,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is production is bas$ on https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/*ri/ianit yview#jj;guiz_/page_/n#f i ,*ri/ianity ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ,( ,society ,& ,op9ion4 ,by ,m4 ,guizot4 ,translat$ ,"u ,! ,sup]9t5d5ce ,( ,! ,au?or4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet4 #ahga4 ii ,by ,! ,same ,au?or4 ,! ,ess5ce ,( ,*ri/ianity4 ,po/ #hvo1 #is4 #f;d4 ,no "o c op5 ?is book1 & recollect ! circum/ances :i* produc$ x1 )\t feel+ t x is a valuable contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! pres5t controv]sy4 --,ed9burgh ,review4 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ,( ,*ri/ianity4 ,po/ #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( religi\s m$itations4 ,!y =m a sequel to a simil> volume on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 publi%$ two ye>s ago1 & an introduction to a fur!r s]ies1 9 :i* ,m4 ,guizot proposes to treat ! great que/ions ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! future de/9y ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! book is "o ( great int]e/4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 iii iv v ,preface4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 ,i gave a summ>y ( ! facts & dogmas :i* con/itute1 z ,i ?9k1 ! f\ndation & ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,9 ! next s]ies ,i retrac$ ! ,reawak5+ ( ,fai? & ( ,*ri/ian ,life dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,france1 bo? among/ ,romani/s & ,prote/ants4 ,) ,*ri/ianity ?us reanimat$ & resuscitat$ among/ u1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh "o ( its mo/ viol5t trials1 ,i confront$ ! pr9cipal philosophical sy/ems :i* 9 ^! days reject & combat x3 ,rationalism1 ,positivism1 ,pan!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,scepticism4 ,i essay$ to det]m9e ! fundam5tal error :i* seems to me to *>act]ize ea* ( ^? sy/ems1 & to h always r5d]$ !m inadequate to ! (fice ei!r ( satisfy+ or expla9+ man's nature & de/9y4 vi ,t s]ies ( my ,m$itations ,i conclud$ ) ^! words3 ,:y is x t ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( all ! attacks :i* x has _h to und]go1 & all ! ordeals ?r\gh :i* x has be5 made to pass1 has = eighte5 c5turies satisfi$ inf9itely bett] ! spontane\s in/9cts & inv9cible crav+s ( humanity8 ,is x n because x is pure f ! errors :i* vitiate ! diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy j pass$ 9 review8 because x fills up ! void t ^? sy/ems ei!r create or leave 9 ! human s\l8 because1 9 %ort1 x conducts man nigh] to ! f\nta9 ( light8 ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,m$itations on ! ,actual ,/ate ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,eigh? ,m$itation3 ,impiety1 ,recklessness1 ,p]plexity1 p4 #ccf4 ,f> f wi%+ to elude any ( ! difficulties ( ?is "q1 ,i w\ld n[ set ,*ri/ianity 9 contact ) ! ideas & =ces t seem mo/ contr>y to x1 & ) ?ree ( !m m especially3 ,lib]ty1 ,indep5d5t ,morality1 & ,sci5ce4 vii ,ass]tions are runn+ ! t\r ( ! _w t ,*ri/ianity c accommodate itself nei!r to lib]ty nor sci5ce2 t morality is ess5tially di/9ct & sep>ate f ,religi\s ,fai?4 ,all ?is ,i hold to be false & highly prejudicial to ! v cause ( ,lib]ty1 ( ,morality1 & ( ,sci5ce1 :i* ^? :o give utt]ance to su* ass]tions affect to s]ve4 ,i believe ,*ri/ianity & ,lib]ty to be n only compatible ) ea* o!r1 b necess>y to ea* o!r4 ,i reg>d ,morality z naturally & intimately unit$ to ,religion4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,*ri/ianity & ,sci5ce ne$ n make any mutual sacrifices1 t nei!r has any?+ to fe> f ! o!r4 ,?is ,i e/abli% 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,m$itations ( ! pres5t s]ies4 ,i !n ent] into ! peculi> doma9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & det]m9e :at1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,lib]ty1 ( ,philosophical ,morality1 & ( ,human ,sci5ce1 is ! pr9ciple & :at ! be>+ ( ,*ri/ian ,ignorance & ( ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 viii ,i f9ally apply to ideas _! natural & inevitable law1 ! law :i* obliges !m to express !mselves 9 facts2 ,i int]rogate !ory ?us trans=m$ into practice1 & ,i %[ t ,*ri/ianity alone supports ?is te/ victori\sly4 ,*ri/ian ,life becomes a =cible demon/ration ( ! ,legitimacy ( ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,) ^! ?ree ,m$itations ! pres5t s]ies concludes4 ,b to complete my und]tak+1 a f9al & capital "q1 ! hi/orical "q1 rema9s to be treat$4 ,n t ,i ?9k ( retrac+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its c\rse2 su* a design is f> f my ?\ghts4 ,i nei!r c nor wi% to d m ?an to demon/rate ! gr& hi/orical facts :i*1 9 my op9ion1 are 9 ,*ri/ianity ! /amp ( a div9e orig91 & ( a div9e influ5ce ^u ! developm5t & de/9y ( ! human race4 ,( ^! facts ! foll[+ is a summ>y3-- #a4 ,! au?ority ( ! sacr$ books4 #b4 ,! primitive f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4 #c4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? p]si/5t f age to age4 ix #d4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ p]si/5t also f age to age4 #e4 ,romanism & ,prote/antism4 #f4 ,! diff]5t ,anti*ri/ian crises1 _! "* & _! issue4 ,x is ^u ^! gr& facts1 & ! que/ions :i* !y sugge/1 t ,hi/orical ,criticism has 9 our days ex]cis$ itself ) ard\r1 z x is cont9u+ to d2 sci5ce1 sev]e & d>+1 no inv5tion ( our epo*1 b beyond all d\bt "o ( its glories6 ,if1 aft] conclud+ ?is f9al s]ies ( my ,m$itations1 ,i %all h succe$$ 9 appreciat+ at _! real value ! exig5cies made & ! results obta9$ by ,hi/orical ,criticism1 :]e x has appli$ itself to ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i %all h realis$ ! object :i* ,i propos$ to myself on volunt>ily ent]+ ^u ?is solemn & labori\s /udy1 :]e ,i meet ) s mu* t is obscure1 & s _m quicks&s4 x ,b z ,i draw ne> ! close1 a scruple seizes me4 ,:at h ,i be5 ?9k+ ( to p]si/ ob/9ately 9 ca/+ su* a "w into ! mid/ ( ! ev5ts & ! practical problems :i* are agitat+ ! :ole civiliz$ _w1 & :i* are dem&+ _! in/ant solution8 ,:at good result c ,i expect f /udy+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 9 my c\ntry1 or ev5 speculat+ ^u its future prospects1 :5 ! actual condition ( ! pres5t g5]ation & ! lot ( t :i* is to succe$ x on ! /age1 are subject to s _m tr\bles & plung$ 9 su* d>kness8 ,! m n>r[ly ,i scrut9ize g5]ations--! hon\r & ! de/9y ( :i* ,i h s mu* at he>t1 = my *ildr5 =m "p ( !m--! m am ,i /ruck & disquiet$ by two facts3 on ! "o side ! g5]al s5tim5t ( fatigue & inc]titude manife/+ itself 9 society & 9 individuals3 on ! o!r side n m]ely ! gr&eur b ! unusual complexity ( ! que/ions agitat$4 xi ,i fe> t1 9 h] lassitude & 9 h] sceptical vacillations1 ,france may n r5d] an exact acc\nt to h]self ( ! problems & p]ils scatt]$ ov] h] pa?1 ( _! numb]1 _! gravity1 & _! intimate connexion4 ,i fe> t1 f n hav+ an accurate conception ( :at h] bur!n is1 & f n hav+ ! c\rage at once to weigh x well1 ! mom5t :5 %e w h to be> x w come ^u h] ) ! necess>y =ces unmu/]$1 & ! necess>y resolutions un=m$4 ,almo/ e great epo* 9 hi/ory has be5 devot$ to "s "q1 if n an exclusive "o1 at lea/ "o dom9ant bo? 9 ev5ts & op9ions1 & ar\nd :i* ! v>y+ op9ions & ! ef=ts ( m5 7 conc5trat$4 ,n to g f>!r back ?an ! era ( mod]n hi/ory--9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! "q ( ! unity ( ,religion & ( its ,re=m2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! "q ( pure mon>*y1 ) its conque/s abroad & adm9i/ration at home2 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ( ! op]ation ( civil & religi\s lib]ty3 su* h be5 9 ,france ! diff]5t po9ts on :i* ideas h culm9at$1 ! diff]5t objects :i* ea* social movem5t _h specially 9 view4 xii ,! sy/ems ( ! day1 al?\gh oppos$1 7 cle>2 ! /ruggles ard5t b well def9$4 ,m5 walk$ 9 ^? days on high roads2 !y did n w&] ab\t 9 ! inf9ite complications ( a labyr9?4 ,& x is 9 a v labyr9? ( que/ions & ( ideas1 ( essays & ev5ts1 div]se 9 "*1 confus$1 incoh]5t1 contradictory1 9 :i* 9 ^! days ! civiliz$ _w is plung$4 ,i d n pret5d to seize ! clue to ! labyr9?2 ,i propose b to ?r[ "s light ^u ! *aos4 ,fir/ ,i turn my eyes to ! ext]nal situation & relations ( ! ,/ates ( ,*ri/5dom1 & consid] ! que/ions :i* conc]n ! b\nd>ies ( t]ritories & ! di/ribution ( populations betwe5 di/9ct & indep5d5t nations4 ,=m]ly ^! que/ions 7 all r$ucible to "o--! aggr&izem5t or ! weak5+ ( ^! diff]5t ,/ates1 & ! ma9t5ance or ! di/urbance ( t balance ( =ces :i* 0 call$ ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe4 xiii ,w> & ,diplomacy1 ,conque/s & ,treaties1 discuss$ & settl$ ?is supreme "q1 ( :i* ,grotius exp\nd$ ! !ory1 & ,ancillon wrote ! hi/ory4 ,n[ we are no long] 9 a situation s simple4 ,:at a complication ( ideas3 :at ideas1 novel & ill-def9$1 />t up 9 ^! days to emb>rass ! c\rse & entangle ! relations ( ,/ates6 ,! "q ( races1 ! "q ( nationalities1 ! "q ( little /ates & ( great political unities1 ! "q ( popul> sov]eignty & ( its rights beyond ! limits ( nations z well z 9 _! mid/1--all ^! problems arise & ca/ into ! %ade1 z a r\t9e :i* has s]v$ its turn1 ! old public "r & ! maxims ( ! equilibrium ( ,europe1 9 _! place seek+ !mselves to impose rules = regulat+ ! t]ritorial organizations & ! ext]nal relations ( ,/ates4 xiv ,n t ! old traditional policy ( ,europe does n m+le itself )1 & ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce ^u1 ! new ideas & que/ions :i* invade u2 h[ev] intellectual !ories & ambitions may *ange1 ! passions & int]e/s ( m5 are p]man5t4 ,w> & ! "r ( conque/ h made good _! old pret5sions1 & ?is be=e our v eyes1 )\t any respect = ! pr9ciple ( ,nationalities & ( ,races1 a pr9ciple nev]!less inscrib$ ^u ! v /&>ds :i* ! conqu]ors bore4 ,prussia has aggr&iz$ h]self 9 ! "n ( ,g]man ,unity1 & at ! v mom5t exclud$ f p>ticipat+ 9 ! common affairs ( ,g]many1 ! sev5 or eight millions ( ,g]mans :o =m "p ( ! ,empire ( ,au/ria4 ,prussia seiz$ ! petty ,g]man ,republic ( ,frank=t1 evid5tly aga9/ ! w ( its sov]eign p1 & ,dani% ,s*leswick does n yet =m "p ( ! political gr\p1 to ! class ( :i* %e belongs by simil>ity ( national orig9 & ( language4 ,ev5 :ile %elt]+ !mselves "u ! gis ( "s g5]al idea1 selfi% int]e/s & rude viol5ce h n ceas$ to play a great "p 9 ! ev5ts :i* are pass+ be=e u1 & if ! ambition ( ,fr$]ick ! ,second 0 n m legitimate1 x 0 at lea/ m logical ?an t ( 8 successors4 xv ,i am f> f mean+ to d5y t ! new ideas :i* m5 foll[1 & ! desires :i* !y ev9ce1 conta9 a c]ta9 "p ( tru?1 or to affirm t !y h n a "r to a c]ta9 %>e ( influ5ce4 ,! id5tity ( orig9 & ( race1 ! possession 9 common ( a s+le "n & ( "o language1 h a moral value v capable ( becom+ itself a political =ce2 ( ?is fair & prud5t /atesman%ip is b\nd to hold acc\nt4 ,b policy becomes *im]ical & dang]\s :5 x attributes to ^! new ideas & ^! aspirations a supreme au?ority & "r to dom9ion2 & :at %ocks all exp]i5ce & common s5se is to reject1 z out ( date1 & no long] applicable1 maxims :i* 7 ! f\ndation ( ! public law ( nations1 & :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 h presid$ ov] ! relations ( ,/ates4 xvi ,! equilibrium ( ,europe1 ! long duration ( t]ritorial agglom]ations1 ! "r ( small /ates to exi/ & be indep5d5t1 ! anci5t titles to gov]nm5t1 & ! respect = anci5t treaties1--all ^! elem5ts ( ,european ord] h n succumb$1 nei!r 7 !y b\nd to succumb1 to ! !ory ( nationalities1 & ! fa%ionable doctr9e ( great political unities4 ,:at w\ld n be said1 & :at w\ld n be said ) ju/ice1 if ,france _h proclaim$ t1 z ,belgium & ,we/]n ,switz]l& speak ,fr5*1 t1 z _! populations h1 bo? 9 orig9 & mann]s1 great aff9ities ) our fell[ c\ntrym5 9 ,fr5* ,fl&]s & 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 ! pr9cipal ( ,national ,unity requires _! incorporation ) ,france8 ,pr9ce ,mett]ni* 0 wrong to say t ,italy 0 a m]e ,geographical expression2 !re are c]ta9ly betwe5 ! nations ( ,italy hi/orical bonds1 bo? intellectual & moral1 :i* draw !m t[>ds "o ano!r1 & repel f _! t]ritories all =eign dom9ation4 xvii ,b ?is relation%ip1 :i* may1 & ought to be1 a pr9ciple ( union1 did n impose ^u ,italy ! =m ( political unity2 & ! rgime ( a conf$]ation ( ,/ates might h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! p59sula & yet its lib]ation f ! =eign] might h be5 secur$1 & a satisfaction might h be5 procur$ along our own fronti] ( ! ,alps1 9 ! int]e/s ( our own security1 & ( t ( ,europe1 = ! pres]vation ( ! equilibrium ( p[]4 ,z soon z we look at ! "q ) s]i\s att5tion1 we are =c$ to admit t any g5]al application ( ! pr9ciple ( nationalities1 or ( t ( ! great political unities1 w\ld ?r[ ! civiliz$ _w into su* a confusion & f]m5tation z w\ld be equally compromis+ to ! int]nal lib]ties ( nations1 & to ! pres]vation ( peace betwe5 ! diff]5t ,/ates4 xviii ,:at if ,i _h to s\nd ! consequ5ces ( ano!r pr9ciple1 ! sov]eign au?ority :i* m5 also seek 9 ^! days to set up1 ! "r1 ,i mean1 ( populations1 or ( "s "p ( a population1 to dissolve ! ,/ate ) :i* !y are connect$1 & to range !mselves "u ano!r ,/ate1 or to con/itute !mselves into new & indep5d5t ,/ates8 ,:at w\ld become ( ! exi/5ce1 or ev5 ( ! v "n ( c\ntry1 if x also 7 ?us left to be dealt ) accord+ to ! fluctuat+ wills ( m51 & ! special int]e/s ( su* or su* ( its memb]s8 ,!re is 9 ! de/9y ( m51 :e!r ( g5]ations or individuals1 a great "p :i* !y h no %>e 9 decid+ or dispos+ (2 a man does n *oose 8 family1 nei!r does he select 8 c\ntry2 x is ! natural /ate ( man to live 9 ! place :]e he is born1 9 ! society :]e is 8 cradle4 ,! cases are inf9itely r>e :i* c p]mit ( ! bonds be+ r5t asund] by :i* man is atta*$ to ! soil1 ! citiz5 to ! /ate2 :i* c ju/ify 8 leav+ ! bosom ( 8 c\ntry1 to ord] to sep>ate himself f x absolutely1 & to /rive to lay ! f\ndation ( a new c\ntry4 xix ,we h j be5 spectators ( su* an attempt2 we h se5 "s ( ! ,/ates :i* =m ! nation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 abjure ?is union1 & erect !mselves into an indep5d5t conf$]ation4 ,:]e=e8 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 9 _! bosom ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,by :at "r8 ,by ! "r1 x is said1 ( e p1 or portion ( a p1 to *ange its gov]nm5t at discretion4 ,! ,/ates :i* rema9$ fai?ful to ! anci5t ,am]ican ,conf$]ation d5i$ ! pr9ciple & combatt$ ! attempt4 ,!y succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! f$]al ,union1 & 9 aboli%+ slav]y4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o ?9k t !y _h bo? "r & reason on _! side4 ,_m ye>s be=e ! /ruggle comm5c$1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 em95t by 8 "* z well z 8 tal5ts1 a fai?ful repres5tative ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,s\?1 & an av[$ apologi/ = negro slav]y1 ,mr4 ,calh\n1 did me ! hon\r ( transmitt+ to me all t he _h writt5 & said ^u ! subject4 xx ,i 0 /ruck by ! frank & e>ne/ language ) :i* he express$ 8 convictions1 b no less by ! futility ( ! ef=ts :i* he made to ju/ify1 ^u g5]al consid]ations & by hi/orical necessities1 ! fact ( slav]y 9 8 c\ntry4 ,he w\ld nev] h d>$ to pa9t x 9 its actual & liv+ reality1 z ,mrs4 ,bee*] ,/[e has done 9 h] romances ( ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 & ( ,dr$1 :i* h ev]y:]e excit$ s mu* sympa?y & emotion4 ,i became e day m & m conv9c$ t !re 0 "h a radical iniquity & a social w\nd1 ( :i* x 0 at la/ "t to efface ! %ame & to conjure ! dang]4 ,x 0 ) ! motive ( ma9ta9+ ! sy/em ( slav]y t ! ,/ates ( ! ,s\? und]took to break up ! great ,am]ican ,/ate :i* 0 _! c\ntry4 ,motive dete/able = a deplorable act6 ,our epo*1 s un=tunate 9 _m respects1 has1 9 my op9ion1 be5 =tunate 9 ?is1 t x produc$ a ,republic1 ! greate/ ( all ,republics ( anci5t or ( mod]n times1 :i* has af=d$ u ! example ( an uncompromis+ resi/ance to an illegitimate popul> desire1 & ( an unfl9*+ respect = ! tutel>y pr9ciples ( ! life ( ,/ates4 xxi ,s f> ( ! t]ritorial que/ions1 & ^? :i* conc]n ! ext]nal relations ( nations4 ,let me n[ speculate ^u :at ! future has 9 /ore = ^? :i* involve dome/ic ord] & ! organization ( gov]nm5t4 ,i meet "h ) ! same confusion1 ! same complications1 ! same fluctuations betwe5 ideas & essays incoh]5t or inconsi/5t4 ,at ! base z at ! summit ( society1 ! mon>*y & ! republic are 9 collision3 ! mon>*y reigns 9 ev5ts2 ! republic f]m5ts 9 op9ions4 ,! proposition is n[ univ]sally receiv$ t society has ! "r n only to see cle>ly & to int]v5e 9 its own gov]nm5t1 b to see s cle>ly & to int]v5e 9 su* a mann] z to ju/ify ! expression t x gov]ns itself4 xxii ,! ,con/itutional ,mon>*y & ! ,republic pr(ess ea* to atta9 ?is object3 ! "o by a national repres5tation1 by ! mon>*'s inviolability & 8 m9i/ry's responsibility2 ! o!r by univ]sal suffrage & ! p]iodical elections ( ! great repres5tatives ( public p[]4 ,b nei!r ! con/itutional mon>*y nor ! republic has z yet succe$$ among/ u 9 obta9+ firm possession ( op9ions & ( ev5ts1 ( public confid5ce & ( durable p[]4 ,aft] & 9 spite ( ?irty-f\r ye>s ( prosp]ity1 ( peace1 & ( lib]ty1 ! con/itutional p[] fell4 ,! republic1 accept$ on its sudd5 appe>ance z ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i*1 z 0 affirm$1 divid$ u lea/1 aft] a few mon?s ( turbul5t & /]ile an>*y1 fell also4 ,9 ! place ( ! con/itutional mon>*y & ( ! republic !re arose ano!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 a mixture ( ,dictator%ip & ( ,republic1 a sort ( p]sonal gov]nm5t comb9$ )1 univ]sal suffrage4 ,w ! essay h great] success8 ,ev5ts w decide4 xxiii ,9 ! meantime let u be s9c]e ) ourselves2 ! cause ( s _m pa9ful & abortive attempts resides r 9 ! disposition ( ! p ( ,france ?an 9 ! acts ( its gov]nm5ts3 our revolution>y exi/5ce s9ce #aghi1 our ambiti\s aspir+s & disappo9tm5ts1 bo? equally imm5se1 h left u at once v excit$ & v fatigu$1 full ( impati5ce at ! same "t z ( inc]titude2 we "k n v well :at we ?9k or :at we w\ld h2 our ideas are p]plex$ & confus$2 our wills vacillat+ & feeble2 our m9ds h no fix$ po9ts1 our conduct no det]m9$ objects2 we (t5 yield ourselves up readily aga9/ our bett] judgm5t1 nay aga9/ our v wi%1 to :atev] p[] ext5ds its h& to seize u2 b soon1 v soon1 we ev9ce t[>ds t p[] n a :it less exig5cy or unfairness2 z soon z we feel ourselves rid ( our mo/ urg5t cause = disquietude1 our discont5t is z precipitate z 0 our submission 9 ! h\r ( p]il4 ,we are aga9 dispos$ to be qu>relsome1 & dem& in/ant action 9 ! mid/ ev5 ( our d\bts & hesitation4 ,our revolutions h taught u ! lesson nei!r ( resi/ance nor ( pati5ce4 ,yet ^! are virtues )\t :i* x is idle to propose to f\nd any free gov]nm5t4 xxiv ,i pass f political que/ions to social que/ions1 & f ! /ate ( our political in/itutions to t ( ! relations exi/5t betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( society4 ,i say ! diff]5t p>ts to avoid say+ diff]5t classes1 = we _c he> ! ^w class pron\nc$ )\t ?9k+ t we are ?reat5$ ) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( privileges & exclusions1 ( t entire rgime ) its n>r[ comp>tm5ts & insep>able b>ri]s )9 :i* m5 7 =m]ly enclos$1 & rank$ accord+ to _! orig91 _! "n1 _! religion1 or :atev] o!r factiti\s or accid5tal qualification !y might possess4 ,9 effect1 ?is rgime has fall5--fall5 completely & def9itively2 all legal b>ri]s h disappe>$2 all c>e]s are op52 all lab\r free3 by individual m]it & by lab\r e man may aspire to ev]y?+1 & examples ab\nd 9 confirmation ( ! pr9ciple4 xxv ,?is 0 ! great "w1 ! great conque/ ( #aghi2 we celebrate x unceas+ly1 & we h (t5 ! air ( =gett+ t x ev] occurr$4 ,! diff]5t anci5t classes are /ill full ( jeal\sy1 ( di/ru/1 & ( re/less irritation2 because !y h to /ruggle = influ5ce 9 ! mid/ ( lib]ty1 !y p]suade !mselves t !y are /ill risk+ life & limb 9 def5ce ( _! situation & ( _! "r4 ,! ,re/oration 0 attack$ & und]m9$ on acc\nt1 x 0 said1 ( ! evils t ! b\rgeoisie _h to endure1 & ! risks :i* x _h to run at ! h&s ( ! nobles4 ,"u ! gov]nm5t ( ,july1 ! work+ classes 7 told incessantly t !y 7 ! victims ( ! privileges & ( ! tyranny ( ! middle classes4 ,facts & actual ev5ts gave s+ul>ly ! lie to su* ass]tions4 ,) :at effect8 ,9 ! hurry ( passions & ! intoxication ( ?\ght1 m5 appeal$ to !ories :i* _h be5 already (t5 produc$ on ! /age ( ! _w1--!ories :i* h only s]v$ to agitate1 nev] to satisfy x4 xxvi ,l&$ prop]ty & capital1 lab\r & wages1 ! artificial di/ribution ( ! means ( mat]ial happ9ess among/ m51 h s]v$ sometimes z ! subjects ( unju/ recrim9ation1 sometimes ( *im]ical expectations4 ,attacks 7 made ^u ?+s :i* ! assailants _h no "r to take2 & promises 7 made to give ?+s :i* ! promis]s _h n ! p[] to give4 ,i h he>d x rem>k$ by cle>-sight$ m5 :o are good obs]v]s1 t ?is malady ( ! m9d is decreas+1 & t ev5 among/ ! lab\r+ classes !mselves1 false notions z to ! conflict ( capital & lab\r1 z to ! artificial settlem5t ( wages1 & ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate 9 ! di/ribution ( ! mat]ial means ( exi/5ce1 are 9 discr$it1 & t ! ambiti\s aspir+s ( ! p1 al?\gh cont9u+ to be v democratic1 h ceas$ to assume ! =m ( ,socialism4 xxvii ,i ard5tly wi% x 7 s3 ! passionate feel+s :i* f9d _! field 9 facts affect+ ! sph]e ( mat]ial subsi/5ce1 are ! rude/1 ! mo/ rebelli\s1 & ! mo/ recalcitrant to ! pr9ciples ( ! moral ord]3 x is easi] to deal ) ! aspir+s ( political ambition ?an ) ! ard5t crav+s = physical advantages4 ,b ,i fe>1 ,i confess1 t errors su* z ^? :i* pres5t$ !mselves "u ! names ( ,socialism & ,communism1 & :i* rec5tly made s mu* noise1 are n s disc>d$ z we might hope !m to be2 t !y are actually )\t a m\?piece is n a suffici5t pro( ( _! defeat2 mat]ialism1 & ! evil in/9cts to :i* x leads or f :i* x spr+s1 h p5etrat$ v f> among/ u1 & a long p]iod ( social & moral progress 9 ! mid/ ( a society :i* has be5 well ord]$ w be necess>y 9 ord] to surm\nt ?is dang]4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i put to a great manufactur] ( ,man*e/]1 :o _h be5 ,mayor ( t imm5se c5tre ( indu/ry1 ! foll[+ "q3 ,:at among/ y is ! proportion betwe5 ! labori\s & well-conduct$ workm51 :o live respectably 9 _! homes1 set aside money 9 ! sav+s' bank1 & apply = books at ! p's libr>y1 & ! idle & disord]ly workm5 :o pass _! "t at tav]ns1 & only "w s mu* z is necess>y to furni% !m ) ! means ( subsi/5ce8 xxviii ,aft] a mom5t's reflection1 he repli$3 ,! =m] are two-?irds ( ! :ole numb]4 ,aft] congratulat+ him1 ,i add$1 ,all[ me to put "o m "q4 ,if y _h among/ y great disord]s1 s$iti\s assemblages1 & riots1 :at w\ld be ! result8 ,) u1 sir1 he said )\t hesitation1 ! hone/ m5 are brav] ?an ! ill-condition$ ones4 ,i congratulat$ him ?is "t /ill m4 ,9 ^! que/ions ,i _h t\*$ ! root ( ! evil :i* afflicts u4 ,x is to _! %ortcom+s 9 morality1 to _! disord]ly lives1 t we mu/ attribute ! fav\r ) :i* ! work+ classes receive ! fallaci\s !ories t m5ace social ord]4 ,! condition ( ^! classes is h>d & full ( di/ress+ accid5ts2 :oev] reg>ds x closely1 & ) a little fairness & sympa?y1 _c fail to be deeply mov$ by all ! suff]+s :i* !y h to support1 ! privations f :i* !y h no *ance ( escape1 & ! ef=ts :i* !y mu/ make to ensure !mselves a liv+ at be/ monoton\s & full ( haz>d4 xxix ,! happy ones ( ! e>? feel sometimes al>m & irritation1 :5 !y he> f ! pulpit descriptions pur] & m true to ! life ?an are to be met ) 9 philan?ropical novels1 ( ! prec>i\s /ate & di/resses ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,beyond d\bt1 f pictures ( ?is nature %\ld be scrupul\sly exclud$ ev]y?+ t w\ld seem to excite s5tim5ts ( ho/ility1 or t w\ld set "o class aga9/ ano!r2 /ill z ! upp] classes mu/ resign !mselves to ! spectacle1 x devolves m especially ^u ,*ri/ian ,pa9t]s to place x be=e !m4 xxx ,no?+ b /rong moral convictions1 & ! habits ( well liv+ among/ ! lab\r+ classes1 c furni% !m ) efficaci\s means ( /ruggl+ aga9/ ! temptations & resi/+ ! ambiti\s ye>n+s1 sugge/$ to !m by ! spectacle ( ! _w :i* surr\nds !m1--a _w n[ at l5g? transp>5t to all1 a _w ( :i* ! /ir1 ! noise1 ! accid5ts1 ! adv5tures1 p5etrate ) rapidity ev5 to ! work%ops ( our cities & ! remote/ recesses ( our villages4 ,:at influ5ce %all protect ! masses ( ! p f ! irritat+ & demoraliz+ effect ( su* a sight1 unless x be ! influ5ce ( religi\s pr9ciples1 ! moral discipl9e :i* religion ma9ta9s1 & ! moral s]5ity :i* religion diffuses ov] ! rude/ exi/5ces & ! lives subject$ to ! greate/ privations8 ,& x is precisely religi\s belief & religi\s discipl9e1 ,*ri/ian fai? & ,*ri/ian law1 :i* are n[ be+ attack$ & und]m9$1 & ?is f> m 9 ! obscur] classes1 ?an 9 ! brilliant regions ( society6 xxxi ,^! attacks are ( a g5]al al?\gh ( div]se nature1 & ( unequal viol5ce2 !y occur 9 ! bosom ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 ( ,prote/antism1 & ( sci5tific philosophy2 "s are direct1 op51 impetu\s2 o!rs indirect & full ( res]ves1 & ( a t5d]ness sometimes affect$1 sometimes s9c]e4 ,*ri/ianity c\nts among/ its enemies fanatics :o p]secute x 9 ! "n ( reason & ( lib]ty1 z well z adv]s>ies :o criticise x ) mod]ation & prud5ce2 ! latt] admit its practical des]v+s1 are di/ress$ by ! w\nds :i* !y inflict1 &1 9 ! v act ( deal+ _! bl[s1 seek to less5 _! =ce4 ,?is div]sity ( attack is a pro( ( ! tr\ble1 ( ! inc]titude1 & ( ! incoh]5ce :i* reign 9 m5's op9ions1 bo? ^u religi\s que/ions & ^u que/ions :i* are only simply political & social2 _m !y are :o w\ld be incl9$ to save su* or su* a portion ( ! edifice :i* !y are batt]+ & seek+ to de/roy4 ,b ! up%ot is1 t all ^! bl[s are tell+ ^u ! same po9t1 & are concurr+ to produce ! same effect2 x is ! ,*ri/ian ,religion :i* receives !m all2 x is ! "r & ! empire ( ,*ri/ :i*1 9 ! _w le>n$ & unle>n$1 is subject$ to d\bt & expos$ to p]il4 xxxii ,i h t\*$ ^u all ! great que/ions :i* are agitat+ ! human m9d & human societies3 que/ions ( public "r1 que/ions ( political organization1 que/ions ( social in/itutions1 que/ions ( religi\s belief4 ,ev]y:]e ,i enc\nt] two facts1 facts ev]y:]e ! same3 a great complication & a great inc]titude 9 man's op9ions & 9 8 ef=ts4 ,no?+ is simple1 no "o decid$4 ,problems ( e k9d--d\bts ( e k9d weigh ^u ! ?\ghts ( m51 & oppress _! wills2 _! ambiti\s aspir+s are v>i$1 imm5se1 b ev]y:]e !y hesitate4 ,!y may be lik5$ to travell]s already exhau/$ ) fatigue1 yet feebly driv+ to feel _! way ?r\gh a labyr9?4 ,are we !n to inf] t we are liv+ 9 an era ( decay & impot5ce8 t we h no?+ ourselves to d1 no?+ to hope =1 9 ?is situation s complicat$ & s obscure8 t we h only to wait until our lot is decid$ by t sov]eign p[] call$ by "s ,provid5ce1 by o!rs ,fate8 xxxiii ,i am f> f ?9k+ s4 ,( ! m5 di/+ui%$ by s+l5ess ( views & /r5g? ( convictions :om ,i h kn[n1 ,i consid] ! ,m>%al ,g\vion ,sa9t-,cyr 9 ^! respects ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,he 0 "o day detail+ 8 reasons = disapprov+ ( ! sy/em ( a royal or imp]ial gu>d1 or ( privileg$ corps1 9 an army3 ,few1 said he1 are really brave3 ! be/ ?+ to be done is to dissem9ate !m 9 ! ranks1 :]e ea* s+ly1 by 8 pres5ce & example1 w make eight or t5 m brave m5 ar\nd him4 ,i am no judge z to ! value ( ! ,m>%al's maxim 9 a milit>y s5se2 ,i d n believe x to be inv>iably true1 or always applicable 9 ! political s5se2 !re are epo*s at :i*1 9 ord] to fur!r ! progress ( :i* a nation /&s 9 ne$1 to )draw x f its emb>rassm5ts or to r\se x f its apa?y1 ! mo/ urg5t ?+ to be done1 & ! plan ! mo/ efficaci\s1 is to =m 9 its bosom pick$ bodies ( m5 7! numb] is immat]ial71 & !n to incorporate ) !m o!rs possess+ di/+ui%$ qualities1 & animat$ by ! same _s1 decid$ 9 _! op9ions1 & resolute 9 _! action1 s+le ( purpose1 & full ( confid5ce3 ^! w\ld soon attract to !mselves z associates _m o!rs :o w\ld nev]1 )\t su* impulse1 beg9 to move 9 ! same pa?4 xxxiv ,we are1 ,i believe1 at an era :i* calls = su* a mode ( influ5c+ society1 & :i* au?orises u to expect success if we adopt x4 ,i c nev] be accus$ ( ignor+ or ext5uat+ ! evil :i* torm5ts u ^u all ! po9ts :i* ,i h j indicat$1 ! rights ( nations1 ! civil organization ( society & its economy1 moral & religi\s belief4 ,9 all ^! directions an evil w9d is bl[+1 an evil curr5t is hurry+ away a "p ( ,fr5* society1 & x is my con/ant design s to ar\se ! moral s5se ( ! p1 & its good s5se1 z to make !m att5tive to ! exi/5ce ( ! ill1 & solicit\s = its removal4 xxxv ,b at ! side ( ?is fact1 s deplorable & s full ( p]il1 a fact ( contr>y & salut>y nature is occurr+ & develop+ itself3 a good w9d !re also is :i* is bl[+1 a good curr5t :i* is impell+ u =w>ds2--at ! same "t t viol5t & revolution>y !ories are be+ diffus$1 ! pr9ciples ( legal ord]1 & ( lib]ties1 s]v+ mutually to control & *eck "o ano!r1 are proclaim$ & ma9ta9$2 ! maxims & ! s5tim5ts ( ! _s ( peace are he>d at lea/ z l\dly pron\nc$1 z ! s\v5irs & ! traditions ( ! _s ( adv5ture & conque/2 ! s\nd pr9ciples ( political economy h def5d]s no less zeal\s ?an ! presumptu\s & dreamy !ories ( ,socialism2 ,spiritualism raises its voice high at ! side ( ,mat]ialism2 ,*ri/ianity is advanc+ at ! same "t z ,incr$ulity1 & ) a progress also di/+ui%$ by its sci5tific me?od & its practical applications4 xxxvi ,foll[+ respectively _! diff]5t objects1 !re are on bo? sides gr\ps ( m5 ( /rong convictions1 activity1 & influ5ce1 :o hope = & pursue ! triumph ( _! sev]al causes4 ,l ! ard5t huntsman ( ,brg]s ballad1 ,france is solicit$ by two ,g5ii1 ev] at h] side1 ev] pres5t1 urg5t1 contr>y4 ,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 our hi/ory is made up ( ?is great /ruggle & ( its vicissitudes1 ( ! s]ies ( victories ga9$ & defeats su/a9$ by ^! two =ces1 :i* are disput+ ! future ( our c\ntry4 ,!y f9d a field ( action 9 a p ( quick1 v>i\s1 & ke5 feel+s1 prone to g5]\s impulses1 full ( human sympa?ies & mobility1 at ?is mom5t *ill$ & intimidat$ by ! *ecks impos$ ^u _! ambiti\s ye>n+s1 by ! disappo9tm5ts :i* h befall5 _! hopes1 & s br\ght back by actual exp]i5ce to conf9e _! aspirations )9 ! mode/ limits ( good s5se2 m occupi$ ) ! p]ils ( _! situation ?an ) ! rights ( ?\ght1 b always rem>kable = intellig5ce & sagacity2 fri5dly to lib]ty ev5 :5 !y dread its abuse1 & to ord] al?\gh !y only def5d x at ! la/ extremity2 m t\*$ by virtue ?an %ock$ by vice2 hone/ 9 _! in/9cts & moral judgm5ts 9 spite ( ! weakness ( _! moral belief & _! complac5t indulg5ce ( m5 :om !y d n e/eem2 & always ready1 9 spite ( _! d\bts & _! al>ms1 to recur to ! noble desires :i* !y h ! air ( no long] ent]ta9+4 xxxvii ,we h 9 all ?is evid5tly matt] to enc\rage ! good g5ius ( ,france4 ,! life ( nations is nei!r easi] nor less mix$ ) good & evil1 ) successes & rev]ses1 ?an ! life ( individuals2 b assur$ly1 9 spite ( :at is want+ to x1 & 9 spite ( its sorr[s1 ! actual /ate ( our c\ntry1 z well z its long hi/ory1 op5 a wide field to ! ef=ts & ! hopes ( ! m5 ( elevat$1 resolute1 & hone/ m9ds1 :o are occupy+ !mselves 9 e>ne/ ) its de/9y4 xxxviii ,:at1 9 ord] to atta9 _! object1 c be1 ought to be1 ! conduct ( ! m5 engag$ 9 ?is patriotic design1 m5 :o h x at he>t to second ! good curr5t & to /em ! evil curr5t1 :i* h bo? set 9 among/ u8 ,^u :at conditions & by :at means c we hope to pass ?r\gh ! sieve ( good s5se & ( moral s5se ! confus$ ideas :i* plague u1 & to f9d an issue = ! public out ( ! d\bts & hesitation :i* are a s\rce ( languor & en]vation to ! s\l8 ,political ,lib]ty & ,belief 9 ,religion1 ! movem5t ( society 9 advance & ! impulse ( ! s\l t[>ds et]nity1 ,free ,gov]nm5t & ,*ri/ianity1 ^! are ! two =ces to :i* we %\ld recur1 & ! only ones capable ( rem$y+ ?is disease ( tr\ble & d\bt :i* afflict bo? our ?\ghts & our conduct1 & :i* at "o "t impairs1 at ano!r p>alyses1 our und]/&+4 xxxix ,i h no int5tion "h to speak ( political lib]ties 9 ! ab/ract1 & ( _! necessity ei!r to a c\ntry 9 ord] to gu>antee to x a good adm9i/ration at home & abroad1 or to individuals 9 ord] to secure _! int]e/s1 moral & mat]ial4 ,! "r ( ,france to ^! lib]ties1 & _! opportun5ess to h] at ?is mom5t1 h rec5tly be5 set 9 _! cle>e/ light1 & e/abli%$ 9 all _! =ce on _! highe/ /age1 9 ! bosom ( ! legislative body4 ,footnote #b ,x is solely because ( its influ5ce ^u t ill ( our epo*1 ! complication ( que/ions & ! hesitations ( op9ion1 t ,i speak "h ( political lib]ty2 ,i reg>d x z "o ( ! two great rem$ies aga9/ ?is ill4 ,footnote #b3 ,disc\rse ( ,m4 ,?i]s1 ,sur les lib]ts ncessaires et sur la lib]t de la presse1 9 ! sances ( ! #aa? ,janu>y1 #ahfd1 #ac? ,febru>y1 #ahff1 #cj? ,janu>y1 #g?1 #h?1 #ae?1 #ba/1 & #bbnd ,febru>y1 #ahfh4 xl ,:5 all que/ions are agitat$ pell mell1 & all m9ds are p]plex$1 ! fir/ salut>y result consequ5t ^u lib]ty is t x sets all op9ions & all int5tions 9 contact & 9 conflict4 ,at fir/1 & = a "t1 ?is simultane\s invasion ( s _m complex facts1 & ( s _m div]se & contr>y ideas1 does b add to ! p]plexity ( ! que/ions & to ! confusion ( m9ds2 b little by little1 & quickly too1 provid$ lib]ty endures1 ! w9n[+ process produces its effect ^u ! que/ions1 & light p5etrates into ! und]/&+s3 ! diff]5t facts1 & problems :i* ^! facts sugge/1 are set 9 turn 9 _! place1 & valu$ only = z mu* z !y are wor?2 actors & spectators gr[ accu/om$ to !m all1 & beg9 to =m m precise conceptions ( !m4 ,little by little ord] takes ! place ( confusion2 op9ions def9e & classify !mselves2 & in/ead ( ! f]m5tation ( op9ions 9 a *aotic confusion1 we h a conte/ 9 regul> =m1 & ^u intelligible issues1 ,i repeat t a result s salut>y _c be obta9$ unless ^u ! condition ( a lib]ty univ]sal1 real1 & durable2 p>tial or transitory1 x w\ld s]ve only to aggravate ! p]turbation1 & to unsettle op9ions /ill m4 xli ,political lib]ty has a second effect1 "o1 p]haps1 /ill m important3 x =ces all que/ions to submit to ! te/ ( practical exp]im5t4 ,z long z ! lib]ty is only 9 ! ?\ght1 x is va9 & intemp]ate2 ev]y?+ seems p]mitt$1 & ev]y?+ possible to ^? :o are n responsible = ! effects ( an act3 man's ?\ght1 intoxicat$ ) itself1 runs riot 9 ! vagu5ess ( inf9ite space & "t4 ,b :5 to lib]ty ( ?