,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,typewrit] #ahgc-aibc ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,commemoration ,,( ,,! ,,fiftie? ,,anniv]s>y ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,writ+ ,,ma*9e ,,by ,,! ,h]kim] ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society ,,h]kim]1 ,,new ,,york #aibc ,,cont5ts ,,page ,=eword1 by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,h]kim] ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society #g ,*apt] ,i4 ,fifty ,ye>s ,old #i ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,e>ly ,ef=ts #ag ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,fir/ ,practical ,typewrit] #cj ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,seek+ a ,m>ket #fc ,*apt] ,v4 ,laun*$ on ! ,comm]cial ,_w #hd ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,high ,spots 9 ,typewrit] ,progress #ii ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,wid5+ ! ,field #aae ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,h[ ,wom5 ,a*iev$ ,economic ,emancipation ,?r\gh ! ,writ+ ,ma*9e #acd ,,=eword ,local pride 9 a*ievem5t is n only p>donable1 b1 :5 t a*ievem5t m>ks a real contribution to human progress1 x may ev5 be laudable4 ,x is ) no apology1 !re=e1 t ! ,h]kim] ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society pres5ts to ! public ! /ory ( ! typewrit]1 :i* we ( ,h]kim] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 h se5 unfold4 ,half a c5tury ago1 9 ! little ,mohawk ,valley village ( ,ilion1 0 begun ! manufacture ( a ma*9e :i*1 9 t comp>atively brief p]iod1 has revolutioniz$ int]communication1 contribut$ mightily to ! expansion ( mod]n bus9ess1 &1 :at is ( ev5 great] significance1 has prov$ ! *ief factor 9 ! economic emancipation ( wom54 ,realiz+ ! importance ( ?is s]vice1 ! writ] _h ! honor ( sugge/+ to ! ,society & to ! citiz5s ( ,h]kim] ,c\nty t its fiftie? anniv]s>y be adequately obs]v$4 ,"o /ep 9 ?is obs]vance has tak5 ! =m ( publi%+ ?is little volume4 ,! data f :i* x 0 prep>$ has be5 ga!r$ by ! ,society f a great v>iety ( s\rces1 includ+ "o man :o has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! typewrit] f its e>lie/ days4 ,x %[s conclusively t ,ilion w g d[n 9 hi/ory z ! c5t] f :i*1 9 ! ma91 has fl[$ ?is great contribution to civilization's progress4 ,! ,society takes ?is occasion to ext5d an invitation to ! g5]al public to s5d to x any additional hi/orical data :i* may s]ve to make our ar*ives ^u ! subject m complete4 ,we w\ld be glad to be in=m$1 = in/ance1 ( ! names ( any individuals n[ liv+1 n m5tion$ 9 ?is volume1 :o h be5 id5tifi$ 9 any important way ) ! developm5t ( ! typewrit+ ma*9e & its ext5sion ?r\gh\t ! _w dur+ ! la/ half c5tury2 ! location & own]%ip ( any typewrit+ ma*9e :i* is ov] =ty-five ye>s old2 ! "n & address ( anyone :o has be5 a cont9u\s us] ( a typewrit] = at lea/ =ty ye>s2 ! location & own]%ip ( any ma*9e ^u :i* any v important manuscript or public docum5t 0 writt54 ,9 a ^w1 we w\ld l to make ! ,h]kim] ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society's ar*ives ! repository :]e future hi/orians may f9d complete & reliable in=mation ^u ! inv5tion :i* 0 ,*ri/oph] ,la?am ,%oles' gift to ! _w4 ,john ,w4 ,vrooman1 ,presid5t1 ,h]kim] ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society4 ,h]kim]1 ,n4 ,y41 ,april #g1 #aibc4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,old ,! manufacture ( ! fir/ practical writ+ ma*9es began at ,ilion1 ,h]kim] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 9 ! autumn ( #ahgc4 ,?is anniv]s>y ye> #aibc is a fitt+ "t to review ! rem>kable hi/ory ( ?is great inv5tion1 & e phase ( ! incalculable s]vice :i* x has r5d]$ to ! mod]n _w4 ,fifty ye>s old6 ,:at w be ! ?\ghts ( ! av]age read] :5 he is rem9d$ ( ! actual age ( ! writ+ ma*9e8 ,! typewrit] has made itself su* an ess5tial factor 9 mod]n life1 x has become s necess>y to all human activities1 t ! pres5t-day _w c\ld h>dly be conceiv$ )\t x4 ,x is h>d to "n any o!r article ( comm]ce :i* has play$ a m comm&+ role 9 ! %ap+ ( human de/9y4 ,x has fre$ ! _w f p5 slav]y &1 9 do+ s1 x has sav$ a volume ( "t & labor :i* is simply incalculable4 ,its "t-sav+ s]vice has facilitat$ & r5d]$ possible ! enorm\s gr[? ( mod]n bus9ess4 ,! idea :i* x embodi$ has directly inspir$ _m subsequ5t inv5tions 9 ! same field1 all ( :i* h help$ to light5 ! burd5 ( ! _w's numb]less tasks4 ,9 its broad influ5ce on human society1 ! typewrit] has be5 equally revolution>y1 = x 0 ! writ+ ma*9e :i* fir/ op5$ to wom5 ! doors ( bus9ess life4 ,x has radically *ang$ our mod]n sy/em ( education 9 _m ( its mo/ important phases4 ,x has help$ to knit ! :ole _w clos] toge!r4 ,its influ5ce has be5 felt 9 ! %ap+ ( language & ev5 ( human ?\ght4 ,! mo/ amaz+ fact ( all is t ^! /up5d\s *anges are s rec5t t !y belong to our own times4 ,"o ne$ n be v old to recollect :5 ! typewrit] fir/ began to be a factor 9 bus9ess life4 ,! man 9 8 fifties di/9ctly rememb]s x all4 ,!re are ev5 "s n[ liv+ :o 7 id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ typewrit] :5 its manufacture began fifty ye>s ago 9 ! little ,mohawk ,valley t[n ( ,ilion1 ,new ,york4 ,su* results1 all )9 s %ort a p]iod1 indicate ! spe$ ) :i* our old _w has travel$ dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation--a /rik+ contra/ to ! leisurely pace ( =m] ages4 ,! /ory ( ! typewrit] is really ! late/ phase ( ano!r & great] /ory--t ( writ+ itself4 ,anyone1 h[ev]1 :o attempt$ to write ?is great] /ory w\ld soon discov] t he _h und]tak5 to write ! :ole hi/ory ( civilization4 ,! advance ( man f primitive savag]y to 8 pres5t /age ( effici5cy & enlight5m5t has be5 a sl[ process1 b ea* /age ( ?is process ?r\gh ! ages has be5 m>k$1 z if by mile/ones1 by "s improvem5t 9 8 means & capacity = record+ 8 ?\ghts 9 visible & und]/&able =m4 ,! e>lie/ attempts at ^w pictur+ by savages1 ! ,cunei=m inscriptions ( ,babylonia1 ! hi]oglyphics ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 ! clay tablets & /one monum5ts ( antiquity1 ! papyrus ( ,egypt1 ! wax tablets & /ylus ( ! ,romans1 ! p>*m5t manuscripts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! developm5t ( ! art ( pap] manufacture1 ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+1 & ev5 ! comp>atively mod]n inv5tion ( /eel p5s1 are all successive /eps 9 ?is evolution4 ,look+ back f our vantage gr\nd ( today ov] ?is record x is easy = u to see ! writ+ ma*9e z ! outcome4 ,! art ( record+ ?\ght 0 always de/9$ to rema9 imp]fect until "s means _h be5 f\nd to d x1 :i*1 9 ! v spe$ ( ! process1 w\ld be adequate = all human requirem5ts4 ,ev5 ! anci5ts felt ?is ne$2 ( ?is fact ! hi/ory ( %or?& is suffici5t pro(4 ,b nev]1 until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 did m5's ?\ghts turn s]i\sly to ma*9]y z a possible solution4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ has be5 describ$ z ! mo/ important s+le advance 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 & x seems to u ( today exactly ! k9d ( inv5tion :i* %\ld h sugge/$ ! idea ( a writ+ ma*9e4 ,b fate decre$ o!rwise1 & m ?an f\r c5turies 7 de/9$ to elapse aft] ,gut5b]g _h begun to use movable types be=e ! adv5t ( ! typewrit]4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! typewrit] f9ally did appe>1 its influ5ce on ! pr9t+ art 0 almo/ imm$iate1 _m improvem5ts 9 typesett+ devices hav+ be5 directly sugge/$ & inspir$ by ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,we h spok5 ( %or?&1 an art s intimately alli$ ) typewrit+ t !y are kn[n today z ! tw9 arts4 ,! /ory ( ! typewrit] _c be adequately told if ?is o!r art is left out ( ! picture4 ,unlike ! writ+ ma*9e1 ! beg9n+s ( %or?& date back to antiquity4 ,"s h believ$ t ,x5ophon wrote /5ographic notes ( ! lectures ( ,socrates1 b x is at lea/ e/abli%$ t ! le>n$ slave ,m>cus ,tullius ,tiro1 fre$ by ,cic]o & made 8 secret>y1 develop$ a sy/em :i* soon came into widespread use4 ,few high s*ool boys & girls today1 :o /ruggle ) ! orations ( ,cic]o1 "k t x 0 ! art ( ,tiro :i* pres]v$ ^! classics = u4 ,! ,notae ,tironianae 7notes ( ,tiro7 consi/$ ( "s #e1jjj signs = words1 & x is d\btful if /5ography w\ld today be s popul> a pr(ession _h "o to burd5 8 memory ) an equal li/4 ,b ! anci5ts 7 m pati5t ?an we1 &1 once ma/]$1 ^! notes prov$ swift & practical4 ,busy ,rome f\nd mu* use = its /5ograph]s4 ,atticus1 a fam\s ,roman book lov]1 tra9$ a great =ce ( slaves 9 ! art = ! sole purpose ( transcrib+1 & ?us become a real publi%] ages be=e ! days ( pr9t+4 ,five manuscript read]s 7 allott$ to ea* "o hundr$ /5ograph]s1 & ^! took d[n ! spok5 words4 ,& ! co/ to ! ?rifty ,atticus 0 "o p\nd ( gra9 & a small all[ance ( w9e p] slave4 ,ev5 ,rome's greate/ m51 ! ,emp]or ,titus among !m1 did n scorn to ma/] ,tiro's notes4 ,9 a lat] age ! s]mons ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 ! great ,orig51 ,*ryso/om1 ,/4 ,augu/9e & o!rs1 7 not$ d[n 9 %or?&2 s also 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 ! s]mons ( ,savon>ola4 ,rog] ,williams wrote %or?