,illu/ration3 ,,fir/-,,class #e-;,,94 ,,c5tre ,,la!1 ,,) ,,trav]s+ ,,m&rel ,,& ,,ov]head ,,app>atus1 ,,by ,,james ,,munro1 ,,lambe?4 ,,! ,,la! ,,its ,,uses2 ,,or1 ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,turn+ ,,wood ,,& ,,metal4 ,,includ+ ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,mod]n ,,appliances ,,= ,,! ,,ornam5tation ,,( ,,plane ,,& ,,curv$ ,,surfaces4 ,) an ,app5dix1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,is ,,describ$ ,,an ,,entirely ,,novel ,,=m ,,( ,,la! ,,= ,,ecc5tric ,,& ,,rose ,,eng9e ,,turn+2 ,a ,,la! ,,& ,,plan+ ,,ma*9e ,,comb9$2 ,& o!r ,valuable ,matt] relat+ to ! ,art4 ,,copi\sly ,,illu/rat$4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,wiley ,,son1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,no4 #b1 ,,cl9ton ,,place4 #ahfh4 ,,preface ,al?\gh ! title ( ?is "w is suffici5t to decl>e its cont5ts1 a few prefatory rem>ks may n be sup]flu\s z to its design & ! mann] 9 :i* t design has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,x has ev] be5 to ! writ] a matt] ( surprise & regret1 t al?\gh ! art ( turn+ has be5 s long & s successfully pursu$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 bo? by artisans & amateurs1 no "w has appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% language treat+ ^u ! subject1 except "o or two sket*es & imp]fect treatises4 ,"s ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,holtzapffel adv]tis$ a =?com+ s]ies ( sev5 volumes1 int5d$ to supply ?is manife/ defici5cy 9 our sci5tific & me*anical lit]ature1 & ! subject w\ld h be5 h&l$ by him 9 a ?or\ghly exhau/ive & ma/]ly mann]4 ,! untimely dea? ( t g5tleman occurr$ aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ ?ree volumes1 :i* are inde$ complete 9 !mselves1 & ( immeasurable value to ! me*anic & amateur2 b :i* are un=tunately only introductory1 simple turn+ by h&-tools be+ ! special subject ( ! propos$ f\r? volume4 ,! pres5t proprietors ( ! firm ( ,holtzapffel ,co4 hav+1 9 _! catalogue ev5 up to ! "t ( ! mo/ rec5t edition1 cont9u$ to adv]tise ! sev5 volumes1 amateurs especially h anxi\sly hop$ = ! publication ( "s "p at lea/ ( ! rema9d] ( ! s]ies4 ,t expectation is1 x is to be fe>$1 little likely to be rew>d$2 &1 n until t fact _h be5 asc]ta9$ ) some?+ bord]+ ^u c]ta9ty1 did ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w v5ture to take up ! p5 & endeav\r to set =? ! pr9ciples & practice ( an art :i*1 l s _m o!rs1 he has f\nd s absorb+ & attractive1 & )al s delightful a s\rce ( recreation to m9d & body4 ,sev]al ?+s1 h[ev]1 contribut$ to make ! writ] hesitate to und]take su* a "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place he 0 aw>e t a numb] ( possible read]s w\ld probably be m compet5t ?an himself = su* a task1 especially ^? ^: means might h enabl$ !m to procure a l>ge am\nt ( ! mo/ mod]n & approv$ app>atus connect$ ) ! ,la!1 & ^: occupations might all[ ( m leisure = _! ext5sive use ?an falls to ! lot ( ! writ]4 ,9 ! next place ! risk ( publication 0 su* z he felt himself h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 enc\nt]+4 ,j at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 *ance plac$ 9 8 h& two or ?ree numb]s ( ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 9 :i* "s "o else _h begun1 b spe$ily resign$1 a s]ies ( pap]s ,on ! ,la! & its ,uses1 compil$ f ,am]ican j\rnals4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t "w at once put himself 9 communication ) ! editor & proprietor ( ! above p]iodical ) a result n[ well kn[n to ! read]s4 ,! foll[+ pages are n1 /rictly speak+1 a m]e repr9t f ! ,engli% ,me*anic4 ,! pap]s h be5 c>efully revis$ & re-arrang$2 "s /atem5ts1 ! correctness ( :i* appe>$ d\btful1 modifi$ or :olly )drawn2 :ile1 9 "o or two in/ances1 :ole *apt]s h be5 re-writt51 & ! sugge/ions & inv5tions relat+ to ! ,la!1 furni%$ by o!r correspond5ts1 embodi$ 7:5 !y appe>$ ( real value7 9 ! "w4 ,b1 9 addition1 a valuable ,app5dix is n[ publi%$1 conta9+ matt] ( great importance1 contribut$ by "o or two g5tlem51 :o mo/ k9dly plac$ _! pap]s at ! s]vice ( ! au?or4 ,=emo/ among !m /&s a pap] on ! angles ( tools1 by ,dodswor? ,haydon1 ,esq41 ( ,guild=d4 ,a clev] arrangem5t ( ,la! = ,rose ,eng9e ,"w1 by ! aid ( ! ,ecc5tric ,*uck )\t ,rosettes1 is also add$ f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,elias ,taylor1 ( ,brighton2 & "o or two matt]s1 :i* did n appe> s fully treat$ z !y des]v$ 9 ! body ( ! "w1 h be5 resum$ & m fully discuss$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges ! sugge/ions ( v>i\s correspond5ts1 amateurs & work+ m51 f :om1 z a rule1 he has n fail$ to obta9 any requir$ assi/ance4 ,t ! "w1 9 its pres5t =m1 is entirely satisfactory or complete1 ! writ] _c pret5d2 t _m errors h crept 9 is highly probable2 b1 if x is ackn[l$g$ to be ! be/ "w yet produc$ on ! ,la!1 & %\ld prove 9 any degree s]viceable to amateur or artisan 9 ! pursuit ( ?is mo/ delightful art--aye1 if x %\ld /ir up "s abl] p5 to write a bett] & m complete s]ies1 x w af=d real pleasure & la/+ gratification to ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface4 ,introduction4 ,*ucks4 ,h& ,turn+ ( ,wood4 ,holl[$ ,"w4 ,cutt+ ,screws4 ,holl[+ ,out ,s(t ,wood4 ,am]ican ,scroll ,*uck4 ,metal ,turn+ by ,h& ,tools4 ,ov]head ,app>atus4 ,self-act+ & ,screw-cutt+ ,la!s4 ,:eel ,cutt+ 9 ! ,la!4 ,fret ,saws to ,m\nt ^u ! ,la! ,b$4 ,turn+ ,sph]es4 ,hoblyn's ,comp\nd ,slide-,re/4 ,*ucks ) ,slides & ,comp\nd ,movem5ts4 ,turn+ ,ovals1 etc41 by ,means ( a ,template4 ,ecc5tric ,*uck4 ,curiosities4 ,groov+ & ,mortis+ ,small ,"w4 ,ornam5tal ,turn+4 ,! ,ecc5tric ,cutt] ,frame4 ,segm5t ,eng9e4 ,holtzapffel's ,rose ,cutt] ,frame4 ,univ]sal ,cutt] ,frame4 ,rose ,eng9e4 ,rectil9eal ,*uck4 ,epicycloidal ,*uck4 ,! ,spiral ,*uck4 ,,app5dix4 ,pr(essor ,willis's ,tool ,hold] = ! ,slide ,re/4 ,munro's ,plan+ ,ma*9e to be atta*$ to ! ,la!1 & work$ ) ! foot4 ,hicks' ,exp&+ ,m&rel4 ,turn+ ,sph]es by means ( ,templates4 ,plant's ,geometric ,*uck4 ,a ,pap] on ! ,pr9ciples :i* ,gov]n ! ,=mation & ,application ( ,acute ,edges1 ) special ref]5ce to ,fix$ ,turn+-tools1 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,dodswor? ,haydon4 ,deta*$-cutt] ,hold]s4 ,new =m ( ,rose ,eng9e by ,e4 ,taylor4 ,oval ,turn+ & ,rose ,cutt+ ) ,templates ) my ,app>atus4 ,,! ,,la! ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,! ,la! has n[ = _m ye>s be5 /eadily mak+ its way f ! work%ops ( our lead+ artisans to ^? ( ! amateur & less] />s ( ! me*anical _w4 ,?is is b ! natural result ( ! v>i\s additions & improvem5ts :i* h be5 introduc$ into its con/ruction f "t to "t4 ,! unworkmanlike & clumsy tool ( old5 days has long s9ce be5 sup]s$$ by "o ( admirable f9i% & p]fect aptitude = its design$ uses2 & n[ t its con/ruction is no long] dep5d5t ^u ! skill ( ! workman alone1 b ^u ma*9]y mov+ ) ! precision ( clockwork1 ! fitt+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts is accompli%$ ) ! greate/ ease & c]ta9ty4 ,! sale be+ ?us ext5d$1 ! price has consid]ably dim9i%$--! monopoly enjoy$ by "o or two mak]s no long] exi/s2 & !re are few ( a me*anical turn ( m9d :o _c n[ provide !mselves ) a la! suit$ to _! requirem5ts4 ,nev]!less1 ! adepts 9 ! art ( turn+ are by no means s num]\s z might be expect$1 &1 among amateurs especially1 x is r>e to f9d "w execut$ 9 fir/-rate /yle by simple h& tools requir+ skill & practice 9 _! use1 s t x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t a workman :o c turn out exquisite specim5s ( ivory c>v+ & ornam5tal la! "w1 is b a f\r?-rate h& ) ! g\ge & *isel4 ,b h[ev] beautifully execut$ su* ornam5tal "w may be1 ! cr$it is r due to ! tool ?an ! workman1 & a well turn$ box ) accurately fitt+ cov] may bespeak m skill 9 h&iwork ?an ! above elaborately design$ specim54 ,moreov] ! "o requires la! fitt+s1 :i* are n always to be _h unless ! purse is well fill$1 :]eas ! g5]al me*anic 7amateur or pr(essional7 c provide ! tools ne$$ = ! o!r2 h5ce we propose fir/ ( all to give "s practical h9ts on pla9 h& turn+ ( wood & metal4 ,! ord9>y =m ( foot la! is well kn[n & requires no special description1 x is repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 po9ts ( detail 9 its con/ruction1 to :i* x is necess>y to direct ! read]'s att5tion4 ,fir/ & =emo/ comes ! m&rel1 ( :i* !re are sev]al patt]ns1 accord+ to ! special purpose = :i* ! la! may be int5d$4 ,n[ ( :atev] =m x may be made ?is is ! ess5tial "p ( ! la!1 & mu/ run ) ! utmo/ tru? 9 its be>+s4 ,imp]fection "h w be imp>t$ to all "w execut$ ^u x1 & accuracy 9 ?is "p alone w make up = any slight defects t may occur 9 less important p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,= ord9>y "w 9 wood alone or 9 brass ! be/ =m is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! "p a1 b1 %\ld be cyl9drical1 ) a fea!r let 9 to fit a slot 9 ! pulley %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is pulley1 :e!r ( h>d wood or metal1 is ?us slipp$ on ! m&rel z f> z ! coll> d1 d1 & a nut e1 screw$ up tightly at ! back ( x1 fixes x securely 9 its place1 f :i* x may be mov$ if requisite & replac$ )\t fe> ( be+ out ( tru?4 ,?is _c be done if ! m&rel is squ>$ at a1 b1 & ! pulley driv5 on ) a hamm]1 z commonly done by inf]ior workm54 ,! "p c1 is made conical1 to fit a h>d5$ /eel coll> ( simil> %ape4 ,! angle ( ?is conical "p is ( "s importance1 z if x is too small ! m&rel is apt to jam & /ick tight 9 its be>+s4 #ce w be f\nd to "w well4 ,) reg>d to ! l5g? ( ?is conical "p1 op9ions diff] consid]ably1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t friction is indep5d5t ( ! ext5t ( ! be>+ surfaces & dep5ds on ! =ce ) :i* !y are press$ toge!r 79 ! pres5t case x dep5ds on ! t5sion ( ! la! cord & ! weight ( ! mat]ial to be turn$71 s t a tol]ably wide m>g9 may be all[$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,practically ! "q is decid$ by ! ?ickness ( ! ca/+ ( ! poppet head1 :i* is regulat$ by ! requir$ /r5g? & size ( ! la!4 ,! coll> is sometimes ( h>d5$ /eel1 sometimes ( brass4 ,! latt] w\ld !oretically cause less friction ?an ! =m]1 b practically no?+ c beat a well f9i%$ coll> ( h>d /eel4 ,coll>s ( ?is mat]ial made by ! orig9al ,holtzapffel two g5]ations back are n[ z good z ev]1 p]haps ev5 bett]4 ,! c5tre1 :i* screws up aga9/ ! left-h& end ( ! m&rel1 %\ld be ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #c--;a pla9 cyl9d] ) a screw cut at ea* end to receive clamp+ nuts4 ,! c5tral "p is r l>g] ?an ! screw$ p>ts1 & passes truly ?r\gh ! poppet head4 ,?is =m is mu* bett] ?an a simple screw ) po9ts1 z ! latt] is n likely to keep ! l9e ( c5tres 9 be+ screw$ up into its place4 ,x w be f\nd ( great conv5i5ce to h ! screw on ! nose ( ! m&rel 7& inde$ all screws ab\t ! la!7 ( /&>d ,:it wor? pit*1 z taps = ! *ucks are ?us readily obta9$1 & nuts & screws ( ! v>i\s sizes may be also procur$ to rem$y breakages & losses4 ,^u ?is subject1 h[ev]1 we %all h occasion to treat m fully :5 we pass f ! description ( ! la! itself to ! "w t is to be accompli%$ by its aid4 ,! only =m ( back poppet t ne$ be p>ticul>is$ is t made ) cyl9d] & lead+ screw4 ,! simple po9t$ screw pass+ ?r\gh ! la! head tapp$ to receive x1 n only requires no special description1 b x is only calculat$ = la!s ( ! commone/ design1 z x is seldom t ! l9e ( c5tres is accurately ma9ta9$ by ! po9t at e "p ( ! revolution ( ! screw4 ,moreov]1 ! latt] soon works loose 9 ! poppet1 & = any?+ l accurate "w becomes spe$ily useless4 ,! cyl9d] & pu%+ screw is inde$ f> sup]ior to ! =m j allud$ to1 & :]e *eapness is an object x has its advantages ov] ! fir/-nam$ & be/ =m4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! cyl9drical "p is %[n at ,b1 & may h at "o end ! usual po9t1 & at ! o!r a small conical hole or holl[ c5tre4 ,x may !n be rev]s$ 9 its be>+s at pleasure1 or o!r cyl9d]s ) diff]5t %ap$ ends c be sub/itut$1 z may be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,( c\rse ! pu%+ screw ,a is = ! purpose ( advanc+ ! cyl9d]1 :i* is clamp$ by ! small screw at ,c4 ,! cyl9d] & lead+ screw are %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* is ! poppet head bor$ ?r\gh\t to receive ! sp9dle or cyl9d] ,a4 ,at ! "r h& ?is bore is enl>g$ to =m a recess1 ,b1 to receive ! head ( ! lead+ screw1 ,c4 ,?is screw is g5]ally made ) a left-h&$ ?read1 s z to )draw ! back c5tre :5 turn$ f "r to left4 ,! sp9dle ,a1 ,a is bor$1 & a left-h&$ female ?read is cut f end to end--?is h[ev] is turn$ (f at ! place de/9$ to receive ! movable po9t or c5tre1 & a hole slightly tap]+ is cut1 or if pref]r$ a cyl9drical hole is made & tapp$ = ! same purpose4 ,! sp9dle has also a slot cut f end to end1 into :i* a screw ent]s f ! poppet1 prev5t+ ! sp9dle f turn+ r\nd :ile ! int]nal screw is revolv+ by means ( ! small :eel & h&le fix$ to its "r h& end4 ,! sp9dle is n[ put 9 its place1 ! screw ins]t$ & turn$ till ! head or flange1 ,c1 re/s 9 ! recess be=e m5tion$--a flat plate1 ,f1 is !n atta*$ to ! back ( ! poppet by ?ree or f\r screws1 ! head ( ! lead+ screw pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre2 ! small :eel is !n atta*$ & ! :ole is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,x is evid5t t by turn+ ! :eel ! int]nal screw is put 9 revolution1 & z x is prev5t$ by its flange f assum+ any motion 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 ! movable cyl9d] w in/ead be )drawn or ?ru/ =w>d4 ,?is =m ( poppet is ! be/ t c be adopt$ & is ( g5]al use 9 all fir/-class la!s4 ,9 addition to ! movable po9t g1 a flange simil> to ,h %\ld be fitt$4 ,?is w be f\nd ( great use :5 ! la! is us$ = drill+1 ! piece ( "w re/+ aga9/ x1 :ile ! pressure is regulat$ by ! lead+ screw4 ,!re are1 9 addition to ! flange & po9t$ c5tre1 o!r pieces ( app>atus t c be sub/itut$1 z occasion may require1 & ^! w be h]eaft] describ$ 9 ?is s]ies4 ,) reg>d to ! common re/ = h& turn+ a l5g!n$ description is unnecess>y4 ,! ,t or tee %\ld = wood turn+ be ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #f at ,a4 ,x is (t5 made z ,b1 :i* is a v inconv5i5t patt]n1 z ! cross piece on :i* ! tool re/s _c be advanc$ suffici5tly close to ! "w if ! latt] exce$s a diamet] ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,= metal turn+ ! top ( ! re/ %\ld be flat1 & ab\t "o in* broad1 z ! heel ( ! hook tools us$ = turn+ iron mu/ be able to take a firm be>+ ^u its surface4 ,sometimes a plate ( brass is rivet$ on ! flat top1 z ! tool takes a firm] hold on ?is metal1 & :5 ! latt] becomes defac$ & *annell$ x c be r5ew$ )\t ! co/ ( a new ca/+ 9 iron4 ,! turn] %\ld be provid$ ) two or ?ree tees = metal & = wood1--"o may be long en\gh to h two legs & require two sockets1 z %[n at ,c4 ,?is is conv5i5t 9 turn+ long pieces ( wood1--a v %ort tee1 n m ?an an in* 9 l5g?1 %\ld also be provid$1 & if "o tee is specially kept ) a v level & smoo? edge1 x w be f\nd ( great advantage 9 *as+ screws--inde$ ! latt] "w c h>dly be manag$ at all if ! top ( ! re/ is damag$ & unev54 ,! next "p requir+ description is ! bor+ coll>1 )\t :i* ev5 a h& turn+ la! c h>dly be consid]$ complete4 ,?is bor+ coll> is int5d$ s to support "o end ( ! "w1 in/ead ( its be+ held by ! back c5tre1 z to enable ! workman to get at ! end ( x = ! purpose ( drill+ x4 ,suppose = in/ance ! "w 9 h& is a tool h&le1 & t x is s f> f9i%$ z only to require ! hole = ! reception ( ! tang ( ! tool4 ,if ?is is bor$ by h& ) a gimlet1 x is seldom t ! hole w be truly 9 ! axis ( ! piece1 b :5 ?is is done 9 ! la! by ! help ( ! bor+ coll> ! bore w be truly c5tral1 & ! tool :5 9 place w fall 9 ! same l9e ) ! h&le4 ,?is w conduce to ! correctness ( ! "w 9 h& m ?an ! amateur or o!r workman might suppose1 & a r[ ( tools ?us truly h&l$ & 9 good condition g5]ally bespeaks an effici5t & c>eful artisan4 ,!re are sev]al plans = bor+ coll> ( ne>ly equal effici5cy1 & we %all describe "o or two ( ! mo/ common1 & also "o inv5t$ by ! au?or1 & :i*1 if c>efully made1 is ( great s]vice4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts a poppet head1 ,b1 :i* is b half ! height ( ! o!r poppets ( ! la!--a side view ( ?is is %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #h4 ,ne> ! top ( ?is poppet is a hole ?r\gh :i* passes a bolt ,c1 by :i* & its nut ! circul> plate ,a c be securely clamp$ 9 any desir$ position1 z x revolves freely on ! bolt z a c5tre p94 ,?is plate is bor$ ) a s]ies ( conical holes1 :i* are s arrang$ t _! respective c5tres w be 9 a l9e ) ! c5tres ( ! m&rel :5 any "o ( !m is br\ght into a position correspond+ ) ! l9e c1 c4 ,! hole ?us br\ght into position = use 7hav+ be5 select$ accord+ to ! size ( ! "w to be bor$71 takes ! place ( ! back c5tre2 ! end ( ! "w re/s 9 ! cone1 :i* is greas$ or soap$ to r$uce friction1 & ! re/ be+ fix$ at ! o!r side ( ! bor+ coll>1 ! drill c be readily us$1 & ! bore aft]w>ds enl>g$ if necess>y ) any conv5i5t tool4 ,?is bor+ coll> is g5]ally made ( iron1 b a sub/itute ( h>d wood w frequ5tly s]ve ! purpose1 & c be made by ! amateur1 :o may be unable to obta9 "o ( m durable mat]ial4 ,if made ( wood ! be/ ungu5t w be soap or black lead1 su* z is us$ = grates1 or a mixture ( ! two4 ,?is black lead or plumbago 7x has no lead 9 its composition7 w always be f\nd s]viceable :]e wood works ^u wood1 & also to give a smoo? surface to wood5 patt]ns = ca/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,:]e co/ is an object1 a simple sub/itute = ! bor+ coll> is frequ5tly made by ! ord9>y workman by a piece ( bo>d "o in* ?ick1 %ap$ l ,fig4 #i1 ) a s+le hole ( ! size mo/ g5]ally requir$2 & ! "w is !n fitt$ to ! bor+ coll>1 in/ead ( ! latt] to ! "w4 ,9 turn+ tool h&les1 = in/ance1 :]e a few doz5 are requir$ all ( ! same size1 or ne>ly s1 a device ( ?is k9d1 :i* c be made 9 a few m9utes1 is suffici5tly effective4 ,?is =m has be5 modifi$ 9 two ways1 & ei!r w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! conical hole is made ( ! l>ge/ size likely to be requir$1 a set ( boxwood plugs are !n turn$ to fit ?is hole & are !mselves bor$ 9 a simil> way to suit v>i\s sizes ( "w4 ,! =m ( ^! plugs is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 :i* is a side sectional view1 & at ,b1 :]e ! same is %[n 9 p]spective4 ,two small screws or p9s b1 c1 ,fig4 #aj1 fitt+ into ! holes a1 a1 ,fig4 #i1 prev5t ^! flange-%ap$ plugs f turn+ r\nd 9 ! bo>d z ! "w revolves4 ,! patt]n ( ,a1 ,fig4 #i1 may be v>i$1 & is bett] made ( h>d wood1 & ( a =m :i* w af=d a good be>+ ^u ! la! b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! second modification is m difficult to make1 b equally effective4 ,x is %[n complete 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is =m1 arrang$ by ! writ]1 has _m advantages ov] ! two la/-nam$1 & is v s]viceable4 ,a is ! poppet1 ( ! full height ( ! ord9>y la! heads1 or a c\ple ( in*es high]4 ,b1 ! slide =m+ ! support ( ! piece to be bor$4 ,! =m ( ! poppet )\t ?is atta*m5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,if = nice "w x %\ld be made ( metal & ! face ( x plan$1 b = g5]al purposes h>d wood w suffice4 b1 b1 ,fig4 #aa1 are two pieces ( brass =m+ a groove or guide 9 :i* a slide ,b1 ) dovetail$ edges is fitt$ to "w4 ,?is slide is bor$1 l ! ord9>y coll>1 ) conical holes ( diff]5t sizes1 & %\ld be made ( metal & plan$ on back & edges4 ,ov] ea* hole is a m>k1 & ?is is to be br\ght to a simil> m>k on ! face ( ! poppet4 ,! plate is !n clamp$ 9 position by a screw at ! back ( ! poppet4 ,"o or m ( su* slides may be fitt$ at pleasure1 & 9 case ( we> or damage ^! are ! only p>ts requir+ to be r5ew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,x is a good plan to arrange a socket & tee ( a re/ z b1 c1 ,fig4 #ac1 at ! back ( ?is bor+ coll>1 especially z ! position ( ! tool w be always ! same1 s t ! re/ may be a p]man5t "p ( ! poppet4 ,!re is sometimes a difficulty ) ! ord9>y =m ( bor+ coll> 9 advanc+ ! re/ ,t suffici5tly ne> ! "w 7! foot ( ! poppet1 & t ( ! re/ prev5t+ x1 by com+ 9 contact47 ,!re is ano!r modification ( bor+ coll>1 =m+ at ! same "t a guide = ! drill1 :i* 9 sl5d] "w1 :]e ! tool is long & f9e1 becomes almo/ a matt] ( necessity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,?is consi/s 9 mak+ su* a guide cone z m5tion$ & %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 ,b1 b ) a cont9uation conta9+ a small] hole = ! drill1 z ,fig4 #ad4 ,bo? ?is & ! o!r %ort] cones above-m5tion$ may be made to screw into ! poppet ,a1 ,fig4 #i1 in/ead ( be+ kept 9 place by ! p9s at a1 a1 ( t figure4 ,9 t case h[ev] ! hole 9 ! poppet mu/ be cyl9drical & only us$ z a support = ! cones !mselves4 ,9 addition to ! use ( ^! bor+ coll>s already allud$ to1 !y s]ve = ! purpose ( turn+ up ! po9ts ( screws l ^? ( la! c5tres4 ,^! are fir/ =m$ betwe5 c5tres ) c>ri] *uck1 ! back poppet is !n remov$ & ! extreme po9t fitt$ ?r\gh "o ( ! holes ( ! bor+ coll> & ! m>ks ( ! c5tre turn$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,ano!r useful adjunct to ! la! is ! back re/ = support+ long & sl5d] articles1 :i* w\ld o!rwise b5d "u ! pressure ( ! tool4 ,! ord9>y & simple/ =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 & ?is is ( g5]al use ) bru% h&le mak]s & o!rs ^: "w is conf9$ to a few sizes & %apes only4 ,a bett] =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,a support ( wood or metal %ap$ l ,a is clamp$ to ! la! b$4 ,?r\gh ! upp] "p ! slide ,b passes & is w$g$ up s z to support ! "w--or ! socket ( a la! re/ may be arrang$ to take ! upright "p ,a1 :i* mu/ !n be r\nd$1 z %[n at ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,a modification ( ! latt]1 communicat$ to ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af;,a4 ,its con/ruction & mode ( application is suffici5tly evid5t )\t a detail$ description4 ,fig4 #af;,b is ano!r =m made 9 metal4 ,x consi/s ( two simil> plates ) a triangul> op5+ ,a1 ?r\gh :i* ! "w is pass$1 & :i* has an oval slot ,d1 by :i* ! app>atus is secur$ to ! %ort poppet ( ! bor+ coll>4 ,betwe5 ! two plates slides a ?ird1 p>tly visible at ,c1 :i* c be clamp$ by a screw at ,b1 ?is screw also s]v+ z a /ud by :i* ! plate may be mov$4 ,! "w is all[$ to take up its own be>+ 9 ! triangul> op5+ z x revolves 9 ! la!4 ,! clamp+ screw ( ! poppet is !n secur$1 & ! c5t]+ ?us made c]ta94 ,! plate ,c is !n made to desc5d s z to t\* ! "w1 & clamp$ 9 t position4 ,?is is a v good c5tral support = long sl5d] articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,b4 ,!re is a plan practis$ by ,g]man turn]s by :i* ! back re/ is 9 a measure sup]s$$1 & :i* may be m5tion$ "h4 ,x is simply ! peculi> me?od ( us+ ! left h&4 ,?is is plac$ on ! piece to be turn$ s t ! f+]s p>tly encircle ! "w :ile ! ?umb re/s 9 ! holl[ ( ! g\ge1 or ^u ! end ( ! tool4 ,! f+]s ?us =m a back re/ & keep ! "w press$ aga9/ ! cutt+ edge1 :i* is fur!r /eadi$ by ! ?umb4 ,z ! tool trav]ses ! "w ! left-h& accompanies x1 & ) a little practice a ramrod or simil> long & sl5d] article may be readily & accurately turn$4 ,?is position is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 & ?\gh ! novice w f9d x difficult to "w ?us1 x is well wor? ! tr\ble ( ma/]+1 z ! me?od once acquir$ w be f\nd ( v great s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,we h n[ describ$ m or less 9 detail ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! la! z adapt$ = h& turn+4 ,be=e we dismiss ?is "p ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to say a few words respect+ ! b$ & l[] fitt+s1 ! fly:eel1 treadle1 & _! adjuncts4 ,beyond "q ! iron b$1 plan$ z x n[ is at a mod]ate price1 by ma*9]y1 is ! be/ t c be adopt$1 especially if x is int5d$ ev5tually to fit up ! simple tool ) slide re/ & sup]ior app>atus4 ,nev]!less1 ! pocket mu/ 9 ?is case also frequ5tly decide ! "q ( mat]ial4 ,if wood is pref]r$ by necessity or o!rwise1 x %\ld be h>d wood1 bee*1 or ,spani% mahogany1 unless x is propos$ to plate ! surface ) iron4 ,?is latt] plan co/s little &1 besides /iff5+ ! b$1 x prev5ts ! we> & te> caus$ by ! con/ant %ift+ ( ! back poppet & re/4 ,a flat /rip ( iron "o in* or an in* & a half wide c be pick$ out f ! /ores ( any village blacksmi? /raight & level z x came f ! rolls ( ! manufactur]4 ,select+ a piece ( ! requir$ l5g? & bread?1 ! eigh? ( an in* ?ick or r m1 ! pur*as] w h holes drill$ & c\nt]sunk at int]vals ( n9e or t5 in*es1 to receive #c_/d-;in* screws4 ,^! /rips w h to be laid ^u ! top ( ! b$1 at its inn] edges2 !y ne$ n be let 9 flu% ) ! surface unless appe>ance is /udi$4 ,!y mu/ !n be screw$ d[n firmly1 & by means ( a file work$ by bo? h&s up & d[n _! l5g? 7n across !m7 a good surface may be readily obta9$4 ,if ! iron is let into ! b$ ?is fil+ w abrade ! wood "w1 :i* is ! reason :y we pref] screw+ x on ! surface4 ,?is me?od produces a v excell5t & durable la! b$1 & x w be free f mu* ( ! tremor :i* is s disagreeable :ile work+ ^u a la! entirely ( ca/ iron unless ! b$ ( ! latt] & ! /&>ds are m sub/antial ?an is usual ) small la!s4 ,! /&>ds support+ ! axle ( ! fly :eel & b$ may 9 l mann] be ( wood or iron4 ,ev5 :5 ! b$ is ( iron ^! may be ( h>d wood1 al?\gh x is cu/om>y to make !m ( ! same mat]ial z ! b$4 ,if ( bee*1 oak1 or mahogany1 z 9 "s ( ,holtzapffel's be/ la!s ) iron b$s1 ! tremor be=e allud$ to w be consid]ably less5$4 ,iron is nev]!less v neat1 & is q ! fa%ion ) ! majority ( mak]s1 b is too (t5 faulty 9 respect ( solidity4 ,! /&>ds z a rule are too slight1 an elegant patt]n be+ /udi$ to ! sacrifice ( sub/ance & weight1 ,! b$ & /& ( a la! _c be too /rong & /iff4 ,respect+ ?is matt] ( /iffness & solidity we seldom f9d x suffici5tly consid]$1 &1 ev5 ) practical workm51 a defect 9 ?is p>ticul> is m frequ5tly ackn[l$g$ & put up ) ?an rem$i$1 al?\gh ! com=t ( a /eady la! is beyond "q1 to say no?+ ( its sup]iority :5 good workman%ip is /udi$ 7z x always %\ld be74 ,! old ,fr5* la!s made 9 ! =m ( a ?ick table ) f\r /\t legs1 =m+ ! b$ & back-bo>d1 are by no means to be despis$ z patt]ns2 & in/ead ( ! usual me?od ( mak+ b "o /&>d at end ( ! b$1 !re c be no "q t two additional ones add consid]ably to ! /ability ( ! ma*9e4 ,! fly :eel %\ld be suffici5tly heavy & h ?ree spe$ grooves on ! rim & two additional ones to produce a sl[ motion1 :i* is requir$ = turn+ metal4 ,! latt] may be work$ ) ease 9 ?is way :5 ! article to be turn$ is small1 b if heavy "w is likely to be enc\nt]$ ! back ge>$ la!1 to be h]eaft] describ$1 mu/ be sub/itut$1 & ! slide re/ w !n also replace ! h& tools4 ,! crank axle is g5]ally support$ by two c5tre screws1 ! po9ts be+ h>d5$1 & also ! ends ( ! axles1 :i* are accord+ly made ( /eel1 & ! holes = ! c5tre screws neatly drill$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,?is is h[ev] n ! mo/ p]fect me?od1 & z we are speak+ ( bett] class la!s1 z well z ^? ( m common & *eap] make1 we mu/ by no means omit to speak ( a v sup]ior way ( fitt+ ! crank axle4 ,! latt] mu/ be turn$ at bo? ends1 ! :eel bor$ & slipp$ on1 & key$ 9 its place4 ,two :eels ( brass ab\t two in*es diamet]1 mu/ !n take ! place ( ! c5tre screws4 ,^! are call$ friction :eels1 & !y mu/ be plac$ suffici5tly ne> ea* o!r to support ! end ( ! axle betwe5 !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag;,b1 a & b4 ,a pair ( ^! mu/ be ?us fitt$ to ea* /&>d1 & aft] ! axle is plac$ 9 position a ?ird may be plac$ above x to prev5t ! la! cord f lift+ ! axle out ( place by its t5sion4 ,! axle & friction :eels w ?us "w toge!r ) an exquisitely smoo? roll+ motion--!re w be no t5d5cy to ?ru/ ! la! /&>ds ap>t z mu/ result f tight5+ ! ord9>y c5tre screws1 & ! friction ( ! axle on its be>+s w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,any p]son acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! la! may readily fit up ^! friction :eels1 & ! "t & tr\ble s exp5d$ w be amply repaid by ! sup]ior ease ) :i* ! la! c be us$4 ,we may say ! same ( ! *a9 & ecc5tric1 :i* c replace ) simil> advantage ! crank & hook 9 ord9>y use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag;,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,= ! latt] ! foll[+ arrangem5ts are necess>y4 ,a is ! ecc5tric key$ to ! crank axle1 & may be ei!r 9 ! middle ( ! same or1 z 9 ,muir's pat5t la!s1 at "o end outside ! /&>d4 ,ar\nd x passes ! endless flat *a9 ,b 7kn[n z crank *a974 ,?is also passes r\nd a roll] 9 ! treadle %[n at ,c4 ,?is *a9 does n act z a m]e l9k1 b :5 ! la! is 9 action x moves r\nd & ov] ! ecc5tric & treadle roll]4 ,! motion ( ! :ole is smoo? & regul>1 &1 :at is almo/ z important1 noiseless4 ,9 ,muir's & o!r la!s ! crank *a9 is us$ )\t ! ecc5tric1 be+ appli$ to ! crank in/ead4 ,p]haps !re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 ! two1 b no "o :o has /udi$ ! ecc5tric & obs]v$ its exquisitely g5tle & smoo? motion 9 an ord9>y eng9e c h fail$ to be /ruck by ^! valuable qualities4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be rememb]$ t its ?r[ is half t ( a crank ( ! same ecc5tricity & ! latt] w h ! advantage 9 p[] size = size4 ,9 :atev] position ! la! may be set up let ! rise ( ! treadle be mod]ate4 ,x is exce$+ly disagreeable to "w at a la! :]e ! rise ( ! foot bo>d is s great z to br+ ! knee into contact ) ! la! b$1 a consummation n infrequ5t 9 c\ntry made ones4 ,?is is only to be escap$ by giv+ up a c]ta9 portion ( p[]4 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ai1 be ! l9e ( ! treadle :5 at re/2 c1 ! crank4 ,to ga9 p[] we %\ld let "p ,a1 ,e1 be long] ?an ,e1 ,b1 z 9 ! sket*4 ,b let ?is arrangem5t be made1 & :5 ! crank is at its highe/ po9t1 ! l9e ,g1 ,b1 w %[ ! position ( ! treadle & foot bo>d4 ,h5ce ?is k9d ( lev]age is n practicably available to any ext5t1 & ! l5g? tak5 f foot bo>d to l9k may ) advantage be ev5 less ?an t f l9k to ! axle on :i* ! treadle works4 ,9 la!s1 ( all ma*9e tools1 x is ess5tial t ! workman %\ld be able to /& easily1 t ! movem5ts ( ! leg & body %\ld n be communicat$ to ! tool1 ! play ( ! treadle & su* items ( detail be+ ( m consequ5ce ?an might at fir/ sight appe>1 & any me?od t5d+ to dim9i% friction1 vibration1 & noise is well wor? consid]ation 9 plann+ ?is ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,we may n[ suppose ! read] ! happy possessor ( a well made foot la!1 long or %ort 9 b$1 high or l[ 9 poppet1 accord+ to 8 ne$1 b1 ( :atev] size1 c>efully made & firmly fix$ 9 a well-light$ place1 & if possible on ! basem5t floor--an up/airs work%op is objectionable ow+ to ! c]ta9 vibration ( a bo>d$ floor4 ,he w n[ require c]ta9 *ucks & tools1 _m ( ! =m] ( :i* he w h to make = himself4 ,,*ucks4 ,no la! c be consid]$ well fitt$ until x is suppli$ ) a l>ge numb] ( *ucks1 by :i* /range t]m are signifi$ ! v>i\s appliances = fix+ to ! m&rel ! article to be turn$4 ,:5 x is consid]$ h[ v>i$ are ! =ms :i* pres5t !mselves to ! turn]1 x may readily be conceiv$ t mu* +5uity has to be ex]cis$ 9 contriv+ me?ods = m\nt+ 8 "w 9 ! la!2 & :5 9 addition to v>iety ( =m1 v>iety ( size has to be tak5 into consid]ation1 x is pla9 t a l>ge assortm5t ( *ucks is a necess>y item 9 ! work%op ( ! turn]4 ,a va/ numb] ( ^! *ucks are ( necessity made ( wood1 z requir$1 & su* wood5 ones are alt]$ f "t to "t to suit diff]5t-siz$ "w1 till !y ev5tually become s completely us$ up z to be only fit = ! fire4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to ^!1 !re are c]ta9 *ucks ( metal 7*iefly brass or gun metal7 :i* %\ld always be ord]$ ) a la!1 or fitt$ to x be=e any "w 7ev5 ! mak+ ( wood5 *ucks7 c be satisfactorily accompli%$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bj1 ! "p ,a1 screws to ! m&rel2 :ile ! "w is atta*$ to ! tap] screw ,b4 ,! use ( ?is *uck is to hold %ort pieces or flat discs1 :i* all[ ( a hole 9 ! c5tre & require to be turn$ on ! face4 ,x is only us$ = wood-"w4 ,?is is ! *uck to be select$ :5 x is desir$ to make a wood5 *uck4 ,a piece ( s\nd wood be+ *os5 ( ! requisite size1 & r\ghly r\nd$ by ! axe or *isel1 a hole is made 9 "o face by a gimlet r small] ?an ! tap]+ screw4 ,! piece is !n firmly screw$ to ! latt]1 ! opposite end dress$ ) g\ge & *isel1 & ! re/ be+ plac$ across ! end1 a h&-drill = wood is br\ght to be> ^u ! piece4 ,! hole ?us made 9 ! c5tre is !n enl>g$ by any conv5i5t tool until its diamet] is only a little less ?an t ( ! screw cut on ! la! m&rel4 ,an inside screw tool is !n made use ( to cut a ?read ( ! same pit* z t ( ! m&rel1 or a tap ( simil> size & pit* screw$ into x 7! =m] is ! be/ b mo/ difficult me?od to a novice71 ! piece deta*$ f ! tap] screw *uck1 :i* is remov$1 & ! wood atta*$ to ! nose ( ! m&rel on :i* x may n[ be accurately fitt$ & f9i%$ to ! requisite =m & holl[$ out or o!rwise1 z may be necess>y4 ,numb]less articles may be 9 a simil> mann] turn$ ^u ! above *uck su* z ! bottoms ( c&le/icks1 r+ or o!r /&s1 bread-platt]s1 small :eels1 & s =?2 x may !re=e /& z numb] "o ( ^! adjuncts to ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #bj4 ,fig4 #ba is ! face plate1 ano!r mo/ s]viceable *uck ( almo/ univ]sal application 9 su* "w z surface-turn+ & bor+1 & :]e a hole 9 ! c5tre is inadmissible4 ,to ?is belong v>i\s dogs or cramps1 a few =ms ( :i* are %[n at a1 b1 c1 d4 ,^! hold ! "w firmly d[n to ! surface ( ! plate1 be+ tight5$ f beh9d by screw nuts4 ,x w be se5 t !re are f\r slots & numb]s ( holes 9 ! face plate1 "s ( ! latt] be+ tapp$ = screws4 ,^! slots & holes may be increas$ 9 numb]1 & "s ( ! latt] may be squ>e in/ead ( r\nd1 & ! cramps may be ( all %apes & sizes1 because sometimes x may be requir$ to hold d[n a flat piece ( brass ! eigh? ( an in* ?ick only1 & ! next job may be to holl[ an irregul> block ( wood ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 or x may be necess>y to bore out ! boss ( a :eel1 or to turn ! rim--all ( :i*1 & a hundr$ o!rs1 are cases 9 :i* ! aid ( ! face plate w be 9 requisition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb is ! *uck specially us$ = turn+ rods ( metal4 ,x consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! body ,a1 :i* screws to ! m&rel1 & ! piece ,b1 :i* passes ?r\gh a slot & is clamp$ by a small screw at "o side c4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! c>ri] :i* is ( su* =ms z ,a#a1 ,b#a1 ,c#a4 ,above is %[n a rod ( metal to be turn$ ) ?is *uck 9 position = use4 ,( ?is we %all h to speak aga9 :5 we arrive at ! subject ( metal-turn+4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al sizes ( c>ri]s kept 9 /ock1 f #a_/d;94 9 ! l>ge/ "p ( ! r+ to #b;94 or #c;941 or ev5 mu* l>g] = heavy "w4 ,! amateur w1 h[ev]1 sc>cely ne$ ^! l>g] ones4 ,! usual me?od ( mak+ ! wood-hold+ *uck = "w t is to be also support$ by ! back c5tre1 is to h a socket ca/ l ,fig4 #bc1 ,c1 ) a c5tral hole to take ! =k ,a1 :i* is held 9 place by a set screw4 ,?is socket is useful = o!r purposes z x w hold %ort pieces ( iron to be turn$1 b ! =k is f> inf]ior = g5]al "w to ! piece b2 ?is is made ( iron1 & ! end ( ! cross 7aga9/ :i* ! wood to be turn$ comes7 is %>p5$ b mu/ n be too %>p4 ,! end ( ! piece ( wood has !n two saw-cuts made at "r angles to ea* o!r into :i* ! %>p5$ edges ( ! cross fall1 ,fig4 #bc ,d1 & ! :ole w turn toge!r )\t any *ance ( slipp+4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 :5 ! ord9>y =k is us$1 t if ! tool *ances to hit* 9 ! "w1 ! latt] is ei!r ?r[n q out ( ! la!1 or ! c5tre ( ! =k reta9s its place1 :ile ! o!r two po9ts slip & score ! "w4 ,?is c nev] happ5 ) ! =m ,b1 :i* is ! mo/ reliable patt]n t c be devis$ = "w ( ?is nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #bd is to "s ext5t self-c5t]+4 ,a piece ( wood holl[$ out conically has ?ree nails1 or ?ree-squ>e saw-files s plac$ )9 ! cone z to pres5t ?ree %>p edges inw>ds4 ,any piece ( wood1 if n too h>d1 w1 if plac$ ) "o end 9 ! *uck1 :ile ! back c5tre is screw$ aga9/ ! o!r1 c5tre itself 9 "s "p ( ?is cone1 &1 be+ at ! same "t held by ! ?ree %>p edges1 w necess>ily revolve 9 ! *uck4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i* ev5 9 ?is r\gh =m su* a *uck w prove useful2 b if x 7 ca/ 9 metal & ! ?ree edges =m$ by slips ( /eel1 & ! :ole accurately turn$1 x w\ld be a v effici5t & good self-c5t]+ *uck4 ,9 its m common =m x is l>gely us$ by ! turn]s ( mop & broom h&les1 :o "w rapidly & _c af=d to wa/e "t 9 *uck+ _! "w4 ,) ! above1 ! la!1 if work$ by /eam or wat] p[]1 is n ev5 /opp$1--! screw ( ! back c5tre has a quick ?read1 s t a s+le turn to or fro fixes or releases ! "w2 & ?us1 "o h&le be+ f9i%$1 ano!r piece takes its place 9 ! *uck1 is fix$ by a half-turn ( ! back screw1 & be+ set 9 rapid motion is turn$ & complet$ by a practis$ h& 9 a c\ple ( m9utes or less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #be repres5ts ano!r useful *uck1 g5]ally ( boxwood1 call$ ! b>rel /ave *uck4 ,x is turn$ conical1 ! l>ge/ "p be+ t[>ds ! m&rel2 x is !n :olly or p>tially drill$ ?r\gh1 aft] :i* saw-cuts are made longitud9ally1 z 9 ! draw+4 ,^! all[ a c]ta9 degree ( expansion :5 a piece ( "w is fitt$ into x1 & x is tight5$ r\nd ! latt] by driv+ on a r+ ( iron or brass4 ,?is r+ is sometimes cut ) a co>se ?read inside1 & a simil> ?read be+ *as$ on ! outside ( ! *uck1 x is screw$ ^u ! cone in/ead ( requir+ to be driv5 by bl[s ( a hamm]4 ,"o important use ( ?is *uck is to re-m\nt 9 ! la!1 = ornam5tation by ! ecc5tric cutt] or o!r app>atus1 any f9i%$ "w t c\ld n be readily *uck$ 9 any o!r mann]1 or to hold r+s requir+ 7l curta9 r+s7 to be turn$ on ! inside4 ,su* articles w1 f ! nature ( ?is *uck1 be truly c5tr$ at once2 & _! ext]ior p>ts w n be liable to injury1 z !y w\ld be by be+ driv5 into an ord9>y *uck holl[$ out to receive !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,ano!r useful *uck = turn+ %ort pieces ( metal su* z bolts & b9d+ screws1 & :i* is 9 a great measure self c5t]+ is made ( ca/ iron1 & is usually call$ ! dog-nose *uck1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,?is is made ) movable jaw h+$1 z m pla9ly se5 9 ,b4 ,! screw clamps ^! jaws firmly toge!r1 & any small piece ( "w is ?us securely held4 ,! c5t]+1 h[ev]1 is n accurate1 ?\gh suffici5tly s = _m purposes4 ,! die *uck 7,fig4 #bg7 is accurately self-c5t]+1 & al?\gh some:at exp5sive1 is a valuable addition to ! la!4 ,?is *uck consi/s1 fir/ ( all1 ( a socket = screw to fit ! m&rel1 & r\nd flat plate ( brass ca/ 9 "o piece1 z 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,?is mu/ be c>efully turn$ & fac$ 9 ! la!4 ,two pieces ( iron or brass are !n screw$ to ! face1 z ,b1 ,b1 #bh;,a1 leav+ a space betwe51 ! sides ( :i* are to be truly p>allel4 ,^! pieces may ei!r be *amf]$ to =m ,v-pieces1 or may be rectangul> on _! inn] edges2 at ,c1 ,c1 a "p ( ea* is cut away1 & ! out] or back plate is also fil$ d[n to receive ! small plates ,d1 ,d4 ,e %[s a groove 9 :i* a screw lies1 half ( :i* has a "r & half a left h&$ ?read2 ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,x w be evid5t t if ?is screw is plac$ 9 ! groove ( ! bottom plate1 & its ends pass ?r\gh ! pieces ,d1 ,d1 :i* are screw$ to ! plates1 x c revolve 9 its be>+s1 b w h no endwise motion2 ! coll> ,f re/+ 9 a recess "u ! top plate ,d4 ,?is screw passes ?r\gh a projection 9 ! back ( ! pair ( dies1 :i* projection also goes into ! same slot 9 ! back plate 9 :i* ! screw works :5 turn$ by ! key 7,fig4 #bg1 ,b74 ,! above be+ nicely fitt$1 ! dies mov+ ev5ly b /iffly 9 _! places1 ! pla9 top is screw$ on1 keep+ all firmly toge!r4 ,?is plate has a long op5+ or slot 7,fig4 #bg71 ?r\gh :i* ! jaws ( ! dies & "p ( ! screw are visible4 ,! ends ( ! screw %\ld n project1 z any su* projection is calculat$ to br+ to grief ! knuckles ( ! turn]--a consid]ation wor? att5tion 9 e =m ( *uck--! squ>$ ends ( ! screw lie 9 a recess 9 ! small plates1 z %[n 9 ! section ( "o ( ^! plates 7,fig4 #bh,x74 ,into ?is recess ! key fits ov] ! screw end2 & by turn+ ?is ! dies are simultane\sly mov$ asund]1 or clos] toge!r s z to grasp c5trally z 9 ! jaws ( a vice1 any small article1 su* z a screw or %ort rod ( metal plac$ betwe5 !m1 ,a simil>ly contriv$ *uck is (t5 us$ "u ! "n ( a univ]sal *uck1 = hold+ pieces ( l>ge diamet]1 & is v useful = tak+ pieces ( ivory :i* h to be holl[$ or o!rwise work$1 z w h]eaft] be detail$4 ,9 ?is case ! jaws may be semicircul> 9 =m1 z ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,x is h[ev]1 evid5t t ^! two *ucks h a r limit$ range4 ,! fir/ c only be us$ = small "w1 & ! only case 9 :i* ! latt] c take firm hold all r\nd ! "w is :5 ! jaws are j s f> ap>t z t !y =m portions ( ! circumf]5ce ( "o & ! same circle4 ,practically !y w hold ! "w tightly "u an ext5d$ range ( sizes1 & !y are ?us ( great use to ! turn]4 ,! foll[+ is h[ev] m p]fect 9 op]ation1 f ! fact t x has f\r jaws in/ead ( two :i* meet conc5trically4 ,?is may be made ei!r ) two long screws at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ) "r & left-h&$ ?reads to ea*1 z 9 ! die *ucks1 or m simply &1 9 "s respects m satisfactorily1 ) f\r di/9ct screws1 all ( ! same pit*1 & all ) squ>$ ends ( equal size1 to all[ ( ! same key be+ us$ to turn !m4 ,x is possible to use su* a *uck z an ecc5tric *uck if desir$1 :i* is c]ta9ly a recomm5dation 9 its fav\r ov] ^? :i* "w always conc5trically4 ,! face ( ?is *uck is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! ends ( ! f\r screws h a be>+ 9 ! small c5tre plate b1 :il/ ! coll>s or flanges re/ 9 a recess "u ! sev]al plates c1 c4 ,! face ( ?is *uck is graduat$ by ea* die1 s t x is easy to set ! jaws conc5trically or to place "o or m ecc5trically to take 9 "w ( o!r %ape ?an r\nd or squ>e4 ,! jaws ( ?is =m ( *uck are us$ = two purposes1 ei!r to hold "w inside !m l a vice1 or ext]nally4 ,a r+1 = in/ance1 requir+ to be *as$ on ! outside is slipp$ ov] ! jaws1 :i* are !n caus$ to rec$e f ! c5tre s z to hold ! "w securely4 ,if ! latt] does n run truly1 "o or m ( ! screws c be slack5$1 & ! opposite ones tight5$1 or if ! ecc5tricity appe>s to be 9 an int]m$iate "p1 two adjac5t screws w h to be ?us slack5$ & ! o!rs tight5$4 ,on ! :ole ?is is a mo/ useful patt]n ( *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,! foll[+ is a v excell5t self-c5t]+ *uck n[ com+ into ext5sive use4 ,x has be5 notic$ 9 m ?an "o p]iodical4 ,! description annex$ is extract$ f ! pages ( ! ,engli% ,me*anic4 ,! *uck h]eby illu/rat$ seems to be a v conv5i5t =m1 easily adju/$ & hold+ ! drill securely4 ,x is also well adapt$ = hold+ wire to be ?read$4 ,e piece ( :i* x is compos$ is ( ca/ /eel well h>d5$4 ,x c be furni%$ ) a %ank to fit ! hole = ! c5tre1 screw$ on ! sp9dle1 or slipp$ on ! c5tre4 ,no wr5* is necess>y1 ! gripe ( ! f+]s be+ suffici5t to secure ! %ank ( any drill4 ,! inv5tor claims t he has us$ a "o-in* drill1 9 t5aci\s wr\ght iron 9 "o ( !m1 receiv+ a %ank ( only ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* diamet] )\t us+ a wr5*4 ,fig4 #ca;,a repres5ts ! %ell ( ! *uck ) mill$ bosses = ! f+]s4 ,! core1 ,b1 is ?read$ & receives a /eel wire spr+ :i* is ins]t$ into ! re> ( ea* jaw1 s t :5 reliev$ f pressure1 ! jaws op5 automatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,a4 ,) ?is brief explanation1 ! op]ation ( ! *uck c be easily compreh5d$4 ,^! *ucks are made ( two sizes1 "o ) an op5+ ( ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*1 & ! o!r ( ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*1 & !y c be made ( l>g] sizes4 ,pat5t$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,olm/$1 ,/am=d1 ,connecticut1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,am]ica4 ,ano!r *uck ( self c5t]+ design1 has likewise appe>$ 9 ! p]iodical above nam$1 into :i* x appe>s to h be5 copi$ f an ,am]ican pap]4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s illu/rate "s improvem5ts 9 ! arrangem5t ( *ucks :i* h be5 rec5tly pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! inv5tors be+ ,messrs4 ,smi? & ,haight1 bo? ( ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! inv5tion ref]s to an arrangem5t ( adju/able *uck1 by means ( :i* tools & o!r articles ( diff]5t diamet]s may be held firmly 9 ! jaws ( ! *uck4 ,fig4 #ca;,b is a longitud9al view ( ! *uck1 p>tly 9 section4 ,! sp9dle1 a1 is fitt$ s t x may be ins]t$ tightly 9 ! m&rel ( ! la!4 ,on ! front end ( ! sp9dle is a conical screw on :i* is fitt$ ! cap1 b2 ?is "p is =m$ ) an op5+ at ! front end1 hav+ ?ree longitud9al slots 9 x4 ,9 ea* ( ^! slots an adju/able jaw1 c1 is fitt$1 ! inn] "p ( :i* is ?read$ ) a female screw1 to fit ! conical screw on ! sp9dle1 a4 ,an out] cas+ d1 encloses ! front "p ( ! *uck1 & beh9d ?is is fitt$ a loose coll>1 :i* is screw$ into ! cas+ d1 s z to connect ! p>ts firmly toge!r4 ,by turn+ ! cap1 b1 ) ! cas+1 d1 & coll>1 9 "o direction1 ! jaws1 c1 are mov$ =w>d & project out ?r\gh ! op5+s1 & !y may ?us be adju/$ to grip a tool or o!r article ( small diamet]4 ,! opposite motion ( ! cap causes ! jaws to rec$e1 & 9 ?is way !y may be adju/$ to grasp articles ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,b4 ,ano!r arrangem5t ( ! adju/able *uck is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca;,c1 :i* is a front view1 & ,fig4 #ca;,d1 a longitud9al section ( ! same4 ,a1 is ! body ( ! *uck1 ! front "p ( :i* is =m$ ) a rim or flange1 9 :i* are ?ree radial recesses hav+ fitt$ !re9 ! slid+ jaws1 ,b4 ,9 ! re> ( ea* jaw is a be>+1 9 :i* is fitt$ a p9 c>ry+ a small lev]1 ,c1 ! front end ( :i* is r\nd$1 z %[n 9 ! section1 & ent]s a slot made 9 ! jaw1 ,b2 s t :5 ! lev]s are mov$ outw>ds !y cause ! jaws to contract or move t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! back "p ( ! body1 ,a1 ( ! *uck is ?read$1 & on ?is "p is fitt$ a coll>1 ,d1 & 9 front ( ?is is a slid+ coll>1 ,e1 :i* is connect$ to ! coll>1 ,d1 by means ( a p9 :i* ent]s a groove =m$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! slid+ coll> is prev5t$ f turn+ r\nd on ! body1 ,a1 by means ( a fea!r1 :i* works 9 a longitud9al groove =m$ 9 ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! coll>4 ,?ree incl9$ planes1 ,f1 are =m$ on ! p]iph]y ( ! coll>1 ,e1 :i* ext5d to ! backw>d ends ( ! lev]s1 ,c1 s t by mov+ ! coll> to & fro1 ! jaws1 ,b1 are caus$ to contract or exp&1 accord+ to ! size ( ! article to be grasp$4 ,a %ort cyl9drical block1 ,g1 made ( a conical figure int]nally is fitt$ loosely )9 ! *uck1 ,a1 & s]ves to c5tre ! end ( a drill or o!r %ort article1 b may be remov$ :5 x is desir$ to pass a rod or o!r article ?r\gh ! body ( ! *uck4 ,to provide = ! easy turn+ ( ! coll>1 ,d1 x is %[n z fitt$ ) a h& :eel1 ,h4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( ! sev]al p>ts1 ! jaws ( ! *uck readily adapt !mselves to drill or bit %anks z well z to articles ( p>allel =m1 or ( a tap]$ or irregul> figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,d4 ,! *ucks la/ nam$ belong to ! class ( comp\nd or me*anical tools2 & ?\gh _! usefulness is beyond "q1 !y ne$ n be consid]$ absolutely necess>y1 z ! "w :i* !y are design$ to facilitate c be & (t5 is done )\t _! aid4 ,inde$1 success 9 ! art ( turn+ by no means dep5ds absolutely ^u ! possession ( exp5sive app>atus1 & ! amateur or me*anic w f9d ! advantage ( ransack+ 8 own bra9 = ! devis+ ( div]s make%ifts & (f-h& contrivances--especially 9 ?is *uck-mak+ dep>tm5t4 ,among ! simple exp$i5ts ! foll[+ w be f\nd well wor?y ( adoption4 ,a1 ,fig4 #cb1 is a simple flange or flat brass plate ) a boss beh9d1 simil> to a small face plate1 & is to be turn$ up1 drill$1 & tapp$ to fit ! m&rel4 ,if ! latt] has a diamet] ( #c_/d ( an in*1 a few ( ^! brass pieces %\ld be ca/ f a set ( wood5 patt]ns rang+ f two to ?ree or f\r in*es across ! diamet] ( ! plate1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 fitt$ to ! m&rel & turn$1 f\r holes1 c\nt]sunk = wood screws1 %\ld be made1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,^! are int5d$ to d away ) ! necessity ( bor+ out & tapp+ ea* individual wood5 *uck4 ,!y c be readily atta*$ to any piece ( wood by f\r screws1 & a few m9utes w be suffici5t to adapt ! same to any requir$ purpose4 ,a flat piece ( bo>d1 = in/ance1 itself too ?91 or ( too s(t sub/ance to p]mit ( its be+ atta*$ to ! m&rel 9 ! ord9>y way1 c ?us be made into a tempor>y face plate1 or a r+ cut out ( x1 or any desir$ op]ation p]=m$ ^u x4 ,inde$1 ^! socket pieces w be f\nd s]viceable on _m occasions1 & w d away ) ! necessity ( a l>ge set ( cup *ucks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a few ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 are v useful & w co/ b little4 ,! ca/+s are sold by weight1 & ! turn] w exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 fitt+ & f9i%+ !m = himself4 ,fig4 #cc is ! =m ( ^!1 & ne$s no description4 ,! sub/ance may be f #a_/h to #a_/d ( an in*1 & ne$ n be m1 z t ?ickness w /& any reasonable %ock caus$ by driv+ a piece ( wood into ! *uck1 & x is always well n to ov]weight ! m&rel ) *ucks ( undue size or sub/ance4 ,! addition ( ?ree to six screws to "o or two sizes ( ! cup *uck ext5ds its usefulness4 ,?is =m is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ,a & ,b4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ca/+ may be r m sub/antial 7#a_/d to 8#c_/h ( an in* 9 ?ickness74 ,! screws mu/ be /rictly radial1 po9t+ to ! c5tre ( ! circle1 & _! ends mu/ be turn$ (f or fil$ flat4 ,_! heads may be squ>$ to enable a key or pair ( p9c]s to be appli$1 or r\nd ) a hole ?r\gh !m4 ,x is bett] to make ?is k9d ( *uck ) six screws--?ree 9 "o plane1 & ?ree aga9 betwe5 ^! 9 ano!r plane beh9d !m4 ,9 fitt+ a piece ( "w into ! *uck1 x w n at fir/ be f\nd an easy matt] to make x run truly4 ,! be/ way is to c5tre x z ne>ly z c be guess$1 by means ( ! ?ree screws ne>e/ to ! op5 end ( ! *uck1 & !n1 plac+ ! latt] on ! m&rel1 set ! la! 9 sl[ motion & correct ! ecc5tricity ( ! piece by means ( ! ?ree inn] screws4 ,ev5 aft] ?is x is probable t a little alt]nate slack5+ & tight5+ ( ! diff]5t screws may be necess>y2 b a little practice w quickly enable ! turn] to set a piece ( "w 9 ! true axial l9e ( ! m&rel )\t mu* difficulty1 & ! "w w !n be held v securely4 ,any %ort piece1 su* z ! r+ ( an ecc5tric to be bor$ truly inside1 may be held by ! out] set ( screws alone2 b if su* a piece ( "w z a small cyl9d] is to be bor$1 ! six screws mu/ be br\ght into action4 ,"h let ! h9t giv5 :5 speak+ ( project+ screws1 be repeat$1 ,bew>e ( ! knuckles1 :i* are peculi>ly liable to be damag$ 9 mak+ use ( ^! *ucks4 ,! %irt sleeve or coat1 moreov]1 does n always enjoy p]fect immunity f simil> dang]1 & bo? %\ld be kept out ( h>m's way1 n = _! own sake only1 b because ! arm may be br\ght into viol5t contact ) ! re/ if ! sleeve %\ld get entangl$ 7! mom5tum ( ! fly:eel be+ great1 & !re=e n to be *eck$ entirely at any giv5 mom5t74 ,a s+le rap ( ! above nature is n a delightful ev5 if salut>y lesson to ! novice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,to hold r+s & wa%]s a tap]+ m&rel1 ,fig4 #ce1 is us$2 & ( ^! x is necess>y to keep a few diff]5t sizes to suit diff]5t diamet]s4 ,^! may be made ( iron or brass if = p]man5t use1 b box or o!r h>d wood is a ready sub/itute1 & may be turn$ d[n = small] "w :5 ! surface gets spoil$ by use4 ,! exp&+ m&rel1 ,hicks' pat5t1 :i* w be treat$ ( h]eaft]1 is a conv5i5t sub/itute = ! simple conical =m "h spok5 (2 & 9 manufactories :]e l>ge numb]s ( m&rels h to be kept ( v>i\s sizes1 a great sav+ ( "t1 money1 & lab\r is effect$ by _! use4 ,= amateurs & artisans 9 a small] way ( bus9ess ! simpl] =m is g5]ally suffici5t4 ,a slight modification is "h app5d$1 by :i* ! common =m may sometimes be made m effici5t 9 ! hold+ a r+ tightly :ile und]go+ ! op]ation ( turn+1 & ?is c be made applicable to metal m&rels1 ?\gh specially int5d$ = wood5 ones4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! m&rel hav+ be5 turn$ conical 7,n4,b41 ! angle ( ! cone mu/ be small1 s t ! size w dim9i% v gradually f ! l>ge/ end71 ! wood is divid$ by a f9e saw1 j z ! *uck already describ$ ) ! outside r+s 0 sawn into segm5ts1 a conical hole hav+ be5 fir/ made at ! smalle/ end1 z %[n 9 ! section b1 b4 ,into ?is a %ort cone ( l>g] angle is to be fitt$1 aga9/ ! end ( :i* ! po9t ( ! back c5tre w press1 t5d+ to drive x into ! m&rel1 :i* w ?us be made to exp&4 ,! r+ to be turn$ w prev5t ! m&rel f splitt+ by ! w$ge-l action ( ! plug1 unless ! said r+ is ( light sub/ance1 9 :i* case ?is =m mu/ n be us$4 ,! "w w1 by ! above me?od1 be securely & c5trally held & n liable to slip t[>ds ! small end ( ! *uck4 ,9 ! ,fig4 #cf1 a groove1 c1 c1 is %[n at ! bottom ( ! saw-cuts4 ,?is %\ld also be made r\nd ! boxwood spr+ *ucks ) r+s1 z x gives m fre$om ( expansion to ! segm5ts4 ,) su* a groove & ! *uck itself completely holl[$ out1 ! pressure ( a /rong india-rubb] r+ w be suffici5t to hold "w :il/ be+ poli%$3 & ?is w1 :5 ! latt] is delicate1 be ev5 sup]ior to ! screw$ r+s1 z ! pressure w be m g5tle & equable4 ,india-rubb] r+s = ?is purpose mu/ n be ?9 & flat1 l ^? us$ = bundles ( pap]s or lett]s1 b made ( r\nd mat]ial1 ! ?ickness ( a quill or ev5 l>g]4 ,!y may be _h ( all sizes at an india-rubb] w>eh\se 9 ,holborn1 at ! bottom ( ! hill on ! left h& side go+ ea/w>d1 & n f> f ,negretti & ,zambra's %op4 ,! writ] is n acqua9t$ ) ! "n ( ! proprietor4 ,hav+ _h occasion to speak ( tapp+ *ucks ( metal to fit ! m&rel1 x w be z well to speak "h ( ! requisite tools = effect+ ?is4 ,9 ! case ( iron *ucks x is n likely1 z a g5]al rule1 t ! amateur or workman w obta9 access to a screw-cutt+ la!1 & to cut an int]nal ?read by h& ) ! *as+ tool is h>dly feasible1 ?\gh readily accompli%$ 9 ! case ( brass *ucks4 ,:51 !re=e1 a la! is pur*as$1 a set ( taps ( ! diamet] & pit* ( ! screw on ! m&rel %\ld be provid$4 ,( ^! !re mu/ be ?ree--an ent]+ tap] tap1 an int]m$iate "o r less tap]+1 & a plug tap1 :i* is cyl9drical4 ,& "h we mu/ ent] a caution4 ,d n let ! tap]+ taps be too long4 ,= in/ance1 let x be requir$ to tap ! boss ( a face plate 9 :i* ! hole _c be drill$ ?r\gh ! plate4 ,x is fir/ bor$ out to ! size ( ! bottom ( ! m&rel ?reads1 or r less4 ,tap numb] "o mu/ !n be screw$ into x2 b if ?is is too long1 s t x _c ent] to ! end ( ! ?reads cut ^u x1 ! second tap w be too l>ge & w n ent] prop]ly1 b w mo/ likely />t a new ?read = itself & spoil ! fir/4 ,fig4 #cg1 a1 b1 c1 %[s ! =m requir$2 d1 ! =m to be avoid$1 except 9 cases :]e1 z 9 ! cup *ucks1 a hole c be made q ?r\gh ! article1 s t ! tap]+ tap c be work$ to ! l9e x1 y1 or ne>ly s4 ,! long tap1 gradually tap]+ z x does f end to end1 is ( c\rse ! easie/ to use1 & = nuts & su* l is f> ! be/2 ! conical tap ( l>g] angle requires m p[]1 b 9 ! case nam$ x is a matt] ( necessity to use x2 &1 if pref]r$1 a set ( f\r taps in/ead ( ?ree w rem$y any difficulty4 ,! novice mu/ take great c>e to place ! tap p]p5dicul> to ! face ( ! *uck1 or ! %\ld] w n fit close to t on ! m&rel4 ,if mu* difficulty is exp]i5c$1 su* an arrangem5t z ,fig4 #ch may be ( s]vice4 ,a repres5ts ! /&>d ( an upright drill-po/1 ( :i* ,b is ! b5*1 ,c ! screw by :i* to depress ! drill & keep x to ! cut4 ,= ! latt]1 & brace by :i* x is work$1 sub/itute ! tap1 & place a spann] or wr5* r\nd ! head ( x4 ,9 ! c5tre m>k1 :i* is g5]ally left f ! turn+1 place screw po9t c4 ,by means ( a plumb l9e or squ>e1 ,d1 te/ ! p]p5dicul>ity ( ! tap2 & z ! latt] p5etrates1 keep x to its "w by ! screw ,c2 oil ! tap freely1 & ! *uck w be easily & accurately cut ) ! requir$ ?read4 ,"s k9d ( clamp w ( c\rse be requir$ to secure ! *uck to ,b1 :ile x is be+ tapp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,! upright drill %\ld always h a place 9 ! work%op4 ,x is mu* easi] to drill ) x ?an 9 ! la!1 & ! m&rel w ?us be sav$ consid]ably4 ,! latt] %\ld nev] be us$ except = light "w4 ,a v>iety ( drill+ app>atus w h]eaft] be describ$ 9 ?is s]ies1 s t we ne$ n n[ write m ^u ?is "p ( our subject4 ,some:at ak9 to ! *uck describ$ z ! cup *uck ) six screws1 is a *uck m5tion$ 9 an old ,fr5* "w1#a ! purpose ( :i* is to turn up a cyl9d]1 ) a po9t at ! end1 s z to insure ! axial l9e be+ kept4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 ! cyl9d] w\ld be turn$ up ) ! po9t & c>ri]1 or driv]1 *uck already describ$2 ! conical po9t w\ld be !n turn$ d[n z f> z possible1 & ! m>k ( ! back c5tre aft]w>ds turn$ (f by means ( ! bor+ coll>4 ,x is by help ( a m9iature la! & bor+ coll> 9 "o piece t ! pivots ( ! balance ( a wat* are f9i%$4 ,9 bo? cases ! "w may be well done by ! same process4 ,! *uck n[ to be describ$ requires no bor+ coll>1 b at ! same "t x does n seem to be well suit$ = any b light "w2 9 :i* latt] case h[ev] x w\ld be advantage\s1 & mu/ !re=e h a place 9 our pres5t pap]4 ,! body ( ! *uck is %[n 9 section1 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,a is ! socket ) screw to fit on ! m&rel ( ! la!4 ,x w be se5 t ! *uck itself is holl[$ out cyl9drically1 & 9 ?is cyl9drical cavity slides a plug1 c1 bor$ conically1 :i* c be fix$ by a ?umb-screw1 h1 trav]s+ a slot 9 ! body ( ! *uck4 ,?is cone is de/9$ to receive "o end ( ! cyl9d] to be po9t$1 :i* w1 accord+ to its diamet]1 c5tre itself 9 "s "p ( ! conical hole 9 ! plug4 ,! latt] is made movable1 s z to be adapt$ to ! l5g? ( ! article to be turn$4 ,at ! out] end ( ! *uck is a groove dovetail$ to receive a slide1 %[n cle>ly 9 ! cross section ,b4 ,! slide mu/ be ( suffici5t sub/ance to all[ a clamp+ screw1 f1 to be tapp$ into x at "o end1 :i* screw mu/ be long en\gh to rea* :5 fully advanc$ ne>ly to ! apex ( ! triangul> op5+ se5 9 ! slide4 ,! action ( ! :ole contrivance is z foll[s3--,! cyl9d] to be po9t$ is plac$ 9 ! conical cavity ( ! plug--! latt] slid to or fro till ! po9t to be turn$ projects a %ort di/ance beyond ! m\? ( ! *uck ?r\gh ! triangul> op5+ 9 ! front slide2 :5 x is fix$ by a turn ( ! screw1 f1 :i* =ms ! ?ird po9t ( resi/ance1 ! sides ( ! triangul> op5+ =m+ ! o!r two4 ,z ! po9t or apex ( ! triangle is always 9 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9drical *uck1 x w only be necess>y to move ! slide itself 9 ord] to br+ ! axis ( ! cyl9d] to be turn$ 9 a l9e ) t ( ! m&rel4 ,z soon z ?is is accompli%$ s t ! piece runs truly1 ! screw1 g1 is turn$1 & ! slide fix$ 9 position4 ,a good deal ( +5uity is display$ by ! inv5tor ( ?is *uck1 a description ( :i* 0 publi%$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 & !re are v _m cases 9 :i* x w be call$ into requisition by ! me*anic4 ,) a little c>e1 moreov]1 ! amateur might make "o = himself--! body ( brass or gun metal1 ! plug & slid+ "p ( iron or /eel4 #a ,manuel de ,t\rneur p> ,h4 ,b]g]on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,among/ ! v>i\s devices connect$ ) ! la!1 _m ( :i*1 ev5 z make%ifts1 are valuable to ! turn]1 is "o n g5]ally kn[n = keep+ up ! t5sion ( ! la! cord 9 :atev] groove ( ! fly :eel or pulley x may be plac$4 ,! plan is n m +5i\s ?an practical1 & ! writ] is acqua9t$ ) "o workman1 a gasfitt] by trade1 :o has _h x 9 con/ant use = _m ye>s4 ,directly ov] ! m&rel pulley is ano!r ( l>g] diamet]1 9 :i* are two grooves ( equal dep?1 fig4 #dj4 ,?is upp] pulley is susp5d$ on a movable arm1 ,d1 :i* is pivot$ at ,e1 & kept up by an india-rubb] spr+1 ,f1 or1 z 9 ! orig9al plan 7be=e ^! rubb] cumulators 7 kn[n71 by a cord pass+ ov] a pulley1 & hav+ a heavy weight atta*$1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,9 ! fig4 ,a repres5ts ! fly :eel1 ,b ! m&rel1 ,c ! upp] pulley4 ,! la! cord is v long1 & passes upw>ds f ,a1 ov] ! upp] pulley 9 groove #a1 d[n aga9 & r\nd ! m&rel1 a second "t ov] groove #b ( ! upp] pulley & d[n to ! fly :eel4 ,! t5sion ( ! cord is ?us always ! same1 & is regulat$ by ! spr+ or weight4 ,if ! cord is slipp$ to a small] "p ( ! la! pulley1 ! slack is in/antane\sly tak5 up by ! desc5t ( ! weight1 & ris+ ( ! arm ,d1 :i* 9 l mann] yields to all[ ! cord to be slipp$ to ! l>g] groove ( ! m&rel pulley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,!re are _m o!r useful contrivances = *uck+ "w 9 ! la!1 a few ( :i* w be notic$ on a future page4 ,! ma9 ?+ to be att5d$ to is ! hold+ securely z well z c5trally ! object to be turn$4 ,if ?is is atta9$1 ! precise =m ( *uck is ( little importance1 & x matt]s n :e!r x be made ( metal or wood4 ,! latt] has inde$1 9 "s respects1 an advantage result+ f its ela/icity & ! ease ) :i* its =m is modifi$4 ,,h& ,,turn+ ,,( ,,wood4 ,we h n[ describ$ ! simple foot-la! & *ucks adapt$ = h& turn+1 b ( ! latt] a great numb] may be provid$1 & w1 9 fact1 accumulate z ! turn] proce$s to "w ^u objects ( v>i$ =m & size4 ,no *uck once made %\ld be ?r[n away until x has become s r$uc$1 f repeat$ alt]ations1 z to be no long] s]viceable4 ,& n[1 be=e we comm5ce actual turn+1 x w be well to (f] a few conclud+ rem>ks ^u ! selection ( a la!4 ,x w be evid5t f our previ\s rem>ks & illu/rations t !re is room = great div]sity 9 ! size & quality ( ?is ma*9e1 & x is a/oni%+ :at excell5t "w is (t5 turn$ out by an exp]i5c$ h& f a la! ( ! wor/ description4 ,! simple pole-la!1 :i* is s out ( date t we did n deem x wor?y ( notice 9 ?is s]ies1 ) its reciprocat+ motion1 l ! little tool ( ! wat*mak]1 has1 be=e n[1 suppli$ ! cab9et mak] ) fir/-class "w1 & n _m ye>s s9ce we ourselves /ood be=e j su* a clumsy tool1 tak+ fir/ lessons 9 ! art4 ,our next /ep 0 to a la! ) wood5 poppets1 & fly:eel ( ! same mat]ial1 a m&rel made by a c\ntry blacksmi?1 :i* sc>cely did ev5 him cr$it2 ! value ( ! :ole1 ) /& & bee*5 b$ complete1 0 #b /]l+1 & suffici5tly de> at t price4 ,n[1 we d n recomm5d su* a tool1 & 9 ! pres5t day a mu* bett] may be _h at t price1 b1 not)/&+ its evid5t defects1 v tol]able "w may be produc$ f x4 ,we /ate ?is to det] ! read] f a v common fault--namely1 ! pur*ase ( an exp5sive tool & elaborate fitt+s :5 ! purse is %all[1 & ! skill %all[] /ill4 ,9 fact1 any am\nt may be sp5t 9 la!s1 & 9 fitt+ up a work%op1 b to ga9 real pleasure & satisfaction f ! pursuit ( ! me*anical arts1 ! outlay %\ld n be m ?an ! probable result 9 "w fairly w>rants4 ,a hundr$ p\nds is (t5 exp5d$ 9 ! pur*ase ( a la!1 & a hundr$ %ill+s w\ld m ?an pur*ase ! "w done by x4 ,we speak f our own exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt]1 & believe our advice proportionately valuable2 & we well "k ! satisfaction t ensues :5 good "w has be5 produc$ 9 spite ( ! defects 9 ! appliances at comm&4 ,if ! means d n admit ( ! pur*ase ( a good la! necessity mu/ decide ! "q1 & an inf]ior "o mu/ take its place 9 ! work%op4 ,nev]!less1 we w\ld r c\nsel a c]ta9 am\nt ( delay1 & economy & ho>d+1 t a good f\ndation may be laid & a la! pur*as$ ( su* av]age excell5ce t future additions may conv]t x into a really s]viceable tool4 ,x w\ld be invidi\s & p]haps r unfair 9 ?is little "w to s5d ! read] to any p>ticul> la!-mak]4 ,!re are sev]al good & two or ?ree fir/-class ones 9 ,london1 & if prices range high1 ! "w is at any rate ( und5iable excell5ce4 ,!re are also _m *eap] firms ?an ^? allud$ to1 :]e ! "w is r ( r\gh-&-ready /yle2 all dep5ds on :at class ( "w ! w\ld-be pur*as] proposes to engage 91 :e!r he int5ds to conf9e himself to pla9 h&-turn+ 9 wood1 to ! con/ruction ( /eam eng9e1 & o!r models ( ma*9]y 9 metal1 or to ! m beautiful f9i%$ "w 9 h>d wood & ivory1 :i* develop ! full p[] ( ! ma*9e itself1 & ! skill ( ! accompli%$ turn]4 ,9 ! =m] cases1 a v pla9 & inexp5sive la! w suffice4 ,9 ! latt]1 x is absolutely necess>y to pur*ase "o ( ! be/ con/ruction1 at a tol]ably high figure4 ,! be/ advice to ^? ( sl5d] means1 & :o1 !re=e1 va/ly pr$om9ate1 is to sacrifice all else to ! m&rel & coll>4 ,! latt] may be b\ght at f tw5ty to ?irty %ill+s1 ready = m\nt+ 9 deta*$ wood5 head/ocks1 & w be f> sup]ior to any t an ord9>y smi? c produce4 ,9 ?is case1 ! two poppets t c>ry ! m&rel & c5tre screw %\ld be connect$ toge!r by a block ( wood betwe5 !m1 :i* latt] may be r\nd$ (f & %ap$ to some?+ ne> ! =m ( a ca/-iron head/ock4 ,! only c>e necess>y 9 m\nt+ su* a m&rel1 w be to keep ! axial l9e p>allel to ! la!-b$1 & directly ov] ! c5tre ( ! latt]4 ,:e!r ! m&rel is ?us a sep>ate pur*ase1 z may happ5 f necessity1 or obta9$ z "p ( ! la!1 & fitt$ 9 a ca/-iron head/ock1 x %\ld c]ta9ly be h>d5$1 & also ! coll>1 if ( /eel4 ,bo? w take a high] poli% = ?is process1 & w run easi] 9 consequ5ce4 ,! co/ ( su* a m&rel is r great]1 because _m w>p or split 9 ! process1 & h to be ?r[n aside2 & ! lab\r ( gr9d+ m&rel & coll> to an exact fit1 is consid]ably increas$4 ,! ga91 h[ev]1 is great] ?an ! loss to ! pur*as]1 & ! extra outlay mu/ n1 !re=e1 be grudg$4 ,x is v annoy+ to f9d a conical m&rel worn d[n by ! coll> aft] a twelvemon?s' "w2 = a coll> is ?us =m$ on ! conical "p1 s t x _c be tight5$ up by ! back screw4 ,! fir/ tool to be notic$ is ! g\ge1 ! =m ( :i* is a longitud9al section ( a tube1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,( ?is tool n less ?an ?ree sizes %\ld be select$1 ( ! respective diamet]s ( "o in*1 half-in*1 & a qu>t] or ?ree-eigh?s4 ,:5 pur*as$1 !y require gr9d+1 ! bevel be+ too %ort4 ,x is ess5tial t ?is tool & ! turn+ *isel h a long bevel1 s t ! cutt+ edge %\ld be a v acute angle4 7,fig4 #da1 n l #db47 ,x is impossible to d good "w ) ! latt] =m ( tool :i* is1 nev]!less1 ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! work%ops ( amateurs4 ,bo? g\ge & *isel mu/ be %>p5$ on an oil/one 7,arkansas or ,turkey w be f\nd ! be/7 to a ke5 edge1 & no pa9s mu/ be sp>$ 9 pres]v+ ! tools 9 ?is condition4 ,?ree sizes ( *isel to mat* ! g\ges %\ld be select$4 ,! latt] tool is n made l t int5d$ = c>p5t]'s use1 ) ! edge at "r angles to ! sides1 b is slop$ l ,fig4 #dc1 s z to pres5t an obtuse angle ,a1 & an acute "o ,b1 & ! cutt+ edge is c5tral1 ! bevel be+ alike on bo? sides1 s t ! tool may be turn$ ov]1 & us$ ) ei!r ( ! flat sides upw>ds4 ,! h&les ( g\ges & *isels %\ld be mu* long] ?an ^? us$ by c>p5t]s1 & nicely r\nd$ & %ap$ 9 ! la!4 ,! mo/ difficult ?