ to !m ?us3 8,:at "r h ye to compla9 ( me1 ye :o take pleasure 9 do+ "r8 ,o!r m5 ,i h encompass$ ) s$uctive pleasures & _! torpid s\ls ,i h lull$ into a long & delusive sleep2 gold1 silv] & ivory ,i h lavi%$ ^u !m2 yet at he>t !y are good = no?+4 ,^? m5 :om y look ^u z =tunate1 if y reg>d !m1 n ) respect to :at is ext]nal b :at is conceal$1 are wret*$1 unclean1 de=m$1 adorn$ on ! outside aft] ! similitude ( _! own walls4 ,_! good =tune is n sub/antial & unalloy$2 x is a m]e cru/ & a ?9 "o at t4 #d4 ,accord+ly1 z long z !y are all[$ to /& & to %[ !mselves z !y wi% to appe>1 !y make a brilliant & impos+ display2 b :5 some?+ occurs t dis>ranges _! plans & discloses _! true "*1 !n x becomes app>5t h[ real & deep _! f\lness4 ,to y ,i h giv5 a g5u9e1 an abid+ good2 ! m "o turns x ab\t & looks at x f e side1 ! great] & bett] x appe>s4 ,i h giv5 y ! /r5g? to contemn :at o!r m5 fe>2 to make ( little acc\nt :at o!rs long =4 ,y d n %9e because ( ext]nals2 x is ! k+dom )9 y t is y\r highe/ good4 ,?us does ! _w disda9 :at is on ! outside because happy 9 ! contemplation ( itself2 )9 y h ,i plac$ all real good2 n to ne$ happ9ess is y\r happ9ess40 #e4 8,b _m sad occurr5ces take place1 ?+s f :i* we %r9k 9 t]ror1 & :i* are h>d to be>40 8,because ,i am n able to w>d !m (f f y1 ,i h arm$ y aga9/ all *anges ( =tune4 ,endure bravely2 9 ?is y may surpass ,god3 ,he is exempt f suff]+1 y are sup]ior to x4 ,contemn pov]ty2 no "o lives s poor z he is born4 ,contemn pa92 ei!r x w end or y4 ,contemn =tune2 ,i h giv5 to x no weapon ) :i* to w\nd ! s\l4 ,contemn dea?2 x ei!r ends y\r exi/5ce or transf]s x4 #f4 ,be=e all ?+s1 ,i took c>e t no "o %\ld keep y "h aga9/ y\r w2 ! way = y\r dep>ture is op54 ,if y d n want to fight1 y c run away4 ,!re=e1 ) all ! re/rictions ,i h plac$ ^u y1 ,i h made no?+ easi] = y ?an dea?4 ,only look & y w see h[ %ort & easy is ! way to lib]ty4 ,i h made ! way %ort] = ^? :o wi% to g out ( ! _w ?an = ^? :o are ent]+ x2 besides1 de/9y w\ld h _h great p[] ov] y1 if x 7 z h>d = a man to die z to be born4 #g4 ,e mom5t ( "t1 e place1 c tea* y h[ easy x is to quit nature's s]vice & to return to h] h] gift4 ,at ! v foot ( ! alt> & amid ! solemnities ( ^? :o are (f]+ sacrifices = ! pres]vation ( life1 le>n to "k dea?4 ,! huge bodies ( bulls drop f ! effects ( a little w\nd1 & bea/s ( enorm\s /r5g? are fell$ by a bl[ f a human h&2 ) a little piece ( iron ! jo9tures ( ! v]tabrae are sev]$1 & :5 ! ligature t b9ds ! head & neck is cut asund]1 ! huge mass falls dead to ! gr\nd4 #h4 ,! brea? does n lurk 9 "s secret hid+ place1 nor mu/ x necess>ily be s\ght out ) ! sword2 !re is no ne$ ( pi]c+ ! vitals ) a deep w\nd2 dea? is close at h&4 ,i h n designat$ any p>ticul> place = ! fatal ?ru/1 x may ent] any:]e4 ,:at is call$ dea?1 t "t 9 :i* ! _s leaves ! body1 is s brief t its fleetness _c be p]ceiv$4 ,:e!r x be a noose t /rangles y1 or wat] t suffocates y1 or a fall ^u ! h>d e>? t da%es ! life out ( y1 or fire drawn 9 ) ! brea? t cuts (f its return--:atev] x be1 its effect is spe$y4 ,are y n a%am$ to fe> s long :at may be done s quickly80 ,,notes4 ,a few notes h be5 add$ to ! translation4 ,!y be> *iefly on obscure allusions 9 ,s5eca's treatise1 z ! necess>y biographical data may be f\nd 9 almo/ any encyclop$ia4 ,! notes are plac$ by !mselves s z n to int]rupt ! read]1 :o may omit !m1 if he *ooses4 ,i4 #b4 ,x 0 held by "s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 notably ,epicurus1 t ! univ]se 0 built up by a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 #d4 ,"s texts h qua]is1 y are seek+ in=mation4 #f4 ,v]nae 7 slaves born 9 ! h\sehold ( _! ma/]s1 sometimes 8 own *ildr5 by a female slave4 ,! lic5tia v]nul>um 0 prov]bial 9 ,rome4 ,! v]nae & v]nulae 7 all[$ privileges n accord$ to slaves obta9$ by pur*ase4 ,,ii4 ,9 suum colorem1 to its colors4 ,! p>ties repres5t$ 9 ! race-c\rse 7 di/+ui%$ by diff]5t colors4 ,! significance ( ! expression is !re=e evid5t4 ,ano!r less probable explanation ( ! passage is t ! au?or has ref]5ce to ! effect ( r$ w9e :5 mix$ ) liquids ( ano!r color4 #c4 ,z ! holidays 9 ,rome 7 v num]\s mu* "t 0 lo/ by ^? :o sp5t all ( !m 9 idl5ess4 #g4 ,cato1 surnam$ ,utic5sis1 is "h meant4 ,he 0 ! patron sa9t ( ! ,roman ,/oics4 #i4 ,! s5t5ce "h translat$1 8,= dea?10 etc41 may also mean1 8,= x requires less c\rage to meet dea? 7once7 ?an to seek x a second "t40 ,,iii4 #f4 ,! wild bo> roa/$ :ole 0 g5]ally plac$ on ! c5t] ( ! table4 ,ar\nd x 7 pil$ fruits1 vegetables1 etc4 #g4 ,tua felicitas4 ,sulla call$ himself ,,felix1 & 9 ! next section we f9d ?is epi!t appli$ to him4 ,! atrocities he committ$ are famili> to e read] ( ,roman hi/ory4 #h4 ,! ,cornelian law4 ,! ,roman ,legal ,code 0 greatly modifi$ "u ! inspiration ( ,sulla4 ,! /atute "h ref]r$ to1 fix$ ! p5alty = homicide & simil> crimes4 ,x bore its au?or's g5tile "n4 ,! famili> /ory ( ,regulus 0 accept$ z true by ! ,romans1 &1 9 fact1 by ! _w g5]ally1 until rec5t times4 ,x is int]e/+ z %[+ ! high e/imate plac$ ^u patriotism by ! ,romans f _! po9t ( view4 ,?\gh n>r[ x 0 int5se & play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,roman /ate4 #i4 ,maec5as ! well-kn[n ,premi] ( ! emp]or ,augu/us 0 passionately atta*$ to 8 wife ,t]5tia2 b h] fidelity 0 m ?an suspect$1 a condition ( ?+s t l$ to _m qu>rels ) h] husb&4 #aa4 ,! writ] ref]s "h to ! disgu/+ practice ( ! ,romans1 :o1 at _! fea/s1 frequ5tly ate & drank to excess1 !n produc$ vomit+ 9 ord] to be able to beg9 eat+ & dr9k+ ov] aga94 #ab4 ,vat9ius 0 a wor?less fell[ :o defeat$ ,cato 9 ! conte/ = ! praetor%ip4 ,,iv4 #ab4 ,! ,romans 7 wilfully bl9d z to ! climate & soil ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 a case ( 8s\r grapes40 ,aft] va9ly endeavor+ to conqu] its inhabitants1 !y decid$ t !y 7 n wor? ! tr\ble ( conque/4 ,v4 #f4 8,:atev] x be0 etc4 ,! ,fir/ ,cause1 ab\t :i* ,s5eca is 9 "s d\bt1 :e!r x is p]sonal or imp]sonal1 mat]ial or immat]ial2 :e!r matt] exi/s ( necessity or is creat$4 ,9 #d he uses mundus 9 a p]sonal s5se4 ,he is also inconsi/5t 9 8 attitude t[>d suicide2 = aft] assur+ u 9 ! /ronge/ language1 t x is e man's duty to endure :atev] ,provid5ce or ,fate or ,de/9y or ,*ance s5ds ^u him1 he ends by tell+ him t if ! s]vice is too h>d he is at p]fect lib]ty to run away f x4 ,grard rightly says1 8,he confuses ,god ) ! _w1 ,provid5ce ) de/9y2 he admits & does n admit ! immortality ( ! s\l2 he proclaims ! fre$om ( ! w1 & d5ies x40 #h4 #i4 ,dr4 ,lodge1 7#afad7 translates ! two extracts f ,ovid's ,metamorphoses z foll[s3 8,! fir/ :i* ) unwe>i$ /e$s ,i clime1 ,is su* a i\rney t _! ceaseless toyle ,c sc>cily rea* be=e ! morr[es prime2 ,! next is highe/ heau'n f :5ce ! soyle ,& spaci\s seas1 ,i see ) dreadfull eye ,& fe>full he>t2 ! next :]eto ,i hie ,is /eep & prone & craues a cunn+ guide2 ,& !n do! ,!tis %ake h]selfe = dread1 ,le/ headlong ,i %\ld fall & d[nw>d glide1 ,& burie 9 h] waues my gold5 head40 8,& t ?\ may/ cont9ue 9 ! way1 ,be c>efull le/ ?y po/+ /e$s doe /ray2 ,yet %alt ?\ pass by ,taurus1 :o w b5d ,8 hornes to cross !e1 :i!r ?\ do/ t5d2 ,?' ,aemonian ,ar*] & ! ,lion fell ,%all /ay ?y c\rse & fright !e :]e !y dwell40 ,see also ! classical diction>y "u ,phae?on4 ,,vi4 #f4 ,an incl9$ plane d[n :i* an object may be easily />t$ to roll4 #h4 ,! f9al s5t5ce m lit]ally translat$ w\ld read1 ,are y n a%am$8 :at is s quickly done y fe> s long8 ,,plut>* ,,& ,,! ,,greece ,,( ,,8 ,,age4 ,ev] s9ce ,i h kn[n en\gh ab\t ,greek lit]ature to =m an op9ion ( my own on its m]its1 x has be5 a matt] ( surprise to me t ! au?ors :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! c5tury or two imm$iately prec$+ & succe$+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 are treat$ ) s mu* neglect4 ,! hi/ories ( ,greek lit]ature1 ^: "n is legion1 frequ5tly end ) ,grecian indep5d5ce2 or if !y cont9ue ! subject "s c5turies long]1 treat ! lat] p]iods 9 a half-he>t$ & p]functory mann]1 z if !y 7 des]v+ ( no?+ bett]4 ,:ile x is true1 t 9 "s dep>tm5ts ! field is relatively inf]tile1 !re are _m writ]s well wor? a c>eful /udy1 & sev]al em95tly s4 ,! /orm & /ress p]iod is ov]2 ! c5turies ( vigor\s productions well-nigh pa/2 yet ! ,greek m9d is n dead2 ! field ( au?or%ip /ill be>s _m f9e e>s & occasionally a l>ge %eaf = ! c>eful glean]4 ,! times t c\ld produce a ,polybius1 a ,plut>*1 an ,epictetus1 an ,arrian1 a ,dion ,*ryso/omus1 a ,lucian1 to say no?+ ( ,josephus & ,philo1 toge!r ) o!rs1 a score or m 9 numb]1 _c ju/ly be *>g$ ) intellectual /agnation4 ,if ! =m 9 :i* ! lat] writ]s express _! ?\ghts has no long] ! elegance1 nor ! ?\ghts !mselves ! pr(undity1 ( _! pr$ecessors1 !y are f> f be+ unwor?y ( pa9/ak+ /udy4 ,if m5 reflect$ less1 !y did m1 or 7 at lea/ active 9 a l>g] sph]e4 ,greeks 7 n[ to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w2 !y /ill provid$ its intellectual n\ri%m5t2 ,a!ns 0 /ill its univ]sity & x is ( ! ,greeks ( ^! c5turies m ?an ( ! e>li] t ,horace c\ld say1 ,graeca capta f]um victorem cepit et artes ,intulit agre/i ,latio4 ,greek culture _h become s widespread t a soj\rn 9 ,a!ns 0 no long] necess>y = ^? :o 7 ambiti\s to le>n ! language 9 its pure/ =m4 ,?\gh ?is city 0 /ill look$ ^u ) a c]ta9 filial reg>d1 half a score ( rivals _h sprung up 9 ?ree cont95ts t at times s]i\sly ?reat5$ its pre/ige4 ,! c5turies t meet at ! bir? ( ,*ri/ are ! l9k t unites ! gold5 age ( ,greek lit]ature ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 !m 0 co9$ mu* ( ! small *ange ( ,greek ?\ght1 :i* 0 by reason ( its =m ! m widely circulat$4 ,t mu* ( x 0 silv]1 s to speak1 only made x ! m g5]ally available4 ,b :ile ! writ+s ( ^! ?ree or f\r c5turies h suff]$ greatly f neglect at ! h&s ( ! mod]ns1 ! language 9 its n>r[] s5se1 except t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 has be5 almo/ :olly ignor$4 ,x ne$s b a brief exam9ation ( ! curr5t ,greek diction>ies to conv9ce ! /ud5t t "h is an ample field = pr(itable "w4 ,ev5 ! great ,!saurus ( ,/ephanus (t5 leaves "o sadly 9 ! lur*2 besides1 x is bo? too ext5sive & too exp5sive = g5]al use4 ,:at we ne$ is a c>eful lexicographical & grammatical /udy ( ! individual au?ors & ! pres5tation ( ! results 9 z succ9ct a =m z possible4 ,x is a pleasure to note ! signs ( a revival 9 ?is qu>t]--= t x is n a misnom] to speak ( a revival w be evid5t to ^? :o "k t ! read] ( "s ( ! au?ors above nam$1 toge!r ) o!rs1 is l>gely compell$ to rely on texts t are m ?an half a c5tury old1 9 "s cases mu* m4 ,9 ?is laudable "w ( r$iscov]y1 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy 9 ,great ,brita91 & ,pr(essor ,krumba*] 9 ,g]many1 may be reg>d$ z ! lead]s4 ,! =m]1 by 8 v>i\s works ^u ! ,greeks "u ,roman sway1 & ! latt] by 8 ma/]ly ,ges*i*te d] ,byzant9is*5 ,litt]atur & 8 ,byzant9is*e ,zeits*rift h done m ?an any two writ]s 9 ! pres5t c5tury to awak5 an int]e/ 9 a subject t has long be5 9 a comatose condition4 ,! pres5t volume1 ?\gh be>+ ^u ! g5]al !me1 is conc]n$ ) b a small portion ( x4 ,i h tri$ to ?r[ a little light ^u two au?ors1 9 ^: writ+s are _m passages t put !m 9 "s sort ( relation to nasc5t ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile x is almo/ absolutely c]ta9 t nei!r ,s5eca nor ,plut>* _h any k ( ! new doctr9es fir/ prea*$ 9 _! "t1 x ought surely to be a matt] ( int]e/ to e ?9k+ man to note h[ closely ! be/ t is 9 ! old philosophy approa*$ ! new religion2 or1 to /ate ! case some:at diff]5tly1 t ! old philosophy & ! new religion are 9 _m po9ts id5tical4 ,! ,fr5* h1 almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( _! national lit]ature1 be5 ard5t admir]s ( ,plut>*4 ,amyot r$uc$ "s ( 8 precepts to rhyme 9 ord] t !y might ! m readily be taught to *ildr51 & reg>d$ 8 writ+s z m pr(itable ?an any o!r except ! ,scriptures4 ,gui-,pat9 makes ,pl9y1 ,ari/otle1 ,plut>*1 & ,s5eca con/itute an entire family1--fa!r1 "m1 old] & y\ng] bro!r--& ?us 9 a s5se repres5t ! :ole circle ( lit]ature4 ,roll9 copies 8 ,p>allel ,lives almo/ lit]ally into 8 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,r\sseau cites him among ! few au?ors t he read 9 8 old age4 ,he is ! la/ consolation ( ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,lah>pe reg>ds him z by nature ! mo/ moral man t ev] liv$2 & ,j\b]t calls him ! ,h]odotus ( ,philosophy1 & deems 8 ,lives ! wisdom ( antiquity 9 its entirety4 ,montaigne says1 8,i nev] settl$ myself to ! read+ ( any au?ors b ,plut>* & ,s5eca40 ,aga91 8,plut>* _h r we %\ld applaud 8 judgm5t ?an comm5d 8 k1 & _h r leave u ) an appetite to read m1 ?an glutt$ ) t we h already read4 ,he knew v well t a man may say too mu* ev5 ^u ! be/ subjects1 & t ,alex&rides did ju/ly reproa* him :o made v elegant b too long spee*es to ! ,ephori1 :5 he said3 #8,o /rang]1 ?\ speake/ ! ?+s ?\ oughte/ to speak1 b n aft] ! mann] ?\ %\ld/ speak !m4'0 ,else:]e he recurs to ! subject ) ^! words1 8,z to :at conc]ns my o!r read+ t mixes a little m pr(it ) ! pleasure & :5ce ,i le>n h[ to m>%al my op9ions1 ! books t s]ve me to ?is purpose are ,plut>* & ,s5eca4 ,bo? ( !m h ?is great conv5i5ce suit$ to my humor1 t ! k ,i !re seek is disc\rs$ 9 "s pieces t d n require any great tr\ble ( read+ long1 ( :i* ,i am incapable40 ,9 8 ,essays1 ,montaigne ref]s to or quotes ,plut>* m ?an two hundr$ times1 & ,s5eca almo/ z (t54 ,s f> z ,plut>*'s ,lives are conc]n$1 ! translation publi%$ by ,jacques ,amyot1 bi%op ( ,aux]re1 9 #aeei1 is /ill reg>d$ z a ma/]piece4 ,?is v]sion is ( special int]e/ to ,engli%-speak+ p1 because f x ,sir ,?omas ,nor? made 8 translation1 publi%$ "s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 & ,%akespe>e1 9 turn1 took ! mat]ial = 8 plays deal+ ) antique life4 ,( lat] ,engli% translations1 t ( ! ,langhorne is und\bt$ly ! mo/ popul>1 ?\gh ! "o kn[n z ,dryd5's1 albeit he _h little to d ) x1 z revis$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,cl\gh1 is mu* read4 ,t ( ,/ew>t & ,long is n g5]ally kn[n4 ,!re seems to be no ,engli% translation ( ,plut>*'s ,moral ,writ+s except t made by a numb] ( ,ox=d s*ol>s "s two c5turies s9ce & edit$ by ,pr(essor ,goodw94 ,! ,g]man v]sion made by ,kaltwass] j "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 is an excell5t piece ( "w4 ,! ,lives h be5 frequ5tly translat$4 ,ab\t sixty miles nor?we/ ( ! city ( ,a!ns ne> ! road lead+ f ,delphi to ,lebadeia1 midway betwe5 ! gulf ( ,cor9? & ! nor!rn end ( ! ,euripus1 lies to-day ! t[n ( ,*a]oneia1 or r its mod]n repres5tative1 ,capra5a4 ,?\gh nev] a municipality ( mu* importance1 its inhabitants1 be=e ! "t ( ,plut>*1 _h be5 ! spectators ( _m /irr+ ev5ts4 ,epam9ondas call$ ! pla9 ne> x ! danc+-plot ( ,ares1 an epi!t t 0 abundantly ju/ifi$ by prec$+ & succe$+ occurr5ces4 ,ly+ 9 a measure betwe5 nor!rn & s\!rn ,greece x 0 ri* 9 hi/orical rem9isc5ces & 9 traditions4 ,already kn[n to ,hom] z ,arne1 x subsequ5tly witness$ ! c\ntless ho/s ( ,d>eius & ,x]xes pass b5ea? its walls4 ,ne> x ,philip ( ,mac$on completely ov]?rew ! alli$ ,!bans & ,a!nians1 ,b4 ,c4 #cch4 ,9 ,plut>*'s "t ! m\nd erect$ 9 honor ( ! k+'s soldi]s :o lo/ _! lives "h1 0 /ill 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation1 & ! oak "u :i* ,alex&] _h erect$ 8 t5t 0 yet /&+4 ,9 #bgi ! ,gauls pass$ ov] ! pla9 ( ,*a]oneia leav+ desolation 9 _! track4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s lat] ! ,boeotians 7 defeat$ ne> ! t[n 9 a battle ) ! ,aetolians4 ,/ill lat]1 by a c5tury & a half1 ,sulla inflict$ a cru%+ bl[ on 8 enemies1 = ! mo/ "p ,greeks1 "u ! comm& ( ,ar*elaus1 ! lieut5ant ( ,mi?ridates4 ,x 0 two citiz5s ( ,*a]oneia :o p]=m$ = ! ,roman g5]al a s]vice simil> to t r5d]$ to ,x]xes by ,ephialtes4 ,9 ord] to leave a memorial ( 8 success he erect$ a trophy on ! summit ( an adjac5t hill4 ,ano!r trophy1 dat+ f ?is "t & ( special significance to ! ,*a]oneans1 0 ! /atue ( ,lucius ,lucullus1 a ,roman comm&]1 t /ood 9 _! m>ketplace4 ,!y _h become involv$ 9 a qu>rel ) _! old enemies1 ! ,or*om5ians1 on ! *>ge ( hav+ caus$ ! dea? ( a ,roman (fic] & sev]al ( 8 att5dants2 b ?r\gh ! int]position ( ,lucullus _h obta9$ a v]dict f ! home gov]nm5t 9 _! favor4 ,b ! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword4 ,po/]ity is n greatly int]e/$ 9 w>s & battles 9 :i* no great pr9ciples are involv$2 besides1 all sangu9>y conflicts are ( m or less local significance4 ,h5ce x is t ,*a]oneia is *iefly kn[n1 n because ( ! two hundr$ ?\s& m5 :o lo/ _! lives or limbs ne> x1 b z ! bir?place & lifelong resid5ce ( "o ( ! be/-kn[n *>act]s 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,ab\t half a score ( ye>s aft] ! crucifixion1 ?is augu/ yet k9dly p]sonage1 fir/ saw ! light 9 :at 01 ev5 = ,greece1 an obscure t[n1 b :i* he nev] left = any consid]able "t1 until ! day ( 8 dea?1 at a ripe old age4 ,! visible rema9s ( ! fir/ great battle f\ght "h 9 hi/oric times are ! fragm5ts ( a colossal lion erect$ to commemorate1 n a victory1 b ! valor ( ^? :o fell fight+ = _! c\ntry & = :at !y believ$ to be its fre$om4 ,!re is also a village ( "s fifty h\ses1 a *ur*1 a s*oolh\se & a /one seat :i* its inhabitants fondly imag9e to h be5 ! prop]ty ( _! illu/ri\s fell[ t[nsman1 & :i* !y eag]ly %[ z su*1 to ! travel]4 ,small z ! village is to-day1 x c nev] h be5 a place ( mu* importance1 a fact t is atte/$ by ! scant rema9s ( its anci5t !at]1 "o ( ! smalle/ 9 ,greece4 ,9 ,plut>*'s "t ! *ief indu/ry ( 8 native t[n consi/$ 9 its trade 9 oil & ! manufacture ( p]fumes & ungu5ts f ! num]\s fl[]s & h]bs t grew 9 ! vic9ity4 ,9 con=mity to anci5t usage1 ?is bus9ess 0 *iefly c>ri$ on by slaves1 :ile its citiz5s1 hav+ no political affairs to engage _! att5tion1 & b little int]e/ 9 philosophical discussion1 gave !mselves up l>gely to gossip & o!r equally pr(itless ways ( pass+ "t4 ,plut>* 0 desc5d$ f "o ( ! mo/ prom95t families ( 8 native t[n4 ,he receiv$ an excell5t education1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( 8 day4 ,he also seems to h giv5 in/ruction in=mally & )\t pay1 z he %>$ ! prejudices ( 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ receiv+ comp5sation = su* s]vice4 ,we d n "k mu* ( 8 private life or ( 8 family connections4 ,liv+ z he did ! quiet life ( a peaceable man1 absorb$ 9 8 books & 8 /udies & only appe>+ 9 public :5 8 duties z a good citiz5 call$ him =?1 !re 0 little 9 8 c>e] to attract ! att5tion ( a biograph]4 ,almo/ all t we "k ab\t him has to be glean$ f occasional ref]5ces 9 8 own writ+s4 ,x has be5 aptly said ( him t ! pr9ce ( biograph]s is himself )\t a biograph]4 ,8 fa!r's "n is n record$4 ,t ( 8 gr&fa!r 0 ,lamprias4 ,we d n "k h[ _m bro!rs & si/]s he _h1 ?\gh he speaks ( two bro!rs ) :om he liv$ on ! mo/ amicable t]ms4 ,( ^!1 ,timon is an int]locutor 9 ! dialogue ,de ,s]a4 ,8 wife's "n 0 ,timox5a4 ,by h] he _h f\r sons & "o daught]4 ,! latt] & ! olde/ son di$ :5 q "y4 ,plut>*'s wife seems to h be5 an excell5t woman & to h %>$ h] husb&'s views z to ! prop] conduct ( life4 ,%e 0 pla9 9 dress & appe>ance1 av]se to %[ & p>ade1 devot$ to h] husb&1 h] *ildr51 & h] h\sehold affairs4 ,plut>* made "s j\rneys beyond ! b\nds ( 8 native l&2 "o at lea/ z f> z ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt4 ,he sp5t "s "t 9 ,rome :]e he gave lectures 9 ,greek2 = z he himself tells u he nev] le>n$ ! ,lat9 language well4 ,he w5t ?i!r on public bus9ess1 & is ?