,this e,book was prepared by ,bruce ,loving ,,school ,,history ,,of ,,north ,,carolina1 ,,from #aehd ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,moore4 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged4 ,,preface ,,to ,,revised ,,edition4 ,in the publication of a fourteenth edition it seems proper that something should be said as to changes made in this work4 ,at a session of the ,north ,carolina ,board of ,education1 held ,november #bb;d1 #ahha1 it was resolved that the ,board expressly reserve to itself the right to require further revisions in ,moore's ,school ,history of ,north ,carolina1 the second edition of which was then adopted for use in the public schools4 ,conforming to this requirement of the ,state ,board of ,education1 the author has diligently sought aid and counsel in the effort to perfect this work4 ,to ,mrs4 ,c4 ,p4 ,spencer1 ,e4 ,j4 ,hale1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york1 and ,hon4 ,montford ,mc,gehee1 ,commissioner of ,agriculture1 the work is indebted for many valuable suggestions1 but still more largely to ,col4 ,w4 ,l4 ,saunders1 ,secretary of ,state1 who has aided assiduously not only in its revision1 but in its progress through the press4 ,the teacher of ,north ,carolina ,history will be greatly aided in the work by having a wall map of ,north ,carolina before the class1 and to this end the publishers have prepared a good and accurate school map1 which will be furnished at a special low price4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter4 ,i4 ,physical ,description of ,north ,carolina ,,ii4 ,physical ,description--,continued ,,iii4 ,geological ,characteristics ,,iv4 ,the ,indians ,v4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh ,,vi4 ,discovery of ,north ,carolina ,,vii4 ,governor ,lane's ,colony ,,viii4 ,governor ,white's ,colony ,,ix4 ,the ,fate of ,raleigh ,x4 ,charles ,,ii4 and the ,lords ,proprietors ,,xi4 ,governor ,drummond and ,sir ,john ,yeamans ,,xii4 ,governor ,stephens and the ,fundamental ,constitutions ,,xiii4 ,early ,governors and their ,troubles ,,xiv4 ,lord ,carteret adds a ,new ,trouble ,,xv4 ,thomas ,carey and the ,tuscarora ,war ,,xvi4 ,governor ,eden and ,black-,beard ,,xvii4 ,governor ,gabriel ,johnston ,,xviii4 ,the ,pirates and ,other ,enemies ,,xix4 ,governor ,arthur ,dobbs ,,xx4 ,governor ,tryon and the ,stamp ,act ,,xxi4 ,governor ,tryon and the ,regulators ,,xxii4 ,governor ,martin and the ,revolution ,,xxiii4 ,first ,provincial ,congress ,,xxiv4 ,second ,provincial ,congress ,,xxv4 ,the ,congress at ,hillsboro ,,xxvi4 ,battle of ,moore's ,creek ,bridge ,,xxvii4 ,fourth ,provincial ,congress ,declares ,independence ,,xxviii4 ,adoption of a ,state ,constitution ,,xxix4 ,the ,war ,continued ,,xxx4 ,stony ,point and ,charleston ,,xxxi4 ,ramsour's ,mill and ,camden ,court ,house ,,xxxii4 ,battle of ,king's ,mountain ,,xxxiii4 ,cornwallis's ,last ,invasion ,,xxxiv4 ,battle of ,guilford ,court ,house ,,xxxv4 ,fanning and his ,brutalities ,,xxxvi4 ,peace and ,independence ,,xxxvii4 ,the ,state of ,franklin ,,xxxviii4 ,formation of the ,union ,,xxxix4 ,france and ,america ,,xl4 ,the ,federalists and the ,republicans ,,xli4 ,closing of the ,eighteenth ,century ,,xlii4 ,growth and ,expansion ,,xliii4 ,second ,war with ,great ,britain ,,xliv4 ,after the ,storm ,,xlv4 ,the ,whigs and the ,democrats ,,xlvi4 ,the ,condition of the ,state ,,xlvii4 ,the ,courts and the ,bar ,,xlviii4 ,origin of the ,public ,schools ,,xlix4 ,slavery and ,social ,development ,l4 ,the ,mexican ,war ,,li4 ,the ,north ,carolina ,railway and the ,asylums ,,lii4 ,a ,spectre of the ,past ,re-appears ,,liii4 ,the ,social and ,political ,status ,,liv4 ,president ,lincoln and the ,war ,,lv4 ,the ,war ,between the ,states ,,lvi4 ,the ,combat ,deepens ,,lvii4 ,the ,war ,continues ,,lviii4 ,war and its ,horrors ,,lix4 ,the ,death ,wound at ,gettysburg ,,lx4 ,general ,grant and his ,campaign ,,lxi4 ,north ,carolina and ,peace-making ,,lxii ,the ,war ,draws to a ,close ,,lxiii4 ,concluding ,scenes of the ,war ,,lxiv4 ,refitting the ,wreck ,,lxv4 ,governor ,worth and ,president ,johnson ,,lxvi4 ,results of ,reconstruction ,,lxvii ,results of ,reconstruction--,continued ,,lxviii4 ,impeachment of ,governor ,holden ,,lxix4 ,resumption of ,self-,government ,,lxx4 ,the ,cotton ,trade and ,factories ,,lxxi4 ,progress of ,material ,development ,,lxxii4 ,the ,railroads and ,new ,towns ,,lxxiii4 ,literature and ,authors ,,lxxiv4 ,the ,colleges and ,schools ,,lxxv4 ,conclusion ,,appendix4 ,constitution of ,north ,carolina ,questions on the ,constitution ,,hints ,,to ,,teachers4 ,it is well known that any subject can be more thoroughly taught when both the eye and the mind of the pupil are used as mediums for imparting the knowledge2 and the teacher of ,north ,carolina ,history will find a valuable help in a wall map of the ,state hung in convenient position for reference while the history class is reciting4 ,require the pupils to go to the map and point out localities when mentioned1 also places adjoining2 trace the courses of the rivers which have a historical interest1 and name important towns upon their banks4 ,a good1 reliable wall map of ,north ,carolina can he procured at a moderate price from the publishers of this work4 ,it has been deemed proper to make the chapters short1 that each may form one lesson4 ,at the close of each chapter will be found questions upon the main points of the lesson4 ,these will furnish thought for many other questions which will suggest themselves to the teacher4 ,there are many small matters of local ,state history which can be given with interest to the class1 from time to time1 as appropriate periods are reached4 ,these minor facts could not be included in the compass of a school book1 but a teacher will be helped by referring occasionally to ,moore's ,library ,history of ,north ,carolina4 ,inspire your pupils with a spirit of patriotism and love for their native ,state4 ,a little effort in this direction will show you how easily it can be done4 ,in every boy and girl is a latent feeling of pride in whatever pertains to the welfare of their native ,state1 and this feeling should be cultivated and enlarged1 and thus the children make better citizens when grown4 ,the history of our ,state is filled with events which1 told to the young1 will fix their attention1 and awaken a desire to know more of the troubles and noble deeds of the people who laid the foundation of this ,commonwealth4 ,the ,appendix contains the present ,constitution of ,north ,carolina4 ,then follows a series of ,questions on the ,constitution1 prepared expressly for this work by ,hon4 ,kemp ,p4 ,battle1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,president of the ,university of ,north ,carolina4 ,this is an entirely new and valuable feature in a school book1 and contains an analysis of our ,state government4 ,this is just the information that every citizen of ,north ,carolina ought to possess1 and teachers should require all their students of this history to read and study the ,constitution and endeavor to answer the questions thereon4 ,no ,state in the ,union possesses a record of nobler achievements than ,north ,carolina4 ,her people have always loved liberty for themselves1 and they offered the same priceless boon to all who came within her borders2 and it was a full knowledge of this trait of our people which made ,bancroft say ,north ,carolina was settled by the freest of the free4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,physical ,,description ,,of ,,north ,,carolina4 ,the ,state of ,north ,carolina is included between the parallels #cd and #cfb north latitude1 and between the meridians #geb and #hdb west longitude4 ,its western boundary is the crest of the ,smoky ,mountains1 which1 with the ,blue ,ridge1 forms a part of the great ,appalachian system1 extending almost from the mouth of the ,st4 ,lawrence to the ,gulf of ,mexico2 its eastern is the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,its mean breadth from north to south is about one hundred miles2 its extreme breadth is one hundred and eighty-eight miles4 ,the extreme length of the ,state from east to west is five hundred miles4 ,the area embraced within its boundaries is fifty-two thousand two hundred and eighty-six square miles4 #b4 ,the climate of ,north ,carolina is mild and equable4 ,this is due in part to its geographical position2 midway1 as it were1 between the northern and southern limits of the ,union4 ,two other causes concur to modify it2 the one1 the lofty ,appalachian chain1 which forms1 to some extent1 a shield from the bleak winds of the northwest2 the other1 the softening influence of the ,gulf ,stream1 the current of which sweeps along near its shores4 #c4 ,the result of these combined causes is shown in the character of the seasons4 ,fogs are almost unknown2 frosts occur not until the middle of ,october2 ice rarely forms of a sufficient thickness to be gathered2 snows are light1 seldom remaining on the ground more than two or three days4 ,the average rainfall is about fifty- three inches1 which is pretty uniformly distributed throughout the year4 ,the climate is eminently favorable to health and longevity4 #d4 ,the ,state falls naturally into three divisions or sections-- the ,western or ,mountain section1 the ,middle or ,piedmont section1 and the ,eastern or ,tidewater section4 ,the first consists of mountains1 many of them rising to towering heights1 the highest1 indeed1 east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it is bounded on the east by the ,blue ,ridge and on the west by the ,smoky ,mountains4 ,the section inclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an ellipse4 ,its length is about one hundred and eighty miles2 its average breadth from twenty to fifty miles4 ,it is a high plateau1 from the plane of which many lofty mountains everywhere rise1 and on its border the culminating points of the ,appalachian system--the ,roau1 the ,grandfather and the ,black--lift their heads to the sky4 ,between the mountains are fertile valleys1 plentifully watered by streams1 many of them remarkable for their beauty4 ,the mountains themselves are wooded1 except a few which have prairies on their summits1 locally distinguished as balds4 ,this section has long been one of the favorite resorts of the tourist and the painter4 #e4 ,the ,middle section lies between the ,blue ,ridge and the falls where the rivers make their descent into the great plain which forms the ,eastern section of the ,state4 ,its area comprises nearly one-half of the territory of the ,state4 ,throughout the greater part it presents an endless succession of hills and dales1 though the surface near the mountains is of a bolder and sometimes of a rugged cast4 ,the scenery of this section is as remarkable for quiet1 picturesque beauty1 as that of the ,western is for sublimity and grandeur4 #f4 ,the ,eastern section is a ,champaign country2 relieved1 however1 by gentle undulations4 ,its breadth is about one hundred miles4 ,its principal beauty lies in its river scenery and extensive water prospects4 #g4 ,the cultivated productions of the ,mountain section are corn1 wheat1 oats1 barley1 hay1 tobacco1 fruits and vegetables4 ,cattle are also reared quite extensively for market4 ,in the ,middle section are found all the productions of the former1 and over the southern half cotton appears as the staple product4 ,in the ,eastern section cotton1 corn1 oats and rice are staple crops1 and the trucking business 7growing fruits and vegetables for the ,northern markets71 constitutes a flourishing industry4 ,the lumber business1 and the various industries to which the long- leaf pine gives rise1 tar1 pitch and turpentine1 have long been1 and still continue to be1 great resources of wealth for this section4 ,of the crops produced in the ,united ,states all are grown in ,north ,carolina except sugar and some semi-tropical fruits1 as the orange1 the lemon and the banana4 ,the wine grapes of ,america may be said to have their home in ,north ,carolina2 four of them1 the ,catawba1 ,isabella1 ,lincoln and ,scuppernong1 originated here4 #h4 ,the physical characteristics of the ,state will be better understood by picturing to the mind its surface as spread out upon a vast declivity1 sloping down from the summits of the ,smoky ,mountains1 an altitude of near seven thousand feet1 to the ocean level4 ,through the range of elevation thus afforded1 the plants and trees 7or what is comprehended under the term flora7 vary from those peculiar to ,alpine regions to those peculiar to semi- tropical regions4 #i4 ,the variety of trees is most marked1 including all those which yield timber employed in the useful and many of those employed in the ornamental arts4 ,indeed1 nearly all the species found in the ,united ,states1 east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 are found in ,north ,carolina4 ,her wealth in this respect will be appreciated when the striking fact is mentioned that there are more species of oaks in ,north ,carolina than in all the ,states north of us1 and only one less than in all the ,southern ,states east of the ,mississippi4 ,this range of elevation affords also a great variety of medicinal herbs4 ,in fact1 the mountains of ,north ,carolina are the 'storehouse' of the ,united ,states for plants of this description4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,of what does this chapter treat8 ,give the latitude and longitude of ,north ,carolina4 ,what are its eastern and western boundaries8 ,give its dimensions4 #b4 ,what is said of the climate of ,north ,carolina8 ,name the causes of this mildness of climate4 #c4 ,what is said of the seasons8 ,of fogs1 snow and ice8 ,of the rainfall8 #d4 ,into how many natural divisions is the ,state formed8 ,name them4 ,describe the ,mountain section4 ,point it out on the map4 #e4 ,give a description of the ,middle or ,piedmont section4 ,locate this section on the map4 #f4 ,what is said of the ,eastern or ',tidewater' section8 ,point it out on the map4 #g4 ,what are some of the productions of the ,mountain section8 ,of the ,piedmont8 ,of the ,tidewater8 ,what is said of the grapes of ,north ,carolina8 #h4 ,how may the physical characteristics of the ,state be easily understood8 #i4 ,what is said of the plants and trees8 ,what further is said of this particular branch of ,north ,carolina's wealth8 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,description-,continued4 ,the mountains of ,north ,carolina may be conveniently classed as four separate chains3 the ,smoky1 forming the western boundary of the ,state2 the ,blue ,ridge1 running across the ,state in a very tortuous course1 and shooting out spurs of great elevation2 the ,brushy 7which divides1 for the greater part of its course1 the waters of the ,catawba and ,yadkin71 beginning at a point near ,lenoir and terminating in the ,pilot and ,sauratown ,mountains2 and an inferior range of much lower elevation1 which may be termed1 from its local name at different points1 the ,uwharrie or ,oconeechee ,mountains beginning in ,montgomery county and terminating in the heights about ,roxboro1 in ,person county4 #b4 ,each of these mountain ranges is marked by distinct characteristics4 ,the ,smoky chain1 as contrasted with the next highest--the ,blue ,ridge--is more continuous1 more elevated1 more regular in its direction and height1 and rises very uniformly from five thousand to nearly six thousand seven hundred feet4 ,the ,blue ,ridge is composed of many fragments scarcely connected into a continuous and regular chain4 ,its loftier summits range from five thousand to five thousand nine hundred feet4 ,the ,brushy range presents1 throughout the greater part of its course1 a remarkable uniformity in direction and elevation1 many of its peaks rising above two thousand feet4 ,the last1 the ,oconeechee or ,uwharrie range1 sometimes presents a succession of elevated ridges1 then a number of bold and isolated knobs1 whose heights are one thousand feet above the sea level4 #c4 ,there are three distinct systems of rivers in the ,state3 those that find their way to the ,gulf of ,mexico through the ,mississippi1 those that flow through ,south ,carolina to the sea and those that reach the sea along our own coast4 ,the divide between the first and the second is the ,blue ,ridge chain of mountains2 that between the second and third systems is found in an elevation extending from the ,blue ,ridge1 near the ,virginia line1 just between the sources of the ,yadkin and the ,roanoke1 in a south-easterly direction some two hundred miles1 almost to the sea-coast below ,wilmington4 ,in the divide between the first and second systems1 which is also the great watershed between the ,atlantic slope and the ,mississippi ,valley1 a singular anomaly is presented1 for it is formed not by the lofty ,smoky range1 but by the ,blue ,ridge--not1 therefore1 at the crest of the great slope which the surface of the ,state presents1 but on a line lower down4 ,on the western flank of this lower range the beautiful ,french ,broad and the other rivers of the first section1 including the headwaters of the ,great ,khanawha1 have their rise4 ,in their course through the ,smoky ,mountains to the ,mississippi they pass along chasms or gaps from three thousand to four thousand feet in depth4 ,these chasms or gaps are more than a thousand feet lower than those of the corresponding parts of the ,blue ,ridge4 #d4 ,the rivers of the second system rise on the eastern flank of the ,blue ,ridge4 ,these rivers--the ,catawba and the ,yadkin1 with their tributaries stretching from the ,broad ,river1 near the mountains in the west1 to the ,lumber near the seacoast--water some thirty counties in the ,state1 a fan-shaped territory1 embracing much the greater portion of the ,piedmont section of the ,state4 #e4 ,the rivers of the third system are the ,chowan1 the ,roanoke1 the ,tar1 the ,neuse and the ,cape ,fear1 usually navigable some for fifty and others to near one hundred miles for boats of light draught4 ,of these the three last have their rise near the northern boundary of the ,state1 in a comparatively small area1 near the eastern source of the ,yadkin4 ,the ,chowan has its rise in ,virginia1 below ,appomattox ,court ,house4 ,the principal sources of the ,roanoke1 also1 are in ,virginia1 in the ,blue ,ridge1 though some of its head streams are in ,north ,carolina1 and very near those of the ,yadkin4 ,only one of these rivers1 the ,cape ,fear1 flows directly into the ocean in this ,state2 the others1 after reaching the low country1 move on with diminished current and empty into large bodies of water known as sounds4 #f4 ,the great rivers of these three systems1 with their network of countless tributaries1 great and small1 afford a truly magnificent water supply4 ,flat lands border the streams in every section2 they are everywhere exceptionally rich1 and in the ,tidewater section1 of great breadth4 ,in their course from the high plateaus to the low country all the rivers of the ,state have a descent of many hundred feet1 made by frequent falls and rapids4 ,these falls and rapids afford all unlimited motive power for machinery of every description2 and here many cotton mills and other factories have been established1 and are multiplying every year4 #g4 ,the sounds1 and the rivers which empty into them1 constitute a network of waterway for steam and sailing vessels of eleven hundred miles4 ,they are separated from the ocean by a line of sand banks1 varying in breadth from one hundred yards to two miles1 and in height from a few feet above the tide level to twenty-five or thirty feet1 on which horses of a small breed1 called ,bank ,ponies1 are reared in great numbers1 and in a half wild state4 ,these banks extend along the entire shore a distance of three hundred miles4 ,through them there are a number of inlets from the sea to the sounds1 but they are usually too shallow except for vessels of light burden4 ,along its northern coast the commerce of the ,state has1 in consequence1 been restricted2 it has1 however1 an extensive commerce through ,beaufort ,harbor and the ,cape ,fear ,river4 #h4 ,the sounds1 and the rivers in their lower courses1 abound with fish and waterfowl4 ,hunting the canvas-back duck and other fowls for the ,northern cities is a regular and profitable branch of industry2 while herring1 shad and rock-fishing is pursued1 especially along ,albemarle ,sound1 with spirit1 skill and energy1 and a large outlay of capital4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is the subject of this chapter8 ,how may the mountains of ,north ,carolina be classed8 ,describe each chain4 ,point out these mountains on the map4 #b4 ,describe the ,smoky ,mountains4 ,the ,blue ,ridge4 ,the ,brushy4 ,the ,oconeechee4 #c4 ,describe the river systems of the ,state4 ,give the dividing lines between the systems4 ,describe the flow of the rivers of ,western ,north ,carolina4 ,trace the courses of these rivers on the map4 ,what is said of the mountain gaps8 #d4 ,where are the ,catawba and ,yadkin ,rivers8 ,what portion of the ,state do they water8 ,point them out on the map4 #e4 ,describe the rivers of the third system4 ,where do they empty8 #f4 ,what do our rivers afford8 ,what is said of our water power8 #g4 ,what mention is made of the sounds8 ,describe the banks4 ,point out on the map the sounds and the banks4 #h4 ,with what do the sounds and rivers abound8 ,what important branches of industry are mentioned8 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,geological ,,characteristics4 ,a knowledge of the geology of a ,state affords the key to its soils2 since the soils are formed by the disintegration of the underlying rocks1 more or less mixed with animal or vegetable matter4 ,the peculiar geological structure of the ,state furnishes the material for every possible variety of soil4 ,in fact1 there is no description or combination unrepresented4 ,there are1 first1 the black and deep peaty soils of ,hyde county and the great swamp tracts along the eastern border of the ,tidewater section2 then come the alluvious marls and light sandy soils of the more elevated portions of the same section2 then the clayey1 sandy and gravelly soils of the ,piedmont and ,mountain section1 the result of the decomposition of every variety of rock4 #b4 ,from its western boundary to the last falls of its rivers1 the rocks generally belong to that formation known as primitive4 ,primitive rocks are easily distinguished2 they are crystalline in structure1 and have no animal or vegetable remains 7called fossils7 imbedded or preserved in them4 ,the soils of this formation are not very fertile1 nor yet are they sterile2 they are of medium quality1 and susceptible1 under skilful culture1 of the highest improvement4 ,the primitive rocks are chiefly represented by granite and gneiss4 #c4 ,the rocks of the secondary formation appear in certain counties of the ,piedmont section1 and here the coal-fields occur1 embracing many hundred square miles4 ,this formation consists of the primitive rocks1 broken down by natural agents1 and subsequently deposited in beds of a thickness from a few feet to many hundred1 and abounds in organic remains4 ,the soils of this formation vary more than the former1 as the one or the other of the materials of which they are made up happens to predominate4 #d4 ,the eastern section belongs to that which is known as the quaternary formation4 ,here no rocks like those mentioned above are found2 indeed1 rocks1 in the ordinary sense of that term1 are unknown4 ,this formation will be best understood by regarding it as an ocean bed laid bare by upheaval through some convulsion of nature1 and thus made dry land4 ,sandy soils predominate somewhat in this section1 though there are tracts in which clay is in great excess1 and other tracts in which vegetable matter is in great excess4 ,between these extremes there exist1 also1 the usual mixtures in various proportions4 #e4 ,geology also affords a key to the mineral resources of a ,state4 ,those of the ,tidewater section are summed up in its marls4 ,that whole section is underlaid with marl at a depth of a few feet1 and in quantity sufficient to raise and keep it1 when regularly applied to the surface1 for all time to come at the highest point of productiveness4 ,of all resources for wealth this is the most durable2 and1 on account of the industry to which it is subservient--the agricultural--is best calculated to promote the happiness of man4 #f4 ,it is in the primitive rocks1 however1 that minerals abound4 ,those of ,north ,carolina surpass any in the ,union4 ,in the last ,report on the ,geology of the ,state one hundred and seventy-eight are numbered and described4 ,among these are gold1 silver1 copper1 lead1 iron1 mica1 corundum1 graphite1 manganese1 kaolin1 mill-stone grits1 marble1 barytes1 oil shale1 buhrstones1 roofing slate1 etc4 ,the most of these are the subjects of great mining industries1 which are daily developing to greater proportions4 #g4 ,of some of these minerals1 as corundum and mica1 ,north ,carolina has already become the chief source of supply4 ,among the principal sources of the future mineral wealth of the ,state1 copper1 gold and iron are clearly indicated4 ,the ores of these metals are found in abundance over extensive tracts of country4 ,lastly1 in ,north ,carolina many beautiful specimens of the precious stones have been found1 and a large capital has been raised to carry on mining as a regular business for one of these-- the hiddenite gem4 #h4 ,north ,carolina will thus be seen to be a ,state of vast resources1 whether we regard the variety and value of her natural or cultivated productions1 the immense range of her minerals or her facilities for manufacturing industries4 ,it would1 perhaps1 be safe to say that no equal portion of the earth's surface will1 in half a century1 be the scene of industries so various and of such value4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,of what does this chapter treat8 ,what does the knowledge of the geology of a ,state afford8 ,mention the variety of soils found in ,north ,carolina4 #b4 ,where are the primitive rocks found8 ,describe them4 ,how are they chiefly represented8 ,what are the soils of this division8 #c4 ,where do the rocks of the secondary formation appear8 ,describe this formation4 ,what is said of the soils of the secondary formation8 #d4 ,to what class do the rocks of the ,eastern section belong8 ,what is said of this section8 ,describe the quaternary formation4 ,what is said of the soil8 #e4 ,what else is afforded by geology8 ,where is marl found and what is said of it8 #f4 ,where do the minerals abound8 ,how many kinds of minerals are located in this ,state8 ,can you name the principal ones8 ,what is said of mining8 #g4 ,what is said of corundum and mica8 ,of gold and iron8 ,of precious gems8 #h4 ,what great resources does ,north ,carolina possess8 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,indians4 ,that portion of ,america now known as the ,state of ,north ,carolina was once inhabited by ,indians4 ,for many ages before ,columbus came across the seas in the year #adib1 they had held undisputed possession of all the ,western ,continent1 except those ,arctic regions where the ,esquimaux dwelt4 #b4 ,nearly a century had gone by since the ,spaniards had begun their settlements1 and yet1 north of ,st4 ,augustine1 in ,florida1 not a white man was to be found4 ,cortez and ,pizarro had founded great states in ,mexico and ,peru1 but the vast region stretching from the ,rio ,grande to the ,st4 ,lawrence was still the home of only red men and the wild beasts of the forest4 #c4 ,there were many different tribes and languages to be found among the ,indians4 ,in ,north ,carolina1 the ,tuscaroras lived in the east1 the ,catawbas in the middle1 and the ,cherokees in the western portion of the territory as now defined4 ,there were ,corees1 ,meherrins1 ,chowanokes1 and other small tribes in the east1 but they were weak in numbers and occupied but a small portion of our present ,state limits4 #d4 ,the treacherous ,tuscaroras were a portion of a powerful race known as the ,iroquois4 ,the other five nations of this family dwelt in the lake country of ,new ,york1 and were the most daring and dangerous confederation among all ,indians then known to the white people4 ,these ,iroquois of the ,north were generally friendly to the ,english1 but waged almost ceaseless war upon the ,french and a tribe of ,indians called the ,algonquins4 #e4 ,the ,tuscaroras were generally to be found in the country watered by the ,roanoke and ,neuse ,rivers1 and were the terror of all other tribes4 ,it is not known when they had separated from their northern relatives4 ,they kept up amicable relations with them1 and messengers and embassies occasionally passed between the banks of the ,roanoke and the settlements on the northern lakes4 #f4 ,the ,catawbas roamed over the fair regions through which flow the ,catawba and ,yadkin ,rivers4 ,westward of them were to be found1 in the mountains1 the numerous bands of the ,cherokees4 ,amid the towering peaks1 and along the beautiful ,french ,broad and other rivers1 lived and hunted these simple children of the hills4 ,they were generally disposed to peace1 and were averse to leaving the paradise they inhabited for the dangerous honor of the warpath4 #g4 ,the ,indians were1 in many respects1 a peculiar people4 ,though ignorant and savage1 they were not idolaters4 ,they believed in one ,god1 whom they called the ,great ,spirit4 ,they were not shepherds or farmers1 for they had no domestic animals except dogs1 and their corn fields were but insignificant patches1 cleared and cultivated by their women4 ,they cleared these little patches of land by burning down the trees1 and their plow was a crooked stick with which they scratched over the ground for planting the corn4 ,the men hunted1 and fought with other tribes1 but disdained to be found engaged in any useful labor4 #h4 ,such habits made large areas of land necessary for the subsistence of the people4 ,thus all of the tribes were jealous of the intrusion of others upon their hunting grounds1 and whenever one found another getting closer than usual war was begun4 ,their lives were filled with terror and apprehension2 not knowing when some enemy would kill and scalp every person in the tribe4 #i4 ,the ,meherrins lived in the fork of ,meherrin and ,chowan ,rivers4 ,they were long at war with the ,nottoways1 who lived in ,virginia1 south of ,james ,river4 ,the ,meherrins at last left their old men1 women and children and went on the warpath against their enemies1 who happened to be approaching them on a similar errand4 ,they chanced to miss each other1 and the ,nottoways therefore found the lodges of their foes completely undefended1 and they slew every human being in the captured village4 ,the ,meherrins left their old homes in despair and disappeared in the west4 ,this occurred after many white people had settled in the ,albemarle country4 #aj4 ,such a state of society necessitated the control of one leader2 so the ,indian tribes were governed by chiefs1 who led them to battle and in pursuit of game4 ,some of these chiefs1 like ,powhatan and ,king ,philip1 were men of marked ability1 and extended their power over other tribes4 ,when a chief died his son succeeded to his office only when fitted for the place2 if weak or cowardly1 some other brave was chosen4 ,in this way the honor was not strictly hereditary4 #aa4 ,the ,indians had no knowledge as to the working of iron4 ,they had only bows1 arrows1 stone tomahawks and such weapons for war4 ,they lived in small communities1 embracing from ten to thirty cabins1 for protection1 but had no large towns1 because of the impossibility of feeding great numbers at one point4 ,they held it a part of their religion to seek vengeance for all injuries1 real and imaginary1 and their general traits of character were as savage as their habits4 ,in war they had no pity on captives1 no reverence for helpless age1 and were strangers to the sentiments of honor and justice4 ,they were brave1 yet much given to cunning and treachery4 ,they rarely forgot benefits or forgave injuries4 #ab4 ,many relics of these savages are yet to be found in almost every county throughout the ,state4 ,broken pieces of pottery1 arrowheads and tomahawks are often plowed up in the fields2 and mounds of various sizes1 made by the ,indians1 are still seen in some sections4 ,there had long been a tradition among the ,indians that1 in the course of time1 pale-faced strangers from beyond the seas would possess their land2 and so1 after ages of petty warfare among themselves1 as the sixteenth century drew to its close1 they were confronted by men who built ships that withstood the ocean's storms1 and shook the solid earth with the roar of their artillery4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who were the original inhabitants of the country now known as ,north ,carolina8 #b4 ,who had made settlements on the ,american continent a century before the ,english8 ,what two great men were leaders in making those settlements8 #c4 ,give the location of the various tribes of ,indians in ,north ,carolina4 #d4 ,who were the ,tuscaroras8 ,what was the feeling of the ,indians toward the white people8 #e4 ,in what part of ,north ,carolina were the ,tuscaroras found8 ,what were their habits8 #f4 ,what tribes were found in the western portion of the ,state8 ,what were their habits8 #g4 ,what kind of people were the ,indians8 ,how did they cultivate the soil8 #h4 ,give further description of their habits4 #i4 ,where was the home of the ,meherrin ,indians8 ,the ,nottoways8 ,what were the relations existing between these two tribes8 #aj4 ,describe the government of the ,indians4 #aa4 ,how did they live8 ,what were some of their traits in war8 #ab4 ,what relics of the ,indians are still to be found in the ,state8 ,what tradition existed among the ,indians8 ,how was that tradition beginning to be fulfilled 8 ,point out on the map the ancient homes of the ,tuscarora ,indians4 ,the ,catawbas4 ,the ,cherokees4 ,the ,corees4 ,the ,meherrins4 ,the ,chowanokes4 ,trace the course of the ,roanoke ,river4 ,the ,neuse4 ,the ,meherrin4 ,the ,chowan4 ,the ,catawba4 ,the ,yadkin4 ,the ,french ,broad4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh ,a4 ,d4 #aegj ,,to #aehc4 #aegj4 ,the sixteenth century of the ,christian era was one of the most wonderful periods in the world's history4 ,the recent invention of the printing-press had scattered books and knowledge over ,christendom1 a larger liberty in religions matters had been achieved by the ,reformation1 and daring navigators sailed with their ships into many regions never before visited by civilized men4 #b4 ,the ,portuguese and ,spaniards sent expeditions to many lands4 ,in ,america1 thousands of men and women were living who had come from ,europe1 or had been born of white parents since the first settlements in the ,west ,indies1 ,mexico and ,peru4 ,as ,columbus had discovered the new world with ,spanish ships1 the kings of ,spain laid claim to all the continent4 #c4 ,england1 in that time1 was ruled by ,queen ,elizabeth1 who began her reign in #aeeh4 ,ireland and the small islands in the ,british ,channel were the only dependencies of the ,crown4 ,scotland was still an independent monarchy4 ,with a few millions of subjects1 and this small territory as her realm1 this queen was in great danger of dethronement and death4 ,the ,pope1 the ,catholic kings and her own people belonging to the ,church of ,rome denied her title to be queen and sought her overthrow and that of the ,protestant religion she upheld4 #d4 ,amid so many dangers and difficulties1 ,queen ,elizabeth1 by wisdom and prudence1 not only managed to defend herself1 but became one of the greatest rulers of any age4 ,she devoted her energies to the government of her people1 and1 though courted by many princes1 would never marry1 for fear such a relation would impair her usefulness as a queen4 #e4 ,among her greatest gifts as a ruler was her clear insight into the characters of men4 ,she knew whom to employ as her agents1 and was rarely deceived as to how far she could trust them in a season so full of treason and danger4 ,but this great queen1 who humbled the most powerful monarchs1 and in whose presence the sternest men would sometimes tremble1 was1 after all1 a very vain woman4 ,nothing pleased her more1 even in her old age1 than praise of her personal appearance4 #f4 ,one evening she was walking at the head of a procession composed of ladies and gentlemen of her court1 when she encountered a muddy place in her pathway4 ,the stately queen paused a moment1 seeming in doubt as to whether she should step in the mud or pass around4 ,a handsome young man1 who was standing near by1 snatched a velvet cloak from his shoulders1 and1 throwing it in the mud for ,her ,majesty to step upon1 she passed over with dry feet4 #g4 ,queen ,elizabeth was charmed with the ready gallantry of the youth4 ,she made inquiries concerning him1 and found that it was young ,walter ,raleigh1 who had just come to ,london from his home in the country4 ,it was the beginning of his fortunes at court1 and he soon won the queen's confidence and respect4 #h4 ,walter ,raleigh had many noble and generous qualities4 ,he was1 by nature1 brave1 ambitious and enterprising1 and soon became a great and learned man4 ,he was a gallant soldier1 a skilful navigator and the statesman who first conceived the plan for extending the ,british ,empire4 ,while serving as a soldier in behalf of the ,french ,protestants1 on the continent of ,europe1 he heard and read so much of the wondrous lands across the ,atlantic ,ocean that he resolved that ,england should share in the glory and profit of future discoveries4 #aegh-hc4 #i4 ,when ,raleigh went back to ,england he communicated his desires and feelings to his half-brother1 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert1 who had made reputation as a commander of ships4 ,in the year #aegh1 the queen granted leave to these two men to sail in search of lands yet undiscovered by civilized nations4 ,in #aehc they sent out a large vessel called the ,raleigh1 ,it is said that the vessel was commanded by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh in person1 and this was the only attempt ever made by him to visit the shores of ,north ,america4 which was compelled to return in a few days1 on account of disease among the crew4 #aj4 ,english sailors1 at that time1 were easily discouraged in efforts to navigate the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,they had never crossed it1 and were full of superstition concerning that unknown and mysterious sea4 #aa4 ,again1 in #aehc1 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert1 with three ships1 ventured out upon the waste of waters that lay to the west of their island homes4 ,he discovered the island of ,newfoundland1 and thence sailed southward4 ,off the coast of ,maine he was overtaken by a storm which sunk one of his ships4 ,this disaster induced him to turn his prows for the voyage homeward2 but the storm continued1 and the darkness and horrors of the sea grew tenfold worse when they found themselves amid drifting icebergs4 ,brave ,sir ,humphrey1 from the deck of his ship1 the ,squirrel1 to the last cheered the men of her consort1 crying out1 ,cheer up1 my lads6 ,we are as near heaven at sea as on land4 #ab4 ,when the terrible night had passed1 it was found that ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert and his crew had perished1 and only the ,hind was left to carry back the disheartening tidings to ,raleigh and the ,english queen4 ,the vessel which carried ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert and his crew was of only ten tons burden1 and very poorly able to stand the gales along the ,american coast4 ,the ,delight1 another one of the fleet1 had gone down a few days before the loss of the ,squirrel4 ,,note--,in the year #aebj a ,spanish vessel1 commanded by ,vasques de ,ayllon1 was driven by a violent storm upon the coast of ,carolina4 ,the commander was kindly treated by the natives1 and1 in return1 he enticed a number of them on board his ship and tried to carry them to ,hispaniola4 ,but the ,indians preferred death to captivity2 they all refused to partake of any food1 and thus died of voluntary starvation4 ,the scene of this occurrence is within the present borders of ,south ,carolina4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of the sixteenth century of the world's history8 #b4 ,what was the condition of the new world8 ,what people laid claim to the ,american continent1 and why8 #c4 ,who was ,queen of ,england1 and what was the condition of her kingdom8 ,what was ,queen ,elizabeth's trouble with the ,pope of ,rome8 #d4 ,what is said of ,queen ,elizabeth as a ruler8 #e4 ,what other traits of character did she possess8 #f4 ,what interesting circumstance is relayed of the queen8 #g4 ,who was the young man1 and what did the queen think of him8 #h4 ,what was the character of ,walter ,raleigh8 #i4 ,to whom did he communicate his plans8 ,what did the queen grant to these two men8 ,when was the first expedition started1 and with what result8 #aj4 ,how did sailors of that period regard the ,atlantic ,ocean8 #aa4 ,what occurred in #aehc8 ,what island was discovered8 ,what disaster befell the expedition8 #ab4 ,what did daylight reveal8 ,give the names of the three ships4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,north ,,carolina4 ,a4 ,d4 #aehd ,,to #aehe4 #aehd4 ,when the little ship ,hind reached ,england1 and it was known how ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert and so many of his men had gone down into the depths of that mysterious ocean which was so much dreaded1 there was great grief2 and1 possibly many bitter speeches were made by the people who stayed at home and predicted disaster to the daring enterprise4 ,raleigh was sorely afflicted at the loss of his brother and men1 and had he been weak or selfish this disaster would have unmanned him1 and he would have ventured on no more such projects4 #b4 ,he had lost many thousands of dollars in the foundered ships2 and many a gallant friend that had trusted him and cheered him in his mighty schemes had perished4 ,but the hearts of heroes are not cast in common moulds4 ,instead of abandoning his enterprise1 he obtained1 on ,march #be1 #aehd1 letters-patent from the queen favoring another expedition1 and he at once began to fit out another fleet4 ,this consisted of two vessels1 and they were put under the command of ,philip ,amadas and ,arthur ,barlowe4 ,,note--,the queen's ,letters-,patent to ,raleigh gave him ,free liberty to discover such remote heathen and barbarous lands not actually possessed by any ,christian prince1 nor inhabited by ,christian people4 #c4 ,the fleet sailed from ,england on the #bgth day of ,april1 #aehd1 and1 avoiding the dangers of drift-ice in the northern waters1 steered for the ,canary ,islands and the ,west ,indies4 ,they had the good fortune to escape the ,spanish cruisers1 which were so dangerous to ,english vessels sailing at that day upon this course4 ,on the #adth day of ,july they first saw the coast of ,north ,carolina1 probably at a point just below ,old ,topsail ,inlet4 ,they continued northward along the low1 barren barriers of sand which divide the waters of the ocean from those of ,pamlica and ,croatan ,sounds1 and1 two days later1 came to anchor off an island called ,wocoken1 in what was an inlet at that day4 #d4 ,they called this place ,trinity ,harbor4 ,across the desolate sand ridges were fair landlocked waters1 and great forests that sent far out to sea the odors of countless flowers4 ,the weary toilers who had sailed so far1 with nothing to look upon but the sky and the great stretches of the sea1 were charmed with the richness of the vegetation1 the balmy air1 and the ceaseless songs of the mockingbirds4 #e4 ,for two whole days it seemed that the country was uninhabited1 for no one had been seen by the ,englishmen4 ,at the expiration of that period they saw a canoe approaching from the north1 in which were three ,indians4 ,one of them landed and came down the beach toward the ships4 ,by signs he was invited aboard the vessels1 and went with the white men to survey some of the wonders of civilization found in various parts of the vessel4 #f4 ,it must have been a notable day in this ,indian's life1 when1 for the first time1 he1 who had seen nothing of the kind larger than his canoe1 beheld the tall poops1 the towering masts and the great sails of vessels that had come from such distant lands beyond the seas4 ,nothing so astonished the ,indians of that day as the roar of artillery4 ,it was something entirely beyond their comprehension1 and filled them with terror4 ,they had no guns or knowledge of their use4 ,so1 when a cannon was fired1 they were ready to believe that men who could do such things were possessed of supernatural powers4 #g4 ,the officers of the vessel gave to the ,indian a hat1 shirt and several other articles1 besides treating him to wine and meat1 which he seemed to greatly relish4 ,as a return for their kindness1 the ,indian took his canoe and showed the white men how to catch fish4 ,in a half hour he had nearly filled his boat with those delicious fish which have always so remarkably abounded in all the waters of that portion of ,north ,carolina4 ,by signs he made known his wish that they should be divided between the men of the two ships1 and then he took his departure4 #h4 ,the next day many ,indians1 with much ceremony1 visited the ships4 ,among them was ,granganimeo1 a brother of the chief who ruled in that portion of the country4 ,he was an honest and kindly ,indian1 faithful to his promises1 and affording a strong contrast to ,wingina1 the ,indian king1 who was full of suspicion and duplicity4 ,the ,indians were clothed in mantles and aprons of deerskins4 ,they were gentle1 unsuspicious and hospitable4 ,a few days later ,amadas1 with eight of his men in a boat1 visited the home of ,granganimeo1 about twenty miles distant1 on the shore of ,roanoke ,island4 ,the chief was not at home1 but his wife gave them a cordial and hospitable reception4 ,she prepared a feast for them of fruits1 melons1 fish and venison1 and showed them every kindness4 #i4 ,amadas and ,barlowe proceeded1 in the presence of many ,indians1 to lay claim to the country for their queen4 ,this whole pageant was probably a dumb show to the astonished and ignorant natives4 ,they neither knew nor cared what the white men were celebrating with beating drums1 flaunting banners and salvos of artillery4 #aj4 ,this expedition had not been sent with any purpose of settlement2 so1 in a few weeks after the ceremony of taking possession1 the fleet weighed anchor and sailed back to ,england4 ,they carried with them a large cargo of skins and valuable woods1 which they had obtained in trading with the ,indians4 ,for a bright tin dish the ,indians gave twenty skins1 worth about thirty- five dollars1 and fifty valuable skins were given for an old copper kettle4 ,amadas and ,barlowe also carried to ,england the first knowledge of the potato and tobacco4 #aa4 ,with their own consent1 two ,indians1 named ,manteo and ,wanchese1 were taken aboard and carried to ,england1 that they might see something of the world across the sea4 ,they afforded a singular test of human nature4 ,they were of equal abilities1 and yet1 by the visit to ,england1 ,manteo became the friend1 ,wanchese the implacable enemy of the white men4 ,,note--,the ,indians were greatly amazed at the sight of gunpowder1 the cause of all the noise in the artillery4 ,on one of their expeditions they captured a quantity of powder from the colonists1 and1 to increase the supply1 they made rows in the ground and carefully planted the black grains of powder1 expecting to reap a full harvest of it in season4 #ab4 ,queen ,elizabeth was greatly pleased by the glowing descriptions of the new country as given by the returned mariners1 especially by the accounts of the abundance of fruits1 vines hanging with luscious grapes1 great forests1 rich shrubbery and bright flowers1 and she gave the country the name of ,virginia1 in honor of herself1 the ,virgin ,queen4 #ac4 ,walter ,raleigh was1 soon after1 elected a member of ,parliament in the ,house of ,commons1 of which body be became a leader4 ,the queen1 in recognition of his services1 confirmed his patent for prosecuting discoveries in foreign lands1 and1 in conferring upon him the honor of knighthood1 made him ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how did the people of ,england receive the news of ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert's death8 ,how did it affect ,raleigh8 #b4 ,what did the expeditions cost him8 ,whom did he next send out to the new world8 #c4 ,when did this fleet leave ,england8 ,describe their course and trace it on the map4 ,when did they reach the coast of ,north ,carolina8 ,where did they land8 ,can you point out this place on the map8 ,wocoken8 ,croatan8 ,pamlico ,sound8 #d4 ,what did they name this place8 ,what is said of the new land8 #e4 ,what occurred on the second day after their arrival8 #f4 ,how did this visit impress the ,indians8 ,how were the ,indians affected by the roar of the artillery8 #g4 ,what return did the ,indian make for the kindness of the white men8 #h4 ,who next visited the ships8 ,what kind of man was he8 ,how did this ,indian's wife treat the white men8 ,locate ,roanoke ,island on the map4 #i4 ,what formal ceremony did ,amadas and ,barlowe conduct8 #aj4 ,what did the ships carry back to ,europe8 #aa4 ,what two ,indians were taken on a visit to ,england8 ,how was each of them affected by the visit8 #ab4 ,what account did the mariners give of the new country8 ,what did ,queen ,elizabeth think of the description8 ,what name did she give to the new country1 and why8 #ac4 ,of what body did ,raleigh soon become a member8 ,what title was then conferred upon him1 and why8 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,governor ,,lane',s ,,colony4 ,a4 ,d4 #aehe ,,to #aehf4 ,we cannot easily realize1 in our day1 what excitement and enthusiasm were felt in ,england when the two ships returned and exhibited the ,indians1 the potatoes1 the tobacco and other new and strange productions that had been gathered by ,amadas and ,barlowe1 to prove the value and fertility of the newly discovered land4 ,it is strange1 but true1 that more value was set upon the discovery of the sassafras tree than upon anything else1 and wonderful things were expected of its virtues as a tea1 a medicine and for the manufacture of perfume4 ,,note--,sir ,walter ,raleigh planted some of the potatoes upon his own estate1 and found them very palatable4 ,other people afterwards obtained seed from him1 and now the potato forms a principal part of the food of ,ireland4 ,raleigh was also the first ,englishman who ever used tobacco4 ,an amusing incident is related of his using it4 ,his servant entered the room one day1 bringing a mug of ale1 while ,raleigh was enjoying his pipe and tobacco1 and the smoke was issuing from his mouth and filling the room4 ,the servant1 thinking1 that his master was on fire1 immediately dashed the ale in his face and ran out1 crying for help1 for his master would be burnt to ashes4 #b4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh hastened to send over a colony of men to take possession of ,roanoke4 ,ralph ,lane1 a gentleman of courage and experience1 was appointed ,governor4 ,the seven ships1 conveying one hundred and eight emigrants and the two ,indians who had visited ,england1 sailed on the #ith of ,april2 they were commanded by ,sir ,richard ,grenville1 who was a cousin of ,raleigh1 and famous as a seaman4 #c4 ,this fleet also came over by the southern route1 and was in considerable danger off ,cape ,fear during a great storm1 but the ships all safely rode out the gale1 and1 on the #bfth of ,july1 #aehe1 they dropped their anchors in ,trinity ,harbor1 off the coast where the fleet had lain during the visit of the previous year4 ,news of the arrival was at once sent to ,wingina1 at ,roanoke ,island4 #d4 ,governor ,lane had one hundred and eight men to remain with him1 among whom was ,thomas ,hariot1 the celebrated mathematician and historian4 ,with these colonists he landed upon ,roanoke ,island1 and began to build and fortify a town upon the northern part of the island1 which he named the ,city of ,raleigh4 ,the island is twelve miles long and about four broad1 and is to this day fertile and pleasant as a place of residence4 ,it then abounded in game1 and countless and choice varieties of fish were to be caught in the sounds and sea at all seasons of the year4 #e4 ,admiral ,grenville was active during his stay at ,roanoke in visiting many ,indian towns and in exploring the many broad waters that are found connected with one another in that portion of ,north ,carolina4 ,on one of his expeditions he lost a silver cup1 which was stolen from him during his stay at an ,indian town4 ,the passionate seaman1 in a rage1 demanded its return by the ,indians1 whom he charged with stealing it4 ,they did not comply1 and he1 with great imprudence and injustice1 burned the whole village and destroyed all the corn4 #f4 ,this was the first taste afforded the ,indians of how harshly they might expect to be treated1 and1 though no war followed immediately1 they neither forgot nor forgave ,grenville's punishment1 and many unexpected injuries were inflicted upon the poor settlers by the ,indians on account of this rash and cruel act4 #g4 ,governor ,lane1 after the admiral's departure1 continued his explorations1 in order to learn the geography and nature of the country4 ,he ascended the ,chowan ,river to near the mouth of the ,nottoway and penetrated the interior as far as the ,indian village of ,chowanoke4 ,instead of clearing fields and making provisions for his people2 he was laboriously searching for gold mines and jewels4 ,he was told by the chief of the ,chowanoke ,indians1 whom he held as prisoner for two days1 that such things abounded along the upper reaches of ,roanoke ,river 7then called the ,moratock71 and that the headwaters of that stream extended to within an arrow's flight of a great ocean to the west1 and along the banks of the river lived a very great and wealthy race of people1 whose walled cities glittered with pearls and gold4 #h4 ,fired in imagination by this false and wicked ,indian story1 preparations were made for a journey in boats1 longer than had yet been attempted4 ,they found the swift current of the ,roanoke difficult to ascend1 and their small store of provisions was exhausted by the time they had reached where the town of ,williamston now stands4 ,they could procure none from the ,tuscaroras1 who dwelt upon the banks1 and1 while in this dilemma1 the savages made a night attack upon their camp1 and with great difficulty the adventurers succeeded in escaping destruction4 #i4 ,thus perished ,governor ,lane's dreams of gold4 ,he hurried back to ,roanoke and soon found the hostility of the ,tuscaroras extending to the tribe under ,wingina4 ,granganimeo was dead1 and ,manteo was the only ,indian of any influence who manifested friendship for the colonists4 ,they had previously brought an abundance of fish1 game and fruits2 but these supplies now ceased1 and ,governor ,lane realized that he was surrounded by a people who had become his enemies4 #aehf4 #aj4 ,by some means he discovered that ,wingina was concerting with the ,tuscaroras for an attack upon ,roanoke ,island4 ,concealing this knowledge1 he invited the unsuspecting plotter to come1 with certain of his people1 to a feast at the ,city of ,raleigh4 ,they accepted the invitation1 and ,wingina1 with eight of his headmen1 was put to death4 ,this occurred on the first of ,june1 #aehf4 #aa4 ,this was a stern and bloody punishment of their foes1 but it gave the white men deliverance from attack until ,sir ,francis ,drake came1 with a large fleet1 and anchored in ,trinity ,harbor1 finding the colony almost in a perishing condition4 #ab4 ,ralph ,lane was not a hero1 but ,francis ,drake was4 ,if the ,governor lacked resolution1 no man ever supposed the great admiral deficient in this respect4 ,after a long consultation1 ,drake approved the resolution of the colonists to abandon the settlement1 and1 on the #aith of ,june1 #aehf1 taking them aboard his ships1 he steered for ,england1 leaving the ,city of ,raleigh untenanted4 ,thus failed the first attempt at forming a permanent settlement upon this great territory forming the present limits of the ,united ,states4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what occurred in ,england on the return of the ships8 ,mention some things exhibited by the mariners4 #b4 ,what did ,sir ,walter ,raleigh next do8 ,who was appointed ,governor8 ,who commanded the expedition8 #c4 ,what was the route of the fleet8 ,when and where did they land8 #d4 ,how many men were landed upon ,roanoke ,island8 ,what did they name their city8 ,describe ,roanoke ,island4 #e4 ,mention some of ,grenville's exploits during his stay4 #f4 ,what did the ,indians think of this treatment8 ,how did the settlers suffer in consequence8 #g4 ,how did ,governor ,lane occupy himself8 ,what wonderful story was told ,lane by the ,indians8 #h4 ,how did ,lane regard this story8 ,give an account of his expedition up the ,roanoke ,river4 ,point out ,williamston4 #i4 ,what did ,governor ,lane find to be the condition of affairs upon his return to the settlement8 #aj4 ,what plot was discovered8 ,how did ,governor ,lane prevent it8 #aa4 ,what was the effect of this treatment8 ,what help arrived from ,england8 #ab4 ,what did the colonists resolve to do8 ,what is said of this attempt to found a colony8 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,governor ,,white',s ,,colony4 ,a4 ,d4 #aehf ,,to #aeij4 ,it must have been a sore trial to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh when he learned that his colonists had returned to ,england4 ,he had sent over a ship with abundant supplies1 which reached ,roanoke only a few days after ,sir ,francis ,drake sailed away with his fleet4 ,finding no white people upon the island1 the ships returned to ,england4 ,sir ,richard ,grenville also touched at the same point1 with three other ships1 about fifteen days later4 ,the folly1 avarice and timidity of agents such as ,ralph ,lane have1 in all ages1 crippled the noblest efforts for human advancement4 #b4 ,sir ,richard ,grenville left fifteen men in the fort built at ,roanoke by ,lane1 lest the ,english claim to the country should be lost through want of its being occupied4 ,they soon fell victims to ,indian vengeance after ,grenville had hoisted his sails and gone in search of ,spanish treasure ships4 #aehg4 #c4 ,once again1 in #aehg1 ,raleigh collected a fleet of transports1 and1 with ,john ,white as ,governor1 sent about one hundred and fifty men1 women and children to ,roanoke for permanent settlement4 ,they brought over farming implements1 wisely determining to give up the useless search for gold1 and to look to husbandry as a means of livelihood in their new home4 ,on arriving at ,roanoke1 on the #bb;d of ,july1 ,governor ,white1 with forty of his best men1 went ashore for the purpose of finding the men who had been left there by ,grenville4 ,the fort was destroyed1 the houses were in a dilapidated condition and no trace of the colonists was found except a single skeleton which lay bleaching in the sun in front of one of the cabins1 indicating that some fearful tragedy had been enacted4 #d4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh had ordered ,white to go to ,hampton ,roads1 in the region of ,chesapeake ,bay1 instead of ,roanoke1 but this command was disregarded under the plea that1 their pilot1 a ,spaniard1 would not show the way4 ,but as ,governor ,lane had sent a party there the year before1 the location must have been known to others of the expedition besides ,fernando1 the pilot4 ,it was like everything else done by ,john ,white while connected with the effort of colonization--very foolish and culpable4 #e4 ,manteo was still the warm friend of the ,english1 and1 with his mother1 welcomed them4 to his home on ,croatan4 ,he was1 on the #acth of ,august1 as a reward for his faithful services1 baptized by order of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 and created a nobleman1 with the title of ,lord of ,roanoke1 which was the first title of nobility ever conferred by the ,english in ,america4 #f4 ,governor ,white had1 among the colonists1 a daughter named ,eleanor1 wife of ,ananias ,dare1 one of his assistants4 ,on ,august #ahth1 a few days after their arrival1 she gave birth to a little girl1 who1 in honor of the land of her birth1 was named ,virginia ,dare4 ,this is about all we know of the little girl who will ever be famous as the first of all the children born to ,english speaking people within the borders of the ,united ,states4 ,one of the counties of this ,state bears the name of ,dare in honor of this little girl1 and includes in its area the scene of her birth4 #g4 ,governor ,white had been at ,roanoke only a few weeks1 when he became convinced that he should at once return to ,england in the interest of the people he had been sent over here to govern4 ,he said they would need provisions and additions to their numbers1 and a larger supply of implements of civilized life2 therefore1 after a stay of but thirty-six days with the colony1 he set sail for ,england4 #h4 ,he should have manifested even more haste to return to ,america1 as members of his own family were included among the settlers who were at ,roanoke looking to him for guidance and safety amid so many dangers4 ,but when he reached ,england1 and ,raleigh had furnished him with two ships and men and stores for his speedy return1 ,john ,white found excuse for long stay before revisiting the stormy neighborhood of ,cape ,hatteras4 #i4 ,when he was ready to sail for ,america a great ,spanish fleet1 called the ,invincible ,armada1 was drawing near the ,english coast1 with the avowed purpose of dethroning the queen and subjugating the people4 ,john ,white preferred to take the chances of plunder in the coming engagement to fulfilling his duty to the poor people at ,roanoke who were waiting so anxiously for his return4 #aj4 ,british heroism1 aided by a severe storm1 drove off and destroyed the great ,spanish fleet1 and ,governor ,white1 with his two ships which ,raleigh had with great difficulty fitted out for him with stores for the colony1 joined in pursuit of the fugitives4 ,he gained neither gold nor glory1 and his ships were so battered that they had to be carried into port and repaired before they were fit to venture on a voyage across the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh expressed very great displeasure at the conduct of ,governor ,white4 #aeij4 #aa4 ,three years had elapsed before ,governor ,white came back to ,roanoke4 ,he found the ,city of ,raleigh as desolate as upon his first arrival4 ,there was no trace of the colonists left except the word ,,croatan1 carved upon a tree4 ,it had been agreed that if the colonists should find it necessary to remove before his return1 they would thus designate the place to which they had gone4 ,governor ,white1 in his search1 found three of his chests which had been buried by the colonists and afterwards dug up and partly broken open4 ,they contained books1 maps and pictures1 all of which were badly torn and spoiled4 #ab4 ,croatan was a peninsula about fifty miles from ,roanoke ,island1 and ,governor ,white had good reason to believe that the people whom he left had gone there2 but he sailed down the coast in sight of the place1 and went back to ,england with no further efforts to discover the nature of their fate4 ,thus1 again1 ,roanoke was left to the savage and the wild beast4 ,it will never be known what became of the colonists4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh for a long time did not despair of finding them1 and sent out five expeditions for this purpose1 but all were unsuccessful4 ,their fate is one of those sealed secrets which will only be known when all our ignorance shall be enlightened and the sea gives up its dead4 ,,note--,there was a tradition among the ,indians that these people1 after great suffering for food1 were adopted by the ,hatteras tribe of ,indians1 and became mingled with them2 and1 it is said that later generations of these ,indians possessed many physical characteristics which indicated a mixture of the ,european and ,indian races2 but this may be1 after all1 fanciful surmises of the early historian4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what ships had been sent over to relieve the colony8 #b4 ,how did ,grenville continue ,english claims to ,roanoke8 ,what was the fate of his settlers8 #c4 ,what was ,raleigh's next attempt at settlement8 ,who was appointed ,governor8 ,how many people composed the colony8 ,how was this colony better prepared for permanent settlement than any of its predecessors8 ,what became of this colony8 #d4 ,where had ,white been ordered to make settlement8 ,point out ,hampton ,roads on the map4 ,why did he land at ,roanoke ,island8 ,what is said of ,manteo8 #f4 ,what is said of little ,virginia ,dare8 ,how is her name still honored in this ,state8 ,point out ,dare county on the map4 #g4 ,what did ,governor ,white do in a few weeks after his arrival at ,roanoke8 #h4 ,what was furnished to him on his arrival in ,england8 ,did he at once go back to relieve the colonists8 #i4 ,why did not ,governor ,white immediately return to his suffering people8 #aj4 ,what became of the ,spanish ,armada8 ,how did ,governor ,white become engaged in this conflict8 #aa4 ,how long was ,governor ,white away from ,roanoke8 ,what did he find on his return8 ,what is supposed to have been the meaning of the word ,croatan8 ,what did ,governor ,white find8 #ab4 ,where is ,croatan8 ,can you locate it on the map8 ,did ,governor ,white go to this place to seek his people8 ,was any settlement on ,roanoke at this time8 ,what effort did ,raleigh make to find these people8 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,fate ,,of ,,raleigh4 ,a4 ,d4 #aeij ,,to #afec4 ,the story of the attempted settlement on ,roanoke ,island is the story of one of the world's tragedies4 ,misfortune seemed to be the doom1 not only of the colonists1 but of many gallant men who sought to aid ,sir ,walter ,raleigh in his enterprise4 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilbert1 with two of his ships1 was the first to perish at sea2 ,sir ,francis ,drake and his compeer1 ,sir ,john ,hawkins1 both died of pestilence in the ,west ,indies2 and1 to the baffled and broken- hearted originator of the scheme1 the coming years were black with disaster and death4 #b4 ,with the loss of ,governor ,white's colony1 ,raleigh found that his expenditures had greatly impaired his wealth4 ,he had lost more than two hundred thousand dollars 7#dj1jjj sterling71 and1 no longer able to fit out costly and fruitless expeditions1 was forced to solicit aid from others1 joining them in the rights and privileges granted him by the queen in his charter4 ,,note--,it must also be remembered that money in the sixteenth century was worth at least five times more than at present4 ,forty thousand pounds expended by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh would1 at that time1 purchase about what one million dollars would now command in ,england or the ,united ,states4 #afjc4 #c4 ,but ,raleigh found his greatest disaster in the death of ,elizabeth4 ,after ruling ,england so wisely and well for more than fifty years1 she died on ,march #bdth1 #afjc4 ,this great queen left her throne to one of the most paltry and contemptible of men4 #d4 ,king ,james ,i1 was an ungainly ,scotch pedant1 who was incapable of appreciating heroism and manliness in others1 because of his own deficiency in all such qualities4 ,he lavished favors and titles on unworthy favorites1 and incurred the contempt of wise men for his follies and vices4 #afah4 #e4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh had long treated the ,spaniards as the enemies of his country4 ,the ,king of ,spain hated him on that account1 and ,king ,james1 to please ,his ,catholic ,majesty and secure the marriage of ,prince ,charles to a ,spanish princess1 caused the great lawyer1 ,sir ,edward ,coke1 to procure the wrongful conviction of ,raleigh1 his greatest subject4 ,after lying in prison for twelve years under this conviction1 ,raleigh was released by ,king ,james1 and although not pardoned1 was put in command of an expedition to the coast of ,guiana4 ,the expedition was unsuccessful1 and on his return1 to satisfy the ,king of ,spain1 ,james signed the warrant for ,raleigh's execution upon his former sentence4 ,accordingly1 ,raleigh was beheaded1 at the age of sixty-five1 as a traitor to the land for whose good he had accomplished more than any one else in all its limits4 ,,note--,sir ,walter ,raleigh occupied the twelve years of his imprisonment in writing a history of the world4 ,this work gave great offence to ,king ,james1 who endeavored to suppress its circulation4 ,when ,raleigh was carried to execution1 while on the scaffold1 he asked to see the axe4 ,he closely examined its bright1 keen edge1 and said1 with a smile3 ,this is a sharp medicine1 but a sound cure for all diseases4 ,he then laid his head composedly on the block1 moved his lips as if in prayer1 and gave the signal for the blow4 #f4 ,thus suffered and died the man who first sent ships and men to the soil of ,north ,carolina4 ,that he failed in what he desired to accomplish should not detract from the gratitude and reverence due to his memory4 ,if incompetent and unworthy agents1 and the accidents of fortune1 thwarted him in his designs1 the fault is not his4 ,he was the greatest and most illustrious man connected with our annals as a ,state1 and should ever receive the applause and remembrance of our people4 #g4 ,after the death of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh no more efforts were made to plant a colony at ,roanoke4 ,the spot was never favorable for such a purpose4 ,no coast in the world is much more dangerous to ships than that of ,north ,carolina4 ,cape ,hatteras is even now the dread of all mariners4 ,it is visited by many storms1 and sends its deadly sandbars for fifteen miles out into the ocean to surprise and wreck the ill-fated vessel that has approached too near the coast4 #h4 ,governor ,lane1 while at ,roanoke1 discovered the broad1 deep inlet and safe anchorage at ,hampton ,roads1 within the present limits of ,virginia4 ,this port lies1 but little to the north of that inlet which ,amadas and ,barlowe entered on the first ,english visit to ,carolina4 ,into ,hampton ,roads1 in #afjg1 went another colony1 sent over by men who had succeeded the unfortunate ,raleigh in the royal permission to plant settlements in ,america4 ,to the genius and bravery of the leader1 ,captain ,john ,smith1 was due the permanence of the settlement at ,jamestown4 ,the name of ,virginia1 which had been applied to all the territory claimed by ,england under the discoveries of ,gilbert and ,raleigh1 was then confined to the colony on ,james ,river4 #i4 ,in the course of a few years many places on the ,atlantic coast were occupied by expeditions sent out from ,england and other countries of ,europe4 ,those of ,england1 at ,plymouth1 of the ,dutch1 at ,new ,amsterdam1 and of the ,swedes1 in ,new ,jersey1 were speedily seen1 while yet roamed the ,tuscarora in undisturbed possession of ,north ,carolina4 #aj4 ,as ,virginia grew more populous there were hardships and troubles concerning religion4 ,men and women were persecuted on account of their religious practices4 ,if people did not conform to the ,english or ,episcopal ,church they were punished by fine and imprisonment4 ,sometimes cruel whipping became the portion of men who were found preaching ,quaker and ,baptist doctrines4 #aa4 ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 who was ,governor of ,virginia1 had no authority over men who dwelt in the region south of a line a few miles below where the ships approached the inland waters of ,virginia4 ,when this became known many people around the ,nansemond ,river and adjacent localities went southward1 towards the ,albemarle ,sound1 seeking homes where the tyrant of ,virginia had no jurisdiction4 #afec4 #ab4 ,for this cause ,roger ,green1 a clergyman1 in #afec1 led a considerable colony to the banks of the ,chowan and ,roanoke ,rivers2 but even before this1 there were probably scattered settlements over most all the region north of the ,albemarle ,sound1 of which we have no reliable account4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of the attempted settlement upon ,roanoke ,island8 #b4 ,what had the expedition cost ,raleigh8 #c4 ,what was ,raleigh's greatest loss8 #d4 ,who succeeded ,queen ,elizabeth8 ,what kind of a man was ,king ,james ,i4 8 #e4 ,what new trouble came upon ,raleigh8 ,describe his conviction and death4 #f4 ,how should the people of ,north ,carolina ever think of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh8 #g4 ,were any further efforts made to plant a colony at ,roanoke8 ,what is said of the place8 #h4 ,what safe anchorage had ,governor ,lane discovered8 ,what colony entered ,hampton ,roads in #afjg8 ,what town was settled in ,virginia1 and by whom8 ,to what locality was the name ,virginia then confined8 #i4 ,mention some settlements made on the ,atlantic coast about this time4 #aj4 ,what persecutions were common in ,virginia8 #aa4 ,over what section of country did ,governor ,berkeley have no authority8 ,when this became known to the people what did many of them do8 #ab4 ,what settlement was made by ,roger ,green1 and when8 ,were there any settlements in ,north ,carolina before this time8 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,king ,,charles ,,ii4 ,,and ,,the ,,lords ,,proprietors4 ,a4 ,d4 #affc4 ,after the discovery of ,north ,carolina1 in #aehd1 by ,amadas and ,barlowe1 many years had gone by before the period now reached in this narrative4 ,not only had ,james succeeded ,elizabeth1 but ,charles had succeeded ,james and had been beheaded as a traitor to the land he pretended to rule4 ,cromwell had lived1 ruled and died1 and ,charles ,,ii4 was on the throne of his fathers1 and thus again royal bounties became possible and fashionable4 #b4 ,many men in ,england had heard of the goodly land which was being peopled around ,albemarle ,sound1 beyond the jurisdiction of ,governor ,berkeley4 ,he1 too1 with his bitter and envenomed soul1 took part in a scheme which was to give him some authority over the refugees who had imagined themselves beyond the reach of his cruel rule4 #affc #c4 ,in the year #affc1 ,his ,majesty ,charles ,,ii41 ,king of ,england1 ,scotland and ,ireland1 granted to ,george1 ,duke of ,albemarle2 ,edward1 ,earl of ,clarendon2 ,william1 ,earl of ,craven2 ,john1 ,lord ,berkeley2 ,anthony1 ,lord ,ashley2 ,sir ,george ,carteret1 ,sir ,john ,colleton1 and ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 as ,lords ,proprietors1 all the territory south of the lands not already granted to the province of ,virginia1 down to the ,spanish line of ,florida4 #d4 ,there were some remarkable men among these titular owners of the land we now inhabit4 ,the ,duke of ,albemarle had been ,general ,george ,monk before the restoration of ,king ,charles1 and was made a nobleman on account of his part in that transaction4 ,he was not possessed of very great ability1 and only became famous by the accidents of fortune4 #e4 ,very different was the astute lawyer1 ,edward ,hyde1 who1 for his abilities1 was made the ,earl of ,clarendon and ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,england4 ,he was a selfish and crafty man1 and lost his offices in his old age1 but had two granddaughters who became queens of ,great ,britain4 #f4 ,lord ,ashley1 afterward the ,earl of ,shaftesbury1 will ever be remembered for the part he bore in establishing the writ of habeas corpus as a part of the ,british ,constitution4 ,he was a bold1 able and profligate man1 who marred great abilities by greater vices4 ,he combined within himself all that is dangerous and detestable in a demagogue4 #g4 ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 then ,governor of the province of ,virginia1 was another of these ,lords ,proprietors4 ,he was the embodiment of the cruelty and religious prejudice of that age4 ,he whipped and imprisoned people who worshipped ,god in a way not pleasing to himself1 and was immortalized by the remark of ,king ,charles ,,ii41 who said of him3 ,that old fool has taken more lives without offence in that naked country than ,i1 in all ,england1 for the murder of my father4 #h4 ,to these men1 as ,lords ,proprietors1 a great territory was granted1 which they called ,carolina1 in compliment to ,king ,charles ,,ii4 ,many years before this time the name of ,carolina had been applied to the territory between ,virginia and ,florida1 in honor of ,king ,charles ,,ix4 of ,france4 ,all of them except ,governor ,berkeley lived in ,england1 but they ruled the new country and sold the lands at the highest rate of money they could get1 with a tax of seventy-five cents on each hundred acres to be paid every year4 #i4 ,many fine promises were made to the ,english and other people to induce them to go to ,carolina and settle4 ,freedom to worship ,god in the way that seemed best to each individual was especially held out to poor sufferers like ,john ,bunyan1 who1 in those days1 were too often kept for long years in loathsome prisons because of their differing with the civil magistrates as to certain matters of faith and practice in the churches4 ,,note--,governor ,berkeley exhibited some traits of his character by saying1 while ,governor of ,virginia3 ,i thank ,god there are no free schools nor printing here1 and ,i hope we shall have none of them these hundred years4 #aj4 ,religious persecutions were practiced in most of the ,american colonies4 ,it had been decreed in some of the ,new ,england colonies that ,quakers1 upon coming into the province1 should have their tongues bored with a hot iron and be banished4 ,any person bringing a ,quaker into the province was fined one hundred pounds sterling 7about five hundred dollars71 and the ,quaker was given twenty lashes and imprisoned at hard labor4 ,in ,virginia the persecutions were equally as bad1 if not worse1 and some of the punishments were almost as severe as ,indian tortures4 ,the ,assembly of this colony 7,virginia7 levied upon all ,quakers a monthly tax of one hundred dollars4 #aa4 ,to escape persecution1 many men who were ,quakers and ,baptists had already gone to the region around the ,albemarle ,sound2 and others followed from various inducements4 ,their settlements were known as the ,albemarle ,colony4 ,the whole country was still roamed over by ,indians1 and even in ,albemarle the rude farmhouses were widely scattered4 #ab4 ,there was not even a village in the new province4 ,no churches1 courthouses or public schools were to be seen2 but the men and women of that day loved liberty4 ,they preferred to undergo danger from the ,indians and the privations of lonely homes in the forest to the persecution which they found in ,england and in many portions of ,america4 #ac4 ,it can hardly be realized amid the present luxuries and enjoyments of the ,american people1 what dangers and privations were encountered by the white settlers in ,north ,carolina two hundred years ago2 for while now thronging cities1 teeming fields and busy highways of a people numbering many millions cover the land1 then cruel and crafty ,indians1 always hostile at heart to the tread of the white man1 surrounded the defenceless homes of the scattered colonists and filled the great forest stretching three thousand miles toward the setting sun4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what period have we now reached in our history8 ,what changes had taken place in the ,english government8 #b4 ,in what new scheme do we find ,governor ,berkeley taking part8 #c4 ,what new grant of this territory was made in #affc8 ,what was the new government called8 #d4 ,what kind of a man was ,george1 ,duke of ,albemarle8 #e4 ,who was ,edward1 ,earl of ,clarendon8 #f4 ,who was ,lord ,ashley8 ,what was his character8 #g4 ,what was ,governor ,berkeley's character8 ,what was said of him by ,king ,charles ,,ii4 8 #h4 ,what name was given to the territory now granted8 ,in whose honor was ,carolina named8 ,where did the ,lords ,proprietors live8 ,what tax was to be paid to them8 #i4 ,what inducements were offered to the ,english to go to ,carolina and settle8 ,why was religious freedom an inducement for them to leave their comfortable homes and settle in a savage country8 #aj4 ,what religious persecutions were seen in most of the ,american colonies8 #aa4 ,what two religious sects had emigrated to this section8 ,what did they call their colony8 #ab4 ,what was the condition of the colony8 ,what sacrifices had the colonists made1 and why8 #ac4 ,how did the condition of the colonists differ from ours8 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,governor ,,drummond ,,and ,,sir ,,john ,,yeamans4 ,a4 ,d4 #affc ,,to #affg4 #a4 ,king ,charles ,,ii41 who thus bestowed this vast dominion upon a few of his friends1 was in marked contrast1 as a sovereign1 to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,he was a gay1 dissolute1 shameless libertine1 who despised all that is valuable in human duties1 and spent his life in the paltriest amusements4 ,he could be polite and entertaining in conversation1 but abundantly justified ,lord ,rochester's remark that he never did a wise thing or said a foolish one4 #b4 ,under instructions from the other ,lords ,proprietors1 ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 in #affc1 appointed ,william ,drummond the first ,governor of ,albemarle4 ,he was a ,scotch settler in ,virginia1 and was a man who deserved the respect and confidence of the people whom he governed4 ,he was plain and prudent in his style of life1 and seems to have given satisfaction to the people who had been previously uncontrolled by law or magistrate4 #c4 ,after a stay of three years1 ,governor ,drummond returned to ,virginia4 ,a great trouble arose in ,virginia at this period1 known as ,bacon's ,rebellion4 ,a brave young man1 ,nathaniel ,bacon1 was at the head of a force resisting the presumption and illegal authority of ,governor ,berkeley4 ,william ,drummond1 seeing the justness of the resistance1 warmly supported ,bacon's cause4 ,mrs4 ,sarah ,drummond1 wife of the ,governor1 nobly sustained her husband4 ,bacon died before the close of the ,rebellion1 and a large number of the leaders were put to death4 ,governor ,drummond was1 by order of ,berkeley1 hanged within two hours after his capture4 ,the entire property of ,mrs4 ,drummond was confiscated and herself and five children were turned out to starve4 #d4 ,this tragic culmination of ,berkeley's ruthless cruelties was the occasion of the bitter censure by the king1 already recorded4 ,after the death of ,berkeley1 ,mrs4 ,drummond brought suit against his wife1 ,lady ,frances ,berkeley1 for recovery of her property1 and a verdict in her favor was given by a ,virginia jury4 ,governor ,drummond is commemorated by the lake in the ,dismal ,swamp which still bears his name4 #e4 ,it was discovered soon after the king's grant to the ,lords ,proprietors1 that a belt of land extending southward from the present ,virginia boundary to a point on a line with the month of ,chowan ,river1 and extending indefinitely west1 was not included in that charter2 so1 in #affe another charter was granted joining this strip of territory to ,north ,carolina4 #f4 ,in #affc there was an expedition formed in the island of ,barbadoes1 which came to the shores of ,carolina and explored to the distance of about one hundred and fifty miles the courses of the northeast branch of the ,cape ,fear ,river4 ,this expedition was under command of an experienced navigator named ,hilton1 who was assisted by ,long and ,fabian1 and returned to ,barbadoes in ,february1 #affd4 #g4 ,among the planters who had fitted out this expedition was ,john ,yeamans4 ,he was a young man of good connections in ,england4 ,his father had been ,sheriff of the ,city of ,bristol during the war of ,king ,charles ,i4 with ,parliament1 and was put to death by the order of ,fairfax on account of his stubborn defence of his city in the king's behalf4 #afff4 #h4 ,yeamans had emigrated to ,barbadoes1 hoping to mend his broken fortunes1 and being pleased with the report of ,captain ,hilton's expedition1 he determined to remove to ,carolina4 ,he went to ,england to negotiate with the ,lords ,proprietors and receive from them a grant of large tracts of land1 and at the same time he was knighted by the king in reward for the loyalty and misfortunes of his family4 ,returning from ,england in the autumn of #affe1 he led a band of colonists from ,barbadoes to the ,cape ,fear1 and purchasing from the ,indians a tract of land thirty-two miles square1 settled at ,old ,town1 in the present county of ,brunswick4 ,the settlement was afterwards known as the ,clarendon ,colony4 ,this village1 which was called ,charlestown1 soon came to number eight hundred inhabitants1 and they occupied their time in clearing the land for cultivation and preparing lumber1 staves1 hoops and shingles for shipment to ,barbadoes4 ,the colony greatly prospered under the excellent and prudent management of ,sir ,john ,yeamans1 but was afterwards deserted1 when ,yeamans was ordered by the ,lords ,proprietors to the government of a colony on ,cooper and ,ashley ,rivers1 ,south ,carolina4 #i4 ,there had been1 as early as #affj1 a ,new ,england settlement for the purpose of raising cattle1 on the ,cape ,fear2 but this colony incurred the resentment of the ,indians1 it is said1 by kidnapping their children under the pretence of sending them to ,boston to be educated2 and the colonists were all gone when the men from ,barbadoes visited the ,cape ,fear4 ,whether the ,new ,englanders were driven from the settlement by the ,indians1 or left because their enterprise was unprofitable1 is not known with certainty4 ,these men left attached to a post a writing discouraging all such as should hereafter come into these parts to settle4 #affg4 #aj4 ,during ,governor ,drummond's stay in ,albemarle there was entire satisfaction manifested by the people with his rule1 and also with that of the ,lords ,proprietors4 ,he exerted himself to arrange matters so as not to disturb the titles acquired in the time previous to the king's grant2 and there was full sympathy between him and the class represented by ,george ,durant4 #aa4 ,this sturdy ,quaker had1 some years before1 bought from the ,yeoppim ,indians the place known as ,durant's ,neck1 on ,perquimans ,river2 and he was a leader in wealth and influence among the settlers4 ,he was prosperous in his affairs1 and largely controlled the views of the people belonging to his religious sect4 #ab4 ,the rivers were full of fish every spring1 and with little trouble large supplies were caught in the nets and weirs4 ,indian corn1 tobacco and lumber were sent in vessels to ,new ,england and the ,west ,indies4 ,in return sugar1 coffee and rum were brought to ,albemarle1 and an active trade grew up1 which was almost wholly conducted by the ,new ,england vessels4 #ac4 ,these vessels all passed through the inlet at ,nag's ,head1 where1 as late as #agbi1 twenty-five feet of water was found upon the bar4 ,this afforded entrance to ships of considerable size4 ,cape ,hatteras was then1 as now1 a place of great peril to ships1 and many were wrecked upon the terrible outlying sand bars2 but this did not deter the brave mariners from the trade which they found was growing each year more profitable4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the character of ,king ,charles ,,ii4 8 ,what was said of him by ,lord ,rochester8 #b4 ,who was appointed the first ,governor of ,albemarle8 ,what kind of man was he8 #c4 ,how long did ,governor ,drummond stay in ,north ,carolina8 ,can you tell something of ,bacon's ,rebellion8 ,what part did ,governor ,drummond take1 and what was the result8 ,what can you tell of ,mrs4 ,sarah ,drummond8 #d4 ,what further is said of ,mrs4 ,drummond8 ,how is ,governor ,drummond's name commemorated in the ,state8 ,point out this lake4 #e4 ,what additional piece of land was given to the ,lords ,proprietors in #affe8 #f4 ,what expedition came to ,carolina in #affc8 #g4 ,what is said of ,sir ,john ,yeamans8 #h4 ,what was the object of ,yeamans' visit8 ,what colony did he form in #affe8 ,where was it located8 ,what is the history of this colony8 #i4 ,what previous settlement had been made in this same vicinity8 ,why was it deserted8 #aj4 ,how had the people of ,albemarle been pleased with the administration4 of ,governor ,drummond8 #aa4 ,who was ,george ,durant8 ,point out ,durant's ,neck on the map4 #ab4 ,give some account of the prosperity of ,albemarle4 ,what vessels conducted the trade8 #ac4 ,through what inlet did vessels enter the sound8 ,describe the neighborhood of ,cape ,hatteras4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,governor ,,stephens ,,and ,,the ,,fundamental ,,constitutions4 ,a4 ,d4 #affg ,,to #afgd4 ,after ,sir ,william ,berkeley had put ,governor ,drummond to death in the manner described1 ,governor ,stephens was sent in #affg to take his place4 ,stephens was a ruler of ordinary abilities1 and probably did his best for the interests of the province1 so far as was consistent with a keen regard for instructions from the ,lords ,proprietors4 #affh4 #b4 ,the government1 in his day1 consisted of the ,governor1 his council of twelve1 and twelve members of the ,house of ,assembly1 elected by the freeholders4 ,every white man having an estate of inheritance1 or for life1 in fifty acres of land1 was a freeholder4 ,perfect religious liberty was allowed1 and there was no check at that day upon the government1 provided it preserved its fealty to the ,king and the ,lords ,proprietors4 #c4 ,a wide margin was left to the ,grand ,assembly of ,albemarle for the display of its power4 ,neither the ,legislature nor the ,governor had any capital city for the transaction of business4 ,the ,governor lived on any farm he pleased1 and the ,general ,assembly met at such place as it deemed most convenient4 #affi4 #d4 ,their earliest known legislation allowed no settlers to be disturbed for the collection of debts contracted before coming to live in ,albemarle4 ,another law exempted all newcomers from taxes for one year2 and prohibited the transfer of any land by a settler during the first two years of his residence4 ,these laws were evidently passed to encourage immigration4 #e4 ,as there were no ,church of ,england preachers then in the colony1 another statute allowed people to get married by simply going before the ,governor1 or any of his council1 and declaring a purpose to become man and wife4 #afgj4 #f4 ,albemarle at that time was divided into the precincts of ,carteret1 ,berkeley and ,shaftesbury4 ,the settlements extended rapidly down the seacoast1 and soon reached as far south as the present town of ,beaufort1 on old ,topsail ,inlet4 #g4 ,governor ,stephens soon reached the conclusion of his administration and the term of his natural life4 ,the closing months of his rule were embittered by the nature of the instructions he received from the ,lords ,proprietors and the ,board of ,trade in ,london4 #h4 ,one of these instructions1 materially changing the simple government previously existing in the province1 was concerning the colonial trade4 ,english merchants saw that ,new ,england vessels were visiting the scattered settlements on the watercourses and establishing a lucrative exchange of manufactured goods for the tobacco1 corn and lumber of ,carolina4 #i4 ,it was determined in ,london to stop this1 and appropriate to ,english factors whatever of profit might be realized4 ,the old ,english ,navigation ,act1 passed under ,cromwell1 to break down the ,dutch trade1 was revived against the ,boston skippers4 ,governor ,stephens accordingly told the colonists they must exchange the products of their farms with none but ,english traders1 but he quickly found that the people were resolute in refusing obedience to any such regulations4 #aj4 ,it was further announced that a new scheme of rule had been prepared in ,england4 ,this was the work of ,lord ,shaftesbury and a distinguished philosopher named ,john ,locke4 ,this1 familiarly known as ,locke's ,grand ,model1 was called by the ,proprietors ,the ,fundamental ,constitutions of ,carolina1 and was a cumbrous and elaborate system1 full of titles and dignities4 ,it involved a large expenditure1 and was as unsuited to the ,carolina wilderness as ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral in ,london was for a meetinghouse for the ,quakers of ,pasquotank6 #aa4 ,the people who were constantly enduring danger and privations in ,albemarle at once resolved that they would have no part in the titles and pageants concocted by these wise men of ,england4 ,they had been promised freedom if they would come to ,america1 both by the king in the ,great ,deed of ,grant and by the ,lords ,proprietors1 and nothing less than the privileges of ,englishmen would satisfy them4 #ab4 ,the ,navigation ,act was intended to destroy their commerce and manufactures1 and the ,fundamental ,constitutions1 if submitted to1 would have put an end to their home rule4 ,they waged a long opposition to these two things1 and a century went by before1 in the blood of the ,revolution1 ,american commerce became free4 ,they were denounced as unruly subjects1 but they were1 in all truth1 wise and resolute patriots4 ,they were protecting not only themselves1 but the generations of the future4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who succeeded ,governor ,drummond as ,governor of ,albemarle8 ,what kind of a man was ,governor ,stephens8 #b4 ,in what did the government consist at that time8 #c4 ,what is said of the ,grand ,assembly8 ,where did the ,general ,assembly usually meet8 #d4 ,mention some of the earliest laws4 #e4 ,what law was enacted concerning marriage8 #f4 ,how was ,albemarle divided8 ,how far had the settlement extended8 #g4 ,what trouble came to ,governor ,stephens8 #h4 ,what kind of trade was carried on between ,carolina and ,new ,england8 #i4 ,what was determined by the ,lords ,proprietors8 ,what old law was revived8 ,how did the people receive the orders from ,governor ,stephens8 #aj4 ,what two celebrated ,englishmen prepared a form of government for ,carolina8 ,what was this system called8 ,state its nature4 #aa4 ,what was resolved by the colonists concerning the ,grand ,model8 #ab4 ,what was the intent of the ,navigation ,act8 ,of the ,fundamental ,constitutions8 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,early ,,governors ,,and ,,their ,,troubles4 ,a4 ,d4 #afgd ,,to #afhj4 #afgd4 ,samuel ,stephens1 upon his death in #afgd1 was succeeded by ,george ,carteret as ,governor of ,albemarle4 ,the oldest member of the council was entitled by law to the place1 but the members of the ,house of ,assembly succeeded in obtaining the position for their speaker4 ,governor ,carteret found many difficulties in the office he had assumed2 and becoming disgusted with the continued opposition of the people to the ,fundamental ,constitutions and the navigation laws of #afgj1 he went over to ,london and resigned his place as ,governor4 #afgf4 #b4 ,when he reached ,england he found ,eastchurch1 who1 as ,speaker1 of the ,house of ,assembly1 had been sent over to remonstrate with the ,proprietors against the innovations they were proposing4 ,his friend ,miller1 who was accused of indulging in rebellious language1 had been carried out of the province for trial at ,williamsburg1 in ,virginia1 and was also in ,london at this time seeking redress for his alleged grievances4 #c4 ,eastchurch was in ,london as the agent for ,albemarle4 ,the people were paying him to procure the assent of the ,proprietors to some remission in the hard measure of the navigation laws2 also for the abrogation of the ,fundamental ,constitutions4 ,he and ,miller betrayed their trusts1 and became the willing tools of ,lord ,shaftesbury and the ,board of ,trade4 #d4 ,as the price of their subservience1 ,eastchurch was appointed ,governor of ,albemarle and ,miller was made ,secretary of ,state4 ,the authorities in ,london were fully resolved that the ,new ,england vessels should be excluded from ,carolina waters and that the ,fundamental ,constitutions should be accepted as the system of government4 #e4 ,this betrayal of a high trust was to bring its own punishment on the heads of both ,eastchurch and ,miller4 ,on their way to ,america they stopped at the ,island of ,nevis1 where the new ,governor of ,albemarle met a ,creole lady4 ,his conduct in ,london had been weak enough1 but complete insanity seemed to have fallen upon him at ,nevis4 ,for two years he was oblivious to all the disorders and distresses of the people committed to his government2 and he surrendered everything else to his lovemaking4 #afgg4 #f4 ,miller went on to ,albemarle1 and in ,july1 #afgg1 assumed control of public affairs4 ,there were then in the colony two thousand taxpayers4 ,besides ,indian corn1 which was the staple production1 eight hundred thousand pounds of tobacco were made that year4 ,the whole colony was enjoying such prosperity as a fertile soil and good climate always give4 #g4 ,the new ,governor conducted matters in an outrageous manner4 ,he imposed taxes upon all goods sent to other colonies1 and in this way soon realized five thousand dollars on the tobacco which was sent to ,virginia and ,boston4 #h4 ,he was particularly emphatic in his orders forbidding trade with ,new ,england vessels4 ,george ,durant1 with a large majority of the people1 was determined to thwart him in this matter4 ,governor ,miller1 on the other hand1 was so determined in enforcing his orders that he in person boarded a ,boston vessel and arrested the skipper4 #afgh4 #i4 ,thereupon ,john ,culpepper1 with his followers1 seized ,miller1 and having put him in prison1 assumed the government himself4 ,he imprisoned all the deputies of the ,lords ,proprietors4 ,the king's revenue1 also1 amounting to fifteen thousand dollars1 was appropriated by him2 ,culpepper1 like ,gillam1 the skipper who had caused the outbreak1 was from ,new ,england4 #afhj4 #aj4 ,at last1 after two years delay upon his journey1 ,eastchurch made his appearance in ,albemarle4 ,he had won his bride1 but lost everything else4 ,culpepper scouted his claims to the government4 ,he went to ,williamsburg1 in ,virginia1 to beg the ,governor of that province to aid him in regaining the place he had lost by his folly2 but so slow and ceremonious was his lordship1 that ,eastchurch died of vexation before anything substantial had been accomplished in his behalf4 #aa4 ,miller escaped from the confinement to which he had been subjected by ,culpepper1 and again went to ,england to utter his complaints4 ,culpepper followed him there1 and though indicted and tried for treason1 was acquitted by aid of ,lord ,shaftesbury4 #ab4 ,thus it was1 in the earliest days of our history as a people1 that the men of ,north ,carolina found means to resist the execution of laws enacted abroad for their oppression1 and commenced a struggle which was to continue for a century4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who succeeded ,samuel ,stephens as ,governor8 ,how did he obtain the place8 ,why did ,governor ,carteret go to ,england8 #b4 ,what two men from ,carolina did he find in ,england and what was their mission8 #c4 ,what duty had the colonists entrusted to ,eastchurch8 ,how did he fulfill the trust8 #d4 ,how were ,eastchurch and ,miller rewarded for their betrayal8 ,what was the determination of the ,london authorities8 #e4 ,what was the conduct of ,eastchurch while on his way to ,carolina8 #f4 ,what did ,miller do in the meantime8 ,what was the condition of the colony at this period8 #g4 ,how did the new ,governor manage affairs8 #h4 ,what trade did he forbid8 ,by whom was his command thwarted8 ,what violent act was done by ,miller8 #i4 ,what was done to ,miller8 ,who assumed the government8 #aj4 ,when did ,eastchurch arrive at ,carolina8 ,how did he find matters8 ,to whom did he go for aid1 and with what success8 #aa4 ,what became of ,miller and ,culpepper8 #ab4 ,what do the events of this lesson teach us8 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,lord ,,carteret ,,adds ,a ,,new ,,trouble4 ,a4 ,d4 #afhj ,,to #agjd4 ,when ,john ,culpepper had ended his administration the authorities in ,england sent over ,john ,harvey as ,governor4 ,little is known of him or of his successors1 ,john ,jenkins and ,henry ,wilkinson4 ,there were still misrule and confusion in ,albemarle4 ,a few men of wealth1 who acted as deputies in the ,council for the absent ,lords ,proprietors1 were their advocates and defenders in everything they proposed2 but the people still traded with ,new ,england vessels and vented their scorn upon the ,fundamental ,constitutions4 #afha4 #b4 ,at last1 in #afha1 the authorities in ,england concluded that if one of their own number went over he might exert more influence upon the people than a hired agent4 ,therefore1 they induced ,seth ,sothel1 who had bought the interest first granted to the ,earl of ,clarendon1 to venture on the doubtful expedient4 #afhc-hh4 #c4 ,to the great good fortune of the province1 this abandoned man was captured at sea by ,algerine pirates4 ,thus he became the slave of these corsairs for two years4 ,when he arrived it was soon seen what a beastly and detestable monster had been sent as a reformer of the morals of the people of ,albemarle4 ,he was the most shameless reprobate ever seen as a ,governor in ,america4 ,he took bribes1 stole property and appropriated the ,indian trade to his own uses1 growing worse and worse until the people1 in #afhh1 could no longer endure his iniquities1 and drove him from the place he disgraced4 ,he went to ,south ,carolina1 and after his sentence to twelve months exile had expired1 returned to ,north ,carolina and died in #afib4 #afhi-ic4 #d4 ,philip ,ludwell and ,alexander ,lillington were the next rulers in ,north ,carolina1 and the administration of the latter witnessed the triumph of the colonists in the consent of the ,lords ,proprietors to the abolition of the ,fundamental ,constitutions4 ,this event occurred in #afic1 and brought no little joy to the men who had so long and successfully opposed it as the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina4 #afie-if4 #e4 ,thomas ,harvey ruled next in ,albemarle1 while ,john ,archdale1 a wise and benevolent ,quaker1 was put in charge of all the settlements in what was ,north ,carolina1 and also those on ,cooper and ,ashley ,rivers1 in ,south ,carolina4 ,in the year #afif a severe pestilential fever visited all the tribes of ,indians along ,pamlico ,sound and destroyed nearly all of them4 ,the ,colonists1 soon after this1 feeling somewhat safer from ,indian attacks1 began to form settlements southward4 #agjd4 #f4 ,henderson ,walker succeeded to the rule by virtue of his place as ,president of the ,council4 ,after him ,colonel ,robert ,daniel1 who had made reputation in an expedition against the ,spaniards in ,florida1 became1 in #agjd1 the ,governor of the province4 #g4 ,governor ,daniel was probably the mistaken and ignorant agent of ,lord ,carteret1 who happened then to be the ,palatine1 or chief of the ,lords ,proprietors1 in a foolish effort at reform4 ,carteret1 like ,james ,,ii41 was by no means a pattern in morality1 but became impressed with his duty to cause the ,assembly to pass a law making the ,episcopal ,church the ,state ,church in the province1 as it was in ,england4 #h4 ,the ,baptists and ,quakers were numerous1 and both of these sects were sternly opposed to any such regulation4 ,the law was passed in spite of their votes to the contrary1 and provided for building churches1 buying glebe lands1 and public taxation to pay the rectors' salaries1 but did not visit any disqualification or punishment upon nonconformists4 ,the first ,episcopal preacher arrived at ,albemarle in #agjc1 and the first church was built in #agje1 in ,chowan county4 #i4 ,these persons1 who were not members of the ,episcopal ,church1 said they were already paying for the support of their pastors1 and at once declared that they would not submit to the injustice of paying money to men who were the leaders in the persecutions of ,baptists and ,quakers in ,england and ,america4 #aj4 ,the ,presbyterians of ,south ,carolina sent ,john ,ashe1 of that section1 to ,london to resist the confirmation of the law1 and ,edmund ,porter was sent1 for the same purpose1 by the people of ,albemarle4 ,ashe died in ,london before he knew of his success4 ,both ,queen ,anne and the ,house of ,lords denounced the innovation as unjust and impolitic1 and the law was therefore annulled by ,her ,majesty in her privy council4 #aa4 ,it was thus1 year by year1 that the ,carolinians kept up their struggle for freedom and equality before the law4 ,the ocean stretched between them and the men who sought their oppression1 and large expenditures1 both in money and heartwearing efforts1 were undergone1 as the dangerous and alarming years went by2 but these men of the woods never wavered in their determination to be free4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who was sent from ,england to succeed ,john ,culpepper as ,governor of ,carolina8 ,who followed ,governor ,harvey in office8 ,what was the condition of affairs in the colony under these ,governors8 #b4 ,who became ,governor in #afha8 ,who was ,seth ,sothel1 and why was he selected8 #c4 ,what befell ,sothel on his way to ,carolina8 ,what kind of man was ,governor ,sothel8 ,what did the people do8 #d4 ,who next took charge of ,carolina8 ,what important thing was accomplished under this administration8 #e4 ,who was ,governor in #afif8 ,who had charge of all the settlements8 #f4 ,what two ,governors are next mentioned8 #g4 ,whose agent was ,governor ,daniel8 ,what law was passed by the ,assembly8 #h4 ,what two religious sects were strongest opposers of the act8 ,what was provided for in the statute8 #i4 ,what complaint was made by the ,baptists and ,quakers8 #aj4 ,who was sent to ,london in the interest of the ,presbyterians8 ,what man from ,albemarle8 ,what was the success of the mission to ,london8 #aa4 ,what was the almost constant struggle of the people of ,carolina8 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,thomas ,,carey ,,and ,,the ,,tuscarora ,,war ,a4 ,d4 #agjd ,,to #agab4 ,thomas ,carey1 who had already reached the positions of ,speaker of the ,house of ,assembly and ,lieutenant-,governor1 was promoted to be ,governor in #agje4 ,he had been a leader in opposition to ,governor ,daniel's church scheme1 and for that reason ,john ,archdale and the ,quakers had procured his elevation to the latter position4 ,it may be imagined what was their disgust and surprise when it was found that ,carey had changed sides and become the willing tool of ,lord ,carteret4 #agje4 #b4 ,in #agje the town of ,bath1 in ,beaufort county1 was settled1 and this was the first incorporated town in ,north ,carolina4 ,one of the oldest churches in the ,state is at ,bath4 ,the bricks used in the building were brought from ,england4 ,the edifice is still in a good condition1 and is regularly used for public worship4 #c4 ,when the ,general ,assembly met1 ,governor ,carey announced that1 under ,english laws1 none but members of the ,english or ,episcopal ,church could be allowed to take the oaths necessary to qualification for a seat in either ,house4 ,john ,porter was thereupon sent to ,london to make known this fresh outrage and betrayal of the people4 #d4 ,he was soon back with orders for ,carey's removal2 and the ,general ,assembly elected ,william ,glover by the votes of ,john ,porter and the men he influenced4 ,it is sickening to add that ,glover also immediately deceived the men who were his supporters1 and was found acting and talking exactly as ,carey had done4 ,the next thing seen was the pacification of ,carey and the ,quakers1 and their re-election of him as ,governor4 #e4 ,two rival governments were thus at open rupture1 each claiming to be the local government in ,albemarle4 ,they both took up arms1 and it seemed that bloodshed must ensue4 ,a ,general ,assembly was called to decide the question of authority4 ,members were present with certificates of election signed by ,glover1 and another set whose certificates were issued by ,carey4 ,glover and ,carey1 with their adherents1 occupied separate rooms in the same building1 and great confusion and bitterness prevailed4 ,finally the members of ,glover's council were compelled to seek refuge in ,virginia4 #f4 ,in such a state of affairs1 ,edward ,hyde arrived from ,england with papers directing ,edward ,tynte1 the ,governor of both ,south and ,north ,carolina1 to commission him as ,governor of ,north ,carolina4 ,in the meantime ,carey1 having heard of ,governor ,tynte's death1 refused to acknowledge ,hyde's claims1 and proceeded to arm and equip his followers4 #agaa4 #g4 ,the cruel and crafty ,tuscaroras now resolved to avail themselves of the divisions among the white people4 ,they procured the ,meherrins1 ,corees1 ,mattarnuskeets and other tribes to unite with them in an effort to murder all they could of the settlers4 ,they kept the secret so well that on the night of the #aath of ,september1 #agaa1 according to the calendar of that day1 more than two hundred whites were butchered4 ,the ,tuscaroras mustered in their ranks a strong force1 which was increased by their allies to sixteen hundred warriors4 ,the ,indians continued this terrible slaughter for three days1 and only ceased when fatigue and drunkenness rendered them incapable of further continuance4 #h4 ,the ,baron de ,graffenreid1 a nobleman from ,bern1 had just established 7in #agaj7 a flourishing colony1 comprising about six hundred persons1 ,germans and ,swedes1 at ,new ,bern1 at the confluence of the ,neuse and ,trent ,rivers4 ,de ,graffenreid and ,john ,lawson1 the surveyor-general1 while on an exploring voyage up the ,neuse ,river1 a few days before the massacre of ,september #aath1 were seized by the ,indians4 ,the war council decided that both the men should be put to death4 ,de ,graffenreid made claim that he was king of the ,swiss settlement just established1 and escaped death by promising that no more land should he taken from the ,indians without their consent4 ,the unfortunate ,lawson and a negro servant were put to death by the most horrible cruelties4 #i4 ,baron de ,graffenreid was held a captive for several weeks1 and was set at liberty upon application of ,governor ,spottswood4 ,on his return to his settlement he found it in a condition of almost desolation4 ,he became so disheartened at the prospect that he soon sold his interest in ,carolina and returned to ,switzerland4 #agab4 #aj4 ,the ,south ,carolina militia and near a thousand ,yemassee ,indians1 under ,colonel ,john ,barnwell1 came as swiftly as they could to the rescue1 and inflicted a stunning blow upon the savages4 ,they were attacked in a fort near ,new ,bern1 and more than three hundred of the ,indians were killed and a hundred made prisoners4 ,thinking the league crushed1 ,colonel ,barnwell went home with his forces1 after making a treaty with the ,indians1 which was quickly broken4 #aa4 ,in this terrible emergency1 which threatened the destruction of so many settlers1 ,governor ,spottswood1 of ,virginia1 did nothing to aid the colony except keep the ,five ,nations and ,tom ,blount's ,tuscaroras neutral in the war4 ,the great danger was in the possible adhesion of the ,new ,york ,iroquois to the savage league4 ,with ,albemarle divided1 and consequently in a measure helpless1 it was seen that it would be impossible to meet the ,five ,nations in battle4 #ab4 ,when the next spring had opened1 some hundreds of men in ,north ,carolina were joined by ,colonel ,james ,moore1 from ,south ,carolina1 with another force of a hundred and fifty of his white neighbors and the ,yemassees1 who again were willing to make war upon their hated enemies1 the ,tuscaroras4 #ac4 ,another bloody attack upon a fort made of earthworks and palisades resulted in such slaughter of the ,indians that ,handcock1 their chief1 who had boldly led them before1 was so disheartened at the loss of his braves that1 with his tribe1 he abandoned ,carolina and rejoined his brethren in the lake country of ,new ,york1 who were from that time known as the ,six ,nations4 ,they ventured no more among the men who had so fearfully broken their strength and power as belligerents4 ,the fort occupied by ,handcock and his force was situated where the village of ,snow ,hill1 ,greene county1 now stands1 and was called by the ,indians ,nahucke4 ,the siege began ,march #bjth1 and in a few days the fort1 with eight hundred prisoners1 was taken by storm4 ,colonel ,moore's loss was twenty white men and thirty-six ,indians killed and about one hundred wounded4 #ad4 ,in the midst of the danger1 in this second year of the war1 yellow fever was seen for the first time in ,albemarle4 ,governor ,hyde fell a victim to its virulence4 ,he died ,september #h1 #agab1 and was succeeded by ,thomas ,pollock1 who had long been known as one of the richest and most influential of the settlers4 ,pollock and ,edward ,moseley1 who was the leading lawyer and ablest man in ,albemarle1 were in deadly enmity concerning the quarrels between the contending ,governors4 #ae4 ,during this turbulent period among their rulers the people of ,albemarle were giving their principal attention to growing corn and other farm products4 ,they were improving their settlements and reaping the full reward of industry and perseverance4 ,in #agjd the manufacture of tar began1 and it was soon discovered that this native article was destined to become a very valuable commodity1 both at home and in foreign countries4 #af4 ,during the years just considered ,north ,carolina received large accessions to her population4 ,as early as #afij ,french ,protestant refugees purchased lands and began to form settlements in ,pamlico4 ,in #agjg another body of ,french emigrants1 under the guidance of their clergymen1 ,phillipe de ,richebourg1 located in the same section4 ,a good number of ,french ,huguenots1 also1 had formed thrifty settlements in the ,pamlico region and along the banks of the ,neuse and ,trent ,rivers4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how did ,thomas ,carey become ,governor of ,albemarle8 ,how did he disappoint the people who elected him8 #b4 ,where was the first town incorporated in the ,state8 #c4 ,what announcement was made by ,carey at the meeting of the ,assembly8 ,how was this received by the people8 #d4 ,what orders were brought by ,porter8 ,who was elected as ,carey's successor8 ,how were the people disappointed in ,governor ,glover8 #e4 ,what was the condition of affairs8 #f4 ,who arrived from ,england1 and for what purpose8 ,how did ,carey receive ,governor ,hyde's demand8 #g4 ,how were the ,tuscaroras acting during this public trouble8 ,what calamity befell the colony8 #h4 ,what befell ,baron de ,graffenreid and ,john ,lawson8 #i4 ,what further is said of de ,graffenreid8 #aj4 ,what aid came from ,south ,carolina8 ,describe the battle4 #aa4 ,how did ,governor ,spottswood1 of ,virginia1 act during this trouble8 ,what was specially feared by the people8 #ab4 ,how was the colony preparing for war8 #ac4 ,describe the second battle and the result4 #ad4 ,what terrible sickness visited ,carolina in #agab8 ,who was one of the victims8 ,who succeeded ,governor ,hyde8 ,what is said of ,governor ,pollock8 #ae4 ,how were the people of ,albemarle occupying themselves during these troublesome times8 #af4 ,give some account of the growth of the settlements in ,north ,carolina4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,governor ,,eden ,,and ,,black-,,beard4 ,a4 ,d4 #agab ,,to #agbb4 ,with the conquest of the ,tuscaroras and their allies1 a great danger was removed from the settlements in ,carolina4 ,tom ,blount and his people were assigned a tract of land as a token of the gratitude of the whites for their refusal to join in the war4 ,this reservation was first located south of ,albemarle ,sound1 but was afterwards changed to the region still known as the ,indian ,woods1 in ,bertie county4 #agac4 #b4 ,in #agac1 ,colonel ,pollock was relieved of his office as ,governor by the arrival of ,charles ,eden1 with full powers from the ,duke of ,beaufort1 who was then ,palatine4 ,governor ,eden was instructed by the ,proprietors to discourage much expansion of the settlements4 ,he became popular with a large portion of the people4 ,he lived some years at ,queen ,annie's ,creek1 which town was called ,edenton1 as a compliment to him4 ,he afterwards bought a place on ,salmon ,creek1 in ,bertie county1 and dwelt there4 ,this place is still known as ,eden ,house4 #agae4 #c4 ,in #agae the same ,yemassee ,indians who had so signally aided in the overthrow of the ,tuscaroras1 repeated1 in ,south ,carolina1 the bloody work of their old enemies in ,albemarle4 ,they were aided by other tribes1 and murdered many white people4 ,the ,indians in the ,bath precinct also1 taking advantage of the alarm caused by this outbreak in the southern province1 raised the war cry and murdered several white people on the ,pamlico plantations before they could be checked4 #d4 ,at the request of the ,governor of ,south ,carolina1 ,governor ,eden immediately sent a strong force of both cavalry and infantry to aid the ,south ,carolinians4 ,colonel ,maurice ,moore1 who was the brother of ,colonel ,james ,moore1 the late commander against the ,tuscaroras1 and had become a resident of ,albemarle1 was in command4 #e4 ,the oldest statutes of which we have copies were enacted in #agae1 at the house of ,captain ,richard ,sanderson1 in ,perquimans4 ,edward ,moseley was ,speaker of the ,house of ,assembly and differed with ,governor ,eden in many matters of provincial policy4 ,through all his life as a public man he was intensely devoted to the interest of the colony2 and though warmly attached to the ,english or ,episcopal ,church1 was resolute in his advocacy of complete religious liberty4 ,he formed a strong party of men1 who regarded the ,governor as simply the agent of the ,lords ,proprietors2 and therefore1 to be vigilantly watched and checked in any innovation upon established privileges4 #f4 ,there had been1 for years1 many crimes committed by pirates upon the ocean just along the ,north ,carolina ,coast4 ,they sometimes extended their infamous practices to the sounds and rivers4 ,one ,edward ,teach1 who was also called ,black-,beard1 was the chief of these bloody robbers4 ,he had a fleet of armed vessels2 the largest of which was called ,queen ,anne's ,revenge4 ,this formidable craft carried a crew of one hundred men1 and forty cannon4 #g4 ,edward ,moseley and others were clamorous for the arrest and punishment of such horrid offenders against the law1 and denounced ,governor ,eden as their accomplice4 ,it was brought to the knowledge of ,capt4 ,ellis ,brand1 who came in command of a ,british squadron in ,hampton ,roads1 that ,teach was to be found near ,ocracoke4 #h4 ,lieutenant ,robert ,maynard was ordered to go to that point and capture the outlaws4 ,he found the pirates1 who saluted him with so deadly a broadside that a large portion of the royal men were slain4 ,maynard unfortunately got his ship aground in the action1 and his deck was terribly raked by his antagonists' fire4 ,his case seemed well nigh hopeless1 when he resorted to a stratagem4 ,all of his men were ordered to go below1 and soon the pirates saw nothing but dead men upon the deck4 ,they hastened to board what they thought was another prize4 #i4 ,but ,maynard and his men met them as they crowded upon the deck1 and after a bloody struggle1 captured nine men1 who were the survivors of the prolonged and desperate conflict4 ,among these was a gigantic negro1 who was on the point of blowing up the pirate vessel when arrested in his desperate purpose4 #aj4 ,black-,beard was slain during the battle1 and ,maynard sailed away from the scene of his victory with the corsair's head fixed upon his bowsprit4 ,the captured offenders were carried to ,williamsburg1 ,virginia1 and there tried and executed1 as they deserved to be4 #aa4 ,in the early portion of the eighteenth century the whole ,atlantic coast of ,america was more or less infested by these buccaneers4 ,in some quarters they congregated in great numbers1 and made expeditions in which they laid cities under contribution1 and endangered all legitimate commerce in the new world4 ,they were as cruel desperadoes as have been seen in any age of the world's history4 ,after long and costly effort by the ,english and other governments1 they were driven from the seas4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what reservation was given to the ,indians8 #b4 ,who became ,governor in #agac8 ,how had ,governor ,eden been instructed by the ,lords ,proprietors8 ,where did he live8 #c4 ,what occurred in #agae8 #d4 ,who was sent to aid the people of ,south ,carolina8 #e4 ,at whose house did the ,legislature meet8 ,what noted man was ,speaker of the ,house8 ,give some description of ,edward ,moseley4 #f4 ,what famous pirate was ravaging the coast about this time8 #g4 ,of what had ,governor ,eden been charged8 #h4 ,who was sent to capture the pirate8 ,describe the battle4 #i4 ,how did the engagement result8 #aj4 ,what disposition was made of the captives8 #aa4 ,what is said of the ,atlantic coast during this period8 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,governor ,,gabriel ,,johnston4 ,a4 ,d4 #agbb ,,to #agdh4 ,upon the death of ,governor ,eden in #agbb1 ,colonel ,thomas ,pollock1 as ,president of ,his ,majesty's ,council for ,north ,carolina1 assumed the place of ,governor1 but he died in a short while and was succeeded by ,william ,reed4 ,that year ,bertie precinct was erected west of ,chowan ,river1 and court houses were1 for the first time1 ordered to be built4 ,not only the ,general ,assembly1 but courts and all public affairs1 up to this time1 had been held in private houses4 #b4 ,north ,carolina then comprised three counties4 ,these were ,albemarle1 ,bath and ,clarendon4 ,albemarle contained ,currituck1 ,pasquotank1 ,perquimans1 ,chowan and ,bertie precincts4 ,bath and ,clarendon1 though counties1 were not subdivided at this time4 #agbd4 #c4 ,the ,lords ,proprietors1 as the last evidence of their lack of wisdom and interest in the province they had so long cursed with their misrule1 sent over ,george ,burrington4 ,after the creation of the counties of ,bath and ,clarendon the representative of the ,lords ,proprietors was called ,governor of ,north ,carolina4 #d4 ,governor ,burrington's character was very bad2 he had been indicted and punished in the ,old ,bailey1 in ,london1 for beating an old woman1 and was1 all his life1 drunken and quarrelsome4 ,yet such a man came over to be the guardian of a people who knew not when they were to be tomahawked by the savages or driven into further exile by the zealots who were disturbed at the nature of their religious belief4 #agbe4 #e4 ,this weak and wicked ruler only remained one year in charge1 when ,sir ,richard ,everhard came to replace him4 ,they were brothers in iniquity1 and before ,burrington left ,edenton these two men disgraced themselves by fighting in the streets of that village4 ,the ,general ,assembly met at ,edenton1 and by enactment of law the dividing line between ,north ,carolina and ,virginia was run in ,november of this year4 #agbi4 #f4 ,such rulers as have just been mentioned so utterly disgusted every one in the colony that the ,king and ,parliament were petitioned to buy the province and abolish the rule of those who had only hindered its growth4 ,so1 in #agbi1 for the sum of forty- five thousand dollars1 all of the proprietors except ,lord ,carteret1 sold to the crown their interest in ,carolina 4 ,thus1 after sixty-six years of unbounded misrule1 these men in ,london who had so greatly cursed ,north ,carolina by their ignorance and mistakes1 surrendered their title to property which had never paid them more than about one hundred dollars a piece in any one year4 #g4 ,they had never really cared for the people whom they were so anxious to disturb with their crude notions of religion4 ,the schemes of ,london merchants were of far more moment thanthe welfare of ,albemarle1 and the folly of the ,fundamental ,constitutions was to be upheld even at the ruin of the province4 #h4 ,as an earnest of the want of care ,king ,george ,i4 was to exhibit towards the colony1 ,governor ,burrington was sent back to the people who were already so well acquainted with his faults of temper and character4 ,he soon got into trouble with the leading men of the province1 and pretending to go to ,south ,carolina1 returned to ,england1 where he was soon after killed in a night- brawl in the city of ,london4 #agcd4 #i4 ,nathaniel ,rice was ,governor until the arrival and qualification of ,gabriel ,johnston1 who took the oaths of office at ,brunswick1 on the ,cape ,fear ,river4 ,governor ,johnston was a ,scotchman1 who had lived for several years in ,london1 and was to prove the wisest and best of all the men sent over to rule the people in ,carolina4 ,he married ,penelope ,eden1 daughter of the late ,governor1 and dwelt at her home on the ,chowan ,river4 #aj4 ,there were no troubles between the ,governor and people in the time of ,governor ,johnston's administration4 ,sometimes ,edward ,moseley1 always a stickler for the rights of the colonists1 would carry some dispute into the ,general ,assembly1 but the measures of ,governor ,johnston1 as a general thing1 were pleasing to all classes of the people and received their support4 #aa4 ,at this period1 ,dr4 ,john ,brickell1 with a party of white men and ,indians1 was sent by the ,general ,assembly to explore the mountain region of ,western ,north ,carolina4 ,he went into ,east ,tennessee in his travels among the ,cherokees4 ,he brought back wondrous accounts of the beauty of the region and of the simplicity and kindness of the natives4 ,dr4 ,brickell practiced medicine in ,edenton and wrote an interesting book about the ,north ,carolina of that day4 #agdj4 #ab4 ,during the ,spanish war ,governor ,johnston enlisted four hundred ,north ,carolina troops for the expedition that was led by ,governor ,oglethorpe against the ,spaniards at ,st4 ,augustine1 in ,florida4 ,they formed a battalion of the regiment commanded by ,colonel ,vanderclussen4 ,they were carried under ,admiral ,vernon to the siege of ,carthagena and participated in the dangers and horrors of that expedition4 ,but few returned to tell the story of their disasters4 #agdf4 #ac4 ,in consequence of the great defeat of the ,scotch by the ,english at the battle of ,culloden1 many ,scotch emigrants began to settle in ,north ,america4 ,the captives in the struggle mentioned had been offered choice between death and exile to ,america4 ,the emigrants landed at ,wilmington in large numbers and formed settlements along the ,cape ,fear ,river4 ,one of their principal towns was at ,cross ,creek1 now known as ,fayetteville4 ,these ,scotch people were brave1 industrious1 and frugal1 and ,north ,carolina has always esteemed them as a part of her best population4 #agdh4 #ad4 ,the province had never grown so rapidly1 or been so prosperous1 as in the rule of this wise and excellent man who now conducted public affairs4 ,the provinces of ,north and ,south ,carolina were formally separated in ,governor ,burrington's time1 and upon the death of ,governor ,johnston1 in #ageb1 it was found that the population had been multiplied several times over what it had been twenty years before1 and it now numbered nearly fifty thousand people4 ,great quantities of tar1 pitch and turpentine1 also staves1 corn1 tobacco and other products of the farm1 besides pork1 beef1 bacon and lard were exported4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who became ,governor on the death of ,governor ,eden8 ,what changes were noticed in the colony8 #b4 ,into what precincts and counties was ,north ,carolina divided8 #c4 ,who was sent over by the ,lords ,proprietors in #agbd as ,governor8 #d4 ,can you tell something of ,governor ,burrington's past life8 #e4 ,how long was ,governor ,burrington in office1 and who succeeded him8 ,how did these officers conduct themselves in ,edenton8 #f4 ,what large purchase was made in #agbi8 ,which of the ,lords ,proprietors reserved his right8 ,what had been the annual profit to the ,proprietors from the colony8 #g4 ,how had these men always felt toward their province8 #h4 ,what was the first act of ,george ,i4 in the government of ,north ,carolina8 ,how did ,burrington's administration terminate8 #i4 ,who was ,burrington's successor8 ,who followed ,governor ,rice8 ,tell something of ,governor ,johnston4 #aj4 ,how did ,governor ,johnston conduct affairs8 #aa4 ,what expedition was sent out at this time8 ,what account of the western country was given by ,dr1 ,brickell on his return8 #ab4 ,what occurred in #agdj8 #ac4 ,how and by whom was the ,cape ,fear region now being settled8 #ad4 ,give an account of the prosperity of the province during period4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,pirates ,,and ,,other ,,enemies4 ,a4 ,d4 #agdh ,,to #aged4 ,during the government of ,north ,carolina by ,gabriel ,johnston1 there was still much trouble from the buccaneers4 ,these were pirates who chiefly infested the ,west ,indies1 where they were sometimes congregated by thousands at a single place4 ,they were daring enough to invade cities and countries1 and caused great terror and danger to all honest people within their reach4 #b4 ,in #agdh a fleet of the pirates1 under the pretext of a war between ,england and ,spain1 sailed into the mouth of the ,cape ,fear ,river4 ,instead of the plunder they expected to obtain from firms and towns1 they were bravely met by the people1 as the fleet lay off the village of ,brunswick1 and after a bloody fight1 were driven back to sea with the loss of one of their ships4 ,from this demolished craft were taken a number of negroes and valuables4 ,these spoils which rewarded the gallant defence of the men of ,cape ,fear were1 by act of ,assembly1 given to the churches in ,wilmington and ,brunswick4 ,,note--,the pirate chief left his vessel and crew off at ,brunswick1 and in a small boat1 with a few men1 ascended the ,cape ,fear ,river to ravage the farm of ,maurice ,moore4 ,col4 ,moore learned of the coming of the robbers and boldly met them on the shore with gun in hand1 and compelled them to return without even landing4 ,while the chief was up the river the fight occurred off ,brunswick1 his vessel was captured1 and forty men1 comprising the crew were sold by the victors at public auction4 #agdi4 #c4 ,the year #agdi is memorable because then1 for the first time1 a printing press was erected in ,north ,carolina4 ,james ,davis brought this press to ,new ,bern from ,virginia1 and began1 years later1 the publication of a weekly newspaper1 called ,the ,north ,carolina ,magazine or ,universal ,intelligencer4 ,this occurred in #agfe1 and the press was used until that time in printing the laws and proceedings of the ,general ,assembly4 #d4 ,the first movements toward peopling the western sections of the province were seen this year in the purchase1 by the ,moravians1 of a large tract of land from ,earl ,granville4 ,they called it ,wachovia1 in compliment to ,count ,zinzendorf's estate in ,germany4 ,the same region was peopled rapidly by other ,german ,settlers1 with a large addition of ,scotch-,irish emigrants4 ,their town was named ,salem1 and is now the county seat of ,forsyth4 #ageb-ec4 #e4 ,upon the death of ,governor ,johnston1 ,president ,rice was in charge until the next year1 when1 upon his death1 ,colonel ,matthew ,rowan succeeded to the place thus made vacant4 ,colonel ,rowan lived in ,bladen1 and was a planter of large means4 ,he was greatly valued1 and his name is perpetrated in a county which has long been important in ,north ,carolina4 #aged4 #f4 ,at this time there was great rivalry between ,france and ,england for supremacy in ,america4 ,large as was the area of unoccupied territory for division between them1 they were fast maturing schemes for each other's expulsion from the ,western ,continent4 #g4 ,all around the ,english settlements1 from ,new ,england along the great lakes1 and down the ,mississippi ,river1 a chain of forts was being constructed by the ,french1 and the aid of all the ,indian tribes had already been secured except in the instance of the ,iroquois or ,six ,nations in ,new ,york4 ,lord ,dinwiddie1 then ,governor of ,virginia1 sent a messenger to say that these enemies were even encroaching upon the ,old ,dominion and erecting a fort at the junction of the two streams which form the ,ohio ,river4 #h4 ,pittsburg stands upon the spot where this famous ,fort ,du ,quesne was constructed4 ,his lordship applied for aid from ,north ,carolina in an expedition which he proposed to send against these intruders4 ,governor ,rowan and the ,general ,assembly responded nobly and promptly to the call4 #i4 ,colonel ,james ,innes1 who had served gallantly under ,lord ,vernon at ,carthagena1 in ,south ,america1 was put in command of a regiment mustering more than nine hundred men4 ,two hundred thousand dollars was voted for their equipment and supplies1 and with high hopes1 the long march for the ,ohio ,river was begun4 #aj4 ,when the army reached ,winchester1 in ,virginia1 ,colonel ,joshua ,fry1 who was in command of all the forces1 died1 and ,governor ,dinwiddie appointed ,colonel ,innes his successor4 ,but this appointment gave offence to the ,virginians1 who wished ,colonel ,george ,washington1 already a favorite of the people1 to take command4 ,the ,virginia ,legislature1 under the circumstances1 would make no provision for the support of ,colonel ,innes' regiment1 and it was forced to return home4 ,in this way the generous purpose of ,north ,carolina was completely thwarted4 #aa4 ,colonel ,innes died at ,winchester soon after4 ,the ,french occupied their fort and perfected those arrangements which resulted1 shortly afterwards1 in the terrible defeat of the army commanded by ,general ,braddock4 #ab4 ,another army of ,virginians and ,north ,carolinians1 about thirty years after these occurrences1 was assembled to attack ,colonel ,patrick ,ferguson's ,british and ,tories at ,king's ,mountain4 ,a very different spirit prevailed there4 ,the ,north ,carolina officers1 who greatly outnumbered those of the ,old ,dominion1 insisted that as they were at home1 ,colonel ,campbell1 of the latter ,state1 should assume command1 and their knightly courtesy was followed by a glorious victory4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who infested the coast during ,governor ,johnston's term8 #b4 ,how was a fleet of pirates received by the ,cape ,fear men in #agdh8 ,what was done with the spoils8 ,point out ,brunswick and ,wilmington on the map4 #c4 ,what memorable event occurred in #agdi8 #d4 ,give an account of the settlement of ,wachovia4 ,in what part of the ,state is this settlement8 #e4 ,who became ,governor after the death of ,governor ,rice8 ,what kind of man was ,governor ,rowan8 #f4 ,what were the ,english and ,french trying to accomplish in ,america at this period8 #g4 ,how were the ,french preparing for hostilities8 ,what was stated by ,governor ,dinwiddie's messenger8 #h4 ,of whom did ,governor ,dinwiddie ask aid8 ,how did ,north ,carolina respond to the call8 #i4 ,to what extent did the province prepare resistance8 #aj4 ,what occurred at ,winchester8 ,how did this appointment affect the ,virginians1 and why8 ,how did the effort of ,north ,carolina to aid the ,virginians terminate8 #aa4 ,what was the result of the expedition against ,fort ,du ,quesne8 #ab4 ,what other occurrence is mentioned8 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,governor ,,arthur ,,dobbs4 ,a4 ,d4 #aged ,,to #agfe4 ,king ,george selected ,major ,arthur ,dobbs1 as ,governor of ,north ,carolina2 and at ,new ,bern1 on ,november #a1 #aged1 he entered upon the discharge of his duties4 ,he was a man of high temper1 and very obstinate in support of his views1 but devoted to whatever he believed his duty demanded4 ,his greatest fault was filling public offices with members of his own family and a disposition to make jobs for his own benefit4 #b4 ,governor ,dobbs soon visited the new county of ,rowan1 which was established in #agec1 and included in its area most of the western portion of ,north ,carolina and a part of ,tennessee4 ,he found ,presbyterians under ,rev4 ,hugh ,mc,aden1 and ,baptists under ,rev4 ,shubal ,stearns1 establishing churches and laying the foundations of towns in a region where1 but a few years before1 no white people were to be seen4 #ageg4 #c4 ,colonel ,hugh ,waddell1 of ,brunswick1 was put in command of troops raised in ,north ,carolina for the ,french and ,indian war4 ,he had started to join ,general ,braddock's column1 but just previous to the fatal battle on ,monongahela ,river was recalled by ,governor ,dobbs to repel the attack of the ,cherokees on ,old ,fort4 ,this stronghold was built amid the western mountains to overawe the ,indians and as a refuge for the settlers4 #d4 ,governor ,littleton1 of ,south ,carolina1 by his bad management1 had most wantonly provoked the ,over-hill ,indians into this condition of hostility4 ,his foolish and unnecessary interference and cruelty had converted these usually peaceful neighbors into sufficient hostility to make it easy for ,french emissaries to obtain their active aid against the ,english settlers4 #e4 ,captain ,dennie1 with his company1 was also besieged at ,fort ,tellico4 ,colonel ,waddell made haste with his battalion and drove off the ,cherokees1 burning their lodges and destroying all the corn he could find4 ,another battalion remained with ,general ,forbes1 as ,north ,carolina's contingent in the expedition against ,fort ,du ,quesne4 ,these things occurred in #ageg4 #f4 ,in ,england the administration of the ,duke of ,newcastle over ,american and foreign affairs terminated1 and the first ,william ,pitt succeeded to his place4 ,in every portion of the world mighty consequences resulted from this arrangement4 ,the fleets and armies of ,great ,britain were animated with the zeal and patriotism of that great statesman4 #agei4 #g4 ,of all the victories of the year1 none was so important to ,america as that of ,general ,wolfe over the ,french at ,quebec4 ,it broke the power of ,france in the ,western ,continent1 and stopped1 in a great measure1 the war waged by ,indians upon the frontier settlements4 #h4 ,at no period has the population of ,north ,carolina increased relatively so fast as during these years now under consideration4 ,up to the death of ,governor ,johnston it had amounted to no more than thirty thousand souls1 but since that time had more than doubled4 ,in #aged the exports amounted to sixty-one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight barrels of tar1 twelve thousand and fifty-five barrels of turpentine1 seven hundred and sixty-two thousand staves1 sixty-one thousand five hundred and eighty bushels of corn1 besides much tobacco1 pork1 beef and other commodities4 #i4 ,the most discreditable thing in ,governor ,dobbs' administration was his effort to procure the ,general ,assembly to locate the provincial capital on his farm1 called ,tower ,hill4 ,this was the place where the ,indians had been defeated by ,colonel ,james ,moore in #agab4 ,he failed in his scheme1 and ,snow ,hill1 as the place is now called1 never became the capital of ,north ,carolina4 #aj4 ,he was often at variance with the ,legislature1 or more properly1 the ,house of ,assembly1 concerning the courts and judges4 ,he wished things arranged to suit certain men in ,london1 and the ,house resolved that this should not be done1 and ,north ,carolina was left1 in the end1 with no judges but the justices of the peace4 #aa4 ,even before this there was much complaint concerning the extortions of public officers4 ,although the people were very poor1 the agents of the ,king and ,earl ,granville made them pay enormous license and poll taxes4 ,francis ,corbin1 one of the ,king's agents1 was dragged from his home in ,chowan to ,enfield1 then in ,edgecombe county1 to compel him to repay the sums which he had unlawfully exacted4 ,he gave bail and promised to return the illegal tribute1 but instead of complying he brought suit against the men who had seized him4 ,the matter terminated in a riot1 in which some of the chief friends of ,governor ,dobbs were concerned4 #agfe4 #ab4 ,the ,governor1 being old1 and weary of contests with the ,house of ,assembly1 at length asked for leave of absence2 but died at his place on ,town ,creek1 in ,brunswick county1 before sailing for ,england4 ,he was devoted to his sense of duty to the ,king1 and was in many ways deserving of public respect4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who tools the oath of office of ,governor in #aged8 ,can you give some traits of his character8 #b4 ,what visit was made by ,governor ,dobbs8 ,how was the new county of ,rowan becoming settled8 #c4 ,who was put in command of the ,north ,carolina troops8 ,how was he prevented from joining ,general ,braddock8 ,find ,old ,fort on the map4 #d4 ,who had incited the ,indians to the proposed attack on ,old ,fort8 #e4 ,give an account of ,colonel ,waddell's expedition-against the ,indians4 #f4 ,what noted man in ,england had charge of ,american affairs8 ,what effect had his administration upon every portion of the world8 #g4 ,what great victory was gained in ,america at this period8 ,what good resulted to the whole country from this victory8 #h4 ,what had been the increase of population in ,north ,carolina8 ,can you name some of the exports8 #i4 ,where did ,governor ,dobbs endeavor to have the capital of ,north ,carolina located8 #aj4 ,what trouble did the ,governor have with the ,legislature8 ,with what result8 #aa4 ,of what extortions did the people complain8 ,how was ,francis ,corbin treated1 and why8 #ab4 ,what is said of the close of ,governor ,dobbs' life8 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,governor ,,tryon ,,and ,,the ,,first ,,resistance ,,to ,,the ,,stamp ,,acts4 ,a4 ,d4 #agfe ,,to #agff4 ,some months before the death of ,governor ,dobbs there had come over from ,england a handsome1 polished and genial officer who wore the uniform of the ,queen's ,guards4 ,this was ,lieutenant- ,colonel ,william ,tryon1 recently appointed ,lieutenant-,governor of ,north ,carolina4 ,he succeeded ,governor ,dobbs1 and left a name that will never be forgotten in ,north ,carolina4 #b4 ,governor ,tryon was accompanied by his wife and her sister1 ,miss ,esther ,wake4 ,they were ladies of great attractiveness1 and were destined to become so much valued by the people that their family name is still preserved in our midst1 as the name of our metropolitan county4 #c4 ,there was much gaiety seen at that time in the eastern counties4 ,the ,indians were all gone1 beyond the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 and the rude huts of old had1 in many instances1 been replaced by large and costly buildings of brick4 ,weddings were generally celebrated by balls that lasted for a week4 ,hospitality was unstinted1 and most men of means thought their establishments imperfect until provided with a private race course4 ,with hound and horn1 there was great diversion1 for game was abundant and the sport open to all who could get a horse to ride4 #d4 ,in such society the brilliant family of the ,governor was of course at once sure of unbounded influence4 ,perhaps no man was ever more warmly esteemed than ,governor ,tryon during the first years of his rule in ,north ,carolina4 ,he was gracious and wary at the same time4 ,he knew whom to cultivate1 and while smiling on all he was fast making friends who were almost ready to die in his behalf4 #e4 ,the great preacher1 ,george ,whitefield1 came to the ,state in #agfe1 and moved thousands with his eloquence4 ,his new sect1 the ,methodist1 had until then made no progress in ,north ,carolina1 and his converts went to swell the numbers of the ,baptists1 who were more numerous than any other denomination4 #f4 ,there was the utmost kindness of feeling between the new ,governor and the people1 when the news came that the ,english ,parliament had passed a law called the ,stamp ,act4 ,it had been much talked of and denounced in many portions of ,america1 and now1 with a unanimity that is still one of the strangest things recorded in history1 the men of all conditions1 in every colony1 arose in frenzy and swore that this law should not be executed in ,america4 #g4 ,the ,stamp ,act required that all colonial legal instruments1 such as deeds1 bonds and notes1 should be written only upon stamped paper1 otherwise they were not binding1 or of any effect4 ,the paper was prepared in ,england1 to be sold to the colonists at the heavy tax of one and two dollars upon each sheet4 ,in addition to this1 the act contained a great variety of other ruinous exactions4 ,newspapers and pamphlets were taxed more than such publications at present would cost4 ,an advertisement in a newspaper paid the government fifty cents2 almanacs1 eight cents2 college diplomas1 ten dollars2 and the fee charged for a marriage license was sometimes as high as fifteen dollars4 ,the act received royal assent on #bb;d ,march1 #agfe4 #h4 ,the law was oppressive upon the people because of the amount exacted1 but was considered constitutional in ,england by many great lawyers who were warm friends of the ,american people4 ,but in ,america it had been held for some time that no tax levied by ,great ,britain1 without the consent of ,america1 was just2 and thus every man resolved that the ,stamp ,act should not be enforced4 #i4 ,when the news reached ,governor ,tryon1 at ,new ,bern1 the ,general ,assembly was in session at that place4 ,a very bold and fearless man1 ,colonel ,john ,ashe1 was then ,speaker of the ,house of ,assembly4 ,governor ,tryon asked of ,ashe1 in private conversation1 what the ,house would do as to the new law4 ,we will resist its execution to the death1 said he1 and that very day ,governor ,tryon sent them all home by proroguing the session4 ,nor did he permit them to assemble again until late in the next year1 after the repeal of the ,stamp ,act4 ,by this means he prevented the election of delegates from ,north ,carolina to the ,continental ,congress which met in ,new ,york in #agfe to organize the opposition to that oppressive measure4 ,prorogue is to continue or adjourn a legislative body from one session to another by ,royal or ,state authority4 #aj4 ,the first step of the people in their resistance to the ,stamp ,act was to carry ,james ,houston1 who had been appointed ,stamp ,agent1 before ,moses ,john ,de,rosset1 who was then ,mayor of ,wilmington4 ,there1 in the presence of many distinguished men of the ,cape ,fear country1 on the #afth of ,november1 #agfe1 he was obliged publicly to resign his office in the ,court ,house of ,wilmington1 and make oath that he would have no further connection with it4 #aa4 ,twelve days later1 on the #bhth ,november1 #agfe1 the ship of war ,diligence arrived with stamps4 ,the commander was told by armed men1 under ,colonels ,ashe and ,waddell1 that they must not be landed2 and no effort was made to do so4 ,on the #bast ,december1 #agfe1 the ,governor issued his proclamation dissolving the ,general ,assembly1 and on the same day took the opinion of his ,council and the ,attorney-,general whether writs can issue for the election of a new ,assembly1 as the circulation of the stamps is obstructed4 ,the ,council and ,attorney-,general advised that the writs could go without stamps4 #agff4 #ab4 ,on the #fth ,january1 #agff1 ,governor ,tryon1 taking fresh courage from some source1 went so far as to issue a proclamation announcing that the stamps were on board the ,diligence and ready for distribution4 ,it did no good1 however1 for no one would use them4 ,comparative quiet now ensued for some weeks1 but it was only the calm before the storm4 #ac4 ,on the #adth of ,february1 two vessels that had come up to the port of ,brunswick without stamps upon their clearance papers were promptly seized by the ,custom ,house officers1 and then the storm arose4 ,on the #aith1 armed men broke open the desk of the ,collector of the ,port1 and forcibly carried off the unstamped clearance papers of the two vessels4 ,on the #bjth1 a committee of armed men appeared on board the ,viper and demanded of ,captain ,lobb the two sloops he was guarding4 ,meanwhile armed men were continually coming into ,brunswick from different counties4 #ad4 ,on the evening of the #bjth1 ,mr4 ,pennington1 another stamp distributor1 took refuge in ,governor ,tryon's house4 ,shortly after eight o'clock on the morning of the #bast1 armed men appeared before the ,governor's house and sent him a note desiring him to permit ,mr4 ,pennington to appear before them1 and informing him that it would not be in the power of the ,directors appointed to prevent the ill consequences that may attend a refusal4 ,the ,governor replied that any gentleman who had business with ,mr4 ,pennington might see him at the ,governor's house4 ,this1 however1 was by no means satisfactory1 and in a short time1 according to the ,governor's statement1 a body of some five hundred men in arms moved toward his house4 ,a detachment of sixty then came down the avenue and the main body drew up in sight and within three hundred yards of the house4 #ae4 ,mr4 ,cornelius ,harnett1 a representative in the ,assembly for ,wilmington1 came at the head of the detachment and sent a message asking to speak with ,mr4 ,pennington2 when he came into the house he told ,mr4 ,pennington the gentlemen wanted him4 ,the ,governor replied that ,mr4 ,pennington was in his house for refuge and that he would protect him to the utmost4 ,mr4 ,harnett thereupon said he hoped the ,governor would let ,mr4 ,pennington go1 as the people were determined to take him out of the house if he should be longer detained1 an insult1 ,mr4 ,harnett said1 they wished to avoid giving to the ,governor4 #af4 ,the ,governor protested it mattered not about that insult after they had already offered him every insult they could offer by investing his house and virtually making him a prisoner before any grievance had been made known to him4 #ag4 ,mr4 ,pennington growing apprehensive and showing a disposition to go with ,mr4 ,harnett1 the ,governor suggested to him that he resign before he left4 ,to this he agreed1 and thereupon the ,governor let him go4 ,he was afterward compelled to take an oath that he would never issue any stamped paper in the province1 as were all the clerks of the county courts and other public officers4 ,the inhabitants1 in the language of the ,governor1 having redressed1 after the manner described1 their grievances complained of1 left the town of ,brunswick about one o'clock on the #bast4 ,these things were done1 it must be borne in mind1 in the broad daylight1 and by men perfectly well known1 and without a particle of disguise4 ,after this1 vessels entered and left the ports of ,north ,carolina as if no ,stamp ,act had ever been passed4 #ah4 ,on ,june #ac1 #agff1 came news from ,england of the repeal of the law that had so terribly excited and aroused ,america4 ,governor ,tryon announced the fact in a proclamation1 but he had been humiliated by the resistance at ,wilmington1 and from that hour1 probably1 determined on the revenge which he afterwards exacted at ,alamance4 ,,note--,governor ,tryon desired to regain his influence1 for political purposes1 over the people whom he had so greatly offended2 and he ordered a general muster at ,wilmington4 ,he prepared a feast for the militia1 of whole oxen roasted1 and barrels of beer4 ,when the feast was ready the people rushed to the tables and threw the oxen into the river and emptied the beer upon the ground4 ,a general fight ensued between the militia and the men of the ,english vessels1 and perfect quiet was not restored for several days4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what distinguished person have we now under consideration8 ,how did he become ,governor of ,north ,carolina8 #b4 ,who accompanied ,governor ,tryon8 ,what is said of the two ladies8 #c4 ,tell something of life in the eastern counties at this time4 #d4 ,how did the ,tryon family become very influential8 #e4 ,what great preacher came to ,north ,carolina in #agfe8 ,how were his labors rewarded8 #f4 ,what memorable law was passed by ,parliament8 ,how was the news received in ,north ,carolina8 #g4 ,what can you tell of the ,stamp ,act8 #h4 ,what is said of the law8 #i4 ,under what circumstances did the news reach the ,governor8 ,what did the ,governor do concerning the ,assembly8 #aj4 ,mention the first act of resistance to this law4 #aa4 ,when did the ,diligence arrive8 ,what occurred on her arrival8 #ab4 ,what did the ,governor do on ,january #fth8 ,with what result8 #ac4 ,what trouble befell the ,viper8 #ad4 ,what occurred on ,february #bjth8 #ae4 ,what further is said of this affair8 #af4 ,what did the ,governor say of these things8 #ag4 ,what was the conclusion of this affair8 #ah4 ,what joyful news was received on ,june #acth1 #agff8 ,how had ,governor ,tryon been affected by the resistance of the people to the ,stamp ,act8 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,governor ,,tryon ,,and ,,the ,,regulators4 ,a4 ,d4 #agff ,,to #agga4 ,in the middle and western counties of ,north ,carolina in the period referred to1 there was collected a large increase of population4 ,immigrants had come in large companies from ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,england and ,germany4 ,fully two hundred thousand inhabitants were by that time to be found east of the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains4 ,they were separated by that great barrier from the ,cherokees1 who latterly had well respected this line of separation4 #b4 ,a great portion of the western settlers had recently come to their new homes1 and were very poorly provided with the means of living4 ,they were hundreds of miles from market1 and made nothing on their farms to sell but wheat4 ,these farmers were taxed about twelve dollars apiece on the poll1 and paid an annual rent of seventy-five cents on each one hundred acres of their land4 #c4 ,when they hauled wheat to ,cross ,creek1 now ,fayetteville1 it realized but little more than enough to pay for the salt needed in the family4 ,sugar and coffee were luxuries in which they rarely indulged4 ,it can thus be seen how cruel would have been even an honest collection of what the laws demanded of these recent settlers as taxes4 ,when these sums were enormously increased by dishonest sheriffs the farmers were in despair1 for it was beyond their power to pay4 #d4 ,the farmers knew they were being cheated1 and resolved to put an end to such practices4 ,colonel ,edmund ,fanning1 of ,hillsboro1 in ,orange county1 was growing rich as ,register of ,deeds1 and was the ringleader in this oppression of the people4 #e4 ,in this same county lived ,herman ,husbands1 who was a ,quaker preacher1 and1 though of limited education1 was a man of considerable natural abilities4 ,he prevailed on his neighbors at ,sandy ,creek to form an association for mutual protection against the wrongs of the public officers4 ,his organization was known as the ,regulators1 and they were to help each other in the lawsuits and indictments growing out of a refusal to pay unlawful demands4 #f4 ,this was wise and proper1 as these men were not rebellious1 but only desired relief from oppression1 but ,husbands should have joined the league he was thus creating1 and thereby shared the liabilities of the members4 ,this he would not do1 but preached and harangued until the people were in a fever of excitement4 #agfh4 #g4 ,the first trouble grew out of a seizure of a horse from one of two men sent to ,hillsboro on a mission to the sheriff4 ,the ,regulators retook the horse by force1 and fired into the roof of ,colonel ,fanning's house4 ,that night ,husbands was arrested and carried to ,hillsboro1 and gave bail for his appearance at the next ,superior ,court4 ,he had hardly left ,hillsboro before seven hundred men came to his rescue2 they went away with promises made by ,isaac ,edwards1 who was ,tryon's ,secretary1 that the ,governor would redress their wrongs4 #h4 ,governor ,tryon went to ,hillsboro in a few weeks1 but condemned only the people who had asked his aid1 and1 after going further west1 came back to the ,superior ,court with an army of eleven hundred men1 which he had raised in ,mecklenburg and ,rowan counties4 ,husbands was acquitted on trial1 but three other ,regulators were heavily fined and imprisoned4 ,colonel ,fanning was convicted in five cases of extortion in office1 and the judges1 to their shame1 imposed a fine of only one penny in each case4 #i4 ,this marching of troops1 and the failure of the court to do its duty1 only made matters worse4 ,the ,regulators grew in numbers and violence until the courts could not be held in some counties4 ,husbands was expelled from his place in the ,house of ,assembly and thrown into prison for a libel on ,judge ,maurice ,moore4 ,his release was effected in time to stop a crowd of several hundred men from going to ,new ,bern1 where they had declared they would release him and burn the splendid palace the ,governor had just built4 #agga4 #aj4 ,matters continued to grow worse until1 in #agga1 ,governor ,tryon raised an army in the eastern counties1 under a law of the ,assembly1 and marched to ,orange to put down what he called the rebellion of the ,regulators1 ,colonel ,waddell1 with another body of troops1 marched from ,salisbury to join him1 but was met by the ,regulators and driven back4 #aa4 ,on the #afth of ,may1 #agga1 the force of ,governor ,tryon1 numbering eleven hundred men1 met about two thousand of the ,regulators at a place called ,alamance1 in ,orange ,county4 ,in the battle that ensued there was stubborn fighting until the ammunition of the ,regulators was exhausted1 and they were driven from the field4 ,many men lost their lives1 and all that was gained by ,north ,carolina1 after a noble resistance to oppression1 was that ,edmund ,fanning and others1 who were largely responsible for all its disorders1 left the province4 #ab4 ,the brutal malice and cruelty in ,governor ,tryon's character was exhibited soon after the battle4 ,several prisoners were taken by him1 and one of them1 a poor half-witted youth named ,james ,few1 was1 by ,tryon's order1 hung on the spot without trial4 ,twelve other prisoners were soon convicted of high treason and sentenced to death4 ,six of them were hanged almost immediately2 the execution of the others was delayed for a few days in order that a grand military display might be made on the occasion1 the details of which the ,governor superintended in person4 ,,note--,it has been said that the battle of ,alamance was begun by ,governor ,tryon1 who fired the first gun at a prisoner named ,robert ,thompson1 killing him instantly4 ,the men seemed to hesitate about beginning the fight1 and ,governor ,tryon1 rising in his stirrups1 exclaimed3 ,fire6 fire on them1 or on me6 #ac4 ,governor ,tryon left the province a month after the battle of ,alamance to become1 by the king's appointment1 ,governor of ,new ,york4 ,he had signally failed to do his duty in compelling his subordinates to deal honestly with the people1 but yet he retained the confidence of many able and patriotic men4 ,richard ,caswell and many other leaders in the province were distressed that he had ceased to be the ,chief ,magistrate of ,north ,carolina4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how were the middle and western sections of ,north ,carolina being peopled at this period8 #b4 ,give some description of these people4 ,how were they taxed8 #c4 ,what return did the sale of their crops bring them8 ,how was theirs a hard lot8 #d4 ,by whom were the poor farmers being oppressed8 #e4 ,what noted man is now mentioned8 ,can you tell something of the acts of ,herman ,husbands in the province8 #f4 ,how did he shrink from becoming a member of his league8 #g4 ,what was the first trouble8 ,how did they settle the matter8 ,mention some circumstances of the trial of ,husbands8 #h4 ,what was the result of ,governor ,tyron's visit to ,hillsboro8 ,how did the trials at court terminate8 #i4 ,how were the ,regulators affected by this mock judgment8 ,into what trouble did ,husbands next fall8 #aj4 ,what steps were taken by ,governor ,tryon towards crushing the ,regulators8 ,by whom was his army reinforced8 #aa4 ,can you describe the memorable ,battle of ,alamance8 ,what benefit was derived from it8 ,point out on the map the scene of the battle4 #ab4 ,what was ,governor ,tryon's conduct after the battle8 #ac4 ,when did ,governor ,tryon leave ,north ,carolina1 and for what purpose8 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,governor ,,martin ,,and ,,the ,,revolution4 ,a4 ,d4 #agga ,,to #aggd4 ,james ,hasell1 as ,president of the ,council1 assumed the conduct of affairs until the arrival of the new ,governor4 ,this new ,governor1 ,josiah ,martin1 was born #bb;d ,april1 #agcg1 and had been a ,lieutenant-,colonel in the ,british ,army1 which position he was obliged to resign on account of his health4 ,he then sought civil employment and was appointed ,governor of ,north ,carolina4 ,he was a far more honorable man than ,tryon4 ,he had no unworthy favorites1 as ,tryon had1 and concocted no selfish schemes for his own benefit or that of his family1 but was exceedingly obstinate and strict in the observance of royal prerogatives4 ,unattractive in his manners1 and very positive in his opinions1 he sometimes failed to withhold the manifestations of his displeasure towards those who might happen to differ with him1 no matter how honestly4 ,perhaps1 however1 in the fierce antagonisms of the times in which he ruled in ,north ,carolina1 his real virtues were not appreciated as they deserved4 #agga4 #b4 ,governor ,martin met the ,assembly1 for the first time1 in ,new ,bern1 on the #aith of ,november1 #agga4 ,at his suggestion1 the ,legislature passed an act of amnesty toward all persons engaged in the war of the ,regulation except ,husbands and a few other leaders4 ,such wise and merciful action1 however1 was not to be the rule of his life4 #c4 ,it had long been felt that the taxes were exceedingly burdensome1 and1 from a statement made to the ,legislature at this time1 by one of the public treasurers1 of the real condition of the public funds1 it was seen that these taxes had been1 for a time at least1 unnecessarily imposed4 ,the treasurer showed that a full collection of the amounts in arrear1 for which security had been given1 would discharge the entire public debt and leave in the public treasury the sum of twenty thousand dollars4 ,a bill was at once passed in both houses of the ,legislature1 and without opposition in either1 discontinuing the special taxes that had been devoted to the extinguishment of the public debt4 ,governor ,martin1 however1 vetoed the bill1 and thus began a series of conflicts with the ,legislature that lasted until his expulsion from the province4 #d4 ,the repeal of the ,stamp ,act had been gratefully received2 but ,parliament still excited great apprehension by an express and formal assertion of its powers to tax ,america4 ,it had cost immense sums to the ,crown to drive out the ,french1 and much money was still needed to pay ,british expenses in ,america4 ,it was insisted that the colonies ought to pay their fair share in these burdens4 ,the great question was1 how this was to be done4 ,if ,parliament could levy what it pleased1 then ,americans were no longer free1 in that they were not masters of their own purses4 ,many propositions were made to arrange the difficulty1 but none were satisfactory to both sides4 #aggc4 #e4 ,so dissatisfied was ,governor ,martin with his first ,legislature that he speedily dissolved it1 and did not permit a new one to meet until the last of ,january1 #aggc4 ,the new ,legislature met in ,new ,bern1 and the ,house gave notice of its temper by electing as its speaker ,john ,harvey1 of ,perquimans1 admitted on all hands to be the most earnest supporter of colonial rights in all the province4 ,upon every important subject of legislation the ,governor and the new ,assembly were at variance1 and he accordingly