&2 s did ,samuel ,pepys1 ! au?or ( ! fam\s di>y4 ,among lat] celebrities :o ma/]$ ! art 0 ,*>les ,dick5s1 :o1 9 8 e>ly days1 us$ ! ,gurney sy/em 9 report+ spee*es 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ! mod]n pr9ciple ( phonography came into possession ( ! field4 ,?is sy/em1 evolv$ ?r\gh ! labors ( ,isaac ,pitman & o!rs1 us$ *>act]s to repres5t ! spok5 s\nd ( words in/ead ( _! spell+s1 & 0 su* an obvi\s improvem5t t1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 x has become practically univ]sal4 ,"h we enc\nt] a s+ul> fact4 ,aft] a hi/ory cov]+ ages1 ! great improvem5t 9 %or?&1 :i* f9ally p]fect$ ! art1 0 delay$ by de/9y until ! v eve ( ! inv5tion ( ! typewrit]4 ,its com+1 j at ?is "t1 seems1 9 ! light ( lat] ev5ts1 almo/ prophetic4 ,= x is obvi\s t %or?&1 ev5 z p]fect$ by phonography1 w\ld h be5 re/rict$1 )\t ! typewrit]1 to a limit$ field ( usefulness4 ,z a "t sav]1 %or?& is cle>ly a half measure1 &1 s long z ! art ( transcrib+ notes 9 long h& c\ld be done only at p5-writ+ spe$1 ! swifte/ %or?& writ] c\ld r5d] only a p>tial "t-sav+ s]vice4 ,9 ! days be=e typewrit+1 x w\ld h requir$ m ?an "o /5ographic secret>y to free ! busy executive f ! bondage ( ! p54 ,he w\ld h ne$$ a complete ret9ue ( !m1 to :om he w\ld dictate 9 rotation1 :i* is exactly :at ! great ,julius ,caes> is said to h done4 ,b ! ,caes>s ( hi/ory are few1 & equally few are ! notables ( ! pa/1 9 any field ( ef=t1 :o _h ! means or ! inspiration to provide !mselves ) a :ole batt]y ( /5ograph]s4 ,9 ?is fact we f9d "o out/&+ di/9ction ( ! typewrit] z a labor sav]--x p]fect$ ! process :i* %or?& _h begun--x completely emancipat$ ! executive4 ,:5 we talk ( labor sav+ we usually ?9k 9 t]ms ( manual labor4 ,b :5 ! typewrit] fre$ ! executive f p5 slav]y x did m ?an save m]e h& labor4 ,x sav$ & cons]v$ ! v highe/ quality ( bra9 labor4 ,true1 ! busy man ( affairs works z h>d today z he ev] did1 b ! typewrit] has made 8 labor m productive4 ,x has reliev$ him ( ! old p5 drudg]y1 s t ! great] "p ( 8 "t may n[ be devot$ to creative tasks4 ,x is common to speak ( ! high] effici5cy ( ! pres5t-day bus9ess man1 z ?\gh m5 !mselves _h gr[n bigg] 9 our own times4 ,p]haps !y h4 ,b let u n fail to cr$it a "p ( ?is gr[? to ! emancipation a*iev$ ?r\gh ! /5ograph] & ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! typewrit]1 l e great advance 9 human progress1 came 9 ! fullness ( its own "t4 ,look+ back ov] ! pa/1 we c n[ see :y x came :5 x did1 & :y x c\ld n h come be=e4 ,9 ! days :5 comm]ce 0 small]1 :5 writ+ tasks 7 few]1 :5 ! ability to write or ev5 to read 0 limit$1 :5 life itself 0 simpl]1 ! _w c\ld get along aft] its own fa%ion )\t ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,z education grew1 z bus9ess grew1 z ! means = transportation grew1 z all human activities grew1 s ! ne$ grew1 & x grew mu* fa/] ?an any real consci\sness ( ! ne$1 :i* seems always to be ! way ) our poor humanity4 ,x is ?is fact :i* expla9s ! /ruggle & frequ5tly ! trag$y 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( s _m great inv5tions4 ,!y d n come 9 response to a dem&1 b 9 recognition ( a ne$1 & ?is recognition1 9 its e>ly phases1 is usually conf9$ to ! few4 ,^! few are ! real pione]s ( progress1 & x is ?r\gh _! labors & /ruggles1 (t5 unappreciat$ & unrew>d$1 t humanity advances 9 all ! civiliz$ & useful arts4 ,x 0 ev5 s ) ! writ+ ma*9e6 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,ef=ts ,! fir/ record$ attempt to inv5t a typewrit] is f\nd 9 ! records ( ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,^! %[ t on ! #g? ( ,janu>y1 #agad1 or m ?an two c5turies ago1 a pat5t 0 grant$ by ,h] ,maje/y1 ,que5 ,anne1 to ,h5ry ,mill1 an ,engli% eng9e]4 ,! hi/orical importance ( ! fir/ typewrit] pat5t makes ?is docum5t ( su* int]e/ t we quote ! op5+ s5t5ces1 z foll[s3 ,anne1 by ! grace ( ,god1 c41 to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come1 greet+4 ,:]eas our tru/y & wellbelov$ subiect1 ,h5ry ,mill1 ha?1 by 8 humble peticon1 repres5t$ vnto vs1 t he has1 by 8 great /udy1 pa9es1 & exp5ce1 lately inv5t$ & br\ght to p]fection ,an artificial ma*9e or me?od = ! impress+ or transcrib+ ( lett]s s+ly or progressively "o aft] ano!r1 z 9 writ+1 :]eby all writ+s :atsoev] may be engross$ 9 pap] or p>*m5t s neat & exact z n to be di/+ui%$ f pr9t2 t ! said ma*9e or me?od may be ( great vse 9 settlem5ts & publick recors1 ! impression be+ deep] & m la/+ ?an any o!r writ+1 & n to be eras$ or c\nt]feit$ )\t manife/ discov]y2 & hav+1 !re=e1 humbly pray$ vs to grant him our ,royall ,lett]s ,pat5ts = ! sole vse ( 8 said ,inv5tion = ! t]m ( f\rte5 ye>es1 etc4 ,! qua9t word+ ( ?is description has a pleasant flavor ( ! old days4 ,moreov]1 z a description ( ! typewrit]1 x s\nds promis+1 b un=tunately ?is is all we "k ( ! inv5tion ( ,h5ry ,mill4 ,he 0 an eng9e] ( prom95ce 9 8 day1 b ev5 eng9e]s sometimes dream1 & ?is p]haps 0 n mu* m4 ,no model1 draw+ or description ( ! ma*9e is kn[n to exi/1 !re is no record to %[ t !y ev] did exi/1 & ! secret1 if !re 0 "o1 di$ ) ! inv5tor4 ,b ,h5ry ,mill1 unkn[n to himself1 accompli%$ "o ?+4 ,9 a s+le s5t5ce he wrote himself d[n 9 hi/ory z ! fir/ man :o is kn[n to h conceiv$ ! great idea4 ,?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! eighte5? c5tury only "o o!r attempt is record$4 ,?is 0 a ma*9e1 said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! ye> #aghd1 = emboss+ pr9t$ *>act]s = ! bl9d4 ,( ?is ma*9e no?+ is n[ kn[n2 nev]!less ?is e>ly association ( ! typewrit] ) ! bl9d is a po9t wor? not+4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ prom95tly ! bl9d h figur$ 9 typewrit] hi/ory2 h[ mu* !y h receiv$ f ! writ+ ma*9e & h[ mu* !y h giv5 9 return4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican pat5t on a typewrit] 0 grant$ 9 #ahbi to ,william ,au/9 ,burt ( ,detroit1 aft]w>ds bett] kn[n z ! inv5tor ( ! sol> compass4 ,! only model ( ?is ma*9e 0 de/roy$ by a fire at ! ,wa%+ton ,pat5t ,(fice 9 #ahcf4 ,_m ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 work+ f a p>*m5t copy ( ! orig9al pat5t & o!r pap]s 9 ! possession ( ,burt's family1 0 able to produce a replica ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition 9 #ahic4 ,burt's typewrit]1 z reveal$ 9 ?is pat5t1 c>ri$ ! type1 n on individual b>s1 b on ! segm5t ( a circle1 :i* makes x ! ance/or ( ! pres5t-day1 type-:eel ma*9es4 ,al?\gh ,burt's ma*9e 0 nev] manufactur$ he at lea/ succe$$ 9 gett+ x talk$ ab\t4 ,a lett] f a correspond5t1 publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis] ( ,may1 #ahbi1 calls x a simple1 *eap & pretty ma*9e = pr9t+ lett]s1 & ! editorial comm5t speaks highly ( its possibilities1 %\ld x be f\nd to fully answ] ! description giv5 ( x4 ,bo? editor & correspond5t confess !mselves /ump$ 9 f9d+ an appropriate "n = ! new inv5tion1 a po9t on :i* ,burt _h solicit$ advice4 ,burt's ,family ,lett] ,press 0 "o ( ! bright ideas sugge/$4 ,x seems t ! honor ( nam+ ! typewrit] 0 be+ res]v$ by de/9y = ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ practical ma*9e4 ,! next record$ ef=t 0 9 #ahcc1 :5 a ,fr5* pat5t 0 grant$ to ,xavi] ,projean ( ,m>seilles = a device :i* he describes z a ,ktypographic ma*9e or p54 ,?is ma*9e consi/$ ( an assembly ( type b>s arrang$ 9 a circle1 ea* type /rik+ d[nw>d ^u a common c5t]4 ,all pres5t day typewrit]s are divid$1 accord+ to _! op]at+ pr9ciple1 into two classes1 ! rotat+ segm5t or type-:eel ma*9es1 & ! type-b> ma*9es1 & x is curi\s t ea* ( ^! pr9ciples %\ld h be5 embodi$ 9 ! two e>lie/ kn[n devices1 ,burt's ma*9e ( #ahbi & ,projean's ( #ahcc4 ,b ,projean's ma*9e1 l ,burt's1 conta9$ no?+ m ?an ! g]m ( an idea4 ,projean's claim = 8 own inv5tion1 t x w\ld pr9t almo/ z fa/ z "o c\ld write ) an ord9>y p51 is suffici5t evid5ce t x 0 too sl[ to possess any practical utility4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,projean's ef=t we f9d a new influ5ce at "w4 ,! electric telegraph _h be5 inv5t$1 & ! ef=t ( inv5tors to produce a telegraphic pr9t+ me*anism gave an impetus to ! idea ( a writ+ ma*9e4 ,9 #ahdj ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice records ! application ( ,alex&] ,ba9 & ,?omas ,wright on a writ+ ma*9e = use 9 connection ) ! telegraph4 ,^! m5 7 aft]w>ds bett] kn[n z ! inv5tors ( a telegraphic pr9t]4 ,z a typewrit]1 ,ba9's device 0 ( no value & sc>cely des]ves s]i\s m5tion4 ,a m important /ep 9 ! progress ( ! art 0 tak5 by ,*>les ,?urb] ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 to :om a pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #ahdc1 foll[$ by ano!r 9 #ahde4 ,! ,?urb] ma*9e ( #ahdc conta9s "o notable advance2 ! lett] spac+ 0 effect$ by ! longitud9al motion ( a plat51 a pr9ciple :i* is a feature ( all mod]n ma*9es4 ,?is ma*9e did excell5t "w1 b ! pr9t+ me*anism 0 too sl[ = practical use & none 7 manufactur$4 ,a model ( ,?urb]'s ma*9e is n[ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton1 & a lat] model1 %[+ important improvem5ts1 is pres]v$ by ! ,worce/] ,society ( ,antiqu>ians4 ,?urb]'s o!r model ( #ahde 0 n a typewrit] at all1 b a writ+ ma*9e 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,x 0 design$ to p]=m ! motions ( ! h& 9 writ+1 & 0 int5d$ = ! use ( ! bl9d4 ,?is attempt 0 a failure1 b x illu/rates aga9 h[ prom95tly ! ne$s ( ! bl9d figur$ 9 ! ef=ts ( ! e>ly inv5tors4 ,! same is true ( ! next record$ ef=t1 :i* 0 ! inv5tion ( a bl9d man1 ,pi]re ,f\cault1 a tea*] 9 ! ,p>is ,in/itution = ! ,bl9d4 ,f\cault's ma*9e1 :i* 0 pat5t$ 9 ,france 