\ght is sup]add$ political lib]ty1--:51 in/ead ( treat+ que/ions speculatively1 !y h to be virtually solv$1--:5 m5 are *>g$ z real actors to trans=m into facts _! own op9ions or ^? ( ! spectators :o are look+ on1--!n x is t ! human m9d1 mak+ its own /r5g? ! object ( its reflection & exam9ation1 is driv5 to ! admission t x does n dispose at its own w ( ! _w1 & t ev5 9 ord] to satisfy itself1 x mu/ conf9e itself to ! limits impos$ by good s5se1 by ju/ice1 & by possibility1--!n x is t x le>ns to gov]n itself1 & to hold itself responsible = its acts4 ,responsibility eng5d]s discretion1 b is itself eng5d]$ by lib]ty alone4 xlii ,our own times h furni%$ u ) ?ree great examples ( ! salut>y empire ex]cis$ by political lib]ty 9 furni%+ an escape f ! emb>rassm5t ( situations1 & 9 solv+ que/ions ! mo/ diff]5t--,i might say ! mo/ contr>y--9 _! nature4 ,we h only to ca/ our eyes ov] ! contempor>y hi/ories ( ,engl&1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ( ,france h]self1 to discov] _! examples & _! au?ority z prec$5ts4 ,f #agib to #ahah1 ,engl& 0 engag$ 9 /ruggles fir/ aga9/ ! _s ( ,revolution1 & !n aga9/ t t]m$ by ,m4 ,b5jam9 ,con/ant ! _s ( usurpation & ( conque/4 ,) :at =ces & ) :at arms did ,engl& support ^! two =midable /ruggles8 ,) ! =ces & ! arms ( political lib]ty4 xliii ,x 0 by ! elections1 by publicity1 by discussions cont9u$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! en]getic manife/ations ( all ! p>ties1 --x 0 by appeals to public s5tim5ts & op9ions1--x 0 by sett+ 9 action all ! spr+s ( a free & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 t ,engl& succe$$ 9 h] resi/ance to ! mo/ pot5t revolution>y & milit>y movem5t :i* ev] agitat$ ,europe4 ,t /ruggle ov]1 aft] ! lapse ( a few ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! presid+ policy prolong$ its t5ure ( (fice by pursu+ a pacific c\rse1 ,engl& ent]$ ^u q a diff]5t pa?2 sometimes "u ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,lib]als1 sometimes ( ,cons]vatives1 ! policy ( ,re=m took ! place ( ! policy ( resi/ance2 & s9ce #ahbh1 x is 9 ?is pa? t ,engl& is progress+2 x is 9 fav\r ( innovations1 sometimes prud5t1 sometimes d>+1 & sometimes1 p]haps1 improvid5t1 t %e is ex]t+ to ! utmo/ all ! =ces ( ! c\ntry1 all ! /r5g? ( its gov]nm5t4 ,political ,lib]ty has 9 turn1 & ) simil> efficacy1 s]v$ ! cause & assur$ ! success1 at "o "t ( a policy ( resi/ance1 at ano!r ( t ( progress4 xliv ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica h be5 subject$ to a /ill rud] trial4 ,_! gov]nm5t has _h to /ruggle aga9/ ! insurrection ( a notable portion ( _! p1 & aga9/ a civil w> ent]$ ^u 9 ! "n ( a pr9ciple1 popul> indep5d5ce4 ,! c5tral p[] ( ! ,conf$]ation has resi/$ an insurrection radically illegitimate1 :i* 0 ent]$ ^u to ma9ta9 ! slav]y ( a "p ( ! human race2 x def5d$ ! national exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate aga9/ ! attempts :i* 7 made to dislocate x1 & :i* 7 f\nd$ ^u ! same motive2 & aft] a civil w> :i* endur$ f\r ye>s1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ea* side 0 prodigal ( ef=ts & sacrifices1 & display$ an equal en]gy1 ! policy ( resi/ance triumph$ by ! m$ium ( a republican p[]1 & ! lib]al idea ( ! abolition ( slav]y vanqui%$ ! revolution>y idea ( ! "r ( insurrection4 xlv ,x is to political lib]ty1 & to ! pot5t =ce ( ! in/itutions & mann]s f\nd$ "u h] influ5ce1 t ?is victory ( ! great "r ( humanity 0 due2 &1 ! w> once ov]1 ! civil rgime ( ,am]ican society resum$ its action1 /ill /ormy & p]il\s1 b free f e an>*ical usurpation or milit>y tyranny4 ,new] to ,france1 its pr9ciples less und]/ood by x1 & n s well appli$1 ,political ,lib]ty has n on ^! acc\nts rema9$ )\t produc+ !re "s fruits4 ,9 #ahcj & 9 #ahdh ,france pass$ ?r\gh two revolutions1 "o ( :i* _h be5 prec$$ by sixte5 ! o!r by eighte5 ye>s ( civil lib]ty4 ,nei!r ( ! rgimes 9 op]ation imm$iately previ\s to ea* revolution suffic$ to prev5t x1 b !y greatly *ang$ its "* & weak5$ its effects4 ,9 #ahcj1 ?anks to ! in/antane\s int]v5tion ( ! public au?orities :i* ow$ _! exi/5ce to ! previ\s rgime1 a regul> gov]nm5t 0 promptly e/abli%$1 & a new con/itutional mon>*y succe$$ to t :i* _h j fall54 xlvi ,on ! in/ant x set itself 9 opposition to ! revolution>y movem5t :i* _h giv5 x bir?2 b ! pr9ciple ( respect = ! ,law & = ,lib]ty ex]cis$1 z yet1 s incomplete & feeble an empire ^u m5's m9ds1 t ! an>*ical f]m5tation ( op9ions prolong$ !mselves ev5 aft] ! victory4 ,! doctr9e ( ,religi\s ,lib]ty1 9 p>ticul>1 0 m ?an once lo/ sight ( & violat$3 9 ,febru>y1 #ahca1 ! fun]al c]emonies 9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 celebrat$ 9 commemoration ( ! ,duke de ,b]ri1 :o _h be5 assass9at$ elev5 ye>s previ\sly1 0 n all[$ to be tranquilly celebrat$2 a viol5t & riot\s mob sack$ ! ar*iepiscopal palace ( ,p>is1 & 0 ! cause ( ! *ur*1 :i* _h furni%$ !m ) a pretext = viol5ce1 be+ clos$ = _m mon?s4 xlvii ,9 #ahdh1 on ! contr>y1 dur+ a revolution>y crisis :i* set m5's passions f> m furi\sly 9 movem5t1 & :i* 0 m pr(\nd ?an t ( #ahcj1 nei!r ! lib]ty ( ,religion nor ! peace ( ! *ur*es 0 di/urb$2 ! rul+ au?orities 7 expos$ to an>*y = a long] p]iod1 b ! rights ( ! individual 7 respect$1 & he might affirm himself free ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! public tr\bles & p]ils4 ,?irty-f\r ye>s ( civil ,lib]ty h n disappe>$ ) ! gov]nm5ts :i* 7 !n 9 =ce )\t leav+ _! traces2 _! traditions & _! examples h evid5tly ex]cis$ a salut>y influ5ce bo? ^u ! la/ ,revolution1 & ^u ! ,reaction :i* put an end to x4 ,t ?is influ5ce may /ill surm\nt ! great trials ?r\gh :i* gov]nm5ts & p may h bo? to pass1 two ?+s are necess>y3 ! "o is1 t civil lib]ty %\ld =m real citiz5s1 t nations z well z gov]nm5ts %\ld le>n to make use ( _! rights1 & to submit to ! limits impos$ by _! laws2 ! o!r is1 t ea* c\ntry & rul+ p[]1 at ! same "t t !y are cull+ ! fruits ( civil lib]ty1 %\ld accept its inconv5i5ces & its p]ils4 xlviii ,a free gov]nm5t is n exempt f ei!r vices or dang]s2 x does n disp5se m5 f ! necessity ( contemplat+ ) resignation ! imp]fection ( e "w ( man z well z ( e human situation4 ,free in/itutions are n ( !mselves en\gh3 !y leave room to nations =--:at d ,i say8 !y dem& f !m--great activity & mu* responsibility4 ,if nations /rive to elude _! "p ( responsibility & omit to ex]cise _! %>e ( action1 free in/itutions become idle words2 !y are no long] any?+ b a picture-frame )\t ! picture--a drama writt51 n repres5t$--9 :i* ! actors fail to assume _! p>ts or to co-op]ate to produce ! dn\em5t4 ,x is ! absolute necessity ( ?is co-op]ation ( ! public 9 ! life ( free gov]nm5t :i* gives s capital an importance to ! popul> beliefs1 moral & religi\s4 xlix ,:5 ,i say beliefs1 moral & religi\s1 ,i atta* to ! ^w a s5se at once ! l>ge/ & mo/ positive3 ^! beliefs may h diff]5t dogmas & diff]5t int]nal organizations2 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o believe t ,romani/s are necess>ily ho/ile to civil lib]ty1 or t ! doctr9e ( ! "r ( private judgm5t impels ,prote/ants inevitably to an>*y4 ,:at is indisp5sable is1 t 9 _! div]sity ! beliefs /yl$ moral & religi\s %\ld be beliefs really moral & religi\s--beliefs :i* recognize & atte/ t man is naturally moral & religi\s1 & :i* assign to man some?+ ess5tially to di/+ui% him f ! mat]ial _w 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he lives1 9 %ort a s\l4 ,nations animat$ by su* beliefs are ! only ones :i* accept really "u a free rgime a l>ge %>e bo? ( its responsibility & ( its active duties3 x is only :5 s animat$ t !y give consequ5tly to civil ,lib]ty ! pot5t support ( :i* x /&s 9 ne$1 = x is only !n t !y s]i\sly believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( moral ,lib]ty4 ,! _w has se5 m ?an once h[ feeble & prec>i\s an affection m5 feel = lib]ty :5 !y no long] believe 9 ! human s\l2 & ) :at a tame complac5cy1 :5 !y reg>d !mselves z an ephem]al comb9ation ( mat]ial elem5ts1 !y submit to ! empire ( ! mat]ial =ces :i* assail !m4 l ,_m 9 ^! days are ( op9ion t x is en\gh 9 a free c\ntry if religi\s beliefs are freely practis$ by ^? :o pr(ess !m1 & ext]nally respect$ by o!rs1 & t all :i* c be expect$ f !m is an indirect influ5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ma9t5ance ( ord]4 ,b ?is is a complete misappreh5sion ( ! great facts ( nature & ( human society4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* nev] fail f9ally to prove incompatible1 ,lib]ty & ,falsehood4 ,:e!r f prud5ce or 9 t5d]ness = ! op9ions ( ^? :o surr\nd him1 a man isolat$ 9 position may pres]ve sil5ce1 or may utt] ev5 a falsehood z to :at he ?9ks & believes respect+ ! supreme que/ions conc]n+ ,man's nature & ,man's de/9y2 ?is is possible1 = su* cases are se52 a s+le isolat$ individual is s paltry a ?+1 & passes s quickly1 t 8 sil5ce or 8 falsehood c ex]cise b little influ5ce ^u ! va/ ocean ( society 9 :i* he is plung$3 b ! falsehood or ! sil5ce ( a free p f feel+s ( respect or ( prud5ce _c be reg>d$ z possible2 _! op9ions & _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! supreme que/ions ( humanity manife/ !mselves necess>ily1 & c>ry ) !m 9 su* manife/ation _! natural & logical consequ5ces4 li ,to engage a free p to treat ) t5d]ness & respect1 to refra9 f conte/+1 p]haps ev5 to r$uce to practice1 moral & religi\s beliefs 9 :i* x does n itself believe1 is to give to x n only a v discr$itable b a v impracticable c\nsel4 ,lib]ty 9 ! doma9 ( civil society calls = & infallibly induces v]acity 9 ! region ( ! intellect2 a free c\ntry c nev] escape 9 its public & practical life f ! effectual influ5ce ( any ideas1 :e!r moral or immoral1 religi\s or irreligi\s1 :i* may happ5 to be f]m5t+ & spread+ !mselves abroad 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 lii ,i leave g5]alities & call ?+s by _! prop] names2 9 all t ,i h j said respect+ beliefs moral & religi\s1 x is ( ,*ri/ianity t ,i am ?9k+4 ,t ,*ri/ianity on ! "o h& is necess>y to ! firm e/abli%m5t ( civil ,lib]ty among/ u1 & on ! o!r h& is v reconcilable ) ! pr9ciples & ! rights ( mod]n society1 is :at ,i h at he>t to e/abli% 9 ! s]ies ( ,m$itations :i* ,i am n[ publi%+4 ,i d n deceive myself by imag9+ t x w be an easy task to effect ?is reconciliation1 & to re/ore at ! pres5t day to ,*ri/ianity1 ! object ( s _m attacks1 t influ5ce ( :i* ! int]e/s mo/ de> to u1 ,lib]ty z well z ,ord]1 /& equally 9 ne$4 ,/ill1 ,i believe t success is n only "h possible b infallible4 ,i 0 speak+ j n[ ( two contr>y curr5ts :i* _h set 9 9 ! doma9 ( intellect z well z ( ,politics1 & :i* lead to ! =mation ( gr\ps pr(\ndly diff]5t1 ,cons]vatives & ,revolutioni/s1 ,lib]als & ,radicals1 ,spirituali/s & ,mat]iali/s1 ,*ri/ians & ,disbeliev]s4 liii ,no "o ( ^! gr\ps really repres5ts a dom9ant p>ty 9 ,france3 amid/ !m & ar\nd !m !re is a scatt]$ & hesitat+ population1 sometimes he$less1 sometimes anxi\s1 vacillat+ alt]nately betwe5 innovations & its traditions1 we>i$ ( its agitations & ( its d\bt1 & n see+ cle>ly ! qu>t] f :i* %all come t gov]nm5t ( tru?1 ( lib]ty1 & ( ord]1 :i* is to give repose to man's ?\ghts & life & enable him aga9 to rise4 ,9 ?is confus$ & wav]+ multitude !re are to be f\nd m5 ^: ways ( ?9k+1 ^: desires1 & sometimes ^: ta/es1 are1 to appe>ance1 v decid$1 b ^: op9ions or wills are 9 reality nei!r cle>1 det]m9$1 nor pron\nc$4 ,we h "h a va/ field op5 to all ! w9ds1 accessible to e lab\r]1 a field ev] f]tile1 &1 al?\gh h>ass$ by v>i\s & incoh]5t attempts1 /ill a field only dem&+ good se$ to be> an abundant h>ve/4 ,if we s\nd ! dep?s ( ,fr5* society 9 all directions1 & /udy x 9 all its elem5ts & "u all its aspects1 we %all f9d x to be z ,i h "h describ$ x4 liv ,above & bel[1 9 all classes & p>ties1 among/ ! p[]ful & ! humble1 ! le>n$ & ignorant1 we %all f9d ev]y:]e1 on "o side gr\ps ( p]sons ( resolute purposes devot+ _! activity to ! s]vice ( op9ions & causes ! mo/ contr>y2 on ! o!r a wav]+1 vacillat+ cr[d1 9 se>* ( a pa? to foll[1 & impell$1 p]haps1 9 ! mo/ diff]5t directions4 ,^u ?is population x is t we mu/ act2 x is among/ !m t !re are imm5se & decisive conque/s to make2 good aspirations1 moral & religi\s in/9cts1 ^? necess>y prelim9>ies to fai? 9 ,*ri/1 are by no means want+2 b to conduct !m to _! goal1 to trans=m !m into positive & effectual convictions1 we mu/ accommodate ourselves to ! g5]al "* ( ?is population2 we mu/ be ( our "t1 & speak its language2 an adequate satisfaction mu/ be (f]$1 & a necess>y confid5ce mu/ be inspir$1 be=e we c expect t a population1 anxi\s to ensure ! rights & ! int]e/s ( its new life1 %\ld give 9 return its s\l4 lv ,x is n a complac5t indulg5ce t ,i am c\nsell+1 x is n concessions t ,i ask f ! contempor>y def5d]s ( ,*ri/ianity2 :at _! mission dem&s is1 t !y %\ld "k1 t !y %\ld compreh5d1 t !y %\ld love ! society to :i* !y are address+ !mselves1 & t !y %\ld zeal\sly occupy !mselves ) x to rally x "u _! bann]1 n to ca/ x pro/rate or to humiliate x "u _! bl[s4 ,n only mu/ _! "w h ?is "*1 b :5 x has x prosp]s1 & ! n9ete5? c5tury has se5 in/ances ( su* success4 ,i %all only cite two1 :i* occurr$ at diff]5t epo*s1 & 9 :i* ! modes ( action 7 diff]5t4 ,:y did ,*ateaubri& & ! ,fa!r ,lacordaire ex]cise ^u _! times1 & especially ^u ! y\? ( _! times1 s extraord9>y an influ5ce8 lvi ,fir/1 because ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity :i* !y provok$ 0 a ?+ 9 h>mony ) ! popul> in/9cts1 b also because1 9 ! mid/ ( ! religi\s reaction ( :i* !y 7 ! organs1 !y ea* ( !m1 by degrees & by diff]5t processes1 respectively inspir$ ! ,france ( _! days ) ! s5tim5t t !y 7 its *ildr5 & its fri5ds1 t !y %>$ its new aspirations1 t !y accept$ its political trans=mation1 & t x 0 n 9 ord] to recon/itute x on its anci5t basis t !y wi%$ x to be ,*ri/ian4 ,!y m ?an once a/\nd$1 disquiet$1 ev5 %ock$ _! c\ntry1 ! "o by 8 political c>e]1 ! o!r by 8 mona/ic zeal2 /ill _! popul>ity cont9u$1 & !y influ5c$ x1 ! "o by caus+ ,*ri/ianity to resume h] place 9 ! mod]n lit]atures ( ,france1 ! o!r not)/&+ 8 hav+ re-e/abli%$ 9 ,france ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t 9 spite ( ! prejudices :i* x ent]ta9$ aga9/ !m1 & ! op9ions 9 :i* x diff]$ f !m1 ,france felt itself und]/ood & hon\r$ by !m2 x rejoic$ 9 _! glory1 because x believ$ 9 _! sympa?y4 lvii ,m5 su* z ,m4 de ,*ateaubri& & ! ,fa!r ,lacordaire are r>e2 b ! _s :i* animat$ !m1 ! compreh5sion ( _! age & c\ntry :i* di/+ui%$ !m1 did n die ) !m1 nor are !y )\t successors 9 _! "w ( religion & patriotism4 ,beyond a d\bt ! ,fai? ( ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome h 9 our days _h no *ampion m eloqu5t & m lib]al ?an ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 & wor?ily ! ,fa!r ,hyac9! occupies ! pulpit f :i* once res\nd$ ! voice ( ! ,fa!r ,lacordaire4 ,at ! side ( ^! names1 already m ?an once cit$ by me1 ,i see o!rs />t up ( a diff]5t orig9 & ) a diff]5t physiognomy1 b devot$ to ! same cause & to ! same "w4 lviii ,at ! v mom5t at :i* ,i am t]m9at+ ^! ,m$itations1 two compositions meet my eye1 publi%$ by m51 nei!r ( :om ,i h ! hon\r to "k1 m5 v diff]5t 9 position & 9 ideas3 ! "o a ,romani/1 ! o!r a ,prote/ant1 ! "o a great ,prelate 9 8 ,*ur*1 ! o!r a simple ,pa/or 9 82 bo? firm ,*ri/ians1 & bo? sympa?iz]s ) ! in/9cts1 ! aspirations1 & ! moral & intellectual ideas preval5t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,fr5* society2 bo? hav+ ! resolution & ! ability requir$ 9 ord] to pres5t ,*ri/ianity to ,fr5*m5 "u ! =m & 9 ! language mo/ prop] to make x p5etrate ! s\l4 ,! "o is ,monseigneur ,d>boy1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 ! o!r1 ,m4 ,decoppel1 pa/or at ,alais4 ,! =m] has j address$ to ! cl]gy ( 8 diocese1 7,l5t1 #ahfh17 ,a ,pa/oral ,lett] ^u ! ,tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,footnote #c ,! second pres5t$1 on ! #g? ( ,novemb] 9 ! previ\s ye>1 to ! ,national ,evangelical ,conf]5ce assembl$ at ,nrac1 ,a ,report z to ! ,actual ,requirem5ts ( ,prea*]s 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es4 ,footnote #d ,footnote #c3 ,?is ,pa/oral ,lett] 0 publi%$ at full l5g? 9 ! ,gazette de ,france1 on ! #be? & #bf? ( ,febru>y1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is report 0 publi%$1 at ,t\l\se1 by ! ,society = ! ,publication ( ,religi\s ,books1 #ahfh4 lix ,i 0 /ruck1 9 spite ( _! div]sity1 by ! sub/antially analog\s "* ( ^! two docum5ts1 & ,i cite !m "h because ,i w\ld set 9 a cle> light ! great fact :i* ea* reveals1 t a g5]al & contemporane\s "w is n[ be+ prosecut$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 & ree/abli% ! h>mony betwe5 ! ,*ri/ianity ( =m] ages & ! _s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a "w ( :i* ! mission is to solve1 z f> z ! solution c re/ ) man1 ! "q :e!r our epo* is ,*ri/ian4 ,religion1 says ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 is a fact t 0 contempor>y ) primitive man--a fact pres5t 9 all ages1 ev] p>am\nt1 ev] visible1 al?\gh n ev]y:]e to ! same degree4 ,nev] 0 !re want+ 9 ! _w a voice to rem9d man ( ! tru?s ( ,religion1 :e!r x proce$$ f ! t5t ( ! ,patri>*1 ! synagogue ( ! ,jew1 or ! *ur* ( ! ,ca?olic2 :e!r x 0 he>d 9 ! :isp]+s ( a simple & upright consci5ce1 or emanat$ f legislators or prophet rais$ up by ,heav51 or 0 ! voice ( ,god himself inc>nate1 con/itut+ ,himself ! preceptor & ! model ( ,8 creatures1 humanity 0 nev] s imp]fect z t ^! l(ty lessons did n draw =? f ! g5]\sly fai?ful responses m or less unanim\s4 lx ,hea!n nations--_! hi/ory proves x--h pres]v$ some?+ ( ^! hopes & ( ! religi\s dogmas connect$ ) !m4 ,! gr&sons ( ,noah1 9 disp]s+ 9 ! pla9s ( ,s5na>1 convey to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>? ! traditions :i* !y receiv$ f _! gr&sire1 & :i* are ! common patrimony ( ! human race4 ,d\btless ^! traditions are gradually alt]$ & de=m$ by ! va9 int]mixtures ( fables1 :i* owe _! orig9 to ! dream]s ( ! f> ,ea/ & to ! poets ( ,greece & ( ,rome2 b 9 ! eyes ( ! multitude1 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? :o are its sup]iors & its gov]nors1 ! gr& features ( ! tru? are readily di/+ui%able4 ,?us1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! action ( ,provid5ce1 ! di/9ction ( good & ( evil1 ! orig9al fall ( man & ! necessity = an atonem5t1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ano!r life2 all ^! doctr9es1 m or less disfigur$1 x is true1 live 9 ! dep?s ( ! consci5ce ( ! p4 lxi ,ev5 ,pagans h _! s\ls by nature ,*ri/ian1 :i* te/ify 9 fav\r ( ju/ice & virtue2 & if ,pagans are to be condemn$1 says ,/4 ,paul1 x is n = hav+ ignor$ ,god1 b = hav+ neglect$ to s]ve ,him & to glorify ,him4 ,at an era ne>] to ourselves1 ?ree c5turies ago1 a sorr[ful "w 0 accompli%$4 ,!ological disputes l$ to religi\s w>s1 & by a te>+ asund] ( ties :i* x is impossible too mu* to deplore1 ,europe divid$ itself into ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is fatal resolution x rema9$ ,*ri/ian1 al?\gh n 9 ! same degree4 ,_! political *>t]s & in/itutions1 _! civil laws & social habits1 brea! all ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! "* ( _! baptism rema9s /amp$ ^u _! =eheads1 :i* x = ev] ennobles4 lxii ,& n[ ?is fact1 :i* is ! common "w ( s _m g5]ations1 made up ( beliefs express$ 9 e k9d ( mann] & sometimes practis$ ev5 to h]oism1 writt5 9 books sacr$ & pr(ane1 engrav$ on m>ble & on brass1 9 in/itutions & 9 laws1 9 ! m9d & 9 ! he>t ( nations--?is fact1 :at is its moral value1 & :at its be>+8 ,are we to be told t x is purely natural--! spontane\s production ( our habits1 ! simple result ( our in/9cts--&1 s to say1 an irrepressible necessity ( mank9d8 ,ev5 9 ?is case x is div9e1 z div9e z our nature itself1 :i* 0 directly creat$ by ,god2 & s we mu/ recognise & respect ,religion z a ?+ true1 necess>y & div9e4 ,x is reason1 x is common s5se :i* tells u ?is4 ,b !re is m ?an t1 my v de> bre?r54 ,?is fact1 z x pres5ts itself1 s g5]al & s con/ant1 is n m]ely ! common "w ( ! races ( mank9d4 ,our nature1 left to its own res\rces & its prop] en]gy1 is incapable ( produc+ x & ( cont9u+ x ) a brilliancy t s endures1 & ) a =ce :i* r5ews itself e day4 lxiii ,x is also1 x is m especially ! provid5tial & prodigi\s effect ( a cause to :i* all ( u are subject1 m5 & nations1 & :i* "h %[s itself t x is s by giv+ to its effects a sup]natural "*4 444 ,sup]natural means 7 necess>y1 t is to say1 a cont9ual action ( ,god always 9 relation to ! v>y+ exig5cies ( ea* diff]5t age1 & ! con/ant requirem5ts ( humanity1 9 ord] t ! p]son ( ! ,reveal] hav+ disappe>$1 & ,8 direct action be+ no long] visible1 ,8 tea*+s1 ,8 _s1 & ,8 in/itutions %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! _w 9 a mann] au!ntic1 infallible1 & triumphant4 ,9 a s+le ^w1 !re 0 necess>y a p]petual assi/ance ( ,god1 accr$it+ ! mission ( ,8 envoys by extraord9>y facts--facts ( a sup]human p[]1 miracul\sly protect+ _! "w aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( ! weaknesses ( "s & ( ! p]v]sity ( o!rs1 int]v5+ ) sup]natural clat to enable ! mission to develop itself among/ nations incessantly1 to act m & m efficaci\sly ^u !m 9 spite ( _! %ortcom+s & _! revolts1 & to aid !m & to support !m 9 _! religi\s & pr$e/9$ c\rse4 lxiv ,?is p>am\nt action1 ?is div9e action1 is manife/$ 9 ! highe/ degree 9 ,religion4 ,aft] ! miracles & ! prophecies ( anci5t times1 aft] ! ,jewi% nation1 ^: hi/ory is a prophecy & "o unceas+ miracle1 ,*ri/ianity appe>s ) signs s sup]natural t x is impossible = u to deceive ourselves4 ,miracul\s ag5cy appe>s at e turn4 ,! ,savi\r1 & :at he affirms conc]n+ himself1 ,8 disc\rses1 ,8 "* & ,8 actions1 ! difficulties ( ,8 und]tak+1 ! m>vels ( wisdom & sanctity :i* ,he accompli%$2 f9ally1 ! survival & ! developm5t ( ,8 "w ?r\gh c5turies2 ev]y?+ "h =ces u to recur to ! fact ( ! direct int]v5tion ( ,god--sole possible means ( f9d+ a satisfactory explanation ( su* gr& results4 lxv ,! circul> lett] is ?r\gh\t b a developm5t ( ! ideas recapitulat$ 9 ! passages ( ! text :i* ,i h cit$--a developm5t sometimes s prud5t & s little precipitate z to assume ! "* ( extreme circumspection1 yet always fai?ful to ! same ?\ght4 ,! writ] indulges 9 no discussion purely !ological1 makes no pomp\s display ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 engages 9 no polemics ) any class ( diss5t4 ,:5 ,i affirm t we h "h ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity1 a correct appreciation ( ! ideas & behavi\r ( man 9 8 diff]5t /ages2 ,religion 9 g5]al & ,*ri/ianity 9 p>ticul>2 consid]$ z a gr& fact--a fact univ]sal & p]man5t1 traceable ev]y:]e & 9 all times1 ev5 among/ ! hea!ns2 a fact :i* surviv$ all ! divisions1 ! sci5tific /ruggles1 & ! civil w>s :i* took place among/ ,*ri/ians !mselves1 p>ticul>ly among/ ,roman ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 all ( :om are ,*ri/ians1 accord+ to ! writ]1 by ! same title1 if n 9 ! same degree2 lxvi a fact at once human & div9e--human by its accordance ) man's nature1 div9e by ! direct & sup]natural action ( ,god1 ( ,god ! creator1 p]sonal1 free1 ^: pres5ce & p[] reveal !mselves1 n[ by ! g5]al & p]man5t ord] ( ev5ts1 n[ by special miracles1 judg$ by ,him necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 designs2 ! ,*ri/ian fai? ?us associat$ ) ! :ole life ( ! human race2 ! pr9ciple ( ! sup]natural & miracul\s1 z well z ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 proclaim$ al\d1 b )\t controv]sy1 )\t any appeal made to any ext]nal or exclusive dom9ion2 homage r5d]$ to ! "r ( ! consci5ce simple & upright at ! same "t z to ! biblical traditions & to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*3 :5 ,i affirm t all ?is is "h1 am ,i n ju/ifi$ 9 also affirm+ t ,*ri/ianity is "h pres5t$ "u an aspect ! lea/ likely to %ock oppon5ts1 ! mo/ prop] to rally ! m9ds ( ! hesitat+8 ,is x n 9 effect1 on ! "p ( a ,pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ! acceptance & pursuit ( t great "w ( h>mony betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ,mod]n ,society1 :i* is manife/+ itself 9 s _m analog\s mann]s & "u bann]s s v div]se8 lxvii ,! pa/or ( ,alais *ooses a subject m limit$1 b is m vivid 9 ?\ght & m incisive 9 mann] ?an ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is4 ,x is n ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity :i* he traces2 x is its actual /ate1 its religi\s bias & requirem5ts 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury :i* he obs]ves & describes4 ,8 ,report is no "w ( philosophy1 b is p5etrat$ & animat$ ?r\gh\t by a real lib]alism4 ,he does n g 9 se>* ( polemics3 on ! contr>y1 he recomm5ds little use to be made ( !m2 b :5 ! occasion or ! necessity is !re1 he does n evade x1 b ent]s ^u ! ar5a unhesitat+ly & )\t compromise4 ,!re are1 he says1 exig5cies ^u :i* all m5 concur 9 insi/+1 & ^! dep5d ^u ! g5]al /ate ( m5's m9ds 9 our epo*4 ,ea* age has its ideas & its s5tim5ts1 its prejudices & its d\bts1 a c]ta9 moral physiognomy :i* ! prea*] enc\nt]s m or less 9 our congregations4 lxviii ,our auditors1 p]haps we are too prone to =get ?is1 d n live isolat$ f _! contempor>ies2 !y are ( _! "t1 !y inhale its intellectual & moral atmosph]e1 !y foll[ its movem5t1 !y %>e 9 its %ortcom+s & 9 its aspirations4 ,we may inde$ affirm t n[ m ?an ev] m5 are ( _! "t1 ?anks to ! rapidity ) :i* ideas circulate & diffuse !mselves4 ,al?\gh m5 read less 9 ,france ?an 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 !y read m ?an !y did =m]ly4 ,9 ,france1 = good or = evil1 !re are influ5ces at "w :i* h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,"o ( our fir/ duties1 z prea*]s1 is1 !n1 to "k our age1 to be att5tive to e symptom :i* c reveal to u its _s & its t5d5cies4 ,to neglect ?is duty is to expose ourselves to ! risk ( address+1 s to say1 fictiti\s auditors1 t is1 m5 :o nei!r h ! ideas nor feel ! s5tim5ts1 nor ?9k ( ! objections :i* we attribute to !m4 lxix ,9 ! mid/ ( ! discordant voices he>d n[-a-days1 x is easy1 alas6 to di/+ui% "o high above ! o!rs--x is t ( incr$ulity2 n z 9 ! la/ c5tury1 m>k$ by a raill]y or levity1 b by an e>ne/ness & a high tone1 occasionally ev5 by a c]ta9 melan*oly1 & be+ = ^! v reasons m s$uctive4 ,x is 9 fav\r ( ! progress ( lib]ty1 ( ! dignity ( ! s\l1 t is to say1 ( ev]y?+ :i* is noble/ & mo/ sacr$ to man1 t t voice addresses our g5]ation1 & invites x to bid = ev] adieu to ! fai? ( its infancy4 ,^! sad words1 :i* pret5d to toll ! knell ( ,*ri/ianity1 express b too fai?fully ! incr$ulity dom9ant n[-a-days 9 ! elevat$ regions ( sci5ce & ( ?\ght1 :5ce x is diffus$ ov] all ! classes ( society4 ,x is impossible to deceive ourselves2 we are n[ 9 pres5ce ( a fre% & a great conspiracy1 n only aga9/ ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 b aga9/ e religi\s fai?4 ,! lead]s ( incr$ulity proclaim al\d t ! cycle ( ,religions is def9itively clos$1 & t we h1 once = all1 to efface ,god f our ?\ghts & f our lives1 j z if ,god 7 an obsolete hypo!sis1 ) :i* mod]n sci5ce has no?+ to d4 lxx ,?is ,a!ism is s mu* ! m dang]\s & contagi\s 9 ^! days1 t x does n appe> 9 ! %ape ( a m]e revolt or fall+ (f ( ! m9d1 b z a g5]\s doctr9e1 hav+ = objects ! enfran*isem5t ( nations1 & _! deliv]y f ! yoke ( prie/s & ( tyrants1 :o1 x is suppos$1 are comb9$ 9 ord] to prey ^u !m4 ,"o ( its pr9cipal adepts1 ,guillaume ,m>r1 exclaim$1 a few ye>s ago3 ',! fai? 9 a p]sonal & liv+ ,god is ! orig91 ! fundam5tal cause ( ! mis]able /ate ( society 9 :i* we exi/4 ,! idea ( a ,god is ! key-/one ( ! ar* ( ! decay$ & worm-eat5 civilization4 ,away ) x6 ,! true road to lib]ty1 equality1 & happ9ess1 is ,a!ism4 ,!re is no hope = ! e>? s long z man %all cl+ to heav5 by ev5 a ?read4 444 ,let no?+ h5ce=? /& 9 ! way ( ! spontane\s action ( ! human und]/&+4 ,let u tea* man t he has no o!r ,god ?an himself1 t he is himself ! alpha & omega ( all ?+s1 ! be+ p>am\nt1 & ! reality mo/ real4' lxxi ,?us contempor>y ,a!ism seeks to conqu] ! masses by _! weak side1 by _! democratical & lib]al in/9cts4 ,?is is n a m]e sy/em2 x is a p[]ful p>ty :i* has its lectur]s1 its newspap]s1 its associations1 its congresses1 & its ,propag&a4 ,a man ( e>ne/ mean+1 ,m4 ,pe>son1 e/imat$ at #fdj1jjj copies ! numb] ( publications av[$ly a!i/ical :i* appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #ahea4 ,& x is n only 9 ,engl& t ,a!ism is rais+ its head1 x is 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy4 ,f> f me ! idea ( sett+ 9 ! same category our ,radical ,re=m]s1 & ! disbeliev]s & free ?9k]s :o seek to de/roy e fai? & all religion6 ,let u hope t ! =m] nev] w g s f> z ^!4 lxxii ,b1 def9itively1 !y op5ly ext5d to !m a sympa?iz+ h&2 !y greet _! writ+s ) m>k$ fav\r2 &1 say x we mu/1 :5 !y g s f> z to d5y ! sup]natural1 /ripp+ ?us ,*ri/ianity ( e div9e au?ority1 or :5 m]ely !y proclaim ! unimportance ( dogmas to a religi\s life1 !y are mak+ common cause ) ,a!ism1 & work+1 )\t suspect+ t !y are do+ s1 at ! same "w ( de/ruction4 ,b al?\gh we h all ?is to deplore1 h[ _m subjects h we = hope & enc\ragem5t6 ,mom5ts ( crisis are ! mo/ pa9ful1 b !y are n ! lea/ fruitful4 ,s[ we d1 inde$1 ) te>s2 :at matt]s1 aft] all1 t no hymn ( triumph att5ds our h>ve/4 ,! ?+ ess5tial is t we s[4 ,behold1 h[ magnific5tly ! gr\nd is 9 _m respects prep>$ = ! ,*ri/ian prea*]4 ,! m]e fact t religi\s que/ions are ! fa%ion ( ! day gives u an imm5se advantage1 & "o by :i* we may pr(it4 ,is x n v enc\rag+ to "k t 9 discuss+ su* subjects we are answ]+ to s]i\s dem&s ( g5]al int]e/8 lxxiii ,! conte/ :i* divides our *ur*es has be5 c]ta9ly hurtful to ! gr[? ( piety2 b has x n also %ak5 _m a s\l f its torpor8 ,has x n impell$ _m p]sons to se>* aft] ! tru? :o 7 be=e indiff]5t8 ,is x n bett] to h to address ourselves to s\ls tr\bl$ if only by d\bt1 ?an to s\ls plung$ 9 ! heavy torpor ( indiff]5ce8 ,aft] all1 our age has its gr&eur4 ,let u n und]rate x3 we are n to imitate t ready & vulg> pessimism1 :i* sees ev]y?+ dress$ 9 ! liv]y ( woe1 & :i* delights to note ! vices & %ortcom+s ( an epo*1 )\t admitt+ ! virtue to :i* x c lay j claim1 or its g5]\s aspirations4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 ev5 :]e reject+ ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 our age has made imm5se progress 9 ! social application ( ,*ri/ianity1 & especially 9 philan?ropy4 ,! age passionately loves lib]ty1 equality1 tol]ance1 & peace2 x insi/s ^u respect = all consci5ces2 x dreams ( ! union ( all nations2 x occupies itself ) ! mat]ial happ9ess & ! amelioration ( all classes 9 society4 lxxiv ,n s ri* z o!r ages 9 m5 ( a high temp] ( "*1 m5 really orig9al1 our age has nev]!less contribut$1 m ?an o!rs1 p]haps1 to ! g5]al awak5+ ( m5 to _! rights z individuals1 & ( self-gov]nm5t1 & consequ5tly1 to ! s5tim5t ( p]sonal responsibility4 ,"h assur$ly we h noble t5d5cies2 preci\s po9ts d'appui = ! prea*]s ( ! ,gospel4 ,let u feel no dread = ?is brea? ( ,lib]alism :i* is pass+ ov] nations4 ,lib]ty rightly und]/ood leads to ! ,gospel1 z ! ,gospel leads to ,lib]ty4 ,& n[ :at h we to say to ?is age s torm5t$8 ,:at ought we to say to ^! s\ls :o h confid5ce 9 u1 & :o dem& f u ,light & ,peace8 ,h[ (t5 has ?is "q ov]:elm$ ! ,gospel prea*] ) ! s5tim5t ( 8 weakness & insuffici5cy8 ,h[ (t5 has x made him pro/rate himself 9 8 agony at ! feet ( ! ,"l8 ,h[ (t5 torn f him ! cry ( ! prophet--',ah1 ,"l ,god1 behold ,i _c speak1 = ,i am a *ild6' lxxv ,let ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce proce$ ) its "w6 ,%e has1 assur$ly1 mu* to d 9 ^! days4 ,9 ! tee? ( ! affirmations ( ,positivism & ( ,mat]ialism let h] make h] own affirmation4 ,h]s ! task to %[ t ! biblical dogmas respect+ ! orig9 ( ! _w & ( man are inf9itely m rational & m sci5tific ?an all t 9 ^! days m5 seek to sub/itute 9 _! place4 ,h]s ! task to prove t ! sup]natural1 f> f be+ antagoni/ic to ! sci5ce ( ,nature1 is z mu* call$ = by ,nature z by ! s5tim5t ( ,religion itself4 ,let ,*ri/ian ,philosophy also accompli% h] task4 ,h]s x is to e/abli% ! pr(\nd h>mony :i* exi/s betwe5 ,reason & ,fai?2 h]s to %[ t ! sy/ems by :i* m5 seek to replace ,*ri/ianity pres5t to ! ?\ght z _m difficulties1 if n m1 ?an any :i* foll[ f ! evangelical dogmas4 lxxvi ,h]s ! task to lay ! f\ndation ( a new philosophy ) ! mat]ials furni%$ by ,revelation1 & by ! ,*ri/ian ,consci5ce4 ,let ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature equally accompli% h] mission6 ,let h] spread ! tru? by ! means1 inf9itely div]se1 :i* ! progress ( ! press has plac$ at h] disposal6 ,let h] make h]self popul>2 let h] put on all =ms to combat error2 let h] oppose ,j\rnal to ,j\rnal1 ,review to ,review2 &1 if x mu/ be s1 ,novel to ,novel6 ,let h] make h]self ev]y?+ to ev]ybody2 & foll[ ! adv]s>y ^u e field1 & seize all 8 arms4 ,& = u ,prea*]s1 :at h we to d8 ,:at ?is day is our special mission 9 ! special position 9 :i* ,god has plac$ u8 lxxvii ,hav+ come to ?is1 ! p>ticul> object ( 8 /udy & ( 8 ,report1 made by him to ! ,evangelical ,conf]5ce ( ,nrac1 ,m4 ,decoppel ent]s1 z to ! ,mission & actual "w ( ! prea*]s1 into details :i* al?\gh !y are full ( life1 & ev9ce ! greate/ practical k1 apply m especially to ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es ( ,france4 ,f9ally1 he rev]ts to ! g5]al "q ( ,*ri/ianity by a conclud+ rem>k ( g5]al application1 b ann\nc+ a tru? ( bo? practical & urg5t importance = all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,:at is mo/ ess5tial1 says he1 is n s mu* to def5d ,*ri/ianity1 z to pres5t x to our age1 n z an enemy t comes to ana!matize & to combat x1 b z a fri5d t comes to raise x & save x4 ,beyond a d\bt1 we mu/ n fe> to lay /ress ^u ,*ri/ian ,tru?1 & to pres5t x ) its mo/ sali5t angles & its au/]e/ face 9 advance2 b ) ana!mas & declamations we mu/ h done4 ,:at mo/ is necess>y is1 t we address a ^w ( sympa?y to ! ,age2 we mu/ %[ to x ,*ri/ianity1 ,i d n say s mu* 9 ! aspect fitt$ to inspire love z 9 ! aspect 9 :i* x is lov+4 lxxviii ,reg>d ,/4 ,paul at ,a!ns4 ,he does n consid] himself b\nd to conf\nd ! idolatry ( 8 auditors2 he does q ! contr>y2 he kn[s h[ to f9d 9 _! idolatry itself a po9t d'appui = ! ,gospel4 ,let u d z he did2 let u /rive1 we also1 to f9d ^! po9ts d'appui1 ^? key/ones ^u :i* ! edifice ( fai? may 9 ^! days be made safely repose4 ,x is m especially true 9 our c\ntry t ,*ri/ianity is n kn[n = :at x is1 & ! rem>k applies n only to ! l[] classes ( society1 b ev5 to ! educat$ classes1 s t :5 !y attack ,*ri/ianity x is1 z x 71 an attack ^u a ?