+ to turn be+ a cyl9d] ( s(t wood2 a description ( ! me?od ( effect+ ?is w be ! be/ means ( initiat+ ! novice 9 ! art ( turn+4 ,9 all ! mo/ p]fect "w by practis$ h&s1 !re is a %>pness ( edges & r\ndness ( m\ld+s1 t are exce$+ly agreeable to ! eye1 & bespeak at once ke5ness 9 ! tool ) :i* ! "w has be5 done1 & /ead9ess 9 ! h& ( ! op]ator4 ,! novice mu/ aim at simil> p]fection1 & to ?is end he mu/ det]m9e to avoid ! use ( s&-pap]1 & tru/ to 8 managem5t ( exce$+ly ke5 tools to put a workmanlike f9i% to 8 "w4 ,to comm5ce ) ! propos$ cyl9d]4 ,let a piece ( s\nd bee* be select$ = ! fir/ essay1 z be+ less difficult to manage ?an deal1 ! gra9 ( ! latt] te>+ up 9 long %r$s "u ! action ( ! tool4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done1 aft] saw+ (f ! necess>y quantity ( suffici5t diamet] = ! propos$ "w1 is to r\nd x (f r\ghly by means ( ! hat*et & draw-knife1 or spoke-%ave4 ,! next ?+ is to m\nt x 9 ! la!4 ,= ?is purpose ! prong *uck1 or1 bett] /ill1 t repres5t$ z an improvem5t on ! latt]1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc;,b1 mu/ be screw$ on ! m&rel1 & ! "w made secure by ! aid ( ! back poppet c5tre4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! piece runs truly betwe5 ! po9ts ( support1 & t x revolves /eadily )\t %ake4 ,!re is no real necessity = us+ ! compasses1 or o!r contrivance = f9d+ ! exact c5tre at ea* end1 z sometimes recomm5d$1 nei!r1 inde$1 is x always possible ?us to f9d ! axial l9e4 ,x is easy to fix x at fir/ lightly 9 its place1 & asc]ta9 by a turn or two ( ! m&rel1 h[ ne>ly x runs z x ought to d4 ,if x seems tol]ably true1 a turn ( ! back c5tre fixes x securely1 if n1 x c be %ift$ 9 any direction at pleasure4 ,! tyro ought1 h[ev]1 to be w>n$ t he is likely to be deceiv$ 9 ! size ( ! r\gh piece1 & t he may v probably ?9k x ( suffici5t diamet] = ! propos$ "w :5 9 reality x is too small4 ,practice1 or ! use ( ! callip]s1 :i* are b[-legg$ compasses = measur+ ! diamet]s ( "w1 w soon settle ! "q4 ,! piece be+ prop]ly fix$ 9 ! la!1 ! latt] is to be set 9 motion by means ( ! treadle1 ! re/ hav+ be5 fir/ fix$ z ne> z possible )\t t\*+ ! piece1 & ! ,t clamp$ p>allel to x4 ,if ! tyro wi%es to become a pr(ici5t1 no pa9s mu/ be sp>$ to acquire ! knack ( work+ ! treadle )\t mov+ ! body to-&-fro4 ,he mu/ le>n1 !re=e1 to /& firmly on "o leg1 & aft] ! :eel has be5 put 9 motion1 he mu/ let x & ! treadle h its own way4 ,he w ?us soon feel :5 ! crank has pass$ ! dead po9t at ! highe/ po9t ( revolution1 & ! prop] mom5t to be> d[n ) ! foot4 ,x is n necess>y to describe ! precise movem5t1 z a few trials w tea* ! me?od mu* bett] ?an any writt5 description4 ,at fir/ x is h>d "w1 & con/ant *ange ( leg f ! "r to ! left1 & back aga91 w h to be resort$ to to dim9i% ! fatigue4 ,practice w1 h[ev]1 remove all difficulties1 & all[ ! :ole undivid$ att5tion to be giv5 to ! managem5t ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,! g\ge mu/ be held d[n firmly on ! re/ ) ! holl[ side upw>ds1 & ! bevel ( ! edge =m+ a tang5t to ! "w1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,9 ?is position x w cut freely & smoo?ly1 & ! edge w be pres]v$4 ,if held horizontally1 z 9 ,fig4 #de1 x is evid5t t ! f9e edge ( ! tool w be imm$iately de/roy$ by ! rapid bl[s x w receive z ! r\gh wood revolves 9 contact ) x4 ,its t5d5cy 9 ! latt] position w be to scrape1 in/ead ( cutt+1 & ! fibres ( ! wood w ?us be torn out 9 ?reads1 & ! surface ( ! "w be r\gh5$4 ,! g\ge1 !n1 be+ plac$ 9 ! =m] tang5tial position1 ! "r h& grasp+ ! h&le1 ! left ! blade1 z 9 ,fig4 #df1 ! tool is to be sl[ly slid along ! re/1 & a s]ies ( light %av+s1 m or less cont9u\s1 w be remov$ f end to end ( ! piece4 ,let ! workman be> 9 m9d t ! tool is to take a firm be>+ on ! re/1 & t x mu/ n move to-&-fro ) ! inequalities ( ! piece to be turn$4 ,x is n necess>y to remove l>ge *ips unless ! turn] has acquir$ f practice p]fect comm& ov] ! tools1 & = ! adept ?is *apt] is n writt54 ,aft] ! mo/ prom95t inequalities h be5 remov$1 ! side ( ! g\ge w come into use in/ead ( ! extreme end1 & ) ?is ! "w may be rapidly r$uc$ to its int5d$ size1 always all[+1 h[ev]1 = ! f9al cut ) ! *isel4 ,be=e ! latt] is tak5 up1 ! piece ( "w is to be r5d]$ z level & true z c be done by ! aid ( ! g\ge alone2 inde$1 if ! latt] is ( tol]able size1 & skilfully us$1 a f9i% c be put ^u ! "w by x almo/ equal to t :i* ! *isel c produce & if ! "w 9 h& 7 a m\ld$ patt]n1 ) holl[s & rais$ "w1 great "p w\ld h to dep5d on ! g\ge alone4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! *isel mu/ be us$1 & ! me?od is z foll[s3 ,take a hold ) bo? h&s1 z direct$ = ! managem5t ( ! g\ge1 b in/ead ( ! flat "p ly+ ev5ly on ! re/1 ! tool mu/ be p>tly rais$ f x1 s t only ! l[] edge takes a firm be>+4 ,by ?is means ! upp] angle ( ! cutt+ edge 7g5]ally ! mo/ acute7 is kept cle> ( ! wood1 & ! latt] is cut away only by means ( ! middle & l[] "p ( ! edge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,if plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #dh1 ! acute angle1 a1 is sure to cat* & /ick into ! "w1 spoil+ 9 two seconds all t has be5 done4 ,! *isel c be us$ ) ei!r ( its flat sides upw>ds1 & mov$ along ! re/ f "r to left1 or f left to "r1 or turn$ upside d[n1 z ,fig4 #di1 s t ! acute angle is d[nw>ds4 ,^! positions are %[n 9 ! ,figs4 #dg to #ea4 ,! only c>e necess>y is to keep ! upp] po9t cle>1 all[ ! *isel to re/ z flatly on ! wood z ! above precaution w p]mit1 & to take z f9e & cont9u\s %av+s z possible4 ,! *isel w be f\nd to draw itself along 9 "s degree z ! cut proce$s1 & :5 ?is action is felt1 x is do+ its "w prop]ly--/ill1 x is a difficult ?+ to use a *isel well1 & ! tyro w fail _m times & (t be=e he w succe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,! *ances are t ?is initiatory lesson w result 9 any?+ b a correct cyl9d]--! surface w n be true l a rul]1 b if tri$ by a /raight edge x w be se5 to be wavy4 ,te/$ by ! callip]s1 ,fig4 #eb1 "o "p w be l>g] ?an ano!r1 ev5 if ! extreme portions be tol]ably true to ! propos$ gauge4 ,n[1 ! be/ turn] on e>? f\nd j ^! difficulties1 & no?+ b p]sev]ance & resolute det]m9ation w ov]come !m4 ,nev] m9d spoil+ ! fir/ piece ( "w1 give up mak+ x ( a det]m9$ size1 b d n give up mak+ x a true cyl9d]4 ,keep ! callip]s at "w1 & g5tly level ! prom95t p>ts 7y mu/ "w d[n to ! size ( ! deepe/ holl[1 = y _c fill up su* valleys l a railway eng9e]2 y mu/ ?r[ d[n ! adjac5t hills in/ead71 proce$ g5tly1 little by little2 make ! tool obey y1 %[ x 7z ,rusk9 speaks ( p5cil & bru%7 t y w n yield to its caprices & h5ce=w>d x w be y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant4 ,hav+ done ! be/ y c ) ! surface ( y\r cyl9d]1 proce$ to squ>e up ! ends1 & m9d ! angle at ?is "p is a "r angle1 squ>e & %>p1 n r\nd$ (f4 ,n[ ?is aga9 requires c>e & a k ( ! prop] me?od4 ,y w "w *iefly ) ! l[] corn] ( ! *isel1 & we %all be/ describe ! managem5t ( ! tool by suppos+ ! cyl9d] an in* too long1 & t ! extra piece is to be remov$4 ,n[ !re are ?ree positions 9 :i* ! *isel c be plac$ to br+ its l[] corn] 9 contact ) ! cyl9d]4 ,fir/1 ) ! blade p]p5dicul> to ! "w2 secondly1 ) ! blade incl9$ to ! left1 ,fig4 #ec1 z if to r\nd (f ! end ( ! piece2 ?irdly1 incl9$ to ! "r1 ,fig4 #ed4 ,held p]p5dicul>ly x w cut a f9e l9e1 b p5etrate slightly2 alt]nately 9 ! o!r positions x w remove a ,v-%ap$ piece1 & ?us ! cutt+ (f is to be begun4 ,"o side ( ! cutt+1 h[ev]1 has to be p]p5dicul>1 ! o!r may be z slop+ z conv5i5t4 ,n[1 x is to be rememb]$ 9 cutt+ ! upright side1 :i* is ! end ( ! roll]1 ! *isel is to incl9e r to ! "r1 = ?is reason1--if x incl9e to ! left a mom5t>y inatt5tion w cause x to take ! pa? a1 b1 ,fig4 #ee1 ! t5d5cy be+ to cut a spiral track t[>ds ! left4 ,! exp]im5t may be made by g5tly re/+ ! edge ?us incl9$ on any "p ( ! roll]1 :5 x w describe a spiral at once4 ,to ! "r1 !n1 ! *isel mu/ slightly incl9e1 & x w cut (f a ?9 curl+ %av+ l ,fig4 #ef1 leav+ ! end ( ! piece q smoo? & %9+4 ,:5 ! piece is ne>ly cut (f1 great c>e & lightness ( h& mu/ be us$1 z ! c5tral portion w h become weak & ready to break (f be=e ! "w is f9i%$4 ,:5 x w no long] be> ! *isel1 take x out ( ! la!1 break x (f1 & neatly f9i% ) ! %>p *isel ! c5tral portion1 & y\r fir/ lesson is le>nt4 ,!re is c]ta9ly v little ( int]e/ 9 turn+ an imp]fect cyl9d]1 = x is useless :5 done1 b ! alphabet ( ! art1 ?\gh n amus+1 mu/ be fir/ ?or\ghly ma/]$1 & ! re/ w foll[ 9 due c\rse4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w seem unreasonably dull & /upid1 ! cyl9d] may be conv]t$ into a tool h&le1 :i* w be at any rate a useful article1 besides af=d+ practice4 ,no special directions are ne$$ 9 addition to ! above1 except 9 respect to ! f]rule4 ,?is is to be cut (f a piece ( brass tub+ or an old gun b>rel1 or x may be _h at ! tool %ops ready cut to any size4 ,beg9 by turn+ d[n ! place = ?is f]rule1 tak+ c>e n to cut x too small or ! f]rule w drop (f4 ,take ! piece out ( ! la!1 & ) a mallet hamm] on ! f]rule4 ,return x aga91 tak+ c>e to c5tre x 9 ! old m>ks1 & f9i% ! h&le4 ,! brass or iron may be poli%$ ) a file = ?is fir/ attempt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,holl[$ ,,"w4 ,x is n[ necess>y to speak ( holl[+ out wood = ! purpose ( mak+ boxes1 cup *ucks1 c41 & ! latt]1 :i* may be made 9 any quantity1 & ( all sizes1 w af=d excell5t practice 9 ?is "p ( ! turn]'s art4 ,! majority ( "w ( ?is k9d is done r by scrap+ or frett+ out ?an by cutt+2 side tools ( ! =ms ( ,figs4 #ea & #ef be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,^! h[ev]1 are specially adapt$ = ivory & h>d woods1 ! gra9 ( :i*1 be+ v compact & close1 is n torn out 9 %r$s by ! action ( su* tools1 z w\ld be ! case ) s(t] woods4 ,:]e ! latt] mat]ial is us$ 9 quantity1 z 9 ! manufacture ( wood5 b[ls1 hook tools1 l ,fig4 #eg1 are made use (1 :i* cut on _! upp] edges4 ,^! are exce$+ly difficult to use1 ?\gh ! practis$ h&s ( ^? br\ght up to ! art1 make !m cut ) a surpris+ ease & rapidity--fairly surr\nd+ ! la! ) a ceaseless cl\d ( f9e %av+s remov$ 9 ! progress ( ! "w4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 ! use ( ^! tools is n conf9$ to ! novice1 = ! majority ( turn]s accu/om$ to h>d wood (t5 cut a sorry figure 9 ! manipulation ( s(t] mat]ial ) ! aid ( ! tools 9 "q4 ,! h>d & s(t wood turn]s =m1 9 po9t ( fact1 two di/9ct bran*es ( ! trade4 ,we h 9 "p anticipat$ ?is section1 by speak+ ( ! mak+ a wood5 *uck :5 describ+ ! use ( ! metal *uck ) tap] screw4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 proce$ to describe ! be/ me?od ( turn+ a pla9 wood5 box ) cov]1 b n screw$2 ! latt] be+ res]v$ = m ext5d$ notice h]eaft]4 ,! be/ mat]ial to "w ^u is s\nd ,turkey boxwood1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is q dry & well season$1 or1 aft] x is work$ up )1 x may be1 great c>e & tr\ble1 ! box w split1 or ! cov] become s loose z to fall (f1 ei!r fatality be+ suffici5tly vexati\s4 ,we may m5tion1 9 pass+1 t h>d woods ( all descriptions may be _h 9 l>ge or small quantities ( ,messrs4 ,fauntl]oy#b & ,co41 #aaj1 ,bunhill-r[1 ,f9sbury1 or ( ,jacques & ,sons1 ,cov5t-g>d54 ,mo/ ( ! la!-mak]s also supply x1 especially ,holtzapffel & ,co41 ( ,*>+-cross1 b ! fir/-nam$ is a l>ge deal]1 :olesale & retail1 & 8 *>ges are mod]ate4 #b ,n[ ,messrs4 ,mundy & ,b]rie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg4 ,suppos+ a selection made ( size proportionate to t ( ! int5d$ box1 includ+ cov] & a tol]able m>g9 = wa/e & accid5ts1 proce$ z be=e to r\gh x d[n betwe5 two c5tres & ?us to r$uce x to a cyl9drical =m--!re is1 h[ev]1 no occasion to use ! *isel at pres5t1 z we only ne$ a r\gh cyl9d]4 ,remove ?is f ! la!1 & if y h no brass cup *uck into :i* y c fit x1 proce$ to make "o out ( a piece ( bee*1 a% or1 if y h pl5ty1 boxwood4 ,d n hurry ! "w1 b cut ! *uck out neatly1 screw & fit x1 z previ\sly direct$1 on ! nose ( ! m&rel4 ,we %all suppose x z yet m]ely a %ort neat cyl9drical block1 q solid4 ,place ! re/ ) ! tee across ! end ( ! piece ( wood1 ! top edge a little bel[ ! c5tre 7by ! ?ickness ( ! blade ( ! tool74 ,= ! latt] select "o ( ! ?ree foll[+--ei!r w answ] well--#eh1 #ei1 #fj4 ,) "o or ! o!r drill a hole 9 ! c5tre1 keep+ ! tool q horizontal across ! re/4 ,enl>ge ?is hole by a left side tool1 work+ f ! c5tre ( ! piece t[>ds ! outside1 n tak+ ! :ole dep? at once1 b a qu>t] or half an in* at a "t4 ,y mu/ holl[ x out ab\t "o in*1 & see h[ nicely y c fit ! holl[ to ! size ( ! piece y are go+ to turn4 ,y w1 ( c\rse1 h squ>$ up "o or bo? ends ( ! latt]1 :i* mu/ n[ be driv5 tightly into ! holl[ *uck4 ,if y squ>$ ! ends ( ! cyl9d] correctly & left also ! bottom ( y\r *uck level & true1 y w be gratifi$ by see+ ! piece run ev5ly at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh1 #ei1 #fj4 ,fig4 #fa %[s a section ( ! *uck ) ! piece to be turn$ fitt$ inside x4 ,n[ take ! g\ge & *isel & r$uce ! piece to a pla9 cyl9d]1 & take special c>e to squ>e up ! out] end4 ,?is may be done by ! aid ( a c>p5t]'s *isel held across ! re/1 l ! side-tool4 ,if ! end is mu* out ( tru? y _h bett] use fir/ ! r\nd-end$ tool1 ,fig4 #fj1 b if y h work$ c>efully f ! comm5cem5t ?is w be unnecess>y4 ,to asc]ta9 ! correctness ( ?is "p1 apply a small /eel squ>e l ,fig4 #fb1 ! blade ( :i* slides ?r\gh ! brass "p & is clamp$ by a small screw at ! side4 ,we %[ ! me?od ( apply+ ?is tool to gauge dep?1 te/ "r angles1 c41 9 ,figs4 #fc & #fd4 ,x is a mo/ conv5i5t & necess>y in/rum5t1 & %\ld be at once provid$4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ t ! end ( y\r cyl9d] is at "r angles ) ! side1 take ! po9t tool1 ,fig4 #eh1 or ! acute corn] ( y\r *isel1 &1 sett+ ! la! 9 motion1 m>k (f ! int5d$ dep? ( ! cov]1 z ,d1 ,c1 ,fig4 #fa4 7,obs]ve1 x is ! cov] & n ! box t fir/ dem&s att5tion47 ,n[ proce$ to holl[ out ! cov] z y holl[$ out ! *uck1 b ) great] c>e4 ,y mu/ all[ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! top r m mat]ial ?an y w ev5tually require1 ! ?ickness ( ! sides1 also1 may be a trifle 9 excess1 b take ! utmo/ c>e to make ! inside rectangul>1 t is1 ! l9e f1 g1 p]p5dicul> to g1 ,d4 ,^u ! correctness ( ?is ! fit ( ! cov] w dep5d4 ,?is be+ done & te/$ z to tru? ) ! squ>e1 z be=e1 y may cut (f ! cov] ) a p>t+ tool1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,?is tool is ?91 ) a cutt+ edge at ! end1 & is held edgewise ^u ! re/4 ,! blade is made r ?ick] ne> ! end1 s t z ! tool p5etrates ! "w x may n b9d1 b all[ ! small *ips made by x to escape freely4 ,! re/ mu/ be remov$ f its =m] position & plac$ p>allel to ! side ( ! piece1 & ! tee at su* a height t ! latt] may1 :5 ! tool is held horizontally1 po9t to ! axis ( ! "w4 ,! tool %\ld be occasionally )drawn1 & ! po9t1 in/ead ( be+ kept precisely 9 "o position1 may be slightly rais$ & l[]$ f "t to "t1 describ+ a small arc4 ,x w soon be asc]ta9$ 9 :at position x cuts mo/ easily4 ,!re are diff]5t sizes ( p>t+ tool1 "s v ?9 9 ! blade1 = ivory & preci\s woods1 "s ?ick]1 = box & less valuable /uff1 "s ) a not*$ end1 =m+ two po9ts1 = s(t woods1 ! action ( all be+ simil> to a saw too?1 or1 9 ! la/1 to two adjac5t saw tee? set out to cle> !mselves 9 work+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! ?9 blades d n b5d & twi/ :ile cutt+1 especially aft] ! cut has become deep4 ,to avoid ?is d n hurry ! "w1 b take a little at a "t1 & be c>eful to keep ! tool ) its sides p]p5dicul> to ! re/4 ,) ^! precautions ! cov] w soon be cut (f neatly4 ,if c>e is n tak5 to all[ = ! necess>y ?ickness ( ! cov]1 ! turn] w be mortifi$ by f9d+ t in/ead ( ! latt]1 he has m]ely cut (f a r+1 & he w h to expiate 8 want ( judgm5t by beg9n+ a new cov] & mak+ a %all[] box4 ,we "n ?is to put him on 8 gu>d4 ,suppos+ ! above "w satisfactorily accompli%$--! top ( ! cov]1 h[ev]1 be+ 7z w probably be ! case7 ei!r convex or concave1 requir+ a little t\*+ up & f9i%+1 x w be necess>y to turn d[n on ! solid bit ( wood left 9 ! *uck ! "p ,a1 ,b 7,fig4 #ff71 on :i* ! cov] w ev5tually re/4 ,on no acc\nt1 h[ev]1 mu/ ?is be n[ turn$ small en\gh1 x mu/ be left s l>ge z n q to ent] ! cov]1 because if x is n[ nicely fitt$1 & ! box subsequ5tly holl[$ out1 ! cov] is sure to be too slack1 ! wood %r9k+ 9 ! process ( holl[+ out4 ,?is %r9k+ may be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ ! r+s ( woody fibre1 ! result ( ye>ly gr[?1 naturally ela/ic1 ) a t5d5cy to contract1 ea* "o1 l a s]ies ( india-rubb] b&s1 embrac+ t )9 x4 ,! c5tral ones be+ remov$ by ! tool1 p]mit ! out] ones to contract1 _! p>ticles approa*+ ne>] to ea* o!r & ! /ructure becom+ m d5se4 ,?is t5d5cy causes ^? radial cracks s (t5 se5 9 ! ends ( pieces ( wood sawn f ! trunk or limbs ( ! tree4 ,! out] p>ts becom+ dri] ?an ! inn]1 & prev5t$ by ! latt] f %r9k+1 necess>ily split1 h5ce1 :5 x c be done1 ! c5tre ( su* pieces is bor$ out1 :ile ! wood is yet full ( sap1 & ! re/ is !reby pres]v$4 ,:]e ?is _c be done ! ends may be cov]$ ) glue or res92 or pap] may be glu$ on1 to prev5t access ( air1 & ?us ! dry+ ( ! out] portion may be s ret>d$ z only to keep pace ) t ne>] ! c5tre4 ,! conc5tric r+s ?us %r9k equally1 & no radial splitt+ takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe1 #fh1 #ff4 ,we w n[ return f ?is explanatory digression to ! "w 9 h&4 ,hav+ cut d[n ! flange = ! cov] to ne>ly ! requir$ size1 proce$ to holl[ out ! box4 ,"w c>efully1 s t ! sides %all be smoo? & p]p5dicul> to ! bottom1 & ! latt] plane & neat4 ,take c>e1 z ) ! cov]1 to leave ! necess>y ?ickness ( bottom1 all[+ = ! cut ( ! p>t+ tool1 &1 if possible1 half an in* or m beyond x4 ,n[ f9i% t "p on :i* ! cov] is to re/4 ,take great c>e1 z be=e1 to secure "r angles1 & cut away ! wood little by little1 try+ on ! cov] f "t to "t1 until at la/ x w j g smoo?ly & /iffly into its place4 ,x mu/ fit r tightly1 b take especial c>e n to =ce x on1 or y w split & spoil x4 ,we %all "h introduce to ! notice ( ! read] ano!r =m ( callip]s useful 9 su* "w z ! above1 & 9 _m cases absolutely necess>y4 ,!y are call$ 9-&-out callip]s1 & are made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,^! are s arrang$ t :atev] int]val exi/s betwe5 a & b1 exi/s also betwe5 c & d4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! inside ( a box cov] 7or simil> article7 is measur$ by ! latt]1 ! o!r end ( ! in/rum5t w %[ ! exact size to be giv5 to ! "p ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! conv5i5ce ( su* an arrangem5t = an inf9ity ( cases w be app>5t on an inspection ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi1 #gj4 ,! cov] ( ! box mu/ n[ be put on1 ! la! set 9 motion1 & ! outside1 & also ! top ( ! cov]1 c>efully turn$ & f9i%$4 ,if ! box is to be cyl9drical1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is truly s1 & t ! angle =m$ by ! junction ( ! top & sides is %>p4 ,if s&-pap] is us$ to f9i% ! "w1 ! edges w be r\nd$ & ! workmanlike appe>ance spoil$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! article is made ( box or o!r h>d close-gra9$ wood1 ?is f9i%+-(f may be done ) a c>p5t]'s *isel held s z to act z a scrap]4 ,! turn+ *isel w answ] ! same purpose1 b x is a pity to spoil ! edge1 :i* %\ld be always pres]v$ ke5 & fit = use4 ,if ! box is made ( s(t wood1 scrap+ w n answ]2 ! turn+ *isel mu/ !n be made use (1 held z previ\sly1 describ$4 ,if ! cyl9drical =m is n propos$1 ! sides ( ! box mu/ be left ?ick]1 & aft] ! cov] is fitt$ on ! outside may be m\ld$ by ! g\ge & *isel1 & tools l #fj & #fh to #gj1 to any desir$ patt]n4 ,! only ?+ rema9+ to be done is to cut (f ! box ) ! p>t+ tool1 ! same precautions be+ obs]v$ :i* we spoke ( 9 sep>at+ ! cov]4 ,if !re %\ld be any defect 9 ! bottom aft] ! "w is deta*$1 ! box mu/ be plac$ 9 a cup *uck turn$ to receive x1 & ! above defects remov$4 ,9 holl[+ out a piece ( solid ivory or simil> co/ly mat]ial1 x w\ld be exce$+ly wa/eful if ! c5tral "p 7 remov$ z 9 a common box1 by be+ r$uc$ to small *ips4 ,x is possible to remove ! :ole int]ior 9 a solid block1 & ) exce$+ly trifl+ loss ( mat]ial4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( side p>t+ tools1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc4 ,a common p>t+ tool is fir/ us$ & a groove cut !re) 9 ! face ( ! block to be turn$4 ,fig4 #gd repres5ts ?is face #ge2 ! section aft] ! groove is cut ! dep? ( ! box requir$4 ,! %ad$ "p 9 ! c5tre repres5ts ! "p to be remov$4 ,! smalle/ p>t+ tool1 ,fig4 #gc1 is n[ introduc$1 ! back ( ! tool be+ laid across ! re/1 s t ! crook takes a p]p5dicul> position1 ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #gd4 ,:5 at ! bottom ( ! groove ! hook is turn$ to ! left1 s t x may cut a groove und]nea? ! block1 until /opp$ by its %ank4 ,x is !n )drawn & ,fig4 #gb1 & subsequ5tly ,fig4 #ga introduc$1 & us$ 9 a simil> way4 ,9 ,fig4 #gf ! black l9e %[s ! tool 9 position1 ) ! "u cutt+ done by x4 ,! sizes are ?us increas$ until ! la/ tool removes ! block entire4#c #c ,! side p>t+ tools are sometimes ins]t$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! "w1 a hole be+ made = _! introduction1 !y !n cut f )9 outw>ds4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( a solid piece a ?ick r+ ( ! mat]ial is deta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga1 #gb1 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,we n[ propose to describe ! me?od ( turn+ a r\nd ball or globe1 &1 to make ! "w m int]e/+1 x %all conta9 a small box4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y is to decide ^u ! diamet]4 ,9 ! pres5t case let x be an in* & a half4 ,turn a cyl9d] ( boxwood a little exce$+ ?is1 & cut (f f x r m ?an an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,! excess is m]ely to all[ = wa/e4 ,y w ?us h a cyl9d] ^: diamet] equals its l5g?4 ,be=e remov+ x f ! la!1 m>k its c5tre by a groove ) a po9t tool--subdivide ! out] spaces ) five l9es1 & f ! latt] remove ! corn]s ( ! piece1 ?us r$uc+ x to ! =m #gg4 ,te/ ! l5g? & bread? by ! callip]s & take c>e t ! ends ( ! cyl9d] are at "r angles to ! sides4 ,n[ place ! piece 9 ! *uck 9 ! position %[n 9 ! figure1 t is1 at "r angles to its orig9al position 9 ! la!4 ,x mu/ be te/$ z to tru? by hold+ a po9t tool on ! c5tral l9e ,e1 ,f4 ,if correctly plac$ ?is w only make a dot :5 ! la! is put 9 motion4 ,if ! piece does n lie ev5ly ! po9t ( ! tool w make a small circle--x mu/ !n be correct$ ) a light tap or two1 until x runs ev5ly4 ,if ! inside ( ! *uck is rubb$ ) *alk ! "w w be less liable to slip4 ,! foll[+ op]ation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be conduct$ v g5tly & ) exce$+ c>e1 or a satisfactory result w n be produc$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! c5tral l9e hav+ be5 m>k$ or cut ^u ! side ( ! cyl9d] is necess>ily a circle1 & its revolution on its axis =ms a sph]e4 ,we h !re=e only to cut away ! piece truly d[n to ?is l9e to f9i% :at ought to be a p]fect globe4 ,b]g]on1 h[ev]1 ju/ly rem>ks t al?\gh ! !ory is correct x is next to impossible to manage ! tools ) suffici5t skill to complete 9 ?is way a true sph]e4 ,"o great cause ( ?is difficulty1 is t z ! "w revolves 9 its new position ! c5tral l9e is n visible z a l9e1 b simply becomes ! b\nd>y ( ! sph]e4 ,?is may be 9 "p done away by mak+ a r$ l9e or black "o 7r$ is ! be/7 in/ead ( a m>k ) ! tool4 ,! "w w !n appe> r$ z x revolves1 & ! g\ge & *isel mu/ be us$ to cut away ?is r$ "p1 great c>e be+ tak5 only j to remove :at appe>s col\r$4 ,?us y w 9 ! end h cut ! "w away s z b>ely to remove ! l9e4 ,"w f ! c5tral "p outw>ds1 & always ) exce$+ c>e1 & y w ev5tually succe$ to y\r satisfaction4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 a v difficult bit ( "w to f9i% ev5 fairly well--ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! great obscurity ( y\r l&m>k1 ! r$ l9e4 ,= ! m p]fect f9i%+ ( ! above a template ( /eel may be made l ,fig4 #gh1 ) :i* to te/ ! "w--its diamet] is equal to t ( ! sph]e1 & x w s]ve z a gauge or scrap]4 ,x %\ld be made ( saw plate if int5d$ = ! latt] purpose1 o!rwise %eet brass w answ] z well4 ,aft] ! semi-globe has be5 turn$ 9 ! fir/ *uck1 x w be necess>y to turn ano!r to receive ! f9i%$ "p1 & = ! m p]fect =mation ( ! same a semicircul> template ( ! same gauge z ! concave "o fir/ made may be provid$1 z ! m nicely ! ball fits ! *uck1 ! less *ance !re w be ( ! "w %ift+ dur+ ! turn+ ( ! latt] half ( ! sph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,9 ord] to obviate ! difficulty ( foll[+ ! diametrical l9e ) ! cutt+ tool1 ! foll[+ contrivance has be5 sugge/$ to ! au?or by "o :o has foll[$ la! "w z a pr(ession = _m ye>s1 & is an adept at ! art4 ,! la! b& is to be slightly slack5$ by p>tial untwi/+ 7a turn or two w suffice71 if ( catgut1 s t x w c>ry r\nd ! pulley1 if desir$1 b w slip if ! h& is plac$ on ! latt]4 ,?us1 ! tool may be appli$1 & a light cut tak51 & ! "w in/antly /opp$ = exam9ation )\t /opp+ ! la!1 z ! fly:eel cont9ues to revolve all ! "t4 ,?is exam9ation c be repeat$1 if necess>y1 e few seconds1 by m]ely plac+ ! h& on ! pulley1 & 9 ?is way ! "w be+ c>ri$ on little by little1 a good result is atta9able ) comp>atively little difficulty4 ,! be/ position = ! re/ dur+ ! above op]ations w be across ! face ( ! "w1 z 9 holl[+ out boxes1 work+ c>efully1 little by little1 f c5tre to circumf]5ce4 ,t[>ds ! f9i% a scrap] %\ld be us$1 ! common c>p5t]'s *isel be+ z good a tool z any4 ,n[ to proce$ ) ! box4 ,be=e remov+ ! f9i%$ ball f ! *uck1 bore x ?r\gh ) tool ,fig4 #ei1 enl>ge ) ,fig4 #ea1 & make ! hole conical1 unscrew ! *uck1 ) ! ball rema9+ 9 x1 & put on ano!r ) a piece ( boxwood l>ge en\gh to make a plug to fit ?is hole4 ,?is plug1 :5 fitt$1 is to be holl[$ out1 & conv]t$ into a box1 l ,fig4 #gi4 ,! latt]1 :5 put 9 place1 mu/ fit s neatly t only a light circle %[s its position4 ,to conceal x /ill m completely1 a s]ies ( circles are to be set at ea* ( ! six sides ( ! ball1 z %[n at ,fig4 #hj4 ,to remove ! box1 ! ?umb is plac$ at ! small end1 & pressure made4 ,?is =ms a neat pocket ne$le-case1 & may be made ( ivory z a pres5t to y\r lady-love4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,!re is no practical difficulty likely to be met ) 9 ! above aft] ! r\nd ball is itself made1 unless x may arise 9 respect ( ! conical hole4 ,let ?is be turn$ out z direct$1 until at ! fur!/ 7smalle/7 end x w j all[ a gauge1 l ! annex$ figure1 #hj;,a1 to pass ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj;,a4 ,hav+ also gaug$ ! l>ge end ( ! hole to ! desir$ size1 take c>e to f9i% ! side ev5ly f "o to ! o!r4 ,! gauge may be a disc ( t9 on a wire1 or1 /ill bett]1 a %ort cyl9d] ( box wood1 on a simil> h&le1 z !re w be a little difficulty 9 feel+ :e!r ! disc is plac$ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! hole4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 y desire to "w to a pre-arrang$ exact measurem5t1 ! above precautions w sc>cely be necess>y1 inasmu* z ! hole is fir/ bor$1 & ! conical plug aft]w>ds fitt$ to x4 ,! ball may1 !re=e1 be tak5 f ! *uck1 ea* end ( ! bore measur$1 & ! plug gaug$ at ea* end by ! callip]s1 & turn$ to an exact fit4 ,9 ! above acc\nt ! unma!matical phrase ( six sides ( ! ball is us$ = want ( a bett]2 ! mean+ ( ! au?or w1 h[ev]1 be evid5t4 ,,cutt+ ,,screws4 ,! ambition ( amateurs1 especially1 is v commonly c5t]$ 9 a desire to cut screws 9 ! la!1 & !re is good reason = ?is1 because 9 ! fir/ place !re is a difficulty pres5t$ :i* x is pleasant to ov]come1 & 9 ! next place1 a screw is ( absolute necessity 9 ! great] numb] ( turn$ works4 ,!re is an app>atus ( simple b +5i\s con/ruction call$ a screw box1 :i* is commonly us$ by c>p5t]s & o!rs :o h n atta9$ ! skill necess>y = *as+ screws 9 ! la!1 & :i* is v conv5i5t ev5 = ^? :o h obta9$ ?is p[]4 ,a sket* ( ?is is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a1 %[s ! tool complete1 ,b is a view aft] ! top plate has be5 remov$1 %[+ ! knife or cutt+ tool1 ! latt] be+ del9eat$ alone at ,d on a l>ge scale1 ,c is a section4 ,to make ?is tool1 :i* is )9 ! p[] ( any p]son ( av]age skill1 a block ( h>d wood is fir/ select$1 & drill$ ) a hole correspond+ to ! propos$ size ( ! screw to be cut4 ,if no tap is at h& ( ! desir$ diamet] & pit*1 ?is block mu/ be m\nt$ 9 ! la!1 & ! ?read *as$ z we %all pres5tly describe4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! block be nicely squ>$ up & level on ! face4 ,a small place mu/ !n be cut to receive ! knife1 ! edge ( :i* is s con/ruct$ z to =m "p ( ! ?read cut away to make room = x4 ,x is ,v %ap$ l ,fig4 ,d1 & v ke5ly %>p5$4 ,! me?od us$ to clamp ! knife 9 position1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 ,d1 p]mits ! cutt] to be advanc$ or )drawn until its position is accurately det]m9$ z above4 ,! top plate ( wood is n[ fitt$1 & adju/$--! c5tral hole1 :i* is n tapp$1 b z l>ge z ! outside ( ! screw-?read to be cut1 =m+ a cont9uation ( t :i* is tapp$ 9 ! l[] block4 ,a slot b1 ,fig4 ,a1 =ms a passage f ! knife1 to all[ ( ! escape ( ! *ips4 ,! piece to be cut into a screw %\ld be %ap$ l ,fig4 #hb4 ,! "p a1 w be left pla91 b1 is t on :i* ! ?read is to be cut1 & mu/ be truly cyl9drical1 & ( su* size z to j ent] ! hole 9 ! top plate ( ! screw box4 ,! "p c mu/ pass ?r\gh ! ?read$ "p ( ! screw box1 n loosely1 b j s z n to damage ! ?reads 9 ! lea/4 ,! l[] "p ( ! c5tral division is slop$ (f z se5 9 ! sket*4 ,to cut ! ?read ! screw blank is fix$ 9 ! vice by its head1 :i*1 aft] be+ turn$1 %\ld be plan$ (f at ea* side4 ,! screw box be+ !n plac$ ^u x ! l[e/ & smalle/ "p ( ! blank %\ld j project1 z 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,?is "p is int5d$ to insure ! p]p5dicul> position ( ! blank 9 respect ( ! screw box4 ,! latt] is !n turn$ f left to "r until ! screw is cut1 :i* ought to come f ! tool clean & smoo?4 ,box wood is especially suitable = ?is purpose4 ,?is me?od is1 ( c\rse1 :olly inapplicable to any?+ b wood5 screw bolts1 & = practice ! tyro may set to "w & make ?ree or f\r ( ! foll[+ screw clamps1 :i* are useful to hold pieces ( wood t h be5 glu$ toge!r4 ,! tap = screw+ nuts & ! jaws ( ^! clamps1 is simil> to t us$ = metal1 b1 ! tee?1 or cutt+ ?reads1 are deep] & m po9t$4 ,! jaws ( ! clamps %[n 9 ,figs4 #hd1 #he1 are usually made ( bee*1 :i* w take a v fair ?read2 or ( bir*1 :i* is /ill bett]2 & ! screws may be made ( ! same mat]ial1 box be+ too co/ly & sc>ce = su* purposes4 ,9 mak+ ^! clamps1 !re is to be no ?read cut on t "p at :i* ! h&le ( ! screws project1 nor is !re any ?read on ?is "p ( ! bolts1 :i* pass ?r\gh a smoo? hole 9 "o jaw & lay hold ( ! o!r only4 ,o!r =ms w sugge/ !mselves1 b ! two giv5 w be f\nd s]viceable patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,! above me?od ( cutt+ screws is n ( any?+ l univ]sal application1 nor specially ! "w ( ! turn]2 we %all n[1 !re=e1 speak ( cutt+ !m by ! *as+ tool 9 ! la!4 ,to effect ?is ) c]ta9ty requires mu* c>e & long practice1 & at fir/ ! attempt %\ld nev] be made on a box or ornam5tal piece ( "w1 o!rwise f9i%$1 b on a pla9 cyl9drical bolt1 su* z ^? ( ! clamps j describ$4 ,= ! inside1 or female screw1 ! mak+ ( *ucks w af=d endless practice1 & a failure 9 ei!r ( ^! w be ( little importance4 ,! screw tool = male & female ?reads is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #hf & #hg4 ,x is ( /eel1 & z ea* too? incl9es 9 ! direction & ) ! pit* ( ! screw1 x _c be made ) a file1 b is cut by be+ held aga9/ a revolv+ tap 7or screw hob1 :i* is ( simil> =m47 ,!re is c]ta9ly a defect 9 ! above common =m ( screw *as]1 & a slight modification1 to be pres5tly describ$1 w be f\nd easi] to use1 &1 9 _m respects1 easi] to make4 ,to cut a ?read ) ! *as+ tool1 ! top ( ! re/ mu/ be q level & smoo?1 s t ! tool may readily slip along x4 ,suppose an outside ?read to be requir$ on a cyl9d] ( box or o!r close gra9$ wood4 ,! re/ be+ firmly fix$ s t ! upp] edge is level ) ! axis ( ! piece1 & ab\t half an in* f x1 z ,fig4 #hh1 ! tool is advanc$ to t\* ! "w1 n 9 a l9e ) ! axis1 b s z to br+ ! "p1 a1 9 contact ) x fir/1 & ! mom5t ! tool is felt to run along1 :i* x w d z soon z ?is "p ( x ind5ts ! wood1 ! h&le is rais$ a little s t ! po9ts ( ! tee? come into "w4 ,! tool 9 fact mu/ describe ! segm5t ( a circle1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,if ?is is done clev]ly ! tool w n hit*1 nor produce a drunk5 ?read1 b ! latt] w come out clean & %>p4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 necess>y to practise till ! knack ( ?us *as+ a ?read is atta9$1 &1 consid]+ t once acquir$1 ! necessity ( trav]s+ m&rel or o!r exp5sive 7& yet m or less defective7 app>atus1 no long] exi/s1 x is evid5t t ! "y aspirant %\ld sp>e nei!r "t nor pati5ce 9 becom+ an adept 9 ?is useful art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,"o great difficulty 9 cutt+ ! screw-?reads to ! top ( a box1 or ! inside ( its cov]1 arises f ! necessity = /opp+ %ort1 & remov+ ! tool in/antly z soon z x t\*es ! %\ld]1 or ! top ( ! cov]4 ,! latt] %\ld be made r deep] ?an is necess>y1 s t !re may be a turn or two ( screw to sp>e4 ,?is w give m room = ! play & removal ( ! inside *as+ tool4 ,! ord9>y =m ( ! latt] is z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg1 ! "p "u ! plane upp] surface 7a7 be+ ei!r slightly holl[$ or flat1 g5]ally ! =m]1 f hav+ be5 cut by a revolv+ cyl9drical hub4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is =m may be suitable = outside screw tools1 :i* h to "w on cyl9drical pieces1 x does n appe> equally suitable = inside tools1 :i* are to act on concave "w4 ,! writ] ( ?is article has exp]im5t$ ^u _m patt]ns ( *as+ tool1 & has f\nd x p]fectly easy to *ase an inside ?read ) an ord9>y groov$ tap1 :i* seldom makes a false cut1 or crosses ! ?reads4 ,f ?is ! idea naturally arose ( a convex edg$ tool = inside *as+1 & a concave "o = outside "w1 z ,fig4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ! convex edge1 ,fig4 #ij1 w answ] satisfactorily = an outside cyl9d]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an effici5t cutt+ edge f ?is =m1 ! r\nd+ mu/ be v slight4 ,! out or inside tool is us$ ) a roll+ movem5t on ! re/ z x advances4 ,if = h>d wood1 a not* cut across 9 ! l9e e1 f1 ,fig4 #ij1 ) a saw-file1 w1 by mak+ a p>tially cutt+ edge on ! convex "p1 cause ! tool to ent] m readily at />t+4 ,tools l ! above mu/ be necess>ily ! "w ( ! amateur himself4 ,! regul> mak]s h a great objection to make any tool or ma*9e out ( ! ord9>y r\t9e4 ,h5ce ! same patt]ns are con/antly reproduc$ ye> aft] ye>1 until "s "o connect$ ) ! manufacture inv5ts an improv$ =m1 or "s "o else ( me*anical g5ius1 & possess$ ( means1 regi/]s a new design4 ,amateurs are apt to cavil at ?is sy/em1 & 9 "s cases x no d\bt int]f]es )1 & *ecks improvem5t 9 tools & ma*9es1 b ! evil is almo/ a matt] ( necessity4 ,tools are made n s+ly1 "o ( ea* patt]n1 b s _m score or hundr$s ( "o =m are =g$ out1 & h&$ ov] to ! gr9d+ & f9i%+ dep>tm5t1 & x w\ld sadly int]f]e ) ! sy/em & ord] ( ! manufactur] to make a s+le tool or two = individual pur*as]s ( diff]5t patt]n to ^? ord9>ily us$4 ,if a design is s5t 9 by a retail deal] :o c ord] a hundr$ or s at 8 own risk1 ! above objection is obviat$1 & ! new patt]n ( tool or ma*9e is at once introduc$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any new design by an amateur1 be+ submitt$ to su* m5 z ,holtzapffel1 ,buck1 ,f5n1 or ,:itwor?1 appe>s to !m good & saleable1 !y w n only n object to introduce x1 b may possibly give a premium to ! inv5tor4 ,we h ?\ght x necess>y to make ^! rem>ks to obviate ! possible disappo9tm5t ( amateurs 9 ?is respect4 ,x is b natural to suppose t "s +5i\s device mu/ h long s9ce aris5 to obviate ! difficulty ( ?us cutt+ screws by h&4 ,e turn] f9ds ! difficulty1 & few p]haps h fail$ to try "s plan or o!r to c\nt]act x4 ,!re are two me?ods :]eby ?is c be done3 "o by caus+ ! tool to trav]se at a giv5 rate accord+ to ! propos$ pit* ( ! screw1 ! o!r by giv+ simil> movem5t to ! m&rel1 :ile ! tool rema9s /ill4 ,= su* "w z screw+ ! lids ( boxes1 ! trav]s+ m&rel is commonly us$1 b = cutt+ long screws 9 metal1 ! tool is fix$ 9 a slide re/1 & ! latt] is made to trav]se1 if necess>y1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! la! b$1 by means ( a guide screw driv5 by suitable ge>+ put 9 motion by ! m&rel itself1 ! spe$ be+ adju/$ by a s]ies ( cog :eels :i* c be int]*ang$ to cause v>i\s rates ( motion4 ,! latt] me?od belongs to ma*9e la!s1 & w be treat$ ( h]eaft] 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! au?or has great pleasure 9 "h introduc+ a device1 n exactly = cutt+1 b = />t+ ! ?reads ( a s+le1 or d\ble screw1 or1 inde$1 a quadruple "o4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( a g5tleman ^: nom de plume is ,ea/ ,norfolk ,amateur1 & 0 by him k9dly communicat$ to ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 ( ,june #ba1 #ahfg4 ,! description is "h giv5 9 8 own words3-- ,i ?9k ! plan to be describ$ w produce to a c]ta9ty any requir$ numb] ( screws & turns to ! in*4 ,! screws are entirely cut ) a common comb tool1 b />t$ by a revolv+ cutt] set to ! requir$ angle1 & appli$ firmly to ! "w1 on ! ,t-re/4 ,i call x '! univ]sal screw guide tool1' contriv$ & made by myself1 & ,i believe w prove z useful to o!rs z x has to me3 ! draw+ w almo/ expla9 ! tool4 ,! cutt]1 ,a1 is #i_/af?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 turn$ to a cutt+ edge1 & f9ely temp]$4 ,! /em1 ,b1 9 :i* x revolves1 is r\nd1 & fits into ! %oe1 ,c1 hav+ a graduat$ coll>1 ,d1 9 front ( ,c1 to set ! cutt] to ! requir$ pit* or angle1 ! set screw1 ,e1 makes x fa/2 hav+ turn$ a piece ( rod1 ( brass1 iron1 or /eel1 a little above ! size necess>y1 & suppos+ a quadruple screw is to be cut hav+ t5 turns to ! in*1 !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be =ty ?reads :5 complete2 if "o ( ^! f\r c be truly trac$1 ! comb tool w easily foll[ by ins]t+ ! outside too?1 ei!r "r or left h&1 z f\nd conv5i5t1 9 ! l9e trac$1 :5 ! o!r ?ree w soon appe> ) p]fect accuracy1 provid$ ! fir/ "o exactly correspond$ to five po9ts ( ! comb1 :i* is easily accompli%$ aft] a few trials1 & if n successful at fir/1#d c be remov$ by a dead flat file sev]al times1 )\t r$uc+ ! rod too mu*4 ,:5 f\nd to exactly fit ! five po9ts1 ! cutt] may be appli$ ) m =ce to leave a good *ase = ! comb4 ,! ,t-re/ requires a smoo? surface = ! %oe1 ,c1 to slide freely on1 & to be set p>allel ) ! "w1 & ! tool held at a "r angle z x proce$s along ! re/1 or ! l9es =m$ w\ld be ( unequal di/ance4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce x w be f\nd to "w ) beautiful accuracy1 & = ^? :o h n screw-guide m&rels1 & are n practis$ h&s at fly+ common screws1 x w be f\nd a great assi/ance1 z x sets to any?+4 ,i describ$ only ! quadruple1 b ! same rule applies to all quick screws2 = a d\ble ! *ase mu/ correspond to ?ree po9ts1 & s on = any numb]1 t is1 "o m po9t ( ! comb ?an ! numb] ( screws to be cut1 & = a common "o ! *ase mu/ fit ! comb altoge!r4 #d ,?is d\bt seems to m> ! inv5tion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 on ! :ole a good design4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ij & #ia4 ,! above simple app>atus w1 x is believ$1 be ( great s]vice to ^? :o f9d difficulty 9 h& *as+ ( screws2 x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to speak ( o!r me?ods1 & especially ( t s univ]sally us$ by ! turn]s ( ,tunbridge w>e--viz41 ! trav]s+ m&rel4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,a is ! poppet2 ,b1 ! m&rel1 no long] conical at ! place :]e x trav]ses ! coll>1 b cyl9drical1 & pass+ ?r\gh two cyl9drical coll>s4 ,x is prev5t$ f advanc+ t[>ds ! left 9 its be>+s by ! %\ld]1 ,k1 & 9 ! o!r direction by a pla9 cyl9drical coll>1 or f]rule1 ,c1 :i* slips ov] ! end1 & is secur$ by a nut1 ,d4 ,! :ole is ?us ready = use1 z an ord9>y m&rel4 ,to cause x to trav]se f left to "r1 z x revolves1 ! nut & coll>1 ,c1 ,d1 are remov$1 & a f]rule1 or guide1 ,f1 :i* has a screw ( ! desir$ pit* cut on its edge1 is slipp$ on ! m&rel ov] a %ort fea!r aga9/ a %\ld]1 :]e x is reta9$ by a nut or p94 ,!re are sev]al su* guide-f]rules suppli$ ) ! m&rel ( diff]5t pit*es ( screws4 ,! nut ,g is !n remov$ & ! piece ,e1 :i* is ( brass or gun metal #c_/h or #a_/b in* 9 ?ickness1 ) simil> screw ?reads 9 ea* ( ! holl[s is atta*$4 ,?is guide is slipp$ on at ,h1 & secur$ by replac+ ! nut4 ,! p91 :i* c>ries ! guide1 is frequ5tly made to slide up & d[n ! face ( ! poppet1 by ! action ( a screw1 ,m1 work+ ?r\gh a brass piece atta*$ to t :i* c>ries ! p94 ,x is ?us readily l[]$ out ( ge> or drawn up aga9 to t\* ! screw f]ule4 ,?is is bett] ?an a p9 screw$ to ! head ( ! poppet1 & is always adopt$ 9 ! be/ la!s4 ,9 ! frontispiece is a photograph ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,?is guidepiece acts l a half nut1 & z ! m&rel revolves x ge>s into ! f]ule & causes ! requir$ trav]se4 ,a s+le po9t tool1 !re=e1 held aga9/ ! "w w trace a screw ( ! same pit* z t ( ! guides1 & ( a l5g? equal to t ( ! f]ule4 ,! above is n int5d$ = cutt+ long screws1 :i* w\ld h to be done 9 successive %ort l5g?s1 b = screws ( box lids1 *ucks1 & simil> "w x is a mo/ excell5t contrivance1 & peculi>ly adapt$ = ! use ( ! amateur4 ,! guide ?reads 9 ! common] patt]ns ( ^! la!s are cut on ! m&rel itself1 :i* is made ( great] l5g? ?an usual1 & ^! sev]al guides are cut ^u ! "p )9 ! poppet heads1 z ,fig4 #ib1 :i* repres5ts su* a la! z is sometimes us$ by gasfitt]s & brass work]s 9 g5]al4#e ,9 ! latt] x w be notic$ t !re is add$ a su/a9+ screw at ! back ( ! m&rel4 ,?is is a good addition1 & inde$ almo/ a necess>y "o if ! la! is to be us$ = ord9>y r\gh "w1 especially drill+1 z x takes (f ! pressure :i* mu/ o!rwise come aga9/ ! %\ld]1 ,k1 ,fig4 #ia1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! la!s are exp5sive1 &1 !re=e1 ought to be tak5 c>e (4 ,! amateur may also be w>n$ aga9/ bad "w2 none b ! fir/-class mak]s c turn out a reliable la! ( ?is description4 ,! coll>s & m&rel require p]fect fitt+1 & !y mu/ be q h>d1 because !re is no possibility ( tight5+ !m :5 worn4 ,!y mu/ be kept well oil$1 !re=e1 :5 9 use1 & ! oil holes 9 ! top ( ! poppet %\ld be fitt$ ) brass cov]s1 to prev5t any p>ticles ( metal1 & especially em]y du/1 f work+ 9 betwe5 coll>s & m&rel4 ,be sure to h "o guide screw ( ! same pit* z t on ! nose ( ! m&rel1 = ! purpose ( tapp+ *ucks to fit !reon4 ,9 us+ ! trav]s+ m&rel1 ei!r ! cord %\ld be slack5$ s t ! pressure ( ! h& on ! pulley may /op ! revolution ( ! "w 9 a mom5t1 or ! fly:eel %\ld n be br\ght into use1 ! cord be+ in/ead grasp$ by ! left h&1 because x is g5]ally necess>y to cut to a %\ld] or giv5 po9t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible sometimes s to arrange ! guides by ins]tion ( a wa%] or o!r exp$i5t z to cause ! action to cease ( itself at ! requir$ po9t4 ,9 a future *apt]1 ! cutt+ ( long metal screws w be treat$ 9 detail1 b be=e conclud+ ! pres5t *apt]1 x may be useful to say a few words conc]n+ ! nature ( ! screw itself z a me*anical exp$i5t4 ,a screw may be def9$ z a cont9u\s incl9$ plane--or an incl9$ plane w\nd r\nd a cyl9d]--! pit* be+ ! incl9ation ( ! plane1 t is1 ! ratio ( its height to ! l5g? ( its base4 ,f ! me*anical pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ plane x foll[s t ! great] numb] ( ?reads 9 a giv5 space ! great] is ! p[] ( ! screw :5 us$ z 9 a press1 or to draw along its nut1 z 9 ! slide re/1 9 :i* endlong motion 9 ! screw itself is prev5t$4 ,x seems1 at fir/ sight1 easy to devise a me?od = cutt+ screws ( any desir$ pit*1 b ?is is f> f be+ ! case1 & :5 x becomes necess>y to increase ! numb] ( ?reads to fifty1 sixty1 eighty1 or ev5 m to ! in*1 ) su* accuracy t "o turn ( ! screw %all always produce an equal longitud9al movem5t ( ! nut1 ! mo/ delicate ma*9]y sc>cely suffices = ! purpose4 ,! microscope detects & %[s errors ev5 9 ! be/ "w1 & x is que/ionable :e!r a p]fect screw ( any l5g? c be cut by ma*9]y1 z e imp]fection 9 ! latt] is communicat$ to ! "w done by x4 ,if ! amateur1 !re=e1 requires a screw = a slide re/1 ecc5tric *uck1 microscope1 or o!r delicate piece ( ma*9]y1 or philosophical in/rum5t1 he _h bett] get x cut by "s practical me*anician1 9 ! possession ( ! necess>y app>atus4 #e ,!re %\ld be a coll> or %\ld] to ?is m&rel1 ! same z at ,k 9 ! o!r figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,9 ! ,manual ,b]g]on is an +5i\s contrivance1 by an amateur1 :i* is wor? notice1 al?\gh unsuit$ = any "w :]e extreme accuracy ( pit* is requir$ 9 ! screw4 ,! foll[+1 ,fig4 #ic1 is a description3--,! m&rel is made to trav]se 9 its be>+s1 z be=e detail$ 9 ?is s]ies1 b in/ead ( its motion be+ gov]n$ by guide hubs1 x is dep5d5t on ! action ( a pair ( diff]5tial pulleys1 ,b4 ,a b5t lev]1 ,c1 is pivot$ at ,e to ! face ( ! poppet1 hav+ a bit ( h>d5$ /eel fitt$ to "w 9 a semicircul> groove 9 ! m&rel itself1 & s arrang$ t on rais+ ! tail or long arm ( ! lev] ! m&rel is ?ru/ =w>d f left to "r1 :ile a rev]se action ( ?is lev] causes a simil> movem5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! movem5t ( ! lev] is ?us regulat$3--,at ! extreme end ( ! long arm is a pulley & hook1 z %[n 9 ! draw+2 ! d\ble1 or diff]5tial pulley1 is fix$ to ! end ( ! m&rel1 & f ! small] "p dep5ds a cord :i* passes !nce ?r\gh ! pulley on ! lev]1 & is w\nd r\nd ! l>g] "o on ! m&rel :5 its end is secur$4 ,on ! hook is hung a weight4 ,x w be evid5t1 on an inspection ( ! draw+1 t on putt+ ! la! 9 motion ! cord on ! diff]5tial pulley w coil itself r\nd ! l>ge/ "p ( ! same1 & w draw up ! end ( ! lev] ) a spe$ proportionate to ! diff]5ce ( diamet] betwe5 ! l>g] & small] p>ts ( ! d\ble pulley4 ,! %ort end ( ! lev] w at ! same "t ) simil> proportionate motion move ! m&rel & "w1 & cause ! fix$ tool to cut a spiral or screw ?read on ! latt]--a good deal ( +5uity is display$ 9 ! above1 & x has ! advantage ( be+ easily fitt$ up1 b x is evid5t t "s alt]ations & additions w\ld be requir$ to adapt x to any o!r use b t specifi$4 ,a contrivance simil> to ,fig4 #id1 may 9 "s cases be a suffici5t make%ift1 :5 a m p]fect "o is n at h&4 ,a screw is "h cut on ! outside ( ! *uck1 & a k9d ( d\ble tool is us$1 ! trac] :i* is 9 contact ) ! guide ?read be+ adju/able z to its l5g?1 & ! cutt+ tool hav+ a sidelong adju/m5t z well4 ,! re/ be+ plac$ betwe5 ! connect+ b> ( ! tool & ! "w1 ! =m] w be held ) suffici5t /ead9ess to enable ! workman to trav]se ! :ole easily by h&4 ,! use ( ?is tool is ( c\rse limit$1 b ! plan is simple & fairly effective4 ,! only really s]viceable plan is ! slide re/1 to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,b "o o!r plan is "h add$1 :i* is call$ ,healey's *uck4 ,! description & sket* are f ,holtzapffel's "w1 9 :i* x 0 h[ev] copi$ f an old] treatise4 ,! au?or1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 has nev] se5 ! contrivance himself1 & !re is a fault 9 its pr9ciple ( con/ruction :i* mu/ militate aga9/ its use except 9 a v limit$ degree4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,holtzapffel has consid]$ x wor?y ( a place 9 8 "w1 x is at any rate well to introduce x to ! read]1 especially z its defects w n be ( great importance 9 trac+ screws ( half a doz5 ?reads or s4 ,! app>atus is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ie4 9 plan4 ,c is ! *uck :i* c>ries ! "w to be screw$1 & ,t is ! tool :i* lies ^u ,r1 ,r1 ! la! re/1 t is plac$ at "r angles to ! be>]s & is always free to move 9 its socket ,s1 z on a c5tre1 because ! b9d+ screw is ei!r loos5$ or remov$4 ,on ! outside ( ! *uck ,c is cut a co>se guide screw :i* we w suppose to be "r h&$4 ,! nut ,n1 ,n1 :i* fits ! screw ( ! *uck is ext5d$ into a long arm1 & ! latt] communicates ) ! la! re/ by ! connect+ rod ,c1 ,c4 ,z ! la! revolves backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! arm1 ,n 7:i* is reta9$ horizontally by a guide p91 ,g71 trav]ses to & fro1 z reg>ds ! *uck & "w1 & causes ! la! re/ ,r1 ,r1 to oscillate 9 its socket ,s4 ,! di/ance ,s1 ,t be+ half ,s1 ,r1 a "r h& screw ( half ! co>s5ess ( ! guide w be cut1 or ! tool be+ ne>] to & on ! o!r side ( ! c5tre1 ,s1 z 9 ! dott$ position ,t1 a f9] & left h& screw w be cut4 ,! rod ,c1 ,c1 may be atta*$ indiff]5tly to any "p ( ,n1 ,n1 b ! smalle/ *ange ( ! relation ( ,s1 ,t to ,s1 ,r w\ld m> ! correspond5ce ( screws cut at diff]5t p]iods1 & !re=e ,t & ,r %\ld be unit$ by a swiveljo9t capable ( be+ fix$ at any "p ( ! la! re/ ,r1 ,r1 :i* is omitt$ 9 ,mr4 ,healey's p]spective draw+ ( ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,?is is "o ( ! lea/ p]fect modes ( orig9at+ screws1 x %\ld1 !re=e1 be only appli$ to su* z are v %ort1 z1 ow+ to ! v>iation 9 ! angul> relation ( ! p>ts ! motion giv5 to ! tool is n /rictly con/ant nor equable4 ,:5 9 ! midway position ! sev]al p>ts %\ld lie exactly at "r angles to ea* o!r 9 ord] z f> z possible to avoid ! error4 ,! inequality ( ! ?reads is imp]ceptible 9 a %ort screw4 ,a little modification ( ! screw-*uck ( ,healey w\ld result 9 a m correct & s]viceable arrangem5t4 ,! disadvantage1 = in/ance1 ( be+ oblig$ to set ! ,t ( ! re/ across ! face ( ! "w is app>5t at once1 & x is difficult to und]/& h[ su* an arrangem5t c\ld be made to answ] :5 ! "w might be ( a l5g? to require ! support ( ! back poppet4 ,! foll[+ plan1 ,fig4 #if1 w\ld obviate ?is & ! o!r disadvantages1 & make a m effici5t app>atus4 ,b is ! *uck ) screw *as$ on ! outside1 ,a ! nut travell+ ^u ! same4 ,to ?is is atta*$ a b> ,h1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! b> ,k1 to :i* x is clamp$ by ! b9d+ screw visible at ,h4 ,two %ort pill>s1 ,f1 ,f1 are screw$ into ! b$ ( ! la!1 9 :i* !re might be m ?an "o hole = ea* to p]mit ! pill>s to be fix$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! l9e ( c5tre4 ,?r\gh slots 9 ^! passes ! squ>e b> ( poli%$ iron or /eel ,e1 support+ ! trav]s+ re/ socket1 ,d1 ( :i* two o!r views are giv5 at ,figs4 #ig & #ih4 ,x w be evid5t on inspect+ ! draw+ t z ! nut ,a travels to & fro1 x c>ries ) x 9 a l9e p>allel to ! la! b$ ! re/ socket & ,t4 ,to enable ! workman to /eady ! tool1 ! latt] %\ld re/ aga9/ two %ort p9s fix$ 9 ! top surface ( ! re/ 9 holes made = ! purpose2 ) ! aid ( ^! ! tool w be made to trav]se ! "w ) great ease & regul>ity4 ,9 *as+ a "r-h&$ screw1 ! tool w\ld h to lie on ! left side ( ! p9s1 & ! latt] w\ld insure its trav]s+ ) ! re/4 ,a long] ,t 7or half ,t7 be+ turn$ 9 its socket to /& across ! face ( ! "w w enable an inside ?read to be cut ) ! ord9>y tool ei!r ( "o or m po9ts4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is modification ( ,healey's *uck1 ! screw cut w be ( ! same pit* z t ( ! *uck itself2 b z ! latt] may be ( boxwood1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 hav+ f ?ree to six ) ! mo/ g5]ally useful pit*es ( screws1 z ! arm may be screw$ into ! ne> side ( ! nut1 &1 !re=e1 x1 & all ! o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus1 w\ld answ] = ! :ole set ( *ucks4 ,if ! "w to be screw$ is m]ely a box cov]1 or "s su* "w :]e great l5g? ( screw is n requir$1 x is evid5t t to rig up ?is k9d ( contrivance1 or ,healey's1 or inde$ any?+ ( simil> elaboration1 w\ld appe> l summon+ a gang ( navvies to remove a mole-hill4 ,h5ce1 if a trav]s+ m&rel _c be obta9$1 by f> ! simple/ plan is ! *as+ tool us$ by h&2 x is !re=e well wor? :ile to get into ! knack ( us+ ?is tool4 ,to give confid5ce 7:i* is ess5tial to success1 ! lea/ n]v\sness g5]ally prov+ fatal to su* "w7 ! "p on :i* ! screw is to be cut may be left l>g] ?an w f9ally be necess>y4 ,! screw is !n comm5c$1 & if a failure takes place x is aga9 levell$1 b if1 z is m probable1 ! attempt is successful1 ! *isel & *ase are alt]nately us$1 ! cuts ( ! latt] n be+ oblit]at$ by ! =m] b always left suffici5tly deep to =m a guide until ! desir$ object is satisfactorily accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,hav+ treat$ ( screw cutt+ s f> z we are able )\t trespass+ on t section ( ! pres5t s]ies :i* is to be devot$ to ma*9e "w ) slide re/ & *ange :eels1 we %all ent] on ! matt] ( spirals1 or ,elizabe?an twi/s1 ! me?od ( mak+ :i* 0 long kept a secret by ! trade4 ,^! twi/s are ess5tially screws ( v ext5d$ pit*1 & g5]ally r\nd$ ?reads4 ,! latt] sometimes embrace ! c5tral cyl9d] or core1 & sometimes are deta*$ s z to assume a m op5 =m l a corkscrew1 & 9 ! latt] case two1 ?ree1 or m ?reads c be cut1 s t ! spirals appe> to int]tw9e4 ,^! spirals1 too1 are frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) ! aid ( ! ecc5tric *uck1 & ?us ! "w becomes fit = ! adornm5t ( ! draw+-rooms ( ! highe/ 9 ! l&4 ,no turn$ "w c 9 %ort exce$ 9 beauty ^! delicate & elaborate specim5s ( ! turn]'s art4 ,to comm5ce ) a s+le twi/ ( "o ?read4 ,a cyl9d] ( ! requisite l5g? mu/ fir/ be turn$4 ,! numb] ( turns ! ?read or cord ( ! spiral is to make 9 a giv5 space mu/ next be det]m9$4 ,we w suppose ! cyl9d] "o foot long1 exclusive ( any m\ld+s or t5ons at ! ends1 & t ! spiral is to make ?ree turns r\nd x1 t is1 "o turn 9 f\r in*es ( its l5g?4 ,divide ! cyl9d] into ?ree equal p>ts by ! l9es ,b1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ii4 ,next rule equidi/ant l9es ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 along ! cyl9d] 9 ! direction ( its l5g?2 9 ! pres5t case let !re be f\r su* l9es4 ,! ?ree divisions fir/ made mu/ be subdivid$ ea* into f\r 7always ! numb] ( ! longitud9al l9es74 ,! angles ( ! p>allelograms ?us =m$ mu/ !n be connect$ diagonally z %[n 9 ! figure1 :i* diagonals be+ cont9u$1 w be f\nd to describe a spiral l9e4 ,a second simil>ly con/ruct$ spiral det]m9es ! ?ickness ( ! ?read or cord ( ! twi/4 ,^! spirals may n[ be cut ) a t5on saw1 & all ! mat]ial outside ! cord c>efully remov$ ) ! g\ge1 s z to =m a semicircul> holl[ betwe5 ! ?reads4 ,?is _c be done by putt+ ! treadle & fly:eel 9 motion1 b ! "w itself mu/ be grasp$ ) ! left h&1 :ile ! "r holds ! g\ge ^u ! re/ & guides its edge4 ,aft] ! "w has ?us be5 r\gh$ out1 x mu/ be f9i%$ by rasps & files1 or by a k9d ( plane ) a semicircul> cutt+ edge4 ,:ile ! latt] is be+ us$1 ! fly:eel mu/ be br\ght into action1 s t ! "w may be made to revolve ) suffici5t rapidity to ensure a clean & smoo? cut4 ,a holl[ plane may be us$ to r\nd ! cord ( ! twi/1 & ! :ole f9i%$ ) glass pap] & poli%$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ii4 ,! k9d ( plane nam$ 0 design$ by a regul> workman = 8 own use1 & 0 made ?us & grasp$ 9 ! fi/1 or r holl[ ( ! h&4 ,! iron 0 l c1 %>p at "o edge1 ! block ( wood be+ slightly bevell$ (f 9 front ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,! workman1 :o made scores ( ^! twi/$ works = ! trade1 ( all dim5sions1 w\ld run ?is along ! holl[s1 :ile ! la! 0 9 motion1 ) great spe$ & accuracy4 ,he m>k$ ! spirals z describ$1 & !n grasp+ ! "w 9 ! left h&1 & ! g\ge 9 ! "r1 turn+ ! "w r\nd ) ! =m] 7! cord ?r[n (f ! :eel71 he cut out ! wood boldly 9 l>ge pieces ) little app>5t c>e1 & p]fect ease4 ,!n came ! plane describ$ above4 ,fig4 #ajj %[s a simple spiral ?us made4 ,if ! piece to be turn$ is d>k x is n easy ?us to m>k out ! divisions4 ,9 t case ! foll[+ me?od w answ] equally well4 ,x is ! plan us$ & contriv$ by ! writ]1#f & specially h&y :5 a numb] ( simil> twi/s are to be cut1 z 9 ornam5t$ pieces ( furniture4 ,a1 ,fig4 #aja1 is a /raight edge ( h>d wood1 ?r\gh :i*1 at any giv5 angle 7regulat$ by ! numb] ( turns ! cord is desir$ to make 9 a giv5 l5g? ( cyl9d]71 a knife edge is fix$4 ,if ?is is held z 9 ! figure1 & ! blade is press$ d[n ^u ! cyl9d] to be cut1 ! la! be+ put 9 motion1 a v correct spiral w be trac$1 :i* c be at once deep5$ by a t5on saw z be=e4 ,! ?ickness ( ! cord be+ det]m9$ x only rema9s to place ?is tool aga9 ^u ! "w s t ! second l9e %all be trac$ at ! requir$ di/ance f ! fir/4 ,a second1 or any numb] ( cords1 may be ?us trac$ 9 succession p>allel to ea* o!r by ?is simple me?od4 ,by a slight modification ( ?is in/rum5t1 :i* all[s ! knife to be clamp$ at any desir$ angle ) ! /raight edge1 ! incl9ation ( ! cords1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! pit* ( ! spiral c be v>i$ at pleasure1 & a second blade c be add$ to trace ! second l9e1 det]m9+ ! ?ickness ( ! cord ) "o movem5t ( ! tool along ! cyl9d]4 ,! edge ( ! knife may be across ! re/1 ! piece ( wood j ov]lapp+ ! ,t on ! side next ! workman1 if ! blade is long en\gh to rea* across ! "w :5 ?us held4 ,! tool w be /eadi] & p]haps m easy ( managem5t 9 ?is position4 ,"o h& %\ld !n lightly press ! back ( ! knife1 :ile ! o!r reta9s ! wood aga9/ ! re/ z a /raight edge4 ,ea/ ,norfolk ,amateur's design ( a screw guide is on ! same pr9ciple1 ! only diff]5ce be+ ! sub/itution ( a revolv+ in/ead ( a fix$ knife edge4 ,9 us+ ei!r x requires "s c>e to all[ ! tool free trav]se1 z ! lea/ *eck w\ld spoil ! ?read4 #f ,a simil> plan is notic$ 9 ,holtzapffel's me*anical manipulation1 :i* ! writ] _h n se54 ,x is satisfactory to him to f9d ! me?od ?us au?oris$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,! next class ( spirals is t 9 :i* no c5tral core exi/s1 b ! coils /& sep>ate & di/9ct1 two or m ris+ f ! same base4 ,! coils are sometimes flat1 sometimes r\nd$1 & /ill m frequ5tly1 9 ! be/ "w1 exquisitely1 & 7z a casual spectator w\ld say7 impossibly c>v$4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,turn a cyl9d] ( ivory or h>d wood1 =m+ at ! end any requir$ m\ld+s z a base & capital4 ,det]m9e ! numb] ( coils & ! pit*1 & by "o ( ! previ\s me?ods m>k out ! same4 ,! cyl9d] is n[ to be bor$ out f end to end1 leav+ suffici5t = ! ?ickness ( ! requir$ cords4 ,?is bore may ) advantage be slightly l>g] at "o end ?an at ! o!r1 s t a m&rel ( wood may be fitt$ into x1 to be aft]w>ds easily )drawn4 ,?is w c]ta9ly be necess>y if ! ivory cords are to be ( light sub/ance1 z !y require support to enable !m to be> ! action ( ! tool4 ,aft] ! cyl9d] has be5 bor$ z above direct$1 let a m&rel ( common wood be ins]t$1 & ! l9es1 m>k$ z %[n1 be cut q ?r\gh4 ,! int]m$iate p>ts betwe5 ! int5d$ ?reads mu/ !n be remov$ c>efully 7) a r\nd rasp1 if ( ivory7 ) any conv5i5t tool if ( wood4 ,! cords mu/ !n 9 a simil> way be r\nd$ or o!rwise m\ld$1 & aft]w>ds ! common & n[ damag$ m&rel remov$4 ,9 ! case ( ivory ! piece ( "w w n only be /r5g!n$ by ! ins]tion ( a poli%$ m&rel ( ebony1 b its appe>ance w be improv$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x may be pref]able to l9e x ) r$ velvet or silk1 or x may be left entirely op54 ,! fur!r ornam5tation ( ! cords1 dep5d+ on ! ecc5tric *uck or ecc5tric cutt]s1 w n be describ$ 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,^! op5 spirals are wor? a va/ am\nt ( pati5ce & tr\ble1 :i* _! elegant appe>ance :5 f9i%$ w amply repay4 ,! read] is n to suppose t ?is me?od ( cutt+ spirals by rasp & file is ! only or be/ me?od1 especially :5 ivory is ! sub/ance op]at$ ^u4 ,fur!r on w be describ$ v>i\s modes ( accompli%+ ! same ends by self-act+ ma*9]y1 & by ! spiral app>atus design$ = use ) ! ord9>y la!1 b all ^! ne$ ! slide re/1 :]eas x is q possible 9 ! =ego+ mann] to make spirals by h& tools alone1 :i* = correctness & f9i% may vie ) ^? :i* may h be5 work$ ) m elaborate & co/ly app>atus4 ,be=e quitt+ ! subject ( pla9 h& turn+ 9 wood1 a few m words may be necess>y 9 respect ( c]ta9 details ( la! manipulation1 =emo/ among :i* comes ,*uck+ "w4 ,?is is (t5 c>elessly done1 especially by amateurs1 :o1 9 consequ5ce1 are frequ5tly annoy$ by ! %ift+ ( ! mat]ial "u ! influ5ce ( ! cutt+ tool4 ,if ?is is h>d & valuable--z are _m ( ! be/ woods = ornam5tal turn+--! =k or prong *uck w n ent] suffici5tly to su/a9 ! piece1 & at ! same "t ! /uff is too valuable to all[ ( ! wa/e incurr$ 9 screw+ x direct to ! m&rel1 or ins]t+ x suffici5tly f> into a brass cup *uck4 ,9 su* cases ! be/ plan is to screw a piece ( common wood ^u ! m&rel1 face x truly1 & cut a few %all[ conc5tric circles ^u ! end ?us levell$1 bo? = ! purpose ( a guide to c5trality1 & also to give a hold to ! glue by :i* ! m preci\s mat]ial is to be atta*$ to x4 ,= ?is purpose1 bo? *uck & "w are to be well w>m$1 & ! glue--boil+ hot--bru%$ ^u ! p>ts to be unit$4 ,! latt] are !n to be rubb$ toge!r a few seconds1 & :5 ! piece to be turn$ runs truly1 ! back poppet ) bor+ flange atta*$--if ! "r h& end ( ! piece is level1 o!rwise1 ! po9t all[$ to rema9--is to be br\ght up & screw$ z a clamp aga9/ x till dry4 ,?is process requires "t1 b is well wor? ! tr\ble1 z ! mat]ial w be securely held1 & c be safely op]at$ on4 ,none b ^? :o h _h to cont5d p]sonally ) a tyro's difficulties1 & h1 9 consequ5ce1 se5 ! "w %ift 9 ! *uck :5 ne>ly complet$1 c truly appreciate ! advantages ( effici5t *uck+4 ,9 ! case detail$1 !re is absolutely no wa/e ( mat]ial1 no possibility ( ! "w becom+ loose or out ( tru?2 & ! ornam5tation by ecc5tric cutt]s1 drills1 & s =?1 c be proce$$ )1 & c>ri$ out ) t confid5ce :i* nev] fails to promote good workman%ip4 ,ev5 ) ! above arrangem5t ! back poppet %\ld be us$ :ile ! excresc5ces are turn$ d[n1 & reta9$ z long z ! g\ge has to be us$ 9 br++ ! design into an approximation to its int5d$ =m4 ,?is %\ld be remov$1 h[ev]1 be=e tak+ ! f9al cut1 z ! "w w g5]ally seem to drop a little :5 ! support is tak5 away1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m&rel1 :i* has be5 =c$ aga9/ ! back c5tre1 return+ to its place 9 ! coll>4 ,pieces ( six or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( "o or two in*es diamet]1 requir+ to be holl[$ out1 may frequ5tly be turn$ by rev]s+ ! usual me?od & bor+ out ! int]ior1 previ\s to %ap+ ! outside4 ,a case = p5cils1 = in/ance1 or a bodk9 case1 may be ?us work$3--,m\nt 9 ! squ>e hole *uck1 an ,am]ican screw aug]1 sets ( :i* are n[ to be _h beautifully f9i%$ & poli%$4 ,! k9d meant has a scoop+ k9d ( edge above ! screw1 ,fig4 #ajb1 & cuts cleanly & rapidly4 ,! piece ( wood--s(t wood alone is meant--is br\ght aga9/ ! tool1 be+ grasp$ by ! left h&1 :ile ! back c5tre1 ) flange1 is /eadily advanc$ ) ! "r h& aga9/ ! opposite end4 ,?is aug] w run /raight ?r\gh sev]al in*es )\t requir+ to be )drawn1 z ! bor+s pass freely along ! poli%$ ?reads ( ! in/rum5t & escape4 ,if necess>y1 h[ev]1 x c be readily )drawn by rev]s+ ! action ( ! la!1 & replac$ )\t difficulty4 ,! piece ?us bor$ may !n be m\nt$ 9 ! la! & f9i%$ on ! outside4 ,to d ?is satisfactorily1 an arrangem5t is requisite by :i* ! c5trality ( bore is insur$1 else 9 ! process ( cutt+ ! ext]nal surface1 ! mat]ial w1 9 all probability1 be cut ?r\gh 9 "o "p1 :ile 9 ano!r x w rema9 ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,if ! piece is bor$ q ?r\gh1 s z to become a tube1 ,fig4 #ajc w be satisfactory1 z ! cones pres]ve c5trality1 :il/ ! use ( ! c>ri] w prev5t ! necessity ( screw+ ! cones up s tightly z to endang] splitt+ ! wood4 ,?is is ! be/ way to *uck small cyl9d]s & brass tubes4 ,! m obtuse ! angle ( ! cones ! bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,9 ?is me?od ! bottom ( ! case mu/ be turn$ z a plug & glu$ into its place4 ,if ! bottom ( ! case is left solid1 an arrangem5t l ,fig4 #ajd w answ] well4 ,! plug *uck1 ,a1 mu/ n be at all conical1 & ! "p t ent]s ! "w mu/ be at lea/ an in* long4 ,if ?is is att5d$ to1 & ! face ( ! "w & ( ! *uck is squ>e1 ! tube w be truly c5tr$1 only requir+ ! back poppet to take (f ! /ra9 ^u ,a1 :5 ! tool is appli$4 ,if ,a is *alk$1 !re w be no slipp+1 provid$ x has be5 accurately fitt$4 ,obs]ve1 nev]!less1 t z a g5]al rule1 holl[ "w %\ld be plac$ inside & n ^u a *uck1 unless y h to "w ^u ! :ole ext]ior surface4 ,by ?is plan1 !re w be no likelihood ( splitt+ ! object1 an undesirable consummation :i* n unfrequ5tly takes place :5 ! contr>y me?od is pursu$4 ,?9 discs ( wood or brass are mo/ conv5i5tly turn$ ^u a face-plate1 to :i* !y c be atta*$ by turn]s' cem5t1 already describ$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o surface only has to be work$1 & ! plate is n ( less ?ickness ?an #a_/h? ( an in*1 x may be m\nt$ on a flat *uck ) small project+ po9ts1 ! back poppet be+ us$ to keep x firmly aga9/ ! face ( ! *uck4 ,ev5 a plate ( brass may be ?us turn$ if plac$ fir/ ( all aga9/ ! *uck & g5tly tapp$ s z to m>k ! position ( ! po9ts1 & !n drill$ to suit !m4 ,bread-platt]s are ?us easily *uck$1 fir/ ( all face d[nw>ds1 & !n rev]s$ ) ! bottom aga9/ ! po9ts1 s t 9 ! latt] position1 ! *isel or broad may be appli$ to ! face & ! m>ks remov$4 ,! l>g] designs on ^! platt]s are c>v$ by h& aft] _! removal f ! la!1 & ! small figures =m+ ! gr\nd1 :i* (t5 appe> r\nd ! ma9 design1 are made by figur$ pun*es4 ,*uck+ ,egg ,%ells3--,! me?od ( do+ ?is s z to enable ! turn] to cut ! %ell ev5ly 9 two p>ts1 is giv5 by ,holtzapffel1 9 8 ,me*anical ,manipulation1 & has be5 copi$ else:]e4 ,x is +5i\s & effective4 ,! object is simply to obta9 a pair ( delicate vases1 to be edg$ ) ivory1 & m\nt$ on a p$e/al1 z a curiosity4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is f ! p5 ( ! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,kittoe1 z communicat$ to ,mr4 ,holtzapffel3--,9 ! accompany+ figure--,fig4 #aje--;is repres5t$ ! nose ( a la!1 ) an egg *uck$ ready = cutt+4 ,fig4 #ajf is ! *uck us$ fir/ to prep>e ! egg1 to be m\nt$ 9 ! above way4 ,! latt] is g5]ally t]m$ a spr+ *uck1 & is made by roll+ /\t pap] ) glue ^u a metal or h>dwood cyl9d]1 ! surface ( :i* has be5 greas$ to prev5t ! pap] /ick+ to x1 & ^u :i* x mu/ rema9 until p]fectly dry1 :5 x may be remov$ & cut or turn$ 9 ! la! z occasion may require4 ,n4,b4 ,no?