9 #ahdi1 pr9t$ emboss$ lett]s = ! bl9d v successfully4 ,?is ma*9e attract$ great att5tion & 0 aw>d$ a gold m$al at ! ,_w's ,fair at ,london1 9 #ahea4 ,sev]al ( !m 7 con/ruct$ & rema9$ 9 s]vice = a long "t 9 in/itutions = ! bl9d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,b ! ma*9e nev] came into v g5]al use4 ,! sc5e n[ re-crosses ! ,atlantic1 :]e x is de/9$ to rema9 until ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ practical typewrit]4 ,oliv] ,t4 ,eddy ( ,baltimore took out a pat5t 9 ! ye> #ahej4 ,?is ma*9e1 9 ! inv5tor's own words1 0 design$ to furni% ! means ( sub/itut+ pr9t$ lett]s & signs = writt5 ones 9 ! transaction ( e day bus9ess4 ,eddy's life record is "o ( ! trag$ies ( e>ly typewrit] inv5tion4 ,he devot$ _m ye>s ( labor to 8 ma*9e1 & is said to h di$ 9 pov]ty aft] a futile appeal to ! ,gov]nm5t = assi/ance4 ,! ,eddy ma*9e 0 highly +5i\s & did good "w1 b 0 too cumb]some & intricate = practical use4 ,z we ent] ! fifties ! attempts at typewrit] inv5tion become m num]\s4 ,j4 ,b4 ,fairbanks receiv$ a pat5t 9 #ahej1 & ,j4 ,m4 ,jones1 ( ,clyde1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #aheb1 ! latt] ma*9e m>k+ "s progress 9 ! direction ( a practical typewrit]4 ,next 9 ord] comes ,a4 ,ely ,bea* ( ,new ,york1 = _m ye>s an editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,8 ma*9e1 = :i* a pat5t 0 issu$ 9 #ahef1 m>k$ a decid$ advance ov] any?+ t _h yet appe>$4 ,x consi/$ ( a s]ies ( type lev]s1 arrang$ 9 ! =m1 aft]w>ds famili>1 ( a circul> basket1 all ( :i* pr9t$ at a common c5t]1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z a mod]n typewrit]4 ,?is ma*9e1 l s _m o!rs ( ?is e>ly p]iod1 0 design$ = ! b5efit ( ! bl9d1 & pr9t$ rais$ lett]s :i* !y c\ld read by t\*4 ,! ,bea* ma*9e did good "w1 b 0 sl[ 9 op]ation1 & x _h ano!r v s]i\s limitation--x wrote only on a n>r[ ribbon ( pap]4 ,! ma*9e attract$ great att5tion :5 exhibit$ 9 ,new ,york1 b x nev] em]g$ f ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,9 #aheg ,dr4 ,samuel ,w4 ,francis1 a weal?y physician ( ,new ,york1 took out a pat5t on a typewrit]1 ! keys ( :i* resembl$ ^? ( a piano1 & ! types1 :i* 7 arrang$ 9 a circle1 pr9t$ at a common c5t]4 ,x 0 said ( ! ,francis ma*9e t x pr9t$ ) a spe$ exce$+ t ( ! p51 a degree ( praise n accord$ to any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,b x 0 too bulky & co/ly = a comm]cial v5ture & no attempt 0 ev] made to place x on ! m>ket4 ,among o!r m5 ( ?is p]iod :o work$ on ! great problem 7 ,r4 ,s4 ,?omas ( ,wilm+ton1 ,n4 ,c41 :o1 9 #ahed1 took out a pat5t on a ma*9e call$ ! ,typograph2 ,j4 ,h4 ,coop] ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahef1 :o resort$ to ! type-:eel pr9ciple ( con/ruction2 ,h5ry ,h>g] 9 #aheh2 ,f4 ,a4 de,may ( ,new ,york 9 #ahfc2 ,b5jam9 ,liv]more ( ,h>tl&1 ,v]mont1 9 #ahfc2 ,abn] ,peel] ( ,web/] ,city1 ,i[a1 9 #ahff2 ,?omas ,hall 9 #ahfg2 & ,john ,pratt ( ,c5tre1 ,alabama1 :o 9 #ahff produc$ a device call$ ! ,pt]otype 7w+$ type71 ( :i* we %all h m to say 9 ! c\rse ( ?is /ory4 ,& ?is ab\t completes ! li/ ( attempts :i* prec$$ ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ practical writ+ ma*9e4 ,! read] has d\btless s5s$ a c]ta9 monotony 9 ?is review ( ! e>ly typewrit] inv5tions4 ,x did good "w1 b x 0 too sl[1 is ! =mula :i* fits ne>ly all ( !m2 c]ta9ly all ( !m t 7 able to write at all4 ,! sup]ior legibility ( type ov] script is an und\bt$ advantage ( ! writ+ ma*9e1 b x is n ! lead+ "o1 & ! transition 9 ! co/ ( a writ+ implem5t f a p5ny p5 to a ma*9e co/+ upw>ds ( "o hundr$ doll>s c\ld nev] h come to pass on ! basis ( sup]ior legibility alone4 ,! great1 out/&+ m]it ( ! writ+ ma*9e is its "t-sav+ s]vice4 ,?is is ! capacity t 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to ju/ify its exi/5ce1 & ! typewrit] did n ent] ! practical /age until a ma*9e _h be5 inv5t$ :i* f> surpass$ 9 spe$ ! utmo/ possibilities ( ! p54 ,! real po9t ( int]e/ ab\t ^! e>ly ef=ts is ! significant way 9 :i* _! numb] increas$ z ! "t drew ne> = ! solution ( ! problem4 ,^! attempts1 dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s be=e #ahfg1 ! ye> :5 ! inv5tors ( ! fir/ successful ma*9e began _! labors1 f> exce$$ 9 numb] ! sum ( all previ\s ef=ts4 ,e ye> ! ne$ 0 gr[+1 e ye> m m5 7 becom+ consci\s ( ?is ne$1 & m m5 ) an inv5tive turn 7 giv+ ?\ght to ! matt]4 ,! h\r = ! typewrit] _h /ruck4 ,& :51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! appo9t$ h\r /rikes1 x seems writt5 9 ! book ( human de/9y t x %all produce ,,! ,,man4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,practical ,,typewrit] ,! "t--! w9t] ( ! ye> #ahff-fg4 ,! place--a little ma*9e %op 9 ! outskirts ( ! city ( ,milwaukee4 ,! sc5e--?ree m51 all middle ag$1 ?\ghtful & /udi\s1 ea* "o h>d at "w on a pet inv5tion ( 8 own1 )\t a ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( any "o ( !m ( ! great a*ievem5t :i* 0 de/9$ to come out ( ?is *ance association4 ,?us 0 ! /age set = ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ practical typewrit]1 ?\gh ne>ly sev5 ye>s 7 yet to elapse be=e its actual production began 9 ! little t[n ( ,ilion1 ,new ,york4 ,"o ( ^! ?ree m51 ,c>los ,glidd51 ! son ( a successful ironmong] ( ,ohio1 0 engag$ 9 develop+ a me*anical spad] to take ! place ( a pl[4 ,! o!r two1 ,samuel ,w4 ,s\l & ,*ri/oph] ,la?am ,%oles1 bo? pr9t]s by trade1 7 engag$ 9 develop+ a ma*9e = numb]+ s]ially ! pages ( blank books & ! l4 ,( ^! m51 ! c5tral figure 9 ! association subsequ5tly =m$ 0 ,*ri/oph] ,la?am ,%oles1 a "n :i* mu/ always occupy ! place ( highe/ honor 9 any hi/ory ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,%oles 0 born 9 ,columbia ,c\nty1 ,p5n41 on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahai4 ,he came ( ! olde/ ,new ,engl& /ock & 8 ance/ors _h s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,8 gr&fa!r on ! mat]nal side 0 a l9eal desc5dant ( ,john & ,priscilla ,ald51 s ! _s ( ! pione] 0 a "p ( 8 inh]itance4 ,x is also ( deep significance t ,%oles 0 a pr9t] & publi%] by trade1 ! mo/ closely alli$ me*anical arts to typewrit+ t ! _w !n knew4 ,z a publi%]1 ,%oles knew1 f ! necessities ( 8 own occupation1 ! vital help t a writ+ ma*9e w\ld (f]4 ,& x c]ta9ly accords ) ! fitness ( ?+s t1 aft] ! lapse ( f\r c5turies1 ! art ( ,gut5b]g %\ld h furni%$1 9 "o ( its disciples1 ! inv5tor ( ! typewrit]4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 "y ,%oles 0 appr5tic$ to ! editor ( ! ,intellig5c] ( ,danville1 ,pa41 to le>n ! pr9t+ trade1 b f\r ye>s lat] he jo9$ 8 bro!r1 ,*>les ,c4 ,%oles1 well kn[n 9 ! e>ly politics ( ,wiscons91 !n liv+ 9 ,gre5 ,bay4 ,a frail con/itution1 ) a t5d5cy to consumption1 ( :i* disease he f9ally di$1 seems to h influ5c$ 8 e>ly removal to :at 0 !n a wild region at ! edge ( ! great p9e =e/4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 only n9ete5 ye>s old1 he took *>ge ( ! ,h\se ,j\rnal ( ! ,wiscons9 ,t]ritorial ,legislature1 :i* he c>ri$ to ,philadelphia to be pr9t$2 a long & difficult j\rney at t "t4 ,9 #ahci we f9d him at ,madison1 :]e he became editor ( ! ,wiscons9 ,inquir]1 own$ by 8 bro!r ,*>les4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he w5t to ,k5o%a1 :]e he edit$ ! ,s\?port ,telegraph1 aft]w>ds ! ,k5o%a ,telegraph1 & f\r ye>s lat] 0 appo9t$ po/ma/] ( ! t[n4 ,%oles's activities z a j\rnali/ f9ally took him into ,wiscons9 politics1 a c>e] = :i*1 9 "* & temp]am5t1 he 0 v poorly fitt$4 ,nev]!less1 he s]v$ two t]ms z /ate s5ator1 9 #ahdh & #ahdi f ,rac9e ,c\nty1 & 9 #ahef & #aheg f ,k5o%a ,c\nty4 ,9 #aheb & #ahec he repres5t$ ,k5o%a 9 ! assembly4 ,:ile a memb] ( ! c\ncil he 0 a witness ( ! homicide ( "o ( ! memb]s by ano!r1 a trag$y made famili> to ! _w by ,*>les ,dick5s 9 ,am]ican ,notes4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,dick5s 0 tak5 f ,%oles's own pap]1 ! ,s\?port ,telegraph4 ,9 #ahfj ,%oles remov$ to ,milwaukee1 :]e he _h an active & v>i$ c>e]1 fir/ z po/ma/]1 & lat] z commission] ( public works & collector ( cu/oms4 ,he 0 also = a long "t editor ( ! ,milwaukee ,daily ,s5t9el & ! ,milwaukee ,news4 ,x 0 9 #ahff1 :ile s]v+ z collector ( cu/oms = ! ,port ( ,milwaukee1 t ! inv5tion ( ! typewrit] ent]s ! /ory4 ,on ! p]sonal side mu* m c\ld be writt5 conc]n+ ,%oles1 = he 0 a man ( v unusual & attractive "*4 ,"s might h call$ him an ecc5tric1 b 8 ecc5tricities 7 ( a k9d :i* ende>$ him to ev]yone4 ,he is describ$ z "o ( ! mo/ unselfi%1 k9d-he>t$ & companionable m5 t ev] liv$4 ,he 0 also a man ( extreme p]sonal mode/y1 & ( almo/ excessive t5d]ness ( consci5ce1 view$ f ! usual bus9ess /&po9t4 ,he 0 always m ?an j to o!rs & less ?an j to himself4 ,"s phases ( 8 "* 7 a puzzle4 ,z an editor he made x a rule to copy into 8 own pap] all ! adv]se criticisms t 7 pass$ ^u him by 8 political adv]s>ies1 & "s ( !m 7 v bitt] & unju/1 & he w\ld always omit all complim5t>y notice ( himself & 8 "w4 ,g5tle & lovable1 cultur$ & brilliant1 mode/ & unselfi%1 ^! 7 ! out/&+ *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/oph] ,la?am ,%oles4 ,he 0 n ! k9d ( man ev] to make mu* money4 ,9 ! days be=e ! typewrit] he _h1 by a =tunate *ance1 acquir$ weal?1 b he did n keep x4 ,! typewrit] gave him ano!r opportunity1 b he let x pass4 ,f fir/ to la/ he 0 s+ul>ly indiff]5t to worldly =tune4 ,"o day1 9 8 lat] ye>s1 he rem>k$ to a fri5d t he _h be5 try+ all 8 life to escape becom+ a millionaire & he ?