+ unkn[n4 ,! ,age is lib]al3 let u %[ x t ! ,gospel is /ill m lib]al1 & t its lib]ality is ( ! g5u9e k9d4 ,! ,age loves sci5ce1 & dem&s a rational fai?3 let u %[ x t fai? is sov]eign reason1 & _c b pr(it by e conque/ a*iev$ by sci5ce4 lxxix ,! ,age aspires to make progress 9 e bran* ( human activity3 let u %[ x t all g5u9e progress is conta9$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,gospel4 ,i make no m citations4 ,i nei!r exam9e nor discuss any ( ! p>ticul> ideas1 or phrases1 or words :i* ^! two docum5ts conta93 ,i w\ld solely draw att5tion to _! ma9 & common *>act]i/ic4 ,^! writ+s are n only ,*ri/ian1 b uncompromis+ly ,*ri/ian2 at ! same "t1 !y aim at lead+ ,*ri/ianity & ,mod]n ,society to und]/& ea* o!r1 to accept ea* o!r mutually & freely1 & to ex]cise1 ! "o ^u ! o!r1 su* an action z %all be salut>y to bo?4 ,! au?ors are n au?ors1 or orators1 or amateurs 9 religion1 or 9 philosophy2 !y are ecclesia/ics by pr(ession1 belong+ to diff]5t *ur*es :o are ent]+ ^u ?is w>1 reg>d$ by ea* bo? z legitimate & necess>y2 :o are lab\r+ to draw to x ! populations plac$ naturally "u _! influ5ce2 & are hop+1 )\t d\bt1 t _! ef=ts w be successful4 lxxx ,i ?9k t !y are "r bo? 9 _! hope & _! endeav\rs1 & kn[+ t outside ( ! gr\ps ( p]sons pl$g$ to p>ticul> op9ions or sides 9 ! conte/s ( religion & politics1 !re exi/s a va/ population1 unc]ta9 & vacillat+1 n[ indiff]5t1 n[ anxi\s ^u ! subject ( religi\s que/ions & ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ,mod]n ,society1 ,i ?9k t ?is population1 :i* is1 9 effect1 ,france1 is capable ( feel+ religi\s emotions1 ( be+ in=m$ & br\ght back to ! great beliefs ( ,*ri/ianity z well z to a s5tim5t ( ! natural & necess>y agreem5t betwe5 ,*ri/ian fai? & ! pr9ciples ( public ,lib]ty4 ,! pr(\nd desire :i* ,i feel1 & ! hope f :i* ,i w n "p1 ( ?is great result1 h induc$ me to give /ill great] developm5t to ^! ,m$itations1 & to risk !m amid/ ! ev5ts1 ! issue ( :i* is obscure1 :i* are n[ cr[d+ ^u ea* o!r1 & amid/ que/ions1 passions1 & int]e/s1 to :i* su* subjects are all v /range4 lxxxi ,! m ,i consid] ! matt]1 ! m ,i feel p]suad$ t ,france is n s little busi$ z %e w\ld appe> to be ) religi\s que/ions1 & t 9 ! mid/ ( h] languor & fluctuations %e has a secret s5tim5t ( _! imp]i%able gr&eur & _! practical importance4 ,if ?is1 z ,i ?9k1 is1 at bottom1 ! public disposition1 ,i may consid] myself well entitl$ to comm& att5tive li/5]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my long life1 ,i h se5 mu* & h done some:at4 ,i h tak5 "p 9 ! _w's affairs4 ,i h quitt$ x1 & am no long] any?+ m ?an a spectator4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ,i h be5 essay+ my tomb4 ,i h gone d[n into x liv+1 & h made no ef=t to issue =? aga94 ,n only h ,i exp]i5ce ( ! _w1 b no?+ atta*es me to x4 lxxxii ,c\ld ,i be /ill ( "s s]vice to ! two great causes1 9 my eyes b "o1 ! cause ( ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 m5's s\ls1 & ! cause ( ,political ,lib]ty 9 my c\ntry1 ,i %\ld await ) ?ankfulness1 9 ! bosom ( my seclusion1 ! dawn ( t et]nal day :i* fools call dea?1 says ,petr>*3-- ,quel *e morir *iaman gli scioc*i4 ,guizot4 ,p>is1 ,april1 #ahfh4 lxxxiii ,cont5ts4 ,page ,preface v ,i4 -- ,*ri/ianity & ,lib]ty #a ,,ii4 -- ,*ri/ianity & ,morality #eb ,,iii4 -- ,*ri/ianity & ,sci5ce #ic ,,iv4 -- ,*ri/ian ,ignorance #abh ,v4 -- ,*ri/ian ,fai? #aec ,,vi4 -- ,*ri/ian ,life #aij ,app5dix4 -- ,obs]vations ^u ! ,"w call$ ,ecce ,homo #bac lxxxiv #a ,m$itations ,on ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,relation ,to ,! ,actual ,/ate ,( ,society ,& ,op9ion4 ,fir/ ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,lib]ty4 ,! passionate long+ bo? ( m5 & ( nations 9 ^! days = ,lib]ty & ,equality1 is a fact n only evid5t b dom9ant 9 mod]n civilization4 ,sometimes ?is desire has = its object ,lib]ty only1 sometimes ,equality only1 sometimes bo? simultane\sly4 ,sometimes ! desire is at once intellig5t & respectable1 sometimes no?+ m ?an a bl9d & ill-regulat$ impulse4 #b ,sometimes ! feel+ displays itself 9 revolutions1 9 :i* x develops itself 9 all its int5sity2 sometimes x fades away1 & subsides amid/ ! reactions :i* ^? v revolutions h1 by _! calamities & excesses1 call$ =?4 ,at "o "t m5 vaunt t ! problem is solv$1 at ano!r !y are disc\rag$1 & pron\nce x to be insolvable4 ,b :e!r !y vaunt or are disc\rag$1 ! passionate desire cont9ues to exi/1 & ! problem ev] reappe>s4 ,su* a /ate ( op9ion may be applaud$ or may be deplor$2 x may h inc5se %[]$ ^u x or x may be visit$ ) mal$iction2 b to escape f x is an impossibility4 ,x rema9s a trial :i* humanity is condemn$ to pass ?r\gh2 x furni%es x ) a task :i* x is b\nd to p]=m4 ,b x is n only ?is fact & ?is problem ) :i* our epo* has to deal2 at _! side !re is ano!r n less important1 ! solution ( :i* also falls )9 ! mission ( ! age4 ,_m ( ! fri5ds ( ,lib]ty & ,equality reg>d ,*ri/ianity1 & especially ,roman ,ca?olicism1 z _! greate/ enemy4 #c ,9 8 mom5ts ( p]v]s5ess & angry wayw>dness1 ,voltaire s treat$ x4 ,?\s&s ( m51 n only m5 ( intellig5ce1 b a multitude ( o!rs1 obscure en\gh1 /ill n defici5t 9 activity1 speak & act "u ! empire ( ! same idea2 at "o "t brutal1 at ano!r hypocritical1 ! anti-,*ri/ian s5tim5t is at once ard5t & f>-spread4 ,is x well f\nd$8 ,is ,*ri/ianity1 aft] all1 ! ob/acle to ! progress ( ,lib]ty & ( ,equality8 ,or is x n1 on ! contr>y1 r true t bo? already owe mu* to ,*ri/ianity1 & t bo? require its sanction & its support to ensure _! legitimate & durable triumph8 ,! great "q ( ! #ai? c5tury rema9s 9 susp5se1 & social ord] 9 p]il1 s long z t o!r "q is n solv$4 ,i meet at e /ep 9 ! ,gospels words su* z ^!--,:at %all x pr(it a man if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 own s\l8 or :at %all a man give 9 ex*ange = 8 s\l8 ,footnote #e ,footnote #e3 ,m>k viii4 #cf1 #cg4 #d ,fe> n !m :i* kill ! body1 b are n able to kill ! s\l2 b r fe> ,him :i* is able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell4 ,footnote #f ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* ! ,gospel to e creature4 ,footnote #g ,footnote #f3 ,mat!w x4 #bh4 ,footnote #g3 ,m>k xvi4 #ae4 ,! dom9ant idea 9 ! ,gospels is ! inf9ite wor? ( ! human s\l1 ( e human s\l4 ,jesus came to influ5ce & to save s\ls1 all s\ls )\t exception1--s\ls ( ! p[]ful & ( ! obscure1 ( ! ri* & poor1 le>n$ & ignorant1 happy or afflict$4 ,! condition & ! salvation ( s\ls is ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,! human s\l is no m]e ^w1 no m]e ab/raction1 no m]e hypo!sis2 ! s\l is ! human be+ himself1 ! individual be+ :o feels & ?9ks1 enjoys & suff]s1 wills & acts1 :o obs]ves & kn[s himself1 9 ! complexity ( 8 actual condition1 & to :om 8 de/9y 9 remote futurity is an object ( pres5t solicitude4 #e ,to ^? :o conf\nd s\l & body1 & see 9 man only a product1 an ephem]al =m ( matt]1 ,i h no?+ to say4 ,:at h !y to d ) ! words ( ! ,gospel--) ! imm5se value atta*$ to a fugitive %ad[1 deceiv$ accord+ to !m z to its own reality1 & only appe>+ to lose itself =?) 9 non5tity8 ,x is ,spirituali/s & ,*ri/ians :o speak ) propriety :5 !y disc\rse 9 gr& & elevat$ tones ( ! human s\l2 & if !y s disc\rse x is because !y see 9 e human s\l a true be+1 a real & individual man1 ) ! gr&eur ( man's nature & ( man's de/9y4 ,:at con/itutes ! ess5tial wor? ( ! human be+1 ( e human be+1 is1 t he is free to act or n to act1 & t he is morally responsible h[ he acts4 ,man believes ess5tially 9 ! di/9ction ( moral good & evil & 9 ! obligation :i* ?is entails2 he believes t he is at lib]ty to act up to x or n z he pleases1 t he is responsible = ! use :i* he makes ( 8 lib]ty4 ,x is because su* is ! nature ( man1 :e!r 8 own conduct is 9 con=mity to x or n1 t ! ,gospel exalts man s nigh1 & accords to him s sublime a de/9y4 #f ,philosoph]s1 ,*ri/ian & anti-,*ri/ian too1 h made great ef=ts1 9 my op9ion ill-judg$ ef=ts1 to solve ! problem ( man's lib]ty 9 relation to ,god's presci5ce2 ! ,gospel recognises & proclaims human lib]ty )\t tr\bl+ itself ab\t ! problem ( philosophy4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion entirely re/s ^u ! fact :i* x assumes1 t man is a free & responsible be+4 ,man's lib]ty is ! po9t f :i* ,*ri/ianity />ts 9 all t %e says to humanity1 & 9 e comm& t %e gives to humanity4 ,*ri/ianity1 !n1 is ess5tially lib]al1 9 fav\r ( all m51 & ( !m z m52 by h] elem5t>y & fundam5tal idea ( man's nature1 %e f\nds 8 lib]ty ^u ! mo/ solid basis & ! broade/ "r t human ?\ght c conceive4 ,! mo/ d>+ ( ! writ]s on public law nev] c>ri$ to s high a po9t z ! ,gospel has done ei!r ! native univ]sal dignity ( man's nature or ! consequ5ces d]ivable f ?is fact4 #g ,*ri/ianity does n conf9e itself to ?is2--aft] hav+ laid d[n ! pr9ciple ( ,lib]ty1 x gives to x ! practical sanction :i* ,lib]ty requires3 x e/abli%es ! "r ( resi/ance to oppression4 ,! prie/s & ! *iefs ( ! synagogue at ,j]usalem comm&$ !m 7,pet] & ,john7 n to speak at all1 nor tea* 9 ! "n ( ,jesus2 b ,pet] & ,john answ]$ !m & said unto !m1 ,:e!r x be "r 9 ! sight ( ,god to he>k5 unto y m ?an unto ,god1 judge ye4 ,footnote #h ,footnote #h3 ,acts iv4 #ah1ai4 ,hav+ be5 aga9 summon$ be=e ! high prie/1 :o says to !m1 ,did n we /raitly comm& y t ye %\ld n tea* 9 ?is "n8 ,pet] replies1 ,we ought to obey ,god r ?an m54 ,footnote #i ,footnote #i3 ,acts v4 #bh1 #bi4 ,! multitude jo9s its acts ( viol5ce to ! injunctions ( ! au?orities4 ,/eph51 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,deacon1 av[s 8 fai? be=e ! multitude1 & falls ! fir/ m>tyr to ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian resi/ance4 ,footnote #aj ,footnote #aj3 ,acts vii4 #ei4 #h ,! mo/ zeal\s ( ! p]secutors ( ,/eph51 ,paul ( ,t>sus1 :o _h become ,*ri/ian1 is1 9 8 turn1 /on$ & left = dead by ! multitude ( ,ly/ra & ,iconium2 9 8 turn he resi/s ! multitude1 & returns aga9 to ,ly/ra & ,iconium1 confirm+ ! s\ls ( ! disciples1 & exhort+ !m to cont9ue 9 ! fai?1 & repres5t+ to !m t x is by mu* tribulation t we mu/ ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,footnote #aa ,resi/ance to oppression is an ess5tial pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! def9itive gu>antee ( ,lib]ty4 ,footnote #aa3 ,acts xiv4 #ai1 #bb4 ,x is ! peculi> *>act]i/ic & hon\r ( ,*ri/ianity t x d]ives bo? ! "r ( resi/ance to oppression1 & ! pr9ciple ( ev5 ,lib]ty itself1 n f ! temporal & transitory int]e/s ( e>?ly life1 b f ! moral & et]nal int]e/s ( ! s\l4 ,at ! same "t t x affirms ! pr9ciple ( ,lib]ty & proclaims its consequ5ces1 x equally affirms & proclaims ! pr9ciples & rights ( ,au?ority4 #i ,i h ref]r$ to ?is ^u ano!r occasion2 :5 ,jesus made t reply to ! "q ( ! ,ph>isees :e!r x 0 p]missible or n to pay tribute to ,caes>1 ,r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s2 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's1 he e/abli%$ 9 pr9ciple ! di/9ction betwe5 ! religi\s life & civil life1 betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate4 ,cs> has no "r to int]v5e ) 8 laws & mat]ial =ce1 betwe5 ! s\l ( man & 8 ,god2 & on 8 side ! fai?ful wor%ipp] ( ,god is b\nd to fulfil t[>ds ,cs> ! duties :i* ! necessity ( ! ma9t5ance ( public ord] imposes4 ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,m$itations ^u ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bgh4 ,london3 #ahfd4 ,x 0 by affirm+ & def5d+ religi\s lib]ty1 ! highe/ & pr\de/ ( all lib]ties1 t mod]n civilization comm5c$4 ,! pr9ciple & "r ( lib]ty once deeply root$ 9 ! s\l1 ! fl[] & ! fruit ( ?is pot5t g]m h /rongly develop$ !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 & exp&$ ) m or less ( promptitude & fecundity1 accord+ z ! seasons 7 fav\rable or unfav\rable2 b ^u ! :ole1 hi/ory has confirm$ ! ,gospel4 #aj ,( all ! ,religions :i* h appe>$ 9 ! _w1 ,*ri/ianity is ! only "o :i* conqu]$ by means ( ,lib]ty1 & :i* 0 f\nd$ ^u ,lib]ty2 ! only "o :i* has be5 able to assume & keep h] place amid/ ! greate/ div]sity ( social in/itutions1 & :i* 9 !m all1 z exig5cies requir$1 accept$ & support$ at "o "t au?ority1 at ano!r lib]ty4 ,ev5 if ,i wi%$1 x w\ld be impossible = me 9 ?is place to ref] to m ?an ! g5]al & evid5t facts ( hi/ory4 ,if ,i rem\nt to ! orig9s ( ! diff]5t religions1 ,i obs]ve t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! only "o :i* did n appeal to =ce2 %e 0 ! only "o :i* did n employ =ce to issue =? f h] cradle & to gr[4 ,dur+ m ?an ?ree c5turies %e alone combat$ & conqu]$ h] adv]s>ies by vanqui%+ s\ls 9 ! "n ( tru? & by ! arms ( tru?4 #aa ,if ,i int]rogate ! results1 ,i f9d t ?ree great religi\s e/abli%m5ts--,paganism1 ,b\ddhism1 & ,mahometanism--h held1 &1 ) ,*ri/ianity1 /ill hold a great place 9 ! _w4 ,paganism1 aft] "s fair b brief mom5ts ( progress1 atta9$ to no?+ b ! an>*y ( ! ,greek & ,roman ,republics1 & ! despotic decay ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,b\ddhism did no?+ b g5]ate ! fanta/ic sup]/itions & ! en]vat+ ab/ractions ( a pan!i/ic my?ology1 amid/ ! immobility ( ! ca/es & ! /agnation ( absolute p[]4 ,mahometanism c>ri$ into e qu>t] to :i* %e p5etrat$ only ! yoke ( =ce1 ! incurable animosity ( races1 ! /]ility ( conque/4 ,*ri/ianity alone accept$ ! _s ( ,lib]ty & ,progress :]e %e f\nd x already exi/+ 9 ! s\l ( man & 9 human societies1 & :]e %e did n f9d x %e awak5$ x4 ,let me n be accus$ ( =gett+ t s9ce ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 oppressive tyrannies & odi\s p]secutions h occurr$ 91 diff]5t ,*ri/ian societies 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #ab ,no "o m ?an ,i deplores & dete/s su* facts4 ,!y 7 ! "w ( ! s9s ( m51 n ( ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 f> f au?oris+ !m1 condemns !m4 ,wat] f ! pure/ s\rce is *ang$ & pollut$ 9 its c\rse ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 aft] x has be5 expos$ to ! /ormy atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,9 creat+ man free1 ,god left him a "p & a %>e 9 8 own de/9y & 9 ! ev5ts :i* det]m9e x4 ,*ri/ianity1 emanat+ f ,god1 m>ks out & combats uncompromis+ly all evil desires & bad motives1 all ! excesses & all ! weaknesses ( man's selfi%ness3 %e has n de/roy$ !m2 %e did n at once re/ore innoc5ce to man nor make him a pres5t ( virtue3 he is b\nd to lab\r 9 ! "w ( 8 own control & ( 8 own re=mation2 ! ,gospel is a ,mirror 9 :i*1 if he looks at himself1 he may1 x is true1 behold ! /a9s ^u 8 s\l & ^u 8 life1 b ^? /a9s proce$ f himself1 & n f ! mirror1 :i* only enables him to see !m4 #ac ,:5 we lay to ! *>ge ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion ! fatal errors1 ! unlawful passions & actions :i* h appe>$ "u its "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,societies1 we acquit )\t reason m51 :e!r pr9ces or nations1 le>n$ or ignorant1 ( ! responsibility t weighs ^u !m2 we ignore :at ,*ri/ianity comm&s & :at %e =bids2 we dem& f h] t :i* %e has n promis$4 ,( hi/ory ?us f>4 ,i n[ conf9e myself to ! pres5t epo* & to ! problems :i* ! actual relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ,lib]ty pres5t4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal ob/acles at ! pres5t day 9 ! way ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a real & la/+ ,lib]ty1 & :at are ! means )9 our rea* to surm\nt !m8 ,9 o!r t]ms1 :i* express my mean+ m exactly1 ,:at are our infirmities to ret>d1 :at our /r5g? to accel]ate1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a free gov]nm5t8 ,is ,*ri/ianity an ob/acle to u 9 ?is "w or a help1 an ill or a rem$y8 #ad ,x is ) a pr(\nd feel+ ( sadness t ,i see em95t m51 m5 truly ,*ri/ian1 incessantly depict+ 9 ! mo/ sombre col\rs society z x n[ exi/s1 & repres5t+ x z only a prey to political & moral diseases n[ acute1 n[ indol5t1 z depriv$ !reby ( all title to respect1 & ( all hope ( amelioration1 incapacitat$ at "o "t = ord]ly life1 at ano!r = ,lib]ty4 ,z = /raight=w>d attacks ^u our vices & fail+s1 our errors & %ortcom+s1 ,i compla9 n ( !m h[ev] viol5t3 nations z well z individuals require to be (t5 admoni%$ frankly & ) sev]ity2 ! rud5ess :i* %akes !m is m salut>y ?an ! indulg5ce :i* cradles !m to sleep4 ,b :at ,i regret & deplore 9 ! attitude & 9 ! language ( ^! wor?y ,*ri/ian ,c5sors1 is n t !y scrupul\sly & unsp>+ly expose preval5t evils1 our bad prop5sities1 & our fooli% pret5sions2 b t !y ignore :at good !re is 9 u1 ! progress :i* we make1 & ! j & salut>y results to :i* we are t5d+4 #ae ,! simultane\s pres5ce1 ! pr(\nd int]mixture1 ( good & evil1 ( virtue & vice1 ( wisdom & folly1 is ! *ronic sore ( man & ( human societies2 ?is is no new fact1 no evil :i* we are ! fir/ to endure & = :i* we are ! fir/ to be responsible2 x is ! old condition ( ! _w z x appe>s f ! con/ant te/imony ( ,hi/ory2 ea* ( its ages has incurr$ & has m]it$ reproa*es1 n ! same1 b at lea/ z s]i\s z ^? laid to ! *>ge ( our age2 & if we 7 sudd5ly transport$ to any o!r epo* ( ! pa/1 x matt]s n to :i*1 ,i d n hesitate to affirm t we w\ld n will+ly accept t epo* 9 ex*ange = our own1 nor %\ld we ev5 v mu* l to contemplate ! spectacle4 ,sev]ity is well1 b ju/ice is due to diff]5t p]iods & diff]5t conditions ( society4 ,9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s we h ga9$ m1 bo? 9 morality & 9 common s5se1 ?an we h ev] =gott54 #af ,& "h ,i am met by a "q respect+ :i* ,i w expla9 my view unres]v$ly & at once4 ,society 9 ,france has rea*$ its actual condition only by a progressive ef=t1 an advance m or less p]ceptible1 m or less rapid1 b n )\t num]\s int]ruptions & vicissitudes2 x has s\ght to escape 9 turn f ! feudal sy/em1 f ! pret5sions & ! selfi% conte/s ( ! great nobles1 f ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,c\rt1 f arbitr>9ess1 f ! improvid5ce & caprices ( absolute p[]4 ,national unity1 civil equality1 & political lib]ty h be51 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( our hi/ory1 ! objects ( our aim & desire4 ,our greate/ ?9k]s1 ! actors on ! /age ( our ,politics1 ! nation itself1 ) its t5d5cy dimly m>k$1 yet p[]ful1 h con/antly proce$$ 9 ?is direction & t[>ds ?is object4 ,! ,revolution ( #aghi 0 ! mo/ viol5t & mo/ s]i\s explosion ( ?is incessant travail ( ,france4 ,0 x pregnant ) fruitful consequ5ces1 or is ! issue to be n[ deplor$8 ,france believ$ t %e _h !n ga9$ a great victory1 n only = h]self1 b = all mank9d4 ,did %e deceive h]self8 #ag ,h we be5 = s _m c5turies proce$+ 9 a good road or 9 a bad road1 t[>ds success or t[>ds delusion8 ,are we progress+1 or are we decl9+8 ,x is a "q ^u :i* em95t m51 & m5 ^: op9ions are entitl$ to e respect1 are1 at ! pres5t day1 n all ( ! same op9ion2 = :]eas "s p]si/ 9 a cry ( triumph1 o!rs give b utt]ance to gloomy & al>m+ progno/ics4 ,i h "s "r to say t no "o is m /ruck1 m %ock$ ?an ,i am by ! crimes1 faults1 errors1 & follies bo? ( op9ion & action g5]at$ by ?is ,fr5* ,revolution2 ,i nev] hesitat$ op5ly to *>act]ise !m z1 9 my op9ion1 !y des]v$2 inde$ ! sev]e conte/s ?r\gh :i* ,i h _h to pass 9 my public c>e] may1 p]haps1 9 "s degree h orig9at$ 9 my s9c]ity ^u ?is subject4 ,i _h to confront _m prejudices1 & to w\nd mu* self-love4 ,i regret no s5tim5t :i* ,i felt1 & ,i retract no language :i* ,i us$4 #ah ,b 9 spite ( ! /rong anti-revolution>y op9ions :i* h be5 attribut$ to me1 ,i 0 & /ill am conv9c$ t1 ^u ! :ole1 :atev] ! evil :i* t ,revolution occasion$1 & is occasion+1 x nev]!less1 s]v$ ! good cause bo? ( ! nation & ( ,humanity2 ,i believe t ,france & ! _w w ga9 by x m ?an !y suff]$1 or are suff]+1 & t we are1 9 ! mid/ ( all our trials1 /ill 9 an ra ( progress1 & n at ! comm5cem5t ( a decl9e4 ,i d]ive motives = my ,optimism ^u ?is subject 9 ! sph]e ( ideas z well z 9 t ( facts4 ,!oretically ! pr9ciples ( #aghi conta9 a l>ge %>e ( tru?1 tru? pregnant ( consequ5ce1 tru? sup]ior to ! %>e ( error :i* !y conta91 & :i* is1 nev]!less1 l>ge4 ,hi/orically ! t5d5cy & ! travail ( op9ion :i* h be5 = c5turies a s\rce to ,france ( inconte/able progress 9 ! way ( ju/ice1 lib]ty1 & social happ9ess1 _c h become1 all ( a sudd51 a cause ( decl9e4 #ai ,practically1 9 spite ( all its ills & all its %ortcom+s1 ! pres5t c5tury has no cause to dread a comp>ison ) pa/ c5turies4 ,!re nev] has be5 any epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* society 9 :i* x w\ld h bett]$ its condition by halt+1 or to :i* x %\ld wi% to return4 ,i rev]t to my "q2 :at p]ils1 :at ob/acles1 d our social in/itutions & our mann]s oppose to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,lib]ty ) effect & ^u a la/+ foot+8 ,is ,*ri/ianity ( a nature to /& u 9 good /ead1 or to hurt u 9 su* a "w8 ,all e>ne/ m51 all cle>-sight$ m51 at ! pres5t day1 :e!r !y are ,cons]vatives or ,lib]als1 ,*ri/ians or ,free-?9k]s1 ,ca?olics or ,prote/ants1 are unanim\s 9 deplor+ ! prepond]ance ( mat]ial int]e/s1 ! ?ir/ = physical & vulg> pleasures1 & ! habits ( selfi%ness & effem9acy :i* !y g5]ate4 #bj ,!y are "r2 we h inde$ "h an evil great]1 :5 we consid] :at is ! mission ( our epo*1 ?an p]haps ev5 ^? believe x to be :o deplore x4 ,! ,emp]or ,napoleon said1 9 a phrase m>k$ by all ! cle> & =cible col\r+ ( 8 habitual language3--,i d n fe> conspirators :o rise at t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & :o _c d )\t a fre% %irt4 ,footnote #ac ,footnote #ac3 ,je ne cra9s pas les conspirateurs qui se lv5t dix heures du mat91 et qui ont beso9 de mettre une *emise blan*e4 ,!re is no "q ( conspirators "h1 & = ! s\l to be vigor\s x is n ess5tial t ! c>e ( ! p]son %\ld be neglect$4 ,:at conc]ns ^? :o w\ld be free1 :e!r individuals or nations1 is t !y %\ld n h _! att5tion ess5tially absorb$ by consid]ations affect+ m]ely _! mat]ial prosp]ity1 or _! petty p]sonal com=ts2 !y h especially to gu>d !mselves aga9/ selfi%ness & ,epicureanism4 ,:e!r 8 ta/es be ref9$ or gross1 ! ,epicurean does n readily resign himself to make ei!r ef=t or sacrifice2 b he is n difficult to cont5t if he is p]mitt$ to enjoy 8 pleasures & 8 repose4 #ba ,selfi%ness1 ev5 :]e x is sob] & g5tle1 is a cold & /]ile passion1 x owes its empire to its success 9 en]vat+ & l[]+ a man's nature4 ,lib]ty calls = a "* ( m /r5g?1 high] aspirations1 great] p[] ( resi/ance2 a /ate ( s\l (f]+ fre] action to moral sympa?y & dis9t]e/$ motives4 ,x is precisely "h t ,*ri/ianity c supply mod]n society ) t ( :i* x /&s 9 ne$4 ,*ri/ianity tea*es all m51 ! great & ! small1 ! ri* & ! poor1 n to devote all _! lives to mat]ial ?+s2 %e summons !m to m elevat$ regions1 & :il/ %e inspires !m ) a pur] ambition1 %e op5s to !m a fair] hope ev5 ( happ9ess4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 :e!r 8 /ation be p[]ful or humble1 & 8 aspirations ambiti\s or mode/1 c nev] f9d an exclusive object ( att5tion1 or an exclusive motive to action1 ev5 9 t pr9ciple ( int]e/ :i* politicians1 us+ ! ^w 9 its be/ s5se1 va9ly imag9e to be a panacea4 #bb ,man1 :e!r t[>ds 8 fell[-creatures1 or on 8 own acc\nt1 has ano!r object to pursue1 o!r laws to accompli%1 o!r s5tim5ts to display & to satisfy3 he c nei!r be an ,epicurean nor an ,egoti/4 ,?is is ! fir/ & ! greate/ ( ! s]vices :i* ,*ri/ianity c & does r5d] 9 our days to e society :i* aspires to ,lib]ty4 ,i proce$ to m5tion a second s]vice4 ,!re is no lib]ty )\t a l>ge measure ( lic5se4 ,!y are dream]s :o hope to enjoy ! b5efits ( ! "o )\t incurr+ ! risk1 & und]go+ ! inconv5i5ces1 ( ! o!r4 ,!y1 too1 are dream]s :o believe t lic5se w ev] be effectually repress$ by p5alties1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 or measures ( ,police4 ,two ?+s are c]ta92 ! "o is1 t x is idle to attempt to repress lic5se completely 9 a free c\ntry2 ! o!r1 t ! moral & prev5tive =ces ( society itself are alone to be reli$ ^u1 bo? by gov]nm5ts & nations1 to enable !m to support t lic5se :i* !y _c suppress4 #bc ,*ri/ianity is ! mo/ efficaci\s1 ! mo/ popul>1 & ! mo/ approv$ ( ^! =ces4 ,x is efficaci\s aga9/ lic5se = two reasons & 9 two ways4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ,*ri/ianity ma9ta9s to ,au?ority its "r & its rank intact2 )\t humbl+ x be=e ,lib]ty1 ,*ri/ianity yet recognises ! rights ( ,lib]ty1 & dem&s t ^! %\ld be admitt$2 9 fact ,*ri/ianity inspires m5 ) a s5tim5t1 ) :i* au?ority _c disp5se1 respect4 ,! abs5ce ( respect is ! mo/ s]i\s dang] to :i* au?ority is expos$2 au?ority suff]s mu* m f insult ?an f attack2 x is precisely to ! task ( sy/ematically insult+ & debas+ au?ority1 t its mo/ ard5t oppon5ts1 9 our days1 address !mselves ) mo/ passion & ) mo/ art4 ,!re exi/ lic5ti\s1 turbul5t1 & insol5t p]sons 9 ,*ri/ian societies1 j z su* exi/ 9 o!r societies2 b ,*ri/ian pr9ciples & ,*ri/ian habits make & ma9ta9 fri5ds to ,ord] 9 ! great mass ( ! p z well z 9 ! high] classes1 fri5ds to ord]1 :o respect ord] bo? 9 law & 9 morals1 m5 :om lic5ti\s & insult+2 conduct %ock z mu* z !y t]rify1 & :o1 equally free1 appeal 9 _! own fav\r to ! maxims & ! arms ( ,lib]ty4 #bd ,hi/ory supplies u on ?is subject ) conclusive examples4 ,! nations ( ,*ri/5dom are ! only nations to :i* lic5se has n br\ght z a f9al consequ5ce an>*y & despotism1--! only nations :i*1 al?\gh !y h on diff]5t occasions & by salut>y reactions exp]i5c$ ! excesses bo? ( p[] & ( lib]ty1 h n succumb$ "u !m morally & politically4 ,nei!r ! /ates ( ,pagan ,antiquity nor ^? ( ! ,ea/1 :e!r ,b\ddhi/ or ,mussulman1 h /ood su* trials2 ^! h _h _! days ( heal?y vig\r & ev5 ( glory2 b :5 ! evils :i* lic5se or tyranny g5]at$ h once come ^u !m1 !y h fall5 irretrievably1 & all _! subsequ5t hi/ory has m]ely be5 t ( a decl9e m or less rapid1 m or less /ormy1 m or less apa!tic4 #be ,x is ! hon\r ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion t x has )9 x t :i* c cure /ates ( _! maladies1 z well z individuals ( _! errors2 & t1 by ! belief :i* x g5]ates1 & ! s5tim5ts :i* x inspires1 x has already m ?an once furni%$1 sometimes to ! fri5ds ( ,ord]1 & sometimes to ! fri5ds ( ,lib]ty1 a refuge 9 _! rev]ses1 z well z /r5g? to recov] lo/ gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be z imprud5t z ungrateful 9 ^! days = ! fri5ds ( ,lib]ty to ignore ?is gr& fact & its salut>y admoni%m5t4 ,!y are call$ to a "w mu* m difficult ?an any t !y h hi!rto _h to accompli%3 _! task is no long] m]ely to se>* aft] gu>antees = ,lib]ty aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( pre-exi/5t ,p[]1 or ! accid5tal & transi5t ebullition ( ,lic5se4 ,!y h to reconcile ! normal & con/itutional dom9ion ( ,democracy ) ,lib]ty1 & ) ! regul> action & p]man5ce ( ,lib]ty4 #bf ,until mod]n times1 political lib]ty1 :]ev] x has exi/$1 has be5 ! result ( ! simultane\s pres5ce & ( ! conflict ( diff]5t =ces ( society1 no "o ( !m /rong en\gh to rule alone1 b ea* too weak to resi/ efficaci\sly ! attack ( ! o!rs2 at "o "t ! ,cr[n1 at ano!r ! ,ari/ocracy1 at ano!r ! ,*ur*1 ea* previ\sly p[]ful & indep5d5t1 h liv$ side by side ) ,democracy :5 ,democracy has _h limits & re/rictions impos$ ^u its p[] & success2 b at ! pres5t day1 !re are among/ u no di/9ct surviv+ influ5ces :i* are p[]ful en\gh to play a simil> "p 9 society & 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,cr[n1 ! ,ari/ocracy1 & ! ,*ur* are no long] any?+ b frail wrecks ( ! pa/1 or in/rum5ts creat$ by ! ,democracy1 & indebt$ to x = a borr[$ =ce4 ,is ?is to be h5ce=? ! p]man5t condition ( human society1 or is x only a phase1 m or less transitory1 ( a s]ies ( ages & ( revolutions1 :i* fre% ages & fre% revolutions w h]eaft] pr(\ndly modify8 ,futurity mu/ decide4 ,9 any case1 x is only "u ! exclusive dom9ion ( a s+le =ce1 ,democracy1 t 9 ^! days free in/itutions c be f\nd$4 #bg ,t e dom9ant =ce :5 s+le is tempt$ to commit abuses & to become tyrannical1 is a tru? s mu* 9 accordance ) ! lessons ( exp]i5ce & ) ! conclusions ( reason1 t no pa9s ne$ be tak5 to insi/ ^u x4 ,n to speak ( ! dang]\s acclivity ^u :i* ,democracy1 9 common ) all o!r =ces1 is plac$1 x has peculi> *>act]i/ics :i* are n ( a nature to set ! fri5ds ( ,lib]ty at _! ease4 ,democracy d]ives its orig9 & p[] f ! "r ( e human w1 & f ! majority ( human wills4 ,tru? & error press s v closely ^u ea* o!r 9 ?is sy/em1 t ,lib]ty is plac$ 9 a position ( great p]il4 ,man's volition is entitl$ to e respect2 b x is n all its law to itself1 nor is x 9 itself ess5tially a law at all3 x is b\nd to ano!r law1 :i* does n emanate f itself1 & :i* comes to x f a high] s\rce ?an man1 & :i* x is z unable to abrogate z x 0 to create4 #bh ,! law p>am\nt is ! moral law1--! law laid d[n by ,god1 to :i* all wills ( m51 :atev] _! numb]1 are b\nd to submit4 ,democracy1 ess5tially busi$ ) ! wills ( m51 is always incl9$ to attribute to !m ! "* & ! rights ( div9e law4 ,man occupies s mu* space 9 ?is =m ( gov]nm5t1 & has s elevat$ a position !re1 t he easily =gets ,god--easily takes himself = ,god4 ,! result is a sort ( political poly!ism1 :i*1 unless x appeals to a gross1 mat]ial arbitram5t1 & to ! majority ( human wills1 is incapable ( arriv+ at t unity ( law & ( action1 ) :i* no society or gov]nm5t c disp5se4 ,i d n say t ! individual man1 & t numb]s ( m51 are ! only pr9ciples1 b ,i d say1 t !y are pr9ciples *>act]i/ic ( ,democracy2 x is aga9/ ! absolute dom9ion ( ^! two pr9ciples t ,democracy has1 9 ! int]e/ ( its own hon\r & ( its own safety1 to be incessantly admoni%$ & def5d$4 #bi ,a royal sage enjo9$ t he %\ld be salut$ e morn+ ) ! words1 ,rememb] ?\ art man4 ,?is sublime & prud5t admonition is no less ne$ful = ,democracy ?an = ,royalty1 & x is precisely ! salut>y s]vice :i* is r5d]$ to x by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity !re is a light1 a voice1 a law1 a hi/ory1 :i* does n come f man1 b :i*1 )\t (f5d+ 8 dignity1 sets him 9 8 prop] place4 ,no belief1 no in/itution1 exalts man's dignity s highly1 & at ! same "t s effectually represses 8 arrogance4 ,! m democratic a society is1 ! m x is important t ?is d\ble effect %all take place )9 x4 ,*ri/ianity alone has ?is virtue4 ,i am aw>e ( ! capital objection made to its empire4 ,! ,physic )\t ! ,physicians1 exclaim$ ,r\sseau1 9 a sally aga9/ m$ical m51 b ! expression %[s nev]!less h[ little he 0 dispos$ to =get t x is possible = m$ic9e to be good & salut>y4 #cj ,h[ (t5 h ,i he>d m5 ( intellig5ce & m5 9 all o!r respects v wor?y ( consid]ation1 exclaim1 ,let me h ,religion )\t ! prie/s3 ,i am a ,*ri/ian1 b no fri5d ( ! cl]gy4 ,i am f> f seek+ to leave ?is difficulty unnotic$1 or to elude x4 ,x is a difficulty ( ! grave/ nature1 n 9 ess5ce1 b 9 ! actual circum/ances & /ate ( op9ions at ! pres5t day4 ,z a ,prote/ant x does n conc]n me4 ,! cl]gy is n among/ ,prote/ants ! object ( any su* uneas9ess4 ,"o ( ! be/ results1 9 my op9ion1 ( ! ,re=mation ( ! #af? c5tury1 :e!r reg>d$ z ,lu!ran or ,calv9i/ic1 z ,anglican1 or z ! "w ( o!r ,dissid5ts 9 religion1 is t x /rongly cem5t$ ! union betwe5 ! ecclesia/ics & ! g5]al religi\s community--betwe5 ! spiritual & ! lay memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,re=mation produc$ ?is effect1 fir/1 by au?oris+ ! cl]gy to m>ry & to ent] into ! relations :i* a life ( family br+s ) x2 &1 secondly1 by giv+ to ! laity a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 #ca ,! p>tition 0 n always judici\s or equitable4 ,at "o "t ! cl]gy1 at ano!r ! laity1 h be5 transport$ f _! natural places1 & injur$ 9 _! legitimate rights2 b ! relations betwe5 ! two classes ceas$ to pres5t ! appe>ance ( ei!r absolutism on ! "o h&1 or ( entire subord9ation on ! o!r2 ! laity obta9$ a voice & influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( ! flock2 ! prie/s1 al?\gh rema9+ religi\s pa/ors & religi\s magi/rates1 ceas$ to be spiritual ma/]s4 ,?is organisation has l$ to ! two social in/itutions comb9+ !mselves 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,at "o "t ! civil p[] has invad$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! religi\s society1 & depriv$ ! cl]gy1 n m]ely ( empire1 b ( indep5d5ce2 at ano!r "t ! two =ms ( society1 ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur*1 h regulat$ by treaty ! t]ms ( _! mutual relations2 :]eas1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! two =ms ( society h be5 entirely sep>at$1 & h mutually recov]$ _! indep5d5ce2 #cb else:]e1 z among/ ! ,quak]s & ! ,moravians1 all ecclesia/ical au?ority & ord]s ( prie/hood h be5 aboli%$1 & laym5 h liv$ 9 ! isolation ea* ( 8 individual consci5ce1 ob$i5t only to its spontane\s impulses4 ,b amid/ all ?is div]sity1 x is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! *ur*es & ( ! sects :i* issu$ f ! ,re=m ( ! #af? c5tury1 t prie/s d n 9 !mselves con/itute ! necess>y & sov]eign m$iators betwe5 ,god & man's s\l1 nor ! sole rul]s ( religi\s society4 ,x is p>ticul>ly by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple t ! di/9ction betwe5 civil life & religi\s life has become an efficaci\s & a consecrat$ doctr9e1 & t ,lib]ty has resum$ its "r & become an active influ5ce 9 religi\s society itself4 #cc ,b among/ ,roman ,ca?olic nations1 prie/s are ! objects ( a p]si/5t di/ru/ :i* has be5 ! fruitful s\rce ( mu* calamity to ,*ri/ianity4 ,hi/ory =bids surprise4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy has (t5 pres5t$ ! spectacle ( ambition & passion1 ( mundane & selfi% int]e/s1 /rangely int]mix$ ) fai? & ) e>ne/ zeal = ! fur!rance ( _! religi\s mission4 ,s]i\s ills & grave abuses h result$ !refrom 9 ! relation ( ,*ur* to ,/ate1 & ( prie/s to _! flocks1 & ev5 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,^! are facts almo/ z undisput$ z !y are indisputable2 9 pro( ( !m ! te/imony1 n only ( its adv]s>ies1 b ( ! holie/ memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome itself1 may be invok$4 ,no?+ is m natural1 & inde$ m inevitable1 ?an t ?is %\ld h l$ & %\ld /ill lead1 n only to ill-w t[>ds prie/s1 b to _! be+ reg>d$ z prop] subjects = attack4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on t acc\nt less c]ta9 t su* an attack is1 9 our days1 & z society is at pres5t con/itut$1 unju/1 silly1 & inopportune1 z injuri\s to ,/ate z to ,*ur*1 to ,lib]ty z to ,religion4 ,!re may be inju/ice & +ratitude to in/itutions z well z to individuals4 #cd ,f ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & dur+ ! rude/ & mo/ sombre ages ( mod]n hi/ory1 ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 :e!r z ,popes1 ,bi%ops1 mona/ic ord]s1 or simple prie/s1 9 ! mid/ ( _! selfi% pret5sions & ambiti\s usurpations1 display$ & exp5d$ treasures ( intellect1 c\rage1 & p]sev]ance 9 ord] to affirm & protect ! immat]ial & moral int]e/s ( humanity4 ,!y did n on all occasions accept _! mission to its full ext5t2 !y did n ma9ta9 ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 9 all its bread?1 & 9 all its evangelical dis9t]e/$ness2 !y _h _! %>e 9 ! acts ( viol5ce1 iniquity1 & tyranny ( ! diff]5t ma/]s ( society = ! "t be+2 !y (t5 made ,lib]ty pay de>ly = ! s]vices :i* !y r5d]$ to civilization2 b :5 ,lib]ty has become "o ( ! conque/s ( t v civilization1 ! pro( z well z ! gu>antee = its fur!r progress1 !re is inju/ice & +ratitude 9 =gett+ :at "p ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy effect$ t[>ds ! con/itution ( t society1 ! ultimate result ( :i* has be5 s glori\s4 #ce ,! inju/ice is ! great] t x is n[ inopportune & useless4 ,f ! acrimony1 ! ang]1 & al>m :i* *>act]ise ! attacks direct$ at ,roman ,ca?olicism & its ,prie/s1 we might suppose t ! ,inquisition 0 at our gates1 t ,rome 0 mak+ a p]il\s onslaught ^u our civil & religi\s lib]ties1 & t we ne$ to deploy all our =ce & all our passions to repulse ! dom9ation ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome & ( its army4 ,0 !re ev] s /range a p]v]sion ( facts8 ,= a c5tury pa/1 on :i* side has be5 ! movem5t & ! aggression8 ,is x n evid5tly ! _s ( religi\s & political lib]ty :i* has n[ ! initiative1 ! impulsive1 onw>d movem5t8 ,! def5sive is ! natural & en=c$ situation ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ,romanism is mu* m m5ac$1 mu* m attack$ by public op9ion 9 ^! days ?an our lib]ties are m5ac$ or attack$ by h]4 ,! supreme p[] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ! ,papacy1 does inde$ ma9ta91 9 pr9ciple1 c]ta9 maxims & c]ta9 traditions irreconcileable )1 ! actual /ate ( op9ion & society2 x cont9ues to condemn au?oritatively "s ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( mod]n civilization4 #cf ,9 all e>ne/ness1 yet ) e feel+ ( respect1 ,i %all "h make at once use ( my "r1 bo? z a ,prote/ant & z ! citiz5 ( a free c\ntry1 to decl>e my pr(\nd conviction t ?is sy/ematic p]si/5ce1 h[ev] consci5ti\s & dignifi$ x may be1 %[s a great want ( religi\s =esight z well z ( political prud5ce4 ,i ?9k t ,romanism1 )\t abdication & )\t r5\nc+ any?