+ is said 9 ! above acc\nt ( ! evid5t necessity ( fix+ ! pap] cyl9d] to a wood5 block1 9 :i* a screw mu/ be cut to m\nt x on ! nose ( ! la!4 ,?is sort ( *uck is v light--easily made & well adapt$ = ! brittle mat]ial x is int5d$ to hold4 ,be=e fix+ ! egg 9 x1 ! inn] surface %\ld be rubb$ ) "s adhesive sub/ance 7common dia*ylon answ]s exce$+ly well72 :5 ?is is done ! egg %\ld be c>efully plac$ 9 ! *uck1 ! la! be+ sl[ly kept 9 motion by "o h& :il/ ) ! o!r ! op]ator mu/ adju/ its position until he obs]ves t x runs p]fectly true1 !n1 ) a %>p po9t$ tool he mu/ m>k ! c5tre & drill a hole suffici5tly l>ge = ! wire 9 ! *uck1 ,fig4 #aje1 to pass freely ?r\gh4 ,:5 ?is is done ! egg mu/ be rev]s$1 & ! same op]ation repeat$ on ! opposite end1 its cont5ts mu/ !n be remov$ by bl[+ c>efully ?r\gh x4 ,x is n[ ready = cutt+1 = :i* purpose x mu/ be fix$ 9 ! *uck1 ,fig4 #aje4 ,a is a *uck ( box or h>d wood hav+ a recess turn$ 9 x at a1 b1 into :i* is fitt$ a piece ( cork z a s(t sub/ance = ! egg to re/ aga9/4 ,b is a small cup ( wood ) a piece ( cork fitt$ into x s]v+ ! same purpose z t 9 ,a4 ,a piece ( brass1 d1 is to be firmly screw$ into ! *uck ,a1 & into ?is a /eel wire screw$ on ! out] end1 on :i* a small brass nut e is fitt$ to "w freely 9 a recess 9 ! piece ,b4 ,:5 ! egg is ?read$ on ! wire ?r\gh ! holes previ\sly made 9 x1 ?is nut is to be gradually tight5$ up until x presses ! cup ,b aga9/ ! egg suffici5tly to hold x /eady & firm en\gh to resi/ ! action ( a f9ely-po9t$ grav] us$ to cut x4 ,! tool requires to be held v lightly1 z a little undue viol5ce w\ld cru% ! %ell4 ,nei!r %\ld ! latt] be p9*$ unduly tight 9 ! *uck1 z o!rwise :5 ! po9t ( ! tool divides ! %ell ! two p>ts might spr+ toge!r1 & be de/roy$ by ! pressure4 ,x requires "s delicacy ( h& to atta* ! r+s to ! edges ( ! %ell to con/itute ! fitt+4 ,! foot & top ornam5ts are fix$ by v f9e ivory screws1 ! heads ( :i* are ins]t$ )9 ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,box wood is decid$ly ! be/ mat]ial = ord9>y *ucks1 z x takes a screw almo/ z well z brass1 is pleasant to "w1 holds ! mat]ial firmly1 & is ( good appe>ance1 :i* la/ is n unimportant to ^? :o possess good la!s1 & l to see ev]y?+ 9 dec5t ord] ab\t ! work%op1 & x is c]ta9 t a disord]ly workman w commonly produce slov5ly "w4 ,?is wood1 h[ev]1 ?\gh tol]ably pl5tiful1 is suffici5tly co/ly to be wor? pres]v+1 & by a little managem5t *ucks may be made to answ] = a long] p]iod ?an might be at fir/ suppos$4 ,a *uck1 = in/ance1 too l>ge to hold ! "w1 may be plugg$ ) a worn-out *uck ( small] bore1 or ) wood ( inf]ior "*1 to save ! necessity = holl[+ out a new piece ( box wood4 ,! latt] mat]ial1 moreov]1 excell5t z x is1 may be replac$ by o!r k9ds ( wood1 provid$ ! latt] w be> a good screw4 ,bee*1 if dry1 w answ] v well = ! purpose4 ,pe> is t\gh & screws well4 ,apple is little inf]ior4 ,ilex or ev]gre5 oak is suffici5tly h>d & t\gh & w be f\nd q satisfactory4 ,eld] ( l>ge size is good1 & screws well4 ,sycamore screws well1 b is n always equally t\gh4 ,all holl[ or cup *ucks %\ld be furni%$ ) r+s ( iron or brass to prev5t splitt+4 ,ab\t six sizes ( r+s w suffice = a great numb] ( *ucks4 ,b]g]on1 speak+ ( ! b>rel /ave *ucks already allud$ to1 pref]s ! encircl+ r+s pla9 & n screw$4 ,he gives ! foll[+ reason3--,if a piece ( "w ent]$ 9 su* a *uck does n run q truly1 a tap on ! r+ 9 ! prop] place w1 by clos+ ! sawgates m 9 t "p1 rectify ! error1 :]eas ) a screw$ r+ ?is is impossible4 ,!re is reason 9 ?is1 b at ! same "t x w\ld be easy to unscrew ! r+ a turn or s1 give a light tap to ! "w1 te/ its position by putt+ ! la! 9 motion1 & :5 true fix x securely by screw+ up ! r+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o precaution to be tak5 9 mak+ ^! useful *ucks--namely1 to cut ! /aves ( equal wid?1 else !y w n yield equally to pressure1 & ! "w w n be s readily c5tr$ truly4 ,a grip *uck ( inexp5sive make 7"o additional patt]n ( :i* is introduc$ f a design by contributors to ! ,engli% ,me*anic7 %\ld always be provid$4 ,a r\gh block ( ivory = in/ance may be seiz$ 9 its jaws1 & ! ext]ior useless "p cut (f by a p>t+ tool z a r+1 leav+ ! nicely r\nd$ mat]ial ready = *uck+4 ,ivory nuts or corosos :i* are peculi>ly awkw>dly %ap$ = m\nt+ 9 ! la!1 may also be ?us seiz$1 & "o portion fac$ up & r\nd$ s z to all[ ( be+ fix$ on a face *uck by glue or cem5t1 or fitt$ into a cup *uck4 ,r\gh pieces1 too1 ?us m\nt$ may be fac$ up1 bor$ & tapp$ to fit ! m&rel z *ucks1 & a ?\s& simil> works may ?us be h&l$4 ,! simple grip *uck 9 "q is important z hav+ ! v useful addition ( a c5tre po9t :i* ! writ] w\ld1 if he did n abom9ate & es*ew puns1 direct att5tion to1 z ! *ief po9t ( int]e/--,i call x1 says ! inv5tor1 a ,univ]sal ,self-,c5t]+ ,grip ,*uck4 ,! draw+s #a1 #b1 & #c1 almo/ speak = !mselves1 to practical turn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig47draw+7 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig47draw+7 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig47draw+7 #c4 #a1 is an elevation ( "o ( ! grips4 #b1 a section ?r\gh c5tre ( *uck4 #c1 a side section ( ditto4 ,! body ( ! *uck is made ( ca/ iron1 to screw on to ! m&rel2 & ! grips1 #a1 are mov$ simultane\sly by a "r & left-h&$ screw act+ 9 a circul> groove4 ,! jaws ( ! grip are s]rat$ & temp]$1 ! same z 9 ord9>y vices4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! grips1 :5 clos$1 a ?ree-sixte5? hole is bor$ true to ! c5tre ( ! la!4 ,beh9d ?is !re is a true c5tre po9t screw$ into ! body ( ! *uck1 z m>k$ at a4 ,! above hole & ?is c5tre po9t are to be p>ticul>ly att5d$ to1 z on _! truism dep5ds ! correctness ( y\r "w4 ,if ,i want to turn a solid cyl9d] ,i make ! usual c5tre at ea* end2 put "o on ! above c5tre po9t & ! o!r on ! back c5tre ( la!1 & !n screw up ! grips tight2 b if ! "w is %ort y ne$ n apply ! above c5tre po9t or ! back c5tre1 z ! grips are alone suffici5t4 ,! hole 9 ! jaws ( ! grips admit ( any k9d ( drill or o!r tool be+ put into !m )\t us+ any c5tres1 & ! grips w admit any?+ up to two in*es4 ,9 fact1 ,i d almo/ e sort ( ?+ ) ?is *uck1 & ,i ?9k amateurs1 if n o!rs1 w f9d x a mo/ valuable & h&y contrivance4 ,fig4 #ajh1 ,a & ,b1 repres5ts a modifi$ =m--a *uck already spok5 ( & recomm5d$ = ord9>y pla9 turn+1 9 :i* ! "w is support$ at bo? ends4 ,! pres5t =m is to a great ext5t self-c5t]+ & w hold ! "w also )\t ! saw-cuts o!rwise ne$$1 ! %>p edges ( ! d\ble =k ent]+ ! "w ) ! pressure caus$ by ! back c5tre4 ,! *uck is useful n only = ord9>y "w1 b = re-m\nt+ pieces c5trally1 :i* x may h be5 necess>y to remove :5 p>tly f9i%$1 & to return to ! la! = completion4 ,a /ill fur!r addition to ?is *uck ( a /eel po9t slid+ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 z 9 ! section1 ,fig4 #aji1 makes x a v complete & s]viceable app>atus1 z by ?is means x is easy to rev]se ! "w )\t de/roy+ its c5trality4 ,! po9t is int5d$1 z 9 ! *uck ( ,wilcox1 to slide back /iffly 7be+ if necess>y kept up by a spiral spr+ z %[n71 z x is only int5d$ z a guide to assi/ 9 m\nt+ ! piece4 ,if ! m&rel is n bor$ ! *uck mu/ be long en\gh to receive ! po9t$ wire )9 its sub/ance4 ,?is w be f\nd 9 e way a mo/ s]viceable *uck4 ,x may be ( iron or brass1 or ev5 ( wood1 if a r\nd plate ( brass is m\nt$ on its face1 to :i* ! hold+ pieces c be sold]$ or braz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,holl[+ ,,out ,,s(t ,,wood4 ,?is is done1 z already describ$1 by ! regul> s(t wood turn]s 9 ,tunbridge & else:]e1 by means ( hook tools4 ,a great numb] ( workm51 h[ev]1 use only ! g\ge1 & = bor+ out *ucks1 holl[+ boxes1 small b[ls1 & simil> "w1 ! latt] tool w be f\nd effectual if rightly held & c>efully manag$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be appli$ to ! inn] surface ( ! "w at ! po9t usual ) scrap+ tools1 b beyond ! c5tre1 ,fig4 #aji;,a4 ,! re/1 ,b1 does n require to be turn$ across ! face ( ! "w1 b rema9s p>allel to ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,! blade ( ! g\ge is to press aga9/ ! ne> side ( ! holl[ z ! "w proce$s1 :i* consid]ably aids 9 secur+ ! position ( ! tool4 ,! back ( ! g\ge is to face ! bottom ( ! holl[ 7next ! m&rel71 b ! tool is g5]ally roll$ on ! re/ a little1 s t its holl[ side is (t5 m or less bel[1 t[>ds ! la! b$1 & ! po9t is also lightly rais$ z x approa*es ! f9i% ( ! cut4 ,beg9 ) ! tool almo/ horizontal1 & at ! c5tre ( ! piece1 ! back aga9/ ! wood1 &1 depress+ ! h&le z ! %av+ is remov$1 f9i% at ! top out] edge ( ! holl[1 roll+ ov] ! tool1 s t x %all leave ! "w ) its back upw>ds & holl[ d[nw>ds4 ,?us us$ x w n /ick 9 its c\rse1 &1 aft] a few trials1 w be f\nd to cut out ! wood cleanly & rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji;,a4 ,ano!r grip *uck1 or self-c5t]+ scroll *uck may "h be introduc$1 f ! s\rce ( in=mation previ\sly allud$ to4 ,! writ] ?us describes x-- ,,am]ican ,,scroll ,,*uck4 ,?is *uck is made ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! ,w>wick ,drill ,*uck--namely1 a flat spiral s act+ on ?ree jaws slid+ 9 radial grooves z to make !m rec$e f ! c5tre to admit any object betwe5 c]ta9 sizes1 & !n to be tight5$ ^u x4 ,fig4 #a is a plan ( a #d-;in* *uck4 ,fig4 #b is a v]tical section ( ! same4 ,fig4 #c is a view ( ! outside ( ! *uck1 & ,fig4 #d is a sep>ate section ( ! pr9cipal "p a1 a1 tak5 ?r\gh ! l9e z1 z 7,fig4 #a74 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 a1 a is ?is piece1 b1 b1 has ! spiral cut on x :i* actuates ! jaws #a1 #b1 #c 7,fig4 #a71 c1 c screws on ! piece a1 a to keep b1 b 9 its place & d1 d is ! plate :i* screws on ! m&rel1 & :i* is fix$ to c1 c1 by ?ree c\nt]sunk screws1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,if ! =ego+ obs]vations are c>efully /udi$ ! fur!r practice ( pla9 h&-turn+ 9 wood w n be difficult1 & we %all proce$ to speak ( metal turn+1 be=e pass+ to a description ( ! ,slide ,re/ & o!r app>atus usually add$ to ! la!4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 obs]ve "h1 t1 = ivory & h>d wood--especially ! =m]1 ! fir/ r\gh+ d[n _c be done ) ! g\ge4 ,a po9t or small r\nd-end$ tool mu/ 9 ^! cases take its place1 to be succe$$ by "o or m ( ^? tools :i* r scrape ?an cut1 z describ$ 9 detail+ ! process ( holl[+ out boxes & simil> "w4 ,,metal ,,turn+ ,,by ,,h& ,,tools4 ,! fir/ requisite = ! above "w is a well made & %>p tool1 =1 /range z x may appe>1 a ke5 edge is z necess>y = mak+ good "w 9 metal z 9 turn+ wood4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is cutt+ edge mu/ be well und]/ood1 & ?is has be5 well expla9$ by ,nasmy? & o!rs4 ,! rem>ks ( ! above em95t me*anic ^u ?is subject1 z also ^? ( ,pr(essor ,willis & ,mr4 ,babbage h be5 embodi$ 9 a v excell5t pap] by ,dodswor? ,haydon1 ,esq41 an amateur1 & w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix to ?is "w4 ,! :ole pr9ciple ( ! =mation & application ( cutt+ tools is expla9$ 9 t pap]1 s t x only rema9s to treat briefly ( a few special =ms ( tools :i* are requir$ = metal-turn+ 9 ! la!1 :e!r by h& or by ! aid ( ! slide-re/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 a ^w or two may be necess>y z to ! k9d or quality ( /eel requir$ = su* tools4 ,:at is call$ ,bli/] /eel may be at once pass$ ov] z unfit = ! =mation ( tools--x is1 h[ev]1 ! raw mat]ial 7s to speak7 f :i*1 by ! process ( reheat+ & weld+1 ! next quality1 call$ ,%e> /eel1 is made4 ,:5 b>s ( ?is are simil>ly heat$ & aga9 weld$ into a homog5e\s mass "u ! tilt-hamm] or betwe5 roll]s1 d\ble %e>-/eel is made1 :i* is ( ext5sive use = cutt+ tools1 & mu/1 moreov]1 ( necessity be us$ 9 almo/ e case :]e !re is to be an iron %ank1 = economy's sake1 ! /eel be+ !n weld$ to ! iron1 & =m+ t "p ( ! tool int5d$ = ! edge4 ,! ?ird & be/ k9d ( all is ,ca/-/eel1 =m$ ( bli/] /eel1 melt$ at an int5se heat & run into iron m\lds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be weld$ only ) great difficulty1 & h5ce ! :ole tool1 :atev] its l5g?1 mu/ be ( ! same mat]ial4 ,?is c be pur*as$ 9 b>s ( a conv5i5t size ( r\nd1 triangul>1 squ>e1 or o!r section1 & ne$s only ! c>eful use ( ! hamm]1 file1 & gr9d/one to become a tool ( any requir$ patt]n4 ,x w\ld be v advantage\s to an amateur to ma/] ! art ( =g+ 9 a small way to enable him to make 8 own tools1 = he may sometimes require !m ( unusual =m1 & if he lives f> f a manufactur+ t[n he w f9d x v difficult to get !m fa%ion$ to 8 lik+4 ,ca/-/eel w n all[ ( ! weld+ heat appli$ to iron--x w burn1 & _c !n be made to recov] its prop] consi/5cy1 & is = ev] useless = ! purpose 9 "q4 ,d\ble %e> w take a mod]ate :ite heat1 :ile ca/-/eel mu/ n be br\ght to a high] temp]ature ?an t indicat$ by bright r$--a po9t nev] to be =gott5 :5 %ap+ a tool at ! =ge4 ,!re are 9 e work%op a numb] ( files laid aside z worn out4 ,^! be+ made ( ! be/ ca/-/eel1 are invaluable to ! turn] 9 metal1 z !y supply ! be/ mat]ial = 8 tools at no co/ :atev]4 ,to beg9 ) ! saw files 7call$1 by a horrible p]v]sion ( ma!matical def9ition1 ?ree squ>e74 ,"h y possess a tool at once = ! m]e tr\ble ( gr9d+ (f ! tee? & r$uc+ ! sides to a smoo? surface4 ,ea* angle is equally useful--ea* #fj1 :i*1 z ! pap] above allud$ to demon/rates1 is ! be/ angle = cutt+ iron4 ,on brass1 h[ev]1 its use is by no means to be recomm5d$1 be+1 z ,holtzapffel rem>ks1 too p5etrative & dispos$ to dig into ! "w4 ,x is to be us$ ^u iron 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj1 :]e ,a is ! re/1 ,b ! cross section ( ! tool1 ,c ! diametrical l9e4 ,! side1 ( :i* ,d is a cont9uation1 is to =m v ne>ly a tang5t to ! circumf]5ce ( ! "w1 be+1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 only #c f t position4 ,worn out squ>e files be+ ( rectangul> section1 are exactly suit$ = brass turn+1 = :i* metal a cutt+ edge is requir$ ( #hj to #ij1 ! =m] = ! fir/ or r\gh+ d[n cut1 ! latt] = f9i%+4 ,! position ( su* tool is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,! flat files are n altoge!r s useful = mak+ turn+ tools z ^? allud$ to2 !y are too ?9 9 proportion to _! bread?4 ,_! sides1 moreov]1 g5]ally speak+1 are n rectil9eal1 b curv$1 s t !y are m fit = gr9d+ (f at ! ends to =m brass-turn+ tools ) rectangul> edges4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 by c>eful =g+1 be made to assume a squ>e section1 & !nce be =m$ z desir$2 b a rectangul> b> ( /eel1 ready-made1 is !n to be pref]r$4 ,a r\nd or rat's tail file is ( f> great] s]vice ?an ! la/-nam$--n1 inde$1 9 its own %ape1 = ! reasons /at$ by ,mr4 ,haydon1 b z be+ capable1 ) v little lab\r at ! =ge1 ( be+ conv]t$ into a b> ( squ>e section4 ,! fir/ tool to be made f su* a b> is ! grav]1 ! tool ( ! wat*mak]1 & n less useful to ! g5]al me*anician4 ,?is is =m$ by gr9d+ ! end ( a squ>e b> diagonally1 s z to produce a loz5ge-%ap$ face4 ,! angle to be pref]r$ 9 ?is op]ation is #de1 :i* w give two cutt+ edges ( #fj4 ,! latt] may be v>i$ at pleasure by v>y+ ! angle at :i* ?is face is gr\nd1 z expla9$ 9 ! *apt] :i* treats ^u ?is "q4 ,! grav] w d all k9ds ( outside "w1 light or heavy1 z x may be made ( any size4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,fig4 #aac is ! heel-tool %[n 9 position = "w2 #aad & #aae1 two =ms ( nail-head tool v commonly us$1 b bo? requir+ great att5tion to ! angles ( ! cutt+ edge to become effective4 ,all ! above are = outside "w1 & are to be s held t ! side next to ! "w--! sole ( ! tool 9 ,fig4 #aac--;=ms v ne>ly a tang5t to ! "w--a position1 z ,holtzapffel rem>ks1 /rangely simil> to t requir$ by ! s(t wood *isel & simil> tools4 ,! heel-tool1 inde$1 if m ke5ly %>p5$1 w cut s(t wood 7on ! face7 ) great rapidity1 & is 9 pr9ciple simil> to ! broads us$ = t purpose4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an unsafe tool1 ow+ to its great t5d5cy to dig into ! "w4 ,x is a good plan to make ext5sive use ( v>i\s %apes ( h&-tool be=e pass+ to ! slide-re/1 because ! h& feels exactly ! resi/ance :i* ! tool meets )1 & ! be/ =m & position is ?us practically te/$1 & w be f\nd to be> out to ! utmo/ ! !ory advanc$ 9 ?is "w1 & f\nd$ on ma!matical tru?s work$ out & appli$ by ,willis1 ,babbage1 & o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,inside tools mu/ ( c\rse be made ^u ! same pr9ciples z ! la/1 ! p>ticul> =m alone be+ modifi$ to enable ! cutt+ edges to p5etrate into ! v>i\s nooks & corn]s t may occur 9 su* "w4 ,! inside tool = iron 7,fig4 #aaf71 ) cutt+ angles ( #fj1 is ( a g5]al & useful patt]n4 ,x mu/ be s curv$ & s plac$ t bo? cutt+ edges come into action1 "o on ! face & "o on ! side ( ! cut1 a condition expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix z ess5tial to all good "w4 ,x be+ q impossible to cut metal l wood1 & necess>y to all[ suffici5t "t = su* "w1 a po9t$ tool is 9 mo/ cases pref]able to "o ( a semicircul> or rectangul> =m ( edge1 & ! great] "p ( ! heavy "w done 9 l>ge factories is ?us execut$4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z su* a tool1 well =m$ on correct pr9ciples1 may be made to take a tol]ably deep cut1 ! %av+ deta*$ w be ( suffici5t ?ickness1 & consequ5tly suffici5t wid? to r$uce "w a satisfactory quantity at ea* cut4 ,! cut1 too1 mu/ be cont9u\s :]ev] possible1 ! tool be+ sl[ly & /eadily advanc$ ! :ole ( ! acquir$ di/ance )\t be+ remov$1 & !n re-ent]$ = a second cut4 ,! result %\ld be a smoo?1 ev5 surface1 & t great ex]tion is n requir$ :5 ?us work+ ) h&-tools is suffici5tly evid5c$ by a rem>k ( ,mr4 ,haydon to ! writ]1 ,i h (t5 deta*$1 ) a grav] alone1 a tol]ably ?ick %av+ ( iron1 two feet & m 9 l5g?4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be und]/ood t 9 holl[+ out a piece ( metal su* z a *uck1 ! tool %\ld n be made ) a long cutt+ edge1 su* z w\ld be us$ if x 7 int5d$ to scrape ! :ole dep? ( ! side4 ,a broad %av+ is n to be ?us aim$ at1 nor is ! inside only to be ?us attack$1 b ! tool advanc$ gradually inw>ds f ! face ( ! "w till x rea*es ! bottom1 ?us 7to repeat ! important po9t aga97 cutt+ at ! same "t ! front & side ( ! %av+4 ,! half-r\nd or cyl9d]-bor+ bit already describ$ is1 ( c\rse1 an inside turn+ tool1 b is us$ ) ! aid ( ! back c5tre4 ,9 pr9ciple x foll[s o!r inside tools1 ! end be+ bevell$ or slop$ (f #c1 & ! side be+ #ij4 ,! latt] is to be reg>d$ z a blunt cutt+ tool1 be+ ! l>ge/ angle t c be us$2 b1 nev]!less1 ?is bit mu/ be reg>d$ z cutt+ 9 ! two requir$ directions--=w>d & sideways4 ,if a regul> ,goniomet] = measur+ angles is n to be obta9$1 nor any app>atus = gr9d+ a tool to ! requir$ bevel1 an addition to ,nasmy?'s tool-gauge1 describ$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 may be made by con/ruct+ 9 t9 a set ( templates1 ) ! angles m>k$ ^u !m4 ,! easie/ way is to m\nt on ! la! a few r\nd %eets ( t91 & m>k ! degrees by ! division-plate1 ! out] circle ( :i* conta9s #cfj4 ,! t9 may !n h pieces cut out1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag1 to be appli$ z gauges ov] ! ends ( ! tool1 or solid pieces ( ! requir$ sections 7^? :i* are remov$ 9 =m+ ! above7 may be reta9$4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be z well to f9i% up bo? neatly1 tak+ c>e to m>k ! angles on ea*4 ,! degrees mo/ requir$ are1 z expla9$1 #ij1 #fj1 #hj1 & #c2 b int]m$iate numb]s may be prep>$1 & w (t5 be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,an inside tool = brass mu/ reta9 ! angles #hj to #ij1 ! latt] act+ z a scrap+ tool to put a f9i% to ! int]ior ( "w r\gh$ out by a tool ( ! less] angle4 ,!re are n _m =ms 9 g5]al vogue1 = brass "w1 :e!r int]nal or ext]nal4 ,! r\nd1 ! flat1 & ! po9t tools 7,figs4 #aah to #aba7 are m or less capable ( holl[+ out "w1 z well z surfac+4 ,) ! fir/ gr\nd to an angle ( #hj1 brass *ucks c be holl[$1 &1 ) ! second at #ij1 f9i%$2 & if !re *ance to be any int]nal angles out ( rea* by ! po9t-tool1 x is only necess>y to use a simil> "o b5t r\nd at ! end t[>ds ! left4 ,mu* ( ! turn]'s success 9 brass "w dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! metal1 :i* is (t5 v h>d & unequal 9 texture & p]haps bl[n & honey-comb$4 ,x is always ! be/ plan to s5d patt]ns ( any "w ( importance to "s well-kn[n firm1 in/ead ( tru/+ to a c\ntry f\ndry1 ^: bus9ess1 if wor?y ! "n1 is g5]ally iron "w1 & :o only run brass once 9 a way1 & make a t]rible mess ( x1 too4 ,! same may be said respect+ iron ca/+s4 ,x is wor? :ile1 z an exp]im5t1 to te/ ) turn+ tools ! quality ( a c\ntry ca/+1 pulley1 or :at n1 by ! side ( a simil> "w really made ( malleable iron1 su* z is n[ s ext5sively us$ by ! sew+-ma*9e mak]s4 ,tools t w /& ! fir/ & make good "w des]ve a place 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) a portrait ( ! turn]6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba4 ,= light brass "w1 su* z small model eng9es n[ s g5]ally sold1 a description ( la! may be us$ ( :i* no m5tion has yet be5 made--namely1 a b> la! ,fig4 #abb4 ,su* a tool may be made = #c or #d1 & w be f\nd suffici5t = su* "w z specifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,9 place ( ! d\ble b$ a triangul> b> ( ca/ iron is us$1 on :i* ! poppets slide1 & are clamp$4 ,d %[s "o ( two sockets ) feet :i* hold ! ends ( ! b>1 & by :i* ! la! c be m\nt$ on any /\t plank or on ! w9d[ sill4 ,! pulley ,a is made = a /rap1 because ?is all[s ( a pla9 fly:eel1 :i* is mu* *eap] ?an ^? :i* are bevell$ & turn$4 ,! re/ is %[n at ,e & ,f4 ,! "p ,e slides ^u ! b> l ! poppet--at ! top is a dovetail$ groove to receive ! slide ,f1 :i* c>ries ! socket = ! tee1 & is fix$ by a turn ( ! screw se5 on ! top ( x4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( triangle b> la!s1 !y are v /iff1 & c be fix$ any:]e4 ,! fly:eel c be support$ on a sep>ate frame1 :i* is an excell5t plan1 = ! j]k ( ! treadle & crank is n communicat$ to ! poppets & m&rel4 ,9 ,maudslay's triangle b> la!1 :i* 0 made = amateurs1 a slide re/ 0 atta*$1 & ! :ole "w 0 fir/ class--( late !y h gone out ( fa%ion1 b are nev]!less good tools4 ,fig4 #abc repres5ts ano!r v simple =m ( la! = turn+ small articles ( brass4 ,x may be said to be "o remove f ! wat*mak]'s b[ la!1 z x has no true m&rel or treadle2 ! small fly:eel be+ atta*$ to an arm at ! back & work$ by h&4 ,! left h& is us$ = ! latt] purpose :ile ! tool is held 9 ! "r4 ,?r\gh a tapp$ hole 9 ! left h& poppet passes a /eel p9 %[n at ,e1 on a l>g] scale2 ?is screws into ! poppet aft] pass+ ?r\gh a brass pulley ,b2 ?is bolt ends 9 a po9t1 & an arm fix$ into ! pulley becomes a dog to act aga9/ a c>ri] screw$ on to ! "w z 9 turn+ iron4 ,?us ! m&rel & po9t are fixtures1 & ! pulley only turns :5 motion is communicat$ to x by a catgut f ! fly:eel beh9d x4 ,! back poppet & re/1 :i* la/ is %[n sep>ately1 slide on ! rectangul> b>2 ! latt] is ab\t two in*es wide1 & ?ree eigh?s ?ick1 & is made ) feet to screw to any conv5i5t support4 ,?is la! is especially adapt$ = "w ( small size :i* c be c5tr$ at bo? ends1 & on :i* a c>ri] c be fix$ to be> aga9/ ! p91 ,e1 ( ! pulley2 nev]!less x is ev5 possible to use *ucks1 if ca/ 9 metal ) a pulley to ea* l ,g4 ,a sp9dle mu/ 9 ?is case be made l ,h1 on :i* ! *uck mu/ be slipp$1 & fix$ by ! nut 9 ! holl[ ( ! *uck4 ,al?\gh h[ev] ?is =m ( la! is sometimes met )1 & may be us$ z a make%ift1 a small triangle b> or #c;94 la! ( ! usual =m is f> pref]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,9 c5t]+ a b> ( iron 9 ! la! too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 caus+ x to run ev5ly4 ,! ends %\ld be drill$1 fir/ ) a small1 & aft]w>ds ) a l>g] drill1 s t a c\nt]sunk hole may be obta9$ 9 ord] to keep ! po9t ( ! la!-c5tre f t\*+ ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,if ?is is n done ! friction ( ! "w ^u its be>+ w soon spoil ! la!-c5tre1 & ! "w itself w spe$ily get out ( tru?1 & x w n be possible to screw up ! sp9dle ( ! back poppet s z to correct ?is4 ,( c\rse 9 turn+ up v small "w ?is drill+ _c be done4 ,a simple hole mu/ !n be made1 suffici5t = ! safe support ( ! "w :ile be+ turn$1 b ev5 9 ?is case ! angle ( ! drill po9t %\ld be less ?an t ( ! conical c5tre ( ! la!1 ! po9t ( :i* w !n run free4 ,to m>k ! true c5tres ( a r\nd b> ( metal a pun* has be5 devis$ l ,fig4 #abd4 ,?is is figur$ 9 ,b]g]on's "w1 & is v s]viceable4 ,to insure its work+ truly be c>eful t ! b> ( metal is fil$ flat on ! ends1 & t ! surface ( ! latt] is at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! b>4 ,x is !n only necess>y to place ! end ( ! piece 9 ! conical "p ( ! cup 7:i* w be be/ effect$ by fix+ ! b> 9 a vice7 & by rais+ ! spr+ & lett+ x g sudd5 by a suffici5t m>k w be made to guide ! po9t ( ! drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd ,! prop] place at :i* to comm5ce turn+ an iron b> is at "o end1 ! re/ be+ plac$ s z to br+ ! tool j ^u ! l9e ( c5tres2 if appli$ l[] ! tool w\ld take too deep a hold1 & w\ld ei!r be brok5 or lift ! b> out ( ! la!1 damag+ ! c5tre po9ts4 ,! ends ( ! b> %\ld be squ>$ up be=e ! circumf]5ce is turn$1 & on no acc\nt mu/ a file be us$ aft] ! turn+ tool has done its "w4 ,x is only at ! comm5cem5t be=e a cutt+ tool has be5 appli$1 t an old file may be made use ( to take (f ! scale & r\ghness left f ! =g+ or ca/+4 ,brass may be attack$ ^u or j bel[ ! l9e ( c5tres1 because ! =m ( tool is su* z _c p5etrate deeply4 ,?is metal is p]haps easi] 9 "s respects to turn1 b ! tool is apt to =m undulations on its surface 7is apt to *att]74 ,?is is due1 p>tly to ! impossibility ( obta9+ cont9u\s %av+s1 & p>tly to ! vibration ( ! tool1 & :5 once ?is has tak5 place !re is a t5d5cy to deep5 ^! *annels1 :i* makes x difficult to produce a plane & ev5 surface4 ,if a rectangul> tool is us$ 9 ! position already %[n & describ$ "u ! head ( tools = metal turn+1 ?is *att]+ w be avoid$4 ,if x takes place1 ! undulations %\ld be work$ (f by g5tle usage ( ! angle ( ! tool1 ! re/ be+ plac$ close to ! "w1 & only a light cut tak54 ,) reg>d to ! me?od ( m\nt+ a piece ( brass 9 ! la!1 any conv5i5t *uck may be us$1 b sometimes ! piece is %ort or irregul> & requires to be bor$ out4 ,9 ?is case use sold] & firmly atta* ! piece to a face plate ( brass4 ,! easie/ way is to sme> ! two faces to be jo9$ ) sal-ammoniac made into a pa/e ) wat]1 & lay+ a piece ( t9-foil betwe5 ! surfaces1 :i* mu/ be q clean & bright1 apply heat4 ,! t9 w melt & a p]fect union w be effect$4 ,:5 ! piece is f9i%$ x is re-heat$ & deta*$4 ,?is may be consid]$ a wr9kle wor? kn[+4 ,! flat flanges ( brass spok5 ( "u ! head ( *ucks are j suit$ = ?is me?od ( work+1 & !y are n damag$ by ! process1 z ! sold] c be wip$ (f q clean :5 ! *uck is made hot4 ,?is is a good way to m\nt small cyl9d]s ( brass = model eng9es1 z !y c be bor$ & turn$ on ! outside at "o op]ation ) great ease & c]ta9ty4 ,if a piece is to be drill$ or bor$ 9 ! la!1 ! foll[+ is ! arrangem5t to be adopt$4 ,fig4 #abe1 ,a is ! face plate1 ,b1 ! piece to be drill$1 ,c ! drill1 :i* is advanc$ by screw+ up ! po9t1 ,e1 ( ! back c5tre2 ,d is a h& vice or simil> article to prev5t ! drill f revolv+ ) ! "w4 ,if x is m conv5i5t to fix ! drill itself 9 a *uck1 ! po9t ( ! back c5tre is to be remov$1 & a flange ( brass or iron sub/itut$1 z ,a1 ,fig4 #abf4 ,if ! drill is to p5etrate q ?r\gh ! "w a piece ( wood mu/ be int]pos$ betwe5 ! latt] & ! flange to receive ! po9t ( ! drill & protect x f injury4 ,! pressure %\ld be s regulat$ z to be con/ant & equal )\t be+ excessive1 or ! drill w be b5t or brok54 ,bor+ is simply drill+ on a l>g] scale1 & is ( su* g5]al use z to require detail$ notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are sev]al tools us$ = ! purpose1 accord+ to ! size ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ is ! cyl9d] bit1 ,fig4 #abg4 ,?is is a mo/ excell5t tool1 z x w "w v truly1 & c h>dly get out ( place if prop]ly direct$ at />t+4 ,! cutt+ "p ,a is half a cyl9d]1 ! c5tre be+ j left visible1 ! end is n q at "r angles ) ! l5g? ( ! tool1 b is slop$ (f a little & bevell$ also slightly bel[4#g ,?is =ms ! cutt+ edge4 ,! o!r end ( ! tool has a c5tral hole1 drill$ to receive ! po9t ( ! back c5tre by :i* x is kept to its "w4 ,to use ?is tool1 let ! piece to be drill$ be plac$ 9 a *uck1 & a recess turn$ 9 x ( ! same diamet] z ! cyl9d] bit1 ! latt] is !n plac$ 9 ?is recess ,b1 & :5 screw$ up x _c possibly rise or %ift its position2 a h&-vice or spann] is !n fix$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe1 & ! la! put 9 sl[ motion1 oil or soap & wat] be+ freely us$ to lubricate ! tool4 ,ei!r a solid piece ( metal1 or a holl[ ca/+ c be ?us bor$4 #g ,to an angle ( #c4 ,see ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,^! cyl9d] bits c be _h ( all sizes1 f "o-eigh? ( an in* upw>ds4 ,pipe /ems are bor$ ) ! smalle/ ( ^! tools4 ,= ?is purpose !y are made ( r\nd /eel wire1 :i* is sometimes m]ely flatt5$ ) a hamm] at "o end to spread & enl>ge x1 ?is "p be+ aft]w>ds r\nd$ on ! und]side ) a file1 & ) ! same tool f9i%$ on ! upp] flat face4 ,^! sl5d] drills require to be delicately us$1 & are conv5i5tly held 9 a p9 vice or pair ( p9 pli]s1 ! h&le ( :i* be+ holl[1 all[s ! great] "p ( ! drill %ank to lie )9 x1 a small "p only be+ drawn out at a "t = use2 ?us ! drill w be kept f b5d+1 & w "w quickly & well4 ,( rec5t inv5tions 9 ! matt] ( drills1 ! mo/ important is ! ,morse ,am]ican twi/ drills sold1 9 sets1 at #cjs4 on a neat /& ) a self-c5t]+ *uck1 complete4 ,! =m is t ( a cyl9d] ) spiral grooves cut r\nd x ( ext5d$ pit*4 ,! cutt+ edge is z difficult to draw z x is to describe1 & mu/ be se5 to be und]/ood4 ,x is *iefly =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! spiral grooves & ! solid end1 ! latt] =m+ a blunt angul> po9t r5d]$ cutt+ by ! edge ( ! grooves4 ,!y %\ld h a place 9 e work%op4 ,! next tool to be describ$ is also mu* us$1 especially 9 agricultural implem5t manufactories1 = bor+ out ! brasses1 or be>+s4 ,x is call$ a rose bit1 or gr9d]1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh ,a & ,b4 ,9 ?is case also a recess is cut 9 ! "w z a guide1 & z ! tool fills up ! :ole int]ior z x proce$s1 no *ange ( position c occur4 ,! rose bit is us$ z %[n 9 #abe4 ,a bit ( ?is patt]n is v useful = brass "w ( all k9ds1 su* z ! cyl9d]s ( small eng9es1 bosses ( :eels1 be>+s & coll>s1 & "o ( ^! tools ( ! exact size = holl[+ out ! sockets ( brass *ucks1 previ\sly to _! be+ tapp$1 w be f\nd s]viceable4 ,! ?ird k9d ( bor+ tool is made ) movable cutt]s1 :i* c be remov$ at pleasure1 to be %>p5$ or replac$ by m conv5i5t ones4 ,! simple/ consi/s ( a cutt] b>1 ,a1 ,fig4 #abi1 ) a slot 9 x to hold ! tool1 :i* is fix$ by driv+ a w$ge at ! back ( x4 ,! tool "h %[n has two cutt+ edges1 b & c :i* %\ld be %ap$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples already enunciat$ respect+ h& tools = iron & brass4 ,! cutt] b> is usually fix$ betwe5 ! la! c5tres1 & turn$ by a driv] *uck & c>ri]1 :ile ! cyl9d] to be bor$ is clamp$ to ! slide re/1 & !reby advanc$ aga9/ ! cutt+ edge4 ,?is =m is *iefly us$ ^u "w t has be5 ca/ holl[1 or drill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,fig4 #acj is ano!r =m ( bor+ tool = l>ge & heavy "w4 ,a boss1 ,a1 is fix$ to ! cutt] b>1 hav+ a s]ies ( dovetail$ grooves1 or slots1 on its surface1 9 :i* cutt]s are fix$ by w$ges4 ,9 ?is & e simil> =m1 x is exp$i5t always to complete ! circle1 or1 at any rate1 two-?irds or ?ree-qu>t]s ( x1 by driv+ 9 blocks ( wood 9 ! slots n occupi$ by ! cutt]s4 ,?is pres]ves ! conc5tricity ( ! tool4 ,"o edge ( ^! movable cutt]s %\ld be radial to ! c5tre ( ! b>1 or boss1 ! o!r r less ?an a "r angle1 :i* w ensure a good cutt+ edge4 ,! be/ lubricant is oil = ! fir/ cut1 & soap & wat]1 or pure wat]1 = ! f9i%+ cut4 ,! surface w ?us be left bright4 ,x is n well to f9i% ) em]y any coll> 9 :i* an axle is to "w 7z ! coll> 9 :i* ! m&rel ( ! la! runs74 ,?is sub/ance imb$s itself 9 ! pores ( ! metal1 & by =m+ a gr9d+ surface1 consid]ably increases ! friction & we> & te> ( ! p>ts4#h ,al?\gh bor+ & drill+ are capable ( be+ done 9 ! la!1 a f> sup]ior plan is to employ an upright bor+ app>atus1 z is n[ g5]ally us$ 9 mak+ /eam cyl9d]s4 ,! "w is n !n susp5d$ betwe5 two po9ts1 or c>ri$ on ! slide re/1 b takes up a firm be>+ on a fix$ support1 & ! bor+ tool desc5ds by a pressure screw1 or self-adju/+ contrivance1 z ! "w proce$s4 #h ,oil/one p[d] may be sub/itut$1 especially = ! be/ brass "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,we h spok5 ( ! sl[ motion z necess>y = turn+ metal "w4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aca ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,! fir/ is a plan se5 f above4 ,! poppet is ca/ d\ble l ,f1 s z to af=d a be>+ = ! m&rel1 & a second = ! back sp9dle se5 at ,a4 ,?is back sp9dle1 x w be obs]v$1 passes ?r\gh its two coll>s or be>+s1 & c slide freely 9 !m f side to side4 ,?is c1 h[ev]1 be prev5t$ by dropp+ a p9 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! top ( ! poppet1 :i* falls into a semicircul> groove 9 ! sp9dle4 ,! pulley is securely atta*$ to a small cog :eel1 & c be firmly unit$ to a l>g] "o1 z se5 at ,a#b1 & sep>ately at ,c & ,d4 ,?is pulley & small cog :eel run loosely on ! m&rel1 & d n revolve ) x until clamp$ to ! :eel1 ,c1 :i* is itself key$ to ! m&rel4 ,suppose !m to be ?us free to revolve1 & ! :eels 9 position %[n 9 ! plan1 ,a4 ,on putt+ ! fly :eel 9 motion1 ! pulley w revolve on ! m&rel1 c>ry+ ) x ! small cog :eel1 :i* 9 turn w act on ! l>ge :eel on ! back sp9dle4 ,! small cog :eel on ! latt] w ?us put 9 motion ! l>ge "o ge>$ ) x1 ! :i* be+ key$ to ! m&rel1 w put ! latt] 9 motion4 ,!re are _m ways ( clamp+ ! pulley to ! l>ge cog :eel1 p]haps ! foll[+ is z good z any4 ,x mu/ be s clamp$ = wood turn+ :5 ! back sp9dle is to be slipp$ on "o side out ( ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,9 ! face ( ! pulley1 :i* is concave1 is a piece ( brass flu% ) ! rim1 & :i* =ms a dovetail$ groove1 into :i* ! head ( a clamp+ screw1 ,e1 fits4 ,?is screw projects ?r\gh a slot 9 ! :eel ,d4 ,:5 x is requir$ to fix ! pulley1 ?is screw is slid up t[>ds ! rim till ! head re/s 9 ! dovetail$ projection1 & x is clamp$ 9 t position by a nut4 ,:5 x is desir$ to put ! back action into ge>1 ?is nut is loos5$1 ! screw-bolt dropp$ t[>ds ! axle 7?us free+ ! head f ! dovetail71 & aga9 fix$ by ! nut4 ,! :eel & pulley are ?us indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 ! back sp9dle is slipp$ sideways into ge>1 & held by ! p91 & ! sl[ motion w be obta9$4 ,!re is "o fault 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! back ge>$ la! t ) amateurs 9 a private h\se is especially disagreeable1 & x is que/ionable :e!r 9 l>ge ma*9]y e/abli%m5ts x might n ) great advantage be correct$4 ,9 ! action ( too!d :eels1 nuts & screws1 & simil> ge>+1 !re occurs :at is call$ back la%4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! tool hold] ( a slide re/ is advanc$1 & !n ! action is to be rev]s$1 ! movem5t ( ! nut & tool hold] does n comm5ce simultane\sly ) ! movem5t ( ! screw4 ,?is is due to ! play1 or necess>y loos5ess ( ! work+ p>ts1 ! pressure com+ on "o side ( ! ?read :5 ! screw is turn$ 9 "o direction1 & on ! contr>y side :5 ! motion is rev]s$4 ,9 too!d :eels a simil> defect exi/s1 & gives rise to t disagreeable & ceaseless noise :i* assails ! e> on ent]+ a build+ :]e ma*9]y is 9 motion4 ,?is may be avoid$ by ! use ( frictional ge>+1 a simple b excell5t me*anical contrivance :i* des]ves f> m ext5sive notice ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( a ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 & is pat5t$4 ,a la! fitt$ ) x w\ld be almo/ noiseless1 & w\ld "w ) a delici\s smoo?ness1 v conducive to ! com=t ( ! workman4 ,?is ge>+1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #acb1 is m]ely ! sub/itution ( ,v %ap$ or semicircul> grooves = cogs1 ! =m] runn+ r\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel l ! grooves 9 an ord9>y la! pulley4 ,9 ?is me?od ( ge>+1 x w\ld be necess>y to move ! back sp9dle to-&-fro1 ! usual horizontal movem5t n be+ possible4 ,?is is easily effect$ by a screw or a cam1 ei!r ( :i* might be made to act on ! frame :i* c>ries ! back sp9dle1 & :i* may !n "w on a c5tre1 z ,fig4 #acc1 :]e ,a is ! poppet1 ,b1 ! support ( ! sp9dle1 ,d1 a cam2 :5 ! h&le ( ! latt] is rais$1 ! /&>d1 ,b1 is all[$ to fall back out ( ge> into ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 ,c4 ,a screw movem5t w\ld h ! advantage ( enabl+ ! workman to regulate ) great] precision ! pressure ( ! friction pulleys aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! draw+ %[s ! grooves ( ^! pulleys l>g] & deep] ?an usually made4 ,!y are g5]ally r %all[ & num]\s1 & x is a/oni%+ ) :at firm hold !y grip ea* o!r )\t t viol5t pressure :i* x might be imag9$ w\ld be necess>y to prev5t slipp+ :5 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,! ord9>y slide re/ = h& la!s is made z foll[s3--,t = ornam5tal turn+ w h a sep>ate notice4 ,fig4 #acd1 %[s ! slide re/ view$ f above1 & x is evid5t if ! tool is clamp$ to ! hold] ,f on ! top plate1 x c be advanc$ f end to end ( ! top slide ,b1 & also 7) ! upp] frame itself7 along ! l[] frame ,a1 ,a1 ^! movem5ts be+ at "r angles ! "o to ! o!r4 ,= p>allel "w ?is is suffici5t4 ,9 ?is comp\nd re/ a ?ird motion is arrang$ = turn+ cones or tap] plugs l ^? ( /op cocks1 taps = screw plates & su* l articles4 ,= ?is purpose ! upp] frame is ca/ l ,fig4 #ace1 ) a flat surface1 b ) two ribs und]nea?1 unit+ ! frame to a circul> plate ) two conc5tric slots 9 x4 ,?is plate revolves on ! plate ,g ,g1 turn+ on a c5tral p91 & x c be clamp$ by ! two screws :i* pass ?r\gh ! slots into ! plate 9 any desir$ position2 once clamp$ at ! requir$ angle a piece ( metal c be bor$ ) a conical hole & a plug turn$ to fit x )\t possibility ( failure4 ,! details ( con/ruction all[ ( consid]able v>iety1 & diff]5t mak]s keep to _! respective patt]ns2 ! ma9 desid]atum is /r5g? & solidity1 comb9$ ) accurate adju/m5t ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,! ,v's1 und]nea? ! frames1 & ! edges ( ! latt]1 mu/ fit1 s z n to be tight] 9 "o place ?an ano!r1 & ! upp] & l[] frames mu/ cross ea* o!r accurately at "r angles4 ,x is likewise ess5tial t ! tool trav]se ! "w 9 a p]fectly horizontal l9e4 ,e "p mu/1 !re=e1 be accurately made by means ( ! la! & plan+ ma*9e1 & ! :ole c>efully put toge!r4 ,not)/&+ ! above desid]ata1 a slide re/ is n necess>ily beyond ! skill ( ! amateur4 ,we h1 inde$1 se5 "o ?us made q equal to ! "w ( a pr(ess$ me*anic1 ?\gh ! file & scrap] _h to take ! place ( ! plan+ ma*9e4 ,! r\gh ca/+s c be b\ght = ab\t half-a-cr[n1 suitable = a five-in* c5tre la!1 & x w\ld be mu* bett] to try & fit up a set ( ^! ca/+s ?an to attempt su* a sub/itute z a wood5 slide re/4 ,! latt] has nev]!less be5 made1 & we rememb] see+ "o ( mahogany edg$ ) brass1 ! "w ( a cab9et mak]1 :i* did good s]vice 9 turn+ & ornam5t+ wood4#i ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s ago1 s9ce :i* "t ! facilities = obta9+ slide re/s ( metal1 prop]ly con/ruct$1 h mat]ially increas$4 ,z ! dovetail$ edges ( ! slides we> away by use1 x is necess>y to provide means = tight5+ up ! ,v-pieces4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf4 ,! holes 9 ! ,v-pieces ?r\gh :i* ! top screws pass are n r\nd1 b oval1 s z to admit ( lat]al movem5t4 #i ,9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( ?is ye> 7#ahfg7 are "s slide-re/s made ( h>dwood & metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf ,two l>ge head$ screws1 ,e ,e1 are tapp$ into ! place on :i* ! ,v-pieces re/1 & :5 ^! are screw$ up1 _! heads 7:i* are sunk = ! purpose 9 two recesses 9 ! l[] plate7 press aga9/ ! ,v-pieces1 driv+ !m clos] to ! dovetail$ slide4 ,:5 ?us adju/$ ! top screws are made use ( to fix ! /rips c1 c4 ,by ?is me?od ! slides c be adju/$ to "w ) ! utmo/ ease & accuracy1 )\t %ake or side play4 ,! edge ( ! circul> plate & ! heads ( ! lead+ screws are v frequ5tly m>k$ 9 graduat$ divisions1 s t ! advance ( ! tool or ! angle to be made ) ! "w by ! tool c be accurately measur$ & pres]v$4 ,!re %\ld at any rate be a m>k on ! circul> plate to %[ :5 ! re/ is set = p>allel "w4 ,!re are sev]al patt]ns ( tool hold]1 ( :i* ! =ms %ewn are conv5i5t = light "w4 ,! "o %[n 9 #ach #aci on ! re/ is some:at diff]5t4 ,! plate ,f1 ,fig4 #acd1 is ca/ ) a boss & socket1 l t ( an ord9>y re/4 ,9 ?is socket ! tool hold] fits1 & c be n only turn$ r\nd s z to set ! tool at any angle1 b also slightly adju/$ 9 height1 :i* is a great advantage4 ,! tool is clamp$ by a s+le screw z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! drawback to ?is =m1 & t on ! re/1 is ?is s+le screw1 :i* w inde$ hold ! tool :5 ! "w is easy1 b w n always reta9 x ) suffici5t firmness :5 ! "w is r\gh1 or ( tol]able size4 ,9 l>ge work%ops "o usually meets ) ! hold] repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,a plate1 ,a1 ) c5tral block ,b1 & slide ,c1 are 9 "o ca/+4 ,?r\gh ,a pass eight screws4 ,! tool lies on ei!r side ( ! c5tral squ>e block & is clamp$ ) ?ree screws1 x has ?us a fair be>+ on two sides1 & ! screws =m a ?ird above1 s t accid5tal %ift+ ( ! tool dur+ ! progress ( ! "w is h>dly possible4 ,! tool hold] ( ,pr(essor ,willis1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 is p]haps ! be/ ( all at pres5t 9 use4 ,x holds ! tool firmly at any desir$ angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,x is q possible t ! novice :o has se5 m]e boys work+ ) slide re/s at manufactories w be disappo9t$ at 8 own fir/ attempts to use ?is piece ( ma*9]y4 ,all ! difficulty lies 9 ! %ape & set ( ! tool4 ,:5 turn+ metal ) h&-tools x is easy to feel "o's way4 ,if ! cut is n satisfactory1 ! h& at once modifies ! angle ( ! tool1 & regulates its direction to a nicety1 b ! slide re/ _c ?us adapt itself to its "w4 ,x mu/ be set ) its slides 9 position1 & ! tool once fix$ mu/ pursue its own c\rse4 ,h5ce x requires a v accurate k ( ! nature ( cutt+ tools1 su* z we h giv5 9 ! ,app5dix to ?is "w4 ,if ! tool is well plac$ ^u ! axis ( ! "w = iron1 a little bel[ x = brass--x w cut cleanly & easily1 )\t rubb+ or j>r+1 bo? ( :i* are pro(s ( ei!r a wrong angle ( edge1 or a wrong =m ( tool4 ,! "w %\ld proce$ ) z mu* app>5t ease z if ! metal 7 an apple1 & ! %av+ %\ld curl (f l its peel4 ,moreov]1 ?is case is n m]ely app>5t1 x is p]fectly easy to cut iron1 & ! /ra9 on ! tool1 :e!r held by ! h& or by slide re/1 is comp>atively slight1 if ! tool is prop]ly made & held4 ,fig4 #ada is q ! be/ =m ( tool = surfac+ cyl9d]s ) ! slide re/4 ,x is to be s plac$ t bo? edges are made to cut ne> ! po9t2 h5ce ! crank %\ld slightly curve away to ! left4 ,x is n possible to cut metal quickly1 be cont5t ) f9e clean %av+s curl+ (f freely4 ,y w soon see :e!r y c take a deep] cut ) safety4 ,! tool "h sket*$ is n at all likely to dig 9 & hit* 9 ! "w2 if x is n prop]ly plac$ x w spr+ & jump1 or its side w rub aga9/ x1 & no cut w be made4 ,to describe ! exact position is v difficult1 b ! pr9ciple once grasp$1 little difficulty %\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ & sett+ to "w any tool1 :e!r = inside or outside "w4 ,! rule ( ?umb 0 all well en\gh 9 old5 days & 9 ! infancy ( ! art ( metal work+1 b x is "t to disc>d x2 to ma/] & man x is equally advantage\s to d s4 ,inde$1 9 "s ( our lead+ firms1 ! old sy/em ( foll[-my-lead]1 :5 ! lead] 0 z ignorant ( 8 "w z ! foll[]1 is wan+1 & ! h[ is n[1 z x ought to be1 c\pl$ ) ! reason :y4 ,"o ( ! be/ pap]s ev] writt5 on ?is subject is to be f\nd 9 ,weale's s]ies1 ,me*anism & ,con/ruction ( ,ma*9es1 by ,t4 ,bak]1 & ,tools & ,ma*9es1 by ,j4 ,nasmy?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! latt] "p is t specially ref]r$ to1 & is well wor? ! :ole price ( ! "w4 ,! rem>ks1 h[ev]1 ( t em95t me*anic are embodi$ 9 ! pap] 9 ! ,app5dix1 & !re=e1 aft] ! read] has /udi$ ! latt]1 he %\ld make trial = himself ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n4 ,exp5d a qu>t] or a half an h\r exp]im5t+ ?us1 ) ke5 & obtuse tools1 held at div]s angles1 & y w see & und]/& :at is meant by sett+ a slide re/1 or h& tool to cut metal z x ought to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada is too mu* crank$2 half ! l5g? ( ! hang+ "p w\ld amply suffice4 ,suppos+ ! tool fix$ 9 ! tool hold] 9 ! position indicat$1 & j ov]lapp+ ! circumf]5ce at "o end 7! "r74 ,take hold ( ! h&les1 "o 9 ea* h&1 & ) t :i* advances ! tool f end to end ( ! b> try v c>efully :e!r ! tool w cut cleanly by mak+ a turn or two :ile ! la! is 9 sl[ motion4 ,if ! tool bites too deeply1 turn ! o!r h&le & ease x4 ,if y /ill f9d ! tool /ick+ into or scrap+ ! "w1 in/ead ( br++ (f a f9e %av+1 look well to its position1 & obs]ve :e!r ! edge is well plac$ on ! axis ( ! piece4 ,if x has be5 hit*+ 9 ! "w x is probably too l[1 if rubb+ x1 too high1 & t\*es at "s po9t bel[ its edge4 ,x is presuppos$1 ( c\rse1 t ! tool is made correctly z to angle ( cutt+ edge4 ,d n l[] ! po9t by pack+ ! end ( ! %ank2 pack ! :ole l5g? or none4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at a great diff]5ce is made to ! cutt+ p[] ( a tool by slight adju/m5ts ( ?is k9d1 & h[ smoo?ly a tool w "w ) prop] att5tion to ^! details1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be probably ca/ aside z unfit = ! "w4 ,h5ce ! great] ease 9 manag+ a h&-tool4 ,! h& feels ! error1 & at once1 if exp]i5c$1 corrects x by an almo/ imp]ceptible movem5t--slightly rais+ or depress+ ! h&le or g5tly v>y+ ! angle sideways on ! re/4 ,:5 once ! tool is f\nd to cut z x ought to d1 no?+ rema9s b to turn ! h&le 9 ! "r h&1 & ?us cause ! tool to progress /eadily along ! "w f end to end4 ,!n free x by a half turn ( ! o!r h&le1 rev]se ! movem5t until ! tool has arriv$ at its old place1 & hav+ slightly advanc$ x to take a fre% bite1 repeat ! process until ! :ole b> is r$uc$ to ! requir$ size4 ,if ! piece is sl5d] & b5ds away f ! tool1 add to ! slide re/ a support2 let x be fix$ opposite to ! tool1 & x w keep ! "w /eadily up aga9/ ! cutt+ edge4 ,x c be fix$ 7if a hole is made = ! purpose7 any:]e ab\t ! slide :i* trav]ses 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! "w4 ,x is well to drill & tap a few holes ab\t ! slide re/1 & "s along ! side ( ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,^! w be f\nd v useful at v>i\s times = fix+ app>atus4 ,=1 be x obs]v$1 7& we %all recur to ?is ) "s practical h9ts by & by7 ! la! may & ought to d _m k9ds ( "w beyond ord9>y turn+4 ,x may become a ma*9e = plan+1 slott+1 drill+1 :eel cutt+1 c41 & is to be press$ into ! s]vice ( ! jack-(-all-trades1 )\t compunction4 ,:5 ord]+ a slide re/ let /eel screws & nuts be specifi$1 & gun metal ,v-pieces1 & let ! p>ts be /rongly made 7too /rong = ! suppos$ "w72 = ! latt] may unexpect$ly turn out to be sometimes r heavy4 ,we h f\nd ! top plate ( a #c;94 slide-re/ s weak t :5 ! tool 0 clamp$ on ! top ( x1 by ! screw ( ! tool hold]1 ! slide itself became jamm$2 a defect q beyond rem$y1 except by ! sub/itution ( a new & /iff] plate4 ,! same advice may be giv5 respect+ ! tools4 ,let ^! also be /rong2 neat & pretty tools are all v well1 b y seldom see !m 9 a work%op2 y don't require pretty tools1 b good & s]viceable ones4 ,nev]!less1 let ! mat]ial be ( ! be/ quality possible2 & t y may n be ev] at a loss1 y %\ld le>n to make tools y\rself4 ,procure "s small squ>e & r\nd /eel b>s2 save up z direct$ y\r old files1 & y ne$ b heat !m r$ hot 7n on any acc\nt :ite hot71 & ) hamm] & file %ape !m to y\r m9d4 ,!n temp] to a deep /raw col\r1 & aft] be+ accurately gr\nd & f9i%$ on ! /one1 !y w be fit to use ^u any metal4 ,! =m ( tool giv5 z ! be/ = slide re/ "w may be ex*ang$1 :5 ! b> is ne>ly turn$1 to ! requir$ size1 = a fre% "o1 ke51 %>p1 & ( an almo/ flat edge in/ead ( po9t4 ,a tool1 ( :i* ! edge is a segm5t ( a v l>ge circle1 w s]ve ! be/ z a f9i%+ tool1 j to take (f ! l9es left by ! po9t$ tool4 ,) reg>d to lubricat+ ! "w1 we may obs]ve t ! *ief object is to prev5t ! po9t or edge ( ! tool f heat+ & los+ temp]2 oil1 wat]1 or soap & wat] w !re=e answ]1 b x is a curi\s fact t oil w n produce s poli%$ a surface z wat] w4 ,we %\ld advise 9 all cases soap & wat]4 ,s(t soap is be/1 boil$ 9 wat]1 & all[$ to cool4 ,! drills ) :i* ! huge arm\r plates ( %ips six in*es ?ick are drill$ are ?us lubricat$1 & in/ead ( ?r[+ out du/ 9 a wet /ate z usual1 ^! l>ge drills fairly turn out curl$ %av+s simil> to ^? produc$ by ! plan+ tool4 ,x is by no means a bad plan to lay ! %ank ( ! tool :i* falls ^u ! top plate ( ! re/1 ^u a piece ( lea!r1 wood1 or %eet lead4 ,! surface ( ! iron1 :5 plan$ & f9i%$1 is (t5 too smoo?1 & ! tool w sometimes slip f ?is cause1 unless screw$ unduly tight1 to ! detrim5t ( ! re/4 ,by ! above plan ?is annoyance w cease at once4 ,we w n[ say a ^w ab\t holl[$ "w4 ,f9i%+ a *uck w s]ve our purpose1 & "h be x advis$ n to g to mu* exp5se ab\t *ucks--get ^? :i* mu/ be ( brass 9 ! r\gh1 & practice metal turn+ by f9i%+ !m y\rself4 ,if no slide re/ is available d x by h&4 ,h[ev]1 we are suppos+ ! slide re/ to h be5 procur$1 & may !re=e proce$ to use x4 ,fir/ y mu/ drill ! back "p ( y\r *uck z direct$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! drill is to be ! size ( ! diamet] ( ! holl[s 9 ! m&rel screw1 t is1 small] by ! dep? ( a ?read1 ?an ! full size ( ! nose4 ,hav+ drill$ x1 proce$ ) ! mo/ tap]+ ( y\r taps1 :i* we suppose to be provid$ to =m ! int]nal ?read 7ext]nal if y\r m&rel has female screw1 9 :i* case1 in/ead ( a drill$ hole1 ! *uck w h a projection to be turn$ truly cyl9drical1 & a screw cut outside ) /ock & dies or *as+ tool74 ,foll[ up ) ! int]m$iate & f9i% ) ! plug tap4 ,if y 7 c>eful to squ>e up ! %\ld]1 ! drill hav+ be5 likewise plac$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! face ( ! *uck1 ! latt] w fit truly up to ! coll> or %\ld] on ! m&rel4 ,if n1 y mu/ g to "w aga91 & squ>e up ! back ( ! *uck till a good fit is produc$4 ,n[1 if y h a comp\nd slide re/--t is1 "o 9 :i* ! slides turn on a c5tre p9--y c loos5 ! screws & turn x a qu>t] ( a circle4 ,if n1 y simply put ! tool into ! hold]1 at "r angles to its =m] position1 s t ! movem5t ( t slide :i* is p>allel to ! la! b$ w become t requisite to advance ! tool into ! holl[ ( ! *uck4 ,:i*ev] way y set to "w put 9 a side tool1 l ,fig4 #adb1 &1 z x is a brass *uck1 rememb] t ! bevel und]nea? is to be v slight4 ,introduce ! tool s z to take a light cut at fir/1 until ! r\ghness is tak5 (f1 aft] :i* y may cause x to bite m freely4 ,repeat ?is until ! *uck is suffici5tly holl[$ out1 :5 y may sub/itute a simil> %ap$ tool1 b ) a flat or slightly r\nd$ edge1 to take (f ! m>ks left by ! po9t tool4 ,to f9i% ! bottom ( ! inside y w require a tool :i* cuts on ! end1 b x %\ld n h a p]fectly flat end--at any rate1 n until1 by means ( a po9t$ or small r\nd-end$ tool1 y h cut away ! r\ghness left f ! process ( ca/+4 ,?is has always 9 its int]/ices a numb] ( gra9s ( s& fus$1 & v h>d & detrim5tal to cutt+ edges ( all k9ds4 ,! po9t tools dig ^! out v effectually1 & %\ld always prec$e ^? ( o!r =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,! outside mu/ be turn$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & a hole drill$ to receive a po9t$ b> or wr5*1 = ! purpose ( unscrew+ x :5 screw$ up tightly4 ,to turn up a face plate ( iron or brass proce$ 9 a simil> way1 b comm5ce f ! c5tre ) a po9t tool4 ,?is tool is ! be/ = tak+ (f ! r\gh outside ( h>d wood1 in/ead ( ! g\ge1 z well z = remov+ ! r\ghness ( a fre% ca/+4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! faces ( ^! flat *ucks1 or surface *ucks1 be truly at "r angles ) ! m&rel2 h5ce x is v difficult to turn & f9i% !m by h&4 ,we may "h also /ate ! necessity ( kn[+ :5 ! slides ( ! re/ are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 )\t :i* no "w c be turn$ correctly4 ,x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ?is by help ( a small /eel squ>e4 ,once fix$ truly1 x is only necess>y to make a m>k on ! quadrant 7:i* %\ld be m>k$ 9 true degrees71 by :i* ! same position c be f\nd aga9 at any "t4 ,we h spok5 "h ( ! quadrant--we mean ! arc1 or arcs ) slot--all[+ ! circul> movem5t ( ! comp\nd slide re/4 ,! *ief use ( ^! is to enable ! workman to turn true cones in/ead ( cyl9d]s1 :i* latt] w only be produc$ :5 "o slide is p>allel to ! la! b$4 ,su* is ! common use ( ! slide re/2 & x w be evid5t f ^! few rem>ks t !re is an inf9ity ( "w1 n only produc$ ) ease by its aid1 b :i* _c1 ev5 ) exp5diture ( "t & lab\r1 be produc$ )\t x2 h5ce we advise ?is to be ! *ief ambition ( ! tyro aft] he has ma/]$ ! difficulties ( ord9>y h& turn+ 7& n be=e74 ,! co/ ( a fair "o = #e-;94 la! w be #e1 or !reab\t4 ,at ,munro's1 #g or #h2 at ,holtzapffel's1 #aj or #ab4 ,bo? ! latt] are ( c\rse p]fect4 ,we h direct$ to tap ! *uck :]e x is to be screw$ to ! m&rel ) a set ( ?ree taps1 or to cut x ) /ock & dies if an outside ?read is requir$4 ,9 bo? cases m true & satisfactory "w may be produc$ by ! *as+ tool4 ,we speak ( ! latt] z us$ by h&2 an acc\nt ( cutt+ ! ?reads by help ( ! slide re/ we res]ve = ! pres5t4 ,m\nt ! "w 9 any conv5i5t way1 ei!r driv+ x into a wood5 *uck1 or by clamp+ x to ! face plate if y h "o4 ,n[ 9 ?is way y h advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place y ne$ n h a drill ! exact size1 ?\gh x is conv5i5t to h su* a "o1 & also a cyl9d] bit4 ,y c drill & enl>ge ! hole by ! slide re/ tools1 & y c also ) ! slide re/ ensure ! p]p5dicul> position ( ! hole ) respect to ! end4 ,?us x is sure to fit up close & snug to ! %\ld] ( ! m&rel4 ,:5 bor$ ?us x w be 9 position = *as+4 ,x is n difficult to *ase a ?read 9 brass1 z x does n *ip away l wood1 b cuts clean & %>p4 ,foll[ ! directions already giv5 & y w succe$ 9 a few turns 9 gett+ ! tool to run4 ,!n let x h its own way2 hold x lightly1 b /eadily1 & d n =ce x ei!r to cut too deeply1 or to advance too quickly2 x w run along ( itself aft] ! fa9te/ ?read is cut or scrat*$1 & ! la! c be work$ by means ( ! treadle all ! "t z soon z y h atta9$ ! knack ( dropp+ ! *as] into its place at ! comm5cem5t ( its cut1 & sudd5ly )draw+ x :5 x has rea*$ ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,a *uck ?us turn$ & screw$ entirely 9 ! la! is sure to prove a good fit1 & !re c be no bett] practice ?an to cut screws 9 all y\r brass & boxwood *ucks 9 ?is way4 ,a v good *uck to hold flat plates ( brass 0 inv5t$ by a ,mr4 ,wilcox1 ( ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 "s ye>s ago--an amateur ( r>e +5uity & me*anical k1 & :o made all 8 own app>atus = pla9 & ecc5tric turn+4 ,! *uck1 ,fig4 #adc1 z describ$ by him 9 "s unpubli%$ manuscript1 is made ( boxwood1 or may be ( metal4 ,x is a pla9 disc or surface *uck ) ?ree slots ,a ,b ,c4 & a /eel c5tre4 ,?is la/ mu/ p5etrate r deeply into ! wood ( ! *uck1 b is only kept up s z to project f ! surface by a spiral spr+ bel[ x4 ,h5ce1 :5 pressure is made ^u its po9t by ! application ( ! object to be turn$1 ! p9 rec$es into ! body ( ! *uck1 suff]+ ! "w to lie flat on its surface4 ,9 ! ?ree slots are ?ree screws1 ) nuts at ! back ( ! *uck ! screws pass ?r\gh two pieces ( brass1 =m+ a pair ( jaws1 "o ( :i* is %[n sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig3 #adc4 ,fig4 #adc %[s ! *uck complete4 ,suppose we h to face up a r\nd disc 9 its c5tral "p1 or to p]=m any surface "w 9 :i* ! jaws w n be 9 ! way ( ! tool1 ! c5tre ( ! plate is m>k$ at ! back ( x1 & ?is m>k laid on ! c5tral p94 ,! "w c be clamp$ d[n by ! ?ree jaws1 & ! necess>y "w may be done4 ,n[ s f> ! *uck is b a simple affair1 & ! rec$+ p9 does n %[ itself to su* great advantage2 we w !re=e suppose a plate is to be drill$ at sev]al spots2 let ^! be m>k$ at ! back by a c5tre pun*4 ,x is n[ only necess>y to br+ ^! m>ks 9 turn ^u ! c5tral po9t1 & clamp ! plate 9 position4 ,br+ ! po9t ( ! drill aga9/ ! "w & keep x up to cut by ! back poppet screw4 ,9 ! same way ecc5tric "w or any op]ation may be done to su* a plate1 ) ! c]ta9ty t ! po9t to be ?us work$ ^u is precisely c5tral ) ! axis ( ! pulley1 or m&rel4 ,_m simil> applications ( ?is *uck w pres5t !mselves to ! read] ^u due consid]ation4 ,we pres5t ! *uck 9 ?is place because we h _h occasion to speak ( drill+ z connect$ ) ! slide re/1 & !re are _m pieces ( "w t c\ld n o!rwise be conv5i5tly held 9 ! desir$ position4#aj #aj ,! ,,ms4 book conta9+ ! above 0 k9dly l5t to ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w by ,mr4 ,hoblyn1 ( ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 :o is ! inv5tor ( a new =m ( slide re/1 :i* w be introduc$ 9 a lat] page4 ,! *uck 9 "q is1 h[ev]1 commonly atta*$ to ! wat*mak]s' la!s ( ! pres5t day1 & !re=e may n1 z ! writ] suppos$1 be actually ! inv5tion ( ! late ,mr4 ,wilcox4 ,,ov]head ,,app>atus4 ,x n[ becomes necess>y to speak ( ano!r addition to ! la!1 by means ( :i* ! use ( ! slide re/ is consid]ably ext5d$4 ,we mean ! ov]head motion4 ,( ?is !re are sev]al patt]ns1 & we h sket*$ ?ree ( ^!4 ,z to _! respective m]its we c h>dly v5ture to speak4 ,!y all answ] equally well ! purpose = :i* !y h be5 design$1 & ! turn] mu/ select accord+ to 8 fancy1 or1 if he please1 design a bett] = himself4 ,a1 ,fig4 #add1 repres5ts ! la! b$4 ,f ! left-h& /&>d rises a r\nd iron rod1 n less ?an "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is n g5]ally fix$1 b is atta*$ to ! /&>d by two /aples1 a1 b1 :i* hold x securely 9 an upright position1 b all[ x to turn ) its project+ b> ,f1 ,f1 aft] ! mann] ( a crane4 ,x may ?us be turn$ back1 out ( ! way1 or br\ght into any desir$ position4 ,! "p ,f1 ,f is made to slide up & d[n on ! "p ,b1 & is fix$ by a clamp+ screw ,d4 ,?us1 if ! cord %\ld break & require to be %ort5$1 ! arm c be br\ght ne>] to ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,^u ,f1 ,f slide two r+s1 or r %ort pieces ( tube1 f :i* dep5d two ,india rubb] spr+s 7door spr+s71 ,e1 ,e1 n[ procurable at any ironmong]'s at "o %ill+ ea*4 ,f ^! hang d\ble pulleys1 or bett] /ill two s+le ones4 ,^! pulleys1 ) _! atta*m5ts1 are adju/able at any position on ! arm ,f1 ,f1 :i* may be r\nd or squ>e4 ,if consid]$ desirable1 a second /&>d c be add$1 s z to uphold bo? ends ( ?is b>2 b x is h>dly necess>y1 z ! latt] is seldom requir$ ( great] l5g? ?an half t ( ?is la!-b$4 ,x is evid5t t ! above addition to ! la! c be made complete = a few %ill+s4 ,! foll[+ are m exp5sive1 b m g5]al1 ! writ] hav+ devis$ ! above to suit 8 own fancy1 & = 8 own use4 ,9 ,fig4 #ade ,a repres5ts ! /&>d z be=e1 ! top ( :i* is =k$1 z %[n at ,e1 & su/a9s ! r+1 free to revolve 9 its arms1 z se5 9 ! sket*4 ,?r\gh ?is passes a b>1 ,b1 ,b1 ) a heavy ball ,c ca/ on its end to act z a c\nt]balance to ! long] arm & its connections1 & to keep ! cord /ret*$4 ,by slid+ ?is b> ei!r way ?r\gh ! r+ :i* supports x1 ! t5sion ( ! cord c be increas$ or less5$4#aa ,:5 9 position x mu/ be v securely fix$ by ! screw ,t1 :i* %\ld n simply press aga9/ x1 b ent] "o ( a r[ ( depressions made = ! purpose4 ,! pulleys ,c1 ,d are d\ble1 z 9 ! previ\s plan ( ov]head1 & are likewise adju/able at any position on ! b> ,b1 ,b4 ,! only drawback to ?is patt]n is ! dang] ( ! heavy ball slipp+ out & fall+4 ,we pref] to hang a weight f ! end ( ! lev]1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,?is may be )9 a few in*es ( ! floor1 & if x %\ld fall no h>m c ensue4 ,! ?ird patt]n1 ,fig4 #adf1 is ! mo/ exp5sive1 b al?\gh x is ( a m f9i%$ appe>ance1 & we>s an aspect m /iff & /able1 x is n practically any bett] ?an ! la/4 ,f a /&>d ,a1 ) ov]hang+ b> ,f1 ,f1 is susp5d$ a frame ,h1 by means ( two coil$ spr+s 9 brass boxes ,b1 ,b1 :i* keeps up ! necess>y t5sion on ! cord1 or r cords1 = 9 ?is case two are ne$$--"o f ! fly:eel to ! small pulley1 & a second f ! roll] to ! slide re/4 #aa ,sometimes ! b> is m]ely hung on pivots1 & ! weight is made to slide ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc ,?is roll]1 :i* may be groov$ or pla91 may be replac$ by a second small pulley1 :i* is capable ( be+ slid along ! r\nd b> :i* =ms its axle & turns ) x betwe5 ! c5tre screws4 ,9 ?is case ! b> is made ) a groove or *annel along its l5g?1 ,fig4 #adg1 & a p9 project+ f ! c5tral hole 9 ! pulley ent]s ?is groove4 ,?us ! two w turn toge!r1 & at ! same "t ! position ( ! pulley is adju/able at pleasure4 ,! t5sion ( ! spr+s ,b1 ,b1 is increas$ or less5$ by a turn or two ( ! nuts ,c1 ,c1 j 9 ! same mann] z ! spr+ ( ! safety valve is adju/$ on ! boil] ( a locomotive4#ab ,! application ( ! ov]head motion is pla9ly %[n 9 ,figs4 #adc & #add4 ,! "w is fix$ 9 ! la!1 & ! m&rel kept /ation>y4 ,! cord passes to ! ov]head directly f ! fly :eel1 & !nce to a pulley on ! screw ( ! slide re/1 z 9 #adc1 to a drill1 z 9 #add1 or to any o!r app>atus at pleasure4 ,to fit ! "w 9 ! la! 9 su* a mann] z to enable any po9t 9 ! face or side to be op]at$ ^u1 a division plate & index are requir$4 ,! fir/ is a r\nd plate ( brass or gun metal1 #a-af? ( an in* ?ick1 drill$ ) holes 9 conc5tric circles4 ,! index is a /eel spr+ ) a project+ po9t1 :i*1 ent]+ any "o ( ! holes1 reta9s ! plate1 & ) x ! pulley1 on ! face ( :i* x is fix$ immovable4 ,!re are g5]ally f\r circles ( holes1 ! numb] 9 ea* select$ ) ref]5ce to its divisibility by ! greate/ possible numb] ( divisions--?us #cfj1 :i* is usually on ! outside or l>ge/ circle1 c be divid$ )\t a rema9d] by #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 or #i--add is a good numb] = ! second circle1 be+ divisible by #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #i4 ,! o!r two may be #aab & #if4 ,! uses ( ! division plate are _m4 ,ecc5tric cutt+ & drill+ c\ld n be done )\t its aid1 & :eel cutt+ = clocks1 or = mak+ cycloidal & o!r *ucks1 is entirely dep5d5t on ?is contrivance4 #ab ,! frontispiece %[s ano!r sup]ior =m ( ov]head1 ) balance-weights hang+ close to ! gr\nd beh9d ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,! division plate & index are %[n 9 ,figs4 #adg1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,! "p ,b is a knob ) a r\nd hole ?r\gh x1 to take ! tail ( ! spr+ ,c4 ,?is is %[n aga9 at ,c on a l>g] scale1 to br+ to view a slot :i* all[s ( "s slight adju/m5t ( ! po9t1 to suit ! diff]5t-siz$ circles4 ,! mill$-head$ screw clamps ! po9t at any desir$ "p ( ?is slot4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! spr+ is drawn back s z to release x f ! division plate1 & turn$ d[n 9 ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,! ov]head app>atus is applicable n only to revolv+ cutt]s 9 ! slide re/1 b to o!r contrivances available :]e ! latt] is n possess$4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i* ! back poppet may be br\ght into use to hold revolv+ drills1 or /ation>y tools1 if ! resi/ance to _! action is n too great4 ,! only damage t c well happ5 9 ?is me?od is to ! p9 work+ 9 ! slot on ! outside ( ! sp9dle4 ,if ?is is ( /eel & tol]ably /\t & /rong 7be+ v %ort x _c be subject to any v injuri\s /ra971 no h>m is likely to result4 ,) ?is x is possible to drill v neatly1 & also to d a little ecc5tric cutt] "w1 "u c]ta9 conditions to be describ$4 ,screw+1 or r *as+1 may likewise be done v passably4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 advise ?is c\rse :5 ! m p]fect slide re/ is at h&1 b !re are _m :o are oblig$ to put up ) all sorts ( homemade contrivances1 & to press into s]vice = div]s op]ations app>atus & tools n precisely meant to be ?us us$1 & x is z well to le>n h[ to act "u an em]g5cy1 ev5 if ! practice is n int5d$ to be c>ri$ out g5]ally4 ,! drill /ock is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adh1 9 :i* ! screw ,a fits into ! sp9dle ( ! back poppet4 ,if ! hole 9 ! latt] is conical in/ead ( cut ) a screw ?read1 ! drill mu/ be made accord+ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,! pulley ( brass has a hole drill$ ?r\gh x1 & ! screw is also drill$1 ! hole 9 ! latt] be+ r l>g] ?an t 9 ! pulley 7:i* is tapp$74 ,! /eel p9 ,h1 %[n :ite 9 ! sectional draw+1 passes truly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! screw 9 :i* x revolves1 & is screw$ into ! pulley4 ,! socket ( /eel to hold ! drill is !n screw$ or sold]$ into ! opposite face ( ! pulley4 ,! black "p %[s a flange on ! screw :i* abuts aga9/ ! cyl9d] ( ! poppet into :i* x is screw$4 ,?us ! pulley1 be+ atta*$ to ! cord f ! ov]head app>atus1 is free to revolve ^u ! /eel p9 ) great rapidity1 & w c>ry r\nd any drills or cutt]s plac$ 9 ! socket ,b4 ,! simple /raight drill be+ ?us work$ & advanc$ by ! lead+ screw ( ! poppet1 w suffice = holes 9 any "w held on ! m&rel4 ,on page #cce1 vol4 ii41 ( ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 ?is me?od is m5tion$1 & also a simil> patt]n ( slide tool to be us$ = bor+1 be+1 9 fact1 ! head & sp9dle ( ! back poppet1 b in/ead ( ! /&>d & sole1 a p91 l t ( a ,t1 to fit ! socket ( ! re/4 ,?is has ! advantage ( ! back poppet1 b mu/ be made on purpose1 & if any special slide tool is add$1 a prop] slide re/ is by f> ! be/4 ,our pres5t purpose is to describe ! use ( ! back poppet z a sub/itute = a bett] tool4 ,) ! foll[+ modification ( ! ecc5tric cutt]1 a fair am\nt ( good ornam5tal "w may be done4 ,fig4 #adi repres5ts ! back poppet ) ! app>atus 9 position4 ,! v>i\s p>ts are %[n sep>ately 9 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,a is a small frame1 two or ?ree in*es long1 & #c_/d to #a in* wide1 ca/ 9 iron1 ) a circul> piece at ! back1 #a-a_/b or #b in*es diamet]4 ,?is circul> piece is to be accurately divid$ on ! edge ) any ev5 numb]1 :i* is divisible z above expla9$4 ,?is is turn$ & drill$ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,b is a flange-%ap$ piece to screw to ! poppet z be=e1 & ?is is also accurately drill$1 & ! two are atta*$ by a c5tral /eel p91 s t ! two flanges c turn face to face1 ! out] "o ) frame revolv+ aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! p9 mu/ be put 9 its place 9 ,b1 & turn$ at ! same "t z ! face ( ,b1 t x may be truly c5tral4 ,! divisions on ! edge ( ! out] flange are to be drill$ l ! division plate ( ! la!1 or cut into cogs1 & 9 ei!r case c be held at any po9t by a spr+ det5t or index atta*$4 ,c %[s ! front ( ! frame1 ) a screw d[n its c5tre & trav]s+ slide f4 ,! head ( ?is screw is divid$1 & a small brass index m>ks its position2 "o side ( ! frame may likewise be divid$4 ,! small brass pulley & drill socket are fix$ to revolve 9 ! trav]s+ nut or slide f1 z %[n 9 a side view at ,d4 ,drills ( all %apes1 z ,e #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 may be fix$ 9 ! socket at pleasure4 ,illu/ration3 ,e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,x is evid5t t ! cutt] frame la/ describ$ hav+ a division plate ( its own disp5ses ) ! necessity ( "o on ! pulley ( ! m&rel4 ,inde$ x 0 ! impossibility ( supply+ ! latt] on ! face ( ! cog:eel ( ! au?or's back-ge>$ la! t necessitat$ ! sub/itution ( t allud$ to4 ,! latt] may consequ5tly be omitt$ if appli$ to a la! already fitt$ ) division plate & index4 ,) crank-=m drills ! cutt+ edges ( :i* may be z ,e #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 or o!r =m1 su* patt]ns c be cut1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 :i* are m]ely samples ( ! simple/ comb9ations ( circles int]sect+ 9 /raight1 spiral1 or o!r l9es4 ,al?