\ght he _h succe$$ admirably4 ,he 0 always a vision>y1 & "o ( 8 visions 0 ( a human ,utopia :i* %\ld witness ! abolition ( gre$ & pov]ty & ! dawn ( univ]sal love4 ,call him a dream] if y w1 b "o day he dream$ a dream :i* he proce$$ to translate into a wond]ful reality1 :i* has plac$ ! :ole _w 9 8 ev]la/+ debt4 ,! typewrit] 0 n ! fir/ evid5ce ( ,%oles's inv5tive g5ius4 ,ye>s be=e he _h be5 ! fir/ to conceive ( ! me?od ( address+ newspap]s by pr9t+ ! names ( subscrib]s on ! m>g94 ,8 m rec5t "w on ! ma*9e = pag+ blank books br+s u to ! beg9n+ ( ! typewrit] /ory4 ,b all else is n[ obscur$ by ! memory ( 8 cr[n+ a*ievem5t1 ! inv5tion ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,:at 0 ! influ5ce :i* caus$ ^! ?ree m51 ,%oles1 ,s\l & ,glidd51 to drop ! inv5tions on :i* !y _h be5 work+ & to pool _! int]e/s 9 a new & f> great] und]tak+8 ,accord+ to "o /ory1 ! idea arose out ( a *ance rem>k ( ,glidd5's1 :o _h become int]e/$ 9 ,%oles's pag+ ma*9e & "o day said1 ,:y _c su* a ma*9e be made t w write lett]s & words & n figures only8 ,no?+ fur!r 0 said or done at ! "t1 b 9 ! summ] ( ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahfg7 a copy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 :i* quot$ an article f a ,london te*nical j\rnal1 fell into ! h&s ( ,glidd54 ,x describ$ a ma*9e call$ ! ,pt]otype1 inv5t$ by ,john ,pratt1 :i* 0 design$ to d j :at ,glidd5 _h sugge/$4 ,?is inv5tion _h inspir$ an editorial 9 ! same issue ( ! pap] :i* po9t$ out ! great b5efit to mank9d :i* su* a ma*9e w\ld conf]1 z well z ! =tune t await$ ! successful inv5tor4 ,glidd5 imm$iately br\ght ?is article to ! att5tion ( ,%oles1 & x appeal$ s /rongly to 8 imag9ation t he decid$ to see :at c\ld be done4 ,g5]al ,william ,g4 ,le,due1 ^: own int]e/ 9 ! inv5tion ( a typewrit] dat$ back to #ahej1 & :o subsequ5tly 0 ! fir/ man to introduce ! ma*9e into ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice at ,wa%+ton1 tells h[1 9 #ahfg1 he visit$ ,milwaukee & f\nd ,%oles1 toge!r ) ,glidd51 at "w on ! book-pag+ ma*9e1 & sugge/$ to !m ! idea ( a typewrit]4 ,^! two acc\nts are 9 no s5se contradictory4 ,:5 an idea is 9 ! air1 x is natural to f9d m ?an "o influ5ce at "w4 ,at any rate1 we soon f9d ,%oles work+ :ole-he>t$ly on ! new idea1 assi/$ by ,glidd5 & ,s\l1 bo? ( :om _h be5 invit$ to jo9 9 ! ent]prise4 ,none ( ^! m51 s f> z we "k1 _h any k at ! "t ( any previ\s attempts to inv5t a typewrit]1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,john ,pratt's ,pt]otype already m5tion$4 ,9 ! build+ ( ! new ma*9e !y 71 at ! outset1 :olly dep5d5t on _! own creative ef=ts4 ,all ( !m 7 amply end[$ ) inv5tive tal5t1 b n "o ( ! ?ree 0 a me*anical eng9e] by pr(ession1 or ev5 a me*anic by trade1 & !y ne$$ ! help ( ! skill$ me*anics at ,kle9/eub]'s ma*9e %op 9 ! c>ry+ out ( _! ideas4 ,( ^! me*anics1 ,mat?ias ,s*walba* is ! man :o figures mo/ prom95tly 9 ?is /ory4 ,s*walba* _h already help$ ,%oles 9 develop+ 8 pag+ ma*9e1 &1 :5 ! ef=ts ( ! ?ree inv5tors 7 transf]r$ to ! typewrit]1 he ent]$ into ! new "w ) int]e/ & en?usiasm4 ,z ! "w w5t on ,s*walba* began to d m ?an m]ely c>ry out ! ideas ( ,%oles2 he develop$ "s ideas ( 8 own :i* 7 ( ! greate/ help to ! inv5tors4 ,! "w w5t /eadily onw>d & by autumn ( ! ye> #ahfg ! fir/ ma*9e _h be5 made1 al?\gh no pat5t 0 tak5 out until ,june ( ! ye> foll[+4 ,?is fir/ ma*9e _h innum]able defects & 0 a crude affair 9 e way4 ,b x wrote accurately & rapidly1 & t 0 ! ma9 po9t4 ,moreov]1 z a self-adv]tis]1 x soon scor$ a notable triumph4 ,a numb] ( lett]s 7 writt5 ) x & s5t to fri5ds1 among ^! "o to ,james ,d5smore1 !n ( ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,d5smore 0 imm$iately int]e/$4 ,l ,%oles & ,s\l1 he _h be5 bo? editor & pr9t]1 & c\ld well realize ! importance ( su* a ma*9e4 ,d5smore 0 a practical man ( affairs1 ) imag9ation1 =esight1 en]gy & c\rage unb\nd$4 ,in/antly he saw ! possibilities ( ! new inv5tion & %ortly aft]w>ds he pur*as$1 by ! paym5t ( all exp5ses already incurr$1 an int]e/ 9 ! new ma*9e be=e he _h s mu* z se5 x4 ,d5smore did n actually see ! typewrit] until ,m>* ( ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahfh74 ,he !n pron\nc$ x good = no?+ save to %[ t ! idea 0 feasible1 & po9t$ out _m defects t w\ld ne$ to be rem$i$ be=e x w\ld be available = practical uses4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,s\l dropp$ out ( ! ent]prise1 leav+ x to ,%oles1 ,glidd5 & ,d5smore4 ,! relation%ip :i* !n began betwe5 ,%oles & ,d5smore 0 a /range meet+ ( opposites1 = two m5 m unlike c\ld h>dly be imag9$4 ,d5smore is describ$ z bold1 aggressive & arrogant4 ,if ,%oles 0 a dream] & an ideali/1 ,d5smore 9 "s respects 0 a pla9 crank4 ,he 0 a veget>ian ( ! militant type1 & did n hesitate to remon/rate ) meat eat]s1 ev5 total /rang]s 9 public re/aurants4 ,8 own diet consi/$ ma9ly ( raw apples1 a rem9d] ( ! raw turnips ( ,colonel ,sell]s4 ,he 0 always imp]vi\s to ! %afts ( ridicule & ins5sible to slights4 ,indomitable & resolute1 9 ! pursuit ( any object he c\ld n be disc\rag$ or repuls$4 ,b ,d5smore1 9 8 own r\gh way1 0 usually k9d to ! g5tle ,%oles1 & x may be set d[n to 8 cr$it t m ?an once1 dur+ ! ye>s ( inv5tive /ruggle f #ahfg to #ahgc1 :5 difficulties ?ick5$ & ,%oles1 if left to 8 own devices1 w\ld h become disc\rag$1 ,d5smore's unqu5*able fai? 0 ! salvation ( ! infant ent]prise4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ,d5smore & ,%oles rem9ds u 9 "s respects ( ! simil> relation%ip 9 ! eighte5? c5tury betwe5 ,b\lton & ,james ,watt4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,d5smore consi/5tly play$ ! "p ( ,b\lton to ,%oles1 :o1 "u 8 urg+1 cont9u$ to build model aft] model1 until tw5ty-five or ?irty _h be5 made4 ,ea* "o ( ^! m>k$ "s improvem5t ov] ! la/1 b 9 ! h&s ( practical us]s ea* "o %[$ "s defect & broke d[n "u ! /ra9 ( actual use4 ,x 0 n until e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahgc t ! ma*9e 0 deem$ suffici5tly p]fect$ = actual manufacture4 ,9 ! meantime o!r m5 _h ent]$ ! typewrit] /ory4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,james ,ogilvie ,clephane ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :o1 ye>s aft]1 became closely id5tifi$ ) ,ottm] ,m]g5?al]1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,l9otype4 ,x 0 ?us ! unusual di/9ction ( ,clephane to place 8 "n 9 intimate association ) two ( ! greate/ inv5tions ( our times4 ,clephane's role 9 ! case ( ! typewrit] 0 t ( practical te/]4 ,z an (ficial %or?& report]1 he _h a complete & in/ant appreciation ( ! boon t ! new ma*9e w\ld conf] on 8 own pr(ession1 & he fai?fully & gladly tri$ out "o model aft] ano!r s5t to him by ! inv5tors4 ,he 0 sev]e 9 8 criticisms ( ! defects ( ^! models1 z !y reveal$ !mselves 9 actual s]vice1 s mu* s t ,%oles frequ5tly became di%e>t5$4 ,b x 0 all 9 a good cause1 & ,d5smore kept assur+ ,%oles t su* te/s 7 j :at 7 ne$$ to reveal ! weak po9ts4 ,?us by sl[ degrees ! orig9al conceptions ( ! inv5tors 7 modifi$ by _! gr[+ k ( practical requirem5ts4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,well]1 dur+ ?is p]iod ( typewrit] developm5t1 play$ a role simil> to t ( ,clephane4 ,mr4 ,well]1 n[ a resid5t ( ,la ,porte1 ,ind41 is ! only pres5t-day survivor ( ! _m fri5ds ( ,%oles1 & 8 invaluable little book1 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,typewrit] is ! mo/ intimate picture ( ! "* & /ruggles ( ! inv5tor t we n[ possess4 ,well] 0 9 p]sonal contact ) ,%oles almo/ f ! beg9n+4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfg1 :5 resid5t 9 ,milwaukee work+ z a telegraph op]ator & /ud5t ( %or?&1 he tells h[ ,%oles came into ! telegraph (fice "o day to secure a %eet ( c>bon pap]1 a r>e article 9 ^? days4 ,well] knew ,%oles z an inv5tive g5ius1 & 8 curiosity 0 imm$iately ar\s$4 ,%oles told him t if he w\ld call at 8 (fice he w\ld be glad to %[ him some?+ int]e/+1 & ,%oles kept 8 ^w4 ,:at ,well] saw 0 a crude exp]im5tal affair rigg$ up ) a s+le key1 l a telegraph transmitt]1 :i* pr9t$ ?r\gh ! c>bon pap] a s+le lett] wwwww4 ,b x pr9t$ ?is lett] 9 sequ5ce z fa/ z ! key c\ld be op]at$4 ,if y w be> 9 m9d1 says ,well]1 t at t "t we _h nev] kn[n ( pr9t+ by any o!r me?od ?an ! sl[ process ( sett+ ! types & gett+ an impression !refrom by means ( a press1 y may imag9e our surprise at ! facility ) :i* ?is "o lett] ( ! alphabet c\ld be pr9t$ by ! manipulation ( ! key4 ,%oles !n expla9$ h[ he 0 develop+ ?is idea into a ma*9e :i* w\ld pr9t 9 simil> mann] any & all lett]s ( ! alphabet--9 o!r words a complete writ+ ma*9e4 ,well]1 %ortly aft]1 remov$ to ,/4 ,l\is1 to take up ! pr(ession ( %or?