dissolved it on the #ith of ,march1 declaring that it had deserted its duty and flagrantly insulted the dignity and authority of the government4 #f4 ,the next ,assembly met in ,new ,bern1 on the #dth of ,december1 #aggc1 and continued in session seventeen days1 when it shared the fate of its predecessor1 and was sent home with the injunction to consult with the people and learn their will4 #g4 ,short as was the session1 however1 its action was most important4 ,on the day after the session began1 letters were received from the ,legislature of ,virginia and other colonies1 proposing that each province should appoint a ,committee of ,correspondence4 ,the proposition was speedily agreed to by the ,house of ,assembly1 and a committee of nine appointed1 with instructions to obtain the most early and authentic intelligence of all such acts and resolutions of the ,british ,parliament1 or proceedings of administration1 as may relate to or affect the ,british colonies in ,america1 and to keep and maintain a correspondence and communication with all sister colonies1 respecting these important considerations1 and the result of such1 their proceedings1 from hour to hour1 to lay before the ,house4 #h4 ,john ,harvey1 ,richard ,caswell1 ,samuel ,johnston1 ,joseph ,hewes1 ,edward ,vail1 ,cornelius ,harnett1 ,john ,ashe1 ,william ,hooper and ,robert ,howe constituted the committee1 and certainly1 in ,north ,carolina at least1 it may be said there was never an abler one4 ,by this action the province took position with its sister colonies on the great question of the day4 ,that the question was regarded as one of great importance and great gravity1 if not of great difficulty1 we need no other assurance than that afforded by the character of the men into whose hands it was committed4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,on whom did the government next devolve8 ,who succeeded ,james ,hasell8 ,how is ,governor ,martin compared with some of his predecessors8 #b4 ,where did ,governor ,martin first meet the ,assembly8 ,what law was passed8 #c4 ,what was the financial condition of the government at this period8 ,what act was passed concerning taxes8 #d4 ,how were the people excited by the ,english ,parliament8 ,what was the trouble8 #e4 ,how did ,governor ,martin act concerning the ,legislature8 ,what declaration was made by him8 #f4 ,where did the next ,assembly meet1 and what was done with it8 #g4 ,what letters were received during the session8 ,what was done with the proposition8 #h4 ,who composed the ,committee of ,correspondence8 ,what is said of these men8 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,first ,,provincial ,,congress4 ,a4 ,d4 #aggd4 #aggd4 ,by this time the propriety of holding a general or ,continental ,congress1 composed of delegates or representatives duly chosen by the several colonies1 had suggested itself to men of sagacity in every portion of the country4 ,wherever made1 the suggestion at once found a lodgment in public favor1 and by the time summer had come it was a generally accepted fact that such a congress would be held1 and the time and place of its session pretty well agreed upon4 ,during the month of ,june1 #aggd1 each colony1 through its ,committee of ,correspondence1 was invited to send delegates to a ,continental ,congress1 to be held in ,philadelphia during the coming ,september4 #b4 ,from its first agitation1 the project of a ,continental ,congress1 to consider the best ways and means of redressing the grievances of the colonists1 was exceedingly distasteful to ,governor ,martin1 for he regarded it as a most efficient way to organize rebellion4 ,he resolved that he would prevent ,north ,carolina from participating in such a ,congress1 as ,governor ,tryon had prevented her from participating in a similar one in #agfe4 ,to this end he determined that during the continuance of the existing disturbed condition of the colonies no ,legislature should meet in ,north ,carolina1 thinking thereby to prevent the due election of delegates from the province4 #c4 ,to this fixed purpose on the part of ,governor ,martin1 made known to ,john ,harvey through ,mr4 ,biggleston1 the ,governor's ,private ,secretary1 the ,congress held at ,new ,bern in ,august1 #aggd1 owed its existence4 ,when ,mr4 ,biggleston told him the ,governor did not intend to call another ,legislature until he saw a chance to get a better one1 ,harvey replied1 then the people will convene one themselves4 ,accordingly1 about the first of ,july1 in accordance with a plan agreed upon three months before between ,willie ,jones of ,halifax1 ,samuel ,johnston of ,chowan and ,edward ,buncombe of ,tyrrell1 ,harvey1 the ,speaker of the ,house of ,assembly1 issued handbills calling upon the people to elect delegates to a ,provincial ,congress1 as it was called1 to assemble in ,new ,bern on the #beth of ,august1 to express the sentiments of the people on the acts lately passed by the ,parliament of ,great ,britain1 and to appoint delegates to represent the province in a ,continental ,congress4 ,the handbills of this bold ,speaker also invited the people to invest the deputies whom they might send to ,new ,bern with powers obligatory on the future conduct of the inhabitants4 #d4 ,the elections for deputies were duly held about the first of ,august1 and the ,governor1 finding himself thus completely checkmated1 was furious4 ,the calm audacity of the ,speaker1 in summoning such a body to meet in ,new ,bern1 in the very presence of the ,king's represent representatives1 as the ,governor said1 to concert treasonable schemes against the ,crown1 astounded him4 #e4 ,up to this time ,governor ,martin had not at all realized how weak had become the ties that bound the people of the colony of ,north ,carolina to the mother country4 ,nor did he believe they would1 with any degree of unanimity whatever1 take so bold and defiant a step in the direction of open rebellion as that involved in the election of a ,congress with powers obligatory on the people1 but owing no obedience to the authority of the ,crown4 ,yet1 at the appointed times and places1 with few exceptions1 the people throughout the provinces openly assembled and elected delegates to the proposed ,congress1 clothing them with most extraordinary powers4 #f4 ,this evidence of the condition of popular sentiment in the province could neither be doubted nor disregarded4 ,accordingly1 on the #abth of ,august1 #aggd1 the ,governor asked his ,council to advise him what to do in a state of affairs so inconsistent with the peace and good order of the government and so injurious to the maintenance of the authority of the ,crown4 ,after deliberating for a day on the matter1 the ,council advised him to issue a proclamation1 and he did so1 condemning the elections just held as highly illegal1 and warning all officers of the ,king1 both civil and military1 to do all in their power to prevent such assemblages of the people1 and especially the meeting of the deputies or delegates at ,new ,bern on the #beth instant4 #g4 ,in spite of all this1 the first ,provincial ,congress in ,north ,carolina met at ,new ,bern1 ,august #beth1 #aggd1 and elected ,john ,harvey as ,moderator or ,president4 ,richard ,caswell1 ,joseph ,hewes and ,william ,hooper were chosen as delegates to the ,continental ,congress4 ,protesting their loyalty to the ,crown1 but expressing a full determination to defend their rights as freemen1 the members entered into an agreement that unless their grievances were redressed they would discontinue all trade with ,english merchants4 #h4 ,this ,congress was the first great step in the ,revolution1 which was to deliver ,north ,carolina and ,america from the dominion of a distant ,king and ,parliament4 ,the men of ,america were soon to be free from all foreign interference in their government4 ,it was a bold and hazardous step in ,colonel ,harvey and the men over whom he presided as ,moderator1 but safety in the end was the reward of those who thus dared to be free4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what important step was suggesting itself to the people8 ,how was the suggestion received8 ,what was done in ,june1 #aggd8 #b4 ,how did ,governor ,martin regard this matter8 ,what did he determine to do8 #c4 ,what vas the result of the ,governor's plan8 ,what was done by ,john ,harvey8 #d4 ,how was ,governor ,martin affected by ,harvey's success8 #e4 ,what had the ,governor begun to realize8 ,what was done by the people8 #f4 ,what advice did the ,governor seek8 ,what was given8 #g4 ,when and where did the first ,provincial ,congress of ,north ,carolina meet8 ,who was ,moderator8 ,who were chosen as delegates to the ,continental ,congress8 #h4 ,what is said of this ,provincial congress8 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,second ,,provincial ,,congress4 ,a4 ,d4 #agge4 ,after the meeting of the first ,provincial ,congress1 at ,new ,bern1 there were1 to all observers of intelligence throughout the world1 evident signs of an approaching rupture between the ,royal ,government and the people of ,north ,carolina4 ,each day widened the breach between them and rendered more difficult an arrangement of the troubles4 #b4 ,in the regular course of events1 if ,north ,carolina would continue to keep abreast of her sister colonies in the movement for the preservation of the inherent rights of ,british subjects1 it was necessary that she should formally ratify and approve the action recently taken by the ,continental ,congress1 and to elect delegates to that ,congress for a new term4 ,accordingly1 on the #aath of ,february1 #agge1 after the ,governor had ordered an election to be held for a new ,legislature to meet in ,new ,bern on the #c;d of ,april1 ,colonel ,harvey also issued handbills for the election of another ,congress to meet at the same time and place4 #c4 ,both elections were held and both bodies met at the appointed time and place4 ,indeed the same individuals were members of both the ,house of ,assembly and of the ,congress4 ,the records show that every member of the ,house of ,assembly who was present was also present as a member of the ,congress1 with only three exceptions4 ,colonel ,harvey was chosen to preside over both bodies4 ,when sitting at the ,house of ,assembly the members called him ,mr4 ,speaker1 but when sitting as a ,congress they called him ,mr4 ,moderator4 ,according to the journals of their proceedings1 the ,congress met at nine o'clock and the ,assembly at ten o'clock in the morning4 ,upon the face of the journals of the two bodies their proceedings seem to have been entirely separate and distinct2 it is said1 however1 to have been otherwise in fact1 and that at one moment the members would be sitting with ,mr4 ,speaker ,harvey as a ,house of ,assembly1 under the authority of the ,crown1 and at another with ,mr4 ,moderator ,harvey1 as a ,congress in defiance of the ,crown4 #d4 ,as the two ,houses of the ,legislature met ,governor ,martin in the palace1 according to the custom of that day1 at the beginning of a session1 he saluted them with indignant remonstrances1 which were1 the next day1 most ably answered in an address prepared by ,captain ,robert ,howe1 of ,brunswick4 ,a chief ground of his complaint was that the ,assembly would take no action against the ,congress4 ,he was aptly reminded1 however1 in reply1 that as the ,assembly had no control over its sessions1 holding them at his will and pleasure only1 and remembering how that will and pleasure had been exercised1 a ,congress that did have control over itself was absolutely necessary for the protection of the people4 ,the result was a proclamation dissolving the ,assembly on the #hth of ,april1 that being the fourth day of its session4 #e4 ,the ,congress1 however1 could neither be dissolved nor dispersed1 and proceeded in its work with much deliberation4 ,the same delegation was returned to ,philadelphia2 and articles of association1 pledging the members to abstain from all commerce with ,british marts1 were signed by all except ,thomas ,mc,knight1 of ,currituck4 #f4 ,it was seen that a crisis was near at hand4 ,boston had been held1 for months past1 in a state of siege4 ,at length1 on ,april #aith1 came the encounter at ,lexington4 ,accidents are constantly heard of wherein more lives are lost1 but this little skirmish1 small as it was1 was enough1 with its tidings1 to fire the hearts of a continent4 #g4 ,the tidings of such an occurrence in our day outstrips the winds4 ,in less than an hour it is known all over the ,mississippi ,valley1 across the ,rocky ,mountains1 and along the shores of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,but our ancestors of that day had no railways or telegraphs2 so1 it was fully two weeks after the militiamen slain at ,lexington had stiffened in their blood that ,richard ,caswell heard of it in ,petersburg1 ,virginia4 #h4 ,a courier was hurrying southward with the tidings1 but it was not until ,may #aith that the people of ,mecklenburg1 in ,north ,carolina1 became aware of what had occurred4 ,at the village of ,charlotte upon that day a large concourse of the leading men of that county had assembled4 ,fired at the nature of the startling intelligence1 they held a convention1 and after remaining in session all night1 on the morning of the #bjth1 passed resolutions of independence that will immortalize their names4 #i4 ,all ,america1 while arming for the war1 was still protesting loyalty to the ,king1 but these men of ,mecklenburg leaped to a conclusion1 the expediency of which more than a year of blood was required to impress on the minds of their countrymen4 ,abraham ,alexander presided in the meeting1 and the famous ,mecklenburg ,declaration of ,independence was drawn by ,dr4 ,ephraim ,breyard4 ,,note--,the men of ,mecklenburg held another meeting on ,may #cast1 and adopted a system of government and military commissions4 ,these people publicly declared themselves free from ,english rule nearly fourteen months before the ,declaration of ,independence at ,philadelphia4 #aj4 ,the news from ,boston was speedily followed1 in ,north ,carolina1 by mournful tidings from ,perquimans county4 ,colonel ,john ,harvey1 after so many strenuous efforts to put ,north ,carolina in readiness for the storm1 sank under disease1 and died at his place in ,harvey's ,neck1 on the ,albemarle ,sound4 ,no braver or wiser man has ever borne a part in the conduct of affairs in ,north ,carolina4 #aa4 ,apprehensive for his own safety and that of his family1 ,governor ,martin at once made preparations for leaving ,new ,bern4 ,he sent his family to ,new ,york by sea1 but went himself by land to ,fort ,johnston1 at the mouth of the ,cape ,fear4 99 ,but even ,fort ,johnston proved unsafe as a place of refuge1 and in ,july the ,governor left it and went on board the war sloop ,cruiser1 then lying in the river before the fort4 ,on the same day ,colonel ,ashe1 with five hundred men1 burned the fort to the ground4 99,governor ,martin took advantage of this journey to visit the ,scotch settlements on the upper ,cape ,fear1 and set on foot the insurrection that culminated in the battle of ,moore's ,creek ,bridge4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what signs were observed after the first ,provincial ,congress8 #b4 ,what was necessary for ,north ,carolina to do8 ,what was done on ,february #aa1 #agge8 #c4 ,what is said of this election 8 ,describe the ,legislature and ,congress8 #d4 ,how was the ,legislature received by the ,governor8 ,how did ,captain ,howe answer him8 #e4 ,what was done by the ,congress8 #f4 ,what startling news was received on ,april #aith4 #g4 ,how did the circulation of news in #agge differ from the present8 ,who was first to receive the news of ,lexington8 #h4 ,when did the tidings reach ,mecklenburg8 ,what great event occurred at ,charlotte8 ,find this city on the map4 #i4 ,what was the attitude of the ,american people at this time8 ,by what name have the ,charlotte resolutions always been known8 #aj4 ,what sad news next thrilled ,north ,carolina8 #aa4 ,what was done by ,governor ,martin8 ,what occurred at ,fort ,johnston8 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,congress ,,at ,,hillsboro4 ,a4 ,d4 #agge4 ,it had been seen at ,new ,bern that ,colonel ,harvey's days were numbered1 and ,samuel ,johnston had been empowered1 in case of the ,moderator's death1 to order an election for another ,congress to meet at ,hillsboro whenever he should deem it necessary4 ,accordingly 7,colonel ,harvey having died7 the ,congress met1 at the call of ,mr4 ,johnston1 in ,hillsboro1 on the #bjth of ,august1 #agge1 and a memorable ,congress it was4 ,samuel ,johnston was its ,president4 #b4 ,when ,governor ,martin left ,new ,bern royal authority was virtually at an end in ,north ,carolina1 but it was at ,hillsboro1 and by the ,congress there assembled1 that its last vestige was swept away4 ,the time had come when1 if ,north ,carolina intended to stand with her sister colonies1 she must take up arms and appeal to the ,god of battles4 ,this she was ready to do without any hesitation1 and this she did do at ,hillsboro1 giving publicly to the world her reasons for so doing4 #c4 ,the ,governor sent to ,samuel ,johnston a copy of his proclamation1 dated on board ,his ,majesty's ship ,cruiser1 at ,cape ,fear1 on the #hth of ,august1 #agge1 in which he warned the people against the ,hillsboro ,congress as a dangerous and unconstitutional assembly1 and of baneful influence2 and further1 that to assemble men in arms in the province without authority from the ,king1 was a violation of law for which they would be held answerable4 ,in reply to this proclamation1 which was duly laid before the ,congress by the ,moderator1 ,mr4 ,johnston1 it was formally resolved that the proclamation was a false1 scandalous1 scurrilous and seditious libel1 tending to disunite the good people of the province2 and further1 that the said paper be burnt by the common hangman4 #d4 ,accepting the recent flight of ,governor ,martin to the ,british war-sloop ,cruiser as an abdication of the government of the ,crown1 the ,congress proceeded to put in its place a government of the people1 and established what in this day would be called a provisional government4 ,cornelius ,harnett99 was at its head4 99,this man was the second of the name4 ,his father came to ,clarendon in ,governor ,burrington's time1 and was all his life afterwards a member of the council4 ,this ,cornelius ,harnett was well educated1 and was so intensely devoted to the ,american cause that he was called in that day the ,samuel ,adams of ,north ,carolina4 #e4 ,on the third ,tuesday in ,october in each year delegates to a ,congress were to be elected1 which ,congress was to meet on the #ajth of ,november following1 unless otherwise directed4 ,when in session ,congress was1 of course1 supreme2 when not in session1 ample authority was vested in a general or provisional council and subordinate or district committees of safety4 ,the province was divided into six military districts1 and as far as possible1 put on a war footing4 #f4 ,the ordinary militia organization was perfected and monthly drills ordered2 a special organization of minutemen1 as that class of troops was called1 was provided for each district1 and1 in addition1 two regiments of regulars were ordered as the contingent of the province for the ,continental army4 ,provision was also made for the purchase1 anywhere and everywhere1 of arms1 powder1 lead1 salt and saltpetre2 for the manufacture at home of salt1 saltpetre1 powder1 and for the refining of sulphur2 for the manufacture of brown and writing paper1 cotton and woolen cards1 linen and woolen cloths1 pins and needles1 and for the erection of furnaces for making iron and steel and iron hollow ware1 and of rolling mills for making nails1 large premiums were offered4 ,a census1 too1 was ordered to be taken without delay4 #g4 ,an issue of money to meet expenses was also provided for4 ,in a word1 every function of government was from that time exercised in the name and by the authority of the people of ,north ,carolina4 ,virtually the province was under martial law1 but it was under martial law self-imposed4 #h4 ,it is evident that the men who constituted the ,hillsboro1 or third ,provincial ,congress1 knew perfectly well what they were doing1 and had fully counted the cost4 ,success meant freedom1 and would make them patriots2 failure meant abject submission to a foreign government1 and would make them traitors4 ,knowing this1 they deliberately put a government of the people in the place of the government of the ,king2 they put an army in the field and provided it with arms and ammunition2 and1 as if looking ahead to a long and protracted struggle1 during which their ports would be doubtless blockaded1 they sought at once1 by the offer of large bounties to encourage the manufacture at home of such articles as were of common use and prime necessity4 ,they were indeed both bold and far-seeing1 those men of the ,hillsboro ,congress1 and well they might be1 for they were the best and bravest of the province-men whose names are now household words throughout the ,state4 #i4 ,the ,hillsboro ,congress had not called out troops any too soon1 for it was discovered that both ,governor ,martin1 in ,north ,carolina1 and ,lord ,dunmore1 in ,virginia1 were engaged in schemes to excite insurrections among the negro slaves4 ,colonel ,robert ,howe1 with the ,second ,north ,carolina ,regiment1 was sent to ,norfolk1 in ,virginia1 where the ,british troops1 being beaten at ,great ,bridge1 were soon driven from the soil of the ,old ,dominion4 #aj4 ,this occurred in ,december1 #agge4 ,about the same time ,colonels ,griffith ,rutherford1 ,thomas ,polk and ,james ,martin embodied their militia regiments and went to ,south ,carolina1 where they speedily crushed a ,tory insurrection of certain men called the ,scovilites4 ,the militia were1 of course1 aided by ,whig troops of that province4 ,the readiness with which ,north ,carolina marched troops both to ,virginia and to ,south ,carolina caused her to stand very high in the estimation of the ,continental ,congress4 #aa4 ,the term ,tory was applied to men who upheld the royal authority1 and were opposed to any movement to defend the colonies against the exactions of the ,crown and ,parliament4 ,the ,whigs1 on the contrary1 were at that day demanding that ,american commerce should be free1 and that no taxes should be imposed by ,great ,britain upon the colonies4 ,they were not enemies to the ,king1 and only opposed to that which they considered oppressive in the designs of his ministers4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who had been selected to take ,colonel ,harvey's place8 ,when and where did the third ,provincial ,congress meet8 #b4 ,in what condition were public affairs when the ,congress met8 #c4 ,what proclamation did the ,governor send to ,samuel ,johnston8 ,what reply was returned8 #d4 ,what view was taken of the ,governor's flight8 ,who was placed at the head of the provisional government8 #e4 ,mention some laws which were passed concerning the ,congress8 #f4 ,mention some further acts of the ,hillsboro ,congress4 #g4 ,what about the issue of money8 #h4 ,what is said of the men who composed the ,congress8 #i4 ,in what scheme was ,governor ,martin found engaged8 ,what force was sent to ,virginia8 #aj4 ,who were sent to ,south ,carolina8 #aa4 ,define the terms ,tory and ,whig4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,moores ,,creek ,,bridge4 ,a4 ,d4 #aggf4 #aggf4 ,the new year1 #aggf1 found ,governor ,martin still lingering on board the ,cruiser in the ,cape ,fear ,river4 ,he was closely watched by ,colonel ,james ,moore1 who kept his ,command 7the ,first ,north ,carolina ,regiment7 in that vicinity4 ,in ,february came the news that the ,scotch ,highlanders and ,regulators were gathering at a place called1 at that day1 ,cross ,creek1 and now the town of ,fayetteville4 ,this place and in this connection will be remembered as the home of the beautiful heroine1 ,flora ,mc,donald1 and her husband4 ,like her husband1 she was a staunch ,tory1 and did all she could to promote the insurrection4 ,this famous woman had won the world's admiration by her heroic efforts to aid the unfortunate ,prince ,charles ,edward after his defeat at ,culloden4 ,he was being hunted like a wild beast by the troops of the king1 but ,flora ,mc,donald bravely left her home and went off with the disguised ,prince1 until1 after many perils1 he reached a vessel on the coast end thus escaped to his friends in ,france4 #b4 ,a large fleet and army were said to be on their way from ,england to take the town of ,wilmington4 ,these ,scotchmen1 assembling at ,cross ,creek by ,governor ,martin's orders1 were in arms to force their way across the country and join the expected ,british army1 ,colonel ,moore at once met them at ,rockfish ,creek1 where he fortified his camp and awaited an attack4 ,but he soon found this would not occur1 so he sent ,colonel ,lillington and ,captain ,ashe with two hundred and fifty then to occupy a bridge over ,moore's ,creek that he supposed would intercept ,general ,donald ,mc,donald1 who commanded the ,tories4 #c4 ,whigs in arms were assembling from different directions1 and the ,tories soon saw that unless they passed ,colonel ,moore they would be surrounded and captured4 ,mc,donald was an old and skillful officer1 and he moved across the ,cape ,fear ,river to meet ,colonel ,caswell1 who was coming up from ,new ,bern with a command of eight hundred men which had been raised in that section4 #d4 ,caswell made haste to join ,lillington on ,moore's ,creek1 and artfully led the enemy to believe that he was camping1 on the evening of ,february #bf1 #aggf1 on the same side of the stream with him4 ,he left his fires burning1 and in the darkness crossed the bridge1 removed the timbers except two log girders1 and took up a position supporting ,lillington and ,ashe1 who had already put themselves in the best place to prevent the passage of the ,tories4 #e4 ,in the darkness of early dawn1 on the #bgth1 ,colonel ,donald ,mc,leod took the place of his sick commander1 ,general ,mc,donald1 and fell upon what he had been led to believe was ,colonel ,caswell's camp2 but his spies had been misled1 and his foes were to be reached only by crossing the bridge before him4 ,the prospect was appalling1 but ,mc,leod was brave1 and putting himself at the head of a picked band of broadswordsmen1 he charged across the remaining two logs of the bridge4 ,it was a terrible moment when the ,whigs saw these dauntless ,highlanders1 who had so often broken the strongest lines of troops in ,europe1 rushing furiously upon them4 ,but they were cool1 and plied the deadly rifles upon the ,scotchmen as fast as they came4 #f4 ,colonel ,mc,leod fell dead in his headlong charge1 being pierced by twenty-six balls4 ,the carnage was so frightful that the onset was stayed1 and then1 as the assailants wavered1 ,captain ,ezekiel ,slocumb1 having crossed the creek with his company1 rushed from the woods and charged their flank4 ,a wild panic ensued1 and the ,tories fled in disorder from the fatal bridge4 #g4 ,the ,whigs followed in hot pursuit1 and the victory was overwhelming4 ,nearly two thousand ,royalists were thus defeated by eleven hundred undisciplined ,whigs4 ,eight hundred prisoners1 including ,general ,mc,donald1 with all the camp stores1 were taken4 #h4 ,there was not a more complete victory during the war4 ,general ,moore's strategy was brilliant in conception and daring in execution2 but no strategy1 however brilliant1 and no courage however daring1 would have availed anything had not ,north ,carolina been prepared to put promptly in the field troops with the necessary munitions of war4 ,these troops that took part in the campaign came some from above ,greensboro in the west and others below ,new ,bern in the east4 ,infantry1 artillery and mounted troops were all engaged1 and everything went on as smoothly as if the province had never known anything about war4 #i4 ,the successful conduct of the campaign1 requiring as it did the rapid concentration of troops without railroad1 steamboat or telegraph1 and the readiness with which1 ninety days previous1 we had sent troops both to ,south ,carolina and to ,virginia1 demonstrated beyond question the wisdom of the ,congress in its work at ,hillsboro during the summer and autumn before4 #aj4 ,the defeat of the ,tories thwarted the schemes of ,governor ,martin1 and so dispirited the ,scotch and ,regulators that years elapsed before they gave further trouble4 ,lord ,cornwallis came into the ,cape ,fear ,river with his army1 but hearing of the disaster1 sailed away1 having effected nothing but an inglorious descent upon the farm of ,general ,robert ,howe4 #aa4 ,thus began and ended the first ,british invasion of ,north ,carolina4 ,colonel ,moore was made a ,general for his skill in planning the campaign1 and ,caswell1 ,lillington and ,ashe1 with their gallant commands1 were everywhere honored for their bravery and success4 ,,note--,a proclamation was issued soon after this1 giving pardon to all who would submit to the government of the ,king1 except ,general ,robert ,rowe and ,cornelius ,harnett4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the situation in ,wilmington in #aggf8 ,what important news was received8 #b4 ,what expedition was coming to ,wilmington8 ,how was it to be reinforced8 ,how was ,colonel ,moore preparing to meet these men from ,cross ,creek8 #c4 ,mention other preparations for a fight4 #d4 ,give an account of ,colonel ,caswell's position on ,moore's ,creek4 #e4 ,who commanded the ,tories8 ,describe his charge upon the ,whigs4 #f4 ,give an account of the battle of ,moore's ,creek4 ,when did this occur8 ,locate the scene of this battle on the map4 #g4 ,what was the result8 #h4 ,what is said of the victory at ,moore's ,creek8 ,what was promptly done by ,north ,carolina8 #i4 ,what is said of this campaign8 #aj4 ,what distinguished ,british officer entered the ,cape ,fear8 #aa4 ,how did the people feel towards ,colonel ,moore and other commanding officers8 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,fourth ,,provincial ,,congress ,,declares ,,independence4 ,a4 ,d4 #aggf4 ,the ,hillsboro ,congress of ,august1 #agge1 formally inaugurated a war of resistance to ,british oppressions1 but to the ,halifax ,congress of ,april1 #aggf1 was left the crowning glory of being the first in all the colonies to declare for absolute independence of the mother country and for foreign alliances4 #b4 ,it was quickly seen when the new ,congress met at ,halifax1 on the #dth of ,april1 #aggf1 that great progress had been made in public sentiment4 ,at ,hillsboro professions of loyalty and of a desire for continued connection with ,great ,britain1 some honest1 but many of questionable sincerity doubtless1 were still to be heard4 ,at ,halifax there was neither halting nor hesitation in avowing that absolute independence from the mother country was the real aim of the people of the province4 #c4 ,the time for the final plunge had come1 and ,north ,carolina was quite ready for it4 ,accordingly1 on the fourth day of the session1 a committee was appointed to take into consideration the usurpations and violences attempted and committed by the ,king and ,parliament of ,britain against ,america1 and the further measures to be taken for frustrating the same1 and for the better defence of the province4 ,four days later1 that is to say1 on the #abth day of ,april1 #aggf1 a day ever to be remembered in the annals of ,america1 the committee reported as follows3 ,it appears to your committee that pursuant to the plan concerted by the ,british ,ministry for subjugating ,america1 the ,king and ,parliament of ,great ,britain have usurped a power over the persons and properties of the people unlimited and uncontrolled1 and disregarding their humble petitions for peace1 liberty and safety1 have made divers legislative acts denouncing war1 famine and every species of calamity against the continent in general4 ,that ,british fleets and armies have been1 and still are1 daily employed in destroying the people and committing the most horrid devastations on the country4 ,that ,governors in different colonies have declared protection to slaves who should imbrue their hands in the blood of their masters2 that the ships belonging to ,america are declared prizes of war1 and many of them have been violently seized and confiscated1 in consequence of which multitudes of the people have been destroyed or from easy circumstances reduced to the most lamentable distress4 ,,and ,,whereas1 the moderation hitherto manifested by the united colonies and their sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother country on constitutional principles have procured no mitigation of the aforesaid wrongs and usurpations1 and no hopes remain of obtaining redress by those means alone1 which have been hitherto tried1 your committee are of opinion that the house should enter into the following resolve1 to wit3 ,resolved1 ,that the delegates for this colony in the ,continental ,congress be empowered to concur with the delegates of the other colonies in declaring independence and forming foreign alliances1 reserving to this colony the sole and exclusive right of forming a constitution and laws for this colony1 and of appointing delegates from time to time 7under direction of a general representation thereof7 to meet the delegates of the other colonies for such purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out4 ,and thereupon the ,congress did so resolve unanimously4 #d4 ,with the exception of the ,mecklenburg ,declaration of the year before1 there had been1 up to that time1 nowhere in all ,america a single organized body to venture on such a proposition4 ,individuals like ,samuel ,adams1 ,william ,hooper and ,christopher ,gadsden had been heard advocating it2 but every other assembly was yet protesting its loyalty to the ,king4 ,it was more than a month before ,virginia consented to ,patrick ,henry's demands1 and the other colonies were to follow at intervals after her endorsement4 #e4 ,in the annals of the world there is no prouder record than the entry made on the journals of the ,halifax ,congress on the #abth day of ,april1 #aggf4 ,a great fleet and army were yet upon the soil and within the waters of ,north ,carolina1 but this could not deter these resolute patriots from thus taking the lead in a doubtful and perilous departure from all the ties and obligations of the past4 #f4 ,it can then be understood how joyously the news was received at this same town of ,halifax on ,july #bb;d1 that the ,continental ,congress1 at ,philadelphia1 had acceded to the wishes of ,north ,carolina1 and had1 on the #dth day of the same month1 declared the ,independence of ,america4 #g4 ,the ,council of ,safety was at that time in session at ,halifax1 and by it ,thursday1 the #ast of ,august1 was set as a day for proclaiming the declaration at the courthouse in ,halifax1 and the people were invited to attend4 ,on the day appointed1 according to the vivid description of an eye-witness1 a vast concourse of people assembled in front of the court house4 ,the provincial troops and the militia were all drawn up in full array4 ,at midday ,cornelius ,harnett ascended a rostrum that had been erected in front of the courthouse1 and even as he opened the scroll upon which was written the immortal words of the declaration1 the enthusiasm of the immense crowd broke forth in one loud swell of rejoicing and prayer4 ,when he had finished1 all the people shouted with joy1 and the cannon sounding from fort to fort1 proclaimed the glorious tidings that all the thirteen colonies were now free and independent ,states4 ,the soldiers seized ,mr4 ,harnett and bore him on their shoulders through the town4 ,the declaration was ordered to be read in all portions of ,north ,carolina1 and1 except in one county1 the mandate was everywhere obeyed4 #h4 ,all the ,north ,carolina troops then in arms1 including the two ,continental regiments and the militia under ,general ,ashe1 were in ,charleston4 ,they were spectators of the combat in which the gallant ,moultrie1 within his fort of palmetto logs1 signally defeated the same ,british fleet under ,sir ,peter ,parker that had been so recently in ,cape ,fear ,river4 #i4 ,general ,james ,moore marched northward from ,charleston with his brigade1 but died in ,wilmington4 ,his death was a serious loss to ,north ,carolina and the cause of liberty1 for in military genius1 as in patriotic devotion1 he had few equals and no superior in ,america4 ,colonel ,francis ,nash succeeded to his place4 ,general ,howe was sent to ,savannah1 having with him his old command1 the ,second ,north ,carolina ,regiment4 ,four new regiments were ordered by the ,provincial ,congress and were soon put in the field4 #aj4 ,on the same day with the battle in ,charleston ,harbor1 ,june #bhth1 #aggf1 the ,cherokee ,indians descended from their mountain homes and murdered two hundred western settlers4 ,general ,griffith ,rutherford collected two thousand men of the militia regiments in his command1 and took such swift and ample vengeance that from that time these ,indians ceased to trouble the frontier4 ,they had been incited by ,british agents to their disastrous work4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of the fourth ,provincial ,congress8 ,where was it held8 #b4 ,in what condition was public sentiment when the ,congress met8 #c4 ,what was done on the fourth day of the session8 ,why should the #abth day of ,april1 #aggf1 ever be remembered8 ,can you state the substance of this memorable declaration of independence8 #d4 ,what is said of the ,halifax declaration8 #e4 ,tell something of the boldness of this declaration4 #f4 ,what was done by the ,continental ,congress on ,may #dth8 #g4 ,describe the reading of the ,declaration of ,independence4 #h4 ,where were the ,north ,carolina soldiers at that time8 #i4 ,what other military movements were mentioned8 #aj4 ,what occurred on ,january #bhth1 #aggf8 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,adoption ,,of ,a ,,state ,,constitution4 ,a4 ,d4 #aggf4 ,after the public avowal by the people of ,north ,carolina1 through their newly organized ,congress at ,halifax1 in ,april1 #aggf1 of a fixed purpose to secure1 by force of arms1 absolute independence from the mother country1 and of her desire to enter into foreign alliances to accomplish that end1 there was no reason for any longer delay in establishing a permanent form of government for the colony4 ,hitherto1 pride of consistency in form at least1 to say nothing of a considerate regard for tender consciences1 if not for weak nerves1 might well have held them back4 ,after the action of the ,congress on the #abth of ,april1 however1 it was manifest that the day of provisional government was nigh its close1 and that the people of ,north ,carolina must abide the arbitrament of war to which they had appealed1 whether in future they should be free1 self-governing citizens or dependent subjects of a foreign government4 ,the half-way ground and the time for temporary expedients were both left behind in ,north ,carolina on the #abth of ,april1 #aggf4 ,there was great division1 however1 among the wisest and best men in the province as to the true nature of the new system of government which had thus become necessary4 #b4 ,samuel ,johnston was a wise and patriotic leader4 ,he was a man of wealth and experience in public affairs1 and was devoted to his country1 but he thought that new experiments in government were dangerous1 and withal was long very much averse to a final separation from ,great ,britain4 ,he wished to keep up the old system of rule as far as possible2 among other reasons1 because he doubted the ability of the people to govern themselves4 ,these views were also held by ,general ,allen ,jones1 of ,northampton1 and other prominent men4 #c4 ,on the other hand1 ,willie ,jones1 of ,halifax1 brother of ,general ,allen ,jones1 was the leader of a majority of the legislators and the people4 ,he held as the fundamental article of his political creed that the ,american people were capable of governing themselves1 and that all political power belonged to and proceeded from them4 ,like ,jefferson1 of ,virginia1 he advocated religious freedom1 separation of ,church and ,state1 liberty of the press and choice of rulers by the masses at the ballot-box4 #d4 ,between these two champions of opposing theories stood ,richard ,caswell1 a man of excellent discretion and great practical common sense1 who1 happily tempering the fierce democracy of ,jones with the more cautious conservatism of ,johnston1 possessed1 in a rare degree1 the confidence of the people of ,north ,carolina of every faction4 ,a ,marylander by birth1 he came to ,north ,carolina when quite a youth1 without fortune or friends1 and won his unbounded popularity by long years of unselfish1 unstinted devotion to her service4 #e4 ,men of strong convictions1 especially when accustomed to shape public sentiment1 do not readily yield to opposing views1 and it was a happy thing for ,north ,carolina that she possessed such a man as ,caswell1 whose commanding influence enabled him to control and finally to compose the fierce differences that prevailed in regard to the character of the proposed new government4 ,at his suggestion1 the matter was postponed until the winter1 when a new ,congress would be in session1 fresh from the people and in full possession of their views in the premises2 and in this way the question at issue as to the character of the new government was remitted directly to the decision of the people14 #f4 ,by formal resolution1 adopted on the #ith of ,august1 #aggf1 the ,council of ,safety called the attention of the people to the fact that the next ,congress would frame a constitution for the ,state1 and urged1 for that reason1 that the greatest care be taken in the selection of delegates at the ensuing election4 #g4 ,the election was held on the #aeth day of ,october1 and the ,congress met at ,halifax on the #abth day of ,november1 and1 on motion of ,allen ,jones1 made ,richard ,caswell its ,president4 ,samuel ,johnston1 after a hot contest1 had failed to be elected1 and was consequently not a member4 ,he was in ,halifax1 however1 during the sitting of the ,congress1 and doubtless exercised but little less influence than he would have done had he been a delegate4 #h4 ,on the #agth of ,december1 that most admirable enunciation of human rights1 the bill of rights so-called1 was adopted1 and the next day the constitution was adopted4 #i4 ,the new constitution went into operation at once1 with ,caswell as the first ,governor1 and the great work of supplying the ,state with judges1 sheriffs1 magistrates and other officers began4 ,for several years there had been no courts to administer justice1 either civil or criminal1 except military tribunals and the various committees of safety4 ,fortunately1 while ,governor ,caswell1 aided by the legislative authorities1 was putting in motion the untried machinery of a new government1 and evoking civil order from military disorder1 our ,british foes were far away to the northward4 ,at last ,north ,carolinians lived under a government of their own making1 administered by officers of their own choosing4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was seen to be the next necessary step after the action of the ,halifax ,congress8 ,can you tell what difficulties had previously existed8 #b4 ,what views were held by ,governor ,johnston8 #c4 ,what did ,willie ,jones consider necessary for the people8 ,what was advocated by him8 #d4 ,how did ,caswell consider these things8 #e4 ,what good influence was exerted by his opinion8 #f4 ,what did the ,council of ,safety do8 #g4 ,when did the ,congress meet8 ,who was chosen to preside8 ,what was done on ,december #agth8 #h4 ,who was the first ,governor of ,north ,carolina under the constitution8 ,describe the condition of affairs8 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,war ,,continued4 ,a4 ,d4 #aggg to #aggi4 ,all of the ,north ,carolina ,continentals were with ,general ,washington early in the new year #aggg4 ,they reached him in a great emergency4 ,his army had just been driven from ,new ,york across the ,state of ,new ,jersey1 and such had been his losses by battle and otherwise1 that when he reached the ,delaware ,river he could hardly muster five thousand men4 #b4 ,sir ,william ,howe1 the ,british ,commander-in-,chief1 had twenty- nine thousand trained soldiers available1 and when ,lord ,cornwallis1 who had been pursuing the ,americans1 was halted by him1 it was the salvation of the force left with ,general ,washington4 ,had ,sir ,william forborne to stop the pursuit of ,cornwallis the struggle might have soon ended in the capture of ,washington4 ,after a week of delay1 ,cornwallis was permitted to advance1 and even then came up in time to see the last boatloads of the ,american troops crossing the great river which so effectually stopped all further pursuit4 #aggg4 #c4 ,when ,general ,nash arrived at the ,american camp1 after his long march from the south1 he brought six full regiments of ,north ,carolina ,continentals1 nearly doubling the force upon which the hopes of ,america mainly depended4 ,by this means ,general ,washington was soon after able to confront the advancing enemy in the battle of ,brandywine1 on ,september #aath4 ,at this and other engagements the ,north ,carolina troops displayed both courage and discipline4 #d4 ,it was on the bloody occasion of the attack upon the ,british force at ,germanton1 ,october #dth1 that their most glorious record was made4 ,general ,washington entrusted the post of honor on the extreme right flank of his line of attack to ,general ,francis ,nash4 ,the ,british were driven by the ,north ,carolinians a long distance on the right of the village1 but the ,american divisions which had been sent in on the left failed to dislodge the enemy1 and in this way left ,general ,nash's force exposed both on his left and rear4 #e4 ,it was a glorious but bloody day for ,north ,carolina4 ,the brigade suffered heavy loss in advancing1 but greater when compelled to fall back for want of support4 ,general ,nash and ,colonel ,edward ,buncombe were mortally wounded4 ,lieutenant- ,colonel ,irwin and many other gallant officers were slain upon the field4 #aggh4 #f4 ,at length the ,british forces were directed again toward the south4 ,on ,december #bith1 ,general ,robert ,howe was driven from ,savannah by ,general ,prevost1 on which occasion the ,second ,regiment of ,continentals was confronted by a regiment of ,north ,carolina ,tories under ,colonel ,john ,hamilton4 ,howe and his command were transferred to ,west ,point1 on the ,hudson ,river1 of which important post he was soon commander1 with the rank of ,major-,general4 #aggi4 #g4 ,after #aggh the courts were fully established1 and ,judges ,ashe1 ,iredell and ,spencer held terms at ,wilmington and at five other towns twice a year4 ,waightstill ,avery1 as ,attorney-,general1 was busy in trials for treason against the ,state4 ,there were many men who yet labored to restore the ,king's authority1 and against them was needed all the vigilance possible1 both in the courts and at military headquarters4 #h4 ,more than three years of the war had passed away without serious disaster to ,north ,carolina4 ,no invaders disturbed her borders1 and beyond the grief for friends slain in battle1 there was cause for gratitude to ,god that so few evils of the war had yet visited the ,state4 #i4 ,general ,washington had evinced such nobility of soul and great military capacity that all ,american hearts were soon filled with love and admiration4 ,with far-seeing wisdom1 he was patiently biding his time to strike his enemies1 and in foreign lands other great soldiers were applauding the mingled caution and boldness of his military movements4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,where were the ,north ,carolina troops at this time8 ,what was the condition of ,washington's army8 #b4 ,how were the ,continental troops benefited by an order of ,sir ,william ,howe8 #c4 ,what battle was fought on ,september #aath1 #aggg8 #d4 ,on what battle field did the ,north ,carolina troops specially distinguish themselves on ,october #dth8 ,relate the circumstances4 #e4 ,how did ,general ,nash and his troops suffer on this occasion8 #f4 ,what occurred at ,savannah on ,december #bith1 #aggh8 ,to what place was ,general ,howe then transferred8 #g4 ,when were the courts of ,north ,carolina fully established8 ,can you tell something of the judicial system in that period8 #h4 ,for what had ,north ,carolina cause to be grateful8 #i4 ,what is said of ,general ,washington8 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,stony ,,point ,,and ,,charleston4 ,a4 ,d4 #aggi ,,to #aghj4 ,the capture of ,savannah caused uneasiness in all the ,southern ,states4 ,it was seen at once that ,georgia was but a starting point in a general scheme of transferring hostilities from the north4 ,early in #aggi1 ,general ,john ,ashe reached ,charleston with two or more brigades of militia4 ,these were hurried off1 at the importunate demand of the ,governor of ,south ,carolina1 to attack the ,british at ,augusta4 #b4 ,general ,ashe remonstrated1 saying his men were not yet ready for active service in the field2 he obeyed orders1 however1 and took the field as directed4 ,on his approach the enemy retired down the ,savannah ,river1 and ,ashe1 dividing his force1 was so unfortunate as to fall into an ambush on ,brier ,creek1 where his men1 who were raw1 undisciplined troops1 were taken by surprise and routed4 #c4 ,a little later1 and elsewhere1 there was better fortune4 ,at ,stony ,point1 on the ,hudson ,river1 a strong ,american fortification had been recently captured by the ,british4 ,general ,wayne found that it was garrisoned by six hundred ,scotch ,highlanders1 constituting one of the regular ,royal regiments4 ,the work was nearly surrounded by the river and by morasses1 and the single approach was so swept by the guns of the work1 and also by those of several ships-of-war lying close by for the purpose of aiding in its defence1 that it seemed wellnigh hopeless to attempt its capture4 #d4 ,but hopeless as it seemed1 ,general ,wayne determined to make the attempt4 ,he drew near at midnight1 and with unloaded muskets1 and courage that has never been surpassed1 captured the stronghold at the point of the bayonet4 #e4 ,two columns of assault were sent in on the right and left2 but to ,major ,hardy ,murfree's two companies of the ,second ,north ,carolina ,continental ,regiment1 as a forlorn hope1 was the post of real honor and danger assigned4 ,they charged full in front1 up the steep hillside1 through several lines of abattis1 and in this way received the hottest of the enemy's fire4 ,the capture of the fort was largely due to the gallantry of the ,north ,carolina troops4 #aghj4 #f4 ,governor ,caswell being ineligible for the next term1 was succeeded1 at the beginning of the year1 by ,abner ,nash as ,chief ,magistrate of ,north ,carolina4 ,the constitution provided that after three years' service the ,executive became ineligible for the next term1 and ,caswell had served three terms4 ,governor ,nash1 like his predecessor1 was a man of ability and patriotism1 but did not equal him in the versatility of his powers or his consummate skill in the management of men4 #g4 ,in ,february1 #aghj1 all of the ,north ,carolina troops of the ,continental ,line had been ordered to the south4 ,they were at ,charleston with ,general ,lincoln1 being besieged there by an overwhelming force under ,sir ,henry ,clinton4 ,in addition to the army1 the ,british commander had come down from ,new ,york with a great fleet4 #h4 ,the defence was a brave one1 but unavailing1 and on ,may #abth ,general ,lincoln was forced to surrender4 ,it was a direful day for ,north ,carolina4 ,all of her regular troops and a full thousand of her militia became prisoners of war4 ,it was a fatal rashness in ,general ,lincoln to allow himself to be cooped up in a city4 ,thus1 while no real benefit resulted to the ,american cause1 or to the ,state of ,south ,carolina1 ,north ,carolina was1 at one fell blow1 stripped of all her defenders4 #i4 ,sir ,henry ,clinton sailed back to ,new ,york after the capitulation1 but he left a man of far superior ability with an army to continue the conquest of ,south ,carolina4 ,this was ,lord ,cornwallis1 who was the bravest and most skillful ,british soldier then in the world4 ,he was to remain this time long enough to be forever remembered and to take bloody vengeance for his inglorious experience with ,sir ,peter ,parker four years before4 #aj4 ,the first movement of ,cornwallis1 after capturing ,charleston1 was to send ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton1 with his dragoons1 to intercept a column of infantry which was approaching from ,virginia1 under the command of ,colonel ,buford4 ,these were surprised and cut to pieces4 ,among others1 the ,north ,carolina company of ,captain ,john ,stokes lost heavily in the sudden and bloody attack4 #aa4 ,this disaster occurred in the ,waxhaw settlement1 on the ,state line1 not far from ,charlotte1 in ,north ,carolina4 ,thus1 at a time when everything indicated another invasion1 not a single troop of disciplined soldiers was left for the defence of this ,state1 except the two companies of mounted infantry which were commanded by the gallant ,major ,william ,r4 ,davie4 ,this little band hovered continually in the neighborhood of the scene of ,colonel ,buford's defeat4 #ab4 ,governor ,rutledge1 of ,south ,carolina1 upon the fall of ,charleston1 offered to cease fighting the ,british if they would allow his ,state to remain neutral for the remainder of the war2 but a very different feeling actuated ,governor ,nash and his people when apprised of the great disaster4 ,if her ,continental veterans were all prisoners1 there were still brave hearts and deadly rifles left with which to continue the struggle1 and ,north ,carolina had no thought of quailing4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was apprehended in ,north ,carolina after the fall of ,savannah1 and why8 ,who was put in command of the brigades under ,general ,john ,ashe8 ,where were these troops carried8 #b4 ,what befell the command on the route8 #c4 ,what victory was gained by the ,americans on the ,hudson ,river8 ,who was in command8 ,describe the situation of ,stony ,point4 #d4 ,give an account of the attack on this stronghold8 #e4 ,what troops occupied the post of special danger8 ,how did they perform their duty8 #f4 ,who succeeded ,governor ,caswell8 ,why was ,governor ,caswell not re-elected8 #g4 ,where were the ,north ,carolina soldiers in #aghj8 ,what enemy was besieging them8 #h4 ,how did the siege terminate8 ,why was this surrender disastrous to ,north ,carolina8 #i4 ,what did ,clinton do after the capitulation 8 ,who was left in command of the ,british8 ,what is said of ,lord ,cornwallis8 #aj4 ,what was his first military movement8 ,describe the engagement between ,tarleton and ,buford4 #aa4 ,where did this action occur8 ,what was the condition of ,north ,carolina's defences8 #ab4 ,what proposition was made to the ,british by the ,governor of ,south ,carolina8 ,what was the sentiment in ,north ,carolina8 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,the ,,battles ,,of ,,ramsour',s ,,mill ,,and ,,camden ,,court ,,house4 ,a4 ,d4 #agej4 ,when the great disaster at ,charleston became known to the ,north ,carolina ,tories1 and they fully realized that ,british troops were close at hand1 the spirit that had seemed crushed at ,moore's ,creek began to revive4 ,they had suffered indignities from the ,whigs on account of their support of the ,king1 and they now determined on swift and bloody revenge4 #b4 ,john ,moore1 who was ,lieutenant-,colonel in ,hamilton's ,regiment1 returned to his former residence in ,lincoln county and assembled1 early in ,june1 thirteen hundred ,royalists at ,ramsour's ,mill4 ,general ,rutherford1 hearing of this in his camp near the ,waxhaws1 thought it impolitic to leave that position because of a threatened movement of the ,british then in his front4 ,he therefore sent orders to ,colonel ,francis ,locke1 of ,rowan1 to assemble his militia and at once attack the ,tories4 #c4 ,no command was ever more promptly or bravely obeyed4 ,locke mustered four hundred of his neighbors and went through the darkness of the night in search of foes outnumbering him threefold4 ,at early dawn on the #bjth1 with mounted men in front1 he charged boldly upon the ,tory camp that was pitched near ,ramsour's ,mill1 in sight of the present village of ,lincolnton4 ,the ,royalists fled at the first charge1 but rallied on a hill and checked the horsemen in pursuit4 ,the ,whigs on foot came to the rescue and drove the ,royalists routed from the field4 #d4 ,this brilliant victory was all-important at that fearful juncture4 ,it was a bloody and heroic affair2 and was a timely foretaste of the spirit of the brave men of the west4 ,it was a struggle between neighbors and old friends1 and carried bitterness and sorrow to many ,north ,carolina firesides4 #e4 ,major ,davie1 with his small command1 commenced a series of daring adventures1 which gave him great reputation for bravery and military skill4 ,at ,flat ,rock1 and also at ,hanging ,rock1 in ,south ,carolina1 he inflicted such stunning blows1 that ,tarleton's ,legion learned to be very cautious of a foe so daring and so wary4 ,colonel ,isaac ,shelby also distinguished himself at ,musgrove's ,mill4 #f4 ,thus the militia of ,north ,carolina assumed the defence of their homes and inflicted such frequent and telling blows upon the enemy that ,lord ,cornwallis halted at ,camden to receive further reinforcements before venturing to enter a ,state whose undrilled citizen-soldiers had shown themselves so formidable4 #g4 ,upon the fall of ,charleston1 ,general ,horatio ,gates had been put in command in the ,south1 in place of ,general ,lincoln4 ,his success at ,saratoga had given him great popularity1 and some misguided men were advocating his advancement even to the place of ,general ,washington4 ,a short time exposed the folly of all such views4 ,he was1 at best1 but a martinet1 who had learned something of military routine in the camps1 but was as devoid of real ability as he was vain and rash4 #h4 ,he came to ,deep ,river on ,july #beth1 where in camp he found one ,delaware and two ,maryland battalions of ,continentals1 ,colonel ,armand's light-horse and three companies of artillery1 under the command of the ,baron ,de,kalb4 ,learning that ,general ,caswell had a considerable militia force at ,cheraw1 in ,south ,carolina1 he started1 two days later1 for the neighborhood of ,lord ,cornwallis and his army at ,camden4 #i4 ,he reached ,cheraw with some additional troops that had joined him on the march4 ,on ,august #aeth1 taking a large portion of ,caswell's militia1 he set out with the purpose of surprising ,cornwallis4 ,colonel ,armand was marching in front1 when1 at midnight1 his dragoons recoiled from an unexpected meeting with the ,british vanguard4 ,the collision was unexpected on both sides1 and threw ,general ,gates's column into disorder4 #aj4 ,his officers vainly besought him to retreat1 as the veteran forces of the enemy had not been surprised4 ,both sides halted and prepared for battle4 ,at dawn ,lord ,cornwallis sent his regulars with fixed bayonets to attack the militia on the right1 and these untrained troops1 unable to withstand so fierce an onset from regular veteran soldiers1 abandoned the field4 #aa4 ,colonel ,henry ,dickson held his regiment of ,north ,carolina militia firmly to the front1 and with the ,continental1 or regular troops1 they offered a stubborn and gallant defence1 but the flight of so many made it necessary to withdraw the few who thus gallantly stood their ground4 #ab4 ,the ,american defeat was complete4 ,two thousand men were killed1 wounded and captured4 ,all the stores and transportation were utterly lost4 ,general ,gates fled early in the action1 and spurred on1 without stopping1 to ,hillsboro1 in this ,state4 ,his defeat nearly ruined the ,american cause in the ,south1 and his reputation as a military leader received a severe blow4 ,,note--,the capture of ,general ,griffith ,rutherford at ,camden was one of the most deplorable incidents of the disaster4 ,his courage1 military ability and influence among his people made him invaluable to the ,american cause4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the feeling of the ,tories in ,north ,carolina after the disaster at ,charleston8 #b4 ,where were the ,tories assembling8 ,who was sent to attack them8 #c4 ,describe the attack4 ,what was the result8 #d4 ,in what respect was this an important victory8 #e4 ,mention some of ,major ,davie's exploits4 #f4 ,how did these engagements affect ,cornwallis8 #g4 ,who was put in command of the ,southern forces8 ,what kind of man was ,general ,gates8 #h4 ,what was his first military movement8 #i4 ,what occurred on ,august #aeth1 #aghj8 #aj4 ,how did the engagement result8 #aa4 ,what was said of ,colonel ,dickson and his regiment8 #ab4 ,what was the termination of this affair8 ,how did ,general ,gates act8 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,second ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,state--,,battle ,,of ,,king',s ,,mountain4 ,a4 ,d4 #aghj4 ,the disaster at ,camden left ,north ,carolina without defence against invasion by the ,british under ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,but the spirit of ,governor ,nash and his people was high1 and they did not for a moment relax their efforts for the support of the war4 ,in a short time five thousand ,continental and militia troops were in motion for the neighborhood of ,charlotte4 #b4 ,generals ,jethro ,sumner and ,william ,l4 ,davidson were put in command of two camps1 where the raw levies were drilled and equipped for the field4 ,colonel ,davie was still continually in the enemy's front1 to watch and report every movement4 ,since the rout and dispersion of ,general ,sumter's command by ,tarleton1 on ,august #aith1 ,davie's ,battalion was the only mounted force left in the ,south4 #c4 ,in ,september1 ,lord ,cornwallis at last moved forward from his camp at ,camden4 ,he sent ,colonel ,patrick ,ferguson toward the scene of the late ,tory defeat at ,ramsour's ,mill4 ,this ,colonel ,ferguson was one of the ablest officers in the ,british army4 ,he was cool1 daring and well skilled in everything relating to the conduct of military affairs4 ,he could command men in camp and in battle1 and excelled all others in arousing the spirit of the ,tories4 ,he induced hundreds of men to take sides with the ,king when another would have failed4 #d4 ,as ,lord ,cornwallis marched upon ,north ,carolina1 ,colonel ,davie hung upon his front and fell back only as compelled by the advance of the ,british4 ,he made but one dash against his pursuers before reaching ,charlotte2 but on arriving there he and ,major ,joseph ,graham halted under the courthouse1 in the middle of the village1 and surprised ,cornwallis and the whole ,british army by a resistance so bloody and stubborn as to prove the right of that place to the name of ,hornet's ,nest1 which ,cornwallis bestowed upon it4 ,,note--,davie's whole force did not number more than two hundred men1 and yet so cool and bravely did they meet the ,british assault that the enemy was several times driven back4 ,major ,graham was1 at that time1 just twenty-one years old1 and he exhibited such courage and conduct as have never been excelled4 ,in one attack upon him he received nine wounds and was left for dead on the field1 but made his escape4 #e4 ,the ,english commander was so harassed by the daring attacks of the militia upon his men at ,mc,intyre's ,farm and elsewhere in that neighborhood that he concluded to remain at ,charlotte until he could hear from ,colonel ,ferguson4 ,that officer had halted at a place called ,gilberttown1 where his one hundred and fifty ,british ,regulars were soon reinforced by large numbers of native ,royalists1 who came to the ,english flag to take service in its behalf4 #f4 ,colonel ,charles ,mc,dowell and others1 hearing that ,ferguson was enrolling the ,tories1 met at ,watauga and took counsel against him4 ,no general was present1 and ,mc,dowell was so old they feared he would be unable to endure the probable hard marching necessary to overtake their wily foe4 ,colonel ,campbell1 of ,virginia1 as a courtesy to one belonging outside of the ,state1 was put in command by the ,north ,carolina officers1 and they set out with about eleven hundred men to look for the enemy4 #g4 ,colonels ,shelby1 ,sevier1 ,cleveland1 and ,major ,joseph ,mc,dowell1 of ,north ,carolina1 together with ,colonel ,williams1 of ,south ,carolina1 selected nine hundred picked men from their mounted force1 and through the stormy thirty hours of their march kept their saddles1 until1 on the morning of the #gth of ,october1 they found the foe with eleven hundred and twenty-five men on the summit of ,king's ,mountain4 ,it was a strong position1 but the heroic mountaineers at once surrounded it and began the attack4 #h4 ,ferguson fought like a lion at bay1 but the deadly rifles of the assailants were plied upon his ranks as the ,royalists were pushed back step by step4 ,time and again the ,british commander headed the ,regulars1 and by desperate charges down the mountain side drove back a portion of the advancing ,whig lines4 ,at last ,ferguson was slain1 after being many times wounded1 and soon the ,british fire slackened1 and then to the nine hundred militiamen of the hills the remnant of the ,royalists laid down their guns4 ,six hundred men became prisoners of war4 #i4 ,this was a bloody but a glorious victory4 ,the number of ,british dead was unusually great4 ,their proportion of wounded was perhaps smaller than was ever seen in a modern battle4 ,the ,whigs lost three field officers1 one captain and fifty-three privates4 #aj4 ,it was a most opportune success1 and apprised ,lord ,cornwallis of what dangers might await his further advance4 ,he became so disheartened upon learning of the disaster that he at once fell back to ,winnsboro1 in ,south ,carolina4 ,north ,carolina was again free from invaders1 and the tories of every section felt their hopes sink as they realized the swiftness and completeness of this overthrow4 ,every patriot heart1 however1 once more beat with hope and joy4 #aa4 ,the victory of ,king's ,mountain was the turning point of the war in the ,south1 and foreshadowed the final success of the ,american armies in the following year4 ,the arrival of ,general ,nathaniel ,greene1 who now took command of the ,southern army1 in place of ,general ,gates1 secured every advantage of the situation4 ,he was from ,rhode ,island1 and had been a blacksmith1 but was a man of rare military genius1 and as such had been singled out by ,general ,washington to occupy an important place4 #ab4 ,general ,greene soon proved himself a great commander4 ,he was gentle1 unselfish and true1 and loved the cause for which he fought better than his own life4 ,he was brave1 cautious and quick to seize upon all the faults of his opponent4 ,he could patiently wait until battle was proper1 and even in apparent defeat was really more dangerous than less competent commanders with a foe beaten and in full flight4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what number of troops did ,general ,nash raise toward the defence ,north ,carolina8 #b4 ,what generals were put in command8 ,where was ,colonel ,davie8 #c4 ,what move did ,cornwallis make8 ,to what place was ,colonel ,ferguson sent8 ,what is said of him as a commander8 #d4 ,where was ,colonel ,davie8 ,relate the exploit of ,colonel ,davie and ,major ,joseph ,graham at ,charlotte4 #e4 ,what were the movements of ,cornwallis and ,ferguson8 #f4 ,what preparations were made towards attacking ,ferguson8 ,who is put in command of the troops1 and why8 #g4 ,what was the strength of the command8 ,where did they find the ,enemy8 ,when did the battle begin8 #h4 ,describe the battle of ,king's ,mountain4 #i4 ,mention some of the losses4 #aj4 ,how did the victory affect ,cornwallis8 #aa4 ,what officer was sent to take the place of ,general ,gates in the ,south8 #ab4 ,what was ,general ,greene's military ability8 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,,cornwallis',s ,,last ,,invasion4 ,a4 ,d4 #agha4 ,general ,greene soon became aware that his great trouble would be in obtaining food in sufficient quantities to feed an army large enough to meet the ,british in open field4 ,generals ,gregory and ,jones were ordered back to their homes1 and their brigades were disbanded because of this poverty of resources in that section of the country4 ,general ,morgan was sent west of the ,catawba ,river2 another camp was established at ,cheraw1 and the militia of ,rowan and ,mecklenburg1 under ,general ,davidson1 were allowed to await at their homes for any call that might become necessary4 #agha4 #b4 ,such was the state of affairs in ,general ,greene's command when ,lord ,cornwallis was reinforced by the arrival of another division of troops under the command of ,major ,general ,leslie4 ,on ,january #agth1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,tarleton1 with his famous ,legion and the first battalion of the ,seventy-first ,regiment1 assailed ,general ,morgan at ,cowpens4 ,these men had so often cut to pieces such ,american forces that they expected an easy victory on this occasion4 #c4 ,they were received by the ,americans with the utmost coolness and self-possession4 ,their deadly fire emptied so many ,british saddles that the boldest riders were thrown into confusion4 ,like a thunderbolt1 then came a charge of the ,american lighthorse1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,william ,washington4 ,they rode down and sabred the terrified ,britons1 chasing them many miles from the field4 #d4 ,in less than an hour the eleven hundred ,british were so thoroughly routed that they lost five hundred and two prisoners1 three hundred killed and wounded1 with all their artillery and stores4 ,general ,morgan had but eight hundred men1 and though flushed with victory1 he remembered that the main army of the enemy was at ,turkey ,creek1 only twenty-five miles away4 ,he therefore prudently burned his captured stores1 and leaving his and the enemy's wounded under protection of a flag1 at once began his retreat through ,north ,carolina4 #e4 ,he well knew that ,lord ,cornwallis would be enraged at ,tarleton's disaster and would seek the recapture of his prisoners4 ,during twelve days the victors fled from the scene of their glory1 while the ,british were pushing on close behind them4 ,at the expiration of that time1 as the day was closing in1 and ,general ,morgan had just safely crossed the ,catawba ,river1 at the ,island ,ford1 he looked back and saw the ,british vanguard on the other bank of the stream4 #f4 ,the exultant pursuers had overcome the twenty-five miles of start1 and feeling sure of their prey1 they encamped that night with the utmost confidence that on the next day they could easily overtake the fugitives4 ,but they were doomed to disappointment4 ,soon a heavy rain began falling1 and when the night was past the river had become a great and impassable flood4 #g4 ,the baffled foe was compelled to halt1 for the passage of the stream was impossible4 ,the high water remained in the river for forty-eight hours1 during which time the ,british were unable to effect a crossing4 ,general ,morgan sent his militia with the prisoners on to ,virginia1 and with his ,continentals kept down the left bank of the river and joined ,general ,greene at ,sherrill's ,ford4 ,there they unhappily disagreed as to future operations1 and ,general ,morgan left the service4 #h4 ,during the two days that ,lord ,cornwallis was stopped by the rise in the ,catawba ,river1 ,general ,greene made arrangements to dispute its passage4 ,this was attempted at ,cowan's ,ford1 and the ,british1 after some loss1 forced a passage4 ,unfortunately1 brave ,general ,davidson1 who was in command of the militia1 was killed1 and upon his fall his men retreated1 from the field4 ,they were surprised by ,tarleton at ,torrence's ,tavern1 six miles away in the direction of ,salisbury4 #i4 ,the chase was now renewed and ,general ,greene was again in great danger4 ,when he reached ,salisbury he was so dejected at the condition of affairs that a good woman named ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,steele sought to cheer him by words of hope4 ,he explained to her his almost desperate condition1 and that though in command of the ,southern army1 he was wholly without friends and without money4 ,she generously pressed upon him a purse of gold1 and1 with hope revived by such an exhibition of womanly sympathy and generous patriotism1 he resumed his retreat4 #aj4 ,a rise in the waters of the ,yadkin ,river1 after the ,americans had crossed1 repeated the scenes witnessed on the ,catawba2 and thus1 while ,general ,greene was enabled to reach the forces from ,cheraw that had been ordered to meet him at ,guilford ,court ,house1 ,lord ,cornwallis was compelled to make a wide detour up the river to get across4 #aa4 ,again1 in a few days1 the ,americans1 still retreating1 found their enemies once more close up in the rear4 ,for several days on long stretches in the road1 the two armies could see each other4 #ab4 ,general ,greene was so hotly pursued that he found it necessary to check the enemy in some way1 and the gallant ,colonel ,otho ,h4 ,williams1 of ,maryland1 with a corps of light troops numbering seven hundred men1 was detailed to cover the retreat4 ,this detachment most faithfully performed its duty4 ,taking but one meal each day1 and six hours' sleep in forty-eight1 they retarded the progress of the enemy so much2 by frequent collisions1 that ,greene was enabled to considerably increase the distance between the two armies4 ,,note--,while ,general ,greene was in the house of ,mrs4 ,steele1 at ,salisbury1 he caught sight of a picture of ,king ,george ,,iii4 hanging upon the wall4 ,the picture recalled many unpleasant memories and hardships to the ,general4 ,he took it from the wall1 and1 with a piece of chalk1 wrote upon the back3 ,o1 ,george1 ,hide thy face and mourn4 ,he then replaced the picture with its face to the wall and rode away4 ,this picture1 with the writing on the back still visible1 is now thought to be in the possession of ,mrs4 ,governor ,swain4 ,rumple's ,history of ,rowan ,county4 #ac4 ,at last1 on ,february #acth1 ,dan ,river was reached2 and ,lord ,cornwallis came up only in time to see the last boatloads of the ,americans safely landing on the other side of the wide stream which was too deep for the ,british to ford4 ,thus ended this famous retreat1 extending more than two hundred miles4 ,it gave ,general ,greene great reputation1 and the struggling ,americans took fresh heart1 for they knew they had at last a general in command who could provide wisely and well amid all the dangers so thickly environing him4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what great trouble did ,general ,greene foresee8 ,how did he dispose of the forces8 #b4 ,at what place were the ,americans attacked8 #c4 ,describe the battle of ,camden4 ,where is ,camden8 #d4 ,what were the ,british losses8 ,what was done by ,general ,morgan8 #e4 ,describe the events of the next twelve days4 #f4 ,what occurred during the night while the two armies were encamped on opposite sides of the river8 #g4 ,how did the rise in the river benefit the ,americans8 ,find the ,catawba ,river on the map4 ,what occurred at ,sherrill's ,ford8 #h4 ,give an account of the engagement at ,cowan's ,ford4 #i4 ,what happened to ,general ,greene at ,salisbury8 #aj4 ,what river was next crossed8 #aa4 ,describe the retreat further4 #ab4 ,what did ,general ,greene find it necessary to do to cover his retreat8 ,who commanded this detachment8 #ac4 ,what river was crossed on ,february #acth1 #agha8 ,how many miles had ,greene been pursued by ,cornwallis8 ,can you go to the map and trace the course of this famous retreat8 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,,battle ,,of ,,guilford ,,court ,,house4 ,a4 ,d4 #agha4 ,when the ,british commander found that ,general ,greene was completely beyond his reach1 he marched to ,hillsboro and there erected the ,royal standard4 ,in consequence of his proclamations and the retreat of ,general ,greene across ,dan ,river1 several hundred ,tories collected under ,colonel ,john ,pyle and started to join ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,general ,greene sent ,lieutenant ,colonel ,henry ,lee across ,dan ,river to observe them4 #b4 ,pyle and his ,tories supposing ,lee's force to be ,british troops1 drew near1 uttering cheers for ,king ,george4 ,suddenly the bugles of the lighthorse sounded a charge1 and ,pyle and his men were furiously assailed4 ,in five minutes ninety lay dead upon the ground1 and nearly all the others were prisoners of war4 ,this bloody affair has been called ,pyle's ,hacking ,match4 #c4 ,major ,joseph ,graham1 with his mounted force1 had just before captured a picket of twenty-five men a mile and a half away from ,hillsboro4 ,general ,polk's militia were also in the same vicinity1 and soon ,general ,greene1 having received reinforcements1 recrossed the ,dan and assumed a position on the ,reedy ,fork1 a confluent of ,haw ,river4 #d4 ,cornwallis hearing of ,pyle's disaster1 left ,hillsboro and moved westward to protect any ,tories that might seek to reach him4 ,the first time the two armies again saw anything of each other was at ,whitsell's ,mill4 ,at that place ,colonel ,otho ,h4 ,williams was posted with a body of light troops1 which ,lord ,cornwallis attempted to cut off from the main body4 ,he failed in so doing1 but both armies were filled with admiration at a display of personal gallantry4 #e4 ,colonel ,williams had posted sharpshooters in and around the millhouse4 ,these discovered a ,british officer approaching a ford below them1 and saw that he was leading men and trying to cross the stream4 ,many deadly rifles were soon hurling their missiles around him1 but slowly1 and as if unconscious of being under fire1 he crossed in safety4 ,this intrepid man was ,lieutenant- ,colonel ,william ,webster1 then a brigade commander under ,cornwallis4 #f4 ,on ,march #aeth1 #agha1 ,general ,greene being at the courthouse of ,guilford county1 learned that the ,british army was approaching on the ,salisbury road4 ,he hosted his men in three lines and awaited the enemy's arrival1 who came on in fine style1 but the first ,american line1 composed of militia1 giving ground1 only the men of the gallant ,captain ,forbis1 of the ,hawfields1 gained credit for their conduct4 ,the ,british found stubborn resistance in the second and third lines1 where the ,continentals were posted4 #g4 ,it was a furious and bloody conflict1 and such havoc was wrought in the ,british ranks by a charge of ,colonels ,howard and ,washington1 that ,lord ,cornwallis opened fire with his artillery upon his friends and foes alike1 and thus checked this dangerous ,american movement4 ,general ,greene at length gave orders for retreat1 and the field was left in the possession of the ,british4 #h4 ,british valor was never more splendidly exhibited than upon this hard-fought field4 ,with less than half of ,greene's force1 they won the field1 but the victory was too costly4 ,at least one- fourth of the ,british force was dead and disabled1 including the gallant ,webster1 the hero of ,whitsell's ,mill4 ,general ,greene1 having halted close by the scene of conflict1 returned three days later to again offer battle1 but ,lord ,cornwallis was flying towards ,wilmington for safety4 ,he who had so long sought to bring on an engagement was now the fugitive4 #i4 ,general ,greene followed in pursuit1 but failing to overtake his foe1 he turned his course and marched against ,lord ,rawdon1 in ,south ,carolina4 ,he had redeemed ,north ,carolina from the grasp of her foes1 and went to confer upon the two other ,southern commonwealths a similar blessing4 ,no more ,british armies were to bring ruin and terror to any portion of ,north ,carolina4 #aj4 ,lord ,cornwallis hurried to ,wilmington4 ,his stay was short there1 for turning north in the month of ,april1 #agha1 he marched his army1 by way of ,halifax1 to ,virginia4 ,there1 ere long1 this great soldier was to close his career in ,america4 ,he had1 with a small portion of the ,british force under the command of ,sir ,henry ,clinton accomplished more than all compatriots4 #aa4 ,on ,september the #hth a brilliant battle took place at ,eutaw ,springs1 in ,south ,carolina1 between ,general ,greene's army and the ,british under ,colonel ,stewart4 ,it was the hardest fought and best conducted action of the war4 ,the three ,north ,carolina ,continental regiments1 led by ,general ,sumner1 bore the brunt of the conflict1 and were greatly praised for their gallantry4 ,about two thousand men each was the strength of the armies1 and they lost twelve hundred in killed and wounded4 ,this battle resulted in the retreat of the ,british to ,charleston4 #ab4 ,governor ,nash's term of office having expired1 ,thomas ,burke1 of ,orange1 became his successor4 ,burke was an ,irishman by birth1 of good family1 well educated1 and with fine abilities4 ,he had been conspicuous in public affairs and had shown a warm devotion to the ,american cause4 ,his home was in ,hillsboro1 which was then the capital of the ,state4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,where did ,cornwallis next go8 ,what recruits were raised1 and who was put in command8 ,whom had ,general ,greene appointed to watch the enemy8 #b4 ,describe the surprise and defeat of ,colonel ,pyle and his men4 #c4 ,mention the movements of ,major ,joseph ,graham4 ,of ,general ,greene4 #d4 ,give an account of the affair at ,whitsell's ,mill4 #e4 ,what special act of bravery is related8 #f4 ,what occurred on ,march #aeth1 #agha8 ,give some account of the battle of ,guilford ,court ,house8 #g4 ,how did the engagement terminate 8 #h4 ,what is said of the ,british victory8 ,what did ,general ,greene do three days later8 #i4 ,where did he then go8 #aj4 ,where did ,cornwallis carry his army8 #aa4 ,give an account of the battle of ,eutaw ,springs8 #ab4 ,who