\ght to h visit$ o!r p>ts ( ,italy on a simil> err&4 ,8 fame _h prec$$ him to ! imp]ial city :]e he 0 already kn[n by reputation to "s ( ! lit]ati1 & he embrac$ ! opportunity to enl>ge ! circle ( 8 acqua9tances4 ,a!ns he visit$ a numb] ( times1 & ,sp>ta at lea/ once4 ,yet1 not)/&+ 8 celebrity 9 8 lifetime1 & 9 /rik+ contra/ to 8 fame 9 mod]n times1 he is n quot$ by any extant ,roman writ]1 & b r>ely by 8 own c\ntrym54 ,z a patriotic citiz5 & an admir] ( all t 0 v5]able & wor?y ( pres]vation 9 ! hi/ory no less ?an 9 ! traditions ( ,greece1 ,plut>* felt x incumb5t ^u him to dis*>ge bo? civil & religi\s duties z occasion call$ him4 ,he 0 a prie/ ( ,apollo to ^: wor%ip he 0 ard5tly devot$ & to :om he frequ5tly ref]s 9 8 works1 among o!rs 9 ! ,de ,s]a4 ,z a consequ5ce he int]e/$ himself greatly 9 ! religi\s fe/ivals t occurr$ s frequ5tly 9 ,delphi ne> by4 ,x is also pla9 f 8 writ+s t he kept op5 h\se4 ,p :o desir$ to le>n1 & all :o took life s]i\sly1 7 always welcome4 ,9 "s ( ! "y m5 :o came to him = enlight5m5t1 :om1 nev]!less1 we _c reg>d z 8 pupils except 9 ! ,socratic s5se1 he took a lifelong int]e/4 ,! *oice ( _m ( ! subjects discuss$ 9 8 lectures 0 probably accid5tal4 ,!y 7 propos$ by p]sons :o visit$ him1 talk$ ov] at ! "t1 b aft]w>ds m fully inve/igat$ & ! results writt5 out4 ,x ?is way light 0 ?r[n ^u !m bo? by ! oral contributions ( an intellig5t company & also by ! aid ( books1 ( :i* he _h a l>ge collection4#c ,plut>* 0 a man :o /rove n only to make o!rs wis]1 b also to become wis] himself4 ,8 aim 0 to be a liv+ exempl> ( ! doctr9es he pr(ess$ & taught4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+4 ,he dislik$ z /rongly z he dislik$ any?+ ! co/ly & luxuri\s banquets s mu* affect$ by ! ri* ,romans ( 8 day4 ,! little company t s frequ5tly came toge!r "u 8 hospitable ro( met1 n to eat & dr9k1 b to engage 9 s]i\s & pr(itable conv]sation4 ,! vi&s 7 pla9--a second>y matt]2 ! *ief ?+ 0 ! discussion4 ,?is (t5 turn$ on ! mo/ trivial subjects1 = ! ho/ seems to h ?\ght ) ,t]5ce3 8,homo sum1 et nihil humani a me ali5um puto40 ,practical politics = a ,greek ( ,plut>*'s day did n mean s]i\s bus9ess1 especially = ! citiz5 ( a small municipality l ,*a]oneia4 ,he _h !re=e ample "t = /udy+1 lectur+ & =mulat+ 8 num]\s writ+s4 ,he 0 n only s =tunate z to h a good memory1 b he began at an e>ly age to take notes on :at he read2 9 ?is way he accumulat$ ! l>ge /ock ( quotations s pr(usely scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 writ+s4 ,9 fact ?is practice ( dep5d+ ^u o!rs = 8 in=mation mu/ h done a good deal t[>d weak5+ 8 p[] ( orig9al ?\ght1 & he usually en=ces a precept by an apt quotation r ?an by argum5ts t he has himself elaborat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 frequ5t ref]5ce to old] au?ors has giv5 a special value to 8 writ+s 9 ! eyes ( ! mod]ns4 ,?\gh n quot$ by any extant ,roman writ] & r>ely by a ,greek he mu/ h be5 mu* read soon aft] 8 dea?1 & at no "t 0 he :olly =gott54 ,8 e>ly & cont9u$ popul>ity d\btless contribut$ n a little to ! pres]vation ( s l>ge a portion ( 8 writ+s2 b x also put into circulation "u 8 "n a numb] ( spuri\s works--j h[ _m _c be det]m9$4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t "s g5u9e writ+s h be5 lo/4 ,among ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books 7 portions ( ,plut>*4 ,plut>* is a prolix b n a p$antic nor a t$i\s writ]4 ,?\gh he displays imm5se erudition he does s )\t ef=t4 ,an apt quotation f "o ( ! poets1 a tell+ anecdote ( "s celebrat$ man or woman1 or hi/orical incid5t seems always ready to 8 h&1 & wait+ = a suitable place to be us$4 ,he is completely ma/] ( ! ext5sive /ock ( k /or$ up 9 8 m9d or 8 notes4 ,he is a capital /ory-tell]4 ,he kn[s h[ to seize ! sali5t features ( a situation1 & c place !m be=e ! read] 9 ! mo/ effective light4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! anecdotes ( illu/ri\s m51 belong+ to a remot] antiquity1 curr5t 9 mod]n lit]ature1 h f\nd _! way into x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 writ+s4 ,he (t5 rem9ds "o ( ,h]odotus not)/&+ 8 antipa?y to ?is au?or1 & ^: v]acity he vigor\sly impea*es 9 "o ( 8 essays--assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ,de ,malignitate is really ! "w ( ,plut>*4 ,l ,h]odotus1 he (t5 w&]s f ! ma9 !me ( 8 n>rative1 b nev] loses sight ( x1 & always returns to x )\t unduly di/ract+ ! read]'s att5tion4 ,l ,h]odotus1 he is (t5 rem9d$ ( a 8little /ory0 t he =?) proce$s to tell2 &1 z 9 ! case ( ,h]odotus1 ! read] feels t some?+ ( value has be5 add$ to ! n>rative by ! /ory4 ,l ,h]odotus1 too1 he exhibits a /range mixture ( cr$ulity ) /]l+ good s5se4 ,s x happ5s t ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory & ! man :om ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] calls ! ,biographical ,%akespe>e ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory (t5 meet on common gr\nd1 9 spite ( ! av]sion ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,( c\rse ! canvas on :i* ! hi/orian pa9ts is mu* l>g]2 ! int]e/s he discusses are mu* m mom5t\s2 b he does n treat !m ) great] s]i\sness ?an does ! biograph] & morali/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ succ9ct /atem5t ( ,plut>*'s cre$ is a passage 9 ,isis & ,osiris4 ,he says3 8,= ,god is n a be+ t is )\t intellig5ce1 )\t a s\l1 & subject to m51 b we reg>d ^! z gods :o con/antly & 9 suffici5t measure furni% u ^! fruits1 & !re are nei!r diff]5t gods among diff]5t peoples1 "s b>b>ian "s ,greek1 "s nor!rn1 "s s\!rn2 b j z ! sun & moon1 heav5 & e>? & sea are common to all1 b are diff]5tly designat$ by diff]5t peoples1 s !re is b "o intellig5ce t arranges all ^? ?+s ab\t u 9 ord] & "o ,provid5ce to :i* o!r p[]s t direct all ?+s are made subord9ate1 "s ( :i* h1 by cu/om1 receiv$ diff]5t honors & appellations among diff]5t peoples4 ,! initiates also employ diff]5t symbols1 "s cle>]1 o!rs m obscure1 t lead ! m9d to :at is div9e1 ?\gh n )\t risk 7( be+ misund]/ood74 ,= "s1 be+ altoge!r l$ a/ray1 fall into sup]/ition2 o!rs aga91 hav+ /e]$ cle> ( sup]/ition1 z if x 7 a bog1 fall into a!ism z f a precipice4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is especially important to take reason t is born ( philosophy1 z a guide ?r\gh ^! my/]ies1 9 ord] t we may compreh5d rightly ev]y?+ t is said & done1 9 its true significance40 ,plut>* is a philosoph] 9 ! s5se t e man ( s\nd m9d may be a philosoph]2 b he is n1 /rictly speak+1 a philosophical ?9k]4 ,he does n hold to any c>efully elaborat$ & consi/5t sy/em4 ,:ile he has mu* to say ab\t "* & conduct1 he r>ely attempts to fa?om ! motives t und]lie & influ5ce conduct4 ,he is at times inconsi/5t ) himself because 8 views on transc5d5tal problems h n be5 sy/ematically wr\ght out & firmly fix$4 ,if he c quote ! au?ority ( "s great "n 9 support ( a position he takes1 x g5]ally suffices him4 ,n unfrequ5tly he cites contradictory au?orities bo? = facts & op9ions1 !n decl>es :i* he pref]s )\t giv+ a reason = 8 pref]5ce4 ,plut>*'s ,moralia or ,moral ,writ+s are s call$ = ! reason t !y are m or less conc]n$ ) e?ical problems4 ,b !y also treat incid5tally ( matt]s religi\s1 political1 lit]>y1 psy*ological1 physical & metaphysical or philosophical4 ,_m ( 8 treatises are 9 ! =m ( dialogues1 9 :i* he d\btless _h be=e 8 m9d's eye 8 great prototype ,plato1 little z he is able to fa?om 8 speculative pr(undity4 ,sometimes 8 discussions are address$ to a real or imag9>y int]locutor1 :o has1 h[ev]1 little to say4 ,8 disc\rses may be reg>d$ z s]mons or lectures address$ to a small circle ( int]e/$ li/5]s1 or ev5 to a s+le p]son1 ?\gh 9 reality int5d$ = a l>g] public4 ,! homiletic "* ( _m ( ,plut>*'s disc\rses is also atte/$ by ! fact t he reg>ds morals z closely connect$ ) religion4 ,he is ! bitt] enemy ( a!ism1 because1 z he ma9ta9s1 x leads to a dissolute & aimless life4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 9 no s5se an innovator1 b ard5tly atta*$ to ! traditions ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he seeks to discov] a hidd5 mean+ 9 ! popul> my?s & cults1 & to expla9 !m on philosophical gr\nds4 ,8 attitude 9 ?is respect has contribut$ a good deal to ! popul> int]e/ 9 ! man4 ,he is a self-consecrat$ prie/ ( ! e/abli%$ religion :i* he def5d$1 n because x 0 to 8 p]sonal pr(it to d s1 b f conviction4 ,z he w n or c n disc>d ! cults ( 8 day1 or treat !m z f\nd$ on m]e figm5ts ( ! imag9ation1 x is incumb5t ^u him to expla9 !m z be/ he c4 ,& he seems to be conv9c$ t he has be5 entirely successful4 ,n only is he an av[$ foe ( a!ism1 b he is an equally vigor\s oppon5t ( sup]/ition4 ,yet x is (t5 impossible to see :]e he draws ! l9e betwe5 :at he reg>ds z rational fai? & m]e cr$ulity2 betwe5 8 own cre$ & t ( ! populace4 ,9 tru?1 ! task is n an easy "o = anybody4 ,! ,g]man nicely designates ! close proximity ( fai? & cr$ulity by ! two t]ms ,glaube & ,ab]glaube4 ,!re 0 h>dly a man 9 ! anci5t _w ( :om we h any consid]able k1 ev5 ?\gh he may h be5 an av[$ a!i/1 :o 0 :olly )\t sup]/ition4 ,! de/9y ( individuals & nations 0 s (t5 decid$ by influ5ces s my/]i\s & inscrutable t x might well be attribut$ to ! miracul\s int]position ( ! gods4 ,ev5 9 our day1 :5 ! laws ( nature are bett] und]/ood ?an ev] be=e1 m5 /ill feel !mselves ! sport ( unse5 =ces & p[]s t (t5 seem to be malevol5t or b5evol5t = no discov]able reason1 & :i*1 x is h>d to believe1 are n controll$ by a sup]nal w4 ,plut>*'s m]its z a hi/orical writ] are s]i\sly impair$ by 8 read9ess to believe ev]y?+ t comes to him ?r\gh tradition or record4 ,/ill "o ought n to blame him = n be+ :at he does n pr(ess to be4 ,8 ma9 purpose is n to atta9 hi/orical tru?1 b to discov] :at w 8po9t a moral1 or adorn a tale40 ,_h he be5 o!r ?an he 0 he w\ld nev] h be5 s assidu\sly read4 ,plut>* fully recogniz$ ! importance ( ! family 9 ! social fabric4 ,?is is ! m to 8 cr$it = ! reason t ! tr5d ( public op9ion 0 aga9/ him 9 ?is respect4 ,all ! evid5ce we h goes to %[ t he 0 a judici\s fa!r1 a lov+ husb&1 a dutiful son1 & an affectionate bro!r4 ,he is ?us a zeal\s def5d] ( ! virtues he himself exemplifi$4 ,a k ( 8 "*1 z %[n by 8 conduct1 contributes n a little to ! pleasure ! mod]n read] f9ds 9 ! p]usal ( 8 pages4 ,h[ (t51 alas6 d we discov] on clos] exam9ation a great gulf betwe5 :at m5 write & :at !y d6 ,h[ (t5 does a k ( ! private life ( a great writ] m> ! int]e/ we take 9 :at he writes6 ,?\gh a man ( k9d he>t & poli%$ mann]s1 judg$ by ! /&>d ( 8 "t1 ,plut>* 0 no re=m]4 ,inde$1 no re=m 0 possible by means ( 8 didactic me?od4 ,he does n d5\nce vig\r\sly ! corruptions ( 8 "t4 ,he is f> f employ+ ! dra/ic spee* ( 8 ,roman contempor>ies4 ,x is probable t 9 8 seclud$ home he did n "k or ev5 suspect ! moral degradation ( ! _w ar\nd him2 x is c]ta9 he _h n fa?om$ x4 ,he kn[s some?+ ( ! ,jewi% religion1 & might h kn[n m1 _h he c>$ to in=m himself4 ,he might h he>d ,paul's prea*+2 & ,*ri/ianity _h ga9$ a firm foo?old 9 ,greece be=e ,plut>*'s dea?4 ,b he 0 too mu* ( a ,greek to take any int]e/ 9 :at _h no relation ei!r to ,greek religion or tradition4 ,! new fai? 9 virtue ( its orig91 0 fooli%ness to him4 ,he consid]$ ! ,hell5ic religion good en\gh = anybody & ev]ybody4 ,x might inde$ ne$ purification f "s ( its gross] elem5ts & exotic excresc5ces2 b m ?an ?is 0 :olly unnecess>y4 ,no?+ t ,plut>* says exhibits 9 a m /rik+ light ! human5ess ( 8 disposition ?an 8 exhortations to ! k9d treatm5t ( brutes4 ,he believes t ! good man is k9d to 8 bea/4 ,he reg>ds x a duty to c>e = ! horse & ! dog t h s]v$ him well1 :5 !y become old & useless4 ,he seems to ?9k t animals are n )\t a measure ( reason & t !y h to a limit$ ext5t1 ! p[] to decide betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,?\gh possess$ ( only a modicum ( intellig5ce1 ?is at lea/ _c be entirely d5i$ to !m1 any m ?an x c be d5i$ to a bad man4 ,a c]ta9 measure ( reason is ! gift ( nature2 p]fect & virtu\s reason is ! result ( practice & in/ruction4 ,! reason+ p[]s ( _m animals are1 to an ext5t1 on a level ) ^? ( man2 !y diff] n s mu* 9 quality z 9 quantity4 ,x is "r1 !re=e1 to use b n to abuse !m4 ,cruelty to animals is evid5ce ( a base he>t4 ,^? :o treat !m h>%ly usually acc5tuate _! bad traits 9 _! deal+s ) m54 ,our treatm5t ( animals is1 !re=e1 9 "s sort & (t5 to a consid]able ext5t1 an index ( h[ we treat our fell[ be+s4 ,plut>* f9ds ! l[] animals 9 "s respects m rational ?an m54 ,!y nev] eat or dr9k m ?an en\gh to satisfy hung] & ?ir/2 nor d !y give way to any unnatural or excessive appetites4 ,he is some:at incl9$ to condemn ! use ( animal food2 b1 at any rate1 animals mu/ n be cruelly dealt ) to make !m m palatable1 nor put to dea? by l+]+ & inhuman me?ods4 ,he _h 9 view m p>ticul>ly "s ( ! practices preval5t 9 ,rome 9 8 day1--practices t 71 9 tru?1 horrible 9 ! extreme4 ,x is no wond] t he names !m only to condemn !m4 ,! extreme mod]nness ( ,plut>* 9 ?is matt] becomes ! m /rik+ly evid5t :5 we rememb] t classical antiquity n only v seldom has a k9d ^w = irrational creatures1 b 0 wont to treat !m ) extreme h>%ness4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case among ! ,romans4 ,plut>* reg>ds ! s\l z compos$ ( two p>ts4 ,"o "p seeks aft] tru? & light2 ! o!r is "u ! influ5ce ( ! passions1 & liable to error4 ,! fir/ is div9e1 ! second c>nal4 ,9 s f> z a man he$s ! monitions ( ! =m] he w foll[ ! pa? ( virtue4 ,practical virtue1 virtue 9 action1 is wisdom2 vice is error4 ,9 ord] to be virtu\s x is only necess>y to li/5 to ! voice ( reason4 ,plut>* does n d\bt t virtue c be taught4 ,to tea* virtue consi/s l>gely 9 mak+ x attractive to ! "y4 ,reason does n annihilate ! passions2 x m]ely directs !m t[>d a goal t x has m>k$ out4 ,virtue consi/s 9 8! gold5 mean0-- --9 do+ nei!r too mu* nor too little4 ,brav]y is a virtue ^: place is betwe5 c[>dice & ra%ness4 ,mildness or k9dness is a virtue3 its place is betwe5 /olidity & cruelty1 j z ! place ( lib]ality is midway betwe5 ! extremes1 /+9ess & prodigality4 ,he adduces a numb] ( pro(s to e/abli% ! position t ! passions are corporeal & ! reason sup]s5su\s2 9 a correct sy/em ( p$agogy a prop] use is to be made ( ! latt] = controll+ & wisely direct+ ! =m] t[>d rational ends4 ,x is 9 e man's p[] to be virtu\s "u all circum/ances1 b happ9ess1 or r good =tune1 is dep5d5t ^u _m ?+s4 ,a virtu\s man may enjoy peace ( m9d at all times1 :ile ! l>ge/ possessions are ( no real value to a bad man4 ,vice is an anomaly 9 ! con/itution ( society4 ,tranquillity ( m9d1 calmness ( s\l1 are n to be s\ght 9 a /ate ( inactivity & 9 retirem5t4 ,! affirmative ( ?is proposition has l$ _m p into error4 ,disgu/$ ) ! _w1 !y seek peace by )draw+ f its turmoil & hurly-burly1 too (t5 only to meet ) disappo9tm5t4 ,!re is n a condition 9 life f :i* no consolation c be extract$1 & x is ! prov9ce ( reason to discov] h[ ?is may be done4 ,9 :at way ?is is possible he %[s by a numb] ( examples f biography4 ,:at _m p]sons at fir/ look$ ^u z mis=tunes n unfrequ5tly turn$ out to be a bless+ to !mselves & to ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m p]sons :o 7 reg>d$ by almo/ e "o z among ! mo/ =tunate1 7 f\nd to h a skeleton 9 _! closet4 ,:5 ! sage suff]s a loss1 he does n grieve ov] x1 b places a high] value on :at is left to him4 ,no man is s poor1 no man has lo/ s mu*1 b t !re rema9s 9 8 possession some?+ = :i* he c felicitate himself4 ,nei!r is any "o s de/itute b t he might be /ill worse (f1 & ! mo/ wret*$ are c]ta9 to meet ) o!rs m ne$y ?an !mselves4 ,on ! physical side ( our nature we are all subject to :at1 = want ( a bett] "n1 may be call$ *ance2 b ?is is n true ( our moral & intellectual side4 ,x is !re=e )9 our p[] to secure inde/ructible & inali5able possessions3 insight1 love ( k1 virtue1 ! consci\sness ( be+ & do+ "r4 ,n ev5 ! fe> ( dea? disquiets ! good man1 = he kn[s t aft] 8 dissolution he %all ent] into a bett] /ate ( exi/5ce ?an ?is life2 ! bad man cl+s to life because ( ! dread unc]ta9ty be=e him aft] dea?4 ,z a la/ res\rce1 if a man's suff]+s become too great to be endur$1 he c make an end ( !m ) 8 own h&4 ,to ,plut>*1 no ri*es1 no purely ext]nal possessions1 are s conducive to peace ( m9d & *e]fulness ( he>t1 z a s\l t has kept itself free f evil ?\ghts & acts4 ,= a s\l t has held itself alo( f contam9ation e day is a fe/ival2 ! _w1 a temple 9 :i* ,god dwells & :i* he has adapt$ to ! fulfilm5t ( man's wants4 ,by ! prop] use ( reason m5 may control _! passions & f9d satisfaction 9 ! enjoym5t ( :at is )9 _! rea*4 ,!y may reflect ) complac5cy on ! pa/ & look =w>d to ! future ) hope4 ,a man's unhapp9ess is caus$ r by ! pa9s ( ! s\l ?an ^? ( ! body4 ,diseases ( ! body are due to its nature1 b disease ( ! s\l is man's own "w4 ,moreov] ! maladies ( ! s\l are curable1 a condition ( ?+s t ought to af=d u mu* consolation4 ,?\gh ! suff]+s & diseases to :i* ! body is subject take _m =ms1 ^? t a corrupt he>t & a debas$ s\l s5d =?1 z f a p]5nial f\nta91 are mu* m num]\s4 ,aga91 corporal diseases may be detect$ by _! ext]nal symptoms2 ! maladies ( ! s\l are hidd54 ,!y are ! m dang]\s f ! fact t1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ! pati5t himself is n aw>e ( !m4 ,! greate/ malady ( ! s\l is ! want ( reason & good s5se1 because !y disqualify m5 f recogniz+ _! own bas5ess & ! rem$ies necess>y = a cure4 ,few p]sons :o are guilty ( wrong-do+ realize t !y h committ$ transgressions2 (t5times !y ev5 ?9k !y h act$ wisely & judici\sly4 ,!y call _! ang]1 brav]y2 _! envy & jeal\sy1 emulation2 _! c[>dice1 prud5ce2 :ile x nev] occurs to !m to seek ! aid ( a philosoph] = ! diseases ( ! s\l until !y are incurable & h become s virul5t t !y drive ! pati5t to ! commission ( ! mo/ diabolical crimes4 ,f ^! premises !re foll[s ! inevitable conclusion t ! *ief end ( man is progress 9 virtue1 or1 we might bett] say1 9 all ! virtues1 ?\gh virtue 9 reality is b "o4 ,our progress 9 philosophy is ! result ( con/ant & un9t]rupt$ ef=t4 ,p>allel to ?is is our progress 9 virtue2 if we relax our ef=ts = a mom5t we incur ! dang] ( lett+ vice get a hold ^u u4 ,he :o is always 9 conflict ) vice1 ) 8 evil passions1 may re/ assur$ t he is mak+ progress 9 virtue4 ,b our love = virtue mu/ p>take ( ! nature ( a passion2 9 x we ought to f9d our highe/ gratification1 s t if we are int]rupt$ 9 our pursuit we %all long to return to x4 ,! aim & purpose ( our philosophy mu/ be practical1 & x is *iefly 9 our activity z a citiz5 & a man 9 all ! multiplex relations ( life1 t we may te/ our love = x4 ,yet1 ! true philosoph] is n o/5tati\s1 & x makes little diff]5ce to him :e!r ! _w recognizes him z su* or n4 ,he ought to seek int]nal satisfaction1 n public ackn[l$gem5t4 ,h]e9 ,plut>* takes 8 /& 9 opposition to _m ( 8 c\ntrym5 :o aspir$ to ! "n & title ( philosoph]s1 b did little to des]ve !m4 ,h[ m5 ( s5se reg>d$ !m has be5 po9t$ out else:]e4 ,we may also measure our progress 9 philosophy1 t is1 9 virtue1 by our love ( ! beautiful & ! good2 by our attitude t[>ds praise & blame4 ,we ought nei!r to seek ! "o nor avoid ! o!r4 ,if we really desire to correct our faults & %ortcom+s1 we w be ready at all times to li/5 to advice & to he$ criticism2 nor w we conceal any "p ( our nature or cov] up any ( our acts 9 ord] to seem :at we are n4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we are firmly conv9c$ t we are 9 ! "r1 x is our duty to g =w>d 9 ! c\rse we h m>k$ out = ourselves1 no matt] :at o!rs may ?9k or say4 ,!re is no /rong] inc5tive to noble de$s & an upright life ?an ! lives ( ! great & ! good ( all ages4 ,x 0 ma9ly "u ! impulse ( ?is belief t ,plut>* compil$ 8 p>allel biographies4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case _! value z tru?ful records is greatly impair$ by ! /&po9t f :i* !y 7 writt52 b x is ?is fact t has giv5 !m an attractiv5ess & a curr5cy su* z no o!r works ( _! k9d h equall$4 ,plut>*'s ,lives h = c5turies be5 ! monitors ( y\? & ! solace ( ! ag$4 ,!y h be5 read & admir$ :]ev] m5 h honor$ c\rage1 =titude1 intrepidity1 self-control1 patriotism1 human5ess--9 %ort1 e trait ( "* t c be class$ among ! virtues4 ,greeks & ,romans1 anci5ts & mod]ns1 le>n$ & illit]ate1 ri* & poor1 h be5 fasc9at$ by !m1 & x is on !m t _! au?or's fame *iefly re/s4 ,to _m p]sons1 9 fact to ! great majority ( read]s1 ,plut>* is kn[n only z ! writ] ( *>m+ biographies2 yet ^! con/itute a good deal less ?an half 8 extant works4 ,plut>* holds t m5 f9d ! pa? ( virtue & cont9ue to walk 9 x1 by reflection1 delib]ation1 introspection2 by a sy/ematic1 rigid & cont9u$ self-exam9ation--9 o!r words1 by a practical application ( ! me?ods t philosophy po9ts out4 ,man is sane & s\nd only s long z he puts into practice ! pr9ciples ( virtue4 ,s long z he is ! slave ( 8 passions he is 9 ne$ ( a physician4 ,philosophy is ! sanitation ( ! s\l2 ! g5u9e philosoph] is ! real physician ( ! s\l4 ,9 pursuance ( 8 *os5 vocation1 ,plut>* wrote a numb] ( essays = ! purpose ( giv+ in/ruction ^u ! be/ me?ods ( controll+ ! diff]5t passions to :i* m5 are subject4 ,_! purport easily becomes evid5t f a glance at _! titles4 ,!y %[ t he has c>efully obs]v$ & /udi$ m51 at lea/ ^? t con/itute ! v>i\s high] classes & give ! prevail+ tone to society4 ,_m ( ^! essays are /ill ( int]e/ & well repay p]usal4 ,!y conta9 _m acute obs]vations & piquant rem>ks4 ,= ,plut>* ! old my?ology is suffici5t z a basis = a religi\s belief4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s :o incl9e t[>d !ism1 he ma9ta9s t my?s are1 to a great] or less ext5t1 corruptions ( primitive v]ities4 ,^! orig9at$ 9 ! popul> m9d & receiv$ arti/ic =m at ! h&s ( ! poets4 ,und]ly+ !m all !re is tru? en\gh & beauty en\gh to %[ ! aspiration ( ! s\l aft] high] ?