+ t is vitally ess5tial to itself1 might assume a position 9 h>mony ) ! moral & social /ate 9 ^! days1 & ) ! conditions also vitally ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( su* /ate4 ,i may add1 t s long z ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,romi% ,*ur* %all n h accept$ & accompli%$ ?is "w ( conciliation--conciliation real & pr(\nd--! fri5ds ( ,lib]ty w be ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ !mselves on ! al]t1 & 9 ma9ta9+ a res]ve t[>ds x1 z repres5t+1 !mselves1 ^? moral & lib]al pr9ciples :i* x disav[s4 #cg ,b let !m n attribute to ?is disav[al a great] importance ?an x des]ves2 let !m wat* ! ecclesia/ical p[] :i* utt]s x1 )\t al>m2 x has 9 x no?+ v m5ac+1 no?+ t opposes any effectual b>ri] to ! m>* ( ev5ts2 ,lib]alism is n ! less victori\s 9 ^! days1 & n ! less advanc+4 ,_m faults h be5 committ$1 & _m probably w cont9ue to be committ$2 z has already be5 ! case1 we %all h p]haps _m a b>ri] oppos$ 9 our pa?1 _m a reaction>y movem5t to endure1 b ! g5]al onw>d impulse w nev]!less be ! same1 & ! f9al result1 ! conque/ ( ,lib]ty1 religi\s1 civil & political1 n ! less a c]ta9ty4 ,?is is no m]e philosophical aspiration4 ,x is already hi/ory4 ,!re h be5 _m vicissitudes 9 ,france1 & _m a crisis ( diff]5t k9ds dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,lib]alism & ,roman ,ca?olicism2 ! =m] has (t5 committ$ errors1 made mi/akes1 by :i* ,romanism has adroitly pr(it$2 b at e rev]se ,romanism has recognis$ h] own defeat1 & accept$ "s "p ( its consequ5ces4 #ch ,! ,con/itu5t ,assembly by ! civil organisation ( ! cl]gy1 ! ,national ,conv5tion by its proscriptions1 _h endeav\r$1 ! "o to enslave1 ! o!r to aboli% ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ! great ma/] ( ! revolution1 ,napoleon1 rais$ x up aga9 by ! ,concordat ( #ahjb2 b ! ,concordat at ! same "t consecrat$ _m ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! lib]al regime1 & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,rome consecrat$ ,napoleon & sign$ ! ,concordat1 ev5 :il/ prote/+ aga9/ "s ( its consequ5ces4 ,at ! ,re/oration "s wi%$ to discuss aga9 ! "q ( ! ,concordat1 & to re-e/abli% ! relation betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate ^u _! anci5t f\ndations2 b ! attempt enc\nt]$1 9 ! ranks ( ! ,royali/s !mselves1 a decisive resi/ance1 & totally fail$4 ,"u ! ,gov]nm5t ( #ahcj1 ,roman ,ca?olicism rega9$ its gr\nd & resum$ fre% vig\r by bo? us+ ! "n ( ,lib]ty & claim+ its "r4 #ci ,:5 ! ,republic aga9 appe>$ 9 #ahdh1 ,roman ,ca?olicism treat$ x ) z mu* t5d]ness z x exp]i5c$ itself f ! ,republic4 ,i pause be=e ! actual relations ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome to ! new ,empire2 ,rome has paid a de> price = all t %e has receiv$ f ! ,empire2 b ev5 "h %e %[$1 & appe>s dispos$ /ill to %[1 a l>ge measure ( pati5ce & resignation4 ,%e is "r4 ,"o fact p>ticul>ly arre/s my att5tion 9 ! c\rse ( ?is /ormy hi/ory4 ,9 ! mid/ ( h] rev]ses & h] concessions1 ,roman ,ca?olicism has display$ r>e & en]getic virtues ( fidelity & indep5d5ce4 ,%e has oppos$ to ! bloody p]secution ( ,t]rorism1 ! inexhau/ible blood ( h] m>tyrs1 bi%ops1 prie/s1 monks1 m5 & wom52 t ,cl]gy ( ,france1 once s vacillat+ 9 fai? & s mundane 9 morals1 bore _! cross ) an indomitable s5tim5t ( ,*ri/ian hon\r4 #dj ,! despotism ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon enc\nt]$ 9 ! p]son ( ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 9 "s ,c>d9als1 & "s ,bi%ops1 a passive b firm resi/ance1 :i* nei!r ! p[] ( ! ,despot1 nor ! contagi\s s]vility ( _! contempor>ies1 c\ld surm\nt4 ,& aga91 9 ^! days1 :o c fail to p]ceive ) :at activity & devot$ness1 ) :at sacrifices & efficacy1 ,roman ,ca?olicism1 by ! m]e =ce ( its native en]gy1 upholds ! cause ( its *ief & ( itself8 ,if civil society _h def5d$ its lib]ties & its dignities z ! ,*ur* ( ,rome def5ds h]s1 ,lib]alism 9 ,france w\ld be f>!r advanc$ on its road & t[>ds its object4 ,b let n ,romani/s deceive !mselves3 "o _c make use ( ,lib]ty )\t be+ =c$ to ent] into an engagem5t & compromise ) ,lib]ty2 "o _c appeal to ,lib]ty )\t do+ homage to h]2 %e lays h] h& ^u ^? to :om %e l5ds h] aid4 ,! great fact :i* ,i be=e invok$1 ! "w ( reconciliation betwe5 mod]n society & ,roman ,ca?olicism1 is m advanc$ ?an ^? believe :o /ill /& alo( f x & oppose x4 #da ,?is is prov$ by two facts4 ,9 ! v bosom ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 & f among/ its mo/ zeal\s def5d]s1 t gr\p ( lib]al ,ca?olics 0 =m$ :i* has play$ & :i* cont9ues to play s active a "p 9 /ruggl+ = ! ,lib]ties ( _! *ur*1 & = ! rights ( _! *ief3 ^! are at once ! ornam5ts ( !n *ur*1 & its intellectual sword2 & ! publication :i* supports _! views1 ! ,correspondant1 is1 next to ! ,revue des deux ,mondes1 ! p]iodical :i* meets ) mo/ success & has ! greate/ circulation4 ,pass+ f ?is brilliant gr\p to ! m mode/ ranks ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy1 ,i ask :at is ! disposition1 ! attitude1 ! conduct ( ^? fai?ful & humble prie/s :o ex]cise ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry 9 our prov9ces & 9 ! inf]ior qu>t]s ( our cities2 !y h n always all ! sci5ce1 all ! m5tal culture1 :i* "o might desire2 b :il/ adh]+ to ,ca?olic fai? & giv+ ! example ( ,*ri/ian lives1 !y live 9 ! mid/ ( ! p2 #db !y "k x1 !y und]/& x2 !y are aw>e :at ! conditions are :i* p]mit !m to live ) & to ex]cise an influ5ce ^u ! p2 !y ent] by degrees into its s5tim5ts & its in/9cts2 )\t prem$itation1 almo/ )\t p]ceiv+ x1 !y become ea* day m & m m5 ( _! "t & c\ntry1 m famili> ) ! ideas & lib]al t5d5cies ( mod]n society4 ,?us at ! two poles ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 9 its mo/ elevat$ ranks & 9 its popul> militia1 ! same result is obta9$1 9 ! "o case by m5 ( enlight5$ views & ( sup]ior ability1 & 9 ! o!r case by m5 ( good s5se & hone/y ( purpose2 & ?us 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* ^? moral & political pr9ciples ( #aghi make _! way1 :i* =m ! basis ( ! new social edifice1 ( its laws1 & ( its lib]ties4 ,i d n dispute1 nei!r d ,i attack2 ,i record facts z ,i obs]ve & appreciate !m4 ,& 9 my op9ion1 ) ref]5ce to ,fr5* in/itutions1--= ,i speak only ( ,france1--! ess5tial consequ5ces f ^! facts1 z f> z !y be> ^u ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ,lib]ty1 are z foll[s4 #dc ,i h "h n a ^w to say respect+ ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* 9 ,france2 ! que/ions :i* h agitat$ h] = "s "t pa/ are que/ions ( fai? & int]nal discipl9e1 entirely alo( f any inc]titude or diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! rights ( consci5ce or ( religi\s society 9 _! relations to civil society4 ,prote/antism 9 ,france1 :e!r or?odox or n1 adopts & upholds ! l>ge/ maxims z to religi\s lib]ty1 & z to ! gu>antee = x1 9 ! sep>ation ( religi\s life f civil life4 ,! mo/ zeal\s ,lib]als h no?+ m 9 ?is respect to dem& f ev5 ! mo/ or?odox ,prote/ants2 ^! are inde$ ( _! *ur* ! mo/ urg5t 9 claim+ = religi\s society ! "r to h its int]nal autonomy1 & to /& indep5d5tly ( ! /ate4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 ,roman ,ca?olics1 & ! advocates ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( mod]n society1 :o mo/ dispute ab\t ! g5]al "q ( lib]ty4 #dd ,! m ,i reflect1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t h5ce=? ?is "q c only be s]i\sly & efficaci\sly dealt ) 9 "o ( two ways3 ! "o is by ! alliance ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 on conditions :i*1 :il/ di/+ui%+ civil life f religi\s life1 %all gu>antee to individuals religi\s lib]ty 9 civil society1 & to ! *ur* itself its int]nal autonomy 9 matt]s ( fai? & ( religi\s discipl9e4 ,! o!r solution is ! complete sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & _! mutual indep5d5ce4 ,t ! ,*ur* pref]s ! sy/em ( an ,alliance ) ! ,/ate to t ( ! ,*ur*'s ,lib]ty & isolation f ! ,/ate1 ,i well und]/&4 ,%e is "r4 ,alliance ) ! ,/ate is to h] a sign ( /r5g?1 a means ( influ5ce1 a pl$ge = h] dignity & h] /ability4 ,! complete sep>ation ( ! two societies leaves religi\s in/itutions1 & p>ticul>ly _! cl]gy1 9 a fluctuat+ & prec>i\s situation3 a sy/em ess5tially democratic1 x r places ! ecclesia/ical magi/racy "u ! op9ions & wills ( its lay memb]s1 ?an ^! "u ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s au?orities4 #de ,?is sy/em is especially ali5 to ! orig91 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & ! ,hi]>*y1 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 x is impossible = ?is ,*ur* to accept x unless urg5tly dem&$ by ! int]e/s ( moral au?ority1 indep5d5ce1 & lib]ty4 ,b let n ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* misappreh5d2 an alliance ( ,*ur* ) ,/ate has also conditions )\t :i* a ,*ur* w\ld va9ly expect any advantage2 = ! alliance to be s]i\s & effectual1 !re mu/ be betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate a l>ge measure ( h>mony z to ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! religi\s society & ( ! civil society :i* ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate respectively repres5t3 if ! two societies & ^? :o gov]n !m1 d n mutually admit _! respective pr9ciples1 if !y disav[ ea* o!r incessantly1 & c>ry on 9 ! bosom ( _! alliance1 a w>1 op5 or secret1 all ! good effect ( su* alliance disappe>s1 & ! alliance itself is soon compromis$4 #df ,! treaties conclud$ at diff]5t epo*s1 "u ! "n ( ,concordats1 betwe5 ,*amb]s & ,/ates 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ,*ri/5dom1 h only be5 possible & efficaci\s1 because !re 0 a great basis ( h>mony 9 ! fundam5tal in/itutions ( ! two contract+ p>ties2 !y diff]$ ^u "s po9ts2 !y _h reciprocally to make concessions & grant gu>antees2 b tak5 altoge!r !y approv$ ( ea* o!r & 7 s9c]e 9 support+ ea* o!r2 peace 0 ! po9t f :i* _! alliance />t$1 & ! diss5tim5ts :i* exi/$ on ea* side _h no ref]5ce to any vital que/ions4 ,x suffices = u to ca/ a glance at ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism 9 ,france1 ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 ,g]many & 9 ,sw$51 to ackn[l$ge ?is tru?2 & :at is occurr+ & =m+ matt] ( negotiation 9 our days 9 ,italy & 9 ,au/ria1 ^u ! subject ( ! relations ( ! ,*ur* ) ! ,/ate1 furni%es a fur!r /rik+ confirmation4 #dg ,9 an age ( lib]ty1 ( publicity1 & ( cont9ual discussion1 :5 x is possible = any?+ to be ?\ght or said1 & = any op9ion to be ma9ta9$ or attack$1 x is m ?an ev] indisp5sable t any treaty betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate %\ld be s]i\s & s9c]e2 t is to say1 t ! two contract+ p>ties %\ld recognise & accept 9 ea* o!r1 )\t equivocation & )\t subt]fuge1 ! "* :i* ea* really possesses4 ,?is is ! only condition ^u :i* an alliance c be real1 becom+1 & advantage\s4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! undisguis$ movem5ts & ! ev] recurr+ & d>+ v5tures ( ,lib]ty1 a policy ( retic5ce & procra/9ation1 obscure & dim res]vations1 inconsi/5t exp$i5ts1 & secret w>f>e1 is no long] practicable2 su* policy1 f> f l5d+ any help1 discr$its & weak5s ! p[] :i* places its tru/ 9 x4 #dh ,z = me1 ,i believe t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 if n )\t endang]+ h] habits1 at lea/ )\t endang]+ h] ess5tial pr9ciples1 has x 9 h] p[] to set h]self at peace ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mod]n society & ( actual civil gov]nm5ts2 b %\ld %e ei!r n wi% or n "k h[ to m>* t[>ds ?is object & to obta9 x1 let h] n give way to any illusion2 alliance ) ! ,/ate w\ld be r a s\rce ( weakness & ( p]il to h] ?an an advantage1 & %e w\ld only ev5tually be driv5 to seek a refuge 9 ! sy/em ( sep>ation & complete indep5d5ce4 ,z = ! ,/ate1 ! sy/em :i* sep>ates ! two societies w\ld free x f _m a bur!n & mu* emb>rassm5t2 b x w\ld cause h] o!r emb>rassm5ts1 & lead to ! loss ( _m advantages4 ,x is conv5i5t to disc\rse ( ! pr9ciple ( a ,free *ur* 9 a free c\ntry1 b aft] ! long alliance :i* has exi/$ betwe5 !m1 x is easi] to proclaim su* pr9ciple ?an to apply x3 n only is x impossible to divorce ,*ur* f ,/ate )\t viol5tly wr5*+ asund] previ\s bonds1 b m la/+ consequ5ces ensue2 once dis5gag$ f e connection ) ! civil p[]1 m9i/]s ( religion busy !mselves no long] ab\t ! int]e/s ( civil society2 _! ?\ghts are exclusively absorb$ by que/ions ( religion & its affairs4 #di ,gov]nm5ts h long be5 accu/om$ to d]ive1 & d]ive at ! pres5t day1 a moral influ5ce ( great value f an alliance ) ! ,*ur*3 b ?is influ5ce supposes "o condition :i* is n only especially important 9 our days1 b ( capital importance3 9 ! actual /ate ( op9ion & ( mann]s1 no good results c be politically look$ = f ! alliance1 if ! civil p[] d n ab/a9 f all int]f]5ce 9 que/ions purely religi\s2 ! complete indep5d5ce ( ! *ur* & ( its *iefs1 9 matt]s ( fai? & ( religi\s discipl9e1 is ! only condition :i* c ju/ify _! giv+ _! indirect support to ! /ate gov]nm5t1 & :i* c purge _! support ( all impure motives4 #ej ,! alliance ( ! two p[]s c\ld =m]ly1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 co-exi/ ) no inconsid]able confusion 9 _! respective attributes1 & a some:at e>ne/ claim on ! "p ( ea* to dom9e] ov] ! o!r2 no?+ simil> c occur at ! pres5t day2 nei!r ,*ur* nor ,/ate c any long] be ! ma/] or ! s]vant ( ! o!r4 ,let nei!r pr9ces nor prie/s deceive !mselves2 _! reciprocal indep5d5ce1 & _! unconte/$ empire1 ea* 9 its own prov9ce1 c alone give to _! alliance ! dignity :i* ! alliance requires1 if x is to be real1 efficaci\s1 & la/+4 ,e road leads me to ! same po9t2 to e "q ! facts give me ! same answ]4 ,lib]ty has ne$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ianity has ne$ ( ,lib]ty4 ,z mod]n society dem&s to be free1 ! religion ( ,*ri/ is its mo/ necess>y ally4 ,*ri/ianity & civil society h mutually1 ,i admit x1 a grave feel+ ( disquietude & di/ru/2 b ?is disquietude & di/ru/ are n natural & inevitable results ( pr9ciples ess5tial to civil society & religi\s society1 ( any compulsory relations exi/+ betwe5 !m2 !y spr+ f ! faults :i* ! two in/itutions h committ$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 & f ! conte/ :i* ea* has =c$ ^u ! o!r4 #ea ,lib]ty alone c effectually combat su* s5tim5ts :i* h become habitual & traditional4 ,to dissipate !m entirely1 some?+ besides ,lib]ty is requisite2 b )\t ,lib]ty nei!r religi\s society nor civil society w obta9 _! legitimate objects1 ^! objects be+ peace 9 _! relations to ea* o!r1 & ! moral progress ( man1 & ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r alli$ ) or indep5d5t ( ! ,*ur*4 #eb ,second ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,morality4 ,two attempts are n[ be+ simultane\sly made1 ( diff]5t *>act]s1 al?\gh1 ( ! same orig9 & t5d5cy4 ,s]i\sly m9d$ m51 :o p]si/ 9 believ+ & call+ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 are lab\r+ to sep>ate ,*ri/ian morals f ,*ri/ian dogmas1 & al?\gh !y make ,jesus _! moral idea ( humanity1 are /ripp+ him ( 8 miracles & div9ity4 ,o!rs1 :o decl>e op5ly t !y are no ,*ri/ians1 endeav\r to sep>ate morality 9 ! ab/ract f religion 9 ! ab/ract1 & place ! s\rce ( morality1 z well z its au?ority1 9 human nature1 & 9 x alone4 ,on ! "o side we f9d a ,*ri/ian morality indep5d5t ( ,*ri/ian fai?2 on ! o!r a ,morality indep5d5t ( all religi\s belief1 ei!r natural or reveal$3 ^! two doctr9es are 9 our days proclaim$ & propagat$ ) ard\r4 #ec ,i frankly admit t _! def5d]s are s9c]e 9 adopt+ & uphold+ !m1 & t !y d s 9 ! "n ( tru? alone4 ,9 philosophy1 z 9 politics1 ,i believe error & hone/ int5tions to be m g5]al ?an falsehood & evil design4 ,moreov]1 :o w\ld discuss convictions1 unless himself conv9c$ t !y are s]i\s & e>ne/8 ,op9ions f\nd$ on int]e/$ or hypocritical motives are n wor? ! hon\r ( a discussion2 !y m]it only to be attack$ & unmask$4 ,9 ! "n ( tru? alone ,i combat ! two doctr9es to :i* ,i h allud$1 & :i* "s n[ /rive to accr$it4 ,! true cause ( ?is tw(old attempt is ! incr$ulity & ! scepticism :i* prevail ) reg>d to religion4 ,non-,*ri/ians are num]\s2 few ,dei/s are q sure ( _! belief & ( its efficacy4 #ed ,a necessity = morality is felt to exi/2 its "r to regulate ! actions ( man is ackn[l$g$2 x is 9 ord] to pres]ve to x its integrity & its =ce t ef=ts are made to sep>ate x f religion1 f all religi\s cre$s1 all ( :i*1 x is "h assum$1 are ei!r ru9$ or tott]+4 ,?us1 ,indep5d5t ,morality is1 z x 71 a raft1 (f]$ to ! human s\l1 & to human society1 to save _! "t-worn vessel f be+ wreck$4 ,! idea is false1 ! attempt ( evil consequ5ce4 ,!y :o flatt] !mselves t !y c leave ,*ri/ian morality /&+1 aft] wr5*+ x f ,*ri/ian dogmas1--& !y :o believe x possible to pres]ve morality1 aft] deta*+ x f religion1--err alike1 = !y fail to recognise ! ess5tial facts ( human nature & ( human society4 ,bo? doctr9es are d]iv$ f an inexact & incomplete obs]vation ( ^! facts4 ,i h already /at$ 9 ^! ,m$itations :at ,i ?9k ( ! isolation ( ,*ri/ian morality f ,*ri/ianity1 & ! reason :y ,i reject x4 #ee ,at pres5t ,i apply myself to ! idea ( indep5d5t morality1 & 9 ! "n ( a psy*ology1 pure at once & sev]e1 ,i affirm t !re exi/s an intimate1 legitimate1 & necess>y union betwe5 morality & religion4 ,a prelim9>y obs]vation occurs to me4 ,^? :o adopt ! !ory ( an indep5d5t morality1 />t f ! idea t !re is a moral law1 /range to & sup]ior to all int]e/$ motives1 to all selfi% passions2 ^! rank duty above1 & treat x z indep5d5t (1 e o!r motive ( action4 ,i am f> f conte/+ ?is pr9ciple ) !m1 b !y =get t x has be51 & /ill is1 /rongly conte/$3 conte/$ by bo? anci5t & mod]n philosoph]s4 ,"s h consid]$ ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 & ! satisfaction ( individual int]e/s1 z ! "r & legitimate aims ( human life4 ,o!rs h plac$ ! rule ( man's conduct1 n 9 p]sonal int]e/s1 b 9 g5]al utility1 9 ! common welf>e ( all mank9d4 ,o!rs h ?\ght t !y c\ld p]ceive ! orig9 & ! gu>antee = morals 9 ! sympa?y ( human s5tim5ts4 #ef ,! moral & obligatory law1 or duty1 is f> f be+ ! recognis$ & g5]ally accept$ basis ( morality2 sy/ems ! mo/ v>i$ h aris51 & are incessantly =m+ !mselves1 ) respect to ! pr9ciples ( morals1 z ) respect to o!r great que/ions ( our nature2 & ! human und]/&+ fluctuates no less 9 ?is corn] ( ! philosophic ar5a ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,let ! morali/s ( ! new s*ool n deceive !mselves2 9 proclaim+ morality to be indep5d5t ( religion1 !y mean to give x "o fix$ basis1 ! same = all1 & !y believe t !y succe$ 9 ! attempt4 ,!y deceive !mselves3 morality1 ?us isolat$1 rema9s z mu* z ev] a prey to ! disputes ( man4 ,i pass ov] ?is grave misconception on ! "p ( ! def5d]s ( ! sy/em1 & ,i exam9e ! sy/em itself4 ,let u see if x is ! fai?ful & full expression ( human morality1 if x conta9s all ! facts :i* con/itute its natural & ess5tial elem5ts4 #eg ,^! facts ,i sum up z foll[s3 ! di/9ction betwe5 moral good & evil2 ! obligation ( do+ good & avoid+ evil2 ! faculty ( accompli%+ or n ?is obligation4 ,9 brief & philosophic t]ms ! ,moral ,law1 ,duty1 & ,lib]ty4 ,^! are ! natural1 primitive1 & univ]sal facts :i* con/itute human morality2 x is by reason & by virtue ( ^! facts t man is a moral be+4 ,i h n "h to ent] into a discussion ( ^! same facts2 ,i d n occupy myself at ?is mom5t ) sy/ems :i* disreg>d or d5y !m1 9 :ole or 9 "p2 all ! ?ree facts1 or any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,! p>tisans ( ! sy/em ( indep5d5t morality admit !m all1 z ,i d2 ! "q betwe5 !m & myself is ?is1 :e!r or n1 :il/ r5d]+ homage to ! true pr9ciple ( morality1 !y fully compreh5d its signification1 & accept its results4 #eh ,x is ! *>act]i/ic & ! hon\r ( man t he is n satisfi$ ) m]ely ga!r+ facts :i* relate ei!r to himself or to ! ext]nal _w1 b t he seeks to "k _! orig9 & object1 _! import & be>+4 ,9 morals1 z 9 physics1 /ati/ics are only ! po9t f :i* sci5ce sets out2 x is only aft] hav+ well obs]v$ facts1 & hav+ v]ifi$ !m1 t we h to discuss ! que/ions :i* !y raise1 & ! fur!r ultimate facts :i* ! facts already asc]ta9$ conta9 & reveal4 ,! fact ( human morality1 su* z ,i h j describ$ x 9 its ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts1 ! ,moral ,law1 ,duty1 & ,lib]ty1 _c fail to sugge/ ^! two que/ions3 ,:5ce proce$s ! moral law1 & :5ce is its au?ority8 ,:at is ! s5se1 & :at ! ultimate result to ! moral be+ himself1 ( ! fulfilm5t or violation ( 8 duty2 t is to say1 ( ! use :i* he makes ( 8 lib]ty8 ,no philosophical sy/em c ei!r suppress or elude ^! que/ions2 !y pres5t !mselves to ! m9d ( man z soon z he directs 8 att5tion to ! moral "* ( man's nature4 ,i propose to consid] 9 succession ! ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts ( ?is great tru?1 s z to det]m9e rightly its s\rce & be>+4 #ei ,moral law has nei!r be5 inv5t$ by man1 nor does x spr+ f any human conv5tion2 man1 by ackn[l$g+ x1 admits t he has n creat$ x1 t he _c aboli% or *ange x4 ,political & civil laws are div]se & ev] v>y+2 !y dep5d 9 a great measure ^u "t1 place1 social circum/ances1 or human w2 :5 m5 adopt or reject !m1 !y d s ) ! feel+ t !y are ! ma/]s ( !m1 to deal ) !m accord+ly z _! int]e/s or _! fancies sugge/4 ,b :5 a law pres5ts itself to !m 9 ! =m ( a moral law1 !y feel t ?is is n dep5d5t on !m1 t x takes its s\rce & d]ives its au?ority else:]e ?an f _! own op9ion or volition4 ,!y may mi/ake 9 r5d]+ or 9 refus+ homage to a p>ticul> precept ( conduct2 !y may atta* to laws a moral value :i* !y d n intr9sically possess1 or pass unnotic$ ! really moral "* ( ano!r law1 & ! obligations :i* x imposes ^u !m2 b :]ev] !y believe t !y p]ceive ! "* ( a moral law1 !y b[ be=e x z be=e some?+ :i* does n emanate f !m1 & be=e a p[] ( a diff]5t nature f man's4 #fj ,! moral law no m belongs to ! g5]al me*anism ( ! _w1 ?an to ! inv5tion ( man2 x has none ( ! *>act]i/ics t m>k ! laws ( physical ord]2 none ( ! results :i* foll[ f !m2 x is by no means inh]5t 9 ! =ms or comb9ations ( matt]2 x does n gov]n ! relations or movem5ts ( bodies2 obligatory1 & fix$ z fate1 x addresses itself solely to t intellig5t & free be+1 ( :om ,pascal said1 9 8 gr& language1 ,if ! univ]se 7 to cru% him1 /ill man w\ld be m noble ?an t :i* de/roy$ him1 because he kn[s t he dies2 & ( ! advantage t ! univ]se has ov] him1 ! univ]se kn[s no?+4 ,man does mu* m ?an "k t he dies2 x happ5s1 sometimes1 t he enc\nt]s dea? volunt>ily--t he *ooses to die 9 ob$i5ce to ! moral law4 ,x is ! law ( ,lib]ty4 #fa ,:at mean ^! words1 ,law ( ,lib]ty8 ,h[ does ?is law1 call$ ,duty1 come to e/abli% itself 9 ! human m9d1 & comm& man's ,lib]ty to respect x8 ,"s essay to f\nd ,duty ^u ,"r1 & to d]ive its au?ority solely f ! indep5d5ce & dignity ( humanity4 ,man1 x is said1 feels & kn[s t he is a free ag5t2 z su* x is 8 "r t no human be+ %all attack 8 indep5d5ce or 8 dignity4 ,he f9ds 9 e o!r human be+ ! same nature1 & !re=e ! same "r z he possesses himself4 ,?us mutual "r is d]iv$ f individual "r1 & ,duty is no?+ b ! "r :i* x is recognis$ t ano!r possesses4 ,footnote #ad ,footnote #ad3 ,la ,morale ,indep5dante1 a weekly j\rnal1 ,no4 #a1 #f? ,augu/1 #ahfe4 #fb ,!re is "h a pr(\nd mi/ake1 & a /range =getfulness4 ,:y1 :5 a man f9ds himself 9 relation ) 8 fell[-m51 does he attribute to !m ! same "r :i* he recognises himself z possess+1 & :i* he calls ^u !m to see & admit !re8 ,if ?is is a prud5t calculation1 ! wisdom :i* arises f a correct appreciation ( 8 int]e/1 let u h done ) x1 x is n morality4 ,if1 prud5ce & int]e/ ap>t1 man reg>ds himself z b\nd to pay1 to ! indep5d5ce & p]sonal dignity ( 8 fell[-m51 ! same respect1 & to attribute to !m ! same "r1 z he lays claim to = himself2 if reciprocity becomes 9 ?is mann] ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( morality1 :at becomes ( ! obligation :]e !re is no reciprocity8 ,w man be b\nd to respect 9 o!rs ! "r :i* w n be respect$ 9 himself8 ,if he is b\nd to x 9 all cases1 & 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 !n ,duty has ano!r s\rce ?an ! mutual respect ( p]sons4 ,if he is1 on ! o!r h&1 n b\nd to x 9 all cases1 :at becomes ( ! p>am\nt & absolute "* ( ,duty2 9 o!r words1 ( ! moral law8 ,x is no long] any?+ b law ^u condition4 #fc ,n m]ely ! religion ( ,*ri/1 b all ! great doctr9es ( ! _w1 religi\s or philosophical1 p]emptorily refuse to atta* ?is conditional "* ( reciprocity to ! moral law2 all ma9ta9 t duty is 9 e case absolute & imp]ative1 indep5d5tly ( ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,if ye love !m :i* love y1 :at ?ank h ye8 = s9n]s also love ^? t love !m4 ,& if ye d good to !m :i* d good to y1 :at ?ank h ye8 = s9n]s also d ev5 ! same4 ,love ye y\r enemies1 & d good1 & l5d1 hop+ = no?+ aga92 & y\r rew>d %all be great1 & ye %all be ! *ildr5 ( ! ,highe/3 = he is k9d unto ! un?ankful & to ! evil4 ,footnote #ae ,footnote #ae3 ,luke vi4 #cb1 #cc1 #ce4 ,be ye1 say ! laws ( ,m5\ to ! ,h9doos1 z ! wood ( ! s&al tree1 t p]fumes ! hat*et :i* w\nds x4 ,if we int]rogate ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,z5o1 ,kant2 9 :atev] o!r respect !y may disagree1 !y ?9k ^u ?is fundam5tal po9t ) ! ,gospel & ! ,laws ( ,m5\4 #fd ,x is 9 ! confusion ( ,duty & ( ,"r1 & 9 ! inv]sion ( _! natural & _! true ord]1 t ! error resides ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! ,!ory ( an ,indep5d5t ,morality4 ,duty is ! moral law ( m5's actions2 law intimate1 p]sonal4 ,"r1 on ! o!r h&1 is d]iv$ f ! application ( ! moral law to ! relations ( m54 ,i w n d5y myself ! great yet melan*oly pleasure ( cit+ ^u ?is subject a few words ( a p]son ^: m9d & life 7 unit$ to m9e1 & :o1 9 a mode/ essay1 ?rew ov] ?is important subject a flood ( light z vivid z x is pure3 ,! ^w ,"r1 br+s ) x ! idea ( a relation to some?+4 ,z e ,"r is an application ( a moral law to ! diff]5t relations ( ,society1 !re exi/s n a ,"r ( :i* ,society is n ! occasion4 ,a ,"r is only ! moral p[] ( an individual ov] ! ,lib]ty ( ano!r3 a p[] attribut$ to him by virtue ( ! moral law :i* regulates ! relations ( m5 ) "o ano!r4 #fe ,duty is ! sole basis ( ,"r4 ,did !re exi/ no duties !re w\ld exi/ no rights4 ,!re is no claim ( a "r :i* does n affirm a ,duty to be its s\rce4 ,duty appli$ z a rule to gov]n ! relations ( man to man con/itutes ju/ice2 ju/ice _c exi/ )\t ,duty2 a ?+ is nei!r j1 nor unju/1 z f> z reg>ds ! be+ :o has n _h ! duty prescrib$ to him ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m4 ,ideas ( ,"r are z ess5tial to m5 z ideas ( duty2 = if ! idea ( ,duty is ! social bond2--! means ( peace & ( ,union among/ mank9d2--! idea ( ,"r con/itutes ! arms1 (f5sive & def5sive1 :i* society gives to m51 = reciprocal use4 ,e man has a consci\sness ( 8 own rights1 :i* aids him to keep o!rs 9 ! l9e ( _! duty2 b rights only s f> aid him to d ?is1 z ! duty ^u :i* !y are f\nd$ is kn[n & respect$2 = ) reg>d to t man :o ignores 8 duty1 ! man :o has a "r has absolutely no?+4 #ff ,"r is a moral p[] produc+ its effects )\t ! help ( physical =ce2 if he :o has bo? "r & p[] mu/ employ ! p[] to en=ce 8 "r1 x is no long] 8 "r :i* triumphs1 x is 8 p[]2 8 "r rema9s to him to ju/ify ! employm5t ( =ce2 b x is n 8 "r :i* has made 8 cause triumph4 ,?us x is t ! idea ( ,duty is ! basis ( society1 & is at ! same "t ! basis ( ! idea ( "r1 an idea :i* 9 its turn contributes also to ! /ability ( society4 ,to f\nd society ^u ! sole idea ( duty1 is to deprive society ( "o ( its mo/ p[]ful means ( def5ce & ( developm5t2 to /rip ! tree ( ! buds :i* s]ve to give x at once /r5g? & amplitude4 ,to f\nd society ^u ! idea ( ,"r )\t ! idea ( duty1 is to cut away ! v roots ( ! tree4 ,footnote #af ,footnote #af3 ,essai sur les ides de droit et de devoir considres comme fondem5t de la socit4 ,x is ins]t$ 9 ! "w entitl$1 ,conseils de ,morale1 ou ,essais sur l'homme1 les murs1 les c>actres1 le monde1 les femmes1 l'education1 etc4 ,p> ,madame ,guizot1 ne de ,meulan1 7#b vols4 #hvo1 #ahbh7 vol4 ii41 pp4 #adg-bga4 #fg ,?is is n all4 ,besides ! mi/ake :i* !y commit 9 consid]+ ,duty z a m]e consequ5ce ( ,"r1 d]iv$ f ! indep5d5ce & dignity ( man z man1 ! advocates ( ! !ory ( an indep5d5t morality =get an entire class ( moral elem5ts occupy+ an important position 9 our nature2 ,i mean1 ! in/9ctive s5tim5ts intimately alli$ to ! ,moral ,law1 s5tim5ts to :i* ! notion ( a ,"r1 f\nd$ ^u ! indep5d5ce & dignity ( man's p]sonality1 is completely /range4 ,is x on acc\nt ( ! indep5d5ce & dignity ( man's p]sonality t fa!rs & mo!rs reg>d x z _! duty to love _! *ildr51 to take *>ge ( !m1 to "w = & devote !mselves to !m8 ,is x by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple1 & ( ! "r :i* fl[s f x1 t *ildr5 are b\nd to hon\r _! fa!r & _! "m8 ,man's s\l1 man's exi/5ce1 is full ( moral relations & moral acts1 9 :i* ! idea ( ,"r has no "p2 no "p1 ,i mean1 9 ! s5se :i* ^! !ori/s ( an indep5d5t morality atta* to x3 _! sy/em is no m an explanation ( ,sympa?y ?an ( ,duty4 #fh ,i am t\*+ ^u ! s\rce ( _! error4 ,if !y make ! pr9ciple ( human morality consi/ 9 a ,"r emanat+ f man's ,lib]ty & man's intellig5ce1 x is t !y see 9 man only a free & intellig5t be+4 ,/range ignorance1 & mutilation ( man's nature4 ,at ! same "t t he is a free & intellig5t be+1 man is a be+ dep5d5t & subject3 he is dep5d5t1 9 ! mat]ial ord]1 ^u a p[] sup]ior to 8 own2 & subject1 9 ! moral ord]1 to a law :i* he did n make1 :i* he _c *ange1 :i* he is =c$ to admit ev5 :il/ he is free n to obey x2 a law f :i* he _c )draw himself )\t tr\bl+ 8 s\l & endang]+ 8 future4 ,morality 9 a s5se is 9 effect indep5d5t2 x is ess5tially indep5d5t ( man2 man1 ! free ag5t man1 is its subject4 ,morality is truly ! law ( ,lib]ty ( ,action4 #fi ,lib]ty is n an isolat$ fact1 :i* exhau/s itself by work+ its own completion1 & :i*1 once accompli%$1 rema9s )\t fur!r consequ5ces4 ,to ,lib]ty is atta*$ ,responsibility4 ,:5 ! human be+1 giv+ effect to 8 free w1 resolves & acts1 he feels t he is responsible = 8 resolution & 8 act4 ,! ,laws ( ,society decl>e ?is to him 9 express t]ms1 = !y puni% him if !y judge 8 act to be crim9al2 n m]ely because !y f9d 8 act to be hurtful1 b because !y f9d x to be morally culpable3 =1 7 its au?or pron\nc$ to be mad1 or 8 m9d or volition recognis$ z uns\nd1 ! laws ( society w\ld acquit him4 ,& if a culprit escape legal puni%m5t1 he does n escape f ! int]nal puni%m5t ( remorse4 ,)\t speak+ ( p5al laws1 remorse is at once ! pro( & ! sanction ( moral responsibility4 ,possible x is t all remorse may be lull$ to sleep 9 ! m9d ( ! h>d5$ (f5d]2 b !re are a ?\s& in/ances to prove t x may be always reawak5$4 #gj ,nei!r 9 good nor 9 evil is man's nature entirely effac$4 ,rep5tance sometimes hides itself 9 recesses s pr(\nd1 t to p5etrate ?i!r is impossible1 except = ! s\l :i* feels rep5tance ev5 :5 seek+ to escape f x4 ,z ,lib]ty supposes responsibility1 s ,responsibility supposes an idea ( m]it or ( dem]it atta*+ naturally to ! use made ( lib]ty4 ,i set aside "h all ! que/ions1 9 my op9ion1 ill put & wrongly solv$ by ,!ologians1 ^u ?is subject ( m]it or dem]it4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al s5tim5t & common s5se ( all mank9d1 !re is m]it = a man 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ,moral ,law1 !re is dem]it 9 its violation4 ,x is a fact recognis$ & proclaim$ ev5 9 ! simple/ & mo/ ord9>y incid5ts ( human life1 z well z 9 ! political organisation ( society1 & 9 ! problems :i* conc]n ! et]nal future4 #ga ,h[ev] ! recomp5se or ! puni%m5t may be accel]at$ or delay$2 :atev] its nature or its measure2 ! moral c>e] ( a man is n complete1 nor ! moral ord] e/abli%$1 until ! responsibility inh]5t 9 8 ,lib]ty has receiv$ its complem5t & arriv$ at its end 9 ! j appreciation & equitable return made to him = 8 m]its or dem]its4 ,?us f> ,i h spok5 ( ,indep5d5t ,morality2 ,i h scrupul\sly conf9$ myself to /udy+ moral facts z man's nature1 & man's nature alone1 pres5ts !m to u4 ,i h consid]$ & describ$ !m z !y are 9 !mselves1 entirely ap>t f e o!r elem5t & e o!r consid]ation4 ,^? moral facts are briefly z foll[s3-- ,! di/9ction betwe5 moral good & moral evil4 ,! ,moral ,law1 ! duty ( do+ good & avoid+ evil4 ,moral ,lib]ty4 ,moral ,responsibility4 ,moral m]it & dem]it4 #gb ,^! are1 ,i admit1 facts :i* man recognises 9 himself z ! prop] & intimate *>act]i/ics ( 8 own nature4 ,b ^! tru?s once recognis$ & det]m9$1 :at is _! import8 ,are !y facts isolat$ 9 human nature1 z !y are 9 ,psy*ology1 or h !y ant]ior causes & necess>y consequ5ces6 ,are !y self-suffic+1 or d !y conta9 & reveal o!r tru?s :i* =m _! complem5t & _! sanction8 ,! human m9d _c elude ?is "q4 ,i h e/abli%$ t ! moral law is n ( human inv5tion2 t x does n exi/ m]ely by man's agreem5t2 t x is n "o ( ^? laws ( fate by :i* ! mat]ial _w is gov]n$4 ,x is ! law ( ! intellectual _w1 ( ! free _w2 a law sup]ior to t _w :i*1 by recognis+ x z law1 recognises itself at ! same "t bo? z free & subject4 ,:o is ! au?or ( t law8 ,:o imposes x ^u man--^u man ( :om x is n ! "w1 & :om x gov]ns )\t enslav+8 ,:o plac$ x above ?is _w :]e ! pres5t life is pass$8 #gc ,evid5tly !re mu/ be a sup]ior p[] f :i* ! moral law emanates1 & ( :i* x is a revelation4 ,) ! good s5se :i* 8 frivolity & 8 cynicism made him s (t =get1 ,voltaire said1 speak+ ( ! mat]ial _w & ! ord] reign+ 9 x3-- ,je ne puis song] ,que cette horloge exi/e et n'ait po9t d'horlog]4 ,i _c ?9k ,?is clock exi/s & nev] _h a mak]4 ,9 ! moral _w we h to d ) some?