succeeded ,governor ,nash1 and what is said of him8 ,,chapter ,,xxxv4 ,,fanning ,,and ,,his ,,brutalities-- ,,capture ,,of ,,governor ,,burke4 ,a4 ,d4 #agha4 ,when ,lord ,cornwallis left ,wilmington1 on his way to ,virginia1 there were no ,british troops left in ,north ,carolina except about four hundred regulars and some ,tory recruits1 which constituted the garrison of ,wilmington4 ,major ,james ,h4 ,craig was in command there1 having captured the place in the preceding ,january4 #b4 ,he had been trained to arms1 and when ,general ,burgoyne surrendered at ,saratoga1 was his ,adjutant-,general4 ,he was skillful as a soldier1 but utterly unscrupulous as to the means he used to carry out his objects4 ,seeing the ,british driven from almost all the ,state1 he determined to ruin a people he could not subdue1 and began to stir up a warfare of neighborhoods4 #c4 ,he found in ,david ,fanning1 of ,chatham county1 a powerful aid in his inhuman scheme4 ,fanning was a man of low birth1 ignorant and unscrupulous4 ,he was a good partisan guerrilla leader1 being brave1 enterprising and swift to execute4 ,associating with himself a small band of ,tories1 whose sole objects were plunder and revenge1 he was for a time the terror of ,chatham and ,orange counties4 ,well mounted and well armed1 and continually on the alert1 these marauders made havoc of the ,whig settlements1 murdering1 burning and destroying1 unrestrained by any authority and with no sense of humanity4 ,they did not spare even their own neighbors1 many of whom they shot down or hanged at their own doors4 #d4 ,many stories are told of ,fanning's exploits1 of his audacity1 his cruelty1 his arrogance1 and his wonderful successes and hairbreadth escapes4 ,such a state of affairs existed at one time in the counties ravaged by his band that even the pitiless ,colonel ,tarleton deplored its continuance4 ,fanning was born in ,johnston county about the year #aged1 and was the vilest and bloodiest wretch ever seen in our limits1 most richly deserving the punishment of the gallows4 ,he continued his criminal courses as long as he lived1 and was pardoned for a capital felony committed on the ,island of ,cape ,breton not long before his departure from this world4 #e4 ,fanning began his military operations by surprising a courtmartial in ,chatham4 ,his prisoners were disposed of by parole or sent to ,wilmington4 ,this was in ,july1 #agha4 ,his attack upon the house of ,colonel ,philip ,alston1 a few days later1 was a more serious matter1 for he encountered stubborn resistance and some loss before compelling the surrender of a force almost as large as his own1 and protected by the walls of a large house4 ,four of the ,whigs were killed1 and those who remained alive were spared from butchery by ,fanning only at the earnest appeals of ,mrs4 ,alston4 #f4 ,fanning's movements called for resistance1 and ,colonel ,thomas ,wade collected a force of more than three hundred men at ,mc,fall's ,mill1 in ,cumberland county4 ,these were speedily attacked and utterly driven from that portion of the country4 ,it was afterwards learned by the victors that ,colonel ,dudley's ,chatham regiment of cavalry was disbanded1 and ,fanning immediately pushed on to ,hillsboro4 ,on the morning of ,september #abth1 his force entered the town1 and succeeded in capturing ,governor ,burke and several other prominent persons4 99 99,david ,fanning gives the account of this affair as follows3 ,we received several shots from different houses2 however1 we lost none and suffered no damage1 except one man wounded4 ,we killed fifteen of the rebels and wounded twenty1 and took upwards of two hundred prisoners2 amongst them was the ,governor1 his council1 and part of the continental colonels1 several captains and subalterns1 and seventy-one ,continental soldiers out of a church4 ,we proceeded to the gaol and released thirty ,loyalists and ,british soldiers4 #g4 ,the bold marauders who had thus seized the ,governor and capital of the ,state1 at once started with their prisoners for ,wilmington2 but tidings of this exploit had reached a body of men who hastened to ,lindley's ,mill1 on ,cane ,creek1 to receive them4 ,the ,whigs1 nominally commanded by ,general ,john ,butler1 were really directed by ,major ,robert ,mebane in their brave and bloody reception of the ,tories4 #h4 ,the ,tory ,colonel1 ,hector ,mc,neil1 leading the attack1 was slain1 and his followers driven back in confusion4 ,it seemed that ,governor ,burke would be rescued and the whole ,tory column captured when ,fanning1 ever fertile in expedients1 discovered a ford in ,cane ,creek1 and having crossed with a portion of his command1 attacked the ,whigs in the rear4 ,this soon ended the battle1 which was a bloody one to both sides4 #i4 ,about the same time with the capture of ,hillsboro1 a most gallant and successful attack was made upon the ,tory stronghold at ,elizabethtown1 in ,bladen county4 ,there sixty ,whigs1 in the favoring darkness of night1 fell upon and drove out a largely superior force commanded by ,colonel ,john ,slingsby4 ,he and many of his men were slain1 and ,major ,craig was thus confined in his fortifications in ,wilmington4 #aj4 ,when ,fanning captured ,governor ,burke at ,hillsboro1 the ,chief- ,magistracy of the ,state devolved upon ,colonel ,alexander ,martin1 of ,guilford4 ,this latter gentleman had seen some service in the field as an officer of the ,continentals4 ,governor ,burke was treated1 from the hour of his capture1 with extraordinary harshness4 ,he was compelled to march all the way to ,wilmington1 and1 after some delay1 was sent thence by ship to ,charleston4 #aa4 ,general ,leslie1 who commanded the ,british army in ,south ,carolina1 placed the captive ,governor upon an island near ,charleston1 where the deadly malaria was supplemented by danger of assassination from certain ,tories1 who were loud in their threats of executing such a purpose4 ,burke made repeated applications for a change of quarters1 or for exchange as a prisoner1 but was told that he was kept as a hostage to be executed in case of the capture and punishment of ,david ,fanning4 #ab4 ,after months of torture from such treatment1 ,governor ,burke1 feeling that he was justified in disregarding his parole1 effected his escape and returned to ,north ,carolina4 ,he resumed his office for the short interval between his return and the meeting of the ,legislature4 ,to his great discomfiture1 he was defeated at the next election for ,governor by ,alexander ,mafitin4 ,the members of the ,general ,assembly could not forgive this breach of his parole1 and he regarded their act as evidence of public condemnation4 ,his sensitive spirit brooded over this4 ,his domestic relations were not such as to soothe and sustain his wounded mind1 and the life that opened with such brilliant promise soon closed in gloom4 ,governor ,burke died and was buried on his farm near ,hillsboro4 ,no stone has ever marked the spot4 ,he left one child1 a daughter1 who died unmarried4 #ac4 ,general ,griffith ,rutherford had been a prisoner in the battle of ,camden4 ,upon his exchange1 he at once renewed his efforts to deliver ,north ,carolina from her foes4 ,he soon collected a body of ,mecklenburg and ,rowan militia and marched for ,wilmington4 #ad4 ,on nearing the city he received news of ,lord ,cornwallis's surrender at ,yorktown1 on ,october #ai1 #agha4 ,he pushed on his lines1 and arriving in ,wilmington he found that ,major ,craig had taken ship and was flying from the land he had so scourged by his presence4 #ae4 ,the number of men enlisted from ,north ,carolina in the ,continental army during the ,revolutionary war was3 in #agge1 #b1jjj2 #aggf1 #d1acd2 #aggg1 #a1bha2 #aggh1 #a1bhg2 #aggi1 #d1icj2 #aghj1 #c1jjj2 #agha1 #c1ede2 #aghb1 #a1aje2 #aghc1 #fig4 ,the ,state furnished1 in ,continental troops and militia1 #bb1iaj men4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what ,british forces were in ,north ,carolina after the departure of ,cornwallis8 ,who was in command at ,wilmington8 #b4 ,can you tell something of ,major ,craig8 #c4 ,tell something of the character of ,david ,fanning4 #d4 ,give further description of his traits4 ,mention the horrible condition of the ,state under ,fanning's exploits4 #e4 ,relate ,fanning's attack on the ,chatham courtmartial4 ,what occurred at ,colonel ,alston's house8 #f4 ,what officer went to attack ,fanning8 ,what was the memorable exploit of ,fanning ,on ,september #abth1 #agha8 #g4 ,what preparations were made for a fight at ,lindley's ,mill8 #h4 ,describe the engagement4 #i4 ,what occurred at ,elizabethtown8 #aj4 ,who became ,governor after ,governor ,burke's capture8 ,how was ,governor ,burke treated8 #aa4 ,what further account is given of his treatment8 #ab4 ,mention the concluding events of his life4 #ac4 ,what was done by ,general ,rutherford upon his exchange8 #ad4 ,what did he find upon his arrival at ,wilmington8 #ae4 ,state the number of men enlisted in ,north ,carolina during the ,revolution4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4 ,,peace ,,and ,,independence ,a4 ,d4 #agha ,,to #aghd4 #a4 ,on the #aith of ,october1 #agha1 as has been previously stated1 ,lord ,cornwallis surrendered himself and his army to ,general ,washington1 at ,yorktown1 in ,virginia4 ,the timely arrival of the friendly ,french fleet under ,count ,rochambeau enabled ,washington to lay siege to ,cornwallis and force him to surrender4 #b4 ,the ,english commander1 who was a skillful soldier1 complained that he had been forced1 by the orders of his superior officer and against his own judgment1 into a position from which he could not escape4 ,general ,la ,fayette1 however1 doubtless had at least an equal share in bringing about the result1 for it was his skillful maneuvering of an inferior force that held ,cornwallis checked so that ,washington was enabled to bring his troops to their appointed places at the appointed times and cut off all hope of escape4 #c4 ,but a glorious day it was for the colonies1 for it virtually put an end to the war1 and everybody knew it4 ,the only real questions henceforth were as to the terms of the peace4 ,independence and peace were now assured4 #aghb4 #d4 ,when the news reached ,england of ,cornwallis's surrender1 ,lord ,north1 the ,british ,prime ,minister exclaimed3 ,oh1 ,god6 it is all over4 ,he well knew that the stubborn ,king had exhausted the patience of the ,english people4 ,they1 and not the ,king and his ministers1 at last put a stop to the bloodshed between the two countries4 ,on ,november #cjth1 #aghb1 a treaty was signed in ,paris by which ,american independence was acknowledged4 #e4 ,the war was over at last4 ,the seven years of deadly conflict were ended4 ,thanks to their patient endurance1 their undaunted courage and their untiring perseverance1 the ,american colonies had at last achieved their independence4 ,north ,carolina was at last a free and independent ,state1 owing neither allegiance or fealty to any prince or power in the world4 #f4 ,of coarse there was great joy at the coming of peace1 with the full recognition of the colonies as independent ,states4 ,but there were still more difficulties to be overcome before the full tide of peace and prosperity could set in4 #g4 ,the agricultural interest of the ,state was doubtless affected by the war less than any other1 owing to the employment of slave labor4 ,but the soldiers had returned and wanted homes4 ,homes were not to be provided in a day1 nor the implements of husbandry1 rude though they were at that time4 ,cattle and horses1 too1 were to be obtained before the soldier became a farmer4 #h4 ,the finances of the country were in a wretched condition4 ,there was no money to pay the current expenses of the government1 and none even to pay the troops4 ,in educational matters the condition was no better ,there were only two chartered schools in the ,state1 one at ,new ,bern and one at ,charlotte4 ,the ,constitution had1 indeed1 enjoined the establishment of schools and colleges1 but with ,north ,carolinians of that day it was freedom first and education afterwards4 #i4 ,the population1 however1 had increased steadily during the war1 so that in spite of its casualties1 the ,state was stronger in numbers in #aghb than in #agge4 ,the ,legislature met at its appointed times and places1 and so did the courts1 and civil law had resumed its sway4 ,but swords are not turned into pruning- hooks in a moment1 nor are the feuds of a long1 bitter war to be settled or forgotten in an hour4 #aj4 ,naturally1 the ,whigs bitterly remembered how much they had suffered at the hands of the ,tories during the long deadly struggle4 ,many of these latter had fled from the province1 but now desired to return and be restored to citizenship1 or at least to receive possession of their former homes4 ,but the people resolved that this should not be so1 for they wanted no ,tories among them4 ,accordingly1 when ,tories who had left their homes desired to return to them after the peace1 permission was refused them4 #aa4 ,but it was necessary to reward the ,whigs as well as to punish the ,tories4 ,a broad1 fertile land1 watered by great navigable rivers1 and abounding in every possible resource for pleasure1 wealth and prosperity1 was secured to us by their courage and endurance4 ,but if our brave soldiers desired reward1 how much more did they deserve their pay1 which was still largely in arrears4 #ab4 ,commissioners1 therefore1 were appointed to sell the lands of refugee ,tories1 and from that and other sources to pay up the arrears due the ,north ,carolina soldiers4 ,furthermore1 the land now known as ,tennessee1 then a part of our ,state1 was also to be largely devoted to the same patriotic purpose4 ,general ,greene was given twenty-five thousand acres2 one half that quantity to brigadier-generals1 and so in a descending scale to the private soldiers4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of the surrender of ,cornwallis8 #b4 ,of what did the ,english commander complain8 ,what credit is due ,la ,fayette8 #c4 ,how were the colonies considering the question of peace and independence8 #d4 ,what was the effect1 in ,england1 of the news of ,cornwallis's ,surrender8 ,when and where was the treaty of peace signed8 #e4 ,what had ,north ,carolina gained by the war8 #f4 ,how did our people enjoy peace8 #g4 ,what is said of the agricultural interest of the ,state8 #h4 ,what was the financial condition8 ,the educational8 #i4 ,what is said of the population8 #aj4 ,what party was victor in the great struggle8 ,what is said of the ,tories8 #aa4 ,what was deemed necessary8 #ab4 ,what plan was adopted towards paying off the soldiers8 ,mention some payments that were made to commanding officers4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,franklin4 ,a4 ,d4 #aghd ,t#j #aghg4 #a4 ,during the years that followed upon the close of the ,revolution the people of ,north ,carolina were busied with the restoration of their ravaged fields and the development of the new system of self-rule inaugurated by the ,convention of ,halifax in #aggf4 ,there were many good and wise men in ,america who had no confidence in the perpetuity or effectiveness of a polity which rested upon the wisdom and virtue of the masses for its enforcement4 #b4 ,samuel ,johnston and the leading lawyers of that day were full of apprehension as to the result1 where the protection of life1 liberty and property rested upon the ballots of men who were1 as a general thing1 poor and unlettered4 ,the ,halifax ,constitution sought to provide for the education of the people1 and had recommended the establishment of a university1 but no steps had been taken by the ,legislature to carry out this wise and beneficent ordinance4 #c4 ,the ,rev4 ,drs4 ,david ,caldwell and ,samuel ,e4 ,mc,corkle were conducting schools on their own responsibility in ,guilford and ,mecklenburg1 in which many young men were receiving sound and useful preparation for life2 and there were similar academies in ,wilmington1 ,new ,bern1 ,edenton and ,charlotte2 but as a general thing1 education was almost entirely neglected4 #d4 ,under the terms of the ,articles of ,confederation the ,general ,congress continued to assemble1 but its sessions resulted in little good to ,america4 ,the government was continually embarrassed by the public debt contracted in the ,revolution4 ,it could only pay such liabilities by calling upon the several ,states for their proportions4 ,these were regulated by the value of the real estate4 #e4 ,north ,carolina1 thus witnessing the helplessness of the general government to meet its pecuniary liabilities1 was moved to the noble resolution of ceding the great body of land then belonging to the ,state west of the ,allegheny ,mountains4 ,this princely domain1 now constituting the great ,state of ,tennessee1 was at that period only settled in part by white people1 and many millions of acres of fertile lands could be sold to settlers4 #f4 ,such a resource would have brought a great fund to the ,state for education and other useful purposes2 but with unexampled devotion to the general good1 it was determined by the ,legislature of #aghd that the ,governor should tender to the ,federal government1 as a free gift1 all the lands not already granted to soldiers and actual settlers4 #aghe4 #g4 ,to an embarrassed government1 unable to meet its most solemn engagements1 such a boon1 it seems1 would have been gladly received2 but so great was the selfishness of certain ,states which were then struggling to secure for themselves such bodies of western lands1 that the intended bounty of ,north ,carolina proved a failure4 ,the ,general ,congress having failed to accept the offer1 the act authorizing the cession was repealed4 #h4 ,the story of this patriotic munificence on the part of ,north ,carolina ends not here4 ,when it became known among the western settlers that their country had thus been offered to the general government much excitement followed4 ,colonel ,john ,sevier1 of ,king's ,mountain fame1 was a leader among the people of the territory in question4 ,he had been a gallant soldier in the ,revolution1 and was trusted and beloved by his neighbors4 ,he persuaded them that ,north ,carolina1 in thus offering to surrender her claims to their allegiance1 had forfeited all right to further control their destinies4 #i4 ,he procured the support of many others1 who elected members to a convention4 ,this body met at ,greenville1 in ,november1 #aghe1 and framed a government of a ,state which they called ,franklin1 in honor of the illustrious statesman1 ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,colonel ,sevier was elected ,governor1 and judges and other officers were also chosen4 #aj4 ,richard ,caswell had again been made ,governor of ,north ,carolina1 when it became known that such things were being done in the ,west4 ,he issued a proclamation forbidding the whole movement and denouncing it as revolutionary and unlawful4 ,he was supported by a party there headed by ,colonel ,john ,tipton4 #aghg4 #aa4 ,it often seemed that bloody civil war would ensue between the men who sided respectively with ,sevier and ,tipton1 but happily there was little bloodshed amid so much brawling4 ,there were many arrests and complaints1 until finally1 in ,october1 #aghh1 ,colonel ,sevier was captured by the forces of ,tipton1 and brought to jail at ,morganton1 in ,burke county4 ,he was allowed to escape1 and1 in memory of his services as a soldier1 his offences were forgiven4 ,that there were no more serious results was greatly due to the influence of ,richard ,caswell4 ,sevier was afterwards in the ,senate of ,north ,carolina1 and1 after ,tennessee became a ,state1 received all the honors a grateful people could confer4 ,,note--,there was no money in circulation in the ,state of ,franklin1 and the following curious statement1 taken from the old records1 shows how payment was to be made to the public officers3 ,be it enacted by the ,general ,assembly of the ,state of ,franklin1 and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same1 that the salaries of the officers of this commonwealth shall be as follows3 ,his ,excellency1 the ,governor1 per annum1 one thousand deer skins2 ,his ,honor1 the ,chief-,justice1 five hundred deer skins1 or five hundred raccoon skins2 the ,treasurer of the ,state1 four hundred and fifty raccoon skins2 ,clerk of the ,house of ,commons1 two hundred raccoon skins2 members of ,assembly1 per diem1 three raccoon skins4 #ab4 ,it was thus that the abortive ,state of ,franklin arose and disappeared4 ,the ,state of ,vermont originated in the same way2 and it is fortunate that such precedents have long since ceased in ,america4 ,there is some limit to the doctrine of the people's right to self-government1 just as liberty is not to be found in mere license4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what matters occupied the attention of the people in ,north ,carolina after the ,revolution8 ,how were some men disposed to view the new plan of government8 #b4 ,what was the opinion of ,samuel ,johnston8 ,what had been provided for in the ,halifax ,constitution8 #c4 ,what private schools were in operation1 and where were they8 #d4 ,how was the ,general ,congress greatly embarrassed8 #e4 ,to what extent did ,north ,carolina sympathize with the general government8 ,what is the present name of that great territory8 #f4 ,what was done by the ,legislature of #aghd8 #g4 ,why was this a very valuable and timely gift to the government8 ,how did the offer succeed8 #h4 ,what excitement was created in the west by this donation8 ,who was the leader of the people8 ,what was ,colonel ,sevier's opinion of the matter8 #i4 ,what was done in #aghe8 ,what name was given to the new ,state1 and why8 #aj4 ,what proclamation was issued by ,governor ,caswell8 ,who was the western leader of ,governor ,caswell's cause8 #aa4 ,how did the whole matter end8 ,what position did ,colonel ,sevier afterwards occupy8 #ab4 ,what other ,state in the ,union originated in this way8 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii4 ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,union4 ,a4 ,d4 #aghg ,,to #agij4 #a4 ,the new ,state of ,north ,carolina now became divided and excited as to her position in the confederation of ,states4 ,each day was demonstrating more clearly the failure of the confederation4 ,its poverty and weakness were exciting the contempt of all civilized nations1 and the ,general ,congress amounted to little more than an arena for the display of jealousy and selfishness on the part of the individual ,states4 #b4 ,in ,north ,carolina1 as elsewhere1 the people were divided as to what should be done to remedy this great need of a central and general government4 ,many were opposed to any change4 ,others were for creating a strong and overpowering central government that should overawe and control all of the ,states4 ,these latter men were called the ,federalists4 #c4 ,another1 and a larger portion of the people of the ,state1 were in favor of adding to the powers of the general government2 but at the same time for going no further in that direction than was necessary for the general safety as against foreign nations1 and for the execution of such regulations as pertained to all the ,states4 ,these ,republicans1 or ,democrats1 were willing to empower the new government to carry the mails1 control commerce1 carry on war1 make treaties1 and coin money2 but they insisted that all other powers should be retained by the ,states themselves4 #d4 ,in #aghg1 in consequence of the action of the ,general ,congress1 a convention of all the ,states was ordered to meet in ,philadelphia to prepare a new ,constitution4 #e4 ,the ,legislature of ,north ,carolina selected ,governor ,richard ,caswell1 ,colonel ,w4 ,r4 ,davie1 ex-,governor ,alexander ,martin1 ,willie ,jones and ,richard ,dobbs ,spaight as delegates to that body4 ,governor ,caswell and ,willie ,jones declined the honor1 and ,dr4 ,hugh ,williamson and ,william ,mount were appointed in their places4 #aghh4 #f4 ,general ,washington was chosen as ,president of the ,convention1 and in #aghh the result of their deliberations was submitted for the ratification of the several ,states4 ,it was provided by the ,convention framing the ,constitution that nine ,states should ratify the new ,constitution before it should go into operation1 and that it should then be binding only upon those thus acceding to it4 #g4 ,a ,convention for ,north ,carolina was called and met at ,hillsboro1 ,july #bast1 #aghh1 to consider the proposed ,constitution4 ,samuel ,johnston1 who had been ,moderator of several ,provincial ,congresses1 and who had also succeeded ,governor ,caswell as ,chief-,magistrate of the ,state1 was chosen to preside4 ,he and ,judge ,james ,iredell1 ,colonel ,davie and ,archibald ,maclaine were earnest advocates of instant and unconditional ratification on the part of ,north ,carolina4 #h4 ,willie ,jones1 of ,halifax1 who had so long controlled much of the legislation and government of the ,state1 was the leader of those who opposed such action4 ,they favored the addition of numerous amendments before committing the fortunes of ,north ,carolina to such control4 ,they insisted that without further specification1 the powers reserved to the several ,states would not be sufficiently guarded2 and the ,convention1 by a great majority1 took the same view of the matter4 ,the result was that while declining to ratify absolutely the ,constitution as it then stood1 the hope was held out that upon the adoption of proper amendments it would be ratified4 #i4 ,there was great excitement in the ,state upon ,north ,carolina's thus failing to join the new government4 ,political animosities ran high1 and renewed efforts were made to overcome the popular objections4 ,the people became restless at the position they were occupying1 being thus1 with ,new ,york and ,rhode ,island1 strangers to the great compact of their sister ,states4 #aghi4 #aj4 ,the new government of the ,united ,states went into operation in the ,spring of #aghi1 and ,general ,washington took the oaths of office on ,march #dth as the first ,president of the ,republic4 ,in ,november the ,legislature and a new ,convention both met at ,fayetteville1 and on the #bast the ,constitution of the ,united ,states was speedily ratified1 and ,north ,carolina was enrolled as a member of the new confederacy1 which was to astonish all nations by the vigor of its rule and the splendor and rapidity of its growth as a nation4 ,before this1 however1 the first ten amendments to the ,constitution had been proposed to the ,legislatures of the several ,states for ratification1 thereby allaying the apprehensions that had been felt at ,hillsboro the year before4 #agij4 #aa4 ,two important matters were also settled at this period4 ,the ,convention at ,hillsboro limited the seat of the ,state government to some point in ,wake county4 ,the capital had been migrating from town to town for nearly the whole period of ,north ,carolina's existence4 ,the ,legislature also passed a bill creating the ,university of ,north ,carolina1 and the terms of the ,halifax ,constitution1 as to popular education1 were thus first put into some shape of accomplishment4 ,both of these measures were highly needed4 ,,note--,the ,state ,convention of #aghh was commissioned to select a place for the seat of government1 which had been migratory since the earliest days of the ,carolina colony4 ,the place selected for the capital was the farm of ,isaac ,hunter1 at ,wake ,court ,house1 or some other place within ten miles of that locality1 to be determined by the ,general ,assembly4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what question was exciting the people of ,north ,carolina at this period8 ,what was thought of the ,confederation8 #b4 ,how were the people of the ,state divided upon this great question8 #c4 ,what other party was formed8 ,what were they called1 and what powers did they propose to give to the general government8 #d4 ,what convention was to meet in #aghg8 #e4 ,who were chosen to represent ,north ,carolina in that body8 #f4 ,who was chosen ,president of the ,convention8 ,how was the new ,constitution to be submitted to the people8 #g4 ,what convention met in ,hillsboro in #aghh8 ,how did some of the prominent members view the question8 #h4 ,what different opinion was held by other leading men8 ,what did the ,convention do with the ,constitution8 #i4 ,what was the effect on the ,state8 ,what other ,states also failed to ratify8 #aj4 ,when did the new government go into operation8 ,who was chosen first ,president of the ,united ,states8 ,when and where did ,north ,carolina ratify the ,constitution and become a member of the united government8 #aa4 ,what two important matters were settled at this period8 ,,chapter ,,xxxix4 ,,france ,,and ,,america4 ,a4 ,d4 #agij ,,to #agid4 #a4 ,when ,north ,carolina had thus taken her place in the ,federal ,union1 and the whole system of ,state and ,national polity became perfected in ,america1 many hearts beat with gratitude to ,god for the promises of a glorious future4 ,the magnificent realm won by the blood of heroes was at last guarded by a system of laws so wise and effective that peace and prosperity were soon to make it one of the greatest of civilized lands4 #b4 ,this example of freedom achieved in the wilds of ,america was speedily felt in ,europe4 ,general ,washington had been in the discharge of his duties as ,president about a month1 when the ,states-,general of ,france met in the famous convention which was to pull down the ancient ,french monarchy and engulf all ,europe in seas of blood4 ,the overtaxed and excitable ,frenchmen were maddened by the contrast afforded in their sufferings and the blessings achieved by their late allies on the other side of the ,atlantic4 #c4 ,governor ,caswell1 while in the discharge of his duties as a member of the ,state ,senate1 died at ,fayetteville1 in the month of ,december1 #aghi4 ,he was shortly followed in death by ,william ,hooper and ,archibald ,maclaine4 ,willie ,jones had retired from public life2 and thus1 four most conspicuous leaders almost simultaneously disappeared from public life4 #d4 ,colonel ,william ,r4 ,davie1 of ,halifax1 ,john ,haywood1 of the same county1 and ,alfred ,moore1 of ,brunswick1 were greatly influential1 and were worthy successors of the older servants of the public who had been thus removed from the arena of their former usefulness4 ,governor ,johnston having been elected ,united ,states ,senator1 was succeeded as ,governor by ,alexander ,martin4 #agib4 #e4 ,it was during this second term of ,governor ,martin's rule that ,raleigh was selected for the ,state capital4 ,a large tract of land at ,wake ,court ,house had been bought of ,colonel ,joel ,lane1 and upon it a city was laid off and the public buildings erected4 ,before that time1 since ,governor ,tryon's palace at ,new ,bern had been burned1 the main question to be determined by every ,general ,assembly was what town should be selected for the holding of the next session4 #f4 ,fayetteville1 ,hillsboro1 ,new ,bern and ,tarboro were sure to get up an excitement and contest as to which of them should be next favored with the presence of the ,state officers and the ,general ,assembly4 ,the ,governor and his assistants had been dwelling wherever it best suited them1 and the public records had thus been continually migrating over the ,state4 #g4 ,there was little church organization in ,america until after the ,revolution4 ,there was not a single ,bishop of the ,episcopal ,church in all ,america before the ,revolution1 and not until #aghi was an effort made to supply such a prelate for the ,church in ,north ,carolina4 ,the ,rev4 ,charles ,pettigrew was then elected ,bishop of the ,diocese by a ,convention at ,tarboro1 but he died before consecration4 #h4 ,the ,baptists had united their churches in this ,state and southern ,virginia1 in #agfe1 in a body which was called the ,kehukee ,association4 ,in #aggj the ,presbyterians had formed the ,presbytery of ,orange2 and in #aghh they set off the ,synode of the ,carolinas4 ,the ,quakers and ,moravians were flourishing in certain sections1 but as yet the ,methodist missionaries had effected but little in the way of planting churches in ,north ,carolina4 #i4 ,richard ,dobbs ,spaight1 in #agib1 became ,governor1 and was the first native ,north ,carolinian to fill that distinguished office4 ,he possessed much ability and was familiar with the conduct of public affairs4 ,he found that great excitement and division existed among the people as to the ,french ,revolution4 ,because aid had been sent from that country to the struggling ,american colonists1 many men insisted that it was the duty of ,america to take sides with ,france in the war then raging in ,europe4 #agid4 #aj4 ,general ,washington and other wise men resisted this dangerous opinion1 and held that ,america should take no part in the affairs of foreign nations4 ,the great struggle went on1 with ,napoleon ,bonaparte rapidly growing more formidable to the allied kings4 #aa4 ,the ,french had acquired a thirst for freedom from ,america1 but they in turn exerted an influence upon the religious creeds of our people4 ,french books and modes of thought and ,french fashions became popular1 and the country debating clubs were heard repeating the doubts and sneers of ,voltaire1 ,diderot and other ,french infidels4 #ab4 ,the world's creeds were on trial4 ,kings and priests were as keenly criticised as in the sixteenth century1 but out of all the turmoil and bloodshed a larger measure of liberty was to be won4 ,constitutional kings and purified churches were the outgrowth and result of the most prodigious uproar yet witnessed among civilized nations4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the feeling in ,north ,carolina after the ,state had joined the ,union8 #b4 ,how were the effects of ,american freedom felt in ,europe8 #c4 ,what great leaders disappeared from ,north ,carolina's councils at this time8 #d4 ,what then were fast rising to influence8 ,who became ,governor8 #e4 ,when was ,raleigh selected as the capital8 ,why was locating the capital of great good to the ,state8 ,go to the map and point out the city of ,raleigh4 #f4 ,what contest would generally arise at meetings of the ,assembly8 #g4 ,what mention is made of religious matters8 #h4 ,how were the ,baptists1 ,presbyterians and other ,christian bodies extending their fields of usefulness8 #i4 ,who became ,governor in #agib8 ,what is said of him8 ,what questions did ,governor ,spaight find agitating the people when he came into office8 #aj4 ,how was this matter considered by ,general ,washington and others8 #aa4 ,how were the works of celebrated ,french writers affecting the people of ,america8 #ab4 ,what was to be the conclusion of all these troubles8 ,,chapter ,,xl4 ,,the ,,federalists ,,and ,,the ,,republicans4 ,a4 ,d4 #agid ,,to #ahjj4 #a4 ,in the last days of the eighteenth century men became more and more plainly divided into two political parties4 ,thomas ,jefferson1 of ,virginia1 a man of decided genius and consummate ability1 was the leader of those who maintained that the government of the ,united ,states should be strictly limited to the powers expressly granted in the ,federal ,constitution and prohibited from the use of any of those reserved to the individual ,states4 #b4 ,alexander ,hamilton1 of ,new ,york1 another very able and patriotic statesman1 took an entirely different view4 ,he did not consider the people capable of ruling the country1 and wished to subordinate the ,state governments to ,federal authority4 ,the ,federalists were those who followed his views1 while the ,republicans were no less strenuous in upholding ,mr4 ,jefferson and his policy4 #c4 ,the ,superior ,courts of this ,state1 after the resignation of ,judge ,iredell1 were held1 as in old provincial times1 at the six favored villages1 by ,judges ,samuel ,ashe1 ,samuel ,spencer and ,john ,taylor4 ,in the year #agid1 ,judge ,spencer came to his death in a singular manner4 ,he was in extreme old age1 and had suffered with a long and wasting illness4 ,one warm evening he was carried out and laid upon the grass1 beneath a tree in his yard4 ,while lying there the red flannel of his shirt infuriated a large turkey-gobbler1 which attacked him with great violence4 ,when ,judge ,spencer's feeble cries attracted attention1 he had been so injured that he soon after died of nervous exhaustion4 #d4 ,in accordance with the law of #agij1 the provisions of the ,constitution of #aggf were first seen in process of fulfillment when the trustees1 after mature deliberation1 selected ,chapel ,hill1 in ,orange county1 as the site of the ,state ,university4 ,here1 upon one of a long range of great hills traversing that region1 they secured several hundred acres on the crest of a noble elevation that overlooks the surrounding country4 #e4 ,in #agic the cornerstone of the ,east ,building was laid for the ,university at ,chapel ,hill4 ,colonel ,davie1 as ,grand ,master of the ,masons in the ,state1 officiated2 as did also ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,corkle1 who delivered an eloquent address to the citizens who had assembled from all parts of the ,state to do honor to the occasion4 #agie4 #f4 ,in #agie1 the buildings and faculty having been made ready1 the institution was regularly opened for the reception of students4 ,the ,rev4 ,david ,kerr and ,samuel ,a4 ,holmes constituted the faculty1 and ,hinton ,james1 of ,wilmington1 was the first student to arrive4 ,thus began an institution of learning in which distinguished men were to be prepared for usefulness in almost every honorable employment among civilized men4 #g4 ,tennessee had been conveyed to the general government soon after the ratification of the ,united ,states ,constitution1 ,north ,carolina reserving to herself the right to locate land warrants in a certain portion4 ,during the administration of ,governor ,ashe1 who had succeeded ,alexander ,martin1 many and extensive frauds in land warrants were concocted by ,james ,glasgow1 ,secretary of ,state1 ,martin ,armstrong1 ,john ,armstrong and ,stokeley ,donnelson4 #agig4 #h4 ,immense tracts of land were located under fictitious boundaries1 and not only the ,continental soldiers1 but also the ,states and the ,united ,states were thus swindled by these officers1 who had been long honored and trusted in ,north ,carolina4 #i4 ,courts were ordered to be held by the ,general ,assembly for the trial of these distinguished culprits2 and in #agii they were convicted and punished by heavy fines and the loss of their offices4 ,judge ,john ,haywood resigned his place on the bench1 and instead of trying1 defended the malefactors1 one of whom paid him one thousand dollars as a fee for his services4 99 ,a few years before a similar scene had occurred when ,benjamin ,mc,culloh was convicted at ,warrenton and punished for like offences4 99,north ,carolina had honored ,james ,glasgow by giving his name to one of the counties of the ,state1 but in consequence of his disgrace the name of ,glasgow county was stricken from the list1 and the county named in honor of ,general ,nathaniel ,greene4 #aj4 ,the excitement between ,republicans and ,federalists grew in intensity4 ,john ,adams had succeeded ,general ,washington as ,president1 and he was one of the most violent of the ,federal party4 ,french agents and apologists became more offensive in their demands for ,american aid4 ,president ,adams procured the passage of laws by ,congress that startled and confounded many good citizens4 #aa4 ,these ,alien and ,sedition ,acts armed ,federal authorities with the power to seize and send out of the country1 without trial1 any foreigner who might1 become offensive to them2 also to indict in the ,district or ,circuit ,courts of the ,united ,states any writer or publisher whom the grand juries might charge with libel4 #agih-ii4 #ab4 ,virginia and ,kentucky thereupon hastened to pass the famous resolutions of #agih-ii1 according to which the ,federal ,constitution is simply a covenant between the ,states as ,states1 and each party has an equal right to judge for itself1 as well of infraction as of the mode and measure of redress1 and to put the battle in array for another great struggle as to the respective powers of the ,states and the ,union4 ,president ,adams and the ,federalists were overwhelmingly beaten in the contest of #ahjj1 and the ,republican party went into possession of all the offices by which ,state and ,federal powers were to be defined4 #ac4 ,a much greater portion of the wisest and most experienced statesmen had been ranked1 until this time1 with the ,federalists1 but that creed soon grew into such disfavor that few politicians could be found to do it reverence4 ,and this1 it may be safely asserted1 has been the experience of the ,american people whenever the majority of them has differed from the learned few4 ,the masses have been1 in almost every instance1 wiser than those who thus sought to control their views4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was observed towards the latter days of the eighteenth century8 ,who was one of the political leaders8 ,what views did ,mr4 ,jefferson hold8 #b4 ,who was the leader of the other great political party8 ,what was ,mr4 ,hamilton's policy8 #c4 ,what is said of the ,superior ,courts and the ,judges8 ,describe the singular manner of ,judge ,spencer's death4 #d4 ,what is said of the ,university8 ,when was its seat selected1 and where8 #e4 ,when was the cornerstone of the ,east ,building laid8 ,who officiated8 ,who delivered the address8 #f4 ,when was the ,university regularly opened8 ,who constituted the faculty8 ,who was the first student to enter8 ,what have been the labors of this institution8 #g4 ,what land frauds were perpetrated in #agie8 ,who were the guilty persons8 #h4 ,what was the nature of these frauds8 #i4 ,give some account of the trial of these offenders4 #aj4 ,what was the condition of affairs throughout the ,united ,states at this period8 #aa4 ,what was the effect of the ,alien and ,sedition ,laws8 #ab4 ,what was done by ,virginia and ,kentucky8 ,what were the resolutions of #agih-ii8 ,what party came into power in #ahjj8 #ac4 ,what is said of the ,federalists8 ,,chapter ,,xli4 ,,closing ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj ,,to #ahjb4 ,general ,davie ceased to be ,governor to become one of three ,commissioners to ,paris4 ,he had been appointed ,major-,general to command ,north ,carolina's contingent1 when it seemed that war with ,france was inevitable2 but that danger had happily passed1 and he was sent over to arrange the vexed questions growing out of the ,berlin and ,milan decrees4 99 99,these decrees were ,napoleon's efforts to retaliate for ,british blockade measures against ,france4 ,the great conqueror forbade all ,europe from commercial intercourse with his ,english enemies4 #b4 ,among the members sent from ,north ,carolina to ,congress1 ,nathaniel ,macon1 of ,warren1 soon became conspicuous for his virtue and weight of character4 ,perhaps no other member of ,congress ever wielded so lasting and powerful an influence4 ,his unquestioned sagacity1 integrity and inflexible adhesion to what he believed to be right1 and his unselfish devotion to the public good1 made his opposition to any measure almost necessarily fatal to its passage in the ,house to which he belonged4 #c4 ,there was grief in the last hours of the century1 when it became known that ,general ,washington had died in his retirement at ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,judge ,james ,iredell had also died about the same time4 ,he had been one of the ,associate ,justices of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states by the appointment of ,general ,washington1 and fell a victim to the enormous labors incurred in riding the great distances involved in attending his different ,circuit ,courts4 #ahjj4 #d4 ,this was1 perhaps1 the golden age of social enjoyments in ,north ,carolina4 ,the ,quakers were ,abolitionists1 as were also many other good people2 but the question had not been agitated1 and there was nothing to give uneasiness to masters or false hopes to the slaves4 ,these latter1 shared largely in the festivities of the white people1 and were free for many years to come to conduct their religious services in any way that seemed best to their wild and fantastic notions4 #e4 ,the ,president had appointed ,alfred ,moore as the successor of ,judge ,iredell on the ,supreme ,court ,bench4 ,he was also a great lawyer4 ,judge ,haywood had left ,north ,carolina and was a citizen of ,tennessee1 but from ,william ,gaston1 ,archibald ,henderson and ,archibald ,d4 ,murphy the ,bar received fresh honors2 while ,john ,stanly1 ,david ,stone1 ,joshua ,g4 ,wright and ,peter ,browne had begun attendance upon the courts1 in which they were to win great reputations4 #f4 ,there had been considerable change effected in the courts4 ,by the statute of #aggi four ridings were established4 ,the ,judges1 after riding these circuits1 were required to meet in ,raleigh to try appeals4 ,the sheriffs were no longer obliged to march with drawn swords before the ,judges as they went to and from the court- houses1 nor were the lawyers compelled to appear arrayed in gowns in the trial of cases4 #ahjb4 #g4 ,governor ,benjamin ,williams had succeeded ,general ,davie4 ,among ,williams's last official acts was the pardoning of ,john ,stanly for killing ex-,governor ,spaight in a duel4 ,this had occurred on ,sunday1 ,september #eth1 #ahjb1 and was the outgrowth of a bitter political controversy4 ,spaight was a ,republican1 and had warmly opposed the election of the able and impulsive young leader of the ,federalists4 #h4 ,in the same year occurred the exodus of the remnant of the ,tuscaroras from ,bertie county4 ,the reservation on ,roanoke ,river1 which had been granted them for good conduct in the ,indian war of #agaa1 was sold by them to private parties1 and they emigrated to ,new ,york where the other parts of the tribe had long been located4 #i4 ,among the laws of the ,legislature of #ahjb was a statute providing for the payment1 to the patentees of the cotton-gin1 of a given sum for every saw used in each machine4 ,this implement had been recently invented by ,eli ,whitney1 who was a young man from ,new ,england1 engaged in teaching school in ,georgia #aj4 ,before this time only small patches of cotton had been seen in the ,southern ,states4 ,the lint was picked from the seed only by hand1 and so slow was the process that a shoe full of the seed cotton was a task usually given to be done between supper and bedtime4 ,whitney's invention was soon to affect the agriculture and commerce of the world4 ,the cotton gin has greatly aided the development of all civilized nations4 ,it has built cities1 freighted mighty fleets1 and given employment to many millions of the human race4 #aa4 ,attention has already been called to the effects of ,french atheism upon the ,united ,states4 ,the tide of unbelief rolled on until many religious people trembled for the creed and morals of ,american people4 ,its terrible influence was seen and felt in almost every department and employment of life4 #ab4 ,in #ahjb a mighty religious movement began in ,kentucky1 and spread over a large portion of the ,republic4 ,vast assemblages of the people were seen at the camp meetings4 ,for weeks together the ordinary avocations of life were abandoned by multitudes in order to engage in religious worship2 and1 in the end1 the churches were reinforced by many thousands of new members4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what honors were conferred upon ,governor ,davie8 #b4 ,who was ,north ,carolinas most able representative in ,congress8 ,tell something of the character of ,nathaniel ,macon4 #c4 ,what great grief came upon the nation at this period8 ,what prominent man died in ,north ,carolina at this time8 ,can you state something of his life8 #d4 ,what is this period called in the history of ,north ,carolina8 ,what was the condition of the slaves8 #e4 ,what is said of prominent lawyers8 #f4 ,mention some changes which were made in the court system4 #g4 ,who had succeeded ,governor ,davie as ,chief-,magistrate8 ,what was one of his last official acts8 ,give an account of the duel8 #h4 ,to what place did the ,tuscaroras emigrate in #ahjb8 #i4 ,what law was passed by the ,legislature in favor of the inventor of the cotton gin8 ,who was the inventor8 #aj4 ,give an account of the preparation of the cotton for use both before and after this great invention4 #aa4 ,what was the religious condition of the country8 #ab4 ,give an account of the great religious revival of #ahjb4 ,,chapter ,,xlii4 ,,growth ,,and ,,expansion4 ,a4 ,d #ahjb ,,to #ahab4 ,the ,republic of ,america was wisely ruled during the eight years of ,mr4 ,jefferson's administration as ,president4 ,he was not only the greatest of political philosophers1 but a consummate party leader4 ,under his management the ,federalists were so completely won over that even ex-,president ,john ,adams was found among the electors who voted for ,jefferson's re-election4 #b4 ,vermont1 ,ohio1 ,kentucky and ,tennessee were added to the list of ,states1 and the vast territory known as ,louisiana was purchased from ,france and made a portion of the ,american ,union4 ,for this magnificent territory the ,united ,states paid fifteen million dollars4 ,but with all this evidence of internal advancement1 there was unnecessary and ever-growing trouble with foreign powers4 #ahjd4 #c4 ,great ,britain had not only failed to carry out the conditions of the treaty of ,paris1 but continual trouble and war with the western ,indians were traced to the plotting of ,british agents4 ,in ,europe1 on the high seas1 ,american ships were frequently subjected to wrong and indignity by ,british cruisers1 which seized their cargoes or crews on various pretexts4 ,these maddening interferences1 were fast bringing the people of the ,united ,states to a determination to vindicate1 by arms1 their claims as a free and independent people4 ,europe was still convulsed by war4 ,napoleon ,bonaparte had been crowned ,emperor1 and in the mighty struggle the claims of the aggrieved public were overlooked or despised4 #d4 ,the people of ,north ,carolina were still in great want of general education4 ,the ,university1 at ,chapel ,hill1 was sending out graduates who had already conferred honor upon that seat of learning1 but the preparatory schools1 so necessary as feeders to such an establishment1 were few and far between4 #e4 ,rev4 ,william ,bingham had begun a school in the eastern part of the ,state4 ,he removed temporarily to ,pittsboro1 but finally settled at ,hillsboro and established the academy which is even at this day continued near by1 at ,mebaneville1 under the management of one of his descendants4 ,this school1 dating from #agic1 was1 even in its infancy1 of marked excellence1 and has won more reputation than any similar institution in the ,southern ,states4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,david ,caldwell's school in ,guilford1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,o4 ,freeman's in ,murfreesboro1 and a few academies in the villages1 however meritorious1 produced but slight effect upon the great mass of the people4 #f4 ,there had not been opened a single free school in all the ,state4 ,occasionally there could be found neighborhoods where a few citizens joined in employing a man to teach the elementary branches of ,english education1 but these were generally attended for only a few months1 and were not very admirable either for discipline or in the matters taught4 #ahje4 #g4 ,the people of the interior and west were becoming anxious for some means of conveyance and travel to the outer world4 ,the crops raised were generally too bulky to pay for expensive transportation over long distances1 and for this reason were available to feed only the community in which they were grown4 ,tobacco from all the counties in the northern portion of the ,state was conveyed to market by rolling the hogsheads containing it along the roads1 to markets at ,petersburg1 in ,virginia1 and ,fayetteville4 #h4 ,in the regions of the long-leaf pine much attention was given to the preparation of turpentine and tar4 ,indeed1 so large a trade grew up in these articles1 that some people abroad came to think that ,north ,carolina produced little else4 ,there were no turpentine distilleries to be found1 at this time1 in ,north ,carolina2 and the crude product of the tree was shipped from our ports to be manufactured in other ,states4 #i4 ,in #ahje1 during the sessions of the ,legislature1 ,general ,james ,wellborn1 of ,wilkes1 introduced a proposition to build1 at the ,state's expense1 a turnpike from ,beaufort ,harbor to the mountains2 but this and all other such improvements were neglected for some time to come4 #ahaj4 #aj4 ,the canal through the ,dismal ,swamp was to prove very beneficial to eastern counties2 but this work1 though authorized long before1 was yet unfinished4 ,vessels to ,new ,york or ,baltimore still passed out to sea by the dangers of ,cape ,hatteras1 and not unfrequently both cargo and crew were engulfed amid its cruel sands4 #aa4 ,there was1 at this period of our history1 a brisk trade between the ,west ,indies and several of the eastern towns4 ,wilmington1 ,new ,bern1 ,washington and ,edenton were all largely engaged in the shipment of staves and provisions2 importing salt and tropical stores in return4 ,this1 and all other foreign trade1 was ruthlessly stopped by the embargo laid by ,congress4 #ab4 ,this embargo was the result of an act of ,congress which forbade the exportation of all goods from the ,united ,states to ,great ,britain or her dependencies4 ,it was very similar to the expedient resorted to by the ,second ,continental ,congress for a like purpose1 but was not enforced by any voluntary associations of the people1 as it was in #agge4 #ahab4 #ac4 ,this extreme measure failed to bring ,great ,britain to a surrender of her claim to search ,american ships2 and on the #aith of ,june1 for this and other just causes1 war was declared against her4 ,mr4 ,madison would have temporized and still deferred the dreadful expedient1 but the ,american people were resolved upon indemnity for the past and security for the future2 and thus two kindred nations were to waste blood and treasure in an unnecessary quarrel4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who was ,president of the ,united ,states at this period8 ,what is said of ,jefferson's rule8 #b4 ,what ,states were added to the ,union8 ,what great territory was purchased8 #c4 ,how had ,great ,britain kept the treaty of ,paris8 ,what indignities were offered to the ,american people8 ,how were these things affecting the people8 #d4 ,what is said of educational matters8 #e4 ,what mention is made of the ,bingham school8 ,what other schools are mentioned8 #f4 ,what was the condition of free education8 #g4 ,in what things were the people of the interior and west becoming specially interested8 #h4 ,what is said of the production of turpentine and tar8 #i4 ,what was proposed by ,general ,james ,wellborn to the ,legislature of #ahje8 #aj4 ,give a general description of coast navigation at this time4 #aa4 ,give some particulars concerning trade4 #ab4 ,explain the embargo act4 #ac4 ,what war was declared in #ahab8 ,,chapter ,,xliii4 ,,second ,,war ,,with ,,great ,,britain4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahab ,,to #ahae4 ,james ,turner1 of ,warren2 ,nathaniel ,alexander1 of ,mecklenburg2 ,david ,stone1 of ,bertie1 and ,benjamin ,smith1 of ,brunswick1 had served in turn as ,governors of ,north ,carolina during the years of growth and expansion described in the last chapters4 ,william ,hawkins1 of ,granville1 was chosen to the same high office in #ahab1 and1 as ,commander-in-,chief of all the ,state's forces1 felt unusual responsibility in prospect of war even then begun between ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states4 #ahac4 #b4 ,it was the purpose of the ,american government to seize ,canada and carry on hostilities1 as much as possible1 in that portion of ,america4 ,as no great army was assembled at any one point1 no call was made upon ,north ,carolina for troops to be sent outside of her borders1 except to ,norfolk1 in ,virginia4 ,at that place ,major-,general ,thomas ,brown1 of ,bladen1 was in command of a division sent from ,north ,carolina4 #c4 ,general ,brown was a veteran of the ,revolution1 and had rendered heroic service at ,elizabethtown and elsewhere during that long and arduous struggle4 ,his brigade commanders were ,general ,thomas ,davis1 of ,fayetteville1 and ,general ,james ,f4 ,dickinson1 of ,murfreesboro4 #d4 ,camps were also established and troops held for action at other points4 ,the western levies were collected at ,wadesboro1 under ,general ,alexander ,gray1 and were drilled and kept in readiness to be marched to the relief of either ,wilmington or ,charleston4 ,colonel ,maurice ,moore1 at ,wilmington1 and ,lieutenant- ,colonel ,john ,roberts1 at ,beaufort1 commanded garrisons for the defence of these seaports4 #ahad4 #e4 ,in the ,american army on the northern frontier1 where ,winfield ,scott1 of ,virginia1 was winning laurels1 were two ,north ,carolina officers who were also rising to distinction4 ,these were ,william ,gibbs ,mc,neill1 of ,bladen1 and ,william ,mc,ree1 of ,wilmington4 ,both became ,colonels in the corps of engineers4 ,amid the frequent disasters and exhibitions of incompetency on the part of other officers in that department1 these gallant men were of great credit to ,america and to ,north ,carolina4 #f4 ,on the sea1 where the mighty fleets of ,great ,britain had at such fearful disadvantage the few cruisers of their opponents1 were also to be found brilliant representatives of this ,commonwealth4 ,captain ,johnston ,blakeley1 of ,wilmington1 had been reared by ,colonel ,edward ,jones1 the ,solicitor-,general of ,north ,carolina4 ,he had already made reputation in the ,mediterranean ,sea under ,commodore ,preble4 #g4 ,early in #afad he went to sea in the ,united ,state's sloop-of- war ,wasp1 and captured1 with great eclat1 the ,british sloop- of-war ,reindeer4 ,having burned this prize for fear of its recapture1 he refitted in a ,french port1 and in ,august encountered another ,british ship1 the ,avon4 ,the ,british vessel had struck her colors1 when a fleet of the enemy came upon the scene and the victorious ,wasp was forced to fly4 ,in a few days ,blakeley1 thus cruising over the crowded seas surrounding ,england1 captured fifteen merchant vessels4 ,on one of these1 the brig ,atlanta1 he put a prize crew and sent her to the ,united ,states4 #h4 ,this is the last that is known of this gallant and ill fated officer4 ,he perished in some unknown manner at sea1 but has left an imperishable name to our keeping4 #i4 ,captain ,otway ,burns1 of ,beaufort1 was the commander of a cruiser known as the ,snap-,dragon4 ,with this privateer he long roamed the seas1 and was victorious in many well fought actions4 ,he survived the war and was afterwards a member of the ,legislature4 ,the village of ,burnsville was named in his honor4 #aj4 ,in addition to the troops already mentioned1 a regiment commanded by ,colonel ,joseph ,graham1 so highly distinguished in the ,revolution1 was sent against ,billy ,weathersford and his ,creek warriors1 who had massacred nearly three hundred white people in ,fort ,minims1 on the ,alabama ,river4 ,another ,north ,carolinian by birth1 ,general ,andrew ,jackson1 of ,tennessee1 was in command of the force sent to avenge this outrage of the red men4 99 99,general ,andrew ,jackson was born in ,mecklenburg county1 on the #aeth day of ,march1 #agfg1 #aa4 ,so swiftly and completely had ,jackson done his work1 that when the ,north ,carolina regiment arrived there was nothing left to do2 for1 as ,weathersford declared1 his braves were all dead1 and the war ended4 ,the ,indians were required1 as a preliminary to peace1 to bring in their fugitive chief1 ,weathersford4 ,that bold and able half-breed did not wait for arrest upon hearing these terms1 but rode into ,general ,jackson's camp1 and in surrendering himself1 boldly announced that he did so because he no longer had warriors to continue the struggle4 ,i have nothing to ask for myself1 said he1 but ,i want peace for my people4 #ahae4 #ab4 ,peace was soon made between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain1 and the two nations1 after struggling for each other's injury for three years1 agreed to stop without settling a single one of the causes of the war4 ,england did not even agree to cease impressing men from the ,united ,states navy1 but this was no more practiced4 ,the treaty of peace was ratified by the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,february #gth1 #ahae4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what ,governors had served in ,north ,carolina during the years just considered8 ,who was ,governor at the beginning of the year #ahab8 #b4 ,how had the ,united ,states proposed to conduct the campaign8 ,what troops did ,north ,carolina furnish8 ,who was in command8 #c4 ,what is said of ,general ,brown's past record8 ,who were his brigade commanders8 #d4 ,what military preparations were made in ,north ,carolina8 #e4 ,what two ,north ,carolina officers were winning distinction under ,general ,winfield ,scott8 ,in what branch of the army were they serving8 #f4 ,what is said of affairs on the seas8 ,what ,north ,carolina naval officer was distinguishing himself8 #g4 ,give an account of some of his bold and heroic exploits4 ,how many ,english vessels did he capture8 #h4 ,what is known of him after this8 #i4 ,what other seaman was distinguishing himself for his bravery8 ,how is his name commemorated in the ,state8 #aj4 ,who was sent against the ,indians8 ,what great general was in command of all this force8 #aa4 ,what was the success of ,general ,jackson's expedition8 #ab4 ,what is said of the end of the war of #ahab8 ,,chapter ,,xliv4 ,,after ,,the ,,storm4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahae ,,to #ahba4 ,when hostilities ceased it seemed a great thing to the people of ,north ,carolina once more to enjoy the full benefits of trade and commerce4 ,british cruisers had made all foreign commodities very scarce and costly4 ,salt had been made on the seacoast in limited quantities1 but of inferior quality4 ,it was1 therefore1 gratifying to the people to see the stores again filled with goods of every description4 #b4 ,when this period of its history had been reached1 the ,state was divided into sixty-two counties4 ,each of these sent annually to the ,general ,assembly one ,senator and two members of the ,house of ,commons4 ,edenton1 ,new ,bern1 ,wilmington1 ,fayetteville1 ,hillsboro1 ,halifax and ,salisbury were called borough towns2 and1 by virtue of this superior dignity1 each sent1 in addition to the county members1 a representative to the lower ,house of ,assembly4 #c4 ,the ,moravian settlement at ,salem had prospered1 and though no great numbers of that sect had come over from ,europe1 yet much wisdom and thrift were seen in the affairs of ,wachovia4 ,a female seminary of real excellence and great popularity had been founded in #ahjd1 and young ladies from all the ,southern ,states were receiving a good education in this retired and healthful region4 #d4 ,raleigh then contained about eight hundred people3 ,fayetteville twice as many4 ,wilmington and ,new ,bern were the largest and most important towns in the ,state1 but were still limited in population and trade4 ,edenton and ,halifax had each lost importance1 and many villages were surpassing them both in number of inhabitants and in extent of trade4 #ahai4 #e4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,caldwell had been1 for many years1 ,president of the ,university4 ,he came from ,new ,jersey to make ,north ,carolina his future home1 and gave the ,state of his adoption so laborious and useful a devotion that his name will be cherished in its limits so long as learning and patriotism are valued ,he was not only making the college famous for the excellence of its appointments1 but internal improvement was advocated by him so intelligently and zealously that the general apathy on the two great subjects of education and intercommunication was passing away4 #f4 ,the churches were likewise providing for increased effect among the people4 ,the ,methodist conference was each year adding to the number of its churches and itinerant preachers4 ,the ,baptists had added the ,chowan as a coadjutor to similar bodies known as ,sandy ,creek and ,kehukee ,associations4 #g4 ,the ,episcopal ,diocese of ,north ,carolina1 in #ahaf1 perfected its organization by the election and consecration of ,bishop ,john ,stark ,ravenscroft4 ,he was a man of strong character and eminent piety and usefulness4 ,as a preacher1 he was held in equal reverence with another distinguished divine of that day1 the ,rev4 ,john ,kerr1 of ,caswell1 a leader among the ,baptists4 ,,note--,in #ahbg1 ,dr4 ,caldwell delivered an exceedingly able address before the ,legislature1 on the subject of railways1 and a considerable interest was awakened4 ,the first railway in the ,united ,states was built in #ahbf4 ,this was in ,massachusetts1 and was only two miles long4 ,it was known as the ,quincey ,railroad4 ,the first passenger railway was the ,baltimore and ,ohio road1 fifteen miles long1 and was regularly opened in #ahcj4 ,the cars were drawn by horses until the next year1 when a locomotive was used4 #h4 ,the ,presbyterian ,synod also contained many able and excellent ministers4 ,rev4 ,drs4 ,samuel ,e4 ,mc,corkle1 ,david ,caldwell and ,james ,hall were greatly esteemed for their learning2 and devotion4 ,this church was specially active and efficient in refuting the teachings of the ,french atheists4 #i4 ,william ,gaston and ,bartlett ,yancey were leaders among the statesmen of ,north ,carolina at this period4 ,they were both greatly distinguished for eloquence and ability4 ,for purity of character they had not been surpassed in all our annals4 ,another ,james ,iredell had arisen in ,chowan county1 and in ,craven were ,john ,stanly and young ,george ,e4 ,badger4 ,in ,caswell appeared ,romulus ,m4 ,saunders1 another young lawyer of fine abilities1 who became a distinguished citizen of the ,state4 #aj4 ,the establishment of the ,supreme ,court1 in #ahah1 on its present basis1 was largely the work of ,bartlett ,yancey4 ,john ,louis ,taylor1 the ,chief-,justice1 with ,leonard ,henderson and ,john ,hall1 as ,associates1 constituted a tribunal which was soon to win the veneration of ,american lawyers4 #ahbj4 #aa4 ,this has been called the era of ,good ,feeling in ,american politics4 ,but the question of slavery in the ,territories was fast assuming a dangerous importance4 #ab4 ,the ,northern ,states objected to the admission of any more slave ,states4 ,the ,southern would consent to no such prohibition4 ,the storm grew louder1 until it was temporarily settled by the ,missouri ,compromise of ,march #c;d1 #ahbj1 which provided that henceforward slavery should be forever forbidden north of the parallel of #cf #fj' ,the news of which1 however1 ,mr4 ,jefferson declared fell on his ears like a fire-bell at night4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the condition of ,north ,carolina after the war of #ahab8 #b4 ,how many counties were in ,north ,carolina in #ahae8 ,what is said of the representation in the ,general ,assembly8 ,what towns had special privileges8 #c4 ,give some account of the growth of the ,moravian settlement at ,salem4 #d4 ,give some description of various towns and villages4 #e4 ,what efforts was ,dr4 ,joseph ,caldwell putting forth for the advancement of the ,state8 #f4 ,what growth was seen among the ,methodist churches8 #g4 ,who was at the head of the ,episcopal ,church8 ,what is said of ,bishop ,ravenscroft8 #h4 ,who were the most eminent ,presbyterian divines8 ,what benefit was derived from their labors8 #i4 ,mention the political leaders4 #aj4 ,through whose efforts was the ,supreme ,court established8 ,who were the ,justices8 #aa4 ,what was this period called8 #ab4 ,what question was greatly agitating the people8 ,,chapter ,,xlv4 ,,the ,,whigs ,,and ,,the ,,democrats4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahba ,,to #ahbg4 #ahba4 ,in the decade following the enactment of the ,missouri ,compromise there was prodigious material growth in every section of the ,american ,union4 ,in ,north ,carolina the real prosperity of the people was imperceptible1 by reason of the heavy emigration to the ,south and ,west4 ,not only population1 but wealth1 was continually withdrawing to more profitable fields of labor and speculation4 #b4 ,while the ,northern and ,western sections of the ,union were receiving the thousands who came every year from ,europe and elsewhere1 there was no such accession to our numbers4 ,for a century past there has been little or no immigration to ,north ,carolina4 ,the stream of settlers that once poured so steadily into the hill country had ceased even before the ,revolution4 #c4 ,after the overthrow of the ,federalists by ,mr4 ,jefferson1 in the year #ahjj1 there was no national party struggle on the old issues1 but in every portion of the country were individuals who adhered to the views of ,alexander ,hamilton as to the proper construction of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,many of these were men of great social and professional eminence4 #d4 ,under ,mr4 ,madison and his successors there was1 in fact1 no party but the ,democratic-,republicans4 ,every one who hoped for political promotion professed the faith of that organization4 ,there was no party division as to the ,bank or the ,united ,states1 or the tariff of duties on foreign imports4 #e4 ,in the year #ahbe the ,state was graced by the visit of ,general ,la ,fayette4 ,a half century before he had left his wife and all the charms of life in ,paris to do battle in behalf of the struggling ,american colonies4 ,after acting a distinguished part in the ,french ,revolution1 he had returned as the ,nation's guest1 to receive the thanks of another generation for the great services he had rendered in the past4 ,he went from ,state to ,state1 every where greeted with the utmost love and veneration4 ,he soon returned to ,france in the ,united ,states ship ,brandywine1 after receiving princely recognition and rewards from ,congress4 #f4 ,in this year1 also1 a considerable excitement was created on account of an extraordinary advance in the price of cotton4 ,in a few weeks the price went from twelve to thirty-two cents per pound4 ,this great rise was only temporary1 and many people were ruined by the sudden and unexpected fall4 #g4 ,in #ahbe the election of ,john ,quincy ,adams1 by ,the ,house of ,representatives1 to the ,presidency1 resulted in giving a new aspect to political matters4 ,general ,andrew ,jackson1 who had received the largest popular vote1 and was then a ,senator from ,tennessee1 became the leader of those who were called ,democrats4 ,those who were opposed to him assumed the name of ,whigs4 #h4 ,mr4 ,adams1 though elected as a ,democrat-,republican1 soon found that party arrayed against his administration4 ,henry ,clay1 and all of those who had been ,federalists1 supported the ,president4 ,in ,north ,carolina many prominent men arrayed themselves with the new party4 ,these ,whigs1 as they were called1 advocated a continuance of the ,united ,states ,bank1 a tariff for protection on importations1 and a distribution to the several ,states of the money realized by the sale of public lands4 #i4 ,general ,jackson and the ,democrats favored a tariff for revenue4 ,they contended that the ,national ,bank was not only unauthorized by the ,constitution1 but also dangerous to the liberties of the people4 ,they were likewise unfriendly to the plan of making the ,states pensioners of the general government1 as proposed in the policy of distribution4 #aj4 ,soon great rancor developed between the two parties1 both of which had lately been included in the ,republican ranks4 ,henry ,clay and ,john ,randolph inaugurated animosities by a duel2 and soon1 in ,north ,carolina1 as elsewhere1 social amenities were but little regarded between the ,whigs and ,democrats4 #aa4 ,this was very absurd4 ,all were citizens of a free country1 and were entitled to hold and express opinions as to what was the best policy for the government to pursue4 ,god has so constituted men that1 of necessity1 they must differ in opinion on all subjects4 ,how weak and wicked1 then1 is the man who hates his brother because of the failure to agree on matters that are1 after all1 involved in doubt4 #ab4 ,it was not always so1 however1 for when the ,constitution was framed in ,philadelphia1 in #aghg1 all the ,states but ,massachusetts recognized the legality of slave property4 ,very soon afterwards1 however1 the ,society for ,african ,emancipation was formed1 with ,dr4 ,benjamin ,franklin as its president4 ,this body petitioned ,congress to abolish slavery in the ,states and ,territories1 but was answered that the ,constitution left this matter to the ,states1 and that the ,federal authorities had no powers4 #ac4 ,the ,northern ,states finding slave labor unprofitable1 had all abolished this institution in their midst1 and their slaves had been sent to the ,south and sold4 ,southern men1 also1 had been divided as to the policy of continuing a state of society so opposed to the general liberties of mankind2 but this liberal spirit in the ,south was checked by the violent and unreasonable criticisms and denunciations of the ,northern reformers4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what growth was noticed in the ,union during the years just considered8 #b4 ,what is said of immigration to ,north ,carolina8 #c4 ,in what condition were the political parties of the country8 #d4 ,what is said of ,president ,madison's administration8 #e4 ,what distinguished ,frenchman visited ,north ,carolina in the year #ahbe8 ,how was he everywhere received by the people8 ,how did ,congress treat him8 #f4 ,what is said of the extraordinary rise in the price of cotton8 ,how did it affect many people8 #g4 ,what was the effect of the election of ,john ,quincy ,adams8 ,what two political parties then existed8 #h4 ,what troubles did ,mr4 ,adams find8 ,what party was led by ,henry ,clay8 ,what were some of the ,whig principles8 #i4 ,what did ,general ,jackson and his party advocate8 #aj4 ,what results were produced by the violent assertions of these opinions8 #aa4 ,what is said of political animosities8 #ab4 ,how was the question of slavery viewed8 ,what ,state refused to recognize the legality of slave property8 ,what society was organized8 ,,chapter ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,state4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbg ,,to #ahcf4 #a4 ,while the ,republic of the ,united ,states was so divided and agitated as to matters of policy touching the interests of all the ,union1 there were1 at the same time1 many issues of local importance confined to ,north ,carolina4 #b4 ,the old habit of annually changing the place for holding the sessions of the ,legislature had first brought about a feeling of sectionalism between the eastern and western counties4 ,western men had first learned to combine in securing ,hillsboro rather than ,new ,bern for this purpose4 ,it was natural and right for them to seek to lessen as much as possible the distance that separated the ,state capital from their homes4 #ahbi4 #c4 ,the western counties were also anxious to change the system of representation1 so that their weight in population should be felt in legislation4 ,as it was1 the east held control of both ,houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,hertford1 with five hundred voters1 had exactly the weight of ,buncombe or ,orange1 with its thousands4 ,eastern men would not consent to modify this hardship4 ,they insisted that the ,halifax ,constitution was still to be adhered to1 and refused to go into a constitutional convention for fear of changes that might subject eastern wealth to taxation in order to secure the construction of highways in the west4 #ahca4 #d4 ,on the morning of the #bast of ,june the capitol at ,raleigh was burned4 ,the fire was caused by the carelessness of a workman who was covering the roof4 ,the building was a total loss1 as was also the beautiful statue of ,washington1 which stood in the rotunda4 ,a new capitol was erected upon the site of the old building1 by act of the ,legislature of #ahcb4 ,it is an elegant structure1 and was built of native granite1 at a cost of over a half million of dollars4 #e4 ,the burning of the ,capitol1 or ,state-,house1 as it was called1 was a calamity and inconvenience1 but the chief regret was over the loss of the marble statue of ,washington4 ,this fine work had recently been received from the famous sculptor ,canova1 in ,italy1 and was said to be one of his finest productions4 ,,note--,by a freak of liberality1 unusual in those good old days1 when the ,state never spent over ninety thousand dollars a year for all purposes1 when taxes were six cents on the one hundred dollars value of real estate only1 and personal property was entirely exempt1 the ,general ,assembly had placed in the rotunda a magnificent statue of ,washington1 of ,carrara marble1 by the great ,canova4 ,it was the pride and boast of the state4 ,our people remembered with peculiar pleasure that ,la ,fayette had stood at its base and commended the beauty of the carving and fitness of the honor to the great man1 under whom he had served in our war of independence1 and whom he regarded with a passionate and reverential love4 --7,hon4 ,kemp ,p4 ,battle4 ,,ll4 ,d4 74 #ahcd4 #f4 ,on the #dth day of ,june1 #ahbc1 a political convention1 composed of gentlemen from the western portion of the ,state1 met in ,raleigh4 ,it was presided over by ,bartle ,yancey4 ,the object of the convention was to devise measure to secure greater weight in the ,legislature to their great and growing popular majorities4 ,many wise and desirable changes in the ,constitution of #aggf were suggested1 and the result was that sectional feeling ran very high4 ,so much so1 that in time the people of the west might have proceeded to extreme measures had not the ,legislature of #ahcd come to the rescue in the passage of the ,convention ,bill4 #g4 ,on a close vote1 aided by the votes of eastern borough members1 the bill was passed which provided that1 in case a call for a convention therein contained should be endorsed by a majority of the voters in the ,state1 then a convention should be held2 and each member chosen1 before taking his seat should take oath that he would not be a party to any further alterations of the ,constitution than those specified in the enabling act4 #ahce4 #h4 ,the ,convention met in ,raleigh on ,june #dth #ahce1 and ,nathaniel ,macon was made ,president4 ,many of the ablest men in the ,state were members4 ,judge ,gastor1 ,governor ,david ,l4 ,swain and ,judge ,j4 ,j4 ,daniel were leaders in the debates4 ,borough representation and free negro suffrage were abolished4 ,the election of ,governor was taken from the ,assembly and committed to the people4 ,the legislative sessions were made biennial instead of annual1 as of old4 ,each county was to send one member to the ,house of ,commons1 and more if its population justified so doing4 ,one hundred and twenty members constituted this body1 while the ,senators were limited to fifty4 ,the upper ,house was to represent taxation2 and the lower1 population4 #i4 ,these organic changes were ratified by a popular majority of more than five thousand votes4 ,this change of ,constitution was soon followed by the first popular election for ,governor4 ,governors ,miller1 ,burton1 ,owen and ,swain had successively occupied the ,executive ,office in ,north ,carolina1 until the ,legislature1 in #ahce1 for the last time1 selected a ,governor in the person of ,richard ,dobbs ,spaight1 of ,craven4 #aj4 ,this gentleman did not equal his father in the brilliance of his endowments1 but he was well fitted for the exigencies of a contest before the people4 ,he was nominated for re-election by the ,democrats the next year1 but was beaten by the ,whig nominee1 ,edward ,b4 ,dudley1 of ,wilmington4 ,mr4 ,dudley was not only a very able lawyer1 but proved himself a statesman of enduring worth4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of these troublesome years8 #b4 ,what troubles were seen in ,north ,carolina8 ,what divisions had rung up between the eastern and western men of the ,state8 #c4 ,how did the men of the two sections view the question of representation8 #d4 ,what public building was burned on ,june #bast1 #ahca8 ,what was the cause of the fire8 ,what was lost with the building8 ,where was the new capitol built8 ,of what was it built8 #e4 ,what was the chief regret8 ,who was this work by8 #f4 ,what is said of the ,western ,convention of #ahbc8 #g4 ,what law was enacted concerning a convention8 #h4 ,what is said of the memorable convention of #ahce8 ,what changes were made in the ,constitution8 #i4 ,what was the majority of the votes given to the amendments8 ,who was the last ,governor selected by the ,legislature8 #aj4 ,what two candidates were before the people in #ahcf8 ,who was the first ,governor elected by the people8 #ac4 ,how had the ,northern ,states acted in regard to slavery8 ,what checked the liberal spirit of the ,south concerning slavery8 ,,chapter ,,xlvii4 ,,internal ,,improvements--,,the ,,courts ,,and ,,the ,,bar4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahcf4 ,there had been many changes effected among the people of ,north ,carolina by the lapse of time when the year #ahcf came in4 ,bartlett ,yancey1 the two ,drs4 ,caldwell and ,archibald ,henderson were all dead1 and their places filled by other men4 ,cotton was becoming more and more widely cultivated1 and1 year by year the value of slave property was increasing by reason of the profits realized in the cultivation of this great ,southern staple4 #b4 ,the ,dismal ,swamp ,canal was at last ready for traffic between the ,albemarle country and ,norfolk1 in the ,state of ,virginia4 ,a change was soon apparent in the trade of the towns thus connected by a new watercourse with the outer world4 ,the dangerous voyages through the inlets and out