+s1 & !y =m ! basis ( a purely !i/ic belief4 ,plut>*'s unb\nd$ fai? 9 human reason leads him to believe t x alone is entirely suffici5t to enable any & e man to lead a virtu\s life4 ,8 advice to e "o is1 9 sub/ance3 get all ! light y c2 use ! reason y are end[$ ) by ! creator2 acquire additional k & wisdom e day2 make y\r inw>d life an object ( daily /udy & reflection1--if y d ^! ?+s y w lead a virtu\s life4 ,^? p]sons :o h no love = ! beautiful & ! good1 no desire to become virtu\s1 fail because !y neglect to cultivate ! reason ) :i* e man is orig9ally end[$4 ,!y grope 9 ! d>kness ca/ ab\t !m by _! own passions1 & refuse to foll[ ! lamp t reason holds up be=e !m4 ,plut>*'s optimism2 8 fai? 9 ! p[] ( ! intellect to make ! _w bett]1 is especially rem>kable 9 view ( ! fact t 8 c\ntrym51 not)/&+ _! g5]al intellig5ce1 not)/&+ ! l>ge numb] ( great m5 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( k born 9 ,greek l&s1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,greece 0 ! native he>? ( philosophy1 _h = c5turies be5 retrograd+ morally1 intellectually & politically4 ,s h>d is x to divorce mo/ m5 f a !ory to :i* !y h atta*$ !mselves4 ,8 mi/ake arose f 8 see+ all m5 9 ! mirror ( 8 own ?\ghts4 ,he believ$ t ! :ole human race c\ld be influ5c$ by ! motives t influ5c$ himself1 & t all c\ld1 if !y wi%$1 be con/antly engag$ 9 ! se>* = light & wisdom 9 ! way he s\ght !m4 ,?is radical error he inh]it$ f 8 ma/]1 ,plato1 & x is /range t he did n detect x4 ,he seems nev] to h suspect$ t he might be mi/ak54 ,plut>*'s religion is :olly )\t en?usiasm & 8 morality has 9 x n a t+e ( emotion4 ,d "r always1 because by su* a c\rse ( life y w enjoy ! l>ge/ measure ( mundane happ9ess t c fall to ! lot ( a mortal1 & be a b5efactor to all :o come )9 ! circle ( y\r influ5ce4 ,make ! be/ ( e situation 9 :i* y may be plac$4 ,d n take too s]i\sly ! h9drances to a virtu\s life t y may f9d 9 y\r way1 because y c remove !m if y w4 ,no matt] :at y\r /ation 9 life1 d n expect y\r pa? to be always a smoo? "o4 ,if y keep ^! ?+s 9 m9d y w probably live long1--y are sure to live happily4 ,plut>*'s views reg>d+ ! education ( wom5 are f> 9 advance ( 8 age4 ,he foll[s 8 ma/]1 ,plato1 9 v9dicat+ = !m ! same virtues t belong to m54 ,8 treatise (t5 designat$ ,! ,virtues ( ,wom5 is *iefly a record ( h]oic de$s t h be5 p]=m$ by ! s-call$ weak] sex4 ,he admits t ! wor? or effici5cy ( wom5 is n necess>ily ( ! same quality z t ( m51 b he cont5ds t its e?ical value is equal & its intr9sic m]it 9 no wise inf]ior4 ,! woman :o has p]=m$ a noble de$ is entitl$ to j z mu* cr$it z a a man4 ,he takes issue ) ,?ucydides = say+ t ! be/ woman is ! "o ( :om lea/ is said ei!r = good or evil4 ,he also takes issue ) ! ?or\ghly ,greek s5tim5t1 ?\gh p]haps m pron\nc$ 9 ,a!ns ?an else:]e1 t woman is at mo/ little else ?an a play?+ & a conv5i5ce = man2 & t h] highe/ function is to be> legitimate male *ildr54 ,accord+ to ,plut>* ! wife is to be ! equal p>tn] 9 ! managem5t ( ! h\sehold4 ,:5 x is well conduct$ %e des]ves equal comm5dation ) ! husb&4 ,he w\ld op5 a wid] sph]e = wom52 tra9 !m intellectually1 & awak5 9 !m an int]e/ 9 ! l>g] affairs ( life4 ,consi/5tly ) ^! views1 ,plut>* assign$ to 8 wife an honorable place 9 8 h\sehold4 ,%e receiv$ gue/s 9 h] husb&'s abs5ce2 sat at table ) him & int]e/$ h]self 9 public z well z private affairs4 ,:ile ?is 0 9 contrav5tion ( ! cu/om ( 8 day1 x 0 9 h>mony ) a fa9tly disc]nible tr5d ( public op9ion1 probably ! result ( ,roman influ5ce4 ,t ! innovation made sl[ progress is pla9 n only f ! lat] hi/ory ( ,greece b also f ,greek social usages 9 our own day4 ,:5 we take cognizance ( ! unhappy /ate ( 8 c\ntry we are incl9$ to wond] at ,plut>*'s uni=m s]5ity ( m9d4 ,he nev] indulges 9 satire or sne]1 :ile _m ( 8 contempor>ies did bo?4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t 8 philosophy _h1 above & beyond ev]y?+ else1 a practical purpose1 & t 9 a r mat]ial s5se4 ,m5's mis=tunes are _! own fault & !re=e prev5tible2 or !y are n _! own fault & !re=e unavoidable4 ,9 ei!r case no?+ is ga9$ by griev+ ov] !m4 ,x w be evid5t f a p]usal ( ! ,de ,s]a t optimism is ! basis ( ,plut>*'s philosophy4 ,m5 c d "r if !y w1 & if !y d "r !y c n fail to be happy4 ,!re is a sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce t 9 ! end rectifies all wrong & inju/ice4 ,he seems to hold ) ,goe! t 8,e s9 is puni%$ "h bel[10 ?\gh ! puni%m5t does n end 9 ?is life4 ,retribution is n delay$ until aft] dea?2 x visits ! s9n] 9 ?is _w4 ,or if he is s =tunate z to end 8 days 9 peace1 s f> z mortals c see1 he entails a curse ^u 8 desc5dants4 ,! iniquities ( ! fa!rs are visit$ ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,b ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ does n end ) ?is life4 ,! s\l be>s ! impr9t ( its crimes aft] x has left ! body4 ,t ,god sometimes p]mits a wick$ man to end 8 days 9 peace b t ,he has fa/5$ a curse on 8 (fspr+1 is a prom95t article 9 ! cre$ ( _m ( ! old] ,greek writ]s4 ,x is (t5 ref]r$ to by ,h]odotus4 ,s firmly conv9c$ is he t all wrong-do+ mu/ be aton$ = t :5 he f9ds an in/ance :]e ! law does n appe> to hold good he confesses himself at a loss to acc\nt = ! failure ( its op]ation4 ,n only individuals b nations z well mu/ expiate crimes committ$ & wrongs done by _! repres5tatives 9 an (ficial capacity4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ! influ5ce ( ?is belief 0 mo/ :olesome4 ,mu* ( :at ,plut>* says on ?is po9t is probably fanciful1 especially :5 he appeals to ! te/imony ( hi/ory2 b :at he records is 9 keep+ ) 8 philosophy & has !re=e a /rong p]sonal int]e/4 ,moreov]1 he furni%es u ) "s int]e/+ te/imony z to ! preval5ce ( a belief 9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts among m5 outside ! pale ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,plut>*'s ideal ( duty is a high "o4 ,! fulfilm5t ( "s duty is incumb5t ^u e man s long z he lives4 ,x is z imp]ative 9 old age z 9 e>ly life4 ,:5 a man is quit ( 8 obligations to 8 *ildr51 he owes a s]vice to 8 c\ntry & to 8 fell[ citiz5s 9 a n>r[] s5se4 ,f ?is s]vice1 only ! impairm5t ( 8 facilities or dea? may release him4 ,z e man is born into ! /ate1 & z1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 he is a man only 9 s f> z he dis*>ges 8 obligations to ! /ate1 he has no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,h]e9 lies a duty f :i* !re is no possible escape4 ,b ! m]e hold+ ( an (fice is n ! only or ev5 ! *ief te/ ( ! good citiz54 ,8 duties 9 a private capacity are no less important1 & if less conspicu\s are equally f> rea*+4 ,! good citiz5 is ! philosoph] 9 8 true sph]e3 good citiz5%ip is philosophy 9 action--appli$ philosophy4 ,x is only 9 actual life t ! philosoph] c put 8 !ories to ! te/4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t is a matt] ( m9or importance4 ,plut>* reg>ds mon>*y1 z on ! :ole1 ! be/1 b he is n radical4 ,9 ?is he agrees ) ! majority ( ,greek philosoph]s1 mo/ ( :om 7 g5]ally m or less dissatisfi$ ) ! turbul5t ,a!nian democracy4 ,t mon>*y is be/ :]e ! head ( ! /ate is :at ,plut>* w\ld h him be1 a philosoph]4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ absolute mon>* %\ld n reg>d himself above law2 he is to be its executor4 ,moreov]1 x is 8 duty n only to obey *e]fully ! writt5 law t b9ds pr9ce & p alike1 b also t unwritt5 law t reason has implant$ 9 ! s\l ( e man ( s\nd m9d4 ,rul]s are 9 a s5se ! s]vants ( ,god ^: duty x is to apportion rew>ds & puni%m5ts accord+ to _! des]ts1 to all t are "u _! au?ority4 ,aft] all1 man's fir/ & *ief duty is to himself4 ,8 que/ = light1 = k1 = tru? is nev] to be int]mitt$4 ,he is to take 8 be>+s1 z x 71 frequ5tly1 9 ord] to see :at progress he is mak+4 ,if 8 aims are noble1 8 purposes "r1 & 8 motives pure1 he w n only make daily progress 9 virtue1 b :5 he is call$ to leave ?is _w he c dep>t 9 peace because he w h ! consci\sness t x is ! bett] = 8 hav+ liv$ 9 x4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a %ort sket* ( ,plut>* z a man & a citiz5 let u proce$ to exam9e briefly ! times 9 :i* he liv$ z supplem5t>y to :at has already be5 said "u ?is g5]al head 9 treat+ ( ,s5eca4 ,:at _h ,roman rule done = 8 c\ntry8 ,:at 0 ! social & economic condition ( ,greece & ,greek l&s 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era8 ,un=tunately our in=mation on ^! po9ts is exce$+ly scanty4 ,9 fact1 political economy is a rec5t sci5ce2 9 anci5t times ! lot ( ! poor 0 little tak5 note (4 ,x 0 ev]y:]e a h>d "o1 & ! c>e ( ! indig5t1 s mu* insi/$ on 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is almo/ ! fir/ sign ( an awak5+ 9 ?is respect4 ,b x did n orig9ate ) ! gov]nm5t2 t _h o!r ends 9 view4 ,t ! ,roman policy t[>d ! prolet>iat 9 ! imp]ial capital only made matt]s worse1 is well kn[n4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ mu* has be5 done 9 rec5t ye>s by legislation 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry = ! amelioration ( ! condition ( ! l[e/ classes & h[ mu* /ill rema9s to be done1 we c picture to ourselves ! /ate ( society :]e all ?is 0 omitt$4 ,:5 we rememb] fur!r t up to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod comm]ce1 trade & manufactures fl\ri%$1 9 s f> z !y c be said to h fl\ri%$1 n because !y 7 fo/]$ by gov]nm5ts1 b almo/ 9 spite ( !m1 x is n surpris+ t !y receiv$ little att5tion at ! h&s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ei!r individually or collectively4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! sole object ( ! rul+ p[]s 0 to raise ! l>ge/ am\nt ( rev5ue1 n to equalize ! burd5s on all ! subjects4 ,on no "q is anci5t ?\ght s crude z ^u economics4 ,! blight ( slav]y t made free labor to a c]ta9 ext5t disgraceful1 & a condition ( ?+s t h9d]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( manufacturies on a l>ge scale1 tells ! sorr[ful /ory4 ,9 8 attitude t[>d slav]y1 ,plut>* does n seem to hold z advanc$ views z ,s5eca & "s ( ! bett] m5 ( 8 age & prec$+ times4 ,yet he did n endorse ! preval5t op9ion1 embodi$ 9 legislation1 t a slave is a s\lless ?+1 ?\gh ! ju/ice ( emancipation occupi$ 8 att5tion b little4 ,"h aga9 we f9d 8 practical ideas 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,he is conc]n$ to make ! be/ ( ! situation z he f9ds x4 ,slav]y exi/s1 is an in]adicable elem5t ( organiz$ society & is coext5sive ) ! human race4 ,! be/ t ! philosoph] c d is to make sages ( slave-hold]s1 to ! end t !y treat _! bondm5 ) ju/ice & human5ess4 ,comp>e ! anecdotes ( ,plato & ,ar*ytas 9 ,de ,s]a1 ,*ap4 #e4 ,accord+ to ,plut>* slaves h s\ls l o!r human be+s1 & are capable ( m5tal & moral improvem5t2 consequ5tly ma/]s h duties to p]=m t[>d !m t are j z pla9 & j z imp]ative z ^? due to p]sons on ! same social level ) !mselves4 ,! prosp]ity ( nations re/s ma9ly ^u ! numb]s & intellig5ce ( its middle classes4 ,x c ev]y:]e be measur$ by ! rise ( ?is class4 ,:at wond] !n t ! nations 7 poor among :om x sc>cely exi/$8 ,rome c\ld n g on plund]+ int]m9ably1 & ! ri*es ( its prov9ces 9 "t became exhau/$ because n repl5i%$4 ,all t ! anci5t _w has left ^u record = u1 proce$s ^u ! assumption ( a l>ge body ( slaves & a small body ( free citiz5s1 & brea!s a contempt = labor & trade4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,greek /ates ! comm]cial & manufactur+ class consi/$ *iefly ( resid5t ali5s :o 7 also slave-hold]s1 & no citiz5 0 s poor t he did n own at lea/ "o slave4 ,to be a slave-own] 0 a badge ( respectability ev5 = ^? :o 7 n citiz5s4 ,9 ! ,greek /ates1 s long z !y 7 free polities1 w> & religion occupi$ all ! "t & att5tion ( ! citiz5s1 except t small body t 7 int]e/$ 9 philosophical pursuits4 ,:5 !y 7 no long] free & no long] _h s]i\s affairs 9 :i* to employ _! "t1 !y sp5t mo/ ( x 9 idle gossip or z ! ,acts tell u1 89 he>+ or tell+ "s new ?+40 ,:at legislation !y 7 /ill p]mitt$ to engage 9 nev] conc]n$ matt]s ( grave import4 ,!y decre$ cr[ns & /atues to real or suppos$ b5efactors1 only to annul _! decrees :5 ^? :om !y 7 int5d$ to honor happ5$ to incur ! displeasure ( ! legislators or to fall into disgrace ) ! high] p[]s4 ,!n !re 7 deputations betwe5 diff]5t /ates ab\t b\nd>y disputes1 ab\t fe/ivals1 ab\t claims & c\nt] claims ( all sorts1 ! s5d+ ( :i* 0 (t5 debat$ ) a solemnity t makes u wond] h[ ! p>ticipants c\ld !mselves fail to see _! f>cical "*4 ,g5]ally ! game at /ake 0 ! favor ( ! emp]or1 ea* p>ty /riv+ to outbid ! o!r 9 pr(essions ( loyalty or to outvie x 9 ! l5g? ( its bill = s]vices r5d]$4 ,:51 z 0 frequ5tly ! case1 ^! delegations did n f9d ! emp]or 9 ,rome1 !y _h1 ( c\rse1 to foll[ him into prov9ces or to await 8 return4 ,?is requir$ "t t1 we may be sure1 0 9 mo/ cases ungrudg+ly giv54 ,in/ead ( direct+ _! en]gies into *annels ( activity & try+ by hone/ "w to bett] _! worldly condition x 0 talk1 talk ) ! ,greeks1 & talk )\t end4 ,!re is no /rong] evid5ce ( _! fondness = discussion & = li/5+ to ! spok5 ^w ?an ,greek lit]ature itself4 ,! hi/orians are 9 ! habit ( /at+ ! case ( oppos+ p>ties by h>angues :i* !y put into ! m\? ( a repres5tative ( ea*4 ,greek poetry consi/s 9 a great measure ( dialogue4 ,philosophy 0 *iefly develop$ by means ( oral discussion4 ,com$y1 ev5 aft] x 0 no long] repres5t$ on ! /age1 /ill appe>s z dialogue & n 9 ! usual =m ( ! satire4 ,among its ri*e/ legacies to po/]ity is its oratory1 & 9 x we h ! spok5 ^w 9 its mo/ effective =m2 b x /ill repres5ts words r ?an de$s1 & belongs = ! mo/ "p to ! decl9+ age ( ,greece4 ,a solit>y ?9k] l ,kant 0 :olly =eign to ,greek ideas4 ,s p]si/5tly has ?is trait rema9$ a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5es t _m ( _! be/ fri5ds deplore _! fondness = petty politics2 _! sleepless anxiety to assi/ 9 ! managem5t ( ! gov]nm5t in/ead ( turn+ _! att5tion to bett]+ _! mat]ial condition by a /eady devotion to private bus9ess4 ,_m ( ! ri* & well-to-d ,greeks live outside ! k+dom ( ,greece :]e _! l+ual activity is circumscrib$ & !y are compell$ by circum/ances to turn _! en]gies into m pr(itable *annels4 ,r>ely has a man1 di/+ui%$ = eloqu5ce alone1 pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! c\rse ( human ev5ts4 ,contempor>ies are unanim\s 9 ascrib+ to ,julius ,caes> oratorical gifts ( ! highe/ ord]2 b he pref]r$ to make 8 m>k z a do] ( de$s r ?an z a mak] ( phrases4 ,9 ,rome ! economic conditions 7 some:at diff]5t f ^? prevail+ 9 ,greece & ! ,ea/1 yet ,rome 0 n a comm]cial /ate4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on milit>y p[]1 ext5d$ by valor & endurance 9 w>1 & :5 !re 7 no m worlds to conqu]1 ! =ces t _h be5 turn$ aga9/ ext]nal enemies began to be turn$ aga9/ h]self4 ,rome 0 ri* :ile %e _h o!r c\ntries to plund]2 :5 ?is 0 no long] possible h] decay began4 ,& ^! c\ntries1 by :i* we mean all ! prov9ces outside ( ! city1 7 ri* s long z ! f]tility ( _! soil cont9u$ & _! m9es 7 productive4 ,t ,rome's moral decl9e ant$at$ h] economic retrogression by c5turies is famili> to e read] ( anci5t hi/ory1 b x is only ! latt] t we are conc]n$ ) "h4 ,money 0 n us$ = purposes ( production1 b = ! pur*ase ( articles ( luxury & display4 ,mu* ( :at _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ! capital fl[$ ea/w>d & disappe>$4 ,italy gradually pass$ into ! h&s ( a small numb] ( l>gel&$ proprietors1 ^: va/ e/ates 7 cultivat$ by p]sons :o _h no int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ _! f]tility4 ,great numb]s ( free citiz5s flock$ to ,rome to enjoy ! doles di/ribut$ to ! populace at /at$ int]vals2 to fea/ _! eyes on ! bloody spectacles1 s frequ5tly & s magnific5tly giv52 & to die1 only to leave room to be fill$ by ! con/antly infl[+ /ream4 ,! empire exi/$ = ! ,city1 its capital4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! /range fasc9ation x ex]cis$ ov] all :o _h once be5 "u its spell4 ,we may safely assume t ( ! eighty ?\s& ,romans put to dea? by ,mi?ridates 9 8 dom9ions1 a consid]able portion _h gone abroad 9 ! hope ( enri*+ !mselves 9 ord] to sp5d _! ga9s 9 ! capital4 ,d\btless1 too1 s f> afield1 trade 0 less despis$ ?an at ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,! empire built1 & = a "t kept 9 repair1 ^? magnific5t highways t are /ill ! admiration ( all :o see !m4 ,b !y s]v$ milit>y purposes almo/ exclusively4 ,:5 no long] ne$$ !y 7 suff]$ to fall into decay4 ,!y 7 n con/ruct$ to facilitate comm]cial int]c\rse1 & contribut$ little to ! economic welf>e ( ! empire4 ,:5 ! lack ( local improvem5ts 0 suffici5tly felt & ! p 7 n too mu* impov]i%$1 :i* 0 seldom ! case1 to be> ! necess>y f9ancial burd5s ^! 7 und]tak5 by ! local au?orities4 ,b !re is reason to believe t "s ( ! prov9ces1 notably ! ,grecian1 became poor] & poor] f ye> to ye>4 ,! capital dra9$ ! prov9ce2 ! p lo/ he>t1 & gave !mselves up to ! apa?y ( indiff]5ce or despair4 ,x 0 ! evil de/9y ( ! ,greek polities t !y c\ld nev] be br\ght to act toge!r = any l5g? ( "t2 nor did all ( !m ev] act toge!r 9 any common ent]prise4 ,& !y le>n$ no?+ f exp]i5ce4 ,! mis=tunes result+ f ?is c5tripetal t5d5cy 7 po9t$ out "t & aga9 by writ]s & orators1 b to no purpose4 ,local pride always outweigh$ ! dictates ( reason or ev5 ( common prud5ce4 ,_h ,greece pres5t$ a unit$ front1 "u compet5t lead]%ip1 x w\ld h be5 a h>d task = ev5 ,rome to subdue x4 ,b x 0 impossible = ! diff]5t /ates to =get _! reciprocal animosities3 ! increas+ prosp]ity ( "o 0 usually ! signal = o!rs to turn _! arms aga9/ x4 ,9 ?is way all ( !m 7 gradually weak5$ & ?us became a comp>atively easy prey to any /rong =eign foe t might *oose to attack !m4 ,_! subjugation by ,rome 0 by f> ! greate/ mis=tune t ev] befell !m4 ,philip ( ,mac$on & 8 successors 7 at lea/ m ?an half ,greeks1 & _h a good deal ( sympa?y ) ,greek ideas4 ,! ,romans _h none :atev]4 ,/ill1 cruelly z !y c>ri$ out ! "w ( subjugation 9 c]ta9 localities1 :5 _! fir/ animosity 0 appeas$ !y seem n to h int]f]$ sy/ematically ) exi/+ municipal adm9i/rations4 ,yet ! f9ancial pressure became h>d] z ! p grew poor]1 & matt]s w5t f bad to worse4 ,! wick$ness ( ,cor9?1 ! mo/ ,roman ( ,greek cities aft] x _h be5 rebuilt "u imp]ial auspices1 af=ds /rik+ evid5ce ( :at ,roman influ5ce meant on ! morals ( a ,greek polity4 ,x is a matt] ( common k :at ,roman int]nec9e w> br\ght ^u ,italy4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! same evils 7 %>$ by ,greece4 ,?ree ( ! fi]ce/ battles betwe5 ! conte/ants = ! pr9cipate 7 f\ght 9 or ne> ,greece4 ,! ,greeks 7 always on ! los+ side1 ?