+ f> diff]5t f a clock2 nor are we 9 ! pres5ce ( a ma*9e con/ruct$1 regulat$1 once = all2 ! law ( ,ord]1 t is to say1 ! moral law1 is incessantly 9 contact ) man's free ag5cy2 man does homage to ! law :i* he is yet at lib]ty to accompli% or to violate2 ! law is a manife/ation ( ! supreme legislator1 ( ^: ?\ght & w x is ! expression4 ,god moral sov]eign1 & man free subject1 are bo? conta9$ 9 ! fact ( ! moral law4 ,9 ?is fact alone ,kant f\nd ,god2 he err$ 9 n also f9d+ ,god else:]e2 b x is nev]!less true t x is 9 ! moral law1 ! rule ( human ,lib]ty1 t ,god %[s himself to man mo/ directly1 mo/ cle>ly1 mo/ und5iably4 #gd ,j z ! moral law1 )\t a sov]eign legislator to impose x ^u man1 is an incomplete & inexplicable fact1 a riv] )\t s\rce1 j s ! moral responsibility ( ! free ag5t man1 )\t a supreme judge to apply x1 is an incomplete & inexplicable fact1 a s\rce )\t outlet1 :i* runs & loses itself no "o c tell :i!r4 ,j z ! moral law reveals ! moral legislator1 j s does moral ,responsibility reveal ! moral judge4 ,j z ! moral law is no law ( human inv5tion1 j s human judgm5ts1 r5d]$ 9 ! "n ( moral responsibility1 are h>dly ev] ! judgm5ts p]fectly true & j :i* su* responsibility expects & calls =4 ,god is conta9$ 9 ! moral law z its primal au?or1 & 9 moral responsibility z its def9itive judge4 ,! moral sy/em1 t is1 ! empire ( ! moral law1 is incompreh5sible & impossible if !re is no ,god !re1 n only to e/abli% x 9 a region above & p>am\nt to man's free ag5cy1 b to e/abli% x :5 tr\bl$ by man's conduct z a free ag5t4 #ge ,?us ! moral tru?s1 inh]5t 9 & prop] to ! human nature--t is1 ! di/9ction betwe5 moral good & moral evil1 moral obligation1 moral responsibility1 moral m]it & dem]it1--are necess>ily & intimately connect$ ) ! tru?s ( ,religion2 = in/ance1 ) ,god moral legislator1 ,god moral spectator1 ,god moral judge4 ,?us morality is naturally & ess5tially connect$ ) religion4 ,morality is1 x is true1 a ?+ special & di/9ct 9 ! ensemble ( man's nature & ( man's life1 b x is 9 no respect indep5d5t ( ! ensemble to :i* x belongs4 ,x has its p>ticul> place 9 t ensemble1 b x is only 9 t ensemble t its exi/5ce is reasonable1 !nce only t x d]ives its s\rce & its au?ority4 ,morals may1 9 ! ord] ( sci5ce1 be sep>ately obs]v$ & describ$2 b 9 ! ord] ( actuality morality is insep>able f ,religion4 #gf ,:at w\ld be said ( a physiologi/ if he ma9ta9$ t ! he>t is indep5d5t ( ! bra91 because ^? two organs are di/9ct1 organs :i* are closely unit$ & indisp5sable to ea* o!r 9 ! unity ( ! human be+8 ,! spectacle ( ! _w leads u to ! same result z ! /udy ( man1 & reads u ! same lesson4 ,hi/ory confirms ,psy*ology4 ,:at is ! great action :i* makes itself mo/ rem>kable ^u ! /age ( human societies8 ,! con/ant /ruggle ( good ) evil1 ( j ) unju/4 ,9 ?is /ruggle :at %ock+ disord]s6 ,:at iniquity p]petrat$6 ,h[ frequ5t an int]regnum 9 ! empire ( ! moral law & ( ju/ice1 & :at vicissitudes !re6 ,at "o "t ! moral decree is expect$ 9 va91 & ! human consci5ce rema9s pa9fully tr\bl$ by ! successes ( vice & ( crime3 at ano!r "t1 contr>y to all expectation1 & aft] ! mo/ deplorable infractions ( ! moral law1 ! moral judgm5t comes4 #gg ,9 va91 said ,*ateaubri& fifty ye>s ago1 does ,n]o prosp]2 ,tacitus already lives 9 ! empire2 he gr[s up unnotic$ ne> ! a%es ( ,g]manicus1 & already a j provid5ce has left 9 ! h&s ( an obscure *ild ! fame ( ! ma/] ( ! _w4 ,*ateaubri& 0 "r3 ,tacitus 0 ! av5g] ( ! moral law outrag$ by ! ma/]s ( ! ,roman ,empire2 he 0 ! judge ( _! triumphs2 b 9 t v ,empire ! mo/ victori\s ( its ma/]s1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 aft] hav+ consecrat$ 8 life to ! se>* aft] & ! practice ( ! moral law1 dies 9 pr(\nd sadness b5ea? 8 t5t on ! banks ( ! ,danube2 sad on acc\nt ( 8 wife1 sad on acc\nt ( 8 son1 & ( ! future ( t _w :i* he _h gov]n$1 & :i* 0 only to be r5ew$1 & reg5]at$1 by ^? ,*ri/ians :om he _h p]secut$4 ,ev]y?+ is incomplete1 imp]fect1 incoh]5t1 obscure1 contradictory1 9 ?is va/ conflict ( m5 & actions call$ ,hi/ory2 & ,provid5ce1 ! p]sonification ( et]nal wisdom & ju/ice1 sometimes manife/s itself !re ) clat1 & sometimes rema9s !re1 in]t & veil$1 b5ea? ! mo/ sombre my/]ies4 #gh ,is su* ! normal1 def9itive /ate ( ! univ]se8 ,%all tru?1 %all ju/ice1 nev] assume !re m space ?an !y n[ occupy8 ,:5 %all light dawn ^u ! d>kness8 ,:o re/ore ord] to ?is *aos8 ,man evid5tly is insuffici5t to ! task2 9 ! _w1 z 9 individual man1 ! moral pr9ciple is /ill mutilat$1 & too infirm = its mission1 unless x is intimately unit$ to ! religi\s pr9ciple4 ,morality c z little disp5se ) ,god 9 ! life ( ! human race1 z 9 t ( ! individual man4 ,9 ^! days m ?an ev] morality has ne$ ( ,god4 ,i am f> f ?9k+ ill ( my c\ntry or ( my age2 ,i believe t !y progress1 t !y h a future2 b humanity is n[-a-days expos$ to a rude trial4 ,on "o side we h be5 witnesses to ev5ts ( ! mo/ contradictory "*3 ev]y?+ 9 ! _w ( op9ion has be5 que/ion$2 ev]y?+ 9 t ( facts has be5 %ak51 ov]?r[n1 rais$ up aga91 left tott]+4 #gi ,oppress$ by ?is spectacle1 :at rema9s to m5's m9ds m ?an feeble convictions--dim hopes8 ,on ! o!r side1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is univ]sal %ock ( m9ds1 sci5ce1 & man's p[] ov] ! surr\nd+ _w1 h be5 prodigi\sly ext5d$ & confirm$2 light has %one m & m brightly ^u ! mat]ial _w1 at ! v mom5t :5 x 0 becom+ pal] & pal]1 decl9+ m & m1 9 ! moral _w4 ,we h pluck$ & are /ill pluck+1 m actively ?an ev]1 ! fruit ( ! tree ( k2 :]eas ! rules ( human conduct1 ! laws ( good & ( evil1 h become indi/9ct 9 our ?\ght4 ,man rema9s divid$ betwe5 pride & d\bt2 intoxicat$ by 8 p[]1 & disquiet$ by 8 weakness4 ,man's s\l1 h[ p]turb$6 human morality1 h[ endang]$6 #hj ,?us f> ,i h treat$ ! subject ) f> m res]ve & indulg5ce = ! op9ions ( o!rs ?an ,i int5d$4 ,i h limit$ myself to ! b\nds assign$ to ! "q by ! advocates ( ! !ory ( indep5d5t morality !mselves4 ,i h done no?+ m ?an set 9 broad daylight ! intimate1 natural1 & necess>y connection ( morals ) religion2 ( man1 moral be+1 ) ,god1 moral sov]eign4 ,i am only at ! ?re%old ( ! tru?4 ,x is n m]ely to religion 9 g5]al t morality p]ta9s2 x is n m]ely ! idea ( ,god ( :i* x has ne$2 x requires ! con/ant pres5ce ( ,god1 8 unceas+ action ^u ! human s\l4 ,x is f ,*ri/ianity alone t morality c n[ d]ive ! cle>ness1 =ce1 & security1 indisp5sable = ! ex]cise ( its empire4 ,& x is n = h] practical utility1 x is = h] tru?1 h] intr9sic value1 t ,i hold ,*ri/ianity to be necess>y to ! human s\l1 & to human societies4 ,x is because %e is 9 p]fect h>mony ) man's moral nature2 & because %e has be5 already te/$ 9 man's hi/ory2 t ,*ri/ianity is ! fai?ful expression ( ! moral law1 & ! legitimate ma/] ( ! moral be+4 #ha ,! fir/ & ! incomp>able *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity1 is ! ext5t1 ,i %\ld r say ! imm5sity1 ( h] moral ambition4 ,! moral sy/em e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ has (t5 be5 contra/$ ) ! re=ms aim$ at by great m5 ^: endeav\r x also 0 to fix moral laws = man's conduct1 & to secure _! empire ov] him4 ,jesus has be5 comp>$ to ,confucius1 ,zoroa/]1 ,socrates1 ,cakia-m\ni1 ,mahomet4 ,! comp>ison is s+ul>ly inappropriate & sup]ficial4 ,! wise/1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s1 ( ^! moral re=m]s1 ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful1 und]/ood & accompli%$ at be/ b a v limit$ & incomplete "w2 sometimes !y only s\ght to place 9 a cle> light ! rational pr9ciples ( morality2 sometimes !y gave to _! disciples1 address+ !mselves to ^! alone1 rules = conduct 9 con=mity ) rational pr9ciples ( morality2 !y taught a doctr9e or e/abli%$ rules = discipl9e2 !y f\nd$ s*ools or sects4 #hb ,! ,*ri/ian "w 0 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,jesus 0 n a philosoph] :o ent]$ into discussions ) 8 disciples1 & in/ruct$ !m 9 moral sci5ce2 nor a *ief :o gr\p$ ar\nd him a c]ta9 numb] ( adepts1 & subject$ !m to c]ta9 special rules :i* di/+ui%1 nay sev]1 !m f ! mass ( mank9d3 ,jesus exp\nds no doctr9e1 sets up no sy/em ( discipl9e1 & organises no p>ticul> society3 he p5etrates to ! bottom ( ! human s\l1 ( e s\l2 he lays b>e ! moral disease ( humanity1 & ( e man2 & he comm&s 8 disciples ) au?ority to apply ! cure1 fir/ to !mselves1 & !n to all m53--,save y\r s\l1 = :at w\ld x pr(it a man to ga9 ! :ole _w1 if he lose 8 own s\l8 ,g & prea* to all nations4 ,:at philosoph]1 :at re=m]1 ev] conceiv$ an idea s ambiti\s1 s va/8 ev] und]took to solve s completely1 s univ]sally1 ! moral problem ( man's nature & man's de/9y8 #hc ,& ?is 0 no *im]ical ambition2 ! mission ( ,*ri/ has be5 pursu$1 & is /ill be+ pursu$ 9 ! _w1 its onw>d movem5t (t5 cross$1 int]rupt$1 alt]$1 nev] hopelessly arre/$4 ,& dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 9 ! "n & solely ) ! arms ( ,fai? & ( ,lib]ty1 t %e comm5c$ h] ent]prise ( vanqui%+ man & ! _w4 ,& 9 ^! days1 aft] ! lapse ( n9ete5 c5turies1 9 spite ( ! int]mixture ( error1 ( crime1 & evil1 x is ) ! same arms1 & ) !m alone1 t ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! "n ( ,fai? & ( ,lib]ty1 & expos$ to fre% & viol5t attacks1 resumes 9 ! moral _w ! same task1 & promises h]self fre% success4 ,)\t attempt+1 inde$1 to s\nd !m to _! dep?s1 let me at lea/ indicate ! causes ( ?is indomitable vitality ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 & %[ :y ! hope is well f\nd$ :i* %e ent]ta9s 9 ! mid/ ( h] trials4 #hd ,( ! moral philosoph]s1 almo/ all are ei!r bitt] c5sors1 cold obs]v]s1 or flatt]]s ( human nature4 ,"s ( !m proclaim t man is naturally good1 & t 8 vices are solely due to ! bad in/itutions ( society4 ,"s1 aga91 reg>d self-int]e/ & self-e/eem z ! only spr+s ( human actions4 ,o!rs describe ! errors & foibles ( man ) a c>eful sagacity1 & yet a sagacity t does n indispose !m to je] & mock at !m1 z if !y 7 actors 9 a drama1 bo? amus$ !mselves & amus+ ! spectators4 ,h[ diff]5t ! reg>d & ! s5tim5t ( ,jesus :5 contemplat+ man3 h[ s]i\s t reg>d6 h[ pr(\nd1 h[ pregnant ) effect t s5tim5t6 ,no illusion1 no indiff]5ce ) respect to ! nature ( man2 full1 he kn[s x to be1 ( evil & at ! same "t ( good2 incl9$ to revolt aga9/ ! moral law1 at ! same "t t x is n incapable ( obey+ x2 he sees 9 man ! orig9al s91 s\rce ( ! tr\bles & ( ! p]ils ( 8 s\l3 he does n reg>d ! evil z incurable2 he contemplates x ) an emotion at once sev]e & t5d]1 & he attacks x ) a resolution sup]ior to e disc\ragem5t1 & prep>$ = e sacrifice4 #he ,:y %\ld ,i n simply employ ,*ri/ian t]ms1 ! mo/ g5u9e ( any1 z well z ! mo/ impressive8 ,jesus lays b>e ! s9 )\t res]ve1 & )\t res]ve devotes himself to ! s9n]'s salvation4 ,:at philosoph] ev] compreh5d$ man s well1 & lov$ him s well1 ev5 :il/ judg+ him s freely & s au/]ely8 ,jesus does n occupy himself less ) man's futurity ?an ) man's nature4 ,at ! same "t t he lays d[n1 9 all its rig\r1 ! pr9ciple ( ! moral law1 ! pure accompli%m5t ( duty1 he =gets n t man has ne$ ( happ9ess1 & ?ir/s aft] happ9ess1 aft] a happ9ess pure & la/+2 he op5s to virtue ! prospect ( its atta9m5t1 he holds out a hope1 =eign to all worldly objects1 hope ( an ideal happ9ess inaccessible to ! curiosity ( man's m9d1 b apt to satisfy ! aspirations ( 8 s\l1 & n1 z x 71 a conque/ to be effect$ by m]it1 nor ! acquittal ( a debt1 b a recomp5se to be accord$ to ! virtu\s ef=ts ( man by ! equitable b5evol5ce ( ,god4 #hf ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 at ! same "t t x compels man dur+ ?is life to con/ant & labori\s ex]tion1 has 9 /ore = him1 if only he lab\r 9 accordance to ! law1 ! k+dom ( ,god & ! promises ( et]nal life4 ,?us1 ,jesus kn[s human nature entirely1 & satisfies x2 he keeps simultane\sly 9 view man's duties & 8 necessities1 8 weaknesses & 8 m]its4 ,he does n all[ ! curta9 to fall ^u ! rude sc5es ( life1 & ! sad spectacles ( ! _w1 )\t any dn\em5t4 ,he has a prospect1 & a futurity1 & a satisfaction = man1 sup]ior to 8 trials1 & sup]ior to 8 disappo9tm5ts4 ,9 :at mann] does ,jesus atta9 ?is result8 ,h[ does he t\* all ! *ords ( man's s\l1 & respond to all its appeals8 ,by ! intimate union ( morality ) religion1 ( ! moral law ) moral responsibility3 sole view1 complete at once & def9itive1 ( ! nature & de/9y ( humanity2 sole efficaci\s solution ( ! problems :i* weigh ^u ! ?\ght & life ( man6 #hg ,i say ! sole efficaci\s solution4 ,efficacy is1 9 tru?1 ! peculi>1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,h[ev] high-rea*+ ! ambition ( philosophy is1 x is inf9itely less s ?an t ( religion4 ,! ambition ( philosoph]s is purely sci5tific4 ,!y /udy1 obs]ve1 discuss2 _! lab\rs produce sy/ems1 s*ools4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion is a practical "w1 n a sci5tific /udy4 ,at ! base ( its dogmas & ( its precepts !re is c]ta9ly a philosophy1 &1 9 my op9ion1 ! true philosophy2 b ?is philosophy is only ! po9t f :i* ,*ri/ianity dep>ts1 n its object4 ,! object is to induce ! human s\l to gov]n itself accord+ to ! div9e law2 & to atta9 ?is object x deals ) man's nature z x is1 9 its entirety1 ) all its diff]5t elem5ts1 all its sublime aspirations4 ,!re1 to borr[ ! language ( /rategy1 we see ! basis ( op]ation ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! basis ^u :i* x ent]s ^u its moral /ruggle1 & ^u :i* x und]takes to ensure ! triumph 9 man ( good ov] evil1 & to procure ! salvation ( man by 8 re=mation4 #hh ,:5 ,i publi%$1 two ye>s ago1 ! ,second ,s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations--! subject ( :i* is ! actual /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion--,i essay$ to *>act]ise !re9 ! fundam5tal errors ( ! diff]5t philosophical sy/ems :i* combat x4 ,i s5t1 accord+ to my cu/om1 ! volume to my companion 9 life1 & my confrre at ! ,in/itute1 ,m4 ,c\s91 ) :om1 not)/&+ our diff]5ces ( op9ion1 ,i ma9ta9$ always v fri5dly relations4 ,on ! #a/ ,june1 #ahff1 he wrote to me f ! ,sorbonne ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,my de> ,fri5d1 ,z soon z ,i receiv$ y\r book ,i ha/5$ to read x1 & ,i tell y v s9c]ely t ,i am v cont5t ) x4 ,! little diff]5ce betwe5 our op9ions1 :i* y h n pret5d$ to conceal1 are inevitable1 because !y are ! consequ5ce ( a g5]al dissimil>ity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* we =m our conceptions ( ! nature ( philosophy & ( ! nature ( religion4 #hi ,^! two great p[]s may & ought to be 9 accord1 /ill !y are diff]5t4 ,to ,religion belongs an influ5ce ( an elevat$ & univ]sal k9d2 to philosophy an influ5ce m re/rict$1 & /ill v elevat$4 ,! "o addresses itself to ! entire s\l1 compris+ 9 x ! imag9ation2 ! o!r only addresses itself to ! reason4 ,! fir/ sets out f my/]ies1 )\t :i* !re is no religion2 ! second sets out f cle> & di/9ct ideas1 z has be5 said bo? by ,desc>tes & by ,bossuet4 ,?is di/9ction is ! f\ndation ( my philosophy & ( my religion2 & ?is di/9ction is also1 9 my view1 ! pr9ciple ( _! h>mony4 ,to conf\nd !m is1 ,i ?9k1 an infallible mode ( confus+ !m ea* by ! o!r1 z ,malebran*e has done4 ,to absorb philosophy 9 religion gave1 9 ,pascal1 ! result ( a fai? full ( contradiction & ( angui%2 to absorb religion 9 philosophy is an extravagant ent]prise1 ( :i* s\nd philosophy mu/ disapprove4 ,to admit !m bo?1 ea* 9 its place1 is tru?1 gr&eur1 & peace4 #ij ,h5ce y p]ceive ! reason ( our diff]5ces ( op9ion1 :i* are no m hurtful to our union1 ?an !y are to our old & s9c]e fri5d%ip4 ,i repli$ to him on ! #ac? ( ,june3-- ,i c\nt1 z well z y1 my de> fri5d1 ^u our diss5tim5ts n be+ hurtful to our old & s9c]e fri5d%ip2 & ,i feel ! m pleasure 9 s c\nt+1 because1 indep5d5tly ( our p>ticul> & petty diss5tim5ts1 !re is1 z y say1 betwe5 u a g5]al1 a pr(\nd diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,i ?9k1 z y d1 t philosophy is n to be conf\nd$ or absorb$ 9 religion1 nor religion 9 philosophy4 ,i reg>d !m bo? z free 9 _! manife/ations & 9 _! influ5ce2 b ,i d n f\nd _! di/9ction or _! accord ^u ! same gr\nds z y d4 #ia ,to me1 philosophy is b a sci5ce1 t is ! "w ( man1 limit$ 9 its sph]e & rea*1 z is man's m9d itself4 ,religion1 9 its pr9ciple & its hi/ory1 is ( div9e orig9 & in/itution4 ,! "o spr+s f man's avidity ( k2 ! o!r is ! light com+ f ,god1 ':i* %9es ^u e man t comes into ! _w1' & :i* ,god cont9ues to ma9ta9 & to %$ ov] ! _w1 accord+ to 8 imp5etrable designs1 by ! act1 g5]al or special1 ( 8 free w4 ,i w n say m4 ,we "k1 bo? ( u1 h[ f> our op9ions are 9 ! same road1 & :]e is ! po9t ( div]g5ce4 ,i _h left ,p>is :5 ,i receiv$ ,m4 ,c\s9's lett]4 ,he 0 at ,cannes :5 ,i return$ to ,p>is4 ,we nev] saw ea* o!r aft]w>ds4 ,he has prec$$ me to t region :]e light is %$ ^u ! my/]ies ( ?is life4 ,b 9 our la/ correspond5ce we _h ea* t\*$ 9 a few words ^u ! knot ( ! :ole "q4 #ib ,x is ?is--,:at are ! po9ts ( resemblance1 & :at ( diff]5ce1 betwe5 ,religion & sci5ce1 betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & philosophy8 ,al?\gh ,m4 ,c\s9 & ,i agre$ z to ! reciprocal rights ( ^! two influ5ces to lib]ty ( action1 we ent]ta9$ diff]5t s5tim5ts z to _! orig9 & _! nature1 & consequ5tly z to ! b\nd>ies ( _! empire1 & ! "* ( _! mission4 #ic ,?ird ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,sci5ce4 ,x is ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians1 & ! po9t f :i* ,*ri/ianity />ts1 t ! ,scriptures1 :i* r5d] an acc\nt ( its orig91 its dogmas1 & its precepts1 are div9ely inspir$4 ,n t ,*ri/ians und]/& by ^! words t div9e action ^u ! m9d ( man s (t5 call$ inspiration1 & ( :i* ,cic]o said1 ,no "o has ev] be5 a great man )\t "s div9e inspiration2 ,footnote #ag & ( :i* ,plato 0 ?9k+ :5 he said1 ,x is n by art t !y make ^! noble poems1 b because a ,god is 9 !m1 by :om !y are possess$4 444 ,!y d n speak s by art1 b by div9e p[]4 ,footnote #ah ,footnote #ag3 ,pro ,ar*i1 c4 #h4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i h translat$ ! ,greek text lit]ally1 :i* ,m4 ,c\s9 has r5d]$ ) 8 accu/om$ elegance4 7,jon41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdi1 et passim47 ,note ( au?or4 #id ,! inspiration ( ! holy book ( ,*ri/ianity is q a diff]5t ?+3 x is special & sup]natural4 ,!re is div9e inspiration 9 all ! great works ( man2 ^! books are a "w directly & p]sonally inspir$ by ,god3 !y affirm ?is !mselves4 ,! language us$ by ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels incessantly implies x2 &1 9 num]\s passages1 ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 z well z ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 decl>e x positively4 ,footnote #ai ,footnote #ai3 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 ,m4 ,reuss ackn[l$ges x3 ,?is inspiration1 says he1 0 reg>d$ z some?+ unlike any o!r1 & res]v$ to a few individuals *os5 by ,provid5ce1 & only to !m ^u special & solemn occasions2 & he ref]s to ! diff]5t texts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* prove 8 ass]tion4 7,vol4 i4 p4 #daa1 ed4 #ahfj47 ,?is ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( ! special & div9e inspiration ( ! ,scriptures 0 n orig9ally tak5 9 s n>r[ an acceptation z 9 lat] times4 #ie ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! s*ool ( ,plato1 :il/ c>efully di/+ui%+ ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ volumes f ! inspiration ( ! great poets1 /rove to det]m9e ! process common to ^! two k9ds ( inspiration1 & to expla9 "o by ! o!r--,x is n by any effect ( nature nor by any human faculty1 says ,/4 ,ju/91 t x is 9 ! p[] ( m5 to "k ?+s s gr& & s div9e2 x is by ! grace :i* desc5ds f on high ^u ! sa9ts4 ,!y h no ne$ = any art to be reveal$ to !m2 pure !mselves1 !y mu/ (f] !mselves to ! action ( ! div9e _s1 9 ord] t ! div9e b[1 desc5d+ itself f heav5 & mak+ use ( ! j1 9 ! same way z ! musician does ( ! *ords ( a h>p or lyre1 may unfold to u ! k ( ?+s div9e4 ,i ?9k1 says ,a!nagoras1 t y are n ignorant ( ,moses1 or ( ,isaiah1 or ( ! o!r prophets1 :o1 be+ turn$ aside f any process ( individual reason+1 & mov$ by ! _s ( ,god1 proclaim$ al\d t :i* e*o$ )9 !m1 ! holy _s employ+ !m & atta*+ itself to !m z ! play] adds to 8 flute ! brea? :i* makes x disc\rse its music4 #if ,que/ions soon began to be agitat$ 9 ,*ri/5dom z to :i* ( ! religi\s books 9 circulation 7 really inspir$1 & z to :i* did n possess ?is div9e *>act]i/ic4 ,h5ce proce$$ disputes 9 respect to ! ,apocryphal books1 & ! =mation ( ! ,canon1 or collection ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,b ev5 9 ! v books1 receiv$ by all z div9ely inspir$1 great ,*ri/ian doctors1 n m]ely ,orig51 b ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,augu/91 discov]$ grammatical errors & faults :i* x 0 impossible to attribute to div9e inspiration2 & !y di/+ui%$1 ) great] or less exactness1 ! inspiration ( ,god f ! imp]fection ( man4 ,/4 ,j]ome po9ts out solecisms 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul2 & ,/4 ,augu/9 says1 9 speak+ ( ,/4 ,john1 ,i v5ture to say t ,john p]haps has n spok5 ( ! ?+ z x really 01 b only z x 0 9 8 p[] to speak2 = he is a man1 & he speaks ( ,god4 #ig ,inspir$1 no d\bt1 by ,god1 b /ill a man4 444 ,:5 we meet ) su* div]sity ( expressions--al?\gh n 9 !mselves contradictory--us$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 we %\ld reg>d1 9 ! words ( ea*1 only ! int5t ) :i* ! words are pron\nc$1 & n1 l wret*$ cavill]s1 atta* an idea ( tru? to ! ext]nal =m ( ! lett]2 = we mu/ seek ! v _s1 n only 9 all ! words1 b 9 ev]y?+ else :i* s]ve z symptoms ( ! manife/ation ( ! _s4 ,x 0 9 ! pres5ce & 9 spite ( ^! discussions1 ( ?is explanation & ( ?is free criticism1 t ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,scriptures 0 nev]!less upheld 9 ! f\r? c5tury z ! common & positive fai? ( ,*ri/ians4 ,i pass by ! twelve foll[+ c5turies3 a long p]iod2 full ( d>kness1 b yet ) fla%es ( light2 sil5t yet full ( upro>1 full ( lib]ty & oppression3 p]iod beg9n+ ) ! invasion ( ! ,b>b>ians & t]m9at+ ) ! ,r5aissance2 t p]iod 9 %ort :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 is call$ ! ,middle ,age4 #ih ,i transport myself at once to ! sixte5? c5tury1 t epo* ( political /ruggles1 :5 m5 r$uc$ to sy/ems1 & reason$ ^u1 ! diff]5t elem5ts ( moral & social in/itutions2 = !y _h1 ev] s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 be5 f]m5t+ pell-mell 9 ,europe1 :i*1 al?\gh s small1 0 yet de/9$ to conqu] & civilize t globe1 t]m$ by u ! _w4 ,/riv+ to discov] :at1 aft] ! lapse ( s _m ye>s & ev5ts1 _h become ( ! pr9ciple ( ! div9e inspiration ( ! sacr$ books1 t base ( ! religi\s fai? & rule ( ,*ri/ian societies1 ,i f9d t ?is "q _h receiv$ two solutions3 "o 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 by its repres5tative ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 ! o!r 9 ! "n ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 by _! great f\nd]s & tea*]s4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t receives all ! books bo? ( ! old & ( ! new ,te/am5t1 s9ce ! same ,god is ! au?or ( ea*2 surr\nds !m ) ! same respect1 & ) an equally pi\s rev]5ce2 ins]ts 9 its decree ! complete catalogue ( ^! books1 & ana!matises :oev] does n accept z sacr$ & canonical ^? books1 ) all t !y conta91 j z !y are 9 use 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & z !y exi/ 9 ! anci5t ,lat9 edition kn[n z ! ,vulgate4 ,footnote #bj ,footnote #bj3 ,le ,sa9t ,concile de ,tr5te1 translat$ by ! ,abb ,*anut1 pp4 #aj--ac4 ,p>is1 #afhf4 #ii ,! f\nd]s ( ! great ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 al?\gh !y began to apply ! "r ( hi/orical criticism to bo? texts & manuscripts1 proclaim$ nev]!less ! absolute & complete inspiration ( ! holy volumes1 9 =m & s5se1 n>rative1 precepts1 & words4 ,! ,bible1 all ! ,bible1 ! old1 ! new ,te/am5t1 71 accord+ to !m1 writt5 at ,god's dictation to s]ve z ! law ( ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 #ajj ,! ,decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t rema9s ! ,rule ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury z mu* z x 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & 9 our days a ,prote/ant ,div9e1 ju/ly respect$ = elevation ( ?\ght z mu* z = ! en]getic s9c]ity ( 8 ,fai?1 9 ma9ta9+ ! pr9ciple ( ! complete & div9e inspiration1 & ( ! absolute infallibility1 ( ! ,bible1 has be5 driv5 s f> z to make ?is /range ass]tion3 ,all ! expressions & all ! lett]s ( ! t5 comm&m5ts 7 c]ta9ly writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god1 f ! ,aleph ) :i* !y beg91 to ! ,caph ) :i* !y end2 a few pages fur!r on he says3 ,! ,decalogue1 we repeat1 0 writt5 entirely by ! f+] ( ,jehovah ^u ! two /one slabs4 ,footnote #ba ,footnote #ba3 ,?opneu/ie4 ,by ,m4 ,gauss54 #bnd ed41 #ahdb1 pp4 #bbe1 #bdb4 ,be on y\r gu>d1 said ,bossuet1 y assign to ,god arms & h&s2 unless y /rip ^! expressions ( all t sav\rs ( humanity1 s z to leave no?+ ( arms & h&s b _! action & _! =ce1 y err4 444 ,god does ev]y?+ by comm&2 he has no lips to move1 nei!r does he /rike ! air ) 8 tongue to draw =? s\nds f x2 he has only to w1 & 8 w is accompli%$4 ,footnote #bb ,footnote #bb3 ,elvations sur les ,my/res1 vol4 ix4 pp4 #ff-fh1 #he1 #aji2 & ! ,sixime ,av]tissem5t sur les lettres de ,jurieu1 vol4 xxx4 pp4 #eg1 #acd4 #aja ,! empire ( circum/ances1 bo? 9 ! sixte5? & ! n9ete5? c5turies1 has _h mu* to d ) ! adoption ( ^! two doctr9es1 ?us conceiv$ & express$4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 9 ord] to cut %ort all controv]sies ) ! ,re=m]s1 took ! ,scriptures1 & ! int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! supreme & infallible au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! ,re=m]s1 9 _! turn1 f\nd _! fix$ po9t & a basis1 firm 9 ! mid/ ( ! movem5t to :i* !y 7 giv+ ! impulse1 9 ! infallibility ( ! ,bible1 itself div9ely inspir$4 ,& at ! pres5t "t1 on ! "o side ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 its new dang]s1 & on ! o!r side ! ,prote/ants1 s9c]e 9 _! ard5t zeal to awak5 t ,*ri/ian ,fai? :i* is langui%+1 h pu%$ ! two doctr9es1--! =m] ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ! latt] ( biblical infallibility1--to _! extreme/ v]ge3 9 my op9ion ea* beyond ! limits ( "r & ( tru?4 ,hi/ory expla9s errors1 x does n ju/ify !m4 #ajb ,i resume1 briefly3 ^? ) :i* ,i reproa* ! two doctr9es ref]r$ to1--!y sev]ally infr+e1 ! "o ! rights ( religi\s lib]ty1 ! o!r ^? ( human sci5ce4 ,9 bo? cases !y greatly endang] t ,*ri/ian ,religion :i* !y h1 9 ^! respects1 sev]ally ill und]/ood4 ,i h already express$ my views ^u ?is subject4 ,footnote #bc ,footnote #bc3 ,m$itations on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,six? ,m$itation4 ,inspiration ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 pp4 #ade-adf4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,f]v5t & le>n$ m5 ma9ta9 t all1 absolutely all1 9 ! ,scriptures is div9ely inspir$--! words z well z ! ideas1 all ! words us$ ^u all subjects--! mat]ial ( language1 z well z ! doctr9e :i* lies at its base4 ,9 ?is ass]tion ,i see b deplorable confusion1 lead+ to pr(\nd misappreh5sion bo? ( ! mean+ & ! object ( ! sacr$ books4 ,x 0 n ,god's purpose to give in/ruction to m5 9 gramm>1 & if n 9 gramm> nei!r 0 x 8 purpose to give in/ruction 9 geology1 a/ronomy1 geography1 or *ronology4 #ajc ,x is on _! relations ) _! ,creator1 ^u duties ( m5 t[>ds ,him & t[>ds ea* o!r1 ^u ! rule ( fai? & ( conduct 9 life1 t ,god has light$ !m by light f heav54 ,x is to ! subject ( religion & morals1 & to ^! alone1 t ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures is direct$4 ,i h read ! ,holy ,scriptures scrupul\sly1 & ov] & ov] aga91 ) a view nei!r to criticise nor def5d1 ) ! sole object ( famili>is+ myself ) _! "* & s5se4 ,! m ,i advanc$ 9 ?is /udy1 ! long] ,i _h liv$ 9 ! ,bible1 ! m did ! two facts seem cle> to me1 ! ,div9e tru?s & ! human faults at once pr(\ndly di/9ct & 9 intimate contact4 ,i meet at ea* /ep 9 ! ,bible ) ,god & ) man3 ,god1 ,be+ real & p]sonal1 to :om no?+ happ5s1 9 :om no?+ *anges1 ,be+ id5tical & immovable 9 ! mid/ ( ! univ]sal movem5t1 :o gives ( himself ! unp>allel$ def9ition1 ,i am t ,i am3 on ! o!r side man1 ,be+ incomplete1 imp]fect1 v>iable1 full ( defici5cies & ( contradictions1 ( sublime in/9cts & gross desires1 ( curiosity & ignorance1 capable ( good & ( evil1 & p]fectible 9 ! mid/ ( 8 imp]fection4 #ajd ,:at ! ,bible is incessantly %[+ u is1 ,god & ,man1 _! po9ts ( connection & _! conte/s1--,god wat*+ ov] & act+ ^u man2 man at "o "t accept+1 at ano!r reject+1 ,god's influ5ce4 ,! div9e p]son & ! human p]son1 if ! expression is p]missible1 are 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 ea* act+ ^u ! o!r & ^u ev5ts4 ,x is ! education ( man aft] 8 ,creation3 8 education z a religi\s & moral be+1 no?+ less & no?+ m4 ,god does n1 9 ?us educat+ man1 *ange him3 he creat$ him intellig5t & free3 he enlight5s him z to ! religi\s & moral law ) light f heav52 9 o!r respects he leaves him absorb$ 9 ! labori\s & p]il\s ex]cise ( 8 intellig5ce & ( 8 lib]ty z a free ag5t4 #aje ,at ea* epo*1 9 e circum/ance1 dur+ 8 cont9u\s action ^u man1 ,god takes him z he f9ds him1 ) 8 passions1 vices1 defects1 errors1 ignorance2 j su* a be+ z he has made himself2 nay1 e day is mak+ himself1 by ! good or bad use ( 8 intellig5ce & ( 8 fre$om ( action4 ,?is is ! ,biblical acc\nt1 & ! ,biblical hi/ory ( ! relations ( ,man ) ,god4 ,:at a /range contra/1 & /ill :at an intimate & p[]ful connection exi/s1 9 ?is hi/ory1 betwe5 ^? :om--h[ %all ,i d>e to p]mit myself to call ! two actors6 ,god does n appe> s elevat$1 s pure1 s /range to imp]fection1 s untr\bl$ by any human nature1 s immutable & s]5e 9 ! pl5itude ( ! div9e nature1 s really ,god1 9 any tradition1 inv5tion ( poetry1 or 9 any my?ology1 z he is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,bible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 no nation1 9 no hi/orical n>rative or docum5t1 does man %[ himself m viol5t & rud]1 m brutal1 m cruel1 m prompt to +ratitude1 & m rebelli\s to 8 ,god1 ?an he is among/ ! ,hebrews4 #ajf ,n[h]e else1 & 9 no hi/ory1 is ! di/ance s great betwe5 ! div9e sph]e & ! human region1 betwe5 ! sov]eign & ! subject4 ,/ill1 ,israel nev] entirely sep>ates itself f ,god2 &1 9 spite ( vices & excesses1 ,israel returns to ,god1 & recognises 8 law & empire1 ev5 :il/ incessantly violat+ !m4 ,n[h]e1 on ! o!r h&1 does ,god appe>1 9 8 turn1 s occupi$ ) man1 does he at once exact s mu* f him & yet ev9ce s mu* sympa?y = him3 he does n *ange him sudd5ly1 by any act ( 8 sov]eign w2 he is a witness to all 8 imp]fections1 all 8 weaknesses1 & all 8 errors2 nev]!less1 he ab&ons him n2 he holds ev] /eadily be=e him ! tor* ( ,heav5ly ,light1 & nev] omits to int]e/ himself 9 8 de/9y4 ,! religi\s & moral idea is ev] pres5t & dom9ant2 n[h]e else h ! bus9ess & lab\r ( human sci5ce held s small a place 9 man's ?\ghts & man's society4 ,god1 & ! relations ( ,god & man1 are ! only subjects :i* fill ! ,holy volumes4 #ajg ,9 :at d ^? relations consi/8 ,by :at results does ?is cont9u\s action manife/ itself1 ( ,god ^u man2 ?is incessant dialogue betwe5 ,god & man8 ,by laws1 precepts1 & comm&s1 religi\s & moral--,god proposes ^! to man2 he enjo9s no?+ m2 he speaks to him ( no?+ else2 dem&s no?+ f him b ob$i5ce to 8 ,law4 ,god does n tea*1 he comm&s2 ,god does n discuss1 he w>ns4 ,& ! organs ( ,god's spee*1 ! m5 :om he takes = 8 int]pret]s & 8 prophets1 ,moses1 ,samuel1 ,isaiah1 d nei!r less nor m4 ,al?\gh sup]ior to mo/ ( _! contempor>ies by reason ( possess+ c]ta9 atta9m5ts1 !y are no pr(essors ( human sci5ces3 j z !y speak ! language ( ! common p :om !y address1 j s d !y %>e mo/ ( _! ignorance & errors respect+ ! objects & facts ( ! f9ite _w1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y are liv+4 #ajh ,:5 !y are made ! m$ium = ! religi\s & moral precepts & w>n+s ( ,god1 x is !n t !y are no long] m]e m5 ( _! "t2 x is !n1 only !n1 t ! light ( div9e inspiration desc5ds ^u !m1 & t !y diffuse x to all ar\nd !m4 ,i d n wi% to limit myself to a g5]al summ>y only ( :at ,i reg>d z ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1--! simultane\s pres5ce ( ! div9e elem5t & ( ! human elem5t2 ! "o 9 all its sublimity1 ! o!r 9 all its imp]fection2 ,god reveal+ to man 9 a c]ta9 place 8 religi\s law & 8 moral law1 b )\t convey+ else:]e ! div9e light2 ,god tak+ man z he f9ds him1 9 ! po9ts ( "t & ( space 9 :i* he is plac$1 ) all 8 b>b>ism & imp]fections4 ,i proce$1 !re=e1 to consid] "s ( ! p>ticul> examples pres5t$ by ! ,scriptures1 :i* make ?is great tru? s evid5t z to be inconte/able4 #aji ,i op5 ! book ( ,g5esis & read3-- ,& x came to pass aft] ^! ?+s1 t ,god did tempt ,abraham1 & said unto him1 ,abraham3 & he said1 ,behold1 "h ,i am4 ,& he said1 ,take n[ ?y son1 ?9e only son ,isaac1 :om ?\ love/1 & get !e into ! l& ( ,moriah2 & (f] him !re = a burnt-(f]+ ^u "o ( ! m\nta9s :i* ,i w tell !e (4 ,& ,abraham rose up e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & saddl$ 8 ass1 & took two ( 8 "y m5 ) him1 & ,isaac 8 son2 & clave ! wood = ! burnt-(f]+1 & rose up1 & w5t unto ! place ( :i* ,god _h told him4 ,!n on ! ?ird day ,abraham lift up 8 eyes1 & saw ! place af> (f4 ,& ,abraham said unto 8 "y m51 ,abide ye "h ) ! ass2 & ,i & ! lad w g yond] & wor%ip1 & come aga9 to y4 ,& ,abraham took ! wood ( ! burnt-(f]+1 & laid x ^u ,isaac 8 son3 & he took ! fire 9 8 h&1 & a knife3 & !y w5t bo? ( !m toge!r4 ,& ,isaac spake unto ,abraham 8 fa!r1 & said1 ,my fa!r3 & he said1 "h am ,i1 my son4 ,& he said1 ,behold ! fire & ! wood3 b :]e is ! lamb = a burnt-(f]+8 ,& ,abraham said1 ,my son1 ,god w provide himself a lamb = a burnt-(f]+3 s !y w5t bo? ( !m toge!r4 #aaj ,& !y came to ! place :i* ,god _h told him (2 & ,abraham built an alt> !re1 & laid ! wood 9 ord]2 & b\nd ,isaac 8 son1 & laid him on ! alt> ^u ! wood4 ,& ,abraham /ret*$ =? 8 h&1 & took ! knife to slay 8 son4 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l call$ unto him out ( heav51 & said1 ,abraham1 ,abraham3 & he said1 "h am ,i4 ,& he said1 ,lay n ?9e h& ^u ! lad1 nei!r d ?\ any ?+ unto him3 = n[ ,i "k t ?\ fe>e/ ,god1 see+ ?