into the ocean were by degrees abandoned1 and almost all direct trade with the ,west ,indies ceased4 #c4 ,the first railway charter given in ,north ,carolina was that of the ,petersburg ,railroad4 ,this was in #ahcj1 and was followed1 two years later1 by that of the ,portsmouth and ,roanoke route4 ,soon after1 ,governor ,dudley and others organized the ,wilmington ,railroad1 leading to ,weldon1 the same terminus fixed for the others4 ,this was for some time the longest single line in the world4 #d4 ,a few lines had been constructed in the ,united ,states prior to these1 but they were among the pioneer works of the vast network of railways now seen in every portion of the ,republic4 ,wonderful changes have taken place in the travel and traffic of the ,states4 ,the vast extent of the national territory once presented to wise observers of our institutions a bar to any unity of thought and interest2 but steam and electricity have triumphed over space1 and the ,republic1 in #ahhb1 is far more compact and its parts greatly more accessible than were the ,atlantic ,states in #aghg4 #e4 ,in just a half century the iron lines1 beginning at the sea1 have reached and pierced the mountain barriers of ,western ,north ,carolina4 ,from ,state to ,state rush the tireless ministers of our wealth and pleasure4 ,instead of the wagon toiling slowly in the rear of weary axemen1 we see the long and well-appointed railroad train sweep by with the speed of the hurricane1 bearing the wealth of ,states1 and doing more in the course of twenty-four hours to diffuse civilization and luxury than our ancestors could have accomplished in as many years4 #f4 ,the ,baptist churches of the greater portion of ,north ,carolina1 in #ahcj1 formed what they called a ,state ,convention and organized for missionary and other purposes4 ,this important movement resulted in a great improvement to this denomination1 for out of this combination learned periodicals1 new churches and many colleges and schools were to have their origin4 #g4 ,among public men of that day1 ,judge ,willie ,p4 ,manguni1 of ,orange1 held a distinguished position4 ,his brilliant eloquence and gracious demeanor secured his election in #ahcj1 over ,governor ,john ,owen1 to the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,in this distinguished body he remained long and became highly influential4 ,a personal difficulty came near resulting in a duel between these two gentlemen1 but it was amicably settled4 ,governor ,owen was no further in public life1 except to preside over the convention which nominated ,harrison and ,tyler for the chief executive offices of the ,united ,states in #ahdj4 #h4 ,upon the death of ,chief ,justice ,taylor1 in #ahbi1 the legal profession lost one of its greatest ornaments4 ,his strong natural understanding was further improved by his learning2 but in addition to this1 he possessed qualities which peculiarly fitted him for framing the practice and precedents of a new tribunal4 ,he was an eminently wise and just man1 and well deserved to be called the ,mansfield of ,north ,carolina4 #i4 ,upon ,judge ,taylor's death1 ,leonard ,henderson became ,chief- ,justice1 and ,judge ,j4 ,d4 ,toomer1 ,associate-,justice4 ,the latter only remained a member of the ,court a few months1 and having resigned1 was succeeded by ,thomas ,ruffin1 of ,orange4 ,no one in our history has brought higher judicial qualities to the bench than were seen in ,judge ,ruffin4 ,deep learning1 wide grasp and luminous statement soon made him respected both at home and abroad4 #aj4 ,upon the death of ,chief-,justice ,henderson1 in #ahcc1 ,william ,gaston1 of ,craven1 was elected to the ,supreme ,court4 ,the ,court was then composed of ,chief-,justice ,thomas ,ruffin1 ,joseph ,j4 ,daniel and ,william ,gaston1 ,associates2 and was unequaled in ,america as a legal tribunal4 ,judge ,daniel was able1 learned and upright2 and in ,gaston nature had combined her highest gifts4 ,his ,roman ,catholic creed was not shared by many people of the ,state1 but such were the purity and usefulness of his life1 that no man of his time was more beloved or trusted4 #aa4 ,the ,judges of the ,superior ,courts were also men of integrity and ability4 ,henry ,seawell1 who was a powerful advocate in the courts1 and had twice been clothed with the judicial ermine1 had recently died1 and the different circuits were then presided over by ,thomas ,settle1 of ,rockingham2 ,r4 ,m4 ,saunders1 of ,wake2 ,john ,m4 ,t4 ,dick1 of ,guilford2 ,john ,l4 ,bailey1 of ,pasquotank1 and ,richmond ,m4 ,pearson1 of ,rowan4 #ab4 ,the ,bar of ,north ,carolina was never more respected for the learning and eloquence of its members than at the period now reached in this narrative4 ,gavin ,hogg1 ,peter ,browne and ,judge ,duncan ,cameron were all men of renown4 ,they were possessed of large fortunes and left names of unsullied honor4 #ac4 ,judge ,badger1 ,b4 ,f4 ,moore1 ,thomas ,bragg1 and ,w4 ,n4 ,h4 ,smith1 were all in full practice before the courts1 and were the peers of ,iredell1 ,davie and ,archibald ,henderson of former days4 ,it is impossible to overestimate the influence for good or evil which has been and ever will be exerted by the lawyers in a free land4 ,they are the sentinels and conservators of public liberty1 and1 next to the clergy1 improve or impair the morality of the masses4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what changes were noticed in ,north ,carolina in #ahcf8 ,what is said of cotton and slave property8 #b4 ,what canal had been completed8 ,how did it benefit that section8 #c4 ,what is said of the railway charters8 #d4 ,in what condition were railroads at this time8 #e4 ,what is said of the present means of travel8 #f4 ,what religious convention had been formed in #agcj8 #g4 ,what public man is now mentioned1 and what is said of his abilities8 #h4 ,what mention is made of ,chief-,justice ,taylor8 #i4 ,what changes were made in the ,supreme ,court8 ,what is said of ,judge ,thomas ,ruffin8 #aj4 ,who succeeded ,judge ,henderson8 ,who composed the ,supreme ,court in #ahcc8 #aa4 ,can you name some of the ,judges1 of the ,superior ,court8 #ab4 ,what is said of the ,bar at this period8 #ac4 ,how is the influence of lawyers always felt in a community8 ,,chapter ,,xlviii4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,schools4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahcg ,,to #ahdb4 ,it will be remembered that in #agfg the first school was incorporated by the ,legislature of ,north ,carolina1 by the act in favor of the academy at ,new ,bern4 ,in this1 and subsequent legislation for schools at ,edenton and elsewhere1 it had provided that the teachers should all be communicants of the ,church of ,england4 ,this stipulation was1 of course1 part of the ,english ,church and ,state system of government4 #b4 ,when1 just previous to the outbreak of the ,revolutionary war1 the founders of the ,queen's ,museum1 at ,charlotte1 a school so named in honor of the queen of ,england1 asked incorporation of the ,colonial ,general ,assembly1 it was not granted1 for the reason that this institution was ,presbyterian1 both as to trustees and faculty4 ,up to that period dissenting ministers had not been allowed any legal recognition1 and it was considered a great concession that the ,presbyterian clergy were allowed to officiate at marriages4 #c4 ,during the ,revolution 7in #aggg7 the useful seminary at ,charlotte was first legally chartered as ,liberty ,hall4 ,it was in no way sustained by or connected with the ,state1 but was to the ,presbytery of ,orange what ,davidson ,college is now to the1 ,synod of ,north ,carolina1 and was sustained solely by the contributions and patronage of private citizens4 ,indeed1 this had been the case all along with the chartered schools of ,new ,bern and ,edenton4 #d4 ,in #aggf1 when the convention at ,halifax framed the first ,constitution for the ,state1 among the leading ordinances of that instrument was that for the ,state's active aid to the education of the people4 ,with this clause in the ,constitution which they all swore to uphold1 the legislators had done nothing so far1 except to provide1 in #agij1 for the establishment of the ,university at ,chapel ,hill4 99 99,section #da of the ,halifax ,constitution declared that a school or schools shall be established by the ,legislature for the convenient instruction of youth1 with such salaries to the masters1 paid by the public1 as may enable them to instruct at low prices4 ,all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities4 #e4 ,this disregard of their organic law1 on the part of those constituting the ,state government1 was deeply regretted by many wise and good men4 ,but only a few dared to encounter the opposition to taxation for popular education4 ,governors ,johnston and ,davie in former days1 and ,judge ,murphy and ,bartlett ,yancey of later times1 had been strenuous for a larger compliance with the terms of the ,state ,constitution1 but the members of the several ,legislatures1 fearful of incurring popular displeasure1 or for other reasons1 had held back4 #f4 ,general ,jackson and the ,democratic party had opposed the distribution of the proceeds from the sale of national public lands as a fixed rule in the policy of the government1 but in his last administration many millions of dollars had accumulated in the ,federal treasury1 for which the general government had no immediate use4 ,in #ahcg this fund was divided out to all the ,states except ,virginia 7that ,commonwealth refusing her share74 ,north ,carolina's proportion amounted to one and a half million dollars4 #g4 ,this fund1 together with the amounts realized from the sale of swamp lands belonging to the ,state1 and certain shares of bank stock1 also the property of ,north ,carolina1 was set aside and invested for the benefit of the public schools of the ,state1 and was known as the ,school ,fund4 #h4 ,it was not until the year #ahdj that any effective legislation was had for the establishment of the free educational system4 ,by an act of the ,legislature of #ahcf1 the ,governor and three others1 by him to be appointed1 were constituted the ,literary ,board4 ,in #ahci an act was passed to divide the counties into school districts4 ,it left to each county the option of schools or no schools4 ,it showed considerable advance in popular wisdom1 that all but one of the counties decided to have schools and to be taxed for the election of such buildings as were necessary in the work4 ,,note--,the ,presidential campaign of #ahdj was an unusually exciting one4 ,the ,whig nominee1 ,william ,henry ,harrison1 was charged by his opponents as having lived in a log cabin1 with nothing to drink but hard cider4 ,his friends made good use of these charges4 ,hard ,cider became a political watchword1 and in the numerous ,whig processions a log cabin on wheels occupied the most prominent and honored position4 ,the ,log cabin ,campaign will long be remembered4 ,president ,harrison died within one month after his inauguration4 ,his last words were1 ,the principles of the government2 ,i wish them carried out4 ,i ask nothing more4 #i4 ,not in the ,general ,assembly alone was the subject of education receiving unusual attention4 ,the ,baptists1 in #ahbf1 established a high school on the farm of ,colonel ,calvin ,jones1 in ,wake county4 ,a little later it was changed in name and became ,wake ,forest ,college4 ,the ,presbyterians1 in #ahch1 founded ,davidson ,college1 in ,mecklenburg4 ,these denominational institutions became noble adjuncts to the ,university in affording opportunities for liberal culture in our own borders4 #aj4 ,thus1 at last1 the old-field schools were superseded as better institutions took their place4 ,the old-fashioned country teacher1 who passed from house to house for subsistence1 and was wholly dependent upon the feelings or caprices of one or two employers1 gradually disappeared as academies and common schools multiplied4 #aa4 ,the ,bingham ,school in ,orange1 the ,lovejoy ,school in ,raleigh1 the ,bobbitt ,school in ,franklin1 the ,caldwell ,institute in ,greensboro1 ,trinity ,college near ,raleigh1 the ,donaldson ,academy in ,fayetteville1 and numerous other excellent male academies greatly added to the number of well-informed and useful men4 #ahdb4 #ab4 ,the ,salem ,seminary1 so widely renowned for the host of cultured women sent out to every portion of the ,south1 at last found a worthy rival in ,st4 ,mary's ,school4 ,this institution was established at ,raleigh1 in #ahdb1 under the patronage of ,bishop ,ives and the ,episcopal ,diocese of ,north ,carolina4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,aldert ,smedes1 who soon presided over its fortunes1 was singularly fitted for such place2 for in no other institution in ,america was intellectual training more largely supplemented by the moral and social graces4 ,these popular institutions were soon reinforced by the excellent ,methodist ,female ,college at ,greensboro4 #ac4 ,presbyterian's1 a few years later1 had a first-rate school for the education of their daughters in ,edgeworth1 a noble seminary established by ,governor ,morehead at ,greensboro4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is this chapter about8 ,what laws has been enacted concert concerning education8 #b4 ,why had incorporation been refused to the ,queen's ,museum8 #c4 ,what is said of the schools at ,charlotte and ,davidson8 #d4 ,what clause was in the first ,state ,constitution8 ,how had the intent of this clause been carried out8 #e4 ,what were some of the views in regard to popular education8 ,what men had advocated the provisions of the ,constitution8 #f4 ,what addition to the ,school ,fund did ,north ,carolina receive in #ahcg8 #g4 ,how was the fund further increased8 #h4 ,can you mention the legislation at this period affecting school matters8 #i4 ,what denominational schools were founded about this time8 #aj4 ,what is said of the old-field schools8 #aa4 ,where were the leading male schools1 and what is said of the usefulness8 #ab4 ,what female schools are mentioned8 ,what is said of ,st4 ,mary's ,school8 ,what is said of other schools8 ,,chapter ,,xlix4 ,,slavery ,,and ,,social ,,development4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahdb ,,to #ahdd4 #a4 ,when the year of our ,lord #ahdb had come1 peace and prosperity were in all portions of ,north ,carolina4 ,society was still divided into three classes4 ,these were3 the white people1 the slaves and the free negroes4 ,the latter class had originated by manumission1 and were numerous in some of the eastern counties4 ,they had lost the right of suffrage by the action of the ,state ,convention of #ahce4 #b4 ,this action on the part of the ,convention was due in some degree1 doubtless1 to the constant agitation of the slavery question1 though by no means due to that alone2 but to the further fact1 as well1 that during the time they voted by sufferance they had plainly demonstrated their utter unfitness to appreciate or exercise the great right of suffrage4 #c4 ,as a class they were unthrifty and dishonest1 and each year becoming more useless as members of the community2 their association with the slaves was regarded as an evil to be avoided if possible2 therefore1 they were discriminated against in the legislation of the period4 ,virginia and ,ohio had both enacted statutes which forbade them access to their borders4 ,north ,carolina provided by law that in case of their removal from the ,state they lost their residence1 and were forbidden to return4 #d4 ,the right of the ,states to pass such laws for the protection of their slave property cannot be denied1 unless the right of property in slaves be also denied4 ,nor can they properly be called unjust4 ,the right of property in their slaves the people of ,north ,carolina regarded as settled by the ,constitution of the ,state and that of the ,united ,states4 ,theorists might speculate whether ,african slavery was consistent with the ,american ,declaration of ,independence as they pleased1 but the right of property in slaves was undisputably recognized and secured in the fundamental laws of the land4 ,as to the moral question involved1 if any such there was1 the ,southern slave-owner regarded it as one between himself and his ,god1 and not between himself and his ,northern brother4 #e4 ,as a matter of course1 slavery and intellectual culture are incompatible1 and education was therefore denied the slaves4 ,the right to testify in the courts against a white man1 and even the right to defend himself from the assaults of white men1 except in defence of life in the last extremity1 were also necessarily denied him4 ,these restrictions were necessary to the maintenance of the legal relations between the dominant and subject races4 #f4 ,of course there were those who studied the slavery problem from every possible standpoint1 except the constitutional legality of it4 ,that1 at least1 was fixed4 ,some doubted the morality of it and others questioned the policy of it1 and it is quite possible1 had time and opportunity for gradual manumission and exportation offered1 ,north ,carolina would have been a free ,state1 in the course of events1 of her own accord4 #g4 ,the ,northern ,states had sold their slaves rather than free them under their acts of manumission4 ,it was not possible for this to be further repeated by the ,commonwealths still retaining the institution2 so in a blind ignorance of the future and in utter hopelessness of any practicable solution of their difficulty1 except in remaining as they were1 the statesmen of the ,south contented themselves with a simple policy of resistance to change4 #ahdd4 #h4 ,among the white people of ,north ,carolina were found all who participated in the conduct of public affairs4 ,the means of popular education had been too recently adopted to show effects upon the community4 ,the labors of a few wise men were just being crowned with success1 and the children of the poor were receiving the rudiments of education in every portion of the ,state4 #i4 ,in religion1 the great mass of the people belonged to country churches4 ,these rural congregations1 as a general thing1 met on one ,saturday and the succeeding ,sabbath of each month1 to attend the preaching of a minister who often served other churches as pastor the remaining ,sundays4 ,beyond the ,sunday schools and annual protracted meetings1 there were no other religious observances except occasional funerals and prayer meetings at private houses4 #aj4 ,the balls and horse-races of former days in the eastern counties had1 in a large measure1 ceased4 ,in the growth of the ,methodist and ,baptist ,churches in that section1 such amusements had been so discouraged that festivities of this kind became rare4 ,in the western sections of ,north ,carolina they had never been countenanced by the ,presbyterians4 #aa4 ,the summers became more or less marked by great assemblages in the protracted or camp-meetings4 ,they were1 to the devout1 seasons of religious devotion1 but to the young and thoughtless1 opportunities for courtship and social enjoyment4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what three classes of society existed in ,north ,carolina in #ahdb8 #b4 ,what action was taken by the ,convention of #ahce in regard to free negroes8 #c4 ,what is said of this class of our population8 #d4 ,how did our people view the question of slavery8 #e4 ,what privileges were denied the slaves8 ,why8 #f4 ,what would probably have been the final result in ,north ,carolina8 #g4 ,what had the ,northern ,states done with their slaves8 ,how was the ,south compelled to act8 #h4 ,what educational progress was being made8 #i4 ,what was the condition of religious matters8 #aj4 ,what effects were seen from the growth of the churches8 #aa4 ,what great congregations were found in various places during the summer8 ,,chapter ,l4 ,,the ,,mexican ,,war4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahdd ,,to #ahdf4 ,governor ,dudley was opposed by ex-,governor ,john ,branch1 of ,halifax1 as the candidate of the ,democratic party in #ahch4 ,governor ,branch had been in the ,cabinet of ,general ,jackson1 and upon his defeat in this contest1 retired from public life in ,north ,carolina to receive the appointment of territorial ,governor of ,florida4 ,in the ,gubernatorial contest1 two years later1 ,john ,motley ,morehead1 of ,guilford1 as the nominee of the ,whigs1 likewise defeated the ,democratic leader1 ,judge ,romulus ,m4 ,saunders4 #b4 ,they were both men of large natural endowments1 and have never been surpassed in the vigor of their debates before the people4 ,they were both educated at ,chapel ,hill1 and were types of public ,southern men of their day4 ,judge ,saunders made a high reputation as a member of ,congress2 and ,governor ,morehead so grew in favor that eloquent ,louis ,d4 ,henry1 who opposed his re- election1 was also defeated by a considerable majority4 #c4 ,the loss of the ,state in the deaths of ,judge ,gaston1 of ,judge ,daniel1 and of ,lewis ,williams1 long one of our ,representatives in ,congress1 was not easily repaired4 ,michael ,hoke1 of ,lincolnton1 was rising to prominence as a politician when his untimely death occurred4 ,he had just concluded a brilliant canvass against ,william ,a4 ,graham1 of ,orange1 for the office of ,governor1 and lost his election and his life in the summer of #ahdd4 #d4 ,this election of ,governor ,graham marked a new era in the development of the ,state4 ,he was the son of ,general ,joseph ,graham1 of the ,revolution1 and inherited many of his virtues4 ,no public man in the history of the ,state has brought closer application or a higher elevation to his duties4 ,like ,richard ,caswell and ,nathaniel ,macon1 his hold upon the public affections was never lost1 and to the day of his death he was first in the hearts of his countrymen of ,north ,carolina4 #e4 ,in #ahdd1 ,james ,knox ,polk1 of ,tennessee1 who was a native of ,north ,carolina and a graduate of our ,university1 was elected ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,during his administration the ,united ,states and the neighboring ,republic of ,mexico went to war4 ,the boundary line between ,texas and ,mexico had long been in dispute between those countries1 a dispute that practically amounted to a constant border warfare4 ,of course as soon as ,texas was annexed to the ,united ,states the ,federal government took the place of ,texas as a party to the quarrel1 and undisguised1 open war followed4 #f4 ,president ,polk made a visit to the ,university during his term of office1 which was highly appreciated and greatly redounded to the honor of that ancient institution4 ,president ,polk was born in ,mecklenburg county in #agie1 and died in #ahdi4 ,the announcement of his nomination for the ,presidency was the first message ever sent by telegraph4 ,it was sent from ,baltimore1 where the ,national ,democratic ,convention was in session1 to ,washington ,city1 on #bith ,may1 #ahdd1 over an experimental line1 put up at the expense of the ,federal government1 to test ,professor ,morse's recent invention4 #ahdf4 #g4 ,a regiment of ,north ,carolina volunteers was sent to ,mexico under ,colonel ,robert ,treat ,paine1 of ,chowan4 ,it was stationed on the line of communication1 but was not actively engaged in any of the battles4 ,two companies of ,north ,carolina troops under ,captains ,w4 ,j4 ,clarice and ,charles ,r4 ,jones1 were mustered into the ,twelfth ,regiment ,united ,states ,infantry1 and did valiant service in the battle at ,national ,bridge4 #h4 ,louis ,d4 ,wilson1 of ,edgecombe1 had been ,captain of ,company ,a1 in ,colonel ,paine's regiment4 ,he was promoted ,major and assigned to duty in the ,twelfth ,united ,states ,infantry4 ,he died on duty in ,mexico1 and left his estate to the benefit of the poor of his native county4 #i4 ,captain ,braxton ,bragg gained great credit for his conduct at the battle of ,buena ,vista1 where1 with a single battery of light artillery1 he resisted the attack of a large force upon ,general ,taylor's left flank1 and thus prevented a movement that would otherwise have caused the immediate retreat and probable destruction of the ,american army4 #aj4 ,the smoke was so dense in this action that ,captain ,bragg was able to place his battery within fifty yards of the advancing column4 ,he gave the foe a round of double canister shot1 which opened great gaps in their ranks4 ,they staggered and recoiled under this murderous fire4 ,when the delighted ,american commander saw that the battle was won1 he arose in his stirrups and joyfully shouted3 ,give them a little more grape1 ,captain ,bragg6 #aa4 ,major ,samuel ,mc,ree1 of ,wilmington1 rendered valuable service as ,quartermaster in the army under ,general ,scott4 ,captain ,j4 ,h4 ,k4 ,burgwin1 of the first ,united ,states ,dragoons1 died of his wounds at ,taos4 ,lieutenant ,james ,g4 ,martin lost an arm and gained a brevet at ,churusbusco4 ,captains ,t4 ,h4 ,holmes and ,gabriel ,rains1 and ,lieutenant ,f4 ,t4 ,bryan1 all gave valuable and recognized service in the two columns under ,generals ,scott and ,taylor4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what period have we now reached8 ,who were ,governors at this time8 ,what is said of ,governor ,john ,branch8 #b4 ,what mention is made of the candidates for ,governor8 #c4 ,what deaths of prominent men occurred about this period8 #d4 ,what ,governor was elected in #ahdd8 ,how was he beloved in the ,state8 #e4 ,what troubles arose in national matters on the election of ,james ,k4 ,polk8 #f4 ,what is said1 of his visit to the ,university8 ,of what ,state was ,president ,polk a native8 ,how was his nomination announced8 #g4 ,can you mention the ,north ,carolina troops sent to ,mexico1 and their commanders8 #h4 ,tell something about ,major ,louis ,d4 ,wilson4 #i4 ,what valiant officer was with ,general ,taylor at ,buena ,vista8 ,give an account of his timely aid to the ,american army4 #aj4 ,describe the action4 #aa4 ,what other officers are spoken of8 ,,chapter ,,li4 ,,the ,,north ,,carolina ,,railway ,,and ,,the ,,asylums4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahde4 ,no single year in human records has been more prolific of change and social advancement than that which witnessed the overthrow of ,king ,louis ,phillipe in ,france and the general upheaval of all ,europe4 ,it seemed that the spirits of the sixteenth century had revisited the earth1 and that men were everywhere resolved on revolution or amendment4 #ahdh4 #b4 ,north ,carolina formed no exception to this general impulse of ,christendom4 ,a wise and patriotic disregard of old sectional and party traditions first led to the assumption by the ,state of a controlling part in the great work of internal improvement4 ,the railroads that had been previously constructed from different points to ,roanoke ,river1 were all in a deplorable condition4 #c4 ,the ,raleigh and ,gaston route was so decayed and impaired in its equipments that a whole day was consumed in the passage of a mail train over the eighty miles traversed4 ,the ,seaboard route to ,portsmouth1 ,virginia1 was prostrate and out of use4 ,the ,wilmington ,road1 though it was in somewhat better plight1 was still served by feeble engines1 which drew a few trains slowly along the track1 ironed no more heavily than the wheels of a six- horse wagon4 #d4 ,the additional fact that no railway went further west than the village of ,raleigh1 also prevented the accumulation of such travel and traffic as to repay the outlay of construction and equipment4 ,the ,wilmington ,road furnished the great route between the ,north and ,south1 and in that way won richer returns than lines leading to the interior4 #e4 ,the long deferred hopes of ,western ,north ,carolina were at last to be realized4 ,ex-,governor ,morehead and others besought the ,legislature for the ,state's aid in a great line which should connect ,charlotte1 ,greensboro1 ,raleigh and ,goldsboro4 ,this was to be called the ,north ,carolina ,railroad1 and was to be two hundred and forty miles long4 #f4 ,eastern men1 as a general thing1 opposed this bill1 but it was earnestly supported by ,william ,s4 ,ashe1 of ,new ,hanover1 and others1 in the ,house of ,representatives2 and1 having passed that body1 it was sent to the ,senate4 ,the vote in the upper ,house resulted in a tie4 ,calvin ,graves1 of ,caswell1 was ,speaker4 ,he had been a life-long ,democrat1 and knew that the people of his ,county were opposed to the ,state's aiding the proposed road1 but he nobly discharged what he thought to be his duty1 and1 by his casting vote1 the bill became a law4 #g4 ,this great step in building up the material prosperity of the ,commonwealth did not satisfy the desires of this memorable ,assembly4 ,measures that had been adopted at the previous session for the establishment of an institution for the education of the deaf1 dumb and the blind children of the ,state were extended2 and1 at the earnest solicitation of ,miss ,dorothea ,dix1 of ,new ,york1 a further appropriation was made for the erection of a hospital for the insane4 #h4 ,miss ,dix devoted her life to the amelioration of this unfortunate class of people4 ,in ,north ,carolina1 as generally in the ,republic1 there had been no better disposition of lunatics than their confinement in the loathsome dungeons of county jails4 ,numbers who might have been restored to reason and usefulness were1 in this way1 condemned to the horrors of perpetual insanity4 ,instead of the comforts1 kindness and restoration now to be found in the management of the ,insane ,asylums1 the poor lunatic lay in chains in the murderer's cell and howled out his life amid the darkness and foetid exhalations of the hell to which he was doomed4 #i4 ,north ,carolina was thus manfully meeting the requirements of both civilization and humanity2 for as the condition of their highways affords the truest test of a people's advancement in civilization1 so1 also does the provision made for the care and comfort of the unfortunate and helpless afford the highest evidence of a people's progress in humanity4 #aj4 ,in this memorable session of #ahdh-di1 a still further exemplification of the wisdom of the ,north ,carolina ,legislature was seen in their statute for the protection of married women4 ,before that time the husband acquired by marriage absolute title to his wife's personal estate and a life interest in her real property1 and these interests he could sell without her consent4 ,he could also restrain her of her personal liberty4 #aa4 ,the statute of this year provided that the husband's interest in the wife's lands should not be subject to sale by the husband without her full and free consent and joinder in the conveyance4 ,this was to be attested by a privy examination and certificate appended to the deed conveying such lands4 #ab4 ,a further much needed improvement took place when the ancient ,english rules allowing the husband the right of personal chastisement were also abolished1 and this infamous badge of inferiority numbered among the things of the past4 #ac4 ,there have been periods in the history of all communities when extraordinary development was witnessed4 ,the overthrow of one ancient abuse leads to the correction of another2 and thus1 in the awakening sympathies of the hour1 reformations give way to a new and higher humanity4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is this lesson about8 ,what is said of the period now reached8 #b4 ,how was ,north ,carolina feeling the general impulse of improvement8 #c4 ,in what condition were the railroads8 #d4 ,how far west were the railroads reaching8 ,which of the roads was obtaining most travel8 #e4 ,what important railway is now mentioned8 ,what was to be its extent8 #f4 ,can you describe the passage of the ,railroad ,bill through the ,legislature8 #g4 ,what charitable institutions were provided for at this session8 ,through whose instrumentality was the appropriation made for the ,insane ,asylum8 #h4 ,what devotion did ,miss ,dix give to this subject8 ,what had been the disposition of the insane before this8 #i4 ,what is said of these internal improvements8 #aj4 ,what other important law was enacted at this session8 ,can you tell something of the rights of married women previous to this time8 #aa4 ,what were the provisions of the new law8 #ab4 ,what was indicated by these acts of the ,state8 #ac4 ,what reflections are made upon this era8 ,,chapter ,,lii4 ,a ,,spectre ,,of ,,the ,,past ,,reappears4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahdh ,,to #aheb4 #a4 ,the female seminaries of ,salem1 ,raleigh and ,greensboro were supplemented1 in #ahdc1 in the establishment1 by the ,chowan and ,portsmouth ,baptist ,associations1 of another female school of high grade1 at ,murfreesboro4 ,this useful and popular institution soon gained reputation and attracted patronage from many of the ,southern ,states4 ,the ,edgeworth ,seminary at ,greensboro was a similar institution under ,presbyterian rule4 ,it was a worthy rival of its compeers in the education of ,southern girls4 ,the ,university1 ,wake ,forest and ,davidson ,college were advancing their standards and growing in prosperity4 ,the ,university1 especially1 under the sagacious administration of ex-,governor ,swain1 assisted by an able body of experienced teachers1 made great progress4 ,several hundred students were in attendance1 gathered from all the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states4 #b4 ,governor ,morehead had been succeeded in office by ,william ,a4 ,graham1 of ,orange4 ,in the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,judges ,mangum and ,badger were the peers of the best men of the ,republic1 and reflected honor on ,north ,carolina4 #c4 ,in the ,house of ,representatives1 ,colonel ,james ,i4 ,mc,kay1 of ,bladen1 had long been recognized as one of the leading men1 and was chairman of the ,committee on ,ways and ,means4 ,messrs4 ,kenneth ,rayner and ,thomas ,l4 ,clingman were also men of recognized ability1 the latter bringing varied accomplishments to aid his discharge of duty4 #ahdi4 #d4 ,at the expiration of ,governor ,graham's term of office ,charles ,manly1 of ,wake1 became ,governor4 ,the people of the ,state grew excited in the contest between ,messrs4 ,manly and ,reid over the ,democratic proposition to abolish the freehold qualification of voters for ,state ,senators4 ,it had been1 ever since #aggf1 necessary for a man to possess fifty acres of land to be entitled to this franchise4 ,it was now proposed to allow all white men the privilege of suffrage4 #e4 ,upon the election of ,general ,taylor as ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,mr4 ,polk retired to private life1 and soon died at ,nashville1 ,tennessee4 ,he was a pure and laborious man1 but was not the equal of ,andrew ,jackson in those great natural gifts which immortalized the hero of ,new ,orleans4 #f4 ,upon the cessation of war with ,mexico1 it had been agreed in the treaty of peace that upon the payment of a large sum of money1 ,upper ,california should1 with other ,mexican territory1 belong to the ,united ,states4 ,the discovery of immense deposits of gold on the ,pacific coast led to such immigration there that1 in #ahej1 ,california was applying for admission as a ,state into the ,union4 #g4 ,again the spectre of coming strife and bloodshed was seen in the renewal of the struggle over the question of freedom or slavery in this new sister in the galaxy of ,states4 ,southern men like ,henry ,clay thought that the whole subject had been settled in #ahbj1 when1 by the ,missouri ,compromise1 it had been ordained that involuntary servitude should not obtain north of the geographical line #cf #cj' north latitude4 #ahej4 #h4 ,it was understood that the surrender of the right to own slaves north of this line was the consideration for the admission of the right to own them south of it1 and that this was what the compromise meant4 ,but they were told that the inhibition alone was effective1 and that no such converse right was intended to be conveyed as that contended for by the men of the ,south4 ,the most logical of these men said that ,congress had exceeded its powers in the enactment mentioned1 and that no power could settle the question but the people of the new ,state4 #i4 ,it was seen that ,wilmot's ,proviso1 which was an amendment continually offered by ,mr4 ,wilmot1 of ,pennsylvania1 excluding slavery from all future ,states1 was the fixed determination of the ,northern people4 ,so1 after a protracted and bitter struggle1 ,mr4 ,clay1 as the last service of a long and illustrious life1 procured the passage of the compromise of #ahej1 in which the only concession by ,northern men was the ,fugitive ,slave ,law4 #aj4 ,this statute provided that ,federal courts and officers should arrest and return to their owners such slaves as should be found absconding in the different ,states of the ,union1 whether free or slave-holding4 ,it was greeted by a prodigious outcry from the ,northern press and people4 ,they determined that this national law should not be executed1 and the different legislatures of the free ,states began their enactment of personal liberty laws1 which made it penal to aid in carrying out the law of ,congress4 #ahea4 #aa4 ,the people of the ,south were both exasperated and disheartened at such manifestations1 and in view of such palpable violations of their plain constitutional rights1 began seriously to consider whether in a union with the ,northern ,states the arbitrary will of the people of those ,states was not to be the rule of government rather than the ,constitution solemnly agreed upon between their forefathers4 ,if this were to be so1 the dream of liberty1 regulated by law in the ,federal ,union1 was at an end4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what educational institutions are mentioned8 #b4 ,who was ,governor in #ahah8 ,what two men were distinguished in the ,united ,states ,senate8 #c4 ,who were the representative men in the ,house8 #d4 ,who succeeded ,governor ,graham in #ahdi8 ,what proposition was agitating the people8 #e4 ,who succeeded ,james ,k4 ,polk as ,president of the ,united ,states8 ,what is said of ,president ,polk8 #f4 ,what events were occurring in the ,west8 #g4 ,what spectre of the past reappears8 ,relate circumstances4 #h4 ,in what condition was the question now seen8 #i4 ,what is said of the ,wilmot ,proviso and ,fugitive ,slave ,law8 #aj4 ,what was the,fugitive ,slave ,law8 ,how did the ,north legislate against this law of ,congress8 #aa4 ,how was the ,south affected by these troubles8 ,,chapter ,,liii4 ,,the ,,social ,,and ,,political ,,status4 ,a4 ,d4 #aheb ,,to #ahei4 ,the election of ,general ,franklin ,pierce to the ,presidency1 in #aheb1 was considered by many as a rebuke to those who had been so clamorous in the ,north against the compromise of #ahej4 ,he was a warm supporter of the rights of the individual ,states1 and the knowledge of this fact brought repose to the minds of ,southern men4 #b4 ,north ,carolina had just entered upon a career of rapid development in her mineral resources4 ,the incorporation of a clause extending the right of suffrage in the ,state ,constitution1 the completion of the great central railway1 the opening of the asylums and the large addition to the number of schools1 were evidences of progress and widespread prosperity4 ,capitalists1 for the first time1 began to invest their wealth in cotton and woolen factories4 #ahec4 #c4 ,the creation of the office of ,superintendent of ,common ,schools1 in #ahec1 and the appointment of ,calvin ,h4 ,wiley1 of ,guilford1 to that position1 marked an extraordinary advance in the matter of popular education4 ,mr4 ,wiley soon evinced so much discretion and devotion to his duties that his propositions of improvement were adopted1 and his views and wishes soon became those of the ,state government4 ,the same year was further signalized by the ,normal ,school1 under charge of ,mr4 ,craven1 being empowered by the ,legislature to grant literary degrees and the assumption of the full dignities of a college4 ,after nearly thirty years of usefulness1 this institution1 now known as ,trinity ,college1 is still accomplishing great good under the auspices of the ,methodists of the ,state4 #d4 ,with the new lines of railway and the restoration of the old routes1 there was a large advance in the value of real estate and in the amount of productions sent abroad4 ,the use of ,peruvian ,guano and other concentrated fertilizers was just being introduced1 and the example of ,edgecombe county in the use of compost heaps was being followed in every direction and adding immensely to the yield of exhausted fields4 #e4 ,it was a notable thing in the political history of the country1 that in the ,presidential contest of #aheb the candidates for ,vice-,president1 of both the ,whig and ,democratic parties1 were born in ,north ,carolina and educated at ,chapel ,hill4 ,ex-,governor ,william ,r4 ,king1 ,democrat1 then of ,alabama1 was chosen over ex- ,governor ,graham1 who had been ,secretary of the ,navy in the ,cabinet of ,president ,fillmore4 #f4 ,the churches were prospering under their increased attentions to education4 ,a larger culture was coming to those who filled the pulpits at home1 and devoted men like ,dr4 ,matthew ,t4 ,yates were going to heathen lands to spend their lives for the good of other races4 ,the ,episcopal ,church had abundant compensation in the wisdom and virtues of ,bishop ,atkinson for the loss of ,bishop ,ives1 upon his leaving that communion for the ,church of ,rome4 ,the great slavery controversy was bringing trouble and division to the ,baptists and ,methodists1 and thus1 not only statesmen and politicians1 but ministers of the ,gospel1 were also set at variance4 #ahed4 #g4 ,from ,massachusetts was sent1 at this period1 a new and startling impulse to the ,northern pulpits and hustings4 ,it had been the peculiar glory of the ,american people that they were the originators of the great doctrine and practice of religious liberty4 ,a new party1 calling themselves the ,know,nothings1 had carried that ,state and were proclaiming their opposition to all ,roman ,catholics as public officers4 ,the ,know-,nothings were also called the ,american ,party1 and their motto was ,america for ,americans4 #h4 ,this was to prove a short-lived and pernicious movement4 ,it not only contravened the noblest ,american precedents1 but at once combined all the ends and fragments of parties which had previously opposed the great organization that had been led by ,jefferson and ,jackson4 ,besides their hostility to the ,roman ,catholic religion1 they inculcated one other principle2 this was opposition to the naturalization of foreign immigrants until after a residence of twenty-one years within the borders of the ,united ,states4 ,the success of this new party ended in the ,virginia campaign between ,governor ,wise and ,t4 ,s4 ,flournoy4 #ahee4 #i4 ,about this time another party began to be prominent in the ,northern ,states4 ,it was called the ,republican ,party1 and was the outgrowth of the notorious controversy over the passage of the ,kansas-,nebraska ,act through ,congress4 ,this statute was1 in effect1 but a continuance of the legislation in regard to ,california1 and amounted to little beyond transferring the question of slave or free territory from ,congress to the new ,states4 ,the ,north1 however1 was fanatically bent on the destruction of slavery everywhere within the ,united ,states1 and would not consent that each new ,state should settle the question for itself4 ,on the contrary1 it was determined to prohibit the spread of slavery whether the people in the new ,states and ,territories desired it or not4 #aj4 ,it was soon seen1 therefore1 in the bloody conflicts between the settlers from the ,north and those from the ,south1 especially in ,kansas1 that ,squatter ,sovereignty would neither afford protection to ,southern immigrants in removing with their property there1 nor any prospect of a fair solution of a vexed question4 #aheg4 #aa4 ,on ,june #bgth1 #aheg1 an event occurred in ,north ,carolina which brought sadness to the whole ,state4 ,rev4 ,elisha ,mitchell1 ,d4 ,d41 while making researches and surveys upon ,black ,mountain1 in the darkness of night1 lost his way and fell over a very steep precipice and waterfall1 and was killed4 ,his remains were found1 eleven days after the accident1 in a pool of clear water at the foot of the waterfall4 ,they are now resting on the highest point of the mountain1 and the spot is known as ,mitchell's ,peak4 ,dr4 ,mitchell found1 by measurement1 that the ,black ,mountain was the highest point of land east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,mitchell's ,peak is #f1fgb feet above the level of the sea1 and #bdd feet higher than ,mount ,washington1 in ,new ,hampshire4 #ab4 ,after the defeat of ,charles ,manly by ,david ,s4 ,reid1 of ,rockingham1 for ,governor in #aheb1 the ,democrats continued to gain in strength in each succeeding election4 ,in #ahed1 ,governor ,bragg was elected to succeed ,governor ,reid1 by an increased majority1 over ,hon4 ,john ,a4 ,gilmer1 the ,whig candidate4 ,messrs4 ,mangum and ,badger were succeeded by ,governor ,reid and ,colonel ,asa ,biggs1 of ,martin1 as ,united ,states ,senators2 and when1 in #aheh1 another ,governor was to be chosen1 both ,judge ,john ,w4 ,ellis1 of ,rowan1 and his competitor1 ,duncan ,k4 ,mac,rae1 of ,cumberland1 claimed to be defenders of the ,democratic faith4 ,the differences between the ,north and the ,south were fast bringing the people of ,north ,carolina to one mind4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,of what does this chapter treat 8 ,how was the election of ,president1 ,pierce considered 8 #b4 ,what is said of internal improvements8 #c4 ,what educational progress was being made8 #d4 ,how was the value of lands increasing8 #e4 ,what is said of the ,presidential campaign of #aheb8 #f4 ,in what condition were religious matters8 #h4 ,how was the question of slavery affecting some of the religious denominations8 #g4 ,what new party was organized in ,massachusetts8 ,what was the main policy of the ,know-,nothings8 #h4 ,what is said of this new party8 #i4 ,what party next originated8 #aj4 ,how was the ,south affected by ,squatter ,sovereignty8 #aa4 ,what fatal accident befell ,dr4 ,elisha ,mitchell in #aheg8 #ab4 ,what changes in the government of the ,state are now mentioned8 ,,chapter ,,liv4 ,,president ,,lincoln ,,and ,,the ,,war4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfj ,,to #ahfa4 #ahfj4 ,after seventy years of party struggles touching the relations of the ,general ,government to the individual ,states1 the ,presidential contest of #ahfj opened with such notes of violence and public confusion1 that it was at once seen that at last the supreme crisis had come4 #b4 ,the only issue apparently before the ,american people was that of slavery in the ,territories4 ,the ,democrats were divided into two fragments4 ,those supporting ,judge ,douglas for the ,presidency advocated ,squatter ,sovereignty4 ,the ,breckinridge men said that the question of slavery should only be settled as to the new ,states at their constitutional conventions2 while ,republicans supporting ,abraham ,lincoln1 proclaimed that only the enactment of the ,wilmot ,proviso would satisfy them4 ,the ,whig candidates1 ,messrs4 ,bell and ,everett1 and the ,whig party1 were silent on all these stormy differences1 and were not of much significance in the general upheaval4 #c4 ,back of this question1 however1 about slavery in the ,territories1 and involved in it1 was the real issue between the ,republican and ,democratic parties1 and that was whether the ,federal ,constitution should be the supreme law of the land4 ,the right of property in slaves was guaranteed by that ,constitution1 and if the ,republican party could thus destroy that right it might when it so pleased1 destroy any and all other rights4 ,the ,democrats hold that the ,constitution was supreme2 the ,republicans held that there was a still higher law unwritten and undefined4 ,one was certainty1 the other chaos4 #d4 ,it was seen at an early period of the contest1 that the bulk of the ,southern people would be found supporting ,breckinridge and ,lane4 99 ,it was generally held in all the slave-holding ,states that the election of ,mr4 ,lincoln would be significant of a purpose among ,northern men to disregard their rights1 and that the inauguration of the abolition policy by the ,federal officers would compel and justify the secession of the ,southern ,states from the ,union4 99,joseph ,lane was born in ,buncombe county in this ,state1 and was the cousin of ,colonel ,joel ,lane1 who once owned the lands upon which ,raleigh was built4 ,he had served gallantly as a ,brigadier ,general in ,mexico1 afterwards in ,congress1 and as ,governor of ,oregon4 #e4 ,when1 in ,november1 #ahfj1 it was known that the ,republicans had triumphed in the national election1 and that ,abraham ,lincoln would be chosen ,president of the ,united ,states by a majority of the electors in the different ,state electoral colleges1 then it was realized that the extreme ,southern ,states would1 at an early period1 sever their connection with the government at ,washington4 #ahfa4 #f4 ,south ,carolina and others said that protection of their property would now be impossible in the ,union1 and therefore1 before the inauguration of ,president ,lincoln1 on ,march #dth1 #ahfa1 seven ,states had assembled conventions1 and by their ordinances declared the ties formerly binding them to the ,republic of the ,united ,states null and void4 #g4 ,on the #ast of ,january1 #ahfa1 the ,legislature then in regular session passed1 by a large majority in each ,house1 an act declaring that in its opinion the condition of the country was so perilous that the sovereign people of the ,state should assemble in convention to effect an honorable adjustment of the difficulties whereby the ,federal ,union is endangered1 or otherwise to determine what action will best preserve the honor and promote the interest of ,north ,carolina4 #h4 ,at the same time that the delegates were to be elected the act required that the sense of the people should be taken whether there should be a convention at all or not4 ,the election was held on #bhth of ,february1 #ahfa1 and upon the question of convention or no convention1 the official count showed a majority of #aid votes against convention1 that is to say1 #de1eji votes for convention and #de1fjc votes against convention4 ,the vote of ,davie county1 which was not received in time to be counted1 would have increased the majority against convention some #bjj votes4 #i4 ,how the delegates elected were divided in sentiment on the day of election cannot be ascertained1 nor was such division to be relied upon1 for changes were daily taking place1 and men1 no matter how reluctantly1 were rapidly coming to believe that in ,united action by the ,south lay the only hope for the future4 #aj4 ,in ,april1 ,president ,lincoln1 in consequence of the attack upon and capture of ,fort ,sumter1 required of ,governor ,ellis ,north ,carolina's proportion of an army of seventy five thousand men1 which was to be used in the coercion of the seceded ,states4 ,this demand ,governor ,ellis promptly refused2 and he at once convened the ,legislature in special session1 declaring in his proclamation that the time for action had come1 and1 upon his recommendation1 twenty thousand volunteers were called for by the ,general ,assembly to sustain ,north ,carolina in her course4 #aa4 ,a ,state ,convention was called by the ,legislature on the first of ,may1 and met on the #bjth of ,may1 #ahfa2 in the hall of the ,house of ,commons4 ,on this anniversary of the ,mecklenburg ,declaration the ,ordinance of ,secession was passed1 and ,north ,carolina made haste to connect herself with the ,confederate ,states of ,america4 #ab4 ,the ,ordinance of ,secession was as follows ,,an ,,ordinance ,,dissolving ,,the ,,union ,,between ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,north ,,carolina ,,and ,,the ,,other ,,states ,,united ,,with ,,her ,,under ,,the ,,compact ,,of ,,government ,,entitled ',,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ' ,we1 the people of the ,state of ,north ,carolina1 in ,convention assembled1 do declare and ordain1 and it is hereby declared and ordained1 ,that the ordinance adopted by the ,state of ,north ,carolina in the ,convention of #aghi1 whereby the ,constitution of the ,united ,states was ratified and adopted2 and also all acts and parts of acts of the ,general ,assembly ratifying and adopting amendments to the said ,constitution1 are hereby repealed1 rescinded and abrogated4 ,we do further declare and ordain1 ,that the ,union now subsisting between the ,state1 of ,north ,carolina and the other ,states1 under the title of ',the ,united ,states of ,america1' is hereby dissolved1 and that the ,state of ,north ,carolina is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent ,state4 #ac4 ,the number of submissionists in ,north ,carolina was very small1 and the real differences of opinion did not so much regard final action in the crisis as they did the way and the time in which it should be reached4 ,many preferred separate ,state action2 many others preferred concert of action among the ,states4 ,some preferred immediate action2 others thought it advisable to wait until some actual overt act1 as it was called1 was committed by the new administration4 ,but no matter how much people were divided on these points1 on one point they were a unit1 that is to say1 in the desire that final action should represent as near as possible every phase of public sentiment4 ,and to secure this greatly to be desired unanimity in action1 many personal preferences and original opinions were sacrificed4 #ad4 ,many good people had hoped and prayed that the troubles between the ,north and ,south would be peaceably arranged2 but all hope of such a blessing was now lost1 and the whole ,state resounded with the notes of preparation for the war4 ,in every county men pressed forward by thousands to enlist at the call of the ,state4 #ae4 ,governor ,ellis was in the last stages of hopeless disease1 but1 with great resolution1 he addressed himself to the discharge of the onerous duties of his station until his death1 on ,june #i1 #ahfa4 ,he was succeeded by ,colonel ,henry ,toole ,clark1 of ,edgecombe1 who became ,governor of the ,state by virtue of his office as ,speaker of the ,senate4 #af4 ,colonel ,john ,f4 ,hoke1 of ,lincoln1 was succeeded as ,adjutant- ,general by ,james ,g4 ,martin1 of ,pasquotank1 late a major in the army of the ,united ,states4 ,the forts1 ,johnston1 ,macon and ,caswell1 were seized1 as was also the ,federal arsenal at ,fayetteville2 and1 in this way1 fifty-seven thousand stand of small firearms and a considerable store of cannon and ammunition were secured4 #ag4 ,after many years of peace and prosperity1 the people of ,north ,carolina were once again to exhibit their patriotism1 courage and endurance under the most trying circumstances4 ,in the first revolution they had contributed twenty-two thousand nine hundred and ten men to the defence of the ,united ,colonies2 in this second upheaval more than a hundred and fifty thousand crowded to the fray1 and grew famous on more than a hundred fields4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how was the ,presidential contest of #ahfj viewed8 #b4 ,what was the issue8 ,who were the candidates2 and what were their platforms8 #c4 ,what was the real issue between the ,democrats and ,republicans8 ,what views were held by each party8 #d4 ,to whom were most of the ,southern people giving support8 ,how did they view the probable election of ,mr4 ,lincoln8 #e4 ,who were elected8 ,what did some of the ,southern ,states intend to do8 #f4 ,what occurred before the inauguration of ,mr4 ,lincoln8 #g4 ,what act was passed by the ,north ,carolina ,legislature8 #h4 ,can you tell the result of the vote upon this question8 #i4 ,what was the ,south beginning to realize8 #aj4 ,what call was made upon ,north ,carolina by ,mr4 ,lincoln8 ,with what result8 #aa4 ,when did ,north ,carolina leave the ,union8 #ab4 ,can you repeat the ,ordinance of ,secession8 #ac4 ,mention the political opinions to be found in the ,state upon these questions8 #ad4 ,what had been the hope of many of our people8 ,how was the news of secession received8 #ae4 ,what occurred on ,june #ith8 ,who succeeded ,governor ,ellis8 #af4 ,what seizures were made by ,north ,carolina authorities8 #ag4 ,what are the thoughts upon this period8 ,,chapter ,,lv4 ,,the ,,war ,,between ,,the ,,states4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfa4 ,the people of ,north ,carolina loved the ,union of ,states that had been in such large part constructed by the heroism and wisdom of their own fathers4 ,they well knew its value to themselves under an unbroken ,federal ,constitution2 they knew1 too1 the danger incurred in the attempt to absolve them selves from further ,federal connections4 ,but they knew1 also1 their rights under the ,constitution1 and were fully determined neither to surrender them nor to aid in the subjugation of their sister ,states4 ,as the ,state had entered the ,union by action of a convention of her own people1 she now resolved to leave it in the same manner4 #b4 ,for more than a month before the memorable #bjth day of ,may1 #ahfa1 when the secession ordinance was passed1 troops were volunteering and being received by ,governor ,ellis from many portions of the ,state4 ,the first ten companies were embodied in a regiment1 of which ,major ,daniel ,h4 ,hill was elected colonel by the commissioned officers4 ,they were at once sent to ,yorktown1 in ,virginia4 #c4 ,on ,june #ith1 ,general ,benjamin ,f4 ,butler1 who was in command of the ,united ,states forces at ,fortress ,monroe1 in ,virginia1 sent a column of troops up the peninsula for the purpose of ascertaining the possibility of reaching ,richmond1 which city had recently become the ,capital of the ,southern ,confederacy4 ,early the next morning the ,federal advance became confused in the darkness and two of their regiment1 fired upon each other4 #d4 ,at ,big ,bethel1 on the #ajth1 they found the regiment of ,colonel ,hill supporting a battery of the ,richmond ,howitzers4 ,there were also present two infantry and three cavalry companies belonging to ,virginia4 ,this force was assailed by the ,federal army1 but the attack was repelled and the assailants retired in disorder to ,old ,point ,comfort4 ,only one ,confederate soldier was killed in the action1 and that was private ,henry ,wyatt1 of ,edgecombe county4 ,he belonged to ,captain ,j4 ,l4 ,bridgers' company1 and was the first ,southern soldier slain in the war between the ,states4 #e4 ,the whole affair was insignificant1 both as to the number engaged and the results achieved1 but was hailed as a happy omen by the ,south4 ,north ,carolina1 with all her deliberation in taking part in the struggle1 was thus to afford the first martyr of the ,south1 and was present with her troops to arrest the first ,federal invasion of ,southern soil4 #f4 ,on the #ahth and #bast days of ,july occurred much greater and more serious conflicts at ,manassas and ,bull ,run1 also in ,virginia4 ,another ,federal army1 commanded by ,general ,irvin ,mc,dowell1 and numbering more than forty thousand men1 left ,washington with orders to attack the ,confederates under ,general ,g4 ,t4 ,beauregard4 ,the ,fifth1 ,sixth and ,twenty-first ,regiments of ,north ,carolina troops were present1 and gallantly aided in the ,federal defeat4 #g4 ,colonel ,charles ,f4 ,fisher was especially valuable in the aid he rendered in restoring a ditched train to the track1 and thus making possible the timely approach of the reinforcements under ,general ,e4 ,kirby ,smith1 which so speedily resulted in the flight of ,general ,mc,dowell's army4 ,it is mournful to add1 that1 after performing this signal service1 and after gallantly capturing the celebrated ,rickett's ,battery1 ,colonel ,fisher was slain in the battle4 ,he fell at the head of his regiment1 beyond the battery and still in pursuit of the enemy4 ,this memorable victory was very grateful to the ,south1 but it did not delude the people into the belief that the war was at an end2 it was useful1 too1 in that it gave them time to prepare for the greater conflicts still to come4 #h4 ,it had been hoped by ,mr4 ,lincoln and his advisers that all ,southern opposition would be overcome in ninety days1 but at ,bull ,run and ,manassas they were convinced that only by a great and prolonged struggle were such adversaries to be subdued4 ,the short periods of enlistment were abandoned by both sides1 and the winter was spent in preparation for a gigantic struggle in the spring4 #i4 ,it was early seen in ,north ,carolina that fortifications were necessary at ,hatteras for the defence of the many broad waters covering so large a portion of the eastern counties4 ,a small sand-work1 known as ,fort ,hatteras1 with an outlying flank defence1 called ,battery ,clark1 was the only reliance for the protection of ,albemarle and ,pamlico ,sounds4 #aj4 ,before these weak defences a large ,federal fleet appeared on ,august #bgth1 #ahfa1 and by means of its superior armament1 lay securely beyond the range of the guns mounted in ,fort ,hatteras1 while pouring in a tremendous discharge of shot and shell4 ,the ,federals having effected a landing on the beach1 and most of the caution being dismounted in the fort1 it was thought best by ,colonel ,w4 ,f4 ,martin1 on the #bith1 to surrender the fort4 #aa4 ,in two days' operations the whole tier of eastern counties was thus laid bare to the incursions of ,federal troops and cruisers4 ,there was great sorrow for the captured garrison1 and general alarm and uneasiness2 but the spirit of resistance was undaunted1 and troops continued volunteering by thousands4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is the subject of this lesson8 ,how did the ,north ,carolinians consider their departure from the ,union8 #b4 ,what preparations for war were made by the ,state1 even before its secession8 ,who commanded the first regiment8 #c4 ,relate ,general ,butler's exploit4 #d4 ,give an account of the battle of ,big ,bethel4 ,what ,confederate soldier was slain8 #e4 ,what is said of this event8 #f4 ,where were ,north ,carolina troops next engaged in battle8 #g4 ,what signal aid was rendered by ,colonel ,charles ,f4 ,fisher8 ,what were the effects of this victory8 #h4 ,what did ,mr4 ,lincoln learn from these battles8 #i4 ,at what point on the ,north ,carolina coast were fortifications specially needed8 #aj4 ,describe the ,federal attack on ,fort ,hatteras4 ,point out ,hatteras on the map4 #aa4 ,what was the result of the fall of ,hatteras8 ,,chapter ,,lvi4 ,,the ,,combat ,,deepens4 ,a4 ,d4 #affb4 #ahfb4 ,by the fortune of war in the ,revolution1 as again in #ahab1 the ,state was nearly always left with a small proportion of her own troops to defend the home of their birth4 ,so1 also1 when the spring opened in #ahfb1 though fully forty thousand men of the ,state were under arms1 they were to be found in ,virginia and ,south ,carolina1 except a small force left at ,wilmington and ,roanoke ,island4 #b4 ,this condition of affairs did not result1 however1 from any indifference on the part of the general government to us1 but from the fact that the main strategic points were in other ,states1 and fortunate it was for ,north ,carolina that this was so2 for whatever may have been the necessities of local defence1 or the evils incident to an unprotected coastline1 or those inseparable from its occupation by the enemy at various points1 they cannot be compared to the evils resulting from the prolonged occupation of a ,state by large contending armies4 #c4 ,roanoke ,island was the only hope of defence for ,albemarle ,sound and the many rivers flowing therein4 ,to defend it1 ,general ,henry ,a4 ,wise was sent with a small force to be added to the ,eighth and ,thirty-first ,regiments of ,north ,carolina ,volunteers4 ,he was sick on ,february #gth1 #ahfb1 when ,general ,burnside1 with a great fleet and fifteen thousand ,federal troops1 sailed up ,croatan ,sound and began the attack4 #d4 ,colonel ,henry ,m4 ,shaw1 of the ,eighth ,north ,carolina ,regiment1 was in command1 and made a gallant but unavailing defence4 ,the ,federals landed and moved up the island in the rear of the forts which had been constructed to prevent the passage of vessels to the west of the defences4 ,the only recourse left was to abandon the lower batteries and concentrate the ,southern troops at a point near the centre of ,roanoke ,island4 #e4 ,it was hoped that the morasses1 indenting both shores and leaving a narrow isthmus1 would enable the small ,confederate force to defend that position2 but the bravery and enterprise of the enemy enabled him to turn both flanks1 and nothing was left ,colonel ,shaw and his command but to fall back to the northern end of the island and there lay down their arms4 #f4 ,the battle had been bravely fought for two days1 and the two thousand ,confederate prisoners and their gallant leader became captives1 but only after inflicting heavy loss upon the assailants4 ,the place was untenable against superior naval appliances1 and quite men enough had been sacrificed in view of the impossibility of preventing its isolation by ,federal fleets4 #g4 ,very different were the defensive capacities of the city of ,new ,bern4 ,it was immediately foreseen that this important place would be next assailed1 and with enough troops it would have been an easy feat to have held it indefinitely1 but whether its value as a strategic point would have justified such a defence may be doubted4 ,the ,confederate authorities entrusted its defence to ,general ,l4 ,o',b4 ,branch1 who had no experience in military affairs1 and in whose command1 like ,general ,wise's1 was not a single regiment that had been under fire1 though there were skillful officers of lower rank who had seen much service in the old army4 ,on ,march #adth1 ,general ,burnside1 with the army and fleet so lately the victors at ,roanoke1 moved to attack the forts which had been constructed just below the junction of ,neuse and ,trent ,rivers4 #h4 ,general ,branch had in his command the ,seventh1 ,twenty-sixth1 ,twenty-seventh1 ,thirty-third and ,thirty-fifth ,north ,carolina ,regiments1 a portion of the ,nineteenth 7cavalry71 with ,brem's and ,latham's light batteries and a small force of militia4 ,these were disposed along a line stretching from ,fort ,thompson1 on ,neuse ,river1 across the railroad to an impassable swamp1 which afforded abundant protection to his right flank4 #i4 ,the battle began at seven o'clock in the morning and raged until noon4 ,the ,federal attacks were repeatedly repelled until1 by the fatal flight of the militia in the centre1 the ,confederate lines were broken and a precipitate retreat ensued4 ,general ,branch lost two hundred prisoners and seventy men killed and wounded2 and1 besides these1 all his guns and stores4 ,he was beaten in his first battle1 when perhaps naught but defeat was expected1 but he soon won high reputation as a brave soldier and skillful officer4 ,victory is not always possible to the best generalship4 ,he met1 in a few days at ,kinston1 reinforcements that would have enabled him to hold his ground at ,new ,bern2 but like many other earthly succors1 they came too late for real benefit4 #aj4 ,the fall of ,new ,bern sealed the fate of the ,confederate forces at ,fort ,macon4 ,colonel ,m4 ,i4 ,white1 with five companies of the ,tenth ,regiment 7artillery71 endured the ,federal bombardment until the work was in danger of being blown up4 ,he surrendered the fort on ,april #bfth1 #ahfb4 ,these disasters at home were indeed calculated to dishearten1 but the only visible effect upon the people at large was to increase the numbers of those who were still volunteering by thousands to defend ,north ,carolina and the ,confederate ,states4 #aa4 ,in the spring of #ahfb1 ,general ,mc,clellan1 the ,federal commander1 having determined to make his advance on ,richmond by way of ,james ,river1 and having made his preparations to that effect1 ,general ,johnston transferred the ,confederate troops from ,manassas to the peninsula between the ,james and ,york ,rivers1 thus placing his army between ,mc,clellan and ,richmond4 #ab4 ,at ,williamsburg occurred the first memorable conflict of the year between the two great armies struggling on the soil of the ,old ,dominion4 ,in this conflict the charge of the ,fifth ,north ,carolina ,regiment1 under ,colonel ,d4 ,k4 ,mac,rae1 excited the admiration and its terrible losses the sympathy of both friend and foe4 #ac4 ,in the bloody and glorious campaign in the ,shenandoah ,valley1 ,general ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson grew immortal before the coming of midsummer4 ,the gallantry of the ,twenty-first ,north ,carolina ,regiment at ,winchester1 like that of the ,fourth at ,seven ,pines1 was as conspicuous as bloody4 ,in this latter battle1 where so many other men of the ,state were slain1 the ,fourth ,regiment1 under ,colonel ,george ,b4 ,anderson1 lost four hundred and sixty-two men1 out of five hundred and twenty4 #ad4 ,in the last days of ,june nearly all of the ,north ,carolina regiments and many ,southern troops were concentrated around ,richmond1 under the command of ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 in place of ,general ,johnston1 who had been wounded at ,seven ,pines4 ,in the week of battle which ended in the overthrow of the great investing army of ,general ,mc,clellan1 they lost thousands of their bravest and best4 ,ninety-two regiments constituted the divisions of ,jackson1 ,longstreet1 ,d4 ,h4 ,hill and ,a4 ,p4 ,hill4 ,these were the forces that drove the ,federals to their ships2 and forty-six of these regiments belong to ,north ,carolina4 ,it may be safely asserted that more than half the men actively engaged and disabled during that terrible week were citizens of ,north ,carolina4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said or ,north ,carolina's forces in the wars8 #b4 ,what is said of this condition of affairs8 #c4 ,what force was sent to defend ,albermarle ,sound8 #d4 ,can you tell of ,burnside's attack8 #e4 ,what was the conclusion of the engagement8 #f4 ,what is said of this battle8 #g4 ,to what point was attention next directed8 ,what officer was in command8 ,when was the ,federal attack made8 #h4 ,what composed ,general ,branch's command8 #i4 ,describe the battle4 #aj4 ,what is said of the fall of ,new ,bern8 ,what fort was next surrendered8 ,where is ,fort ,mason8 #aa4 ,what military movements were made in ,virginia8 #ab4 ,what is said of the gallant charge of the ,fifth ,regiment at ,williamsburg8 #ac4 ,what regiments are specially mentioned as participants at ,winchester and ,seven ,pines8 #ad4 ,what is said of the events at this period8 ,,chapter ,,lvii4 ,,the ,,war ,,continues4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfb4 ,amid the exultation that filled the hearts of the people of ,north ,carolina for the victories around ,richmond1 there was grief in many families for heroes fallen in the discharge of duty4 ,colonels ,stokes1 ,meares1 ,campbell and ,c4 ,c4 ,lee1 like a great host of their compatriots1 were gone to come no more4 ,it seemed that the superior numbers and resources of the ,united ,states forces were to prove powerless before the fiery onsets of the ,confederate troops4 #b4 ,in the month of ,august1 #ahfb1 ,zebulon ,b4 ,vance1 of ,buncombe1 then ,colonel of the ,twenty-sixth ,regiment1 was chosen ,governor of ,north ,carolina over ,william ,johnston1 of ,charlotte1 who had been of late ,commissary-,general of the ,state4 ,by an ordinance of the ,convention1 ,colonel ,vance entered upon his duties as ,chief- ,magistrate on ,september #hth1 #ahfb4 ,he was to evince great zeal in the discharge of his official duties4 #c4 ,the first ,maryland campaign1 which occurred in the fall of the year1 was the next event of general interest4 ,in the battles fought in that memorable campaign the ,north ,carolina regiments won great reputation1 but a terrible loss of life4 ,general ,branch was killed and ,general ,anderson received wounds at ,sharpsburg of which he soon died1 and left grief in many hearts for their untimely end4 ,colonel ,c4 ,c4 ,tew also fell in the same great battle1 and increased the grief of his people at the loss by the mystery of his fate4 ,he disappeared amid the storm of conflict1 but exactly how and when was never known4 #d4 ,in ,north ,carolina there had been comparative quiet through the spring and summer months4 ,the ,federal garrisons at ,plymouth and ,new ,bern were watched by small bodies of ,confederates1 but no fighting occurred except in ,plymouth1 which town was taken and held for a few hours by ,colonel ,martin1 with the ,seventeenth ,regiment1 and then abandoned because of the ,federal gun-boats4 #e4 ,on ,blackwater ,river1 just below ,franklin1 in ,virginia1 there was a gallant conflict of a few cavalrymen under ,lieutenant ,thomas ,ruffin1 of the ,fourth ,cavalry1 and a ,federal double-ender4 ,the crew were all driven from deck and the ship lay at the mercy of the assailants until her consorts came up the stream from below and shelled the victors from their prey4 #f4 ,by the #ast of ,december the ,federal army1 this time under command of ,general ,burnside1 was confronting ,general ,lee at ,fredericksburg1 ,virginia4 ,on the #acth1 ,burns attempted to carry our lines1 but after repeated and desperate assaults and terrible slaughter1 withdrew his troops4 ,it was this battle that ,marye's ,heights won its bloody fame4 ,the gallantry of the enemy1 especially of ,meagher's ,irish ,brigade was magnificent4 #g4 ,simultaneously with the attack of ,general ,burnside of the army of ,general ,lee at ,fredericksburg1 the ,south ,carolina ,brigade of ,general ,evans1 then stationed at ,kinston1 ,north ,carolina1 was surprised to see a few mounted ,federal soldiers make an attack upon the position then held by them4 ,the ,federals were driven back and pursued in the direction of ,new ,bern4 ,suddenly the ,south ,carolinians found themselves confronted by more than twenty thousand foes4 #h4 ,in the speedy retreat that ensued1 ,general ,evans was unable to burn the bridges across the river1 and effected escape with some loss4 ,he was1 the next day1 reinforced and awaited ,general ,foster's approach on the road leading to ,goldsboro4 ,but the ,federals were seeking to intervene between that place and the one occupied by ,evans4 ,all ,tuesday morning 7,december #afth7 the masses of the ,union troops were seeking to cross ,neuse ,river at ,white ,hall2 they were bravely met there by ,general ,beverly ,h4 ,robinson who1 with the ,eleventh1 ,thirty-first1 ,fifty-ninth and ,sixty-third ,regiments1 and ,battery ,b1 ,third ,north ,carolina ,battalion1 withstood all their attacks and inflicted severe loss on the baffled invaders4 ,the contest lasted for eight hours during which ,general ,foster persisted in his efforts to drive off the ,confederates1 so that pontoons could be laid forming a bridge across the stream1 in place of the one burned the night before4 #i4 ,failing to cross ,neuse ,river at ,white ,hall1 ,general ,foster marched in the evening for ,goldsboro1 and1 having reached the bridge of the ,wilmington ,weldon ,railroad1 succeeded in burning it1 in spite of the gallant efforts of ,general ,clingman and his brigade to prevent4 #aj4 ,general ,foster retired in great precipitation to ,new ,bern1 and the burned bridge was his only trophy in an expedition which seemed so threatening at its inception4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the feeling concerning the victories around ,richmond8 #b4 ,who was chosen ,governor in #ahfb8 ,when did ,colonel ,vance enter upon the duties of ,chief-,magistrate8 #c4 ,what losses had ,north ,carolina sustained in the battle of ,sharpsburg8 ,what increased the grief of ,colonel ,tew's people8 #d4 ,what was the state of affairs in ,north ,carolina during the spring and summer of #ahfb8 #e4 ,describe the engagement on ,blackwater ,river8 #f4 ,where was the ,federal army confronting ,general ,lee on ,december #ast8 ,what occurred on the #acth8 #g4 ,can you tell of the surprise at ,kinston8 ,s4 ,what was the further result of this affair8 #i4 ,what is said of the conclusion of this matter8 #aj4 ,where did ,general ,foster go8 ,,chapter ,,lviii4 ,,war ,,and ,,its ,,horrors4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfc4 #ahfc4 ,when the year #ahfc had come upon the ,american ,states in their bloody and wasting quarrel1 there was nothing to indicate any solution of the great controversy4 ,many bloody battles had been fought1 thousands of homes were saddened in the loss of brave and true men1 and yet both sides were as intent as ever upon carrying on indefinitely the terrible and costly struggle4 #b4 ,mr4 ,lincoln and the government at ,washington said there should be no peace until the seceded ,states returned to their allegiance4 ,mr4 ,davis and the government at ,richmond said1 on the other hand1 that the seceded ,states were1 of right1 free and independent ,states that had rightfully resumed their delegated powers1 and owed no allegiance to the ,federal government4 #c4 ,it was hoped that ,england and ,france would recognize the independence of the ,confederate ,states2 but beyond extending to the ,southern government the rights of belligerents1 this trust proved utterly fallacious4 ,confederate agents were received and armed vessels allowed to enter their ports1 but no aid was extended to the ,southern cause4 ,the arrest of the ,confederate ,commissioners1 ,messrs4 ,mason and ,slidell1 on a ,british mail steamer1 by a ,united ,states war vessel1 was resented by ,england and war seemed probable2 but these ,southern envoys were released1 and no aid came from abroad except in the ships that were bought of private persons for the purpose of cruising against vessels belonging to citizens of the ,united ,states4 #d4 ,among the earliest measures adopted by the ,federal government was the blockade of the ,southern seaports4 ,wilmington1 ,charleston1 ,savannah1 ,mobile and ,galveston were all watched by armed ships that sought to exclude the vessels of all countries from entering these harbors4 ,cruisers swarmed along the whole ,southern coast1 and it became a matter of great peril and difficulty to send out or bring in any commodity by way of the ocean4 #e4 ,this soon led to a scarcity of salt1 sugar1 coffee1 molasses and everything which had been formerly imported from ,europe or bought of ,northern merchants4 ,prices continually advanced as such things became more scarce in the ,south4 ,wilmington is so situated that an effective blockade there was almost impossible4 ,there were two inlets1 and1 therefore1 two blockade fleets were necessary1 and even with this added difficulty the blockading squadron could not prevent1 on dark nights1 the passage of swift steamers that swept in and out of the ,cape ,fear ,river and brought from ,nassau and ,bermuda what was most needed for the armies and people4 #f4 ,soon after his inauguration1 ,governor ,vance1 at ,general ,martin's suggestion1 sent ,colonel ,thomas ,m4 ,crossan to ,england for the purpose of procuring a ship to supply the wants of ,north ,carolina4 ,crossan had been a naval officer in the service of the ,united ,states1 and had judgment enough in such matters to select one of the swiftest ships in the world4 ,it was called the ,lord ,clyde abroad1 but that name was changed to the ,ad-,vance1 and the vessel made many successful voyages before she was captured4 #g4 ,in the superior clothing and equipments of the ,north ,carolina troops were the wisdom and activity of the ,state government manifested4 ,and1 too1 not only were the necessities of our own soldiers supplied1 but large aid was extended to the troops of other ,states4 ,besides this1 cotton and woolen cards and many other necessaries were brought in and distributed to the different sections of the ,state4 ,salt was the most important of all the domestic supplies excluded by the blockade4 ,to procure this indispensable article1 private factories on the seacoast were supplemented by others under ,state management2 but these proved insufficient to meet popular wants1 and arrangements were made to procure additional supplies from the salt wells of southwestern ,virginia4 #h4 ,it was early foreseen that in so great a struggle enormous expenditures would become necessary2 and to meet such liabilities1 it would be necessary for the ,confederacy and the individual ,states to use their credit in procuring supplies on the faith of future payments4 ,many millions of dollars were to be expended1 and only ,confederate and ,state obligations would be available to meet such purchases4 #i4 ,unhappily1 the great supply of cotton then in the ,south was not utilized by the authorities1 and thus a solid basis of credit was lost2 and a favorite theory is1 that had all the cotton been promptly seized by the government and sent to foreign ports1 the depreciation of its funds would have been averted1 but whether this could have been done is1 to say the least1 by no means certain4 ,as it was1 in #ahfc1 both ,confederate and ,state money began to depreciate in value1 and this depreciation once begun1 had no stop in its downward tendency4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the condition of the war in #ahfc8 #b4 ,what positions were taken by ,presidents ,lincoln and ,davis8 #c4 ,from what countries had the ,south expected aid8 ,what is said of the arrest of ,mason and ,slidell8 #d4 ,what ,southern cities were blockaded8 ,what was the effect of this blockade8 #e4 ,what is said of the port of ,wilmington8 #f4 ,how did ,governor ,vance supply the wants of the people8 ,what is said of the ,ad-,vance8 #g4 ,what supplies were brought in by the ,ad-,vance8 ,how was salt obtained8 #h4 ,how did the ,confederate government propose to obtain funds for carrying on the war8 #i4 ,what was the cause of the great depreciation in the value of money8 ,,chapter ,,lix4 ,,the ,,death-,,wound ,,at ,,gettysburg4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfc4 ,in spite of the great ,federal success in acquiring territory in ,north ,carolina1 ,louisiana1 ,mississippi and elsewhere1 and notwithstanding the increasing hardships everywhere felt1 the government