& report]4 ,on leav+1 ,%oles promis$ to s5d him1 = practical te/+1 ! fir/ complet$ model & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 ! ma*9e arriv$4 ,%oles1 9 ! meantime1 _h *os5 8 own "n = ?is ma*9e1 :i* he call$ a type-writ]4 ,& ?us to ! inv5tor himself fell ! honor ( *ri/5+ 8 own creation ) ! "n :i* has always be5 univ]sal among ,engli% speak+ us]s4 ,! prop] nam+ ( ! typewrit] _h be5 q z long & difficult a job z ! evolution ( ! practical ma*9e itself4 ,^? :o came be=e ,%oles fail$ 9 ?is1 q z mu* z 9 _! inv5tive ef=ts4 ,h5ry ,mill did n ev5 attempt to "n 8 inv5tion4 ,burt call$ 8 a ,typograph]4 ,?urb] call$ 8 fir/ ma*9e a ,pat5t ,pr9t]2 8 second a ,me*anical ,*irograph]4 ,eddy1 l ,mill1 made no ef=t to f9d a "n4 ,jones call$ 8 inv5tion a ,me*anical ,typograph]2 ,bea* call$ 8 an improvem5t 9 ,pr9t+ ,in/rum5ts = ! ,bl9d2 ,francis call$ 8 an improvem5t 9 ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es2 ,h>g] call$ 8 an ,improv$ ,me*anical ,typograph]2 ,de,may also describ$ 8 ma*9e z an ,improv$ ,me*anical ,typograph] or ,pr9t+ ,app>atus4 ,liv]more1 foll[+ ! same lead1 call$ 8 an ,improv$ ,h& ,pr9t+ ,device or ,me*anical ,typograph]4 ,peel] /at$ t he _h inv5t$ a new & valuable ,ma*9e = ,writ+ & ,pr9t+4 ,hall did a little bett] :5 he describ$ 8 inv5tion z a ,ma*9e = ,writ+ ) ,type or ,pr9t+ on ,pap] or ,o!r ,sub/ance4 ,( all ^? :o began be=e ,%oles1 ! only "o :o %[$ any orig9ality 9 pick+ a "n 0 ,john ,pratt ) 8 ,pt]otype1 a ^w ! mean+ ( :i* few p knew4 ,x rema9$ = ,%oles himself1 9 8 simple1 direct way1 to hit ^u a "n :i* no "o has ev] be5 able to improve ^u4 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s1 ,well] te/$ out ! ma*9e t ,%oles _h s5t him1 & also lat] models1 9 connection ) 8 "w z %or?& report]4 ,! lett]s he receiv$ f ,%oles dur+ ^! ye>s1 address$ to ,*>lie & ,fri5d ,*>lie1 e "o ( !m typ$ by ,%oles himself on 8 own ma*9e1 are /rik+ ^w pictures ( ! writ] 9 all 8 *ang+ moods4 ,9 "o we read1 ,! ma*9e is done1 & ,i want "s m worlds to conqu]4 ,life w\ld be mo/ flat1 /ale & unpr(itable )\t some?+ to inv5t4 ,aga9 only two mon?s lat]1 ,i h made ano!r mo/ important *ange 9 ! ma*9e1 etc4 ,six mon?s lat]1 ,i h n[ a ma*9e :i* is an entirely new ?+4 ,i h be5 runn+ ?is ab\t two mon?s1 & 9 all t "t x has n develop$ a s+le difficulty4 ,9 fact any su* ?+ z tr\ble or bo!r has ceas$ to ent] into ! calculation4 ,?is s\nds good & x s\nds f9al1 b li/5 to ! la/ lett] ( ! s]ies1 writt5 two ye>s lat]1 on ,april #cj1 #ahgc4 ,! ma*9e is no su* ?+ z x 0 :5 y la/ saw x4 ,9 fact y w\ld n recognize x4 ,%oles is always ?r\gh & yet nev] ?r\gh4 ,b ?is "t1 z f> z ,%oles is conc]n$1 ! ^w 0 inde$ f9al1 = :5 ?is la/ lett] 0 writt5 ! hi/oric contract :i* plac$ ! manufacture & fur!r developm5t ( 8 ma*9e 9 ! h&s ( ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons1 ! fam\s gunmak]s1 _h already be5 made4 ,all ( ?is happ5$ m ?an half a c5tury ago1 & n[1 aft] all ^! ye>s1 ,fri5d ,*>lie beg9s to figure aga9 9 ?is /ory4 ,?r\gh\t 8 long life1 ,mr4 ,well]'s devotion to ! memory ( ,%oles has be5 unb\nd$1 & rec5tly1 despite advanc$ ye>s1 he has become ! lead+ _s 9 a movem5t in/itut$ by ! ,national ,%or?& ,report]s' ,association to erect a monum5t to m>k ! la/ re/+ place ( ,%oles 9 ,=e/ ,home ,cemet]y1 ,milwaukee1 :i* w be wor?y ( 8 "n & fame z "o ( ! _w's great inv5tors4 ,x is e>ne/ly to be hop$ t ! ef=ts ( ,! ,c4 ,la?am ,%oles ,monum5t ,commission to raise ! necess>y funds w soon be successful1 9 ord] t ! erection ( ?is monum5t may commemorate ?is anniv]s>y ye> ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,:ile ,well] & ,clephane1 late 9 ! sixties1 7 demon/rat+ ! utility ( ! new ma*9e 9 connection ) %or?& report+1 ano!r man 0 do+ simil> pione] "w 9 an entirely diff]5t field4 ,?is man 0 ,e4 ,payson ,port]1 an honor$ "n 9 ! hi/ory ( telegraphy1 & long kn[n z ! dean ( ,am]ican telegraph]s4 ,port] fir/ saw "o ( ! ,%oles models 9 #ahfh1 at :i* "t he 0 employ$ z an op]ator 9 ! ,*icago (fice ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 & he a/oni%$ ! inv5tor by ! rapidity ) :i* he manipulat$ ! keys at fir/ sight4 ,8 skill 0 due to ! fact t he _h =m]ly work$ a ,h\se telegraph pr9t]4 ,%oles1 ( c\rse1 0 delight$4 ,he promis$ ,port] ! f9e/ ma*9e he c\ld make1 ^u condition t he c\ld receive on ! typewrit] z fa/ z any telegraph] c\ld s5d a message4 ,9 due "t ! ma*9e arriv$ 9 ,*icago1 & ,port] ?us describes ! demon/ration :i* foll[$4 ,a s\nd] & key 7 plac$ ^u ! table & ,g5]al ,/ag] 0 ! fir/ to manipulate ! same = me to copy1 :i* ,i did readily4 ,colonel ,lyn* !n attempt$ to 'ru%' me1 & fail+ to d s1 an 'exp]t' s5d] 0 s5t = f ! op]at+ room4 ,a ?or\gh trial ( my ability to 'keep up' result$ s satisfactorily t ! typewrit] 0 tak5 into ! op]at+ room4 ,?is demon/ration 0 made 9 ! ye> #ahfi1 & ,port]'s description ( x gives ! :ole gi/ ( typewrit+ 9 its relation to telegraphy4 ,x lies simply 9 ! sup]ior spe$ ( ! mill1 z telegraph]s call ! typewrit]1 ov] h&writ+1 9 receiv+ ov] ! wire1 & x is j ?is diff]5ce 9 spe$ :i* 9 ! pa/ =ty ye>s has revolutioniz$ ! telegraph]'s pr(ession4 ,! p>tn]%ip betwe5 telegraphy & ! mill is z firmly e/abli%$ today z t o!r p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! typewrit] & %or?&1 & x is wor? not+ t1 9 ea* case1 ! reality ( ?is p>tn]%ip 0 demon/rat$ at lea/ five ye>s be=e ! fir/ typewrit] 0 actually plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,! m5tion ( telegraphy br+s ano!r "n into ?is /ory1 t ( no less a p]sonage ?an ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,x has be5 said ( ?is univ]sal inv5tive g5ius t he has figur$ 9 "s way 9 connection ) ne>ly e developm5t 9 ! field ( me*anical progress dur+ ! la/ half c5tury2 s x is n surpris+ to f9d 8 "n writt5 into ! /ory ( ! typewrit]4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5ties ,edison _h a %op 9 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 & he tells h[ ,%oles came !re to consult ) him conc]n+ 8 inv5tion2 a natural ?+ = ,%oles to d1 = ev5 9 ^? e>ly days ! fame ( ,! ,wiz>d 0 nation-wide4 ,edison 0 able to give ,%oles "s v valuable assi/ance4 ,lat] on1 ,edison help$ ,d4 ,w4 ,craig1 a =m] g5]al manag] ( ! ,associat$ ,press1 9 ! developm5t ( a ma*9e1 built on typewrit] pr9ciples1 design$ to facilitate ! transmission ( telegrams4 ,edison also did "s typewrit] inv5t+ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,8 pat5t ( ,decemb] #aj1 #ahgb1 is = an electrically op]at$ travel+ :eel device1 :i* 0 ! =]unn] ( ! /ock-tick] pr9t+ ma*9e 9 use today4 ,( ! tw5ty-five to ?irty exp]im5tal models1 built by ,%oles & ,glidd5 dur+ ! ye>s f #ahfg to #ahgc1 only a few are n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,b ?\gh _m l9ks 9 ?is *a9 are miss+1 x is =tunate t ! two mo/ important ones are /ill pres]v$1 ! fir/ & ! la/4 ,! fir/ model con/ruct$ by ,%oles1 ,s\l & ,glidd51 n[ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton 7,pat5t ( ,june #bc1 #ahfh71 %[s a ma*9e s crude t x w\ld h>dly be recogniz$ z a typewrit]4 ,a second model1 also 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 7,pat5t ( ,july #ad1 #ahfh71 is ( equal int]e/ because x has be5 id5tifi$ by ,well] z id5tical ) ! fir/ ma*9e s5t to him by ,%oles = practical te/+4 ,?is ma*9e %[s a great advance ov] ! o!r4 ,bo? ma*9es1 h[ev]1 h ! up-/rike pivot$ type b>1 a feature :i* aft]w>ds became /&>d = _m ye>s 9 typewrit] con/ruction4 ,! la/ model ( ! long s]ies 0 ! "o %[n to ! ,rem+tons 9 #ahgc1 :5 ! contract 0 made = ! manufacture ( ! typewrit]4 ,?is model1 n[ 9 ! hi/orical collection at ! home (fice ( ! ,rem+ton ,typewrit] ,company 9 ,new ,york1 al?\gh a crude affair1 judg$ by pres5t-day /&>ds1 conta9s _m ( ! fundam5tal features ( ! mod]n type-b> ma*9es4 ,! quality ( ! writ+ done by ^! e>ly models is bett] kn[n today ?an ! ma*9es !mselves1 = ?is writ+ has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ,%oles's own lett]s4 ,f ! day :5 ,%oles complet$ 8 fir/ model1 he seems to h disc>d$ ! p5 entirely4 ,f t "t all 8 p]sonal lett]s are typewritt51 ! signature includ$1 :i* w\ld be consid]$ extreme1 ev5 by ! pres5t-day bus9ess man4 ,z = ! quality ( ! typ+ 9 ^! lett]s1 let x speak = itself4 ,! lett] %[n on page #ea1 ! orig9al ( :i* is 9 ! ,rem+ton ,hi/orical ,collection1 0 writt5 by ,%oles f ,milwaukee on ,june #i1 #ahgb4 ,! typ+ 9 ?is lett] is int]e/+ because x %[s capital lett]s only1 to :i* all ! ,%oles models 7 re/rict$4 ,b ev5 m int]e/+ is ! cont5ts ( ! lett] itself1 = 9 x we f9d ,%oles 9 "o ( 8 n infrequ5t fits ( deep despond5cy4 ,we %all be 9 a position1 he says1 to furni% good ma*9es provid$ any p]son is 9 a position to want !m aft] !y are furni%$4 ,y "k t my appreh5sion is t ! ?+ may take = a :ile1 & = a :ile !re may be an active dem& = !m1 b t1 l any o!r novelty1 x w h its brief day & be ?r[n aside4 ,( c\rse ,i e>ne/ly hope t su* w n prove to be ! case1 & ,d5smore laughs at ! idea :5 ,i sugge/ x1 b ,i %\ld l to be sure t x w\ld be o!rwise4 ,?9k ( x6 ,! typewrit] a m]e pass+ novelty6 ,& ?9k ( su* an idea ent]+ ! head ( ! inv5tor ( ! ma*9e6 ,h[ mu* bett] he 0 build+ ?an he knew6 ,z we look back on ?is p]iod ( typewrit] hi/ory we h>dly "k :i* to admire m1 ,%oles's inv5tive g5ius or ,d5smore's su/a9+ fai?4 ,( equal int]e/ is a photograph f ! same hi/orical collection1 dat+ f ! same ye>1 #ahgb4 ,x %[s ! daught] ( ,%oles op]at+ ano!r "o ( 8 exp]im5tal models4 ,:at motive1 we wond]1 ev] induc$ ,miss ,%oles to take su* an int]e/ 9 ! ma*9e1 to le>n to op]ate x1 & to h h] photograph tak5 seat$ be=e x8 ,probably x 0 only a daught]'s natural int]e/ 9 h] fa!r's inv5tion4 ,x is difficult to believe t ,miss ,%oles =esaw ! wond]ful future ( ! ma*9e 9 connection ) woman's "w4 ,yet1 z an accid5tal prophecy1 ?is photograph ( ! fir/ woman :o ev] op]at$ a typewrit] %\ld be ( int]e/ to e "o ( ! va/ army ( wom5 :o today owe _! liv+ to ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! "t n[ draws ne> = ! op5+ ( ! second *apt] ( typewrit] hi/ory1 ! entrance into ! /ory ( ! great h\se ( ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons4 ,9 ca/+ ab\t = a suitable manufactur] = ! new inv5tion1 ! m9ds ( ! inv5tors turn$ naturally to ! not$ gunmak]s :o _h already made ! "n ,rem+ton fam\s4 ,! orig9 & ! rise ( ! h\se ( ,rem+ton c>ries u back _m ye>s into ! pa/4 ,! /ory goes t 9 #ahaf a "y boy nam$ ,eliphalet ,rem+ton1 :o 0 work+ ) 8 fa!r at _! =ge 9 ! beautiful ,ilion ,gorge 9 ! ,mohawk ,valley1 ask$ 8 fa!r = money to buy a rifle & 0 refus$4 ,no?