\gh n n[ treat+ ( ecc5tric "w1 we may /ate 9 pass+ t to produce ! patt]n r\nd ! edge ( #aej ! division plate ( ! in/rum5t only is requir$4 ,select a crank-=m drill :i* by its revolution w produce ! requir$ size ( circle4 ,turn ! divid$ screw head until y f9d ^u trial t ! circle w come at ! requir$ di/ance f ! edge1 & putt+ ! la! 9 motion cut ! fir/ circle4 ,! "w on ! m&rel is und]/ood to be /ation>y1 ! m&rel be+ fix$ s z n to turn4 ,! cutt] frame is n[ turn$ on its axis1 "o1 two1 or m ( its divisions1 & fix$ by its det5t1 & a second circle cut int]sect+ ! fir/4 ,?is is repeat$ till ! :ole circle is complet$4 ,! /raight l9e ( circles 9 ,fig4 #aea is cut z foll[s3--,! fir/ circle is made z be=e1 b ! cutt]-frame %\ld be plac$ s z to /& ei!r horizontally or v]tically4 ,betwe5 ea* cut ! divid$ screw-head is mov$ s _m po9ts accord+ to ! propos$ f95ess ( ! patt]n1 & no movem5t ( ! cutt] frame on its axis is to be made4 ,! spiral1 #aeb1 is simply ! result ( a comb9ation ( ! two movem5ts4 ,/>t f ! c5tre by turn+ ! screw head until ! %ank ( ! crank-=m drill is co9cid5t ) ! axis ( ! m&rel4 ,cut ! c5tral circle4 ,!nce = ea* successive circle turn ! screw head & ! frame an equal numb] ( po9ts1 & ! patt]n w be =m$4 ,if ! divid$ screw head is made to take (f & a h&le sub/itut$1 />s =m$ ( *annell$ l9es1 or radial flutes c be made z ,fig #aec1 b 9 ?is case ! crank =m drill is replac$ by a pla9 /raight tool ) a r\nd$ end l #adi ,e #d4 ,set ! tool z = patt]n #aej /raight across ! face ( ! "w1 put ! drill 9 rapid motion1 let x be advanc$ by ! lead+ screw ( ! poppet s z to p5etrate slightly1 & ) ! h&le t has be5 atta*$ to ! screw ( ! cutt] frame cause x to trav]se ! face ( ! "w z x revolves4 ,:5 "o flute is ?us cut1 turn ! frame on its axis z _m po9ts z requir$1 & proce$ ) numb] two1 & s on to ! completion ( ! />4 ,x is n necess>y at pres5t to describe o!r patt]ns4 ,fig4 #aec is !re=e m]ely giv5 )\t special details ( ! me?od ( produc+ x4 ,we mu/ n[ return f ?is digression to speak ( o!r applications ( ! slide re/4 ,x is evid5t t :5 connection is made betwe5 ! ov]head & a pulley on ! screw ( ! slide re/1 ! latt] becomes self-act+4 ,! spe$ is1 h[ev]1 f> too great1 & 9 addition1 ! m&rel is /ation>y4 ,! above connection1 !re=e1 is n practically possible1 & ! ov]head is only connect$ ) ! pulleys ( revolv+ drills & cutt]s fix$ 9 ! tool-hold]s ( ! re/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v important to be able to =m "s su* connection betwe5 ! la! m&rel & ! screw ( ! re/1 = ! purpose ( cutt+ screws or spirals4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ ! pr9ciple ( ?is arrangem5t1 f :i* "s practical plan is n difficult to design4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! tool simply rema9s 9 contact ) a cyl9d] :ile ! latt] revolves ) ! m&rel1 a simple l9e w be cut r\nd its circumf]5ce2 b if1 :ile ! m&rel revolves once1 motion is giv5 to ! screw ( ! re/ by :i* ! tool is made to trav]se a di/ance ( "o-eigh? ( an in*1 ! comm5cem5t ( a spiral hav+ t pit* w be made4 ,a p]fectly smoo? surface1 z x leaves ! la!1 9 :i* a slide re/ has be5 us$ ) a po9t tool1 is 9 reality cut ) a v f9e screw ?read readily disc]nable "u ! microscope4 ,we h1 !re=e1 only to devise "s me?od ( giv+ regul> motion to ! screw ( ! re/ :ile ! "w revolves z usual1 9 ord] to turn pla9 surfaces1 screws1 or spirals4 ,= ! purpose ( pla9 turn+ a plan is sket*$ by ,nasmy? 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,bak]'s ,me*anics1 9 ,weale's s]ies4 ,a spur :eel is repres5t$ fix$ to ! slide re/ screw1 ! tee? ( :i* are alt]nately caught at e turn ( ! "w1 by an arm fix$ to ! latt]1 aft] ! mann] ( a la! c>ri]4 ,?is plan is simple1 & might be to "s ext5t us$1 b = "o defect1 due to ! fact t ! slides ( ord9>y re/s are ! rev]se ( :at is requir$ to make ?is plan available4 ,! screw :i* advances ! tool t[>ds ! "w is g5]ally und]nea? t :i* moves ! tool along ! surface ( ! "w4 ,! result is t1 :5 ! tool-hold] is advanc$ to take ! deep] cut ! spur :eel is br\ght ne>] to ! arm :i* acts ^u x1 & great] trav]se is ?us giv5 to ! screw4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,a is ! spur :eel1 ,b ! cyl9d] to be turn$1 ,c ! arm or c>ri]4 ,! arr[ %[s ! direction ( ! movem5t4 ,n[1 if ! la! is put 9 motion1 ! arm w rema9 9 contact ) "o too? ( ! :eel until bo? arrive at b1 giv+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( motion to ! screw1 & !nce to ! tool-hold]4 ,aft] "o cut is ?us tak51 ! l[] screw ( ! re/ is turn$ to advance ! tool ne>] to ! "w1 ! effect ( :i* is to cause ! arm to ext5d fur!r ov] ! :eel4 ,suppose its position repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e1 x w rema9 9 contact ) ! too? till bo? arrive at c1 hav+ ?us trav]s$ a l>g] arc1 & giv5 m movem5t to ! tool4 ,n[ if ! frames ( ! slide re/ 7 made to cross 9 ! contr>y direction s t ! screw to advance ! tool t[>ds ! "w 0 above t :i* gave ! trav]se 9 ! direction ( ! b$1 ?is objection w\ld no long] hold1 & ! above ge>+ w\ld answ] v well1 s9ce ! necess>y advance ( ! tool w\ld n affect ! relative position ( ! spur-:eel & c>ri]4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ( ! same book1 9 :i* ! ge>+ is effect$ by two cog:eels1 ?is alt]ation 9 ! re/ appe>s 9 ! draw+4 ,9 ?is case ! "w & re/ are connect$ = screw cutt+1 & ! arrangem5t is satisfactory & simple1 & = ! amateur especially is ! simple/ & be/ t c be devis$4 ,! range ( screw pit*es is h[ev] limit$1 & ! re/ mu/ h a left-h&$ screw1 or ! result w be a left-h& ?read to t :i* is cut4 ,h5ce ano!r device has be5 arrang$1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aee1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,a %[s ! app>atus complete4 ,b is an arm ( iron or brass :i* is ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick or r m4 ,?is is fir/ slipp$ ov] ! m&rel screw 9 front ( ! poppet & fix$ 9 any desir$ position by a screw pass+ ?r\gh ! slot a1 into ! face ( ! poppet4 ,?is slot all[s ! arm to be rais$ or l[]$ at pleasure & adju/$1 z w be pres5tly describ$4 ,9 ! slot =m$ 9 ! long arm ,b1 p9s ,d ) nuts1 fit1 on ! r\nd$ "p ( :i* cog:eels1 b1 c1 d1 are made to revolve & to ge> ) ea* o!r1 & ) a simil> :eel atta*$ to ! back ( ! *uck1 ,c4 ,! c5tre ( ! outside :eel1 :e!r "o1 two1 or ?ree are us$1 is connect$ to ! screw ( ! slide-re/4 ,= ! production ( a "r-h&$ screw1 ! int]m$iate :eel comes into play1 simply to rev]se ! direction ( ! motion imp>t$ to ! screw ( ! slide re/4 ,! numb] ( tee? :i* x may conta9 is ( no importance1 ! calculation ( ! *ange :eel tee? be+ only necess>y ) ! fir/ & la/4 ,! c5tral "o is call$ an idle :eel1 ?\gh its "w is equal to t ( ! re/4 ,?us1 suppose ! :eel on ! *uck to conta9 #dj tee?1 & ! ?ird :eel #bj1 :ile ! =m] revolves once1 ! ?ird w1 if 9 imm$iate contact ) x1 revolve twice1 introduce an idle :eel ) #aj tee? betwe5 ^! two4 ,! :eel1 ) #dj tee?1 revolv+ once1 ! idle :eel w revolve #d times--! ?ird :eel twice1 j z if ! idle :eel 0 n 9 use4 ,9 any tra9 ( :eels1 if we reg>d relative spe$1 any numb] betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ become simil>ly idle :eels1 & ! ultimate result is ! same z if ! fir/ & la/ 7 9 imm$iate contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ tra9 ( five :eels1 ev5 numb]s be+ giv5 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 to repres5t ! circumf]5ces or numb] ( cogs 9 ea*1 ,fig4 #aef4 ,we h "h1 z ! fir/ & la/1 #f 94 & #abj 941 &1 if 9 contact1 ! fir/ mu/ revolve #bj times1 :ile ! latt] revolves once4 ,int]pose ! ?ree idle :eels ( #aj1 #cj1 & #fj 94 respectively4 ,dur+ "o revolution ( ! l>ge/ :eel1 ! second w revolve twice1 ! ?ird f\r times1 ! f\r? twelve times1 ! fif? tw5ty times1 ! same precisely z if ! fir/ & la/ _h be5 9 imm$iate contact4 ,! range ( a slide re/-screw is q long en\gh = _m purposes ( ! amateur1 & a connection ?us made betwe5 ! m&rel & su* screw is :at may be t]m$ a m9iature ( ! arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ! l>ge self-act+ la!s4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 a lead+ screw is add$ ! full l5g? ( ! b$ along :i* ! slide re/ travels bodily4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] ! screw ( ! slide-re/ a lead+ screw1 & make use ( ! rules appli$ 9 ! case ( l>ge la!s to decide ! proportions ( :eels requir$ to cut a giv5 screw4 ,x is pla9 t :5 ! pit* ( ! requir$ screw is great] ?an t ( ! lead+ screw1 ! revolution ( ! latt] mu/ be at a quick] rate ?an ! =m]4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a spiral is to be cut1 l ! ,elizabe?an twi/1 conta9+ b "o p]fect ?read 9 two in*es1 :ile ! lead+ screw conta9s tw5ty ?reads 9 ! in*1 or =ty 9 ! #b 941 ! latt] mu/ be arrang$ to make =ty revolutions :ile ! =m] makes "o1 because x takes #dj revolutions to c>ry ! tool along #b 941 :i* is ! pit* ( ! requir$ spiral4 ,! two outside :eels mu/ !re=e be> t proportion to "o ano!r4 ,=ty to "o1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a practically difficult ratio1 to place z describ$1 ev5 a p9ion ( t5 tee? on ! lead+ screw requir+ #djj tee? on ! *uck4 ,h5ce a diff]5t arrangem5t w\ld be necess>y if su* v great diff]5ce exi/ betwe5 ! pit* ( ! lead+ or re/ screw & t to be cut4 ,! same obvi\s difficulty w\ld occur :]e a v f9e screw is requir$1 & ! pit* ( ! lead+ screw is co>se4 ,?is w h to be ref]r$ to aga94 ,"o example1 !re=e1 ( ! me?od ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty w suffice4 ,a tra9 ( :eels is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeg1 ( :i* ,a has #fj tee?1 ,b #aj tee?1 ,c1 on ! same axle & unit$ to ,c1 #cj tee?1 ,d #bj tee?4 ,:ile ,a turns once1 ,b w turn six times1 ,c necess>ily six times also1 ,d n9e times4 ,9 ?is case1 if ! fir/ & la/ _h ge>$ toge!r ,d w\ld h made b ?ree turns1 :ile ,a made "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,! foll[+ is an easy me?od ( calculat+ a s]ies ( su* *ange :eels3-- ,write d[n ! numb] ( ?reads 9 ! screw to be cut1 & also ! numb] ( ?reads 9 ! lead+ screw2 multiply bo? by any conv5i5t numb] likely to give su* results z to tally ) ! cogs 9 ! set ( *ange :eels4 ,suppose x is desir$ to cut eight ?reads to ! in*1 & t ! lead+ screw has two ?reads 9 t l5g?4 ,!n3 #h #hj #h #abj #h #afj - #aj -- or - #ae --- or - #bj --- c4 #b #bj #b #cj #b #dj ,if y h ei!r c\ple ( ^! :eels1 y c put "o on ! lead+ screw1 & ano!r on ! m&rel1 & fill up ! int]m$iate space ) dummies4 ,if ! above is inconv5i5t1 or ! :eels are n to h& exactly z requir$1 proce$ ?us4 ,if y h ! :eel = ! m&rel1 & ! "o y wi% to use = ! lead+ screw has only half ! prop] am\nt ( tee?1 x is evid5t t ! lead+ screw w\ld revolve twice z fa/ z requir$1 = !y are proportion$ z two to "o--or if ,i h ! prop] :eel = ! lead+ screw1 & ! :eel ,i wi% to use = ! m&rel has twice ! prop] numb] ( tee?1 x am\nts to ! same ?+4 ,y c get ov] ! difficulty by us+ any two :eels :i* are 9 ! proportion ( two to "o 7say #bj & #dj1 #cj & #fj1 #dj & #hj1 c471 & c\pl+ ! two firmly toge!r1 s t ! l>g] :eel ( ! two works into ! m&rel :eel 7or dummy work+ into ! m&rel :eel7 & ! smalle/ into ! screw :eel 7or its dummy72 if ! spe$ is wrong 9 ! contr>y way1 s t ! case is rev]s$1 ! c\pl$ :eels are made to ge> 9 a rev]s$ direction2 & :atev] may be ! am\nt ( error1 :e!r su* z to cause ei!r m&rel or screw to revolve #a_/h1 #a_/d1 or #c_/d too sl[ or too fa/1 ! same arrangem5t may be pursu$1 ! c\pl$ :eels be>+ t proportion to ea* o!r4 ,! above me?od 0 communicat$ to ! ,engli% ,me*anic by a work+ man1 ,james ,connor1 & is p]haps z easy z any2 b tables are publi%$ ( *ange :eels = any pit*1 ) any ?read ( lead+ screw4 ,:]e x is n possible or inconv5i5t to apply ! above arrangem5t1 & :]e only a few pit*es are likely to be ne$$1 ano!r me?od c be arrang$ by connect+ ! la! pulley to ! ov]head motion & !nce to ! screw ( ! re/4 ,su* an arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,a is ! fly :eel1 ,b m&rel pulley1 ,c1 ,d1 pulleys on ! ov]head1 ,e pulley & screw ( ! slide re/4 ,to facilitate calculation1 let diamet] ( ,c equal t ( ! "p ( ! m&rel pulley t drives x1 by :i* x w revolve 9 ! same "t4 ,! calculation ( ! sizes ( pulleys1 ,d & ,e1 w be ! same z = ! cog:eels ( ! screw-cutt+ la!1 circumf]5ce & numb] ( cogs be+1 s f> z calculation is conc]n$1 ! same ?+4 ,let ! lead+ screw h eight ?reads to ! in*1 & let x be requir$ to cut a spiral ( two ?reads to ! in*4 ,proce$ z be=e by divid+ ! requir$ numb] ( ?reads to be cut by ! numb] on ! lead+ screw #b-h #be4 ,! pulley on ! lead+ screw w be !re=e "o qu>t] ! size ( t on ! ov]head 7:i* is virtually t on ! m&rel z x revolves at an equal spe$ ) ! latt]74 ,! ov]head pulley may be conv5i5tly twelve in*es diamet]1 & t on ! screw ?ree in*es4 ,:ile ! m&rel makes "o revolution ! screw w make f\r1 advanc+ ! tool half an in*1 & cutt+ "o ?read ( a spiral 9 t di/ance4 ,! next revolution w advance ! cutt] a second half in*1 cutt+ a second complete ?read ( spiral4 ,two ?reads w1 !re=e1 h be5 cut 9 ! space ( "o in* z desir$4 ,by ! above me?od %ort screws & spirals ( div]s pit*es may be cut at pleasure4 ,! practical difficulty 9 ?is plan is due regulation ( ! v>i\s spe$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,we "h introduce a modification ( self-act+ la! = cutt+ ,elizabe?an twi/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,wilcox 9 8 ,,ms4 be=e allud$ to4 ,! "w is "h done by a lead+ screw & too!d ge>+1 ! pr9ciple be+ t ( ! ord9>y ma*9e la!4 ,a *uck1 ,a1 ) cog:eel atta*$ holds ! "w z usual1 ! back c5tre be+ also requir$4 ,! cog:eel ge>s ) "o ( less diamet] atta*$ to ! end ( ! guide-screw ,b4 ,on ! latt] works ! re/ ,c1 9 :i* is a nut ( ! same ?read z t on ! guide screw1 & :i* holds ! tool 9 a not* or holl[ ^u its upp] "p4 ,! tool is !n us$ by h&1 b is guid$ 9 its c\rse along ! surface ( ! "w to be turn$4 ,?is guide screw1 ) ! re/ & cog:eel1 is m\nt$ on a bo>d z a sep>ate piece ( app>atus1 & is1 :5 us$1 clamp$ on ! la! b$4 ,z ! re/ is aft] all little else ?an a l>ge nut1 x mu/ be prev5t$ f turn+ r\nd1 & mu/ be arrang$ to be> ! pressure ( ! tool1 reliev+ ! long screw f ! /ra9 t w\ld be ?us caus$4 ,?is is effect$ by a long flat b>--l ! re/ ( a *air mak]'s la!--ext5d+ ! full l5g? ( ! b$ %[n "h at ,e1 & support$ by /&>ds ,f1 ,f4 ,a project+ "p ( ! re/ be>s ^u ?is1 & slides along x ) ! tool4 ,! "w is begun ) ! re/ on ! "r h&1 & "s c>e is necess>y z x ne>s ! cog:eel on ! left1 :5 ! "w mu/ be /opp$ & ! :ole run back by h& to its />t+-place4 ,?is is "o *ief defect 9 ?is app>atus1 = ! re/ v quickly trav]ses ! l5g? ( ! screw1 & great delay is caus$ by hav+ ?us con/antly to /op ! la! & rev]se ! motion4 ,! close/ att5tion is also necess>y to prev5t ! re/ f ov]runn+ its m>k & /rik+ ! cog:eel4 ,x is evid5t t by us+ diff]5t pit*es ( cog:eels1 _m screws ( v>i$ ?reads c be cut 9 ! above la!4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r defect 9 ! above tool n notic$ by ! writ] ( ! ,,ms4 f :i* ! description is tak51 namely1 ! difficulty 7common to all su* contrivances = turn+ wood71 ( obta9+ ! requisite spe$4 ,if ! "w is put 9 rapid motion1 )\t :i* wood w n be cut clean1 ! movem5t ( ! re/ w be s rapid also1 f ! effect ( ! multiply+ :eel1 t ! tool w be c>ri$ f end to end 9 a few seconds4 ,we w !re=e proce$ to describe a modification ( ?is & simil> app>atus1 :i* all[s ! tool a sl[ trav]se l5g?wise ( ! "w1 b gives x imm5se rapidity 9 ! necess>y direction4 ,! foll[+ is applicable to ! la! describ$ above1 to ! ord9>y slide re/ work$ by h&1 or to ! l>ge self-act+ screw-cutt+ la!s us$ 9 manufactories1 & is specially adapt$ = cutt+ spirals or o!r patt]ns 9 wood4 ,9 ! ,fig4 #afj1 ,a repres5ts a %ank1 :i* may be made ( any %ape to fit p>ticul> patt]ns ( tool hold]4 ,?is %ank is turn$ up & becomes a cyl9d] at ,b1 l t ( ! ord9>y revolv+ cutt]4 ,?is "p is bor$1 & fitt$ ) a /eel sp9dle1 :i* %\ld be ( /r5g? proportionate to ! size ( /uff likely to be op]at$ on4 ,"o end ( ! sp9dle is fitt$ ) a brass pulley1 f :i* a cord is to be atta*$ to ! ov]head app>atus1 ! o!r end t]m9ates 9 a r\nd or hexagonal boss1 ,d1 r\nd ! m>g9 ( :i* are securely held1 by means ( bridles ,b#a or o!r simple contrivance1 a pair or m ( small %>p g\ges4 ,?is app>atus is put 9 ! tool hold] ( ! slide re/1 set to ! angle t corresponds ) t ( ! screw or twi/1 & put 9 rapid revolution by means ( ! ov]head app>atus4 ,! :ole re/1 or m]ely ! upp] "p1 is !n put 9 motion by "o ( ! be=e-nam$ means1 & ! tool advanc$ to make a cut4 ,h[ev] sl[ ! movem5t ( ! re/ may be1 ! cutt]s move ) su* velocity z to make clean & beautiful "w4#ac ,?is may be appli$ to ! slide-re/ ( ! twi/ la!1 j describ$1 or any simil> app>atus4 ,9 ! ov]head1 a roll]1 supply+ ! place ( ! second pulley1 z describ$ 9 a previ\s page1 w all[ ! second cord suffici5t p[] ( trav]se to keep up a prop] position 9 ref]5ce to ! pulley ,c4 ,revolv+ cutt]s on ! same pr9ciple z ! above1 h ( late ye>s come into ext5sive use 9 wood-cutt+ & c>v+ ma*9]y4 ,! /eam planes n[ us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( floor+ bo>ds1 ! spoke turn+ la!1 m\ld+ & %ap+ ma*9es = wood are all ?us fitt$4 ,! g\ges or o!r cutt]s us$ mu/ n be plac$ radially1 b z tang5ts to ! circumf]5ce ( ! boss 9 :i* !y are fix$4 ,an improvem5t ^u ! simple bridle to hold ! cutt]s w\ld be ! sub/itution ( ,babbage's tool hold]1 f\r radial arms be+ sub/itut$ = ! metal boss above allud$ to4 ,?is tool is describ$ & figur$ 9 ,holtzapffel's ,me*anical ,manipulation1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = an accurate description4 ,x *iefly consi/s ( a %ank turn$ up at ! end l ,fig4 #afa1 ! outside1 at ,b1 be+ r\nd$ to fit holl[ g\ges su* z ,fig4 #afa;,h2 aga9/ ?is ! holl[ ( ! g\ge is laid1 & opposite to x1 at ,c1 a small piece l ,d4 ,a b& or hoop1 ,e1 is n[ plac$ ov] bo? ! above1 & betwe5 ! two a w$ge-%ap$ piece1 ,f1 :i* is int5d$ to br+ a /ra9 ^u ! hoop & tight5 x r\nd ! g\ge4 ,?is la/ piece is atta*$ to ! %ank or hold] by a screw pass+ ?r\gh x into ! %ank4 ,! tight] ?is screw is work$ ! l[] ! c5tral w$ge is drawn d[n1 & ! tight] ! hoop is made to embrace ! tool4 ,?is hold] is also modifi$ to suit flat *isels4 ,! tool _c possibly slip1 b c be releas$ 9 a few seconds if desir$4 ,su* a t]m9ation ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r arms revolv+ on a sp9dle 9 place ( ! boss w\ld =m ! be/ possible circul> cutt] = %ap+ la!s4 ,! above la! = produc+ ,elizabe?an twi/ introduces ! read] to self-act+1 screw-cutt+1 & ma*9e la!s1 su* z are us$ 9 all l>ge manufactories4 ,h&-turn+1 inde$1 except 9 su* light "w z turn+ up ! heads ( small bolts1 & f9i%+ up "w :i*1 f peculi>ities ( =m1 _c easily be done by self-act+ tools1 has become a ?+ ( ! pa/ 9 factories ( any pret5sions2 h& lab\r1 9 fact1 n only no long] pays1 b is q insuffici5t to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t age4 ,take1 = example1 a pi/on-rod requir+ to be z true z a hair1 to use a common expression1 f end to end4 ,! trav]se ( an ord9>y slide-re/ w\ld only enable u to turn a %ort l5g? at a "t1 & ! result1 :5 accompli%$1 w\ld n be satisfactory4 ,) a self-act+ la! ! tool trav]ses 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e f end to end1 is return$ to its />t+-po9t by a quick trav]se1 & ! movem5t repeat$ until ! prop] dim5sions are atta9$4 ,! process is n absolutely rapid1 because "t is requisite 9 cutt+ iron & /eel1 b ! "w is execut$ z spe$ily z ! nature ( ! metal to be cut w all[1 & ! execution is p]fect4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! above has be5 improv$ ^u1 = two cutt]s are us$ at once--"o on ea* side ( ! b>1 s t by "o trav]se ( ! re/ a cut ( d\ble dep? is tak51 & ! t5d5cy ( ! "w to spr+ away f "o tool is c\nt]act$ by ! op]ation ( ! o!r4 ,b we require some?+ m ?an spe$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,we mu/ h "w ( absolute tru? ( measurem5t4 ,:at w\ld our ance/ors1 or ! immortal ,watt himself1 ?9k ( measur+ "w to ! hundr$? "p ( an in*1 yet x c be & is done to ! ?\s&? "p4 ,i believe ,i am correct 9 say+ t ,:itwor? con/antly gauges "w to t or ev5 a high] degree ( nicety4 ,x is n too mu* to ass]t t ! be/ eng9es ( ! pres5t day really "w ) ! precision ( clockwork1 & ev5 ! bore ( an ,arm/rong or ,:itwor? gun is execut$ ) no less accuracy & precision4 ,look aga9 at t pond]\s affair1 ! /eam hamm]1 s pond]\s z to require a dep? ( solid masonry & timb]s to su/a9 ! =ce ( its t]rific bl[s4 ,9 a few m9utes a solid mass ( metal is r$uc$ to a flat plate su* z w\ld h tak5 ! unit$ /r5g? ( a doz5 m5 wield+ ! heavie/ sl$ge-hamm]s = an h\r at lea/4 ,! gr\nd b5ea? ! feet ( ! spectator trembles at e bl[ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! "w is done1 & behold6 ) a t\* ! same pond]\s conc]n becomes a nutcrack]1 n ev5 injur+ ! k]nel :5 x breaks ! %ell4 ,su* is "o ( a hundr$ specim5s ( accurate workman%ip c>ry+ out 9 practice ! clev] designs ( ! me*anical eng9e]4 ,sweep away self-act+ ma*9]y1 & su* "w w\ld become a simple impossibility4 ,aga91 s long z turn+1 bor+1 plan+1 & su* "w 0 p]=m$ by h& alone 7ev5 aft] ! introduction ( ! slide pr9ciple71 an att5dant 0 requir$ at ea* ma*9e4 ,n[ t ! latt] is contriv$ to regulate its own movem5ts1 "o man at two or ?ree la!s is suffici5t4 ,?us ! same article t 0 once imp]fect & co/ly1 ow+ to ! dem& on skill$ lab\r1 :i* 0 difficult to procure & at be/ ineffici5t :5 procur$1 has n[ become *eap1 & to all int5ts & purposes p]fect2 & al?\gh ! dem& = su* "w increases ye> by ye>1 self-act+ ma*9]y be+ con/antly improv$ & simplifi$1 enables ! manufactur] to keep pace ) ! dem&4 #ac ,! spiral *uck = f9e "w 9 ivory & co/ly woods is describ$ 9 a lat] page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,! advantages ( self-act+ ma*9]y are ( c\rse *iefly conf9$ to ! trade1 & x is n (t5 t ! m]e amateur requires su* aid4 ,inde$1 ! exp5se necess>ily att5dant on ! fabrication ( ^! ma*9es det]s ! great majority f mak+ su* a pur*ase4 ,,self-,,act+ ,,& ,,screw-,,cutt+ ,,la!s4 ,! fir/ requisite = fitt+ up a la! = screw-cutt+ & pla9 turn+ is ! fitt+ a guide-screw1 & add+ a saddle to ! slide-re/4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! ord9>y m&rel ( small foot-la!s1 :i* works 9 a coll> & back c5tre1 is n conv]tible1 & mu/ be replac$ by "o work+ ?r\gh two coll>s1 s t a "p may project at ! opposite end to t int5d$ = ! *ucks4 ,on ?is projection v>i\s cog:eels h to be fitt$4 ,n[ !re are div]s patt]ns ( m&rel suitable = ! above purpose2 "s are p]fectly cyl9drical1 "s h "o conical "p1 "s are fitt$ ) a second cone1 indep5d5t ( ! m&rel1 & :i* slides ^u x1 & c be adju/$ by means ( regulat+ nuts4 ,?is latt] be+ a good patt]n1 :5 well con/ruct$1 we %all fir/ describe 9 detail4 ,9 ,fig4 #afb is %[n ,a1 ! m&rel complete1 ) fitt+s 9 section1 b )\t any ( ! *ange :eels4 ,! cone a is =g$ on ! m&rel1 :i* !n becomes cyl9drical4 ,! cone is figur$ too l>ge 9 proportion to size ( m&rel2 ! latt] %\ld be repres5t$ z mu* m sub/antial4 ,at b ! second cone slides on1 ! latt] %[n aga9 at ,b4 ,x is bor$ truly1 & a slot cut to fit a fea!r on ! m&rel4 ,?us x w slide along x1 b mu/ necess>ily turn ) x4 ,beyond ,d on ! left are two screw$ p>ts1 "o slightly l>g] ?an ! o!r1 "o be+ made ) a left-h&$1 ! o!r ) a "r-h&$ ?read4 ,on ^! screw ! two nuts1 d1 e1 :i* drive ! movable cone t[>ds ! "r1 caus+ x to fit m tightly into its coll>1 & also by ! same movem5t tight5+ ! fix$ cone 9 its be>+s4 ,! m&rel is ?us readily adju/able 9 ! coll>s1 & c be made to run v truly & easily )\t %ake or endlong movem5t4 ,any pressure1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! front1 su* z w\ld be caus$ by drill+1 w\ld jam ! front cone 9 its coll>1 & t5d to loos5 ! o!r4 ,?is is c\nt]act$ by ! "p f1 g1 ) its screw1 h1 aga9/ :i* ! end ( ! m&rel be>s4 ,t ?is =m requires good workman%ip is evid5t1 = !re are ?ree po9ts1 or be>+ surfaces1 to be br\ght into a correct l9e1 & ! slighte/ deviation w cause ! m&rel to jam 9 "s "p ( its revolution4 ,! nuts screw up 9 opposite directions to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy 9 ei!r to screw up m tightly1 or to become loos] by ! revolution ( ! m&rel4 ,on ! :ole ! above is a good =m ( m&rel2 if x has a fault1 x is a slight t5d5cy to "w heavily4 ,! next =m is t ( ! ord9>y m&rel1 ) s+le cone1 b a second coll> is add$1 :i* is cyl9drical1 ?r\gh :i* ! m&rel passes1 & x !n abuts on ! su/a9+ screw z be=e4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc1 ) ! addition ( ! :eel1 :i* is to be connect$ by int]m$iate :eels & p9ions ) ! lead+ screw4 ,if ! conical coll> is replac$ by a cyl9drical "o1 s t two simil> be>+s are made use (1 a %\ld] becomes necess>y to prev5t ! m&rel f slipp+ endwise4 ,! coll>s mu/ also be split z 9 ,fig4 #afd1 s t !y c be tight5$ up z !y become worn4 ,ei!r ( ! above =ms ( m&rel c be us$2 ea* has its advocates1 & n unfrequ5tly all may be f\nd 9 diff]5t ma*9es 9 ! same manufactory4 ,! b$ ( a self-act+ la! requires to be accurately surfac$1 & =m$ by ! plan+ ma*9e ) two ,v's or edges bevell$ und]nea?1 z #afe b1 b4 ,! saddle ( :i* we h spok5 is a flat plate ( ca/ iron fitt$ ) ,v pieces to mat* ! bevell$ edges ( ! la! b$1 along :i* x slides truly1 its "u-edge be+ plan$4 ,to ?is plate ! slide re/ is atta*$ securely1 ei!r turn+ :5 requir$ on a c5tral p91 & be+ clamp$ at any desir$ angle1 z be=e /at$ :5 treat+ ( ! comp\nd slide re/1 or1 :5 ?is movem5t is pref]r$ to be giv5 to ! upp] slide1 fix$ p]man5tly by nuts & screws4 ,! saddle is repres5t$ deta*$ 9 ,fig4 #aff4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! self-act+ la! is v simple4 ,motion is giv5 to ! screw by means ( cog :eels ge>$ ) ! m&rel1 a nut fitt+ ! screw is atta*$ to a hang+ bracket ( ! saddle1 & ?is ) ! re/ is !reby c>ri$ along ! b$4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to add "s contrivance = in/antly ?r[+ ! screw out ( ge>1 )\t ! necessity ( /opp+ ! la! itself4 ,!re are _m ways ( effect+ ?is1 ! mo/ common be+ ! use ( a split nut1 :i* embraces ! lead+ screw :5 ! two halves are br\ght toge!r ^u x1 b :i* is in/antly fre$ by sep>at+ !m ?r\gh ! action ( lev]s & cams1 or o!r simple me*anical contrivance4 ,9 ,fig4 #afg1 a is ! bottom ( ! saddle f :i* dep5d ! brackets ,e1 ,e4 ,! nut ,b1 ,b1 :i* is divid$ across ! middle1 slides up & d[n betwe5 ^! brackets1 ,d be+ ! lead+ screw :i* !y embrace :5 clos$4 ,! movem5t ( ! halves ( ! nut is effect$ by ! lev] c1 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,t mov+ on a c5tre p9 at ,k1 & hav+ two l9ks1 ,d1 ,d1 atta*$ to ! halves ( ! nut at "o end1 & to ! ends ( ! cross lev] at ! o!r4 ,a connect+ b> pivot$ to ! "p1 ,l1 is atta*$ to a lev] & h&le1 by :i* motion is communicat$ to ! lev]4 ,:5 ?is rod is mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ! l9ks w cause ! nut to close & vice v]sa4 ,! next =m1 #afh & #afi1 repres5ts ! split nut atta*$ to two arms1 ,a1 ,a1 h+$ toge!r at ,e4 ,b1 ,b1 are slots 9 :i* "w ! p9s atta*$ to ! cross head ( ! lev]s ,c1 ,c4 ,a heavy knob ( iron keeps ! latt] 9 ! position to :i* x may be mov$4 ,9 #afh ! p9s keep ! arms & nuts ap>t4 ,:5 ! lev] is ?r[n ov]1 z 9 #afi1 ! nut is securely clos$ & held 9 ge>4 ,?is =m requires to be fix$ to ! l[] "p ( a bracket atta*$ to ! saddle ( ! slide re/1 su* z is %[n at ,b1 ,c1 ,fig4 #agj4 ,9 ?is figure1 ,a is ! bottom ( ! saddle ,e1 ,e1 ! ,v piece1 t on ! left1 hav+ an adju/+ screw to tight5 x on ! la! b$ :5 necess>y4 ,at ,f is a project+ piece ( ! saddle fitt+ accurately betwe5 ! la! b$1 & kept d[n by a screw ) b$ plate und]nea?4 ,?is s]ves to /eady ! movem5t ( ! saddle & relieve ! pressure & /ra9 ^u ! ,v pieces4 ,! b$-plate may be cut out to fit ! l[] "p ( ! b$ on :i* x slides1 bo? be+ plan$ = ! purpose1 z %[n at ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,9 ,fig4 #aga ! half nuts slide up & d[n on ! front ( ! saddle1 & are mov$ by a circul> plate on ! outside4 ,! action is v simil> to t ( ,fig4 #afg1 int]v5+ l9ks1 atta*$ to ! plate & to ! halves ( ! nuts1 giv+ motion to ! latt] z requir$4 ,cams & ecc5trics ( v>i$ =ms are also made use ( = ! same purpose1 e la! mak] devis+ new & improv$ movem5ts f "t to "t4 ,!re is inde$ little difficulty 9 arrang+ a satisfactory me?od1 ! be/ be+ t :i* is "u easy control1 ( adequate /r5g?1 & n likely to be easily dis>rang$ by ! r\gh treatm5t x is liable to receive at ! h&s ( ! workman4 ,! lead+ screw may ei!r be plac$ on ! outside1 9 front ( ! b$ next to ! workman1 or inside betwe5 ! be>]s4 ,! =m] is pref]able z be+ m accessible1 b x is r m expos$ to injury4 ,:5 betwe5 ! be>]s ! l>ge saddle ( ! slide re/ s]ves to protect x f ! fall+ *ips & %av+s ( metal :i*1 mix+ ) ! oil1 are apt to clog ! ?reads & add to ! friction ( ! p>ts1 besides increas+ consid]ably ! we> & te>1 & no accid5tal bl[ is likely to rea* ! screw ?us protect$ on bo? sides by ! la! b$4 ,nev]!less1 all ! v>i\s p>ts ( a ma*9e %\ld be made z accessible z possible1 &1 ) ! ex]cise ( ord9>y c>e 9 its pres]vation1 ! position outside is on ! :ole ! be/4 ,if ! la! b$ is v long1 x may be desirable to support ! screw by all[+ x to re/ on friction :eels fix$ to ! saddle at bo? ends1 or by all[+ x to pass ?r\gh a pair ( brasses4 ,?us1 z ! saddle is (t5 two feet 9 l5g?1 su* be>+s at ea* end1 ) ! split nut betwe5 ! two1 =m po9ts ( support :i* g f> to prev5t ! screw f jagg+ or b5d+ 9 ! middle f its own weight4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( self-act+ tools is simil> ) all ! mak]s4 ,fig4 #agb is a draw+ ( su* a tool f a sket* ( ,eades ,son1 an old firm 9 ,li*field-/reet1 ,birm+ham1 ! screw be+ "h plac$ 9 front4 ,:itwor?1 ! em95t me*anician ( ,man*e/]1 makes _m la!s ) ! screw betwe5 ! b$s4 ,he also uses a d\ble slide re/1 ) a tool work+ at ea* side ( ! piece to be turn$1 :i* _c ?us spr+ away f ! cut4 ,?is is call$ a duplex slide re/4 ,by ?is me?od d\ble ! cut is tak51 & ! /ra9 ^u ! "w less5$4 ,9 addition to ! screw !re is usually a rack atta*$ to ! la! b$1 on ! fur!/ side1 & a cog :eel work+ ^u ?is1 atta*$ to ! back ( ! slide re/ saddle1 is turn$ by a h&le 9 front ( ! re/1 ,fig4 #agc4 ,?is enables ! workman1 aft] hav+1 by means ( ! screw1 complet$ ! cut to ! end ( ! "w1 to run ! re/ back aga9 v quickly1 hav+ fir/ releas$ ! split nut f ! screw4 ,! tool is ?us br\ght into position = ! next cut f> m rapidly ?an c\ld be manag$ by rev]s+ ! motion ( ! screw4 ,?is is call$1 !re=e1 ! quick return motion1 & is almo/ always atta*$ to ! l>g] class ( ma*9e-la!s4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! details ( o!r =ms ( ge>+1 & ! arrangem5t ( *ange-:eels = cutt+ screws or = pla9 turn+1 we %all introduce a few rem>ks ^u ! (t5-repeat$ "q z to ! advisability ( self-act+ la!s = ! purposes ( ! amateur4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! *ief object ( su* a la! is ! manufacture ( l>ge screws1 long %afts1 & su* "w z ! pi/on rods ( eng9es1 requir+ p]fect accuracy f "o end to ! o!r4 ,bor+ cyl9d]s & simil> "w is n[ g5]ally done 9 an upright or v]tical bor+ ma*9e1 :i* is = _m reasons m conv5i5t4 ,?is class ( "w1 ( c\rse1 ! amateur has no?+ to d )4 ,! trav]se ( an ord9>y slide re/ is g5]ally adequate = surfac+ or bor+ to a l5g? ( six in*es1 :i* is suffici5t = mo/ purposes1 & c readily be done by turn+ ! lead+ screw ( ! re/ by h&4 ,!n1 z reg>ds screw cutt+ 9 ! la!1 x is que/ionable :e!r x is n easi] to turn up ! blank & cut ) /ock & dies4 ,! ?read ?us =m$ is a copy ( t ( ! tool1 & ! latt]1 z made by ,:itwor? & o!r fir/-class mak]s1 is z p]fect z ma*9]y direct$ by tal5t$ workm5 c produce4 ,if x is really desirable1 h[ev]1 to make use ( ! la! = ?is purpose1 ! plan already sugge/$ is g5]ally applicable1 namely1 ge>+ ! lead+ screw ( ! slide re/ to ! m&rel1 ei!r by means ( *ange-:eels atta*$ to an arm1 or by connection ) ! ov]head pulleys4 ,!re is1 9 addition1 a plan ( atta*+ a pair ( dies to ! tool hold] ( ! re/1 aft] deta*m5t ( ! screw f its nut1 :i* may be available 9 "s cases4 ,!re are also screw plates made 9 two halves1 ! plates be+ divid$ l5g?wise & clamp$ toge!r at pleasure1 admitt+ ( application to any screw-blank :ile revolv+ 9 ! la!2 &1 la/ly1 pairs ( dies1 fitt$ l pli]s1 c be simil>ly us$ by h& )\t any slide re/4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x w h>dly pay to give #ej1 or #fj1 = a screw-cutt+ la! t is m]ely de/9$ = small "w2 t c be done suffici5tly well 9 a common la! ) h& motion to ! re/4 ,= cutt+ %ort screws1 su* z ^? ( boxes1 a conv5i5t & practically useful contrivance is /ill a desid]atum4 ,! trav]s+ m&rel is1 no d\bt1 ! be/1 b x is an exp5sive patt]n1 if well made1 & x is necess>y to sacrifice1 9 a measure1 g5]al utility to que/ionable & c]ta9ly p>tial advantage4 ,turn+ is1 moreov]1 an art1 & to atta9 skill 9 x1 p]sev]ance & practice are necess>y--h5ce ! ze/ exp]i5c$ 9 its pursuit by ! real lov] ( x4 ,?is p]sev]ance pays1 & to atta9 ! skill requir$ to trace a %ort screw ) ! *as+ tool is )9 ! rea* ( any "o :o desires to accompli% x4 ,! art once acquir$1 ! desire = a trav]s+ m&rel ceases2 = no good workman w\ld accept a contrivance ( ! k9d :5 he c m easily & quickly accompli% 8 end )\t x4 ,writ+ ?is = ! special b5efit ( amateurs1 we w\ld /rongly advise !m n to ?r[ away money to pur*ase ! means ( do+ :at aft] all !y w probably nev]1 & c]ta9ly only seldom1 c>ry into practice4 ,! pleasure af=d$ by all ! me*anical arts is greatly enhanc$ by meet+ ) & triumphantly surm\nt+ all sorts ( difficulties4 ,let x be a /&+ rule ( our read]s to make use ( ! appliances at h& in/ead ( seek+ o!rs :i* only save tr\ble & r5d] skill unnecess>y4 ,:at c be m aggravat+ ?an = an amateur1 ) 8 hundr$ gu9ea la! & *e/s ( tools1 to be oblig$ to take 8 "w to a me*anic1 & to see him1 ^: :ole /ock might be b\ght ) p]haps a t5? "p ( ! money1 take 9 h& & f9i% ) ease :at has baffl$ ! skill ( 8 m weal?y patron8 ,! common fault ( ! amateur is undue hurry4 ,to him "t is seldom an object1 yet ! me*anic1 to :om x is s preci\s1 readily sp5ds m ^u 8 "w4 ,he nev] hurries1 nev] compromises1 b ) la! & file fits ! sev]al p>ts ( 8 "w ) ! mo/ pati5t c>e & practis$ skill4 ,! result is at once se5 :5 8 productions are plac$ side by side ) ^? ( ! zeal\s b too ha/y amateur4 ,x rema9s1 z previ\sly describ$1 to arrange c]ta9 cog:eels ge>+ ) ea* o!r ^u ! sp9dle ( ! m&rel & ^u ! end ( ! screw1 to enable ! workman at pleasure to v>y _! ratio ( spe$1 9 ord] to give him ! means ( regulat+ ! pit* ( ?read to be cut4 ,= ?is purpose a set ( *ange :eels is suppli$ ) ! screw-cutt+ la!1 ! numb] ( cogs 9 :i* usually comm5c+ at fifte51 increase by five1 until ! numb] "o hundr$ & tw5ty is rea*$1 !n increas+ by t5 up to ! complete set4 ,duplicates ( "s numb]s are also conv5i5t4 ,! me?od ( f9d+ ! prop] siz$ :eels is1 ( c\rse1 bas$ ^u ! proportion borne by ! requir$ pit* to t ( ! lead+ screw & "o =m ( calculation = ! purpose has already be5 giv54 ,?us1 suppos+ ! lead+ screw to h two ?reads to ! in*1 x mu/ revolve twice to move ! tool t di/ance1 & if we wi% to cut a screw ( t5 ?reads to ! in*1 ! "w on ! m&rel mu/ revolve t5 times :ile ! lead+ screw revolves twice1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! m&rel mu/ revolve five times :ile ! screw revolves once4 ,! cogs 9 ! :eels mu/ !re=e be 9 ! proportion ( five to "o1 say fifty on ! screw & t5 on ! m&rel1 ) an idle :eel on ! /ud to cause ! motion ( ! tool to be su* z w cut a "r-h&$ ?read1 or to cause ! m&rel & screw to take ! same direction4 ,n[1 x seldom happ5s t two :eels & an idle "o w give ! requisite spe$ to ! tool1 & ! numb] ( cogs requir$ soon m\nts to inconv5i5t numb]s4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 accord+ to a pr9ciple already laid d[n1 a /ud-:eel ) a p9ion atta*$ to ! same1 is plac$ 9 ! tra9 ( :eels1 & ! object readily atta9$4 ,a modification ( ! rule ( calculation may make ! sy/em ( *ange :eels /ill cle>]4 ,let ! pit* ( guide screw be z be=e1 namely1 two ?reads to ! in*1 & let five be requir$4 ,place ! numb]s ?us1 #b-e1 & divide bo? into _! factors1 twice "o1 or #b #a1 & twice two & a half1 or #b-a_/b #b4 #b #a -------- #b-a_/b44b ,n[1 x is c]ta9 y c h no :eels conta9+ half not*es1 nor ( su* small numb]s ( cogs1 !re=e multiply by any conv5i5t numb]s--t51 = in/ance1 :i* give #bj44aj ------4 #be44bj ,?is is all t is ne$$4 ,put a :eel ( tw5ty cogs on ! m&rel1 & let x "w into "o ( tw5ty-five on ! /ud1 ! latt] c>ry+ a p9ion ( t5 cogs1 driv+ "o ( tw5ty cogs on ! screw4 ,to prove ?is1 z be=e1 ! screw mu/ make two revolutions to c>ry ! tool "o in*1 & dur+ t "t ! m&rel 7c>ry+ screws to be cut7 mu/ make five revolutions4 ,let ! screw :eel revolve twice1 ! p9ion ( t5 tee? w revolve f\r times 7twice #bj #dj & f\r times #aj #dj72 b z ! /ud :eel & p9ion are z "o1 & revolve toge!r1 ! /ud :eel mu/ also revolve f\r times 7#d #be #ajj74 ,?us ! m&rel :eel w revolve five times z requir$ 7#bj #e #ajj74 ,no o!r me?od is s easy to und]/& & "w z ! above4 ,to give full details & provide work+ draw+s ( ! v>i\s screw cutt+ la!s by diff]5t mak]s w\ld be to ext5d ! pres5t s]ies to an unnecess>y limit1 b we %all nev]!less describe ano!r me?od by :i* ^! la!s ) trav]s+ re/s are made self-act+ :5 screw cutt+ is n requir$4 ,in/ead ( a lead+ screw ext5d+ f "o end ( ! la! to ! o!r1 !re ext5ds a b> ( /eel ab\t ! diamet] ( ! screw ) a key groove or slot f end to end4 ,?is b> is support$ 9 be>+s at ea* end1 & c>ries ^u its surface a f]rule ( /eel ) a screw cut ^u its outside simil> to ,fig4 #agd1 :]e ,a is ! b> & ,b ! f]rule4 ,! pit* ( screw is co>se1 be+ simil> 9 its object to ! guide screw previ\sly describ$4 ,a p9 fix$ into ?is f]rule fall+ into ! slot p]mits x to travel along ! b> b causes bo? to revolve toge!r :5 ! b> is put 9 motion by means ( a cog :eel or /rap pulley at "o end4 ,along ! same side ( ! la! b$1 & level ) ! surface1 is a rack1 ,c1 ^u ! face ( :i* works a p9ion1 ,d1 c>ry+ on ! same axis a cog or r worm :eel1 ,e1 to ge> ) ! screw f]rule4 ,! be>+s ( ?is axis are secur$ to ! saddle ( ! slide re/4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! b> revolves1 ! screw is also put 9 motion1 ! :eel1 ,a1 ,fig4 #age1 & p9ion1 ,b1 p>take ( ! movem5t1 & ! latt] trav]ses ! face ( ! rack1 c>ry+ ! saddle ) its re/ & tool hold] along ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,by ?is movem5t ! screw f]rule trav]ses ! b> z x revolves1 !reby virtually becom+ a long lead+ screw4 ,9 ,fig4 #agf1 :i* is a view f above1 look+ d[n ^u ! la! b$1 ,a is ! rack1 ,b1 ,b1 ! saddle cut away to %[ ! rack & p9ion ,c2 ,e is ! worm :eel1 ,d ! long b>1 ! screw f]rule1 be+ "u ! worm :eel1 is n visible4 ,z above arrang$ x is evid5t t ! f]rule might escape f ! worm :eel in/ead ( proce$+ on its prop] c\rse4 ,?is is prev5t$ by its ly+ 9 ! holl[ ( a bracket atta*$ to ! re/1 z ,fig4 #agg1 ,a & ,b4 ,?is reta9s x 9 contact ) ! worm :eel1 & also becomes a support to ! long b>4 ,fig4 #agd %[s ! side ( ! la! t is fur!/ f ! op]ator4 ,! axle ( ! worm :eel & p9ion c>ries a h&le on ! ne> side to give ! workman p[] to use ! rack by h& z a quick return movem5t4 ,! above is frequ5tly atta*$ to ^? la!s provid$ ) a long screw1 ! latt] be+ on ! ne> side & ! b> on ! o!r4 ,?us1 ! same la! c be us$ = ord9>y or screw$ "w4 ,:itwor?1 h[ev]1 commonly uses ! long screw plac$ betwe5 ! b$s or be>]s ( ! la! = screw+ & surfac+1 in/ead ( add+ ! app>atus j describ$4 ,a long screw be+1 h[ev]1 an exp5sive affair1 ought to be c>efully *]i%$1 & :5 ! "w is su* z ! b> w suffice to accompli%1 x may be well made use ( to pres]ve ! screw4 ,!re is an arrangem5t = =w>d or cross-fe$ 9 ! above app>atus1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ! connection ( ! cross screw ( ! re/ by means ( a p9ion1 ei!r ) ! worm :eel or ) a cog:eel on ! same axle4 ,:5 ?is is put into ge> ! rack & p9ion are disconnect$4 ,x is also necess>y to provide a me?od ( rev]s+ ! motion ( ! long screw b>1 especially :5 ! cross fe$ is us$ 9 surfac+4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( accompli%+ ?is1 ! be/ be+ ! foll[+1 ,fig4 #agh1 :i* is a simple exp$i5t applicable to la!s or o!r ma*9es4 ,a is ! end ( ! screw rod1 ) bevel :eel atta*$1 ,b1 ,c1 are simil> :eels on ! axle1 ,d1 ! latt] be+ movable endwise 9 its be>+s by means ( ! lev] h&le2 ,e1 ,d1 is ! driv+ axle4 ,by mov+ ! lev] to ! "r ,b is ge>$ to ,a4 ,a movem5t to ! left br+s ,c into connection4 ,betwe5 ! two1 bo? :eels are ?r[n out ( ge>1 & ?\gh !y may cont9ue to revolve1 ! screw b> w rema9 /ill4 ,by ?is contrivance ! motion ( ! lead+ screw is rev]s$ or /opp$ 9 a second1 ) ! advantage ( its be+ unnecess>y at ! same "t to /op ! work+ ( ! la! altoge!r4 ,x has probably /ruck ! read] t z ! size ( ! *ange :eels are v>i\s1 !re w\ld be 9 "s cases an impossibility ( _! t\*+ s z to ge> toge!r4 ,?is is p>tly rem$i$ by ! int]position ( dummies1 or idle :eels1 & p>tly by ! foll[+ arrangem5t4 ,! /ud :eel1 or dummies1 z ! case may be1 are n ^u axles fix$ to ! la!-head or end /&>d1 b ^u su* an arm z ,fig4 #agi1 :i* turns ^u a p9 at ,a1 & c>ries 9 ! slot ! p9s ^u :i* ! diff]5t :eels c5tre4 ,^! p9s be+ made simil> to ,b1 ,c1 c be plac$ at any position 9 ?is slot1 & are fix$ by a nut und]nea?4 ,?is arrangem5t gives consid]able p[] ( adju/m5t1 & enables ! workman to place toge!r :eels ( v>i\s sizes accord+ to 8 ne$4 ,x w\ld n be by any means difficult to arrange ! above la! = screw-cutt+1 especially if ! pit* ( ! requir$ screw is n ( great importance4 ,an amateur's la! might be ?us fitt$ to s]ve a good _m purposes1 al?\gh a lead+ screw is to be pref]r$ z ! m complete & p]fect arrangem5t4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ t !re is great friction produc$ by ! worm :eel & endless screw1 :i* soon tells its own tale by ! we> & te> produc$1 & ! p[] is n s economically us$ z x is :5 ! screw works 9 a nut4 ,exp$i5cy1 h[ev]1 9 ?is1 z 9 _m simil> cases1 mu/ decide = or aga9/ ! arrangem5t 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,x is1 at any rate1 a good addition to a la! provid$ ) an ord9>y lead+ screw1 m especially 9 ! facility ) :i* x c be arrang$ z a self-act+ cross-fe$ to ! re/ :5 us$ = surfac+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,:eel ,,cutt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,la!4 ,among ! v>i\s uses to :i* a la! may be put1 :eel-cutt+ is "o ( ! mo/ important1 s _m pieces ( me*anism requir+ cogg$ :eels ( v>i\s pit*es & =ms ( too?4 ,by ! aid ( ! slide re/ su* an app>atus z figur$ may be readily arrang$1 & ! "w rapidly & accurately p]=m$4 ,! guide by :i* ! cogs & spaces are det]m9$ is ! division plate already allud$ to1 & :i* is n visible 9 ! pres5t draw+1 b ! index ( :i* is %[n at ,g4 ,c is ! cutt] frame ) a side pulley 7"o on ea* side7 to conduct ! catgut b& f ! revolv+ sp9dle to ! ov]head motion on to ! fly:eel4 ,! sp9dle c>ries a pulley = ! cord & a cutt] :eel1 ,i1 to :i* an exce$+ly rapid evolution is giv54 ,!re are _m patt]ns ( ^! :eels1 ! edges ( :i*1 cut into tee? l a f9e saw or file1 are ! exact =m ( ! spaces requir$ betwe5 ! cogs2 h5ce1 "s are rectangul>1 "s h a triangul> section4 ,! ?ick] ! :eel to be cut ! l>g] %\ld be ! cutt]1 s t ! bottom ( ! cut may be virtually level4 ,9 ,fig4 #aha ano!r =m ( cutt] is %[n1 :i* if put into suffici5tly rapid motion answ]s z well1 if n bett]1 ?an ! :eel-%ap$ cutt]s4 ,x is a simple %ort b> ( h>d /eel1 ) ! edges bevell$ 9 alt]nate directions1 fitt$ into a slot 9 ! sp9dle & held by a w$ge or screw4 ,! %ape ( ! end is z be=e1 a cross section ( ! space betwe5 two tee?4 ,! cutt] frame is "h arrang$ to fit into ! ord9>y tool-hold] ( ! slide re/1 b ! =m may1 ( c\rse1 be v>i$ at pleasure4 ,x w be notic$ t ! slide re/1 z del9eat$ "h1 is diff]5t to t ( :i* details h be5 giv54 ,x is made )\t ! sole1 & fits into ! socket ( an ord9>y re/4 ,?us x c be turn$ on a c5tre1 & becomes1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a comp\nd slide re/4 ,x is on ?is plan ! small ornam5tal turn+ re/ ( light] con/ruction is made4 ,! sp9dle fitt+ ! socket projects f ! c5tre ( ! l[e/ frame1 & is ca/ 9 "o piece ) x4 ,if ! app>atus is compactly & /rongly made1 x becomes a v s]viceable =m1 & is mu* us$ = ! small la!s 9 sea-go+ /eam]s4 ,! sides are made v %ort1 s t ! ext5t ( trav]se is small4 ,we may "h m5tion an addition to ! re/ socket1 enabl+ ! workman to raise ?is k9d1 or t us$ ) drills & cutt]s1 :i* is simple & conv5i5t4 ,inside ! iron socket a few turns ( a screw are cut1 & a second socket ( brass ) an outside ?read is made to fit into x ,figs4 #ahb ,a & ,b1 ! latt] be+ a section4 ,! edge ( ! inside socket is sometimes mill$ r\nd1 to facilitate hold+ x by ! ?umb & f+]4 ,9 ?is way ! height ( ! slide re/1 or tee ( ! common re/1 is adju/able to a great nicety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,:5 a :eel is to be cut ( l>ge size1 or ( sub/ance exce$+ t ( clock-:eel "w1 ! above me?od is n suitable4 ,! :eel is !n g5]ally laid flat1 & ! cogs are %ap$ by a slott+ ma*9e1 ! *isel ( :i* has a v]tical motion4 ,! la! is !n no long] us$2 z a sep>ate ma*9e is m conv5i5t & economical4 ,a mo/ s]viceable addition to a la!1 especially an amateur's foot la!1 is ! circul> saw1 ) guides = cutt+ p>allel1 tap]1 or mitr$ "w4 ,great rapidity ( "w is ?us comb9$ ) p]fect accuracy4 ,a five-in* la! w ( c\rse take a saw ne>ly t5 in*es diamet]1 b x is n advisable to atta* "o ( q ?is size1 = ! l>g] ! saw ! great] is ! lev]age aga9/ :i* ! turn] has to cont5d1 & ! friction caus$ by a deep cut 9 /uff ( two in*es diamet] is q suffici5t to make ! lab\r consid]able4 ,:5 su* "w is necess>y1 x mu/ be v g5tly br\ght to be> ^u ! saw1 & ! fly:eel ( ! la! %\ld be heavy4 ,! cord %\ld also pass f ! latt] to ! sl[e/ division ( ! pulley4 ,if ! workman1 amateur or pr(essional1 desires a lesson 9 practical me*anics1 he has no?+ to d b turn a piece ( a% six in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ! la!-cord ext5d+ f ! fly:eel to ! smalle/ "p ( ! pulley1 ! diamet] ( :i* is ab\t half t ( ! object to be turn$4 ,?is w tea* him :at h>d "w is4 ,!n let him try ! job ) ! cord1 f ! smalle/ "p ( ! fly:eel rim1 to ! l>ge/ diamet] ( pulley4 ,! *ange to a sl[] motion & great] p[] w n be disagreeable4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a circul> saw ( six in*es diamet] w n p5etrate ?ree-in* /uff1 ow+ to ! boss or nut by :i* x is atta*$ to its sp9dle4 ,! above size w n make good "w ( /uff exce$+ two in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ev5 less ?ickness w\ld be pref]able4 ,z to ! size ( saw1 inde$1 t is mo/ suitable to a five or six-in* foot la!1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! propos$ "w1 & /ill m ^u ! weight & size ( ! fly:eel4 ,z a g5]al rule x is bett] to err ^u ! size ( smallness4 ,! s]vice to :i* ?is tool is commonly put is b light2 saw+ n>r[ /rips ( mahogany1 su* z us$ at ! angles ( bird-cages1 cutt+ /rips or segm5ts ( ivory 7= :i* let ! saw be kept wet7 saw+ out mitr$ or dovetail$ jo9ts1 & simil> "w is )9 ! compass ( a five or six in* saw1 & x is bett] n to exce$ ?is4 ,! tee? %\ld be tol]ably f9e = h>dwood & ivory1 & co>s] = deal & s(t woods4 ,small] saws ( h>d /eel1 & made ( ?ick plate1 are us$ = metal4 ,! me?od ( m\nt+ saws ( small size1 su* z are suit$ to be work$ by ! treadle ( a foot-la!1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,e is a /eel sp9dle1 ( :i* ! diamet] equals t ( ! c5tral hole 9 ! saw ,b4 ,at ,f1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sp9dle1 is a fix$ flange1 at ! base ( :i* is a %ort fea!r or inlaid key1 ,x #ahd1 :i* fits ! small slot se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! saw & rea*es also )9 a simil> slot 9 ! movable flange1 ,g1 b x mu/ n be s long z to come ?r\gh to ! back ( ! latt]4 ,?is flange & nut ,h hav+ be5 remov$1 ! saw is slid ^u ! sp9dle till x re/s aga9/ ! fix$ flange2 ! movable "o is n[ to be br\ght aga9/ x & clamp$ by ! nut4 ,! sp9dle is sometimes made ) a squ>e end to fit ! squ>e hole *uck1 & c5tr$ at ! o!r1 or x is drill$ at bo? ends1 s z to be driv5 by ! c>ri] or driv] *uck1 ,c1 ,d4 ,x mu/ be s plac$ z to run t[>ds ! op]ator4 ,! above arrangem5t mu/ n[ be made complete by ! addition ( a plat=m1 ,b1 on :i* to lay ! "w t is to be sawn1 & on :i* "s contrivance c be adju/$ to guide ! passage ( ! saw ?r\gh ! same1 s z to cut ! "w 9 p>allel pieces1 or at any desir$ angle1 su* z w\ld be necess>y = mitr$ jo9ts4 ,= ! g5]al uses ( ! amateur a mahogany or h>dwood plat=m is z good z any1 & su* z is del9eat$ 9 vol4 ii4 ( ,holtzapffel's valuable "w is p]haps ! be/ arrangem5t4 ,! saw table re/s on ! opposite ends ( a k9d ( op5 box1 :i* is repres5t$ )\t ! two sides1 al?\gh !y may be add$ if desir$1 & ! :ole :5 remov$ f ! la! w\ld !n =m a case = ! saws1 or s]ve o!r simil> purpose4 ,! plat=m is h+$1 s z to ov]lap1 z se5 9 ! ,fig4 #ahd;,a1 & !re is 9 ! middle ( x a slit cut by ! saw itself1 :i*1 :5 x is m\nt$ on its c5tres w be 9 ! position %[n4 ,if sides are add$ a not* mu/ be made 9 ! upp] edge ( bo? = ! passage ( ! sp9dle4 ,! fillet ,b fits betwe5 ! be>]s ( ! la!1 secur+ ! p>allelism ( ! :ole4 ,:5 made ) f\r sides ! box mu/ fir/ be plac$ on ! la! b$ & loosely held by ! bolt b5ea?4 ,! saw is !n m\nt$1 & ! box adju/$ to its place & fix$4 ,! cov] is !n 7if = ! fir/ "t7 br\ght c>efully d[n ^u ! saw1 & ! la! be+ put 9 motion ! slit is made1 & its position w be truly at "r angles ) ! sp9dle & ! la! b$4 ,( c\rse1 9 future op]ations ! plat=m is l[]$ ov] ! saw be=e ! hold+ d[n bolt is p]man5tly screw$ up4 ,! sides ( ! saw-k]f may be edg$ ) brass if pref]r$1 b on ! :ole ! plan is n to be recomm5d$1 = if1 z w occasionally happ51 ! saw %\ld get slightly out ( tru?1 or vibrate a little :5 9 use1 ! tee? w come into contact ) ! metal & be blunt$ or brok54 ,if ! saw-k]f by con/ant we> %\ld wid5 too mu*1 ! :ole plat=m is r5ewable at little co/1 or a new piece c be let 91 & a fre% saw-k]f made4 ,!re are sev]al guides = p>allel "w4 ,! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahe is precisely su* z is to be se5 9 ! ord9>y p>allel rul]--,a is ! back b> screw$ to ! plat=m at ! "r-h& edge2 ,b ! guide or f5ce :i*1 :5 ! connect+ l9ks ,c1 ,c are p]p5dicul> to ,a1 %\ld t\* ! saw2 ,d1 ,d are arcs ( circles ( :i* ,e1 ,e are ! c5tres4 ,!y may be arcs ( brass pivot$ to ! l9ks & pass+ ?r\gh a slot 9 ! b>1 ,a1 ,a1 or may !mselves be cut z mortises 9 ! plat=m1 9 :i* fit a pair ( bolts ) ?umb-nuts pass+ ?r\gh ! l9ks1 by :i* to clamp ! f5ce 9 any desir$ position4 ,?is =m ( p>allel guide is n v sub/antial1 & is n correct 9 practice unless ! p9s are v nicely fitt$1 & ! l9ks precisely ( a l5g?4 ,! second figure %[s ! sectional =m ( ! f5ce ,g1 ! l9ks be+ repres5t$ at ,h1 & ! fix$ b> at ,k4 ,! foll[+ is a m solid & unyield+ guide1 & mu* to be pref]r$4 ,holtzapffel attributes x to ,pr(essor ,willis4 ,x is m]ely a modification ( ! ,t-squ>e z us$ ) ! ord9>y draw+ bo>d ) an arrangem5t = fix+ x 9 ! requir$ position4 ,! pres5t arrangem5t diff]s f t 9 ,holtzapffel's "w 9 ! mann] ( fix+ x & ! addition ( a second ,t-piece on ! side next ! workman4 ,9 ,fig4 #ahf ,a is ! upright "p ( ! f5ce1 ,b ! bottom or sole1 to :i* is atta*$ at ea* end ! ,t or cross pieces1 ,e1 ,e1 :i* slide along ! /raight edges ( ! plat=m & secure ! con/ant p>allelism ( ! f5ce to ! surface ( ! saw2 ,c is ! groove or slot1 9 :i* a screw1 ,d1 trav]ses1 & ! f5ce is ?us fix$ by a turn ( ! ?umb-nut1 ,d4 ,?is f5ce c by no possibility get out ( tru?2 x is easily remov$ by tak+ out ! s+le screw1 & x is f> m simple & m easily made ?an ! "o previ\sly describ$4 ,! ne>e/ edge ( ! plat=m may be m>k$ 9 in*es & eigh?s1 & ! f5ce c !n be in/antane\sly adju/$ = saw+ pieces ( any desir$ wid?4 ,x is n always1 h[ev]1 t /raight1 rectangul>1 or p>allel /rips are requir$1 & an additional arrangem5t is ne$$ to =m a guide = saw+ angul> pieces4 ,n[ x is n suffici5t to lay ! guide f5ce at a giv5 angle1 = if ! latt] 7 arrang$ = t adju/m5t by tak+ (f ! tees & caus+ x to turn ^u ! screw :i* secures x 9 place1 & a piece ( bo>d 7 plac$ aga9/ x to be sawn1 ! latt] w\ld press aga9/ ! saw sideways z se5 9 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,! guide f5ce = angles mu/ itself !re=e travel 9 a l9e p>allel to ! saw & c>ry ) x ! piece to be cut4 ,! simple/ & usual arrangem5t is t giv5 9 ,holtzapffel's "w4 ,a dovetail$ groove 9 ! plat=m runn+ 9 a direction p>allel ) ! saw c>ries a sector atta*$ to a b> :i* fits ! groove1 & ?is b> is free to move =w>d or backw>d )\t lat]al movem5t4 ,! piece to be sawn is ?us re/$ aga9/ ! f5ce =m+ ! /raight face ( ! sector1 & ! :ole is mov$ =w>d toge!r aga9/ ! edge ( ! saw4 ,fig4 #ahh expla9s ?is4 ,x w be se5 t sev]al grooves are made side by side1 all ( :i* fit ! slide alike1 & by mov+ ! latt] into ei!r ( ^! a lat]al adju/m5t is effect$ to suit pieces ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,! slid+ /rip %\ld be made ( h>d wood & nicely fitt$1 & may be lubricat$ ) soap1 or poli%$ ) black lead1 ei!r ( :i* w cause x to slide ) dim9i%$ friction4 ,fig4 #ahi %[s a some:at diff]5t arrangem5t1 by :i* m lat]al adju/m5t may be giv54 ,! sector is replac$ by a ,t-squ>e1 ! blade ( :i* has a slot ?r\gh :i* a screw passes into ! slid+ b>4 ,a second jo9t$ rod is add$1 pass+ ?r\gh a /aple 9 ! slide1 & by a screw 9 ! latt] ! ,t is fix$ z requir$4 ,! /aple mu/ turn on a c5tre to accommodate itself to all positions ( ! ,t-squ>e1 & a second eye may be plac$ on ! opposite arm to all[ ! guide rod to be remov$ to t side1 :i* is sometimes m conv5i5t4 ,! sector also may be made adju/able z 9 ,fig4 #aij1 & clamp$ by a simple screw 9 ! slot4 ,ei!r ( ! above me?ods w all[ suffici5t range = small "w1 su* z is likely to be ! object ( amateurs or ^? :o add small saws to ! foot la!4 ,! guide = angul> pieces may inde$ be 9 _m cases disp5s$ ) by mak+ use ( patt]ns ( wood *iefly 9 ! =m ( triangles2 ^! slid+ aga9/ ! p>allel guide1 & c>ry+ ! "w ) !m1 w answ] well 9 a numb] ( cases :]e o!r provision = su* "w has n be5 made 9 arrang+ ! saw table4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is case ! l5g? ( ! piece 7suppos+ x to be ! side ( a picture frame to be mitr$7 is limit$ to ! space betwe5 ! f5ce & ! saw1 :i* 9 ! m p]fect arrangem5t is an evil pla9ly avoid$4 ,x may sometimes be necess>y to cut pieces ) v>i\s angles n 9 ! same plane4 ,by us+ ! h+$ plat=m1 & add+ a screw atta*$ to ! front ( ! box1 & /&+ p]p5dicul>ly1 ! front ( ! table c be rais$ to a giv5 angle1 b ^? :o are likely to ent] ext5sively into ! cutt+ ma!matical figures are ref]r$ to vol4 ii4 ( ,holtzapffel's "w1 :]e ! subject is fully expla9$ & illu/rat$4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ! prop] spe$ ( saws & sizes ( tee? are copi$ f t "w1 & may !re=e be reli$ on3-- ,! h>d] ! wood ! small] & m upright %\ld be ! tee?1 & ! less ! velocity ( ! saw4 ,9 cutt+ ) ! gra9 ! tee? %\ld be co>se & incl9$1 s z r to remove %r$s ?an sawdu/4 ,9 cutt+ across ! gra9 ! tee? %\ld be f9] & m upright1 & ! velocity great]1 s t ea* fibre may be cut by ! passage ( "s few ( ! consecutive tee? r ?an be torn asund] by ! passage ( "o too? only4 ,= gummy or res9\s woods & ivory1 ! saw tee? mu/ be ke51 & ! spe$ comp>atively sl[1 to avoid ! du/ becom+ adhesive 7by reason ( ! heat eng5d]$ by friction71 & ?us /ick+ to1 & imp$+ ! action ( ! saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,by rais+ ! plat=m s z only to expose a small portion ( ! saw1 x is easy to cut rebates1 grooves = tongue+1 & o!r "w ( a simil> k9d4 ,! above arrangem5t ( h+$ table facilitates ?is application ( ! saw4 ,,fret ,,saws ,,to ,,m\nt ,,^u ,,! ,,la! ,,b$4 ,conv5i5t z ! circul> saw is :5 fitt$ z an adjunct to ! la!1 its use is conf9$ to pieces :i* are rectil9eal4 ,curv$ l9es _c be cut by its means1 & z x mu/ frequ5tly happ5 t portions ( ! propos$ "w are compos$ ( arcs ( v>i\s dim5sions1 x becomes necess>y to provide ! means ( cutt+ !m out4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t al?\gh ! circul> saw1 & t ( :i* we are ab\t to speak may be fitt$ to m\nt on ! ord9>y la! b$2 x is bett] = _m reasons to h a sep>ate /&1 made l t ( ! la!1 b small]1 & fitt$ ) crank1 treadle1 & fly:eel1 to s]ve = ! v>i\s purposes ( saw+1 gr9d+1 or poli%+2 ! latt] op]ations especially soil+ & t5d+ to damage ! la!4 ,! above description ( ! me?ods ( m\nt+ circul> saws w answ] = a sep>ate /&1 z w ! foll[+ details ( saws = curvil9e> "w4 ,9 respect ( ! latt] we h to provide = ! p]p5dicul> motion ( ! blade1 :i* is necess>ily ?9 & n>r[1 & also = /ret*+ ! blade s z effectually to prev5t x f b5d+ or buckl+--guides are n requir$ 9 g5]al1 z ! "w is mov$ ab\t by h& 9 all directions accord+ to ! intricacies ( patt]n to be trac$4 ,= pla9 circul> pieces1 h[ev]1 a v simple exp$i5t is sometimes us$1 :i* w be describ$ 9 its prop] place1 :5 treat+ ( ,b]g]on's scie mecanique4 ,! guides = p>allel motion are v>i\s1 & a selection may be made f ! foll[+ ,fig4 #aia4 ,no4 #a is ! arrangem5t us$ by ,pr(essor ,willis1 & detail$ 9 ,holtzapffel's "w4 ,a1 ,a are wood5 spr+s1 "o above1 ! o!r bel[ ! plat=m ,b4 ,c is a guide pulley1 ,d an ecc5tric4 ,! catgut b& :i* gives motion to ! saw may be pass$ r\nd ?is1 or affix$ to a metal r+ z 9 ! ecc5tric ( a /eam eng9e--or may be atta*$ to a r+ slipp$ ov] ! p9 ( a crank disc1 z %[n at ,e4 ,?is p9 be+ adju/able1 p]mits ! trav]se ( ! saw to be regulat$1 :i* gives x p]haps an advantage ov] ! fir/ me?od4 ,9 ! above ! motion ( ! saw is n truly 9 a "r l9e1 b ! deviation 9 s %ort a trav]se is unimportant4 ,! read] may1 p]haps1 imag9e wood5 spr+s a some:at primitive exp$i5t1 b ?is is by no means ! case1 z !y w reta9 _! ela/icity long] ?an metal ones :5 !y are subject$ to ! rapid vibration :i* !y are call$ ^u to und]go4 ,no4 #b is ! p>allel guide1 us$ by ,mr4 ,lund1 & also describ$ by ,holtzapffel2 ! metal spr+s1 h[ev]1 %[n by ! latt] be+ "h replac$ by india-rubb]1 :i* is n[ =m$ into spr+s ( v>i\s sizes & p[]s suitable = our pres5t & _m simil> purposes4 ,a1 ,a1 & ,d1 "h =m guide pulleys1 ! saw1 ,e1 be+ susp5d$ f ! fir/ by ! two catgut b&s1 on ! ends ( :i* are ! india-rubb] spr+s1 ,f1 ,f4 ,! l[] end ( ! saw is atta*$ to ano!r catgut b& :i* passes ov] ! pulley1 ,d1 & !nce to ! ecc5tric or crank disc z be=e4 ,! plat=m is at ,b1 ,b4 ,numb] #c is an arrangem5t simil> to ! beam ( ,newcom5's eng9es4 ,! arc at ! end ( ! oscillat+ rod1 & f ! fur!/ po9t ( :i* ! saw is susp5d$1 =ms ! guide = p>allelism4 ,und]nea? ! plat=m ! pulley & ecc5tric may be us$ z be=e1 & ! saw is rais$ by ! spr+ atta*$ to ! arc z %[n4 ,x w be evid5t on inspection t ?is arrangem5t is simil> 9 pr9cipal to ! la/1 z ! arc =ms "p ( a l>ge :eel ( :i* ! c5tre is ! po9t ( oscillation4 ,watt's p>allel motion1 repres5t$ 9 ! next diagram1 is also suitable1 ! saw be+ atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! %ort l9k--! spr+s be+ s contriv$ z to act ^u ! ends ( ! long] b>s4 ,) reg>d to ! means ( produc+ ! necess>y rapidity ( movem5t1 ! above-describ$ ecc5tric or crank disc c h>dly be surpass$4 ,9 ! saw pat5t$ lately by ,mr4 ,cunn+ham1 ! disc is atta*$ to ! m&rel l a *uck1 & ! crank p9 is connect$ to ! oscillat+ rods t c>ry ! saw by an int]v5+ rod or l9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,no #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,! :ole is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aib1 :i* is copi$ f ! inv5tor's circul>4 ,!re is a satisfactory p>allel motion1 & an india-rubb] ball ) a small tube atta*$ is press$ at e /roke to bl[ away ! sawdu/4 ,! :ole plan & details are z good probably z c be devis$1 & z an addition to ! la! ?is saw is invaluable4 ,ano!r =m ( me*anical saw to "w ) ! foot1 b )\t any fly:eel1 is figur$ by ,b]g]on1 & is !nce copi$ into ,holtzapffel's book1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 omitt$ "h 7 x n t ! price ( ,holtzapffel's "w places x beyond ! rea* ( _m :om x is specially qualifi$ to in/ruct2 & t ! =m] is 9 ,fr5* & has n be5 translat$4 ,!re=e1 z ! arrangem5t ( saw is exce$+ly good1 ! writ] has det]m9$ to introduce x "h4 ,its con/ruction is simple en\gh to be )9 ! rea* ( any amateur 9 c>p5try1 & ! only metal "w requir$ consi/s ( a few iron rods screw$ at ! ends1 su* z ! village blacksmi? c readily supply4 ,! saws are precisely ^? sold z turn or web-saw blades4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! use ( ?is tool is n ! same z t to :i* fret or buhl saws are appli$1 b m]ely ! cutt+ ( bo>ds 9 /rips or curv$ pieces1 su* z ! felloes ( small :eels1 circul> plates to be f9i%$ 9 ! la!1 z bread platt]s1 or su* o!r curvil9e> works z ! *air or patt]n mak] is accu/om$ to cut out ) ! sev]al sizes ( frame saws4 ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #aic1 is a /\t b5* ) cross b>1 ,c1 und]nea?1 cut away to all[ ( ! movem5t ( ! treadle & its rod4 ,on ! top ( ! b5* is a pill>1 ,d1 to support ! spr+ b[ ,e1 by :i* aft] depression ! saw is rais$ to its orig9al position4 ,f1 ,f1 & ,g1 ,g1 are guide rods 7n cont9u\s74 ,! l[] ones are fix$ to ! cross b>1 c1 & "u side ( ! b5*4 ,! upp] =m ! sides ( a rectangul> frame1 ,h1 ,h1 ( :i* ! top & bottom b>s ( wood are dovetail$ at ! back to slide up & d[n ! *amf]$ b> beh9d !m1 ,k4 ,! frame ?us all[s ( be+ rais$ or l[]$1 n only to suit "w ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 b also to act z a /op to prev5t ! saw f lift+ ! "w z x asc5ds4 ,! l[] b> is ext5d$ on "o side z 9 ! figure1 & is divid$ into in*es1 & on ?is graduat$ "p is a slide ) a po9t bel[1 :i* c be fix$ by a screw4 ,?is is1 z ! draw+ pla9ly %[s1 int5d$ = ! guidance ( ! wood 9 cutt+ circul> pieces4 ,! saw is simil> to ! ord9>y fram$ saw us$ by *air mak]s1 b has two blades1 & "o c5tral /ret*]4 ,! saw = curv$ "w is n>r[1 t = /raight cutt+ is broad]4 ,ne> ! latt] a p>allel guide is fix$1 z describ$ :5 treat+ ( circul> saws4 ,?is simple contrivance1 al?\gh plann$ s _m ye>s ago1 is ( great value1 & des]ves to be f> m g5]ally kn[n4 ,to ! jo9] & cab9et-mak] x w\ld =m a mo/ useful addition to ! usual tools ( ! work%op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,ak9 to ! circul> saw are ! v>i\s revolv+ cutt]s us$ ei!r = ! purpose ( ornam5tation or = gr9d+1 su* z circul> files = flat surfaces1 9 :i* ! tee? are cut ^u ! face or tool-cutt]s ( p>ticul> sections = cutt+ ! tee? ( :eels1 9 ! mann] already describ$1 to :i* may p]haps be add$ mill+ & emboss+ tools1 al?\gh ! action ( ! latt] is r t ( a revolv+ die by :i* ! "w is /amp$ or ind5t$ ) ! patt]n =m$ ^u ! edge ( ! cutt]4 ,! small gr9d/ones & em]y laps belong also to ?is section1 z _! action results f ! abrasion ( ! mat]ial by means ( ! comb9$ cutt+ p[] ( innum]able small po9ts or m9iature tee? =m$ by ! p>ticles ( em]y or o!r mat]ial atta*$ to ! surface ( ! laps4 ,mo/ ( ! /eel cutt]s may be made by ! amateur1 ! metal be+ turn$ to ! requir$ %ape & ! tee? cut by small files or pun*es :ile ! mat]ial is 9 a s(t /ate4 ,! little discs are !n h>d5$ & m\nt$1 by a c5tral hole previ\sly made1 on suitable sp9dles1 ! latt] be+ ei!r atta*$ at "o end to ! m&rel z arbor *ucks1 or c5tr$ at bo? ends & driv5 l m9iature circul> saws4 ,! ornam5tal cutt]s = emboss+1 ,fig4 #aic;,b1 ,a & ,b1 are turn$ to ! =m ( %ort cyl9d]s1 & ! patt]ns cut by pun*es4 ,^! & ! mill+ tools are m\nt$ alike1 ,fig4 #aid4 ,! re/ is plac$ a %ort di/ance f ! "w1 & ! tool revolves aga9/ x4 ,"s pressure is necess>y to impr9t ! design1 & ?is is easily obta9$ if ! cutt] :eel is plac$ s z to attack ! "w bel[ ! axis2 ! re/ !n becomes a fulcrum1 & ! %ank & h&le ( ! tool act+ z ! long arm ( a lev] supply ! requir$ =ce ) little ex]tion on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,9 ?is way ! mill+ is done on ! edges ( screw heads1 & ! emboss$ patt]ns on s(t wood boxes4 ,x is n easy to und]/& h[ ! patt]ns 9 ^! cases are produc$ cle>ly )\t "o "p cutt+ into & effac+ ano!r1 unless ! size ( ! "w is exactly a multiple ( t ( ! tool4 ,! error is pla9 if ! "w is /opp$ exactly at ! end ( ! fir/ turn1 b 9 successive revolutions ?is error becomes gradually oblit]at$1 & ! patt]n is ev5tually impress$ cle> & well def9$4 ,! same %ank is arrang$ = diff]5t patt]ns ( :eel-cutt]s1 z ! p9 :i* =ms ! c5tral axis is readily )drawn & is made to suit ! holes 9 sev]al sets ( discs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic;,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,by ! aid ( ! above simple tool a neat f9i% is readily giv5 to _m small works 9 wood & metal4 ,a modification ( ! bead+ tools is "h %[n v simil> to ! screw+ guide already giv51 b made ) figur$ in/ead ( %>p-cutt+ edge4 ,?is 0 communicat$ to ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 ,nov4 #b1 #ahff4 ,e1 #aie1 is ! guide :i* is plac$ on ! h&le ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & fix$ by screw ,f4 ,! m>k i1 on ! guide1 is plac$ aga9/ ! rim1 ,a1 ,b1 :i* is graduat$ & numb]$4 ,ea* figure1 z x is br\ght up & plac$ opposite i1 w cut a diff]5t patt]n :5 ! guide is fix$4 ,! tool mu/ be held v firmly on ! re/ 7! bottom ( ! guide ,g1 ,h1 be+ flat1 is c>ri$ on ! re/71 ! tool is advanc$ to ! wood4 ,! tool mu/ be work$ v /eadily2 b ) a little practice1 any amateur w soon use x p]fectly1 & produce _m v pretty patt]ns4 ,x is evid5t t provision is "h made = plac+ ! cutt] at diff]5t angles to ! "w1 by :i* means ! circles ( patt]ns may be trac$ spirally & 9 o!r positions v>y+ f ! ord9>y "o at "r angles to ! axis ( ! "w4 ,! laps allud$ to1 :i* are to be m\nt$ on sp9dles l ! circul> saw1 are compos$ ( wood & metal ( det]m9ate =ms4 ,fir/1 !re is ! ?9 %eet-iron slitt+ :eel us$ by lapid>ies1 & :i*1 :5 *>g$ ) em]y1 or s& & wat]1 =ms ! ne>e/ approa* to ! circul> saw4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! circul> saw ( ! /one work]1 ! ord9>y saw us$ 9 _! trade be+ a flat blade )\t tee?1 /ret*$ 9 a wood5 frame & simil>ly f$ ) %>p s& & wat] 9 lieu ( be+ made ) tee?1 ! latt] be+ replac$ by ! gritt9ess ( ! mat]ial4 ,! circul> plate ( iron1 brass1 or lead alloy$ ) antimony1 m\nt$ on a sp9dle v]tically1 is us$ 9 a simil> mann] = gr9d+ flat surfaces ) ! aid ( em]y1 crocus1 oil/one p[d]1 & o!r sub/ances1 & ! same is us$ edgewise = o!r "w1 z gr9d+ & poli%+ tools1 ! section ( ! lap be+ su* z w =m ! article requir$ by reproduction ( ! revis$ plan ( its own edge4 ,?us a lap runn+ horizontally ) a convex edge w produce ! concave =m requir$ 9 bead+ tools1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 are m conv5i5tly gr\nd on brass cones m\nt$ l ! arbor *ucks us$ = turn+ wa%]s1 r+s1 c4 ,! face ( ! tool or flat side is held t[>ds ! small end ( ! cone1 & ! latt] is arm$ ) fl\r em]y4 ,see ,fig4 #aif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,be=e describ+ ! ecc5tric & o!r comp\nd *ucks1 a few examples w be giv5 ( ! me?od ( turn+ "s ( ^? =ms 9 :i* ! circle does n appe>1 :]e1 9 %ort1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! figures are /raight l9es4 ,x seems at fir/ sight impossible to produce 9 ! la! by any simple means su* solids z are =m$ f squ>es or triangles1 ( :i* ! cube or die is ! mo/ common & mo/ g5]ally und]/ood4 ,?is c1 h[ev]1 be accompli%$1 & a numb] ( ma!matical problems may be cle>ly demon/rat$ to ! eye by su* works skilfully made 9 ! la!4 ,9 ?is k9d ( "w x is absolutely necess>y to /rive aft] p]fection4 ,9 %ort1 z ,b]g]on rightly says1 ! "w imp]fectly done is simply wor? no?