and people of the ,confederate ,states were still undismayed and hopeful when the spring of #ahfc permitted the vast armies of the ,united ,states to resume active military operations4 ,no thought of submission was entertained by the ,confederate soldiers1 and among the people at home only in rare instances were individuals to be found who expressed hopelessness as to the result of the war4 #b4 ,in ,north ,carolina a period of inactivity succeeded the raid by ,general ,foster1 which was only broken by the unsuccessful attack on the town of ,washington4 ,general ,w4 ,b4 ,c4 ,whiting1 who had made reputation as a division commander in the ,army of ,northern ,virginia1 was sent to assume charge of the ,department of the ,cape ,fear1 with his headquarters in ,wilmington4 ,this city had been fearfully ravaged by yellow fever in the fall of #ahfb1 and had now become all important to the ,confederacy as a port4 ,other ,southern sea ports were almost totally closed by blockade1 and only at the ,cape ,fear was there left a hope of access4 #c4 ,generals ,braxton ,bragg1 ,d4 ,h4 ,hill1 ,leonidas ,poll1 and ,benjamin ,mc,culloh had all risen to prominent commands and conferred honor by their connections with the ,old ,north ,state4 ,among the younger officers1 ,generals ,pender1 ,hoke1 ,pettigrew and ,ramseur had all won distinguished notice and promotion for gallant and meritorious service4 #d4 ,many thousands had been enrolled in the sixty-six regiments and ten battalions of ,north ,carolina mustered in the ,confederate service1 and1 though mourning was in many households1 recruits were constantly going to fill the gaps occasioned by deaths on the field and in the hospitals4 ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,johnson had been succeeded as ,surgeon ,general of the ,state by ,dr4 ,edward ,warren4 ,drs4 ,e4 ,burke ,haywood1 ,peter ,e4 ,hines1 ,w4 ,c4 ,warren and others of the leading physicians were placed in charge of great hospitals at ,raleigh and other cities in the ,state4 ,north ,carolina sustained a similar institution at ,petersburg1 in ,virginia4 ,of the latter the excellent lady1 ,miss ,mary ,pettigrew1 a sister of the general of the same name1 became matron2 and1 like another ,florence ,nightingale1 cheered the sick and dying with her elegant presence4 #e4 ,general ,burnside lost his place by his disaster at ,fredericksburg1 and was followed in command of the ,army of the ,potomac by ,general ,joseph ,hooker4 ,this gallant commander was as signally beaten at ,chancellorsville on ,may #b;d and #c;d4 ,no battle of any age conferred greater honor upon the victors2 but in the loss of ,stonewall ,jackson the ,south was deprived of a leader whose place could not be supplied4 ,north ,carolina was never more gloriously vindicated than on this famous field1 and ex-,governor ,graham1 who was then in ,richmond1 said1 a few days afterwards1 in the ,confederate ,states ,senate1 that half the men killed and wounded at ,chancellorsville belonged to ,north ,carolina regiments4 #f4 ,so astonishing was the result of this battle1 and so crushing its effects upon the ,federal authorities1 that ,general ,lee again resolved upon an invasion of the ,north4 ,the invasion proved a failure1 and after several severe battles ,general ,lee was forced to return1 with his defeated army1 to ,virginia4 ,it was on that last dread day1 the #c;d of ,july1 at ,gettysburg1 that he discovered that even his incomparable infantry could not accomplish everything he desired4 #g4 ,thirty thousand of the bravest and best1 who had so long made the ,army of ,northern ,virginia unconquerable1 were lost to our cause forever4 ,among the ,north ,carolinians1 ,generals ,pender and ,pettigrew1 ,colonels ,burgwin1 ,marshall and ,isaac ,e4 ,avery were slain1 and a host of subalterns likewise perished4 #h4 ,another great disaster happened at this time in the surrender of ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi1 with the army there under command of ,general ,pemberton1 involving as it did the occupation of so large a portion of the ,confederacy4 ,these great losses1 occurring as they did on the same day1 and so vitally affecting our strength1 were never retrieved1 and from that day ,southern fortunes waned1 with occasional flickerings of hope1 until the close at ,appomattox4 #i4 ,but many gallant struggles were yet to be made4 ,on different fields the great forces of the ,union were to be bravely repelled1 but the ranks of ,general ,lee's army were so much thinned that it became daily more impossible to confront the increasing horde that gathered against it from all civilized nations4 ,but the policy of attrition and exhaustion was not to be seen in full force until the next year4 #aj4 ,during the month of ,june1 ,colonel ,spear's cavalry raid in ,hertford and ,northampton counties was driven back by ,general ,m4 ,w4 ,ransom1 and1 beyond this1 there were no movements of a hostile character in the ,state limits during the year4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,in what condition was the ,south in #ahfc8 #b4 ,how was the port of ,wilmington specially important to the ,confederacy8 ,who was in command at this place8 #c4 ,what ,north ,carolinians are mentioned as having risen to prominence8 #d4 ,how many regiments had the ,state furnished up to this time8 ,who succeeded ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,johnson as ,surgeon ,general of the ,state8 ,what doctors had charge of the hospitals8 ,what noble woman is mentioned1 and what is said of her8 #e4 ,what fierce battle was fought on ,may #b;d and #c;d8 ,what did ,governor ,graham say of the ,north ,carolina troops at ,chancellorsville8 #f4 ,upon what did ,general ,lee resolve after the victory8 ,what was the result of the invasion8 #g4 ,how many ,southern soldiers were lost on this occasion8 ,what ,north ,carolinians are named among the slain8 #h4 ,what other great disaster happened at this time8 ,how did it affect the ,southern cause8 #i4 ,what is said of ,lee's army8 #aj4 ,what raid was driven back by ,general ,ransom8 ,,chapter ,,lx4 ,,general ,,grant ,,and ,,his ,,campaign4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfd4 #ahfd4 ,the fourth year of the great war opened on ,north ,carolina with grief in almost every family2 still1 with diminished hopes and increased exertions for the general defence1 they looked forward to a campaign which they well understood was to be decisive of their fortunes4 ,perhaps not even ,general ,washington was so trusted and beloved by the ,american people in the ,revolution as was ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee by those of the ,south in the closing years of the struggle4 #b4 ,in his genius and capacity they felt sure they had the very highest human leadership1 and in his splendid career and spotless renown they all took pride1 as conferring reflected credit upon themselves4 ,so noble1 unselfish and wise1 he had become the idol of his own people and the admiration of his foes4 ,at the outbreak of the war he had declined the command of the ,federal armies1 because he believed it was his duty to take part with his own people4 #c4 ,ex-,governor ,thomas ,bragg had been for some time in the ,cabinet of ,president ,davis1 as ,attorney-,general4 ,he resigned the position and was no more in public life4 ,since #ahed1 when he had left the ,bar to become the ,governor of ,north ,carolina1 he had been continually growing in public favor1 and now returned to the leadership of his profession4 ,no lawyer in our annals has been more respected or successful4 ,in the ,confederate ,states ,senate the polished and eloquent ,george ,davis1 of ,wilmington1 and ,w4 ,w4 ,avery1 of ,burke1 had served until the latter was succeeded1 in #ahfb1 by ,w4 ,t4 ,dortch1 of ,wayne2 and1 a year later1 ,mr4 ,davis was succeeded by ex-,governor ,graham2 and later still1 ,mr4 ,dortch was succeeded by ,thomas ,s4 ,ashe1 of ,anson1 who did not take his seat by reason of the dissolution of the ,confederate government4 #d4 ,in the midst of the great struggle there was1 of course1 a great diminution of attention to matters of education4 ,governor ,swain1 with a remnant of the faculty1 remained at ,chapel ,hill1 and1 with a few boys too young for service1 yet retained the name and semblance of the ,university4 ,professors ,hubbard1 ,james and ,charles ,phillips1 ,hepburn1 ,smith1 ,fetter and ,judge ,battle were still on duty at their old posts1 but ,professor ,martin was ,colonel of the ,eleventh ,regiment1 and almost all the students were enrolled as soldiers of the ,confederate army4 ,the sectarian colleges1 male and female1 were nearly all closed1 and even in the common schools there was small interest manifested amid the blood and excitement of the time4 #e4 ,many of the ablest ministers of the gospel left their churches and were faithful chaplains in the army4 ,great religious interest was awakened by them among the men who were so bravely battling in ,virginia1 and many thousands were converted and added to the churches during the revivals in the camps4 #f4 ,the recapture of ,plymouth1 in ,washington county1 on ,april #bjth1 #ahfd1 was one of the most brilliant and successful affairs of the war4 ,the youthful and gallant ,brigadier ,general ,r4 ,f4 ,hoke was sent by ,general ,lee1 in command of a division1 with which he surrounded the strong fortifications and took them by assault1 capturing more than three thousand prisoners4 ,the help of the iron-clad ,albemarle was very efficacious on this occasion1 and her combat at the mouth of ,roanoke ,river1 a few days later1 was one of the most stubborn naval engagements on record4 ,single-handed1 ,captain ,cook fought and defeated a strong fleet of double-enders1 and drove them1 routed1 from the scene4 ,this expedition of ,general ,hoke secured his promotion1 and was in marked contrast with that of ,general ,pickett against ,new ,bern a few weeks before2 the only incident of which1 creditable to the ,confederates1 was ,general ,martin's well-fought battle at ,shepardsville4 #g4 ,when the spring opened1 tidings came from the ,wilderness of fresh battles in that region1 which had been made famous the year before4 ,general ,u4 ,s4 ,grant had been made ,commander-in- ,chief of all the ,federal armies1 to assume the direction of affairs in ,virginia4 ,with the vast numbers at his command1 he resolved upon such strategy as fell with fearful results upon his army1 but it weakened the reduced ranks of the ,confederates at the same time4 ,general ,grant lost more men in his march from the ,rapidan to the ,james ,river than ,general ,lee had confronting him1 but it mattered not1 for still fresh ,federal thousands poured in to fill the places of those who fell at the ,wilderness1 ,spottsylvania1 ,cold ,harbor and the minor combats4 ,on our side1 however1 there were none to take the places of those who were killed4 #h4 ,in this terrible campaign1 which was not ended even when ,general ,grant began the siege of ,petersburg1 the ,north ,carolina regiments were fearfully reduced4 ,generals ,ramseur1 ,daniel and ,godwin1 together with ,colonels ,andrews1 ,garrett1 ,brabble1 ,wood1 ,spear1 ,blacknall1 ,c4 ,m4 ,avery1 ,jones1 ,barbour and ,moore were among those who sealed their faith with their blood4 #i4 ,no battle of the war was more brilliant in its particulars and results than that of ,reams' ,station1 fought on ,august #bdth1 #ahfd4 ,general ,w4 ,s4 ,hancock1 of the ,federal army1 had seized and fortified a position1 from which ,general ,lee ordered ,lieutenant-,general ,a4 ,p4 ,hill to dislodge him4 ,so stern was ,hancock's resistance that two bloody assaults had been repelled1 when the privates of ,cooke's1 ,mac,rae's and ,lane's ,north ,carolina brigades demanded to be led to the attack in which their comrades had failed4 ,their officers complied2 and1 with seventeen hundred and fifty muskets in the charge1 they took the works and captured twenty-one hundred prisoners and thirteen pieces of artillery4 99 99,the ,north ,carolina cavalry regiments were also greatly applauded by ,general ,hampton for service on the same occasion4 #aj4 ,in the steady depreciation of ,confederate and ,state money was the greatest calamity of all4 ,the cry of distress from famishing women and children was increasing in volume1 and the ,state and county authorities were finding it more and more impossible to meet1 by public charity1 the pressing wants of their people4 #aa4 ,the pay of ,confederate soldiers in the ranks was #ae and #ag per month1 in ,confederate money4 ,during the latter days of the war flour sold for #hjj per barrel2 meat #c per pound2 chickens #ae each2 shoes 7brogans7 #cjj per pair2 coffee #ej per pound2 tallow candles #ae per pound4 ,it may be easily imagined how great was the suffering in the ,south when it is remembered that numbers of soldiers' wives were almost entirely dependent upon the pay of their husbands for support4 ,there were relief committees throughout the ,state1 but the great scarcity of provisions made them almost helpless4 #ab4 ,almost all the white men in ,north ,carolina were in the ranks of the different regiments and battalions mustered into the ,confederate service4 ,their families were largely dependent upon the pay they received as soldiers4 ,when the ,confederate money became worthless1 want and suffering appeared in every section1 and unhappy wives were clamorous for their husbands' return to avert starvation at home4 #ac4 ,the suffering families were ever in the minds of the dauntless men who were away facing the enemy1 for a direr foe was thinning the blood and blanching the cheeks of wife and child4 ,therefore1 many a hero turned his back on the scenes of his glory and incurred personal ignominy1 and sometimes the punishment of death1 for desertion4 #ad4 ,the case of ,edward ,cooper was in point4 ,he was tried by court-martial for desertion4 ,he declined the aid of a lawyer to defend him1 and1 as his only defence1 handed the presiding judge of the court the following letter1 which he had received from his wife3 ,my ,dear ,edward3 ,i have always been proud of you1 and since your connection with the ,confederate army ,i have been prouder of you than ever before4 ,i would not have you do anything wrong for the world1 but before ,god1 ,edward1 unless you come home1 we must die4 ,last night ,i was aroused by little ,eddie's crying4 ,i called and said1 ,what is the matter1 ,eddie8 ,and he said1 ,o mamma1 ,i am so hungry4 ,and ,lucy1 ,edward1 your darling ,lucy1 she never complains1 but she is growing thinner and thinner every day4 ,and before ,god1 ,edward1 unless you come home1 we must die4 ,,your ,,mary4 #ae4 ,general ,cullen ,battle and his associate members of the court were melted to tears4 ,although the prisoner had voluntarily returned to his command1 they found him guilty1 and sentenced him to death1 but recommended mercy4 ,general ,lee1 in reviewing the case1 approved the finding but pardoned the unhappy artilleryman1 who was afterwards seen by ,general ,battle1 standing1 pale and bloody1 as he fired his last round into the retreating ,federals4 ,he then fell dead at his post in battle4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what year of the war have we now reached8 ,what is said of ,north ,carolina's hopes8 #b4 ,what tribute is paid to ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee8 #c4 ,what is said of ex-,governor ,bragg8 ,what changes were made in the ,confederate ,states ,senate8 #d4 ,what is said of educational matters at this period8 #e4 ,how were the ministers of the gospel faithfully performing their duties8 #f4 ,can you describe the capture of ,plymouth by ,general ,r4 ,f4 ,hoke's command8 #g4 ,where was the principal fighting in the spring of #ahfd8 ,what is said of ,grant's campaign8 #h4 ,what losses had ,north ,carolina sustained in this campaign4 #i4 ,describe the battle of ,reams' ,station4 ,what ,north ,carolina troops captured ,general ,hancock's position8 #aj4 ,what is said of the depreciation of the ,confederate currency8 ,how was it affecting the people8 #aa4 ,what was the pay of ,confederate soldiers8 ,mention the prices of some of the necessaries of life4 #ab4 ,how were the soldiers' families suffering8 #ac4 ,what is said of the terrible struggle of the women and children8 #ad4 ,can you mention the case of ,edward ,cooper8 #ae4 ,what was the verdict of the court-martial8 ,what was the ending of this sad case8 ,,chapter ,,lxi4 ,,north ,,carolina ,,and ,,peace-,,making4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfd ,,to #ahfe4 ,in #ahfd ,colonel ,vance was re-elected ,governor of ,north ,carolina4 ,at his first election he was personally very popular1 was a soldier in the field1 had been in actual battle1 had been by no means a strong ,union man in the earlier portions of the year #ahfa1 and1 indeed1 in ,may of that year1 was in camp at the head of his company4 ,mr4 ,johnston1 his opponent1 was a secessionist1 but neither popular nor a soldier1 and comparatively but little known to the mass of the people1 except in his own immediate section of the ,state4 ,everybody of every shade of opinion had the fullest confidence that ,colonel ,vance would do his whole duty4 ,there was no expectation that ,mr4 ,johnston would be elected1 nor any serious effort made in his behalf4 #b4 ,in his course as ,governor such strenuous support was given to the ,confederate ,states that when his term of service approached conclusion1 and a new election was to be held1 a few men who had been among his most zealous friends two years before1 but who now opposed the determined attitude of the ,confederacy and of ,north ,carolina1 were found opposing his continuance as ,governor4 #c4 ,these comprised a small fragment of the people1 and ,william ,w4 ,holden1 of ,wake1 was their candidate1 and this was all the opposition ,governor ,vance had4 ,mr4 ,holden was the editor of the ,standard1 a newspaper that had1 in years past1 been extreme in ,southern proclivities1 and he had advocated and signed the ,ordinance of ,secession1 but of late he had advocated ,north ,carolina's withdrawal from the ,confederacy and the making of separate terms with the powers at ,washington4 #d4 ,governor ,vance and the people1 except the handful of ,holden's followers1 both in and out of the army1 opposed this project as dishonorable and unjust to their compatriots of other ,states4 ,they held that ,north ,carolina's fortunes were inseparable from those of the other ,southern ,states1 and that she must share their fate1 whatever that might be4 #e4 ,about this time several propositions looking to overtures to ,mr4 ,lincoln for peace were communicated to ,governor ,vance from certain members of the ,confederate ,congress from other ,states1 but he refused to take any part in such a scheme4 ,he was re- elected by an overwhelming majority1 after a thorough exposition of his views by many addresses both to the people at home and to the ,north ,carolina soldiers in their camps4 #f4 ,as ,general ,grant day-by-day massed fresh thousands of troops before ,petersburg1 and the ,confederate resistance grew more feeble in the ,shenandoah ,valley1 the conference which took place at ,old ,point ,comfort was arranged to no purpose4 ,after a mighty struggle1 the ,south1 in utter exhaustion1 was soon to lay down the arms that had been so bravely wielded4 #g4 ,the importance of ,wilmington to the waning fortunes of the ,confederacy had long been evident in the closing of other seaports by blockade4 ,general ,whiting was an able and experienced engineer1 and his main defence1 ,fort ,fisher1 on ,new ,inlet1 was pronounced by ,general ,beauregard as almost impregnable4 ,forts ,caswell and ,holmes1 at the mouth of ,cape ,fear ,river1 and the numerous works fringing both banks of the stream from ,wilmington to the ocean1 had apparently rendered hostile approach from that direction a thing almost impossible to any naval expedition4 #h4 ,on ,december #beth the same ,general ,butler who had been at the capture of ,fort ,hatteras in #ahfa1 came with an army which was borne in a great fleet commanded by ,admiral ,d4 ,d4 ,porter4 ,this vast armada1 carrying six hundred of the heaviest cannon modern science has been able to construct1 opened fire upon ,fort ,fisher4 #i4 ,the fort was reinforced by a few companies from other portions of ,general ,whiting's command1 and later1 the division of ,general ,hoke arrived from ,petersburg and took position in the intrenched camp at ,sugar ,loaf1 four miles distant up the river4 ,general ,braxton ,bragg had been for some time in command of the department and was present on this occasion4 #aj4 ,all day1 on that ,christmas ,sabbath1 a fiery storm of shot and shell was rained upon the fort1 which answered slowly and deliberately from its different batteries4 ,in the midst of the bombardment1 ,general ,butler landed his army on the peninsula above the land-face of the work1 but upon inspection of its strength he grew hopeless of his undertaking1 and on the night of ,december #bfth1 having re-embarked his force1 the fleet returned to ,beaufort4 #ahfe4 #aa4 ,there was much joy and relief in this evident ,federal confirmation of the reported impregnability of the great work1 and congratulations went around among the ,confederates over this defeat of the costly undertaking of the invaders4 ,general ,bragg withdrew ,hoke's ,division and all the force at ,sugar ,loaf1 except ,adams' light battery and the cavalry1 with the intention of attacking the garrison of ,new ,bern4 #ab4 ,he was signally interrupted in this undertaking1 when1 on the night of the #abth of ,january1 #ahfe1 ,colonel ,william ,lamb telegraphed from ,fort ,fisher that the fleet had returned and the troops were disembarking for a renewal of the attack4 ,general ,bragg hurried ,hoke's and all other available commands back to the rescue1 but found the ,federal army in complete possession of the ground between the fort and intrenched camp4 ,upon a reconnaissance1 the ,enemy were found too strongly posted to be assailed4 #ac4 ,the great fleet opened fire upon the land-face1 and having dismounted all but one of the twenty-two heavy guns defending that flank1 on the evening of the #aeth1 ,general ,terry by signal1 changed the fire of the fleet to the sea-face batteries4 ,the three ,federal brigades that had worked their way close up1 sprang forward in a charge that resulted in the capture of seven traverses and four hundred prisoners4 ,the assailants lost their three commanders and five hundred men4 ,it was a fatal blow4 ,the ,federals could not be dislodged1 and1 after brave and unavailing combat within the works1 ,fort ,fisher was taken2 and its garrison1 numbering two thousand men1 became prisoners of war4 ,general ,whiting and ,colonel ,lamb were both badly wounded1 and the former soon died of his injuries4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of the re-election of ,governor ,vance in #ahfd8 #b4 ,what course had ,governor ,vance pursued8 ,what is said of the approaching election8 #c4 ,who was ,governor ,vance's opponent8 ,what measures were being advocated by ,mr4 ,holden and his followers8 #d4 ,how did ,governor ,vance and the people consider these measures8 #e4 ,what proposition had certain members of the ,confederate ,congress communicated to ,governor ,vance1 and how had he received them8 ,what was the result of the election8 #f4 ,where was ,general ,grant placing fresh troops8 ,what was the result8 #g4 ,what is said of ,wilmington and its defences8 #h4 ,what occurred on ,december #beth1 #ahfd8 #i4 ,describe the attack on ,fort ,fisher4 #aj4 ,what was the conclusion of the attack8 #aa ,how did the state receive the news of this ,federal failure8 ,what forces were removed from ,fort ,fisher8 #ab4 ,describe the preparations for renewal of attack on ,january #abth4 #ac4 ,give an account of the engagement4 ,what was the sad result8 ,,chapter ,,lxii4 ,,the ,,war ,,draws ,,to ,a ,,close4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfe4 #a4 ,with the fall of ,fort ,fisher the fate of ,wilmington was sealed4 ,with the ,federal troops in such a position the port was most effectually closed4 ,the last connection of the beleaguered ,confederacy with the outer world was thus broken1 and ,north ,carolina1 with beating heart1 listened to the approaching footsteps of countless invaders4 ,general ,lee1 who had been made ,general-in-,chief of all the ,southern armies1 selected ,general ,joseph ,e4 ,johnston to command in ,north ,carolina4 #b4 ,general ,bragg's forces having retired from ,wilmington1 met the corps of ,major-,general ,schofield in an ineffectual engagement at ,kinston on ,march #hth1 and retired upon ,goldsboro4 ,this command1 with the troops lately in ,charleston and ,savannah1 the remnant of the ,army of ,tennessee and ,hampton's ,division from ,virginia1 soon made an army of twenty-five thousand men1 under the command of ,general ,johnston4 #c4 ,against him were coming1 from ,south ,carolina1 the great army under ,general ,w4 ,t4 ,sherman2 from ,wilmington1 the corps of ,general ,terry1 and from ,kinston1 the army of ,general ,schofield4 ,in addition to these overwhelming forces1 another column was approaching from the west1 under ,general ,stoneman4 #d4 ,as this great array gathered toward ,raleigh as a common focus1 the first conflict was between the division commanded by ,general ,hardee and the army of ,general ,sherman at the hamlet of ,averasboro4 ,after a stubborn fight1 ,hardee withdrew1 and1 having joined ,general ,johnston1 the latter collected fifteen thousand men at ,bentonsville1 in ,johnston county1 on ,march #aith1 and awaited ,sherman's approach4 #e4 ,general ,sherman1 on that day1 made six successive attacks upon ,johnston's left1 composed of ,hoke's and ,cheatham's divisions and the late garrisons on the ,cape ,fear4 ,the ,federal assaults were all repelled1 and1 at the order for our troops to advance1 three lines of the enemy's field works were carried and several batteries captured4 ,this success1 however1 was not bloodlessly effected4 #f4 ,general ,sherman withdrew to ,goldsboro to meet ,schofield and ,terry1 and ,johnston halted near ,smithfield to await developments4 ,with such a force it seemed impossible that he would be able to meet the combined strength of the three1 armies assembling at ,goldsboro1 but the result at ,bentonsville had greatly elated his troops1 and they resolutely awaited ,general ,sherman's return to the shock of arms4 #g4 ,after so much bloodshed the end of hostilities1 however1 was near at hand4 ,general ,sheridan1 with heavy cavalry reinforcements1 having assailed the right flank of ,general ,lee's defences at ,petersburg1 after hard fighting1 succeeded in winning a decisive battle at ,five ,forks on the #bhth of ,march4 ,the loss1 of the six thousand ,confederates made prisoners on that day was fatal to longer hold on the thinly-manned lines around the city that had been so long and nobly defended4 #h4 ,on the morning of the #bnd of ,april1 in the general assault1 ,general ,lee's lines were pierced in three places1 ,general ,a4 ,p4 ,hill was slain1 and1 at nightfall the doomed ,army of ,northern ,virginia began its famous retreat4 ,after incredible hardships1 having fought their way to ,appomattox ,court ,house1 the small remnant of the heroes who had for four years so dauntlessly held their ground against all comers1 were enveloped in the masses of pursuing hosts1 and1 on ,april #ith1 at the command of their beloved leader1 they there laid down their arms4 #i4 ,general ,lee was never greater or more loved or more reverenced thanin the hour of his fall4 ,he had not taken part in the struggle to gratify ambition or for love of war2 but in the conscientious discharge of sacred duty4 ,into that struggle ,north ,carolina had sent more than a hundred and fifty thousand of her sons1 and to them all he was ever the ideal of the soldier1 the gentleman and the ,christian4 ,at his command they laid down their arms1 returned to their homes and in time renewed their allegiance to the ,united ,states4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the effect of the fall of ,fort ,fisher8 #b4 ,what occurred at ,kinston8 ,what was the size of ,general ,johnston's army8 #c4 ,what great forces were marching against ,johnston8 #d4 ,where was the first conflict between these armies8 ,when was the battle of ,bentonsville fought8 ,point out ,averasboro on the map4 ,bentonsville4 #e4 ,can you tell something of the fight at ,bentonsville8 ,what was done by the ,federal and ,confederate commanders after this battle8 #f4 ,what occurred at ,petersburg8 #g4 ,how did the battle result8 #h4 ,what took place at ,appomattox8 #i4 ,what is said of the great ,general ,lee8 ,,chapter ,,lxiii4 ,,concluding ,,scenes ,,of ,,the ,,war4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfe4 ,when ,general ,johnston became aware of ,general ,lee's retreat1 he was informed that his next duty would be to effect a junction of his forces with those withdrawn from ,petersburg4 ,in accordance with this object a movement was begun at ,raleigh1 ,april #ajth4 ,the army1 ,governor ,vance accompanying it1 having passed the capital1 ex-,governors ,graham and ,swain1 accompanied by ,surgeon-,general ,warren1 met ,general ,sherman at the head of his vast army a few miles from ,raleigh and asked him to protect the city4 #b4 ,general ,sherman and his accumulated army of more than a hundred thousand men entered the capital city on ,april #acth1 and encamped near it4 ,as the advance1 under ,general ,kilpatrick1 moved up ,fayetteville street1 a ,confederate cavalryman1 ,lieutenant ,walsh1 of ,texas1 before his flight1 halted near the ,state ,house and fired several times at ,kilpatrick and his staff4 ,his horse falling in his effort to escape1 he was captured and taken before ,kilpatrick1 who ordered him to be immediately hanged4 ,this outrageous order for the murder of a ,confederate prisoner of war was speedily obeyed4 #c4 ,general ,johnston was soon apprised of ,general ,lee's capitulation1 and1 after conference with ,president ,davis at ,greensboro1 he resolved to end the war by surrender of his army4 ,to this end1 having communicated with ,general ,sherman1 they met on ,april #ahth1 at the house of a ,mr4 ,bennett1 near ,durham1 and agreed upon conditions of surrender1 subject to the approval of ,president ,lincoln4 ,most unhappily for the ,southern people1 ,mr4 ,lincoln never had an opportunity to express his opinion concerning this military convention2 for he having just been assassinated at ,washington by ,john ,wilkes ,booth4 ,andrew ,johnson1 the ,vice-,president1 had become ,president in his place4 #d4 ,mr4 ,johnson was a ,north ,carolinian by birth4 ,he had lived in ,raleigh until be reached manhood and then emigrated to ,tennessee1 where he became a very prominent citizen4 ,when the war came on he adhered to the ,federal side1 and was very bitter and harsh1 in his hostility to the ,south4 ,he was rewarded for his course by election to the ,vice-,presidency of the ,united ,states in #ahfd4 ,in the violent excitement which followed upon the killing of ,president ,lincoln1 ,mr4 ,johnson would not sanction the liberal terms of surrender which ,general ,sherman had granted to ,general ,johnston1 although ,general ,sherman had been in conference with the deceased statesman just previous to his death1 and was following his directions as to the treatment of the conquered ,south4 #e4 ,notwithstanding this refusal of the ,president of the ,united ,states to carry out the agreement of the military commissioners1 the army of ,general ,johnston was surrendered at ,greensboro on ,april #bfth1 #ahfe1 and sent home on parole on like terms with the ,confederate troops at ,appomattox4 #f4 ,general ,schofield was made military ,governor of ,north ,carolina1 and his first official act was a proclamation declaring freedom to the slaves in the ,state4 ,after two centuries of servitude1 these people were at last delivered from their bondage4 ,it is difficult at this day to say who were the more blessed in this deliverance--the slaves or their masters4 #g4 ,it was a hard thing for men who had been reared in the ,south to realize that their principal property1 guaranteed to them as it was1 in the fundamental law of the land1 was founded in injustice2 and still harder was it to accept poverty on the strength of a sentiment4 ,human nature is selfish in all regions1 and1 that ,southern men should have clung to their property is no more than what their opponents would have done had the circumstances been exchanged4 ,it will be difficult for posterity to understand what a mighty revolution in the domestic life of the people was involved in this single act of an army officer4 ,,note--,in the ,state election of #ahfj the total vote polled was #aab1ehf--the largest that had ever been polled4 ,north ,carolina furnished to the ,confederacy over #aej1jjj men1 or quite as many soldiers as she had voters1 during the four years of the war4 ,the total number of troops furnished by all the ,states of the ,confederacy was about #fjj1jjj1 and it will be seen that ,north ,carolina furnished one-fourth of the entire force raised by the ,confederate government during the war4 ,at ,appomattox ,north ,carolina surrendered twice as many muskets as did any other ,state1 and at ,greensboro more of her soldiers were among the paroled than from any of her sister ,states4 ,north ,carolina's losses by the casualties of the war were largely over #cj1jjj men --,our ,living and ,our ,dead4 #h4 ,the slaves had been looking forward with hope1 since the beginning of the war1 that freedom might be in store for them1 yet almost all of them had remained in quiet subjection at their homes while the war was progressing4 ,it seemed hard for them to realize1 for some time1 that they were at last the masters of their own movements4 ,as a general thing1 they continued quietly at labor on the farms of their former owners until the crops that were growing were complete in their tillage1 or1 as they expressed it1 laid by4 #i4 ,governor ,vance was soon arrested and imprisoned in the old capitol at ,washington4 ,president ,davis was also captured and imprisoned4 ,mr4 ,johnson appointed ,vance's late political antagonist1 ,w4 ,w4 ,holden1 ,provisional ,governor1 and1 at the same time1 removed from office every ,state and county official in ,north ,carolina4 ,for some weeks no officer with civil powers was to be seen1 and to the commanders of the many ,federal posts alone could the peaceful have looked for protection against violence and fraud4 #aj4 ,no man ever had so great an opportunity for fixing himself in the esteem and affection of the people as ,governor ,holden had during his administration as ,provisional ,governor1 and no man ever so completely threw golden opportunities away4 ,had he risen to the full height of a patriot1 his name would today be a loving household word in every section of the ,state4 ,but he did not1 and such opportunities rarely occur twice to any man4 #aa4 ,his career had not been an uneventful one4 ,of humble origin1 he had1 by dint of his own work and his own brains1 carried himself to the control of the ,democratic party in the ,state4 ,he was not satisfied with the position of the editor of the chief organ of the dominant party1 and the pecuniary profits that then resulted from such a position1 but desired to be made ,governor of the ,state4 ,he was defeated for the nomination by ,judge ,ellis before the ,democratic ,state ,convention at ,charlotte1 and from that period dates his downward career4 ,he advocated the ,douglas movement1 and then supported ,breckinridge and ,lane4 ,he voted for and signed the ,ordinance of ,secession1 declaring he intended to preserve as an heirloom in his family the pen with which he attached his name to the ordinance2 and then he became the head and front of the ,union element in the ,state during the war4 ,at the close of the war1 as we have seen1 he was made ,provisional ,governor by ,president ,johnson4 #ab4 ,no man knew better than ,governor ,holden that on our side the war was entirely at an end when the troops laid down their arms1 and that when the people of ,north ,carolina renewed their allegiance to the ,federal government1 they intended to stand to it honestly and faithfully4 ,none better than he knew that they desired nothing so much as to set themselves to the task of rebuilding their fallen fortunes4 ,he knew1 too1 that they were well aware that before this could be done1 civil government1 with all its varied machinery1 must be re-established1 and that in all that was right and proper for a people so situated1 they were ready to aid him in doing this4 ,the returned soldiers1 too1 especially felt that of them some recognition was due for the honorable terms and respectful treatment accorded to them at ,appomattox and ,greensboro4 #ac4 ,in such mood it would have been an easy task for a ruler who was both patriot and statesman to re-establish ,federal authority in ,north ,carolina4 ,it was simply impossible to punish all who had fought against the ,federal government4 ,it was quite as impossible to expect the many who had fought against it to take part in punishing the few4 ,amnesty and oblivion on one side1 renewed allegiance and strict observer of the laws on the other1 plainly constituted the true solution of the problem4 ,unfortunately1 the partisan prevailed over the patriot4 ,instead of granting amnesty and oblivion1 treason was to be made odious and traitors to be punished4 ,instead of making the path easy back to the ,union1 it was constantly blocked up in every possible way by both ,state and ,federal authority4 ,of course an era of bitterness began1 which the long imprisonment of ,mr4 ,davis1 the judicial murders of ,mrs ,surratt and ,henry ,wirz1 the protracted exclusion of the ,southern ,states from all participation in the general government1 and the harsh policy of reconstruction1 daily served to intensify4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what movement did ,general ,johnston attempt after the surrender of ,general ,lee8 ,what men met ,general ,sherman's army in behalf of the city of ,raleigh8 #b4 ,when did ,sherman's army reach ,raleigh8 ,what event is mentioned8 #c4 ,what was done by ,johnston after learning of ,lee's surrender8 ,what occurred at ,washington ,city8 #d4 ,what is said of ,president ,andrew ,johnson8 ,how did he act concerning ,johnston's surrender8 #e4 ,when and where did ,general ,johnston surrender8 #f4 ,who became military ,governor of ,north ,carolina8 ,what was his first official act8 ,what is said of the freedom of the slaves8 #g4 ,how is the question of slavery further considered8 #h4 ,how had the slaves acted during the war8 ,how did they receive the news of freedom8 #i4 ,what befell ,governor ,vance8 ,to what office was ,w4 ,w4 ,holden appointed8 ,what was the condition of civil affairs in ,north ,carolina8 #aj4 ,what is said of ,governor ,holden8 #aa4 ,can you tell something of his life8 #ab4 ,how should ,governor ,holden have viewed the situation8 #ac4 ,what would have been the proper course to pursue towards ,north ,carolina8 ,,chapter ,,lxiv4 ,,refitting ,,the ,,wreck4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfe ,,to #ahfg4 #a4 ,when the bulk of the vast armies that had effected the overthrow of the ,confederacy was marched northward and disbanded1 the full extent of the ruin that had been wrought was at last realized4 ,so many ,federal troops had been collected in ,north ,carolina that their subsistence and depredations had consumed nearly all the food in the ,state1 and the utmost scarcity was disclosed in broad districts contiguous to the line of march and occupation by ,general ,sherman's great armies4 #b4 ,grief for the ruined ,south1 the desolated homes and slain kinsmen was further supplemented by the pangs of want and hunger4 ,famishing men and women were forced to solicit rations of the ,federal officers4 ,aid was given generally to needy applicants1 upon their taking the oath of allegiance to the ,united ,states4 #c4 ,in the liberation of the slaves ruin was brought upon the banks and other fiscal corporations of the ,state1 and1 as a consequence1 the endowments of the ,university and the colleges were1 to a great extent1 forever lost4 ,even the large ,literary ,fund1 by which the whole system of common schools was sustained1 being invested in similar securities1 also disappeared in the general bankruptcy4 #d4 ,when the ,provisional ,governor had entered upon the discharge of his official duties1 ,north ,carolina was reduced to a small supply of cotton as the sum of her available means to discharge the current expenses of the new government1 and even that was seized by the agents of the ,united ,states1 and to ,governor ,holden's appeals for its release1 the ,secretary of the ,treasury and ,president ,johnson proved deaf and inexorable4 #e4 ,judges ,pearson and ,battle were re-instated in their places of ,supreme ,court ,justices1 but ,judge ,m4 ,e4 ,manly was replaced by ,edwin ,g4 ,reade1 of ,person4 ,by orders from ,washington1 a proclamation was issued for an election of a ,convention to restore the ,state to its former relations4 ,this body met ,october #bnd1 #ahfe1 and selected ,judge ,reade as its president4 ,ordinances were passed repealing and declaring null and void the secession ordinances of ,may #bjth1 #ahfa1 abolishing slavery and invalidating all contracts made in furtherance of the late war4 #ahff4 #f4 ,in the same election1 ,jonathan ,worth1 of ,randolph1 was chosen over ,governor ,holden as ,chief-,magistrate4 ,the ,state was apparently resuming its self-government1 and was soon to show that some spirit was left in the people4 ,they refused to ratify the ordinances of the late ,convention by a decided majority2 and while accepting the situation and submitting in all quietude to the authorities imposed1 they were yet resolved to take no part in these constrained reformations4 #g4 ,the general government had been for four years declaring the ,ordinances of ,secession1 passed by the several ,states1 null and void4 ,it had been repeatedly announced that no ,state could thus sever her connection with the ,union2 but when the legally elected ,senators and ,representatives from ,north ,carolina reached ,washington1 they found that this doctrine was reversed1 and were told that they could not take part in national legislation until ,congress should restore the ,southern ,states to their lost privileges4 #h4 ,in the ,southern elections that were held1 every man was required to take oaths of allegiance and for the support of the amended ,federal ,constitution4 ,some refused to attend the polls and a few left the country for foreign lands4 ,a vast majority were resolved to support the ,union in good faith1 but1 unhappily1 this was not so understood by the men who controlled at ,raleigh and ,washington4 ,they were impressed with the belief that only hostile sentiments actuated ,southern white men1 and1 therefore1 the proper policy was to confer political power upon the negroes1 and in that way establish a new system of rule and social life in the ,southern ,states lately in revolt4 #ahfg4 #i4 ,this was a great and cruel mistake in policy4 ,it was not only impossible of execution1 but necessarily entailed trouble and suffering on both races thus put in antagonism4 ,it could not be expected that white people would quietly submit to the domination of negroes who had so recently been their slaves1 even if such rulers had been equally intelligent and socially respected4 ,when the race feeling was added to the late subjection and present ignorance of the negroes1 it was the most futile and abortive scheme ever proposed in ,america1 and was at war with all the precedents and spirit of the great ,republic4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the condition of the ,state after the departure of ,federal troops8 #b4 ,how were the people enduring mental and bodily suffering8 #c4 ,what had become of the various educational funds8 #d4 ,what was the only means by which ,north ,carolina could meet the expenses of the ,state government8 ,what became of the small supply of cotton8 #e4 ,what changes did ,governor ,holden make in the ,supreme ,court8 ,what orders did the ,governor receive from ,washington8 ,what was the ,work of the ,convention8 #f4 ,who4 was chosen to succeed ,governor ,holden8 ,what political opinions were expressed by the people in their votes8 #g4 ,what inconsistencies were observed in the management of affairs at ,washington8 #h4 ,how did the men of the ,south feel concerning the laws of ,congress8 #i4 ,how are the events of this period considered8 ,,chapter ,,lxv4 ,,governor ,,worth ,,and ,,president ,,johnson4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfg ,,to #ahfh4 ,president ,andrew ,johnson1 as has already been stated1 was born and reared in the city of ,raleigh4 ,he went to ,tennessee after reaching manhood1 and1 though blessed with small advantages as to early culture1 devoted himself to political life4 ,he is said to have mastered the rudiments of education with his wife's help4 ,his native ability soon gave him position as a politician and eventually great popularity and control over the ,tennessee people4 #b4 ,he soon relaxed in the severity of his feelings toward the late ,confederates1 and thereby incurred the resentment of the leaders in the party which had elected him ,vice-,president4 ,in the bitterness of the mutual recriminations1 between him and his late friends in ,congress1 there was1 unhappily1 evil to result to ,north ,carolina and the ,south2 for to the old resentments against the ,south was added a desire in many men to thwart the ,president who had become their ally4 #c4 ,governor ,worth had ever been marked as a public man by the utmost devotion to the ,federal ,union4 ,he had constantly opposed the doctrine and necessity of secession4 ,he was now to show his wisdom and attachment for the ,state of his birth4 ,as ,governor1 he was continually pressed to secure legal protection for the people against the interference of military commanders and courts-martial1 which were constantly intruding upon the jurisdiction of the ,state courts4 #d4 ,the whole system of education in the common schools had perished in the loss of the ,literary ,fund4 ,the ,university still continued its ministrations1 but with a diminished faculty and patronage4 ,the colleges1 male and female1 belonging to the different religious denominations1 were re-opened and generally were slowly regaining their former efficiency4 #e4 ,among the first enactments by the ,legislature after the war1 was the law allowing negroes to testify against or for white parties in courts of justice4 ,this was a great change in our law1 but was now necessary for their protection1 as they no longer had masters to care for them4 #f4 ,the agriculture of the period was rapidly advancing in the perfection of its details4 ,concentrated fertilizers were coming into general use and the area of cotton culture was immensely expanding4 ,the farms were about equally divided as to the style of their management4 ,the best farmers still hired their hands and superintended the details of operation in person1 but many leased their lands to laborers and furnished the teams and supplies needed by the tenants4 #g4 ,under the sensible and moderate rule then seen in the ,state1 prosperity seemed rapidly returning1 but as the ,united ,states ,congress still refused to allow any representation in that body1 there was great and increasing uneasiness as to the terms that would be finally exacted from the ,south in the proposed reconstruction measures4 #ahfh4 #h4 ,early in the year #ahfh a convention1 so-called1 was held to frame a new ,constitution under the ,reconstruction ,act of ,congress4 ,the election for the delegates was held under ,general ,canby's orders1 and the returns were sent to him at ,charleston4 ,upon his order the ,convention met and upon his order its delegates were seated and unseated4 #i4 ,in the latter part of ,april the ,constitution thus framed was submitted to such of the people as were allowed to vote1 at an election held as before1 under ,general ,canby's order1 and by him1 in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 the returns having been sent to him there1 declared to have been adopted4 ,it is now generally known as the ,canby ,constitution4 ,in ,june1 by order by telegram from ,general ,canby1 ,governor ,worth1 who had been elected ,governor by the people in #ahff1 was turned out of his office and ,governor ,holden put in his place4 ,the only authority for this and other outrages was the might of ,federal bayonets4 #aj4 ,the ,legislature elected under the recently adopted ,constitution met on the #ast of ,july1 #ahfh4 ,it was comprised largely of negroes and of men from the ,north who had lately come to ,north ,carolina4 ,these latter were popularly known as carpetbaggers1 and as a class were mere birds of prey who came here for plunder4 ,as might have been expected1 the legislation of such a body was both corrupt and injurious4 ,ignorant of the resources of the ,state1 of its people and their necessities1 it would have been a miracle almost1 no matter how honest1 had their legislation not been harmful4 ,unfortunately1 there was added to gross ignorance the most unblushing corruption and wanton extravagance4 ,many millions of debt1 in the shape of ,special ,tax ,bonds1 as they were called1 were attempted to be fastened upon the ,state by this ,legislature1 but the people have persistently refused to recognize them4 #aa4 ,the ,convention and elections of #ahfh will ever be remembered4 ,the act of ,congress1 passed on ,february #bjth1 #ahfg1 was in vain vetoed by the ,president4 ,it was made the law of the land1 and under its provisions1 while twenty thousand white men of ,north ,carolina were deprived of the right to vote1 that privilege was extended to every colored male in the ,state who had attained the age of twenty-one years4 #ab4 ,the year closed with great apprehensions to all classes4 ,the new ,state government possessed neither the confidence nor the affection of the people1 and in the pandemonium of bribery and corruption there was justification for the fears of men1 who1 in corrupt and reckless appropriations and corrupt and reckless expenditures1 foresaw ruin to all material interests of the ,state4 #ab4 ,in ,robeson county1 life and property were so insecure that extraordinary measures were adopted to extirpate the bandits who slew and plundered as if no legal restraints were left in the land4 ,the story of ,henry ,berry ,lowery and his ,swamp ,angels will ever stand as a convincing proof of the incompetency of the government of that day or of its wanton disregard of its duties to its citizens4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,where was ,president ,andrew ,johnson born8 ,to what ,state did he go8 ,to what profession did he devote himself8 ,how is he said to have mastered the rudiments of education8 ,what position did his native ability give him8 #b4 ,how did his feelings toward the ,south undergo a change8 ,what did he incur thereby8 ,how did this affect ,north ,carolina and the ,south8 #c4 ,what is said of ,governor ,worth8 #d4 ,in what condition were the institutions of learning at this period8 #e4 ,what legislation is mentioned favoring the colored people8 ,why was this now necessary8 #f4 ,how were agricultural matters progressing8 ,how were the farms conducted8 #g4 ,what was the general condition of the ,state8 #h4 ,for what was the ,convention of #ahfh held8 ,under whose order was the election for delegates held8 #i4 ,when was the ,constitution thus framed submitted to the people8 ,how is this ,constitution now known8 ,how was ,governor ,worth removed from office1 and who was put in his place8 ,what was the authority for this and other high-handed measures8 #aj4 ,when did the ,legislature of #ahfh meet1 and of whom was it composed8 ,what is said of this ,legislature8 ,what is said of the ,special ,tax ,bonds8 #aa4 ,what is said of the ,convention and elections of #ahfh8 #ab4 ,in what condition were public affairs8 #ac4 ,what is said of ,robeson county1 and ,henry ,berry ,lowery and his ,swamp ,angels8 ,,chapter ,,lxvi4 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,reconstruction4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfh ,,to #ahgj4 ,there was in ,north ,carolina great indignation at the result of the enforced changes wrought in the polity of the ,state by means of the various congressional enactments4 ,strangers from other ,states1 and men entirely unused to legislation1 had effected many alterations in our government and laws4 ,it was to be expected that such things1 done in such manner1 would prove distasteful to a proud race that had so lately withstood so stoutly on the field of battle1 and so long1 such superior numbers4 #b4 ,among the many unnecessary changes that were rendered more distasteful by the harsh manner of their accomplishment1 were those made by ,governor ,holden and his party at the ,state ,university at ,chapel ,hill4 ,this venerable institution1 which had given education to many men of renown1 was taken in hand1 and1 with a new management and a new faculty1 made up of carpetbaggers and unsuitable native ,north ,carolinians1 re-opened its doors4 ,its late president1 ex-,governor ,david ,l4 ,swain1 had died shortly after his removal1 his colleagues in the ,faculty had dispersed in search of new homes1 and silence had usurped the halls so long thronged by students from many ,states4 ,the village of ,chapel ,hill1 depending on the existence of the ,university for its support1 became almost deserted4 ,no less than thirty of its best families removed within two years4 ,the people of ,north ,carolina refused to patronize the new organization1 and the institution was for seven years prostrate4 #c4 ,the changes did not stop with the ,university4 ,the judges of all the courts had been1 since #aggf1 elected by the ,legislature4 ,this was altered1 so that they were in future to be selected by the votes of the people4 ,the name of the lower branch of the ,general ,assembly1 so long known as the ,house of ,commons1 became that of the ,representatives4 ,the meeting of the ,assembly was made annual instead of biennial1 and the pay of the members and ,state officials largely increased4 ,our county government system1 too1 was changed1 and so was the mode of electing magistrates1 who had hitherto been elected by the ,legislature4 ,in future they were to be elected by the people4 ,in many portions of the ,state the effect was to put the white race at once under the domination of the black race4 ,bitterness and great excitement were the inevitable results4 ,but of all the innovations1 none1 perhaps1 was so startling as that made in the procedure and practice of the courts4 ,it was distasteful both to client and counsel1 but to the older lawyers it was especially objectionable4 #ahfi4 #d4 ,the distinguishing event of this year in ,north ,carolina was the appearance1 in various parts of the ,state1 of well-organized bodies of horsemen1 commonly called ,ku-,klux1 who rode about at night in full disguise and punished crimes that the law had failed to punish4 ,the mystery attending their coming and their going1 the silence they preserved in their marches1 the disguises they wore1 coupled with the terrible punishment they inflicted1 struck terror into the hearts of men with guilty consciences4 #e4 ,these midnight riders were doubtless in their origin the natural outgrowth of the condition of society that had prevailed in ,north ,carolina for some time past--that is to say1 they were originally nothing more nor less than local mutual protective associations1 with little form about them and but little more secrecy4 ,the first step having been taken in that direction1 the next followed as a matter of course4 ,next came associations to prevent future crime by punishing past crime4 ,these organizations were more complex in their character and of wider range in their operations4 #f4 ,the condition of society was very bad1 but not worse than might have been expected under a government which1 obnoxious in its creation1 daily became more hateful in its conduct4 ,negro suffrage had just become a reality4 ,spies and eavesdroppers were everywhere catching up men's words and watching men's actions for report to the government at ,raleigh4 ,corruption and licentiousness stalked openly in the legislative halls and sat unblushingly on the judicial bench1 while in the ,executive office was a ,governor ready to obey the behests of his party at any cost4 ,it was an era of extravagance1 bribery1 corruption1 oppression1 licentiousness and lawlessness4 ,of the negroes1 ignorant slaves but yesterday1 with all their passion stirred to the utmost1 large numbers blindly believed that freedom and suffrage would make them masters tomorrow were it not for the native white race4 ,first suspicious1 then sullen1 then aggressive1 they soon came under the bad teaching of the men who were their leaders1 to regard the native white men as their born enemies4 ,the result was the murder of men1 the outraging of women1 the burning of barns and other like destruction of property1 then of vital importance1 for the law had no terror for an evil doer who had friends at court or in the ,executive chamber4 ,it is but just to the negroes1 however1 to say that it is not believed that if they had been left to themselves they would have acted as they did1 but that they were influenced to bad deeds by bad white men1 who used them as tools to accomplish political ends4 ,under such circumstances as these1 good citizens felt that they were tried beyond human endurance1 and justified themselves to their own consciences for taking the law into their own hands4 #g4 ,the evils the ,ku-,klux came to cure were indeed unbearable2 but it must be said1 also1 that while the disease was desperate1 the remedy was fearful4 ,it is a fearful thing for men to band themselves together in secret and take the law into their own hands1 and nothing but the direst necessity and the gravest emergency can ever justify it4 ,inseparable from every such organization1 and this proved no exception to the rule1 is the danger of its easy perversion to the gratification of personal malice or the improper punishment of petty offences1 and this alone ought to be warning that in such a remedy lies terrible danger4 #h4 ,governor ,holden quailed before the ,ku-,klux1 and from his guarded house issued proclamation after proclamation1 but they would not down at his bidding4 ,when winter came and with it the ,legislature1 ,senator ,shoffner1 of ,alamance1 at the instance of the ,governor1 introduced a bill into the ,senate1 in its terms conferring upon the ,governor the right to declare any and every county in the ,state to be in insurrection1 and to recruit and maintain an army whenever he saw proper4 ,in other words1 the bill sought to confer upon the ,governor the power to declare martial law at will4 ,of course this was unconstitutional4 #ahgj4 #i4 ,the ,shoffner bill was ratified on the #bith of ,january1 #ahgj4 ,on the night of the #bfth of ,february1 ,wyatt ,outlaw1 a negro1 was hung in the county town of ,alamance1 by the ,ku-,klux4 ,on the #gth of ,march the county was declared to be in a state of insurrection4 ,federal troops were sent there1 but beyond eating their rations they had no occupation1 for quiet and good order prevailed throughout the county4 #aj4 ,a striking fact1 true of every place during these unhappy times1 is that whenever white ,federal troops were sent to a troubled section1 whether in ,alamance1 ,caswell1 ,orange or elsewhere1 there was straightway an end of trouble4 ,the law- breakers were awed into good behavior1 and those who in self- protection had forced1 in their own judgment1 to take into their own hands the administration of justice1 of course had no further occasion to do so4 #aa4 ,governor ,holden1 however1 seemed not to be satisfied with the ,shoffner bill1 for on the #ajth of ,march he wrote99 to the ,president1 asking that stringent orders be sent to the commanding general1 and stating that if criminals could be arrested and tried before military tribunals and shot1 there would soon be peace and order throughout the country4 ,the remedy1 he said1 would be a sharp and bloody one1 but indispensable as was the suppression of the rebellion4 ,the #adth he wrote to the members of ,congress from ,north ,carolina99991 beseeching them to induce ,congress to author the ,president to declare martial law in certain localities1 so that he might have military tribunals1 by which assassins and murderers can be summarily tried and shot1 and telling them at the same time that he could not have such tribunals unless the ,president was authorized to suspend the habeas corpus4 99,for letter in full1 see ,governor's ,letter-book1 page #cbh4 9999,for letter in full1 see ,governor's ,letter-book1 page #cbi4 #ab4 ,at the time when the ,governor was so anxious thus summarily to try and shoot people1 not a single man had been killed in ,caswell1 and only one in ,alamance4 ,it might be borne in mind1 too1 that the men whom he refers to1 and whom he afterwards arrested as assassins and murderers1 were among the best men in all the land1 many of them venerable for age as well as respected for personal integrity and ,christian character4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how did our people take the many changes in ,state polity8 #b4 ,what was done with the ,university8 #c4 ,how was the manner of electing judges changed8 ,what was the effect of this change8 #d4 ,what secret organization was formed at this time8 #e4 ,what is said of the ,ku-,klux8 #f4 ,can you tell something of the condition of society8 #g4 ,how are the doings of the ,ku-,klux considered8 #h4 ,what was done by the ,governor in regard to the ,ku-,klux8 #i4 ,what occurred in ,alamance county8 #aj4 ,what was the general effect produced by the ,federal troops8 #aa4 ,what was the next step taken by ,governor ,holden8 #ab4 ,who were the men arrested by order of the ,governor8 ,,chapter ,,lxvii4 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,reconstruction--,continued4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfh ,,to #ahgj4 ,on the #bast of ,may1 ,john ,w4 ,stephens1 then a ,senator from ,caswell county1 was secretly murdered in an unused room in the courthouse at ,yanceyville4 ,a large concourse filled the house when the deed was committed1 the occasion being a ,democratic political gathering1 and ,stephens was seen and talked to at the meeting1 being there as a spectator4 ,strange to say1 however1 it is a mystery to this day as to who committed the crime4 #b4 ,it was insisted by ,governor ,holden and his party that ,stephens had been murdered by the ,ku-,klux4 ,this however1 was as stoutly denied1 and the assertion added that1 as ,stephens was an object of derision and contempt rather than of hatred1 there was neither desire nor cause to put him to death4 #c4 ,meanwhile1 ,congress had refused to confer upon the ,president the power to declare martial law1 and the ,august elections kept drawing near4 ,a new ,attorney-,general and a new ,legislature and new ,congressmen were to be elected4 ,the ,governor and his party were therefore compelled to rely on the ,shoffner bill alone4 #d4 ,state troops1 as they were called1 were now recruited1 and1 on the #bast of ,june1 ,george ,w4 ,kirke1 a brutal ruffian of infamous character1 and known to be such1 who had commanded a regiment of ,federal troops during the war1 was brought from his home in ,tennessee and commissioned ,colonel4 ,this man ,kirke1 in his public posters calling for recruits1 the original of which was found in ,governor ,holden's own hand-writing1 appealed to his old comrades to join him1 saying that the blood of their murdered countrymen1 inhumanly butchered for opinion's sake1 cried to them from the ground for ensconce4 #e4 ,on the #hth of ,july1 the county of ,caswell was declared to be in a state of insurrection4 ,meanwhile1 however1 a company of ,federal troops had been stationed at ,yanceyville1 and had found use for neither ball nor bayonet1 and in both ,alamance and ,caswell the courts were open and not the slightest obstruction to any process of the law4 #f4 ,on the #acth of ,july1 ,kirke having organized his regiment1 was ordered to take command of the counties of ,alamace and ,caswell4 ,in a few days more than a hundred citizens of ,alamance and ,caswell were arrested and imprisoned by ,kirke and his subordinates4 ,in some instances persons thus seized were hung up by the neck1 or otherwise treated with great brutality4 ,among there prisoners were many men who had been for years of the first respectability as citizens1 and were known and honored in every portion of the ,state4 #g4 ,application was speedily made to ,chief-,justice ,pearson for a writ of habeas corpus1 that ,adolphus ,g4 ,moore1 and others thus imprisoned1 might know the cause of their detention and receive the protection of the laws4 ,judge ,pearson granted the writ1 but when it was served on ,kirke1 he directed the messenger to inform the ,chief-,justice that such things had played out1 that he was acting in accordance with ,governor ,holden's orders1 and he refused to obey the command of his ,honor4 ,the lawyers of the imprisoned men then asked for further process of the ,judge to punish ,kirke for his disregard of his orders2 but ,judge ,pearson passed over his contemptuous message as the flippant speech of a rude soldier1 and held that his powers were exhausted1 as the ,governor had ordered ,kirke to seize the men1 and the judiciary could not contend with the ,executive1 and in this he was sustained by the other members of the court4 #h4 ,the conspiracy against the ,constitution1 the laws and the liberties of the people developed rapidly1 now that the highest judges in the ,state had declared the courts of the ,state to be impotent4 ,the military tribunals that the ,governor failed to get from ,congress in ,march1 he now proceeded to organize under the ,shoffner act4 ,the court was to consist of thirteen members1 seven of whom ,governor ,holden selected from among his own partisans in the militia and six he left to ,kirke to select from the officers of his command4 99 ,the #beth day of ,july was first selected for the meeting of the court1 and then the #hth of ,august4 6 ,it was a terrible state of affairs4 ,the ,chief ,executive of the ,state was daily making his preparations for holding a drum head court-martial to try the best men in all the land1 tie them to stakes and shoot them like dogs1 while the judiciary1 standing in sight and in hearing1 declared itself helpless6 99,for full letter1 see ,impeachment ,trial1 ,volume ,i1 page #bch4 6,for full letter1 see ,impeachment ,trial1 ,volume ,,ii1 page #aadg4 #i4 ,fortunately1 ,chief-,justice ,pearson and those who sat with him were not the only judges in ,north ,carolina4 ,there proved to be at least one judge who did not think his powers exhausted4 ,that judge was ,george ,w4 ,brooks1 ,judge of the ,united ,states ,district ,court for ,north ,carolina1 and application was accordingly made to him for a writ of habeas corpus4 ,he came to ,raleigh1 and was told by the ,governor that if he interfered civil war would ensue2 but ,judge ,brooks was inflexible1 and1 on ,august #fth he ordered ,marshal ,carrow to notify ,colonel ,kirke that in ten days his prisoners should be brought before his ,honor at ,salisbury4 #aj4 ,governor ,holden then appealed to ,president ,grant1 informing him of the situation2 and the ,president1 after advising with the ,attorney-,general1 replied that the authority of ,judge ,brooks must be respected4 ,kirke accordingly brought a portion of his prisoners as ordered1 to ,salisbury1 and as no crimes were alleged for their detention1 they were all set at liberty4 #aa4 ,as soon as ,governor ,holden was informed of the decision of the ,president1 he sent a messenger in haste to the ,chief ,justice1 who thereupon came to ,raleigh1 and the prisoners who had not been brought before ,judge ,brooks at ,salisbury were carried before him and the other ,judges of the ,supreme ,court at ,raleigh4 #ab4 ,but it was ,judge ,brooks who broke the backbone of this great conspiracy against the government of ,north ,carolina4 ,no man ever lived on our soil who deserved to be held in more grateful remembrance by the people of ,north ,carolina than he4 ,whatever others may have done in building up the ,state1 it was he that saved her ,constitution and her laws and the liberties of her people4 ,the scenes of horror that would have been witnessed but for his timely interference cannot be thought of1 even now1 without a shudder4 ,it is greatly to be hoped that the ,legislature will speedily erect a suitable monument in the capitol square in token of the gratitude of the people for whom he did so much4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what occurred at ,yanceyville on ,may #bast8 #b4 ,who were accused as the murderers of ,stephens8 ,upon what ground was this denied8 #c4 ,what had ,congress done concerning martial law8 #d4 ,what man was put in charge of the state troops8 ,where was ,kirke from1 and what was his character8 #e4 ,what was the condition of affairs in ,alamance and ,caswell counties8 #f4 ,give an account of ,kirke's exploits in these counties8 #g4 ,to whom did the people apply for aid8 ,with what result8 #h4 ,what was next done by the ,governor8 #i4 ,to what judge did the people next go for protection8 ,what did ,judge ,brooks do8 #aj4 ,what was ,governor ,holden's next step8 ,where were ,kirke's prisoners taken8 #aa4 ,where were the prisoners then carried8 #ab4 ,what tribute is made to ,judge ,brooks8 ,what are the reflections upon this matter8 ,,chapter ,,lxviii4 ,,the ,,impeachment ,,of ,,governor ,,holden4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahgj ,,to #ahgb4 ,the election of #ahgj resulted in a great triumph for the people4 ,opponents of the administration were elected to the ,legislature in overwhelming majorities1 and a determination to bring ,governor ,holden to trial for his crimes against the ,constitution and liberties of the people was at once apparent4 #b4 ,nothing can be more important2 in a civilized government than protection to the liberties of the people4 ,nothing is truer than that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty1 ,even in the royal government of ,england1 for more than two centuries the ,king has had no power to deprive a citizen of the right to be heard in the courts1 when restrained by legal process or otherwise4 ,neither there nor in ,america could anything but foreign invasion or positive insurrection justify even ,parliament or ,congress in suspending the right to this palladium of civil liberty4 #c4 ,upon motion in the ,house of ,representatives1 the ,legislature having assembled1 a committee was appointed to inquire into the facts1 and soon1 articles of impeachment were presented to the ,senate1 charging the ,governor of the ,state with the commission of high crimes and misdemeanors4 #ahga4 #d4 ,by the terms of the ,state ,constitution1 this worked a disability in ,governor ,holden2 and ,tod ,r4 ,caldwell1 of ,burke1 then ,lieutenant-,governor1 assumed control of the ,executive ,department4 #e4 ,in a court of impeachment in ,north ,carolina1 when the ,governor is on trial1 the ,chief-,justice is the president of the body4 ,the members of the ,senate are triers and the ,house of ,representatives act as prosecutors in behalf of the people1 and a two-thirds vote is required to convict4 #f4 ,thus1 with ,judge ,pearson presiding1 there was a long and deliberate examination as to the charges made against the ,chief- ,magistrate of ,north ,carolina4 ,after hearing the testimony presented both by the accusers and by the respondent1 ,governor ,holden was convicted of the charges made against him1 deprived of his office1 and declared incapable of holding any further honor or dignity in the ,state4 #g4 ,such a trial has been seen but in this single instance in all the history of the ,state1 and it attracted considerable attention in its progress4 ,it involved great and important issues1 and was happily followed by peace and quiet in every portion of the ,state4 #h4 ,after eight years' absence1 a delegation was again seen in the ,federal capital representing the ,state of ,north ,carolina in the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,for two years past her members of ,congress had been allowed to participate in the national legislation1 and thus an ignominious disability had at last been removed from her ,federal relations4 ,a mighty convulsion1 that had stirred the nation to its depths1 was being slowly hushed into calm by the adoption of wiser and more peaceful methods4 ,a broader nationality was coming alike to the ,northern and ,southern people1 and the wounds of the war were fast healing in the lapse of time4 #i4 ,the census of #ahgj showed vast improvement in many departments of human industry4 ,north ,carolina1 in the many alterations wrought by the war1 was learning the wisdom of diversifying the pursuits of the people4 ,slowly public attention was being turned to the opening of new industries4 ,the ,western ,north ,carolina1 the ,raleigh ,augusta and the ,carolina ,central ,railroads were opening up a new era in the history of such interests in the ,old ,north ,state4 #aj4 ,with a greatly extended area of production in cotton1 there was1 besides1 an enormous addition1 of railroad profits from the increase both of travel and freights4 ,as the railway lines lengthened to the west1 it was found that they would repay the cost of construction1 and each of the rival political parties pledged itself to the completion of the great ,western ,road which was to pierce the extreme mountain barriers and find outlets into ,tennessee1 both at ,ducktown and the ,warm ,springs1 in ,madison county4 #aa4 ,slowly this great dream of the wise men of the past approaches the day of its accomplishment4 ,a half century has gone by since ,dr4 ,joseph ,caldwell and ,governor ,dudley first impressed this scheme upon the public mind as a work of the future4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was the result of the election of #ahgj8 ,upon what was the ,legislature determined8 #b4 ,can you tell what is said about protection of the liberties of the people8 #c4 ,what was done by the ,house of ,representatives8 #d4 ,how did these charges affect the ,governor8 ,who assumed control of the ,executive ,department8 #e4 ,who constitutes a court of impeachment in ,north ,carolina1 and what vote does it take to convict8 #f4 ,who presided at the trial of ,governor ,holden8 ,how did the trial terminate8 ,what was the punishment8 #g4 ,what is said of this great trial8 ,what did it involve8 ,by what was it followed8 #h4 ,what political changes were seen at ,washington ,city8 ,how was the condition becoming better8 #i4 ,what is said of industrial pursuits in ,north ,carolina8 ,of railroads8 ,can you trace the route of these railroads on the map8 #aj4 ,how was the ,state being agitated upon the question of internal improvements8 #aa4 ,what is said of the accomplishment of these improvements8 ,how long has it been since this scheme was impressed upon the public8 ,,chapter ,,lxix4 ,,resumption ,,of ,,self-,,government4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahgb4 ,in the years that had passed since the close of the war between the ,states1 the people of ,north ,carolina had been continually looking forward to the hour when the ,state should be fully restored to its old relations with the ,federal government4 ,in the consummation of the reconstruction policy1 inaugurated and carried out by ,congress1 this had been partially attained1 but1 in the provisions of the ,constitution adopted in #ahfh1 there were many particulars that were unsuited to the habits of the people1 and amendment was eagerly desired in this respect4 #b4 ,political animosities were being softened by the lapse of time1 and general prosperity was fast extending to different sections4 ,towns and villages were being built along the lines of railroads1 and cotton and other factories were constantly being added4 #c4 ,just previous to the outbreak of the late war the ,masonic ,grand ,lodge of ,north ,carolina had reared at ,oxford a large and costly building1 which was called ,st4 ,john's ,college1 and was intended for the education of young men4 ,in #ahgb this building was devoted1 by the fraternity that had erected it1 to the education of the orphan children of ,north ,carolina4 ,this noble charity was placed in the care of ,john ,h4 ,mills1 who has abundantly justified the wisdom of those who were parties to his being chosen for so responsible a place4 #d4 ,this school1 which educates so many who would otherwise grow up in ignorance and vice1 is aided now by an annual appropriation from the ,state and another from the ,grand ,lodge of ,masons1 but on individual contributions of the charitable it is mainly dependent for its support4 ,perhaps no other charity ever so much enlisted popular sympathy in ,north ,carolina1 and none ever more richly repaid the unselfish contributions of the people4 #e4 ,at the period now reached the ,university had ceased to be attended as a college4 ,rev4 ,solomon ,pool still remained its ,president1 but the buildings were silent1 and the famous seat of learning no longer held its proud position among ,american institutions4 ,meanwhile1 the denominational colleges were vigorously at work1 and were receiving a larger patronage than formerly4 #f4 ,among the female seminaries of the ,state a new and formidable rival for popular favor arose--,peace ,institute1 at ,raleigh4 ,this institution1 like the ,orphan ,asylum1 had originated before the war1 but1 during the years of strife the building was used as a hospital4 ,it is controlled by the ,presbyterians1 and under their excellent management it has become one of the best appointed and most popular institutions in all the ,state4 #g4 ,in the nomination and re-election of ,general ,grant as ,president of the ,united ,states in #ahgc1 there were many incidents to show the alteration in ,southern sentiment4 ,the white men of the ,south1 as a general thing1 voted in that contest for ,horace ,greeley1 of ,new ,york4 ,he had been long identified with all the movements that were specially obnoxious to ,southern people1 and yet1 after so many bitter differences in the fifty years past1 the old leader of the ,abolitionists became the nominee of the ,democrats and received their votes for the ,presidency4 #h4 ,this strange course was said by those who pursued it to be dictated by the desire on their parts to show that they did not harbor resentment toward old enemies1 and were not now disaffected toward the ,union1 but were willing for the dead past to bury its dead1 and well might they pursue such a course4 ,with the close of the war had passed all reason for the existence of another ,republic4 ,in the abolition of slavery the ,states had become uniform in interest1 and it was soon patent that it ought to need only a little time to heal the breaches of the war and restore concord to the two great sections of the mighty ,american ,commonwealth4 #i4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the men who swayed the destinies of the country were more partisans than patriots1 and sought to perpetuate the domination of their party more than the restoration of peace and concord4 #aj4 ,in the sober1 second thought of the ,american people it is to be hoped that patriotism will prevail4 ,that hatred and malevolence can continue indefinitely in the relations of the two grand divisions of the ,republic1 is as impossible as it would be unwise and wicked4 ,their destiny is too grand for the people of ,america to think of marring it by a continuance of strife4 ,year by year the traces of blood disappear from the face of the land1 and more closely grow the bands that make us a free and united people4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,to what period had the people of ,north ,carolina been looking forward since the close of the war8 ,what acts had somewhat prevented the arrival of this state of affairs8 #b4 ,what is said of political animosities and the general prosperity of the ,state8 ,of towns and factories8 #c4 ,what charitable institution had been opened by the ,masons8 ,who was put in charge8 #d4 ,what is said of the ,orphan ,asylum8 #e4 ,in what condition was the ,university8 ,what is said of other colleges8 #f4 ,what female school is now mentioned8 #g4 ,what political changes were seen in the ,presidential campaign of #ahgb8 #h4 ,what was said to have dictated this course8 ,what was the general position of the people since the close of the war8 #i4 ,what was the cause of sectional prejudices continuing to exist8 #aj4 ,in what characteristics do the ,american people stand high8 ,why should all sectional animosities be speedily removed8 ,,chapter ,,lxx4 ,,the ,,cotton ,,trade ,,and ,,factories4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahgh4 #ahgc4 ,previous to the introduction of ,whitney's cotton gins there had been much attention bestowed by the people of the ,state upon the cultivation of flax4 ,this crop was never reared for exportation1 but for family use at home4 ,few of the ancient spinning-wheels can now be found1 but they were once abundant and the manufacture of home made linen was common in ,north ,carolina4 ,this was even more the case than is now the preparation of woolen fabrics upon the handlooms of the families4 #b4 ,so soon as the lint cotton was cheaply separated from its seed1 the great question of its universal use was solved4 ,it could be so easily produced that no woolen or linen fabrics could hope to compete with it in the markets of the world4 ,the good women of the ,state soon learned the economy of buying the cotton warp of the cloth wove at the farmhouses1 but it was long before even this common domestic necessity was prepared for use in the ,south4 #c4 ,the cotton yarns were1 until about #ahdj1 almost all spun in ,new ,england and bought by the merchants in the large cities when laying in their semi-annual supplies of goods for the retail trade4 ,the purchase of slaves and the cultivation of cotton so completely absorbed the energies of our people that no one invested capital in anything else1 except1 perhaps1 some who preferred