+ daunt$1 ! boy ,eliphalet weld$ a gun b>rel f scraps ( iron collect$ ar\nd ! =ge1 walk$ f\rte5 miles to ,utica to h x rifl$1 & f9ally _h a weapon t 0 ! envy ( 8 neighbors4 ,soon he 0 mak+ & sell+ o!r guns1 & /ep by /ep ! old =ge grew into ! great gun factory :i* 9 ,civil ,w> times did s mu* to equip ! nor!rn armies 9 ! great /ruggle4 ,9 "t ! firm made big contracts to supply arms to =eign gov]nm5ts2 !y also add$ o!r l9es ( manufacture1 includ+ sew+ ma*9es & agricultural implem5ts4 ,9 #ahgc1 :5 ! typewrit] beg9s to figure 9 ! ,rem+ton /ory1 ! fir/ ,eliphalet1 ! boy gunmak] ( #ahaf1 _h already be5 twelve ye>s 9 8 grave1 & ! bus9ess 0 9 *>ge ( 8 ?ree sons1 ,philo1 ,samuel & ,eliphalet1 ,jr4 ,at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! typewrit] contract1 ,samuel 0 abs5t 9 ,europe4 ,! presid5t & active head ( ! bus9ess 0 ! eld] bro!r1 ,philo1 & x 0 ,philo ,rem+ton :o 0 de/9$ to fa!r ! new ma*9e ) 8 "n & devote 8 utmo/ ef=ts & res\rces to its manufacture & sale4 ,x 0 late 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahgc1 t ,d5smore came to ! ,rem+ton ,works at ,ilion1 br++ ) him ! preci\s model t 0 ! culm9ation ( six ye>s ( ef=t & /ruggle4 ,%oles1 x appe>s1 did n accompany ,d5smore on ?is j\rney1 :i* p]haps 0 j z well1 = he 0 f> too mode/ a man to make a good plead] ( 8 own cause4 ,b ,d5smore did n g alone4 ,he 0 accompani$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,n4 ,yo/1 ) :om ,d5smore _h =m]ly be5 associat$ 9 ! oil transportation bus9ess 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! /ory ( h[ ,d5smore came to invite ,yo/ to jo9 him is curi\s4 ,x seems t he want$ ! assi/ance ( ,yo/'s well kn[n flu5cy1 9 p]suad+ ! ,rem+tons4 ,evid5tly ,d5smore mu/ h felt ke5ly ! fatefulness ( 8 err&1 = ?is is ! only case on record :]e he fail$ to %[ ! mo/ complete confid5ce 9 himself4 ,george ,wa%+ton ,newton ,yo/--to give him ! full b5efit ( 8 sonor\s "n--0 a salesman p> excell5ce4 ,he _h prov$ x 9 ! oil bus9ess4 ,he 0 de/9$ to prove x aga9 9 aft] ye>s1 :5 he sold m typewrit]s ?r\gh 8 own p]sonal p[]s ( p]suasion ?an any o!r man 9 ! e>ly days ( ! bus9ess4 ,_h ,yo/ possess$ equal ability z an organiz] & sales director he might h writt5 8 "n into ?is /ory z ! man :o made ! typewrit] a comm]cial success1 = =tune gave him e opportunity4 ,fate1 h[ev]1 _h res]v$ ?is a*ievem5t = o!r m54 ,x is n[ fifty ye>s s9ce ! sign+ ( ! hi/ory-mak+ contract betwe5 ! own]s ( ! typewrit] & ! ,rem+tons1 & all b "o ( ! actors 9 ^! sc5es h long s9ce gone to _! re/4 ,x is =tunate1 h[ev]1 t !re is "o man n[ liv+ :o 0 pres5t & an active p>ticipator 9 ! conf]5ces :i* result$ 9 ! sign+ ( ! contract1 & 8 memory ( !m is z vivid z ?\gh !y 7 ! ev5ts ( ye/]day4 ,?is man is ,h5ry ,h>p] ,b5$ict1 :o aft]w>ds became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! comm]cial success ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,b5$ict1 l o!rs ^: names figure prom95tly 9 ?is /ory1 0 a native ,h]kim] ,c\nty boy4 ,9 #ahfi1 aft] tak+ a degree at ,hamilton ,college1 he accept$ a position ) ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons1 ) :om he rema9$ = ?irte5 ye>s 9 a confid5tial capacity1 becom+ 9 "t a director on ! bo>d ( ! corporation & treasur] ( ! ,rem+ton ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company4 ,! /ory ( ! typewrit] contract1 & ! ev5ts lead+ up to x1 is ?us told 9 ,mr4 ,b5$ict's own words4 ,mr4 ,philo ,rem+ton's (fice & m9e communicat$4 ,"o day ,i saw on ! mantelpiece 9 8 (fice an envelope address$ to him 9 some?+ t look$ l pr9t4 ,i ask$ him :at x 04 ,he said1 ',read x4' ,x prov$ to be a lett] f "o ,james ,d5smore 7unkn[n to u all7 sett+ =? at consid]able l5g? ! facts 9 connection ) ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e to take ! place ( ! p51 t is1 to write by manipulation ( keys4 ,he told :o 7 ! inv5tors1 & said t aft] _m ye>s ( ef=t !y _h f9ally produc$ a work+ model1 & !y want$ to f9d someone to und]take ! manufacture ( ! ma*9e4 ,he wi%$ to br+ ! model to ,ilion to see :e!r ! ,rem+tons w\ld c>e to take x up4 ,i said to ,mr4 ,rem+ton1 ',h y done any?+ ab\t ?is8' ,he said1 ',no1 :at d y ?9k we _h bett] d8' ',:y1' ,i said1 '( c\rse we want to see ! ma*9e2 x is a wond]ful inv5tion if x's any?+1 & we %\ld n neglect ! opportunity (f]$ u to exam9e x4' ,! result 0 t ! model 0 br\ght to ,ilion e>ly 9 #ahgc by ,mr4 ,james ,d5smore & ano!r man1 :om ,mr4 ,d5smore introduc$ z ,mr4 ,yo/4 ,d5smore1 z we soon saw1 0 n mu* ( a talk]1 & he _h br\ght ,yo/ to s]ve1 z he himself express$ x1 z ',a>on to 8 ,moses4' ,he did well1 = ,yo/ 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]suasive talk]s ,i ev] li/5$ to1 & 8 tongue nev] tir$4 ,d5smore & ,yo/ op5$ up ! model1 & exhibit$ x to u 9 a room at ! ,osgood ,h\se1 !n kn[n z ,small's ,hotel4 ,!re 7 pres5t at ! meet+1 ,mr4 ,philo ,rem+ton1 ,mr4 ,jeff]son ,m4 ,cl\gh1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,rem+ton ,works1 ,mr4 ,william ,k4 ,j5ne1 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,d5smore1 ,mr4 ,yo/ & myself4 ,we exam9$ & discuss$ ! ma*9e = p]haps an h\r & a half or two h\rs & !n adj\rn$ = lun* or d9n]4 ,z we left ! room1 ,mr4 ,rem+ton said to me1 ',:at d y ?9k ( x8' ,i repli$1 ',t ma*9e is v crude1 b !re is an idea !re t w revolutionize bus9ess4' ,mr4 ,rem+ton ask$1 ',d y ?9k we ought to take x up8' ,i said1 ',we mu/ on no acc\nt let x get away4 ,x isn't necess>y to tell ^! p t we are crazy ov] ! inv5tion1 b ,i'm afraid ,i am pretty ne>ly s4' ,! p>ty met aga9 lat] 9 ! day & a t5tative agreem5t 0 ent]$ into :i* develop$ into ! contract :i* op5$ a new *apt] 9 ! /ory ( human progress4 ,! actual date ( ?is contract 0 ,m>* #a1 #ahgc4 ,! orig9al contract 0 = manufacture only1 b 9 due c\rse ( "t ! ,rem+tons acquir$ complete own]%ip4 ,d5smore 0 unsuccessful z sell+ ag5t & made little money 9 ?is role1 b :5 ! own]%ip pass$ to ! ,rem+tons1 he accept$ a royalty1 by :i* he 0 subsequ5tly enri*$4 ,%oles1 ei!r at ?is "t or %ortly aft]1 is said to h sold out 8 royalty rights to ,d5smore = #ab1jjj1 a goodly sum 9 ^? days1 b ! only rew>d1 s f> z we "k1 t he ev] receiv$ = 8 priceless inv5tion & ! ye>s ( labor he _h be/[$ ^u x4 ,z soon z ! ,rem+ton firm _h agre$ to und]take ! manufacture ( ! new ma*9e1 ! ample res\rces & ! skillful workm5 available at _! great factory 7 br\ght into s]vice 9 ! fur!r improvem5t ( ! typewrit]4 ,!re 0 /ill mu* "w to d1 = ! ,%oles & ,glidd5 ma*9e1 ev5 aft] ! ye>s ( labor exp5d$ ^u x1 01 aft] all1 only ! inv5tor's crude model4 ,%oles & ,glidd5 _h work$ out ! basic ideas1 & t 0 ab\t all4 ,to make ^! ideas practical1 9 a ma*9e t c\ld be produc$ & sold 9 quantities1 n[ became ! manufactur]'s task4 ,x 0 a =tunate ?+ = ! infant typewrit] t ! ,rem+tons _h 9 _! s]vice at ?is "t a notable gr\p ( me*anical ma/] m9ds1 & ! ef=ts ( ^! m5 7 n[ c5t]$ on ! new ma*9e4 ,prom95t 9 ?is gr\p 7 ,william ,k4 ,j5ne1 ,jeff]son ,m4 ,cl\gh1 aft]w>ds sup]9t5d5t ( ! factory ( ! ,w9*e/] ,arms ,company1 ,byron ,a4 ,brooks1 a pr(essor ( high] ma!matics1 & o!rs4 ,brooks subsequ5tly atta9$ prom95ce 9 ! field ( typewrit] inv5tion4 ,b ! mo/ notable p]sonage among ^! m5 0 ,william ,k4 ,j5ne1 & at ?is "t ! mantle passes f ,%oles to ,j5ne1 :o became = _m ye>s ! c5tral figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! typewrit] on its me*anical side4 ,x is true t ,%oles1 despite fail+ heal?1 cont9u$ active 9 ! inv5tion ( typewrit] improvem5ts dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 rema9+ days1 b x 0 "u ! fo/]+ c>e & sup]vision ( ,j5ne t ! ,%oles & ,glidd5 model ( #ahgc 0 trans=m$ into ! fir/ comm]cial typewrit]1 & x 0 "u 8 cont9u$ sup]9t5d5ce t ?is fam\s ma*9e subsequ5tly und]w5t "o improvem5t aft] ano!r until x f9ally won = itself an indisp5sable place 9 ! _w's "w4 ,j5ne1 l ,%oles1 came ( good ,new ,engl& /ock4 ,he inh]it$ 8 me*anical g5ius f 8 fa!r1 ,siloam ,j5ne1 :o 0 a skill$ me*anic & an inv5tor ( "s repute 9 8 day4 ,x 0 9 #ahfa1 at ! age ( #bc1 t ,j5ne migrat$ f 8 ,massa*usetts home to ! t[n ( ,ilion1 9 ! ,mohawk ,valley1 :]e he 0 de/9$ to sp5d all ( ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 long1 active & useful life4 ,^! 