+ at all2 b :5 accompli%$ ) exactness1 no?+ c be m wor?y ( a place 9 a cab9et ( curiosities4 ,! usual me?od ( turn+ a cube is by %ap+ x out ( a p]fect sph]e1 b z ! latt] c h>dly be made )\t a special slide re/ made = ! purpose1 a me?od ( turn+ ! cube by h& alone w be giv51 ! f\ndation ( x be+ t :i* ! la! s readily produces1 namely1 a cyl9d]4 ,by f> ! mo/ prop] mat]ial = ! "w 9 "q is s\nd boxwood1 & special c>e is to be tak5 to keep all angles z %>p z possible1 & !re=e to cut clean ) %>p tools1 & to avoid z f> z possible ! use ( s& or glass pap]4 ,fig4 #aig %[s a squ>e describ$ 9 a circle4 ,! non-ma!matical read] may be told to draw ?r\gh ! c5tre two diamet]s at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & to complete ! squ>e1 z 9 ! figure1 by jo9+ ! extremities4 ,! l>ge/ squ>e t is possible to be drawn 9 ! circle is ?us describ$4 ,?is squ>e w =m "o face ( ! cube1 & ! diamet] ( ! piece ( wood mu/ be regulat$ accord+ to ! propos$ size ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,x is evid5t t ?is diamet] is equal to ! l9e drawn f corn] to corn] call$ ! diagonal ( ! squ>e4 ,n[1 9 turn+ a ball or sph]e1 a cyl9d] w\ld be turn$ ( ! exact l5g? ( ,a1 ,c1 because e measurem5t tak5 on a diamet] ( ! sph]e w\ld be ( t l5g?4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ! cyl9d] mu/ be ( ! same l5g? z ! l9e ,a1 ,b4 ,turn1 !re=e1 ) great c>e a cyl9d] ( any desir$ size1 gaug+ x c>efully ) ! callip]s & squ>+ (f ! ends truly4 ,on "o end1 9 :i* ! c5tre po9t j rema9s visible1 draw diamet]s & con/ruct ! figure #aig4 ,turn out a *uck to fit x exactly1 & let ! bottom ( ?is *uck be truly squ>e4 ,take ! precise l5g? ( ! l9e ,a1 ,b1 ) f9ely po9t$ compasses t c be fix$ ) a screw1 & measure (f ! same1 & m>k x on ! side ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! figure is plac$ on ! *uck1 a m>k mu/ be trac$ r\nd x at ?is po9t1 ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #aih1 & ?is mu/ rema9 to ! end4 ,x may be made ) a h>d p5cil or /eel scrib]1 &1 ?\gh di/9ct1 mu/ be v f9e4 ,x is at ?is l9e ! wood w h to be cut (f1 b 9 ?is op]ation keep beyond x s z n to erase x4 ,:ile ! piece is 9 ! *uck1 rule l9es1 z ,e1 ,g1 f ! po9ts ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 #aih4 ,bisect also ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] by ! l9e1 ,h1 ,k1 also f9ely drawn4 ,draw two m diamet]s1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es bisect+ ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is n[ divid$ r\nd its circumf]5ce into eight equal p>ts4 ,! l9es1 ,e1 ,g1 c41 c be rul$ along ! edge ( ! re/1 or1 if ! latt] is untrue1 ! cyl9d] may be laid on a plane surface1 & a scrib+ block1 or gauge1 ,fig4 #aii1 may be drawn across x1 or1 la/ly1 a small /eel squ>e may be us$2 "o "p be+ c>efully plac$ on ! l9es at ! end ( ! piece 9 succession1 ! o!r "p w lie ev5ly along ! side1 & w =m a rul] by :i* to "w4 ,a division plate on ! la! pulley w facilitate ! above measurem5ts1 b !y c be readily made )\t x1 & once c>efully m>k$1 all ! guides requir$ = cutt+ out ! cube w be complete1 & ! "w c be proce$$ )1 ) confid5ce & decision4 ,proce$1 !re=e1 to cut (f ! piece at ,a1 ,b1 ) a p>t+ tool1 b ) ! precaution already nam$ ( n eras+ ! l9e by s do+4 ,n[ prep>e a *uck :i* w take ! piece l5g?wise1 ,fig4 #aii-b1 & ins]t x 9 t position to ! dep? ( ! diamet] s z to hold x securely1 & ! c5tral l9e w %[ :e!r x lies ev5ly 7:i* is1 9 fact1 ! use ( ?is l9e74 ,if ev51 a po9t-tool held on ?is l9e w =m a m]e dot ^u x2 if unev51 x w make a circle z x revolves4 ,place ! re/ across ! face ( ! "w1 &1 beg9n+ at ! c5tre1 cut c>efully t[>ds ! outside until y h cut away ! wood z f> z ! l9e1 ,a1 ,b4 ,y w ?us complete "o face ( ! cube1 & an inspection ( ! end ( ! piece1 %[n black 9 ! sket* to %[ ! quantity remov$1 w prove t y ?us produce a "r l9e1 ,c1 ,d4 ,take out ! "w1 & rev]se x1 & op]ate simil>ly on ! opposite face2 b 9 e case d n q oblit]ate ! l9es fir/ m>k$ z guides4 ,y h n[ a piece %ap$ l ,fig4 #bjj1 ,a & ,b1 & mu/ make a small] *uck to hold x2 y h !n to cut away 9 a simil> mann] ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! cyl9drical portion1 & ! cube w be complete4 ,to f9i% ! sides m neatly1 lay ^u ! table ! f9e/ s& pap]1 & tack x at ! corn]s1 & ) g5tle movem5ts "w d[n precisely to ! guide l9es4 ,?is requires extreme c>e1 = if once ! piece is b 9 ! slighte/ degree tilt$ up1 an angle w lose its %>pness1 & ! beauty ( ! "w w be m>r$4 ,h5ce we recomm5d to cut ) %>p tools1 in/ead ( tru/+ to ! f9i%+ process4 ,to cut1 h[ev]1 exactly to ! l9e is v delicate "w1 & to ! less practis$ h& ! use ( ! s& pap] on ! faces 9 succession may be ! necess>y exp$i5t4 ,! ma9 secret ( %>p edges 9 works ( wood & metal is to f9i% ) h>d sub/ances1 z em]y /ick or glass pap] glu$ to a piece ( wood1 or ! same nail$ on ! b5*1 & to try always to "w on ! c5tre1 leav+ ! edges or angles to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,:5 ! read] has made a cube1 z above1 t w be> delicate measurem5t1 he w be m ?an usually gratifi$1 & w be qualifi$ = /ill m difficult "w4 ,a *uck figur$ by ,b]g]on1 ,fig4 #bja1 is v conv5i5t1 z x holds ! "w truly c5tral2 ! jaws "w simultane\sly by a "r & left-h&$ screw z 9 ! die *uck4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 p]fectly easy to d good "w )\t x1 b ! *ucks %\ld be c>efully made1 turn$ v flat at ! bottom1 ) side truly p]p5dicul>4 ,a little extra c>e be/[$ ^u *ucks w save _m disappo9tm5ts1 & conduce to good "w4 ,! =mation ( a f\r-sid$ solid1 consi/+ ( triangles solely1 9 ! la! is a "w ( difficulty1 ow+ to ! impossibility ( fix+ ! "w satisfactorily 9 an ord9>y *uck4 ,! natural way to =m su* a solid is to turn a cone ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #bjb1 & on its base to m>k a triangle ( ! requir$ size4 ,x is !n necess>y to place ! cone 9 a *uck1 s t ! ends ( "o ( ! l9es ?us m>k$ & ! apex ( ! cone are precisely level ) ! surface ( ! *uck1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,b x is evid5t t adequate support is n ?us obta9able4 ,! apex ( ! cone _c1 9 po9t ( fact1 be inside ! *uck at all1 z x is necess>y to cut clean to its extremity1 & ev5 ! base ( ! cone is imp]fectly held at two po9ts4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y to make use ( turn]'s cem5t1 & to imb$ ! "w fairly 9 x1 :ile bo? are w>m1 to su* a dep? z w hold x securely & /ill all[ ! guide l9es to be se54 ,! latt] %\ld be c>ri$ f ! ?ree angles ( ! triangle m>k$ on ! base to ! apex4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is is ! easie/ me?od ( fix+ su* "w 9 ! la!2 & if ! piece is itself w>m$ be=e be+ plac$1 !re w be "t to adju/ x precisely be=e ! cem5t is cold4 ,to d ?is1 place ! re/ p>allel to ! la! b$1 hold a po9t$ tool /eadily ^u x1 & note :e!r1 z ! "w sl[ly revolves1 ! ?ree po9ts 9 "q1 viz41 ! two angles ( ! triangle & ! top ( ! cone1 are 9 "o plane4 ,:5 !y are s plac$1 ! re/ is turn$ to face ! "w1 & ! mat]ial is c>efully cut away till ! gauge l9es are j rea*$4#ad ,a pyramidical solid ) a squ>e base may be simil>ly turn$4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( prep>+ ! above turn]'s cem5t3--,burgundy pit*1 #b lb42 yell[ wax1 #b oz4 ,melt toge!r 9 a pipk91 & /ir 9 #b lb4 ( ,spani% :ite4 ,:5 ! :ole is well mix$1 p\r x out on a m>ble slab & roll x into /icks4 ,f9e brickdu/1 :ite+1 or any simil> sub/ance f9ely pulv]is$1 w answ] equally well to add to ! pit* & beeswax4 ,?is cem5t is v useful1 z x w hold ! "w firm en\gh to turn c>efully1 & nev]!less a slight bl[ w loos5 x4 ,to clean x (f1 w>m or dip ! "w 9 hot wat] & wipe quickly ) a piece ( clo?4 ,! above is f ! ,h&book ( ,turn+1 ! au?or ( :i* has copi$ f ,b]g]on bo? ! recipes giv5 9 8 "w2 ! "o "h describ$ is /at$ to be specially s]viceable 9 cold wea!r4 ,x is p]haps r less brittle ?an ! fir/ ( ,b]g]on's1 & = ?is cause is ! be/ = g5]al use4 ,holtzapffel sells ?is at "o %ill+ ! /ick1 :i* is ( conv5i5t size & g5]ally ( excell5t quality4 ,b]g]on gives a me?od ( turn+ pila/]s or balu/rades1 :i* is ( great +5uity1 & applicable to "w ( v>i\s sections4 ,! rectangul> & triangul> sections illu/rat$ are n1 inde$1 /rictly rectil9eal figures1 z ! sides ( ! balu/rades ?us =m$ are n flat b r\nd$ surfaces2 !y are1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly curi\s1 & :5 well turn$ are int]e/+ specim5s ( la! "w4 ,b]g]on's description relates to ! pole la!1 or to "w m\nt$ betwe5 two c5tres ) a pulley cut on ! "w itself to receive ! la! cord4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( m\nt+ on a foot-la! w1 ( c\rse1 be mu* bett] & ! :ole op]ation ( m easy p]=mance4 ,let x be requir$ to turn a m\ld$ pill> or balu/rade ( ! section ,fig4 #bjd1 viz41 a triangle ) slightly curv$ sides4 ,a piece ( wood ( ! requisite l5g? is plan$ up accurately to a triangul> =m1 or1 z x g5]ally happ5s t a set ( su* pila/]s are requir$1 a numb] ( su* pieces are prep>$ :i* mu/ be accurately plan$ to ! same size1 = :i* purpose a gauge or template1 ,fig4 #bje1 %\ld be made use (4 ,six or eight ( ^!1 if n too l>ge1 may be op]at$ ^u at ! same "t2 b z six pieces ( two in*es across ea* face require a cyl9d] ( ab\t eight in*es diamet]1 ! numb] mu/ dep5d on height ( c5tres4 ,! l>g] ! cyl9d]1 h[ev] 7:i*1 9 fact1 =ms a *uck71 ! m ne>ly w ! sides ( ! f9i%$ "w approa* to plane surfaces1 z !y w =m arcs ( a l>g] circle4 ,let a cyl9d]1 !n1 be turn$ ( s\nd wood ) a r$uc$ "p at "o end s z to =m a %\ld]4 ,divide ! circumf]5ce into twice z _m equal p>ts z !re are pieces to be turn$1 ! divisions be+ equal to "o ( ! sides ( ^! pieces z measur$ 9 a cross section4 ,^! divisions are to m>k ! positions ( ! grooves or *annels 9 :i* ! triangul> /rips are de/9$ to lie4 ,half ! circumf]5ce w be s cut out1 ! alt]nate divisions be+ left4 ,?us1 to turn f\r pieces1 ea* two in*es wide1 a cyl9d] ( sixte5 in*es w be requir$1 af=d+ f\r grooves two in*es wide1 & f\r int]m$iate pieces =m+ ! p>titions betwe5 ! grooves4 ,! latt] mu/1 by means ( ! saw & *isel or o!r tools1 be made to receive ! /rips exactly1 & ! ends ( ! latt] be+ c>efully squ>$ (f1 are to be made to re/ aga9/ ! plate ,c1 ,fig4 #bjf1 :i* is cut out & screw$ aga9/ ! %\ld]1 aft] ! above-m5tion$ grooves h be5 cut4 ,! :ole are !n secur$ by two r+s1 ) screws4 ,probably ! /\te/ india-rubb] r+s n[ made w\ld answ] z well z ! iron clamps 9 ,b]g]on's description4 ,lay ! /rips 9 _! places1 b z !y are flat !y w n =m "p ( ! cyl9drical surface1 b w lie l[]1 z ,fig4 #bjg1 or high]1 ,fig4 #bjh2 ! latt] is ! be/1 & ! pieces may1 = ?is cause1 be cut out a trifle deep] ?an ultimately requir$ & !y may be plan$ d[n a little to remove ! angles & assimilate !m to ! cyl9drical surface4 ,! :ole may !n be turn$ toge!r s z to =m a pla9 cyl9d]1 ! clamp+ r+s1 ,fig4 #bji1 be+ %ift$ :5 requisite4 ,! :ole is n[ to be =m$ into a balu/rade1 b z ! proportions ( ! m\ld+s ( su* a l>ge cyl9d] w\ld n suit ! small pieces1 ! holl[s mu/ be less deep1 & ! rais$ p>ts less prom95t ?an !y w\ld ord9>ily be made4 ,! clamps are n[ to be loos5$1 & ! pieces re9s]t$ ) ano!r face upw>ds1 ! flange or plate aga9/ :i* _! ends re/ =m+ a gauge or /op to ensure _! position1 )\t :i* precaution ! m\ld+s w\ld n ev5tually meet at ! angles4 ,9 cutt+ a fre% side ! utmo/ c>e is requisite1 = if ! "w on ! orig9al cyl9d] is cut by ! tool1 x w be impossible to re/ore x1 & ! "w w be spoil$4 ,9 replac+ ! /rips1 let ! f9i%$ "p lie bel[1 s z to come fir/ 9 contact ) ! tool1 by :i* ! angle w be clean4 ,extra c>e is = ?is purpose requir$ 9 cutt+ ! la/ side4 ,x appe>s to ! writ] t ano!r precaution %\ld be tak5 :i* ,b]g]on omits1 namely1 to arrange ! m\ld+s s t c]ta9 p>ts are left ( ! orig9al size ( ! wood1 9 ord] to reta9 a c]ta9 numb] ( po9ts ( contact ) ! sides ( ! grooves1 s t ! /rips %all n fall deep] into !m ?an at fir/4 ,! extremities ( ! /rips %\ld c]ta9ly n be left small] ?an ! c5tral portion1 or ! pieces w rock on ! latt] :ile 9 process ( be+ turn$4 ,! two ends1 !re=e1 %\ld be all[$ to reta9 _! orig9al triangul> =m1 =m+ base & capital ( ! pill>1 or ! patt]n may be s plann$ t1 aft] ! extremities h be5 left z supports !y may be cut (f :5 ! "w is complete4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 9 work+ z above1 to h ! cyl9d]s s l>ge above ! e/imat$ size t ! inn] apices ( ! triangles d n ne>ly meet at ! c5tre1 else ! :ole *uck w\ld be v weak & split into triangul> /rips4 ,! la! call$ a spoke-turn+ la! w\ld accompli% ?is k9d ( "w 9 a f> m easy & spe$y mann]4 ,! balu/rade w\ld h to be made by h& z a patt]n1 & ca/ 9 metal1 & any numb] c\ld be produc$ precisely simil>4 ,! la! 9 "q is on ! foll[+ pr9ciple3--,! frame c>ry+ ! tool 7a set ( revolv+ gauges7 is made to oscillate backw>ds & =w>ds to & f ! piece to be op]at$ on4 ,?is is accompli%$ by its hav+ atta*$ to x a roll] or rubb] work+ aga9/ ! ca/-iron patt]n plac$ p>allel to ! "w1 & bel[ or "o side ( x4 ,! rubb] & frame are kept aga9/ ! patt]n by a /rong /eel spr+4 ,! cutt]s also travel 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis ( ! piece4 ,h5ce any elevat$ "p ( ! patt]n causes ! tool to rec$e f ! "w 9 a correspond+ degree1 & a holl[ all[s a ne>] approa* ( ! tool4 ,?us1 z ! tool is c>ri$ by a screw sl[ly f end to end ( ! "w1 x is made to advance & rec$e 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! =m ( ! patt]n4 ,an imm5se deal ( "w is done 9 ?is way1 su* z balu/rades1 spokes ( :eels1 ! long h&les ( ! ,am]ican fell+ axes1 & simil> irregul> =ms4 #ad ,) ! univ]sal cutt+ frame ?is k9d ( "w is mu* m readily accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aiib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,! pr9ciple1 inde$1 is n new1 z ! rose eng9e is a simil> tool1 &1 s long back z ,b]g]on's "t1 patt]n plates 7 us$ giv+ any desir$ motion1 endlong or o!rwise1 to ! tool1 or1 :i* 9 effect is ! same1 to ! "w to be op]at$ on4 ,,turn+ ,,sph]es4 ,we mu/ n[ recur to ! sph]e ( :i* we h already spok54 ,! me?od previ\sly giv5 = produc+ x is n suffici5tly accurate1 al?\gh a v close approximation c ?us be made to ! p]fect figure4 ,x is probably impossible )\t special app>atus1 r5d]+ ! tool indep5d5t ( ! h&1 to turn out an absolutely correct sph]e--inde$1 x is a suffici5tly delicate op]ation1 ev5 ) ! foll[+ or simil> app>atus4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 inde$1 :]e ! object is simply to produce a croquet ball1 a sph]ical box1 or a globe to be aft]w>ds cov]$ ) pap]1 or any su* "w1 ! plan already giv5 w g5]ally suffice1 &1 inde$1 is v ext5sively us$4 ,"s practis$ workm51 too1 w1 )\t ev5 ! aid ( rul$ l9es1 turn out sph]es ( av]age excell5ce by ! eye alone1 aid$ by a template4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is propos$ to holl[ out a sph]e s z to leave a m]e %ell ( #a_/h 94 or less1 & p]haps include a numb] ( su* %ells "o )9 ! o!r1 & a /> 9 ! c5tre ( all1 x evid5tly becomes necess>y to "w ) great] accuracy1 & /ill m s ) respect to billi>d balls1 9 :i* ev5 ! slight v>iation caus$ by increas$ temp]ature w s]i\sly affect ! result ( ! mo/ skilful play1 & cause ! v be/ play]s to fail4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! sph]ical re/ is display$ by ! diagram1 ,fig4 #baj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,a is ! *uck c>ry+ ! ball to be turn$1 ( :i* ,c is ! c5tre4 ,9 a "r l9e ) ! latt]1 & bel[ x1 is a p9 fix$ to a block betwe5 ! be>]s ( ! la!1 & on ?is ! arm1 ,d1 turns4 ,! latt] c>ries a tool-hold] 9 :i* a po9t$ tool1 ,e1 is fix$4 ,! po9t ( ?is tool w evid5tly move 9 a circle1 :5 ! arm is mov$ by means ( ! h&le1 ,d2 &1 z ! c5tre ( ! circle is exactly "u t ( ! propos$ sph]e1 ! latt] w be correctly %ap$ :5 ! la! is put 9 motion4 ,fig4 #baa gives ano!r view ( ! tool-hold]4 ,x is ess5tial t ! po9t ( ! tool %\ld be 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! la! m&rel1 s t x %all act on a diametrical plane z x is c>ri$ r\nd ! "w4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* a practically useful tool = turn+ sph]es has to be arrang$4 ,! faults 9 ! above simple ma*9e are _m4 ,9 ! fir/ place no provision is "h made = ! advance ( ! tool t[>ds ! "w4 ,9 ! second place ! requisite firmness & /ability _c be obta9$ by m]ely caus+ ! b> to revolve ^u a c5tre-p92 & ?irdly1 z ! tool po/ is fix$ to ! horizontal b>1 ! diamet] ( ! ball mu/ be limit$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !re=e1 ! above arrangem5t w\ld n answ]1 & x is only describ$ 9 ord] to illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( all inv5tions = ! production ( sph]es 9 ! la!4 ,to give /ead9ess ( action ! p9 =m+ ! c5tre ( motion is connect$ ) a circul> metal plate truly turn$1 ^u :i* a second simil> plate works1 & to ! latt] is atta*$ ! tool-hold+ app>atus4 ,x is difficult to make *oice ( a circul> or sph]ical re/ s z to give x prec$5ce1 s9ce mo/ ( ! patt]ns ord9>ily made are good4 ,to obta9 ! requisite movem5t is1 inde$1 by no means a matt] ( difficulty2 & "o or two adju/m5ts 9 respect ( ! height & radius ( ! tool be+ provid$1 a v simple app>atus w answ] ! purpose4 ,to comm5ce ) ,b]g]on's1 :i*1 ?\gh v5]able1 is by no means ineffici5t4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bab & #bac4 ,a1 ,b1 is ! base1 ! t5on1 ,b1 accurately fitt$ to slide betwe5 ! be>]s ( ! la!1 ! :ole be+ held d[n z usual by ! bolt & nut1 c4 ,! top "p ( ! base is surm\nt$ by ! accurately fac$ plate #bad1 on :i* a side sectional view is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bae4 ,?is is fa/5$ to ! base plate 7:i*1 9 ,b]g]on's description1 is ( wood7 by f\r c\nt]sunk screws4 ,x is turn$ ) a recess1 s t ! out] "p /&s up 9 ! =m ( a rim1 & f its c5tre rises a conical p91 b1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is fir/ octagonal1 & !n r\nd$ & tapp$4 ,x is ?is /rong p9 :i* =ms ! c5tre ( motion1 & x mu/ /& ) its axial l9e precisely 9 ! c5tre ( ! la! b$1 s t if ! plate 7 slipp$ close to ! poppet head ?is l9e w\ld bisect ! nose ( ! m&rel4 ,?is is ess5tial 9 all patt]ns ( sph]ical slide re/4 ,^u ! l[] circul> plate re/s t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #baf1 ,a & ,b1 ! latt] be+ ! sectional repres5tation4 ,?is plate is drill$ 9 ! la! ) a c5tral hole1 ! l[] "p conical to fit ! p9 9 ! base plate1 ! upp] "p c\nt]sunk z 9 ! figure1 to receive ! octagonal "p ( ! p9 & ! nut4 ,! projections a1 & b1 9 ,b1 repres5t ! project+ rim1 a1 9 ! ,fig4 #baf1 ,a1 & ?is is made to fit v nicely )9 ! rim ( ! l[] plate1 :ile ! adjac5t "p1 c1 re/s ^u ! rim itself4 ,! accuracy ( ^! be>+ surfaces is ( ! utmo/ importance1 ,x is evid5t t ?is arrangem5t is calculat$ to give great /ability dur+ ! revolution ( ! upp] "p ( ! re/1 :i* is fix$ securely to ! plate la/ nam$4 ,?is plate has a holl[$ edge cut ) a set ( f9e tee? to be act$ on by ! tang5t1 screw ,d1 ,figs4 #bab1 #bac1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #bag on a l>g] scale4 ,! be>+s ( ?is screw are atta*$ to ! base plate1 & ! screw is prev5t$ f mov+ endwise by coll>s z usual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! top plate are fix$ p>allel b>s *amf]$ b5ea? l ^? ( a slide re/1 & betwe5 ^! ! tool hold] slides1 ! advance ( ! latt] be+ effect$ by a screw precisely z 9 ! slide re/ already describ$4 ,9 ! plan ( ?is in/rum5t1 z se5 f above1 ,fig4 #bah1 ,a1 ,b1 are ! b>s4 ,! tool is se5 9 position at ,c1 ! tang5t at ,d4 ,a scale is atta*$ to ! slid+ "p ( ! tool hold] = det]m9+ ! size ( ! sph]e4 ,! tool is aga9 se5 9 position 9 #bai1 & deta*$ 9 #bbj4 ,9 ,b]g]on's description ( ! above sph]ical slide re/ ! me?od ( us+ ! app>atus is ?us describ$3--,comm5ce by plac+ 9 a *uck a cyl9d] ( "s s\nd wood1 & r$uce x to a conv5i5t diamet]1 :i* %\ld be a little great] ?an t ( ! propos$ ball4 ,) ! g\ge "w d[n ?is1 & give x r\ghly ! =m ( a ball atta*$ to a cyl9drical base4 ,?is base s]ves to su/a9 ! ball dur+ ! op]ation1 & ! =m ( an incl9$ plane is to be giv5 to x :]e x is atta*$ to ! ball1 z se5 9 ! draw+1 to facilitate ! passage ( ! tool4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y "w1 place ! in/rum5t on ! la! b$1 & cause ! tool hold] to advance by means ( a screw 7! "o atta*$ to ! l[] slide1 n ! tang5t screw7 until1 reckon+ f #j;941 ! />t+ po9t1 ! index atta*$ to ! slid+ "p has travell$ ov] ! graduat$ divisions ( ! scale1 s z to d5ote ! size ( ! ball 9 its pres5t r\gh /ate4 ,!n slide ! in/rum5t along ! la! b$1 until ! tool1 accurately adju/$ z to height1 j t\*es ! ball at ! qu>t] circle4 ,?is w be bett] und]/ood by ! diagram ,fig4 #bba1 9 :i* ,a1 ,b1 are ! la! be>]s2 ,c1 ! tool 9 position2 ,d1 ! ball2 ,e1 ! *uck or ! base ( ! cyl9d]4 ,hav+ previ\sly det]m9$ ! size ( ! f9i%$ ball1 ! "w may n[ be c>efully begun by clamp+ ! re/ und]nea? ! b$1 & mak+ use ( ! tang5t screw4 ,little by little ! "w is to be r$uc$1 tak+ c>e n to cut too ne> ! base on :i* ! ball is yet c>ri$4 ,?is base is to be cut away little by little z ! tool comes r\nd1 & at ! la/ cut ! ball w drop (f f9i%$1 & x is n to be fur!r t\*$ ) s& pap] or o!r mat]ial4 ,h5ce1 z x approa*es ! f9i%1 ! tool mu/ be delicately & /eadily made to trav]se1 s z to leave a f9i%$ surface z x advances4 ,b]g]on adds c]ta9 precautions z foll[s3--,if ! mat]ial is v r\gh f ! g\ge1 s t at any po9t ! tool is likely to meet ) su* resi/ance z w\ld endang] ! "w1 su* "p may be p>$ d[n aga9 by us+ ! ma*9e z a common re/ = g\ge or *isel2 = ! app>atus once arrang$ %\ld n be alt]$ nor ! fix$ tool %ift$ until ! "w is done4 ,! tool ?r\gh\t is to be advanc$ v g5tly =w>d at ea* turn by means ( ! screw1 :i* causes ! p>allel movem5t1 & ! tool is to be accurately adju/$ s z to be exactly 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! m&rel2 x is also to be v ke5ly %>p5$1 & ev5 poli%$4 ,! fir/ impression giv5 by an inspection ( ! above figures is t ! ball w\ld be liable to drop (f be=e x c\ld be fairly sev]$ by ! tool4 ,! writ] det]m9$ to te/ ?is objection p]sonally4 ,he select$ a piece ( sycamore1 :i* is v fit = ! purpose1 & useful z a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 h>d & s(t woods4 ,a ball 0 turn$ by h& f ?is mat]ial hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t two in*es4 ,! neck by :i* x 0 held 0 reta9$ ( ! size ( a c$> p5cil dur+ ! f9al %ap+ ( ! re/ ( ! ball4 ,x 0 ( c\rse n ?us r$uc$ until ! ball 0 ne>ly sph]ical4 ,gradually ! neck 0 cut away until x 0 p]haps z small z ! lead ( a p5cil1 yet /ill ! ball reta9$ its position1 & ! f9al /roke cut x (f truly & tol]ably cleanly1 ,e1 #bab & #bac4 ,x is really a/oni%+ h[ small a portion ( s\nd wood w reta9 a ball s turn$1 b ! la! %\ld n be all[$ to /op1 else ! t5d5cy to hang d[n or sag w\ld ov]come ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! fibres4 ,b]g]on /ates1 inde$1 pla9ly1 t ! process answ]s satisfactorily1 & z a man ( l>ge exp]i5ce 8 op9ion is c]ta9ly reliable4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce s& pap]+ or aft] process is to be es*ew$1 x does appe> to ! writ] t ! f9al cut w\ld leave a m9ute portion unt\*$ requir+ to be aft]w>ds remov$4 ,n hav+ "o ( ! re/s 9 "q ! writ]'s op9ion is to be tak5 quantum valeat4 ,! sph]ical re/ m commonly us$ is t repres5t$ 9 ! ,h&book ( ,turn+1 s9ce x is necess>y n only t ! ma*9e %\ld be effici5t = turn+ a sph]e1 b likewise applicable to ! ornam5tation ( ! same by ! revolv+ cutt] & o!r app>atus us$ 9 su* processes4 ,?is & "s o!r =ms w pres5tly be describ$1 & also an +5i\s adaptation ( ! ord9>y slide re/ by means ( guide pieces or templets to "w ( ?is "*4 ,a v good =m ( *uck = hold+ sph]es dur+ ! op]ation ( holl[+ !m out or =m+ />s or cubes )9 !m w1 h[ev]1 be fir/ introduc$ "h z describ$ by ,b]g]on4 ,x w be at once se5 h[ simply & effici5tly a ball c be ?us held dur+ su* processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,fig4 #bbb repres5ts a *uck = hold+ balls1 ,a be+ a sectional view1 ,b an elevation4 ,9 ! fir/1 b1 b1 repres5ts ! body ( ! *uck1 made z usual to screw on ! m&rel4 ,at a1 ! *uck is =m$ ) a %\ld] l an ord9>y box4 ,?is "p ( ! *uck is to be holl[$ out to fit ! ball on :i* x is int5d$ to op]ate4 ,on ! side ( ! *uck at b1 is to be cut a screw ( m$ium pit*4 ,m\nt+ ano!r piece ( wood 9 ! la! a k9d ( cov]1 c1 c1 is n[ to be made to fit ov] ! body ( ! *uck l ! cov] ( a box1 b holl[$ out to ! curvature ( ! ball4 ,a r+ ( brass or wood ( section ,d be+ screw$ on ! inside to ! pit* ( ! male screw on ! outside ( ! *uck w hold ! ?ree sep>ate p>ts ( ! app>atus firmly toge!r4 ,let !m be ?us arrang$ & f9i%$ z "o piece on ! m&rel4 ,aft]w>ds drill a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! "p :i* =ms ! cov]1 & enl>ge x s t its diamet] %all slightly exce$ t ( ! op5+s necess>y to be made 9 ! ball = ! purpose ( holl[+ out & =m+ )9 x />s1 or less] sph]es1 box1 cube1 or o!r design1 at pleasure4 ,9 ?is *uck ! ball w be held n only c5trally b securely4 ,x is ( c\rse necess>y to h a *uck specially made = ea* diff]5t siz$ ball1 b :5 x is consid]$ t su* ?+s z ^! are m]ely turn$ z curiosities & to prove ! capabilities ( ! workman1 x is n probable t m ?an two or ?ree sizes ( *uck w be ne$$1 & ! difficulty ( mak+ !m is n great nor ! necess>y exp5diture ( "t1 ei!r4 ,!y %\ld be made entirely ( s\nd boxwood1 & s arrang$ z to ! size ( ! respective p>ts t :5 ! ball is ins]t$ & ! cov] plac$ on1 ! latt] %all n q rea* ! %\ld] on ! base ( ! *uck4 ,9 ! sph]ical re/ ( m mod]n times ! pr9ciple ( t already describ$ is almo/ necess>ily reta9$4 ,x is figur$ 9 #bbc4 ,! sole ,a is =m$ l t ( an ord9>y h& re/1 s t x c be advanc$ across ! la! b$1 & secur$ by ! nut & screw und]nea? z usual4 ,f ?is rises a c5tral circul> plate1 :i* ne$ n be m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 b turn$ truly flat1 t x may be p>allel ) ! surface ( ! la! b$4 ,f ?is rises ! conical c5tral p9 ^u :i* works ! plate ,b1 ! edge ( :i* is rack$ to be mov$ by ! tang5t screw ,c4 ,across ?is circul> plate is securely fix$ ! *amf]$ frame ,d surm\nt$ by ! "p ,e :i* c>ries ! socket & tool receptacle1 ! details ( :i* w be ent]$ into :5 describ+ ! re/ = ornam5tal "w4#ae #ae ,! draw+ %[s a b& at ,x encompass+ ! screw4 ,?is is an error1 z ! :ole upp] "p1 includ+ ?is screw1 is made to revolve by means ( ! tang5t screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,! me?od ( turn+ f a patt]n act+ on ! tool has be5 allud$ to4 ,9 "s cases a simil> me?od is pursu$1 9 :i* ! h& supplies ! place ( automatic ma*9]y1 an in/ance ( ?is is ! application ( patt]n plates or templets to ! small slide re/ n[ to be describ$1 by :i* n only p>allel or sph]ical "w may be done1 b ! elevations & holl[s 9 m\ld$ "w may be foll[$ )\t difficulty4 ,! patt]n plates c be made by ! amateur or workman s t n only is no extra co/ incurr$1 b any desir$ =m c be giv5 to ! "w & z _m duplicates made z may be requisite4 ,! simple slide re/ itself is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,! l[] iron or /eel frame is rectangul>1 *amf]$ und]nea?1 & is ca/ ) a project+ "p ,b und]nea? to ! socket ( ! h& re/4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no sole or saddle requir$1 & ! height is adju/able at pleasure to suit #c1 #d or #e-;in* c5tres4 ,c is a plate ( brass1 ca/ ) "o ,v-piece simil> to ,d1 ! second ,e be+ removable at pleasure1 or bo? ,v-pieces or guide b>s may be atta*$ by screws4 ,!y are atta*$ by two or ?ree screws pass+ ?r\gh oval holes 9 ! plate & tapp$ into ! b>1 s t a little play to or fro is all[$1 by :i* !y c be adju/$ to grasp ) m or less friction ! iron bevell$ frame4 ,!y are kept up to _! places by a pair ( l>ge head$ screws tapp$ into ! edge ( ! brass plate & m>k$ e1 e1 9 ! draw+ ( ! re/4 ,on ! top ( ! brass plate is fix$ 9 a l mann] ano!r pair ( *amf]$ b>s simil> to ^? ( a slide re/ = metal1 b 9 ! ornam5tal turn+ slide re/s1 :]e lightness & accuracy are m ne$$ ?an /r5g?1 ! p>ts are proportionally small]4 ,! frame1 = example1 may be six in*es or six & a half in*es 9 l5g? by two 9 wid?1 ! brass plate two in*es squ>e1 or p]haps two & a half by two1 ! longe/ measurem5t 9 ! direction ( ! upp] guide b>s1 betwe5 :i* ! tool receptacle w slide4 ,?is w be q l>ge en\gh = a five-in* la!1 al?\gh ! measurem5t may be m or less if desir$4 ,if tak5 z above1 ! iron frame may be half an in* deep & ! face ( ea* side ( simil> size1 leav+ "o in* betwe51 9 :i* ! screw w lie4 #bbd ,b %[s ! "u side ( ! frame ) a cross piece to :i* ! "p1 ,b #bbd1 is atta*$4 ,! guide b>s = ! tool receptacle may be simil>ly small & light4 ,if ! plate is #a_/d 94 ?ick & two 9 wid? ! b>s may be #c_/h 94 /uff be=e be+ bevell$1 ! atta*+ screws c !n be #a_/c 94 or #c_/af 94 9 ! %ank1 ! heads be+ l>ge & flat1 & n c\nt]sunk4 ,x is probable t _m amateurs w\ld l to attempt su* a re/ !mselves1 h5ce we h giv5 ! above details4 ,we mu/ h[ev]1 w>n !m t z ! above is = ornam5tal turn+1 :]e accuracy is ( ! utmo/ importance1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! "w1 & ! v>i\s p>ts mu/ be fitt$ to ! utmo/ p]fection4 ,! upp] face ( ! l[] frame mu/ be q level1 & ! sides q p>allel1 & ! upp] or cross slide mu/ be fitt$ precisely at "r angles to x4 ,above all1 ! screw by :i* ! upp] "p is advanc$ 9 ei!r direction requires great precision4 ,x %\ld be made ) a f9e ?read deeply cut1 & mu/ fit its nut "u ! brass plate1 ,d1 )\t %ake4 ,! nut itself %\ld be long1 & mu/ be c>efully bor$ & tapp$2 x %\ld be also sawn ?r\gh its l5g? und]nea?1 to give x a spr+1 s t x may grasp ! screw tightly yet easily1 & ?is w also comp5sate = we>4 ,?is w be und]/ood :5 x is /at$ t ! mill$ head by :i* ! screw c be turn$ is graduat$ r\nd its circumf]5ce1 z is also ! face ( ! b$ or l[] frame ( ! re/4 ,h5ce to give ! head a turn1 or half1 or a qu>t] turn1 mu/ draw ! slid+ plate exactly ! same di/ance to or fro1 at :atev] "p ( ! frame x may be at ! "t4 ,?is necessitates all ! ?reads be+ precisely alike4 ,we say precisely ) a c]ta9 m5tal res]vation1 =1 /rictly speak+1 p]fection is h>dly possible1 & ! skill & sci5ce br\ght to be> ^u screw cutt+ :5 p]fect "w has be5 necess>y1 z = a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 w\ld h>dly be cr$it$1 s extremely difficult is ?is "p ( ! me*anical art4 ,x w\ld be bett] = ! amateur to get ! screw & nut cut by ,holtzapffel1 ,munro1 or o!r fir/-class mak]1 :o has ! requisite means & c comm& ! highe/ skill4 ,betwe5 ! upp] guide b>s are fitt$ v>i\s tool receptacles4 ,! only "o :i* ne$ z yet be spok5 ( is t :i* holds ! little in*-long tools = ord9>y "w or = use ) ! ecc5tric *uck4 ,?is consi/s ( a brass plate bevell$ to fit ! *amf]$ b>s1 on ! end ( :i* is a small piece ( /eel ) a rectangul> hole & set screw1 z se5 9 ! draw+ m>k$ ,x4 ,?is plate has a tailpiece ( r ?ick] metal1 ?r\gh :i* pass two set screws1 :i* regulate ! dep? ( ! cut to be made1 _! po9ts be>+ aga9/ ! end ( ! brass plate on :i* ?is tool receptacle works4 ,no screw is atta*$ to move ?is upp] slide1 b a wood5 h&le projects f x at "r angles to be mov$ by h&1 or a lev] ,y is made use (4 ,?is has two project+ p9s1 ! front "o tak+ "o ( ! holes1 #a1 #b1 #c ( ! slide1 ! o!r "o ( a set ( simil> holes 9 ! top ( ! *amf]$ b>s4 ,by ?is ! slide c be advanc$ ) ease & great /ead9ess4 ,we n[ come to ! patt]n plates or templets ,f1 allud$ to4 ,^! are =m$ ( %eet iron ab\t #a-bj 94 to #a-af 94 ?ick1 & mu/ be long en\gh to rea* f "o end to ! o!r ( ! iron frame ,a1 und]nea? :i* at ea* end are two holes a1 a41 ,fig4 #bbd ,b1 to receive screws by :i* ! templets are atta*$ by means ( ! slots1 b1 b4 ,! out] edge1 a1 ( templet is ! patt]n to be copi$4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #bbd %[ a plate 9 position4 ,! tailpiece ( ! tool hold] to be us$ has a project+ /ud1 or is made ) a screw ) or )\t ! roll] se5 at ,h1 & ?is is kept 9 contact ) ! templet by ! h& or by a spr+1 s t :5 ! slide trav]ses ! l[] frame ! tool-hold] necess>ily foll[s all ! curves ( ! patt]n plate4 ,an inspection ( ,k w make x evid5t t ! project+ screw mu/ be s regulat$ z to l5g? z to all[ ! tool-hold] to g to ! extremes ( ! projections & holl[s4 ,x mu/ !re=e 9 ! patt]n %[n be at lea/ z long z ! l9e a1 b1 ,fig4 ,k1 & a tool-hold] ( suffici5t l5g? mu/ = simil> reasons be select$1 or ! tailpiece might t\* ! fix$ plate on :i* x works be=e ! guide p9 _h p5etrat$ ! deepe/ holl[ ( ! patt]n4 ,) ^! precautions no?+ c exce$ ! ease ) :i* ?is clev] adaptation ( ! slide re/ is made & us$1 ! greate/ advantage be+ t ! workman c make 8 own templets to any curve or s]ies ( curves t may be desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd;,b4 ,at a lat] page is describ$ a slide re/ ) ! arrangem5ts ( ! tool-hold] some:at improv$1 & calculat$ = ! reception ( l>g] tools & app>atus4 ,! little re/ "h describ$ is1 h[ev]1 v light & useful4 ,,hoblyn',s ,,comp\nd ,,slide-,,re/4 ,a comp\nd sph]ical slide-re/1 = ornam5tal turn+ la!s1 :i* has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,hoblyn1 ,rickl+-gre51 ,essex1 is capable ( turn+ & ornam5t+ accurately sph]es & any segm5ts ( circles convex or concave1 ei!r on ! surface or cyl9d]2 also1 x is /at$ t by ! addition ( templates any o!r curves1 n segm5ts ( circles1 c be turn$ out1 9 addition to ! "w p]=m$ by an ord9>y comp\nd slide-re/4 ,9 our illu/rations1 ,fig4 #a is a side view1 & ,fig4 #b1 an elevation ( ! re/4 ,a is ! l[]1 & ,b ! top plate1 ,c ! c>riage1 & ! saddle z usual4 ,! l[] plate1 ( iron1 is plan$ on bottom & sides1 & has a longitud9al bevell$ slot 9 ! bottom to receive ! fa/5+ bolt1 s t ! plate c be tight5$ up at any po9t on ! la! b$4 ,at "o end ( ?is bottom plate is a piece rais$ ! :ole ( its bread?1 accurately turn$ & fac$1 ) a /\t turn$ p91 b1 = a pivot 9 ! c5tre4 ,a :eel1 c1 is plac$ ar\nd ?is rais$ piece1 hav+ any specifi$ numb] ( cogs1 & on its top any specifi$ numb] ( small holes drill$ to receive two p9s z segm5t /ops4 ,! top plate is slightly n>r[] ?an ! bottom "o1 & has on its und]side a correspond+ surface to t rais$ on ! plate ,a1 turn$ & fac$ ) c\nt]sunk hole 9 ! c5tre to fit on ! pivot b1 on :i* x is tight5$ by a screw & wa%]4 ,! top ( ,b is plac$ to receive two p>allel b>s ( brass1 bevell$ on ! inn] edge1 s z to =m slid+ b>s = ! c>riage ,c1 "o b> be+ a fixture1 ! o!r capable ( adju/m5t by tight5+ screws4 ,! sides are also accurately plan$1 & on "o a tang5t screw1 e1 is s fix$ z to be put 9 & out ( ge> ) ! brass :eel1 c1 = ! purpose ( driv+ ! top plate r\nd ! pivot b4 ,9 ! rais$ surface ( ,b1 is a c\nt]sunk slot =m+ a qu>t] circle1 ) screw pass+ ?r\gh x into ! bottom plate2 by ?is means ! top plate c be firmly fix$ at any angle to ! bottom plate = ! purpose ( slide-re/ turn+4 ,a small po9t]1 f1 works cle> ( ! brass :eel 9 ! capacity ( segm5t /op--two small p9s be+ plac$ 9 ! specifi$ numb] ( holes 9 c4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! screw1 e1 on ! top surface1 a screw1 g1 works 9 two /&>ds screw$ into ! plate ?r\gh slots 9 ! b>1 :i* works ?r\gh a travell]1 h1 firmly atta*$ to ! c>riage1 ,c1 & !re=e capable ( driv+ ! c>riage 9 a rectil9e> direction--= slide-re/ purposes4 ,?is c>riage1 ,c1 consi/s ( an iron plate i1 ) /&>d k1 top plate l1 ) p>allel brass b>s to receive tool receptacle m1 ! bottom plate & /&>d be+ 9 "o piece ) ! plate1 plan$ side & bottom1 s z to slide truly betwe5 ! p>allel b> on ,b4 ,! /&>d has its surface accurately turn$ ) a p9 9 c5tre to =m pivot4 ,! top plate is plan$ true1 bottom1 sides1 & top1 & has a c\nt]sunk hole 9 ! exact c5tre1 s z to "w on ! p91 & tight5s up ) a l>ge nut4 ,9 ! plate is a c\nt]sunk slot =m+ a qu>t]-circle1 ) screw pass+ ?r\gh into ! /&>d1 to set ! tool receptacle ei!r p>allel ) ,b = sph]ical turn+1 at "r angles to ,b = slide turn+1 or at any angle = ?ick & ?9 cuts1 & simil> patt]ns :5 us$ ei!r z a sph]ical or slide re/4 ,! p>allel b>s are to be simil> to ^? on ,b1 to enable ! tool receptacle to be advanc$ or retir$ by screw or lev]4 ,?is "p ( ! ma*9e c be adju/$ = height ( c5tre ?us3--,! /&>d k to be a holl[ cyl9d] ) fix+ screw on "o side2 ! plate i to be made ) turn$ p9 on bottom1 to fit into /&>d2 elevat+ screw2 saddle z usual1 b ) ! addition ( a small hole drill$ 9 "o ( ! sides1 & a correspond+ "o 9 ! side ( ! l[] plate ,a1 s plac$ t :5 a p9 is fix$ into ^! holes ! pivot is exactly c5tral to ! la! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! way ( us+ ! sph]ical re/ is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,hoblyn3--,:5 altoge!r1 & ! po9t ( tool adju/$ by means ( a squ>e exactly ov] c5tre ( pivot1 x is evid5t1 if ! top plate moves r\nd1 ! po9t ( ! tool w /ill be 9 ! same place2 b if we retire ! po9t "o half-in*1 on mov+ ! plate "r r\nd x w\ld describe an in* circle1 s t if ! c5tre ( pivot be exactly "u ! c5tre ( ! la!1 & we move ! re/ ! half-circle1 x w cut a p]fect ball 7or any "p ( "o1 if ! cut be less ?an half a circle7 ( su* size z ! di/ance d\bl$ ( po9t ( tool f c5tre ( pivot4 ,!re=e1 by adju/m5t ( ! l[] plate on ! la! b$ accord+ to ! size ( mat]ial 7?is1 ( c\rse1 does n allude to ! act ( turn+ a ball1 :5 ! c5tre ( pivot mu/ be exactly "u c5tre ( la!71 adju/m5t ( c>riage f c5tre accord+ to ! size ( circle requir$1 & adju/m5t ( tool = dep? ( cut1 we are enabl$ to turn any convex curve4 ,to turn ! concaves1 in/ead ( retir+ f c5tre ( pivot1 x is only requisite to advance ! po9t beyond ! c5tre to ! di/ance requir$1 :5 ! same rules apply z to ! convex curves4 ,9 turn+ ! concaves1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to turn ! plates half-r\nd1 s t ,a & ,b are 9 ! same /raight l9e1 in/ead ( ov] ea* o!r4 ,?is enables y to "w on any siz$ piece ( wood1 ! object ( ! longitud9al slot 9 ! l[] plate be+ to enable y to adju/ y\r previ\sly arrang$ curve to any siz$ wood or ivory t y\r la! w take1 less #b 941 ! height ( ma*9e4 ,! desir$ curve hav+ be5 turn$1 take out ! *isel1 & place 9 ! receptacle any ornam5t+ in/rum5t1 drill1 ecc5tric1 c42 advance ! po9t till x t\*es ! "w1 !n set y\r screw = dep? ( cut1 & "w accord+ to fancy4 ,:atev] x is x mu/ be ma!matically correct on ! curve1 z y h n alt]$ x 9 any way4 ,y !n remove y\r re/ to cut ! next desir$ curve1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,! be/ way to execute a piece ( "w is fir/ to make a sectional patt]n ( y\r design1 ei!r by draw+ or cutt+ x out ) scissors f a d\ble piece ( pap]1 :51 ( c\rse1 bo? sides come ! same1 ! l9e :]e ! pap] is d\bl$ be+ ! l9e ( c5tre ( la!4 ,y c !n1 ) a pair ( compasses1 asc]ta9 ) accuracy ! necess>y size ( circle1 & ! position ( c5tre ( pivot to procure ! desir$ curves4 ,y may also produce a v good effect by a comb9ation ( two diff]5t curves 9 ?is way3--,let y\r ornam5tal in/rum5t be ! univ]sal cutt]2 work+ horizontally foll[ up y\r curve ) x1 b1 in/ead ( cutt+ "r out on y\r curve1 let ! in/rum5t f9i% ( itself 9 wood previ\sly turn$ s z to fit its curve1 :5 y get ! less] & great] curves foll[+ 9 unbrok5 succession4 ,) ! ecc5tric *uck numb]less effects ( ! mo/ curi\s description may be produc$1 ev5 "w suppos$ to be only possible ) a rose eng9e4 ,we believe ! tool is to be se5 at ! %op ( ,mr4 ,evans1 #ajd1 ,w>d\r-/reet4 ,to turn a sph]e by means ( a template atta*$ to ! slide re/ z describ$1 ! foll[+ adju/m5t ( ! re/ & mode ( proce$+ %\ld be foll[$4 ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #bbe1 is ! *uck conta9+ ! mat]ial1 ,h1 to be work$ into a sph]e4 ,^u ?is ! l5g?1 or diamet] 7equal to t ( ! template1 z w be expla9$71 is to be m>k$ at ,k1 ,k1 :i* be+ divid$ equally by ! l9e ,l1 ,l1 w give ! dim5sions ( ! ball z if x 7 ab\t to be turn$ by h&4 ,! corn]s are to be turn$ (f ) ! g\ge1 z f> z %[n1 ,k be+ equal to e ,l1 & ,k f equal to ,k e4 ,! outl9e ( ! ball w ) ^! measurem5ts n be t\*$4 ,! angles left may also c>efully be remov$1 b 7z %[n by ! figure7 ?is op]ation mu/ be conduct$ ) great c>e4 ,a template mu/ n[ be made conta9+ a full semicircle1 e "p ( :i* c be trav]s$ by ! /ud or screw ^u ! "u "p ( ! slide1 or ! ball w n be sev]$ by ! f9al cut4 ,x is evid5t t ! trav]se ( ! slide dur+ ! op]ation w be ! full radius ( ! ball1 & 9 ?is1 & inde$ all cases ( deep recesses1 & greatly project+ m\ld+s1 ! ord9>y tool-hold] ) tailpiece _h bett] be remov$1 & replac$ ) a slide l ,m1 hav+ a p9 /raight ?r\gh x to re/ 9 contact ) ! template4 ,?is w preclude ! necessity = ! long /ud or screw spok5 ( be=e z necess>y :5 ! slide ) ! tailpiece is us$1 b ! tool _c be advanc$ indep5d5tly ( ! template z :5 ! o!r =m is us$4 ,fix ! re/ s t :5 ! top slide is at its c5tral position ! tool may /& z 9 ! sket* exactly ^u ! c5tral l9e ( ! ball4 ,take c>e t ?us plac$ ! tang5t-p9 ( ! slide is on ! c5tral m>k ( ! template4 ,! long frame ( ! re/ mu/ likewise be p>allel ) ! b$ ( ! la!1 keep+ ! top slide press$ aga9/ ! template ) ! left h&1 :ile ! top "p trav]ses ! frame "u ! action ( ! screw mov$ by ! "r h&1 ! ball w be correctly cut4#af ,"o or two cautions mu/1 h[ev]1 be giv5 "h1 to ensure a satisfactory result4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! cyl9d] f :i* ! ball is to be made mu/ be exactly ( ! diamet] ( ! semicircle on ! template4 ,h1 ,h is ! cyl9d] to be turn$ to a sph]e1 ,g1 ,g1 ,b %ews ! position ( ! tool at />t+1 ! dot on ,a1 ! templet1 ! tang5t p9 ( ! slide1 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,z ! "w proce$s ! tool w take ! sev]al positions %[n1 ! dott$ l9es1 ,d1 be+ equal & p>allel4 ,! tool w ?us repeat ! =m ( ! template4 ,let ! latt] rema9 z be=e1 b let a small] cyl9d] be ins]t$ 9 ! la!1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 let ! tool be n[ l5g!n$ s z to />t at ,c on ! inn] dott$ l9e4 ,:5 ! p91 ,f1 has rea*$ ,k1 :i* %\ld be ! axis ( ! ball1 ! tool w be at ,m1 q out ( cut4 ,fig4 #bbg repres5ts ?ree =ms ( tool 9 contact ) ! ball at two po9ts4 ,! fir/ two w evid5tly be out ( cut at ! axial l9e1 z ! side ( ^! bevels w !n t\* ! piece to be turn$4 ,c is a =m t w rema9 9 contact f ! diamet] to ! axial l9e4 ,! left side ( ! edge is slightly ov]hang+ ! side l9e ( ! tool1 ,d4 #af ,see ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,:5 ! "p %[n has be5 cut ?is tool mu/ be remov$ & a simil> tool bevell$ 9 ! rev]se direction1 adju/$ by ref]5ce to ! c5tral l9e ( ! ball z be=e4#ag ,x is recomm5d$ to r\ghly %ape ! "w ) ! g\ge1 & p>tially to cut x (f ) ! p>t+ tool s z to relieve ! tool z mu* z possible1 & :5 ! la/ f9i%+ cut is to be tak5 a fre%ly %>p5$ tool is to be made use (4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! above & simil> "w ! re/ may be plac$ across ! end ( ! cyl9d] if pref]r$ to turn ! "r h& hemisph]e1 b x w\ld h to be mov$ = ! second half1 :i* %\ld be avoid$1 if possible4 ,! advantage :i* ! circul> re/ has ov] ! above is due to ! fact t ! tool & re/ once 9 position1 nei!r has to be readju/$ until ! "w is complete4 ,! slide re/ & semicircul> template =ms1 h[ev]1 if judici\sly us$1 a v s]viceable sub/itute & makes v satisfactory "w4 ,:e!r or no ! read] has a complete re/ = sph]ical "w1 he %\ld decid$ly provide templates to use z above4 ,!y are n only useful = turn+ or ornam5t+ sph]es1 b any =ms :atev] t may be desir$1 & !y possess ?is special advantage1 t :5 a dome or o!r patt]n has be5 ?us turn$ ) a pla9 tool ! same template us$ ) revolv+ cutt]s w enable ! "w to be ornam5t$ ) p]fect ease1 do+ away 9 a great measure ) ! ne$ ( a dome *uck4 ,suppose1 aga91 t a numb] ( pieces are desir$ precisely simil>1 z a set ( pawns = a set ( *essm51 a sectional draw+ made & transf]r$ to a piece ( %eet-iron1 & ! latt] cut to =m a patt]n plate1 w enable ! mo/ unskilful to "w satisfactorily4 ,no?+ m ne$ be said ( ! uses ( templates1 & = ! pres5t ! subject w be dismiss$1 ?\gh x may possibly be ref]r$ to aga9 9 a future page4 #ag ,holtzapffel uses a tool1 ! plan ( :i* is semicircul>1 l a small r\nd tool1 cutt+ on front & two side edges2 ! tool is v n>r[ & bevell$ bel[4 ,,*ucks ,,) ,,slides ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,movem5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ! *ucks compris$ "u ! above head is ! oval or elliptical *uck1 & x is introduc$ fir/ 9 ord] because x is n ess5tially a ma*9e = ornam5tal turn+1 z are ! ecc5tric & o!rs ( ?is class4 ,!re are _m pla9 works requir$ ( elliptical section1 z bradawl & o!r tool h&les1 = :i* a v simple arrangem5t is requir$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! oval *uck is z foll[s3--,!re is an arrangem5t ( slide1 by :i* z ! piece revolves x is drawn gradually fur!r f ! tool dur+ half a revolution1 & 9 a simil> mann] caus$ to approa* x dur+ ! rema9+ half revolution1 ea* po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce alt]nately p>tak+ ( su* movem5t2 ! :ole ( ^! po9ts toge!r1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 =m ! circumf]5ce1 w become an ellipse4 ,let ,d1 ,fig4 #bbh1 be ! c5tre ( ! m&rel1 ,a1 ,b ! direction ( ! slide mov+ up & d[n 9 a "r l9e1 & c>ry+ ! "w ^u a screw 9 ! c5tre ( x4 ,c1 ,e become c5tres1 & may be tak5 z ! extremes1 = z ! "w revolves a succession ( c5tres are =m$ & in/antane\sly *ang$4 ,! figure produc$ w be ! oval %[n4 ,to r5d] ?is1 h[ev]1 cle>]1 ,fig4 #bbi may be tak51 :i* repres5ts ! *uck 9 its mo/ simple =m ) sep>ate details ( ! p>ts :i* compose x4 ,a is ! *uck ) c5tral slid] & *amf]$ b>s1 z describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! slide & re/ & previ\s app>atus2 ,b is ! slide deta*$2 ,d1 front view ( ! same4 ,! %ort arms a1 b1 pass ?r\gh slots 9 ! back plate z se5 at ,c1 :i* %[s ?is plate ) slide remov$4 ,?r\gh ^! %ort arms pass a pair ( adju/+ screws2 or /ill bett] a & b are !mselves cross arms or pallets ext5d+ ! wid? ( ! plate z se5 next draw+1 & 9 ! *uck ( ,muir :i* foll[s4 ,!y are m]ely flat plates ( /eel embrac+ ! guide r+1 s t "s po9t 9 _! inn] surface may re/ aga9/ x dur+ e "p ( ! revolution ( ! *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,! guide r+ "h allud$ to is %[n at ,e1 & also at ,g1 fix$ 9 its place ^u ! poppet4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a rais$ r+ ) arms1 ,b1 ,c41 :i* are turn$ at "r angles ne> _! ends1 & ?r\gh :i* pass adju/+ screws ) conical po9ts4 ,?is plate is flat at ! back & be>s aga9/ ! face ( ! poppet1 ! m&rel nose fall+ into ! c5tral op5+ ,e4 ,x is kept 9 place by ! po9ts ( ! screws fall+ into conical holes at ! sides ( ! poppet head4 ,at ,f is a side sectional view ( ?is plate1 ) its rais$ & accurately turn$ r+1 ,h1 & at ,g is se5 ! poppet ) ! plate atta*$1 ! left arm be+ dott$ to %[ ! position ( ! adju/+ screw4 ,x is ?is r+ & plate :i* regulate ! movem5t ( ! slid]1 &1 ) x1 ( ! "w1 ! latt] be+ atta*$ to ! screw 9 ! c5tre ( ! slid+ plate1 :i* screw is a c\nt]p>t ( t ^u ! nose ( ! m&rel4 ,suppose ! *uck ,a screw$ to ! m&rel1 & ! r+ accurately conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 9 :i* position1 ! pallets mu/ t\* at two opposite po9ts4 ,9 ! be/ *ucks !re is an adju/+ screw to ea*1 by :i* ! contact c be regulat$4 ,9 ?is position any object ( a circul> =m c be turn$1 = ! slid] rema9s 9 "o position1 & its screw1 ^u :i* ! "w is fix$1 is a cont9uation ( ! m&rel4 ,b if n[ ! adju/+ screws ( ! "p ,e are turn$1 ! "o be+ loos5$ & ! o!r tight5$1 ! guide r+ w no long] be conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 &1 z ! screws ( ! slid] be> ^u x1 ! slid] w dur+ its revolution be mov$ to & fro to a di/ance regulat$ by ! ecc5tricity ( ! guide r+4 ,! comb9ation ( ?is circul> motion ( ! *uck & rectil9eal movem5t ( ! slid] w produce an ellipse1 & a /ation>y tool appli$ to ! "w w cut x1 into t =m4 ,! above simple arrangem5t ( oval *uck suffices only = pla9 "w4 ,! only figures t c be describ$ by its means1 ^u ! cov] ( a box1 = in/ance1 be+ a s]ies ( ellipses ( :i* ! longe/ diamet]s fall 9 ! same "r l9e1 & ( :i* ! c5tres are co9cid5t ) ! axis ( ! m&rel1 z ,fig4 #bbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,ev5 ^!1 h[ev]1 _c be done )\t "s comp5sat+ arrangem5t1 z ! m9or axis does n dim9i% 9 l5g? at ! same rate z ! major--h5ce ! ellipses get n>r[] & n>r[] until ! c5tral "o becomes a m]e "r l9e4 ,?is is ref]r$ to aga9 9 ! ornam5tal section ( ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,illu/ration ,comb9ations l #bca1 9 :i* ! ellipses int]sect1 _c be s obta9$4 ,h5ce ! oval *uck is provid$ ) a :eel1 ei!r rack$ to "w by a tang5t screw or fitt$ ) a spr+ cat*1 by :i* x becomes a divid+ plate4 ,?is :eel revolves on a c5tral p9#ah fix$ to ! middle ( ! slid+ plate1 & c>ries a screw ( ! same pit* z t ^u ! m&rel to :i* o!r *ucks c be atta*$4 ,by ?is means ! axial l9es ( ! ellipse c be v>i$ 9 direction4 ,?is addition is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcb1 :i* is a section1 & #bcc1 :i* is a front view4 ,9 ! =m]1 ,a is ! :eel1 :i*1 z previ\sly expla9$1 %\ld be s arrang$ z to conta9 a numb] ( cogs divisible by z _m figures z possible2 #if is su* a numb]1 be+ divisible by #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #ab2 #gb is also a good numb]1 z x w divide by #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #i4 ,if ! edge is rack$ & mov$ by a tang5t-screw ) divid$ head a great] range c be tak5 & f9] "w done4 ,9 ?is case ! face ( ! :eel c be m>k$ ) divisions1 & a f9e /eel po9t]1 z %[n at ,f1 add$ to c\nt by4 ,! p9 ,b1 :i* is firmly atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! slid] plate1 mu/ be /rong1 & ! l[] "p at lea/ %\ld be conical4 ,x is drill$ & tapp$ at ! smalle/ end1 & :5 ! circul> plate ) its screw is slipp$ ^u x1 a screw1 ,e1 ! head ( :i* is c\nt]sunk into ! face ( ! l>ge screw1 reta9s x 9 place4 ,! slide1 ,c1 has a recess turn$ to fit ! :eel plate1 & ! latt] is cut z %[n at ,x1 :i* ensures a m accurate be>+ ?an if x 0 left flat on ! l[] surface4 ,9 mak+ ?is *uck c]ta9 precautions are necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! guide r+ fix$ to ! poppet mu/ be exactly conc5tric ) ! m&rel :5 9 its c5tral position2 & :5 x is drawn by ! adju/+ screws to ! "r or left ! c5tral l9e mu/ rema9 p>allel ) ! surface ( ! la! b$4 ,to ensure ?is c5trality x is necess>y to turn its out] surface :5 x is 9 position on ! la! head4 ,s at lea/ says ,b]g]on2 & x is p]haps ! be/ me?od :]eby to ensure ! accuracy t is requir$4#ai ,= ?is purpose ,b]g]on directs ! use ( a cutt] simil> to ,fig4 #bcd atta*$ to ! m&rel z a *uck1 ! edge :i* is on ! inside ( ! b5t "p at a act+ on ! ext]ior ( ! r+ z ! m&rel revolves4 ,! screws all[ ! tool to be advanc$ clos] to ! r+ z ! "w proce$s1 :ile !y secure x at any desir$ po9t4 ,su* a contrivance z ?is1 us$ m]ely z a f9i%+ tool to correct any slight error1 is no d\bt suffici5tly satisfactory4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ?is & o!r comp\nd *ucks %\ld be fir/ turn$ sep>ately to ne> ! requir$ size1 & accurately f9i%$ :5 9 _! respective places ^u ! *uck4 ,any p>ts :i* pres5t a difficulty f ! impossibility ( reta9+ !m 9 place :ile op]at$ ^u1 may be sold]$ ) t9man's sold]1 & ?us turn$1 aft] :i* ! application ( mod]ate heat w deta* !m1 & ! fluid sold] c at ! same "t be wip$ (f ) a pl$get ( t[ or cotton wa/e4 ,z _m ( our read]s may wi% to make su* app>atus z ! above1 x may be desirable to add a few directions = ! prep>ation ( *amf]$ edges su* z ^? ( ! slide & guide b>s1 ! latt] ( :i* %\ld be ( iron or /eel4 ,let ! slide1 = in/ance1 be ca/ z a rectangul> plate & ! two flat surfaces be r\ghly levell$ ) a file4 ,"o ( ^! mu/ n[ be made p]fectly true1 ei!r by m\nt+ x ) sold] ^u ! face plate ( ! la!1 & levell+ x ) ! aid ( ! slide re/1 :i* is p]haps ! safe/ plan1 or by c>eful work+ ) ! file1 us+ a /raight-edge 9 all directions1 & f9i%+ by c>eful gr9d+ ^u a flat /one slab ) wat]1 or on a wood5 gr9d] *>g$ ) em]y & oil4 ,aft] "o side is f9i%$1 ! opposite face may be simil>ly treat$2 b = ?is ! plate may be secur$ to ! f9i%$ surface ( ! l[] plate ( ! *uck itself1 & turn$ ) a tool fix$ 9 ! slide re/4 ,! edges mu/ n[ be fil$ truly at "r angles to ! sides1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! long sides ( ! plate p>allel4 7,! %ort sides or ends w be r\nd$ by be+ turn$ true ) ! edge ( ! *uck47 ,! "w mu/ n[ be te/$ ) ! /raight-edge & small /eel squ>e1 & any error c>efully correct$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! read] is ! happy possessor ( a plan+ ma*9e1 all ^! op]ations w be facilitat$ & accuracy m likely to be ensur$4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t1 to supply ! want ( su* plan+ ma*9e 7a want (t5 felt by amateurs :o h n ma/]$ ! use ( file & scrap]71 ,monro1 ( ,gibson-/reet1 has clev]ly add$ a plan+ app>atus to ! ord9>y foot la!1 r5d]+ ! latt] tool complete = all purposes ( amateur eng9e]+4 #ah ,?is p9 %\ld h be5 %[n ( a conical n cyl9drical =m1 & mu* /rong] 9 proportion4 #ai ,?is "p is always s turn$ by ! be/ mak]s4 ,?is h&y app>atus w be f\nd on a lat] page fully describ$ & illu/rat$ by a photograph ( ! ma*9e4 ,! writ] has se5 x & us$ x1 & c te/ify to its satisfactory work+1 z a la! ?us fitt$ does n run heavi] or require great] ex]tion ?an :5 us$ = ord9>y turn+4 ,! next /ep w be ! *amf]+ ( ! edges ( ! plate4 ,let #bce repres5t ! plate 9 its pres5t condition1 ) rectangul> edges4 ,to produce a *amf] ( #de1 draw a l9e1 a1 b1 at a di/ance f ! edge equal to ! ?ickness ( ! piece4 ,if a small] angle is desir$1 ! l9e mu/ be drawn fur!r back4 ,an angle ( #cj to #ce1 is1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 bett] ?an "o ( #de1 z ! *amf]$ b>s w !n h a wid] be>+ on ! upp] surface ( ! plate1 t5d+ to hold x m securely d[n ^u ! l[] "p ( ! *uck4 ,no?+ rema9s b to file c>efully d[n f ! l9e ?us drawn to ! l[] edge1 by no means a difficult op]ation if c>e is ex]cis$ n to oblit]ate ! m>k1 or to trespass ! lea/ beyond ! assign$ limit4 ,a template1 cut l ,fig4 #bcf1 ( ! desir$ angle1 w be a gauge = ! edges ( ! plate1 z well z = ^? ( ! *amf]$ b>s1 & w s]ve to make assurance d\bly sure4 ,! arms :i* /& out at ! back ( ! slid] to embrace ! guide r+ are n fa/5$ to ! plate immovably1 b ) p[] ( adju/m5t4 ,a pair ( %ort slots are made 9 ! slid]1 into :i* a squ>e projection f ! arms fits1 & ! :ole is clamp$ by a screw1 z %[n 9 #bcg1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,a m accurate me?od is %[n 9 ! ,ornam5tal ,section = f9] adju/m5t ?an c be secur$ 9 ?is way1 b = a home made *uck ! above w suffice & is ! easie/ plan to c>ry into effect4 ,to use ?is *uck1 ! guide is fir/ arrang$1 s t its r+ is conc5tric ) ! m&rel4 ,a m>k is g5]ally made ^u x1 & also ^u ! la!-head1 by :i* ?is position c be readily insur$4 ,! *uck is !n screw$ ^u ! m&rel1 & ! arms adju/$1 z j describ$1 s z to embrace accurately1 b n too tightly1 ! guide r+4 ,!y are !n1 once = all1 fix$ 9 t position by ! screws allud$ to4 ,a few drops ( oil are necess>y to lubricate _! inn] surface & ! ext]ior ( ! guide1 & ! latt] be+ )drawn by its adju/+ screws to ! desir$ ecc5tricity1 ! "w may be proce$$ )4 ,a r\gh piece ( wood1 h[ev]1 %\ld always be fir/ turn$ to a cyl9drical =m1 z an oval *uck be+ an exp5sive article is to be c>efully pres]v$1 & n expos$ to ! %ocks insep>able f ! process ( r\gh+ d[n ! "w4 ,moreov]1 !re %\ld always be "o or two screws pass+ ?r\gh ! slid] into ! back plate1 to take away ! /ra9 f ! *amf]$ b>s1 :i* c be remov$ :5 ! slid] is to be br\ght into action4 ,two precautions are "h laid d[n respect+ oval turn+1 :i*1 9 all probability1 a tyro w\ld n suspect to be necess>y until taught by failure4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 at :atev] po9t ( ! circumf]5ce ! tool is held1 at t po9t x mu/ rema91 or r1 x mu/ rema9 9 ! same horizontal l9e1 be+ nei!r rais$ nor depress$4 ,h5ce1 = all "w :]e accuracy is ne$$1 oval turn+ %\ld be done ) ! slide re/4 ,9 ! second place1 :5 x is desir$ to place a succession ( ellipses "o )9 ! o!r on ! face ( ! "w1 l ,fig4 #bbi1 x w n be suffici5t to place ! tool ne>] to ! c5tre = ea* r+1 b ! ecc5tricity ( ! guide r+ mu/ be r$uc$ at ! same "t2 o!rwise1 :5 ! middle is rea*$1 a /raight l9e w be ! result1 in/ead ( ! propos$ ellipse1 z already /at$4 ,! la! %\ld n be driv5 at a v high spe$1 & ! mov+ p>ts %\ld be lubricat$ f "t to "t4 ,!re are o!r ways ( comp5sat+ ! error produc$ by ! oval *uck1 or elliptic cutt+ frame1 :i* h[ev] are s entirely connect$ ) ornam5tal turn+ t !y are res]v$ to be introduc$ into t section4 ,a contrivance = turn+ ovals inv5t$1 & communicat$ to ! ,engli% ,me*anic by a ,suffolk amateur1 des]ves a place "h4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ! inv5tor3-- ,,turn+ ,,ovals1 ,,etc41 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,template4 ,ovals are g5]ally turn$ by caus+ ! "w to move 9 & "u guidance ( an oval *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,!re seems no reason :y ! same result %\ld n be arriv$ at by communicat+ a movem5t to ! re/ support+ ! cutt+ tool 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,let ,a1 ,a1 be la! be>]s1 ,b1 pulley1 ,c1 screw ( m&rel1 ,d1 template fix$ !reon1 ,e1 friction :eel on ! end ( b> ,f1 ,g re/ 7a bo>d ( any conv5i5t wid?7 mov+ on pivots at ,h4 ,! friction roll]1 ,e1 is to be kept 9 contact ) ! template by ! cord runn+ ov] ! pulley ,t1 /ret*$ by ! weight ,l4 ,! re/ w ?us oscillate "u ! guidance ( ! template1 :i* may be ei!r oval or rose eng9e patt]n1 & ! cutt+ tool =m ! patt]n ( ! template us$4 ,!re might be o!r modes ( caus+ ! re/ to oscillate on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! la! w\ld require a sl[ motion1 ! same z ) an oscillat+ m&rel4 ,,ecc5tric ,,*uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci ,next 9 ord] ( ! comp\nd *ucks /&s ! ecc5tric1 ! use ( :i* is n entirely conf9$ to m]e ornam5tation1 z x is (t5 v conv5i5t to ! turn] to h ! p[] ( %ift+ ! c5tre ( 8 "w4 ,?us1 a solitaire bo>d may be drill$ ) ! necess>y cup-%ap$ holes1 or any "w ( a simil> "* complet$ by ! help ( ?is *uck )\t ! necessity = con/ant re-c5t]+4 ,! g5]al "w ( ! *uck 9 "q is nev]!less ornam5tation1 = :i* x is peculi>ly adapt$ ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) o!r comp\nd *ucks1 or ov]head app>atus4 ,! slid+ plate ( ?is *uck works betwe5 *amf]$ /eel b>s1 ! same z 9 ! oval *uck4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no guide r+ on ! la! head to regulate ! movem5t ( ! slide1 & !re=e also no necessity = ! project+ arms at ! back4 ,! slide1 9 fact1 is mov$ by a screw ) a graduat$ head1 simil> to ^? already describ$4 ,fig4 #bci repres5ts ! common =m ( ?is *uck1 9 :i* ! :eel :i* =ms a divid+ plate is mov$ by a tang5t screw4 ,! slid+ plate is %[n slightly drawn out by its screw1 ! degree to :i* x is mov$ be+ t ( its requir$ ecc5tricity4 ,:5 ! plate is drawn back to correspond ) ! base plate1 ! c5tre w be 9 a l9e ) t ( ! m&rel1 & any "w turn$ ^u ! *uck 9 ?is position ( ! slide w be cyl9drical4 ,! c5tral screw ( all ^! comp\nd *ucks be+ alike & ( ! pit* ( t on ! m&rel1 any ( ! ord9>y cup *ucks c be us$ ) !m to hold ! "w2 or ! ecc5tric *uck c be screw$ to ! elliptic1 cycloidal1 or any o!r 9 ! set1 by :i* means an endless v>iety ( curves c be describ$4 ,! effect produc$ by ! simple ecc5tric *uck n[ describ$ is z foll[s1 ! slide re/ be+ us$ ) x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,let a piece ( box or o!r wood be fix$ by means ( a cup or o!r *uck ^u ! screw ( ! ecc5tric *uck1 & ! slide re/ ) a s+le po9t tool be br\ght 9 front ( x4 ,by means ( ?is ! "w mu/ be c>efully fac$1 & made uni=mly level4 ,a r+ ,a1 ,fig4 #bdj1 may n[ be cut1 :i* w be conc5tric ) ! m&rel4 ,! slide ( ! *uck be+ n[ drawn d[n by a few turns ( ! lead+ screw 7! tool & re/ be+ kept 9 its orig9al position71 ! c5tre ( ! "w w !reby be %ift$1 & ! tool be+ advanc$ to t\* ! same1 ! circle ,b w be =m$ ( ! same size z ! fir/1 b necess>ily cutt+ x at two po9ts4 ,ano!r turn ( ! screw w enable ,c1 & simil>ly ,d1 or any numb] ( circles to be successively =m$4 ,! c5tres ( ^! circles w be 9 a l9e across ! face ( ! "w4 ,! rat*et :eel is add$ to enable ! turn] to arrange 8 circles r\nd a common c5tre1 in/ead ( be+ ?us oblig$ to keep !m 9 a "r l9e1 & x w pres5tly be se5 :at a beautiful v>iety ( int]lac$ circles c ?us be accompli%$4 ,! divid+ :eel is1 z previ\sly expla9$1 divid$ on its edge into an equal numb] ( tee?1 or rack$ = a tang5t screw & divid$ on ! face & edge4 ,we %all suppose ! numb] ( divisions to be #abj4 ,face ! "w afre%1 &1 draw+ back ! slide until ! c5tre is conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 z at fir/1 cut a b\nd>y circle1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bda4 ,move ! slide ( ! *uck a few turns1 z be=e1 & cut an ecc5tric circle4 ,n[ move ! divid+ :eel ?irty tee?1 & cut a second1 &1 advanc+ by ?irty ea* "t1 cut a ?ird & f\r?1 & ,fig4 #bda w be ! result2 ! c5tres ( ! ecc5tric circles fall+ ^u f\r po9ts ( ! inn] dott$ circle1 :i* is itself conc5tric ) t fir/ made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,if ! same process is foll[$1 b ! numb] ( ! circles increas$1 a v neat snake-l r+ w be =m$1 con/itut+ a bord]1 9 ! inside ( :i* o!r comb9ations may be made4 ,9 ,fig4 #bdb1 twelve int]lac+ circles are %[n2 9 ,fig4 #bdc1 twelve circles1 describ$ ^u c5tres1 :i* lie ^u ! circumf]5ce ( a c5tral circle ( equal size4 ,?is la/ patt]n1 :5 m f9ely execut$1 by d\bl+ or trebl+ ! numb] ( ecc5tric circles1 =ms ! device g5]ally cut ^u wat* cases1 "u ! "n ( eng9e-turn$4 ,! be/ way to try patt]ns1 is to cov] ! face ( a piece ( boxwood ) pap]1 us+ a p5cil 9 ! tool-hold] ( a slide re/ in/ead ( a cutt+ tool4 ,if a s(t] disc is us$ in/ead ( box1 r\nd pieces ( pap] or ?9 c>d c be fix$ ^u x ) ord9>y draw+ p9s2 & if ! fir/ patt]n is unsatisfactory1 a second1 & any successive numb] ( pieces1 c be m\nt$1 & fre% patt]ns trac$ by ! same means4 ,x w\ld be m]e wa/e ( "t to multiply specim5s ( ! patt]ns t may be execut$ by ! aid ( ! *uck j describ$2 &1 inde$1 ?is c\ld only be done by cutt+ 9 ! la! itself ! blocks f :i* su* specim5s mu/ be pr9t$4 ,= ! pres5t1 at any rate1 ! pr9ciples only by :i* su* devices may be execut$ w be giv5 7z above17 & ! designs w be left to ex]cise ! +5uity & ta/e ( ! read]4 ,x happ5s1 moreov]1 t few z are ! works devot$ to ! g5]al pr9ciples & practice ( pla9 turn+1 m ?an "o has be5 publi%$ on ornam5tation by ! ecc5tric & o!r comp\nd *ucks1 9 :i* a v>iety ( execut$ patt]ns appe>1 ( m or less beauty2 & 9 ! ,engli% ,me*anic has lately be5 pr9t$ a selection ( exquisite designs by ,mr4 ,g4 ,plant1 ^: *uck1 inde$ 7to be pres5tly notic$71 bids fair to supplant ! mo/ simple "o n[ describ$4 ,! *ief recomm5dation1 p]haps1 9 ! latt]1 is its great simplicity1 z x may be made by any amateur suffici5tly practis$ 9 ! use ( tools2 :]eas ! geometric *uck is too complicat$ to p]mit ?is4 ,x w be obs]v$1 on inspect+ ! draw+1 ,fig4 #bci1 t ! divisions on ! face ( ! :eel are cont9u$ on ! side above ! "p t is rack$2 ?is p]mits !m to be se5 :5 ! piece ( "w ov]laps ! circle ( ! :eel4 ,! /eel po9t %[n at ,b1 answ]s z an index1 ei!r to ! surface m>ks1 or to ^? on ! side4 ,! tang5t screw is n[ g5]ally fitt$ 9 a small frame1 :i* is itself p9n$ at "o end to ! top plate1 & kept up to ! divid+ :eel by an ecc5tric cam4 ,?is is n %[n 9 ! draw+2 ! plan is nev]!less good1 z ! screw is in/antane\sly releas$ f ge> at pleasure1 :5 ! :eel may be turn$ by h& to any desir$ position2 aft] :i* a slight movem5t ( ! cam br+s up ! screw1 & all is made ready = "w4 ,! ecc5tric *uck becomes available = su* "w z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdd1 repres5t+ ! bottom ( a c&le/ick1 r+/&1 or simil> article4 ,9 ?is case ! c5tres ( ! ecc5tric "w 7n[ cut q ?r\gh7 are on ! circumf]5ce ( a circle l>g] ?an1 & outside1 ! "w itself4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness ( ! /uff ! out] circle may rema9 su*1 & ! black5$ "p may repres5t an inn] rais$ surface1 :5 ! contra/ =m$ by ! %>p edges r\nd ! patt]n ) ! smoo? circul> "p w be v agreeable to ! eye4 ,to improve /ill m ?is design1 ! out] "p may be ebony nicely m\ld$ & edg$ ) ivory1 & ! rais$ "p ivory2 or ! same may be alt]nations ( ebony & holly1 :i* w =m a contra/ almo/ equally agreeable4 ,a small *isel-end$ tool mu/ be made = ?is "w if ! :ole is 9 "o block1 z x w be necess>y to leave a level surface ^u ! face ( ! l[] "p4 ,!re are an inf9ite numb] ( designs ( simil> nature1 :i* w occur to ! read] :5 ! pr9ciples ( ! *uck h be5 ma/]$1 "s ( :i* w\ld at fir/ sight appe> to h be5 work$ by o!r means4 ,fig4 #bde1 = in/ance1 :i* is b a modification ( ! la/1 sc>cely looks l la! "w1 b c be cut m rapidly ?is way ?an any o!r--( c\rse ! fret saw w d simil> "w1 b x w\ld fir/ h to be m>k$ out1 & aft]w>ds ! m>ks ( ! saw tee? remov$1 :]eas ! above is cut & poli%$ at once4 ,x may "h be obs]v$ t ! ecc5tric *uck itself is us$ to fix ! position ( ! v>i\s circles to be cut1 :]eas ! size ( ^! circles is det]m9$ by ! slide re/4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #bdf1 :ile ! c5tre ( ! *uck is conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 br+ up ! tool 9 ! re/ & cut ! circle ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ( :i* ,b is ! c5tre2 draw d[n ! slide ( ! *uck until its c5tre is at ,c1 leav+ ! slide re/ z x is1 & ! circle ,f1 ,e1 ,d1 w be =m$ ( equal size ) ! fir/4 ,n[ move ! screw ( ! slide re/ s z to draw 9 ! tool t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! la! b$ )\t alt]+ ! *uck1 & ! small circle w be ! result1 ^: c5tre 7be+ dep5d5t on ! *uck alone7 is ! same z t ( ! l>g] circle4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is pr9ciple1 t ! *uck det]m9es ! v>i\s c5tres only1 & ! slide re/ ! radii1 little difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 devis+ & execut+ designs4 ,su* is ! simple ecc5tric *uck1 ( :i* ! use is tol]ably ext5sive2 b !re are1 nev]!less1 c]ta9 positions 9 :i* ! ecc5tric designs are requir$1 :i* _c readily be obta9$ by its means4 ,fig4 #bdg is "o ( ^!1 9 :i* a mom5t's inspection w %[ ! necessity ( two di/9ct movem5ts ( ! slide at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce a second slide is atta*$ to ! fir/ at "r angles1 mu* ! same 9 effect z a second *uck screw$ ^u ! fir/ b /&+ across x4 ,?is is ! comp\nd ecc5tric *uck to be subsequ5tly describ$ 9 detail4 ,!re is "o drawback to ! use ( ^! *ucks1 namely--_! excessive weight1 :i* causes a great deal ( vibration 9 ! la! itself1 especially :5 ! ecc5tricity ( ! slide or slides is great4 ,an accid5tal bl[ moreov] f ! *uck "u ! above condition w\ld be v sev]e4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s cutt]s ecc5tric & o!rs1 work$ by ! ov]head app>atus already 9 "p describ$ are inf9itely m pleasant to use & ev5 m effective & m easily manag$4 ,! ecc5tric *uck c be us$ 9 comb9ation ) ^!1 & ! capabilities ( ! two w ?us be va/ly ext5d$1 b 9 ?is case ! *uck is kept /ation>y :ile motion is giv5 to ! tool1 & ! defect j allud$ to no long] exi/s4 ,9 cutt+ patt]ns ^u h>d wood & ivory a common defect is %all[ness ( "w1 ! cuts %\ld n be s light z to give m]ely an effect ( a design scrat*$ ^u ! surface4 ,! cut %\ld be deep & clean1 & ! tool n only %>p5$ b poli%$ s z to leave ! device boldly execut$1 ! small triangul> & o!r %ap$ pieces left betwe5 ! cuts /&+ up cle> & solid4 ,"s patt]ns1 z ! %ell1 :i* w be pres5tly spok5 (1 require to be deep at "o "p & %all[ at ano!r4 ,"s devices look be/ :5 cut ) a po9t tool ) d\ble & o!rs ) s+le bevel to ! edge1 & ! same design work$ ) diff]5t tools w appe> almo/ l two di/9ct patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,! d\ble ecc5tric is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,! "p ,a is ! f\ndation plate1 ) a projection at ! back1 tapp$ to fit ! m&rel4 ,b1 ,b1 ! l[] guide b>s2 ,k1 ,k1 ! l[] slid+ plate4 ,all ! above p>ts are precisely simil> to ^? ( ! simple ecc5tric *uck4 ,^u ! face ( ?is l[] slide are atta*$ two *amf]$ guides1 ,c1 ,c1 at "r angles to ! fir/4 ,!y are kept 9 place by screws pass+ ?r\gh oval holes on _! faces1 & tight5$ :5 requir$ by screws1 tapp$ into f\r little squ>e blocks1 ,d1 ,d4 ,betwe5 ^! guides slides ! upp] plate1 :i* c>ries ! screw = *ucks1 & ! divid+ :eel z be=e work$ by a tang5t screw1 ,g2 to ei!r end ( :i* a key is fitt$4 ,! lead+ screws1 ,e & ,f1 :i* move ! two slides1 h squ>$ ends project+ bo? ways1 s t ! plates c be made to "w ecc5trically 9 ei!r direction1 :i* is sometimes an advantage4 ,! *ucks d n screw d[n ^u ! face ( ! division plate1 on acc\nt ( _! project+ p>ts at ! back2 & v commonly a r\nd plate1 ,o1 some:at small] ?an ! :eel & ab\t #a_/d 94 ?ick is atta*$ to ! face ( ! latt] to raise ! "w /ill high]1 s t ! divid+ plate c be readily se54 ,! m compactly1 h[ev]1 ! p>ts ( ?is *uck are made1 & ! less ! "w projects f its face ! bett]2 z !re w be ! less /ra9 ^u ! c5tral p91 & ^u ! plates & _! guide b>s :5 ! tools are appli$ to ! "w4 ,to be able ?us to place 9 ! c5tre ( rotation any giv5 po9t 9 a piece ( "w1 :atev] may be ! =m ( its b\nd>y l9es1 is ( immeasurable advantage1 ev5 ?