real estate for such a purpose4 #d4 ,but even before the civil war and the liberation of the slaves there were wise men who urged the propriety and profit of cotton mills in the ,south4 ,since the war there has been an immense development of this industry1 and now the sound of the loom and spindle may be beard throughout the ,state4 ,hundreds of persons are employed in a single one of the cotton mills4 ,in this way not only the wealth but the population of the section is increased by bringing in new settlers4 ,the railways find added employment1 and in some cases private residences are seen that are rural paradises in the beauty and comfort of their appointments4 ,there is1 in some of the western counties1 large capital invested in mills for the manufacture of woolen yarns and cloth1 from which satisfactory profits are realized4 ,another one of the important industries of the ,state is the manufacture of paper4 ,the daily and weekly newspapers of ,north ,carolina are now largely supplied with printing papers by the mills of the ,state4 ,the first paper mill in ,north ,carolina was erected near ,hillsboro1 in #aggh2 the second one was built at ,salem1 in #aghi1 by ,gotleib ,shober4 #e4 ,north ,carolina has ever been slow to change in the habits of her people4 ,the ways of their forefathers always seem best to most of them until abundant example has shown the wisdom of an innovation4 ,steam1 however1 is usurping a place in every species of labor and motion4 ,the great seines of ,albemarle ,sound1 the printing press1 the cotton gin and nearly everything else is now obedient to the tireless energies of this great motor4 #f4 ,when ,north ,carolina shall have developed her system of transportation so that the coal and iron mines shall be more largely worked1 and when1 as now in ,vermont1 not only cotton but woolen factories shall be found in every section where such staples are produced2 then1 and not until then1 will the civilization of the ,state be complete4 ,they who merely produce raw material will ever be hewers of wood and drawers of water to others who prepare such things for market4 #g4 ,second alone in importance to the ,state at large1 after the cotton factories1 are those devoted to the handling and preparation of tobacco for the market4 ,the western powers of ,europe had1 for many years1 realized immense revenues by means of their imports and monopolies of the ,virginia weed1 before the government of the ,united ,states ever realized a dollar from all the vast production of this crop in the different ,states4 ,so1 too1 in ,north ,carolina1 enterprise and capital had remained almost completely blind to the possibilities of the situation4 #h4 ,though great quantities of tobacco had been grown in many of the counties1 and the soil and climate were suited to the production of the finest and costliest grades1 yet the farmers were content to raise such as commanded but humble prices1 and but a small proportion of this was prepared for use in the vicinity of its production4 ,in a few villages and on some of the farms were to be found small factories1 which1 with the rudest appliances1 converted into plugs of chewing tobacco such portions of the crop of the neighborhood as could be probably sold from itinerant wagons4 #i4 ,these vehicles were sent to the eastern counties and even to portions of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia1 to supply the farms and country stores4 ,this traffic continued until the strong arm of the ,federal government1 by means of ,internal ,revenue ,laws1 was interposed between the peddlers and their ancient profits4 ,the bulk of the crop was sent1 before this1 to be manufactured at ,richmond1 ,lynchburg and ,danville1 in ,virginia4 ,the fine brands of plug and all smoking tobacco used in ,north ,carolina were received from these cities4 #aj4 ,if he who adds to the number of grass blades is a public benefactor1 then the creators of new industries and towns may well claim consideration along with the warrior and statesman4 ,in many towns and vast productions are modern ,states enabled to sustain the great and costly appliances of our new civilization4 ,with the railroad and factory come population and those advantages that can never be enjoyed by the people who lack numbers and wealth4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what was a principle crop in ,north ,carolina before the cotton gin was invented8 ,what is said of the cultivation of flax8 #b4 ,why did the production of cotton so rapidly take the place of flax8 #c4 ,how did the people invest nearly all their means8 #d4 ,what can you tell of the various cotton factories8 #e4 ,why have not our people entered more largely into this class of industry8 #f4 ,what better future prosperity is yet to be attained by the ,state8 #g4 ,what other great industry is now considered8 #h4 ,what had been the production in ,north ,carolina8 #i4 ,what is said of the tobacco peddlers8 #aj4 ,what sentiment animates the people of ,north ,carolina8 ,,chapter ,,lxxi4 ,,progress ,,of ,,material ,,development4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahgf ,,to #ahgh4 #ahgf4 ,in this state of advancement as to her material interests1 ,north ,carolina again became excited in #ahgf over the choice of new men for ,chief-,magistrates1 both of the ,republic and of the ,state4 #b4 ,after eight years of service as ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,general ,grant was retired to private life1 and ,governor ,brogden1 who had succeeded ,governor ,caldwell upon the death of the latter in #ahgd1 was also near the end of his service as ,governor of ,north ,carolina4 ,no ,gubernatorial election was ever more exciting to the ,state4 ,it resulted in the choice of ex- ,governor ,z4 ,b4 ,vance over ,judge ,thomas ,settle of the ,supreme ,court4 #ahgg4 #c4 ,in the complications which resulted in the seating of ,governor ,hayes as ,president of the ,united ,states1 there was such a change effected that the ,federal army was no longer employed to uphold the reconstructed officials in ,louisiana and ,south ,carolina1 and the people of those ,states1 at last1 were left to the management of their own affairs4 ,with this consummation1 so long and devoutly wished1 came that peace and contentment to all sections which had been unknown since #ahfa4 #d4 ,the enormous increase in the amount and quality of cotton grown in ,north ,carolina since the late war has been dependent upon the use of various fertilizers and other appliances of a better cultivation of the soil4 ,the old habit of educated men1 in committing their plantations and slaves to the management of overseers1 has been almost wholly abandoned4 ,many individuals of the largest culture are now devoting their time and skill to the discovery of improved methods in agriculture1 and ,north ,carolina is reaping a golden harvest thereby4 #ahgh4 #e4 ,no employment1 except agriculture1 exceeds in importance that of the merchant4 ,north ,carolina is shut off from foreign commerce by the sand barriers on the coast1 ,only at ,beaufort1 on ,old ,topsail ,inlet1 can be found such an entrance to internal waters as promises safety to the mariner who would approach with his deep-laden vessel4 ,but1 while this has precluded the possibility of great commercial activity in ,north ,carolina1 there has not been a lack of men1 at any period of our history1 to illustrate the dignity and importance of legitimate traffic4 ,cornelius ,harnett and ,joseph ,hewes were as conspicuous for financial success as they were for patriotism during the ,revolution4 #f4 ,with the return of peace to the belligerent ,states1 ,north ,carolina was commercially prostrate4 ,the merchants and the banks were almost all ruined in the general impoverishment of their debtors4 ,the supply of cotton which remained on hand at the cessation of hostilities was about all that had been left1 in the general wreck1 upon which trade could be again commenced with parties at a distance4 #g4 ,raleigh had never been recognized as a trade centre4 ,a few stores on ,fayetteville street1 between the ,state ,house and where the ,federal building now stands1 were the representatives of their class in the city4 ,cotton was very little grown in that region of the ,state1 and no market for its sale had even existed nearer than ,norfolk and ,petersburg4 #h4 ,but this state of things was not to continue4 ,numbers of young men1 combining great energy and judgment with small capital1 came to the city and began the work of expanding its trade and resources4 ,it has not1 like ,durham1 risen up in a few years from almost nothing1 but so great a change has been wrought1 that the story of its growth is one of the most striking incidents in the ,state's history4 ,the extension of the railway lines has opened up new custom in many counties that had never previously dealt with merchants of the place4 #i4 ,the development of commerce and manufacture is the great hope of the ,old ,north ,state4 ,the enterprise and capital of this and other communities are seeking opportunities of investment1 and the day is fast coming when ,north ,carolina will rival ,pennsylvania in the variety and excellence of her manufactures4 ,the ,cotton ,exchange of ,raleigh is aiding very largely in building up the business of the city to vast proportions4 ,the quantity of cotton sold in ,raleigh has been rapidly increasing annually since the war1 and the receipts for the year #ahhj amounted to over seventy-six thousand bales4 ,in #ahfi the entire product of the ,state was only one hundred and forty-five thousand bales4 #aj4 ,in the towns and cities of ,north ,carolina may be found a considerable number of ,israelites engaged in the various branches of trade2 and this class of our citizens has added no little to the general growth and material prosperity of the ,state4 ,they have synagogues at ,wilmington1 ,charlotte1 ,raleigh1 ,goldsboro and ,new ,bern4 #aa4 ,about the year #ahgh the example of the ,federal government and that of certain ,northern ,states induced the ,state ,commissioner of ,agriculture to establish a fish hatchery at a mouth of ,salmon ,creek in ,bertie county4 ,this establishment has hatched and liberated a very large number of shad and other varieties of fish1 and valuable returns are seen in some of the rivers that have been in this manner replenished with this savory and abundant source of food4 ,it has been satisfactorily demonstrated by ,seth ,green1 of ,new ,york1 and other naturalists1 that fish which are spawned in fresh water and reared at sea almost invariably seek the place of their birth in the spring1 when they reach maturity4 #ab4 ,in addition to this artificial increase of the supply of fish1 there have been large additions made to the means of their capture4 ,the use of steam in the handling of the long seines and the great weirs known as ,dutch ,nets1 have opened the way to an indefinite increase of the amount taken1 while the use of ice and rapid transportation make it possible to deliver the fish fresh in the markets of the ,northern and ,western cities4 #ac4 ,this trade is also supplemented in the same region by such attention to the growth and sale of vegetables4 ,all the requirements as to position1 soil and climate are abundantly filled by the counties with alluvial soils along the seacoast4 ,heavy crops of ,irish potatoes and garden peas are reared on the same land which1 later in the year1 supplies a second crop of cotton and corn4 #ad4 ,in the same eastern counties the products of the farms have been increased by a large and rapidly extending area devoted to the production of peanuts and highland rice4 ,with the exception of a limited supply of the former article1 grown above ,wilmington1 there was seen in other communities only a few small patches for the use of the family1 but with no design of sale or shipment4 ,in many eastern counties the fields of peanuts are1 of late year1 almost as numerous as those of cotton4 ,the same history belongs to the highland rice4 ,this great staple of human diet is rapidly becoming a favorite crop1 and mills for its preparation are fast making their appearance in different localities4 #ae4 ,nowhere else in the ,state has there been so great an increase in trade as in the city of ,wilmington4 ,many ships from foreign ports began to visit ,cape ,fear ,river1 and1 from different cities in other ,states1 regular lines of steam packets were established1 which greatly facilitated the means of communication4 #af4 ,repeated appropriations1 but never in sufficient amount1 were made from time to time by the ,united ,states ,congress for the improvement of ,cape ,fear and other watercourses in ,north ,carolina4 ,the closing of ,new ,inlet is believed to be entirely efficacious in the effort to deepen the approach by way of the river's mouth4 ,a stone barrier of great length and stability shuts off the flow of water1 except past ,fort ,caswell1 and the happiest results are already realized4 #ag4 ,in the city of ,new ,bern another shipping point of importance had been largely developed in the years since the close of the war4 ,there1 too1 is the terminus of prosperous freight lines1 employing many large steam vessels1 that yet ply regularly between ,neuse ,river and cities beyond the borders of the ,state4 ,a great trade in lumber and garden produce is improved by cotton and other factories1 that add largely to the population and means of the city4 ,,questions3 #a4 ,how was the ,state excited in #ahgf8 #b4 ,what was the result of this election8 #c4 ,what is said of the events of the past few years8 #d4 ,how have the agricultural pursuits of the ,state been benefited8 #e4 ,what are the most important employments in a ,state8 ,what are some of ,north ,carolina's commercial advantages8 #f4 ,what was the financial condition of the people at the close of the war8 #g4 ,what is said of ,raleigh as a trade centre8 #h4 ,in what way did trade matters begin to improve at the capital8 #i4 ,what else is said of ,north ,carolina's commercial prospects8 ,what advantage has ,raleigh derived from the ,cotton ,exchange8 #aj4 ,what is said of the ,israelites8 #aa4 ,what new enterprise was inaugurated in #ahgh8 ,what have been the results of the hatchery8 ,what fact has been proven concerning fish8 #ab4 ,what is said of the improvement in the means of catching fish8 #ac4 ,what other species of trade is found in the eastern counties8 #ad4 ,what is said of the production of peanuts8 #ae4 ,can you tell something of the growth and trade of ,wilmington8 #af4 ,how has the navigation of the ,cape ,fear ,river been improved8 #ag4 ,what other seaport city is now mentioned8 ,what is said of its commercial interests8 ,,chapter ,,lxxii4 ,,the ,,railroads ,,and ,,new ,,towns4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahgi4 #ahgi4 ,the ,raleigh ,gaston ,railroad originally connected the two places that gave name to the route4 ,it was necessary in reaching ,raleigh from the ,albemarle region to go to ,weldon1 and then1 by the ,petersburg ,railroad1 the junction in ,greenville county1 ,virginia1 gave access by a short line to ,gaston4 ,it was not until about #ahec that the ,raleigh ,gaston route was extended directly down the ,roanoke ,river to ,weldon4 ,this was a great facility to both trade and travel on this important line1 yet twenty years elapsed in the progress of internal communication before this short link could be added4 #b4 ,a great trunk line1 extending east and west through the whole length of the ,state1 has long been a favorite scheme of many statesmen in the effort to build up a seaport at ,beaufort4 ,but in the progress of the late war it became all-important to the ,confederate government to tap the ,north ,carolina ,road at ,greensboro1 in order that troops and military freights might be speedily conveyed to ,petersburg and ,richmond by way of ,danville4 #c4 ,the completion of the lines leading from ,charlotte to ,wilmington1 from ,charlotte to ,statesville1 from ,raleigh to ,hamlet1 the ,cape ,fear ,yadkin ,valley from ,fayetteville to ,greensboro2 and the ,western ,north ,carolina ,road from ,salisbury to ,asheville1 and the ,paint ,rock branch1 have enormously increased the facilities for travel in the ,state4 ,in addition to these lines1 new routes from ,jamesville to ,washington1 from ,rocky ,mount to ,tarboro1 from ,norfolk to ,elizabeth ,city and ,edenton1 from ,durham to ,chapel ,hill1 from ,henderson to ,oxford1 from ,goldsboro to ,smithfield1 have also been recently added to the railway system4 #d4 ,the road from ,winston to ,greensboro has resulted in the creation of a city alongside of ancient ,salem which is1 in every respect the compeer of ,durham in the swiftness of its growth and the amount of its trade and manufactures4 ,winston1 ,durham and ,reidsville have arisen almost like magic1 and are expanding into such importance that ,charlotte1 ,salisbury and ,greensboro have all felt the consequences of their growth in trade and population4 #e4 ,the city of ,charlotte has greatly prospered and has become important for its large trade and railway interests4 ,perhaps1 nowhere else in the ,state have the citizens of a city shown greater enterprise4 ,its merchants1 lawyers and editors have all won the respect and admiration of other communities1 and have raised their city to such prosperity that it is now rapidly becoming a rival of ,wilmington and ,raleigh1 and taking place in the front rank among ,north ,carolina's emporiums4 #f4 ,one of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed in ,north ,carolina was the famous centennial anniversary of the signing of the ,mecklenburg ,declaration4 ,it filled ,charlotte with thousands of visitors1 among whom were the ,governors of several ,states and many other distinguished ,american citizens4 ,ex-,governor ,w4 ,a4 ,graham1 ,judge ,john ,kerr1 ,governor ,brogden and others delivered orations1 and the citizen-soldiers of the ,state were gathered to do honor to an event that had made ,charlotte forever sacred to history and song4 ,this occurrence was1 of course1 on ,may #bjth1 #ahge1 and just one hundred years later than the concourse ordered by ,colonel ,thomas ,polk4 #g4 ,fayetteville1 ,asheville and ,statesville have also afforded remarkable instances of thrift and expansion in the busy latter years of our ,state's history4 ,now1 besides being a favorite resort as a watering place1 supplements its summer festivities with large numbers of visitors avoiding the rigors of winter months elsewhere4 ,it is becoming a railway centre and is fast developing a large and lucrative trade4 #h4 ,the tendency toward the erection of manufactories and the recent influx of foreign immigrants are happy auguries for the continued prosperity and growth of towns in the ,state4 ,the wondrous diversity of products of the soil1 the extent of the forests and the richness of the mines1 all combine to demonstrate the ease with which the success of other ,american states can be rivalled in our own4 #i4 ,already the mountains have been pierced by the railway from ,salisbury4 ,other lines from ,virginia1 ,south ,carolina and ,tennessee are being constructed1 so that every portion even of the mountainous region will soon be within easy reach of the markets of the world4 ,the ,cranberry iron ores1 the matchless ,mica quarries and the ,corundum deposits are all being made available to commerce1 and will realize valuable returns for the capital employed upon them4 #aj4 ,not the least remarkable among the new industries of the western counties is the collection and shipment of ,ginseng and other valuable medicinal roots and herbs4 ,a firm in ,statesville have been1 for years past1 employing large capital in this business1 which seems capable of indefinite extension4 ,the preparation of dried fruits is another lucrative addition to the resources of the same region4 #aa4 ,years ago1 attention was called to the fact that at certain elevations in the mountains there was no frost to be seen at any period of the year2 and this immunity has been turned to valuable account by the fruit growers1 and now great orchards are found in many parts of the westerns counties1 and shipments of very fine apples show the cultivation given to them4 #ab4 ,north ,carolina is not only the original habitation of the ,scuppernong grape1 but also of the luscious ,catawba4 ,this latter fine fruit1 which has proven so valuable to the nurseries of ,cincinnati1 is at home in this latitude4 #ac4 ,yadkin county was1 before #ahfj1 famous for the production of a stronger beverage1 derived from rye and corn4 ,since the war many distilleries have been carried on in the ,state1 in spite of the government regulations that carry so many men as culprits to the ,federal prisons4 ,the offenders1 known as ,moonshiners1 are those who make and sell whisky without paying the ,united ,states for a license in the trade4 ,these transgressors of the law have for years been hunted like ,italian bandits or ferocious wild beasts1 and not unfrequently blood has been shed in defence of the hidden distilleries and quite as often in attacking them and their owners4 #ad4 ,in ,february of this year the ,secretary of ,state1 ,joseph ,a4 ,engelhard1 died1 after a brief illness4 ,in the death of ,major ,engelhard1 the ,state sustained a great loss4 ,as a soldier he was faithful1 capable and brave4 ,at once made a conspicuous leader in the fierce struggles that followed the war by his control of a prominent journal1 he proved ever courageous1 far-seeing and of rare judgment4 ,and to him1 for the happy termination of those terrible struggles1 the ,state owes a deep debt of gratitude that now1 unhappily1 she can repay only in honorable remembrance4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is the subject of this lesson8 ,what is said of the extension of the ,raleigh ,gaston ,railroad8 ,go to the map and point out this road4 #b4 ,what favorite trunk-line has long been desired8 ,what road was specially important to the ,confederate government8 ,point out this road on the map4 #c4 ,what roads are mentioned as having been recently completed8 ,point out these on the map4 #d4 ,what towns are now mentioned1 and what is said of their growth8 ,locate them on the map4 #e4 ,what is said of the prosperity of the city of ,charlotte8 #f4 ,what is said of the centennial celebration at ,charlotte8 ,when did it occur8 #g4 ,what mention is made of ,fayetteville1 ,asheville and ,statesville8 ,find these towns on the map4 #h4 ,what have been the causes of the rapid growth of the towns in the state8 #i4 ,what further prosperity is noticed8 #aj4 ,what other industry is described8 ,can you tell anything of this valuable production8 7,teacher will explain74 #aa4 ,what is said of the western fruit growers8 #ab4 ,what excellent varieties of grape are natives of ,north ,carolina8 ,what is said of the ,catawba grape8 #ac4 ,what mention is made of the manufacture of stronger liquors8 #ad4 ,what ,state officer died at this period8 ,what is said of ,major ,engelhard8 ,,chapter ,,lxxiii4 ,,literature ,,and ,,authors4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahhj4 #ahhj4 ,it would seem natural that the connection of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh with the history of ,north ,carolina should have added to the literary tendencies of a people blessed with such a godfather4 ,he was so full of genius and devotion to letters that a special impetus ought thereby to have been given to the cultivation of a similar spirit among those who were to inhabit the land of his love4 ,but1 though ,hariot1 ,lawson1 and quaint ,dr4 ,brickell were moved by such a spirit1 the muses have not made the ,old ,north ,state very remarkable in this respect4 #b4 ,north ,carolina has always been1 since its settlement1 the home of some highly cultivated people1 but all the while the mass of the population has possessed but little knowledge of books4 ,this fact has been a great discouragement to the production of authors4 ,professions are not eagerly sought when not encouraged by the sympathy and support of the public4 #c4 ,in the period just preceding the revolt from ,british rule1 ,edward ,moseley and ,samuel ,swann had been succeeded by men who possessed better literary opportunities and were more devoted to general culture than had been these two able and accomplished lawyers4 ,moseley1 with every requirement1 could never bring to any of his many controversies with ,governor ,pollok and others such flowers of rhetoric as ,judge ,maurice ,moore lavished upon his famous ,atticus ,letter4 #d4 ,that production was just such an attack upon ,governor ,tryon1 for his conduct toward the ,regulators1 as1 a few years later1 immortalized the ,english writer who is to this day only known by his signature1 ,junius4 ,when ,judge ,moore and his compeer1 ,cornelius ,harnett1 were growing old1 ,william ,hooper1 ,archibald ,maclaine and the first ,james ,iredell were young lawyers1 who travelled to all the ,superior ,courts in the ,state and mingled belles-lettres largely with their inspections of ,coke and the new lectures of ,dr4 ,blackstone4 #e4 ,no man or woman then in ,north ,carolina wrote books1 as a profession1 but the copious correspondence of that day1 which yet survives1 and upon which fifty cents were paid as postage for each letter1 proves that1 what was called polite literature engaged much of their attention4 ,they made fine speeches1 and ,judge ,iredell wrote a law book and frequent dissertation for the newspapers2 but1 beyond this and an occasional pamphlet1 no literary tasks were undertaken4 #f4 ,dr4 ,hugh ,williamson was a man of similar habits4 ,he was not only a skillful physician1 but served with credit as a college professor and a member of the ,convention at ,philadelphia which formed the ,federal ,constitution1 and he was also a member of the ,united ,states ,congress4 ,after ceasing to be a citizen of this ,state1 he undertook to write its history1 but achieved very moderate success as an author4 #g4 ,in the lapse of years1 this task was again undertaken by judge ,francois ,xavier ,martin4 ,he came from ,france when a boy1 and practiced law for seventeen years at ,new ,bern4 ,his compilation of the statutes and history of ,north ,carolina were invaluable labors1 and will ever render him memorable in our annals4 ,his dry statement of facts was generally correct1 and he fell into very few errors1 considering that he was the first to attempt anything like a full record of the ,state's history2 and this was accomplished in his new home in ,louisiana4 #h4 ,joseph ,seawell ,jones was a remarkable man in many respects4 ,he was brilliant in social life1 and became well known to the literary and fashionable circles of ,new ,york and ,washington4 ,his love for ,north ,carolina was intense1 and the ,defence of the ,revolutionary ,history of the ,state of ,north ,carolina that he wrote exhibits both talent and research4 ,his infirmities of temper impaired his judgment1 but his memory should ever be cherished in his native ,state for the services he rendered4 ,after the gay scenes of his early manhood he spent many years on a ,mississippi plantation4 ,his last book was entitled ,my ,log ,cabin in the ,prairie4 #i4 ,early in the present century the literary aspects of the ,state were brightened by men who had attended as students on ,dr4 ,joseph1 ,caldwell's ministrations at ,chapel ,hill4 ,his tendencies were all so practical that scientific and mechanical development was more encouraged than lighter subjects1 but ,hardy ,b4 ,croom1 ,joseph ,a4 ,hill1 ,judge ,a4 ,d4 ,murphey and ,rev4 ,drs4 ,william ,hooper and ,francis ,l4 ,hawks were early distinguished for the elegance of their literary acquirements4 #aj4 ,judge ,william ,gaston left just enough literary memorials to cause us to regret that he did not attempt more things of the kind4 ,his ode to ,carolina1 and certain orations1 will never be forgotten4 ,judge ,robert ,strange was also possessed of similar gifts4 ,philo ,henderson1 ,walker ,anderson and ,abraham ,f4 ,morehead were largely gifted in poetic power4 ,each of them1 at rare intervals1 indulged in compositions that show what might have been accomplished had they been authors by profession and not mere literary amateurs4 ,the ,state1 while possessing a number of excellent musicians1 has not produced many musical compositions of special merit2 but the two songs1 the ,old ,north ,state1 by ,hon4 ,william ,gaston1 and ,ho6 for ,carolina1 by ,rev4 ,william ,b4 ,harrell1 will ever remain favorites with our people4 #aa4 ,colonel ,john ,h4 ,wheeler and ,rev4 ,dr4 ,calvin ,h4 ,wiley have both executed tasks that will render their names household words for ages to come4 ,the historical contributions of the former are of the greatest possible value and are highly prized in every portion of the ,state4 ,rev4 ,drs4 ,hubbard1 ,foote1 ,hawks and ,caruthers1 and ex-,governors ,graham and ,swain have each been large contributors to the same cause4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems1 ,theo4 ,h4 ,hill and the lamented ,edwin ,w4 ,fuller added much to the fame of our writers4 ,professors ,richard ,sterling1 ,william ,bingham and ,brantley ,york have contributed excellent educational textbooks1 which do great credit to the talented authors4 ,the recent ,history of ,rowan ,county1 by ,rev4 ,jethro ,rumple1 is both pleasing and valuable as a tribute to our local traditions4 #ab4 ,in addition to the authors mentioned1 there have been members of the ,bar of ,north ,carolina who have produced legal works of very great importance and value1 not only to our own practitioners1 but also to lawyers of other ,states4 ,the most prominent writers of this class of literature were ,james ,iredell1 ,edward ,cantwell1 ,benjamin ,swam1 ,william ,eaton1 ,jr41 ,b4 ,f4 ,moore1 ,s4 ,p4 ,olds1 ,william ,h4 ,battle and ,quentin ,busbee1 of former years2 followed1 in later times1 by ,william ,h4 ,bailey and ,fabius ,h4 ,busbee4 ,these law books have been chiefly digests1 revisals and manuals of practice4 #ac4 ,gifted women have not been wanting amid these literary people4 ,mrs4 ,cornelia ,phillips ,spencer1 ,mrs4 ,cicero ,w4 ,harris1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,mason and ,mrs4 ,mary ,bayard ,clarke have made valuable contributions to the literature of their era4 ,in the case of ,miss ,frances ,fisher1 under the assumed name of ,christian ,reid1 a most signal success is to be chronicled4 ,she has given to the press many excellent stories and established a national fame as a novelist4 #ad4 ,north ,carolina has produced many able newspaper editors4 ,joseph ,gales and his two sons1 ,edward ,j4 ,hale1 ex-,governor ,w4 ,w4 ,holden1 ,joseph ,a4 ,engelhard1 ,william ,j4 ,yates1 ,p4 ,m4 ,hale1 ,william ,l4 ,saunders1 ,s4 ,a4 ,ashe1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kingsbury1 ,r4 ,b4 ,creecy1 ,dossey ,battle1 ,c4 ,w4 ,harris and other gifted men have wielded a wide influence on the people of this ,state4 ,,questions4 ,of what does this lesson treat8 #a4 ,who is the first literary man known to ,north ,carolina8 ,what is said of him8 ,what others are mentioned in this connection8 #b4 ,what has been the general condition of literary matters in the ,state8 ,why have so few professional authors been seen8 #c4 ,what is said of ,samuel ,swan and ,edward ,moseley8 ,who was author of the ,atticus ,letter8 #d4 ,what mention is made of the ,atticus ,letter8 ,who were the literary men of that period8 #e4 ,what is said of the correspondence of that day8 ,what was the extent of ,judge ,iredell's literary efforts8 #f4 ,what is said of the attainments of ,dr4 ,hugh ,williamson8 #g4 ,what other historians are mentioned1 and what is said of them8 #h4 ,tell something of the labors of ,joseph ,seawell ,jones4 #i4 ,what produced an improvement in literary affairs early in the present century8 #aj4 ,what is said of the ode to ,carolina and its author8 ,what writers of similar gifts are named8 ,what is said of musical compositions8 #aa4 ,what is said of the literary efforts of ,colonel ,wheeler and ,dr ,wiley8 ,what other historical writers are mentioned who have contributed to the ,state valuable series of school books8 #ab4 ,what members of the ,bar have produced legal works of great value8 #ac4 ,can you tell something of the gifted women of the ,state8 #ad4 ,what prominent editors has the ,state furnished8 ,,chapter ,,lxxiv4 ,,the ,,colleges ,,and ,,schools4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahhj4 ,as was intended by the men who framed the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina at ,halifax in #aggf1 the ,university of the ,state has long held the leadership of such institutions in the ,commonwealth4 ,the unfortunate and inexcusable interference of politicians with its management during the years of reconstruction only resulted in its temporary eclipse4 ,the public refused it patronage when the new managers had installed a strange faculty in the seats of ,governor ,swain and his long honored coadjutors2 but since the restoration of the ancient order of things1 prosperity has returned both to the ,university and the beautiful village in which it is situated4 #b4 ,many useful reforms have been accomplished in its curriculum and management4 ,perhaps never before was seen each devotion to study and compliance with the rules on the part of the students4 ,the ,president1 ,dr4 ,kemp ,p4 ,battle1 had been much identified with the institution1 before assuming charge of its fortunes4 ,his learning1 combined with public experience1 made him a wise ruler of the literary community over which he was called to preside2 and the excellence of the new faculty is becoming every day more evident in the scholarship and bearing of the young men who are sent out from its halls4 #c4 ,wake ,forest ,college is the oldest of the sectarian colleges of the ,state1 and has long vindicated its usefulness among the ,baptist churches4 ,its first intended end was the education of young men for the ministry1 but this has been largely augmented by the successes of its graduates in every other branch of human usefulness in our midst4 ,the councils of the ,state1 and the learned professions1 have been greatly illustrated by men who laid the foundations of their success by diligent application to their duties while attending as students at ,wake ,forest4 #d4 ,in the recent death of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,wingate1 the institution lost a president who had given long and signal service2 but1 in his successor1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,pritchard1 perhaps even higher executive qualities are seen4 ,wake ,forest catalogue has latterly contained about two hundred names of students1 and1 through the munificence of certain friends1 the college has received handsome additions to the buildings and appliances4 #e4 ,davidson ,college has also immensely developed in the last few years4 ,not only in increased patronage1 but in the grade of scholarship a great advance has been achieved1 so that few institutions in ,america afford higher and more thorough instruction than is now enjoyed by the young men who avail themselves of the advantages here offered4 #f4 ,the same things may be said of ,trinity ,college1 under the direction of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,craven4 ,the pulpits of the ,methodist churches in ,north ,carolina have long borne evidence of the literary and moral excellence imparted to the graduates1 and in many respects the whole ,state has been benefited and elevated by contact with such men4 #g4 ,the female seminaries at ,salem1 ,greensboro1 ,raleigh1 ,murfreesboro1 ,thomasville1 ,wilson1 ,kittrell1 ,oxford and ,louisburg have also prospered in this era of general advancement among the ,north ,carolina schools4 ,large numbers of young ladies from other ,states are sent to them for education1 and1 in the noble emulation thus evolved1 admirable instruction is obtained4 #h4 ,among preparatory schools1 that of ,major ,robert ,bingham1 at ,mebaneville1 in ,alamance county1 is1 by common consent1 supreme in ,north ,carolina1 and perhaps in the ,south1 not only in number of students1 but in the excellence of tuition1 discipline and drill4 ,on the catalogue of this institution will be found the names of young men from almost every ,state in the ,union1 and even some foreign countries are represented4 #i4 ,other similar institutions have long flourished at ,raleigh1 ,oxford1 ,greensboro1 ,kinston1 ,la,grange1 ,oak ,ridge and elsewhere1 and all of them are having a large influence for good upon the young men of the ,state4 ,the ,normal ,schools at ,chapel ,hill and other towns have been largely attended by teachers1 and great interest is also manifested in the graded schools4 ,at no previous period has so much attention been bestowed upon matters of this kind by the people of ,north ,carolina4 #aj4 ,one of the most prominent of the graded schools in the ,state was organized at ,raleigh in #ahgf1 through the efforts of ,capt4 ,john ,e4 ,dugger1 and named the ,centennial ,graded ,school4 ,the great success of this institution has led the citizens of other towns in the ,state to establish schools of like character4 ,there are now to be found flourishing graded schools at ,salisbury1 ,fayetteville1 ,goldsboro1 ,wilson1 ,greensboro1 ,charlotte1 ,wilmington1 ,new ,bern1 ,rocky ,mount and ,franklinton4 ,several towns also contain excellent schools of this description for the colored people1 and their effectiveness is rapidly becoming apparent4 #aa4 ,soon after the conclusion of the late war--in the month of ,december1 #ahfe--;a colored school for both sexes was founded through the exertions of the ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,tupper1 at the ,state capital1 and called the ,raleigh ,institute4 ,on account of large donations from ,elijah ,shaw1 of ,massachusetts1 and ,jacob ,estey1 of ,vermont1 it was1 in #ahge1 changed in name2 the male school then became ,shaw ,university1 and the female department was called ,estey ,seminary4 ,spacious and well-built edifices were reared on different portions of the grounds1 and hundreds of colored pupils have been in attendance since its foundation4 #ab4 ,in a different section of the city exists another seminary of similar character for the colored people1 founded in #ahfg1 by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,james ,brinton ,smith4 ,this is called ,st4 ,augustine ,normal ,school and ,collegiate ,institute4 ,it has been for some years under the charge of ,rev1 ,john ,e1 ,c4 ,smedes1 and is under ,episcopal patronage4 ,though not so largely attended as ,shaw ,university1 it is still of great benefit to the race it was intended to educate1 and in this way is also a blessing to the community at large4 ,another excellent school for the colored people is located in ,fayetteville1 and others are to be found in various sections of the ,state4 #ac4 ,ever since the close of the late war1 the colored people of ,north ,carolina have shown a remarkable unanimity in their efforts to procure education for themselves and their children4 ,in this desire they have been nobly aided by the white men and women1 and their progress has been rapid4 ,it is the belief of all that only in enlightened public sentiment can safety be found for our peace and liberties2 and thus the ,state is doing all that can be effected for the culture and mental improvement of all classes of its population4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is this lesson about8 ,what was the intent of the ,halifax ,constitution concerning the ,university8 ,what is said of this institution during the years of reconstruction8 ,when was it re- established8 #b4 ,how has the ,university been benefited by its new management8 #c4 ,what is said of the success of ,wake ,forest ,college8 #d4 ,tell something of its management4 #e4 ,give an account of the progress of ,davidson ,college4 #f4 ,what is said of ,trinity ,college and its work8 #g4 ,what female seminaries are now mentioned8 ,what has been the result of their labors8 #h4 ,what have been the peculiar successes of the ,bingham ,school8 #i4 ,where are other fine schools for boys to be found8 ,what other schools are mentioned8 #aj4 ,what is said of the graded schools8 #aa4 ,give an account of the ,raleigh institute for colored people8 ,by what name is this institution now known8 #ab4 ,what is said of the ,st4 ,augustine ,normal ,school8 ,where are other excellent schools for the colored people to be found8 #ac4 ,what is said of the efforts of the colored people to secure education8 ,how have they been aided in their efforts8 ,,chapter ,,lxxv4 ,,conclusion4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahha4 ,in the financial prostration consequent upon the late war1 a large debt was due from ,north ,carolina to creditors who held the bonds of the ,state4 ,that portion of these bonds which had been issued before the war was considered an honorable burden1 that should be discharged by such payment as might be fixed by agreement between the ,state and the bondholders4 #b4 ,in this way a compromise was effected1 and new bonds have been issued1 which embrace a large portion of what was honestly due from the ,state to her creditors4 ,for those which were made in defiance of the terms of the ,constitution1 and appropriated almost entirely by dishonest officials1 no provision has been made1 and doubtless1 will never be4 #c4 ,when1 in #ahgf1 the great quadrennial contest for the ,presidency of the ,union again recurred2 it was rightly considered one of the most momentous crises that had yet occurred in ,american history4 ,the great issue was as to the continuance of ,state governments4 ,the recent habits of ,general ,grant in his dealing with ,southern ,commonwealths had virtually ignored their separate existence4 ,in the strange and unprecedented action of ,congress that resulted in the seating of ,governor ,hayes as ,president1 the ,federal troops were withdrawn1 and the people of the ,states left to administer their own affairs1 and ,state governments were recognized4 #d4 ,ex-,governor ,vance was this year elected over ,judge ,thomas ,settle to the ,chief-,magistracy1 as has already been stated4 ,general ,m4 ,w4 ,ransom and ex-,judge ,a4 ,s4 ,merrimon were sent to the ,united ,states ,senate1 in the place of ,john ,pool and ,general ,j4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,through the efforts of our ,congressmen1 many needed appropriations by ,congress have been secured to ,north ,carolina1 and their result is specially noticeable in the great improvement of the ship channels of the ,cape ,fear and other rivers4 #e4 ,upon the election of ,governor ,vance to the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,february #hth1 #ahgi1 he was succeeded by ,lieutenant- ,governor ,t4 ,j4 ,jarvis4 ,the latter had served as a captain in the ,eighth ,north ,carolina ,regiment in the late war1 and subsequently1 as ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,chief- ,justice ,pearson died in #ahgh1 on his way to attend the session of the ,supreme ,court at ,raleigh4 ,w4 ,n4 ,h4 ,smith was appointed by ,governor ,vance as ,chief-,justice in the place of ,judge ,pearson4 ,at the next election by the people1 ,judge ,smith1 with ,john ,h4 ,dillard and ,thomas ,s4 ,ashe as ,associate ,justices1 was elected without opposition4 ,judge ,dillard having resigned in #ahha1 ,judge ,thomas ,ruffin was appointed his successor4 #f4 ,the public charities of the ,state have been enlarged and elevated in their ministrations4 ,the recent adoption of the ,orphan ,asylum at ,oxford as a recipient of the ,state's bounty1 the erection of a colored ,deaf and ,dumb ,asylum1 the erection of an hospital for the insane of the colored race1 and the great building at ,morganton for additional accommodation to white lunatics1 are only a portion of the recent humanities inaugurated by the ,general ,assembly4 #g4 ,perhaps in no other respect is so much physical improvement possible as in the development of the mining interests of the ,state4 ,capital from abroad is flowing in1 and from many counties fresh discoveries of mineral deposits are leading to the establishment of companies and firms for the purpose of working such mines4 ,no other ,state of the ,union presents such a variety of these rich and beautiful gifts of nature4 ,the recent discovery1 in the western part of the ,state1 of a new gem1 called the ,hiddenite1 is attracting general attention and increasing the influx of visitors to the romantic scenery of the mountains4 #h4 ,for years past1 it has been evident to intelligent observers that no bar exists to illimitable progression1 both to ,north ,carolina and the great ,american ,republic1 except in the senseless and cruel sectional hostilities4 ,if the people1 ,north and ,south1 could only be induced to surrender their mutual distrust and aversion1 thereby would disappear the last danger left to the ,american people4 #ahha4 #i4 ,god has blessed them year by year with over flowing barns4 ,they are already one of the most numerous and wealthy of all nations2 and yet1 with so many blessings1 sectional hatred had become the ruling emotion in countless breasts4 ,amid such a state of affairs1 ,general ,james ,a4 ,garfield became ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,on the #b;d day of ,july he was shot down in ,washington by an assassin4 ,the news of this crime1 when flashed over the electric wires1 carried sorrow to the whole civilized world--and of all the cities of the ,union1 ,raleigh was the first to express1 by public meeting1 the indignation of her people at the deed4 ,in the weeks of the ,president's subsequent agony1 as he lay battling with death1 the hearts of the ,american people were strangely drawn together in the presence of this common national calamity4 #aj4 ,when1 on ,september #aith1 it was announced that the long and painful struggle was ended1 and the smitten statesman was at last eased of his agony by death1 such grief was seen in all ,america as had never before been witnessed4 ,in the presence of such a death all cries of dissension ceased to be heard1 and every party and race united in the general mourning4 #aa4 ,the people of ,north ,carolina1 with one accord1 desire that such a spirit may continue to animate the ,american people4 ,as they were the first of all the ,states to urge the independence of ,america1 so may they ever be found sustaining the ,constitution and the ,union that guarantee its perpetuity4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is said of the ,state at this period8 ,what portion of this debt was considered an honorable burden8 #b4 ,how was a compromise effected in #ahgi8 ,how does the ,state consider the unconstitutional debts8 #c4 ,what is said of the ,presidential contest of #ahgf8 ,what was the great issue8 ,how had ,general ,grant acted towards the ,southern ,commonwealth8 ,what followed the seating of ,governor ,hayes as ,president8 #d4 ,what changes had been made in #ahgf in ,north ,carolina public officers8 ,what appropriations from ,congress has ,north ,carolina received through efforts of her ,senators8 #e4 ,who succeeded ,governor ,vance8 ,who became ,supreme ,court ,judges8 #f4 ,what mention is made of the public charities8 #g4 ,what tends greatly to the physical improvement of the ,state8 ,what is said of ,north ,carolina's mineral wealth8 #h4 ,what has retarded the ,state's progress8 #i4 ,what was the condition of this sectional feeling during the late ,presidential campaign8 ,what calamity befell the country on ,july #b;d1 #ahha8 ,how did the news of this event affect the whole world8 #aj4 ,when did ,president ,garfield die8 ,what are the concluding reflections upon this great national calamity8 #aa4 ,what is the sincere desire of every true ,north ,carolina patriot8 ,,appendix4 ,,remarks4 ,the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina is an important instrument to the people of the ,state4 ,it contains all the fundamental principles of our ,state government1 and ought to be carefully read and studied by every citizen of ,north ,carolina4 ,in order that the boys and girls who study this history may more thoroughly understand the meaning and provisions of the ,state ,constitution1 a series of ,questions has been prepared with great care by a distinguished citizen of the ,commonwealth who is well acquainted with the subject4 ,the pupils will become better informed on this subject if only short lessons are given to them for preparation4 ,about one page of the text will be sufficient for a lesson if properly studied1 and by this means a much greater amount of information will be retained than if larger space is rapidly passed over4 ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,north ,,carolina4 ,,preamble4 ,,we1 the people of the ,state of ,north ,carolina1 grateful to ,almighty ,god1 the ,sovereign ,ruler of nations1 for the preservation of the ,american ,union1 and the existence of our civil1 political and religious liberties1 and acknowledging our dependence upon ,him for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity1 do1 for the more certain security thereof1 and for the better government of this ,state1 ordain and establish this ,constitution3 ,,article ,i4 ,,declaration ,,of ,,rights4 ,that the great1 general and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established1 and that the relations of this ,state to the ,union and government of the ,united ,states1 and those of the people of this ,state to the rest of the ,american people may be defined and affirmed1 we do declare3 ,,section #a4 ,that we hold it to be self-evident that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain unalienable rights2 that among these are life1 liberty1 the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor1 and the pursuit of happiness4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,that all political power is vested in1 and derived from1 the people2 all government of right originates from the people1 is founded upon their will only1 and is instituted solely for the good of the whole4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,that the people of this ,state have the inherent1 sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof1 and of altering and abolishing their ,constitution and form of government whenever it may be necessary for their safety and happiness2 but every such right should be exercised in pursuance of law and consistently with the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,that this ,state shall ever remain a member of the ,american ,union2 that the people thereof are part of the ,american nation2 that there is no right on the part of the ,state to secede1 and that all attempts from whatever source or upon whatever pretext1 to dissolve said ,union1 or to sever said nation1 ought to be resisted with the whole power of the state4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,that every citizen of the ,state owes paramount allegiance to the ,constitution and government of the ,united ,states1 and that no law or ordinance of the ,state in contravention or subversion thereof can have any binding force4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the ,state shall never assume or pay1 or authorize the collection of1 any debt or obligation1 express or implied1 incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the ,united ,states1 or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave2 nor shall the ,general ,assembly assume or pay1 or authorize the collection of any tax to pay either directly or indirectly1 expressed or implied1 any debt or bond incurred1 or issued1 by authority of the ,convention of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight1 nor any debt or bond incurred1 or issued1 by the ,legislature of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight1 either at its special session of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight1 or at its regular sessions of the years one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine1 and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine and one thousand eight hundred and seventy1 except the bonds issued to fund the interest on the old debt of the ,state1 unless the proposing to pay the same shall have first been submitted to the people1 and by them ratified by the vote of a majority of all the qualified voters of the ,state1 at a regular election held for that purpose4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public services4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,the legislative1 executive and supreme judicial powers of the government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,all power of suspending laws1 or the execution of laws1 by any authority1 without the consent of the representatives of the people1 is injurious to their rights1 and ought not to be exercised4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,all elections ought to be free4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,in all criminal prosecutions every man has the right to be informed of the accusation against him and to confront the accusers and witnesses with other testimony1 and to have counsel for his defence1 and not be compelled to give evidence against himself1 or to pay costs1 jail fees or necessary witness fees of the defence1 unless found guilty4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,no person shall be put to answer any criminal charge1 except as hereinafter allowed but by indictment1 presentment or impeachment4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,no person shall be convicted of any crime but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men in open court4 ,the ,legislature may1 however1 provide other means of trial for petty misdemeanors1 with the right of appeal4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,excessive bail should not be required1 nor excessives fines imposed1 nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,general warrants1 whereby any officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places1 without evidence of the act committed1 or to seize any person or persons not named1 whose offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence1 are dangerous to liberty1 and ought not to be granted4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,there shall be no imprisonment for debt in this ,state1 except in cases of fraud4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,no person ought to be taken1 imprisoned or disseized of his freehold1 liberties or privileges1 or outlawed or exiled1 or in any manner deprived of his life1 liberty or property but by the law of the land4 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof1 and to remove the same1 if unlawful2 and such remedy ought not to be denied or delayed4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,in all controversies at law respecting property1 the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the rights of the people1 and ought to remain sacred and inviolable4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty1 and therefore ought never to be restrained1 but every individual shall be held responsible for the abuse of the same4 ,s,ec4 #ba4 ,the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,as political rights and privileges are not dependent upon1 or modified by property1 therefore no property qualification ought to affect the right to vote or hold office4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,the people of the ,state ought not to be taxed1 or made subject to the payment of any impost or duty1 without the consent of themselves1 or their representatives in ,general ,assembly1 freely given4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,a well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free ,state1 the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed2 and1 as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty1 they ought not to be kept up1 and the military should be kept under strict subordination to1 and governed by1 the civil power4 ,nothing herein contained shall justify the practice of carrying concealed weapons1 or prevent the ,legislature from enacting penal statutes against said practice4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,the people have a right to assemble together to consult for their common good1 to instruct their representatives1 and to apply to the ,legislature for redress of grievance4 ,but secret political societies are dangerous to the liberties of a free people1 and should not be tolerated4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,all men have a natural and unalienable right to worship ,almighty ,god according to the dictates of their own consciences1 and no human authority should1 in any case whatever1 control or interfere with the rights of conscience4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,the people have the right to the privilege of education1 and it is the duty of the ,state to guard and maintain that right4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,for redress of grievances1 and for amending and strengthening the laws1 elections should be often held4 ,,sec4 #bi4 ,a frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty4 ,,sec4 #cj4 ,no hereditary emoluments1 privileges or honors ought to be granted or conferred in this ,state4 ,,sec4 #ca4 ,perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free ,state1 and ought not to be allowed4 ,,sec4 #cb4 ,retrospective laws1 punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws1 and by them only declared criminal1 are oppressive unjust and incompatible with liberty1 wherefore no ex post facto law ought to be made4 ,no law taxing retrospectively sales1 purchases1 or other acts previously done1 ought to be passed4 ,,sec4 #cc4 ,slavery and involuntary servitude1 otherwise than for crime whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted1 shall be1 and are hereby1 forever prohibited within the ,state4 ,,sec4 #cd4 ,the limits and boundaries of the ,state shall be and remain as they now are4 ,,sec4 #ce4 ,all courts shall be open2 and every person for an injury done him in his lands1 goods1 person or reputation1 shall have remedy by due course of law1 and right and justice administered without sale1 denial or delay4 ,,sec4 #cf4 ,no soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner2 nor in time of war but in a manner prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #cg4 ,this enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people2 and all powers not herein delegated remain with the people4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,legislative ,,department4 ,,section #a4 ,the legislative authority shall be vested in two distinct branches1 both dependent on the people1 to wit3 ,a ,senate and a ,house of ,representatives4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives shall meet biennially on the first ,wednesday after the first ,monday in ,january next after their election2 and when assembled shall be denominated the ,general ,assembly4 ,neither ,house shall proceed upon public business unless a majority of all the members are actually present4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the ,senate shall be composed of fifty ,senators1 biennially chosen by ballot4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,senate ,districts shall be so altered by the ,general ,assembly1 at the first session after the return of every enumeration by order of ,congress1 that each ,senate ,district shall contain1 as near as may be1 an equal number of inhabitants1 excluding aliens and ,indians not taxed1 and shall remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration1 and shall at all times consist of contiguous1 territory2 and no county shall be divided in the formation of a ,senate ,district1 unless such county shall be equitably entitled to two or more ,senators4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,the ,house of ,representatives shall be composed of one hundred and twenty ,representatives1 biennially chosen by ballot1 to be elected by the counties respectively1 according to their population1 and each county shall have at least one ,representative in the ,house of ,representatives1 although it may not contain the requisite ratio of representation2 this apportionment shall be made by the ,general ,assembly at the respective times and periods when the districts for the ,senate are herein before directed to be laid off4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,in making the apportionment in the ,house of ,representatives1 the ratio of representation shall be ascertained by dividing the amount of the population of the ,state1 exclusive of that comprehended within those counties which do not severally contain the one hundred and twentieth part of the population of the ,state1 by the number of ,representatives1 less the number assigned to such counties2 and in ascertaining the number of the population of the ,state1 aliens and ,indians not taxed shall not be included4 ,to each county containing the said ratio1 and not twice the said ratio1 there shall be assigned one ,representative2 to each county containing twice but not three times the said ratio1 there shall be assigned two ,representatives1 and so on progressively1 and then the remaining ,representatives shall be assigned severally to1 the counties having the largest fractions4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,each member of the ,senate shall not be less than twenty- five years of age1 shall have resided in the ,state as a citizen two years1 and shall have usually resided in the district for which he is chosen one year immediately preceding his election4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,each member of the ,house of ,representatives shall be a qualified elector of the ,state1 and shall have resided in the county for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,in the election of all officers1 whose appointment shall be conferred upon the ,general ,assembly by the ,constitution1 the vote shall be viva voce4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power to pass general laws regulating divorce and alimony1 but shall not have power to grant a divorce or secure alimony in any individual case4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not have power to pass any private law to alter the name of any person or to legitimate any person not born in lawful wedlock1 or to restore to the rights of citizenship any person convicted of an infamous crime1 but shall have power to pass general laws regulating the same4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not pass any private law1 unless it shall be made to appear thirty days' notice of application to pass such a law shall have been given1 under such directions and in such manner as shall be provided by law4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,if vacancies shall occur in the ,general ,assembly by death1 resignation or otherwise1 writs of election shall be issued by the ,governor under such regulations as may be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,no law shall be passed to raise money on the credit of the ,state1 or to pledge the faith of the ,state1 directly or indirectly1 for the payment of any debt1 or to impose any tax upon the people of the ,state1 or to allow the counties1 cities or towns to do so1 unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three several times in each ,house of the ,general ,assembly1 and passed three several readings1 which readings shall have been on three different days1 and agreed to by each ,house respectively1 and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third reading of the bill shall have been entered on the journal4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall regulate entails in such manner as to prevent perpetuities4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,each ,house shall keep a journal of its proceedings1 which shall be printed and made public immediately after the adjournment of the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,any member of either ,house may dissent from1 and protest against1 any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public1 or any individual1 and have the reason of his dissent entered on the journal4 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,the ,house of ,representatives shall choose their own ,speaker and other officers4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,the ,lieutenant-,governor shall preside in the ,senate1 but shall have no vote unless it may be equally divided4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,the ,senate shall choose its other officers1 and also a ,speaker 7pro tempore7 in the absence of the ,lieutenant-,governor1 or when he shall exercise the office of ,governor4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,the style of the acts shall be3 ,the ,general ,assembly of ,north ,carolina do enact ,,sec4 #bb4 ,each ,house shall be judge of the qualifications and elections of its own members1 shall sit upon its own adjournments from day to day1 prepare bills to be passed into laws2 and the two ,houses may also jointly adjourn to any feature day1 or other place4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,all bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall be read three times in each ,house before they pass into laws2 and shall be signed by the presiding officers of both ,houses4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,each member of the ,general ,assembly1 before taking his seat1 shall take an oath or affirmation1 that he will support the ,constitution and laws of the ,united ,states1 and the ,constitution of the ,state of ,north ,carolina and will faithfully discharge his duty as a member of the ,senate or ,house of ,representatives4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,the terms of office for ,senators and members of the ,house of ,representatives shall commence at the time of their election4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,upon motion made and seconded in either ,house1 by one- fifth1 of the members present1 the yeas and nays upon any question shall be taken and entered upon the journals4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,the election for members of the ,general ,assembly shall be held for the respective districts and counties1 at the places where they are now held1 or may be directed hereafter to be held1 in such manner as may be prescribed by law1 on the first ,thursday in ,august in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy1 and every two years thereafter4 ,but the ,general ,assembly may change the time of holding the elections4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,the members of the ,general ,assembly for the term for which they have been elected1 shall receive as a compensation for their services the sum of four dollars per day for each day of their session1 for a period not exceeding sixty days2 and should they remain longer in session1 they shall serve without compensation4 ,they shall also be entitled to receive ten cents per mile1 both while coming to the seat of government and while returning home1 the said distance to be computed by the nearest line or mute of public travel4 ,the compensation of the presiding officers of the two ,houses shall be six dollars per day and mileage4 ,should an extra session of the ,general ,assembly be called1 the members and presiding officers shall receive a like rate of compensation for a period not exceeding twenty days4 ,,art#a;,,cle ,,iii4 ,,executive ,,department4 ,,section #a4 ,the ,executive ,department shall consist of a ,governor1 in whom shall be vested the supreme executive power of the ,state1 a ,lieutenant ,governor1 a ,secretary of ,state1 an ,auditor1 a ,treasurer1 a ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 and an ,attorney-,general1 who shall be elected for a term of four years1 by the qualified electors of the ,state1 at the same time and place1 and in the same manner as members of the ,general ,assembly are elected4 ,their term of office shall commence on the first day of ,january next after their election1 and continue until their successors are elected and qualified3 ,provided1 that the officers first elected shall assume the duties of their office ten days after the approval of this ,constitution by the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 and shall hold their offices four years from after the first day of ,january4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,no person shall be eligible as ,governor or ,lieutenant- ,governor1 unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years1 shall have been a citizen of the ,united ,states five years1 and shall have been a resident of this ,state for two years next before the election2 nor shall the person elected to either of these two offices be eligible to the same office more than four years in any term of eight years1 unless the office shall have been cast upon him as ,lieutenant-,governor or ,president of the ,senate4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the return of every election for officers of the ,executive ,department shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning officers1 directed to the ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives1 who shall open and publish the same in the presence of a majority of the members of both ,houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,the persons having the highest number of votes respectively shall be declared duly elected2 but if two or more be equal and highest in vote for the same office1 then one of them shall be chosen by joint ballot of both ,houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,contested elections shall be determined by a joint ballot of both ,houses of the ,general ,assembly1 in such manner as shall be prescribed-by law4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,governor1 before entering upon the duties of his office1 shall1 in the presence of the members of both branches of the ,general ,assembly1 or before any ,justice of the ,supreme ,court1 take an oath or affirmation that he will support the ,constitution and laws of the ,united ,states1 and of the ,state of ,north ,carolina1 and that he will faithfully perform the duties appertaining to the office of ,governor to which he has been elected4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,the ,governor shall reside at the seat of government of this ,state1 and he shall1 from time to time1 give the ,general ,assembly information of the affairs of the ,state1 and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the ,governor shall have power to grant reprieves1 commutations and pardons1 after conviction1 for all offences 7except in case of impeachment71 upon such conditions as lie may think proper1 subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons4 ,he shall biennially communicate to the ,general ,assembly each case of reprieve1 commutation or pardon granted1 stating the name of each convict1 the crime for which he was convicted1 the sentence and its date1 the date of commutation1 pardon or reprieve1 and the reasons therefor4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,the officers of the ,executive ,department and of the public institutions of the ,state shall1 at least five days previous to each regular session of the ,general ,assembly1 severally report to the ,governor1 who shall transmit such reports1 with his message1 to the ,general ,assembly2 and the ,governor may1 at any time1 require information in writing from the officers in the ,executive ,department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices1 and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,the ,governor shall be ,commander-in-,chief of the militia of the ,state1 except when they shall be called into the service of the ,united ,states4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,the ,governor shall have power1 on extraordinary occasions1 by and with the advice of the ,council of ,state1 to convene the ,general ,assembly 8 8 into8 8 extra session by his proclamation1 stating therein the purpose or purposes for which they are thus convened4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,the ,governor shall nominate1 and by and with the advice and consent of a majority of the ,senators elect1 appoint all officers1 whose offices are established by this ,constitution1 and whose appointments are not otherwise provided for4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,the ,lieutenant-,governor shall be ,president of the ,senate1 but shall have no vote unless the ,senate be equally divided4 ,he shall1 whilst acting as ,president of the ,senate1 receive for his services the same pay which shall1 for the same period1 be allowed to the ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives2 and he shall receive no other compensation except when he is acting as ,governor4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,in case of the impeachment of the ,governor1 his failure to qualify1 his absence from the ,state1 his inability to discharge the duties of his office1 or1 in case the office of ,governor shall in anywise become vacant1 the powers1 duties and emoluments of the office shall devolve upon the ,lieutenant- ,governor until the disabilities shall cease1 or a new ,governor shall be elected and qualified4 ,in every case in which the ,lieutvaant-,governor shall be unable to preside over the ,senate1 the ,senators shall elect one of their own number ,president of their body1 and the powers1 duties and emoluments of the office of ,governor shall devolve upon him whenever the ,lieutenant- ,governor shall1 for any reason1 be prevented from discharging the duties of such office as above provided1 and he shall continue as acting ,governor until the disabilities are removed1 or a new ,governor or ,lieutenant-,governor shall be elected and qualified4 ,whenever1 during the recess of the ,general ,assembly1 it shall become necessary for the ,president of the ,senate to administer the government1 the ,secretary of ,state shall convene the ,senate1 that they may elect such ,president4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,the respective duties of the ,secretary of ,state1 ,auditor1 ,treasurer1 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction and ,attorney ,general shall be prescribed by law4 ,if the office of any of the officers shall be vacated by death1 resignation or otherwise1 it shall be the duty of the ,governor to appoint another until the disability be removed or his successor be elected and qualified4 ,every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after the vacancy has taken place1 and the person chosen shall hold the office for the remainder of the unexpired term fixed in the first section of this ,article4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,the ,secretary of ,state1 ,auditor1 ,treasurer and ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction shall constitute1 ex officio1 the ,council of ,state1 who shall advise the ,governor in the execution of his office1 and three of whom shall constitute a quorum2 their advice and proceedings in this capacity shall be entered in a journal to be kept for this purpose exclusively1 and signed by the members present1 from any part of which any member may enter his dissent2 and such journal shall be placed before the ,general ,assembly when called for by either ,house4 ,the ,attorney-,general shall be1 ex officio1 the legal adviser of the ,executive ,department4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,the officers mentioned in this ,article shall1 at stated periods1 receive for their services a compensation to be established by law1 which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the time for which they shall have been elected1 and the said officers shall receive no other emolument or allowance4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,there shall be a seal of the ,state1 which shall be kept by the ,governor1 and used by him1 as occasion may require1 and shall be called the ,great ,seal of the ,state of ,north ,carolina4 ,all grants and commissions shall be entered in the name and by the authority of the ,state of ,north ,carolina1 sealed with the ,great ,seal of the ,state1 signed by the ,governor and countersigned by the ,secretary of ,state4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall establish a ,department of ,agriculture1 ,immigration and ,statistics1 under such regulations as may best promote the agricultural interests of the ,state1 and shall enact laws for the adequate protection and encouragement of sheep husbandry4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,judicial4 ,,department4 ,,section #a4 ,the distinctions between actions at law and suits in equity1 and the forms of all such actions and suits1 shall be abolished2 and there shall be in this ,state but one form of action for the enforcement or protection of private rights or the redress of private wrongs1 which shall be denominated a civil action2 and every action prosecuted by the people of the ,state as a party1 against a person charged with a public offence1 for the punishment of the same1 shall be termed a criminal action4 ,feigned issues shall also be abolished1 and the fact at issue tried by order of ,court before a jury4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the judicial power of the ,state shall be vested in a ,court for the trial of ,impeachments1 a ,supreme ,court1 ,superior ,courts1 ,courts of ,justices of the ,peace1 and such other courts inferior to the ,supreme ,court at may be established by law4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the ,court for the trial of impeachments shall be the ,senate4 ,a majority of the members shall be necessary to a quorum1 and the judgment shall not extend beyond removal from and disqualification to hold office in this ,state2 but the party shall be liable to indictment and punishment according to law4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,house of ,representatives solely shall have the power of impeaching4 ,no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the ,senators present4 ,when the ,governor is impeached1 the ,chief-,justice shall preside4 ,,sec #e4 ,treason against the ,state shall consist only in levying war against it1 or in adhering to its enemies1 giving them aid and comfort4 ,no person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act1 or on confession in open court4 ,no conviction of treason or attainder shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the ,supreme ,court shall consist of a ,chief-,justice and two ,associate ,justices4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,the terms of the ,supreme ,court shall be held in the city of ,raleigh1 as now1 until otherwise provided by the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,the ,supreme ,court shall have jurisdiction to review1 upon appeal1 any decision of the courts below1 upon any matter of law or legal inference4 ,and the jurisdiction of said ,court over issues of fact and questions of fact shall be the same exercised by it before the adoption of the ,constitution of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight1 and the ,court shall have the power to issue any remedial writs necessary to give it a general supervision and control over the proceedings of the inferior courts4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,the ,supreme ,court shall have original jurisdiction to hear claims against the ,state1 but its decisions shall be merely recommendatory2 no process in the nature of execution shall issue thereon2 they shall be reported to the next session of the ,general ,assembly for its action4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,the ,state shall be divided into nine judicial districts1 for each of which a ,judge shall be chosen2 and there shall be held a ,superior ,court in each county at least twice in each year1 to continue for such time in each county as may be prescribed by law4 ,but the ,general ,assembly may reduce or increase the number of districts4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,every ,judge of the ,superior ,court shall reside in the district for which he is elected4 ,the ,judges shall preside in the ,courts of the different districts successively1 but no ,judge shall hold the ,courts in the same district oftener than once in four years2 but in the case of the protracted illness of the ,judge assigned to preside in any district1 or of any other unavoidable accident to him by reason of which he shall be unable to preside1 the ,governor may require any ,judge to hold one or more specified terms in said districts1 in lieu of the ,judge assigned to hold the ,courts of the said districts4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have no grower to deprive the ,judicial ,department of any power or jurisdiction which rightfully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the government2 but the ,general ,assembly shall allot and distribute that portion of this power and jurisdiction1 which does not pertain to the ,supreme ,court1 among the other courts prescribed in this ,constitution or which may be established by law1 in such manner as it may deem best2 provide also a proper system of appeals2 and regulate by law1 when necessary1 the methods of proceeding in the exercise of their powers1 of all the courts below the ,supreme ,court1 so far as the same may be done without conflict with other provisions of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,in all issues of fact1 joined in any court1 the parties may waive the right to have the same determined by a jury2 in which case the finding of the ,judge upon the facts shall have the force and effect of a verdict by a jury4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for the establishment of ,special ,courts1 for the trial of misdemeanors1 in cities and towns where the same may be necessary4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,the ,clerk of the ,supreme ,court shall be appointed by the ,court1 and shall hold his office for eight years4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,a ,clerk of the ,superior ,court for each county shall be elected by the qualifier voters thereof1 at the time and in the