\gh h] soldi]s 7 n num]\sly repres5t$ 9 ! ,roman armies4 ,^! battles did b accel]ate a retrograde movem5t t _h be5 q m>k$ at lea/ s9ce ! ,mi?ridatic w>1 ?\gh x did n beg9 !n4 ,! population 0 rapidly decreas+4 ,plut>* says t 9 8 "t all ,greece c\ld n furni% ?ree ?\s& heavy-arm$ soldi]s4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally2 x c h>dly mean t !re 7 n ?is numb] ( able-bodi$ m5 9 ! :ole ( ,greece2 x mu/ mean t x did n conta9 ?ree ?\s& citiz5s suffici5tly well-to-d to enable !m to support !mselves 9 ! field4 ,9 ! days ( _! glory "s ( ! smalle/ ,greek /ates 7 bett] (f ?an ?is w\ld indicate4 ,x is c]ta9ly pro( positive ( pov]ty1 if n ( a v sp>se population4 ,b ?is1 too1 _h greatly decreas$ 9 "s places4 ,9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ,!bes _h ceas$ to be any?+ m ?an a l>ge village--! same ,!bes t _h play$ s prom95t a "p 9 leg5d & hi/ory4 ,) a few exceptions1 ! l>g] ,boeotian t[ns 7 9 ! same sad plight4 ,cities )\t inhabitants1 or only a few2 cattle graz+ 9 ! des]t$ /reets1 & ev5 9 ! m>ket-place1 seem to h be5 a common sight4 ,:at _h become ( ! inhabitants8 ,we only "k t !y 7 gone1 mo/ ( !m1 d\btless1 to _! graves4 ,9 ,greece1 ,sp>ta except$1 slav]y 0 ( a r mild type1 & x 0 unusual = a ,greek to sell a slave to a =eign]4 ,nei!r did gladiatorial combats fl\ri% among ! ,greeks4 ,ev5 ,cor9?1 t 9 lat] times conta9$ a l>ge admixture ( ,romans1 c\ld n acclimate !m4 ,:ile x is true t ! ,greeks made light ( human life & took x ^u ! slighte/ pretext1 x 0 r>ely done by ! cruel me?ods ( ! ,romans4 ,) all _! faults & frailties !y belong$ to a di/9ctly high] type ( m51 & _! civilization at a v e>ly p]iod began to move along l9es aft]w>d foll[$ by ! progressive nations ( ! _w4 ,h[ inf9itely bett] 7 _! peaceful conte/s ?an ! bloody spectacles t 7 ! delight ( ,rome6 ,j z ! ,greeks 7 reluctant to admit =eign]s to citiz5%ip1 !y 7 also reluctant to admit exotic gods into _! pan!on4 ,9 bo?1 _! policy 0 diametrically oppos$ to t ( ,rome4 ,_! exclusiv5ess 9 ! =m] reg>d 0 due to _! belief 9 _! own sup]iority2 9 ! latt]1 to ! conviction t _! national gods 7 suffici5t = all human ne$s4 ,fri$la5d] is probably "r 9 8 cont5tion t ! p]iod "h "u consid]ation %[s no decay 9 :at we may call religion1 ei!r 9 ,greece or ,rome4 ,its ext]nal =ms & traditional rites 7 s$ul\sly kept up & scrupul\sly ma9ta9$4 ,plut>* likewise be>s te/imony to ?is condition ( ?+s4 ,sc(f]s & infidels _h become m num]\s1 ma9ly because ! ,romans 7 m tol]ant 9 su* matt]s ?an ! ,greeks4 ,to ! rul+ class all cults 7 alike2 consequ5tly !y made no objections to any?+ t 0 spok5 or writt51 s long z _! au?ority 0 n directly or indirectly attack$4 ,9 ! v>i\s controv]sies ab\t religion m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! attitude ( ! gov]nm5t is always "o ( indiff]5ce except z to ! ma9t5ance ( public ord]4 ,! ,greeks1 g5]ally speak+1 pref]r$1 l ,plut>*1 ! limit$ sph]e ( local political activity to ! l>g] "o (f]$ at ,rome4 ,! prov9cials :o came to honor on ! o!r side ( ! ,adriatic 7 few 9 numb]4 ,9 ! ma9 ! prov9ces f>$ bett] "u ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ?an "u ! republic4 ,!re 0 a high] degree ( probability t wrongs w\ld be r$ress$4 ,a case 9 po9t is t ( ! apo/le ,paul :o appeal$ to ,caes> ev5 :5 ! ,caes> 0 ,n]o4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact ( anci5t hi/ory t prop]ty 9 transit1 ei!r by l& or sea1 0 at no "t p>ticul>ly safe at a di/ance f ! c5t]s ( population4 ,! ?ief & ! robb] are famili> figures 9 bo? sacr$ & pr(ane writ+s4 ,pompey's ext5sive crusade aga9/ ! pirates t infe/$ all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean =ms an important episode 9 ! records ( ! ,roman navy4 ,ev5 9 ! cities1 ! unlight$ /reets af=d$ frequ5t opportunities = plund] & murd] to ^? :o _h no scruples ab\t tak+ life or prop]ty4 ,z dome/ic affairs f "t to "t engross$ ! att5tion ( ! imp]ial adm9i/ration1 ! outly+ prov9ces 7 n c>efully look$ aft]2 roads 7 neglect$ & became insecure2 ! police =ce lack$ effici5cy1 & comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire 0 r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! p 7 driv5 to agriculture z _! only means ( support1 :i*1 9 ,greece p>ticul>ly1 0 nev] a pr(itable indu/ry4 ,no?+ af=ds a m /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! police sy/em ( anci5t & mod]n times ?an ! frequ5cy ) :i* robb]ies are m5tion$ 9 ! =m] & _! r>ity 9 ! o!r4 ,paul tells u t he _h be5 9 p]il by robb]s2 we "k1 too1 f ! writ+s ( ,josephus & o!rs t ! conflicts betwe5 ?is class ( outlaws & ! ,roman gov]nm5t 7 by no means infrequ5t4 ,^? :o _h be5 engag$ 9 rebellion1 or :o 7 among ! vanqui%$ 9 battle1 or :o _h become volunt>y or compulsory exiles1 (t5 felt t !y _h a "r to prey on ord]ly society4 ,x is a recogniz$ fact t ! mon>*ical sy/em ( ! ,ea/ t5d$ to enc\rage immorality1 a condition ( ?+s t usually exi/s :]e !re is no /rong & :olesome public op9ion4 ,! usurp]s 9 ! ,greek cities1 & lat]1 ! ,roman prov9cial gov]nors1 71 ) r>e exceptions1 m5 ( loose morals if n worse4 ,! private life ( its repres5tatives 0 a matt] ) :i* ! home gov]nm5t did n conc]n itself1 & ! subjects 7 con/ra9$ to be dumb4 ,n[ & !n "o ( ^! petty sov]eigns rul$ wisely accord+ to ! /&>ds ( ! "t1 & ! public 0 satisfi$1 especially if !y knew h[ to ma9ta9 brilliant c\rts1 & to adorn _! capitals ) impos+ /ructures4 ,x 0 s easy to trump up ! *>ge ( s$ition aga9/ p]sons :o refus$ to be s]vile flatt]]s1 t only ! mo/ c\rage\s d>$ to /& alo(4 ,f9lay1 ?\gh some:at giv5 to pa9t+ 9 /rong colors1 is probably n f> wrong :5 he says3 8,x is difficult to imag9e a society m completely de/itute ( moral re/ra9t ?an t 9 :i* ! ,asiatic ,greeks liv$4 ,public op9ion 0 p[]less to en=ce ev5 an outw>d respect = virtue2 milit>y accompli%m5ts1 tal5ts = civil adm9i/ration1 lit]>y em95ce & devotion to ! p[] ( an arbitr>y sov]eign1 7 ! direct roads to di/9ction & weal?2 hone/y & virtue 7 v second>y qualities4 ,9 old c\ntries or societies :]e a class becomes pr$om9ant1 a conv5tional "* is =m$1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! case1 z ! /&>d ( an honorable man2 & x is usually v diff]5t inde$ f :at is really necess>y to con/itute a virtu\s or ev5 an hone/ citiz540 ,! /ud5t ( ,greek hi/ory is (t5 incl9$ to believe t ! bane ( ,hell5ic /atesman%ip 0 ! bitt] rivalry t always exi/$ betwe5 ! diff]5t polities4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! philosoph] ?is view is correct4 ,if ! en]gies devot$ to ! means & me?ods ( mutual de/ruction _h be5 exp5d$ on ! arts ( peace1 n only ,greece1 b ! entire _w w\ld1 to-day1 pres5t a widely diff]5t aspect4 ,h[ev] mu* ! morali/ may deplore ! exi/+ conditions1 ! man :o takes ! _w z x is _c fail to see t ! utmo/ /r5g? ( a nation is always put =? 9 w> & = w>like purposes4 ,x 0 s ) ! ,greeks4 ,political rivalry 0 ! /ronge/ /imulus "u :i* !y act$4 ,x 0 _! life & gr[?1 & to a l>ge ext5t ! measure ( _! prosp]ity4 ,:5 political rivalries 7 ext+ui%$ by ,alex&]1 & m effectually by ! ,romans1 ! _s ( ,greece1 too1 di$ out4 ,! ,romans1 especially 9 _! fir/ contact ) ,greece1 7 too mu* b>b>ians to h any sympa?y ) ! be/ t ,greece _h to (f]4 ,a g5ius = gov]nm5t is n necess>ily a m>k ( advanc$ civilization4 ,x is true !re 7 at all times m5 among ! ,romans able to appreciate ! pr\d preem95ce ( ! ,greeks 9 arts & lett]s1 b _! numb]s 7 too few to make any g5]al impression4 ,! lead+ families1 includ+ mo/ ( ! emp]ors1 7 famili> ) ! ,greek language & us$ x ) ease2 b !re 7 few ,romans :o did n despise ! ,greeks & reg>d !m z inf]iors4 ,nations1 l individuals1 feel m or less contempt = ^? ^: ta/es are diff]5t f _! own2 & 9 ! case be=e u1 ! ,greeks be+ ! weak]1 7 ! *ief suff]]s4 ,b j z ri* m5 sometimes buy books & /atu>y ( :i* !y d n "k ! value1 & collect libr>ies :i* !y _c read1 because intellig5t p take pleasure 9 ^! ?+s1 s a c]ta9 class ( ,romans affect$ a fondness = ,greek art & lit]ature & philosophy4 ,an enorm\s quantity ( works ( ,greek art 0 transport$ across ! ,adriatic by ! ,romans ) small advantage to ! pillag]s or to ! nation4 ,not)/&+ ! pr$ilection ( "s ( ! lead+ families = ,greek culture1 _! influ5ce made no deep & la/+ impression on ,roman ?\ght1 9 ! bett] s5se4 ,rome always %[$ itself mu* m receptive t[>d :at is debas+ ?an = :at 0 ennobl+4 ,aft] ?is ha/y survey ( ! condition ( ,plut>*'s c\ntrym5 we are m ?an ev] incl9$ to be surpris$ at 8 optimism4 ,yet ! explanation is n f> to seek1 & is consi/5t ) 8 philosophy4 ,he _h an abid+ fai? 9 a div9e ,provid5ce :o ord]s all ?+s = ! be/4 ,he holds t m5 are free & !re=e responsible4 ,! ills t afflict !m are *iefly ( _! own mak+2 :y !n %\ld a wise man grieve ov] !m8 ,x is man's *ief bus9ess to free himself f unholy desires2 to control ! volcanic & p]turb+ impulses ( 8 nature by means ( philosophy1 :i* :5 rightly appreh5d$ is div9e4 ,z man is 9 ! la/ analysis an e?ical be+1 ! fundam5tal problem ( philosophy is h[ to c>ry out 9 practice ^? e?ical pr9ciples 9 ! obs]vance ( :i* man only c be truly happy4 ,if1 !n1 m5's mis=tunes are ! natural consequ5ce & result ( _! own p]v]s5ess1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld grieve ov] !m4 ,s f> z political conditions are conc]n$1 he d\btless felt t ! rule ( ! ,roman emp]ors _h at la/ giv5 peace to 8 long di/ract$ c\ntry1 on z favorable t]ms z c\ld be expect$4 ,x has be5 said ( ,plut>* t !re is n a new ?\ght 9 all 8 writ+s1--& ?is by way ( disp>agem5t4 ,! *>ge is probably true4 ,! m5 :o h put new ideas into ! _w are few inde$4 ,! _w is f> less 9 ne$ ( in/ruction ?an ( rem9d+4 ,besides1 !re is no reason :y an arti/ %\ld n deal ) a famili> subject 9 8 own way4 ,if he c tell an old /ory s z to give x a new int]e/1 or treat a well-worn !me s z to make x seem fre%1 he is n ! lea/ among 8 bre?r54 ,x is especially writ]s ^u e?ics t are apt to be t$i\s4 ,! m honor to him :o c make 8 prea*+ attractive & int]e/+4 ,p]haps ! *ief *>m ( ,plut>*'s writ+s is ! assumption on 8 "p t he is a reasonable man himself & is talk+ to reasonable m52 = z we h already se51 he has always he>]s 9 m9d r ?an read]s4 ,we c imag9e him ev] & anon say+1 ,y ei!r "k :at is "r1 :at y\r duty is1 or y want to "k4 ,! rules ( conduct are pla9 & simple2 y h b to obey !m & y w be happy4 ,p]=m ! duties incumb5t ^u y1 to ! gods1 to y\r fell[ citiz5s1 to ! memb]s ( y\r family1 to y\rself1 & y w be cont5t ) ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 & y\r fell[ m5 ) y4 ,if y want to lead a moral life1 be humane1 be tru?ful1 be sympa!tic1 be *a/e1 deal hone/ly ) y\r fell[ m51 foll[ y\r rational nature r ?an y\r emotions1 & y w h no reason to regret t y h liv$2 y\r fell[ m5 w be glad t y h = a "t soj\rn$ among !m1 & h left beh9d y ! light ( y\r example to %9e = ^? :o come aft] y4 ,lecky 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 already cit$1 has "s int]e/+ passages on ! relation ( ,s5eca & ,plut>* to c]ta9 phases ( ! ?\ght ( _! "t1 a few ( :i* may prop]ly f9d a place "h4 ,he says3 8,a class ( writ]s began to arise1 :o1 l ! ,/oics1 believ$ virtue r ?an enjoym5t1 to be ! supreme good1 & :o ackn[l$g$ t virtue consi/$ solely ( ! control :i* ! enlight5$ w ex]cises ov] ! desires1 b :o at ! same "t gave free scope to ! b5evol5t affections1 & a m religi\s & my/ical tone to ! :ole s*eme ( morals40 8,plut>*1 ^: fame z a biograph] has1 ,i ?9k1 unduly eclips$ 8 reputation z a morali/1 may be ju/ly reg>d$ z ! lead] ( ?is movem5t1 & 8 moral writ+s may be pr(itably comp>$ ) ^? ( ,s5eca1 ! mo/ ample expon5t ( ! /]n] s*ool4 ,s5eca is n unfrequ5tly self-consci\s1 !atrical1 & ov]-/ra9$4 ,8 precepts h some?+ ( ! affect$ r+ ( a popul> prea*]4 ,! imp]fect fusion ( 8 %ort s5t5ces gives 8 /yle a disjo9t$ &1 s to speak1 granulat$ "*1 :i* ! emp]or ,caligula happily express$ :5 he comp>$ x to s& )\t cem5t2 yet he (t5 rises to a maje/y ( eloqu5ce1 a gr&eur bo? ( ?\ght & expression1 t few morali/s h ev] rival$4 ,plut>*1 ?\gh f> less sublime1 is m su/a9$1 equable & uni=mly pleas+4 ,! ,montaigne ( antiquity1 8 g5ius coruscates playfully & gracefully ar\nd 8 subject2 he delights 9 illu/rations :i* are (t5 s+ul>ly vivid & orig9al1 b :i* by _! excessive multiplication appe> sometimes r ! texture ?an ! ornam5t ( 8 disc\rse4 ,a g5tle1 t5d] _s1 & a judgm5t equally free f p>adox1 exagg]ation1 & excessive subtilty1 are *>act]i/ics ( all he wrote4 ,plut>* excels mo/ 9 collect+ motives ( consolation2 ,s5eca 9 =m+ *>act]s t ne$ no consolation4 ,!re is some?+ ( ! woman 9 ,plut>*2 ,s5eca is all man4#d ,! writ+s ( ! fir/ resemble ! /ra9s ( ! flute1 to :i* ! anci5ts attribut$ ! p[] ( calm+ ! possessions & *as+ away ! cl\ds ( sorr[1 & draw+ m5 by g5tle suasion into ! pa?s ( virtue2 ! writ+s ( ! o!r are l ! trumpet bla/ :i* k9dles ! s\l ) h]oic c\rage4 ,! fir/ is m fitt$ to console a "m sorr[+ ov] h] dead *ild2 ! second to n]ve a brave man1 )\t fl9*+ & )\t illusion1 to grapple ) an inevitable fate4 ,! elaborate lett]s :i* ,s5eca has left u on di/9ctive t5ets ( ! ,/oical s*ool1 su* z ! equality ( ! vices1 or ! evil ( ! affections1 h n[ little m ?an an hi/oric int]e/2 b ! g5]al tone ( 8 writ+s gives !m a p]man5t importance1 = !y reflect & fo/] a c]ta9 type ( excell5ce :i*1 s9ce ! ext9ction ( ,/oicism1 has _h no adequate expression 9 lit]ature4 ,! prevail+ moral tone ( ,plut>*1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ =m$ ma9ly on ! prom95ce ( ! amiable virtues has be5 eclips$ or transc5d$ by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s1 b 8 def9ite contribution to philosophy & morals are m important ?an ^? ( ,s5eca4 ,he has left u "o ( ! be/ works on ,sup]/ition1 & "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s on ,provid5ce1 we possess4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ writ] :o advocat$ v /rongly humanity to animals on ! broad gr\nd ( univ]sal b5evol5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( transmigration1 z he 0 also rem>kable1 beyond all 8 contempor>ies = 8 high s5se ( female excell5ce1 & ( ! sanctity ( female love40 ,s5eca1 ,plut>*1 & ! ,apo/le ,paul 7 9 a s5se contempor>ies4 ,all ?ree did :at !y c\ld to make ! _w bett] 9 _! "t & aft] !m4 ,all ?ree 7 prea*]s ( righte\sness1 ea* 9 8 way4 ,all ?ree wrote mu* t has engag$ ! att5tion ( ! _w1 & /imulat$ its ?\ght4 ,b h[ great ! contra/ betwe5 ! projects ( ^! m51 especially ! two la/6 ,plut>* 0 :olly lack+ 9 ,paul's devotion to an idea4 ,he w\ld h sc\t$ ! sugge/ion t a man %\ld give up fri5ds1 social position1 c\ntry1 k9dr$1 ev]y?+1 to g =? to prea* a new doctr9e4 ,h[ widely ap>t1 h[ almo/ diametrically opposite ! me?ods ( two m5 :o are 9 a s5se seek+ ! same end6 ,! ?\ghts ( ! philosoph]1 8 intellectual vision1 0 turn$ t[>d ! sett+ sun4 ,at mo/ he c\ld only hope1 z we n[ see1 to prolong ! dim twilight t /ill hov]$ ov] ! e>?4 ,! _w _h well-nigh lo/ fai? 9 ! p[] ( human reason to reg5]ate mank9d4 ,! spiritual eyes ( ! ,*ri/ian 7 on ! ris+ sun4 ,?\gh he saw t x 0 z yet %9+ b dimly1 he _h no d\bt t 9 "t x w\ld rise to noonday spl5dor4 ,! pill> ( fire t l$ & light$ ! way = ! sa9t2 ! beatific vision t always /ood be=e 8 enraptur$ gaze2 ! _w-embrac+ panorama t kept gr[+ l>g] & l>g] z ! little ,*ri/ian colonies 7 plant$ "o aft] ano!r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,greece1 9 ,rome1 _h no exi/5ce = ! philosoph]4 ,he has1 x is true1 a belief 9 an ov]rul+ ,provid5ce1 b x lacks cle>ness1 because weak5$ by a poly!i/ic cre$1 or at lea/ by ! remnants ( su* a cre$4 ,to x he /ill t5aci\sly cl+s1 ?\gh x may be half unconsci\sly4 ,he too _h a belief 9 an exi/5ce aft] dea?2 b x 0 n ( ! sort t made him feel t all ! tribulations ( ?is _w :i* 7 b = a mom5t 7 n to be comp>$ ) ! glory t %\ld foll[4 ,if we w\ld p]sonify ,*ri/ianity & ,philosophy z !y met ea* o!r at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 we may designate ! "o z ! "y man1 :o1 ?\gh poor 9 ?is _w's goods1 is /rong 9 hope1 9 fai?1 9 himself & 9 8 cause4 ,8 sup]b physique1 8 capital dige/ion1 make him ready = any ent]prise1 any sacrifice t %all promise success4 ,any field 9 :i* he may display 8 spl5did en]gies is welcome to him1 = he lives n 9 ! pa/1 b 9 ! future4 ,! o!r is ! old man :o has1 9 ! ma91 liv$ a useful & honorable life1 :o has p]=m$ "s noble de$s1 & ^: *ief anxiety is to give ! ris+ g5]ation ! b5efit ( ! wisdom t has come to him 9 a life ( /udy & obs]vation4 ,b1 z is usually ! case ) ! ag$1 8 advice has become commonplace & ! ris+ g5]ation passes him by almo/ unhe$$4 ,few h n[ any confid5ce 9 8 tea*+s1 :ile _m ( 8 =m] disciples h des]t$ him4 ,x is 8 sad fate1 to see himself jo/l$ at fir/ & f9ally ?ru/ aside by ! pass+ /ream ( humanity4 ,footnote #c3 ,/ud5ts ( ,g]man lit]ature are rem9d$ ( a c]ta9 moral & intellectual simil>ity betwe5 ,plut>* & ,gell]t4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh a man ( mu* less natural ability1 _h all ( ,plut>*'s k9dl9ess1 moral & religi\s e>ne/ness1 sympa?y = ^? 9 di/ress1 & ! same popul>ity among all classes f pr9ce to peasant4 ,bo? 7 equally religi\s1 ?\gh "o 0 a hea!n & ! o!r a ,*ri/ian2 bo? pres]v$ ! same s]5ity ( m9d & *e]fulness ( he>t 9 a "t ( national degradation & immorality4 ,footnote #d3 8,:5 ,plut>*1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 daught]2 0 writ+ a lett] ( consolation to 8 wife1 we f9d him turn+ away f all ! commonplaces ( ! /oics z ! recollection ( "o simple trait ( 8 little *ild ru%$ ^u 8 m9d3--#8,%e desir$ h] nurse to press ev5 h] dolls to h] brea/4 ,%e 0 s lov+ t %e wi%$ ev]y?+ t gave h] pleasure to %>e 9 ! be/ %e _h4'0 ,! /atem5t t ,s5eca is all man w be que/ion$ by ^? :o "k t two ( 8 ,lett]s ( ,condol5ce are address$ to wom54 ,^! are almo/ ! only writ+s 9 ,roman lit]ature s address$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal works us$ 9 ! /udy ( ,plut>* "h plac$ be=e ! read] are ! foll[+3 ,plut>*i ,*a]on5sis ,moralia4 ,edidit ,daniel ,wytt5ba*4 #h voll4 ,oxonii1 #agie-ahba4 ,r4 ,volkmann4 ,leb5 und ,s*rift5 des ,plut>* von ,*a]onea4 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,o4 ,grard4 ,de la ,morale de ,plut>que4 ,c9quime edition4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,plut>*'s ,w]ke b]setzt von ,klaib]1 ,bhr1 u4 ,a4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahcg-eg4 ,plut>*i ,*a]on5sis ,moralia4 ,recognovit ,gregorius ,n4 ,b]n>dakis4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhh-if4 #g voll4 ,! la/ nam$ conta9s a revis$ text only2 f x my translation ( ! ,de ,s]a 0 made4 ,! ,g]man translation ( ,bhr1 ! well-kn[n ,heidelb]g pr(essor1 9 ! collection above cit$1 foll[s ! orig9al v closely & has be5 ( mu* s]vice to me by its int]pretation ( obscure passages4 ,a complete catalogue ( ,plut>*'s ,moralia is giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,! li/ is borr[$ f ! edition ( ,b]n>dakis & ! "q ( au!nticity is n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,,note3--,to translate ,plut>* is a v diff]5t task f t ( translat+ ,s5eca4 ,! /yle ( ! latt] is t]se & epigrammatic2 clauses & s5t5ces (t5 foll[ ea* o!r )\t connectives1 & are 9 ! ma9 %ort4 ,t ( ! =m] is ! rev]se4 ,mo/ ( 8 s5t5ces are long1 _m ( !m v long4 ,^!1 z well z clauses & words1 are (t5 /rung toge!r ) ! p>ticiples & 1 or o!r connectives1 until ! read] sometimes wond]s :e!r !y w ev] end4 ,s5eca is full ( pi?y say+s well suit$ = quotation2 9 ,plut>* !y are r>e4 ,! /yle ( bo? writ]s is highly rhetorical1 b1 if we except ! evid5t /riv+ aft] effect1 !y h little else 9 common4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,s5eca1 x has be5 my aim to pres]ve = ! ,engli% read] ! peculi>ities ( ! ,greek1 s f> z possible4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 favor ( mak+ a translation1 above ev]y?