\gh ! capabilities ( ?is *uck are conf9$ to objects ( plane sup]ficies1 x be+ impossible to rea* by its means ! side ( a cyl9d]1 or ! surface ( a sph]e or sph]oid4 ,x is evid5t t any l9e ^u ! face ( a box1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! latt] be squ>e1 r\nd1 octagonal1 or ( any o!r =m1 may be foll[$ ) two movem5ts ( ! slides1 comb9$ ) ! rotatory movem5t ( ! divid+ :eel4 ,?us1 a bord] ( int]lac+ circles may be c>ri$ r\nd ! edge ( su* a box1 ,fig4 #bdh2 or1 a s]ies ( su* circles =m+ con/antly dim9i%+ octagons1 hexagons1 squ>es1 c41 may be ?us readily execut$4 ,nev]!less1 :at 0 said ( ! simple ecc5tric *uck1 applies ) ev5 great] =ce to ! comp\nd ecc5tric4 ,x is a heavy piece ( app>atus1 requir+ a la! ) sub/antial poppets & b$2 ! :ole well brac$ to ! floor & wall1 to )/& ! excessive vibration caus$ by ! revolution ( ! app>atus4 ,x 01 inde$1 9 view ( ?is & simil> appliances t we insi/$ 9 our initiatory pap] ^u ! great importance to ! workman1 ( adequate /r5g? & solidity 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! la! itself4 ,9 ,fig4 #bdi1 we give a simple specim5 ( "w to be execut$ by ! comp\nd ecc5tric *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,! comp\nd geometric *uck ( ,ibbetson1 manufactur$ by ,holtzapffel & ,co41 is a d\ble ecc5tric consid]ably improv$ & ( v ext5sive application4 ,a full description ( x is publi%$ 9 a book writt5 by ! inv5tor1 9 :i* an imm5se numb] ( patt]ns execut$ by its means is giv5 ) detail$ directions = _! execution4 ,z ^! patt]ns are almo/ ess5tial to a description ( ! app>atus z exemplify+ ! work+ ( its sev]al p>ts1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! book 9 "q1 or to a translation ( x into ,fr5* 9 ! supplem5t to ,b]g]on's "w4 ,to enable ! turn] to execute patt]ns on ! side ( cyl9drical pieces a *uck is us$ call$ a dome *uck1 simil> to ,fig4 #bej4 ,a rectangul> frame ( brass1 ,a1 c>ries a slid+ plate ,c1 at "r angles to x1 ! latt] hav+ a tailpiece :i* fits accurately betwe5 ! frame1 & is tapp$ to receive ! f9ely cut lead+ screw ) divid$ head1 ,b4 ,a nut at ! back ( ! frame clamps ! slide 9 any desir$ position4 ,^u ! upp] face ( ! latt] is a :eel rack$ on ! edge s z to be mov$ by ! tang5t screw1 ,e4 ,?is :eel1 l t ( ! oval & ecc5tric *ucks1 turns on a /rong conical c5tral p91 & has a screw atta*$ ( ! same pit* z t on ! m&rel4 ,! *uck is screw$ to ! m&rel by ! project+ flange1 ,f4 ,! "w is ?us m\nt$ at "r angles to its ord9>y position4 ,by ?is arrangem5t any po9t 9 ! side ( a cyl9d] c be br\ght 9 contact ) a tool fix$ 9 ! slide re/1 & by means ( ! graduat$ screw heads ( ! latt] & ( ! *uck v>i\s devices c be accurately made4 ,?is *uck may be us$ alone or 9 comb9ation ) ! ecc5tric1 & ! quick revolution ( su* cumbr\s pieces t w\ld be a great drawback to _! use is less frequ5tly requir$1 n[ t ! foll[+ app>atus has be5 add$ to ! la!1 & ecc5tric revolv+ cutt]s1 ) drills & o!r tools1 h tak5 ! place ( heavi] & m inconv5i5t app>atus4 ,x is inde$ mu* m conv5i5t 9 ! majority ( cases to keep ! "w itself fix$1 & to op]ate ^u x by tools put 9 rapid motion1 because ! latt]1 f _! excessive velocity comp>$ ) t :i* c be conv5i5tly giv5 to ! mat]ial1 make bett] "w1 & at ! same "t f _! lightness imp>t no tremor to ! la! :ile 9 motion4 ,! cuts ?us made are 9 consequ5ce v clean & smoo?1 & free f ^? slight undulations app>5t :5 any vibration takes place 9 ! la! itself4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( ov]head app>atus h be5 already describ$ & illu/rat$1 & x only rema9s to describe m 9 detail ! revolv+ cutt] frame1 drills1 & o!r app>atus us$ !re)4 ,! foll[+ pieces fit into ! top ( ! slide re/ 9 :at is call$ ! tool receptacle1 & are advanc$ to ! "w by means ( a lev] z already describ$4 ,fig4 #bea is ! revolv+ cutt] frame1 ! sp9dle ( :i* is put 9 rapid motion by a cord f ! fly:eel pass+ to ! small pulley ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ov]head app>atus1 z %[n 9 a previ\s page4 ,= ! purpose ( cutt+ small int]sect+ circles1 a =k$ drill1 ,fig4 #beb1 or a crank =m$ drill1 #bec1 w suffice1 & if ^! are made to cut deeply ! result w be a succession ( hemisph]ical knobs or beads 7^! mu/ n int]sect74 ,a drill l ,fig4 #bed w give a knob rais$ 9 /eps1 & x is pla9 t by cutt+ ! end ( ! drill to a section ( ! requir$ m\ld+ ! latt] may be rapidly execut$4 ,! flat in* long cutt]s us$ ) ! geometrical *ucks 7:5 ! "w revolves in/ead ( ! tool7 are1 ( c\rse1 made ( a v>iety ( =ms ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,cases ( ^! drills & cutt]s beautifully f9i%$ are sold by all ! lead+ deal]s 9 turn+ la!s & app>atus4 ,x is ess5tial t ^! tools be kept v %>p1 & t _! cutt+ edges %\ld be poli%$ if fir/-class "w is to be done4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( execution is v evid5t :5 ! cutt] is ?us p]fect1 z e cut be>s a high poli%1 :i* _c o!rwise be imp>t$4 ,no?+ c be appli$ to f9i% ecc5tric "w except friction ) a h>d bru%1 & ev5 ?is is mu* bett] avoid$1 z rubb+ ( any k9d t5ds to r\nd edges :i* %\ld be kept %>p & to oblit]ate ! f9] & m delicate l9es4 ,x is likewise ! be/ plan to f9i% ) any p>ticul> tool all ! "w to be done by x )\t remov+ x f ! tool hold] = ! purpose ( %>p5+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is necess>y ! foll[+ contrivance mu/ be us$ to insure ! precise =m :i* ! cutt] _h at ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w4 ,?is be+ likewise necess>y ) respect to ! fix$ tools = ornam5tation1 ! app>atus requisite 9 ei!r case w be introduc$ "h1 ! draw+s & description be+ extract$ f ,holtzapffel's valuable "w already allud$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,fig4 #bee is arrang$ = flat tools ( v>i\s angles1 or drills ) s+le jo9ts4 ,a1 is ! /& ( brass1 ) two turn$ & h>d5$ /eel legs4 ,to ?is is h+$ at ,g1 by a screw jo9t1 ! "p ,k1 ! upp] "p ( :i* =ms a semicircul> arc1 ,c4 ,a second arc1 ,b is fix$ at "o end to ! /& ,a1 & passes /iffly ?r\gh a mortise at ! top ( ,k4 ,! latt] c be rais$1 !re=e or l[]$ at pleasure ^u ?is second graduat$ arc1 & clamp$ at any angle by ! screw ,h4 ,to ! l[] "p ( ,k is pivott$ ! tool hold]1 ,d1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is po9t$1 & screws z an index ^u ! arc ,c1 %[+ ! angle at :i* x is plac$4 ,?is tool hold] is clamp$ by a nut at ! back1 :i* fits ! end ( a screw se5 ne> ! po9t4 ,! figure bel[ %[s a tool hold] :i* fits into ! project+ p>ts ( ,d1 & s]ves to hold ! small flat tools4 ,bel[ is a simil> hold]1 us$ = r\nd-%ank$ drills4 ,f is "o ( ?ree flat slabs ^u :i* ! tools are to be gr\nd1 !re be+ "o ( iron1 "o ( brass1 & "o ( h>d wood ) a flat /rip ( oil/one imb$d$ 9 x1 flu% ) its upp] surface4 ,! tool & its fitt+s are g5]ally arrang$ 9 a box ) ?ree draw]s2 ^! conta9 ! slabs ( oil/one & metal1 ) ! p[d]s necess>y = gr9d+ & poli%+4 ,to use ?is in/rum5t1 ! po9t ( ,d is adju/$ to ! requir$ angle = "o side ( ! po9t ( ! tool4 7,x is %[n at #dj deg4 9 ! sket*47 ,! latt] is !n plac$ 9 ! hold]1 & made to project until1 :5 ! angle ( ! *amf] is adju/$ on ! arc ,b1 ! "p ,a is level1 & !re=e p>allel to ! surface ( ! gr9d+ plate4 ,! :ole ?us =ms a tripod1 ! ?ird leg ( :i* is =m$ by ! tool itself4 ,! latt] is fir/ rubb$ on ! oil/one ) a little oil4 ,x is !n f9i%$ m p]fectly on ! brass slab1 dress$ ) oil/one p[d] & oil4 ,previ\s to ?is ! tool is mov$ "o or two degrees m upright by ! arc ,b4 ,a n>r[ facet is ?us gr\nd1 hav+ a dull grey poli%4 ,! tool is n[ c>efully wip$ clean1 & poli%$ ) crocus & oil ^u ! slab ( iron4 ,if ! po9t ( ! tool is c5tral1 ) a *amf] bo? ways1 ! po9t ( ! tool hold] is fir/ adju/$ on "o limb ( ! arc & ! tool gr\nd1 & !n ! same adju/m5t made on ! opposite limb1 s t ! o!r side ( ! po9t c be op]at$ ^u4 ,?us tools ( any angle & any bevel may be %>p5$ to a nicety )\t fe> ( alt]+ ! orig9al =m ( ! po9t1 & ?is may be done1 if necess>y1 dur+ ! process ( ecc5tric turn+1 al?\gh1 z be=e /at$1 x is bett] to fix ! tools well %>p5$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 & n remove !m until at lea/ "o complete set ( circles or o!r patt]ns h be5 cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,! in/rum5t j describ$ is evid5tly unsuit$ = ! drills & bead tools :i* pres5t a concave edge l #bdf ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 enl>g$ sket*es ( tools copi$ f ,holtzapffel's "w4 ,= ^! ! latt] directs to use l>ge or small cones 7#bdg7 ( iron & brass1 to be dress$1 ! fir/ 7:i* is ! poli%]7 ) crocus1 ! second ) f9e em]y & oil1 ! flat side ( ! tool be+ held t[>ds ! po9t ( ! cone1 ! bevel t[>ds ! ?ick end4 ,"p ( ! edge ( ,c mu/ be delicately %>p5$ by h&1 z no guide c be us$ = ! /ep-l portion ( ! edge4 ,! cones = %>p5+ are ei!r m\nt$ 9 ! usual mann]1 by "o or bo? ends 9 ! m&rel ( ! la!1 or fitt$ into ! sp9dle ( a small drill+ la!-head1 ! pulley ( :i* is connect$ by a catgut b& ) t ( ! m&rel ( ! small la!-head1 be+ fitt$ ) a tailpiece to fit ! re/ socket1 or o!rwise m\nt$ on ! la!-b$4 ,! small] cones especially require to be driv5 at a high spe$4 ,:5 l>g] circles or m\ld+s are to be cut1 ^! small crank-=m drills are no long] available1 & are replac$ by a v simple1 b mo/ effective contrivance call$ ! ecc5tric cutt]1 by :i* any "w t is )9 ! scope ( ! ecc5tric *uck & fix$ tool may be execut$ ) great precision & rapidity4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bdhbj--;a small oblong frame ( brass1 ab\t two or two-&-a-half in*es 9 l5g?1 & half an in* or s 9 bread? is trav]s$ by a f9e screw1 prev5t$ f mov+ endwise by a coll>1 z 9 ! slide re/ 7( :i*1 inde$1 ?is is a m9iature74 ,a slide1 ,c1 ) a little tool hold] at ! top ( x1 is mov$ along ! frame by ! lead+ screw1 ! head ( ! latt] be+ graduat$1 & also ! upp] surface ( "o or bo? sides ( ! frame4 ,! projection ,a1 fits into ! end ( ! drill hold]1 & is secur$ by a screw4 ,circles ( a diamet] equal to ,b1 ,b may ?us be cut1 & _! effect v>i$ by plac+ tools ( any =m ( edge 9 ! tool hold]4 ,su* a tool z ,a1 w ?us no long] cut a m9ute circle =m+ a hemisph]ical rais$ knob1 b w =m a circul> m\ld+1 su* z t %[n 9 "p at ,fig4 #bdi1 except :5 ! tool hold] is on ! middle ( ! frame & ! tool conc5tric ) ! m&rel4 ,! s+le po9t tools1 h[ev]1 ) s+le or d\ble bevel1 are m commonly us$1 9 ?is cutt]1 z m\ld+s c be turn$ z effici5tly ) h& bead+ tools1 ) or )\t ! ecc5tric *uck1 accord+ to _! requir$ position4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ecc5tric "w %\ld always be cut on wood ( "o col\r1 or on ivory1 z ! ve9+s ( ! ri*] fancy woods1 :i* are s beautiful 9 o!r cases1 only s]ve to confuse ! trac]y made by ! ecc5tric cutt]4 ,( all woods = fancy "w ) ! ecc5tric *uck or cutt]1 no?+ equals ,african black wood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 co/ly1 & only ranges to a diamet] ( five in*es1 z great "p is uns\nd4 ,! r9d is h>d1 ?ick1 & :ite1 simil> to boxwood4 ,next to ?is = su* "w /&s1 p]haps1 cocus1 or cocoa wood1 :i* is n ! tree be>+ ! cocoa nut1 ! latt] be+ a palm1 :i* is m l cane 9 texture4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective patt]ns to be =m$ by ! ecc5tric cutt] is ! %ell1 ,fig4 #bej1 9 :i* "o side1 or r "o portion ( ! circles compos+ x1 is v deeply cut1 :ile ! opposite "p is %all[4 ,?is c be simply effect$ by ?r[+ ! sole ( ! re/ out ( ! level1 by plac+ a ?9 piece ( wood or metal across ! la! b$1 s z to tilt up ! re/ & place x 7) ! cutt]7 9 an incl9$ position4 ,! tool w ?us beg9 to cut at "o "p be=e x t\*es ! surface else:]e1 & ! desir$ effect w be readily produc$4 ,9 us+ ! ecc5tric cutt] great rapidity ( motion mu/ be giv5 to x1 b ! tool mu/ be advanc$ v c>efully1 or x w be brok54 ,! lev] h&le is ! be/ to use = ! purpose4 ,ak9 to ! %ell patt]n are ^? 9 :i* "p only ( ! circles are cut1 leav+ an effect %[n by ! bord] r\nd ,fig4 #bej4 ,?is is produc$ 9 ! same way z ! la/1 be+1 9 fact1 a r+ ( %ells 9 _! initiatory /ages4 ,?is is a v effective snake-l patt]n1 :5 fairly & cleanly cut4 ,:5 ! ecc5tric cutt] is us$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pr9ciple ( "w is n q ! same z ) ! ecc5tric *uck4 ,) ! latt] x 0 /at$ t ! size ( ! circles dep5ds on ! slide re/ & ! position ( _! c5tres on ! *uck4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! ecc5tric cutt] regulates ! sizes1 & ! screw ( ! slide re/ itself ! positions ( ! c5tres ( ! circles1 s9ce ! "p ,a ( ! cutt] w always be 9 ! c5tres ( ! same1 & ?is "p is atta*$ to ! re/4 ,x w be und]/ood t ?is rem>k respect+ position ( c5tres only relates to circles ly+ on ! diamet] ( ! "w1 su* z ,fig4 #bea1 ! di/ance betwe5 a & b w be tak5 f ! division plate on ! pulley ( ! la!4 ,! way to cut ! above1 = example1 w be z foll[s3--,place ! slide re/ s t :5 ! cutt] tool is 9 ! c5tre ( ! frame x %all be conc5tric ) ! m&rel4 ,9 ?is position x w only make a dot 9 ! c5tre ( ! "w4 ,turn ! screw ( ! cutt] frame until y h a radius suffici5t = ! c5tre circle4 ,set ! m&rel pulley ) ! index 9 ,no4 #cfj1 put 9 motion ! ov]head app>atus & cut ! circle1 move ! screw ( ! slide re/ a few turns 7?us fix+ ! c5tre ( ! second circle71 until y f9d t ! cutt] w =m ! circle cutt+ ! fir/1 & pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre4 7,obs]ve1 ?is be+ ! size ( ! fir/1 ! screw ( ! cutt] frame is n turn$47 ,cut ! circle 9 "q1 move ! m&rel pulley a qu>t] r\nd1 s t ! index is 9 ,no4 #ij1 & cut ano!r2 repeat ! process twice m1 & #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 w be cut4 ,! position ( ! c5tres ( ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 w n[ h to be det]m9$ z be=e1 by work+ ! ma9 screw ( ! slide re/2 b1 z _! size is less ?an ! prec$+ set1 ! screw ( ! cutt] frame mu/ likewise be turn$ to dim9i% !m to ! requir$ degree4 ,:5 by ^! comb9$ movem5ts _! position & size h be5 det]m9$1 !y mu/ be cut by ! aid ( ! division plate1 9 ! same mann] z ! la/1 & s on1 till ! :ole h be5 cut4 ,) respect to ! ratio 9 :i* ! circles dim9i%1 & ! precise sizes ( !m1 no rule c be giv51 z ?is mu/ dep5d on ! ta/e ( ! op]ator4 ,! sole object 9 ?is place is to %[ ! pr9ciples :]eby ^! patt]ns are to be execut$4 ,a good deal ( c>e is requisite 9 practice1 & ! memory has to be (t5 r sev]ely task$4 ,! be/ plan is always to try a propos$ patt]n ^u boxwood or pap]1 be=e risk+ x ^u m valuable mat]ial2 &1 :]e x c be done1 x is well to write d[n ! numb]s to be us$ on ! v>i\s division plates4 ,a s+le false cut1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 w spoil ! :ole "w1 at a great wa/e ( "t1 loss ( mat]ial1 & annoyance1 only to be appreciat$ by ^? to :om su* an unt[>d accid5t may h happ5$4 ,! drill+ app>atus1 )\t ! ecc5tric cutt]1 b fitt$ ) a r\nd-head$ drill1 is us$ = ! production ( flut$ works1 su* z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #beb1 ,a & ,b4 ,! drill be+ ins]t$ 9 ! end ( ! sp9dle1 & its po9t or end 7( any desir$ =m1 ei!r r\nd1 flat1 or po9t$7 be+ br\ght opposite "o end ( ! flute1 ! la! is to be put 9 motion z 9 ord9>y ornam5tal drill+1 ! m&rel be+1 ( c\rse1 held fa/ by ! index & division plate4 ,at ! same "t t ! drill 9 rapid motion is br\ght aga9/ ! "w by ! lev] h&le1 ! screw ( ! slide re/ is sl[ly turn$1 & ?us ! groove or flute is drill$ out by ! comb9ation ( longitud9al & v]tical action4 ,! numb] ( flutes 9 any giv5 size ( cyl9d] is det]m9$1 fir/ by a horizontal sectional plan on pap]1 & regulat$ accord+ly by help ( ! division plate & index4 ,9 mak+ su* an article z ,fig4 #beb1 x w economise mat]ial1 :e!r ivory or blackwood1 or a comb9ation ( ! two1 to =m x ( at lea/ ?ree pieces1 mak+ ! divisions at ,c1 ,d4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to leave bel[ ! b[l1 :i* %\ld be z ?9 z pap] if ( ivory1 ! "p ,c on :i* ! beads are to be drill$4 ,! p$e/al c !n be screw$ into ?is1 & w n p5etrate ! bottom ( ! b[l4 ,ivory may be screw$ 9 an ord9>y set ( /ocks & dies if c>e is tak5 n to screw up ! latt] too quickly4 ,l>d may be us$ z a lubricant 9 cutt+ ?is mat]ial1 :e!r = saw+ or drill+4 ,! "p ) rais$ m\ld+s betwe5 ,a & ,d is ornam5t$ ) a v]tical or univ]sal cutt]1 & = great] ease & exactness a template may be us$ 9 ! slide re/ by means ( :i* all ! curves ( ! m\ld+ may be accurately foll[$ by drill or cutt]4 ,! m9ute beads r\nd ! edges ( ! small m\ld+s are made ) two sizes ( ,a1 ,fig4 #bdf2 a little knob is ?us =m$ ris+ f a holl[4 ,! small knobs us$ z feet may be rapidly =m$ by a h& bead+ tool ( semicircul> section1 simil> also to ,a1 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,a p9 may be left on ea*1 or !y may be drill$ & atta*$ by small screws ( brass wire made on purpose4 ,! foll[+ cem5t w enable ! turn] to make an ivory b[l = ! above ornam5t s ?9 z to be transp>5t2 inde$ x may be ?us made s ?9 z to b5d "u ! f+]s1 al?\gh su* extreme t5uity is n requir$ 9 ! pres5t case4 #bj ,a new] patt]n appe>s on a lat] page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,take ! f9e/ sift$ lampblack & make x into a pa/e ) glue1 ab\t z ?ick 9 consi/5cy z pa9t4 ,aft] turn+ ! ivory tol]ably ?91 pa9t ?is on ! inside2 let x dry1 & repeat ! process till suffici5t is laid on to =m a k9d ( holl[ core1 ( /r5g? suffici5t to support ! ivory aga9/ ! action ( ! tool4 ,! mat]ial may n[ be ?9n$ & ornam5t$ f ! outside4 ,:5 f9i%$1 soak a few m9utes 9 w>m wat]1 & !n agitate 9 cold2 x w become q clean z be=e4 ,by alt]+ ! direction ( ! motion ( ! revolv+ cutt]1 ! sev]al cuts made by x w assume a diff]5t "*1 & ! "w w pres5t a s]ies ( holl[s scoop$ out1 s to speak4 ,! cutt]1 #bec1 be+ fix$ 9 ! tool hold] ( ! top slide1 w "w v]tically only1 & produce patt]ns simil> to ,fig4 #bed1 ( ! nature ( basket "w4 ,?is is exce$+ly effective1 &1 z x may be cut s deeply z to p5etrate ! mat]ial ( holl[$ works1 ! latt] may be l9$ ) r$ or o!r bright col\r$ silk or velvet1 & a v>iety ( designs ?us work$ out4 ,x is v necess>y 9 us+ ! v]tical cutt]s to move ! tool hold] =w>d v g5tly1 giv+ x at ! same "t great rapidity ( revolution4 ,)\t ?is x w at once /ick fa/ 9 ! "w4 ,! "* ( ! designs may1 ( c\rse1 be inf9itely v>i$ by us+ cutt]s ( diff]5t sections1 z 9 ! case ( "w done ) fix$ tools ) ! aid ( ! ecc5tric *uck4 ,! same cutt]s w1 9 fact1 s]ve bo? purposes4 ,fig4 #bee repres5ts a tool simil> to ! la/1 b arrang$ to cut horizontally4 ,) ?is1 flut$ "w c be done3 b x is evid5t t ! cord f ! ov]head app>atus _c "h be directly appli$1 ow+ to ! horizontal position ( ! driv+ pulley4 ,additional guide pulleys1 !re=e1 become necess>y1 &1 :5 ^! h to be arrang$1 ! app>atus is g5]ally modifi$1 & ! univ]sal cutt] is us$1 ( :i* "o =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bef1 & ?\gh x is n s good a patt]n z t :i* is describ$ 9 a lat] page1 x is nev]!less suit$ = use ) ! old patt]n ( slide re/ already del9eat$4 ,) ?is ! direction ( ! cuts may be v>i$ at pleasure--!y may be p]p5dicul>1 horizontal1 or radial1 &1 :5 ! templates be=e m5tion$ are add$ to ! slide re/1 an inf9ite v>iety ( devices may be cut ^u sph]ical & curv$ surfaces1 s t ! cutt] ?us modifi$ is fully entitl$ to its title ( univ]sal4 ,! design1 ,fig4 #beh1 is entirely ! "w ( revolv+ cutt]s & drills us$ ) a template ( ! requir$ section4 ,x is int5d$ = a lady's workbox1 op5+ ) a h+e on ! l9e1 a1 b1 & conta9+ 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts ! v>i\s articles requir$4 ,x may be made entirely ( ivory1 l9$ ) r$ or blue sat91 & ! flutes r\nd ! body may be cut ?r\gh to all[ ! l9+ to appe>4 ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 if ! box is ( ivory1 black velvet may be us$ to enhance ! contra/1 &1 z ! glossy pile w\ld be outw>ds1 a second l9+ ( any desir$ col\r %\ld be add$ ) ! be/ side inw>ds4 ,! r+s = ! h&les1 z = all simil> purposes1 c be quickly made ) ! tool1 ,fig4 #bei4 ,a holl[ piece ( ivory be+ tak51 & turn$ smoo? inside & out1 "o side ( ! tool is appli$1 z 9 ! figure1 s z to cut half ?r\gh ! "w4 ,x is !n remov$1 & ! opposite edge appli$ to ! inside until ! r+ falls (f completely f9i%$4 ,x is !n cut ?r\gh ) a ?9 saw or knife1 & ins]t$ 9 ! tail$ r+ or o!r projection int5d$ to receive x4 ,h&some works 9 ivory %\ld always be kept "u glass %ades4 ,! univ]sal cutt] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bef consi/s ( a plate ) *amf]$ edges to fit ! tool receptacle ( ! slide re/1 hav+ ne> ea* end small poppets :i* support ! r\nd rod connect+ ! pulley be>+ piece1 ,a1 ) ! "p1 ,e1 :i* c>ries ! tool1 ,f1 ! latt] be+ atta*$ by a small slot & set screw to a cyl9d] revolv+ 9 ,e1 & hav+ at its upp] end ! driv+ :eel1 ,c4 ,at ,g is a circul> piece or :eel rack$ on ! edge1 & turn$ by ! tang5t screw1 ,g4 ,! h9d] poppet is rectangul>1 & has divisions m>k$ ^u x on ea* side ( ! angle numb]$ f ! apex4 ,! rack$ :eel may ) advantage be simil>ly graduat$4 ,:5 ! "p ,e is v]tical ! cutt] w be 9 a position to "w horizontally1 & ! pulley support w be v]tical4 ,by turn+ ! tang5t screw1 bo? ! p>ts move toge!r2 b if desir$ ! pulleys c move indep5d5tly by unscrew+ ,d & ,l4 ,! angul> poppet may be made semicircul> if pref]r$1 ! degrees be+ numb]$ ei!r way f #j 9 ! c5tre4 ,:5 ! tool hold] is horizontal1 or approa*+ t position1 ! nut1 ,d1 mu/ be loos5$1 & ! pulleys plac$ s t ! cord w n slip (f4 ,!y may be disp5s$ ) if ! app>atus is to be us$ ,,only = v]tical cuts 7! hold]1 ,e1 w be horizontal72 b if a radial patt]n is to be cut1 9 :i* ! angle is to be con/antly v>i$1 ! pulley piece mu/ be us$ & ! pulleys re-arrang$ at ,d1 z requir$ f "t to "t4 ,!re is a some:at neat & s]viceable little app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bei;,a1 to take ! place ( ! slide re/ & its revolv+ cutt]s1 & al?\gh its p[]s are limit$1 mu* may be done ) x4 ,! sp9dle ,a1 works ?r\gh brasses 9 ! poppets1 ,b1 ,b1 & is put 9 motion by a cord f ! ov]head pass+ ov] ! pulley 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is sp9dle1 :i* holds ! crank-=m$ & o!r drills 9 a socket at "o end1 moves freely ?r\gh ! be>+s endwise1 & is kept back f ! "w by a spiral spr+ work+ aga9/ ! end ( ! h&le1 ,c4 ,?is h&le does n turn ) ! sp9dle1 b is m\nt$ l ! h&le ( a c>p5t]'s brace1 or t ( an ,ar*im$ean drill /ock4 ,! :ole app>atus fits into ! socket ( ! ord9>y re/4 ,a screw %\ld h be5 %[n 9 ! draw+1 pass+ ?r\gh ,b t[>ds ! pulley1 to regulate dep? ( cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,once fix$ by ! screw ( ! latt] 9 its int5d$ position ! tool is advanc$ to ! "w 9 a /raight l9e by press+ ! h&le ,c1 & is releas$ f ! cut z soon z ?is pressure is )drawn4 ,) diff]5t sizes ( crank$1 =k$1 or r\nd end$ drills1 a good deal ( ornam5tation may be done ) ?is simple tool1 :i* is also useful = ord9>y light drill+4 ,by putt+ 9 ! socket a r\nd end$ drill1 & us+ ! radial movem5t 7turn+ ! :ole r\nd 9 its socket 9 ! arc ( a circle71 %ort flutes c be drill$ out deep 9 ! middle1 =m+ basket "w simil> to ,fig4 #bfj1 :i* is exce$+ly pretty :5 c>efully execut$4 ,!re is little difficulty 9 mak+ drills & cutt]s1 z /eel ( all sizes 9 r\nd & squ>e b>s may be _h at ! *ief tool %ops1 especially at ,f5n's1 9 ,newgate-/reet4 ,9 mak+ ! revolv+ cutt]s1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to obs]ve ! position ( ! axial l9e1 :i* mu/ pass ?r\gh ! cutt+ edge4 ,aft] ! drill is r\ghly f9i%$1 !re=e1 x %\ld be m\nt$ 9 ! tool hold] ) :i* x is to be us$1 & c>efully te/$ ^u a piece ( unimportant "w4 ,if 9 revolv+ aga9/ ! latt] x leaves a "p ( ! mat]ial unt\*$1 ! edge is n truly 9 ! c5tre ( rotation4 ,! flat side ( ! drills are to be diametrical1 & h5ce1 z ,holtzapffel rem>ks1 ^! drills c only be %>p5$ on ! end4 ,! latt] au?ority also says mo/ ( ! drills embrace 79 cont\r ( edge7 only ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! circle1 z :5 ! drills are %>p5$ ) "o bevel !y c only cut on ! "o side ( ! c5tre1 & if ! drills 7 made to embrace ! half circle ! *amf] ( ! edge on ! second side w\ld be 9 ! wrong direction = cutt+1 & consequ5tly x c\ld only rub aga9/ ! "w & imp$e ! action ( ! drill4 ,all ornam5tal cutt]s & drills %\ld be kept 9 a box ) small sep>ate divisions to fit ! %anks1 :i* are all ( "o size4 ,! po9ts c !n be se5 & ! selection made ( any requir$ patt]n4 ,,curiosities4 ,_m turn]s take special int]e/ 9 ! production ( objects 9 ! la!1 t at fir/ sight appe> impossible to be produc$ solely by its means4 ,inasmu* z su* works manife/ ! skill & pati5ce ( ! artific]1 !y w always meet ) appreciation2 &1 al?\gh o!rwise useless1 !y s]ve z elegant objects ( v]tu1 & are well wor?y a place among ! r>e ornam5ts ( ! draw+ rooms4 ,:5 fir/ ! ,*9ese balls1 consi/+ ( a set ( holl[ sph]es "o )9 ! o!r1 all exquisitely c>v$1 7 br\ght to ,engl&1 x 0 believ$ !y 7 made 9 hemisph]ical pieces1 unit$ r\nd ! equatorial l9e ) "s k9d ( cem5t1 ! jo9t be+ c>efully conceal$4 ,i am n sure t !y are made 9 a la! 9 ,*9a2 b1 at all ev5ts1 !y are s made 9 ,engl&1 & our home productions almo/ rival ^? ( t /range yet clev] nation4 ,i say almo/1 because ! c>v+ 9 ivory done by ! ,*9ese is 9 "s respects unequall$1 nor d ,i suppose t "w requir+ 9 _m in/ances ye>s ( pati5t indu/ry c\ld be made to repay ! co/ ( manufacture 9 ,engl&4 ,no soon] 7 ^! curiosities 9 vogue "h ?an all k9ds ( simil> impossibilities 7 manufactur$4 ,/>s ) f ?ree to a doz5 rays made _! appe>ance1 enclos$ sometimes 9 simil> sets ( holl[ sph]es--! rays project+ beyond ! limits ( ! out] %ell--o!rs 7 wondr\sly enclos$ 9 cases ) flat sides1 cubes1 pyramids1 six1 eight1 twelve-sid$ holl[ cases1 all turn$ fairly 9 ! la!1 7 produc$ ) simil> cont5ts1 s t ! apple 9 ,k+ ,george's dumpl+ became a v second>y wond]4 ,! />ry inmates 7 evid5tly too l>ge = ! h\ses2 yet !re !y 7--legs & arms1 ( c\rse1 /ick+ out ?r\gh doors & w9d[s1 simply because !re 0 no room = !m inside4 ,we w p5etrate ! my/]y1 comm5c+ ) a s+le holl[ ball conta9+ a /> ( six rays1 ! bases ( ! latt] /&+ on a c5tral cube4 ,9 ! fir/ place a p]fect sph]e is requir$1 & consequ5tly ! slide re/ & template1 or sph]ical re/1 mu/ come into requisition unless ! turn] c produce a ball by h& tools alone4 ,let ?is sph]e1 or r its b\nd>y l9e1 be drawn on pap] ( full size ) ! compasses1 ,fig4 #bfb1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,draw ! diamet]s ,a1 ,d1 ,c1 ,b1 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,?is w give y five po9ts1 :i* on ! sph]e itself 7on :i* ^! l9es w h to be drawn1 includ+ also ano!r1 answ]+ to ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d7 are c5tres ( six op5+s1 "h repres5t$ by ! circles1 ?r\gh :i* ! tools h to be introduc$ to holl[ out ! sph]e & =m ! />4 ,! po9ts ( ! latt] w be 9 ! c5tres ( ^! op5+s4 ,draw 9 addition ! plan ( ! c5tral cube1 & "o ray ( ! propos$ />2 next draw an inn] circle1 "h dott$ to m>k ! ?ickness ( ! out] envelope4 ,! object ( ?is draw+ is to enable y to make a set ( curv$ tools1 "o ( :i* is %[n black at ,e1 & a set are m>k$ on a plate ( /eel1 f :i* !y mu/ be cut out4 ,a close inspection ( ! figure w %[ t if ball1 ,fig4 #bfb1 7 turn+ on ! po9t ,a1 ,a ,d be+ its axis ( revolution1 tools ( ! giv5 section introduc$ at ,d w\ld cut away ! mat]ial r\nd ! po9t or ray1 leav+ ! latt] /&+2#ba & ?is op]ation repeat$ at ! five rema9+ op5+s w\ld entirely free ! c5tral cube ) its rays accord+ to ! propos$ design4 ,! tools h to be introduc$ 9 ord]1 beg9n+ ) ! smalle/2 & al?\gh ! above rem>ks w make cle> ! pr9ciple1 !re are sev]al po9ts to be att5d$ to 9 practice1 & "s few accessories are requir$ :i* w n[ be expla9$4 ,x is evid5t t = e diff]5t siz$ sph]e fre% sets ( tools w be requisite1 :i* w also v>y 9 patt]n accord+ to ! int5d$ =m ( ! c5tral base on :i* ! rays /&2 a cube or flat-sid$ solid requir+ "o tool at lea/1 ) a rectil9eal edge2 sph]ical or o!r solids dem&+ o!rs ^: ends are ( diff]5t section4 ,h5ce1 9 all cases1 full-siz$ plans ( ! propos$ "w mu/ be drawn1 & special tools design$ !refrom4 #ba ,!re is an error 9 ! position ( ?is tool1 :i*1 ?us plac$1 w\ld n leave ! po9t ( ! />4 ,fig4 #bgj w expla9 ! me?od bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi;,b4 ,fig4 #bfi;,a is introduc$ to %[ m cle>ly ! result ( ! application ( ! fir/ set ( tools1 or r ( ! fir/ application ( ! set1 z ! latt] are us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! black5$ "p w be entirely cut away 9 ?is op]ation1 ! %ad$ "p meet+ x w be remov$ :5 ! tools are transf]r$ to ! adjac5t op5+1 ! cuts meet+ ^? fir/ made4 ,h5ce ! tools ne$ only rea* f a to b1 & c be m easily introduc$ ?an if ! curv$ "p 7 long]4 ,gauges1 ,fig4 #bfi;,b1 ,a1 mu/ likewise be made ( ?9 brass or t91 t ! progress ( ! "w may be exam9$1 & ea* op5+ 9 ! sph]e %\ld likewise be measur$ ) a gauge1 or ) compasses fix$ to "o wid? by an adju/+ screw4 ,! prop] *uck = ?is "w is ! capp$ ball *uck already describ$1 by loos5+ ! cap ( :i* any "o ( ! six op5+s may be br\ght "u ! action ( ! tool1 ^! op5+s be+1 9 fact1 bor$ out simultane\sly ) ! =mation ( ! />4 ,aft] ! fir/ po9t or ray ( ! /> has be5 complet$1 ! ball may be rev]s$ & ! opposite ray =m$4 ,^! are n[ to be secur$ by plugs1 :i* are to be turn$ conical1 to fit ! op5+ ( ! ball at "o end1 & ( a l5g? to re/ ^u ! c5tral cube at ! o!r1 be+ also bor$ out to fit ov] ! rays1 :i* !y %\ld embrace closely at top & bottom1 ev5 if n at ! o!r po9ts ( its l5g?4 7,fig4 #bfi;,c1 ,a & ,b47 ,?is is to be repeat$ z ea* ray is =m$1 s t ! c5tral /> may be held 9 place until ! "w is f9i%$1 :5 ! plugs are remov$1 & ! /> w be entirely deta*$4 ,! above-nam$ tools be+ /raight on ! "r h& side ( ! %ank w n =m a f9i%$ conical po9t or ray4 ,h5ce x is recomm5d$ to file away t side1 s t :5 flat ^u ! re/1 ! back ( ! tool may be an exact c\nt]p>t ( a ray1 ,fig4 #bgj1 ,a4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no absolute necessity = ?is1 z ! /> po9t c be fir/ made blunt1 ) p]p5dicul> sides1 :i* c !n be neatly f9i%$ by a sep>ate tool made = ! purpose1 & kept up to a v ke5 edge4 ,! fir/ & smalle/ ( ! set ( tools "h %[n1 is ! "o ) :i* ! flat sides ( ! cube are =m$1 & x mu/ be bevell$ f und]nea?1 s z to pres5t a cutt+ edge on ! end4 ,! curv$ tools %\ld cut on ! end & bo? sides ( ! crook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi;,,cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,x is q possible to make ! above 9 mahogany1 b a clos] gra9$ wood is mu* to be pref]r$1 z ! tools us$--:i* are held flat ^u ! re/--are r scrap+ ?an cutt+1 & mahogany1 & fibr\s woods 9 g5]al1 _c be ?us work$ neatly4 ,boxwood is1 9 e respect1 ! be/ mat]ial to beg9 ^u1 ivory & blackwood be+ res]v$ until ! eye & h& h become accu/om$ to su* "w4 ,! :ole op]ation requires great c>e1 & is r t$i\s1 b ! result ought to be a suffici5t rew>d4 ,! ext]nal surface may1 ( c\rse1 be ornam5t$ ) ! usual app>atus1 b ! /> %\ld be left cle> & %>p4 ,! edges ( ! op5+s %\ld h a light bead+1 cut ) a bead tool1 ,fig4 #bga1 ,a & ,b4 ,,groov+ ,,& ,,mortis+ ,,small ,,"w4 ,among/ ! v>i\s purposes to :i* x is possible to apply ! la!1 may be notic$ ! drill+ out grooves & mortises1 a me?od us$ 9 "s ( our ,gov]nm5t ars5als1 = cutt+ ! recesses = ! reception ( ! ,v5etian la? "w 9 cab9 doors4 ,! same me?od is1 ( c\rse1 applicable to numb]less simil> cases1 al?\gh design$ = ! special object nam$4 ,! app>atus is %[n complete 9 ! draw+1 ,fig4 #bgb1 & ! compon5t p>ts 9 ! succe$+ diagrams4 ,a is a k9d ( comp\nd slide re/1 or v]tical /raight l9e *uck1 hav+ a movem5t 9 a direction p>allel ) ! la! b$ at ,f2 :ile ! circul> plate be+ p9n$ ?r\gh its c5tre to a slide1 ,h1 c be mov$ up & d[n by means ( ! h&le ,g4 ,?is circul> plate c be set 9 any position1 & has a project+ %elf or re/ to c>ry ! "w1 :i* is /eadi$ by guide p9s1 z w pres5tly be expla9$4 ,! "p ,f1 has a b$ simil> to t ( an ord9>y slide re/1 :i* is clamp$ to ! la! b$ by a bolt & nut1 z usual4 ,?is c>ries likewise *amf]$ b>s1 betwe5 :i* slides ! horizontal plate to :i* ! v]tical "p ( ! app>atus is atta*$4 ,?is is fir/ a plate ) *amf]$ edges1 ,fig4 #bgc ,a1 & a second simil> b r wid] plate1 ,fig4 #bgd ,b1 ) guide b>s1 likewise *amf]$1 to slide ^u ,a4 ,f ! front ( ,b rises a /\t p91 on :i* ! circul> plate1 ,c1 turns1 :i* c be clamp$ by a c5tral nut1 or o!rwise1 z 9 an ord9>y comp\nd slide re/4 ,?is nut %\ld n project above ! g5]al level ( ! plate4 ,on ! face ( ! latt] is1 z previ\sly /at$1 a re/1 or n>r[ metal %elf1 ,d1 & p9s1 e1 f4 ,! plate may be v>i\sly arrang$ 9 ?is respect by sub/itut+ any k9d ( holdfa/ or guide1 accord+ to ! "w desir$ to be done by its aid4 ,! upp] slide is depress$ by a h& lev] act+ on a p9 fix$ 9 ! slid+ plate1 ,fig4 #bge2 or1 if pref]r$1 by a simil> lev]1 ) a quadrant & *a91 or rack movem5t4 ,! horizontal slide is work$ by means ( a /irrup = ! foot1 ) cord atta*$1 act+ on a bell-crank$ lev]1 se5 9 ! fir/ figure4 ,to cut ! grooves 9 a b>1 = ,v5etian bl9ds--z describ$--! la? to be drill$ is atta*$ to a flat /rip ( ?9 iron1 drill$ ) holes1 ,fig4 #bgf ,a1 z wide ap>t z ! requir$ di/ance betwe5 ! grooves4 ,x is !n laid aga9/ ! %elf1 & ! guide p9s are made to ent] ! holes 9 ! iron4 ,! clamp+ nut ( ! r\nd plate is loos5$1 until ! b> is set to su* an angle t ! grooves to be cut w =m v]tical l9es1 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,x is !n clamp$ securely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,x is necess>y to be able to adju/ ! piece to be cut1 z reg>ds its height1 above ! la! b$4 ,?is is effect$ 9 "p by ! position ( ! movable %elf--fix$ by p9s--& p>tly by guide or set screws1 :i* regulate ! trav]se ( ! slides4 ,suppose ! b> adju/$ z 9 ,fig4 #bgf1 ! groove to be cut be+ br\ght opposite to ! drill4 ,! set screws--two ( :i* are se5 at x1 x1 ,fig4 #bge--;act+ on ! h&le1 regulate ! precise l5g? ( ea* groove4 ,a simil> /op1 connect$ ) ! horizontal "p ( ! ma*9e1 regulates ! advance ( ! wood t[>ds ! drill1 & ?us ! dep? ( ! cut4 ,h5ce x is only necess>y to set ^! c>efully at />t+--! p9s on ! guide plate insur+ ! prop] wid? betwe5 ! grooves--& ! la! be+ put 9 motion1 any numb] ( precisely simil> grooves c be drill$ ) ! utmo/ rapidity & neatness4 ,an inspection ( ! draw+s w %[ :at numb]less purposes may be s]v$ by ?is simple app>atus1 :i* may be modifi$ 9 its details1 :ile its pr9ciple ( action is ma9ta9$4 ,! drill %\ld h a *isel & be kept to a ke5 edge4 ,! la! %\ld be put 9 rapid motion1 & if ! requir$ cut is to be deep1 x %\ld be cut at twice4 ,! l[] slide %\ld return to its place by means ( a spr+ :5 ! foot is rais$1 ! v]tical slide be+ movable 9 bo? directions by means ( ! slott$ "p ( ! h&le4 ,,note4--,! above be+ tak5 f an app>atus = a /eam la!1 ! /irrup action maybe us$1 z ! foot is at lib]ty4 ,a foot la! w\ld require a slight modification4 ,9 ,fig4 #bge1 ! depress+ h&le is %[n z if ! *amf]$ b>s 7 fix$ to ! sole plate1 & ! plate ,a1 7 movable1 z is sometimes ! case4 ,:5 made accord+ to ! above description1 ! h&le w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be p9n$ to ! fix$ v]tical plate1 ,a1 to :i* also ! /ops w\ld be atta*$1 & ! p9 :i* passes ?r\gh ! slot ( ! h&le1 mu/ project f "o ( ! *amf]$ b>s4 ,ei!r plan may be foll[$1 b ! patt]n describ$ is calculat$ = a /rong] app>atus2 inasmu* z ! v]tical plate c be secur$ m firmly to ! *amf]$ horizontal slide ?an ! m]e pair ( guide b>s--! two might1 9 fact1 be made 9 "o ca/+1 if pref]r$4 ,,ornam5tal ,,turn+4 ,! slide re/ previ\sly describ$1 al?\gh applicable to ! purposes ( ornam5tal turn+1 has "o disadvantage4 ,x is necess>y t ! v>i\s pieces ( app>atus to be us$ ) x %\ld h a f\ndation plate ) *amf]$ edges to fit accurately betwe5 ! guide b>s4 ,?is is (t5 inconv5i5t1 & adds to ! difficulty ( mak+1 & consequ5tly to ! co/ ( su* pieces4 ,9 addition to ?is drawback1 x may happ5 t "o ( ^! fitt+s by be+ m frequ5tly us$ becomes m worn ?an ano!r1 s t ! guide b>s require con/ant re-adju/m5t1 & _! accuracy & p>allelism become impair$4 ,to obviate ^! & simil> inconv5i5ces ! slide re/ is n[ commonly made l ,fig4 #bgg1 & a tool receptacle1 ,fig4 #bgh1 is fitt$ to slide betwe5 ,m1 ,m1 & is s arrang$ z to hold securely ! univ]sal cutt]s & o!r app>atus requir$ = ornam5tation or = pla9 turn+4 ,^! are all made ) a rectangul> b> fitt+ ! longitud9al *annel 9 ! middle ( ! receptacle1 & are secur$ by ! foll[+ simple contrivance4 ,x w be se5 by ! draw+ t ! c5tral *annel is wid5$ at ,a1 ,a1 & t a groove or saw-cut ,b runs along ! inside f end to end4 ,?is groove is cont9u$ 9 a simil> mann] on ! side next to ! read]4 ,fig4 #bhj repres5ts an ord9>y tool hold]1 ) a rectangul> %ank ,a1 & clamp+ screw ,b1 by :i* ! tool c is secur$4 ,! "p ,a is laid 9 ! c5tral *annel1 & a small piece ( metal %ap$ l ,fig4 #bgi is ins]t$ 9 "o ( ! op5 spaces1 ,a1 ,a ( ! receptacle & slid along ) its l[] flange 9 ! saw-cut until cle> ( ! enl>g$ "p ( ! *annel4 ,x is ?us reta9$1 & ! clamp+ screw :i* passes ?r\gh its c5tre is br\ght to be> ^u ! piece to be fix$1 :i* is !reby securely held 9 its requir$ position4 ,two ( ^! holdfa/s are g5]ally us$ at ! same "t4 ,if ! ma9 b> ( ! tool hold] is n q ?ick en\gh to be clamp$1 !n x is only necess>y to lay a small plate bel[ x4 ,by ! above simple means1 ! necessity = fitt+ ea* individual piece ( app>atus to "w ^u ! *amf]$ guides is done away4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! position ( ! sole ( ! re/ at "r angles to ! la! b$ a k9d ( saddle1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bha1 is us$4 ,?is is ( ca/ iron or brass1 accurately plan$ on ! upp] surface1 & has a projection fitt+ betwe5 ! be>]s ( ! la!4 ,! usual hold+ d[n-bolt passes ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! c5tre1 secur+ ! saddle & ! re/ at ! same "t4 ,! usual arrangem5t ( a k9d ( d\ble socket1 ! inn] "o ris+ at pleasure by be+ tapp$ into ! out]1 has already be5 describ$1 & s]ves = accurate adju/m5t ( ! height ( ! re/4 ,x is conv5i5t1 9 addition1 to h a /op or set screw "u ! b$ ( ! re/1 & a simil> "o on ! top ( ! socket1 s plac$ t :5 ! frame is swung r\nd x %all /op precisely at "r angles to its =m] position4 ,?us1 if ! tool is fir/ requir$ to be us$ ^u ! side1 & !n ^u ! face ( ! object to be turn$1 ^! two positions are obta9$ at once1 & c1 if necess>y1 be alt]nat$ )\t any re-adju/m5t ( ! mov+ p>ts ( ! re/ by ! aid ( ! set squ>e4 ,! receptacle-hold] is g5]ally advanc$ by ! h& lev]1 ,fig4 #bgi1 "o p9 ( :i* fits into ! hole 9 ! guide-b> z se5 9 ! draw+1 :ile ! o!r falls into a %ort slot e1 made 9 ! upp] surface ( ! receptacle1 or ( ! piece ( app>atus to be us$ 9 x4 ,( c\rse1 ?is arrangem5t may be rev]s$1 "o or bo? p9s be+ fix$ to ! re/ & its receptacle slide1 & ! holes made 9 ! lev]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a sl[] & m regul> movem5t is requir$ ?an x is possible to give 9 ?is way1 & ! lev] is replac$ by ! lead+ screw ,c1 ,d1 ,fig4 #bgh1 ! head ( :i* is removable1 & c be replac$ by a small w9* h&le4 ,?is screw is tapp$ into ! lug ca/ ^u ! receptacle1 & its po9t is ( ! =m %[n4 ,! latt] fits into a hole 9 ! pill> ,a1 #bgh1 & is reta9$ by a p91 :i* falls into ! groove1 ,d1 ,fig4 #bgh1 & prev5ts ! screw f advanc+ or rec$+ )\t c>ry+ ! slid+ plate ) x4 ,! p9 be+ remov$1 ! screw w no long] act 9 ?is way1 & ! slide may be mov$ by ! lev] in/ead4 ,! o!r screw1 ,e1 ,f1 ( f9e pit*1 s]ves to regulate ! advance ( ! receptacle1 & consequ5tly ! dep? ( cut ( ! tool--a r\nd head ) divisions on its edge is atta*$ to "o end1 :i* abuts aga9/ ! pill> ,b1 ,fig4 #bgg1 :i* latt] has a m>k on its top to act z an index4 ,?us ! advance ( ! tool c be regulat$ to a great nicety1 & successive pr$et]m9$ & diff]5t dep?s may be rea*$ & repeat$ at pleasure1 z is sometimes necess>y4 ,c1 ,c1 ,fig4 #bgg1 is "o ( a pair ( /ops :i* c be fix$ by _! screws at any two po9ts ( ! b$ ( ! slide re/4 ,^! s]ve to regulate ! di/ance :i* ! top slide & tool hold] are int5d$ to trav]se1 z 9 drill+ a numb] ( flutes ( equal l5g?1 & _m simil> works4 ,!y are usually made ( gun-metal1 ! screws ( iron or /eel1 or ( a metal call$ homog5e\s1 :i* may be describ$ z betwe5 ! two1 &1 be+ pleasant to "w1 is wor?y ( notice4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! slide re/ = ornam5tation %\ld be made ) ! greate/ nicety4 ,! slides mu/ "w equally smoo?ly f end to end ( _! trav]se4 ,! pit* ( ! screws mu/ be n only f9e1 b ev5 & regul>1 & ! screw itself ( precisely ! same diamet] f end to end1 else x w "w loosely ?r\gh its nut 9 "o place1 & jamb 9 ano!r4 ,x is extremely pleasant to feel ! exquisite smoo?ness & oil9ess1 = no o!r ^w w express x1 ( ! movem5ts ( slid+ p>ts 9 ! workman%ip ( ,munro or ,holtzapffel1 especially if comp>$ ) inf]ior "w4 ,good amateur's "w inde$ is (t5 f> sup]ior to t :i* is sometimes adv]tis$1 & p]haps a few h9ts may n be out ( place "h1 relative to ! con/ruction ( ?is necess>y addition to ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! frame ( ! re/ mu/ be accurately at "r angles to ! sp9dle1 :i* fits into ! socket4 ,^! %\ld1 !re=e1 be turn$ toge!r1 suppos+ ! amateur n to h a plan+ ma*9e4 ,! :ole may be m\nt$ z ,fig4 #bhb1 :]e ,a repres5ts ! c>ri] plate or *uck2 ,b1 ! driv]1 ! tail ( :i* %\ld be z long or ne>ly s z ! frame f c to ,d2 ,f is ! side tool to be fix$ 9 ! slide re/ = metal4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is to plane ! face ( ! slide ) transv]se /rokes in/ead ( l5g?wise4 ,x may be aft]w>ds f9i%$ & poli%$ ) oil/one p[d] on a flat slab ( plan$ iron4 ,:5 ! face is f9i%$1 ! :ole mu/ be rev]s$1 ! p9 ( ! c>ri] plate w be> aga9/ ! frame1 :i* ?us acts z a driv]1 & ! sp9dle mu/ be turn$4 ,9 ?is way accuracy is ensur$ if ! slide re/ us$ is c>efully set4 ,! *amf]$ sides ( ! slides are difficult to "w ) ! file1 b may be s done ) c>e1 & ) a template ( ! desir$ bevel z a guide4 ,! great secret is to take pl5ty ( "t1 n to press too mu* ^u ! file nor to move x too quickly ov] ! surface2 f9e ev5 /rokes1 especially t[>ds ! f9i%1 mu/ be giv51 & a f9al poli% ) oil/one p[d] & oil us$ on a piece ( a /ick4 ,9 turn+ ! screw a back /ay mu/ be fix$ opposite to ! tool 9 ! slide re/ to insure ! contact ( ! cutt+ edge )\t b5d+ ! "w4 ,presum+ t ! screw w be cut ) /ock & dies1 x may be /at$ z a caution t ! latt] mu/ n be tight5$ except at ! comm5cem5t ( cutt+ ! ?read deep]4 ,! return ( ! tool by a backw>d motion 7or unscrew+71 %\ld n be us$ z a cutt+ action1 & !re=e1 %\ld be c>ri$ on ) ! dies 9 ! same position :i* !y _h dur+ _! desc5t4 ,at ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 ( ea* d[nw>d movem5t ! dies mu/ be tight5$ & oil$1 & !y mu/ n aga9 be t\*$ till ! bottom ( ! screw has be5 rea*$1 & ! upw>d movem5t also has be5 complet$1 s t !y h arriv$ aga9 at ! />t+ po9t4 ,if tight5$ at any o!r "t ! screw w be ei!r conical or ( a wavy section1 ei!r ( :i* =ms w\ld be fatal to its use4 ,! ca/+s = su* a re/ %\ld be ( malleable iron1 if possible1 z be+ mu* m easy to "w2 ! guide b>s may be ( gun metal1 z also ! *amf]$ b>s1 :i* "w on ! ma9 frame4 ,?is w give a m f9i%$ appe>ance1 & w on ! :ole be m durable & satisfactory4 ,,! ,,ecc5tric ,,cutt] ,,frame4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful tools = ornam5tation1 especially ( pla9 surfaces1 su* z ! top ( a box cov]1 is ! ecc5tric cutt]1 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,! %ank1 ,a1 lies 9 ! receptacle hold] ( ! slide re/1 & is drill$ ?r\gh\t to receive a /eel sp9dle1 c>ry+ at "o end a d\ble pulley1 ,b1 to receive ! cord f ! ov]head motion1 & at ! o!r frame1 ,e1 ) its lead+ screw1 ( :i* ! movable mill$ & graduat$ head is se5 at ,h4 ,?is frame has "o surface1 level ) ! c5tre ( ! ma9 sp9dle1 :i* is cut away z %[n1 &1 consequ5tly1 z ! po9t ( ! tool is on its flat side1 :i* latt] re/s ^u ! frame 7! bevel be+ bel[71 ?is po9t c1 by ! tang5t screw1 be br\ght into a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! ma9 sp9dle1 s t :5 ! cord f ! ov]head is pass$ r\nd ,b1 ! sp9dle revolves ) great rapidity1 & ! po9t ( ! tool1 ,k1 9 ! position describ$1 makes a simple dot4 ,by turn+ r\nd ! mill$ screw head1 ,h1 ei!r by ! ?umb & f+] or by a small w9* h&le1 fitt$ on ! squ>e "p beyond ! head ( ! screw1 ! tool hold]1 ,d 7:i* is 9 "o piece ) ! nut ( ! lead+ screw71 is made to trav]se ! frame1 & ! tool w cut a circle small or l>ge accord+ to ! ecc5tricity ?us giv5 to x4 ,9 ,fig4 #bhe ,d1 is ! tool hold] on ! front ( ! frame2 ,c1 ! end ( ! sp9dle2 ,l1 a bell-%ap$ wa%]1 :i* is act$ on by ! small squ>e-head$ screw1 draw+ ,d t[>ds ! frame & clamp+ ! tool4 ,! :ole is 9 ! figure ( full size4 ,! tool hold] is 9 "o piece ) ! nut1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! lead+ screw1 & :i* is cont9u$ z a screw = ! action ( ! bell-%ap$ wa%] & tight5+ nut2 h5ce x is necess>y to all[ a degree ( play betwe5 ! nut & lead+ screw1 to prev5t b5d+ ! latt] :5 clamp+ ! tool4 ,?is is effect$ by fil+ (f ! ?reads 9 ! nut at ! top & bottom1 to r5d] ! :ole slightly oval4 ,! rema9+ ?reads suffice = ! action ( ! lead+ screw3 a v slight degree ( play 9 ! requir$ direction w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! p[]s ( ! ecc5tric cutt] frame w be f\nd suffici5tly ext5sive to make x a mo/ s]viceable1 p]haps necess>y1 piece ( la! app>atus4 ,if x _c be said absolutely to supply ! place ( ! ecc5tric *uck1 x has nev]!less ! advantage ( great lightness ( con/ruction1 l[ness ( co/1 & ease ( manipulation4 ,! weight ( ! ecc5tric *uck1 :e!r s+le or d\ble1 z ( all *ucks 9 :i* slid+ plates are us$1 is a sad drawback to _! value--a drawback un=tunately beyond rem$y1 & specially felt :5 ! slides are drawn out to a great degree ( ecc5tricity4 ,comb9$ toge!r1 ^! two =m a comp\nd ecc5tric *uck1 & 9 ?is way are capable ( ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( ecc5tric ornam5tation4 ,:]e ! *uck is n to be _h1 x is by all means advisable to procure ! cutt+ frame1 = :i* ! writ] confesses a great p>tiality4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 to him a f> m rational proce$+1 z x is also n[ ( ext5sive application1 to act ^u fix$ "w by revolv+ or mov+ tools1 in/ead ( proce$+ 9 ! contr>y way2 & all ^! little tools us$ ) ! ov]head app>atus are s lightly & elegantly con/ruct$1 & s well adapt$ = ! p>ts !y h to p]=m1 t ! orig9ator ( !m 7native tal5t devis$ !m71 des]ves to be well & la/+ly rememb]$2 in/ead ( :i* x is d\btful :e!r 8 "n is ev5 kn[n4 7,sic transit is a quotation too /ale = ?is "w47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe;,b ,to cut circles deep] 9 "o "p ?an ano!r--! %ell patt]n1 = in/ance--) ?is tool1 x is n necess>y to alt] ! level ( ! sole ( ! re/1 z x is :5 ! ecc5tric *uck is us$ ) a fix$ tool1 z x suffices to set ! re/ itself at an angle1 by mov+ x r\nd 9 ! socket1 s t ! revolv+ tool %\ld t\* ! face ( ! "w soon] at "o po9t ?an at an opposite "o4 ,9 ! same way ! "w may be consid]ably und]cut on "o side ( ! circles1 by giv+ ! angul> set to ! re/1 & plac+ a tool 9 ! hold]1 ) a po9t ( ! =m %[n at #bhe ,b4 ,!re is no?+ pretti] ?an ?is und]cut "w :5 well & %>ply done1 = :i* purpose ! tool %\ld n only be r5d]$ ke5 on ! hone1 b burni%$ & poli%$ on ! brass & iron slabs already describ$4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on ! "w ( ?is cutt] frame on flat surfaces only1 w be useful to ! read] 9 design+ & work+ out ! v>i\s comb9ations ( circles1 int]sect+ or o!rwise1 :i* x is calculat$ to produce4 ,on a surface repres5t$ by #bhf ,a1 ! l9e ( circles1 a1 a1 is on a diamet]1 &1 suppos+ !m to be describ$ by ! ecc5tric cutt] 7or by a simple d\ble-po9t$ drill71 _! c5tres are obta9$ by means ( ! lead+ screw ( ! slide re/1 mov$ ! requisite numb] ( turns betwe5 ea* cut1 :ile ! "w is reta9$ 9 a fix$ position on ! m&rel4 ,b if ! l9e ( circles is on su* a l9e z b b1 above or bel[ ! c5tre1 & consequ5tly n on a diamet]1 x is pla9 t no movem5t ( ! slide re/ or cutt]1 or bo?1 c avail to place !m 9 position1 except ) great difficulty & t$i\s work+ ) ! division plate ( ! la! & ! screw ( ! slide re/4 ,h5ce ! ecc5tric *uck mu/ be br\ght into play1 & be+ fix$ ) its slide 9 a v]tical position1 ! screw is turn$ & ! "w is l[]$ !reby until ! l9e b1 b1 is on a level ) ! po9t ( ! tool4 ,! ecc5tric cutt] or d\ble drill w !n suffice to "w ! r[ ( circles4 ,:5 ! c5tres ( ! circles are !mselves on p>ts ( ! circumf]5ces ( o!r circles1 ! division plate ( ! la! or ( ! ecc5tric *uck w be call$ into requisition1 accord+ z ^! circles are conc5tric ) ! m&rel or o!rwise4 ,9 ,fig4 #bhf;,b1 ! curv$ l9es are p>ts ( circles ( equal size ) t repres5t+ ! surface ( ! "w1 & _! c5tres lie on "o & ! same diamet]1 viz41 at opposite extremities ( ! l9e1 a1 b4 ,be+ ?us ecc5tric to ! "w1 ! division plate ( ! *uck is us$ to arrange ! int]sect+ circles ( ! patt]n--its slide hav+ be5 fir/ drawn d[n1 until ! c5tre ( ! arc to be work$ ) circles is br\ght opposite to ! tool4 ,! "w w be 9 position :51 on turn+ ! m&rel sl[ly1 ! cutt+ po9t ( ! tool passes across its c5tre4 ,! division ( ! orig9al circle is 9 ?is in/ance into f\r p>ts1 two ( :i* are ?irds1 & two six?s ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! arcs ( circles are also l9es equal to ?irds ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! "w4 ,x is well to rememb] ?is division ( a circle by o!r equal circles describ$ r\nd x f po9ts on its circumf]5ce1 ^! circles pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,! orig9al circle w 9 ?is way be divid$1 z %[n at ,c1 into six equal p>ts4 ,to produce x ) ! aid ( ! ecc5tric cutt] is easy4 ,set ! tool ( ! cutt] fir/ to ! c5tre ( ! "w1 s t on revolv+ x w make a simple dot4 ,?is %\ld always be done1 :atev] patt]n is subsequ5tly to be cut4 ,fix ! index ( ! division plate ( ! la! at #cfj4 ,move ! screw ( ! slide re/ until ! po9t ( ! cutt]1 on be+ advanc$1 re/s on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle previ\sly cut ^u ! "w1 or on ! circumf]5ce ( ! "w itself1 if ! divisions are to rea* ! edge4 ,screw back ! tool 7n ! re/7 until its po9t rea*es ! c5tre ( ! "w & cause x to revolve s z to cut "o arc4 ,move ! la! pulley =w>d to #fj & cut a second arc1 & s on1 advanc+ #fj ea* "t1 & ! figure w be cut4 ,?is division ( ! circle w =m ! gr\ndwork ( _m h&some patt]ns4 ,:5 ! arcs ?us =m$ are int5d$ m]ely to be ! l9es ( c5tres1 & n !mselves to =m integral p>ts ( ! patt]n1 !y %\ld1 nev]!less1 be m>k$ ) a p5cil 9 ! tool hold]1 if possible1 z !re w be less liability to error 9 work+ ! propos$ patt]n4 ,9 ! pres5t advanc$ /age ( ! art ( turn+1 m]e surface "w done by ! ecc5tric cutt] is r apt to be despis$1 ow+ to ! ext5d$ p[]s ( ,ibbetson's or ,plant's geometric *uck2 b1 valuable z ! two latt] are1 !y are necess>ily s co/ly t few c obta9 !m1 :]eas ! little cutt] frame is comp>atively *eap1 & x is really capable ( v exquisite "w 9 skilful h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf;,a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf;,b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf;,c ,,segm5t ,,eng9e4 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,9 v _m cases ( ornam5tation x is requir$ t ! m&rel1 in/ead ( mak+ an entire revolution1 %\ld /op at a giv5 po9t 9 bo? directions1 s t1 = in/ance1 ! turn] %\ld be able to move x #fj1 #hj1 or #ajj divisions to & fro1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( its n advanc+ beyond t di/ance4 ,?is is effect$ by ! rack$ & divid$ brass :eel ,b1 fix$ on ! m&rel aga9/ ! small end ( ! pulley4 ,?is :eel is suffici5tly ?ick to all[ ( rack+ "p ( its edge to be act$ on :5 necess>y by ! tang5t screw1 & leav+ ! o!r "p = divisions1 :i* are g5]ally sev5ty-two 9 numb]1 & m>k$ 9 figures at e six? division4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! plate are a numb] ( holes drill$ ?r\gh its :ole ?ickness to receive /op p9s1 ,fig4 #bhi1 ,p1 :i* are sawn ?r\gh z %[n1 t !y may spr+1 & fit ! holes tightly4 ,!re are sev5ty-two holes correspond+ ) ! divisions4 ,^! p9s are ab\t #c_/af?s ( an in* diamet]1 g5]ally ) flatt5$ heads1 & a hole ?r\gh !m to receive a p9 to aid 9 remov+ !m4 ,! holes are sometimes made 9 ! edge1 in/ead ( ! side ( ! segm5t plate1 b ! latt] is ! be/ position4 ,at ,fig4 #bhh1 ,t1 is se5 ! int]ior "p ( ! poppet1 ) a piece ( brass let 91 & fix$ securely1 9 :i* are ins]t$ two screws1 aga9/ :i* ! segm5t /ops abut1 & prev5ts fur!r rotation ( ! pulley4 ,side by side ) ?is latt] piece is plac$ ! frame :i* c>ries ! tang5t screw4 ,x is %[n at ,fig4 #bhi4 ,?is frame is n fix$ to ! base ( ! poppet1 b pivott$ at e1 betwe5 two %ort /&>ds screw$ into ! poppet = t purpose4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! :ole frame1 !re=e1 drops d[n t[>ds ! front1 b x c be rais$ by ! small cam1 ,k1 ,fig4 #bhi1 s z to ge> ) ! worm :eel4 ,9 _m cases ! latt] is n us$1 b ! pulley turn$ by h&4 ,! screw1 h[ev]1 gives a /eadi] & m easily regulat$ movem5t1 ess5tial 9 delicate op]ations1 & sometimes conv5i5t1 ev5 :5 ! /ops d n require to be ins]t$4 ,! use ( ! cam1 act+ on ! frame :i* c>ries ! tang5t screw1 is n[ g5]ally foll[$ 9 ! ecc5tric & oval *ucks1 & also 9 ! dome *uck4 ,x enables ! workman1 by ?r[+ out ( ge> ?is "p1 to turn ! worm :eel ) ! f+]s1 to set x at ! requir$ numb] on ! division plate1 a sl[ process :5 effect$ by ! screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,,holtzapffel',s ,,rose ,,cutt] ,,frame4 ,among ! new] devices = ornam5tal turn+1 mu/ be m5tion$ ! rose cutt] frame ( ,holtzapffel & ,co41 an +5i\s adaptation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! rose eng9e1 )\t ! drawback ( cumb]som5ess & co/l9ess4 ,x works l ! ord9>y ecc5tric & o!r cutt]s by a cord f ov]head motion4 ,! app>atus is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bij1 & its v>i\s p>ts 9 ,fig4 #bia1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic;,b4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! figures1 ,a is ! %ank1 fitt+ ! receptacle ( ! slide re/1 & drill$ to receive a h>d5$ sp9dle1 at "o end ( :i* is a worm :eel1 turn$ by tang5t screw ,b ,c1 & %[n aga9 at ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,fig4 #bib4 ,by ?is are turn$ ! p>ts beyond ,k1 namely1 ! frame ,d1 c>ry+ ! tool1 z 9 ! ecc5tric cutt]1 adjac5t p>ts ,s1 repres5t+ *amf]$ b>1 ,p1 back plate1 & ,o1 :i* is a r\nd piece 9 "o ca/+1 ) ! back plate1 & hav+ a hole ?r\gh x = ! coil$ spr+ se5 betwe5 ,o & ,n4 ,all ^! are secur$ to ! sp9dle1 & turn toge!r z "o piece ) x4 ,fig4 #bia is a front view ( ^! p>ts4 ,h is ! back plate ( brass1 ) /eel *amf]$ b>s on its face1 ,e1 ,e1 z 9 ! ecc5tric *uck4 ,betwe5 ^! slides ! plate1 ,d1 ,d1 to ! face ( :i* is atta*$ ! long /eel frame1 c>ry+ ! tool hold]4 ,close to ! lett] ,h1 x w be notic$ t a slot is cut 9 ! back plate1 ?r\gh :i* projects a h>d /eel p91 screw$ into ! back ( ! slid+ plate4 ,?is is se5 at ,o1 ,fig4 #bij1 & is atta*$ to "o end ( a coil$ spr+1 ! opposite end ( :i* is secur$ to a p9 fix$ 9 ! back plate ( ?is "p4 ,! p9 ,o1 is ?us kept 9 contact ) ! edge ( ! rosette or patt]n plate1 ,k1 &1 z ! :ole turns ) ! sp9dle :ile ! rosette is fix$1 ! p91 or rubb]1 is compell$ to foll[ ! undulations ( ! patt]n1 ! motion be+1 ( c\rse1 communicat$ to ! tool4 ,an inspection ( ,fig4 #bid w %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts on :i* ! rosettes are fix$1 & :i* is capable ( turn+1 b does n1 unless ! tang5t screw & :eel1 ,h1 are br\ght into requisition1 z w be pres5tly expla9$4 ,! end ( ! ma9 %ank ( ! in/rum5t is r\nd1 z se5 at ,c1 ! worm :eel ,b be+ screw$ fa/1 by f\r small screws1 to ! end ( ! squ>e "p ( ! %ank4 ,^u ?is r\nd$ end fits :at may be call$ ! sleeve ,e1 to :i* is fix$ ! tang5t screw1 & on :i* also are plac$ ! rosettes4 ,! latt] h a l>ge c5tral hole1 ,fig4 #bic1 ,a & ,b1 & fitt+ closely beyond ! screw ,f1 ,f1 ( ! sleeve1 &1 be+ prohibit$ f turn+ ^u x by a small key or fea!r1 are secur$ by a screw$ r+ or f]rule se5 at ,l1 ,fig4 #bif1 ! edge ( :i* is mill$4 ,at ,f1 ,fig4 #bia1 is se5 a %ort /op1 or set screw1 ! head ( :i* is divid$ into t5 degrees4 ,by ?is1 ! rubb] is prev5t$ f p5etrat+ to ! bottom ( ! undulations on ! edge ( ! rosette1 &1 if x is all[$ only j to t\* ! summits ( !m1 ! tool w cut a circle4 ,?us1 z ! screw /op c be accurately set1 "o rosette w produce at pleasure graduat$ wav$ l9es1 ! waves gr[+ less & less undulat$ z ! c5tre 7or circumf]5ce7 ( ! "w is approa*$1 giv+ a mo/ delicate & *a/e patt]n1 & *as$ x c]ta9ly is4 ,ano!r v>iation ( ! patt]n producible f any rosette results f ! frame ( ! tool hold] be+ ext5d$ beyond ! axis ( ! sp9dle 9 bo? directions4 ,:5 ! tool is on t side ( ! axis ne>e/ to ! rubb] p91 ! undulations ( ! rosettes w be s foll[$ z to produce _! exact c\nt]p>t on ! "w4 ,:5 ! tool-hold] is on ! o!r side ( ! axis1 ! undulations become rev]s$1 ! rais$ p>ts ( ! rosettes produc+ holl[s & vice v]sa4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t 9 ! case ( ! rose cutt]1 ecc5tric1 & univ]sal cutt]1 & simil> app>atus1 ! screw heads c>ry t5 *ief divisions & t5 small] divisions4 ,! screws are cut ) t5 ?reads to ! in*1 s t "o turn advances ! slide1 or ! tool1 or :eel z ! case may be1 "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,"o l>ge division1 !re=e1 produces a movem5t equal to "o-hundr$?1 & "o small division "o two-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,if ! screw is small x is g5]ally cut ) a d\ble ?read equal to "o-tw5tie? ( an in*4 ,x is evid5t t 9 addition to ! movem5ts ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! rose cutt]1 ! turn] also has 9 8 p[] ^? ( ! slide re/1 & ( ! division plate on ! la! pulley1 by "o or bo? ( :i* fur!r complications become possible4 ,six modifications ( patt]n produc$ f "o rosette alone are %[n 9 ,holtzapffel & ,co4's catalogue1 & ^! may be fur!r multipli$ accord+ to ! ta/e & skill ( ! op]ator4 ,x is n possible to apply rapid movem5t to ?is rose cutt]1 else ! rubb] w\ld probably miss t\*+ ! rosette 9 places2 h5ce ! tang5t or worm :eel is us$ to give motion to ! c5tral sp9dle4 ,an end view ( ?is is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bib4 ,! object ( ! o!r tang5t screw is1 to move ! sleeve & !re) ! rosette at pleasure1 s t ! high] p>ts ( ! undulations 9 ! second cut may1 if desir$1 be arrang$ to meet ! l[] p>ts ( ! same 9 ! fir/ cut or to fall int]m$iately4 ,! effect ( ! gradual %ift+ ( ! rosettes 9 ?is way is p]fectly m>vell\s1 & ! writ] mu* regrets t he is unable to supply specim5 plates1 z he is n 9 possession ( ! rose cutt]4 ,9 ! end ( ,holtzapffel's late/ edition ( 8 catalogue are sev]al su* specim5s1 b )\t any draw+ or description ( ! in/rum5t1 ! co/ ( :i* is moreov] omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4 ,! c5tres ( circles cut by ?is ecc5tric tool w be always regulat$ 9 reg>d to position by ! slide re/1 because ^! c5tres are1 z expla9$1 always 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! sp9dle4 ,h5ce1 to place a circle 9 any desir$ position1 x is only necess>y to det]m9e its c5tre1 &1 aft] draw+ back ! tool by means ( ! screw till its c5tre runs truly z a m]e drill1 turn ! screw ( ! slide re/ until ! po9t t\*es ! requir$ spot4 ,,univ]sal ,,cutt] ,,frame4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bhd1 9 its late/ improv$ =m4 ,x consi/s ( a %ank1 ,a1 :i* fits ! tool receptacle1 & is bor$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? = ! reception ( a c5tral /eel sp9dle1 to :i* is securely atta*$ at "o end ! worm :eel1 ,g1 act+ z a divid+ plate1 & at ! o!r ! crank-=m$ frame1 ,b1 ,c1 ) its small poppets1 ,d1 ,d4 ,^! are sawn l5g?wise1 & ?us spr+ ^u ! c5tre screws1 :i* pass ?r\gh !m & c>ry ! revolv+ cutt] sp9dle1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a slot to receive ! tool1 ! latt] be+ clamp$ by ! tight5+ screw1 ,l4 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts to be att5d$ to 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is in/rum5t1 :i* mu/ on no acc\nt be neglect$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! screws :i* pass ?r\gh ! poppets mu/ lie 9 ! l9e :i* w\ld bisect at "r angles t ( ! ma9 sp9dle 9 ! same plane4 ,a l9e1 9 fact 7z dott$71 pass+ f screw to screw w pass across ! c5tre ( ! end ( ! sp9dle4 ,9 ! next place1 :5 ! tool-hold]1 ) its pulleys1 is 9 place betwe5 ,d1 ,d1 ?is l9e mu/ be ev5 ) ! top l9e ( ! c5tral mortise1 ,h1 = ! po9t ( ! tool is level ) its upp] surface1 x be+ bevell$ bel[2 & x is ess5tial t ?is po9t be capable ( be+ s plac$ z to =m a cont9uation ( ! c5tre ( ! ma9 sp9dle4 ,at ,e1 ,e1 are %[n two ( f\r ?9 pulleys4 ,! two front ones are remov$ to %[ ! poppets4 ,!y %\ld n be made ?ick] ?an necess>y1 9 ord] to avoid _! int]f]+ ) ! action ( ! tool4 ,ei!r pair w be us$ ) ei!r pulley1 ,k1 ,k1 accord+ z ! "r or left side ( ! in/rum5t is ! highe/1 =1 z w be expla9$1 ! cutt] frame is us$ at all angles betwe5 ! horizontal & ! v]tical l9es1 ! cuts be+ consequ5tly incl9$ 9 ei!r direction1 left1 or "r1 at pleasure4 ,! c5tre screws & po9ts ( ! tool sp9dle mu/ be c>efully h>d5$4 ,be=e comm5c+ to use ?is cutt]1 x is necess>y to te/ ! c5trality ( ! po9t ( ! tool4 ,place ! latt] 9 its hold]4 ,let ! "p ,c ( ! in/rum5t be turn$ till v]tical2 cause ! tool to revolve & to cut a light l9e or scrat* on ! face ( ! "w4 ,by means ( ! tang5t screw cause ,c to become v]tical 9 ! opposite direction1 s z to br+ ! o!r pulley upw>ds1 & ) ! small screws 9 ! poppets set ! revolv+ tool hold]1 till ! tool falls exactly on ! l9e fir/ made4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t ! l9e 9 "q pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! "w4 ,if 9 bo? positions ( ! tool ! c5tral po9t is pass$ ?r\gh1 ! cutt] tool is correctly plac$4 ,! poppet screws are = ?is purpose specially1 ?\gh sometimes us$ to place ! cutt] purposely above or bel[ ! c5tre ( ! "w4 ,comp>$ ) ! old =m previ\sly giv51 ?is patt]n ( univ]sal cutt] is v sup]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,,rose ,,eng9e4 ,! rose eng9e1 z hi!rto con/ruct$1 has n be5 entirely supplant$ by ! neat little app>atus already describ$1 b is /ill us$ almo/ univ]sally by ! wat* case mak]s2 & its con/ruction diff]s little1 if at all1 f t describ$ by ,b]g]on2 al?