7 ! ,civil ,w> times1 :5 ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons 7 busy on ! big w> contracts1 & ! fame ( _! guns _h already spread to ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,j5ne almo/ imm$iately ent]$ ! ,rem+ton employ &1 9 ! hi/oric ye> #ahgc1 he occupi$ an important position 9 _! sew+ ma*9e dep>tm5t4 ,f ! "t1 h[ev]1 ( ! arrival at ,ilion ( ! ,%oles & ,glidd5 model he became id5tifi$ ) ! typewrit] exclusively4 ,he soon became ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,typewrit] ,works1 :i* position he cont9u$ to hold = ?irty ye>s1 until 8 retirem5t1 full ( honors1 9 ! ye> #aijd4 ,we n[ come to ! fateful h\r1 ! appe>ance on ! m>ket ( ! fir/ comm]cial typewrit]4 ,! actual manufacture ( ! ma*9e began 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgc1 & x may be said t 9 ?is ye> & mon? occurr$ ! bir? ( ! practical writ+ ma*9e4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! foll[+ ye> ! fir/ ma*9es 7 complet$ & ready = sale4 ,! ma*9e 0 !n kn[n simply z ,! ,type-,writ]4 ,today x is kn[n z ! ,model #a ,rem+ton & x w always be kn[n z ! ,ance/or ( ,all ,writ+ ,ma*9es4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,seek+ ,a ,,m>ket ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! fir/ typewrit] is well kn[n4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! ma*9es are 9 exi/5ce1 pres]v$ 9 museums & o!r hi/orical collections1 &1 until rec5t ye>s1 a few ( !m /ill rema9$ 9 active s]vice4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 h[ev]1 %[s "o ( ^! ma*9es :i* has a special int]e/ all its own4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ individual typewrit] ev] manufactur$ & (f]$ = sale4 ,?is ma*9e 0 "o ( ! fir/ consignm5t ( typewrit]s s5t to ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company1 :o 7 ! orig9al we/]n sell+ ag5ts4 ,lat] x came into ! possession ( ! late ,walt] ,j4 ,b>ron1 :o _h be5 a fri5d ( ,%oles1 & aft]w>ds became ! inv5tor ( a numb] ( important typewrit] improvem5ts4 ,_m ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,b>ron pres5t$ x to ! ,rem+ton ,hi/orical ,collection4 ,a s+le glance at ?is ma*9e w %[ :at a trans=mation _h be5 wr\ght by ! skill$ ,rem+ton me*anics 9 ! crude ,%oles & ,glidd5 model ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,a m c>eful exam9ation w reveal h[ primitive x /ill 0 comp>$ ) ! effici5t writ+ ma*9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ ?+ t w /rike ! mo/ casual obs]v] is ! obvi\s sew+ ma*9e influ5ce1 9 fact x has sew+ ma*9e writt5 all ov] x4 ,9 ?is we und\bt$ly see ! h& ( ,j5ne1 :o1 = ye>s be=e he took up "w on ! typewrit]1 _h be5 connect$ ) ! sew+-ma*9e bran* ( ! ,rem+ton bus9ess4 ,?is influ5ce appe>s 9 ! fitt+ ( ! ma*9e to a /&1 9 ! famili> grape-v9e design ( ! p$e/als1 & especially 9 ! curi\s foot treadle :i* op]at$ ! c>riage return4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 quickly demon/rat$ its uselessness z a "t sav]1 & 0 soon displac$ by ! n[ famili> h& c>riage-return lev]4 ,aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! foot treadle1 ! /& itself soon foll[$ into ! disc>d4 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature is ! metal case :i* completely encloses ! ma*9e4 ,?is 9 "t gave way to ! n[ famili> op5 con/ruction1 b x is wor? not+ t 9 rec5t ye>s a t5d5cy has set 9 to return to ! enclos$ feature ( ! fir/ typewrit]4 ,?is orig9al ma*9e _h _m limitations1 b ! wor/ "o ( all 0 ! fact t x _h no %ift-key me*anism--x wrote capital lett]s only4 ,nev]!less1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( con/ruction embodi$ 9 ?is fir/ typewrit] /ill survive1 ?\gh _! application has s9ce be5 modifi$ or trans=m$ 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t4 ,9 ?is orig9al ma*9e we f9d ! escapem5t or /ep-by-/ep pulse beat1 :i* causes ! lett] spac+1 we f9d ! type b>s hung 9 su* a mann] t ! type all /rike ! pap] at a common pr9t+ po9t1 & we f9d a me*anism = ! return ( ! c>riage & l9e spac+ ( ! cyl9d]4 ,mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 we f9d ! univ]sal keybo>d 9 v ne>ly its pres5t =m4 ,?is 0 n an innovation introduc$ by ,j5ne or any ( 8 co-work]s1 =1 trac+ back to ! ,%oles & ,glidd5 model ( ! previ\s ye>1 we f9d a v close approa* to ! same ?+4 ,:o inv5t$ ! univ]sal keybo>d8--mean+ ! pres5t univ]sal arrangem5t ( ! lett]s on ! typewrit] keys4 ,( all ! que/ions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! typewrit] or any ( its features1 ?is is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly ask$4 ,! answ] is t ! univ]sal keybo>d1 ) "s m9or v>iations1 has be5 /&>d s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,"s believe t ! univ]sal keybo>d 0 inv5t$ by ,alex&] ,davidson1 a me*anic & surveyor ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :o 0 also "o ( ! pione]s 9 ! field ( comm]cial education4 ,x is kn[n t ,davidson1 9 ! lat] sev5ties1 made a special /udy ( ! subject ( sci5tific keybo>d arrangem5t4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t ,davidson ev] saw a typewrit] be=e ! ye> #ahge1 at :i* "t ! keybo>d _h already assum$ ! univ]sal =m4 ,x is positively kn[n t ,d5smore & ,%oles1 labor+ toge!r1 work$ out ! univ]sal arrangem5t ( ! lett] keys4 ,j h[ !y happ5$ to arrive at ?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is a po9t on :i* !re has always be5 mu* speculation4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t bo? ( ^! m5 7 pr9t]s by trade1 a mo/ important po9t 9 ?is connection4 ,! usual a b c arrangem5t ( lett]s1 :i* w\ld naturally sugge/ itself to ! ord9>y layman1 means no?+ to a pr9t]1 :o is m famili> ) ! arrangem5t ( ! type 9 ! pr9t]'s case4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we enc\nt] ! fact t ! arrangem5t ( ! lett]s on ! univ]sal keybo>d is no?+ l ! arrangem5t ( ! type 9 ! pr9t]'s case4 ,! tru? seems to be t ! arrangem5t ( ! univ]sal keybo>d 0 ma9ly influ5c$ by ! me*anical difficulties "u :i* ,%oles labor$4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! type b>s on all ! ,%oles models 0 to collide & /ick fa/ at ! pr9t+ po9t1 & x w\ld h be5 natural = ,%oles to resort to any arrangem5t ( ! lett]s :i* w\ld t5d to dim9i% ?is tr\ble4 ,^! me*anical difficulties are n[ ( ! pa/1 b "t has prov$ & te/$ ! univ]sal keybo>d1 & has fully demon/rat$ its effici5cy = all practical ne$s4 ,keybo>d re=m has be5 agitat$ m ?an once s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! typewrit]1 b su* movem5ts h always come to no?+--= a v simple reason4 ,x is an easy & simple matt] = ! manufactur]s to supply any keybo>d ! us] may require2 inde$ ! special keybo>ds n[ 9 use numb] ?\s&s4 ,b to induce typi/s g5]ally to unle>n ! univ]sal keybo>d & le>n ano!r w\ld be a well nigh impossible task4 ,& x w\ld n pay !m to d s1 = no re=m$ keybo>d c\ld ev] conf] a b5efit suffici5t to (fset ! "t loss t su* a *ange w\ld involve4 ,! univ]sal keybo>d has a hold simil> to t ( language itself4 ,9 ! hi/orical collection :i* conta9s ! orig9al typewrit] is ano!r item ( almo/ equal int]e/4 ,?is is a copy ( ! fir/ typewrit] catalogue4 ,we "k :at ! fir/ typewrit] 0 l4 ,?is old catalogue1 h[ev]1 gives u a diff]5t slant4 ,x tells u :at ! build]s !mselves ?\ght ( x1 & :at !y wi%$ ! public to ?9k4 ,x c]ta9ly looks its age--does ?is old catalogue4 ,! %eets are yell[ & "t /a9$1 ! illu/rations are old wood cuts :i* c>ry u back to ! days be=e ! inv5tion ( process engrav+1 & ! typesett+ is ( ! p]iod--let u say no m1 = possibly our pres5t-day ideas ( typesett+ w look z antiquat$ to our own *ildr54 ,b ! fir/ ( any?+1 :e!r an automobile1 a typewrit]1 or j a catalogue1 ought to be primitive en\gh to look ! "p1 & ?is catalogue c]ta9ly does4 ,! ,type-,writ]1 s says ! catalogue1 9 size & appe>ance some:at resembles ! ,family ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,a v good description1 z all w agree4 ,! next s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 says1 ,x is graceful & ornam5tal--a beautiful piece ( furniture = (fice1 /udy or p>lor4 ,no "o c "q ! utility ( ! typewrit]1 b ! beauty ( ! ma*9e is n reg>d$ 9 ^! mod]n days z a sell+ po9t4 ,!re is also ano!r claim t makes u pause4 ,p]sons travel+ by sea1 ! catalogue says1 c write ) x :5 p5 writ+ is impossible4 ,maybe s1 b p :o h be5 at sea "u conditions :5 !y f\nd p5 writ+ impossible1 w probably h _! d\bts4 ,b !re is food = ?\ght 9 ?is old catalogue f beg9n+ to end4 ,! clause 9 ! title1 ,a ,ma*9e to ,sup]s$e ! ,p51 reads today l "o ( ! _w's great prophecies4 ,! advantages ( typewrit+ ov] p5-writ+ are enum]at$ z ,legibility1 ,rapidity1 ,ease1 ,conv5i5ce & ,economy1 & "t1 :i* proves all ?+s1 has c]ta9ly prov$ ^! claims4 ,x is only :5 we pass f ! description ( ! ma*9e itself to ,"s ( its uses t we seem to disc]n a halt+ note4 ,fir/ 9 ! li/ ( prospective us]s come ! ,report]s1 & x is int]e/+ to "k t1 to ! inv5tors ( ! typewrit]1 c\rt report+ appeal$ z ! pr9cipal field ( ! new ma*9e4 ,next 9 ord] come ,lawy]s1 ,editors1 ,au?ors & ,cl]gym54 ,^! app>5tly are ! only classes ( us]s :o are consid]$ wor?y ( a special appeal4 ,b h[ ab\t ! bus9ess man8 ,we se>* 9 va9 = any m5tion ( 8 "n until we come to a s+le s5t5ce1 evid5tly int5d$ z a ket*-all = ! left ov]s1 :i* reads3 ,! m]*ant1 ! bank]1 ,,all m5 ( bus9ess c p]=m ! labor ( lett] writ+ ) mu* sav+ ( valuable "t4 ,did ! build]s ( ! fir/ typewrit] fully appreciate ! trem5d\s tru? conta9$ 9 ^! words8 ,if s1 x is h>d to believe t !y w\ld h conf9$ all ref]5ce to ! bus9ess man to a s+le s5t5ce 9 an obscure portion ( _! fir/ catalogue4 ,?is "o s5t5ce1 9 ?is place1 seems to lack ! r+ ( conviction4 ,x makes "o wi% t ! typewrit] m5 ( #ahgd c\ld live aga9 to witness ! typewrit] wond]s ( #aibc1 & see h[ _m-fold great] has be5 ! fruit ( _! labors ?an any?