+ else1 readable2 b 9 ! ef=t to d s1 ! translator is con/antly expos$ to ! dang] ( displac+ ! /yle ( ! orig9al ) 8 own4 ,i hope ,i h 9 a measure1 at lea/1 succe$$ 9 putt+ be=e ! ,engli% read]1 n only :at ,plut>* said 9 ! foll[+ ,tract1 b also h[ he said x4 8,because s5t5ce aga9/ an evil "w is n execut$ spe$ily1 !re=e ! he>t ( ! sons ( m5 is fully set 9 !m to d evil40 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,delay ,,( ,,! ,,deity ,,9 ,,puni%+ ,,! ,,wick$4 ,,dramatis ,,p]sonae4 ,,plut>*4 ,,patrocleas1 8 son-9-law4 ,,timon1 8 bro!r4 ,,olympi*us4 ,! sc5e is ! portico ( ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,! tract is d$icat$ to a c]ta9 ,qu9tus1 ^: "n seems to indicate t he 0 a ,roman1 b ( :om no?+ def9ite is kn[n4 ,:5 ,epicurus _h ?us spok51 ,o ,qu9tus1 & be=e any "o _h repli$1 he w5t hurri$ly away1 z we 7 n[ at ! end ( ! por*4 ,we /ood = "s "t 9 spee*less wond] at ! /range conduct ( ! man & look+ at "o ano!r1 !n turn$ back to resume our walk4 ,!reupon ,patrocleas fir/ broke ! sil5ce3 8,pray1 :at %all we d80 said he1 8,%all we drop ! inquiry1 or %all we answ] ! argum5ts ( ! speak] :o is n pres5t z if he 780 8,x w\ld n be fitt+ to leave ! d>t he dis*>g$1 z he dep>t$1 /ick+ 9 ! w\nd4 ,brasidas1 z we are told1 drew ! %aft f 8 body1 & ) ! same weapon slew ! man :o _h hit him4 ,x is n wor? our :ile1 ( c\rse1 to def5d ourselves aga9/ all ^? :o assail u ) ill-gr\nd$ or fallaci\s argum5ts1 b x w suffice u if we ca/ !m f u be=e !y become firmly fix$ 9 our m9ds40 8,:at 0 !re !n10 said ,i1 89 :at he said t mo/ impress$ y8 ,= _m ?+s & )\t any ord]1 "o "h1 ano!r !re1 ! man kept *>g+ aga9/ ,provid5ce1 ) ang] & vitup]ation at ! same "t40 #b4 ,h]eupon ,patrocleas said3 8,! t>d9ess & delay ( ! ,deity 9 puni%+ ! wick$ seems to me a matt] ( special importance2 & n[1 by ! argum5ts t h be5 advanc$1 ,i h be5 l$ anew &1 z x 71 a /rang]1 to ! "q2 b long ago ,i 0 (f5d$ :5 ,i read 9 ,euripides1 #8,he procra/9ates1 & ?is is ! mann] ( ! ,deity4' ,yet ,god ought1 lea/ ( all ?+s1 to be slack t[>ds ! wick$1 z !y are nei!r slack nor dilatory ab\t do+ evil1 b are impell$ by _! unre/ra9$ passions to acts ( inju/ice4 ,& 9 tru?1 ! retribution1 :i* ,?ucydides says foll[s close ^u ! commission ( a crime1 =?) b>s ! way = ^? :o usually prosp] 9 successful villa9y4 ,= !re is no debt l ov]due ju/ice t makes him :o has be5 wrong$ s fa9t-he>t$ & disc\rag$1 :ile x embold5s ! wick$ man 9 8 audacity & viol5ce2 b ! puni%m5ts t foll[ close ^u ! commission ( crimes are re/ra9ts ^u ^? :o are m$itat+ wrongs aga9/ o!rs1 & !re is ! greate/ consolation 9 ?is = ^? :o h suff]$ inju/ice4 ,s1 !n1 ! rem>k ( ,bias (t5 tr\bles me :5 ,i reflect ^u x2 = he said1 accord+ to report1 to a c]ta9 reprobate1 t he did n fe> le/ he might n suff] ! puni%m5t ( 8 misde$s1 b only t he might n himself 7,bias7 live to see x4 ,:at pr(it 0 x to ! ,mess5ians1 :o 7 long s9ce dead1 t ,ari/okrates 0 puni%$ = betray+ !m at ! battle ( ,taphros1 :5 ! matt] rema9$ undiscov]$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he _h be5 k+ ( ! ,arcadians1 ?\gh he 0 f9ally detect$ & puni%$1 :5 !y 7 no long] alive8 ,or :at consolation 0 x to ! ,or*om5ians :o _h lo/ *ildr5 & fri5ds & k9sm5 ?r\gh ! treason ( ,lykiscus1 t he 0 seiz$ a long "t aft]w>ds by a disease :i* gradually ate up 8 body8--?is man :o 0 always dipp+ 8 feet into ! riv] to wet !m & call+ d[n a curse ^u himself1 pray+ t he might rot if he _h betray$ & wrong$ !m4 ,& ! ca/+ =? ( ! bodies ( ! accurs$ f ,a!ns & _! transportation beyond ! b\nd>ies 0 an act t n ev5 ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o _h be5 sla9 7 p]mitt$ to behold4 ,:]e=e1 ,euripides inappropriately uses ^! l9es to det] m5 f ! commission ( crime1 #8,fe> n le/ inju/ice ov]take !e & smite !e d[n1 unju/ man2 b 9 sil5ce & ) sl[ /ep x w ov]take ! wick$ :5 ! "t is ripe4' ,= v]ily1 no o!r consid]ation b j su* z ^!1 ! bad w naturally use to enc\rage !mselves & take z pl$ges ( security 9 villa9y1 on ! gr\nd t wrong-do+ br+s =? e>ly & evid5t fruit1 :ile ! p5alty comes late1 & long aft] ! satisfaction 7t arises f success 9 crime740 #c4 ,:5 ,patrocleas _h conclud$ 8 rem>ks1 ,olympi*us spoke up & said1 8,to :at great absurdities d ! delays & po/ponem5ts ( ! ,deity 9 su* matt]s lead6 ,because ?is t>d9ess de/roys fai? 9 ,provid5ce1 & ! fact t retribution does n closely foll[ ea* p>ticul> act ( wrong-do+ b is lat]1 ?us mak+ room = *ance1 m51 by call+ x a mis=tune1 n a p5alty1 are !y 9 any wise bett]$8 ,ev5 ?\gh !y may be griev$ at :at has befall5 !m1 d !y feel regret at :at !y h done8 ,= j z ! imm$iate /roke ( ! :ip or ! spur laid quickly to ! horse t makes a false /ep or /umbles br+s x to a s5se ( duty1 b all ! subsequ5t j]k+ & tugg+ at ! re9s & %\t+ seem r to be done = "s o!r reason ?an correction1 because !y produce pa9 b n bett]m5t2 s vice1 if la%$ & beat5 = ea* act ( villa9y committ$1 w\ld spe$ily become rep5tant & humble & fe>ful ( ,god :o beholds m5's acts & suff]+s1 if ,he did n po/pone ju/ice4 ,& ju/ice t accord+ to ,euripides procra/9ates & ) sl[ pace ov]takes ! wick$1 seems m l an affair ( *ance ?an ( ,provid5ce1 because !re is ab\t x s mu* unc]ta9ty1 delay & lack ( sy/em4 ,! result is t ,i d n see :at use !re is 9 ! say+ t ! mills ( ! gods gr9d late1 bo? because !y obscure ju/ice & take away ! fe> ( evil-do+40 #d4 ,!reupon 9 reply to ^! rem>ks & :ile ,i 0 /ill absorb$ 9 reflection1 ,timon said3 8,%all ,i n[ add to ! discussion ! climax ( my own p]plexity or %all ,i pass x ov] until aft] ! disposal ( ! ma9 argum5t80 8,:at is ! use10 said ,i1 8( s5d+ along a ?ird wave to wa% away ! subject-matt]1 if x be f\nd impossible to refute & invalidate ! fir/ objection8 ,fir/1 !n1 beg9n+1 z we say1 at ! +le-side & ) ! caution ( ! philosoph]s ( ! ,academy 9 reg>d to ! div9ity1 let u bew>e ( assum+ t we "k j :at to say on ?is subject4 ,9 tru?1 an affair ( m s]i\s mom5t is ! consid]ation ( sup]nal & div9e ?+s1 = u :o are human be+s1 ?an :5 "o :o has no e> = music discusses ?is art1 or :5 "o :o has nev] s]v$ 9 ! army disc\rses on milit>y affairs2 because1 ?\gh ignorant ( ! plan ( ! artific]1 we assume to be able to fa?om 8 designs f :at we suppose to be probable & fitt+4 ,x is n h>d = "o unacqua9t$ ) ! heal+ art to compreh5d ! reason+ ( a physician z to :y he did n soon] p]=m a c]ta9 amputation r ?an lat]1 or :y he ord]$ a ba? ye/]day & n to-day2 9 respect to ,god1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n easy = a mortal to say any ?+ positive except t1 kn[+ be/ ! prop] occasion = cur+ a man ( 8 vices1 ,he adm9i/]s to ea* p]son *a/isem5ts z m$icam5ts1 b n equally sev]e 9 all cases nor at "o & ! same "t4 ,= t ! heal+ art :5 appli$ to ! s\l is call$ "r & righte\sness & is ! greate/ ( all arts1 ,p9d> 9 addition to ?\s&s ( o!rs1 affirms1 :5 he calls ,god ! rul] & cu/odian ( ! :ole univ]se1 ! #8ma/] build]1' = ! reason t ,he is ! gu>dian ( ju/ice accord+ to :i* x %all be det]m9$ :5 & h[ & to :at degree e wick$ man is to be puni%$4 ,& ( ?is art ,plato says t ,m9os ! son ( ,jove 0 a /ud5t1 z x is n possible to prop]ly disp5se ju/ice1 or to recognize :at is j unless "o has le>n$ & acquir$ a k ( ! same4 ,n ev5 ! laws t m5 enact h always _! cle> & pla9 ju/ification & "s enactm5ts ev5 seem at fir/ sight ridicul\s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,lac$aemon1 ! ephors1 imm$iately ^u tak+ (fice1 issue an edict t no "o is to we> a mu/a*e & t ! laws are to be obey$ 9 ord] t none may feel _! sev]ity4 ,! ,romans inflict a slight bl[ ) a twig ^u ^? :om !y int5d to emancipate2 & :5 !y make a w !y bequea? _! prop]ty to "s p]sons z _! heirs1 b sell x to o!rs1--:i* seems to be absurd4 ,b mo/ absurd "o w\ld ?9k ! law ( ,solon to be to ! effect t he %all be depriv$ ( civil rights1 :o1 :5 !re are p>ties & factions 9 ! /ate1 take sides ) nei!r4 ,9 %ort1 "o c\ld "n _m anomalies 9 law1 if he did n "k ! int5tions ( ! law-mak]1 & did n und]/& ! reason = e s+le "p ( ! decrees t h be5 issu$4 ,:at wond] is x !n1 if1 :5 x is s h>d to see ?r\gh human purposes1 t x is n easy to say ) respect to ! gods = :at reason !y puni% "s transgressors lat]1 o!rs soon]4 #e4 ,^! ?+s are no excuse = %unn+ an inve/igation1 b a plea = indulg5ce1 s t ! discussion1 look+ z x 71 t[>d a h>bor & port ( refuge1 may move =w>d ) ! great] confid5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( p]plexities4 ,!n consid] fir/ ?is fact1 t accord+ to ,plato1 ,god hav+ plac$ ,himself 9 ! mid/ ( all t is en*ant+ly fair1 z a sort ( model1 gives to human wor?1 :i* is 9 "s measure an image ( ,himself1 an exempl> :i* all are to foll[ s f> z !y are able4 ,= ! univ]se1 be+ 9 its natural /ate devoid ( ord]1 began to *ange & to be trans=m$ into a cosmos :5 x p>ticipat$ 91 & became assimilat$ to1 ! div9e idea & virtue4 ,?is same man also says t nature k9dles 9 u ! g]m ( vision s t by behold+ ! heav5ly bodies borne along 9 _! c\rses1 & by admiration ( ! same1 ! s\l becomes habituat$ to take pleasure 9 & to love :at is ord]ly & sy/ematically arrang$1 b t x hates all disord]ly & uncontroll$ passion1 & %uns ! purposeless & hit-or-miss z be+ ! orig9 ( all vice & discord4 ,x is impossible = man1 by 8 v nature1 to h a complet] enjoym5t ( ,god ?an :5 seek+ & e>ne/ly /riv+ aft] virtue by imitat+ ev]y?+ t is good & noble4 ,= ?is reason also ,god puni%es ! wick$ 9 due "t & ) delib]ation2 n because ,he is ,himself afraid ( mak+ a mi/ake by *a/is+ any "o too soon or because ,he might rep5t ( x1 b 9 ord] to remove f u :at is brutal & ha/y 9 ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 & to tea* u n to *a/ise 9 ang] nor :5 greatly excit$ & indignant1 #8rage o'erleaps ! b\nds ( reason'2 z if1 9 ord] to satisfy our hung] or qu5* our ?ir/ we ru%$ ^u ^? :o h done u an injury1 b imitat+ ,8 goodness & long-suff]+ & tak+ "t z our advis]1 t gives lea/ room = rep5tance1 we %\ld proce$ to inflict puni%m5ts 9 accordance ) ju/ice4 ,=1 z ,socrates said1 x is less mis*iev\s to dr9k murky wat]1 he$lessly1 ?an :5 "o is 9 a p]turb$ /ate ( m9d & "u ! influ5ce ( ang] & has lo/ ! p[] ( self-control be=e ! m9d has become calm & cle>1 to v5t "o's wra? on ! p]son ( a k9sman or fri5d4 ,= v5geance does n belong close ^u ! inquiry1 z ,?ucydides says1 b is mo/ 9 place :5 z f> f x z possible4 ,s9ce ang]1 accord+ to ,melan?ius #8commits t]rible de$s :5 x has displac$ self-control'2 s1 likewise1 reason does :at is j & fitt+ :5 x has put aside ang] & excitem5t4 ,fur!r also1 m5 are made humane by ! example ( o!rs :5 !y le>n1 = in/ance1 t ,plato1 aft] rais+ 8 /aff to /rike 8 slave1 rema9$ /&+ = a long "t1 z he himself says1 9 ?is way *a/5+ 8 ang]4 ,& ,ar*ytas1 on le>n+ t 8 s]vants 7 neglig5t & disord]ly 9 8 fields1 b notic+ t he 0 greatly ang]$ & inc5s$ at !m1 did no?+ b rem>k z he walk$ away1 #8,y are lucky t ,i am v wro? at y4' ,if1 !re=e1 ! report$ say+s ( m51 treasur$ up = u1 det] u f h>%ness & ! viol5ce result+ f passion2 mu* m does x become u1 z we look ^u ,god :o lacks no?+ & :o kn[s no rep5tance = any de$1 yet po/pones puni%m5t to ! future & bides ,8 "t1 to be on our gu>d 9 su* matt]s4 ,we ought also to look ^u mildness & long-suff]+ z ! div9e "p ( ! virtue :i* ,god ,himself exemplifies 79 ,8 deal+s ) m571 & to rememb] t few are made bett] by swift *a/isem5t1 b t _m are pr(it$ & admoni%$ by t>d9ess 9 puni%+4 #f4 ,9 ! second place1 let u rememb] t puni%m5ts among m51 hav+ reg>d solely to ! infliction ( injuries to o!rs1 cease ) ! malefactor & g no fur!r2 !re=e1 l a b>k+ dog !y 7! p5alties7 cl+ to ! heels ( ! transgression & foll[ up actions closely4 ,b ,god1 z seems reasonable1 disc]ns ! passions ( ! diseas$ s\l ^u :i* ,he wi%es to visit puni%m5t1 :e!r 9 any way1 p]*ance1 x may turn to rep5tance1 & ,he gives "t = am5dm5t to ^? ^: vices are n in]adicable & incurable4 ,=1 kn[+ 7z ,he does7 :at portion ( virtue s\ls go+ =? f ,him to be born1 c>ry ) !m1 & h[ /rong & ineffaceable is ! nobl5ess implant$ 9 !m1 & t virtue yields to vice contr>y to its nature because corrupt$ by food & evil communications1 & t "s1 aft] und]go+ a cure1 aga9 resume _! =m] nature1 ,he does n inflict ^u all a p5alty equally sev]e4 ,b him :o is incorrigible ,he removes =?) f life & cuts (f1 because con/ant association ) wick$ness is v h>mful to o!rs1 & 9 ! highe/ degree h>mful to ! s\l itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 to ^? :o f ignorance ( ! good r ?an f a pr$ilection = evil & to :om x is only second nature to g a/ray1 ,he gives "t = rep5tance4 ,b if !y rema9 obdurate ,he visits ^! also ) puni%m5t1 =1 ( c\rse1 ,he has no fe> le/ !y may escape ,him4 ,consid] also :at trans=mations h tak5 place 9 ! "* ( m5 & 9 _! life2 = :i* reason also ?is *ange & "* 77 is call$ a turn+ 77 z habit 77 = ! mo/ "p %apes x & by lay+ hold ( x controls x4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! anci5ts repres5t$ ,kecrops dual 9 =m 7a comb9ation ( man & dragon71 n z "s say1 because1 aft] he _h be5 an excell5t k+ he became a cruel & ru?less tyrant1 b = ! opposite reason1 namely1 t aft] hav+ be5 unju/ & m]ciless he turn$ out to be g5tle & k9dly1 :5 he _h got into p[]4 ,if ?is is n c]ta91 we "k1 at lea/1 t ,gelo & ,hi]o1 bo? ,sicilians1 & ,peisi/ratus ! son ( ,hippokrates1 all m5 :o _h put !mselves at ! head ( affairs by base me?ods1 us$ _! p[] = ! fur!rance ( virtu\s ends2 & ?\gh !y _h atta9$ p[] illegally1 !y nev]!less became j & popul> rul]s4 ,!y promot$ good ord] & ! cultivation ( ! soil2 made temp]ate & indu/ri\s citiz5s out ( m5 :o _h be5 gossip]s & idl]s2 & ,gelo1 aft] fight+ bravely & defeat+ ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 a great battle1 w\ld n make ! peace ) !m :i* !y su$ = until !y _h pl$g$ !mselves to cease f sacrific+ _! *ildr5 to ,kronos4 ,9 ,megalopolis1 ,lydiades 0 a usurp]2 b :5 at ! height ( 8 p[] a *ange came ov] him &1 hav+ conceiv$ a loa?+ = iniquity1 he gave a con/itution to ! citiz5s1 !n 9 a battle ) ! enemies ( 8 c\ntry met a glori\s dea?4 ,if "s "o _h sla9 ! usurp] ,miltiades 9 ! ,*]sonesus1 or _h prosecut$ ,kimon = ince/ ) 8 si/]1 or _h driv5 ,!mi/ocles f ! city by an indictm5t1 :5 he 0 indulg+ 9 drunk5 revelries & insult+ p 9 ! m>ket place1 z 0 aft]w>ds done ) ,alkibiades1 w\ld we n h lo/ ! h]oes ( ,m>a?on1 ( ! ,eurym$on & fair ,artemisium1 #8:]e ! sons ( ! ,a!nians laid ! glori\s corn]-/one ( lib]ty8' ,m5 ca/ 9 a l>ge mold nei!r d any?+ 9 a small way1 nor d ! vehem5ce & en]gy ( _! titanic natures suff] !m to be inactive2 b !y are toss$ to & fro l a %ip on ! waves until !y settle d[n into a fix$ & well-gr\nd$ "*4 ,j z a p]son :o 0 ignorant ( agriculture w\ld n take a fancy to l&1 if he saw x ov]gr[n ) we$s & brambles1 full ( wild animals1 runn+ wat] & m>%es2 :ile to "o :o has le>n$ to discrim9ate & to judge1 ^! v ?+s %[ ! /r5g? & goodness ( ! soil2 s m5 ca/ 9 a l>ge mold commit irregul>ities & follies--m5 ^: volcanic & vehem5t natures we _c endure1 & ?9k !y ought to be cut (f or kept 9 *eck4 ,b ! bett] judge1 he :o 9 spite ( ^! ?+s disc]ns innate wor? & nobility1 waits until age & maturity become ! co-work]s ( reason & virtue1 :5 nature %all br+ =? h] prop] fruit40 #g4 8,s mu*1 !n1 on ?is po9t4 ,& d y n ?9k c]ta9 ( ! ,greeks h done wisely 9 adopt+ ! ,egyptian law t =bids ! execution ( a woman condemn$ to dea? dur+ pregnancy1 until aft] h] deliv]y80 8,mo/ assur$ly10 !y said4 8,if !n10 said ,i1 8a p]son is big1 n ) a *ild1 b ) a de$ or a secret project :i* he may 9 ! c\rse ( "t br+ into ! _w & put into execution1 or if he might disclose "s hidd5 crime1 or be ! au?or ( "s judici\s c\nsel or ! discov]] ( "s useful inv5tion1 w\ld x n be bett] to await a seasonable "t = remov+ him 7?an to d x prematurely78 ,to me at lea/ x seems s10 ,i said4 8,& to u also10 repli$ ,patrocleas4 8,v good10 said ,i4 8,n[ consid] t if ,dionysius _h be5 puni%$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 usurp$ p[]1 no ,greek w\ld h settl$ 9 ,sicily1 ?\gh x _h be5 laid wa/e by ! ,c>?ag9ians2 nor w\ld ,greeks h settl$ 9 ,apollonia or 9 ,anaktorium or 9 ! p59sula ( ,leukadia1 if ,p]i&] _h n receiv$ 8 puni%m5t a long "t aft] 78 accession to p[]74 ,& ,i believe also t ! day ( reckon+ = ,kas&] 0 po/pon$ 9 ord] t ,!bes might be rebuilt4 ,( ! m]c5>ies t _h assi/$ 9 plund]+ ! temple "h ! great] "p accompani$ ,timoleon on an exp$ition to ,sicily :]e !y conqu]$ ! ,c>?ag9ians & ov]?rew ! tyrants2 !n ! mis]able wret*es di$ a mis]able dea?4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,deity sometimes employs c]ta9 m5 aft] ! mann] ( public execution]s1 to be ! av5g]s ( o!r villa9s1 !n de/roys !m z ,i ?9k ,he does mo/ tyrants4 ,= j z ! gall ( ! hy5a & ! bee/+s 7or r5net7 ( ! seal & o!r p>ts ( repulsive animals h a prop]ty t is useful = ! cure ( diseases1 s ,god inflicts on "s p]sons :o ne$ a dra/ic rem$y & *a/isem5t1 a /]n & h>d tyrant2 nor does ,he release !m f _! griev\s & melan*oly /ate until ,he has cur$ _! disease & purifi$ !m4 ,su* a m$ic9e 0 ,phal>is to ! ,akragant9es1 & to ! ,romans1 ,m>ius4 ,to ! ,sikyonians also ! god decl>$ explicitly t _! city ne$$ a sc\rge = tak+ away f ! ,kleonians ! boy ,teletias1 cr[n$ 9 ! ,py?ian games1 z _! own fell[-citiz51 & putt+ him to dea?4 ,s1 sure en\gh1 :5 ,or?agoras _h become tyrant ( ,sikyon1 & aft] him ,myron & ,klei/h5es1 he & 8 successors made an end ( _! lascivi\sness2 ! ,kleonians1 h[ev]1 n receiv+ su* curative treatm5t1 sank into insignificance4 ,y "k t ,hom] some:]e says1 #8,f him1 a f> bas] fa!r1 0 born a son bett] 9 all mann] ( excell5ce'2 yet t son ( ,kopreus p]=m$ no brilliant or ev5 notewor?y exploit4 ,b ! desc5dants ( ,sisyphus & ( ,autolycus & ( ,phlegyas 7 conspicu\s = ! de$s & virtues ( great k+s4 ,p]icles ( ,a!ns1 also sprang f a h\se on :i* re/$ a curse2 :ile 9 ,rome1 ,pompey ! ,great 0 ! son ( ,/rabo ^: corpse ! ,roman p1 9 _! hatr$1 ca/ out & trampl$ "u foot4 ,:y %\ld x !n be ?\ght /range1 if1 j z ! husb&man does n dig up ! ?orns le/ he de/roy ! asp>agus1 & ! ,lydians d n burn ! %rub until !y h ga!r$ ! gum f x2 s ,god %\ld 9 l mann] delay to extirpate ! evil & corrupt root ( an illu/ri\s & k+ly h\se until ! prop] fruit has gr[n f x8 ,x 0 bett] = ! ,phokians to lose ! c\ntless h]ds ( k9e & horses belong+ to ,iphitus1 z also t mu* gold & silv] %\ld be tak5 f ,delphi1 ?an n to h _h ,ulysses or ,asklepias born among !m1 or ! o!r di/+ui%$ & noble-m9d$ m5 ^: ance/ors _h be5 evil-do]s & reprobates4 #h4 ,d y n ?9k x bett] t retribution %\ld come 9 due season & 9 a fitt+ way1 ?an imm$iately & all at once8 ,z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ,kalippus1 :o1 suppos$ to be ! fri5d ( ,dion1 kill$ him ) ! same sword ) :i* he 0 aft]w>d dispat*$ by 8 fri5ds2 & t ( ,mitias ! ,argive :o _h be5 sla9 9 a tumult & ^: braz5 /atue 9 ! m>ket-place fell on ! slay] ( ,mitias dur+ a dramatic p]=mance & kill$ him4 ,& ! /ories ( ,bessus1 ! ,paeonian1 & ( ,ari/o ! ,oetaean1 ! lead]s ( ! m]c5>ies1 y1 ( c\rse1 "k1 ,patrocleas40 8,i d n10 said he1 8b ,i w\ld l to he> !m40 8,ari/o10 ,i said1 8hav+ tak5 away ! ornam5ts ( ,eriphyle ly+ "h 79 ?is temple71 ) ! p]mission ( ! au?orities1 pres5t$ !m to 8 wife2 b 8 son1 ang]$ at 8 "m f "s cause1 set ! h\se on fire & burn$ up all :o 7 9 x4 ,& ,bessus1 z ! /ory goes1 hav+ kill$ 8 own fa!r1 0 n f\nd out = a long "t1 b f9ally1 go+ to a banquet ) "s fri5ds & happ5+ to /rike a ne/ ( "y swall[s ) 8 spe>1 knock$ x d[n & kill$ ! fl$gl+s4 ,:5 ^? :o 7 pres5t said1 z 0 natural1 #8,man1 :at possess$ y to d su* an ill-om5$ de$8' he repli$1 #8,h !y n ?is long "t be5 falsely accus+ me & cry+ out aga9/ me = kill+ my fa!r'8 ,! a/oni%$ company report$ ! rem>k to ! k+1 & aft] ! case _h be5 inve/igat$ ,bessus receiv$ 8 j des]ts40 #i4 8,we say ^! ?