manner prescribed by law for the election of members of the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,clerks of the ,superior ,courts shall hold their offices for four years4 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall prescribe and regulate the fees1 salaries and emoluments of all officers provided for in this ,article2 but the salaries of the ,judges shall not be diminished during their continuance in office4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,the laws of ,north ,carolina1 not repugnant to this ,constitution1 or the ,constitution and laws of the ,united ,states1 shall be in force until lawfully altered4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,actions at law1 and suits in equity1 pending when this ,constitution shall go into effect1 shall be transferred to the courts having jurisdiction thereof1 without prejudice by reason of the change2 and all such actions and suits commenced before1 and pending at the adoption by the ,general ,assembly of the rules of practice and procedure herein provided for1 shall be heard and determined according to the practice now in use1 unless otherwise provided for by said rules4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,the ,justices of the ,supreme ,court shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state1 as is provided for the election of members of the ,general ,assembly4 ,they shall hold their offices for eight years4 ,the ,judges of the ,superior ,courts1 elected at the first election under this amendment1 shall be elected in like manner as is provided for ,justices of the ,supreme ,court1 and shall hold their offices for eight years4 ,the ,general ,assembly may1 from time to time1 provide by law that the ,judges of the ,superior ,courts1 chosen at succeeding elections1 instead of being elected by the voters of the whole ,state1 as is herein provided for1 shall be elected by the voters of their respective districts4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,the ,superior ,courts shall be1 at all times1 open for the transaction of all business within their jurisdiction1 except the trial of issues of fact requiring a jury4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,a ,solicitor shall be elected for each ,judicial ,district by the qualified voters thereof1 as is prescribed for members of the ,general ,assembly1 who shall hold office for the term of four years1 and prosecute on behalf of the ,state1 in all criminal actions in the ,superior ,courts1 and advise the officers of justice in his district4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,in each county a ,sheriff and ,coroner shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof1 as is prescribed for members of the ,general ,assembly1 and shall hold their offices for two years4 ,in each township there shall be a ,constable elected in like manner by the voters thereof1 who shall bold his office for two years4 ,when there is no ,coroner in the county1 the ,clerk of the ,superior ,court for the county may appoint one for special cases4 ,in case of a vacancy existing for any cause in any of the offices created by this section1 the ,commissioners for the county may appoint to such office for the unexpired term4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,all vacancies occurring in the offices provided for by this ,article of the ,constitution shall be filled by the appointments of the ,governor1 unless otherwise provided for1 and the appointees shall hold their places until the next regular election for members of the ,general ,assembly1 when elections shall be held to fill such offices4 ,if any person1 elected or appointed to any of said offices1 shall neglect and fail to qualify1 such office shall be appointed to1 held and filled as provided in case of vacancies occurring therein4 ,all incumbents of said offices shall hold until their successors are qualified4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,the officers elected at the first election held under this ,constitution shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed for them respectively1 next ensuing after the next regular election for members of the ,general ,assembly4 ,but their terms shall begin upon the approval of this ,constitution by the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,the several ,justices of the ,peace shall have jurisdiction1 under such regulations as the ,general ,assembly shall prescribe1 of civil actions founded on contract1 wherein the sum demanded shall not exceed two hundred dollars1 and wherein the title to real estate shall not be in controversy2 and of all criminal matters arising within their counties where the punishment cannot exceed a fine of fifty dollars1 or imprisonment for thirty days4 ,and the ,general ,assembly may give to ,justice of the ,peace jurisdiction of other civil actions wherein the value of the property in controversy does 8 8 list8 8 exceed fifty dollars4 ,when an issue of fact may be joined before a ,justice1 on demand of either party thereto1 he shall cause a jury of six men to be summoned1 who shall try the same4 ,the party against whom judgment shall be rendered in any civil action may appeal to the ,superior ,court from the same4 ,in all cases of a criminal nature1 the party against whom judgment is given may appeal to the ,superior ,court1 where the matter shall be heard anew4 ,in all cases brought before a ,justice1 he shall make a record of the proceedings1 and file the same with the ,clerk of the ,superior ,court for his county4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,when the office of ,justice of the ,peace shall become vacant otherwise than by expiration of the term1 and in case of a failure by the voters of any district to elect1 the ,clerk of the ,superior ,court for the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term4 ,,sec4 #bi4 ,in case the office of ,clerk of a ,superior ,court for a county shall become vacant otherwise than by the expiration of the term1 and in case of a failure by the people to elect1 the ,judge of the ,superior ,court for the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy until an election can be regularly held4 ,,sec4 #cj4 ,in case the ,general ,assembly shall establish other courts inferior to the ,supreme ,court1 the presiding officers and clerks thereof shall be elected in such manner as the ,general ,assembly may from time to time prescribe1 and they shall hold their offices for a term not exceeding eight years4 ,,sec4 #ca4 ,any ,judge of the ,supreme ,court1 or of the ,superior ,courts1 and the presiding officers of such courts inferior to the ,supreme ,court1 as may be established by law1 may be removed from office for mental or physical inability1 upon a concurrent resolution of two thirds of both ,houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,the ,judge or presiding officer against whom the ,general ,assembly may be about to proceed1 shall receive notice thereof1 accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal1 at least twenty days before the day on which either ,house of the ,general ,assembly shall act thereon4 ,,sec4 #cb4 ,any ,clerk of the ,supreme ,court1 or of the ,superior ,courts1 or of such courts inferior to the ,supreme ,court as may be established by law1 may be removed from office for mental or physical inability3 the ,clerk of the ,supreme ,court by the ,judges of said courts1 the ,clerks of the ,superior ,courts by the ,judge riding the district1 and the ,clerks of such courts inferior to the ,supreme ,court as may be established by law1 by the presiding officers of said courts4 ,the ,clerk against whom proceedings are instituted shall receive notice thereof1 accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal1 at least ten days before the day appointed to act thereon1 and4 the ,clerk shall be entitled to an appeal to the next term of the ,superior ,court1 and thence to the ,supreme ,court1 as provided in other cases of appeals4 ,,sec4 #cc4 ,the amendments made to the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina by this ,convention shall not have the effect to vacate any office or term off office now existing under the ,constitution of the ,state1 and filled1 or held1 by virtue of any election or appointment under the said ,constitution1 and the laws of the ,state made in pursuance thereof4 ,,article ,v4 ,,revenue ,,and ,,taxation4 ,,section l4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall levy a capitation tag on every male inhabitant of the ,state over twenty-one and under fifty years of age1 which shall be equal on each to the tax on property valued at three hundred dollars in cash4 ,the commissioners of the several counties may exempt from capitation tax in special cases1 on account of poverty and infirmity1 and the ,state and county capitation tax combined shall never exceed two dollars on the head4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the proceeds of the ,state and county capitation tax shall be applied to the purposes of education and the support of the poor1 but in no one year shall more than twenty-five percent thereof be appropriated to the latter purpose4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,laws shall be passed taxing1 by a uniform rule1 all moneys1 credits1 investments in bonds1 stocks1 joint-stock companies1 or otherwise2 and1 also1 all real and personal property1 according to its true value in money4 ,the ,general ,assembly may also tax trades1 professions1 franchises and incomes1 provided that no income shall be taxed when the property from which the income is derived is taxed4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,until the bonds of the ,state shall be at par1 the ,general ,assembly shall have no power to contract any new debt or pecuniary obligation in behalf of the ,state1 except to supply a casual deficit1 or for suppressing invasion or insurrection1 unless it shall in the same bill levy a special tag to pay the interest annually4 ,and the ,general ,assembly shall have no power to give or lend the credit of the ,state in aid of any person1 association or corporation1 except to aid in the completion of such railroads as may be unfinished at the time of the adoption of this ,constitution1 or in which the ,state has a direct pecuniary interest1 unless the subject be submitted to a direct vote of the people of the ,state1 and be approved by a majority of those who shall vote thereon4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,property belonging to the ,state or to municipal corporations shall be exempt from taxation4 ,the ,general ,assembly may exempt cemeteries1 and property held for educational1 scientific1 literary1 charitable or religions purposes2 also wearing apparel1 arms for muster1 household and kitchen furniture1 the mechanical and agricultural implements of mechanics and farmers2 libraries and scientific instruments1 or any other personal property1 to a value not exceeding three hundred dollars4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the taxes levied by the commissioners of the several counties for county purposes shall be levied in like manner with the ,state taxes1 and shall never exceed the double of the ,state taxes2 except for a special purpose1 and with the special approval of the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,every act of the ,general ,assembly levying a tax shall state the special object to which it is to be applied1 and it shall be applied to no other purpose4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,suffrage ,,and ,,eligibility ,,to ,,office4 ,,section #a4 ,every male person born in the ,united ,states1 and every male person who has been naturalized1 twenty-one years old or upward1 who shall have resided in the ,state twelve months next preceding the elections1 and ninety days in the county in which he offers to vote1 shall be deemed an elector4 ,but no person1 who1 upon conviction or confession in open court1 shall be adjudged guilty of felony1 or any other crime infamous by the laws of this ,state1 and hereafter committed1 shall be deemed an elector1 unless such person shall be restored to the rights of citizenship in a man1 nor prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,general ,assembly to provide1 from time to time1 for the registration of all electors2 and no person shall be allowed to vote without registration1 or to register1 without first taking an oath or affirmation to support and maintain the ,constitution and laws of the ,united ,states1 and the ,constitution and laws of ,north ,carolina not inconsistent therewith4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,all elections by the people shall be by ballot1 and all elections by the ,general ,assembly shall be viva voce4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,every voter1 except as hereinafter provided1 shall be eligible to office2 but before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office1 he shall take and subscribe the following oath3 ,i1 --1 do solemnly swear 7or affirm7 that ,i will support and maintain the ,constitution and laws of the ,united ,states1 and the ,constitution and laws of ,north ,carolina not inconsistent therewith1 and that ,i will faithfully discharge the duties of my office4 ,so help me1 ,god4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,the following classes of persons shall be disqualified for office4 ,first1 ,all persons who shall deny the being of ,almighty ,god4 ,second1 ,all persons who shall have been convicted of treason1 perjury1 or of any other infamous crime1 since becoming citizens of the ,united ,states1 or of corruption1 or malpractice in office1 unless such person shall have been legally restored to the rights of citizenship4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,municipal ,,corporations4 ,,section #a4 ,in each county1 there shall be elected biennially by the qualified voters thereof1 as provided for the election of members of the ,general ,assembly1 the following officers3 a ,treasurer1 ,register of ,deeds1 ,surveyor and five ,commissioners4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,commissioners to exercise a general supervision and control of the penal and charitable institutions1 schools1 roads1 bridges1 levying of taxes and finances of the county1 as may be prescribed by law ,the ,register of ,deeds shall be1 ex officio1 ,clerk of-the ,board of ,commissioners4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,commissioners first elected in each county to divide the came into convenient districts1 to determine the boundaries mud prescribe the name of the said districts1 and to report the same to the ,general ,assembly before the first day of ,january1 one thousand eight hundred and sixty- nine4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,upon the approval of the reports provided for in the foregoing section1 by the ,general ,assembly1 the said districts shall have corporate powers for the necessary purposes of local government1 and shall be known as townships4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,in each township there shall be biennially elected1 by the qualified voters thereof1 a ,clerk and two ,justices of the ,peace1 who shall constitute a ,board of ,trustees1 and shall1 under the supervision of the ,county ,commissioners1 have control of the taxes and finances1 roads and bridges of the townships1 as may be prescribed by law4 ,the ,general ,assembly may provide for the election of a larger number of the ,justices of the ,peace in cities and towns1 and in those townships in which cities and towns are situated4 ,in every township there shall also be biennially elected a ,school ,committee1 consisting of three persons1 whose duty shall be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the ,township ,board of ,trustees shall assess the taxable property of their townships and make return to the ,county ,commissioners for revision1 as may be prescribed by law4 ,the ,clerk shall be1 ex officio1 ,treasurer of the township4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no county1 city1 town or other municipal corporation shall contract any debt1 pledge its faith1 or loan its credit1 nor shall any tax be levied1 or collected by any officers of the same1 except for the necessary expenses thereof1 unless by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters therein4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,no money shall be drawn from any county or township treasury except by authority of law4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,all taxes levied by any county1 city1 town1 or township1 shall be uniform and ad valorem1 upon all property in the same1 except property exempted by this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,the county officers first elected under the provisions of this ,article shall enter upon their duties ten days after the approval of this ,constitution by the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,the ,governor shall appoint a sufficient number of ,justices of the ,peace in each county1 who shall hold their places until sections four1 five and six of this ,article shall have been carried into effect4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,all charters1 ordinances and provisions relating to municipal1 corporations shall remain in force until legally changed1 unless inconsistent with the provisions of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,no county1 city1 town or other municipal corporation shall assume to pay1 nor shall any tax be levied or collected for the payment of any debt1 or the interest upon any debt1 contracted directly or indirectly in aid or support of the rebellion4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have full power by statute to modify1 change1 or abridge any and all of the provisions of this ,article1 and substitute others in their place1 except sections seven1 nine and thirteen4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,corporations ,,other ,,than ,,municipal4 ,,section #a4 ,corporations may be formed under general laws2 but shall not be created by special act1 except for municipal purposes1 and in cases where1 in the judgment of the ,legislature1 the object of the corporations cannot be attained under general laws4 ,all general laws and special acts1 passed pursuant to this section1 may be altered from time to time1 or repealed4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,dues from corporations shall be secured by such individual liabilities of the corporation and other means1 as may be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the term corporation1 as used in this ,article1 shall be construed to include all association and joint-stock companies1 having any of the powers and privileges of corporations1 not possessed by individuals or partnerships4 ,and all corporations shall have the right to sue1 and shall be subject to be sued in all courts1 in like cases as natural persons4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,legislature to provide for the organization of cities1 towns and incorporated villages1 and to restrict their power of taxation1 assessment1 borrowing money1 contracting debts and loaning their credits1 so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,education4 ,,section #a4 ,religion1 morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind1 schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the ,general ,assembly1 at the first session under this ,constitution1 shall provide by taxation and otherwise1 for a general and uniform system of public schools1 wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all the children of the ,state between the ages of six and twenty-one years4 ,and the children of the white race and the children of the colored race shall be taught in separate public schools2 but there shall be no discrimination in favor of1 or to the prejudice of either race4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,each county of the ,state shall be divided into a convenient number of districts1 in which one or more public schools shall be maintained at least four months in every year2 and if the ,commissioners of any county shall fail to comply with the aforesaid requirements of this section they shall be liable to indictment4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the ,united ,states to this ,state1 and not otherwise appropriated by this ,state or the ,united ,states2 also1 all moneys1 stocks1 bonds1 and other property1 now belonging to any ,state fund for purposes of education2 also1 the net proceeds of all sales of the swamp lands belonging to the ,state1 and all other grants1 gifts or devises that have been or hereafter may be made to the ,state1 and not otherwise appropriated by the ,state1 or by the term of the grant1 gift or devise1 shall be paid into the ,state treasury2 and1 together with so touch of the ordinary revenue of the ,state as may be by law set apart for that purpose1 shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining in this ,state a system of free public schools1 and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,all moneys1 stocks1 bonds1 and other property1 belonging to a county school fund2 also1 the net proceeds from the sale of 8 8 estrays8 8 2 also1 the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures1 and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal or military laws of the ,state2 and all moneys which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty1 shall belong to and remain in the several counties1 and shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining free public schools in the several counties of this ,state3 ,provided1 ,that the amount collected in each county shall be annually reported to the ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power to provide for the election of ,trustees of the ,university of ,north ,carolina1 in whom1 when chosen1 shall be vested all the privileges1 rights1 franchises and endowments thereof1 in anywise granted to or conferred upon the ,trustees of said ,university2 and the ,general ,assembly may make such provisions1 laws and regulations from time to time1 as may be necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of said ,university4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide that the benefits of the ,university1 ,as far as practicable1 be extended to the youth of the ,state free of expense for tuition2 also1 that all the property which has heretofore accrued to the ,state1 or shall hereafter accrue1 from escheats1 unclaimed dividends1 or distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons1 shall be appropriated to the use of the ,university4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,the ,governor1 ,lieutenant-,governor1 ,secretary of ,state1 ,treasurer1 ,auditor1 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction and ,attorney-,general shall constitute a ,state ,board of ,education4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,the ,governor shall be ,president1 and the ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction shall be ,secretary of the ,board of ,education4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,the ,board of ,education shall succeed to all the powers and trusts of the ,president and ,directors of the ,literary ,fund of ,north ,carolina1 and shall have full power to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to free public schools and the educational fund of the ,state2 but all acts1 rules and regulations of said ,board may be altered1 amended or repealed by the ,general ,assembly1 and when so altered amended or repealed1 they shall not be re-enacted by the ,board4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,the first session of the ,board of ,education shall be held at the capitol of the ,state1 within fifteen days after the organization of the ,state government under this ,constitution2 the time of future meetings may be determined by the ,board4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,a majority of the ,board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,the contingent expenses of the ,board shall be provided by the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,as soon as practicable after the adoption of this ,constitution1 the ,general ,assembly shall establish and maintain1 in connection with the ,university1 a ,department of ,agriculture1 of ,mechanics1 of ,mining1 and of ,normal ,instruction4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,the ,general ,assembly is hereby empowered to enact that every child1 of sufficient mental and physical ability1 shall attend the public schools during the period between the ages of six and eighteen years for a term not less than sixteen months1 unless educated by other means4 ,,article ,x4 ,,homestead ,,and ,,exemptions4 ,,section #a4 ,the personal property of any resident of this ,state1 to the value of five hundred dollars1 to be selected by such resident1 shall be1 and is hereby exempted from sale under execution1 or other final process of any court issued for the collection of any debt4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,every homestead1 and the dwellings and buildings used therewith1 not exceeding in value one thousand dollars1 to be selected by the owner thereof1 or in lieu thereof1 at the option of the owner1 any lot in a city1 town or village1 with the dwellings and buildings used thereon1 owned and occupied by any resident of this ,state1 and not exceeding the value of one thousand dollars1 shall be exempt from sale under execution1 or other final process obtained on any debt4 ,but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes1 or for payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the homestead1 after the death of the owner thereof1 shall be exempt from the payment of any debt during the minority of his children or any one of them4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the provisions of sections one and two of this ,article shall not be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for work done and performed for the person claiming such exemption1 or a mechanic's lien for work done on the premises4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,if the owner of a homestead die1 leaving a widow1 but no children1 the same shall be exempt from the debts of her husband1 and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to her benefit during her widowhood1 unless she be the owner of a homestead in her own right4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the real and personal property of any female in this ,states acquired before marriages and all property1 real and personal1 to which she may1 after marriage1 become in any manner entitled1 shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and property of such female1 and shall not be liable for any debts1 obligations or engagements of her husband1 and may be devised and bequeathed1 and1 with the written consent of her husband1 conveyed by her as if she was unmarried4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,the husband may insure his own life for the sole use and benefit of his wife and children1 and in the case of the death of the husband1 the amount thus insured shall be paid over to his wife and children1 or to the guardian1 if under age1 for her or their own use1 free from all the claims of the representatives of her husband1 or any of his creditors4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,nothing contained in the foregoing sections of this ,article shall operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from disposing of the same by deed2 but no deed made by the owner of a homestead shall be valid without the voluntary signature and assent of his wife1 signified on her private examination according to law4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,,punishments1 ,,penal ,,institutions ,,and ,,public ,,charities4 ,,section #a4 ,the following punishments only shall be known to the laws of this ,state1 viz43 death1 imprisonment1 with or without hard labor1 fines1 removal from office1 and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor1 trust or profit under this ,state4 ,the foregoing provisions for imprisonment with hard labor shall be construed to authorize the employment of such convict labor on public works1 or highways1 or other labor for public benefit1 and the farming out thereof1 where1 and in such manner as may be provided by law2 but no convict shall be farmed out who has been sentenced on a charge of murder1 manslaughter1 rape1 attempt to commit rape1 or arson3 ,provided1 ,that no convict whose labor may be farmed out1 shall be punished for any failure of duty as a laborer1 except by a responsible officer of the ,state2 but the convicts so farmed out shall be at all times under1 the supervision and control1 as to their government4 and discipline1 of the ,penitentiary ,board or some officer of this ,state4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the object of punishments being not only to satisfy justice1 but also to reform the offender1 and thus prevent crime1 murder1 arson1 burglary1 and rape1 and these only1 may be punishable with death1 if the ,general ,assembly shall so enact4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall1 at its first meeting1 make provision for the erection and conduct of a ,state's ,prison or ,penitentiary1 at some central and accessible point within the ,state4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,general ,assembly may provide for the erection of ,houses of ,correction1 where vagrants and persons guilty of misdemeanors shall be restrained and usefully employed4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,a ,house1 or ,houses of ,refuge1 may be established whenever the public interest may require it1 for the correction and instruction of other classes of offenders4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,it shall be required1 by competent legislation1 that the structure and superintendence of penal institutions of the ,state1 the county jails1 and city police prisons1 secure the health and comfort of the prisoners1 and that male and female prisoners be never confined in the same roots or cell4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,beneficent provisions for the poor1 the unfortunate and orphan being one of the first duties of a civilized and ,christian ,state1 the ,general ,assembly shall1 at its first session1 appoint and define the duties of a ,board of ,public ,charities1 to whom shall be entrusted the supervision of all charitable and penal ,state institutions1 and who shall annually report to the ,governor upon their condition1 with suggestions for their improvement4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,there shall also1 as soon as practicable1 be measures devised by the ,state1 for the establishment of one or more ,orphan ,houses1 where destitute orphans may be cared far1 educated and taught some business or trade4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,legislature1 as soon as practicable1 to devise means for the education of idiots and inebriates4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,the ,general ,assembly may provide that the indigent deaf mutes1 blind and insane of the ,state shall be cared for at the charge of the ,state4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,it shall be steadily kept in view by the ,legislature1 and the ,board of ,public ,charities1 that all penal and charitable institutions should be made as nearly self-supporting as is consistent with the purposes of their creation4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,,militia4 ,,section #a4 ,all able-bodied male citizens of the ,state of ,north ,carolina1 between the ages of twenty-one and forty years1 who are citizens of the ,united ,states1 shall be liable to duty in the militia2 ,provided1 ,that all persons who may be averse to bearing arms1 from religious scruples1 shall be exempt therefrom4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for the organization1 arming1 equipping and discipline of the militia1 and for paying the same when called into active service4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the ,governor shall be ,commander-in-,chief1 and shall have power to call out the militia to execute the law1 suppress riots or insurrections1 and to repel invasion4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power to make such exemptions as may be deemed necessary1 and to enact laws that may be expedient for the government of the militia4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,amendments4 ,,section #a4 ,no ,convention of the people of this ,state shall ever be called by the ,general ,assembly1 unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each ,house of the ,general ,assembly1 and except the proposition ,convention or ,no ,convention be first submitted to the qualified voters of the whole ,state1 at the next general election1 in a manner to be prescribed by law4 ,and should a majority of the votes cast be in favor of said ,convention1 it shall assemble on such a day as may be prescribed by the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,no part of the ,constitution of this ,state shall be altered1 unless a bill to alter the same shall have been agreed to by three fifths of each ,house of the ,general ,assembly4 ,and the amendment or amendments so agreed to shall be submitted at the next general election to the qualified voters of the whole ,state1 in such manner as may be prescribed by law4 ,and in the event of their adoption by a majority of the votes cast1 such amendment or amendments shall became a part of the ,constitution of this ,state4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,,section #a4 ,all indictments which shall have been found1 or may hereafter be found1 for any crime or offence committed before this ,constitution takes effect1 may be proceeded upon in the proper courts1 but no punishment shall be inflicted which is forbidden by this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,no person who shall hereafter fight a duel1 or assist in the same as a second1 or send1 accept1 or knowingly carry a challenge therefor1 or agree to go out of the ,state to fight a duel1 shall hold any office in this ,state4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law2 and an accurate account of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be annually published4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide1 by proper legislation1 for giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien on the subject matter of their labor4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,in the absence of any contrary provision1 all officers of this ,state1 whether heretofore elected or appointed by the ,governor1 shall hold their positions only until other appointments are made by the ,governor1 or if the officers are elective1 until their successors shall have been chosen and duly qualified according to the provisions of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,the seat of government of this ,state shall remain at the ,city of ,raleigh4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,no person1 who shall hold any office or place of trust or profit under the ,united ,states or any department thereof1 or under this ,state1 or under any other ,state1 or government1 shall hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under the authority of this ,state1 or be eligible to a seat in either ,house of the ,general ,assembly3 ,provided1 that nothing herein contained shall extend to officers in the militia1 ,justices of the ,peace1 ,commissioners of ,public ,charities1 or commissioners for special purposes4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,all marriages between a white person and a negro1 or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the third generation inclusive1 are hereby forever prohibited4 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,north ,,carolina1 ,,prepared ,,by ,,hon4 ,,kemp ,p4 ,,battle41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,north ,,carolina4 ,,preliminary ,,questions4 #a4 ,when was the first ,constitution of ,north ,carolina adopted8 ,answer--,on ,december #ah1 #aggf4 #b4 ,when was it first amended8 ,answer--,in #ahce4 #c4 ,when was it again amended8 ,answer--,in #ahed1 #ahfa and #ahfe4 #d4 ,when was a new ,constitution adopted8 ,answer--,in #ahfh4 #e4 ,was there not a ,constitution adopted in #ahff8 ,answer--,a new ,constitution was adopted in #ahff by the ,convention of #ahfe-'ff1 but the people voted it down4 #f4 ,has the ,constitution of #ahfh been amended8 ,answer--,yes1 it was partially amended in #ahgd1 and greatly amended by the ,convention of #ahge4 ,the people adopted these amendments in #ahgf- -a hundred years after the adoption of the first ,constitution4 #g4 ,is there further amendment8 ,answer--,yes2 in #ahhj #h4 ,what is a ,constitution8 ,answer-- ,the principles or fundamental laws which govern a ,state4 ,another definition is3 ,the body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised4 #i4 ,is the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina the highest law8 ,answer--,no2 the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 and the laws of the ,united ,states passed in pursuance thereto1 are the supreme law4 #aj4 ,is the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina higher than the ,acts passed by the ,general ,assembly8 ,answer--,yes2 acts contrary to the ,constitution are null and void4 #aa4 ,who decides whether acts are constitutional and binding or not8 ,answer--,the ,courts4 #ab4 ,give a simple explanation of the ,constitution of ,north ,carolina4 ,answer--,it is a written document in which the people of ,north ,carolina have laid down their plan of government of the ,state4 ,it designates what officers are to make the laws1 what officers are to interpret the laws1 and what officers are to enforce the laws4 ,it lays down laws for the guidance of these officers4 ,if any officer acts contrary to it he is liable to punishment3 ,it is the organic or fundamental law--the foundation stone on which our ,state government rests4 ,it guards and enforces the liberties of the people4 ,if officers are allowed to disobey it1 our liberties will be in danger4 ,hence every citizen should understand it1 so that he may watch the officers and hold them to their duties4 #ac4 ,can it be changed8 ,answer--,yes2 the people of the ,state can change or amend it4 ,the manner in which the people can change it is prescribed in the ,constitution itself1 as will be seen hereafter4 #ad4 ,can it be changed in any other way8 ,answer--,yes2 if an amendment to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 contrary to any provision of the ,state ,constitution1 is made according to law1 the latter must yield4 ,,preamble4 #a4 ,who made the ,constitution8 #b4 ,for what purpose was it made8 #c4 ,is there recognition of ,god in it8 #d4 ,for what blessings is gratitude to ,god expressed8 ,,article ,i4 ,,declaration ,,of ,,rights4 #a4 ,for what purpose is this declaration made8 #b4 ,what fundamental truths are declared8 ,section #a4 99 7,,note-- ,most of the language of this section is taken from the ,declaration of ,independence74 #c4 ,in whom is political power vested8 ,section #b4 #d4 ,for what good is government instituted8 ,section #b4 #e4 ,who has the right to regulate the ,state government8 ,section #c4 #f4 ,under what circumstances can the people change the form of government8 ,section #c4 #g4 ,are the people under any restrictions in changing the form of government8 ,if so1 what8 ,section #c4 #h4 ,has the ,state the right to secede from the ,union8 ,section #d4 #i4 ,is the ,american ,union a confederacy of ,states1 or a nation of the people of the ,states8 ,section #d4 #aj4 ,is this ,state bound to prevent other ,states from seceding from the ,union8 ,section #d4 #aa4 ,is our allegiance first due to the ,united ,states or to ,north ,carolina8 ,section #e4 #ab4 ,can the ,general ,assembly or a ,convention of the people release us from our primary allegiance to the ,united ,states8 ,section #e4 #ac4 ,can the ,state pay a debt incurred in rebellion against the ,united ,states8 ,section #f4 #ad4 ,can such a debt be collected in our courts8 ,section #f4 #ae4 ,does this prohibition apply to past as well as future debts8 ,section #f4 #af4 ,can the ,state pay for emancipated slaves8 ,section #f4 #ag4 ,what debts are forbidden to be paid or assumed in any way unless by a vote of the people8 ,section #f4 #ah4 ,what majority must be had to sanction such payment or assumption8 ,section #f4 #ai4 ,is there no exception to this8 ,section #f4 #bj4 ,can this vote be taken at a special election8 ,section #f4 #ba4 ,by what name are most of the bonds mentioned in the answer to question #ag known8 ,answer--,special ,tax bonds4 #bb4 ,was this prohibition in the ,constitution of #ahgf8 ,answer-- ,no2 it was inserted by amendment submitted to the people by the ,general ,assembly of #ahgi1 and adopted by the people in #ahhj4 #bc4 ,what provision in regard to exclusive emoluments and privileges8 ,section #g4 #bd4 ,what provision in regard to the legislative1 executive and judicial branches8 ,section #h4 #be4 ,can the ,governor or ,judges suspend laws8 ,section #i4 #bf4 ,who can suspend laws8 ,section #i4 #bg4 ,what provision about election8 ,section #aj4 #bh4 ,what rights has one who is charged with a crime8 ,section #aa4 #bi4 ,if acquitted1 does he pay the costs of his own witnesses1 c4 8 ,section #aa4 #cj4 ,what modes of prosecution are prescribed8 ,section #ab4 #ca4 ,by whom must conviction be made8 ,section #ac4 #cb4 ,where must the verdict be rendered8 ,section #ac4 #cc4 ,what right has the ,legislature in regard to petty misdemeanors8 ,section #ad4 #cd4 ,can those accused of petty misdemeanors be utterly deprived of right of trial by jury8 ,section #ac4 ,answer--,no2 they must have right of appeal and thus getting a jury4 #ce4 ,what provision about bail8 ,about fines and punishment8 ,section #ad4 #cf4 ,what are general warrants8 ,section #ae4 #cg4 ,are they allowed8 ,if not1 why not8 ,section #ae4 #ch4 ,what provision about imprisonment for debt8 ,section #af4 #ci4 ,repeat the section guarding the life1 liberty and property of citizens4 ,section #ag4 #dj4 ,from what great historical document is this section taken8 ,answer--,from ,magna ,charta--wrested from ,king ,john1 ,a4 ,d4 #abae4 #da4 ,what rights has one restrained of his liberty8 ,section #ah4 #db4 ,should he have a speedy trial8 ,section #ah4 #dc4 ,in law suits about property1 what kind of a trial is declared best8 ,section #ai4 #dd4 ,what is said about trial by jury in controversies about property8 ,section #ai4 #de4 ,what is declared about freedom of the press8 ,section #bj4 #df4 ,can the press be lawfully used for libelous and immoral publications8 ,section #bj4 #dg4 ,what provision about the writ of ,habeas ,corpus8 ,section #ba4 #dh4 ,what do you mean by the privileges of the writ of ,habeas ,corpus8 ,answer--,the right of one restrained of his liberty to be brought before a ,judge in order that the cause of imprisonment may be inquired into and be dealt with according to law4 #di4 ,must a man own property in order to vote or hold office8 ,section #bb4 #ej4 ,why not8 ,section #bb4 #ea4 ,what safeguard against improper taxation8 ,section #bc4 #eb4 ,did the people claim this when we achieved our independence of ,great ,britain8 ,answer--,yes2 the denial of this right was one of the chief causes of the ,revolutionary war4 #ec4 ,is the right to bear arms secured8 ,section #bd4 #ed4 ,what reason is given why the people should have this right8 ,section #bd4 #ee4 ,are standing armies allowed8 ,section #bd4 #ef4 ,why should they not be allowed8 ,section #bd4 #eg4 ,which should be superior1 the civil or military power8 ,section #bd4 #eh4 ,can the practice of carrying concealed weapons be prohibited1 and how8 ,section #bd4 #ei4 ,for what purposes may the people assemble together8 ,section #be4 #fj4 ,what is said of secret societies8 ,section #be4 #fa4 ,what provision securing religions liberty8 ,section #bf4 #fb4 ,what provision about education8 ,section #bg4 #fc4 ,why should elections be often held8 ,section #bh4 #fd4 ,what is necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty8 ,section #bi4 #fe4 ,what provision in regard to hereditary privileges1 c4 8 ,section #cj #ff4 ,about perpetuities and monopolies4 ,section #ca4 7,see ,article ,,ii section #ae74 #fg4 ,what are ex-post facto laws8 ,section #cb4 #fh4 ,are they proper8 ,section #cb4 #fi4 ,what retrospective laws are forbidden8 ,section #cb4 #gj4 ,are all slavery and involuntary servitude abolished8 ,section #cc4 #ga4 ,what not abolished8 ,section #cc4 #gb4 ,what provision about the ,state boundaries8 ,section #cd4 #gc4 ,what provision about the courts8 ,section #ce and section #ag4 #gd4 ,what redress for injuries8 ,section #ce and section #ag4 #ge4 ,how shall justice be administered8 99 ,section #ce4 99,note--,these words are from ,magna ,charta4 #gf4 ,how are householders protected from quartering of soldiers8 ,section #cf4 #gg4 ,does the ,declaration of ,rights enumerate all the rights possessed by the people8 ,section #cg4 #gh4 ,who have the powers not delegated in the ,constitution8 ,section #cg4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,legislative ,,department4 #a4 ,how is the legislative authority vested8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,when these two bodies meet according to law what is their joint name8 ,section #b4 #c4 ,when is their regular meeting8 ,section #b4 #d4 ,how many members required in order to proceed to public business8 ,section #b4 #e4 ,what name is given to this majority8 ,answer--,quorum4 #f4 ,how many ,senators8 ,section #c4 #g4 ,how chosen8 ,section #c4 #h4 ,how often chosen8 ,section #c4 #i4 ,how are the ,senate districts formed8 ,section #d4 #aj4 ,who are excluded from the count8 ,section #d4 #aa4 ,when can a county be divided in forming a ,senatorial district8 ,section #d4 #ab4 ,how are the members of the ,house of ,representatives chosen8 ,section #e4 #ac4 ,what is the rule as to counties not having a hundred-and- twentieth part of the population8 ,section #e4 #ad4 ,how is the apportionment of ,representatives made8 ,section #f4 #ae4 ,what are the qualifications of a ,senator8 ,section #g4 #af4 ,what of members of the ,house8 ,section #h4 #ag4 ,how does the ,general ,assembly elect officers8 ,section #i2 and ,article ,,vi1 section #c4 #ah4 ,how do the people vote for ,senators and members of the ,house8 ,sections #c and #e2 and ,article ,,vi1 section #c4 #ai4 ,what is the provision about divorce and alimony8 ,section #aj4 #bj4 ,what legislation is prohibited to the ,general ,assembly8 ,section #aa4 7,see ,article ,v1 section #a74 #ba4 ,how can the ,general ,assembly pass private laws other than those mentioned in sections #aj and #aa8 ,section #ab4 #bb4 ,how are vacancies in the ,general ,assembly filled8 ,section #ac4 #bc4 ,what laws must be read three times in each ,house1 on three separate days8 ,section #ad4 7,see ,article ,v1 section #f74 #bd4 ,must the names of the members voting be entered on the journal when these laws are passed8 ,section #ad4 #be4 ,how must entails be regulated8 ,section #ae4 7,see ,article ,j1 section #ca74 #bf4 ,what must be done with the journals of each ,house8 ,section #af4 #bg4 ,when can a member have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal8 ,section #ag4 #bh4 ,who chooses the ,speaker and other officers of the ,house of ,representatives8 ,section #ah4 #bi4 ,who presides in the ,senate ordinarily8 ,section #af4 #cj4 ,when has the ,lieutenant-,governor the right to vote8 ,section #ai4 #ca1 ,what power has the ,senate1 independent of the ,house of ,representatives8 ,sections #bj and #bb4 7,see ,article ,,iv1 section #c74 #cb4 ,when does the ,senate choose a ,speaker8 ,section #bj4 ,in ,article ,,ii1 section #ab1 he is called ,president4 #cc1 ,what is the style of the acts of ,assembly8 ,section #ba4 #cd4 ,what powers has each ,house by itself8 ,section #bb4 #ce4 ,can one ,house by itself adjourn to any future day1 or other place8 ,section #bb4 #cf4 ,how often must bills be read before becoming laws8 ,section #bc4 #cg4 ,what else must be read three times8 ,section #bc4 #ch4 ,who signs these bills and resolutions8 ,section #bc4 ,they must be signed in the presence of the ,houses4 #ci4 ,what are bills called after such signatures8 ,sections #ba and #bc4 #dj4 ,what oath or affirmation must each member take8 ,section #bc4 #da4 ,when must be take this oath or affirmation8 ,section #bd4 #db4 ,when do the terms of office begin8 ,section #be4 #dc4 ,when must the names of the members be entered on the journal8 ,sections #ad and #ba4 #dd4 ,what is this proceeding termed8 ,answer--,calling the yeas and nays4 #de4 ,what time is designated in the ,constitution for holding the election of members8 ,section #bg4 #df4 ,can the ,general ,assembly change this8 ,section #bg4 #dg4 ,has the change been made8 ,answer--,yes2 to the first ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november4 #dh4 ,what authority determines the places of voting8 ,section #bg4 #di4 ,what compensation do members receive1 and how long8 ,section #bh4 #ej4 ,what mileage8 ,section #bh4 #ea4 ,what do the presiding officers receive8 ,section #bh4 #eb4 ,what provision about compensation during extra session8 ,section #bh4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,executive ,,department4 #a4 ,in whom is the supreme executive power8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,who constitute the ,executive ,department8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,who chooses these officers8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,how long do they serve8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,at what times and places are the elections held8 ,section #a4 #f4 ,when does their term of office begin8 ,section #a4 #g4 ,how long do they serve8 ,section #a4 #h4 ,what are the qualifications for the offices of ,governor and ,lieutenant-,governor8 ,section #b4 #i4 ,can they ever serve two terms in succession8 ,section #b4 #aj4 ,to whom are all the returns of election sent8 ,section #c4 #aa4 ,to what post-office8 ,section #c4 #ab4 ,before whom are they opened and published8 ,section #c4 #ac4 ,who must be declared elected8 ,section #c4 #ad4 ,what is done in case of a tie8 ,section #c4 #ae4 ,in such case how do the ,houses vote8 ,section #c4 #af4 ,what must be done about contested elections8 ,section 8 8 #ag4 ,what oath does the ,governor take8 ,section #d4 #ah4 ,before whom taken8 ,section #d4 #ai4 ,where must the ,governor reside8 ,section #e4 #bj4 ,what duties has he to perform in regard to the ,general ,assembly8 ,section #e4 #ba4 ,in what case can the ,governor grant pardons1 c4 8 ,section #f4 #bb4 ,can he pardon before the offender is convicted8 ,section #f4 #bc4 ,can he pardon one impeached8 ,section #f4 #bd4 ,what is the ,governor's duty in regard to pardons1 c41 after granted8 ,section #f4 #be4 ,what officers report to the ,governor8 ,section #g4 #bf4 ,what is done with these reports8 ,section #g4 #bg4 ,supposing the ,governor desires information regarding the duties of officers of the ,executive ,department1 what can he require8 ,section #g4 #bh4 ,what is the greatest duty of the ,governor8 ,section #g4 #bi4 ,who is commander-in-chief of the militia8 ,section #h4 #cj4 ,can the militia ever pass out of his authority8 ,section #h4 #ca4 ,under what circumstances can an extra session of the ,general ,assembly be called8 ,section #i #cb4 ,who nominates officers not otherwise provided for in the ,constitution8 ,section #aj4 #cc4 ,to what body are the nominations sent8 ,section #aj4 #cd4 ,can the ,senate reject the nominations4 ,section #aj4 #ce4 ,what duty has the ,lieutenant-,governor in regard to the ,senate8 ,section #aa2 and ,article ,,ii1 section #ai4 #cf4 ,is he a ,senator8 ,answer--,no4 #cg4 ,what is his compensation8 ,section #aa2 and ,article ,,ii1 section #bh4 #ch4 ,under what circumstances does the ,lieutenant-,governor assume the powers1 c41 of the ,governor8 ,section #ab4 #ci4 ,what is done when the ,lieutenant-,governor cannot preside in the ,senate8 ,section #ab4 #dj4 ,who succeeds the ,lieutenant-,governor1 and under what circumstances8 ,section #ab4 #da4 ,what is done if the ,lieutenant-,governor loses the office of ,governor during the recess of the ,general ,assembly8 ,section #ab4 #db4 ,who prescribes the duties of the officers of the ,executive ,department8 ,section #ac4 #dc4 ,what is done in case of a vacancy8 ,section #ac4 #dd4 ,how long does the officer so appointed hold his office8 ,section #ac4 #de4 ,who constitute the ,council of ,state8 ,section #ad4 #df4 ,what is done with their proceedings8 ,section #ad4 #dg4 ,who is the legal adviser of the ,executive ,department8 ,section #ad4 #dh4 ,who establishes the compensation of these officers8 ,section #ae4 #di4 ,how is their independence secured8 ,section #ae4 #ej4 ,what is the seal of the ,state called8 ,section #af4 #ea4 ,who has charge of it8 ,section #af4 #eb4 ,in what name are grants of lands1 c41 issued1 and how are they authenticated8 ,section #af4 #ec4 ,in what manner are commissions to officers1 c41 authenticated8 ,section #af4 #ed4 ,what department besides those heretofore named must be established by the ,general ,assembly8 ,section #ag4 #ee4 ,what laws must be enacted8 ,section #ag4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,judicial ,,department4 #a4 ,what is done in regard to distinctions between actions at law and suits in equity8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,do the old forms of actions and suits remain8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,what is the name of the form of actions in use8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,what is the name of the actions prosecuted by the ,state for a public offence8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,what is done with feigned issues8 ,section #a4 #f4 ,how is the fact at issue tried8 ,section #a4 #g4 ,in what courts is the judicial power vested8 ,section #b4 #h4 ,can the ,general ,assembly establish any courts8 ,section #b4 #i4 ,what is the court for trial of impeachments8 ,section #c4 #aj4 ,how many ,senators must be present8 ,section #c4 #aa4 ,who presides when the ,governor is impeached8 ,section #d4 #ab4 ,what sentence can the ,senate inflict8 ,section #c4 #ac4 ,does the impeachment for a crime indictable in the courts prevent prosecution in the courts8 ,section #c4 #ad4 ,can a less number than thirty-four ,senators convict on impeachment8 ,section #d4 #ae4 ,what is the least number which can possibly convict8 ,answer- -,two-thirds of a bare quorum--eighteen ,senators4 #af4 ,what is treason against the ,state8 ,section #e4 #ag4 ,in what modes can traitors be convicted8 ,section #e4 #ah4 ,can the punishment be made to extend to forfeiture of land or goods8 ,section #e4 #ai4 ,can it extend to corruption of blood8 ,section #e4 #bj4 ,what officers constitute the ,supreme ,court8 ,section #f4 #ba4 ,are they called ,judges8 ,section #f1 but see sections #ah and #ca4 #bb4 ,where are the terms of the ,supreme ,court held8 ,section #g4 #bc4 ,what is the jurisdiction of this ,court on appeals8 ,section #h4 #bd4 ,what jurisdiction over issues and questions of fact8 ,section #h4 #be4 ,over what courts has it control8 ,section #h4 #bf4 ,what writs may it issue to effectuate this control8 ,section #h4 #bg4 ,what are some of these writs called8 ,answer--,mundamus1 ,procedendo1 ,certiorari1 ,recordari1 c4 #bh4 ,what original jurisdiction has the ,supreme ,court8 ,section #i4 #bi4 ,can the ,court issue execution against the ,state8 ,section #i4 #cj4 ,what is done with the decisions of the ,court in such cases8 ,section #i4 #ca4 ,is the ,general ,assembly bound to carry out the decision of the ,court8 ,section #i2 and ,article ,i1 section #h4 #cb4 ,into how many districts is the ,state divided by the ,constitution8 ,section #aj4 #cc4 ,what chief town or towns in ,first ,district8 ,answer--,elizabeth ,city1 ,edenton4 ,in ,second ,district8 ,raleigh1 ,new ,bern4 ,in ,third ,district8 ,wilmington1 ,goldsboro4 ,in ,fourth ,district8 ,fayetteville4 ,in ,fifth ,district8 ,greensboro1 ,durham4 ,in ,sixth ,district8 ,charlotte1 ,monroe4 ,in ,seventh ,district8 ,winston1 ,salisbury4 ,in ,eighth ,district8 ,statesville1 ,morganton4 ,in ,ninth ,district8 ,asheville4 #cd4 ,can the ,general ,assembly change the number of districts8 ,section #aj4 #ce4 ,how often in each county must the ,superior ,court be held8 ,section #aj4 #cf4 ,where shall be the residence of the ,judge8 ,section #aa4 #cg4 ,do the ,judges preside always in the same district8 ,section #aa4 #ch4 ,how often can a ,judge preside in the same district8 ,section #a #ci4 ,is there any exception to this8 ,section #aa4 #dj4 ,can the ,general ,assembly deprive the ,judicial ,department of its rightful powers1 c 8 ,section #ab2 and ,article ,i1 section #h4 #da4 ,what is allowable for the ,general ,assembly to do 8 ,section #ab4 #db4 ,does this power extend to the ,supreme ,court8 ,section #ab4 #dc4 ,can the ,general ,assembly regulate appeals8 ,section #ab4 #dd4 ,what power has the ,general ,assembly in regard to methods of proceedings 8 ,section #ab4 #de4 ,are parties in a law suit bound to submit issues of fact to the jury4 ,section #ac4 #df4 ,what effect has the finding of the ,judge in such case upon the facts8 ,section #ac4 #dg4 ,what duty has the ,general ,assembly in regard to courts for citie and towns8 ,section #ad4 #dh4 ,can these courts be allowed to try capital cases and other felonies ,section #ad4 #di4 ,who appoints the ,clerk of the ,supreme ,court8 ,section #ae4 #ej4 ,what is his term of office8 ,section #af4 #ea4 ,how is the ,clerk of a ,superior ,court appointed8 ,section #af4 #eb4 ,when is the election 8 ,section #af4 #ec4 ,what is the term of office8 ,section #ag4 #ed4 ,who prescribes the salaries1 fees1 c41 of ,judges1 ,clerks1 e4 ,section #ah4 #ee4 ,how is the independence of the ,judges secured 8 ,section #ah4 #ef4 ,what laws of ,north ,carolina are in force8 ,section #ai4 #eg4 ,where may these laws be found 8 ,answer4 -,same may be found in the acts of ,assembly1 ,state ,codes1 c4 but besides these we have the ,common ,law1 inherited from our ancestors1 not found in any statute book4 #eh4 ,where are the principles of this ,common ,law' to be looked for ,answer4 -,in the reports of judicial decisions1 writings of eminent lawyers1 c4 #ei4 ,who can alter these laws8 ,article ,,ii1 section #a4 #fj4 ,what was done with actions and suits pending when the ,constitution went into effect 8 ,section #bj4 #fa4 ,how were these old suits to be-heard and determined 8 ,section #bj #fb4 ,who appoints the ,justices of the ,supreme ,court8 ,section #ba4 #fc4 ,when does the voting take place8 ,section #ba4 #fd4 ,what is the term of office 8 ,section #ba4 #fe4 ,how are ,judges of the ,superior ,courts elected 8 ,section #ba4 #ff4 ,what is their term of office8 ,section #ba4 #fg4 ,are they necessarily elected by all the voters of the ,state8 ,section #ba4 #fh4 ,when are the ,superior ,courts open 8 ,section #bb4 #fi4 ,is there exception to this8 ,section #bb4 #gj4 ,who elects the ,solicitors of the ,judicial ,districts8 ,section #bc4 #ga4 ,what is their term of office8 ,section #bc4 #gb4 ,what are their duties8 ,section #bc4 #gc4 ,can a ,justice of the ,peace call on the ,solicitor for legal advice8 ,section #bc4 #gd4 ,how are ,sheriffs and ,coroners chosen 8 ,section #bd4 #ge4 ,what is the term of office8 ,section #bd4 #gf4 ,who elects ,constables8 ,section #bd4 #gg4 ,what are their terms of office8 ,section4 #bd4 #gh4 ,suppose there is no ,coroner and one is needed4 what is done8 ,section #bd4 #gi4 ,who may fill vacancies in the offices of ,sheriff1 ,coroner and ,constable8 ,section #bd4 #hj4 ,who fills vacancies in offices created under this ,article not specially provided for8 ,section #be4 #ha4 ,how long do ,judges1 c41 so appointed1 hold office8 ,section #be4 #hb4 ,suppose no election is held for such offices8 ,section #be4 #hc4 ,suppose those elected refuse to qualify8 ,section #be4 #hd4 ,suppose successors do not qualify8 ,section #be4 #he4 ,is section #bf obsolete8 #hf4 ,what jurisdiction have ,justices of the ,peace over civil actions8 ,section #bg4 #hg4 ,suppose the title to land is in question8 ,section #bg4 #hh4 ,suppose the action is not founded on contract1 where is it to be tried8 ,section #bg4 #hi4 ,of what criminal matters have they jurisdiction 8 ,section #bg4 #ij4 ,who has power to regulate the fines and imprisonments8 ,answer4 -,the ,general ,assembly4 #ia4 ,can the ,general ,assembly give jurisdiction to ,justices of the ,peace over any other matters whatever8 ,section #bg4 #ib4 ,suppose an issue of fact is joined before a justice1 can he decide it8 ,section #bg4 #ic4 ,suppose either party demands a jury8 ,section #bg4 #id4 ,is not this provision for a jury of six violating ,article ,i1 section #ai8 ,answer---,no2 right of appeal is allowed4 ,section #bg4 #ie4 ,is appeal allowed in criminal cases also8 ,section #bg4 #if4 ,must the ,justice write down the proceedings8 ,section #bg4 #ig4 ,what must he do with the record8 ,section #bg4 #ih4 ,who fills vacancies in the office of ,justice of the ,peace8 ,section #bh4 #ii4 ,who fills vacancies in the office of the ,superior ,court ,clerk8 ,section #bi4 #ajj4 ,supposing the ,general ,assembly to establish other courts1 who chooses the ,judges and other officers8 ,section #cj4 #aja4 ,what is their term of office8 ,section #cj4 #ajb4 ,for what may ,judges be removed8 ,section #ca4 #ajc4 ,what vote is necessary8 ,section #ca4 #ajd4 ,what notice must be given8 ,section #ca4 #aje4 ,supposing two-thirds of one ,house1 and a majority not two- thirds of the other ,house1 vote for removal1 what is the result8 ,section #ca4 #ajf4 ,for what can ,clerks of ,courts be removed8 ,section #ca4 #ajg4 ,who have the power of removal8 ,section #ca4 #ajh4 ,what notice must ,clerks have of proceedings against them8 ,section #ca4 #aji4 ,can the ,clerks of the ,courts inferior to the ,supreme ,court appeal8 ,section #cb4 #aaj4 ,is section #cc obsolete8 ,,article ,v4 ,,revenues ,,and ,,taxation4 #a4 ,what is another name for capitation tax8 ,answer--,poll tax4 #b4 ,is the ,general ,assembly bound to levy such tax8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,on whom must it be levied8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,to what amount must it be equal8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,what is the maximum capitation tax under this section8 ,section #a4 #f4 ,what is the maximum property tax8 ,answer--,sixty-six and two- thirds cents on the one hundred dollars valuation4 #g4 ,what is the object of the equation of taxes8 ,answer--,to protect property from excessive taxation by those owning no property1 and vice versa4 #h4 ,who can exempt from capitation tax1 and for what reason8 ,section #a4 #i4 ,to what purpose must the capitation tax be applied8 ,section #b4 #aj4 ,what is the maximum amount which can be applied to the support of the poor8 ,section #b4 #aa4 ,how must property be taxed8 ,section #c4 #ab4 ,what has the ,general ,assembly power to tax without being compelled to do so8 ,section #c4 #ac4 ,can the income of a farmer from his lands be taxed8 ,section #c4 #ad4 ,what provisions in regard to contracting new debts8 ,section #d4 #ae4 ,is the special tax to be levied when the bonds of the ,state are at par8 ,section #d4 #af4 ,supposing the bonds are not at par1 in what cases are the special taxes not required8 ,section #d4 #ag4 ,what is necessary before the ,general ,assembly can give or lend the credit of the ,state to individuals or corporations8 ,section #d4 #ah4 ,what exception to the general rule8 ,section #d4 #ai4 ,does it require a majority of all the qualified voters to sanction such loan8 ,section #d4 #bj4 ,can the ,general ,assembly take stock in a corporation and pay for the same by bonds of the ,state accepted at par8 ,section #d4 7,the ,supreme ,court says they cannot74 #ba4 ,what property the ,general ,assembly cannot tax8 ,section #e4 #bb4 ,what property does the ,general ,assembly have power to exempt to an unlimited extent8 ,section #e4 #bc4 ,what property to a limited amount only8 ,section #e4 #bd4 ,what is the limit8 ,section #e4 #be4 ,in what mode are county taxes to be levied8 ,section #e4 #bf4 ,what is the limit of county taxation1 for general purposes8 ,section #f #bg4 ,supposing the county desires to exceed this limit for a special purpose8 ,section #f4 #bh4 ,what must be observed in levying tax acts1 i4e41 ,revenue ,acts8 ,section #g4 #bi4 ,can tax money raised for one purpose be used for another8 ,section #g4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,suffrage ,,and ,,eligibility ,,to ,,office4 #a4 ,state the qualifications of an elector1 i4e41 a voter4 ,section #a4 #b4 ,what exception to this rule8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,does the mere commission of an infamous crime disqualify8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,what authority lays down the rule for restoration to rights of citizenship8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,what step is requisite preliminary to voting8 ,section #b4 #f4 ,what oath is necessary to registration8 ,section #b4 #g4 ,what authority provides rules for registration8 ,section #b4 #h4 ,how do the people vote8 ,section #c4 #i4 ,how do members of the ,general ,assembly vote in elections of officers8 ,section #c2 and ,article ,,ii1 section #i4 #aj4 ,what is the general rule as to qualifications for holding office8 ,section #d4 #aa4 ,what oath does the officer take8 ,section #d4 #ab4 ,what persons are disqualified8 ,section #d4 #ac4 ,does mere disbelief in an ,almighty ,god disqualify1 if such disbelief be not expressed8 ,answer--,no2 the word deny is held to mean assertion of disbelief by word1 writing or otherwise4 7,see ,article ,i1 section #bf7 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,municipal ,,corporations4 ,note--,by authority conferred in section #ad of this ,article the ,general ,assembly has materially changed its provisions 7,laws of #ahgf-'gg1 chapter #ada74 ,the attention of the pupil will be called to the most important of these changes4 #a4 ,what county officers are to be elected8 ,section #a4 ,by act of #ahgf-'gg1 chapter #ada1 section #e1 the ,justices of the ,peace elect three1 four or five ,county ,commissioners4 ,the ,justices may abolish the office of ,county ,treasurer1 and then the ,sheriff takes his place4 #b4 ,how often and when does the election take place8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,what are the duties of the ,county ,commissioners by the ,constitution8 ,section #b4 #d4 ,how is this changed by act of #ahgf-'gg3 chapter #ada8 ,answer--,by this act1 section #e1 the ,commissioners cannot levy taxes1 purchase land1 remove or designate new sites for county buildings1 contract or repair bridges1 if the cost may be over #ejj1 or borrow money1 or alter1 or make additional townships1 without the concurrence of a majority of the ,justices of the ,peace sitting with them4 ,moreover1 by the same act the ,board of ,county ,commissioners have the powers of the ,township ,trustees4 ,section #f4 #e4 ,who is ,clerk of the ,board of ,commissioners8 ,section #b4 #f4 ,what duty1 did the ,commissioners of #ahfh have8 ,section #c4 #g4 ,what is the name of the districts so formed8 ,section #d4 #h4 ,what powers did they have1 and for what purpose8 ,section #d4 ,by act of #ahgf-'gg1 chapter #ada1 section #c1 these powers are to be under supervision of the ,board of ,county ,commissioners2 and the said ,board can alter boundaries of said townships and create additional ones4 #i4 ,who constituted the ,board of ,trustees of the ,township by the ,constitution1 and by whom and when were they to be chosen8 ,section #e4 #aj4 ,how is this by act of #ahgf-'gg1 chapter #ada8 ,answer--,by act of #ahgf-'gg1 chapter #ada1 the ,general ,assembly appoints three ,justices for each township1 who are divided in three classes and hold their offices for two1 four and six years1 but the successors of each class1 as its term expires1 hold office for six years4 ,for each township in which any city or incorporated town was situated1 one ,justice of the ,peace is appointed by the ,general ,assembly1 and one for each one thousand inhabitants of the city or town4 ,when new townships are created1 the ,general ,assembly1 not being in session1 the ,governor appoints until the next meeting of the ,assembly4 #aa4 ,what other officers were to be elected in the townships8 ,section #e4 #ab4 ,how has section #f been changed8 ,answer--,the ,board of ,commissioners appoint one ,justice of the ,peace1 or other suitable person1 in each township1 to list lands and personal property therein4 ,laws of #ahha1 chapter #aag1 section #a4 ,the tax list is revised by the ,board of ,county ,commissioners4 ,same2 section #ah4 #ac4 ,what is necessary to enable a county or other municipal corporation to contract debts1 pledge its faith1 or loan its credit8 ,section #g4 #ad4 ,what is necessary in order to levy and collect taxes more than for necessary expenses8 ,section #g4 #ae4 ,will a majority of those actually voting be always sufficient8 ,section #g4 #af4 ,what is necessary to enable money to be drawn from county or township treasuries8 ,section #h4 #ag4 ,what is the rule of taxation in county and other municipal corporations8 ,section #i2 and ,article ,v1 section #f4 #ah4 ,what exemptions are required8 ,section #i1 and ,article ,v1 section #e4 #ai4 ,what exemptions are allowed1 and to what extent8 ,section #i2 and ,article ,v1 section #e4 #bj4 ,is section #aj obsolete8 #ba4 ,is section #aa obsolete8 #bb4 ,did all charters1 c41 relating to municipal corporations1 become of no effect on the adoption of this ,article8 ,section #ab4 #bc4 ,what debts are counties1 c41 forbidden to pay1 or levy taxes for8 ,section #ac4 #bd4 ,what provision of this ,article can the ,general ,assembly change or abrogate8 ,section #ad4 #be4 ,what is section #g8 #bf4 ,what is section #i8 #bg4 ,what is section #ac8 ,,note--,by ,act of #ahha1 ,chapter #bjj1 ,county ,superintendents of ,public ,instruction are to be elected by the ,county ,board of ,education and ,county ,board of ,magistrates in joint session4 ,the ,county ,commissioners constitute the ,county ,board of ,education4 ,same2 section #ae4 #bh4 ,suppose the ,general ,assembly should attempt to change either of these sections8 ,answer--,it would be the duty of the ,courts to decide their action invalid4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,corporations ,,other ,,than ,,municipal4 #a4 ,in what way may corporations be formed8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,in what case may they be created by special act8 ,section l4 #c4 ,can charters of corporations granted under this section be amended or repealed8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,how shall debts of corporations be secured8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,what authority has the right to prescribe rules for so securing corporation dues8 ,section #b4 #f4 ,what is the meaning of the term corporation as used in this ,article8 ,section #c4 #g4 ,can corporations sue and be sued like natural persons8 ,section #c4 #h4 ,on whom is the duty of organizing cities1 towns and incorporated villages8 ,section #d4 #i4 ,what powers should the ,general ,assembly restrict8 ,section #d4 #aj4 ,for what purpose are these restrictions8 ,section #d4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,education4 #a4 ,why should schools1 c41 be encouraged8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,what is the duty of the ,general ,assembly in regard to public schools8 ,section #b4 #c4 ,how must they provide such schools8 ,section #b4 #d4 ,what are the school ages8 ,section #b4 #e4 ,what charge shall be made for tuition8 ,section #b4 #f4 ,are mixed schools allowed8 ,section #b4 #g4 ,is it lawful to have the schools for one race superior to those of the other8 ,section #b4 #h4 ,how shall the counties he divided for school purposes8 ,section #c4 #i4 ,how long must the schools be maintained8 ,section #c4 #aj4 ,what punishment do the ,commissioners incur by failing to comply with this8 ,section #c4 #aa4 ,what funds are set apart for support of the schools8 ,section #d4 #ab4 ,can these funds be used for any other purpose8 ,section #d4 #ac4 ,what officer has charge of these funds8 ,section #d4 #ad4 ,what funds do the counties have charge of for school purposes8 ,section #e4 #ae4 ,how is the ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction to know about these county funds8 ,section #e4 #af4 ,who provides for the election of ,trustees of the ,university8 ,section #f4 #ag4 ,what is vested in these ,trustees8 ,section #f4 #ah4 ,who has power to provide for the maintenance and management of the ,university8 ,section #f4 #ai4 ,what is the duty of the ,general ,assembly in regard to education at the ,university8 ,section #g4 #bj4 ,what is their duty in regard to escheats1 unclaimed dividends and distributive shares8 ,section #g4 #ba4 ,who constitute the ,state ,board of ,education8 ,section #h4 #bb4 ,who are its officers8 ,section #i4 #bc4 ,to what does the ,board of ,education succeed8 ,section #aj4 #bd4 ,what power of legislation has the ,board8 ,section #aj4 #be4 ,is such legislation final8 ,section #aj4 #bf4 ,who fixes the times of meeting of the ,board8 ,section #aa4 #bg4 ,how many necessary for the transaction of business8 ,section #ab4 #bh4 ,who provides for the contingent expenses of the ,board8 ,section #ac4 #bi4 ,what departments in connection with the ,university must the ,general ,assembly establish8 ,section #ad4 #cj4 ,can the ,general ,assembly enact compulsory education8 ,section #ae4 #ca4 ,over what ages would this compulsory education extend8 ,section #ae4 #cb4 ,for what length of time8 ,section #ae4 ,,article ,x4 ,,homesteads ,,and ,,exemptions4 #a4 ,how much personal property is exempted from execution8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,who chooses this property8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,is it exempt from execution only8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,what land is exempt1 and of what value8 ,section #b4 #e4 ,who selects the homestead8 ,section #b4 #f4 ,can a lot in a city1 c41 be set apart8 ,section #b4 #g4 ,is the homestead liable for taxes8 ,section #b4 #h4 ,is it liable for any other debt besides taxes8 ,section #b4 #i4 ,after death of the owner is the homestead exempt any longer8 ,section #b4 #aj4 ,if work is done on a homestead1 is such homestead exempt from the mechanic's or laborer's lien8 ,section #d4 #aa4 ,supposing the owner dies leaving a widow1 but no children-- from what is the homestead exempt1 and how long8 ,section #e4 #ab4 ,what privileges does the widow enjoy1 and how long8 ,section #e4 #ac4 ,is every widow entitled to such privileges8 ,section #e4 #ad4 ,what becomes of the property of a woman marrying8 ,section #f4 #ae4 ,suppose she acquires property after marriage1 does she or her husband own it8 ,section #f4 #af4 ,what kind of property so belongs to the wife8 ,section #f4 #ag4 ,cannot such property be made to pay the husband's debts8 ,section #e4 #ah4 ,can she give her property away by will8 ,section #f4 #ai4 ,is her husband's assent necessary to the validity of her will8 ,section #f4 #bj4 ,can she sell or give away her property before her death8 ,section #f4 #ba4 ,is her husband's assent necessary to such sale1 c4 8 ,section #f4 #bb4 ,can her husband signify such assent by word of mouth8 ,section #f4 #bc4 ,can the husband insure his life for the benefit of his wife and children and pay for the policy out of his own money1 rather than pay his creditors8 ,section #g4 #bd4 ,what is done with the money when he dies8 ,section #g4 #bf4 ,can the owner of the homestead sell it8 ,section #h4 #bf4 ,what is necessary to the validity of the deed8 ,section #h4 #bg4 ,suppose he is not married4 ,section #h4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,,punishments1 ,,penal ,,institutions ,,and ,,public ,,charities4 #a4 ,what are the punishments lawful in ,north ,carolina8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,can convicts be made to labor on public works1 c4 8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,can convicts be hired 7or farmed7 out to individuals or corporations8 ,section #a4 #d4 ,can all convicts be farmed out8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,what authority prescribes the rules in regard to farming out convicts8 ,section #a4 #f4 ,what convicts cannot be farmed out8 ,section #a4 #g4 ,can those hiring convicts punish them as they please8 ,section #a4 #h4 ,for what can they be punished by the proper officer8 ,section #a4 #i4 ,under whose supervision1 c41 are these convicts8 ,section #a4 #aj4 ,can the ,general ,assembly abolish capital punishment8 ,section #b4 #aa4 ,for what offences can the punishment of death be inflicted8 ,section #b4 #ab4 ,what are the objects of punishment8 ,section #b4 #ac4 ,what is the duty of the ,general ,assembly in regard to a penitentiary8 ,section #c4 #ad4 ,for what may houses of correction be provided8 ,section #d4 #ae4 ,for what may houses of refuge be established8 ,section #e4 #af4 ,how must the structure and superintendence of penal institutions1 c41 be arranged8 ,section #f4 #ag4 ,what provision in regard to male and female prisoners8 ,section #f4 #ah4 ,what is one of the first duties of a civilized ,state8 ,section #g4 #ai4 ,what must the ,general ,assembly do to carry out this duty8 ,section #g4 #bj4 ,what are the duties of this ,board8 ,section #g4 #ba4 ,what must the ,general ,assembly do for destitute orphans8 ,section #h4 #bb4 ,what must the ,general ,assembly do in regard to idiots8 ,section #i4 #bc4 ,can idiots be educated8 ,answer--,yes2 they can be taught many things of value to them and to others4 #bd4 ,what other unfortunates are classed with idiots8 ,section #i4 #be4 ,what classes may be provided for at the expense of the ,state8 ,section #aj4 #bf4 ,has this section been changed since #ahgf8 ,answer--,by amendment to the ,constitution1 adopted in #ahhj1 the word may was substituted for the word must in this section4 #bg4 ,should the penal and charitable institutions be made self- supporting8 ,section #aa4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,,militia4 #a4 ,who is liable to militia duty8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,who are exempt8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,what duties has the ,general ,assembly in regard to militia8 ,section #b4 #d4 ,who is ,commander-in-,chief of the militia8 4 ,section #c2 and ,article ,,iii1 section #h4 #e4 ,for what may he call them out8 ,section #c2 and see ,article ,,iii1 section #g4 #f4 ,what authority can make exemptions from militia duty8 ,section #d4 #g4 ,what other duty has the ,general ,assembly in regard to the militia8 ,section #d4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,amendments4 #a4 ,in what manner must a convention of the people be called8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,what is the number of votes necessary in the ,senate8 ,answer-- ,two-thirds of fifty--thirty-four at the least4 #c4 ,what number in the ,house of ,representatives8 ,answer--,two- thirds of one hundred and twenty-eighty votes at the least4 #d4 ,what authority directs the manner of submission to the people8 ,section #a4 #e4 ,what authority prescribes the day of meeting8 ,section #a4 #f4 ,can a convention so called to alter the ,constitution8 ,answer- -,yes2 it can amend the ,constitution or make a new one4 #g4 ,what is a restricted convention8 ,answer--,one in which the ,general ,assembly provides that the members shall confine their action to certain specified matters1 or shall refrain from making changes in certain particulars4 ,some have doubted the power of the ,general ,assembly to bind the members in this way1 but it has been done several times in this ,state4 #h4 ,can the ,constitution be altered without calling a ,convention8 ,section #b4 #i4 ,by what vote must the proposed change pass the ,general ,assembly8 ,section #b4 #aj4 ,does this mean three-fifths of all the members of each ,house8 ,section #b4 #aa4 ,what is the least vote by which it could pass in the ,senate8 ,answer--,three-fifths of twenty-six--sixteen votes4 #ab4 ,what is the least in the ,house of ,representatives8 ,answer-- ,three-fifths of sixty-one--thirty-seven votes4 #ac4 ,what must then be done with the proposed amendment8 ,section #b4 #ad4 ,does it require a majority of all the qualified voters to pass it8 ,section #b4 #ae4 ,which is the most1 two-thirds or three-fifths8 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,miscellaneous4 #a4 ,supposing indictments to be pending at the adoption of the ,constitution1 what is the rule in regard to their punishments8 ,section #a4 #b4 ,what is the rule in regard to dueling8 ,section #a4 #c4 ,is the challenger disqualified if the other party declines to fight8 ,section #b4 #d4 ,is the challenged party1 who accepts the challenge1 disqualified if no fight occurs8 ,section #b4 #e4 ,is the person who carries the challenge disqualified if no fight occurs8 ,section #b4 #f4 ,is it any offence against the laws of ,north ,carolina for its citizens to fight in another ,state8 ,answer3 ,no2 but it is an offence to agree to go out of the ,state for the purpose of fighting4 #g4 ,what is necessary to enable money to be drawn from the ,treasury of the ,state8 ,section #c4 7,see ,article ,v1 section #g74 #h4 ,what must be done with the account of receipts and expenditures8 ,section #c4 #i4 ,what protection to mechanics and laborers must be given8 ,section #d2 and ,article ,x1 section #d4 #aj4 ,what is the general provision in regard to terms of office8 ,section #e4 #aa4 ,where shall be the seat of government8 ,section #f4 #ab4 ,what is the rule in regard to double office8 ,section #g4 #ac4 ,what exception to the general rule8 ,section #g4 #ad4 ,what marriages are prohibited8 ,section #h4 #af4 ,what proportion of negro blood comes within the prohibition8 ,section #h4 ,answer--,one-eighth negro blood 7octoroon7 will prohibit4