\gh ! slide re/ us$ ) x is some:at modifi$ & improv$4 ,!re are two k9ds ( rose eng9e1 9 "o ( :i* ! m&rel ) its poppets & fitt+s oscillates betwe5 c5tres fix$ b5ea? ! la! b$2 :ile 9 ! o!r1 ! frame c>ry+ ! slide re/ is ?us movable1 ! m&rel head rema9+ /ation>y z 9 an ord9>y la!4 ,9 bo? cases ! m&rel is all[$ a to-&-fro or pump+ movem5t 9 its coll>s2 z ! rosettes us$ are cut ^u ! face z well z ^u ! edge2 & ! r\nd$ p>ts ( an article c be op]at$ on z well z ! plane surfaces4 ,! second patt]n1 9 :i* ! poppet rema9s a fixture1 w be fir/ describ$1 because x is capable ( be+ appli$ to an ord9>y la! = surface "w1 & if ! la! has a trav]s+ m&rel1 x c be completely fitt$ = rose "w4 ,! draw+s & description annex$ are f ,b]g]on's "w2 b ! slide re/ !re repres5t$1 & arrangem5t ( screw$ m&rel1 are omitt$ z obsolete3-- ,a /rong iron frame1 ,a1 ,a1 ,figs4 #bie ,a1 #bie ,b1 & #bif1 is made ) "o ( ! ends c>ri$ up & bran*$1 s z to embrace ! m&rel & rosette2 :i* latt] is atta*$ to ! back "p ( ! *uck :i* c>ries ! "w4 ,! top ( ! frame is d\ble1 s z to =m ( itself a la! b$ ( small dim5sions1 ^u :i* an ord9>y slide re/ c be fitt$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be us$ ) a %ort socket1 or x w be too high2 z ! top ( ! frame allud$ to /&s slightly above ! level ( ! be>]s4 ,b1 is a po9t ( h>d5$ /eel :i* fits into a conical hole 9 ! bottom ( ! la! poppet1 or 7if ?is is n long en\gh to rea* a good way d[n betwe5 ! be>]s7 into a piece ( iron arrang$ = ! purpose simil> to t n[ to be describ$1 & :i* is aga9 %[n 9 ,figs4 #big & #bih4 ,?is is a k9d ( poppet 9 a rev]s$ position1 ! clamp+ nut & screw be+ above ! b$1 & ! head ) c5tre screw bel[4 ,! frame lies1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! m&rel head & ?is rev]s$ poppet1 or betwe5 two ( ! latt]1 & oscillates ^u _! c5tres :5ev] ! projections or depressions ( ! rosette compel x to assume su* motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie;,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4 ,fig4 #bii is a section ( ! *uck :i* c>ries ! rosette1 ! latt] be+ %[n 9 position4 ,a1 is ! body ( ! *uck2 ,b1 ! inside screw to fit ! m&rel4 ,on ! outside ( ?is "p are a few turns ( a some:at f9] ?read1 beyond :i* a pla9 "p is left next to ! flange1 ,c1 & on ?is ! rosette is plac$1 & is clamp$ by ! nut1 cut outside into beads1 or mill$1 or left pla9 & drill$ = ! ins]tion ( a lev] p92 ?is nut is m>k$ ,d 9 ! figure4 ,x w be se5 to lie )9 a recess =m$ 9 ! face ( ! rosette1 ,e4 ,! latt] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,a1 is ! recess j allud$ to2 ,b1 ,c1 ! patt]n on ! face & edge2 ,d1 ! l>ge hole 9 its c5tre1 all[+ x to be slipp$ on ! back ( ! *uck4 ,x is prev5t$ f turn+ on ! latt] by a p91 :i* fits into ! small hole1 ,f4 ,f ! front face ( ! *uck rises a conical p91 ,g1 simil> to t on ! ecc5tric *uck1 ov] :i* fits ! circul> division plate1 ,i1 ) its project+ screw1 ,h1 to hold ! ord9>y *ucks4 ,?is plate is recess$ at ! back1 leav+ a m]e r+ ( metal1 e1 e1 :i* fits a correspond+ circul> groove1 & secures ! /eady movem5t ( ! plate1 :i* is fix$ by a conical wa%] & screw1 z se5 9 ! plate4 ,?is division plate is =m$ ) cogs1 into :i* a /op falls1 z describ$1 :5 treat+ ( ! ecc5tric1 b ! divisions are diff]5tly arrang$1 ! cogs be+ divid$ into sets ( eight or t5 tee?4 ,let ! :ole circumf]5ce be fir/ divid$ into six equal p>ts1 &1 beg9n+ at ! fir/ division1 cut six or eight tee?1 z if ! :ole circle 7 to be divid$ into #fj4 ,pass to ! second portion1 & cut eight tee?1 z if ! circle 7 to be divid$ into #gb4 ,let ! ?ird c>ry eight tee?1 ) a pit* ( #hj to ! circle2 ! f\r? a simil> numb]1 ) a pit* ( #hd2 ! fif? #if2 ! six? #ajj to ! circle4 ,^! mu/ be cut ) ! same cutt]1 s t ! spr+ click1 or /op tee?1 may fit any ( ! six sets4 ,!re w be sev]al undivid$ spaces1 :i* are to be left pla94 ,! sev]al sets are to be m>k$ 9 numb]s1 s t ! pit* may be discov]$ at a glance1 & ! tee? 9 ea* be+ s few w h>dly require sep>ate numb]+4 ,! "p ( ! app>atus :i* c>ries ! rubb]--t is to say1 ! heads ( ! bran*$ "p ( ! sw++ frame1 are made flat on ! top1 :i* projects on ?ree sides1 =m+ small tables on :i* ! actual hold] or clamp c be fix$ by a turn ( ! screw1 ,x1 9 ! fir/ figure4 ,! rubb]s are m]ely flat pieces ( /eel1 ) edges suffici5tly %>p to p5etrate to ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! undulations & recesses on ! rosettes1 b r\nd$ (f & poli%$1 s z n to cut & damage ! s(t] metal aga9/ :i* !y act2 o!r mat]ials h be5 tri$1 z ivory1 & ! h>d] tusk ( ! hippopotamus1 b h>d /eel is mo/ g5]ally pref]r$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y t ! rubb] press ) "s =ce aga9/ ! rosette1 :i* =ce %\ld1 moreov]1 admit ( be+ regulat$ at pleasure4 ,?is is effect$ by a spr+ ( /eel "u ! la! b$1 to ! end ( :i* is affix$ ! arm1 ,w1 :i* has a r+ h&le ne>e/ to ! op]ator1 & is p]=at$ ) a r[ ( holes f end to end4 ,?is arm is flat1 & falls into a =k at ! end ( ! tail piece1 ,y1 :i* is se5 9 ! second figure atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! l[] b> ( ! frame4 ,a p9 passes ?r\gh holes 9 ?is =k1 & ?r\gh "o ( ^? 9 ! arm4 ,by ?is arrangem5t x is easy to regulate ! =ce :i* ! spr+ %all ex]cise1 z ?is w be increas$ by mov+ ! p9 ne>] to ! spr+1 & dim9i%$ by plac+ x 9 a hole ne>] to ! r+ h&le4 ,9 =m+ ! rosettes great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to make ! correspond+ p>ts agree4 ,! dep? ( simil> holl[s mu/ be precisely equal1 & elevat$ portions int5d$ to mat*1 mu/ d s ) great accuracy4 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 a rosette to be made ) t5 elevations & t5 recesses1 all ( equal curves4 ,if ^! are accid5tally unequal1 & x is desir$ to arrange a set ( ^! wav$ r+s "o )9 ! o!r1 s t ! depressions ( ! "o %all be opposite to ! elevations ( ! o!r1 or s t ?is effect %all take place gradually--if ! curves ( ! patt]n are unequally cut ! sev]al portions ( ! device w n tally1 & an irregul>ity w be produc$ ( disagreeable appe>ance2 an inspection %[+ at once t su* irregul>ity is n "p ( ! device1 b un9t5tional & errone\s4 ,?is leads to a consid]ation ( ! division plate ( ?is rose eng9e1 & an explanation ( ! object ( its peculi> con/ruction4 ,! patt]n ( ! rosette is1 z x 71 9 sections2 ei!r simil> elevations & recesses are alt]nately repeat$1 or !re may be a v>iety ( su*1 ext5d+ ov] a "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 & =m+ a c]ta9 complete device1 :i* may !n give place to a second patt]n1 ext5d+ a simil> di/ance2 & ^! two may alt]nate regul>ly r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,ea* ( ^! sections mu/ be ( precisely simil> l5g?1 & ! repetition ( ! patt]n mu/ also be precisely simil>1 = ! reason /at$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4 ,x is evid5t t all possible alt]nations ( ! device or set ( devices may be obta9$ by means ( six or eight not*es ( ! division plate2 =1 by mov+ x =w>d to t ext5t1 ! :ole patt]n may be compass$4 ,9 treat+ ( ! second =m ( rose eng9e1 & ( ! me?od ( us+ x1 ?is w aga9 be adv]t$ to1 & illu/rat$ by an example4 ,hi!rto we h spok5 only ( ! use ( ! patt]n on ! edge ( ! rosette1 b1 z already /at$1 x is frequ5tly repeat$ on ! face1 & by ?is means x becomes easi] to "w ^u ! outside ( a cyl9drical piece1 z well z on ! two ends4 ,patt]ns ?us cut on ! face ( a rosette t5d1 ( c\rse1 to move ! m&rel to & fro 9 its coll>s1 :i* is only possible :5 ! la! is made on ! plan ( a screw-cutt+ or trav]s+ m&rel la!4 ,! spr+ :i* keeps ! rubb] 9 contact ) ! face ( ! rosette is %[n at ,p4 ,! head on ! top ( ! arm1 :i* =ms ! clamp or hold] ( ! rubb]1 mu/ be turn$ r\nd to face ! rosette1 or a sep>ate rubb] mu/ be us$1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! clamp at "r angles to t us$ 9 surface "w1 & ! frame mu/ be prev5t$ f oscillat+ by a /op :i* fits betwe5 ! be>]s ( ! la!1 & embraces ! upright side ( ! frame4 ,! top ( ! slide re/ mu/ be turn$ r\nd1 or a side tool us$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! re/ & frame ) its rubb] become fixtures1 z 9 ord9>y turn+1 ! m&rel & "w be+ alone mov$ 9 correspond5ce ) ! patt]n on ! face ( ! rosette4 ,x w\ld inde$ be mu* bett] to d away ) ! frame altoge!r1 fix+ ! rubb] to an upright p$e/al m\nt$ on ! la! b$1 & us+ ! slide re/ 9 ! usual way1 7 x n t 9 g5]al ! "w is con/antly be+ v>i$1 ! side & face be+ work$ 9 turn--& ! app>atus is r cumbr\s to remove & re-m\nt (t54 ,x is1 nev]!less1 easy to f9i% ! ornam5tation ( plane surfaces fir/1 & !n to remove ! frame altoge!r1 & sub/itute a fix$ rubb]1 z /at$4 ,! rose eng9e n[ describ$ has c]ta9 evid5t advantages ov] ! rose cutt] frame1 & is capable ( ! mo/ exquisite devices4 ,x may be1 p]haps1 a m]e "q ( ta/e1 :e!r rose eng9e "w f9ely execut$ is n 9 po9t ( beauty1 sup]ior to any t c be done by geometric *ucks1 h[ev] elaborate4 ,t x is s1 is decid$ly ! writ]'s op9ion1 m especially :5 ?is app>atus is us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! oval *uck4 ,moreov]1 !re is no?+ 9 ! =m ( rose eng9e describ$ to make x a v exp5sive article1 or beyond ! skill ( an amateur2 & ) a set ( only ?ree rosettes1 ! patt]ns may be v>i$ cont9ually1 & multipli$--if n ad inf9itum--yet q suffici5tly = ! display ( skill & ta/e ( ! op]ator4 ,9 us+ ! rose eng9e1 x is necess>y to c>ry ! cord to ! pulley f a v small :eel on ! axle4 ,sometimes ! l[e/ spe$ pulley ( ! fly:eel may answ]1 b if ! recesses ( ! rosette are deep & %>p1 or only slightly r\nd$1 x may become necess>y to m\nt a /ill small] :eel on purpose2 else ! rubb] w jump ov] & miss p>ts ( ! design1 !reby spoil+ ! "w4 ,! wat*-case turn]s1 inde$1 altoge!r disp5se ) ! fly:eel1 & use in/ead a small pulley1 fix$ to ! side ( ! la! b$1 & turn$ by h&4 ,^! artific]s always use a m elaborate =m ( rose eng9e1 :i* w be pres5tly describ$1 & :i* is ! mo/ p]fect 9 detail ( all simil> contrivances1 b x is necess>ily co/ly1 & _c be said to be well adapt$ = pla9 turn+ also1 except 9 a limit$ degree4 ,! "w1 if n ( s(t mat]ial1 l a wat*-case1 %\ld be turn$ fir/ ( all ^u an ord9>y la!1 ! m&rel screw ( :i* is a c\nt]p>t to t ( ! rose eng9e1 & ! latt] %\ld m]ely be us$ = ! f9al cut1 to p]fect ! =m ( ! mat]ial previ\s to its ornam5tation4 ,9 ! ,app5dix w be f\nd a new me?od ( obta9+ ! requir$ oscillatory motion ( ! rose eng9e1 :i* might app>5tly be appli$ to tool hold]#bb frame "h describ$1 or to ! poppet head4 #bb ,i4e41 ! ma9 frame c>ry+ ! slide re/4 ,! rose eng9e prop] is arrang$ ) an oscillat+ poppet head c>ry+ ! m&rel & its rosettes1 ! tool be+ /ation>y4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is ma*9e1 & ! draw+s1 are copi$ almo/ exactly f ,b]g]on4 ,! mod]n rose eng9e is n inde$ made ) ! project+ lugs ref]r$ to z int5d$ = ! application ( ! guide r+ 9 oval turn+1 z ?is guide is n[ alt]$ to fit a poppet head ( ord9>y =m1 z already detail$4 ,! pulley & division plate are also ( obsolete =m1 b z ! ma9 arrangem5t ( p>ts describ$ are suffici5tly simil> to t n[ foll[$1 ,b]g]on's draw+ & description h be5 reta9$4 ,fig4 #cjb is a longitud9al view1 & ,fig4 #cjc a transv]se view ( ! work+ p>ts ( ?is la!4 ,a1 ,a are ! poppets1 :i* are 9 "o ca/+1 ) ! connect+ piece %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 :i* latt] has a tail piece firmly atta*$ to its c5tre1 to :i* a spr+ is affix$ z 9 ! la! previ\sly describ$4 ,9 ! draw+ ! cyl9drical coll>s c>ry+ ! m&rel are split1 s t 9 case ( we> !y c be tight5$ 9 ! usual mann] by a screw at ! top ( ! poppet m>k$ ,b1 #cjc4 ,! lugs1 f1 f1 ) squ>e holes e1 e1 are = ! application ( ! guide = oval turn+1 ! latt] be+ orig9ally a r+ ) slott$ arms on ei!r side4 ,! po9ts ( oscillation are precisely simil> to ^? ( ! rose eng9e fir/ describ$1 two %ort poppets ,c1 ,figs4 #cjb & #cjc1 hav+ c5tre screws1 ^: po9ts fall into conical holes made 9 opposite faces ( ! poppet1 a little bel[ ! level ( ! la! b$4 ,^! are =m$ ) a slit to receive ! /op h1 :i* is h+$ at ! po9t o1 & :i*1 :5 rais$ by a w$ge1 cat*es into a small projection p1 !reby fix+ ! poppet 9 a p]p5dicul> position & prev5t+ its oscillation4 ,! rose eng9e c !n be us$ z an ord9>y la!1 to f9i% ! prep>ation ( ! "w to be op]at$ on1 :i* %\ld1 if possible1 be comm5c$ & ma9ly =m$ on an ord9>y la!1 ! m&rel ( :i* is a c\nt]p>t ( t ( ! rose eng9e4 ,! tail piece1 ,e1 does n require a sep>ate description1 be+ precisely simil> to t already describ$4 ,! to-&-fro movem5t ( ! m&rel caus$ by ! action ( ! rubb]s on ! face ( rosette1 is also arrang$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! la/4 ,f is ! spr+1 turn+ 9 ! middle ( its l5g? on a p9 9 a piece ( iron fix$ on ! b$1 s t if bo? ends wore free x c\ld sw+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! *eeks ( ! la! on ?is p9 z a c5tre4 ,! upp] end ( ?is spr+ is bran*$ 9 a semicircul> =m to embrace ! m&rel1 ?is =k fall+ into a groove =m$ to receive x4 ,x c ?us be br\ght to be> aga9/ ei!r ( ! %\ld]s visible at ?is "p4 ,! l[] end ( ! spr+ fits into a not*1 or r a slot 9 ! arm ,h ( ! second figure2 ! h&le ( ?is arm be+ ,l 9 bo? figs4 ,?is piece is pivott$ at ,k1 & at its o!r end falls into "o ( ! not*es 9 ! reta9+ plate1 ,g1 ( ! fir/ figure4 ,by ?is plan ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 c be br\ght aga9/ ! m&rel 9 ei!r direction at pleasure1 = if ! lev] is plac$ 9 "o ( ! left h& not*es1 ! t5d5cy ( ! spr+ w be to move ! m&rel t[>ds ! "r1 & vice v]sa4 ,! t5sion ( ! spr+ c also be regulat$ by ! use ( ! groove ,b or ,x at pleasure4 ,9 ! second figure ( ,b]g]on's ! piece :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be a cont9uation ( ! hold+ d[n bolt ( ! %ort poppet c>ry+ ! c5tre screw1 is ! tail piece or l[] end ( ! long spr+ j describ$1 & its r$uc$ extremity is visible pass+ ?r\gh a %ort slot 9 ! lev] ,h1 ne> ! h&le ( :i* appe>s ! edge ( ! not*$ piece ,g ( ! o!r figure4 ,all ! above p>ts are commonly ( iron1 ! foll[+ are 9 brass or gun metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4 ,on ! b$ & p>allel to x1 two pieces ( brass1 or /&>ds1 rise1 simil> to ,h 9 ! fir/ figure1 ! two be+ opposite to ea* o!r1 "o on ea* side ( ! m&rel1 z %[n 9 ! second figure4 ,bo? ^! are firmly secur$ to ! b$ by long bolts & nuts1 x be+ ( ! utmo/ importance t !y %\ld n move or vibrate 9 ! lea/4 ,!y are 9 addition unit$ to ea* o!r by two horizontal braces1 "o ( :i* is se5 at ,n 9 ! second figure4 ,at l1 l are se5 two rectangul> not*es1 :i* are ! ends ( grooves made 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head piece1 ,h1 & :i* trav]se its :ole l5g?4 ,!y receive ! crook$ "p1 a1 ( ! rubb] hold]1 ,fig4 #cjd1 s t ! latt] c be slid along ?is b>1 & br\ght opposite to any "o ( ! rosettes1 aft] :i* x c be secur$ 9 position by ! screw1 b1 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,! m&rel is ?us arrang$4 ,x is cyl9drical1 ) a %\ld] aga9/ :i* ! *ucks c re/1 z 9 an ord9>y trav]s+ m&rel1 & a simil> b rev]s$ %\ld] at g1 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,aga9/ ! latt] abuts ! end ( an accurately turn$ sleeve ( brass1 :i* fits ov] ! m&rel ) slight friction1 s z to h no %ake or play ^u x4 ,^u ?is sleeve ! rosettes are plac$4 ,!y fit accurately ov] x1 & are prev5t$ f turn+ r\nd ^u x by a fea!r ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! sleeve1 :i* fits into a correspond+ not* cut on ! inside ( ! rosettes4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 pairs back to back1 & ea* c\ple is sep>at$ f ! next by a %ort sleeve or f]rule1 :i* ,b]g]on recomm5ds to be ( wood1 z t5d+ to hold ! rosettes m securely ?an metal :5 press$ toge!r by ! nut at ! end ( ! set4 ,! fibres ( ! wood are to be plac$ p>allel ) ! m&rel1 because !re is no %r9kage ( ?is sub/ance z reg>ds its l5g?4 ,! pulley is fix$ beyond ! rosettes on a "p ( ! m&rel fil$ into six faces = t purpose1 & la/ly comes ! nut1 :i* secures all ! p>ts to _! sev]al positions1 b :i* nev]!less does n s jam !m toge!r b t ! m&rel c be turn$ )9 ! sleeve :5 ! positions ( ! rosettes are to be *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( work+ a patt]n4 ,! division plate is n atta*$ to ! pulley1 ?\gh ly+ close ^u its surface4 ,x slips on to ! sleeve on :i* ! rosettes fit1 & its spr+-cat* only on ! face ( ! pulley4 ,?us ! latt] is held to ! sleeve & its fitt+s :5 ! cat* is d[n1 s t all turn toge!r1 b1 :5 ! cat* is rais$1 ! division plate1 c>ry+ ) x ! rosettes1 c be turn$ r\nd ^u ! m&rel z may be requir$4 ,x is n necess>y to repeat :at has be5 said respect+ ! mann] ( graduat+ ! division plate1 z t us$ ) ! la! already describ$ is 9 t respect a c\nt]p>t ( :at is us$ ) ! rose eng9e n[ treat$ (4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje1 #cjf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjg4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! me?od pursu$ 9 turn+ a patt]n %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjg w suffice to %[ ! work+ ( ! rose eng9e3--,fir/1 says ,b]g]on3--,x is n en\gh to "k ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! rose eng9e1 x is necess>y to "k ?or\ghly ! p>ticul> "o 9 use1 i4 e41 z reg>ds ! details ( its con/ruction1 ! slight defects or imp]fections x may *ance to h1 & ! means :]eby !y may be less5$ or correct$4 ,x is necess>y1 9 addition1 to "k well1 & to h always at h&1 ! numb]s ( ea* rosette1 or any rate to h a table ( !m :i* c be readily ref]r$ to4 ,x is equally necess>y to recognise at a glance ! v>i\s sets ( divisions on ! division plate1 = :i* purpose1 & t no mi/ake may be made1 su* numb]s ought to be engrav$ ^u ea*4 ,! same holds good ) reg>d to ! slide re/1 &1 9 addition1 practice %\ld be frequ5t ^u box or o!r inexp5sive mat]ial by :i* ! turn] may h made himself p]fect 9 ! sev]al comb9ations possible1 & ! v>i\s effects producible by ! rosettes & diff]5t %ap$ tools ov] :i* he has control4 ,x is ?us1 by actual exp]im5t only1 t ! turn] c become acqua9t$ ) ! p[]s ( 8 own la! & app>atus1 & ?us only1 aft] work+ out ! patt]ns already execut$1 w he be 9 a position to design new ones1 & to "w ) ease & c]ta9ty4 ,! rose eng9es are usually fitt$ ) tools ( v>i\sly %ap$ edges1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #cje & #cjf1 by ?is means a patt]n ( "s wid? & great v>iety is ( c\rse produc$ at once1 & by "o rosette4 ,9 ! foll[+1 h[ev]1 a tool ) s+le po9t1 ,fig4 #cjh1 is to be us$4 ,?is simple/ design is suppos$ to be on ! cov] ( a box or o!r plane surface1 & x is evid5t t ! movem5t or oscillation requir$ ( ! m&rel is t at "r angles to ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,to obta9 ?is movem5t1 :5 ! rubb] is fix$ 9 its clamp1 on ! side ( ! workman1 z x is necess>y t ! rubb] %\ld press aga9/ ! rosette ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! spr+1 ! h&le ( ! lev]1 ,fig4 #cjb1 mu/ be drawn =w>d t[>ds ! op]ator1 & kept by a p91 z describ$1 pass+ ?r\gh x & ! tail piece ( ! m&rel frame4 ,! t5sion mu/ n be too great1 especially if ! rosette to be us$ is deeply ind5t$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to free ! frame f ! action ( ! /op1 p1 by remov+ its w$ge be=e mak+ any attempt to try ! pressure by mov+ ! m&rel4 ,! design "u consid]ation is produc$ f rosette numb]$ #b 9 ! draw+1 & 9 fix+ ! rubb] c>e mu/ be tak5 t x does n be> aga9/ ! adjac5t rosette4 ,*oose a rosette ( =ty-eight tee? or undulations1 & z ! second circle ( ornam5tation exactly int]sects ! fir/1 ! rais$ "p ( ! "o fall+ "u ! depression ( ! o!r1 & z x 7 halv+ x1 ! set ( divisions on ! click plate to be us$ w be twice #dh1 or #if4 ,place ! re/ p>allel to ! face ( ! "w & s t ! =w>d motion ( ! tool %all be p]p5dicul> to x4 ,by means ( ! lead+ screw ( ! re/1 place ! tool ne> ! edge ( ! "w & level ) ! c5tre1 & g5tly mov+ x =w>d & putt+ ! la! 9 motion1 comm5ce ! cut4 ,aft] hav+ made a light cut1 )\t mov+ ! tool1 /op ! la! & judge ( ! dep? ( cut1 & if suffici5t1 screw up ! /op screw ( ! slide re/1 to insure all ! foll[+ cuts p5etrat+ to ! same dep?4 ,obs]ve ! position ( ! tool z m>k$ by ! graduations ( ! slide re/1 & !n )draw+ x f ! cut1 move ! click plate "o not*1 :i* w divide exactly 9 half ! sev]al undulations ( ! rosette4 ,by ! re/ screw move ! tool t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! "w & m>k ! numb] ( divisions pass$ ov]1 s t ! circles ( undulations may be equidi/ant1 & cut a second4 ,n[ = ! ?ird1 g back or advance on ! click plate "o division1 = ! position ( ! undulations 9 ! ?ird is precisely t ( ! fir/ circle4 ,x is inde$ immat]ial :e!r an advance or retreat ( "o not* is made 9 ?is case1 b n[ is evid5t ! reason = n divid+ ! plate equally all r\nd1 five or six tee? be+ ample = ea* division4 ,if !re are eight rosettes ! plate %\ld be fir/ divid$ into eight p>ts1 & ea* rosette hav+ a diff]5t numb] ( undulations1 ^! eight p>ts %\ld be divid$ into degrees proportionate to ! numb]s on ! rosette1 ! "o be+ a multiple ( ! o!r4 ,9 work+ ! side ( a cyl9d]1 t ( a box1 = example1 ! longitud9al movem5t ( ! m&rel is requir$1 ! poppet be+ reta9$ immovable by ! w$ge & /op4 ,! tool is to be plac$ at "r angles to ! side ( ! "w1 ! rubb] br\ght to be> on ! face ( ! rosette4 ,! me?od ( work+ w be self-evid5t1 aft] ! description already giv54 ,x is impossible 9 a brief "w l ! pres5t1 to g into details ( o!r patt]ns ref]r$ to & illu/rat$ by ,b]g]on1 "o or two ( :i* are nev]!less ( great beauty1 & are execut$ ) ! aid ( ! ecc5tric *uck m\nt$ on ! m&rel ( ! rose eng9e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t class ( "w1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 our next1 & we %all also give a description ( a simple addition to ! slide re/1 us$ by wat* case turn]s1 :i* does away ) ! necessity ( c\nt+ ! numb] ( divisions ^u ?is in/rum5t :5 us$ z above4 ,! slide re/ us$ by ! wat* case turn]s is almo/ id5tical 9 =m ) "o figur$ & describ$ by ,b]g]on4 ,x is necess>y t ! tool hold] %\ld h a circul> motion1 some:at simil> to t ( a sph]ical re/1 9 ord] to rea* ! sides & curv$ surfaces ( ! articles to be eng9e turn$2 h5ce ! tool receptacle & its b$ "w ^u a c5tral p94 ,! p9 "h call$ ! b$ is usually a flat brass plate ( a quadrant =m1 ! c5tral p9 be+ at ! apex1 & c>ry+ on its face ! guides = ! tool receptacle4 ,! p9 on :i* x turns is a rev]s$ truncat$ cone ris+ f a simil> flat plate1 :i* itself =ms ! sole ( ! re/1 or trav]ses ! l[] frame z usual2 :5 ! tool is beyond ! c5tral p91 x w ornam5t conical surfaces1 & vice v]sa4 ,on ! edge ( ! arc is a rack$ "p1 & a tang5t screw works into x4 ,! tool is mov$ to & fro by a lev]1 z usual1 ! dep? ( cut be+ regulat$ by a /op screw4 ,^! details be+ already ent]$ into1 9 treat+ ( slide re/s & *ucks1 ne$ n be m specially expla9$ "h2 b a contrivance = regulat+ ! trav]se ( ! upp] "p ^u ! frame und]nea?1 is +5i\s & s]viceable1 & w !re=e be describ$4 ,! end ( ! lead+ screw is fitt$ ) a rat*et :eel ( ! same con/ruction z t ( ! rat*et brace = drill+1 pat5t$ by ,f5n1 ( ,newgate ,/reet1 to :i* 9 ! same way a h&le & spr+ are atta*$1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ,fig4 #cji1 ,a1 & ,fig4 #caj4 ,! h&le rises betwe5 two semicircul> plates drill$ 9 ! face1 ) holes = ! reception ( /op p9s1 ,b1 ,c4 ,^! regulate ! trav]se ( ! h&le1 & !nce ( ! screw4 ,if ! =m]1 !re=e1 is ?r[n ov] till ! left /op is t\*$1 & !n pull$ =w>d to ! o!r /op1 betwe5 ea* cut ( ! tool1 ! latt] w leave equidi/ant spaces ^u ! "w1 )\t ne$ ( c\nt+ divisions at ea* cut4 ,z a trav]se ( "o in* or m ( ! lev] h&le at ! place ( ! /op p9s only moves ! screw a v m9ute quantity1 ! holes = ! p9s ne$ n be v close toge!r ev5 = f9e "w4 ,?is is a v simple contrivance1 & p]fect 9 action1 enabl+ ! op]ator to "w ) ease & c]ta9ty1 & ) great spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caj4 ,,rectil9eal ,,*uck4 ,fig4 #caa repres5ts a modification ( ! ecc5tric *uck1 :5 ! latt] is us$ z a fixture1 to pres5t to revolv+ cutt]s & drills ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! "w :i* is to be op]at$ on4 ,! ecc5tric *uck is commonly made to slide 9 "o direction only1 & ! trav]se is limit$4 ,9 ! pres5t case !re is ample trav]se 9 bo? directions1 ! slide be+ arrang$ to desc5d to ! la! b$1 & upw>ds to an equal degree4 ,a is a cross section ( ?is *uck1 ! l5g? ( :i* is #g-a_/b in*es4 ,x is v /rongly made 9 brass1 & is altoge!r mu* m sub/antial ?an ! ecc5tric *uck4 ,b & ,c are ! guide b>s1 betwe5 :i* works ! slid+ "p4 ,! nut ( ! lead+ screw is bel[ ?is z usual4 ,! tang5t :eel has #abj tee?1 & is ?us divid$3 #j--ab--bd1 c4 ,! tang5t screw head is divid$ ?us3 #j--a--b--c--d--e1 ) half divisions1 m>k$ b n numb]$4 ,?is rectil9eal *uck is mo/ commonly us$ 9 a v]tical position1 b may be o!rwise plac$4 ,9 us+ x = any "w likely to br+ a /ra9 ^u x1 ! ord9>y spr+ index atta*$ to ! la! = use ) ! face plate1 %\ld n be entirely reli$ on to keep x 9 position4 ,x is saf] to make use 9 addition ( ! segm5t eng9e /ops or o!r available contrivance4 ,! special function ( ! *uck is ! production ( /raight l9es on ! face ( "w =m+ />s or radial flutes1 :i* c be work$ ) a drill4 ,flut+ is also readily done by its aid1 ) ! addition ( ! v]tical ecc5tric1 or dome *uck1 already describ$4 ,its use is1 h[ev]1 by no means conf9$ to ornam5tal "w--small t5ons1 mortises1 & ev5 dovetails are producible by x2 & 9 fitt+ toge!r ! v>i\s p>ts ( temples1 %r9es1 & simil> complicat$ specim5s1 its uses w be innum]able2 & "h may be not$ ! ext5sion ( ! la! & its app>atus to "w app>5tly 9 no way suit$ to x4 ,x has n[ become m ( a univ]sal %ap+ ma*9e ?an x us$ to be1 ow+ to ! great accuracy ( ! "w done by x1 & ! v>iety ( fitt+s t c be add$ to x4 ,9 a lat] page w be f\nd a draw+ & description ( a new device ( ! k9d--a plan+ ma*9e1 devis$ by an +5i\s & fir/-class mak]1 ,munro1 ( ,lambe?1 & pat5t$ by him4 ,m5tion is made ( x 9 ?is place1 because ! rectil9eal *uck is 9 "s degree capable ( simil> "w4 ,! slide mov$ up & d[n by a screw ! h&le ( :i* is ( extra l5g? to all[ ! v]tical trav]se1 is also capable ( be+ mov$ by a cam-ecc5tric *a9 or rack & cogg$ :eel1 s t by pull+ d[n a h&le ! slide may be made to slide up & d[n m rapidly ?an by ! screw motion2 any piece ( wood ( rectangul> or o!r figure may ?us be plan$ on ! face1 by be+ fix$ on ! rectil9eal *uck1 & act$ ^u by a fix$ tool 9 ! slide re/1 ! latt] af=d+ ! horizontal trav]se ( ! tool across ! face ( ! "w1 ! =m] ! p]p5dicul> movem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,if a slide re/ is ?us arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) ! *uck 9 "q1 & ! la! b$ is imag9$ to be set up on end ) ! *uck d[nw>ds & horizontal1 ! :ole w become1 9 fact1 a precise c\nt]p>t ( ^? plan+ ma*9es1 ! b$ ( :i* trav]ses to & fro1 ) ! "w "u a fix$ tool4 ,munro's arrangem5t is1 ( c\rse1 ( f> m ext5d$ application1 & m suit$ = metal "w2 b = light] & m delicate op]ations ( a simil> k9d ! rectil9e> *uck & slide re/ w be f\nd v s]viceable4 ,x is ) su* an adaptation ( ?is *uck z has be5 allud$ to1 namely1 a quick spe$ movem5t ( ! slide by a lev] h&le1 t ! rays are drawn s exquisitely f9e & close ^u ! faces ( _m gold dial plates ( wat*es1 ! h&le be+ arre/$ by a /op at any giv5 po9t1 s t ^! rays %all n transgress _! appo9t$ limits4 ,x w be h>dly necess>y to allude to ^? o!r applications ( ?is app>atus1 or o!r p>ticul>s 9 :i* x is id5tical ) ! ecc5tric *uck1 z ! description already giv5 ( ! latt] applies to bo? alike1 ! extra trav]se ( ! pres5t 9 bo? directions be+ its *ief di/+ui%+ feature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cab4 ,,epicycloidal ,,*uck4 ,?is *uck has be5 9 use = _m ye>s1 & has 9 consequ5ce be5 ( late r neglect$4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 ! p>5t ( ^? m elaborate contrivances includ$ "u ! g5]al title ( ,geometric ,*ucks1 ( :i* ,ibbetson's /&s fir/ 9 ord] ( date1 & possibly ( m]it1 ?\gh ?is la/ qualification may admit ( "q4 ,! epicycloid1 def9$ ma!matically1 is a curve describ$ by ! revolution ( a po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 :5 ! latt] is made to roll ^u ! concave or convex side ( ano!r circle4 ,a p9 9 ! rim ( a :eel revolv+ r\nd & 9 contact ) ano!r :eel1 !re=e1 describes ?is curve1 :i* con/itutes two or m loops1 z w be se5 by ! annex$ illu/rations4 ,! numb] ( ^! loops is v>iable1 & ! *uck w produce almo/ any numb] by *ang+ ! p9ions1 & ?us alt]+ ! relative velocities ( ! revolv+ p>ts4 ,! foll[+ description w make ! action ( ?is *uck cle>1 & enable any good me*anic to con/ruct "o = himself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! above rem>ks %[ a necessity = a fix$ :eel1 r\nd :i* ano!r may revolve4 ,fig4 #cac repres5ts ?is atta*$ to a plate ( brass1 :i* c be fix$ to ! la! head1 ! m&rel pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,?is is ! orig9al patt]n ( plate1 & ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 be adh]$ to1 z ! =m c be modifi$ to suit ! la! to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,x is m]ely necess>y to affix su* a :eel to ! face ( ! poppet1 s z to be conc5tric ) ! m&rel a plan done away )1 h[ev]1 or r rev]s$1 9 ,plant's geometric *uck4 ,! epicycloidal *uck1 :i* screws to ! m&rel z usual1 consi/s ( a f\ndation plate ( brass1 ,a1 ,fig4 #cad1 beh9d :i* is m\nt$ ! cog:eel1 ,b4 ,! axis ( ?is :eel passes ?r\gh ! plate1 & is c>ri$ by ano!r plate1 e1 :i* is curv$ & adju/able ^u ! =m]4 ,! axis ( ?is :eel c>ries a small p9ion1 ,d1 s t ! :ole turn toge!r4 ,?is p9ion be+ "o ( a set ( *ange :eels1 necessitates ! possibility ( adju/+ ! plate :i* c>ries its axis1 z all ! sev]al *ange :eels mu/ ge> ) ,e1 :i* always reta9s its position on ! *uck4 ,! slid+ plate 9 "q be+ put 9 place1 is clamp$ by ! screw ,f4 ,a plate ( iron1 ,g1 ( ! =m %[n1 & ( suffici5t ?ickness = ! secure atta*m5t ( ! :eel & ( ! screw :i* c>ries ! ord9>y *ucks1 is fitt$ to turn on ! axis ( ! :eel ,e4 ,its l>g] end trav]ses )9 ! arc ,h1 :i* is graduat$4 ,! arc is bevell$ und]nea?1 s]v+ to hold d[n securely to ! f\ndation plate ! piece ( iron :i* is *amf]$ to fit x4 ,at ! left side ( ! back plate is se5 a /op1 ,l1 :i* is plac$ 9 su* a position1 t :5 ! iron plate re/s aga9/ x1 ! screw ,m is conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 & "w may be turn$ z ^u an ord9>y *uck4 ,to ?r[ ! iron plate1 & consequ5tly ! nose ( ! *uck1 on "o side1 or 9 o!r words to place ! "w ecc5trically1 ! screws :i* reta9 ! arc are loos5$ & ! adju/m5t made by h&4 ,! ecc5tricity is m>k$ by an index on ! iron plate1 :i* po9ts to ! graduations se5 ^u ! face ( ! arc4 ,! ecc5tricity be+ det]m9$1 ! arc is aga9 screw$ d[n to reta9 ! movable plate 9 its new position4 ,al?\gh ?is is ,b]g]on's me?od1 x appe>s va/ly inf]ior to ! plan ( rack+ ! edge ( ! iron plate1 & mov+ x to any requir$ degree ( ecc5tricity by ! aid ( a tang5t screw4 ,:5 made z above1 ! *uck w produce loops v>y+ 9 numb] accord+ to ! relative dim5sions ( ! p9ion 7or *ange :eels ge>+ ) ,e7 & ! c5tral :eel1 ,m4 ,if ! latt] has #abj tee?1 & ! *ange :eel #fj1 two loops w result4 ,if ! p9ion has t5 tee?1 ! numb] ( loops w be #ab1 & s =?4 ,! practical limit to ! numb] dep5ds on ! possibility ( dim9i%+ ! p9ion 9 size & numb] ( cogs1 & /ill keep+ ! latt] ( su* size & pit* z to ge> ) ,e4 ,if1 !re=e1 a l>g] numb] ( loops is requir$ ?an c be obta9$ ?us1 x becomes necess>y s to modify ! =m ( *uck z to p]mit ( int]m$iate *ange :eels1 & :5 ! modification is c>ri$ out1 we h ! geometric *uck1 ! mo/ p]fect1 b ! mo/ complicat$ & exp5sive ( all4 ,to und]/& ! nature ( ! "w1 ! foll[+ is giv5 9 cle> language by ,b]g]on1 & w suffici5tly expla9 & simplify matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cae4 ,if "o consid]s ! movem5t ( ! piece 7( "w7 :5 ! :eel ,m is conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 x w be p]ceiv$ t al?\gh x makes two revolutions ^u its axis1 yet inasmu* z x has no ecc5tricity x w describe no p>ticul> curve or figure2 b if an ecc5tricity ( ?ree divisions is giv5 to x1 two buckles or loops w result z 9 ,fig4 #cae4 ,be=e cutt+ ! mat]ial1 h[ev]1 approa* ! tool z ne> ! "w z possible1 & putt+ ! la! 9 motion1 obs]ve :e!r ! buckle#bc passes too ne> ! c5tre or too f> f x1 & also h[ ne> x goes to ! circumf]5ce4 ,if ano!r *ange :eel ) =ty tee? in/ead ( sixty is sub/itut$1 ! slide ,c1 be+ adju/$ accord+ly1 ?ree loops w be describ$ 7=ty be+ "o-?ird ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty71 b x is always necess>y be=e actually cutt+ ! mat]ial1 to try :e!r ! buckles w pass ne> to ! c5tre )\t go+ beyond x4 ,! result ( ! latt] movem5t w be %[n pres5tly1 z x entirely alt]s ! appe>ance ( ! patt]n4 ,! divisions comm5ce on ! arc at ! left h&1 ! index re/+ at #j :5 ! plate is aga9/ ! /op ,l1 & ! screw ( ! *uck conc5tric ) ! m&rel4 ,! prec$+ figure ( ?ree loops w become simil> to ,fig4 #cag1 reta9+ ! same :eels & "s degree ( ecc5tricity1 b by means ( ! slide re/ mov+ ! tool t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 s t ! buckles ov]lap ! c5tre4 ,! effect ?us produc$ is1 t ( a set ( ?ree curvil9eal triangles ( :i* ! apex ( "o falls ^u ! base ( ! next4 ,! use ( ?is *uck is /at$ to require ^u ! "p ( ! op]ator m c>e ?an any o!r1 z reg>ds ! d]angem5t ( "w or tool 9 ! lea/ dur+ ! op]ation1 z1 if ei!r is once mov$ 9 ! lea/ out ( position1 x w be f\nd next to impossible to /rike ! l9e aga91 ow+ to ! peculi> nature ( ! curve1 = al?\gh ! tool may be replac$ ^u any "o "p ( ! l9e already cut ) ! int5tion ( deep5+--x is by no means c]ta9 t x w trace ! same curve aga94 ,?is curve1 says ,b]g]on does n produce an agreeable effect on ! cov] ( a box1 unless x is v f9ely cut1 ! tool1 !re=e1 %\ld be v %>p 9 ! angle & v ke54 ,b]g]on specially m5tions ?is 9 ref]5ce to fill+ ! cuts ) ?9 /rips ( horn or %ell1 a me?od ( inlaid ornam5tation n mu* kn[n or admir$ 9 ! pres5t day1 b to :i* allusion may probably be made aga9 9 ?is s]ies4 ,to =m ! second set ( loops1 :i* are p>allel ) ! fir/ 9 ^! designs1 x is only necess>y to use ! lead+ screw ( ! slide re/1 to move ! tool ne>] to or fur!r f ! c5tre1 :ile ! ecc5tricity & ! arrangem5t ( *ange :eels rema9 z be=e4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to detail ! =mation ( ! l>g] s]ies ( f\r loops & upw>ds1 z ^! are simply ! result ( diff]5t siz$ *ange :eels3 ! foll[+ pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 by :i* ! buckl+ ( ! sev]al loops is controll$ or prev5t$1 may p]haps be s]viceable4 ,:51 = example an ecc5tricity ( sixte5 divisions is us$--if ! tool is plac$ at a di/ance ( two su* divisions f ! c5tre ( ! piece1 a l9e only w be produc$ ( z _m curves z ! :eel or p9ion ,d w\ld produce buckles4 ,if ! tool is mov$ fur!r f ! c5tre by a qu>t] division1 ! angles 7connect+ ! curves7 w be m def9$1 b /ill no buckles w be made4 ,a little fur!r movem5t ( ! tool w produce v small buckles :i* w ?us gradually increase z ! tool is set fur!r & f>!r f ! c5tre--until at la/ :5 ! curves pass beyond ! c5tre1 ! result is arriv$ at already %[n 9 ,fig4 #cag4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is *uck is %[n 9 #cah1 9 :i*1 in/ead ( ! iron plate be+ pivott$ = ! purpose ( ecc5tricity ^u ! axis ( ! :eel ,e1 a p>allel slide motion is giv5 to ! ma9 :eel by guide b>s1 z 9 ! ecc5tric & oval *ucks4 ,?is =m is figur$ 9 ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,cyclopdia4 ,! l>ge front :eel c>ry+ ! screw = *ucks is pivott$ to ! slide ,c1 & protect$ by a plate ,d :i* ne>ly cov]s x4 ,! :eel ,l1 is arrang$ to foll[ ?is slide1 s z to rema9 9 ge> ) ! l>ge :eel )\t leav+ ! fix$ :eel or r+ on ! face ( ! poppet4 ,9 bo? patt]ns ( ?is *uck ! front :eel is us$ z a division plate1 be+ mov$ 9 ei!r direction z _m cogs z desir$ to produce int]lac+ ( ! loop$ designs4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to add a rack$ division plate & tang5t screw1 z 9 ! ecc5tric *uck to act z "o piece ) ! *uck screw1 & ) ! latt] turn+ on a conical p9 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge :eel und]nea?4 ,! above app>atus requires to be us$ ) a sl[ motion ow+ to ! complication ( p>ts1 & ! :ole ought to be s well con/ruct$1 t ! v>i\s :eels revolve ) p]fect smoo?ness & )\t %ake or noise4 #bc ,! ^w buckle is us$ to signify ! small loops--n ! l>ge curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cah4 ,,! ,,spiral ,,*uck 7,,fig4 #cai74 ,!re is no class ( "w on ! :ole m int]e/+ ?an t execut$ by ! aid ( ! spiral *uck1 especially ) an addition to be describ$ "h4 ,?is app>atus has gr[n1 almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse1 f ! adaptation to ! ord9>y la! ( ! sy/em ( *ange :eels = ! production ( screws ( v>i\s pit*es4 ,a spiral is1 9 fact1 a screw ) v ext5d$ pit*1 ! ?reads ei!r closely enwrapp+ a cyl9d] :i* =ms ! core or body ( ! screw1 or be+ entirely sep>ate & indep5d5t ( su* core1 ! latt] be+ by f> ! mo/ light & elegant4 ,! *uck "h describ$ is us$ ) ! same arm or bracket z has be5 already spok5 (1 /&+ out f ! poppet to c>ry *ange :eels1 & is itself adju/able to suit diff]5t diamet]s ( ! same4 ,9 ! sectional view ( ?is *uck giv5 "h1 ,a1 ,h1 is ! body ) int]nal screw z ,b1 to fit ! m&rel4 ,! cog :eel ( ! *uck :i* ge>s into ! fir/ on ! movable arm or /&>d1 is ca/ ) a l>ge c5tral hole to all[ x to be /opp$ on at ,d1 :]e x is reta9$ by a nut ,c4 ,?is p]mits a *ange ( su* :eel = "o ( diff]5t size or = ! app>atus to be pres5tly describ$4 ,?us f> ! *uck is only applicable to ! production ( screws or spirals ) a s+le ?read4 ,f1 is a divid+ plate ) rack$ edge act$ on by ! tang5t-screw ,e1 & c>ry+ ! screw1 ,g1 a c\nt]p>t ( t ^u ! m&rel4 ,?is plate c>ries #if divisions or tee?4 ,! latt] may be us$ ) a spr+ click if pref]r$2 b ! rack$ edge gives p]haps ! m delicate p[] ( adju/m5t4 ,! spiral *uck con/ruct$ 9 ?is way is capable ( produc+ any requir$ numb] ( screw ?reads or spirals1 solid or deta*$1 & ( any ord9>y pit*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 *iefly int5d$ = ! production ( spirals or twi/s = articles ( virtu4 ,! me?od ( proce$+ has already be5 describ$ 9 a previ\s page4 ,x is "o r ( c>e ?an skill1 z ! la! app>atus ensures ! correct movem5t ( ! tool :]e ! %ape ( ! latt] det]m9es ! =m ( ?read1 angul>1 r\nd1 or m\ld$ at pleasure4 ,a few ( ! tools requir$ are %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,= f9i%+ ! r\nd$ ?reads1 ,nos4 #c & #d may be us$1 :i* are simil> to ^? requir$ = turn+ ivory r+s1 ! "o complet+ half ! ?read1 ! o!r appli$ 9 ! opposite direction1 meet+ ! cut ( ! fir/ & f9i%+ ! op]ation4 ,z x is necess>y to get r\nd to ! back ( ! ?reads 9 ?is case1 no inn] m&rel c be us$ to support ! "w1 &1 !re=e1 great c>e & delicate h&l+ are necess>y to prev5t break+ ! twi/s4 ,! /ops %\ld also be us$ ^u ! b$ ( ! slide-re/1 to limit ! trav]se ( ! tool & prev5t x f /rik+ ! %\ld]1 & de/roy+ any bead or o!r m\ld+ =m$ !re4 ,?is is m specially ne$$1 :5 !re are two or m su* twi/s ris+ f ! same base 7t is :5 !re are two or m ?reads to ! screw74 ,! additional app>atus n[ to be describ$1 adds consid]ably to ! p[]s ( ! spiral *uck4 ,x is call$ ! reciprocat+ app>atus1 & its effect is1 to cause a to & fro movem5t ( ! "w1 at ! same "t t ! motion ( ! tool is cont9u$ 9 a horizontal direction4 ,fig4 #cbj %[s ! simple/ ( ! effects ?us produc$4 ,! screw is comm5c$ & c>ri$ to any desir$ di/ance on ! cyl9d]4 ,! action & horizontal trav]se ( ! tool is cont9u$1 b t ( ! cyl9d] rev]s$1 & ! cut is ?us c>ri$ upw>ds4 ,! tool may be a revolv+ cutt]1 ! action ( :i*1 be+ cont9u\s & 9 ! same direction1 w\ld seem pref]able1 z ! great] ! spe$ ) :i* ! tool attacks ! mat]ial ! bett] is g5]ally ! result 9 "w ( ?is k9d4 ,a fix$ tool1 moreov]1 mu/ h a c5tral edge *amf]$ above & bel[1 & !re is also a t5d5cy ) any su* fix$ tool to unscrew ! *uck1 z ! resi/ance occurs 9 t direction 9 ! upw>d cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,! details ( ! arrangem5t are z foll[s3--,! sev]al p>ts be+ drawn ( full size1 ,fig4 #cba ,a is an ecc5tric capable ( slight adju/m5t by ! use ( ei!r hole1 "o be+ fur!r f ! c5tre ?an ! o!r4 ,fig4 #cbb gives ano!r view ( ?is ecc5tric1 :i* is precisely simil> to t us$ 9 model eng9es4 ,x is turn$ z a circul> plate ( gun-metal1 ) "o flange4 ,! plate be+ five-t5?s ( an in* ?ick1 a second plate1 =m+ ano!r flange1 is atta*$ by f\r small screws1 aft] ! r+ ( ! ecc5tric is 9 place4 ,?is r+ is ( iron1 or1 /ill bett]1 ( /eel1 & is made 9 "o piece1 ) ! arm ,b1 :i* is six in*es long2 ! ma9 "p ( x is flat1 b x is r\nd$ t[>ds ! end1 & turn$ at ,e1 aft] :i* x is aga9 flatt5$ to "w aga9/ ! arm ,d1 or /ill bett] =k$ to embrace ! latt]4 ,x w be se5 t ,d is also a flat plate1 ) a turn$ r+ simil> to ! fir/1 b )\t ! enclos$ ecc5tric4 ,9 ?is is drill$ a s]ies ( t5 holes1 into any ( :i* a p9 c be fitt$1 s z to unite ! arms ,b & ,d1 ! p9 becom+ a h+e or c5tre ( oscillation4 ,! circul> r+ ( ! "p ,d fits on ! "p ,d1 ,d ( ! *uck1 on :i* x c be secur$ by ! f]rule ,c1 ! arm ,d be+ !n 9 a v]tical position4 ,! holes 9 ! ecc5tric c 7ei!r ( !m7 be fitt$ ov] & secur$ to ! end ( ! lead+ screw ( ! slide-re/4 ,! h&le be+ !n plac$ on ! o!r end ( ! screw & turn$ by ! h&1 ! ecc5tric w cause ! arm ,d to oscillate to & fro ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! connect+ rod ,b1 !reby giv+ to ! *uck1 & to ! "w atta*$ to x1 a simil> to & fro movem5t4 ,! ext5t ( ?is movem5t dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! lev] ,d br\ght into action4 ,) ! p9 9 ! holes #a1 #b1 #c1 ! oscillation w be inconsid]able1 b ) ! p9 9 ei!r hole numb]$ #h1 #i1 #aj1 x w be mu* increas$4 ,9 ! fir/1 !re=e1 a %ort wave1 ,fig4 #cbj1 w result2 9 ! second case ^! w be m l ,fig4 #cbj ,b4 ,?is app>atus w completely alt] ! "* ( a spiral1 :i*1 if cut ?r\gh a holl[ cyl9d] 7z 9 ! case ( deta*$ twi/s7 becomes a zigzag ( curv$ sides curi\s en\gh to behold4 ,! app>atus1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 is work$ entirely by ! h&le ( ! slide-re/1 ! la!-cord be+ ?r[n (f unless ! latt] is c>ri$ to ! ov]head in/ead1 to put 9 action revolv+ cutt]s4 ,! reciprocal action is1 9 fact1 a self-act+ segm5t eng9e4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t = ! production ( spiral "w revolv+ cutt]s are pref]able to fix$ ones1 unless1 inde$1 x is requir$ to f9i% up a p]fectly r\nd ?read1 :5 ,figs4 #c & #d ( ! tools drawn are requir$4 ,revolv+ cutt]s mu/ be plac$ 9 ! frame ( ! univ]sal cutt] & set to ! rake ( ! ?read4 ,drills may be us$ = ! reciprocat+ movem5t1 z !y make v clean "w1 & ! rake ne$ n ) ^! be att5d$ to4 ,9 face "w drills are specially to be us$ to produce patt]ns l ,fig4 #cbe1 & o!rs d]iv$ f ?is simple "o4 ,an additional app>atus1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cbc1 is requir$ = ! latt] process1 to enable ! re/ to be turn$ 9 its socket s z to face ! "w1 & not)/&+ ! alt]ation ( its position /ill to keep up ! ge>+ ( ! :eels4 ,a re/ socket to be made & m\nt$ z usual is fitt$ ) a /em surm\nt$ by an accurately drill$ boss ,a1 ?r\gh :i* passes a sp9dle fitt$ ) ! :eel ,c1 to ge> ) t on ! arm c>ry+ ! *ange-:eels1 & :i* may be *ang$ = "o ( l>g] or small] size4 ,?is is = cutt+ su* "w z ,fig4 #cbd1 repres5t+1 ( c\rse1 only a s+le spiral1 v op5 & ( itself ( no beauty1 b :i* by int]section ( o!r spirals c be conv]t$ into a patt]n ( great elegance4 ,:5 x is desir$ to produce ! wav$ spiral ! ecc5tric is fix$ to ! rod in/ead ( ! :eel ,c1 & ! "w proce$s ! same z :5 a cyl9drical surface is to be work$4 ,9 ! ,fig4 %[n ! division plate ( ?is *uck is ( c\rse us$4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,x is evid5t t ! v>iations producible by work+ int]sect+ spirals & wav$ l9es are v num]\s1 & ^! may be additionally v>i$ by ! comb9ation ( ecc5tric & spiral movem5ts4 ,! foll[+ six patt]ns are re-engrav$ f ,valic\rt's ,h& ,book1 :i* is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,b]g]on4 ,!y 7 n engrav$ 9 "t to be ins]t$ "u ! head ( ecc5tric *uck "w4 ,! notation & description annex$ is f a manuscript book k9dly l5t to ! writ] by an amateur4 ,b$-plate1 #d deg41 mu/ be tak5 to mean t ! "w is %ift$ 7on "o ( ! b$s ( ! *uck7 f\r ( ! m>k$ divisions = ecc5tricity1 c\nt+ f ! axial l9e ( ! m&rel4 ,slide re/1 #d deg41 means t ! cutt+ tool is mov$ f\r correspond+ divisions 9 its b$ = radius ( ! circle to be cut2 & s ?r\gh\t4 #d 991 means f\r times repeat$4 ,! cutt+ tools1 unless o!rwise express$1 are d\ble angl$1 & #be cutt+ tool1 means #be deg4 ( cutt+ edge4 ,holtzapffel's scale ( divisions is ,illu/ration ,! scale us$ 9 ,valic\rt is :i* is t "h quot$4 ,illu/ration ,if b$-plate & slide re/ are bo? equally dim9i%$ at ea* cut1 a %ell results1 ) ! close "p int]nal4 ,if b$-plate is increas$ & slide re/ dim9i%$1 ! close "p ( ! %ell is ext]nal4 ,,specim5 ,i4--,tools #be1 #cb1 #cf2 ,click-plate #if or #bhh4 ,b$-plate mov$4 ,slide re/ mov$4 ,circles done4 ,tool4 #c #b #ab99 7#a done #g miss$7 #be #f #a #ab99 7#a done #g miss$7 #aj #c #dh99 7#a done #a miss$7 #cf #c #af #bd99 7#a done #c miss$7 #bc #d-a_/b #d99 7#af done #h miss$7 #bi-a_/b #b #if99 #be #cc #a #if99 or #cc #e_/h #bhh99 ,,specim5 ,,ii4--,tools #bh1 #cf2 ,click-plate #bhh4 ,b$-plate4 ,slide re/4 ,circles done4 ,tool4 #a #a_/b #ab #bh #d #a-a_/b #ab #g-a_/b #b #d 7#h done #d miss$7 #cf #ac #c-a_/b #bd #bh #ai-c_/d #c-a_/b #d 7#af done #h miss$7 #cf #ai-c_/d #a_/b #d 79 spaces7 #ba-c_/d #a #d 7above la/7 ,b #ag-c_/d m #a #d 7bel[ la/7 #cf #cj #a_/b #ab 7#bj done #d miss$7 #bh #bi-c_/h #a_/b #ab 7 #a #ah 7 7 #a #d 7 #bh-c_/d #a_/b #ab ,ditto4 #bh-a_/h #a_/b #ab #bg-a_/b #a_/b #ab 7#ae done #d miss$7 7 #a #d 7 #bf-g_/h #a_/b #ab 7 #a #ah 7 7 #a #d 7 #bf-a_/d #a_/b ,z be=e #be-e_/h #a_/b ,ditto4 #be #a_/b #ab 7#bj done #d miss$7 ,f ,b to "h1 bord]1 if ) #if click-plate1 n good-look+2 tool a bor+-bit4 #cc-a_/af #g_/h #ab 7#g done #a miss$7 #ca-i_/af #ac-af? #ab 7#a #e 7 7#a #a 7 #bi-a_/af #c_/d #ab 7#a #a 7 7#e #a 7 #bg-i_/af #aa-af? #ab 7#a #a 7 7#a #e 7 #be-c_/d #c_/d #ab 7#a #a 7 7#g #a 7 ,,specim5 ,,iii4--,click-plate #if4 ,b$-plate4 ,slide re/4 ,circles done4 ,tool4 #a-a_/d #a-a_/h #h #cf #d-a_/d #b-a_/h #bd #e-a_/h #aa-c_/d #bd #ba-a_/b #d-c_/d #if #bg-c_/d #a-a_/b #if #bh ,,specim5 ,,iv4 ,! c5tre ( ?is is a /> ( six curv$ rays1 describ$ by fix+ ! cutt] at ! c5tre & turn+ ! m&rel by h& ?r\gh s _m divisions--= conv5i5ce s _m #dh?s ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,^! rays are m>k$ by ,b4 7,! segm5t /op is con/ruct$ = ?is v k9d ( "w1 & is to be us$ 9 ! pres5t case73-- ,b$-plate4 ,slide re/4 ,arcs done = />4 #e ,b #e #f 7#ab_/dh?s ( ! circle7 #e ,b #e #ab 7#aa_/dh?s 7 #e ,b #e #ab 7#aj_/dh?s 7 #e ,b #e #ab 7 #h_/dh?s 7 #ad-a_/h #e #bd 7#b done1 #b miss$7 #ai-c_/d #a_/b #if #bd-a_/d #d #cb #bi-a_/b #b-a_/b #cb 7int]sect+7 #cj-a_/b #b #cb ,,specim5 ,v4--,ca!r9e :eel2 tool #bh4 ,! gr\nd grail$ by conc5tric circles contigu\s to ea* o!r4 ,! arcs by f\rs1 all ( same radius4 ,b$-plate4 ,re/4 ,arcs done4 #j #a_/b #c_/d #a-a_/d c4 7= grail+7 ,b #cj #cj #ab 7#af_/dh7 7,repeat at ?ree next divisions47 ,,specim5 ,,vi4--,tools #bh1 #cf2 ,click-plate1 #bhh4 ,b$-plate4 ,re/4 ,numb]4 #a-a_/d #a #h done ,b #ab #ab #ab-g_/dh 7to meet next circle7 #d-c_/h #ag #bd #cj #a_/b #ab #bi-a_/b #a #ab 7,on same radius z ! la/1 & surr\nd+ x47 #bi #a-a_/b #ab #bh-a_/b #b #ab #bh #b-a_/b #ab #bg-a_/b #c #ab #bg #c-a_/b #ab #bf-a_/b #d #ab #bc-a_/b #a #ab 7#c done1 #ba miss$ betwe5 la/1 or if click-plate #if47 #be #a #ab 7betwe5 la/7 ,al?\gh 9 ! matt] ( beauty ! patt]ns "h giv5 are by no means comp>able to _m o!rs1 especially to "s lately publi%$ f blocks cut by ,mr4 ,george ,plant1 = ! ,engli% ,me*anic2 !y are1 by _! comp>ative simplicity1 well select$ to give ! le>n] a good idea ( design+ & work+ ) ! ecc5tric *uck4 ,x is n1 inde$1 propos$ by ! writ] to multiply patt]ns1 z m]e copy+ ( su* is ( small int]e/ to ^? :o are really endu$ ) ta/e & skill2 & ! v>iations producible by comb9ations ( diff]5t numb]s ( divisions ( ! click-plate & slide re/ are ( su* inf9ite numb]1 t pr9t$ designs ( a score or two w\ld n s]ve to tea* ! nature ( ?is "w bett] ?an ! half doz5 n[ be=e ! read]4 ,:5 a new *uck1 inde$1 is br\ght out1 x is well to give a few specim5s ( its "w1 to %[ ! possible pur*as] its value z a means ( ornam5tation & ! ext5t ( its capabilities2 b :5 ^! are und]/ood1 ! pur*as] _h mu* bett] design = himself1 in/ead ( becom+ a lazy imitator & copy+ patt]ns laid d[n by o!rs4 ,details ( designs t are pres5t$ 9 a tabul> =m rem9d u sadly 7= we are m>ri$7 ( ! old knit "o1 drop two1 purl or "s su* my/]i\s &1 to u1 dete/able j>gon :]e) ladies 71 or are1 wont to worry ! e>s ( mank9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *uck ( ,pr(essor ,ibbetson1 & ! elliptic cutt+ frame ( ,capta9 ,a%1 are n introduc$ "h1 p>tly because ?is "w has rea*$ its int5d$ limit1 & p>tly because ! inv5tors !mselves h publi%$ sep>ate works entirely devot$ to a description ( ! arrangem5ts & capabilities ( _! respective *ucks4 ,a brief notice is app5d$ ( ,plant's geometric *uck1 contribut$ by ! inv5tor to ! pages ( ! ,engli% ,me*anic4#bd #bd ,see ,app5dix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! au?or n[ concludes 8 pleasant lab\rs1 ! result ( :i* is conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,^! lab\rs h be5 light5$1 & ! "w itself b5efit$1 by sev]al k9dly-writt5 rem>ks receiv$ f v>i\s read]s ( ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 :ile ! articles 7 9 c\rse ( production 9 t pap]4 ,criticisms & sugge/ions also came to h& 9 :i* no su* k9dly feel+s appe>$4 ,^! also h1 nev]!less1 _h an equal %>e ( att5tion1 & :]e !y appe>$ to be ( value !y h be5 turn$ to pr(it1 & h result$ 9 v>i\s m or less important alt]ations & additions4 ,! ,la! & its ,uses1 ?us re-arrang$ & modifi$1 mu/ n[ take its *ance 9 ! _w ) o!r productions ( a simil> "*2 & ! writ] hopes x may suffice to help ^? :o ne$ su* assi/ance1 & may be well receiv$ by o!rs :o ?\gh able to walk alone may yet *]i% a k9dly feel+ = ! fri5dly walk+-/ick4 ,,app5dix4 ,,pr(essor ,,willis',s ,,tool ,,hold] ,,= ,,! ,,slide ,,re/4 ,illu/ration ,?is--describ$ & drawn fir/ 9 ,holtzapffel's ,me*anical ,manipulation1 to :i* "w ! au?or1 &1 inde$1 mo/ au?ors ( books ( ! nature ( ! pres5t1 are indebt$ = mu* ( _! in=mation--is n[ become v g5]al1 & f its p]fect action ought to be univ]sally us$ 9 all factories 9 :i* ! la! be>s a "p4 ,x p]mits ! tool to be set at any requir$ angle ^u ! b$ ( ! slide re/1 & holds x securely :5 plac$ 9 position4 ,x is likewise s con/ruct$ z to be easily remov$ f ! table ( ! re/1 s t o!r =ms ( app>atus may be atta*$ if desir$4 ,"o nut only has to be turn$ to fix ! tool1 ?is nut turn+ on a /rong c5tral screw1 ,a1 9 ! figure1 ! l[] "p ( :i*1 z f> z ! %\ld]1 is screw$ into ! top plate ( ! re/4 ,?is %\ld] is direct$ to be made ) flatt5$ sides1 s z to be capable ( be+ unscrew$ by ! application ( a wr5*4 ,! actual clamp is a triangul> piece ( ca/ or wr\ght iron1 ,b1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a hole to all[ ?is piece to g easily ov] ! screw4 ,! hole is holl[$ out into a cup-%ap$ cavity1 into :i* fits a hemisph]ical wa%]1 %[n at ,c 9 ! section4 ,! clamp+ nut1 ,d1 acts ^u ?is wa%]1 :i* p]mits ! triangle to take up a position n necess>ily q p>allel to ! b$ ( ! slide re/1 & ?us a tool ^: upp] & l[] surfaces may n be /rictly p>allel w be securely grasp$4 ,! piece call$ triangul> is n precisely ( t =m1 b ( ! %ape %[n 9 ! second figure1 9 :i* ,e1 ,e1 repres5t two h>d /eel p9s1 slightly project+--"o ( ^!1 ,e1 appe>+ 9 ! fir/ figure4 ,^! p9s re/ ^u ! upp] surface ( ! tool4 ,at ! ?ird angle ! clamp+ piece is drill$ & tapp$ to receive a screw1 :i* mu/ "w /iffly 9 ?is hole4 ,?us :5 a tool is plac$ 9 position1 z %[n1 ! clamp+ nut ma9ta9s a pressure ^u ! ?ree po9ts b5ea? ! apices ( ! triangle4 ,z ?us arrang$ ! tool w\ld be /iffly & securely held2 b ,pr(essor ,willis has add$ a second triangul> piece1 ne>ly simil> to ! fir/1 except t x is provid$ ) a boss1 9 :i* a not* or groove is cut1 ,k1 9 bo? figures1 into :i* ! po9t ( ! small screw falls4 ,?is l[] triangle1 :i* is free to revolve r\nd ! c5tral screw1 is also cut away at ! l9e ,l1 ,l1 ( ! second figure1 s z to =m a guide or re/ = ! side ( ! tool1 :i* is ?us kept at ! same di/ance f ! c5tral screw1 & plac$ 9 a mom5t exactly "u ! /uds or po9ts ( ! upp] plate4 ,a c>eful inspection ( ! two draw+s w make ! precise arrangem5t cle>4 ,9 mak+ x1 :i* is n v difficult1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! triangle ( su* size & s to place x1 t no angle c ov]hang ! top plate ( ! re/1 9 :atev] position x may be4 ,! hole 9 ! upp] triangle or clamp mu/ be tol]ably l>ge & slightly conical--! base ( ! cone upw>ds1 to all[ ?is piece to take up a be>+1 z describ$4 ,! hemisph]ical wa%] is always 9 a horizontal position1 & ! hole ?r\gh x may be only ( suffici5t diamet] to all[ x to pass freely ov] ! c5tral screw4 ,,munro',s ,,plan+ ,,ma*9e ,,to ,,be ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,la!1 ,,& ,,work$ ,,) ,,! ,,foot4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,me*anic ( ,nov4 #b1 #ahff1 a brief notice 0 giv5 ( ! above4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t "w hav+ c>efully inspect$ ! ma*9e & se5 x 9 op]ation1 consid]s x ( su* great value to ! amateur me*anic1 z well z to ! pr(essional turn] ( metal "w1 t he has _h an engrav+ ( ! ma*9e c>efully made f a photograph1 & has "h app5d$ x to illu/rate ! description giv54 ,x is a la! = plan+1 cutt+ key-grooves 9 :eels1 coll>s1 c41 & cutt+ racks on ! tee? ( :eels4 ,! la! is ( ! usual con/ruction1 b outside ! "r h& /&>d is fix$ a v]tical sp9dle1 :i* is made to rotate by a pair ( bevel :eels1 ! p9ion be+ fa/ to ! end ( ! crank %aft1 & 9 contact ) a :eel ( d\ble ! numb] ( tee? on ! v]tical sp9dle4 ,on ! top ( ! latt] is a crank-plate1 :i* w give a /roke ( t5 in*es or less at pleasure4 ,! plan+-ma*9e is fix$ by two bolts to ! la!-b$1 & a connect+ rod is atta*$ to ! slid+ plate or b$ ( ! plan+ ma*9e1 ! o!r end ( :i* is made fa/ to ! p9 ( ! crank-plate4 ,! "w is clamp$ by simple means to ?is slid+ b$1 & ?us passes to & fro "u ! tool :i*1 by self-act+ ge>1 is made to trav]se sideways aft] ea* /roke z 9 ! l>ge plan+ ma*9es4 ,! :ole works almo/ noiselessly & ) ! greate/ ease1 ea* "p be+ accurately fitt$1 & ! :ole well f9i%$4 ,= su* purposes z plan+ ! face ( ! slide valve & its b$ 9 small eng9es1 or %ap+ ! guide b>s ( ecc5tric & o!r *ucks1 fac+ ! frames ( slide-re/s1 c41 x is exactly :at is ne$$ by ! amateur1 r5d]+ ! work%op complete = all purposes )\t ! necessity = add+ a l>ge & sep>ate plan+ ma*9e1 :i* takes up room t _c always be conv5i5tly sp>$4 ,) su* a la! z t 9 ! frontispiece1 fitt$ ) "o ( ^! plan+ ma*9es1 !re is sc>cely a model ( ma*9]y t c\ld n be made4 ,any ( our read]s int]e/$ 9 me*anics w\ld be wise to trip ov] to ,lambe? & view ! ma*9e 9 op]ation2 & ! writ] w gu>antee1 n only ! mo/ civil & oblig+ att5tion f ! inv5tor1 b ! greate/ pleasure & satisfaction f ! work+ ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,!re is a simple arrangem5t = key-groov+ & slott+1 by atta*+ ! upp] slide ( ! ord9>y re/ to ! crank plate ( ?is ma*9e1 9 :i* case mo/ ( ! app>atus is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,munro',s ,,ma*9e ,,turn+ ,,la! ,,= ,,plan+1 ,,etc4 ,,hicks' ,,exp&+ ,,m&rel4 ,m5tion ( ?is has be5 made 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,x is us$ = turn+ r+s & wa%]s1 & v>i\s sizes ( ^! c be turn$ ^u ! same m&rel1 s t a set ( ?ree w suffice = all ! "w likely to be met ) ev5 9 ! l>ge/ factories4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! m&rel complete4 ,f1 ,f is ! c5tral "p1 ) a conical boss1 ,a1 ca/ ^u x1 & ! :ole turn$ ) great accuracy4 ,f\r longitud9al dovetail$ slots1 se5 pla9ly 9 ,fig4 #c1 are !n plan$ 9 ! conical "p1 & into ^! are fitt$ /eel w$ges1 ,fig4 #b1 ,a & ,b1 & ,b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 is a holl[ conical wa%]1 :i* c be advanc$ ov] ! c5tral "p :5 driv5 =w>d by ! nut ,d4 ,?is wa%]1 act+ on ! ends ( ! slid+ w$ges1 causes !m to move t[>ds ! l>ge end ( ! cone ,a1 &1 f ! =m ( ^! & ( ! cone1 any wa%] or r+ w be held tightly :5 plac$ outside ^! w$ges1 & w also be m\nt$ conc5trically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,turn+ ,,sph]es ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,templates4 ,x is b "r to /ate t ! above me?od has be5 object$ to by a practical workman1 ^: bus9ess has l$ him to /udy ! matt] closely4 ,he /ates t x is impossible 9 ?is way to effect ! desir$ object4 ,z ! writ] has n be5 able to te/ ! work+ ( ! app>atus on 8 own la!1 he felt incl9$1 at fir/1 to )draw ! :ole *apt]4 ,! objections (f]$1 h[ev]1 7 n1 to 8 m9d1 entirely satisfactory2 & ! op9ion ( o!r equally sci5tific & practical m5 be+ fav\rable1 ! *apt] has be5 reta9$4 ,x is possible1 nev]!less1 t !re may be a ma!matical reason :i* ! writ] is n compet5t to "w out1 & ! objector be+ a man ( great me*anical k & exp]i5ce1 8 rem>ks are wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! practical 7n insup]able7 difficulty appe>s to be ! production ( a prop] tool = ?is "w4 ,,plant',s ,,geometric ,,*uck4 ,?is *uck is put 9 motion by an entirely new me?od2 none ( its p>ts be+ atta*$ to ! la! head1 ! :ole c be put 9 motion or releas$ 9 an in/ant1 & )\t /opp+ ! la!4 ,! :ole ( its "w is execut$ by ! cont9u\s motion ( ! la!1 s t1 :5 ! *uck is adju/$1 any figure 7no matt] h[ complex7 may be begun & complet$ )\t once /opp+ ! la!4 ,by ! diff]5t arrangem5ts & adju/m5ts ( ! *uck & slide re/1 an inf9ite v>iety ( ! mo/ beautiful geometrical figures may be produc$2 & "s ( !m ( s /range & =tuit\s a nature z to bid defiance to any imitation4 ,description ( ! ,draw+s4 ,fig4 #a is a front view1 & ,fig4 #b a view ( ! back ( ! *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,elevation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,a ,a4 ,! f\ndation plate screw+ on ! plate ( ! m&rel & c>ry+ ! :ole ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! *uck4 ,b1 ,c4 ,! two driv+ :eels giv+ an indep5d5t motion to ! *uck4 ,d4 ,angul> :eel mov+ freely on ! :eel ,c = ! angul> adju/m5t ( ! figures4 ,e4 ,p9ion ( any numb] ( tee? fitt+ on ! %aft c>ry+ ,d & ,c4 ,h4 ,l>ge :eel ( #abj tee?1 =m+ ! f\ndation ( ! second "p1 & driv5 f ! p9ion ,e by ! :eels ,f1 ,g1 & ,t4 ,l4 ,l>ge :eel ( #if tee? driv5 by ! p9ions & :eels ,u1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 & =m+ ! f\ndation plate ( ! ?ird "p1 ,m1 :i* c>ries ! nose ( ! *uck4 ,n1 ,n4 ,self-adju/+ radius plates = c>ry+ ! v>i\s *ange :eels4 ,o1 ,p4 ,! ecc5tric slides ( ! fir/ & second p>ts4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! driv+ :eels & p9ions on ! back ( ! *uck4 ,! work+ ( ! *uck is z foll[s3-- ,if ! p9ion ,e has #bj tee?1 & is ge>$ direct into ! :eel ,h1 by means ( an int]m$iate :eel1 x w give six loops inw>ds if ! motions are simil>1 & outw>d loops if ! motions are contr>y4 ,if ! :eel ,h is driv5 f ! p9ion ,g x w give #ab1 #bd1 or #dh loops4 ,p9ion ( #bd tee? w give #e1 #aj1 #bj1 or #dj loops4 ,p9ion ( #cj tee? w give #d1 #h1 #af1 or #cb loops4 ,p9ion ( #dj tee? w give #c1 #f1 #ah1 or #cf loops4 ,p9ion ( #fj tee? w give two loops inw>ds1 if ! motions are simil>1 b1 if ! motions are contr>y1 x w produce an ellipse ( any proportion f a /raight l9e to a circle4 ,o!r comb9ations w give circulat+ or ov]lay+ loops4 ,by ! diff]5t arrangem5ts ( :eels & p9ions on ! plates ,n1 ,n any numb] ( loops c be produc$ up to #b1eib 9 ! circle4 ,on ! opposite page we illu/rate "s "w execut$ ) ?is *uck by ,mr4 ,plant4 ,fig4 #c is a side elevation ( ! *uck full size4 ,a1 ,a1 ! f\ndation plate screw+ on ! nose ( ! m&rel1 & c>ry+ ! :ole ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! *uck4 ,b1 ,c1 ! two driv+ :eels giv+ an indep5d5t motion to ! *uck4 ,d1 ,d1 angul> :eel mov+ freely on ! :eel ,c1 = ! angul> adju/m5t ( ! figures4 ,e1 ,e1 p9ion ( any numb] ( tee? fitt+ on ! %aft c>ry+ ,c & ,d4 ,h1 ,h1 l>ge :eel ( #abj tee?1 =m+ f\ndation ( ! second "p1 & driv5 f ! p9ion ,e by ! :eels ,f1 ,g1 & ,t4 ,l1 l>ge :eel ( #if tee? driv5 by ! :eels & p9ions ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 & =m+ ! f\ndation ( ! ?ird "p1 ,m1 :i* c>ries ! nose ( ! *uck4 ,n1 ,n1 self-adju/+ radius plates = c>ry+ ! v>i\s *ange :eels1 c4 ,o1 ,p1 ! ecc5tric slides ( ! fir/ & second p>ts4 ,q1 ,r1 ! screws work+ ! ecc5tric slides4 ,a ,,pap] ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,gov]n ,,! ,,=mation ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,acute ,,edges1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,fix$ ,,turn+-,,tools1 ,,contribut$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,dodswor? ,,haydon4 ,! =mation ( ! tools us$ = turn+ & plan+ ! metals is a subject ( v great importance to ! practical eng9e]1 & x is inde$ only :5 ! ma!matical pr9ciples ^u :i* su* tools act are closely foll[$ by ! workman t !y produce _! be/ effects4--,holtzapffel1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ihc4 ,z ! be/ la! c d no m ?an place ! "w 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position = ! op]ation ( ! tool1 & ! be/ tool c only d good "w :5 appli$ z well z con/ruct$ on true pr9ciples1 no argum5t is ne$$ to prove ! tru? ( ! /atem5t tak5 z ! text ( ?is pap]4 ,b :ile _m ( our mo/ em95t practical au?orities1 su* z ,nasmy?1 ,holtzapffel1 ,babbage1 ,pr(4 ,willis1 & o!rs1 h contribut$ valuable pap]s on ! subject1 no s+le writ] c be said to h embodi$ all t %\ld be kn[n ^u x z a :ole4 ,pr9ciple may be look$ ^u z ! ess5ce ( practice1 & 9 connection ) ?is p>ticul> subject1 ! r$uction ( practice to pr9ciple is ( comp>atively mod]n gr[?4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! fragm5t>y "* & occasional diff]5ce ( op9ion1 :i* m>ks ! treatises ( ! above-nam$ em95t au?orities :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,z a /ep t[>ds "s m concise & p]fect code ( pr9ciple1 ,i h endeav\r$ to collate & arrange 9 consecutive ord]1 all ^? laws :i* gov]n ! action ( acute edg$ turn+ tools4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is n to supply patt]ns ( tools1 z ! be/ =m w be no bett] ?an ! wor/ unless prop]ly appli$2 b to set =? ^? g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* may enable ! workman to di/+ui% betwe5 =ms :i* are accid5tal & ^? :i* are ess5tial1 & ?us to make ! %ape ( any tool 8 s]vant r ?an 8 guide4 ,:atev] ! %ape or purpose ( any acute-edg$ tool may be1 its action w always dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* ! extreme edge is appli$ to ! surface act$ ^u2 & z ! same laws gov]n ! action ( e acute edge1 :e!r =m$ on a razor or a tool = ca/ iron1 x w assi/ a cle> compreh5sion ( ?is subject to consid] fir/ ! action ( edges g5]ally1 )\t ref]5ce to any p>ticul> tool4 ,! same edge may be made to act 9 f\r diff]5t ways1 viz43 to cut1 dig1 *att] or scrape4 ,digg+ & *att]+ are int]m$iate /ages betwe5 cutt+ & scrap+1 & are fatal to good "w4 ,?us cutt+ & scrap+ rema9 ! two /&>d pr9ciples1 on "o ( :i* e tool %\ld be made to act2 & :ile cutt+ dep5ds on ! p5etration ( ! edge1 scrap+ results f us+ an edge s t x _c p5etrate4 ,consequ5tly1 ! conditions mo/ fav\rable to cutt+ w give ! key to bo? pr9ciples ( action4 ,e cutt+ edge is simply a w$ge1 ke5 en\gh to guide its own pa? )\t dep5d+ on ! gra9 or o!r accid5tal l9e ( sep>ation 9 ! mat]ial on :i* x is employ$2 & :5 su* a w$ge is =c$ into any sub/ance1 x w %[ a con/ant t5d5cy to p5etrate 9 a l9e ) t face :i* receives mo/ opposition4 ,! comp>ative am\nt ( opposition :i* ea* face receives1 w be det]m9$ ei!r by "o hav+ m ( its surface 9 contact ) ! mat]ial ?an ! o!r z 9 ,fig4 #b1 or by ! mat]ial giv+ way on "o side1 z 9 ,figs4 #a & #c4 ,^! la/ two figures illu/rate ! action ( all p>+ tools1 to :i* class cutt+ la! tools belong4 ,! dott$ l9es are add$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 to %[ t ! action ( ! edge is ! same1 :e!r x be =m$ by "o or two bevels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illus4 ,no4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,illus4 ,no4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,illus4 ,no4 #c ,?us 9 all cases1--except :5 an edge is appli$ s t ! pressure is equal on bo? faces1--"o face w guide ! c\rse ( ! edge1 & 9 p>+ tools ?is w always be ! l[] face1 or t next ! surface ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 plac+ any p>+ tool mu/ !re=e always be t1 ! l[] face ( ! edge %\ld lie z ne>ly z possible 9 a l9e ) ! direction ! cut is int5d$ to foll[1 s z to place ! :ole edge 9 its natural w$ge-l position3 = :5 any edge is compell$ to act 9 a mann] contr>y to ?is1 x w assur$ly ass]t its natural t5d5cy by digg+ & *att]+ 9 ! direction ( its l[] face4 ,b :5 ! action ( ! tool is cont9u\s z 9 turn+1 plan+1 or bor+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?is face ( ! edge does n actually rub aga9/ t ( ! "w2 &1 to avoid ?is1 ,nasmy? recomm5ds t ! face ( ! edge %\ld be incl9$ f ! surface ( ! "w at an angle ( #c4 ,babbage calls ?is angle ! angle ( relief1 because x relieves ! friction2 & to %[ h[ little v>iation is admissible 9 ?is angle1 ,holtzapffel places its maximum at #f4 ,9 cyl9drical "w ! angle ( relief is e/imat$ f a tang5t to ! circumf]5ce4 ,?us1 9 ,figs4 #d & #g1 ! l9es ,c1 ,d1 may repres5t plane surfaces or tang5ts at pleasure1 & 9 ei!r case ! l[] face ( ea* edge is suppos$ to make an angle ( #c ) ^! l9es respectively4 ,an exam9ation ( ! nature ( ! =ce requir$ to sep>ate any %av+ w %[ ! importance ( close att5tion to ! above rule4 ,babbage has po9t$ out t ?is process involves two =ces1 :i*1 ?\gh simultane\s 9 _! action1 are di/9ct 9 ! nature ( _! op]ation4 ,! fir/ is t necess>y to divide ! mat]ial atom f atom1 & dep5ds on ! k9d ( edge employ$4 ,! second =ce is t requir$ to w$ge back ! %av+1 s z to make way = ! fur!r progress ( ! edge1 & dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* x is appli$ to ! "w4 ,n[ 9 fibr\s & cohesive mat]ials1 ! am\nt ( =ce requir$ to w$ge back ! %av+ is usually great] ?an t requir$ to effect ! initial p5etration1 & mu/ always dep5d on ! angle :i* ! upp] surface ( ! edge makes ) ! face ( ! "w2 :ile x is obvi\s t1 :atev] ! acut5ess ( ! p>ticul> edge employ$ may be1 ?is angle w be r$uc$ to ! m9imum obta9able ) su* an edge1 by keep+ its l[] face z close z possible to ! surface f :i* ! %av+ is be+ w$g$ (f4#be ,a comp>ison ( ,figs4 #d & #e w illu/rate ?is4 ,bo? edges are suppos$ to be ( ! same acut5ess1 viz41 #fj1 & 9 ,fig4 #d1 :]e ! angle ( relief is only #c1 ! edge ( #fj w w$ge (f ! %av+ at ! smalle/ available angle1 viz41 #fc1 :ile ! position ( ! same edge 9 ,fig4 #e increases ?is angle to #ij4 #be ,9 adopt+ ,mr4 ,babbage's argum5ts ,i h v>i$ _! =m4 ,mr4 ,babbage takes ! squ>e ( #ij & divides x into ?ree p>ts1 viz43 ,angle ( relief #c ditto edge #fj #ij ditto escape #bg ,! angle ( escape is ?us e/imat$ f ! horizontal l9e p]p5dicul> to a base l9e pres5t$ by ! surface ( ! "w or by a tang5t to x4 ,b z ! value ( ?is angle dep5ds directly on its relation to ! base l9e1 & has only a complem5t>y relation to ! horizontal l9e1 ,i h ?