+s10 ,i cont9u$1 8on ! assumption t !re is a po/ponem5t ( puni%m5t = ! wick$2 on ! o!r h&1 x is prop] to he> :at ,hesiod says1 :o does n ?9k ) ,plato t puni%m5t is a pa9 :i* foll[s inju/ice1 b t x is some?+ ( equal age ) x2 t x spr+s f ! same root & place1 = he says1 #8,evil c\nsel is mo/ hurtful to him :o has giv5 x1' &1 #8,he :o lays plots = ano!r1 lays a plot aga9/ himself4' ,! can?>is1 y "k1 is said to conta9 )9 itself ! antidote 7= ! pa9 x inflicts71 & villa9y1 by eng5d]+ )9 itself bo? pa9 & puni%m5t1 pays ! p5alty = evil-do+1 n at a subsequ5t "t1 b 9 ! outrage itself4 ,e malefactor :o is puni%$ by ! infliction ( pa9 on 8 body be>s 8 own cross1 & vice wreaks ^u itself1 out ( itself1 its own v5geance1 because x is 9 a s5se a creator ( ! woes ( life t x br+s into exi/5ce1 toge!r ) ! accompany+ disgrace1 _m sorr[s1 fe>s & viol5t passions & regrets & unceas+ re/lessness4 ,"s p are 9 no wise diff]5t f *ildr51 :o1 on see+ malefactors 9 ! !at]s (t5 clad 9 gild$ & purple g>m5ts1 cr[n$ & danc+ ab\t1 are delight$ & admire !m z =tunate mortals1 until !y are se5 goad$ & sc\rg$1 :ile ! fire breaks =? f _! spl5did & co/ly attire4 ,= _m ( ! wick$ are ! own]s ( f9e mansions1 &1 z !y hold magi/racies & o!r responsible positions1 no "o is aw>e t !y are und]go+ puni%m5t until !y are put to dea? or hurl$ f rocks4 ,?is1 "o ought n to call puni%m5t1 b ! consummation & fulfilm5t ( puni%m5t4 ,= z ,h]odicus ( ,selymbria1 :o _h be5 attack$ by consumption1 an incurable disease1 0 ! fir/ to comb9e gymna/ics ) ! heal+ art1 & ( :om ,plato says1 t 79 s do+7 he protract$ 8 own dea?1 & t ( all :o 7 simil>ly diseas$2 s malefactors :o are se5 to h escap$ imm$iate puni%m5t1 expiate _! crimes by a long]1 n by a %ort] p5alty2 nor aft] a long] "t b dur+ a long] "t2 !y are n puni%$ aft] !y h gr[n old1 b !y gr[ old dur+ _! puni%m5t4 ,& ,i say a long "t ) ref]5ce to ourselves1 = to ! gods ! span ( human life is no?+1--n[1 b n ?irty ye>s ago is ! same z to say1 t 9 ! ev5+1 b n 9 ! morn+1 ! malefactor1 is to be tortur$ or hang$1 especially s9ce man is %ut up 9 ?is life j z 9 a prison f :i* !re is no migration to ano!r place or escape1 b :i* 9 ! mean:ile all[s "t = _m enjoym5ts & ! transaction ( bus9ess1 ! be/[+ & receiv+ ( honors & favors1 & = div]sions2 j z p]sons 9 prison are all[$ to play at dice or draughts1 ?\gh ! noose is all ! :ile dangl+ above _! heads4 #aj4 ,moreov]1 :at reason is !re = say+ t ^? :o lie 9 prison "u s5t5ce ( dea? d n receive _! puni%m5t until !y are decapitat$8 or t he :o has drunk ! hemlock-juice1 b is /ill walk+ ab\t wait+ = ! heav9ess to get into 8 legs1 until he is seiz$ by anae/hesia & ! rigor ( dea?1 7has n receiv$ 887 ,if we reg>d ! consummation ( ! puni%m5t z ! puni%m5t itself1 we ov]look ! int]v5+ suff]+s & fe>s1 z well z ! appreh5sion & regret ) :i* e evil-do] is h>ass$4 ,is n ?is j z if we 7 to say ( ! fi% t has swall[$ ! hook1 t x is n caught until we see x broil$ or cut up by ! cooks8 ,e "o :o has committ$ a crime is firmly held by ju/ice & has !n & !re fa/5$ )9 himself1 l a bait ! sweet morsel ( iniquity4 ,hav+ an av5g+ consci5ce 9 8 brea/1 #8,l a frantic tunny he sp9s r\nd 9 ! sea4' ,= ! well-kn[n reckless audacity & ov]-confid5ce ( vice is active & ard5t until ! evil de$ has be5 done2 !n ! passion subsid+ l a w9d1 s9ks d[n weak & c[$ "u ! weight ( fe>s & sup]/itions2 s t x is entirely 9 accordance ) ! ev5t & ! tru? t ,/esi*orus attributes a dream to ,klytemne/ra 9 ab\t ^! words3 #8,%e ?\ght a dragon ) gory head approa*$ h]1 & f x ,plei/h5ades came =?4' ,= visions by night & app>itions by day & oracles & cele/ial port5ts & :atev] o!r ph5om5on is reg>d$ z caus$ by ! direct int]position ( ,god1 cause anxieties & fe>s to p]sons :o h a guilty consci5ce4 ,= example1 x is said1 t ,apollodorus once 9 a dream saw himself flay$ by ! ,scy?ians1 !n boil$1 & he>d 8 he>t speak+ f ! caldron & say+1 #8,i am ! cause ( all ?is'2 & t at ano!r "t he saw 8 daught]s all ablaze1 _! bodies encircl$ ) flame1 runn+ ab\t him4 ,hipp>*us also1 ! son ( ,peisi/ratus1 a little be=e 8 dea? saw ,aphrodite fl++ blood 9 8 face f a k9d ( bas92 & ! favorites ( ,ptolemy ! ,?und]]1 saw him summon$ be=e a tribunal by ,seleucus :]e vultures & wolves 7 ! judges1 di/ribut+ _m pieces ( fle% among 8 enemies4 ,pausanias1 likewise1 hav+ caus$ a free maid5 to be br\ght by =ce f ,byzantium 9 ord] to pass ! night ) h]1 b :5 %e 0 come1 ow+ to "s p]turbation ( m9d & suspicion1 _h h] put to dea?--?is maid5 he frequ5tly saw 9 a dream call+ to him1 #8,ha/5 to judgm5t2 assur$ly lu/ br+s sorr[ on m54' ,z ! app>ition did n cease to haunt him1 x is said t he set sail = ! oracle ( ! dead at ,h]acleia :]e he call$ up ! gho/ ( ! damsel by expiatory rites & libations4 ,appe>+ be=e him1 %e said t he w\ld be fre$ f 8 tr\bles :5 he came to ,lac$aemon2 b z soon z he arriv$ !re he di$4 #aa4 ,if !n ! s\l has no s5sation aft] dea?1 & dissolution is ! end ( all rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 "o might r say t ! div9ity deals k9dly & indulg5tly ) ! wick$ :o are spe$ily *a/is$ & die4 ,= if we 7 to ass]t no?+ m ?an t z long z !y live & dur+ ! pres5t exi/5ce no evil befalls ! bad1 b t :5 vice is expos$ & is se5 to be a fruitless & b>r5 ?+1 t x br+s no?+ good or wor? an ef=t1 9 spite ( _m sev]e agonies ( m9d--! recognition ( ^! facts r5d]s life an uneasy "o4 ,a case 9 po9t is ! /ory told ( ,lysima*us t "u /ress ( ?ir/ he gave up 8 body & 8 dom9ions to ! ,getae1 b t :5 he _h got into _! h&s & receiv$ a draught he cri$ out1 #8,%ame on my bas5ess = depriv+ myself ( su* a k+dom = s %ort-liv$ a pleasure4' ,yet x is exce$+ly difficult to resi/ ! ne$s ( our physical nature2 b :5 a man1 ei!r = ! sake ( money or f avidity = political honors or influ5ce1 commits a lawless & wick$ act1 & :51 aft] ! ?ir/ & madness ( 8 passion h be5 allay$1 he f9ds1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 t ! ignom9y & ! bitt] sorr[ = 8 crimes rema9 beh9d1 & t villa9y has be5 nei!r advantage\s nor necess>y nor pr(itable1 mu/ n ! ?\ght1 s s]vile & mean1 (t5 occur to him1 t = empty glory or fleet+ enjoym5t he has trampl$ "u foot ! de>e/ & highe/ rights ( mank9d1 only to fill 8 life ) %ame & confusion4 ,= z ,simonides je/+ly said1 t he always f\nd ! *e/ he kept = money full & ! "o he kept = gratitude empty2 s wick$ m51 :5 !y exam9e _! own evil he>ts1 discov] t = ! sake ( a pleasure :i* directly proves to be an empty "o1 !y f9d !m void ( hope b full ( sorr[s & pa91 unpleasant memories1 & anxiety = ! future1 b big ) di/ru/ ( ! pres5t4 ,j z we he> ,ino cry+ out 9 ! !at] :5 fill$ ) regret = :at %e _h done1 #8,de> wom51 h[ c ,i aga9 dwell 9 ! h\se ( ,a?amas8 ,w\ld t ,i _h done none ( ! de$s ,i committ$6' ,s ! s\l ( e villa9 ought to consid] well & reflect h[ x may rid itself ( ! memory ( its iniquities & exorcise a bad consci5ce1 und]go a process ( purification & live life ov] aga94 ,:5 ! bad is delib]ately pref]r$1 x %[s a lack ( confid5ce & firmness & /r5g? & /ability--unless1 =soo?1 we admit t evil-do]s are a class ( sages4 ,:]ev] !re exi/s an uncontrollable love ( money & pleasure1 & insatiable av>ice c\pl$ ) malice or a bad "*1 !re y w f9d also1 if y look closely1 lat5t sup]/itions & an av]sion to labor & fe> ( dea? & sudd5 gu/s ( passion & an eag]ness to be talk$ ab\t jo9$ to a p5*ant = boa/+4 ,su* m5 fe> ^? :o c5sure !m & are afraid ( ^? :o praise !m z p]sons :o h be5 wrong$ by deception2 !y are p>ticul>ly ho/ile to ! wick$ because !y freely praise ^? :o h ! reputation ( be+ virtu\s4 ,= t :i* h>d5s m5 9 vice is l ! brittl5ess 9 poor iron & is easily %iv]$4 ,:5ce x comes t z !y1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ga9 a deep] insight into ! nature ( ?+s1 are weigh$ d[n ) sorr[ & become morose & abhor _! own pa/ life4 ,x surely _c be b t a bad man :o has re/or$ a tru/1 or become surety = a fri5d1 or :o f a love ( glory or fame has giv5 & contribut$ some?+ to 8 c\ntry1 w =?) regret :at he has done1 because he is un/able 9 8 ways & fickle 9 8 purpose2 sometimes p]sons ( ?is k9d1 ev5 :5 applaud$ 9 ! !at]s1 groan inw>dly because ! love ( money has supplant$ ! love ( glory2 nor c x be t ^? :o h sacrific$ m5 = ! atta9m5t ( sov]eignty or to c>ry out a conspiracy1 z did ,apollodorus1 or :o h tak5 away money f _! fri5ds1 z did ,glaucus1 d n rep5t1 nor hate !mselves1 & d n feel regret = :at !y h done4 ,i1 = my "p1 d n believe1 if ,i may say s1 t !re is ne$ ( any god or man to puni% ! impi\s1 b t _! life1 ru9$ & made uneasy by vice1 is fully suffici5t40 #ab4 8,consid]1 h[ev]10 ,i said1 8:e!r we are n exam9+ ! argum5t at great] l5g? ?an its importance dem&s40 ,to ?is ,timon repli$1 8,x may be1 9 view ( :at is yet to come & ( :at has be5 omitt$4 ,= ,i %all n[ br+ up z a sort ( res]ve ! f9al difficulty1 s9ce we h 9 a measure work$ our way ?r\gh ^? t prec$$4 ,:at ,euripides alleges aga9/ ! gods :5 he boldly *>ges !m ) turn+ #8! transgressions ( ! p>5ts ov] to _! *ildr51' ?is1 believe me1 we also tacitly impute to !m z an inju/ice4 ,=1 if ^? :o h committ$ (f5ses h !mselves expiat$ !m1 !re is no fur!r ne$ ( puni%+ ^? :o h committ$ none1 s9ce x is n j to puni% a second "t = ! same crime ^? :o are innoc5t2 or if ?r\gh neglig5ce !y h fail$ to puni% ! real crim9als1 & long aft] visit ! p5alty ^u ! innoc5t1 !y d n ju/ly make up = _! t>d9ess by inju/ice4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d is told ( ,aesop :o1 x is said1 came "h 7to ,delphi7 ) gold f ,crsus 9 ord] to make a magnific5t oblation to ! god & to di/ribute to ea* ( ! ,delphians f\r m9ae2 b "s difficulty aris+1 z x seems1 & he hav+ got into a qu>rel ) ! p>ties "h1 p]=m$ ! sacrifice b s5t ! money back to ,s>dis1 alleg+ t ! m5 7 n wor?y to receive x2 !reupon !y trump$ up a *>ge ( temple-robb]y aga9/ him & put him to dea? by hurl+ him f ! rock call$ ,hyampeia4 ,= ?is ! god is said to h become inc5s$ at !m & to h s5t a fam9e ^u ! l&1 toge!r ) all mann] ( /range diseases2 s t !y w5t ar\nd to ! ,hell5ic fe/ivals proclaim+ & mak+ kn[n ev]y:]e t :oev] wi%$ might wreak v5geance ^u !m = ! wrong !y _h done to ,aesop4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation came "o ,iadmon1 a man 9 no way relat$ to ,aesop1 b a desc5dant ( ^? :o _h b\ght him 9 ,samos2 & to ?is man1 hav+ 9 "s way made satisfaction 7= ! wrong done to ,aesop71 ! ,delphians 7 releas$ f _! calamities4 ,aft] t date also1 !y say1 ! puni%m5t ( temple-robb]y 0 transf]r$ to ,nauplia f ,hyampeia4 ,^? :o are great admir]s ( ,alex&]1 ( :i* numb] we also are1 d n comm5d him = de/roy+ ! city ( ! ,bran*idae & putt+ !m all to dea?1 )\t di/9ction ( age or sex1 because _! =efa!rs _h betray$ ! temple at ,miletus4 ,aga?ocles1 too1 ! usurp] ( ,syracuse1 mock+ly told ! ,corcyreans1 9 answ] to ! "q :y he _h laid wa/e _! isl&1 #8,t x mo/ assur$ly 0 because _! fa!rs _h k9dly receiv$ ,ulysses4' ,to ! p ( ,i?aca he likewise repli$ :5 !y expo/ulat$ ) him because 8 soldi]s c>ri$ (f _! %eep1 #8,y\r k+ also came to u & ev5 bl9d$ ! %eph]d4' ,& is n ,apollo ev5 m unreasonable if he is de/roy+ ! pres5t g5]ation ( ,ph5eatae by block+ up ! b>a?rum & inundat+ _! entire t]ritory1 because a ?\s& ye>s ago1 z !y say1 ,h]cules c>ri$ (f ! prophetic tripod & took x to ,ph5eus8 or :5 he =etold to ! ,syb>ites a release f _! ills1 :5ev] !y _h appeas$ ! ang] ( ! ,leucadian ,h]a1 by a demolition ?ree times repeat$8 ,& 9 tru?1 x is n long s9ce ! ,lac$aemonians ceas$ to s5d virg9s to ,troy #8:o )\t upp] g>m5ts & ) b>e feet1 l slaves1 at e>ly dawn swept ar\nd ! alt> ( ,a!na1 )\t ! wimple1 ev5 ?\gh old age bore heavy ^u !m1' on acc\nt ( ! lascivi\sness ( ,ajax4 ,:]e1 pray1 is ! logic or ju/ice ( ^! ?+s8 ,we d n approve ! cu/om ( ! ,?racians1 :o ev5 at ! pres5t day tattoo _! wives = ! purpose ( av5g+ ,orpheus1 nor t ( ! b>b>ians along ! ,po = we>+ black g>m5ts 9 tok5 ( m\rn+ = ,p5!us1 z !y say4 ,& x w\ld h be5 /ill m ridicul\s1 ,i ?9k1 if ! m5 :o liv$ at ! "t :5 ,phae?on p]i%$ _h n conc]n$ !mselves ab\t him1 b ^? :o 7 born five or t5 g5]ations aft] 8 dea? _h begun to *ange _! g>m5ts = 8 sake & to put on m\rn+4 ,nev]!less ?is is m]ely silly & has no?+ p]nici\s or irrem$iable ab\t x4 ,b ) :at reason does ! ang] ( ! gods sometimes sudd5ly disappe> l c]ta9 riv]s1 only to break out aft]w>ds aga9/ o!rs 9 ord] to plunge !m into ! dire/ mis=tunes80 #ac4 ,z soon z he ceas$1 ,i1 fe>+ le/ he might aga9 proce$ anew to m & great] absurdities1 spoke up & ask$ him3 8,v well1 b d y accept all ^! ?+s z true80 ,to :i* he repli$1 8,ev5 if n all1 b only "s ( !m are true1 d y n ?9k ! "q pres5ts ! same difficulty80 8,p]haps10 said ,i1 8& yet :5 p]sons are suff]+ f a high fev]1 ! same or ne>ly ! same heat rema9s :e!r !y h on !m "o or m g>m5ts2 nev]!less x af=ds "s relief 7to ! pati5t7 to remove :at is sup]flu\s4 ,/ill1 if y d n wi% to g on1 we w let ?is matt] pass2 at any rate1 ^! /ories look l fables & inv5tions2 rememb]1 h[ev]1 ! fe/ival ( ,!ox5ia1 rec5tly celebrat$1 & ! honorable place ! h]alds assign to ! desc5dants ( ,p9d>2 h[ impos+ & delightful ! c]emony appe>$ to y4 ,:o w\ld n1 ,i said1 be *>m$ ) ! be/[al ( ?is honor1 s entirely 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( ,greek antiquity1 unless 8 #8black he>t _h be5 =g$ ) cold flame1' to use "o ( ,p9d>'s own expressions8 ,!n ,i =be> to m5tion1 ,i said1 a proclamation simil> to ?is 9 ,sp>ta call$1 ,aft] ! ,lesbian ,b>d1 9 honor & memory ( ,t]p&] ! ,anci5t1 = ! argum5t is ! same4 ,& y too1 desc5dants ( ,opheltas1 =soo?1 claim some:at m consid]ation ?an o!rs among ! ,boeotians & at ! h&s ( ! ,phokians because ( ,diophantus2 besides1 y 7 pres5t & 7 ! fir/ to support me :5 ,i upheld ! traditional honor ( ,h]akles & ! "r to we> a cr[n :i* ! ,lycormae & ! ,satilaiae laid claim to2 = ,i said x 0 altoge!r prop] t ! desc5dants ( ,h]akles %\ld enjoy unimpair$ honors & b5efits = s]vices :i* he _h r5d]$ to ! ,greeks1 b = :i* he _h n himself receiv$ adequate recognition & requital40 8,y h recall$ to my m9d a noble conte/10 he said1 8& "o well wor?y ( a philosoph]40 8,retract1 !n1 my fri5d10 said ,i1 8?is s]i\s *>ge1 & d n take x ill if ! desc5dants ( wick$ or base m5 are sometimes puni%$2 or cease to speak ) approval ( ! honors conf]r$ ^u ^? :o are ( noble ance/ry4 ,= x is incumb5t ^u u1 if we are to requite to _! desc5dants1 ! s]vices ( _! =efa!rs1 z a matt] ( consi/5cy n to ?9k t puni%m5t ought to cease or be discont9u$ at once aft] ! crime1 b t x ought to run along ) x & r5d] a recomp5se correspond+ to x4 ,he :o is pleas$ to see ! family ,kimon honor$ at ,a!ns1 b feels sore & aggriev$ :5 ! desc5dants ( ,la*>es or ,ari/o are expell$1 is v weak & inconsi/5t2 or r1 he is capti\s & hyp]critical z reg>ds ! deity3 = he f9ds fault if ! gr&-*ildr5 ( a wick$ & unju/ man seem to meet ) good =tune1 & he f9ds fault aga91 if ! (fspr+ ( ! vici\s are cut (f & blott$ out4 ,he blames ,god equally :e!r ! *ildr5 ( a good man or a bad man f>e ill40 #ad4 8,let ^! ?+s10 ,i said1 8s]ve y z a sort ( bulw>k aga9/ ^? ov] ha/y & c>p+ critics2 b let u take up aga91 z "o may say1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?read ( ?is obscure problem conc]n+ ! ,deity1 ) its _m w9d+s & ramifications1 & let u foll[ !m up ) c>e b )\t fe>1 to :at is probable z well z :at is reasonable2 ?is at lea/ is cle> & well e/abli%$1 t ev5 9 ^? ?+s :i* we ourselves d1 we _c always give ! reason4 ,= example1 :y d we direct ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o h di$ ( consumption or dropsy to sit ) bo? feet 9 ! wat] until ! corpse is buri$8 = x is believ$ t 9 ?is way ! disease w n pass to !m or come ne> !m4 ,aga91 = :at reason does a :ole h]d ( goats /& /ill if "o ( _! numb] gets eryngo 9 its m\?1 until ! h]dsman comes up & takes x out8 ,& !re are o!r =ces 9 nature t int]act among ea* o!r & pass back & =? ) incr$ible swiftness ?r\gh a great ext5t ( space4 ,yet we are surpris$ at int]vals ( "t1 b n ^? ( space4 ,) all t1 x is m wond]ful if ,a!ns is infect$ ) a disease t _h its orig9 9 ,e?iopia & ( :i* ,p]icles di$ & f :i* ,?ucydides suff]$ ?an if ! p5alty = ! crimes committ$ by ! ,delphians or ,syb>ites %\ld be c>ri$ d[n to & visit$ ^u _! *ildr54 ,! =ces ( nature h c]ta9 connections1 & int]-relations ) ea* o!r ext5d+ f _! f>!/ end+s to _! v beg9n+s1 ! cause ( :i*1 ?\gh unkn[n by u1 sil5tly produce _! prop] effects4 #ae4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ! wra? ( ! gods1 :5 x falls ^u a :ole city1 has its ju/ification4 ,= a city is a unit & an entirety1 j l an animal1 t does n lose its id5tity ) ! pass+ ( ! ye>s1 nor is trans=m$ f "o ?+ into some?+ diff]5t 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b is always affect$ by l feel+s & has a "* peculi> to itself4 ,x m]its all ! praise & all ! blame = :at x has done 9 its sov]eign capacity1 s long z ! community :i* makes x "o & b9ds x toge!r pres]ves its unity4 ,to make "o city1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 consi/ ( _m cities1 or r1 ( a c\ntless numb]1 is l divid+ "o man into _m because he is n[ old]1 b 0 =m]ly y\ng]1 & /ill e>li]1 a /ripl+4 ,?is is altoge!r l ! well-kn[n argum5t ( ,epi*>mus1 ! s-call$ increas+ syllogism1 mu* us$ by ! ,sophi/s1 t ! man :o _h incurr$ a debt "s "t ago does n owe x n[ z he has become ano!r man1 & t he :o 0 invit$ to a banquet ye/]day comes to-day an unbidd5 gue/ because he is ano!r p]son4 ,advanc+ age produces great] *anges 9 ea* "o ( u ?an 9 ! g5]al "* ( cities4 ,any "o w\ld recognize ,a!ns if he saw x ?irty ye>s ago2 ! cu/oms ( to-day1 ! motions1 ! sports1 ! occupations1 ! likes & dislikes ( ! p are precisely ! same !y 7 9 =m] times2 b a man :om a relative or a fri5d might *ance to meet aft] an int]val ( "t1 he w\ld sc>cely recognize1 & ! *ange ( "* easily se5 9 e rem>k & occupation & 9 ! feel+s & habits h1 ev5 = ^? :o are ab\t u all ! "t1 some?+ /range & /rik+ by _! novelty4 ,nev]!less a man is reg>d$ z "o p]son f 8 bir? to 8 dea?2 & 9 l mann] we ?9k x "r t ! city1 :i* rema9s ! same1 ought to be held responsible = ! transgressions ( its =m] citiz5s ) ! same %[ ( reason t x %>es 9 _! glory & pre/ige2 o!rwise we %all1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 ca/ ev]y?+ into ! riv] ( ,h]acleitus into :i* he says no?+ goes twice because nature keeps all ?+s 9 motion & *anges _! =m4 #af4 ,if !n a city is a unit & a cont9u\s ?+1 ! same is und\bt$ly true ( ! family t spr+s f "o & ! same beg9n+ & eng5d]s a c]ta9 p[] & a natural bond ( sympa?y betwe5 all its memb]s4 ,t :i* is begott5 is n z if x 7 ! h&iwork ( an artisan1 sep>ate f him :o begets1 = x is some?+ t proce$s out ( him1 n some?+ fram$ by him2 consequ5tly x possesses & be>s )9 itself "s portion ( its orig9al t may rightfully be *a/is$ or honor$4 ,if ,i 7 n afraid ,i %\ld be ?\ght to be je/+ ,i w\ld say t ! /atue ( ,kas&] has suff]$ a great] wrong at ! h&s ( ! ,a!nians :5 x 0 melt$ d[n1 & ! body ( ,dionysius :5 aft] dea? x 0 c>ri$ beyond _! b\nd>y by ! ,syracusans1 ?an _! desc5dants 9 pay+ ! p5alty = ! de$s ( ^! m54 ,= 9 a /atue ( ,kas&] !re 0 no "p ( him1 & ! s\l ( ,dionysius _h left ! dead body long previ\sly2 b 9 ! case ( ,nysaeus & ( ,apollokrates & ( ,antipat] & ( ,philip & ( all o!r p]sons 9 l mann] :o are ! *ildr5 ( vici\s p>5ts1 nature has implant$ ?is pr$om9ant pr9ciple & x is ev] pres5t ) !m2 is n dormant or inop]ative1 b !y live 9 x & are nurtur$ by x2 ) !m x abides & x directs _! actions4 ,x is n cruel or unreasonable if ! *ildr5 ( ^! m5 %>e _! de/9y4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 "h1 z 9 ! heal+ art1 :at is advantage\s is j1 & he w\ld make himself ridicul\s :o %\ld affirm t 9 diseases ( ! hip-jo9t x 0 wrong to caut]ize ! ?umb1 & 9 ! case ( an ulc]at$ liv]1 to make an incision 9 ! belly1 & to ano9t ! tips ( ! horns ( cattle if _! ho(s are s(t4 ,s 9 ! matt] ( puni%m5ts2 he :o ?9ks any?