\ ha/ n )held ?y son1 ?9e only son f me4 ,& ,abraham lift$ up 8 eyes1 & look$1 & behold1 beh9d him a ram caught 9 a ?icket by 8 horns3 & ,abraham w5t & took ! ram1 & (f]$ him up = a burnt-(f]+ 9 ! /ead ( 8 son4 ,a man :o1 by 8 enlight5$ views1 & ! elevation ( 8 m9d1 z well z by 8 fai?fulness z a foll[] ( ,*ri/1 is an hon\r to ! *ur* :i* he s]ves1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,/anley1 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 expla9s & *>act]ises 9 ^! t]ms ! ,biblical tru?s to :i* ,i am ref]r+4 #aaa ,!re h be51 he says1 9 almo/ all anci5t =ms ( religion1 & also 9 "s ( m mod]n date1 two /rong t5d5cies1 ea* 9 itself spr++ f ! be/ & pure/ feel+s ( humanity1 yet ea*1 if c>ri$ into ! extremes sugge/$ by passion or by logic1 incompatible ) ! o!r & ) its own highe/ purpose4 ,"o is ! crav+ to please1 or to propitiate1 or to communicate ) ! p[]s above u1 by surr5d]+ "s object ne> & de> to ourselves4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( all sacrifice4 ,! o!r is ! pr(\nd moral in/9ct t ! ,creator ( ! _w _c be pleas$1 or propitiat$1 or approa*$ by any o!r means ?an a pure life & good de$s4 ,on ! exagg]ation1 on ! contact1 on ! collision ( ^! two t5d5cies1 h turn$ "s ( ! *ief difficulties ( evangelical hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m we are ab\t to witness 9 ! life ( ,abraham4 444 #aab ,! sacrifice1 ! resignation ( ! w 9 ! fa!r & ! son 0 accept$2 ! lit]al sacrifice ( ! act 0 repell$4 ,! great pr9ciple 0 proclaim$ t m]cy 0 bett] ?an sacrifice1--t ! sacrifice ( self is ! highe/ & holie/ (f]+ t ,god c receive4 444 ,we h a prov]b :i* tells u t man's extremity is ,god's opportunity4 ,footnote #bd ,footnote #bd3 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,by ,ar?ur ,p4 ,/anley1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #dg1 #dh1 #ej4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,abraham 0 ^u ! po9t ( accompli%+ an act :i*1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( virtu\s motives & a div9e comm&1 has be5 =bidd51 & is held accurs$ by ! subsequ5t ,revelation & ! s5tim5ts ( all :om x has enlight5$4 ,at ?is mom5t ! h& ( ,abraham is /ay$1 & patri>*al religion is sav$ f ! antagonism ( a conflict betwe5 ! rig\r ( ! ,hebrew law & ! m]ciful disp5sation ( ! ,gospel4 ,! s5tim5t :i* ,dean ,/anley expresses has my full concurr5ce2 b ,i g /ill fur!r1 & ma9ta9 t !re is 9 ! pa!tic n>rative ( ,abraham's sacrifice some?+ m ?an he po9ts out4 #aac ,?is int]position ( ,god 9 ord] to arre/ ! v act :i* he has requir$ is 9 accord ) ! g5]al doctr9e ( ! ,bible1 expressly condemn+ human sacrifices2 ,footnote #be b ,abraham's z well z sev]al o!r examples prove h[ su* sacrifices cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ! f]oci\s traditions & mann]s1 n only ( sev]al nations ( ,semitic orig91 b ev5 ( ! ,hebrews !mselves4 ,god's int5t is to try ,abraham1 & he pauses z soon z ,abraham's ob$i5ce to ! div9e ord] is beyond d\bt4 ,abraham does n hesitate to execute ! div9e comm&2 he expresses no surprise at x4 ,! sacrifice ( ,isaac is prep>$1 & v ne>ly consummat$1 z an ev5t almo/ ( c\rse4 ,"h we h man 9 ! grosse/ & bl9de/ condition ( b>b>ism1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 9 :om z sov]eign he believes1 & ^: sov]eignty x is n 8 purpose to dispute4 ,footnote #be3 ,leviticus xviii4 #ba2 ,deut]onomy xii4 #ca2 ,ezekiel xx4 #bf4 ,?is "q is treat$ & conclusively solv$ 9 ! ,!ologis*e ,encyclop$ie ( ,h]zog1 art4 ,sacrifice1 vol4 x4 p4 #fba4 #aad ,x w\ld be easy = me to multiply ^! examples1 & to %[1 9 _m o!r passages ( ! ,bible1 ! foll[+ fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ,biblical ,hi/ory3 ! ?\ght & ^w ( man1 al?\gh con/antly 9 pres5ce ( ! div9e law & ( ! div9e action1 yet 9 contact & contra/ ) ! ?\ght & ^w ( ,god4 ,i pref] seek+ = pro(s 9 support ( my conviction 9 a comp>ison ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & 9 ! light :i* ,*ri/ianity %$s ^u ! ,hebrew ,revelation1 :i* x does n contradict1 b to :i* x applies a movem5t ( progress4 ,i say progress1--progress imm5se1 inf9itely gr&] ?an man's imag9ation c\ld ev] h conceiv$1--& at ! same "t ! "* ( ! div9e "w rema9+ absolutely ! same4 ,x is no long]1 z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! /ormy combat1 ! cont9u\s /ruggle ( ,god & ( man 9 ! ev5ts ( ! _w & 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,god no long] int]poses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to w>n or direct1 to raise up or humble1 to recomp5se or to puni% man 9 ?is _w2 he decides no long] directly ! issue ( battle or ! de/9y ( /ates4 #aae ,x is /ill ,god1 ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) all 8 sublimity3 ,he1 & ,he only1 occupies & fills ! place4 ,he appe>s !re "u a diff]5t aspect4 ,9 8 human =m1 ,he is weakness itself1 int5d$ & de/9$ to become ! v type ( humility & ( suff]+2 ! volunt>y victim1 :o expiates man's s92 ! victim ( man's fall4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 mis]ies x is ,god1 ,god z ,he 0 = ,israel 9 all ! spl5d\r ( ,8 p[]4 ,*ri/'s own k ( ?is appe>s ?r\gh\t4 ,he says x1 ,he manife/s x unceas+ly by actions & by words2 sometimes by natural effects1 sometimes by miracles4 ,& yet h[ diff]5t6 :at a range 9 ! object & ! be>+ ( ,8 actions & ( ,8 words6 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! sc5e conc5trates itself ^u a corn] ( ! _w1 a s+le p1 a petty nation1 sep>at$ by ,god f ! re/ ( ! _w1 9 ord] to )draw x f ! contagion ( idolatry2--b n[ x is = ! :ole _w1 = all nations1 = future z well z = liv+ g5]ations1 = ! ,g5tile z well z = ! ,jew1 = ! b>b>ians ( ,malta z well z = ! ,greeks ( ,a!ns1 t ! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t manife/s ,himself & speaks2 x is ov] ! :ole ( humanity t ,he spreads ,8 light & ord]s ,8 s]vants to ext5d ,8 empire4 #aaf ,he does m1 mu* m4 ,t div9e light :i* ,jesus comes to spread ov] ! :ole _w1 al?\gh x cont9ues to emanate f ! same f\nta91 becomes m complete & m pure4 ,jesus is ! fir/ to recognise ! fact t ! anci5t law1 al?\gh issu+ f ,god1 be>s "h & !re traces ( human errors & passions4 ,i am n come1 says he1 to aboli% ! law1 b to fulfil x4 ,h[ fulfil x8 ,by remov+ ! errors ) :i* x _h become int]mix$ ow+ to ! imp]fect nature ( ! m51 ( ! "t1 & ( ! place1 at :i* x appe>$1 & by fill+ up ! gaps :i* t imp]fection _h entail$4 ,he dis5tangles ! anci5t law f e human elem5t1 & br+s x back to its "o div9e elem5t1 its "o pure & p]fect s\rce4 ,i refra9 f all argum5t or comm5t>y4 ,i w n cite any?+ 9 pro( ( ?is gr& fact b ^? v texts ( ! ,anci5t & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* embody _! mo/ ess5tial precepts4 #aag ,i read 9 ,exodus1 ,eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe4 ,footnote #bf ,jesus effaces ?is lex talionis4 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r1 & hate ?9e enemy3 b ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies2 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 & pray = !m t despitefully use y & p]secute y4 ,footnote #bg ,footnote #bf3 ,exodus xxi4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #bg3 ,mat!w v4 #dc1 #dd4 ,x is said 9 ! book ( ,deut]onomy3 ,:5 a man ha? tak5 a wife & m>ri$ h]1 & x come to pass t %e f9d no fav\r 9 8 eyes1 because he ha? f\nd "s uncleanness 9 h]3 !n let him write h] a bill ( divorcem5t1 & give x 9 h] h&1 & s5d h] out ( 8 h\se4 ,footnote #bh ,footnote #bh3 ,deut]onomy xxiv4 #a4 #aah ,i read 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,& ! ,ph>isees came to him1 & ask$ him1 ,is x lawful = a man to put away 8 wife8 444 ,& he answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,:at did ,moses comm& y8 ,& !y said1 ,moses suff]$ to write a bill ( divorcem5t1 & to put h] away4 ,& ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,= ! h>dness ( y\r he>ts he wrote y ?is precept4 ,b f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ,god made !m male & female4 ,= ?is cause %all a man leave 8 fa!r & "m1 & cleave to 8 wife2 & !y twa9 %all be "o fle%3 s !n !y are no m twa91 b "o fle%4 ,:at !re=e ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r1 let n man put asund]4 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bi3 ,m>k x4 #b-i2 ,mat!w xix4 #c-i4 ,! ,mosaic law condemns to dea? e adult]]3 ,if a man be f\nd ly+ ) a woman m>ri$ to an husb&1 !n !y %all bo? ( !m die1 bo? ! man t lay ) ! woman1 & ! woman3 s %alt ?\ put away evil f ,israel4 ,footnote #cj ,footnote #cj3 ,deut]onomy xxii4 #bb4 #aai ,jesus is call$ ^u to pron\nce ^u ! v case3 ,& ! scribes & ,ph>isees br\ght unto him a woman tak5 9 adult]y2 & :5 !y _h set h] 9 ! mid/1 !y say unto him1 ,ma/]1 ?is woman 0 tak5 9 adult]y2 9 ! v act4 ,n[ ,moses 9 ! law comm&$ u t su* %\ld be /on$3 b :at saye/ ?\8 ,?is !y said tempt+ him1 t !y might h to accuse him4 ,b ,jesus /oop$ d[n1 & ) 8 f+] wrote on ! gr\nd z ?\gh he he>d !m n4 ,s :5 !y cont9u$ ask+ him1 he lift$ up himself1 & said unto !m1 ,he t is )\t s9 among y1 let him fir/ ca/ a /one at h]4 ,& aga9 he /oop$ d[n1 & wrote on ! gr\nd4 ,& !y :i* he>d x1 be+ convict$ by _! own consci5ce1 w5t out "o by "o1 beg9n+ at ! elde/1 ev5 unto ! la/3 & ,jesus 0 left alone1 & ! woman /&+ 9 ! mid/4 ,:5 ,jesus _h lift$ up himself1 & saw none b ! woman1 he said unto h]1 ,woman1 :]e are ^? ?9e accus]s8 ha? no man condemn$ !e8 ,%e said1 ,no man1 ,"l4 ,& ,jesus said unto h]1 ,nei!r d ,i condemn !e3 g1 & s9 no m4 ,footnote #ca ,footnote #ca3 ,john viii4 #c-aa4 #abj ,! ,mosaic law is full ( m9ute c]emonial regulations1 & ( rigor\s conditions1 :i* atta* to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 ext]nal acts1 9 c]ta9 appo9t$ places1 ! duty ( adoration & ( pray]4 ,n only does ,jesus object to ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees t !y place all _! fai? & _! piety 9 ! acts alone2 he does m2 he gives 8 disciples p]sonally a lesson ( /rik+ simplicity by tea*+ !m ! ,"l's ,pray]2 & :5 ! ,sam>itan woman1 :om he meets ne> ! well ( ,jacob1 says to him3 ,our fa!rs wor%ipp$ 9 ?is m\nta92 & ye say t 9 ,j]usalem is ! place :]e m5 ought to wor%ip4 444 ,jesus sai? unto h]1 ,woman1 believe me1 444 ! h\r come?1 & n[ is1 :5 ! true wor%ipp]s %all wor%ip ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?3 = ! ,fa!r seeke? su* to wor%ip him4 ,god is a ,_s3 & !y t wor%ip him mu/ wor%ip him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,footnote #cb ,footnote #cb3 ,john iv4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd4 #aba ,?us ,jesus1 n to aboli% b to accompli% ! anci5t law1 & to make x h>monise ) ! new & univ]sal "w :i* he is ab\t1 sep>ates f ! law t :i* ! imp]fection ( man _h introduc$ 9 x 9 o!r times1 & = a m limit$ "w2 he leaves 9 x no?+ b ! div9e elem5t 9 all its purity & empire4 ,he only leaves to ! div9e elem5t its religi\s & moral empire1 = x is 9 its "n alone t he speaks2 ! religi\s & moral law is ! only law reveal$ by ,jesus1 & ext5d$ ov] ! entire _w2 no o!r ?\ght mixes itself ) 8 doctr9e1 no o!r motive influ5ces 8 action2 political sci5ce1 human sci5ce1 h absolutely no place at all 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,jesus does n ?9k ( satisfy+ ei!r social ambition or intellectual curiosity2 he desires to make nei!r k+s nor doctors2 z soon z he f9ds su* pret5sions advanc$1 he sets !m aside2 #abb ,r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s2 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4 ,i ?ank !e1 ,fa!r1 ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 because ?\ ha/ hid ^! ?+s f ! wise & prud5t1 & ha/ reveal$ !m unto babes4 ,footnote #cc ,footnote #cc3 ,mat!w xxii4 #ba2 xi4 #be4 ,jesus occupies himself ) man's s\l alone1 ) ! human be+ 9 8 native simplicity2 ! relations ( man1 ( e man1 ) ,god2 ! /ate & de/9y ( ! human s\l1 ( e human s\l1 9 ! pres5t & 9 ! future3 ?is is ! sole idea1 ! sole mission1 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,jesus kn[s t :5 once accompli%$ ?is w br+ ) x its own salut>y consequ5ces3 ,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & 8 righte\sness1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4 ,footnote #cd ,footnote #cd3 ,mat!w vi4 #cc4 #abc ,i d n hesitate1 !n1 to affirm1 t human sci5ce1 9 its diff]5t & special objects1--:e!r a/ronomy1 geology1 geography1 *ronology1 physics1 hi/orical criticism1--is z =eign to ! object z x is to ! s\rce ( ! sacr$ ,volumes4 ,9 ! sci5ces we h ! doma9 ( ! m9d ( man left to itself1 & to itself alone4 ,!y are ! fruits1 assidu\sly cultivat$ & sl[ly acquir$ by ! labori\s ex]tions ( ! human intellect dur+ a succession ( ages4 ,if1 !n1 y meet1 9 ,scriptural texts1 n treat+ ( acts decl>$ miracul\s1 t]ms & ass]tions app>5tly repugnant to facts recognis$ z tru?s 9 ^! diff]5t sci5ces1 feel no disquietude4 ,x is n !re t ,god has set up ,8 div9e tor*2 x is n !re t ,god has spok54 ,! language is ! language ( ! m5 ( ! diff]5t epo*s1 m5 :o speak accord+ to ! measure ( _! k or ( _! ignorance1 ! language :i* !y are oblig$ to speak 9 ord] to be und]/ood by _! contempor>ies4 ,i feel surpris$ t m5 %\ld require to be told ?is1 s simple1 s cle> is x4 #abd ,9 matt]s ( religion & ( morality !re h always exi/$1 & 9 e place !re h exi/$1 spontane\s in/9cts1 aspirations1 & ideas common to all m51 :i* lead !m to employ a simil> language1--a language compreh5d$ & receiv$ by all :o he> x1 :atev] 9 o!r respects may be _! inequality 9 atta9m5ts & civilization2 :]eas1 9 matt]s purely sci5tific we f9d no?+ at all l ?is2 m5 9 ! mass see & speak ( ^!1 n z !y are to ! eye ( sci5ce1 b accord+ to _! appe>ances1 & s m5 compreh5d or d n compreh5d !m1 he> !m or d n he> !m1 accord+ to ! degree ( sci5tific k or ( ignorance preval5t at ! "t & place at :i* !y live4 ,:at w\ld ! ,hebrews 9 ! ,des]t1 or ! ,jews ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 or ! savages ( ! ,pacific h said to 8 mission>ies1 if !y _h be5 told t x is ! e>? :i* turns r\nd ! sun1 t its %ape is t ( a sph]oid1 t x is habitable & inhabit$ at opposite po9ts ( its circumf]5ce8 #abe ,:at is m natural1 :at m inevitable1 ?an t ! language ( ! ,scriptures %\ld agree ) ! sci5tific imp]fection ( m5 ^u all ^! matt]s1 ev5 :]e t language is full ( div9e inspiration z to ! religi\s or moral law ( humanity8 ,no "o hon\rs sci5ce m ?an ,i d1 no "o feels a great] admiration = x4 ,x is a mission t man has to p]=m1 & x is "o ( 8 glories2 b x has no place 9 ! relation ( man ) ,god1 & 9 ! action ( ,god ^u man4 ,god is no sublime1 no mighty doctor1 :o reveals tru?s ( sci5ce to man1 to give him ! noble pleasure ( contemplat+ !m1 or ( publi%+ !m2 he has left su* rese>*es to lab\rs purely human4 ,! "w ( ,god is m complex & gr&]3 x is ess5tially practical4 ,t ( :i* man1 e man1 /&s 9 ne$1 t aft] :i* he ?ir/s1 t :i* all mank9d asks ( ,god1 simple z well z le>n$1 is to be enlight5$ z to ! religi\s & moral tru?s :i* are to regulate 8 s\l & 8 life1 & to decide 8 lot 9 et]nity4 #abf ,x is to all mank9d t ,god responds2 x is to ! salvation ( all m5 t ! ,scripture applies itself4 ,a celebrat$ philosoph]1 a man ( a m9d l(ty & s9c]e1 b "o ( ! mo/ lo/ ( ! great lo/ ones ( ! human intellig5ce1 ?\ght diff]5tly4 ,accord+ to ,sp9oza1 all m5 are f> f be+ call$ to enjoy et]nal life 9 ! same pl5itude4 444 ,aft] dea? ! reason1--j ideas survive2 all ! re/ p]i%es4 ,s\ls gov]n$ by reason1 philosophical s\ls1 :o ev5 f ! mom5t :5 _! life 9 ?is _w ceases1 live 9 ,god1 are consequ5tly exempt f dea?2 = dea? deprives !m only ( t :i* is ( no value4 ,b ^? dim & feeble s\ls1 ^u :i* reason h>dly gleams at all1 ^? s\ls made up entirely1 s to say1 ( empty imag9+s & passions1 p]i% almo/ entirely2 & dea?1 in/ead ( com+ to !m z a simple accid5t1 p5etrates to ! v bottom ( _! be+4 ,! s\l ( ! sage1 on ! contr>y1 _c be m ?an b>ely tr\bl$2 possess+1 by a sort ( et]nal necessity1 ! consci\sness ( itself & ( ,god1 & ( ?+s z !y really are1 x nev] ceases to exi/2 & z = real tranquillity ( s\l1 x possesses x = ev]4 ,footnote #ce ,footnote #ce3 uvres de ,sp9oza4 ,accord+ to ! translation ( ,emile ,saisset4 ,introduction1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bia4 #abg ,i "k n if human pride ev] gave expression to a ?\ght %[+ a /rang] ab]ration ( intellect2 & 9 spite ( ! fav\r ) :i* "s m5 ( di/+ui%$ abilities endeav\r at ! pres5t day to encircle ! "n ( ,sp9oza1 ,i d n believe t !re is any *ance1 at an epo* :5 w> is decl>$ aga9/ all privileges1 = philosoph]s to make good _! exclusive claim to ! privilege ( immortality4 #abh ,f\r? ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ian ,ignorance4 ,:5 ,i use ! t]m ,*ri/ian ,ignorance1 ,i w\ld n h ei!r ! s5se :i* ,i atta* to ! expression1 or ! int5tion ) :i* ,i use x1 misund]/ood4 ,i d n ?9k t x %\ld be d5i$ to man to make any use ( 8 intellig5ce1 to ex]cise any "r to inquire freely aft] tru?1 or aft] any k9d ( tru?4 ,is ! field :i* is op5 to ! human m9d limit$ 9 ext5t8 ,is ! m9d itself ( limit$ rea*8 ,is !re a diff]5ce ( degree 9 human k accord+ z ! objects are diff]5t to :i* x is appli$8 ,^! are que/ions1 all ( !m1 fundam5tally conta9$ 9 ! words ,*ri/ian ,ignorance2 & ( ^! que/ions x is my aim to (f] :at appe>s to me to be ! "r solution4 #abi ,i am 9 ! pres5ce ( f\r sci5ces1 & ( six s*ools or sy/ems1 :i* h made1 are mak+1 & w always cont9ue to make1 mu* noise 9 ! _w4 ,! sci5ces are1 ,physiology1 ,psy*ology1 ,ontology1 & ,!ology4 ,! sy/ems to :i* ^! sci5ces h giv5 bir? are1 ,mat]ialism1 ,positivism1 ,scepticism1 ,spiritualism1 ,sci5tific ,!ology1 ,my/ical ,!ology4 ,i am f> f mean+ to discuss "h ! pr9ciples ( ^! sy/ems1 or to attempt to det]m9e _! value2 x w\ld be to und]take ! task ( exam9+ all philosophy & all philosophies4 ,i mean to t\* only ^u "o ( ! special que/ions :i* furni% 9 our days matt] ( debate betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ^! diff]5t s*ools4 ,x is ?us1 & ?us only1 t ,i c cle>ly e/abli% ! s5se :i* ,i atta* to ! words ,*ri/ian ,ignorance2 & det]m9e1 at ! same "t1 _! be>+ & _! limitation4 #acj ,i h1 & = v simple reasons1 little to say respect+ ! fir/ ?ree sy/ems to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 i4 e41 ,mat]ialism1 ,positivism1 ,scepticism4 ,by its d5ial ( ! di/9ction ( ! s\l & ! body1 ( m9d & matt]1 ,mat]ialism rejects ,psy*ology1 & arrives1 z f> z ,ontology is conc]n$1 only at ,a!ism or at ,pan!ism4 ,( ! f\r great philosophical sci5ces1 ,physiology is ! only "o ) :i* ,mat]ialism has any conc]n4 ,among/ ,positivi/s1 "s1 ! m em95t1 admit1 x is true1 ! reality ( ,objects1 or to speak m exactly1 ! reality ( ! doma9 ( ,psy*ology & ( ,ontology2 b 9 admitt+ x !y decl>e x to be inaccessible to ! human m9d3 ,inaccessible1 says ,m4 ,littr1 n null or non-exi/5t2 x is an ocean :i* wa%es our %ore1 & = :i* we h nei!r b>k nor sail4 ,footnote #cf ,footnote #cf3 ,a4 ,comte et la ,philosophie ,positive4 ,by ,m4 ,littr1 p4 #eai4 ,t is to say1 t1 accord+ to ,positivi/s1 ,psy*ology1 ,ontology1 & ,!ology are n--_c be--sci5ces4 #aca ,z = sceptics1 !y conte/ to ! human m9d all c]titude1 & especially c]titude ) respect to ! subject-matt]s ( ,psy*ology1 ,ontology1 & ,!ology4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian belief is !n too absolutely /range to ^? ?ree s*ools = x to be necess>y t ,i %\ld discuss ) !m ! s\rce1 be>+1 & legitimacy ( t :i* ,i t]m ,*ri/ian ,ignorance4 ,x is only ) ,spirituali/s1 ) sci5tific ,!ologians1 & ) my/ic ,!ologians1 t x is possible to discuss ?is "q ( ,*ri/ian ,ignorance1 = ! ?ree s*ools to :i* !y belong are ! only ones :i*1 9 ! same way z ,*ri/ianity itself does1 op5 to ! human m9d ! doma9 ( ! f\r sci5ces--,physiology1 ,psy*ology1 ,ontology1 & ,!ology1 & :i* recognise ! "r ( ! human m9d !re to se>* aft] tru?1 & ! possibility ( its be+ !re discov]$4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ,spirituali/s1 a prelim9>y rem>k is indisp5sable4 ,*ri/ianity is z spirituali/ic1 n to say m s1 ?an ,spiritualism itself4 #acb ,x is n1 !n1 ) ,spiritualism 9 g5]al1 & ) all ,spirituali/s )\t di/9ction1 t ,*ri/ians h to deal 9 ! "q ( ,*ri/ian ,ignorance1 z x has 9 o!r que/ions2 ! discussion "h lies betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism alone2 & n only betwe5 ,rationalism & ,*ri/ian ignorance1 b also betwe5 ,rationali/ic sci5ce & ,*ri/ian sci5ce4 ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism admits ! reality ( ,psy*ology1 ( ,ontology1 & ( ,!ology1 j z x does t ( ,physiology2 x admits t ^! diff]5t sci5ces owe _! bir? & developm5t necess>ily to ! spectacle ( ! univ]se1 ( m5 & ( ?+s1 & h = _! object ! solution ( ! que/ions :i* ?is spectacle sugge/s4 ,b ?is great fact once admitt$1 ,rationalism places 9 ,psy*ology1 & 9 ,psy*ology alone1 ! />t+-po9t & ! fulcrum ( ,ontology & ( ,!ology2 x only admits 9 ^! two sci5ces results to :i* ! human m9d atta9s by its own unaid$ ef=ts1 t is to say1 by way ( obs]vation & ( reason+2 x recognises = human k1 ) respect to ,ontology & ,!ology1 no s\rce o!r ?an human reason4 #acc ,*ri/ianity op5s to ,ontology & ,!ology a l>g] sph]e & o!r s\rces ( k3 besides ! psy*ological facts suppli$ to ^! two sci5ces by obs]vation & reason+1 x recognises hi/orical facts z tru?s1 n only :i* !y are b\nd !mselves to admit1 b :i* !y h a "r to dem& t o!rs %all admit2 ,*ri/ianity does n make ! human m9d ! sole object ( its belief2 x believes also 9 ! hi/ory ( ,humanity1 & f9ds 9 t ,hi/ory facts to ! tru? ( :i* c5turies1 & ! traditions ( c5turies1 h te/ifi$1 :i* x !re=e holds1 & is b\nd to hold1 z well prov$ & z c]ta9 z any physical or psy*ological fact prov$ by ! obs]vations ( contempor>y sci5ce4 ,! ,creation1 ! primitive ,revelation1 ! ,mosaic ,revelation1 ! ,evangelical ,revelation1 are 9 ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e hi/orical facts :i* ,ontology & ,!ology take1 ) reason1 z ! elem5t>y data & ! legitimate bases ( sci5ce4 #acd ,i am "h met by a fundam5tal objection made to ^! facts & to _! sci5tific au?ority2 !y are1 x is said1 oppos$ to ! p]man5t laws ( nature & ( reason1 z well z ( human exp]i5ce2 sci5ce _c admit sup]natural facts4 ,i h no int5tion 9 m]ely pass+ to re-ent] "h ^u ?is great "q2 ,i h already express$ unres]v$ly my op9ion ) respect to x1 ,footnote #cg & ^u "s o!r occasion ,i %all return to x2 =1 if ,i d n deceive myself1 ! "q has n hi!rto be5 prop]ly s\nd$ & to ! dep? :i* x dem&s4 ,"h ,i conf9e myself to ref]r+ to two ideas--facts1 r--absolutely =gott5 or ignor$ by ! sy/ematic oppon5ts ( ! sup]natural4 ,footnote #cg3 ,m$itations on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?ird ,m$itation3 ,! ,sup]natural1 pp4 #hd-ajh4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,lib]ty1 free ag5cy1 9 pres5ce ( ! ext]nal or int]nal causes :i* op]ate ^u ! w1 is ! peculi> & di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( man4 #ace ,x is by ?is t man sep>ates himself f & raises himself above nature1 und]/&+ by ! t]m ! ensemble ( ?+s det]m9$ by laws g5]al1 ant]ior1 p]man5t4 ,man alone has x 9 8 p[] to comm5ce a new s]ies ( facts =eign to any g5]al law1 & orig9at+ 9 8 w alone4 ,to d5y su* facts1 is to d5y t man is a free ag5t1 & to make him a ma*9e regulat$ by ext]nal & fatal laws2 t is to say1 to drive man back to ! condition ( t nature :i* is sub/antially gov]n$ by laws ( ?is k9d1 & ?us to aboli% at "o bl[ human morality & human lib]ty4 ,! bl[ /rikes /ill high]--x w\ld aboli% ,god4 ,god1 :o creat$ man1 is1 & 0 previ\s to ! exi/5ce ( 8 creations1 a be+ ess5tially free2 = lib]ty _c be ! daught] ( ,fatality4 ,x is 9 ! free div9e volition t human ,lib]ty has its s\rce1 & man's ,lib]ty itself te/ifies to ! s\rce f :i* x emanates4 #acf ,by d5y+ human lib]ty1 we ?r[ n only man b ,god into ! condition ( physical nature1 t is to say1 into ! ensemble ( causes ob$i5t to fate1 & depriv$ ( all moral ess5ce2 t is to say1 we plunge into ,pan!ism1 :i*1 9 spite ( ,sp9oza & ,goe!1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( logical reason+ or poetic imag9ation1 is1 9 ultimate analysis1 no?+ m ?an ,a!ism4 ,! sy/ematic oppon5ts ( ! sup]natural mu/ submit to ?is consequ5ce4 ,mo/ ( !m1 ,i am c]ta91 are f> f be+ dispos$ to accept x1 & w\ld inde$ repudiate x ) ! mo/ hon\rable p]sev]ance4 ,va9 ef=ts6 ,driv5 f entr5*m5t to entr5*m5t1 f fall to fall1 !y w be f9ally r$uc$ to ?is extremity2 & if div9e wisdom _h n assign$ limits to ! =ce ( man's ,logic1 ! practical consequ5ces ( su* a sy/em w\ld soon make !mselves evid5t 9 ! moral & social condition ( humanity4 #acg ,!re is a second necessity to :i* ! sy/ematic oppon5ts ( ! sup]natural mu/ make up _! m9ds4 ,!y mu/ affirm t ! laws proclaim$ by !m z g5]al laws1 laws imman5t & p]man5t 9 :at !y call nature1 are 9 effect ! ess5tial laws ( all nature1 ( ! entire univ]se1 & ( all ! be+s ^: se$s are !re s[n4 ,!y w\ld h no "r to reject absolutely facts z sup]natural if !y 7 n sup]natural ( necessity & ev]y:]e2 if1 9 %ort1 !y 7 any:]e 9 h>mony ) laws ( nature o!r ?an ! laws ( ?is h>dly p]ceptible corn] ( nature :i* is ! resid5ce ( man4 ,if ! laws ( our _w are n univ]sal & absolute1 :o w v5ture to affirm t !y _c be *ang$ or susp5d$1 ev5 !re :]e !y reign8 ,is human sci5ce ready to ma9ta9 t ! laws :i* %e discov]s f h] inf9itely small ,obs]vatory are 9 effect univ]sal & absolute laws 9 e place :]e matt] exi/s1 & :]e life manife/s itself1 9 ! mid/ ( space & ( "t8 #ach ,"h x is t ,*ri/ian ,ignorance beg9s to take its place2 x admits ! unkn[n & ! div]se 9 ! univ]se--an unkn[n incomm5surable1 a div]se inf9itely possible4 ,i respect & admire sci5ce pr(\ndly2 ,i am z mov$1 ,i feel z pr\d z ,m4 de ,laplace c\ld ev] h be5 at ! aspect ( ?is sublime flight ( ! human intellig5ce1 :i* m>*es ) sure foot+ 9 space & across worlds1 measures _! di/ances1 & kn[s h[ _m ye>s are requir$ = ! light ( ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s to rea* u1 :]eas ! light ( our own sun rea*es u 9 a few m9utes4 ,i am n less t\*$ by ! lab\rs & ! discov]ies ( ! great mod]n ,physiologi/s1 :o1 walk+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,bi*at1 obs]ve & note1 ev5 9 _! m9ute/ & mo/ obscure details1 ! diff]5t ph5om5a :i* life 9 ! mid/ ( matt] pres5ts4 ,b :5 ,i h r5d]$ homage to ^! triumphs ( human sci5ce1 ,i comp>e !m ) ! reality ( ?+s1 ) ?is univ]se inf9itely great & inf9itely m9ute1 :i* man makes 8 /udy1 & ,i _c prev5t ! reflection1 t ! univ]se conta9s inf9itely m objects ?an man's m9d atta9s to1 & inf9itely m secrets ?an x discov]s4 #aci ,:at a/ronom] w d>e to affirm t he has c\nt$ all ! worlds1 & t 8 eye has rea*$ ! po9t beyond :i* no m exi/8 ,:at physiologi/1 :at naturali/1 w affirm t all ^? worlds h liv+ inhabitants8 & t1 if s1 ^? inhabitants mu/ h ! same =m1 & be subject to ! same conditions & laws1 z gov]n ! inhabitants ( ?is globe4 ,our sci5ce becomes v mode/ :5 set side by side ) our ignorance1 ev5 9 ! matt]s appropriate to sci5ce2 &1 h[ev] ext5sive & v>i\s ! conque/s ( ! human m9d may be1 ! univ]se is inf9itely va/] & m v>i$ ?an is ei!r ! g5ius or ! /r5g? ( its va9 conqu]or4 ,kn[+ ?is1 & )\t ceas+ to admire ! works ( human sci5ce1 ,*ri/ian ,ignorance b[s humbly be=e t "w ( ,god1 :i* out/rips & surpasses immeasurably e atta9m5t ( man4 #adj ,?us on two sides1 & by two diff]5t processes1 ,*ri/ianity has a high] po9t ( view1 & p5etrates fur!r into ! reality ( ?+s ?an ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism4 ,on ! "o side1 by all[+ its place to hi/oric facts :i* are ! life ( mank9d1 z well z to psy*ological facts :i* are ! life ( man's s\l1 ,*ri/ianity gives to ,*ri/ian sci5ce a deep]1 a broad] f\ndation ?an rationali/ic sci5ce supplies4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,*ri/ianity admits1 bo? ) great] gr&eur & ) m mode/y ?an ,rationalism1 ! unfa?omable imm5sity ( ! univ]se1 z well z ! inf9ite div]sity ( its possible laws2 & by ! av[al ( a ,*ri/ian ,ignorance1 x places itself1 at lea/1 at ! mo/ elevat$ po9t to view ! spectacle ( :i* human sci5ce _c trav]se or measure ! ext5t4 #ada ,x is 9 ! pres5ce ( ano!r rival1 ,i d n say ( ano!r adv]s>y1 t ,i h n[ to set ,*ri/ian ,ignorance4 ,i beg9 by ask+ le>n$ ,!ologians to =give ! fre$om ( my ?\ghts & ( my spee*2 ,i feel = !m a s9c]e s5tim5t ( respect1 let me say bro!rly respect2 = 9 ! "q to :i* ,i address myself ,i am n[ to deal ) ,*ri/ians4 ,b actuat$ by ! same feel+ z t :i* influ5c$ me :5 ,i 0 be=e speak+ ( ! relation ( ! sacr$ writ+s to human sci5ce1 ,i mu/ decl>e my pr(\nd conviction t ! subject :i* is "h be+ treat$ is ( press+ int]e/ to ,*ri/ian ,religion 9 ! great /ruggle 9 :i* x is engag$4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion is f\nd$ ^u facts1 ^u an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( facts record$ 9 docum5ts :i* exi/4 ,:e!r ! au!nticity or ! au?ority ( any "p ( ^! docum5ts1 ! reality or ev5 ! possibility ( any ( ! facts :i* !y conta9 is admitt$ or conte/$1 x is n ! less true t ,*ri/ianity is n1 z ,greek ,paganism 01 a poetical my?ology attribut$ to fabul\s times2 z ! religion ( ,zoroa/] 01 a p]sonification ( ! great =ces & ( ! great ph5om5a ( nature2 or z ! writ+s ( ,confucius 71 a collection ( philosophical m$itations1 & ( moral precepts & c\nsels1 = ! use ( wise & simple1 ( pr9ces & subjects4 #adb ,i am f> f conte/+ t poetry & philosophy1 human imag9ation & human m$itation1 h _! %>e 9 ! books :i* =m ! docum5ts ( ,*ri/ianity2 x is at ! same "t inconte/able1 h[ev]1 t ! peculi> & ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity1 f its v orig9 d[n to its late/ developm5t1 is t x is hi/orical3 we behold ! ,*ri/ian ,religion />t+ to life1 liv+1 trav]s+ c5turies1 gr[+ great & indep5d5t1 j z we behold civil society do+1 9 a s]ies ( facts :i* succe$ to "o ano!r & are diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,*ri/ianity is n m]ely a religi\s doctr9e2 x is ! hi/ory ( ! ev5ts :]e9 h be5 manife/$ ! relations ( ,god to man1 & ! action ( ,god ^u ! de/9ies ( ,mank9d4 #adc ,9 proportion to ! vig\r ) :i* ^! ev5ts h develop$ & spread !mselves1 ! human m9d has be5 expos$ to two temptations1 :i* con/itute at once its hon\r & its p]il1 ! temptation ( explanation & t ( controv]sy4 ,:at an und]tak+6 to expla9 ,god6 8 relation to man6 ! means & ! process ( 8 action ^u man6 ,ev5 :5 he essays to /udy1 & to describe1 ! ,nature ( ! ,god 9 :om he believes1 ,man's vision is tr\bl$ by ! dazzl+ light2 8 ?\ght exhau/s itself1 loses itself 9 ! va9 ef=t to atta91 by means ( comp>isons & figures ( all k9ds1 to ! ,div9e ,p]son3 he conceives t p]son1 he affirms t p]son1 he contemplates t p]son1 & yet t p]son he _c "k1 _c expla94 ,! ne>] he feels himself to ,god1 ! m does ,man ca/ 8 eyes d[n1 ! m l[ly does he incl9e himself1 to adore1 :]e he _c pret5d to obs]ve4 ,ev5 ! v pres5ce ( ,god does n aid man 9 atta9+ to ! sci5ce ( ,god4 ,:at1 !n1 ! result :]e he w\ld seek closely to foll[ ! ag5cy ( ,god 9 ! facts 9 :i* he only sees ,him imp]fectly1--:]e he attempts to c>ry ! tor* ( human sci5ce into ! dep?s ( ! secrets ( ,div9e action8 #add ,i "h ent] into ! doma9 :i* ,*ri/ianity ignores4 ,two examples w fully suffice1 ,i hope1 to make my mean+ cle>4 ,! ,div9ity ( ,jesus1 ,god's inc>nation 9 ,jesus1 ,jesus ,god & ,man1 ^! are ! tru?s admitt$1 proclaim$1 incessantly repeat$ 9 diff]5t =ms1 by ! ,gospels & ! primitive docum5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i h already said ,footnote #ch t x is ! fact itself ( ! ,inc>nation :i* con/itutes ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & :i* rises above all def9itions & all !ological controv]sies4 ,to disreg>d ?is fact--to d5y ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/--is to d5y1 to ov]?r[ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 :at x is1 & w\ld nev] h accompli%$ :at x has1 b t ! ,div9e ,inc>nation 0 its pr9ciple1 & ,jesus ,*ri/--,god & ,man--its au?or4 ,footnote #ch3 ,m$itations on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,second ,m$itation1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #ade ,b ,*ri/ians h n conf9$ !mselves to ! belief ( ?is sublime tru?2 !y h /riv5 to expla9 x2 !y h s\ght to "k & to def9e h[1 & :51 ! div9e nature & ! human nature became unit$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 to :at ext5t su* union took place1 & :at effect x produc$ ^u ,*ri/'s p]sonality4 ,h5ce all ! que/ions1 all ! controv]sies1 :i* 7 rais$ z to ! mode & ! consequ5ces ( ! div9e inc>nation1 by ,ne/orius & ,euty*es1 & :i* 9 ! c\ncils ( ,con/ant9ople1 ( ,ephesus & ,*alc$on1 divid$ & agitat$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 especially 9 ! ,ea/4 ,man _h "h essay$ to con/ruct a sci5ce ( ,religion & ( div9e ,hi/ory4 ,! ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,epi/les1 z unanim\sly & p]si/5tly z !y h proclaim$ ! ,inc>nation1 conta9 & proclaim ano!r great tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 & _! comb9$ action ^u ! human s\l4 #adf ,! ,tr9ity is writt5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e x takes its place 9 ! hi/ory & 9 ! ,fai? ( ,*ri/ f _! v beg9n+4 ,"h1 aga91 m5 h refus$ to re/rict !mselves to ,hi/ory1 or to a belief 9 ,hi/ory2 !y h essay$ to det]m9e ! elem5ts1 & to expla9 ! quomodo ( ! religions tru?2 9 o!r words1 to trans=m hi/ory into sci5ce4 ,h5ce all ! controv]sies1 all ! conte/s1 all ! au?oritative decisions :i* h pret5d$ to fix ! nature1 rank1 & relations ( ! ?ree ,div9e p]sons1 or ! mann] ( ! "o ,god's exi/5ce & action 9 ! ,tr9ity ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/4 ,i ent] into none ( ^! controv]sies2 ,i exam9e none ( ! doctr9es & decisions :i* ^? controv]sies h ei!r orig9at$1 or disput$2 ,i n[ only seek to det]m9e _! ess5tial "*2 x is ! transition f div9e tru? to human sci5ce3 x is ,!ology1 ! (fspr+1 m or less legitimate1 ( ,religion4 #adg ,:5 ,i say its (fspr+ m or less legitimate1 & speak ( ,!ological sci5ce 9 ^! gu>d$ t]ms1 x is n t ,i d n design to say op5ly all t ,i ?9k ^u ! subject4 ,! sci5tific ,!ology ( ,*ri/ianity comm&s (t5 my admiration1 always my respect4 ,9 _! ef=t to expla9 ! gr& facts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 its writ]s h address$ !mselves to a glori\s task2 !y h 9 pursu+ x fall5 ^u & ?r[n light ^u sublime tru?s2 !y h engag$ = ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity 9 =midable conte/s2 !y h l5t a moral influ5ce (t5 pregnant ( effect to ! in/itutions & au?oris$ tea*]s ( ,*ri/'s religion4 ,b _! ef=ts h be5 ev5 m ambiti\s ?an en]getic1 m compromis+ ?an efficaci\s2 !y h1 ev5 ) ! words unceas+ly 9 _! m\?s1 %[n an ignorance ( ! limits ( human sci5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion is a miracle1 ! miracul\s "w ( ,god2 ?is 0 ! po9t f :i* !y />t$1 _! fundam5tal datum2 =gett+ :at !y h s affirm$1 !y h s\ght & !y h ?