\ght x bett] to conf9e ! illu/ration to ! same base z be+ m directly connect$ ) ! w$ge-l action ( ! edge4 ,?us1 z f> z reg>ds ! =ce requir$ to b5d back ! %av+1 ! edge ( ,fig4 #e might j z well be ne>ly squ>e1 or #hg1 tak+ (f #c = ! angle ( relief4 ,inde$1 ?is less acute edge w\ld "w bett] ?an "o m acute b badly plac$1 z 9 ,fig4 #e2 = ! l[] face "h po9ts too mu* into ! "w1 creat+ ! t5d5cy to dig expla9$ above4 ,! same argum5ts & illu/rations apply ) equal =ce to drills & bor+ tools1 & ,fig4 #e may be look$ at z repres5t+ "o edge ( a common drill1 9 :i* ! acut5ess is obta9$ by bevell+ ! "u sides only1 leav+ ! upp] face ( ea* edge p]p5dicul> to ! surface act$ ^u4 ,nasmy? has po9t$ out t ! less acute drills ( ?is class are made ! bett] & m smoo?ly !y w cut2 =1 s long z ! upp] faces are left squ>e to ! surface ( ! "w1 increas+ ! bevel ( ! l[] faces c only increase ! t5d5cy to dig & *att]4 ,?us1 :5ev] acut5ess is desir$ 9 any cutt+ edge1 x %\ld always be obta9$ f ! upp] face2 & ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #d1 sugge/+ a tool = metal 9 "o case1 & a common wood-turn+ *isel 9 ! o!r1 are add$ to illu/rate ?is1 by %[+ t ! l9e ( ! l[] face is common to bo?4 ,no tools af=d a bett] illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple 9 bor+ tools ?an ! ,am]ican twi/ drills1 :i* owe ! ease & beauty ( _! action to ! spiral flutes be+ plac$ s z to give ! necess>y acut5ess f ! upp] face ( ea* edge1 ?us all[+ ! l[] faces to be kept z close z possible to ! surface ( ! "w4 ,!re is yet "o m important practical advantage to be ga9$ f adopt+ ! smalle/ possible angle ( relief4 ,! arr[ 9 ,figs4 #d & #e %[s ! direction 9 :i* ! /ra9 ( ! cut w fall on ! edges respectively4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! position ( ,fig4 #e increases ! am\nt ( /ra9 on ! edge1 & yet x is app>5t t x is less able to be> ?is increas$ /ra92 = :ile ?is falls on ,fig4 #d 9 its /ronge/ direction--viz41 almo/ d[n ! l5g? ( "o face--x falls on ,fig4 #e across ! end ( ! edge1 ?us r5d]+ x f> m liable to we> & fracture4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 9 treat+ plane surfaces1 ! cutt+ action ( any acute edge is mo/ fav\r$ :5 its l[] face is plac$ ne>ly p>allel ) ! surface act$ on2 & 9 treat+ cyl9drical surfaces1 :5 ! same face occupies ! same position ) reg>d to "s tang5t ( ! circumf]5ce2 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! l[] face is almo/ at "r angles to "s radius ( ! circle1 z 9 ,fig4 #d3 & x foll[s t ! t5d5cy to p5etrate w be mo/ effectually c\nt]act$ :5 a l9e at "r angles to ! surface1 or a radius ( ! circle1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 bisects ! edge1 mak+ ea* face equidi/ant f ! surface :i* moves across x4 ,?us1 ,fig4 #f repres5ts ! scrap+ position2 & x is obvi\s t all b[-drills or o!r tools1 :i* are said to cut bo? ways1 mu/ really act on ! scrap+ pr9ciple4 ,practical illu/rations 9 support ( ! univ]sal application ( ^! pr9ciples might be multipli$ indef9itely2 b two v common op]ations w suffice to prove t ! position ( ! edge det]m9es ! nature ( its action4 ,if a p5knife be n held ) its blade p]p5dicul> to ! pap]1 :5 us$ = scrat*+ out1 x w be sure to hang & *att]2 & ! flatt] a razor is held to ! sk9 9 %av+ ! m free w ! *9 be f uncom=table digs & *att]s aft]w>ds4 ,! conditions :i* next dem& notice 9 ! case ( turn+-tools are ^? :i* mu/ be obs]v$ to pres]ve ! prop] position ( ! edge "u ! /ra9 put ^u x4 ,^! relate to ! =m ( ! tool1 &1 9 ! case ( cyl9drical "w ) fix$ tools1 to ! "p ( ! surface at :i* ! edge ( ! tool %\ld be appli$4 ,drills & bor+ tools require little notice 9 ?is respect1 =1 z ! /ra9 is r\nd _! axis1 x is only necess>y t _! %afts %\ld be /rong en\gh n to twi/ or b5d4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t :5 common drills are requir$ to be v acute1 ! edges %\ld be ?r[n up a little or holl[$ out s z to give ! acut5ess on ! upp] face z expla9$ above4#bf #bf ,! common =m ( drill is r5d]$ f> m effici5t ) wr\ght iron & mat]ials t require cutt+1 by twi/+ ! flat %aft :5 hot1 s z to rev]se ! position ( ea* edge aft] ! mann] ( a screw-aug]4 ,! l[] faces c !n be kept z close z possible to ! face ( ! "w :ile ! twi/ w give a mod]ate degree ( acut5ess on ! upp] face4 ,h&-turn+ is simply a matt] ( manual dext]ity1 & z any "p ( ! same plane or ! same circumf]5ce pres5ts ! same surface to ! edge ( ! tool1 ! correct relation betwe5 ! edge & ! surface c be obta9$ 9 _m places1 & !re=e ! p>ticul> po9t at :i* ! edge %\ld be appli$ is simply a matt] ( p]sonal conv5i5ce1 & may v>y ) ! height ( ! la! or t ( ! workman1 or ! %ape & nature ( ! tool employ$4 ,! use ( ! grav] af=ds a good illu/ration ( ?is2 & x may be rem>k$1 9 connection ) ?is tool1 t none is m simple 9 con/ruction1 m p]fect 9 pr9ciple1 or m conv5i5t 9 application4 ,:5 its use is once ?or\ghly ma/]$ x w d any?+ f smoo?+ a p9 to r\gh+ out a cyl9d] f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! grav] is simply a squ>e b> ( /eel gr\nd (f obliquely at ! end2 & by v>y+ ! obliquity ( ?is slope ! act ( gr9d+ "o plane face w give two cutt+ edges ( any desir$ acut5ess1 & ?ree heels f :i* to use ^! edges at *oice4 ,9 h&-turn+ only "o edge ( ! grav] is us$ at a "t1 & ! loz5ge-%ap$ face is made ! l[] face common to ea* edge4 ,n[1 :5 ! grav] is us$ = r\gh+1 ! po9t is g5]ally buri$ 9 ! clean metal bel[ ! c5tral l9e ( ! "w1 & ! l[] face is plac$ aga9/1 & takes ! %av+ f1 ! little %\ld] :i* x =ms on ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! grav] is us$ = smoo?+1 ! l[] face is plac$ ne>ly flat aga9/ ! face ( ! "w1 & ! edge is g5]ally made to bite on1 or a little above1 ! c5tral l9e4 ,b = v light f9i%+ cuts ! grav] may be us$ f ! heel at ! bottom ( its loz5ge face1 & 9 ?is position its po9t is ov] ! top ( ! "w1 br++ ! bit+ "p ( ! edge /ill m above ! c5tral l9e4 ,?us1 ! only ?ree po9ts to consid] 9 plac+ ! tool 9 h&-turn+ are--fir/1 t ! l[] face ( ! edge %\ld occupy ! prop] position ) reg>d to ! surface2 secondly1 t ! h&le ( ! tool %\ld come up conv5i5tly to ! h&s ( ! op]ator2 & ?irdly1 t :ile ^! two conditions are obs]v$1 ! heel ( ! tool %\ld be able to take a firm be>+ on ! re/4 ,! be/ rule = h&-turn+ is1 !re=e1 to apply ! tool to ! "w1 ) ^! ends 9 view be=e fix+ ! re/1 & !n to br+ t up to ! necess>y position4 ,:5 ! heel ( any h& tool has a firm be>+ on ! re/1 & ! edge is appli$ 9 ! w$ge-l position1 ! pres]vation ( ?is dur+ ! progress ( ! "w dep5ds on delicacy ( t\* r ?an muscul> p[]4 ,b :5 ! edges are appli$ out ( _! natural l9e1 x puzzles a /rong wri/ to keep !m to _! cut at all )\t digg+ into ! "w4 ,?is af=ds ! be/ practical illu/ration ( ! necessity ( c>eful att5tion to ! position ( slide-re/ tools1 :i* are depriv$ ( all p[] ( accommodation to ! s5se ( t\*1 & :i* !re=e require accurate adju/m5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,= ! motion ( ! tool is n[ conf9$ to t ( ! re/1 & z ?is moves 9 horizontal planes1 ! edge ( ! tool mu/ be appli$ to ! "w on t p>allel plane :i* passes ?r\gh ! la! c5tres4 ,! reason = ?is rule w be at once app>5t1 if ! edge be n plac$ on ?is c5tral l9e 9 fac+ up a plate--= !n x w lose its cut be=e rea*+ ! c5tre1 leav+ a core unt\*$4 ,n[ al?\gh x w\ld require an exagg]at$ error 9 ! position ( ! edge to lose cut altoge!r 9 turn+ a cyl9d]1 yet ?is example proves t1 unless ! edge be appli$ exactly on ! c5tral l9e ! relative position betwe5 x & ! surface ( ! "w1 on :i* ! cutt+ action dep5ds1 w imp]ceptibly *ange ) ! r$uction ( ! "w2 & suppos+ ?is to v>y mu* 9 diamet]1 ! same tool may cut beautifully on "o "p & badly on ano!r4 ,fig4 #d1 :i* illu/rates ! cutt+ action ( ! edge1 has be5 purposely plac$ on a "p ( ! circle :]e a slide-re/ tool c\ld only act = a v %ort "t1 9 ord] to draw att5tion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? conditions :i* gov]n ! cutt+ action1 & ^? :i* dep5d on ! motion ( ! re/ f :i* ! tool is us$4 ,x is obvi\s t if ,fig4 #d 7 mov$ inw>ds on a horizontal l9e ! edge w\ld pass ov] ! small] circle )\t t\*+ x4 ,! illu/ration is ( c\rse exagg]at$1 b x proves t ,fig4 #g is ! only position 9 :i* ! tool w cut ov] v>y+ diamet]s )\t "s *ange 9 ! relative positions ( its l[] face & t ( ! "w4 ,h5ce ! usual in/ructions to apply ! edge ab\t ! c5tre ( ! "w4 ,b ,babbage has obs]v$1 t h[ev] good ?is direction may be z f> x goes1 x is insuffici5t & liable to mislead :5 giv5 alone4 ,x is impossible to d away ) ela/icity :5 ! tool is support$ at "s lat]al di/ance f ! l9e ( /ra91 z 9 ! slide re/ or plan+ ma*9e2 & unless ?is ela/icity is c\nt]act$ by ! position ( ! tool1 x may upset ! be/ position ( ! edge4 ,to meet ?is1 ,babbage gives ! foll[+ rule--,fir/1 consid] :]eab\ts ! tool itself w b5d "u /ra9 on its edge1 :5 fix$ 9 ! re/2 & !n take c>e t ?is "p ( ! tool1 :i* ,babbage calls ! c5tre ( flexure1--is plac$ above a l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! "w & ! edge ( ! tool4 ,fig4 #g w expla9 ! reasons = ?is rule & ! consequ5ces ( neglect+ x :5 !re is mu* /ra9 put on ! edge4 ,let ,e1 ,i1 ,f1 be ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! "w & ! edge ( ! tool4 ,!n if ,g above ?is l9e be ! c5tre ( flexure1 :5 ! tool b5ds its edge mu/ foll[ "s "p ( ! arc1 ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 f ,g z a c5tre1 & w be ?r[n out ( ! "w4 ,b if ,k bel[ ! l9e1 ,e1 ,i1 ,f1 be ! c5tre ( flexure1 !n1 "u ! same circum/ances1 ! edge w foll[ "s "p ( ! arc ,l1 ,i1 ,m1 f ,k z a c5tre1 & mu/ dig into ! "w4 ,x is important to recognise ?is pr9ciple1 because :ile x %[s t e tool 9 :i* ! top ( ! edge /&s above ! %aft mu/ be liable to ! evils result+ f ela/icity1 x %[s also t ev5 crank$ tools may fail to obviate ! dang]1 unless c>e is tak5 to place ! weake/ po9t 9 ! %aft above ! c5tral l9e4 ,babbage rem>ks1 t al?\gh x is n always possible to /r5g!n any "p ( a tool1 x is always possible & sometimes desirable to make "s p>ticul> po9t weak] ?an ! re/1 by cutt+ away a little :]e ! weak po9t %\ld be4 ,fig4 #i %[s t ! crank pr9ciple may be appli$ 9 ano!r =m1 & al?\gh ! crank is upw>ds 9 ?is case1 ! same object is atta9$ by mak+ ,p ! weake/ po9t1 & plac+ x above ! c5tral l9e1 ,n1 ,o4 ,?is =m1 h[ev]1 is only us$ = light f9i%+ cuts2 = any unnecess>y l5g? ( crank evid5tly adds ela/icity1 & ,holtzapffel obs]ves t1 9 adopt+ ! crank =m tools ! pr9ciple mu/ n be c>ri$ to excess1 z x mu/ be rememb]$ we c nev] expunge ela/icity f our mat]ials1 :e!r view$ 9 relation to ! ma*9e1 ! tool1 or ! "w4 ,! crank1 !re=e1 %\ld only be j suffici5t to give ! edge ! "r direction if ! tool %\ld spr+2 & ,holtzapffel rem>ks1 t z a tool w g5]ally b5d some:]e 9 ! c5tral l9e ( its %aft1 x is suffici5t if ! top ( ! edge is kept on or j bel[ ?is l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ,fig4 #g1 & look+ at ! l9e ,c1 ,d1 z a plane surface1 & ,i1 ,f1 z a l9e p]p5dicul> to t surface1 ! same argum5ts & illu/rations apply to ! =m ( a tool 9 ! plan+ ma*9e4 ,! po9t at :i* ! tool is n[ appli$ ceases to be ( mom5t4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! conditions necess>y to insure ! be/ cutt+ action ( acute edges & ! pres]vation ( t action dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 x rema9s to treat ( ! edges mo/ suitable to p>ticul> mat]ials1 ! me?od ( giv+ !m any desir$ angle1 & ! mann] ( apply+ slide-re/ tools s z to obta9 ! be/ "w ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( =ce & "t4 ,willis obs]ves t diff]5t metals & qualities ( ! same metal require to be treat$ ) edges diff]+ 9 _! degree ( acut5ess1 & all ! /&>d au?orities concur 9 giv+ ! foll[+ code z ne> en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,! modification ( ^! angles is rul$ by ! g5]al pr9ciple t fibr\s & cohesive mat]ials require m acute edges ?an cry/all9e & granul> sub/ances1 z w be app>5t 9 ! foll[+ code3-- ,wr\ght iron & /eel #fj ,ca/ d4 d4 #gj ,r\gh+ brass #hj ,f9i%+ d4 #ij ,?us ! edges available = ! metals commonly treat$ 9 ! la! f9d _! maximum at #ij & m9imum at #fj4 ,! maximum requires no explanation1 z :5 any edge is l>g] x ceases to be an acute edge4 ,) reg>d to ! m9imum ( #fj1 ,babbage has po9t$ out t ?is is dep5d5t n only on ! /r5g? necess>y to resi/ ! /ra9 ( ! cut1 b fur!r & *iefly on ! temp] :i* mu/ be pres]v$ 9 ! edge2 & if ?is be less ?an #fj ! mass ( metal compos+ ! extreme edge w be too small to c>ry (f ! heat g5]at$ by ! cut1 consequ5tly ! extreme edge w\ld soon lose temp] & become useless4 ,b ^! diff]5t edges are =m$ 9 v diff]5t ways accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! tool is int5d$2 & ?is w be be/ und]/ood by comp>+ ! action ( a h&-turn+ *isel ) t ( a po9t$ slide-re/ tool4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! edge is appli$ at an oblique tang5t to ! surface1 & removes ! %av+ by pass+ "u its :ole wid?1 mu* aft] ! mann] 9 :i* an apple is p>$1 or a ribbon unw\nd f a /ick1 :5 ! l[] edge ( "o turn j ov]laps ! top edge ( ! turn bel[ x1 & s on4 ,9 ?is case ! %av+ c be cleanly deta*$ by "o /raight edge4 ,b ! position & motion ( ! slide-re/ tool be+ p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! "w1 its action becomes t ( uncoil+ r ?an p>+2 & z a cord or wire w\nd r\nd a /ick t\*es ! face ( ! /ick 9 "o direction1 & ! coil next to itself 9 ano!r1 s 9 ?is case ! wid? & ?ickness ( ! %av+ lie 9 opposite directions1 z illu/rat$ by ! d>k b& 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,consequ5tly1 unless ! %av+ be cut simultane\sly 9 ^! two directions--viz41 f ! face ( ! "w on "o side1 & f ! matt] "u removal on ! o!r1 x is obvi\s t x mu/ be torn f ! "w 9 "o direction1 ?us increas+ ! lab\r & spoil+ ! appe>ance ( ! "w if ! te>+ %\ld be f its face4 ,n[1 9 practice1 at any rate 9 ! r\gh cut1 x is usual to take ! wid? ( ! %av+ f ! sup]flu\s matt]2 & if ! tool be plac$1 z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 x c only cut on "o edge2 ?us ! edge ( ! %av+ w be torn f ! face ( ! "w1 :ile ! po9t ( ! tool w trace a f9e ?read 9 its progress along x1 leav+ ! face ) a r\gh unf9i%$ appe>ance4 ,b if ! edges be =m$ s t !y c be plac$ z 9 ,figs4 #aj & #ab1 !n bo? c cut simultane\sly1 & ! screw-l trace ( ! po9t may be oblit]at$4 ,?is me?od ( us+ ! tool w leave ! "w ) a good face f ! fir/ r\gh cut1 leav+ v little = ! f9i%+ cut to d2 9 addition to :i* ! lab\r w be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 !reby p]mitt+ a mu* heavi] cut f ! same am\nt ( =ce4 ,9 turn+ any plane surface ! corn] ( ! edge %\ld be suffici5tly reliev$ f x to avoid ! dang] ( cat*+2 b1 9 turn+ cyl9drical surfaces1 if ! tool be c>efully made & plac$1 ! slope ( ! upp] surface w c>ry ! corn] out ( cut4 ,exp]im5t mu/ decide ! exact adju/m5t2 b ! great aim %\ld be to keep ! face ( ! tool next ! "w z ne>ly p>allel ) x z possible1 because x is only t face :i* leaves any trace ( ! tool's action on ! face ( ! "w--! action ( ! o!r edge be+ lo/ ) ! %av+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illus4 ,no4 #d ,?us tools may be broadly divid$ into two classes--viz41 s+le-edg$ & d\ble-edg$--rememb]+ always t ?is di/9ction ref]s to ! mann] 9 :i* !y %\ld act1 & n to ! numb] ( edges :i* x may be conv5i5t to =m on ! same tool4 ,9 s+le-edg$ tools1 :e!r !re be "o or _m edges1 ea* edge acts indep5d5tly 9 remov+ its own %av+1 & may !re=e be =m$ sep>ately4 ,9 ?is case a longitud9al section1 %[+ ! angle ( ! po9t1 w give a true idea ( t ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,b1 9 ! case ( d\ble-edg$ tools1 z ! two edges %\ld co-op]ate 9 ! removal ( ! same %av+1 !y mu/ also be =m$ s t1 :ile ea* l[] face c occupy its prop] position ) reg>d to t surface ( ! "w oppos$ to x1 bo? edges %all possess ! same degree ( acut5ess4 ,9 ?is case ! two edges are =m$ by ?ree planes--viz41 two side faces & "o upp] surface common to bo?2 & ! angle ( ! po9t is n[ n only n t ( ! cutt+ edges1 b has n ev5 any fix$ relation to !m1 = ! cutt+ edges may v>y "s #be or m on ! v same longitud9al section ( ! po9t4 ,pr(4 ,willis has po9t$ out t 9 ^! tools ! angles ( ! cutt+ edges dep5d on ! section & plan angles ( ! po9t conjo9tly 7,fig4 #h is a section view2 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa & #ab are plan views74 ,f ?is x foll[s t cutt+ edges ( exactly ! same angle may be obta9$ by a great v>iety ( comb9ations 9 ! plan & section angles2 & 9 note ,a1 ,u1 ( ,holtzapffel's "w1 vol4 ii4 p4 #iid1 ,pr(4 ,willis has giv5 a table1 %[+ "s ( ! diff]5t comb9ations by :i* cutt+ edges ( c]ta9 angles may be produc$ ) accuracy & simplicity4 ,! foll[+ %ort table is arrang$ f ?is s\rce & ?\gh mu* abbreviat$ w be f\nd suffici5t = all ord9>y purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ------------------------------------- ,,plan ,,angle ,,) ,,section ,,angles --------------------- #adj #gi4e #fi #eh #abj #gh4e #fg #ee #ajj #gg #fc4e #di4e #ij #gf #fa #de #gj #gb4e #ec4e #bi --------------------- ,,w ,,give ------- ,,cutt+ ,,edges --------------------- #hj #gj #fj ----------------------------------- ,! grav] w aga9 s]ve to illu/rate ! use ( ?is table2 = al?\gh only "o edge is employ$ at ! same "t 9 h& turn+1 x belongs prop]ly to ! d\ble edg$ class4 ,?is w be v app>5t if a grav] is held po9t upw>ds side by side ) a po9t tool1 & ! dott$ l9es are add$ 9 ,fig4 #h1 to make ! simil>ity ( =m m evid5t4 ,n[ ,holtzapffel has said ( ! grav] :5 employ$ = its orig9al purpose ( engrav+1 t no in/rum5t works m p]fectly1 po9t+ out t1 :ile bo? ! edges are engag$ 9 cutt+ ! same %av+1 bo? ! l[] faces ( ! edges are respectively incl9$ at ! smalle/ possible angle f ! sides ( ! ,v-%ap$ groove4 ,fig4 #aj has already be5 us$ to illu/rate ! be/ position ( ! slide-re/ tool1 & if ! illu/ration be turn$ r\nd until ! lett]s ,q1 ,r1 read horizontally1 & ?is l9e be tak5 to repres5t a flat surface ) ! grav] act+ ^u x1 x w be se5 t ! %av+ is remov$ 9 exactly ! same mann] 9 bo? cases2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! section ( ! %av+ is triangul> 9 "o case & rectangul> 9 ! o!r4 ,b s f> z ! tool is conc]n$ ! action is id5tical 9 ea* case1 ?us prov+ t e po9t tool may be s made & plac$ z to m]it ,holtzapffel's eulogium on ! grav]1 & t ?is simple tool is 9 fact ! type ( all d\ble-edg$ tools4 ,! grav] be+ made f a squ>e b> has ( c\rse a plan angle ( #ij1 & us+ x to illu/rate ! table1 we w suppose t x is desir$ to give x two cutt+ edges ( #fj ea*4 ,ref]r+ to #ij "u ! head+ ( plan angle1 #de w be f\nd on ?is l9e 9 ! column ov] cutt+ edge #fj2 d5ot+ t ! section angle ( ! po9t1 i4e41 ! slope at :i* ! grav] is gr\nd1 mu/ be #de to give ! desir$ edges4 ,9 ! same way1 if ! section angle 7 #fa ! cutt+ edges w\ld be #gj4 ,b tak+ ! plan angle ( #abj1 ! table %[s t ?is w\ld produce ! same cutt+ edges ( #fj ) ! l>g] section ( #ee2 & f ?is we h ! important rule t1 9 obta9+ cutt+ edges ( any giv5 degree ( acut5ess ! l>g] ! plan angle is made1 ! l>g] also may be ! section angle4 ,?us po9t$ tools ?\gh con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! grav] are an improvem5t on x 9 its simple =m2 = by mak+ bo? plan & section angles z wide z possible1 x is obvi\s t ! /r5g? & durability ( ! po9t w be mu* increas$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always bett] to give slide-re/ tools a l>ge plan angle1 z 9 ,fig4 #ab2 & plan #abj1 ) section #ee1 w be f\nd a v useful & durable tool = surfac+ purposes ) wr\ght iron4 ,:5 !re are rectangul> corn]s to cut 9 & out (1 ( c\rse ! plan angle _c be m ?an #ij1 & !n x is well to sacrifice a little ( ! acut5ess1 z ! section ( #de makes ! po9t r too weak4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k z a ma!matical fact1 t unless ! plan angle exce$ #fj1 x is impossible to obta9 two cutt+ edges ( t degree ( acut5ess2 & 9 any case1 su* a plan angle w\ld be radically bad1 because x c\ld n be us$ on ! d\ble-edg$ pr9ciple )\t und]cutt+ ! %av+4 ,x is some:at rem>kable1 9 connection ) ?is po9t1 t :ile ,holtzapffel1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ecf1 recomm5ds prismatic cutt]s1 he %\ld add a footnote :i* indirectly b mo/ conclusively corroborates ,pr(4 ,willis' condemnation ( t p>ticul> =m1 by admitt+ t ! prop] degree ( acut5ess _c be giv5 to bo? edges4 ,z ! practical result ( a circul> edge is to cut 9 two opposite directions1--! edge pass+ gradually f "o to ! o!r1--s r\nd-nos$ tools belong prop]ly to ! d\ble-edg$ class1 & are op5 to great objections unless c>efully =m$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illus4 ,no4 #e ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac1 repres5t+ an oblique section ( a r\nd b>2 & suppos+ ! section to be made at an angle ( #de1 x is obvi\s t ! highe/ "p ( ! edge at ,s w be exactly ( ?is angle1 :ile ! l[] po9t at ,t w be #ace1 & ! side po9ts at ,u & ,v w be #ij ea*4 ,?us1 betwe5 ! po9t ,s & ! po9ts ,u & ,v on ea* side respectively1 ! edge w gradually pass ?r\gh a range ( #de1 consequ5tly no two adjac5t po9ts on ! same side w be ( ! same angle1 & ! highe/ po9t ,s may be too acute to /& :ile ! l[e/1 ,u or ,v1 is too blunt to cut4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 x is int5d$ to r\nd ! nose ( ! tool1 x %\ld be fir/ =m$ z a d\ble-edg$ po9t tool1 ) a section angle agree+ z ne>ly z practicable ) ! int5d$ degree ( acut5ess 9 ! edge1 s z to secure ! highe/ po9ts f be+ too weak1 & ! table giv5 above w %[ :at plan angle mu/ be us$1 9 comb9ation ) ?is section1 to secure any "p f be+ too blunt4 ,?us1 suppos+ a circul> edge ( ab\t #fj is desir$1 ! section ( #eh approa*es ?is mo/ ne>ly1 & if ! plan ( #adj1 :i*1 ) ?is section1 gives two /raight cutt+ edges ( #fj1 be adopt$1 !re c only be a v>iation ( #b 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! edge4 ,b x w be obs]v$ t ?is comb9ation admits ( v little r\nd+2 & al?\gh less acute edges1 be+ obta9able ) a small] plan-angle1 admit ( r m r\nd+1 x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule t :5 any tool is mu* r\nd$ on ! nose1 s z to pres5t a l>ge segm5t ( a circle1 diff]5t p>ts ( ! edge mu/ v>y consid]ably 9 acut5ess4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,willis objects to r\nd+ ! nose ( a tool at all on acc\nt ( ! necess>y v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! edge & "s o!r reasons1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t :5 ! tool is c>efully =m$ on ! pr9ciples giv5 above1 x is v advantage\s to r\nd (f ! po9t slightly = tak+ heavy cuts2 & ,i h f\nd ?is =m a fav\rite "o 9 su* work%ops z ,woolwi* ,ars5al & ,portsm\? ,docky>d4 ,b c>e mu/ be tak5 to place ! nose ( ! tool t[>ds ! wid? ( ! %av+ 7presum+ t ?is is tak5 f ! matt] to be remov$1 z x usually is17 = unless ! edge is /raight1 & almo/ p>allel ) ! face ( ! "w z x leaves x1 ! face w\ld be m>k$ ) a s]ies ( concave grooves ( great] or less wid?1 accord+ to ! fe$ giv5 to ! tool2 & ev5 :5 ?is is v sl[1 if ! curv$ "p ( ! edge 7 plac$ t[>ds ! face ( ! "w x w\ld pres5t ! appe>ance ( corrugat$ iron1 :5 exam9$ "u a magnify+ l5s4 ,willis fur!r advances aga9/ ! r\nd nose t1 z ! %av+ remov$ by x mu/ be ( a curvil9e> section1 x w oppose m =ce 9 roll+ itself (f ! edge1 ?an a flat %av+4 ,?is w\ld be q true if a flat %av+ c\ld be roll$ up on itself l a piece ( tape or ribbon2 b ,i ?9k ! pr(essor has ov]look$ ! fact t :5 two cutt+ edges h "o common upp] face ! %av+ mu/ be b5t lat]ally z well z 9 its l5g?2 & ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 f practical exp]im5t1 t !re is v little diff]5ce on ! po9t ( ! =ce requir$1 & t :5 a po9t ( l>ge plan angle is j r\nd$ (f x /&s bett] & cuts sweet] ?an :5 ! po9t is n s r\nd$4 ,b ?is only applies to heavy cuts1 & = ord9>y surfac+ "w no?+ c act m p]fectly ?an a po9t tool ( wide plan-angle plac$ z describ$ above4 ,if a d\ble-edg$ tool1 ) edges ( #fj1 be ?us us$ 9 turn+ wr\ght iron or /eel1 & be well lubricat$ ) clean wat] dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 its face may be left ) a burni%$ brilliancy t a t\* ( ! f9e/ em]y w\ld spoil4 ,b1 z ! s*eme ( ?is pap] is conf9$ to ! pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! action ( edges1 & ! rules by :i* ^? edges may be =m$ ) c]ta9ty1 x w be well to conclude ^! rem>ks ) a few h9ts z to ! con/ruction ( ord9>y slide-re/ tools4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t all d\ble-edg$ tools belong to ! grav] class1 x is well to =m ! side faces c>efully 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & !n nev] to alt] ^!1 b to keep ! tool 9 ord] by gr9d+ 9 ! upp] surface only1 j z ! grav] is treat$4 ,nasmy?'s cone gauge1 illu/rat$ 9 ,holtzapffel1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ecd1 & also 9 ,bak]'s ,me*anism1 p4 #bcf1 af=ds a ready means ( =m+ ! side faces ) accuracy4 ,b ! range & conv5i5ce ( ?is gauge is mu* increas$ by disp5s+ ) e "p ( ! arrangem5t1 except ! cone itself4 ,?is c be made ( any piece ( /\t metal b> turn$ truly1 ) ! slide-re/ set at an angle ( #c1 & ! base %\ld be broad en\gh to /& /eady by itself :5 squ>$ (f truly 9 ! la!1 z 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,two m>ks c !n be made ^u x3 "o z at ,w1 %[+ ! exact height ( ! la!-c5tre :5 ! cone /&s on ! b$ ( ! la!1 & ano!r z at ,x1 %[+ ! height ( ! c5tre :5 ! cone is plac$ on any giv5 "p ( ! slide-re/4 ,?us1 9 :atev] direction ! tool is to be us$1 its adju/m5t c be accurately made 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! slide-re/ itself1 & aga9 te/$ aft] ! tool is clamp$ d[n4 ,x is too common a practice 9 sett+ slide-re/ tools to w$ge up "o end or ! o!r1 ) reg>d only to ! application ( ! edge on ! c5tral l9e4 ,b ?is g5]ally sacrifices ! position ( ! l[] faces1 :i* is ess5tial1 to a consid]ation :i* has be5 %[n to be only second>y4 ,! be/ plan is to keep sev]al /rips1 v>y+ f #a_/cb to #a_/b in* 9 ?ickness1 b all ab\t z long & wide z ! %aft ( ! tool4 ,^! c be made ( b> iron = ! ?ick] /rips1 & %eet iron or t9 = ! ?9n] ones2 & by us+ any two or ?ree ( ^! toge!r1 ! tool c be pack$ up p>allel to ! b$ ( ! slide-re/4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! edge c ?us be made ) ! greate/ ease & c]ta9ty )\t alt]+ ! relative position ( ! l[] faces4 ,x may be well to rem>k t 9 us+ ! cone gauge1 x is ! l[] faces ( ea* edge :i* are to be tri$ aga9/ x1 & n ! front l9e ( ! po9t1 z ! incl9ation ( ?is rule w v>y slightly ) v>iations 9 ! plan-angle ( ! tool1 al?\gh ! slope ( ! faces rema9s ! same4 ,b ! section angle is always to be e/imat$ f ! front l9e1 :atev] its slope may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f ,:5 ! pr9ciples :i* ?is pap] has endeav\r$ to embody are once ?or\ghly und]/ood1 no h&y workm5 ne$ ev] be at a loss to =m & apply 8 edges ) ! be/ effect "u any %ape ! circum/ances may require4 ,! fir/ po9t to be obs]v$ is ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w %\ld be attack$--t is to say1 :e!r ! removal ( ! %av+ or scrap+ requires ! use ( a s+le or d\ble-edg$ tool4 ,! next po9t is ! position ( ! l[] face or faces ( ! edges1 s t !y may be appli$ 9 ! requir$ direction1 & 9 ! position expla9$ above4 ,?is involves ! nature ( ! treatm5t be/ suit$ to ! mat]ial1 bo? z reg>ds ! k9d ( edge employ$ & ! pr9ciple on :i* x %\ld be appli$--viz41 cutt+ or scrap+4 ,9 d\ble-edg$ tools ! position ( ! two l[] faces det]m9es t ( ! po9t1 :i* is simply an accid5t result+ f ! meet+ ( ! cutt+ edges2 b :i*1 :5 s det]m9$1 af=ds a guide = ! slope ( ! upp] face4 ,?is mu/ be s gr\nd t x gives ea* edge ! same degree ( acut5ess4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #ae1 ! po9t ( ! tool be+ at ,a1 ! slope mu/ be made 9 ! direction ,a1 ,b2 :ile1 9 ,fig4 #af1 ! po9t be+ at ,c1 ! slope ( ! upp] face mu/ be 9 ! direction ,c1 ,d4 ,! writ] is fully aw>e t ^? :o expect to f9d a rule ( ?umb 9 ?is pap]1 w be mis]ably disappo9t$4 ,b :ile he is consci\s t ! pr9ciples ( :i* he has treat$ admit ( a mu* full] & yet m concise def9ition1 he w\ld rem9d ! novice t !re is no royal road to le>n+1 & t :]e practice ( h& is want+ x c only be suppli$ by great] k ( pr9ciple4 ,8 object w !re=e be fulfill$ if ?is supplem5t>y pap] c supply any explanation or illu/ration ( pr9ciple t may add to ! practical utility ( a "w s exhau/ive ( its subject z ! ,la! & its ,uses4 ,,deta*$-,,cutt] ,,hold]s4 ,:]e amateurs exp]i5ce inconv5i5ce 9 mak+ _! tools f ! want ( a =ge1 ! use ( deta*$ cutt]s 9 a tool hold] w be f\nd ( ! greate/ advantage = outside "w4 ,ev5 9 pla9 turn+ !re mu/ always be "s special =ms = cutt+ into odd corn]s & deep grooves2 b ) a good tool hold] & a gr9d/one1 :i* is an indisp5sable piece ( furniture 9 e metal turn]'s %op1 ! cumbr\s array ( slide-re/ tools may be r$uc$ to a few special =ms & a v small box ( cutt]s4 ,^! also possess ano!r great advantage2 = ! _s ( ! old adage quot$ by ,holtzapffel-- ,he t w\ld a good edge w9 ,mu/ =ge ?ick & gr9d ?91 may be c>ri$ out f> m conv5i5tly ?an 9 ! case ( :ole tools :i* are g5]ally fil$ into %ape be=e temp]+1 & :5 worn d[n mu/ g to ! fire aga9 & h ! process repeat$4 ,b ! deta*$ cutt] admits ( be+ temp]$ ev5ly ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? & gr\nd up aft]w>ds z long z x la/s1 )\t go+ to ! =ge aga9 to ! det]ioration ( ! /eel4 ,! patt]ns ( tool-hold]s are innum]able1 b v few are good = g5]al s]vice1 because mo/ ( !m are arrang$ s t ! natural sides ( ! cutt] are us$ = ! face or faces ( ! edge4 ,?us ei!r ! plan angle ( ! po9t is limit$ to ! angles pres5t$ by ! transv]se section ( ! cutt] employ$1 or else ! section angle is fix$ by ! position 9 :i* ! cutt] is clamp$4 ,holtzapffel's arrangem5t is op5 to ! fir/ objection1 ,babbage's to ! second4 ,to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,pr(4 ,willis arrang$ a hold] :i* clamps ! cutt] at an angle ( #ee f ! horizontal l9e4 ,?us no side c be us$ ei!r = ! l[] or upp] face ( ! edge1 b any faces c be gr\nd ^u x2 & ! plan & section angle ( ! edge may be v>i$ at pleasure )9 ! :ole range available = metal turn+4 ,pr(4 ,willis's hold] = ! cutt] is almo/ a facsimile ( 8 admirable tool-hold] = ! slide-re/1 ?an :i* none is m conv5i5t or c act m p]fectly4 ,b ! arrangem5t is a little complicat$ = a cutt] hold]1 & mu/ be v c>efully made ) ! k ( c]ta9 laws1 if x is to insure a p]fect grip ( ! cutt]4 ,x is also design$ = ! use ( s\nd wire cutt]s :i* require fil+ flat on "o side4 ,illu/ration ,adopt+ ,willis's incl9ation = ! cutt] ,i h f\nd t all its advantages may be secur$ ) a simpl] =m ( hold] & common squ>e = /eel = ! cutt]4 ,! hold] is simply ! modification ( an old patt]n to suit ! incl9ation ( #ee1 & ! sket* ne$s little explanation beyond say+ t ! nick 9 ! solid "p %\ld be r less ?an a squ>e angle1 & made p]fectly true all ! way d[n1 or1 if any?+1 r holl[$ 9 ! middle1 s z to insure ! greate/ am\nt ( pressure at ! top & bottom1 z o!rwise ! cutt] might n sit q true & firm4 ,! angle at ! end ( ! /rap aga9/ :i* ! cutt] be>s %\ld be r m ?an squ>e1 bo? to all[ = any want ( exact tru? 9 ! squ>+ ( ! cutt] & to avoid ! w$g+ action :i* w\ld be set up on tight5+ ! screw if ?is angle 7 less ?an squ>e1 z ?is c\ld ( c\rse create a risk ( splitt+ ! /rap4 ,! end ( ! screw & ! cup 9 :i* x fits %\ld be r\nd1 z ?is all[s ( a little play & insures a tru] grip 9 ! /rap ?an a po9t$ screw work+ into a conical hole4 ,a p]spective sket* ( a deta*$ cutt] is add$1 ) dott$ l9es to %[ h[ exactly ! arrangem5t ( ! faces c be accommodat$ to ! positions :i* h be5 %[n to be ! be/ 9 solid tools = ! slide-re/4 ,d4 ,,haydon4 ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,rose ,,eng9e ,,by ,e4 ,,taylor4 ,see+ t ! ,editor ( ! above ,articles has illu/rat$ & describ$ ,holtzapffel & ,co4's ,rose ,cutt] & two me?ods ( execut+ rose cutt+1 ! latt] be+ ! ord9>y rose eng9e1 ,i am induc$ to s5d y a description ( a me?od t ,i h adopt$ :]eby ,i c ) consid]able despat* execute ?is description ( turn+4 ,i w fir/ preface my description by say+ "s ?irty ye>s ago ,i pur*as$ ,ibbetson's ,book on ecc5tric turn+1 & ,i 0 s mu* tak5 ) x & ! illu/rations1 t ,i det]m9$ to make myself 9 accordance ) 8 description & engrav+s an ecc5tric *uck2 & al?\gh ,i 0 a long "t ab\t x1 be+ at ! "t mu* o!rwise engag$1 ,i succe$$ beyond my expectations1 & 0 enabl$ to d "s v f9e "w ) x2 & ,i h nev] regrett$ ! "t ,i sp5t ov] ! *uck1 z ,i became famili> ) metal turn+ & screw cutt+ fly+ 9 ! la!1 :i* latt] ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d h[ easily ,i c\ld execute4 ,h[ev]1 ,i 0 mu* disappo9t$ 9 ! usefulness ( ! *uck 7,holtzapffel's ecc5tric cutt]1 :i* ,i pur*as$ is f> m useful71 & also ) ! t$i\sness ( us+ x 7fancy /opp+ ! la! to alt] ! *uck #cfj times or #ahj times to cut a r[ ( circles ei!r di/9ct or ov]lay+ ea* o!r71 & !re 0 also a c]ta9 vibration occasion$ 9 us+ ! *uck :i* ,i also dislik$4 ,i !re=e det]m9$ to cut up "s rosettes & conv]t my head/ock into a rose eng9e1 to effect :i* object ,i got ,holtzapffel & ,co4 to return up ) a new /eel coll> & make my m&rel trav]s+4 ,i cut myself a rosette bo? ways ) #af waves1 & ,i 0 mu* pleas$ ) ! v>iety ( "w ,i c\ld p]=m ) ?is "o1 b ! rosette took me a long "t to make1 & di%e>t5$ me f cutt+ up a v>iety4 ,x1 h[ev]1 occurr$ to me t if ,i add$ an extra m&rel by ! side ( & atta*$ to my head/ock1 & on :i* extra m&rel1 if ,i _h an ecc5tric *uck connect$ ) a rod to ! wall ( my room1 ,i c\ld get my head/ock to oscillate1 & by connect+ & multiply+ :eels cause z _m waves on ea* revolution ( my pr9cipal m&rel ,i pleas$2 ?is aft] mu* "t & pati5ce ,i succe$$ 9 do+1 & work$ x ) ! h& motion (t5 adopt$ = rose "w4 ,aft] betwe5 two & ?ree ye>s1 ,i put ! extra m&rel ov] my pr9cipal m&rel in/ead ( by ! side z be=e1 to enable me to disp5se ) ! h& motion & to "w ! upp] m&rel ) ! sl[ motion on my la! :eel1 & :i* ,i f\nd a v great improvem5t1 & ,i n[ give ! details ( ! plan ,i h adopt$ = ! b5efit ( y\r num]\s read]s4 ,! draw+s are to a two-in* scale1 or "o six? ( _! full size4 ,fig4 #djj is a side view ( my head/ock 7"p 9 section7 ) ! upp] m&rel1 ,a1 add$1 %[+ ! connection by an int]m$iate sp9dle1 ,b1 ) ! l>ge cog :eel1 ,c1 on my l[] m&rel1 ,d1 & o!r additions4 ,! back c5tre1 ,e1 ( my head/ock is connect$ ) ! back screw1 ,f1 & drawn out or pu%$ 9 ) x1 & is fix$ by ! set screw1 ,g4 ,:5 drawn out ! /eel screw1 ,h1 at ! end ( ! m&rel1 ,d1 removes to receive ! screw guides :i* are !n fa/5$ by x1 & ! piece1 ,i1 ) segm5ts ( a ?read to mat* ! guides1 is slid up by a w$ge to ! guides & !n fa/5$ by ! screw ,j1 ,i1 c also fix "s roses cut on ! side1 & o!r app>atus ) ?is screw ,h4#bg #bg ,x is n a good plan to make ! po9t1 ,e1 movable4 ,x w\ld be bett] to slip ! guides or rosettes ov] x3 & g5]ally to arrange ?is "p z usual ) a trav]s+ m&rel1 ,p1 ,h4 ,! l>ge cog :eel1 ,c1 is screw$ up ) ! screw1 ,k1 to ! m&rel pulley1 ,l4 ,on ! front ( ! pulley is ! division plate z usual4 ,! int]m$iate adju/able sp9dle1 ,b1 is c>ri$ 9 a frame %[n sep>ately by ,fig4 #dje2 x is all[$ to rise or fall z may be requir$ = ! :eel1 ,m1 to ge> ) ! great :eel1 ,c2 provision be+ also made = an int]m$iate :eel1 ,n1 7see ,fig4 #djc7 to connect ! :eel1 ,o1 ) ! :eel1 ,p1 on ! upp] m&rel :5 requir$4 ,! ecc5tric *uck is fix$ on screw ,q ( ! upp] m&rel4 ,fig4 #dja is a plan ( ! m\ld = ! back ca/-iron upright1 fix$ to ! head/ock ) screws at ! foot1 %[+ ! circul> grooves #a1 #b & #c1 necess>y = ! sp9dles = ! connect+ :eels2 ! c5tre hole1 #d1 is = ! gun-metal coll>1 or ! upp] m&rel4 ,fig4 #djb1 is a plan ( ! m\ld = ! front ca/-iron upright2 ! c5tre holes #a & #b are = ! coll>s ( ! m&rels4 ,no4 #b is made to j fit ov] ! /eel coll> ( ! l[] m&rel1 & is fix$ to ! head/ock by a brass rose & ?ree screws2 x is also fix$ at ! foot ) two screws to ! head/ock4 ,^! two ca/+s1 #dja & #djb1 are bolt$ toge!r ) two bolts & nuts ?r\gh ! holes #e & #f1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #djj4 ,fig4 #djc1 is a back view ( ! additions1 %[+ ! cog :eels & _! connections1 also ! brass be>+s = ! l[] m&rel requir$ :5 all[$ to trav]se4 ,?is 0 a solid piece ( brass ) a hole bor$ out & gr\nd to fit ! m&rel4 ,x 0 !n drill$ ! :ole dep? 9 two places1 = two /eel /eady p9s1 b1 c1 made to fit q tight1 & at bo? ends = bolts & nuts1 a1 d1 aft]w>ds sawn 9 two ) ! circul> saw1 & :5 put toge!r & two holes drill$ ?r\gh ! ?ickness = fix+ x 0 put 9 its place1 adju/$1 & re-gr\nd on4 ,! holes = fix+ 7 v c>efully cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ca/ iron upright1 & ! :ole 0 f9ally fix$ ) two screw bolts & nuts4 ,fig4 #djd1 is a front view1 %[+ ! ecc5tric *uck1 ,r1 on ! upp] m&rel1 ! slide ( :i* :5 us$ is connect$ ) ! bracket 9 ! wall1 ,fig4 #djf1 caus+ ! :ole app>atus to oscillate 9 proportion to ! ecc5tricity ( ! *uck on its c5tres "o ( :i* is m>k$ at ,s4 ,! *uck has a circul> movem5t = lay+ ! waves 9 any position ) "o ano!r1 b :i* also is effect$ by ano!r plan to be pres5tly describ$4 ,! :ole poppet ) its fitt+s is hung on c5tres simil> to ! rose eng9e describ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! top "p ( ! b$ ,t removes1 & ! two screws1 "o %[n at ,v1 are tak5 out to all[ ! oscillation4 ,! l>ge cog :eel has #aib tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dje4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djf4 ,! :ole ( ! additions to my head/ock 7 all ( my own fitt+ up4 ,! brass cog :eels 7 bor$ out & gr\nd to fit an arbor made on purpose1 exactly correspond+ 9 diamet] ) ! ends ( ! sp9dles s t !y might fit indiscrim9ately on ei!r sp9dle4 ,:5 turn$ up1 ! tee? 7 cut ) a circul> cutt]1 :i* ,i made j ( ! exact %ape & ?ickness requir$ = ! space betwe5 ! tee?4 ,! cutt] 0 turn$ ( /eel2 !n wrapp$ 9 lea!r & enclos$ 9 %eet iron4 ,x 0 !n put 9 ! fire1 made r$ hot1 & left = ! fire to g out1 ! next day be+ s(t1 x 0 cut ) %>p *isels into a circul> file & h>d5$1 & ) x 9 ! cutt] frame ! tee? ( ! :eels 7 cut4 ,! c5tral boss ( ea* :eel has a not* cut across ! face to receive a p9 9 ! arbor & 9 ! sp9dles1 :i* prev5ts ! :eels f turn+ r\nd on ! latt] :5 screw$ up4 ,?is rose eng9e works beautifully smoo? & easy1 & ornam5tation c be done ) x ) great] rapidity ?an ) ! ord9>y eng9e1 by arrang+ ! connect+ :eels s t ! upp] m&rel makes s _m waves & "o-half1 "o-?ird1 "o-f\r?1 "o-fif?1 "o-six?1 or any o!r "p ( a wave1 on ea* revolution ( ! l[] m&rel1 because !n x requires c]ta9 revolutions ( ! l[] m&rel be=e ! tool comes into ! same cut aga9--say1 = in/ance1 x makes #d-e_/f waves on ea* revolution1 !n x takes #bi revolutions ( ! upp] m&rel to complete ! patt]n1 :]eby c]ta9 patt]ns are complet$ )\t /opp+ ! la!1 :i* is an advantage t ! rose eng9e prop] does n possess4 ,ano!r great advantage is1 t ! waves c be ei!r flat1 %>p1 or int]m$iate1 z requir$ = l>ge or small "w1 by alt]+ ! ecc5tric *uck on ! upp] m&rel4 ,i give a few specim5s1 n = ! beauty ( design1 b to illu/rate ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,! c5tre ( ,fig4 #djg is p]=m$ by hav+ a :eel ( #hj tee? on ! upp] m&rel1 connect$ ) "o ( #be tee? on ! int]m$iate sp9dle1 :i* has ano!r ( #ej tee? connect$ ) ! l>ge :eel ( #aib tee? on ! l[] m&rel2 ?us1 #hj_/be #ej_/aij #a-a_/e produc+ on ea* revolution ( ! l[] m&rel "o wave1 & "o-fif? ( ano!r wave1 requir+ six revolutions to complete ! patt]n4 ,! rema9d] ( ! patt]n is complet$ by :eels1 #af1 #ej2 #dh1 #aib mak+ #ab-a_/b waves on ea* revolution ( ! l[] m&rel1 requir+ #be waves to complete ! patt]n1 & lay+ ! waves ov] ea* o!r1 & ) ! slide re/ movem5t ( ! tool4 ,fig4 #djh is produc$ by :eels #cb1 #dh2 #bd1 #aib mak+ #ab waves4 ,! c5tre is done by alt]+ ! ecc5tric *uck ea* "t4 ,x 0 purposely execut$ askew1 by ! tool n be+ plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 to %[ ! importance ( do+ s = "s patt]ns4 ,! rim 0 execut$ ) ! same :eels1 & ) ! slide re/ movem5t ( ! tool1 &1 aft] two cuts1 ! *uck turn$ half r\nd1 to lay ! waves ov] ea* o!r = ! o!r two cuts4 ,fig4 #dji is all execut$ ) :eels #if1 #cj2 #be1 #aib mak+ two waves & two-fif?s ( ano!r wave1 requir+ #ab waves to complete ! patt]n4 ,! two c5tre rims produc$ by plac+ ! tool above ! c5tre4 ,! outside by f\r movem5ts ( ! slide re/ tool1 illu/rat+ h[ soon patt]ns are produc$1 & :5 well cut up look v pretty4 ,fig4 #daj is execut$ ) :eels #hj1 #ej2 #be1 #aib mak+ f\r waves & f\r-fif?s ( ano!r wave1 requir+ #bd waves to complete ! patt]n4 ,! c5tre is all done )\t /opp+2 ! outside rim by alt]+ ! ecc5tric *uck f\r times1 to make ea* successive wave flatt]4 ,fig4 #daa is an illu/ration ( ! upp] m&rel1 mak+ #e-a_/c revolutions to "o ( ! la!1 requir+ #af revolutions to complete ! patt]n & slide-re/ movem5t4 ,fig4 #dab4 ,! out] patt]n ( ?is figure is produc$ by ! upp] m&rel mak+ #ab-d_/e revolutions to "o ( ! la!1 requir+ #fd revolutions to complete ! patt]n4 ,! c5tre is a rosette ( #e waves1 slide-re/ movem5t & plac$ across ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dab4 ,fig4 #dac4 ,! :ole ( ?is patt]n produc$ by ! upp] m&rel mak+ #c-c_/e revolutions to "o ( ! la!1 produc+ #ah waves across ea* o!r ) slide-re/ movem5t = ! middle rim4 ,fig4 #dad illu/rates a rosette ( n9e waves ) slide-re/ movem5t1 & #c divisions ( ! circul> movem5t ( ! ecc5tric *uck = ea* successive l9e1 produc+ ! wav$ appe>ance4 ,fig4 #dae illu/rates a rosette ( #bd waves ) ! slide-re/ movem5t4 ,fig4 #daf4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( a rosette ( #bd waves1 r m %>p ?an 9 ,fig4 #dae1 ) slide-re/ movem5t & #i divisions ( ! circul> movem5t ( ! ecc5tric *uck1 giv+ x a pleas+ circul> wav$ appe>ance4 ,fig4 #dag4 ,also ano!r illu/ration z ! la/1 b ) ! waves mu* %>p]1 ! slide-re/ movem5t & only two divisions ( ! circul> movem5t ( ! ecc5tric *uck produc+ ! />-l patt]n4 ,fig4 #dah illu/rates also a rosette ( #bd waves1 ) ! ecc5tric *uck turn$ half-way r\nd ) ea* movem5t ( ! slide-re/1 produc+ ! patt]n s (t5 se5 on ! back ( wat*es1 only be+ on wood x is on a l>g] scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dah4 ,! above illu/rations are suffici5t to give a di/9ct idea ( ! work+ ( my eng9e1 & ! la/ f\r %[ h[ easily patt]ns are multipli$ & v>i$4 ,! :ole ( ! prec$+ patt]ns 7 execut$ by ! wood be+ *uck$ 9 ! la! 9 ! usual ord9>y way )\t any p>ticul> *uck :atev]1 b 9 comb9ation ) any ( ! ornam5tal *ucks innum]able patt]ns c be produc$4 ,fig4 #dai is "o illu/ration ) an ecc5tric *uck on ! la! m&rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dai4 ,t my description may be complete ,i w n[ give draw+s ( my ecc5tric *uck = ! upp] m&rel4 ,x requires to be con/ruct$ diff]5tly to ! ord9>y ecc5tric *uck1 z ! circul> movem5t requires to be always c5tral1 & only ! slide c>ry+ ! p9 to receive ! rod mu/ move ecc5trically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbj1 also #dbb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dba1 also #dbc4 ,figs4 #dbj & #dba1 are full-size draw+s ( my ecc5tric *uck on my upp] m&rel1 us$ = produc+ ! =ego+ specim5s4 ,9 ?is case ,i h pref]r$ a wood f\ndation1 z n be+ s likely to run (f z metal1 on rev]s+ ! motion :i* is sometimes necess>y on acc\nt ( idle :eels = ! connections4 ,i us$ a piece ( well-season$ ,spani% mahogany1 tak+ c>e t ! gra9 ( ! wood 0 at "r angles ) ! l5g? ( ! screw ( ! m&rel4 ,a piece ( brass is screw$ at ! back to prev5t ! screw cutt+ into ! wood4 ,fig4 #dbj is a section1 & ,fig4 #dba a front view ( ! *uck1 & ,i ?9k all suffici5tly cle>4 ,i w j say ! long f9e ?read$ screw ,i cut up ) ! /ocks & dies 9 ! la!1 us+ /eel wire ( ! necess>y size4 ,?is ,i manage easily1 & keep ! wire /raight by all[+ x to exp& 9 l5g?4 ,i *uck ! /eel wire conc5trically1 & remov+ ! c5tre f ! back poppet1 sub/itute a brass c5tre ) a hole ! size ( ! /eel wire1 :i* is all[$ ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* entry4 ,i !n turn d[n a little bel[ ! dep? ( ! int5d$ screw ?read = ab\t half an in* 9 l5g? next ! back c5tre1 to all[ ! dies to come back to be tight5$ up1 & :i* mu/ only be done at ! comm5cem5t & n on ! return motion ( ! dies4 ,! coll> on ! screw is a piece ( brass ) a hole ( a size to drive on ! wire tight1 & is !n p9n$ on & turn$ up true1 & f9i%$ ) ! division m>ks4 ,,oval ,,turn+ ,,& ,,rose ,,cutt+ ,,) ,,templates ,,) ,,my ,,app>atus4 ,figs4 #dbb & #dbc are full size draw+s ( my *uck1 ) circul> movem5t = templates = my upp] m&rel1 :i* has also a wood f\ndation4 ,fig4 #dbb is a section1 & ,fig4 #dbc is a front view4 ,by remov+ ! ecc5tric *uck f ! upp] m&rel1 & sub/itut+ ! *uck ,figs4 #dbb & #dbc ) a circul> movem5t1 to receive templates ( any patt]n1 ,,ovals ) ! oval template c be turn$ & also ) any irregul> templates1 patt]ns cut & plac$ 9 any direction ov] ea* o!r1 by caus+ ! templates to "w aga9/ a rubb] or roll] z mo/ desirable1 ) an india-rubb] spr+ to keep !m toge!r4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations w give "s fa9t idea ( productions f templates4 ,fig4 #dbd1 is ! production ( an oval template & slide-re/ movem5t1 bo? m&rels mak+ equal revolutions4 ,fig4 #dbe ! same z ,fig4 #dbd1 ) ! patt]ns laid across ea* o!r by turn+ ! circul> movem5t ( ! *uck #ab divisions4 ,fig4 #dbf1 is f an oval template1 :i* is caus$ to make two revolutions to "o ( ! la! m&rel produc+ #d waves & undulations & ) ! slide-re/ movem5t4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ 9 ?is case ! =m ( ! oval is sup]s$$ by ano!r patt]n1 & %[s h[ great a *ange 9 ! =m ( patt]ns f templates my rose eng9e ) *ange :eels effects4 ,fig4 #dbg1 is also f an oval template1 caus$ to make #e revolutions to "o ( ! la!1 & ) ! circul> movem5t ( ! *uck & ! slide-re/ movem5t1 & 9 ?is case ! =m ( ! oval is also sup]s$$4 ,inde$1 none b ^? :o h made ! matt] _! /udy w\ld h ! slighte/ idea t ?is patt]n c\ld be produc$ f an oval template4 ,fig4 #dbh1 is also f an oval template1 x is f9] ?an #dbg1 b is done 9 ! same way by ! template mak+ n9e revolutions to "o ( ! la! m&rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbh4 ,! above are a few specim5s ( ! oval1 b suffici5t to draw att5tion to ! great v>iety ( patt]ns t c be execut$1 & ^! illu/rations h only be5 made to g ev5 revolutions ) ! la! m&rel2 b ( c\rse c be made to g1 z already describ$1 unev5 revolutions1 lay+ ! l9es ov] ea* o!r = v>iety ( patt]ns4 ,fig4 #dbi1 is a curiosity f a squ>e template ) equal revolutions1 ! outside rim & inside patt]n by ! circul> movem5t ( ! template *uck4 ,fig4 #dcj1 is also f a squ>e template made to g two revolutions to "o ( ! la! & ) ! slide-re/ movem5t4 ,! c5tre patt]n ) ! circul> movem5t ( ! *uck4 ,fig4 #dca1 is ! production ( a he>t-%ape template1 & ) ! slide-re/ movem5t & ! patt]ns laid across ea* o!r1 ! m&rels mak+ equal revolutions4 ,fig4 #dcb1 is also f a he>t-%ape template made to g two revolutions to "o ( ! la! & ! slide-re/ movem5t4 ,b 9 ?is case ! slide-re/ tool is us$ on ! opposite side ( ! la! b$ to ! roll] aga9/ ! template1 & !re=e rev]s+ ! patt]n1 t is1 ! projections ( ! patt]n are ! holl[s ( ! template1 & vice v]sa4 ,i h introduc$ x to %[ h[ easily patt]ns are multipli$ 9 ! mo/ simple way4 ,x w also be obs]v$ t ! =m ( ! template is sup]s$$4 ,fig4 #dcc1 is ano!r illu/ration ( ! he>t-%ape template1 b made to g five revolutions to "o ( ! la!1 ) ! circul> movem5t ( ! template *uck1 & ! slide-re/ movem5t1 & 9 :i* case ! =m ( ! template is entirely sup]s$$4 ,fig4 #dcd1 is also a simil> illu/ration to #dcc1 only f9]2 !y c be ( c\rse z f9e z desir$4 ,! above are1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5t to illu/rate ! productions f templates1 "s v pretty patt]ns c be execut$4 ,my object is m p>ticul>ly to exhibit ! use & ext5d$ application ( my rose eng9e1 & x w be p]ceiv$ ! la/ two are n ! mo/ easily work+ templates4 ,! v>iety ( patt]ns t c be execut$ ) ?is eng9e are s innum]able t "o may say !y are inf9ite4 ,well may y 9 y\r article quote :at ,b]g]on says ( ! rose eng9e1 t x is necess>y to "k ?or\ghly ! p>ticul> "o 9 use4 ,i also make use ( ! cog:eel on my m&rel1 by connect+ x by a sp9dle & ! *ange :eels ) a l>ge comp\nd slide re/1 = execut+ spiral turn+1 & also ) my slide re/ = ornam5tal turn+1 = small spiral "w2 & ) a *uck ) a circul> movem5t ,i c cut sev]al spirals to "o /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcd4 ,9 conclud+ my description ,i w say ! specim5s giv5 h all be5 cut on a pla9 surface1 & ?is has be5 unavoidable on acc\nt ( pr9t+1 b = ! in=mation ( ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! rose eng9e1 ! v great advantages ( :i* ov] ! ecc5tric & geometrical *ucks are t ! "w c be execut$ on concave or convex surfaces4 ,i make use ( m9e = ornam5t+ ! ro(s ( temples & ,*9ese pagodas1 ei!r dom$1 curvil9e>1 or circul> po9t$1 by repres5t+ !m cov]$ ) %+les1 c4 ,! geometric *uck w produce v beautiful intricate lacework1 b n m s ?an my app>atus1 z !y bo? are on ! same pr9ciple ( *ange :eels1 & c bo? produce equally f9e "w2 b ) my app>atus ! "w is always conc5tric ) ! m&rel1 & !re=e mu* m pleas+ to execute4 ,,elias ,,taylor4 ,h>t=d ,villa1 ,pat*am1 ne> ,brighton1 ,sussex4 ,,judd ,,glass1 ,,pho5ix ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,doctors' ,,commons1 ,e4,c4 ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,,e/abli%$ ,a4,d4 #ahbb4 ,illu/ration ,,james ,,lewis4 #da1 ,,great ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,l9coln',s ,,inn ,,fields1 7,late ,,lewis ,,son1 ( ,wy* ,/reet1 ,/r&71 ,eng9e]1 ,ma*9i/1 ,la! & ,tool ,mak]1 & ,modell] ( ,new ,inv5tions1 = ,engli% or ,=eign ,pat5ts1 f ,draw+s or ,specifications1 9 ,brass1 ,iron1 or ,wood4 ,also ,manufactur] ( ,/eam ,eng9es & ,boil]s = driv+ ,amateur ,la!s1 ,pleasure ,boats1 c41 ! ,boil]s fitt$ ) ,messrs4 ,field's ,pat5t ,circulat+ ,tubes2 :]eby a great sav+ ( ,fuel & space is effect$2 or c be fitt$ = ,gas4 ,model ,/eam ,eng9es & ,boil]s kept 9 ,/ock1 & ! diff]5t p>ts may be _h = mak+ ! same4 ,e/imates giv5 = all k9ds ( ,"w4 ,c\ntry ,ord]s punctually att5d$ to4 ,,joseph ,,lewis',s4 ,,pat5t ,,comb9$ ,,drill1 ,,circul> ,,saw1 ,,& ,,fret ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,patt]ns & designs = ,picture ,frames1 ,brackets1 ,read+ ,desks1 etc41 f #c;d4 ea*1 or #bs4 #f;d4 p] doz5 assort$4 ,to fix on ,la! #c #j #j ,ladies' ,ma*9e #d #j #j ,ditto ditto #e #j #j ,g5tlem5's ditto #e #j #j ,ditto1 ) drill #f #aj #j ,g5tlem5's ,ma*9es ) ,circul> ,saw #h #j #j ,ditto1 ditto1 ditto1 ) ! improv$ ,saw-%ift+ ,app>atus complete #i #aj #j ,be/ ,saws f #d-a_/b;d4 p] doz41 #ds4 p] gross4 ,ornam5tal ,drills f #as4 ea*4 #ea1 ,,high ,,/reet1 ,,bloomsbury4 ,illu/ration ,,joseph ,,lewis1 ,,eng9e]1 ,,ma*9i/1 ,,la! ,,& ,,tool ,,mak]1 ,,& ,,modell] ,,( ,,new ,,inv5tions4 ,manufactur] ( e description ( ,pla9 & ,ornam5tal ,la!s1 ,*ucks1 ,slide ,re/s1 ,tools1 ,drills1 ov]-h& motions1 ,division ,plates1 c4 ,la!s #h #j #j1 #aj #j #j1 #ab #j #j1 #ad #j #j1 #af #j #j1 #be #j #j4 ,amateurs suppli$ ) ,ca/+s1 ,=g+s ( ,la! ,eng9es1 c41 & assi/$ 9 mak+ ! same4 ,illu/ration ,,joseph ,,lewis',s ,app>atus = cutt+ ,screws ( all nit*es1 self-act+1 made & fitt$ to any ,la!4 #ea1 ,high ,/41 ,bloomsbury1 ,london4 ,,james ,,munro1 7,f ,messrs4 ,,holtzapffel ,co47 ,,eng9e]1 ,,ma*9i/1 ,,la! ,,& ,,tool ,,mak]1 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,la! ,,app>atus ,,= ,,pla9 ,,or ,,ornam5tal ,,turn+1 ,,die ,,/ocks1 ,,taps1 ,,screw ,,tools1 ,,oval ,,& ,,ecc5tric ,,*ucks1 ,,cutt+ ,,frames1 c4 #d1 ,,gibson ,,/reet1 ,,wat]loo ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e ,,turn+ ,,la! ,,= ,,plan+1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,inv5t$ ,,by ,j4 ,,munro4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,plan+ ,,ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,munro respectfully invites ! att5tion ( ,amateurs & ,manufactur]s to ! excell5ce ( workman%ip & con/ruction ( ! v>i\s descriptions ( ,la! ,ma*9es & app>atus produc$ 9 8 manufactory1 :i* has secur$ ! approval ( num]\s patrons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,specim5s may be se5 at ! ,museum ( ,pat5ts1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,me*anic ,& ,mirror ( ,sci5ce1 ,,is ,,an ,,illu/rat$ ,,record ,,( ,eng9e]+1 ,build+1 ,new ,inv5tions1 ,photography1 ,*emi/ry1 ,electricity1 c41 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,weekly1 price #b;d42 po/ #c;d4 ,mon?ly p>ts1 #i;d42 po/ #aa;d4 ,qu>t]ly ,subscription1 po/-free1 #cs4 #c;d4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 n[ ready1 #gs42 po/-free1 #hs4 99 99 99 99 99 7,f ! ,weekly ,times47 ,te*nical education =ms j n[ a topic ( m ?an ord9>y importance1 &1 z f> z we c see1 ',! ,engli% ,me*anic' fills a l>ge space 9 provid+ te*nical food = ! workm5 ( ,great ,brita94 ,!re is sc>cely a subject 9 ! sci5tific or me*anical _w t is n practically describ$ 9 ?is excell5t j\rnal1 & all ! te*nicalities expla9$ ) a p>ticul>ity q rem>kable4 ,"h ! workman 9 all dep>tm5ts ( trade w f9d some?+ to int]e/ him1 & _m ?+s expla9$ by :i* he w be able to make ! be/ use ( 8 k4 ,! editor is always anxi\s to satisfy ! crav+s ( 8 read]s by giv+ e in=mation possible to ^? :o may require x4 ,! tr\ble tak5 9 ?is dep>tm5t is app>5t on ref]5ce to ! ',lett]s to ! ,editor' & ',replies to ,qu]ies1' bo? ( :i* =m orig9al1 v important1 & useful features ( ! magaz9e4 ,"u ! head1 also1 ( ',our ,subscrib]s' ,ex*ange ,club1' a means is op5$ = p]sons to ex*ange "o article = ano!r on mutually advantage\s t]ms1 & = ?is accommodation no *>ge is made4 ,= in/ance1 "o correspond5t says he has a silv] wat* :i* he w\ld ex*ange = ',! ,lives ( ,em95t ,m52' ano!r wants 'a cottage piano' = 'a ?ree-horse p[] horizontal eng9e2' & a ?ird has 'a h& sew+ ma*9e1' :i* he w\ld give = 'a p>allel slid+ vice4' ,! illu/rations ( ',! ,engli% ,me*anic' are wor?y ( all praise2 !y are drawn ) an exactness :i* is s necess>y1 & s mu* appreciat$ by workm51 & are also well pr9t$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole publication !re is a visible1 a practical1 & te*nical k ( a high ord]--a k9d ( k t is highly priz$ by all me*anics & m5 ( sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 7,f ! ,morn+ ,adv]tis]7 ',! ,engli% ,me*anic4'--,illu/rat$ ) appropriate engrav+s1 ?is valuable p]iodical is replete ) in=mation ( ! mo/ valuable k9d 9 e dep>tm5t ( eng9e]+1 & 9 all applications ( ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce4 ,its cont5ts are exce$+ly v>i$1 & embrace1 9 a =m adapt$ = imm$iate & conv5i5t ref]5ce1 a well-dige/$ acc\nt ( any notewor?y progress made 9 ! me*anical or *emical arts1 at home or abroad4 ,= all purposes ( ! inv5tor1 we d n "k a p]iodical m likely to give him t assi/ance :i* he c\ld expect to d]ive f rec5t means & appliances4 99 99 99 99 99 7,f ! ,obs]v]47 ',! ,engli% ,me*anic & ,mirror ( ,sci5ce' is a publication :i* conta9s mu* t is new & in/ructive 9 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ ready1 price #i;d42 po/ free1 #aj;d4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s ,,slide ,,rule1 & its ,,applications4 ,a complete inve/igation ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,slide ,rule is con/ruct$1 toge!r ) ! me?od ( its application to all purposes ( ! ,practical ,me*anic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,publi%$ by ! ,proprietor1 ,,geo4 ,,maddick1 #b #c1 ,%oe ,lane1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,& to be _h ( all ,booksell]s4 ,,e/abli%$ ,a4,d4 #ahaj4 ,illu/ration ,w4 ,j4 ,,evans1 ,,eng9e1 ,,la! ,,& ,,tool ,,mak]1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,ma*9i/1 #ajd1 ,,w>d\r ,,/reet1 ,,soho1 ,,london4 ,,turn+1 ,,plan+1 ,,screw ,,& ,,:eel ,,cutt+ ,,to ,,draw+s ,,& ,,models4 ,amateurs' turn+ ,la!s ( e description = ,pla91 ,ecc5tric1 ,oval & ,ornam5tal turn+1 also ! v>i\s tools & app>atus ! ,me*anical ,arts4 ,in/ruction giv5 to ,amateurs 9 ,pla9 & ,ornam5tal ,turn+ 9 all its ,bran*es4 ,contractor to ,h] ,maje/y's ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,la!s1 ,,& ,,e ,,description ,,( ,,tool ,,= ,,amateur ,,turn]s4 ,la!s complete1 #g #es41 #i1 #aa1 #af #afs4 ,,*ucks ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,app>atus ,,fitt$ ,,to ,,la!s4 ,eng9e]s' ,files & ,tools ( e description4 ,,am]ican ,,twi/ ,,drills1 ,& ,self-c5t]+ ,*ucks = hold+ all siz$ ,drills4 ,,am]ican ,,scroll ,,*ucks ,,( ,,all ,,sizes ,c be readily fitt$ to any ,la!4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joseph ,,buck1 #abd1 ,,newgate ,,/reet1 ,e4,c41 ,& #afd1 ,,wat]loo ,,road1 ,s41 ,,london4 ,w4 ,,blackett1 ,,hope ,,iron ,,works1 ,,s\?w>k ,,bridge ,,road1 ,,london1 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,eng9e]s1 ,millwrights1 ,iron ,%ip ,build]s1 & ,boil] ,mak]s' ,tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,screw ,,cutt+ ,,foot ,,la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slid+ ,,& ,,screw ,,cutt+ ,,la!4 ,! ,ma*9es usually on h& consi/ ( l>ge & small ,bor+ & ,drill+ ,ma*9es2 ,univ]sal ,%ap+1 ,plan+1 ,slott+1 ,bolt-screw+1 ,s+le & ,d\ble end$ ,pun*+ & ,%e>+ ,ma*9es2 a v>iety ( ,self-act+1 ,slid+1 & ,screw-cutt+ ,la!s1 ,h& ,la!s1 ,foot ,la!s1 ,comp\nd ,slide ,re/s1 ,plan$ ,iron ,la! ,b$s1 ,rat*et ,drill ,braces1 ,screw+ ,tackle1 ,screw ,jacks1 & o!r ,tools1 su* z are usually requir$ 9 ,eng9e]+ ,e/abli%m5ts4 ,tools n 9 /ock made to ord]4 ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,by ,h] ,maje/y's ,royal ,lett]s ,pat5t4 ,illu/ration ,,cunn+ham ,,& ,,co41 #dhj1 ,,new ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c41 ,,ornam5tal ,,wood ,,& ,,metal ,,cutt+ ,,ma*9es1 ,,& ,,drill+ ,,app>atus4 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,ladies' ,,use4 ,illu/ration ,useful to ! foll[+ ,trades--,organ ,build]s--,cab9et ,mak]s--,patt]n ,mak]s--,*air ,mak]s--,gun ,case ,mak]s--,m>quet]ie ,mak]s--,toy ,mak]--,jewel ,case ,mak]s--,c>v]s--,cutl]s--,lea!r ,cutt]s--,engrav]s--,jewell]s--,*&eli] ,mak]s--,electrotyp]s--,/]eotyp]s--c4 ,w cut ,brass a ,qu>t] in* ?ick ) ease4 ,! work+ ( ! ,ma*9e is v simple1 & c be le>nt by an amateur 9 five m9utes4 ,pat5tees ( ! ,,cam ,,roll] ,,buff+1 ,,= ,prev5t+ ,noise 9 ,ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration ,see ,,eng9e]1 ,jan4 #bd?1 #ahfh4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,cunn+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,beg to call ! att5tion ( ! ,public to _! newly-inv5t$ ,ornam5tal ,wood & ,metal ,cutt+ ,ma*9e4 ,its extreme simplicity ( con/ruction preclud+ ! possibility ( spe$ily gett+ out ( ord]1 hav+ no spr+s1 & its peculi> adaptability to all k9ds ( fret-"w r5d] x at once an acquisition & an indisp5sability :]e accuracy1 exp$ition1 & high f9i% are requir$4 ,! work+ is exce$+ly easy1 requir+ no m ex]tion ?an an ord9>y ,sew+ ,ma*9e = ladies' use1 & mak+ z little noise4 ,its great utility1 comb9$ ) neatness ( con/ruction1 fits x n only = ! work%op1 b ! draw+-room ( ! amateur4 ,! saw takes ! place ( a p5cil 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 enabl+ him to produce ! mo/ elaborate arti/ic designs 9 wood-"w4 ,box or o!r h>d texture woods1 #a in* ?ick1 are z readily sawn ?r\gh z ! f9e/ v5e]2 metallic plates ( #a_/h in* ?ick are also spe$ily pi]c$4 ,magnific5t specim5s execut$ by ?is ma*9e1 :i* h be5 univ]sally admir$ = _! extreme delicacy & p]fection1 & ackn[l$g$ to be unrivall$1 may be se5 at ! inv5tor's address4 ,! l5g? ( /roke ( ! saw c be v>i$ to ! "w 9 h&4 ,a simple me*anical contrivance is atta*$ = bl[+ ! sawdu/ f ! saw :il/ work+1 also a ,circul> ,saw4 ,an equally valuable inv5tion is ,w4 ,j4 ,c4 ,co4's ,,pat5t$ ,,drill+ ,,app>atus :i* is ) ! greate/ advantage comb9$ ) ! ,saw+ ,ma*9e1 enhanc+ & enl>g+ its range ( usefulness1 or x may be adapt$ to a la!1 or z a di/9ct ma*9e4 ,its great advantages ov] ! ord9>y la! = drill+ purposes mu/ be app>5t :5 by ! addition ( ?is app>atus to a #e in* c5tre la! ! op]ator is enabl$ to drill 9 ! c5tre ( ?ree or m feet1 & ! drill be+ v]tical & work$ by lev]age1 great] accuracy & facility is ensur$4 ,= ornam5tal purposes x surpasses all hi!rto contriv$ me?ods1 n be+ limit$ to "o c5tre ar\nd :i* to describe curves1 angles1 circles1 or any o!r ma!matical figure1 ! op]ator is at p]fect lib]ty to describe e conceivable device ! fancy c dictate4 ,advantages & ,capabilities ( ?is ,ma*9e4 ,?is ,ma*9e c be adapt$ to any ,la!1 see page #aca4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,circul> ,saw4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,v]tical ,saw4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a true ,p>allel ,motion4 ,?is ,ma*9e has no ,spr+s :atev]4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,bead & ,m\ld+ ,app>atus4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,plan+ ,app>atus4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,drill+ & ,groov+ ,app>atus4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,k9ography t w engrave hundr$s ( diff]5t patt]ns on wood or metal4 ,?is ,ma*9e w cut ,spirals & ,ovals4 ,?is ,ma*9e has a ,p5tagraph1 = r$uc+1 enl>g+1 & cutt+ on ! face ( wood any draw+ f pap] or fret-"w4 ,circul>s & all p>ticul>s on application4 ,e k9d ( ,mat]ials1 viz41 ,saws1 ,fret ,patt]ns1 ,fancy ,wood ,drills1 ,cutt]s1 c41 kept 9 /ock4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,turn+ ,,la!s4 ,,& ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,me*anical ,,tools4 ,,moseley ,,& ,,simpson1 ,,late ,,john ,,moseley ,,son1 #ag #ah1 ,,k+ ,,/4 ,,& #bg1 ,,b$=d ,,/41 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,e/abli%$ #agcj4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,la! ,,& ,,tool ,,manufactur]s1 c41 c4 ,,price ,,li/ ,,( ,,la!s4 ,turn+ ,la!1 ,iron ,frame & ,b$ plan$ true1 ,wood ,tool ,bo>d1 ,iron ,cone ,m&rel1 ,cyl9d] poppet head1 ,re/ & two ,tees1 ,turn$ ,groov$ ,:eel ,crank1 ,treadle complete ) #c ,*ucks3-- ,no4 #a4 #c-a_/b in* c5tre1 & #b foot #f in* ,b$ #aj #aj #j #b4 #d-a_/b #c ,b$ #ab #ab #j #c4 #e #d #ae #ae #j #d4 #e #d ) ,brass ,pulley & ,slide ,re/ #ba #j #j #e4 #f in* c5tre & #d feet ,b$ ) ,slide ,re/ complete #be #j #j #f4 #g in* c5tre1 #f feet ,b$1 self-act+1 & ,screw ,cutt+ lead+ ,screw1 & #bb ,*ange ,:eels #dj #j #j ,= ,la!s ( o!r descriptions1 ,e/imates are furni%$ on ,application4 ,,turn+ ,,tools4 s4 d4 ,*isels = ,s(t ,wood1 ! set ( #f h&l$ #h #j ,g\ges #i #j ,tools = h>dwood & metal1 h&l$ & ready = use1 p] doz5 #ae #j ,drills h&l$ #j #g ,arm ,re/s ,h&l$ #b #f ,callip]s f #a #j ,turn]'s ,squ>es f #f #j ,all ,k9ds ( ,*ucks1 ,cutt]s1 c41 made to ord]4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 #a4 ,page #ch1 ,bunhill-r[1 ,cov5t-g>d5 & ,*>+-cross seems to be an old-fa%ion$ way ( writ+4 #b4 ,italics are %[n z text1 bold is %[n z text4 #c4 ,c>at *>act]s are %[n z ,x4 #d4 ,?is table ( cont5ts has be5 creat$ by ! transcrib] to aid ! read]4 #e4 ,footnote #bj1 ,page #ahc3 ,footnote m>k] is miss+4 #f4 ,page #bch3 />t+ ! #crd table1 !re is a fraction #cc-a_/ad4 ,?is has be5 *ang$ ?is to #cc-a_/af1 z x seems to be a mi/ake4 #g4 ,spell+ errors su* z guidepiece1 sawgates1 swiveljo9t1 tongue+ & :ite+ h be5 reta9$ z !y are 9 ! orig9al4 #h4 ,discrepancies ) #c_/d-;in* & #a_/d;94 h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4 #i4 ,inconsi/5cies ) images3 a4 ,page #bb3 ,fig #ca;,d is incorrect 9 ! book z ,e4 ,*ang$ to #ca;,d & ! fig4 no4 on ! image has be5 remov$4 b4 ,pages #cf #ch3 numb]s #ec-ef are repeat$4 c4 ,page #gd3 ,x seems ! ref]5ce 7,fig4 #abf7 %\ld be ,fig4#aaf4 d4 ,page #hi3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #acg or a ref]5ce to x4 e4 ,page #ii3 ,! numb] #i on ! image is back to front4 ,!re does n seem to be a ,fig4 #adh1 al?\gh x is ref]r$ to 7page #ih74 f4 ,page #ih3 ,fig4 #adh is incorrectly numb]$ on ! image z #adc4 g4 ,page #ajj3 ,!re is a #bnd ref]5ce to ,fig4 #adi1 :i* x seems has to be an illu/ration ( a patt]n1 b !re is no #bnd ,fig4 #adi4 ,x seems ! ,fig4 nos4 m5tion$ 9 ! ref]5ce %\ld be #aej to #aec4 h4 ,page #ajd3 ,! illu/ration is incorrectly numb]$ z #aec 7%\ld be #aef74 i4 ,page #ajg3 ,! numb] #i on ! image is back to front4 j4 ,page #aaa3 ,! numb] #f on ! images is back to front4 k4 ,page #aab3 ,fig4 #aff incorrectly numb]$ z #afe4 l4 ,page #ada3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #bjd4 7assum$ to be ! top image above ,fig4#bje74 m4 ,page #aei_/afj3 ,numb] repeat = ,fig4 #bbi4 n4 ,page #afj3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #bcj4 ,possibly ! #bnd no4 #bbi4 o4 ,page #agh-ahd3 ,numb]s #bdf-bee are numb] repeats4 p4 ,page #ahe_/f3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #beg1 b no ref]5ce to x ei!r1 s x is assum$ ?is 0 an omission by ! au?or4 q4 ,page #ahi3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #bfa1 al?\gh x is ref]r$ to on page #ahi4 ,! ref]5ce has be5 *ang$ to ,fig4 #bfb1 :i* x p]ta9s to4 r4 ,page #bja3 ,fig4 #bhd is out ( sequ5ce1 x appe>s on page #bji4 s4 ,page #bjg3 ,x seems ! ref]5ce %\ld be to ,fig4 #bij1 n #bif :i* has no ,l 9 ! figure4 t4 ,page #bca3 ,fig1 #cai is ref]r$ to1 b !re is no ,fig4 #cai4 ,presumably ! fir/ figure on ,page #bcc4 u4 ,page #bcf3 ,illu/ration top un-numb]$1 presumably #d4 v4 ,page #bgh3 ,figs1 #dbb_/c is ref]r$ to1 b !re are no ,figs4 #dbb_/c4 ,bas$ on ext5sive rese>*1 comp>+ two diff]5t copies ( a mat*+ edition1 & correlation ( illu/rations ) ! text1 x appe>s t ! inconsi/5cies 9 numb]+ )9 ! book make x seem t some?+ is miss+4 ,! images are 9 fact ,figs4 #dbj & #dba4