+ else is j ?an :at w cure vice1 & is sc&aliz$ if ! heal+ is affect$ on "o p>ty = ! sake ( ano!r1--l ! op5+ ( a ve9 to relieve ! eyes--evid5tly sees no f>!r ?an :at is pla9 to ! s5ses4 ,he does n take into acc\nt t ev5 a s*oolma/]1 :5 he puni%es "o pupil also corrects o!rs1 & t a g5]al :o decimates 8 army puni%es all 8 soldi]s4 ,likewise1 c]ta9 qualities1 good z well z bad1 are transmitt$ n only f "o body to ano!r1 b ev5 m readily f "o s\l to ano!r4 ,= 9 ! "o case x seems reasonable t ! same conditions %\ld also produce ! same *ange1 :ile 9 ! o!r1 ! s\l impell$ by motives & impulses is naturally incl9$ by boldness or timidity to become worse or bett]40 #ag4 ,:ile ,i 0 yet speak+1 ,olympi*us int]rupt+ me1 said1 8,y seem1 9 y\r disc\rse1 to proce$ on a weighty assumption1 namely1 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l40 8,y w surely grant ?is10 ,i repli$1 8or r1 h grant$ x1 = my argum5t has proce$$ f ! beg9n+ on ! hypo!sis t ,god di/ributes to u all rew>ds & puni%m5ts accord+ to our des]ts40 ,h]eupon he repli$1 8,d y !n ?9k x foll[s ( necessity1 f ! fact t because ! gods obs]ve all our actions1 & apportion rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 t s\ls are ei!r altoge!r incorruptible1 or t !y cont9ue to exi/ = "s "t aft] dea?80 8,my good fri5ds10 said ,i1 8,god is n impati5t1 or s occupi$ ) trifles1 t if !re 7 n some?+ ( ! div9ity 9 u1 some?+ at lea/ 9 a measure simil> to ,himself1 b if1 l unto leaves1 z ,hom] says1 we are altoge!r transitory1 & doom$ to p]i% 9 a little :ile1 ,he w\ld treat u ) s mu* consid]ation--l ^? wom5 :o plant ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 9 fragm5ts ( pott]y & be/[ pa9s on !m--*]i%+ ^? ephem]al s\ls ( ours1 t dwell 9 a frail body1 & :5 !y are sprung up h no firm root 9 life1 b are =ev] ext+ui%$ by any sudd5 calamity4 ,b if y are agre$1 let u pass ov] ! o!r gods & let u consid] ours "h 79 ,delphi71 :e!r y ?9k1 if he 7 aw>e t ! s\ls ( ^? :o h pass$ f life1 =?) dissolve into no?+1 l cl\ds or smoke1 z soon z !y leave ! body1 he w\ld h in/itut$ s _m c]emonies = ! dead1 & w\ld /ill require l>ge gifts & honors = ! deceas$1 m]ely to impose ^u & delude ! cr$ul\s4 ,= my "p1 ,i c\ld nev] give up 7my fai? 97 ! immortality ( ! s\l unless "s "o %\ld aga91 l ano!r ,h]akles1 take away ! tripod ( ! ,py?ia1 & eradicate & de/roy ! oracle4 ,s long z ev5 9 our day _m su* oracul> responses are r5d]$1 z !y say 7 giv5 to ,korax ! ,naxian1 x is impi\s to ass]t t ! s\l c die40 ,"h ,patrocleas ask$1 8,:at 0 ! response & :o 0 ?is ,korax8 = to me bo? ! "n & ! circum/ance are unkn[n40 8,n at all10 said ,i1 8b ,i am to blame = us+ a cognom5 in/ead ( a "n4 ,! man :o slew ,ar*ilo*us 9 battle 0 call$ ,kalondas1 z y "k2 b he bore ! eponym1 ,korax4 ,repell$ at fir/ by ! ,py?ia = kill+ a devotee ( ! ,muses1 he next _h rec\rse to pray]s & humble supplications 9 ord] to secure 8 re/oration to favor1 !n 0 comm&$ to repair to ! habitation ( ,tettix1 9 ord] to appease ! s\l ( ,ar*ilo*us4 ,?is 0 at ,ta5>us1 = ?i!r1 !y say1 ,tettix ! ,cretan came ) 8 fleet1 f\nd$ a city & settl$ ne> an oracle ( ! dead4 ,9 l mann]1 also1 an oracle came to ! ,sp>tans1 bidd+ !m conciliate ! s\l ( ,pausanias1 p]sons :o c\ld evoke ! dead hav+ be5 s5t = to ,italy2 ^!1 aft] (f]+ sacrifice1 conjur$ up ! gho/ ( ! dead man 9 ! temple4 #ah4 ,?is1 !n is "o argum5t :i* e/abli%es ! provid5ce ( ,god & at ! same "t ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & x is n possible to reject ! "o & accept ! o!r4 ,n[ if ! s\l survives aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 x is also q reasonable t x %>es ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts 7( ! latt]74 ,= 9 ?is life x is engag$ 9 a conte/1 l an a?lete1 & :5 ! conte/ is end$ x receives its des]ts4 ,to ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts met$ out :5 exi/+ !re by itself 7sep>ate f ! body7 = ! de$s ( ! previ\s life1 ! liv+ atta* no importance2 !y are conceal$ f our k1 & discr$it$4 ,b ^? t are transmitt$ to *ildr5 & ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 be+ pla9ly evid5t to all :o live "h1 turn _m bad m5 f _! ways & hold !m 9 *eck4 ,!re is no m griev\s *a/isem5t1 & none t rea*es m to ! quick1 ?an = m5 to see _! desc5dants 9 mis=tune on _! acc\nt2 & :5 ! s\l ( an impi\s & unju/ man beholds1 aft] dea?1 n /atues ov]turn$ & honors annull$1 b *ildr5 & fri5ds & 8 own h\sehold ov]:elm$ ) calamities & pay+ ! p5alty = crimes t he has himself committ$1--!re is no "o :o w\ld aga9 be unju/1 or :o w\ld yield to 8 unbridl$ passion1 = ! honors ( ,zeus4 ,i h also a /ory to tell t ,i rec5tly he>d1 b ,i hesitate to d s le/ y ?9k x a fable1 ,i w !re=e keep to :at is probable4 8,by no means10 said ,olympi*us1 8b repeat x entire40 ,:5 ! o!rs also jo9$ 9 ! reque/1 ,i said1 8,p]mit me to repeat :at is probable 9 ! /ory & aft]w>d1 if y l1 we w take up ! fable1 grant+1 ( c\rse1 t x is a fable40 #ai4 ,n[ ,bion says = a god to puni% ! *ildr5 ( bad m5 w\ld be m ridicul\s ?an if a physician 7 to adm9i/] m$ic9e to ! son or gr&son1 = ! disease ( ! gr&fa!r1 or ! fa!r4 ,9 "o respect ! conditions are unlike1 9 ano!r !y are alike1 or simil>4 ,adm9i/]+ m$ic9e to "o man = ! disease ( ano!r does n1 x is true1 cure ! pati5t1 & a p]son :o is suff]+ f a disease ( ! eyes1 or a fev]1 does n get bett] :5 he sees ano!r anno9t$ or hav+ a pla/] put on him2 b ! puni%m5ts ( ! wick$ make x evid5t to all m5 t x is ! purpose ( wisely-direct$ ju/ice to re/ra9 "s by ! correction ( o!rs4 ,9 :at respect ! comp>ison made by ,bion is p]t95t to ! inquiry1 he himself fail$ to notice2 = suppose1 n[1 a man falls sick ( a pa9ful b by no means incurable disease1 !n gives himself up to intemp]ance & effem9ate habits1 & dies2 & suppose1 aga91 t 8 son does n h ! same disease b only a pr$isposition to x1--w\ld n a physician1 or a tra9]1 or ev5 a c>eful ma/]1 on le>n+ ?is fact1 put him on a frugal diet1 & keep him f da9ties & pa/ry1 f dr9k & wom51 & by enjo9+ ! cont9u\s use ( rem$ies & ! ex]cise ( ! body 9 gymna/ics1 scatt] & eradicate ! little g]m ( a big disord]1 be=e x _h rea*$ ! s]i\s /age8 ,=soo?1 d n we admoni% ^? :o are born ( diseas$ fa!rs or mo!rs1 to take he$ to !mselves1 & to be on _! gu>d aga9/ neglect+ !mselves1 & =?) to expel ! inbr$ evil :ile its g]m is yet undevelop$1 & ?us take ! dang] by ! =elock8 8,mo/ assur$ly10 said !y4 8,!n10 repli$ ,i1 8we are n do+ an absurd b a necess>y ?+2 n some?+ ridicul\s b some?+ useful1 :5 we recomm5d to ! *ildr5 ( epileptics & hypo*ondriacs & g\ty p]sons1 physical ex]cise & :olesome diet & m$icam5ts1 n because !y are sick1 b to ! end t !y may n become sick4 ,! body t is born ( an uns\nd body does n ne$ *a/isem5t b m$ical treatm5t & good regim54 ,if anybody calls ! int]diction ( pleasures & ! imposition ( toil & labor1 puni%m5t1 he does s because he is inept & effem9ate1 & no att5tion ne$ be paid to him4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t a body born ( an uns\nd body is wor?y ( c>e & att5tion1 b ! cong5ital se$s ( vice t g]m9ate & spr+ up 9 ! "y "*1 we are to let alone & wait & dally1 until ! evil passions break =? op5ly1--#8%[ =? ! malignant fruit ( ! he>t1' z ,p9d> says8 #bj4 ,( a tru?1 9 ?is matt] is ! ,deity any wis] ?an ,hesiod :5 he exhorts & advises u #8,n :5 return$ f ! sorr[ful burial1 to propagate ! race1 b aft] ! fea/ ( ! immortals8' on ! gr\nd t n only vice & virtue1 b sorr[ & joy & all qualities1 are transf]r$ to ! (fspr+ 9 procreation2 t at su* a "t m5 %\ld be jocund & 9 good spirits & m]ry4 ,b x does n foll[1 accord+ to ,hesiod1 nor is x ! "w ( human wisdom1 b ( ,god1 to see ?r\gh & und]/& simil>ities & diff]5ces ( human nature1 be=e !y h l$ to great crimes & are ?us made pla9 to all m54 ,= :ile ! cubs ( be>s & ! :elps ( wolves & monkeys imm$iately disclose _! inborn nature because !re is no?+ to conceal or disguise x1 ! natural disposition ( man con=ms to cu/oms & op9ions & laws1 & ?us frequ5tly puts a mask on :at is evil & imitates ! good4 ,9 ?is way x altoge!r expunges or eradicates ! inborn ta9t ( vice1 or hides x = a long "t by cunn+ly disguis+ itself "u ! cloak ( virtue2 inasmu* z we h>dly take note ( any p>ticul> act ( villa9y1 unless x falls ^u u or /rikes u2 or1 r1 we are = ! mo/ "p accu/om$ to reg>d m5 z bad only :5 !y d a bad de$1 lic5ti\s :5 !y indulge _! lu/s1 & c[>ds :5 !y run away4 ,?is is do+ z if we believ$ scorpions _h a /+ only :5 !y /rike1 & s]p5ts 7 poison\s only :5 !y bite1--a fooli% notion1 v]ily6 ,! man :o proves to be a villa9 does n become s j at ! mom5t he is f\nd out1 b he _h 9 him f 8 bir? ! g]ms ( iniquity1 ! ?ief m]ely seiz+ ! opportunity or us+ 8 p[] to /eal1 & ! tyrant to ov]ride ! law4 ,b ,god1 dep5d ^u x1 is n ignorant ( ! incl9ations & nature ( any man because ,he looks to ! s\l r ?an ! body2 ,he does n wait to puni% de$s ( viol5ce1 until !y are done ) ! h&s1 or impurity until x is utt]$ ) ! tongue1 or lascivi\sness until x is committ$ ) ! sexual organs4 ,he does n take v5geance on ! evil-do] f any wrong he has himself suff]$1 nei!r is ,he inc5s$ at ! robb]1 because he has be5 r\ghly h&l$1 nor does ,he hate ! adult]] because ( ! disgrace2 yet1 = ! sake ( bett]m5t1 ,he (t5 puni%es ! adult]] & ! mis] & ! unju/ man1 ?us cutt+ (f vice1 z if x 7 an epilepsy1 be=e x becomes firmly root$4 #ba4 ,a little :ile ago we express$ our ill-w at ! late & t>dy puni%m5t ( ! wick$2 n[ we f9d fault because 9 "s cases1 ev5 be=e !y p]petrate any evil de$1 ,god *ecks ! natural b5t & disposition ( m51 ?\gh we are aw>e t ! future is (t5 worse & m to be fe>$ ?an ! pa/1 & :at is dormant ?an :at is app>5t4 ,we are n able to fa?om ! reasons :y x is sometimes bett] to let m5 commit crimes & sometimes bett] to anticipate !m :ile !y are m]ely delib]at+ & contriv+2 j z "s m$ic9es are n adapt$ to c]ta9 pati5ts1 ?\gh helpful to o!rs :o are n actually sick1 & yet 9 a worse condition ?an ! =m]4 ,= ?is reason ! gods d n #8turn all ! transgressions ( ! p>5ts ^u _! (fspr+1' b if a virtu\s son is begott5 by a wick$ fa!r1 z x 71 a s\nd man1 by "o :o is diseas$1 he av]ts ! p5alty f ! h\se1 ! (fspr+ ( "o be+1 s to speak1 adopt$ into ano!r4 ,b x is fitt+ t a "y man :o con=ms himself to ! lik5ess ( a corrupt family %\ld also %>e ! *a/isem5t ( its villa9ies z a debt incurr$ by inh]itance4 ,antigonus 0 n puni%$ on acc\nt ( ,demetrius1 any m ?an ! h]oes ( ! old5 "t1 ,phyleus & ,ne/or1 = ! sake ( ,augeas & ,neleus2 s9ce ^! m51 ?\gh sprung f wick$ fa!rs1 7 !mselves good m54 ,b ^? :o *]i% & take naturally to ! bas5ess t is born 9 !m mu/ also expect to be pursu$ to ! end by t ju/ice :i* ! lik5ess ( vice dem&s4 ,= j z w>ts & livid spots & freckles t fa!rs sometimes h1 are n on _! sons1 b aft]w>ds reappe> on ! gr&sons1 & gr&daught]s2 & a c]ta9 ,greek woman :o _h giv5 bir? to a black *ild = :i* %e 0 *>g$ ) adult]y until %e prov$ t %e 0 desc5d$ f an ,e?iopian 9 ! f\r? g5]ation2 & "o ( ! sons ( ,py?o ( ,nisibis1 :o rec5tly di$1 & :o 0 said to be sprung f ! ,sp>ti1 0 born ) ! pr9t ( a spe> on 8 body--9 :i* case ! family lik5ess reappe>$ & came to ! surface z out ( ! deep1 aft] su* a long space ( "t1--s 9 l mann] ! "* & passions ( ! s\l are (t5 conceal$ 9 ! fir/ g5]ations & rema9 unkn[n1 b "s "t aft]w>d & 9 o!r p]sons nature spr+s up & ass]ts its p[]1 ei!r = virtue or vice40 #bb4 ,:5 he _h spok5 ?us he held 8 peace1 :]eupon ,olympi*us said ) a smile1 8,we d n give y our approval le/ we %all seem to excuse y f tell+ ! /ory1 on ! gr\nd t ! case has be5 suffici5tly prov$2 b we %all only !n r5d] our v]dict :5 we h he>d t40 ,9 ?is wise ,i accord+ly began3 8,!spesius ( ,soli1 a k9sman & fri5d ( ! ,protag5es :o sp5t "s "t "h ) u1 hav+ pass$ ! fir/ "p ( 8 life 9 great dissolut5ess1 & hav+ spe$ily squ&]$ all 8 patrimony1 n[ press$ by ! exig5cies ( 8 situation1 = "s "t l$ a vici\s life2 besides rep5t+ ( 8 bad managem5t1 he also s\ght 9 e way to recov] :at he _h lo/1 & act$ j l ^? lib]t9es :o c>e no?+ = _! wives s long z !y are 9 possession ( !m1 b aft] !y are divorc$ & m>ri$ to o!r m51 basely try to corrupt !m4 ,accord+ly1 by hold+ alo( f no act ( meanness t br\ght ei!r gratification or ga91 he acquir$ 9 a %ort "t n only v great possessions1 b also ! reputation ( be+ a ?or\gh sc\ndrel4 ,above all1 an oracle br\ght f ,amphilo*us gave him a bad "n2 = hav+ ask$ ! god ?r\gh a mess5g]1 z we are told1 :e!r he w\ld lead a bett] life 9 ! future1 ! answ] came back t x w\ld be bett] ) him aft] he 0 dead4 ,& 9 a measure ?is turn$ out to be true1 n long aft]4 ,= happ5+ to fall on 8 head f a height he lay l "o dead f ! %ock alone1 = he _h receiv$ no w\nd1 & on ! ?ird day 0 already c>ri$ =? = burial4 ,!n all at once recov]+ /r5g? & com+ to himself1 he %[$ a mo/ a/oni%+ *ange 9 8 mann] ( life2 = ! ,cilicians "k ( no man ( 8 "t m j 9 deal+s betwe5 man & man1 none m rev]5t t[>d ! gods1 none m dread$ by 8 enemies1 or m fai?ful to 8 fri5ds4 ,consequ5tly all :o knew him 7 eag] to he> ! cause ( ?is trans=mation1 z !y ?\ght su* an alt]ation ( "* c\ld n be a m]e matt] ( *ance--:i* 0 9 fact ! case1 z he himself relat$ to ,protag5es & o!r equally intimate fri5ds4 ,= :5 he lo/ consci\sness1--7lit]ally1 :5 8 rational s\l left 8 body7--he at fir/ exp]i5c$ ab\t ! same s5sation z ! result ( ! *ange t a pilot w\ld feel :o %\ld be hurl$ f a %ip into ! deep2 aft]w>ds1 hav+ recov]$ a little1 he ?\ght he _h entirely rega9$ 8 brea? & 0 able to see on e side ) 8 s\l op5$ z if x 7 all "o eye4 ,yet he beheld none ( ! =m] ?+s1 b ! objects he recogniz$ 7 />s ( imm5se magnitude at immeasurable di/ances f "o ano!r1 & a radiance proce$+ f !m1 surpris+ 9 its brilliancy & color1 9 :i* 8 s\l mov$ ab\t ) facility j z a man 9 a calm moves a %ip 9 any direction1 easily & quickly4 ,?\gh he omitt$ mo/ ( :at he saw1 he said t ! s\ls ( ! dead1 ris+ f bel[1 made flame-l bubbles z !y displac$ ! air be=e !m2 !n1 z ea* bubble noiselessly bur/1 ! s\ls came =?1 human 9 =m b ( a small] size4 ,_! movem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 n alike1 = "s />t$ =? ) surpris+ fleetness & d>t$ /raight up1 :ile o!rs :irl$ r\nd 9 a circle j l sp9dles1 & :isk+1 n[ upw>d1 n[ d[nw>d1 ) a k9d ( confus$ & aimless motion1 !y came to re/ only aft] a long "t & ) great difficulty4 ,respect+ mo/ ( ! s\ls1 h[ev]1 he 0 9 ignorance z to :o !y 72 b recogniz+ two or ?ree ( 8 acqua9tances1 he tri$ to approa* & address !m1 yet !y nei!r he>d him nor 7 9 _! "r m9d1 b beside !mselves & daz$1 try+ to avoid all notice & int]c\rse1 mov+ aimlessly ab\t1 at fir/ alone by !mselves1 !n enc\nt]+ _m :o 7 9 a l condition1 !y jo9$ !mselves to ^!1 &1 toss$ ab\t 9 a disord]ly mann] 9 all directions1 !y utt]$ un9telligible cries t s\nd$ l m+l$ screams ( lam5tation & fe>4 ,o!rs1 aga91 7 se5 at ! v summit ( ! upp] air1 radiant ) joy1 frequ5tly approa*+ ea* o!r ) signs ( affection1 b avoid+ ! disord]ly ones & te/ify+ _! av]sion1 z he ?\ght1 by draw+ !mselves toge!r1 b _! delight & satisfaction1 by exp&+ & ext5d+ !mselves4 ,"h1 he said1 he recogniz$ ! s\l ( "o ( 8 k9sm51 ?\gh n q di/9ctly1 = he _h di$ :5 yet v "y2 b draw+ ne> x salut$ him )1 #8,hail1 ,!spesius6' ,:5 he1 9 surprise1 rejo9$ t 8 "n 0 n ,!spesius1 b ,aridaeus4 #8,=m]ly1 x is true1' repli$ ! _s1 #8t 0 ?y "n1 b h5ce=? x is ,!spesius 7! ,div9e74 ,= ?\ did/ n die1 b ?r\gh ! int]position ( ,god art come hi!r 9 ! full possession ( ?y faculties2 ! o!r "p ( ?y s\l ?\ ha/ left beh9d 9 ?y body1 z x 7 an an*or2 & let ?is be a tok5 to !e bo?1 n[1 & h5ce=?1 t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ nei!r ca/ a %ad[ nor move ! eyelids4' ,on he>+ ?is1 ,!spesius1 :o _h by ?is "t some:at recov]$ consci\sness1 look$ & beheld a k9d ( fa9t l9e ab\t himself1 :ile ! re/ 7 completely encircl$ ) a radiance & diaphan\s1 ?\gh n all 9 ! same mann]1 = "s1 l ! moon 9 h] brighte/ spl5dor1 _h a uni=mly smoo? & ev5 color1 :ile o!rs 7 m>k$ ) a k9d ( spots or fa9t weals2 o!rs aga9 7 all v>iegat$ & /range to look ^u2 :ile /ill o!rs 7 m>k$ ) livid fleck+s l vip]s1 & "s ev5 %[$ slight sc>ifications4 ,! k9sman ( ,!spesius expla9$ ^! ?+s 9 detail 7= !re is no?+ to h9d] u f call+ ! s\ls ( m5 by ! "n !y !mselves bore dur+ life7 by recit+ t ,adra/ea1 ! daught] ( ,necessity & ,zeus1 _h be5 plac$ 9 ! highe/ seat z ! av5g] ( all crimes1 & t !re is no wick$ man s p[]ful or s insignificant z to be able1 ei!r by craft or by =ce1 to escape h]4 ,?ree att5dants wait ^u h] to ea* ( :om has be5 assign$ a diff]5t mode ( inflict+ puni%m5t3 ^? :o are to be *a/is$ :ile yet 9 ! body & by means ( ! body1 swift ,po5a 7,puni%m5t7 seizes1 ?\gh 9 a r mild way t /ill leaves beh9d _m ?+s ne$+ expiation2 ^? ^: cure is a matt] ( great] difficulty on acc\nt ( _! vices1 ! daemon h&s ov]1 aft] dea?1 to ,dike 7,ju/ice71 :ile ^? t ,dike gives up z entirely incorrigible1 ! ?ird & mo/ t]rible ( ! att5dants ( ,adra/ea1 ,er9ys 7! ,fury71 pursues1 & aft] h\nd+ !m z !y ru% ab\t try+ to escape h] 9 "o way or ano!r1 %e puts !m all out ( sight 9 a pitiless & awful way by ?ru/+ !m into a nameless & invisible abyss4 ,( ! o!r puni%m5ts1 said he1 t inflict$ by ,po5a 9 ?is life is l ^? ( ! non-,greeks4 ,= z among ! ,p]sians ! clo!s & ti>as ( ^? :o are und]go+ *a/isem5t are pull$ (f & !y are sc\rg$1 :ile ! culprits beg ) te>s t _! ca/igation may be end$2 s ! puni%m5ts suff]$ 9 body or e/ate are no sev]e affliction1 nor d !y t\* vice itself1 b are *iefly = appe>ance sake & = ! outw>d s5se4 ,b him :o comes hi!r f !re1 unpuni%$ & unpurg$1 ,dike seizes & exposes 8 s\l 9 all its nak$ness1 & !re is no place :]e x c hide or g into concealm5t or cov] up its bas5ess1 b x is completely se5 on all sides & by ev]ybody4 ,at fir/ ,dike %[s ?is s\l to hone/ p>5ts1 if su* he _h1 or to ance/ors1 z a dete/able creature & unwor?y 7( su* ance/ry72 b if !y 7 likewise wick$1 he sees !m und]go+ *a/isem5t1 :ile he is 9 turn beheld by !m receiv+ 8 des]ts & expiat+1 = a long "t1 ea* ( 8 evil passions ) pa9s & torm5ts :i* z f> exce$ 9 %>pness ^? endur$ 9 ! fle% z ! reality exce$s 9 di/9ctness ! m]e vision 7be=e y74 ,! /ripes & weals = ea* ( ! passions rema9 on "s a long]1 on o!rs a %ort] "t40 #8,obs]ve also1' said he1 #8! v>iegat$ & p>ty-color$ appe>ance ( ! s\ls2 ! d>ki% & fil?y hue is ! m>k ( fraud & av>ice1 :ile ! blood-r$ & flame-color$ indicates cruelty & ugl9ess ( temp]2 :]e ! s\l has a blui% color1 a lack ( self-control z aga9/ lu/ has n be5 :olly eradicat$ f x2 inh]5t malevol5ce comb9$ ) envy give out ! violet color & fe/]+ appe>ance und]nea?1 j z ! cuttle-fi% sets free its black fluid4 ,= yond] 79 ! _w71 vice1 :5 ! s\l is *ang$ by its passions & *anges ! body1 occasions a v>iety ( colors1 b "h 79 ! realm ( dep>t$ spirits7 !re is an end ( purification & puni%m5t1 & :5 ! passions are purg$ out1 ! s\l recov]s entirely its native lu/] & uni=m color4 ,until ?is takes place1 p>oxysms ( passion break =?1 caus+ relapses & he>t-?robs1 9 "s cases fa9t & easily recov]$ f1 9 o!rs exce$+ly viol5t4 ,"s ( ! s\ls1 aft] und]go+ repeat$ ca/igations resume _! natural "* & disposition2 o!rs aga9 are c>ri$ away into ! bodies ( animals by ! =ce & p[] ( ignorance & ! innate love ( s5sual gratification2 =1 ow+ to ! weakness ( ! reason+ faculty & a dis9cl9ation to discursive ?\ght1 "o is impell$ by its active pr9ciple to procreation1 :ile ano!r1 ?\gh lack+ an in/rum5t ( s5sual gratification1 yet longs to satisfy its desires ) worldly pleasures & to atta9 its ends by means ( ! body1 = 9 ?is place !re is only a k9d ( imp]fect %ad[ & vision ( joys t c h no reality4' ,:5 ! _s _h ?us spok51 x conduct$ him 7,!spesius7 swiftly ?r\gh b\ndless space1 z he ?