\ght to ensure ! triumph ( ! div9e tru? by expla9+ x2 !y h obscur$ & *ang$ x by an int]mixture ( man's "w4 #adh ,man c recognise z realities ! facts :i* are at ! same "t bo? ,*ri/ian dogmas & ,*ri/ian my/]ies4 ,man c recognise 8 own subjection to !m1 b x is n giv5 to man to make ( !m a sci5ce4 ,bossuet also essay$ to fa?om ! ,tr9ity2 9 ! mid/ ( 8 explanations & ( 8 comp>isons1 he /ops %ort & exclaims3 ,i d n "k :o c vaunt t he und]/&s t p]fectly1 or :o c satisfy himself z to :at ! modes ( be+ c add to be+1 or z to :5ce arises _! di/9ction 9 ! unity & ! id5tity :i* !y h ) ! be+ itself4 ,all ?is is n v compreh5sible2 all ?is1 nev]!less1 is tru?4 ,footnote #ci ,footnote #ci3 lvations sur les ,my/res4 ,works ( ,bossuet1 vol4 ix41 p4 #di4 ,?us aft] ?is f9al ef=t ( 8 g5ius1 x 0 9 ,*ri/ian ignorance t ! la/ great doctor ( ! ,*ur* 0 =c$ to take refuge4 #adi ,x is n only t ^! attempts ( ,sci5tific ,!ology are unsuccessful1 !y entail1 z exp]i5ce pa9fully %[s1 a s]i\s dang]4 ,pride is ! ord9>y companion ( sci5ce1 & :at pride equal to ! pride ( ! sci5ce :i* d>es to believe t x has p5etrat$ ! secrets ( ,god's action & ( man's de/9y6 ,sci5tific ,!ology has _h ! greate/ %>e 9 religi\s p]secutions2 its doctors h _h to def5d n only _! fai? b _! sy/em1 n only ,god's "w b _! own "w & ?is simultane\sly4 ,^? ^: sy/ems 7 ! mo/ logical h g5]ally be5 ! mo/ tyrannical2 hi/ory 9 ?is respect fully confirms :at indep5d5tly ( hi/ory might fairly be presum$2 namely1 t suppos+ ! fai? equal1 ,*ri/ian ignorance is f> m naturally & readily incl9$ to mod]ation & *>ity ?an ,!ological sci5ce4 ,b x is n only ! sci5tific ,!ologians ^: ambition & ef=ts h l$ !m to m\nt beyond ! sph]e ( human sci5ce2 o!rs !re are :o fall 9 a diff]5t mann] into ! same error & ! same p]il4 #aej ,! ,my/ic ,!ologians ask = light z to ! relations ( ,god to man1 n f dialectics & reason+1 b f s5tim5t & inspiration4 ,!y admit betwe5 ,god & man a direct & my/]i\s communication1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 cases & ^u c]ta9 conditions1 conveys to ! human be+ div9e revelations ( a "* p]sonal & individual4 ,) ?is tor* 9 ! h& !y approa* ! que/ions :i* conc]n grace1 pray]1 & ! de/9y aw>d$ by ,provid5ce to ea* creature1 & flatt] !mselves t !y are able to raise ! veil by :i* ! solution ( su* que/ions is hidd54 ,i _c contemplate )\t pr(\nd emotion ^! pi\s impulses ( ! human s\l1 desir\s ( p5etrat+ ! secrets ( ,god4 ,:at m excusable ?an t ard5t & trembl+ curiosity 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>kness ( our life & de/9y8 ,:oev] believes really 9 ,god _c fail to believe himself "u ! eye & 9 ! p[] ( ,god2 h[1 inde$1 w\ld x be possible = him to admit t 8 ,creator is indiff]5t & p[]less8 #aea ,!re are1 x may be add$1 v few :o1 at c]ta9 mom5ts & "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 h n felt1 9 ! inn]mo/ recesses ( _! be+1 a /irr+1 an impulsion1 n proce$+ f !mselves1 nor f ! _w ar\nd !m1 inexplicable to !m1 except z proce$+ f a sup]ior s\rce & p[]4 ,:o ( u has n1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 be5 sometimes aw>e ( a design =eign to 8 own volition1 8 own =eca/1 conduct+ him to an end :i* he did n =eca/8 ,&1 f9ally1 9 ! inf9ite numb] ( pray]s ris+ to ,god f ! mid/ ( human mis]y & suff]+1 are !re n "s to :i* ! ev5t br+s satisfaction1 j z !re are o!rs ) respect to :i* ! contr>y is ! case8 ,h5ce ! problems ( ! div9e ,grace1 ! div9e ,provid5ce1 ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,no d\bt ! desire is v natural :i* passionately aspires to solve problems s gr&1 & :i*1 9 ! hope to d s1 /rives to rise to a direct & p]sonal communication ) _! ,div9e au?or4 #aeb ,b ! m natural ! desire1 ! m pr(\nd ! error4 ,no d\bt ,god acts ^u u1 ^u our s\l1 & ^u our de/9y1 by 8 provid5ce & by 8 grace2 no d\bt he he>s & li/5s to our pray]s2 b x is n giv5 to u to =esee 8 action & 8 answ]1 nor to appreciate !m 9 _! motives & _! effects4 ,! ways ( ,god are n our ways4 ,:e!r g5]al problems are submitt$ to man's intellig5ce1 or que/ions t\*+ him p]sonally tr\ble 8 s\l2 :e!r ! ,doctors ( ,!ology con/ruct sy/ems1 or ! ,my/ic ,!ologians fall into ec/asies1 we see 9 all ^! cases t man has arriv$ at limits :i* oppose an effectual b>ri] to 8 sci5tific vision1 & :i* no transports ( piety w ev] enable him to ov]leap4 ,beyond ^? limits1 ! condition impos$ by ,god ^u man is confid5ce 9 spite ( ignorance2 or 9 o!r words1 ,*ri/ian ,ignorance :i* is gage at once = 8 wisdom1 8 *>ity1 & 8 lib]ty4 #aec ,fif? ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,=ty ye>s ago1 ^u ! appe>ance ( a "w ( ! ,abb ,bauta91 entitl$ ,! ,morality ( ! ,gospel comp>$ ) ! ,morality ( ! ,philosoph]s1 ,i publi%$1 9 ! ,revue ,franaise1 an essay ^u t /ate ( ! human s\l :i* is call$ ,fai?1 ^u ! diff]5t intellectual facts :i* x expresses1 & ! diff]5t ways by :i* man atta9s to x4 ,al?\gh my special subject1 at pres5t1 is no long] ,fai? 9 its ab/ract s5se1 b ( ,fai? 9 ,*ri/1 x is n =eign to my purpose to lay be=e read]s 9 ! ye> #ahfh "s passages :i* appe>$ 9 my essay 9 #ahbh4 ,= not)/&+ ! imp]fection ( ! essay ref]r$ to1 ,i h n ceas$ to reg>d x z f\nd$ on j reason+2 x s]ves z a />t+-po9t = t ,m$itation ^u ,*ri/ian ,fai? :i* ,i n[ give to ! press4 #aed ,by ! ^w fai? is commonly und]/ood a c]ta9 belief 9 facts or dogmas ( a special nature--9 facts or dogmas ( religion4 ,?is ^w1 inde$1 has only ?is mean+1 :5 9 speak+ ( ! fai? ! t]m is us$ alone & absolutely4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is nei!r its sole mean+1 nor its fundam5tal mean+2 x has a /ill m ext5d$ s5se f :i* its religi\s s5se is d]iv$4 ,expressions l ! foll[+ are met )3--,i h full fai? 9 y\r words2 ?is man has fai? 9 himself--9 8 /r5g?--9 8 =tune1 c4 ,?is employm5t ( ! ^w fai? 9 secul> matt]s1 s to say1 occurs m frequ5tly 9 ! pres5t day2 x is1 h[ev]1 no rec5t inv5tion1 & religi\s ideas h nev] be5 s exclusively its sph]e t ! ^w fai? has n _h also o!r significations atta*$ to x4 #aee ,x appe>s1 !n1 by ! usages ( common spee* & popul> op9ion1 #a/1 t ! ^w fai? designates a c]ta9 int]nal condition ( ! p]son :o believes1 & n m]ely a c]ta9 species ( belief3 t x ref]s to ! nature itself ( ! conviction1 n to its object2 #bndly1 t ?is ^w 01 nev]!less1 9 its orig91 & /ill is1 m g5]ally appli$ to ^? k9ds ( belief t]m$ religi\s4 ,:at !n1 9 its special & ord9>y application to religi\s belief1 are ! v>iations :i* h tak5 place 9 its mean+1 & :i* are tak+ place e day8 ,m5 engag$ 9 tea*+ & prea*+ a religion1 a doctr9e1 a religi\s re=m1 sometimes :il/ appeal+ to ! :ole en]gy ( ! human m9d 9 its /ate ( lib]ty1 succe$ 9 produc+ 9 _! disciples an entire1 pr(\nd1 & p[]ful conviction ( ! tru? ( _! tea*+4 ,?is conviction is call$ ,fai?2 a "n :i* nei!r ma/]s & disciples w repudiate1 nor ev5 _! adv]s>ies disall[4 #aef ,fai? !n is only a pr(\nd & imp]i\s conviction ( ! tru? ( a dogma ( religion2 x matt]s little :e!r ! conviction has be5 acquir$ by way ( reason+1 or has be5 g5]at$ by controv]sy1 or by free & rigor\s exam9ation2 t :i* gives to x its "*1 & entitles x to ! "n ( ,fai?1 is its en]gy1 is ! empire :i* t en]gy gives to x ov] ! :ole man4 ,su* at e "t 0 ! fai? ( ! great ,re=m]s1 & m especially 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 su* ! fai? ( _! mo/ illu/ri\s disciples1 ( ,calv9 aft] ,lu!r1 & ,knox aft] ,calv94 ,! same m5 h prea*$ ! same doctr9e to p]sons :om x 0 impossible = !m to conv9ce by ! use ( reason+1 by an appeal to exam9ation1 or to sci5ce1 to wom5 & cr[ds ( p]sons incapable alike ( labori\s /udy & ( l5g!n$ reflection4 ,!y spoke to ! imag9ation1 to ! moral affections1 :]e ! p]sons :om !y address$ 7 prone to feel emotion1 & to believe 9 consequ5ce ( emotion4 ,!y gave ! "n ( ,fai? to ! result ( _! action1 j z !y _h done s to ! result ( ! process ess5tially intellectual ( :i* ,i 0 be=e speak+4 #aeg ,fai? ?us in/ill$ 0 a religi\s conviction1 n acquir$ by reason+1 & d]iv+ its orig9 9 human s5sibility4 ,?is is ! idea ( fai? z ent]ta9$ by ! ,my/ic ,sects4 ,appeals to human s5sibility & human emotion h n always suffic$ to g5]ate fai?4 ,ano!r spr+ ( human influ5ce has be5 resort$ to2 & m5 h be5 comm&$ to adh]e to practices & to =m habits4 ,man mu/ soon] or lat] atta* ideas to ! acts :i* are habitual to him1 & attribute a mean+ to t :i* produces 9 him a con/ant effect4 ,! m9d 0 l$ to ! belief ( ! pr9ciples :i* _h giv5 bir? to c]ta9 practices & habits4 ,a new k9d ( fai? appe>$1 x _h = its pr9ciple & dom9ant *>act]i/ic1 ! submission ( ! m9d to an au?ority inve/$ ) ! "r at once to gov]n man's life & to regulate 8 ?\ght4 #aeh ,f9ally1 fai? has n ev]y:]e nor con/antly be5 g5]at$ 9 ! human m9d1 ei!r by ! free ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 or by appeals to s5sibility1 or by ! =mation ( habits4 ,x 0 !n said t fai? 0 incommunicable1 t x 0 n 9 man's p[] to imp>t fai?1 or to acquire x by any ex]tion ( 8 own1 t = ?is purpose ,god's int]v5tion & ! action ( 8 grace 7 necess>y4 ,div9e grace became ?us ! prelim9>y condition ( fai? & its def9itive "*4 ,! ^w fai? has1 consequ5tly1 9 turn express$3 #a/1 a conviction acquir$ by ! free ef=ts ( ! human intellig5ce2 #bndly1 a conviction acquir$ by way ( ! s5sibility1 & )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! reason1 & (t5 ev5 aga9/ its au?ority2 #crdly1 a conviction acquir$ by man's long submission to a p[] inve/$ ) a p[] f on high to comm& conviction2 #d?ly1 a conviction induc$ by sup]natural means1--by div9e grace4 #aei ,:at 9 ! mid/ ( ?is v>iety ( s\rces f :i* x may emanate is ! ess5tial & inv>iable "* ( fai?8 ,:at is ! /ate ( ! s\l 9 :i* fai? reigns :5 we consid] x indep5d5tly ( its orig9 & ( its object8 ,two k9ds ( belief exi/ 9 man3 ! "o1 ,i w n call x innate1 = ?is is an inexact & ju/ly criticis$ expression1 b a belief natural & spontane\s :i* spr+s up & e/abli%es itself 9 ! m9d ( man1 if n )\t 8 be+ aw>e ( x1 at lea/ )\t ! help ( any reflection or volition on 8 "p1 by ! developm5t alone ( 8 nature & ! influ5ce ( t ext]nal _w 9 ! mid/ ( :i* 8 life is pass$2 ! o!r k9d ( belief is ! result ( labori\s exam9ation & reflection1 ! fruit ( volunt>y /udy & ( ! p[] possess$ by man ei!r to conc5trate all 8 faculties ^u a c]ta9 object ) ! design ( ma/]+ x1 or to direct ! ?\ght inw>ds1 & realise :at is !re tak+ place--to r5d] an acc\nt !re( to himself1 & ?us to acquire by an act ( volition & ( reflection1 a k :i* he did n be=e possess1 al?\gh ! facts :i* =m its object nev]!less exi/$ z facts ext]nal--& :i* he might see by 8 eyes1--or z facts :i* 7 tak+ place )9 him4 #afj ,( ^! two k9ds ( belief :i* m]its ! "n ( fai?8 ,x seems at fir/ sight t ! "n is p]fectly suitable to t k9d ( belief :i* ,i h t]m$ natural & spontane\s3 su* belief is exempt f d\bt & disquietude2 x directs man 9 8 judgm5t1 9 8 actions1 & ) an empire :i* he dreams nei!r ( elud+ nor conte/+2 x is +5u\s1 unhesitat+1 practical1 sov]eign2 :o w\ld n recognise 9 x ! *>act]i/ics ( fai?8 ,fai? has 9 effect two *>act]s2 b x has at ! same "t o!rs :i* belief natural & spontane\s has n4 ,almo/ unnotic$ by ! man :o is yet guid$ by x1 ?is natural & spontane\s belief is to him1 z x 71 a law f )\t :i* he has receiv$1 n accept$2 :i* he obeys by in/9ct )\t hav+ giv5 x any intimate & p]sonal ass5t4 #afa ,x suffices = ! exig5cies ( 8 life2 x guides him1 admoni%es him1 impels him1 or *ecks him2 b )\t1 s to say1 any concurr5ce on 8 own "p1 )\t giv+ bir? 9 him to ! s5tim5t t any active1 en]getic1 or p[]ful pr9ciple is /irr+ )9 him1 )\t procur+ him ! pr(\nd joy ( contemplat+1 lov+1 ador+ ! tru? :i* reigns ov] him4 ,fai?1 on ! contr>y1 has ?is p[]2 fai? is n sci5ce1 nei!r is x ignorance2 ! m9d :i* fai? p5etrates has nev] yet1 p]haps1 r5d]$ a true acc\nt to itself ( t 9 :i* x has fai?2 &1 p]haps1 nev] w d s2 b ! m9d is1 nev]!less1 c]ta9 ( x2 to ! m9d x is pres5t1 liv+2 x is no long] a g5]al belief1 a law ( human nature :i* gov]ns ! moral man1 z ! law ( gravitation gov]ns bodies2 x is a p]sonal conviction1 a tru? :i* ! moral man has made 8 own by =ce ( contemplation1 ( volunt>y ob$i5ce1 & love4 ,h5ce=? ?is tru? does mu* m ?an suffice to 8 life1 x satisfies 8 s\l2 x does mu* m ?an direct him1 x enlight5s him4 #afb ,h[ _m1 = in/ance1 live "u ! empire ( a natural & in/9ctive belief t moral good & moral evil exi/1 )\t our be+ able to affirm t !y h fai? 9 !m4 ,su* belief is 9 !m1 z x 71 a ma/] undisput$2 to :om1 nev]!less1 !y r5d] no homage1 :om !y obey )\t see+ & )\t lov+4 ,b if a circum/ance1 a cause1 h[ev] trivial1 reveal+1 s to say1 ! consci5ce to itself1 %\ld attract & fix _! att5tion ^u ?is di/9ction betwe5 moral good & evil1 :i* is a spontane\s law ( _! nature2 %\ld !y kn[+ly ackn[l$ge & accept x z _! legitimate ma/]1 %\ld _! intellig5ce hon\r itself by compreh5d+ x1 & _! lib]ty d itself hon\r by obey+ x2 %\ld !y feel _! s\l1 z x 71 ! sanctu>y ( a sacr$ law1 z ! focus into :i* ?is tru? conc5trates & e/abli%es itself 9 ord] !nce to diffuse its rays ( light2 ?is is no long] simple natural belief1 x is fai?4 #afc ,fai?1 !n1 does n exclusively consi/ ( ei!r ( ! two k9ds ( belief :i* at fir/ sight seem to %>e betwe5 !m ! s\l ( man2 x p>takes at once ( natural & spontane\s belief & ( ! belief :i* is ! fruit ( reflection & sci5ce2 yet x diff]s f ea*2 l ! latt]1 x is individual & intimate2 l ! =m] confidant1 active1 dom9ant4 ,consid]$ 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( all comp>ison ) any o!r p>ticul> & analog\s /ate ( ! intellect1 fai? is ! full security ( man 9 ! possession ( 8 belief1 z absolv$ f ef=t1 z exempt f d\bt2 ! pa? :i* ! m9d has pursu$ 9 arriv+ at x is oblit]at$1 & a s5tim5t only is left beh9d ( ! natural & pre-exi/5t h>mony betwe5 ! m9d ( man & ! tru? itself4 ,to ! man ^: m9d fai? p5etrates1 8 intellig5ce & 8 volition pres5t no long] any problems = solution z to ! ?+s :i* are ! objects ( 8 fai?3 he feels himself 9 full possession ( ! tru? to light & to guide him on 8 way1 & 9 full possession ( himself to act accord+ to ! tru?4 #afd ,z fai? has int]nal *>act]i/ics :i* are peculi> to x1 x has also1 ) "s /range & r>e exceptions1 ext]nal conditions :i* are necess>y to x2 x is di/+ui%able f o!r modes ( human belief1 n only by its nature1 b by its object4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ^! conditions may be det]m9$ & p]ceiv$1 al?\gh imp]fectly1 accord+ to ! nature itself ( t /ate ( ! s\l & ( its effects4 ,a belief may be s entire & sure ( itself t no fur!r ef=t ( ! intellect seems necess>y1 & ! believ]1 :olly absorb$ 9 ! tru? :i* 9 8 judgm5t he possesses1 may lose all memory ( ! way by :i* he arriv$ at x4 ,a conviction may be s =cible z to become ma/] ( 8 e action1 z well z ( e impulse ( 8 m9d1 & may imp]atively =ce & morally oblige him to submit all ?+s to its empire2 a /ate ?is ( ! intellect :i* is ! fruit1 p]haps1 n m]ely ( ! ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 b ( a /rong emotion1 ( a long ob$i5ce to c]ta9 practices1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* all ! ?ree great faculties ( man1 ! s5sibility1 ! intellig5ce1 & ! w1 are simultane\sly 9 activity1 & simultane\sly satisfi$4 #afe ,:]e all ?is is ! case1 ! occasion :i* has induc$ su* a situation ( ! s\l1 _h ne$ be "o wor?y ( ! s\l1 & ( its situation2 ! subject ) :i* x is s occupi$1 _h ne$ be "o :i* embraces ! entire man1 :i* sets 9 play all 8 faculties2 respond+ to all ! requirem5ts ( 8 moral nature1 x has a "r 9 return to all 8 devot$ness4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ideas prop] to become really a fai? w\ld seem priori to be intellectual beauty1 & practical importance4 ,an idea :i* %\ld pres5t itself to ! m9d z true1 )\t at ! same "t /rik+ x by ! ext5t or ! gravity ( its consequ5ces1 might produce c]titude2 b ! "n ( fai? w\ld n be suitably appli$ to x4 #aff ,nor w\ld ! practical m]it1 or ! imm$iate utility ( an idea suffice ( itself to g5]ate fai?2 to d s x mu/ also attract1 x mu/ also take possession ( ! human m9d by ! pure beauty ( tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] t a simple belief1 :e!r in/9ctive1 or aris+ f reflection1 may become fai?1 ! ?+ believ$ mu/ be ( a nature to procure to man ! unit$ joys ( contemplation & ( activity1 to awak5 9 him ! tw(old s5tim5t1 t x is ( l(ty orig9 & ( pot5t influ5ce2 8 idea mu/ be su* z t he %all be induc$ to reg>d x z a m$ium betwe5 ! ideal _w & ! real _w1 z a mission>y *>g$ to model ! "o ^u ! o!r1 & to unite !m4 ,x is easy to und]/& :y ! "n ( fai? is us$ almo/ exclusively to *>act]ise religi\s beliefs2 no o!r belief possesses 9 s high a degree ! two *>act]i/ics1 ,footnote #dj :i* provoke ! developm5t ( fai?4 ,footnote #dj3 ,intellectual beauty & practical importance4 #afg ,_m pr9ciples ( sci5ce are beautiful & fruitful 9 useful applications2 political !ories may /rike ! m9d by ! elevation ( ! ideas :i* !y embody1 & by ! gr&eur ( _! results2 ! doctr9es ( a pure morality are /ill m surely & m commonly inve/$ ) ?is d\ble p[]4 ,nor h ^! k9ds ( belief fail$ sometimes to g5]ate fai? 9 ! human s\l4 ,/ill1 to receive a cle> & pr(\nd impression at "o "t ( _! intellectual beauty1 at ano!r ( _! practical importance1 a c]ta9 measure ( sci5ce & ( sagacity1 or a c]ta9 turn = public life1 or = politics1 z ! case may require1 is almo/ always necess>y1 & ?is does n belong to all m51 nor to e epo*4 ,religi\s belief1 on ! contr>y1 has no ne$ ( su* res\rces3 x c>ries 9 itself1 & 9 its v nature1 infallible means ( effect2 hav+ once p5etrat$ into ! he>t ( man1 h[ev] limit$ & undevelop$ 9 o!r respects 8 intellig5ce may be1 or h[ev] rude & l[ 8 condition1 x seems to him a tru? at once sublime & usual1 a tru? :i* addresses itself to him z an habitant ( ?is e>?1 & at ! same "t :i* op5s to him access to ^? l(ty regions1 to ^? treasures ( intellectual life1 :i* )\t ! light ( fai? he w\ld h nev] kn[n2 x has = him ! *>m ( ! pure/ tru?1 & ex]cises ov] him ! empire ( ! mo/ p[]ful int]e/4 #afh ,c x a/oni% u1 t ! belief once exi/5t1 its transition to a /ate ( fai? %\ld be s rapid & s g5]al8 ,b x is precisely on acc\nt ( its in/9ctive t5d5cy to trans=m itself into fai?1 & into a fai? ( extraord9>y en]gy1 t religi\s belief has ne$ to cont9ue always free & always subject to ! te/s :i* ,lib]ty has ! "r to impose4 ,legitimate fai?1 t is1 z we und]/& x1 ! fai? :i* does n deceive itself z to its objects1 & :i* addresses itself really to ! tru?1 is beyond contradiction ! l(tie/ condition to :i* ! human m9d1 9 its pres5t /ate1 c atta91 = x is t /ate 9 :i* man feels 8 moral nature fully satisfi$1 9 :i* he gives himself up entirely to ! mission prescrib$ to him by 8 ?\ght4 #afi ,b a fai? may be illegitimate2 x is possible = ?is /ate ( ! s\l to be produc$ by error2 ! *ance ( error 7exp]i5ce proves ?is at e /ep7 is ev5 "h great]1 ! m ! diff]5t r\tes :i* lead to fai? are multipli$ & ! m its effects are en]getic2 man may be l$ a/ray 9 8 fai? by 8 s5tim5ts1 by 8 habits1 by ! empire ( moral affections or ( ext]nal circum/ances1 z well z by ! defect or ! abuse ( 8 intellectual faculties2 = 8 fai? may spr+ f any ( ^! v>i\s s\rces4 ,nev]!less1 fai? once !re1 x is d>+ & ambiti\s2 x passionately aspires to diffuse itself1 to usurp1 to reign1 & con/itute itself ! law ( op9ions & facts4 ,n only is fai? ambiti\s1 x is /rong1 x possesses1 x displays1 9 support ( its pret5sions & its designs1 an en]gy1 an address1 a p]sev]ance1 :i* are almo/ always want+ to op9ions simply sci5tific4 ,s t = ?is mode & degree ( conviction & belief1 f> m ?an = any o!r1 !re is *ance ( ! individual fall+ into error1 & ( society fall+ "u oppression4 #agj ,= ^! p]ils !re is b "o rem$y1 ,lib]ty4 ,:e!r 9 belief or 9 action1 ! nature ( man is ! same3 n only 8 w b 8 ?\ght1 if x is n to become absurd or culpable1 has incessantly ne$ ( contradiction & ( control4 ,:]e fai? fails1 moral en]gy & moral dignity fail equally2 :]e lib]ty does n exi/1 fai? fir/ usurps1--!n becomes bewild]$--f9ally de/roys itself4 ,if human belief passes to ! /ate ( fai?1 x is its progress & its glory2 if1 9 its ef=ts t[>d ?is result1 & aft] hav+ atta9$ x1 x abides con/antly "u ! control ( ! free intellig5ce2 we h1 9 ?is fact1 at once a gu>antee = society aga9/ ! tyranny ( t fai? & a pl$ge t ! fai? is legitimate4 ,9 ! co-exi/5ce & mutual respect ( ^! two =ces consi/ ! excell5cy & security ( society4 ,footnote #da ,footnote #da3 ,revue ,franaise 7,janu>y1 #ahbh71 ,mditations et tudes ,morales1 p> ,m4 ,guizot1 pp4 #adc1 #agc-age 7edition ( #ahfa74 #aga ,if ,i consid] ?is essay1 or psy*ological portrait1 %all ,i r call x1 ( fai? 9 g5]al1 & comp>e ) x ,*ri/ian fai?1 ,i am imm$iately /ruck by two features z *>act]is+ x4 ,on ! "o side1 ! ideas & ! facts ^u :i* ,*ri/ian fai? is f\nd$1 h evid5tly t tw(old m]it ( intellectual beauty & ( practical importance :i* has bo? ! "r & ! p[] to compel fai?4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,*ri/ian fai? may orig9ate1 9 fact does orig9ate1 9 s\rces ! mo/ div]se1 9 /udy & rational m$itation1 9 s5tim5t1 9 au?ority1 9 an appeal to ! div9e grace4 ,:at gr&] & m impressive to ! m9d ( man ?an ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 reg>d$ z a :ole8 ,god & ,man incessantly pres5t ! "o to ! o!r1 9 ! life ( ea* man1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race6 ,:at m grave & m mom5t\s1 reg>d$ f a practical po9t ( view8 ,9 ! pres5t h\r1 x is peace to ! s\l ( man1 peace to 8 life2 9 ! future1 x is 8 de/9y ?r\gh\t et]nity4 #agb ,! div]sity ( ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ian fai? is n less evid5t ?an its intellectual beauty & its practical importance4 ,beyond a d\bt1 ! ,*ri/ian fai? ( ! ,*ancellor de l',hospital1 ( ,pascal1 ( ,bossuet1 ( ,fnelon1 ( ,lu!r1 ( ,calv91 ( ,newton1 ( ,eul]1 ( ,*alm]s1 0 z mu* ! fruit ( reflection & ( le>n+1 0 z freely m$itat$ & adopt$ z ! scepticism ( ,montaigne & ( ,bayle1 z ! s5sualism ( ,hobbes1 & ! pan!ism ( ,sp9oza4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t all ,*ri/ian communities1 ,roman ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 h _h _! my/ics1 _! em95t & s9c]e believ]s1 ^: fai? 0 illum$ & f$ by s5sibility & imag9ation2 9 ! =m] case 9 ! emotions & practices ( f]v5t piety2 9 ! latt]1 9 empassion$ transports & /riv+s aft] a direct communication ) ,god & ) ,*ri/4 ,z = ! fai? f\nd$ ^u au?ority1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome has pres5t$ ! mo/ extraord9>y example :i* ! _w has ev] se51 & if ,prote/antism has caus$ ! fai? ( individuals to make great /rides 9 ! direction ( lib]ty1 x has nev]!less tak5 = its fix$ basis ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,sacr$ ,book1 & has ?us ensur$ a great importance & v efficaci\s influ5ce to ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 #agc ,hav+ ?us plac$ ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 its true po9t ( view1 & assign$ to x its j rank 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human s\l1 let u see :5ce arises ! conte/ 9 :i* t ,fai? is engag$ ) natural ,religion & ) religi\s philosophy8 ,:at is ! pr9ciple ( ?is conte/1 & :at its "*8 ,"h we are met by t all-important "q1 ! "q :i* has be5 agitat$ dur+ n9ete5 c5turies1 & to :i* all ! intellect ( mod]n times has appli$ itself4 ,is ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 contradiction to human reason8 ,"s affirm t a conte/ betwe5 ! two is natural & inevitable2 ( ^! !re are :o tell u t reason %\ld give way to fai?1 & aga9 o!rs :o say t fai? %\ld yield to reason3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 !re are ^? also :o d5y t su* conte/ is inevitable1 & :o ma9ta9 t fai? & reason1 z !y ought to d1 may bo? live 9 peace ) ea* o!r4 #agd ,9 my op9ion1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ian ,fai? & t :i* is /yl$ natural ,religion1 or religi\s philosophy1 is pr(\nd2 b ,i d n ?9k t ! "q betwe5 ! two has be5 rightly put1 or t ! "* ( _! opposition has be5 rightly def9$4 ,to discov] :at1 9 effect1 ?is "* is1 ,i address myself1 fir/1 to ! philosoph]s4 ,we "k h[ ,desc>tes began 8 great philosophical inquiries1 to :at /ate he br\ght 8 m9d 9 ord] to ent] ^u 8 task3 ,i p]suad$ myself1 says he1 t ,i c\ld n d bett] ) respect to ! op9ions :i* up to t "t ,i _h ent]ta9$1 ?an to beg9 by ridd+ myself ( !m entirely1 9 ord] !n ei!r to replace !m by bett] op9ions1 or to return to ! old ones if ,i %\ld f9d !m1 on exam9ation1 to con=m to ! /&>d ( reason4 #age ,!n proce$+ to det]m9e ! precepts to be foll[$ by him 9 ?is reca/+ ( all 8 op9ions by su* /&>d1--,my fir/ pr9ciple1 said he1 0 nev] to accept any?+ z true1 unless ,i c\ld evid5tly recognise its tru?2 9 o!r words1 to avoid c>efully any precipitate judgm5t1 to all[ my m9d to foll[ no bias1 & n to comprise any?+ 9 its judgm5ts b :at pres5t$ itself s cle>ly & s di/9ctly to my m9d z to leave me no room = d\bt4 ,footnote #db ,footnote #db3 ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode4 ,works ( ,desc>tes1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ace1 #ada2 edition ( ,m4 ,c\s94 ,m ?an a c5tury aft] ,desc>tes1 ,condillac1 wi%+ to trace to its s\rce ! orig9 ( human k1 & to write ! hi/ory ( its progressive developm5t1 did f> m ?an oblit]ate f 8 m9d its primitive ideas4 ,he began 8 lab\rs by curtail+ ! human m9d ( a great "p ( its prop] proportions2 he r$uc$ man to ! primitive condition ( a /atue1 leav+ to x no o!r faculty ?an ! s5sation3 & !n he fanci$ he c\ld d]ive f s5sations all man's ideas1 all 8 k1--9 fact1 ! entire man himself4 #agf ,?us ^! two great sy/ems1 ,spiritualism & ,s5sualism1 h _! v comm5cem5t1 ea* 9 an arbitr>y assumption4 ,desc>tes1 effac+ f ! human m9d all t x has le>nt to "k or to believe1 solely by its spontane\s activity1 & by ! natural c\rse ( human life1 has treat$ ! m9d z a tabula rasa1 & to fill up ! void :i* he has s made1 he does n admit any?+ !re unless x pres5ts itself s cle>ly & s di/9ctly to 8 m9d1 z to leave him no room to d\bt respect+ x4 ,condillac1 on ! o!r h&1 suppresses n only all t :i* man has le>nt spontane\sly & )\t reflection1 b ! man himself2 leav+ 9 ! place ( man a /atue1 s5ti5t1 x is true1 b only s5ti5t1 & ) ?is /atue & 8 s5sations alone1 he und]takes to recon/ruct ! man--! entire man--) all ! developm5ts ( 8 nature & ( 8 ?\ght4 #agg ,i see no?+ 9 ei!r ( ^! processes m ?an a />t+ po9t entirely fictiti\s1 a false /ep made at ! v comm5cem5t ( philosophy1--9 %ort1 a m]e hypo!sis4 ,desc>tes r5d]$ admirable s]vices to ! cause ( lib]ty & ( intellectual s9c]ity2 ,condillac contribut$ to ! progress ( ! me?od :i* ,i %all call1 ! me?od ( anatomy & sci5tific dissection appli$ bo? to ! human m9d & to ! mat]ial _w2 b f _! v comm5cem5t bo? ^! philosoph]s ?rew !mselves out ( ! high road1 ! /raight road ( philosophy2 ea* f ! v comm5cem5t sub/itut$ a m]e hypo!sis 9 ! place ( an exact & complete appreciation ( facts4 ,x is f> f my int5tion to discuss ei!r ( ^! two sy/ems2 ,i am cont5t to put aside ! two hypo!ses1 ! tabula rasa ( ,desc>tes1 & ! /atue ( ,condillac1 & ,i proce$1 my way light$ by ! facts1 z !y are1 naturally produc$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m9d ( man1 to inquire :at is ! cause1 & :at ! import1 ( ! /ruggle :i* is tak+ place betwe5 rationali/ic religi\s philosophy1 & ,*ri/ian fai?4 #agh ,! true po9t ( dep>ture ( ?is hi/ory & ! fir/ ( ! facts :i* %[ !mselves !re1 is ! co-exi/5ce ( man & ! univ]se1 spectator & spectacle1 ! "o confront+ ! o!r1 ! moi & ! non moi1 ! subject & ! object1 9 ! language ( philosophy4 ,i ha/5 to say t ,i repudiate absolutely ! diff]5t sy/ems1--,pan!ism1 :e!r mat]iali/ic or ideali/ic1--,scepticism1 :e!r ideali/ic or absolute1--:i* refuse to admit ?is prim>y fact1 d5y ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 or ! legitimacy ( ! k ( x :i* ! und]/&+ acquires1 see only illusions 9 ! relations ( man to ! univ]se1 or absorb man & ! univ]se toge!r1 9 ! confusion & ! obscure d>kness ( a pret5d$ id5tity4 ,i d n dream ( "h discuss+ ^! diff]5t sy/ems2 if ,i engag$ 9 su* discussion1 ,i %\ld h to deal ) some?+ v diff]5t f ! "q to :i* ,i am apply+ myself at ?is mom5t4 #agi ,"h ,i h only to d ) ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism4 ,?is =m ( ,spiritualism has s mu* 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity1 t x admits ! reality & ! di/9ction ( ! moi & ( ! non moi ( ! subject & ! object1 ( ! spectator & ! spectacle1 ( _s & matt]1 ( man & ! univ]se4 ,= ,rationali/ic ,spirituali/s z well z = ,*ri/ians1 ?is is ! great fact 9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 & "u ! empire ( :i*1 man's intellig5ce is develop$1 man's life pass$4 ,man is !re passive1 active1 & witness1 all simultane\sly4 ,z spectator he receives impressions f ! spectacle1 :i* bo? prompt him to act1 & :i* /ir 8 be+ f )92 he is witness bo? to :at is pass+ )9 himself & to :at is pass+ )\t himself4 ,not)/&+ ! div]sity & ! mobility ( ! impressions :i* he receives f )\t1 & ( ! acts :i* he orig9ates himself1 he has a consci\sness ( 8 own p]sonal & p]man5t exi/5ce1 & also ! consci\sness ( exi/5ces o!r ?an 8 own2 he kn[s n1 by ! way ( reason+ or hypo!sis1 b by in/9ctive & imm$iate intuition1 t :i*1 al?\gh x is n himself1 yet acts ^u himself z some?+ com+ f himself4 #ahj ,man discov]s ! ext]nal _w z he becomes aw>e ( himself1 by ! int]communication :i* takes place betwe5 !m1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 %[s him h[ di/9ct f himself is t ext]nal _w4 ,he obs]ves & notes bo? :at takes place )\t him & )9 him4 ,! results ( ?is obs]vation he t]ms facts1 nor are !y = him va9 appe>ances1 creations m]ely ( 8 ?\ght or volition2 !y are manife/ations to him ( realities indep5d5t ( himself1 & yet to :i* he /&s 9 relation2 !y are bonds ( union 9 :i* he feels t he is highly int]e/$1 n m]ely z any curi\s spectator might be1 b z a real be+2 int]e/$1 n m]ely = ! sake ( sci5ce1 b int]e/$ z "o ^: v de/9y is !re9 involv$4 #aha ,among/ ^! facts1 9 _! nature s num]\s & s div]se1 ,i only select ^? :i* conc]n ! religi\s in/9cts ( man1 or ! que/ions :i* !y sugge/4 ,i admit two k9ds ( ^!2 fir/1 ! spontane\s & common religi\s beliefs1 :i* mank9d pr(esses1 al?\gh "u v diff]5t =ms & 9 v diff]5t degrees2 secondly1 ! !ories & sy/ems ( philosophy1 emanat+ f & promulgat$ by philosoph]s 9 ord] to br+ "u discussion ! popul> religi\s op9ions1 & to resolve ! que/ions :i* !y involve4 ,on ! "o side is ! natural & in/9ctive religion ( humanity2 on ! o!r is human sci5ce1 :i*1 :5 x addresses itself to ! task ( dis5gag+ natural religion f e sy/em ( my?ology1 is call$ religi\s philosophy4 ,are !re 9 ! nature & 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( m5 no o!r great facts besides ^! in/9cts ( humanity1 & ^! sy/ems ( human sci5ce8 ,natural ,religion ) its my?ologies1 & religi\s philosophy ) its sy/ems1 are ^! all ! religi\s aid accord$ to man to enlight5 him ^u subjects ( religion8 #ahb ,to ! "q ?us =malis$1 ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism says1 ,yes2 :]eas ,*ri/ian ,fai? replies1 ,no4 ,9 addition to ! facts to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 viz41 ! in/9ctive beliefs ( mank9d1 & ! sy/emis$ doctr9es ( human sci5ce conc]n+ religion1 ! ,*ri/ian fai? admits & proclaims ano!r great religi\s fact1 ! real & active pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! life ( man & 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,:at ! ,*ri/ian fai? affirms is1 t ! real & active pres5ce ( ,god1 9 man's life1 amid/ ! my/]ies ( ,provid5ce1 ( pray]1 & ( grace1 & ! real & active pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 amid/ ! my/]ies ( ,revelation1 ( ,inspiration1 ( ! ,inc>nation1 & ( ! ,r$emption1 d n con/itute simply a poetical my?ology1 are n m]ely hypo!ses ( philosophy1 b are psy*ological & hi/oric facts :i* human sci5ce _c expla91 b :i* x nev]!less c1 nay1 is b\nd to recognise4 #ahc ,n philosoph]s only1 b ! :ole human race1 believ]s & disbeliev]s1 are plac$ 9 ! same p]man5t position 9 :i* all orig9ally /ood2 t is to say1 ,man /&s always confront+ ! ,univ]se1 ,man always at once spectator & actor1 gre$y to "k & compreh5d ! spectacle on :i* he is look+1 & ( :i* he himself =ms "p4 ,! spectacle is imm5se1 inf9ite2 ! spectator petty1 imp]fect1 ephem]al1 div]se1 & ) limit$ p[]s ( vision4 ,accord+ly z he is situat$1 accord+ly z he is dispos$ & 8 intellig5ce rea*es1 he sees to a great] or less di/ance1 & ) a vision m or less accurate1 all t ! spectacle pres5ts4 ,he obs]ves m or less completely1 m or less exactly1 ! facts :i* are occurr+ !re4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ces ( op9ion among/ mank9d4 ,:o are !y among/ !m :o succe$ be/ 9 appreciat+ & 9 describ+ ^! facts )\t alt]+ _! "* or omitt+ any8 ,?is is ! fundam5tal "q1 ! "q antec$5t to & :i* gov]ns all ! o!rs4 #ahd ,! conte/1 !n1 betwe5 ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians1 is n a conte/ betwe5 ,fai? & ,reason4 ,reason occupies a place1 & a l>ge place1 9 ! ,fai? ( ,*ri/ians2 !y atta9 to fai? z well by reason z by s5tim5t or au?ority2 nor is !re1 at ! same "t1 9 ! negations or ! d\bts ( non-,*ri/ians1 z mu* reflection & z mu* accurate obs]vation z !y !mselves suppose4 ,are ,*ri/ians "r 9 affirm+ n only ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b 8 real & active pres5ce 9 ! life ( man & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race8 ,are ^! psy*ological & hi/oric facts :i* reason & sci5ce are b\nd to admit8 ,or are ! ,dei/s :o are n ,*ri/ians ju/ifi$ 9 d5y+ ^! facts & 9 limit+ ,god to exi/5ce alone1 & 9 treat+ him z subject to ! g5]al & p]man5t laws assign$ to all o!r exi/5ces8 #ahe ,z f> z ,*ri/ianity & ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism are conc]n$1 ?is is ! real "q at issue4 ,hav+ po9t$ out ! s\rce ( ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* we f9d among/ m51 ,i w n[ indicate _! consequ5ces4 ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism affirms ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ^? :o foll[ ?is sy/em ev9ce ! /ronge/ desire to demon/rate 8 exi/5ce4 ,!y are "r2 = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! rational consequ5ces ( 8 exi/5ce1 =m all _! natural religion1 all _! religi\s philosophy4 ,9 ^! days1 m5 ( m9ds1 z em95t z s9c]e1 ,m4 mile ,saisset1 ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 ,m4 ,erne/ ,b]sot1 ,m4 de ,rmusat1 h made e>ne/--,i w\ld will+ly say pi\s--ef=ts to elucidate ! proposition ( ,god's exi/5ce1 & to d]ive f x all ! aid t reason c furni% to expla9 ! in/9cts & satisfy ! religi\s exig5cies ( humanity4 ,b ^! ,spirituali/s deceive !mselves4 ,!y d n atta9 to ,god himself1 !y only atta9 to ! idea ( ,god2 :at !y e/abli% is ! admissibility ( ! intellectual idea1 n ! pres5ce ( a real be+4 #ahf ,9 reject+ ! psy*ological & hi/orical facts ^u :i* ,*ri/ianity is f\nd$1 t is to say1 ! relations free & un9t]mitt$ ( ,god ) ,man1 :e!r 9 ! individual life ( ea* man or 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mank9d1 ,rationali/ic ,spiritualism deprives itself ( direct & positive evid5ce to prove ,god's exi/5ce2 x places a human argum5t 9 ! place ( ! div9e manife/ation1 & a sci5tific "w ( man 9 ! place ( ! real action ( ,god4 ,9 an excell5t book1 ju/ly entitl$ by him ,idea ( ,god1 ano!r contempor>y philosoph]1 ,m4 ,c>o1 has valiantly1 & ) brilliant success1 def5d$ ?is idea aga9/ ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* reject or di/ort x4 ,& n limit+ himself to polemics1 he has conclud$ 8 "w by a =cible & cle> enunciation ( 8 own ?\ght4 #ahg ,x is ! liv+ ,god1 ! intellig5t ,god1 :om we def5d aga9/ ! ,god ( ,naturalism1 :o w\ld n be m ?an a law ( geometry or a bl9d =ce2 aga9/ ! ,god ( ,hegel1 :o w\ld n be m ?an an indet]m9ate ,be+1 an orig9 & a comm5cem5t ( ?+s1 or an absolute m9d1 result at once & product ( ! _w2 aga9/ ! ,god ( ! new ,ideali/s1 :o1 to save 8 div9ity1 /rip him ( 8 reality4 ,we affirm1 9 opposition to all ^! subtle & haz>d\s conceptions1 t a suppos$ p]fect be+1 unless he _h an exi/5ce1 w\ld n be p]fect2 t a m]e ideal ( ! m9d is n a ,god2 t if he is n a sub/ance he is b a conception1 a pure category ( _s1 a creation & dep5d5ce ^u man's ?\ght :i*1 9 ceas+ to exi/1 annihilates its ,god2 t1 if he is n cause1 he is ! mo/ useless ( be+s2 & if he is cause1 he is m9d supreme1 = 7 he n s he w\ld be no?+ b an unconsci\s & necess>y ag5t1 a bl9d spr+ ( ! _w1 inf]ior to :at he produces1 s9ce 9 ! organic matt] t emanates f him1 an intellig5ce displays itself1 ( :i* he w\ld possess no?+1 & s9ce too 9 man is manife/$ a div9e ,reason4 #ahh ,ano!r rem>k1 & we h done ) our def9ition4 ,?is liv+ ,god1 ?is ,god intellig5t1 is also a ,god t loves 444 ,a ,god t lov$ n w\ld n be wor?y ( be+ ador$ 444 ,we d n adore a law1 h[ev] simple x may be1 h[ev] fruitful 9 consequ5ce2 we d n adore a =ce if x be bl9d1 h[ev] pot5t1 h[ev] univ]sal x may be2 nor an ideal1 h[ev] pure x may be1 if x be only an ab/raction4 ,we only adore a be+ :o is liv+ p]fection1 ! p]fection ( reality 9 its highe/ =ms ( m9d & love4 ,e o!r adoration implies a contradiction if ! object is a pure ab/raction1 idolatry if ! object be ! sub/ance ( ! univ]se or humanity4 ,?is is ,god z he appe>s to reason1 & z ! religi\s consci5ce ( humanity w h him4 ,?is is y\r ,god4 ,footnote #dc ,footnote #dc3 ,l',ide de ,dieu et ses ,n\veaux ,critiques4 ,by ,e4 ,c>o4 p4 #dih4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #ahi ,x is to be regrett$ ,m4 ,c>o has n c>ri$ 8 conclusions /ill high]1 & complet$ 8 "w by proce$+ on f philosophical spiritualism to ,*ri/ian ,spiritualism4 ,rationali/ic ,deism is m]ely an idea ( ,god1 giv5 z ! philosophical solution ( ! gr& problem1 :i* ! spectacle ( ! ,univ]se & ( ,man 9 ! ,univ]se causes to weigh ^u ! s\l ( man4 ,*ri/ianity is fai? 9 ,god1 ,be+ real1 ,sov]eign real1 cont9ually pres5t1 & active 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,univ]se1 z he is 9 ! s\l ( man & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,rationali/ic ,deism arrives at ! idea ( ,god1 & /ops %ort !re1 because x ignores ! psy*ological & hi/orical facts :i* g beyond ?is idea4 ,x is by hold+ acc\nt ( ^! facts1 & by do+ to !m ! homage :i* is _! due1 t ,*ri/ianity =w>ds & ju/ifies h] fai?4 #aij ,six? ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ian ,life4 ,e doctr9e1 religi\s1 moral1 or political1 has yet to submit to a te/--! great te/--! practical application4 ,! idea has to be trans=m$ into reality1 ! ?\ght to be made life4 ,philosoph]s pride !mselves ^u se>*+ only = ! tru?1 ^u busy+ !mselves only ) ! !oretical tru? ( _! ideas1 to ! neglect ( e o!r consid]ation4 ,!y are "r 9 "o s5se3 = ! k ( tru?1 ( tru? z x is 9 itself1 is t :i* ! human m9d proposes to itself z its object1 & is ! only ?+ :i* c satisfy x2 if man pret5ds to x1 x is 8 "r & 8 hon\r to d s3 :atev] ! object ( 8 /udy1 ! m9d does n halt or re/ until x believes t x has atta9$ to ! tru?4 #aia ,?is is no privilege ( philosoph]s2 nei!r are !y ! only ones = :om tru? is a law3 all m5 h a "r to live "u its empire1 :e!r z to facts or ideas4 ,no "o1 n ev5 ^? :o affect mo/ disda9 = !ory1 w\ld v5ture to lay d[n ! pr9ciple t we %\ld be indiff]5t :e!r we are ess5tially 9 ! "r1 & t practically !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & error4 ,b by :at signs is tru? recognisable8 ,are !re no o!r ?an ! affirmations ( t inquisitive spectator1 nam$ ! human m9d8 ,is x only by language1 by reason+1 & by discussion1 t ! tru? ( an idea & ( a doctr9e manife/s & proves itself8 ,to su* a pret5sion1 if advanc$1 ,i hesitate n to reply ) a d5ial1 & 9 do+ s1 to repeat :at ,i h j said3 e doctr9e1 religi\s1 moral1 or political1 has to submit to a te/1--! practical application4 #aib ,! idea trans=m$ into reality1 ! ?\ght made ! life2 ^! are ! mo/ c]ta9 signs ( an idea be+ intr9sically true1 ^!1 too1 are pro(s ( its reasonable legitimacy1 :i* x is b\nd to give4 ,!re is a radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! mat]ial _w & ! intellectual _w4 ,! laws :i* regulate & ma9ta9 ord] 9 ! mat]ial _w1 are indep5d5t ( man1 ( bo? 8 ?\ght & 8 volition4 ,x matt]s n t he kn[s ^! laws1 or is ignorant ( !m2 !y d n ! less exi/ & gov]n2 man has no p[] to *ange1 arre/1 or susp5d _! op]ation2 he _c influ5ce !m4 ,galileo 0 "r to say ( ! e>?1 9 spite ( 8 judges1 ,/ill x moves2 x w\ld h mov$ ev5 if ,galileo1 z well z 8 judges1 _h be5 ignorant ( ! fact1 & ! conte/ betwe5 ! :irlpool ( ,desc>tes & ,newton's pr9ciple ( attraction1 0 a matt] p]fectly indiff]5t to ! g5]al sy/em ( ! _w4 ,!re man's error is absolutely )\t effect or influ5ce4 #aic ,9 ! intellectual & moral _w x is o!rwise2 "h man is n only spectator1 he is an actor1 an actor free or n to act-- to act ) effect4 ,he ?9ks & he wills1 & s contributes to ! facts :i* take place 9 ! _w2 he kn[s1 or is ignorant (1 ! laws1 he respects or violates ! laws :i* preside "h1 b :i* d n preside "h z laws ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( himself4 ,man's errors1 man's faults1 are n "h )\t real & s]i\s consequ5ces2 !y h ! p[] ( s[+ evil & ( c>ry+ p]turbation into ! intellectual & moral _w1 ?us deliv]$ up1 z ! ,bible proclaims1 to ! disputes ( m54 ,le>n$ m51 9 ! /udy & appreciation ( ! mat]ial _w1 sep>ate sci5ces absolutely1 &1 consid]+ ea* ap>t f its practical application1 occupy !mselves 9 _! sci5tific inve/igations only ) ! pure !ory4 ,?is ,i und]/& & admit2 = su* a c\rse does n endang] ! security ( society or ! results ( _! own lab\rs4 #aid ,_! ignorance & _! errors h no d\bt grave inconv5i5ces2 ! facts & ! =ces ( ! mat]ial _w are ei!r misconceiv$ or n turn$ suffici5tly to acc\nt2 man & human society d n reap all ! advantages :i* ! pr(\nd & exact k ( ! tru? might1 9 ?is respect1 procure !m4 ,su* ill1 al?\gh real1 is ( a negative description1 a good1 x may be1 miss$ or po/pon$2 b no g5]al di/urbance results 9 t mat]ial _w ^u :i* naturali/s or *emi/s conc5trate _! lab\rs2 ! _w w n h to und]go ! effect1 nor to pay ! p5alty1 ( _! ignorance or ( _! errors4 ,! intellectual & moral _w1 on ! contr>y1 runs a great] risk1 & imposes ^u its tea*]s sev]] duties2 no d\bt ^! /udy x z freely1 & make tru?1 too1 _! object2 b sci5ce does n "h escape ! weight ( its own conclusions2 x is a p[] z =midable 9 its abuse z x is 9 itself sublime2 x may c>ry into ! _w to :i* x addresses itself tr\ble in/ead ( ord]1 inc5di>ism in/ead ( light4 ,if practical application is n "h ! object ( sci5ce1 x is /ill its necess>y & appropriate pro(2 9 facts z 9 a mirror are reflect$ ! tru? or ! error1 ! good or ! ill1 ( human op9ions4 #aie ,*ri/ianity has n[ be5 subject$ to ?is te/ = n9ete5 c5turies3 x is subject to x at ?is mom5t1 x w cont9ue ev] to be s4 ,i ne$ n say t ,i d n propose to retrace "h ! n>rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* x has support$ & surm\nt$ t te/2 t w\ld be to write ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i conf9e myself1 on ! contr>y1 to a s+le small "p ( ?is hi/ory1 ! mo/ mode/ "p1 ! lea/ pret5d+3 & %all endeav\r to b>e a little to ! view :at ,*ri/ianity1 :5 x has be5 put into practice1 :at ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 aft] x has become ,*ri/ian ,life1 has 9 ! diff]5t situations ( man's life accompli%$1 & is e day accompli%+1 = ! ennoblem5t ( 8 nature1 & ! fur!rance ( 8 ultimate de/9y4 #aif ,?ree words1 ,rights ( ,man inscrib$ ^u ! bann]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 con/itut$ its =ce2 ! rights ( man z man1 rights by ?is title alone1 by virtue alone ( 8 humanity4 ,?ree o!r words1 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 h s]v$ z a comm5t>y ^u ! ?ree =m]4 ,x is 9 ! "n ( ^! two maxims t ! ,fr5* ,revolution is mak+ ! t\r ( ! _w2 !y are ! s\rces ( ! good & ! evil1 ! movem5ts 9 advance z well z ! ru9\s calamities ( our "t & ( an unkn[n future4 ,:il/ all ( true & good t ^! two maxims conta9 is ,*ri/ian & 0 proclaim$ by ,*ri/ianity1 all t !y h ( false & fatal is condemn$ & expressly repudiat$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,n only 9 ?is t]rible confusion does ,*ri/ianity proclaim 9 pr9ciple ! "p t is good1 & condemn 9 pr9ciple ! "p t is evil2 b ,*ri/ianity alone1 9 po9t ( fact1 has ! necess>y au?ority & moral =ce to suppress ! evil )\t at ! same "t caus+ ! good also to p]i%4 #aig ,x is a subject to u1 9 ^! days1 ( pride1 & ( a pride t is j1 t we h at la/ begun to consid] man himself1 ! individual man1 8 exi/5ce1 & 8 p]sonal lib]ty1 8 rights1 & ! gu>antees ( 8 rights1 z ! ess5tial objects ( social in/itutions4 ,we h at la/ em]g$ f ! rut ( pagan antiquity1 glori\s at once & rude1 :]e ! individual1 made :olly subord9ate1 0 sacrific$ to ! /ate1 :]e man 0 reg>d$ simply z citiz51 & ?\s&s ( human creatures 7 degrad$ & treat$ z cyph]s 9 fav\r ( a s+le class4 ,m5 are no long] numb]$ z ,jews & ,g5tiles1 ,romans & ,b>b>ians1 freem5 & slaves4 ,*ri/ianity fir/ n only proclaim$ b put into practice ?is important tru?4 ,! "r ( e man1 z man1 ! wor? ( ! human s\l1 & ( ! human p]son1 irrespectively ( 8 situation 9 life1 con/itute ! />t+-po9t1 ! fundam5tal idea1 ! dom9ant precept ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 #aih ,x 01 9 effect1 9 religi\s society1 9 ! ris+ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 t ?is pr9ciple 0 fir/ proclaim$1 & fir/ put into practice2 ,*ri/ianity treat$ ! relation ( man to ,god z ! *ief conc]n ( man's life1 & religi\s lib]ty z ! *ief ( human lib]ties2 x 0 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god t ,*ri/ians admitt$ ! equal importance ( e s\l2 z x 0 among/ ,*ri/ians !mselves t !y greet$ ea* o!r z bre?r51 & t frat]nity eng5d]$ *>ity4 ,b al?\gh sprung f a s\rce s elevat$1 & appli$ at fir/ ^u a /age s small1 ! ,*ri/ian idea 0 n on t acc\nt less pot5t1 or less fruitful2 9 spite ( ob/acles & rev]ses x ma9ta9$ itself1 & diffus$ itself ?r\gh c5turies & ov] di/ant c\ntries2 x made con/ant ef=ts to p5etrate civil society4 ,at ! epo*s ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom :i* are mo/ to be deplor$1 9 ! mid/ ( ! oppressions & ! iniquities :i* h br\ght desolation ^u x1 d>+ voices h nev] be5 want+3 at "o "t x 0 ! voice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* itself direct$ aga9/ ! ma/]s ( ! e>?2 at ano!r a voice issu+ f ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* itself1 full ( g5]\s prote/ations aga9/ ! disord]s & acts ( viol5ce :i* 7 tak+ place 9 its own bosom4 #aii ,jesus1 ,god & man1 hav+ rais$ man be=e ,god1 man nev] aft]w>ds entirely humiliat$ & degrad$ himself be=e any human tyranny4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! greate/ inequalities ( e>?ly p[]1 ! appellation1 bre?r51 nev] ceas$ to be e*o$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,society2 & ev5 at ?is day1 aft] all ! progress :i* equality has made 9 civil society1 x is only 9 religi\s societies & 9 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es t m5 he> !mselves greet$ z bre?r54 ,! ,*ri/ian fai? has n only ex]cis$ a political influ5ce 9 ! /ate by *ang+ ! relations 9 :i* individuals /& to ! political au?orities1 or 9 :i* ! diff]5t classes /& to "o ano!r3 x has also introduc$ a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! prim>y natural & imp]i%able association1 call$ family4 #bjj ,!re1 also1 x has caus$ to disappe>1 at "o "t1 ! despotism ( husb& & fa!r2 at ano!r1 ! degradation ( wife1 & ! brutal or lic5ti\s indep5d5ce ( *ildr54 ,if we give ourselves ! tr\ble to comp>e ! ,*ri/ian family z religion1 laws1 & morals h made x1 ) ! family ( antiquity :i* 0 mo/ /rongly con/itut$1 namely1 ! ,roman family1--we %all n ne$ to exam9e long be=e we disc]n cle>ly on :i* side ord] really is1 on :i* side ! j appreciation ( natural s5tim5ts1 ! respect = "r & lib]ty4 ,i h said t at ! same "t t ,*ri/ianity proclaims & puts 9 practice all t is true & heal?y 9 ! popul> maxims ( our times1 man's rights & lib]ty1 8 equality & frat]nity1 x condemns & rejects all t !y conta9 ( false & deplorable4 ,!re is "o v /rik+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1 a fact traceable n m]ely 9 ! records ( a few ye>s1 b ?r\gh ?ree c5turies4 #bja ,*ri/ianity began ) resi/+ absolute p[]1 & ) lay+ claim to lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,x ow$ its e/abli%m5t to ! same cause4 ,9 ! ,roman _w no "o any long] made ev5 a %[ ( resi/ance2 e k9d ( oppression 0 9 =ce1 e claim to fre$om ab&on$3 ! ,*ri/ians aga9 rais$ high ! bann] ( "r1 & ( resi/ance 9 ! "n ( "r2 b nev] did !y raise _! bann] to enc\rage revolt or attacks ^u au?ority2 !y und]took ! def5ce ( lib]ty aga9/ tyranny1 & nev] made appeals to insurrection aga9/ au?ority4 ,m>tyrdom1 n murd]2 su* is ! sum ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity f ! day ( its bir? 9 ! mang] ( ,jesus1 to ! day :5 x m\nt$ ! ?rone ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t f ! "t :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 yet 9 its cradle1 & ev5 aft]w>ds :5 x 0 /ruggl+ to conqu] its lib]ty1 lib]ty 0 n an exclusive idea = ,*ri/ians ei!r 9 _! doctr9es or _! lives3 !y recognis$1 respect$1 & proclaim$ ) equal solicitude bo? pr9ciples ^u :i* ! moral ord] ( ! _w reposes1 au?ority & lib]ty4 #bjb ,!y nev]1 9 any respect1 sacrific$ ! "o to ! o!r1 nor humiliat$ ! "o 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r2 ma/]s & disciples1 all ref]r$ p[] to its true s\rce1 & did homage to its "r at ! same "t t !y ma9ta9$ _! own "r aga9/ p[]4 ,:5 ,jesus spoke1 ! p 7 a/oni%$ at 8 doctr9e1 = he taught z "o hav+ au?ority1 & n z ! ,scribes4 ,footnote #dd ,footnote #dd3 ,mat!w vii4 #bi4 ,jesus decl>$ =mally to 8 disciples 8 au?ority ov] !m1 & ! mission :i* x impos$ ^u !m3 ,ye h n *os5 me1 b ,i h *os5 y1 & orda9$ y1 t ye %\ld g & br+ =? fruit1 & t y\r fruit %\ld rema94 ,footnote #de ,footnote #de3 ,john xv4 #af4 ,& :5 ,/4 ,paul1 al?\gh expos$ to all k9ds ( p]ils & /ruggles1 spread abroad ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire ! doctr9es ( ,jesus1 he said to ! new ,*ri/ians1 ,let e s\l be subject unto ! high] p[]s4 ,= !re is no p[] b ( ,god3 ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 444 ,:]e=e ye mu/ ne$s be subject1 n only = wra?1 b also = consci5ce' sake4 ,footnote #df ,footnote #df3 ,romans xiii4 #a1 #e4 #bjc ,nor c ,i "h omit aga9 to cite ! words :i* ,jesus himself address$ to ! ,ph>isees3 ,r5d] "u ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4 ,footnote #dg ,footnote #dg3 ,mat!w xxii4 #ba4 ,! respect = au?ority z mu* z = lib]ty1 ! "r ( p[] z well z ! "r ( consci5ce1 ! sep>ation ( religi\s life f civil life1--all ^! 7 n1 = ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 simple necessities aris+ out ( _! situation1 nor simple c\nsels ( prud5ce2 !y 7 pr9ciples ( doctr9e & precepts ( life1 recognis$ & practis$ 9 ! "n ( ju/ice & ( tru?4 #bjd ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ,*ri/ian practice h be51 ,i "k1 greatly alt]$1 lo/ sight (1 violat$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,human nature succumbs readily to ! temptations ( victory & pleasure2 :5 ,*ri/ianity once became p[]ful x 0 too (t5 invad$ & disfigur$ by e>?ly int]e/s & passions2 ambition1 cupidity1 pride1 ! arrogance ( p[]1 & ! lies ( cunn+2 e evil incl9ation1 e vice :i* ! ,*ri/ian fai? rebukes & combats1 display$ !mselves 9 ?is _w :i* ,*ri/ianity _h n conqu]$ m]ely to h& x ov] to !m1 b f :i*1 nev]!less1 x _h n expell$ !m4 ,! gr& & salut>y doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 (t5 !mselves p]v]t$ & pr(an$ to ! s]vice ( an egotism assum+ e %ape & c>ri$ to e pit*4 ,/ill !y nev] 7 lo/1 !y nev] p]i%$ 9 ?is impure mixture & ?is unwor?y use2 !y surviv$1 !y combat$1 sometimes 9 obscurity1 sometimes 9 ! broad light ( day2 ev]y:]e1 at e epo*1 ,*ri/ian voices1 ,*ri/ian lives1 & ,*ri/ian ,re=ms prote/$ & /ruggl$ aga9/ ! passions & ! corruptions ( mank9d4 ,& 9 spite ( all ^! c5turies1 s sombre1 s full ( agitation1 ( viol5ce1 & ( oppression1 s full ( moral & mat]ial ill1 ! decl9e ( man & ( human society did n ensue4 #bje ,greece & ,rome1 9 _! /ate ( y\?ful gr[?1 7 glori\s & vigor\s2 & glori\s1 too1 0 ! developm5t 9 !m ( human intellig5ce & dignity2 b _! c>e] 0 %ort1 & ^! two brilliant =ms ( society did n f9d 9 _! ideas1 traditions1 or models1 a suffici5cy ( moral =ce to enable !m to escape f1 or ev5 survive1 ! s$uctive & corrupt+ influ5ce ( mat]ial gr&eur & ( human success4 ,amid/ all ! suff]+s1 all ! d>kness1 all ! crimes :i* agitate h] long c>e]1 ,*ri/ianity has prov$ inf9itely heal?i] & m s\nd2 %e has made h]self an incessant subject ( /udy2 %e has %ift$ h] place ^u h] c\* ( sorr[2 %e has rais$ h]self up1 %e has r5ew$1 reg5]at$ h]self2 %e has gr[n & prosp]$ at ! same "t t %e has suff]$2 & 9 spite ( ! ills1 vices1 & p]ils aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ianity has _h to def5d h]self1 & aga9/ :i* %e w ev] h to def5d h]self1 %e has be=e h]1 ov] ! :ole face ( ! _w1 a future imm5se & full ( promise4 ,?is %e owes to h] orig9--%e 0 born 9 ! mang] ( ,jesus4 #bjf ,!re is at pres5t a disposition among/ e>ne/ & enlight5$ m5 to recognise1 x is true1 ! s]vices :i* ,*ri/ianity has r5d]$ to ! _w2 b to attribute !m only to ! morality ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y laud to ! sky ! moral "* ( ,jesus1 & 8 moral precepts2 b !y repudiate1 nay1 deplore1 ! dogmas ) :i*1 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ,*ri/ian morality is comb9$ & incorporat$2 !y dem& t ! morality be sep>at$ f x1 & be pres5t$ to man )\t any?+ b its intellectual beauty & practical excell5ce4 ,al?\gh n disput+ t !re is some:at ( human 9 ! orig9 & empire ( morality1 ,i h e/abli%$ 9 ?is volume ( ,m$itations t x is necess>ily alli$ to religi\s belief1 & t :5 sep>at$ f its div9e s\rce1 & view$ ap>t f t :i* gives x sanction1 x is incomplete1 illogical1 & p[]less--a bran* )\t root & )\t fruit4 #bjg ,i g f>!r n[1 & express my mean+ fully4 ,n only is ,*ri/ian morality intimately connect$ ) ,*ri/ian fai?1 z ! ,*ri/ian fai? is itself connect$ ) ,*ri/ian dogmas1 b ,*ri/ian morals1 ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ,*ri/ian dogmas h tak5 _! orig91 & d]iv$ _! =ce1 at a s\rce /ill high]1 & 9 an au?ority /ill m decisive4 ,*ri/ianity did n beg91 x did n rise ^u ! _w1 z "o body ( doctr9es or code ( precepts2 f its fir/ /ep x 0 a tru?1 /range to ! ord9>y c\rse ( human affairs1 & sup]ior to !m2 a fact div9e1 & an act div9e2 x 0 z su*1 & by its "* z su*1 t1 sometimes all at once1 & sometimes gradually1 x /ruck m5 z by a bl[ & vanqui%$ !m1 at fir/ ! rude & simple1 !n ! great & le>n$1 publicans & emp]ors1 ! disciples ( ,plato1 & ! fi%]m5 ( ! sea ( ,g5nes>e?4 #bjh ,at diff]5t mom5ts1 & = diff]5t motives1 all ( !m saw 9 ! cradle1 & ! rapid ext5t ( infant ,*ri/ianity1 a sublime & sup]human fact1 a ,god pres5t & act+ 9 & by ,jesus4 ,"s recognis$ & ador$ him at ! v mom5t ( 8 appe>+2 o!rs obs]v$ him ) tr\bl$ & angry feel+s2 b1 9 proportion z ! tru? develop$ itself1 ev5 ^? :o dete/$ him d\bt$ if !y 7 "r 9 d\bt+4 ,! c\ncil & all ! s5ate ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h caus$ ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les to be plac$ 9 prison1 & took c\nsel to h !m put to dea?4 ,!n /ood !re up "o 9 ! c\ncil1 a ,ph>isee1 nam$ ,gamaliel1 a doctor ( ! law1 _h 9 reputation among all ! p1 & comm&$ to put ! apo/les =? a little space2 & said unto !m3 ,ye m5 ( ,israel1 take he$ to y\rselves :at ye int5d to d z t\*+ ^! m54 ,= be=e ^! days rose up ,!udas boa/+ himself to be somebody1 to :om a numb] ( m51 ab\t f\r hundr$1 jo9$ !mselves3 :o 0 sla91 & all1 z _m z obey$ him1 7 scatt]$ & br\ght to n\ght4 #bji ,aft] ?is man rose up ,judas ( ,galilee 9 ! days ( ! tax+1 & drew away mu* p aft] him3 he also p]i%$2 & all1 ev5 z _m z obey$ him1 7 disp]s$4 ,& n[ ,i say unto y1 ,refra9 f ^! m51 & let !m alone3 = if ?is c\nsel or ?is "w be ( m51 x w come to n\ght3 ,b if x be ( ,god1 ye _c ov]?r[ x2 le/ haply ye be f\nd ev5 to fight aga9/ ,god4 ,footnote #dh ,footnote #dh3 ,acts v4 #ba1 #cc--ci4 ,! "q :i* ,gamaliel ?us put ) respect to ,*ri/ianity at its bir? 0 n new2 ! high prie/ ( ,israel _h already made ! same dem& ( ,jesus himself3 ,i adjure !e by ! liv+ ,god1 t ?\ tell u :e!r ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god8 ,jesus sai? unto him1 ,?\ ha/ said4 ,footnote #di ,footnote #di3 ,mat!w xxvi4 #fc1 #fd4 #baj ,! ,jews repli$ to ! affirmation ( ,jesus by crucify+ him4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds1 :5 !y s\ght to treat ! apo/les z _! ,ma/] _h be5 treat$1 ,gamaliel c\nsell$ !m to abide ! te/ ( "t1 & 9 ! mean:ile to leave ^! p 9 repose4 ,!y did n leave ^! p 9 repose1 & ! pro( 0 only on t acc\nt ! m decisive3 aft] ?ree c5turies ( p]secutions & m>tyrdoms1 ! gr& facts ( ,*ri/ianity1--! ,revelation1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,r$emption1 ! ,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1--became ! gr& dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! basis ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* fai? 9 its turn is ! basis ( ,*ri/ian ,life4 ,sixte5 c5turies elaps$ f ?is trial ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its cradle1 & x 0 made to und]go fre% & /ill rud] trials2 9 ^! trials e>?ly int]e/s & human errors & passions _h a great "p2 ,*ri/'s precepts 7 sometimes =gott51 & sometimes conv]t$ into human in/rum5ts2 no doctr9e or idea 0 ev] s con/antly 9 contact )1 & at issue )1 facts2 nev] 0 !ory m rigor\sly review$1 m subject$ to ! te/ ( practical application 9 e =m & e %ape4 #baa ,! design :i* emanat$ f ,god trav]s$ & surm\nt$ all ^! p]ils2 x brav$ ! faults ( its adh]5ts & ! bl[s ( its enemies4 ,x is engag$ 9 our days 9 a new conte/1 & is subject$ to fre% trials2 x has ent]$ ^u x ) ! same arms1 :i*1 n9ete5 c5turies ago1 secur$ its triumph1 ) ! gr& facts :i* =m ! basis ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! great examples :i* furni% ! rule ( ,*ri/ian liv+4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is ! /ronge/ pro( ( its ,div9ity1 & ! sure/ gu>antee = its future4 ,! au!nticity & au?ority ( ?is hi/ory w be ! subject ( ! next & la/ s]ies ( my ,m$itations4 #bab #bac ,app5dix4 ,ecce ,homo3 su* is ! title ( a "w publi%$ anonym\sly1 at ,london & at ,cambridge 9 #ahff1 :i* produc$ on its appe>ance a great s5sation 9 ,london1 a s5sation :i* /ill cont9ues3 all ! pap]s & reviews1 :e!r religi\s1 philosophical1 or simply lit]>y1 busi$ !mselves ) x1 ei!r to praise or attack x2 ! di/+ui%$ *ief ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty himself1 p]haps soon to be ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 has j made x ! subject ( ?ree articles1 :i* are rem>kable alike = acut5ess1 elegance1 & eloqu5ce4 ,!y appe>$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ widely circulat$ p]iodicals 9 8 c\ntry4 ,footnote #ej ,footnote #ej3 ,good ,words1 a ,mon?ly ,review1 edit$ by ,norman ,macleod1 "o ( ! ,*apla9s ( h] ,maje/y ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! articles ref]r$ to appe>$ 9 ! numb]s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*1 #ahfh4 ,no anonym\s book1 says he1 s9ce ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation' 7n[ m ?an tw5ty ye>s old71 inde$1 x might almo/ be said1 no !ological book1 :e!r anonym\s1 or ( c]tifi$ au?or%ip--t has appe>$ )9 ! same int]val1 has attract$ any?+ l ! am\nt ( notice & ( criticism :i* h be5 be/[$ ^u ! rem>kable volume1 entitl$ ',ecce ,homo4' #bad ,! anonym\s au?or has express$ 9 a v %ort preface 8 int5tion 9 writ+ ?is volume1 z well z its fundam5tal ideas4 ,^? :o feel1 says he1 dissatisfi$ ) ! curr5t conceptions ( ,*ri/1 if !y _c re/ cont5t )\t a def9ite op9ion1 may f9d x necess>y to d :at1 to p]sons n s dissatisfi$1 x seems audaci\s & p]il\s to d4 ,!y may be oblig$ to reconsid] ! :ole subject f ! beg9n+1 & plac+ !mselves1 9 imag9ation1 at ! "t :5 he :om we call ,*ri/ bore no su* "n1 b 0 simply1 z ,/4 ,luke describes him1 a "y man ( promise1 popul> ) ^? :o knew him1 & appe>+ to enjoy ! ,div9e fav\r1 to trace 8 biography f po9t to po9t1 & accept ^? conclusions ab\t him1 n :i* ,*ur* doctors1 or ev5 apo/les h seal$ ) _! au?ority1 b :i* ! facts !mselves1 critically weigh$1 appe> to w>rant4 ,?is is :at ! pres5t writ] und]took to d = ! satisfaction ( 8 own m9d1 & because1 aft] read+ a good _m books on ,*ri/1 he felt /ill con/ra9$ to confess t !re 0 no hi/orical "* ^: motives1 objects & feel+s rema9$ s incompreh5sible to him4 ,! inquiry :i* prov$ s]viceable to himself may *ance to be useful to o!rs4 ,:at is n[ publi%$ is a fragm5t4 ,no !ological que/ions :atev] are "h discuss$4 ,*ri/ z ! ,creator ( mod]n ,!ology & ,religion w make ! subject ( ano!r volume2 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! au?or does n hope to publi% = "s "t to come4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 he has endeav\r$ to furni% an answ] to ! "q1 ',:at 0 ,*ri/'s object 9 f\nd+ ! ,society :i* is call$ by 8 "n1 & h[ is x adapt$ to atta9 t object8' #bae ,on m]ely consid]+1 ev5 aft] a fir/ p]usal1 ! brief words :i* ,i h "h extract$1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 impossible n to p]ceive h[ mu* !re is t is artificial & emb>rass$1 ,i _h almo/ said h[ mu* !re is t is false1 n only 9 ! position 9 :i* ! ,au?or has plac$ himself at ! v outset1 b 9 ! special int5tions :i* he av[s4 ,to /udy ! life & ! aim ( ! life ( ,*ri/ )\t consid]+ him z ! ,creator ( ,mod]n ,!ology & ,religion1 to def] all exam9ation & conclusion ^u ?is la/ subject2 to aspire to "k ! p]son & ! m9d ( ,*ri/ aft] ?us sep>at+ him f 8 "w2 to inquire :at he meant to accompli% :5 liv+1 )\t consid]+ :at he 9 effect accompli%$ 9 ! ages :i* foll[$ 8 passage ?r\gh ! _w2 to treat him1 9 %ort1 & to exam9e him z we %\ld treat & exam9e a p]son unkn[n to u--a fossil man1 s to say1 ( :i* ! features might be traceable 9 "s contempor>y docum5t1 %[+ t he once exi/$1 b :o has left no o!r trace to supply u ) argum5t or pro( ( :at he int5d$1 or :at he p]=m$2--?is1 und\bt$ly1 is a /range mann] ( proce$+1 "o :i* holds out v little *ance ( an accurate & true compreh5sion ( ! imm5se fact call$ ,*ri/ianity1 ?us mutilat$ 9 its v cradle1 ,*ri/ianity ( :i* ! writ] limits himself to a b>e se>* aft] ! g]m 9 ! nasc5t ?\ght ( its own]1 :]eas x might h be5 obs]v$1 & its nature v]ifi$ 9 its positive & va/ developm5t4 #baf ,?is is a species ( decomposition1 ( :i* ! great facts ( hi/ory & morality d n admit4 ,we are n "h1 l anatomi/s1 describ+ ! autopsy ( a corpse4 ,to "k & compreh5d su* facts really1 we mu/ /udy !m 9 _! diff]5t elem5ts & 9 all ! developm5t ( _! life4 ,!y =m a drama 9 :i* we are actors1 n a manuscript :i* we are deciph]+4 ,i c easily und]/& h[ ! anonym\s writ] ( ! ,ecce ,homo came to conceive ! idea ( 8 book1 & to conf9e x )9 ! limits :i* he has himself assign$3 ,i c also und]/& 8 motives4 ,l all 8 contempor>ies1 he is plac$ & lives 9 pres5ce ( ! grave que/ions agitat$ 9 ^! days respect+ ,*ri/ianity & its au?or4 ,:at 0 ,*ri/8--a man or v ,god1 or ,god & man at once8 ,h[ did ! div9e nature & ! human nature manife/ !mselves 9 him8 ,did he really effect ! miracles assign$ to him8 ,c !re be su* ?+s z miracles8 ,:at are we to und]/& by ! sup]natural8 ,is ,god a real be+ p]sonal & free1 exi/+ & accompli%+ 8 works 9 a region beyond t :i* we /yle ,nature8 ,*ri/ianity & ! life ( its f\nd] inevitably sugge/ all ^! que/ions1 :i* 9 our days occupy & viol5tly agitate m5's m9ds4 ,! anonym\s au?or ( ! ,ecce ,homo did n wi% to ent] ^u !m2 nay1 x 0 8 aim to /udy & compreh5d ,*ri/ )\t t\*+ !m at all4 ,is x because ^u ^! grave problems he ent]ta9s himself no positive & decid$ op9ions8 ,or1 because he wi%$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to accommodate himself to ! /ate ( op9ion ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies1 & to treat ,*ri/ z ^? speak ( him :o only see 9 him a man1 :o reg>d ,*ri/ianity z a fact n sup]natural1 ow+ its orig91 l o!r natural facts1 to ! sole & prop] =ce ( mank9d8 #bag ,^u ?is ,i c =m no op9ion2 ,i nei!r "k ! anonym\s au?or ( ! ,ecce ,homo1 nor ! motives :i* actuate him3 :at is c]ta9 is1 t he is q "r 9 entitl+ 8 book ,ecce ,homo1 = x is only ! ,man ,*ri/ t he has propos$ to /udy1 & x is by /udy+ ! ,man ,*ri/ t he has propos$ to expla9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,i d n "k if1 aft] hav+ writt5 8 book1 he 0 aw>e ( ! result to :i* x leads1 b ! result is 9 effect a /range "o1--x is condemnatory & de/ructive ( ! fundam5tal idea ( ! book1 x demon/rates by a s9c]e & hone/1 al?\gh an incomplete & sup]ficial /udy ( ! facts1 ! impossibility ( expla9+ ei!r ,*ri/ by ! human nature alone1 or ! ,*ri/ian ,religion by any m]ely natural op]ations ( humanity4 ,! "w is divid$ into two p>ts1 & conta9s altoge!r tw5ty-f\r *apt]s4 ,! fir/ "p is devot$ to ! /udy ( ,*ri/ p]sonally1 8 peculi> "*1 8 mann] ( deal+ ) m51 ! mission :i* he propos$ to himself to accompli%1 ! nature ( ! society :i* he s\ght to f\nd1 & ! au?ority :i* he c\nt$ ^u ex]cis+4 ,9 ! second "p1 ! ,*ri/ian society itself1 its po9ts ( resemblance to ! sy/ems ( philosophy & its po9ts ( diff]5ce !refrom1 its fundam5tal pr9ciples & positive laws1 & ! habits & s5tim5ts :i* are develop$ by ^? laws1 all become 9 turn ! objects ( ! au?or's obs]vations & descriptions4 ,obs]vations (t5 pr(\nd1 descriptions (t5 exact & /rik+1 al?\gh some:at m9ute & l5g?y2 ev]y:]e1 h[ev]1 !re brea!s =? a s5tim5t unque/ionably moral1 & full ( ! g5tle/ sympa?y = humanity4 #bah ,all ?is gives to ! "w a real attractiv5ess1 9 spite ( ! vagu5ess ( ! ideas :i* reign !re1 & 9 spite ( ! p]ceptible inc]titude ( ! au?or's conclusions ^u ! solemn que/ions :i* he approa*es1 b ^u :i* he does n ent]4 ,i h no int5tion ( say+ m2 ,i h n to r5d] an acc\nt 9 detail ( ?is book or to discuss any ( ! au?or's op9ions or ass]tions ^u :i* ,i may n agree ) him2 my aim is only to det]m9e ! "* ( 8 "w1 & to %[ pla9ly1 fir/ its t5d5cy & !n its insuffici5cy4 ,!re precisely is 8 orig9ality2 9 sett+ out1 & deal+ ) ! subject ( ! purely human nature bo? ( ,*ri/ & ( ,*ri/ianity1 he seems n f> f p>ticipat+ ! op9ions ( ,rationali/ic criticism2 b ! m he advances1 ! f>!r he dep>ts f ! goal at :i* ! ,rationali/s arrive3 he appe>s pr$ispos$ 9 _! fav\r2 ! process ( 8 ?\ght seems (t5 to con=m to !irs2 8 conclusions are n cle>ly contr>y1 b 9 effect1 "u ! empire ei!r ( 8 in/9cts or "u ! influ5ce ( 8 hi/orical & moral /udies1 he is m ,*ri/ian ?an he appe>s1 p]haps ev5 m s ?an he believes himself to be2 & if ! firm doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity f9d 9 him no sure & decl>$ def5d]1 nei!r d !y enc\nt] 9 him ! consi/5t ho/ility ( a sev]e logician or ! indiff]5tism ( a m]e sceptic4 #bai ,!re are sev]al passages ( ?is rem>kable "w :i* are p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,to ^! ,i feel pleasure 9 ref]r+ ! read]4 ,!y are 9 bo? p>ts ( ! book2 t is to say1 9 ! fir/ "p1 *apt] fif?1 entitl$ ,*ri/'s ,cr$5tials1 & *apt] n9?1 ,footnote #ea entitl$ ,reflections on ! ,nature ( ,*ri/'s ,society2 9 ! second "p1 *apt] t5?1 entitl$ ,*ri/'s ,legislation comp>$ ) ,philosophic sy/ems1 & *apt] ! elev5?1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,republic ,footnote #eb ,a p]usal ( ^! passages w1 if ,i d n deceive myself1 fully ju/ify ! impression :i* ! "w has made ^u me1 & satisfy ! read] t ,i am "r 9 :at ,i h said ( ! au?or's inconsi/5cy ) respect to religion4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ecce ,homo1 ed4 #ahff1 pp4 #da-ea1 #ha--ajb4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid1 pp4 #ajh--aai1 #abj--abf4 ,)\t expressly ref]r+ to any o!r passages ,i simply rem>k1 t !re are 9 ?is book ideas express$ & p>ticul> ass]tions made1 :i* sugge/ num]\s que/ions & call = _m obs]vations4 ,i f9d 9 ! entire volume a s+ul> mixture ( pla9 & practical common s5se ) a subtlety sometimes t9ctur$ ) piety1 & sometimes ) philosophy4 ,!re reigns 9 x1 ^u ! nature ( man & ( human societies1 an intellectual elevation1 bo? moral & religi\s1 :i* emb>rasses & obscures itself 9 a long & pa9ful process ( ref9em5ts4 ,x be>s ! impress ( a gr&eur ( ?\ght & ( s5tim5t1 )\t pres5t+ !m1 h[ev]1 9 a =m suffici5tly simple & vivid4 ,b ,i h no idea ( exam9+ or discuss+ "h 9 detail ?is rem>kable "w2 my aim is only to make ! result cle> to ! read]1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 & inde$ x appe>s inconte/able4 ,! au?or's aim has be5 to /udy & portray ! human "p ( ,*ri/1 ! human "p ( 8 doctr9e z well z ( 8 life4 ,he has decl>$ ?is to be 8 aim by entitl+ 8 book ,ecce ,homo1 & by say+ t he def]r$ to ano!r volume e !ological "q1 e /udy ( ,*ri/ z ! ,creator ( ,!ology & ( ,mod]n ,religion4 #bbj ,he has already done mu* m ?an he is aw>e2 ! /rik+ inf]5ce f 8 fir/ volume be+ t !re 0 9 ,*ri/ mu* m ?an man1 & t if he _h be5 b man1 h[ev] sup]ior we may picture 8 nature to be to t ( ord9>y humanity1 ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity1 su* z x 9 fact 0 & is1 w\ld h be5 to him a ?+ n only :i* he c\ld n h accompli%$1 b :i* he c\ld n ev5 h conceiv$4 ,! ,end4 ,bradbury1 ,evans1 ,& ,co41 ,pr9t]s1 ,:itefri>s4