\ght1 easily & )\t deviation1 borne up by ! beams ( light z if on w+s1 until he came to a wide & deep *asm :]e ! p[] t support$ him gave way2 he saw1 too1 t ! o!r s\ls _h a l exp]i5ce at t place1 = ^!1 cr[d+ toge!r l birds1 & d>t+ d[nw>d1 flew ab\t ! *asm1--= !y d>$ n v5ture to pass directly across x--:i* he saw 0 decorat$ )9 l ! grottoes ( ,bac*us1 ) %rubb]y & plants & ) all sorts ( gre5 twigs be>+ fl[]s2 x also s5t =? a g5tle & agreeable breeze :i* 0 s+ul>ly pleasant & :i* produc$ ! same effect t w9e does on ^? :o are addict$ to x1 = ! s\ls t inhal$ ^! fragrant odors 7 9 ec/asies ( joy & embrac$ "o ano!r4 ,all ar\nd ?is place !re 0 revelry & laught]1 toge!r ) e k9d ( enjoym5t & m]ry-mak+4 ,he said t "h ,dionysus _h asc5d$ & _h aft]w>ds fet*$ up ,semele & t x 0 call$ ! place ( ,=getfulness 7,le!74 ,"h1 too1 ,!spesius desir$ to t>ry1 b 8 conductor w\ld n all[ x1 & hurri$ him =cibly away1 at ! same "t tell+ him t ! rational s\l is melt$ & dissolv$ "u ! influ5ce ( pleasure1 b t ! irrational & c>nal "p1 moi/5$ & clo!d 9 fle%1 revives ! memory ( ! body1 & z a result ( ?is rem9isc5se1 a desire & a concupisc5ce t incites to procreation2 = :i* reason x is call$ an incl9ation t[>d ! e>? because ! s\l is weigh$ d[n ) moi/ure4 ,pass+ next ov] ano!r way ( equal ext5t1 he ?\ght he saw a huge goblet into :i* /reams fl[$1 ( :i* "o 0 ( a :it] color ?an ! foam ( ! sea or sn[2 ano!r1 purple l ! iris2 :ile o!rs aga9 %[$1 f af>1 diff]5t hues1 ea* ( :i* %one ) its own p>ticul> lu/]1 yet :5 he came ne>1 ! ambi5t air became m & m r>ifi$1 ! colors became fa9t]1 & ! goblet lo/ its brilliant t9ts1 except ! :ite4 ,"h he saw ?ree sup]natural be+s 7daemons7 sitt+ by "o ano!r 9 ! =m ( a triangle1 mix+ toge!r ! /reams ) c]ta9 measures4 ,! conductor ( ! s\l ( ,!spesius said t to ?is po9t ,orpheus _h advanc$ :5 he 0 foll[+ aft] ! s\l ( 8 wife1 b because 8 memory p>tly fail$ him he br\ght back to m5 an incorrect acc\nt :5 he said t ! oracle at ,delphi 0 ! common prop]ty ( ,apollo & ,night1 :5 9 soo?1 !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ,apollo & ,night4 #8,b ?is oracle1' ! _s said1 #8is common to night & ! moon2 x gives response n[h]e ^u ! e>? & has no fix$ abode1 b roams ab\t ev]y:]e among m51 9 dreams & app>itions2 & emanat+ f x1 z ?\ see/1 dreams mix$ up ) ! pla9 & simple tru?1 spread abroad trick]y & fraud4 ,b t ( ,apollo ?\ did/ n see1' x said1 #8nor wilt ?\ be able to see x1 = ! e>?ly "p ( ! s\l nei!r /rives t[>d :at is high] nor does x release 7! spiritual "p71 b x t5ds d[nw>d z long z x is jo9$ to ! body4' ,at ! same "t ! _s lead+ him 7,!spesius7 ne>] tri$ to %[ him ! light issu+ f ! tripod :i*1 z he said1 pass$ ?r\gh ! bosom ( ,!mis & rea*$ z f> z ,p>nassus4 ,?\gh greatly desir+ to see x1 he 0 n able to d s because ( its brilliancy2 b z he pass$ by he he>d ! %rill voice ( a woman *ant+ 9 v]se "s o!r ?+s1 & ! "t ( 8 dea?1 z he ?\ght4 ,! sup]natural be+ 7daemon7 said x 0 ! ,sibyl1 & t %e =etold future ev5ts z %e 0 :irl$ ab\t on ! face ( ! moon4 ,?\gh wi%+ to he> m1 he 0 c>ri$ r\nd to ! opposite side by ! rot>y motion ( ! moon & caught b a few words2 among :i* 0 ! pr$iction ab\t ,m\nt ,vesuvius & ! imp5d+ de/ruction ( ,dicae>*ea by fire1 & a v]se ab\t ! reign+ emp]or1 ?us3 #8,?\gh he is good1 disease %all end 8 reign4' ,next 9 ord] !y turn$ to look ^u ^? :o 7 und]go+ puni%m5ts4 ,f ! v fir/ !y beheld no?+ b repulsive & pitiable sights2 !n ,!spesius q unexpect$ly came ^u k9dr$ & acqua9tances & =m] companions :o 7 9 t]rible suff]+s & und]go+ horrible torm5ts & pa9s1 & :o bes\ght him ) l\d lam5tations to h pity on !m4 ,f9ally1 he recogniz$ 8 own fa!r com+ up f a k9d ( abyss1 all cov]$ ) m>ks & w\nds1 /ret*+ out 8 h&s to him2 nor did ^? :o direct$ 8 ca/igations suff] him to hold 8 peace1 b !y compell$ him to confess t he _h be5 guilty ( a base crime aga9/ "s gue/s1 = _! gold1 by tak+ !m (f ) poison1 & t1 ?\gh ! de$ 0 unkn[n to ev]ybody 9 ! _w above1 x 0 kn[n to ^? bel[4 7,he also said7 t he _h already und]gone "s torm5ts1 b 0 be+ dragg$ away to suff] o!rs4 ,smitt5 ) fe> & horror he dur/ n (f] supplications & int]cessions = 8 fa!r2 b want+ to turn ab\t & flee1 he no long] saw 8 k9d & famili> guide1 & felt himself urg$ =w>d by o!r be+s horrible to look ^u1 by :om he 0 compell$ to pass among & behold ! *a/isem5ts ( o!rs ( 8 acqua9tances :o _h op5ly l$ a wick$ life1 ?\gh ! %ade ( ^? :o _h be5 puni%$ 9 ! _w 0 less griev\sly torm5t$ ?an ! re/1 & n 9 ! same way1 z !y 7 m]ely condemn$ to sev]e toil = ! irrational nature & ! passions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _h worn ! g>b & assum$ ! "n ( virtue1 b _h 9 secret l$ corrupt lives1 7 =c$ by o!r torm5tors1 ) sev]e ex]tion & great pa91 to turn ! inn] p>ts ( ! s\l outw>d2 :i* action be+ s contr>y to _! nature1 !y p]=m$ x ) wriggl+s & contortions l ^? made by ! m>9e scolop5dra :5 !y h swall[$ ! hook2 "s1 _! torm5tors flay$ & laid op5 9 ord] to %[ h[ corrupt & fleck$ !y 71 & t _! iniquity _h its root 9 ! reason :i* is ! noble/ "p ( ! s\l4 ,o!r s\ls1 he also said1 he obs]v$ coil$ ab\t ea* o!r by twos & ?rees & ev5 m1 gnaw+ "o ano!r on ! score ( old grudges = ! de$s ( malice !y _h suff]$ or committ$ 9 life4 ,& he notic$ fur!r1 "s lakes alongside ( ea* o!r1 "o ( :i* 0 ( see?+ gold1 ano!r ( exce$+ cold lead1 & /ill ano!r ( h>d iron2 t ov] ^! /ood c]ta9 demons :o 9 turn1 l smi?s1 seiz$ ) tongs ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h be5 guilty ( insatiable gre$ & av>ice1 draw+ !m out & ?ru/+ !m 94 ,:5 !y _h become heat$ ?r\gh & diaphan\s 9 ! gold f ! effects ( ! burn+1 !y 7 plung$ into ! sea ( lead2 hav+ become congeal$ "h & h>d z hail/ones1 !y 7 next ?ru/ into ! lake ( iron1 :]e !y turn$ completely black1 & 7 !n twi/$ r\nd & r\nd because ( _! h>d-he>t$ness1 & rubb$ toge!r until !y lo/ all semblance ( _! =m] selves4 ,!y 7 !n put once m into ! lake ( gold to und]go1 z he said1 awful torm5ts by ! *ange4 ,b he said ^? endur$ ! ke5e/ angui%1 :o1 suppos+ !y _h be5 releas$ by ,ju/ice 7,dike7 7 seiz$ anew3 ^! 7 ! s\ls ( ^? = ^: transgressions _! desc5dants or *ildr5 _h to pay ! p5alty4 ,= :5ev] "o ( ^! arriv$ & enc\nt]$ ! o!r1 he fell ^u ! %ade 9 great wra?1 utt]+ l\d cries & %[+ ! m>ks ( :at he _h endur$1 at ! same "t execrat+ & pursu+ x :ile x endeavor$ to flee away & hide itself1 yet c\ld n4 ,= swiftly did ! av5g]s ( ju/ice pursue su*1 dragg+ !m back aga9 amid l\d lam5tations because !y =eknew _! imp5d+ doom4 ,to "s ( ! s\ls1 he said1 _m ( _! desc5dants at ! same "t atta*$ !mselves l bees or bats1 utt]+ %rill cries & fall+ into transports ( rage at ! recollection ( :at !y _h endur$ = _! sakes2 & la/ ( all he saw ! s\ls ( ^? :o 7 und]go+ ! prep>ation = a second bir? by a =c$ trans=mation into all sorts ( animals1 & by metempsy*osis at ! h&s ( ^? :o 7 appo9t$ to ! task4 ,^!1 by ! use ( c]ta9 tools1 & ) bl[s1 hamm]$ toge!r entire memb]s1 turn$ o!rs r\nd1 scrap$ d[n or remov$ o!rs entirely 9 ord] to adapt !m to diff]5t modes ( life1 among :i* also appe>$ ! s\l ( ,n]o t _h already und]gone ! o!r ca/igations1 & _h be5 transfix$ ) r$-hot nails4 ,:5 ! workm5 _h begun to prep>e ! figure ( a ,p9d>ic vip]1 9 :i* x 0 de/9$ to live aft] x _h be5 conceiv$ & _h eat5 its way out ( its "m1 he said t a great light appe>$ & a voice came out ( ! light comm&+ t x be trans=m$ into "s m g5tle creature & made ov] into an animal t is wont to *ant ar\nd m>%es & ponds1 z he _h already expiat$ 8 crimes1 & "s consid]ation 0 due him at ! h&s ( ! gods = free+ ,greece1 ! l& 9 :i* dwelt ! be/ & mo/ god-favor$ ( 8 subjects4 ,?us f> n[ ,!spesius 0 an eyewitness2 b :5 he 0 ab\t to turn back1 he got into ! utmo/ p]plexity ?r\gh fright2 = a woman1 impos+ by h] /ature & beauty1 tak+ hold ( him1 said1 #8,pray come hi!r1 my fri5d1 9 ord] t y may ! bett] rememb] ev]y?+' 7y h se574 ,& z %e 0 ab\t to apply to him a little r$-hot iron rod su* z ! pa9t]s 9 encau/ic are wont to use1 ano!r woman int]f]$4 ,b he himself 0 c>ri$ away all at once by a sudd5 & v viol5t gu/ ( w9d1 z if bl[n ?r\gh a tube1 & s light+ aga9 9 8 own body1 he 0 re/or$ to life1 z x 71 on ! v br9k ( ! grave40 ,,notes4 ,a few notes ( g5]al "* are "h app5d$4 ,biographical & my?ological details may be f\nd 9 classical diction>ies4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 r>ely necess>y to make cle> ! object ( ! au?or's allusions4 ,a ^w or a phrase n 9 ! orig9al has1 9 a few cases1 be5 ins]t$ 9 ! translation to preclude ! necessity ( a note4 ( ! title4 ,x is n cle> f ! writ+s ( ,plut>* to :at ext5t he 0 a mono!i/4 ,he uses bo? ) & )\t ! article4 ,9 "s cases 8 mean+ is p]fectly cle>2 9 o!rs n4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 ^: mono!ism is beyond "q1 frequ5tly use ! article be=e ! "n ( ,god4 ,9 l mann] prop] names sometimes h ! article & sometimes are )\t x4 ,?us we h & 1 usually has ! article :ile nev] has x1 etc4 ,,*ap4 #c4 ,! ?\ght "h express$ reg>d+ ! mills ( ! gods has be5 put into ! =m ( a c\plet by ,longfell[ 9 8 ,poetic ,aphorisms1 ?us3 8,?\gh ! mills ( ,god gr9d sl[ly yet !y gr9d exce$+ small2 ,?\gh ) pati5ce ,he /&s wait+1 ) exactness gr9ds ,he all40 ,! purport ( ! passage is pla91 b ! p>allelism betwe5 ! fact & ! figure is n v close4 ,! idea is mu* old] ?an ,plut>*4 ,,*ap4 #d4 8,! +le-side0 or ance/ral he>?4 ,accord+ to ! anci5ts ! he>? 0 ! c5t] & beg9n+ ( ! family & ! /ate4 ,! expression1 :i* is (t5 us$ by ,plato & o!rs1 is equival5t to ! remote/ beg9n+4 ,comp>e also ! ,roman ,ve/a4 #e4 8,god hav+ plac$ ,himself10 etc4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,timaeus ( ,plato w s]ve to illu/rate our au?or's mean+4 8,let me tell y !n :y ! ,creator made ?is _w ( g5]ation4 ,he 0 good1 & ! good c nev] h any jeal\sy ( any?+4 ,& be+ free f jeal\sy1 he desir$ t all ?+s %\ld be z l himself z !y c\ld be4 ,?is is 9 ! true/ s5se ! orig9 ( creation & ( ! _w1 z we %all d well 9 believ+ on ! te/imony ( wise m54 ,god desir$ t all ?+s %\ld be good & no?+ bad1 s f> z ?is 0 atta9able4 ,:]e=e also f9d+ ! :ole visible sph]e n at re/1 b mov+ 9 an irregul> & disord]ly fa%ion1 out ( disord] he br\ght ord]1 consid]+ t ?is 0 9 e way bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,n[ ! de$s ( ! be/ c\ld nev] be or h be5 o!r ?an ! faire/ & be/2 & ! ,creator1 reflect+ on ! ?+s :i* are by nature visible1 f\nd t no un9tellig5t creature tak5 z a :ole 0 fair] ?an ! intellig5t tak5 z a :ole2 & t intellig5ce c\ld n be pres5t 9 any?+ :i* 0 devoid ( s\l4 ,= :i* reason1 :5 he 0 fram+ ! univ]se1 he put intellig5ce 9 s\l1 & s\l 9 body1 t he might be ! creator ( a "w :i* 01 by nature1 faire/4 ,:]e=e1 us+ ! language ( probability1 we may say t ! _w became a liv+ creature1 truly end[$ ) s\l & intellig5ce by ! provid5ce ( ,god40 #f4 8,s\ls go+ =? f him40 ,! idea "h is1 t ! human s\l exi/$ previ\s to its inc>nation 9 ! human body1 & t x is a direct emanation f ! ,deity4 ,?is doctr9e is fully exp\nd$ by ,plato4 ,h[ to e/abli% ! immortality ( ! s\l1 if x comes into exi/5ce ) ! body1 0 a s]i\s problem ) ! anci5ts4 ,plut>* seems to h reg>d$ bo? ! s\l & ! body z et]nal & uncreat$1 b ! latt] )\t =m until x 0 unit$ ) ! s\l4 ,or we may put ! case o!rwise by say+ t ! s\l1 ^u ent]+ into a consci\s exi/5ce1 %apes ! hi!rto =mless body into an abode = itself4 ,he also holds t ! s\l consi/s ( two p>ts3 ,! "o "p seeks aft] tru? & has an affection = ! beautiful2 ! o!r is subject to ! passions & "u ! dom9ion ( error4 8,= :i* reason10 ! au?or "h assumes t ! words & are f ! same root4 ,! =m] means1 use & wont2 ! latt] 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! haunts or abodes ( animals2 !n ! mann]s1 habits1 & dispositions ( m54 ,ari/otle says1 1 4 7,e?ical is f 1 = :i* reason ! ^w diff]s b slightly f 47 ,plut>* himself says t cu/om is second nature4 ,x is easy to trace ! connection betwe5 a man's acts & ! psy*ical =ces1 ! "*1 t produces !m4 #h4 8,an ill-om5$ de$40 ,x 0 a preval5t belief 9 antiquity t mis=tunes fell ^u ^? :o 7 conc]n$ 9 di/urb+ a swall['s ne/4 #aj4 ,ne> ! end4 ,! ,greeks v5tur$ to consult oracles ( ! dead only on r>e & extraord9>y occasions4 ,!y probably borr[$ ! cu/om f ! ,ea/4 #aa4 ,! /ory ( ,glaucus is told at l5g? by ,h]odotus 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 hi/ory & is (t5 allud$ to by lat] writ]s4 ,! e?ical import ( ! anecdote is f>-rea*+4 #ag4 8,g>d5s ( ,adonis40 ,%akespe>e probably _h ^! 9 m9d :5 he wrote 7,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,"p #a1 sc5e six?73 8,?y promises are l ,adonis' g>d5s1 ,t "o day bloom$ & fruitful 7 ! next40 ,at ,ta5>us1 ! mo/ s\!rn po9t ( ! ,peloponnesus1 !re 0 believ$ to be an entrance to ! l[] _w4 #bb4 8,none m dread$ by 8 enemies40 ,to return good = good & evil = evil 0 a fundam5tal article ( ,greek e?ics4 ,x is m ?an once allud$ to 9 ! ,anabasis1 & is f\nd 9 ne>ly all ,greek writ]s4 ,socrates1 h[ev]1 takes a firm /& aga9/ ! pr9ciple & ma9ta9s t :atev] is intr9sically wrong c nev] "u any circum/ances become "r4 8,an incl9ation t[>d ! e>?40 ,! au?or "h assumes t 1 procreation1 beg9n+1 is bo? 9 fact & etymologically1 connect$ ) 1 an incl9ation or t5d5cy t[>d ! e>?4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t 8 idea is pure fancy4 ,?is eruption ( ,vesuvius1 z is well kn[n1 took place 9 ! ye> #gi4 ,decae>*ea or ,puteoli 0 "o ( ! cities de/roy$ toge!r ) ,h]culaneum1 ,pompei & o!rs4 ,vespasian 0 "o ( ! few ,roman emp]ors1 :o1 up to 8 "t1 di$ a natural dea?4 ,:at is meant by a ,p9d>ic vip] is n kn[n4 ,plut>* is evid5tly ( ! op9ion t its "y gnaw _! way out ( ! "m's womb in/ead ( be+ born 9 ! natural way1 & ! allusion to ,n]o's treatm5t ( 8 "m is pla94 ,n]o's love = music & 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ! musical art are evid5tly held up to ridicule 9 ?is passage4 ,,app5dix4 ,a li/ ( ,plut>*'s works 9 ! ord] ( ,b]n>dakis' edition4 ,lipsiae1 #ahhh-if4 ,,volume ,i4 ,de lib]is educ&is1 7,on ! education ( *ildr574 ,quomodo adolesc5s poetas audire debeat1 7,h[ a "y man ought to he> poems74 ,de recta ratione audi5di1 7,h[ "o ought to he> lectures74 ,quomodo adulator ab amico int]noscatur1 7,h[ "o may di/+ui% a flatt]] f a fri5d74 ,quomodo quis suos 9 virtute s5tiat pr(ectus1 7,h[ "o may "k :e!r he is mak+ progress 9 virtue74 ,de capi5da ex inimicis utilitate1 7,h[ "o may pr(it by 8 enemies74 ,de amicorum multitud9e1 7,on ! abundance ( fri5ds74 ,de =tuna1 7,on good & ill =tune74 ,de virtute et vitio1 7,on virtue & vice74 ,consolatio ad ,apollonium1 7,consolation = ,apollonius74 ,de tu5da sanitate prcepta1 7,precepts on ! pres]vation ( heal?74 ,conjugalia prcepta1 7,precepts on matrimony74 ,septem sapi5tum convivium1 7,! banquet ( ! sev5 sages74 ,de sup]/itione1 7,on sup]/ition74 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,regum et imp]atorum apoph!gmata1 7,memorable say+s ( k+s & comm&]s74 ,apoph!gmata ,laconica1 7,memorable say+s ( ,sp>tans74 ,in/ituta ,laconica1 7,! anci5t cu/oms ( ! ,lac$aemonians74 ,lacn>um apoph!gmata1 7,memorable say+s ( ,sp>tan wom574 ,muli]um virtutes1 7,h]oic de$s ( wom574 tia ,romana1 7,a li/ ( topics1 ,roman74 tia ,grca1 7,a li/ ( topics1 ,greek74 ,p>allela ,grca et ,romana1 7,a collection ( ,greek & ,roman hi/orical p>allels74 ,de =tuna ,romanorum1 7,on ! good =tune ( ! ,romans74 ,de ,alex&ri magni =tuna aut virtute1 oratio ,i et ,,ii1 7,on ! good =tune or valor ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 disc\rses ,i & ,,ii74 ,bellone an pace cl>iores fu]9t ,a!ni5ses1 7,7 ! ,a!nians m di/+ui%$ 9 w> or 9 wisdom78 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 7,conc]n+ ,isis & ,osiris74 ,,volume ,,iii4 ,de ,e apud ,delphos1 7,on ! ,e at ,delphi74 ,de ,py?ia oraculis1 7,on ! cessation ( ! ,py?ian oracles 9 met]74 ,de defectu oraculorum1 7,on ! cessation ( oracles74 ,an virtus doc]i possit1 7,c virtue be taught78 ,de virtute morali1 7,on moral virtue74 ,de cohib5da ira1 7,on ! control ( ! temp]74 ,de tranquillitate animi1 7,on peace ( m9d74 ,de frat]no amore1 7,on frat]nal love74 ,de amore prolis1 7,on ! love ( (fspr+74 ,an vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficiat1 7,does vice ( itself make m5 unhappy78 ,anim9e an corporis affectiones s9t peiores1 7,are ! suff]+s ( ! m9d m griev\s ?an ^? ( ! body78 ,de g>rulitate1 7,on talkativ5ess74 ,de curiositate1 7,on m$dlesomness74 ,de cupiditate diviti>um1 7,on ! love ( ri*es74 ,de vitioso pudore1 7,on excess ( mode/y74 ,de invidia et odio1 7,conc]n+ envy & hatr$74 ,de se ipsum citra invidiam laud&o1 7,on prais+ "o's self )\t reproa*74 ,de s]a num9is v9dicta1 7,conc]n+ ^? :om ,god is sl[ to puni%74 ,de fato1 7,on fate74 ,de g5io ,socratis1 7,on ! tutel>y deity ( ,socrates74 ,de exilio1 7,on exile74 ,consolatio ad uxorem1 7,a lett] ( condol5ce to 8 wife74 ,,volume ,,iv4 ,que/ionum convivialium libri ,,ix1 7,n9e books ( table-talk74 ,amatorius1 7,a dialogue on love74 ,amatoriae n>rationes1 7,love /ories74 ,,volume ,v4 ,maxime cum pr9cipibus philosopho esse diss]5dum1 7,on ! proposition t ! philosoph] ought *iefly to conv]se ) rul]s74 ,ad pr9cipem in]uditum1 7,to an un$ucat$ rul]74 ,an s5i res publica g]5da sit1 7,%\ld an old man hold a public (fice78 ,praecepta g]5dae rei publicae1 7,political precepts74 ,de unius 9 re publica dom9atione1 popul>i /atu et paucorum imp]io1 7,on mon>*y1 democracy1 & olig>*y74 ,de vit&o a]e ali5o1 7,on avoid+ debts74 ,x oratorum vitae1 7,! lives ( ! t5 orators74 ,de comp>atione ,ari/ophanis et ,m5&ri epitome 7,ab/ract ( a comp>ison betwe5 ,ari/ophanes & ,m5&]74 ,de ,h]odoti malignitate1 7,on ! malice ( ,h]odotus74 ,de placitis philosophorum libri ,v1 7,five books ( maxims ( ! philosoph]s74 ,aetia physica1 7,problems 9 physics74 ,de facie quae 9 orbe lunae app>et1 7,conc]n+ ! face t appe>s on ! moon's disk74 ,de primo frigido1 7,on ! orig9 ( cold74 ,,volume ,,vi4 ,aquane an ignis sit utilior1 7,is fire or wat] ! m useful78 ,t]re/riane an aquatilia animalia s9t callidiora1 7,are wat] or l& animals ! m cunn+78 ,bruta animalia ratione uti1 7,on ! use ( reason by brutes74 ,de esu c>nium1 orationes duo1 7,on ! eat+ ( fle%1 two disc\rses74 ,platonicae quae/iones1 7,platonic que/ions74 ,de animae procreatione 9 ,timaeo1 7,on ! orig9 ( ! s\l 9 ! ,timaeus74 ,epitome libri de animae procreatione 9 ,timaeo1 7,ab/ract ( ! book on ! orig9 ( ! s\l 9 ! ,timaeus74 ,de ,/oicorum repugnantiis1 7,on contradictions ( ! ,/oics74 ,comp5dium libri cui argum5tum fuit1 ,/oicos absurdiora poetis dic]e1 7,synopsis ( ! book ! argum5t ( :i* 01 ,! ,/oics utt] great] absurdities ?an ! poets74 ,de communibus notitiis adv]sus ,/oicos1 7,conc]n+ ! common conceptions aga9/ ! ,/oics74 ,non posse suavit] vivi secundum ,epicurum1 7,t x is n possible to live pleasurably accord+ to ,epicurus74 ,adv]sus ,colot51 7,aga9/ ,colotes74 ,an recte dictum sit lat5t] viv5dum esse1 7,is x a true say+ t "o ought to live 9 seclusion78 ,de musica1 7,on music74 ,,volume ,,vii4 ,de fluviorum et montium nom9ibus et de iis qu 9 illis inv5iuntur1 7,on ! names ( riv]s & m\nta9s & ^? ?+s t are f\nd 9 !m74 ,de vita et poesi ,hom]i1 ,lib4 ,i et ,,ii1 7,on ! life & poetry ( ,hom]74 ,! two treatises la/ nam$ fill m ?an "o-?ird ( ! volume1 ! rema9d] be+ *iefly tak5 up ) fragm5ts1 "s ( !m only a few l9es 9 l5g?4 ,x also conta9s ! s-call$ catalogue ( ,lamprias :i*1 includ+ ! ,p>allel lives1 assigns #bbg diff]5t works to ,plut>*4 ,volume sev5 concludes ) an index ( names4 ,z ^! treatises are usually cit$ by _! ,lat9 titles1 !y only are giv5 above4 ,a complete edition ( ,plut>*'s ,morals1 ) an introduction by ,r4 ,w4 ,em]son 0 publi%$ 9 ,bo/on ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 "u ! editorial sup]vision ( ,pr(essor ,goodw9 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,! translations 7 made by a numb] ( ,engli% s*ol>s ne> ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 _! revis$ =m !y are 9 ! ma9 correct & "s ( !m are vigor\s & readable4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! sections 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4