+ ( :i* !y dream$4 ,s mu* = :at ! build]s ?\ght ( _! own product4 ,b :at did ! buy]s & ! us]s ?9k8 ,we turn eag]ly = in=mation on ?is po9t to ! te/imonials1 ( :i* ?is old catalogue conta9s sev]al4 ,b ! fir/ "o t meets our eyes engrosses u s completely t we /raightway =get ab\t all ! re/4 ,x is f no less a p]son ?an ,m>k ,twa91 & ?is is :at he says3 ,h>t=d1 ,m>* #ai1 #ahge4 ,g5tlem53 ,please d n use my "n 9 any way4 ,please d n ev5 divulge ! fact t ,i own a ma*9e4 ,i h entirely /opp$ us+ ! ,type-,writ]1 = ! reason t ,i nev] c\ld write a lett] ) x to anybody )\t receiv+ a reque/ by return mail t ,i w\ld n only describe ! ma*9e b /ate :at progress ,i _h made 9 ! use ( x1 etc41 etc4 ,i don't l to write lett]s1 & s ,i don't want p to "k t ,i own ?is curiosity bre$+ little jok]4 ,y\rs truly1 ,saml4 ,l4 ,clem5s4 ,c]ta9ly a que] te/imonial4 ,& we are glad t ! sell+ ag5ts1 9 spite ( ,m>k ,twa9's prohibition1 _h ! n]ve to publi% x4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ,m>k ,twa9 ov]came 8 retic5ce1 & _m ye>s aft]1 9 8 ,autobiography1 he tells 9 8 own inimitable mann] all ab\t 8 fir/ typewrit]4 ,x seems t he b\ght x 9 ,bo/on late 9 ! autumn ( #ahgd1 :5 9 company ) t o!r fam\s humori/ ,d4 ,r4 ,locke1 bett] kn[n z ,petroleum ,v4 ,nasby4 ,he & ,nasby saw ! /range look+ device 9 ! w9d[ ( ! ,rem+ton /ore1 7 drawn 9 by curiosity1 & ,m>k ,twa9 pur*as$ "o on ! spot4 ,:at ,nasby's impressions 7 ( 8 pur*ase ,m>k ,twa9 does n tell u1 b we "k t !y mu/ h be5 deep & vivid1 = only a %ort "t lat] we f9d ,nasby a memb] ( ! firm :i* = a "t controll$ ! sale ( ! ,rem+ton ,typewrit]4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,m>k ,twa9 _h "o ( 8 manuscripts type-copi$ on ?is typewrit]4 ,! ,autobiography says t ?is book 0 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,tom ,sawy]1 b 9 ?is /atem5t1 bas$ only on 8 memory ( ! long ago1 ,m>k ,twa9 mu/ h be5 mi/ak54 ,a lett] ( 81 writt5 _m ye>s e>li]1 proves t ! book 0 ,life on ! ,mississippi4 ,h[ev]1 ! exact id5tity ( ! book is a m9or matt]4 ,9 any case1 ,m>k ,twa9 0 unque/ionably ! fir/ au?or :o ev] submitt$ a typewritt5 manuscript to a publi%]1 a practice n[ univ]sal4 ,& x accords ) ! importance ( ?is great /ep 9 progress t ?is orig9al typewritt5 manuscript %\ld h be5 a lit]>y ma/]piece4 ,ano!r lett]1 typ$ by ,m>k ,twa9 himself1 appe>s 9 fac-simile 9 8 ,autobiography4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 to 8 bro!r1 ,ori5 ,clem5s1 ?ree mon?s be=e ! lett] to ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons1 & be=e ! curiosity bre$+ little jok] _h worn out 8 pati5ce4 ,x has a special int]e/ because x 0 ! fir/ lett] writt5 by ,m>k ,twa9 on 8 fir/ typewrit]4 ,! r[ ( *>act]s typ$ across ! top ( ! %eet are und\bt$ly ! "w ( ,m>k ,twa9's little daught] ,susie1 to :om ref]5ce is made 9 ! lett]4 ,m>k ,twa9's description ( ! fir/ typewrit] z a curiosity bre$+ little jok] applies v well to ^? :o _h "s inkl+ ( :at ! ma*9e really 01 b1 on ^? :o did n1 ! impression 0 sometimes v diff]5t4 ,! /ory is classic ( ! ,k5tucky m\nta9e] :o return$ 8 fir/ typewritt5 lett] to ! man :o wrote x1 ) ! words indignantly scribbl$ on ! m>g91 ,y don't ne$ to pr9t no lett]s = me4 ,i k9 read writ94 ,?is p>ticul> y>n _c be v]ifi$1 b !re 7 pl5ty ( simil> cases4 ,j4 ,p4 ,johns1 a ,texas insurance man & bank] 9 ! sev5ties1 gives ! foll[+ transcript f memory ( a reply he once receiv$ f "o ( 8 ag5ts to "o ( 8 fir/ typewritt5 lett]s3 ,de> ,sir3 ,i receiv$ y\r communication & w act accord+ly4 ,!re is a matt] ,i w\ld l to speak to y ab\t4 ,i realize1 ,mr4 ,johns1 t ,i d n possess ! education :i* y h4 ,h[ev]1 until y\r la/ lett] ,i h always be5 able to read ! writ+4 ,i d n ?9k x 0 necess>y !n1 nor w be 9 ! future1 to h y\r lett]s to me tak5 to ! pr9t]s1 & set up l a h& bill4 ,i w be able to read y\r writ+ & am deeply *agr9$ to ?9k y ?\ght su* a c\rse necess>y4 ,ano!r /ory1 ( some:at simil> flavor1 0 told by ,william ,k4 ,j5ne himself4 ,on "o occasion he plann$ to visit ,new ,york ) 8 family & s5t a typewritt5 lett]1 mak+ a res]vation1 to "o ( ! hotels4 ,:5 he & 8 family rea*$ ! hotel1 no?+ 0 kn[n ( 8 application4 ,f9ally he ask$ !m p>ticul>ly ab\t 8 lett] & describ$ ! way x 0 writt54 ,! cl]k !n recall$ su* a communication1 b he suppos$ x 0 a pr9t$ circul> & _h ?r[n x away4 ,z a self-adv]tis]1 ! writ+ ma*9e possess$ "s obvi\s advantages4 ,! only tr\ble ) ?is curiosity bre$] 9 its e>ly days 0 t x did n bre$ ! k9d ( curiosity t translat$ itself into real buy] int]e/4 ,! mo/ curi\s 7 usually skeptical ( ! utility ( ! new ma*9e4 ,!y object$ to ! fact t x wrote capitals only1 & !y c\ld n assimilate ! idea ( pay+ #abe = a writ+ ma*9e1 :5 p5s c\ld be b\ght = a p5ny4 ,?is price "q recalls ! case ( "o ( ! e>ly inv5tors1 :o might h won ! honor ( anticipat+ ,%oles z ! creator ( ! fir/ practical typewrit]1 _h he n become obsess$ by "o un=tunate idea4 ,he believ$ t five doll>s 0 ab\t ! limit t anyone w\ld or %\ld pay = a writ+ implem5t1 & 9 ! va9 ef=t to produce su* a ma*9e he squ&]$ a spl5did inv5tive tal5t4 ,! po9t t he ov]look$ 0 ! actual value ( ! "t & labor sav$ by ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! _w today und]/&s ?is po9t p]fectly1 b :5 we f9d ?is simple tru? hidd5 ev5 f an en?usia/ic typewrit] inv5tor1 we mu/ n be surpris$ t x 0 v little und]/ood 9 ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! m>ket]s ( ! fir/ typewrit] soon discov]$ t !y _h und]tak5 some?+ m ?an ! sale ( a new ma*9e4 ,_! real job 0 to sell a new idea1 & to d ?is 0 a sl[ & toilsome "w ( education4 ,no wond] ! typewrit] made su* small & disc\rag+ progress 9 its e>ly ye>s4 ,?is lack ( public int]e/ 0 pa9fully 9 evid5ce at ! great ,c5t5nial ,exposition held at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,"h ! typewrit] made its initial b[ to ! public1 & x 0 c>efully groom$ = ! occasion 9 a br& new c\rt dress4 ,! id5tical ma*9e exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial is n[ ano!r priz$ relic 9 ! ,rem+ton ,hi/orical ,collection4 ,x 0 a special ma*9e1 ) "m-(-pe>l f9i%1 on :i* _h be5 lavi%$ all ! spl5dors sugge/$ by ! decorative ta/es ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,b ! public 0 nei!r dazzl$ nor conv9c$4 ,!y came inde$ to see x 9 fair numb]s4 ,curiosity !re 0 9 pl5ty1 b x 0 curiosity m+l$ ) "s ridicule & v little s]i\s int]e/4 ,v few ma*9es 7 sold1 & ab\t ! only rev5ue d]iv$ by ! exhibitors 0 f samples ( typewrit+ sold z curios = a qu>t] apiece4 ,! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition w be =ev] memorable z ! occasion ( ! fir/ public appe>ance ( two ( ! greate/ inv5tions ( mod]n times1 ! telephone & ! typewrit]4 ,b h[ diff]5t _! receptions by ! public6 ,:5 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell made 8 fir/ public exhibition ( 8 inv5tion1 an ,emp]or /ood at 8 side & ! news ( 8 a*ievem5t 0 h]ald$ ! _w ov] 9 cable dispat*es & newspap] headl9es4 ,few !n realiz$ t on exhibit 9 ! same build+ 0 ano!r new inv5tion1 comp>atively unnotic$1 :i* 0 de/9$ to rival ev5 ! telephone 9 ! magnitude ( its s]vice to ! _w4 ,we h m5tion$ "s ( ! ob/acles :i* made ! e>ly progress ( ! typewrit] s sl[ & difficult4 ,add$ to all ^! 0 ano!r1 ! task ( furni%+ ! op]ator4 ,x 0 n a case ( f9d+ ! op]ator1 = 9 ^? days !re 7 none to f9d4 ,x 0 ano!r sell+ job1 usually t ( p]suad+ someone to become an op]ator & !n1 9 mo/ cases1 ( tra9+ t op]ator4 ,truly ! e>ly typewrit] salesman e>n$ all t he made4 ,?is necessity ( supply+ ! op]ator l$ to ! gr[? ( ano!r di/9ctive feature ( ! typewrit] bus9ess1 namely ! free employm5t dep>tm5ts = /5ograph]s & typi/s1 ma9ta9$ = ! s]vice ( typewrit] us]s4 ,! ye>ly total ( /5ograph]s plac$ 9 positions by ^! dep>tm5ts has gr[n to enorm\s figures4 ,m ?an "o typewrit] company today places upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ?\s& typi/s p] ye> 9 positions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,?is developm5t anticipates our /ory1 b x all _h its beg9n+ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 ^! mod]n days1 :5 comm]cial education has become a univ]sal in/itution1 :5 ! public1 private & religi\s s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 :i* tea* %or?& & typewrit+1 numb] ?\s&s1 :5 simil> s*ools h made !mselves indisp5sable ! _w ov]1 x is h>d to realize t fifty ye>s ago !re 7 none4 ,! :ole mod]n sy/em ( comm]cial education is a creation ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,x is true t 9 ,am]ica !re 7 "s pione]s 9 ?is field1 m5 l ,ea/man1 ,pack>d1 ,sp5c]1 ,bryant & ,/ratton1 ^: s*ools ant$at$ ! typewrit]4 ,b ! s-call$ bus9ess colleges ( fifty ye>s ago 7 few 9 numb] &1 9 ! days be=e ! typewrit]1 _! s*eme ( in/ruction 0 necess>ily limit$ to bookkeep+ & bus9ess practice1 ) frequ5tly an undue emphasis on fancy p5man%ip4 ,nev]!less ^! s*ools did =m ! nucleus ar\nd :i* 0 ultimately built our mod]n comm]cial s*ool sy/em1 & x is ?is fact1 z we %all pres5tly see1 :i* has made ! hi/ory ( comm]cial education 9 ,am]ica s diff]5t f ! same hi/ory 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! typewrit] & ! bus9ess s*ool 0 sl[ 9 its e>ly developm5t1 & equally sl[ 0 ! gr[? ( ! g5]al relation%ip betwe5 typewrit+ & %or?&4 ,a s+le s5t5ce 9 ! fir/ typewrit] catalogue is int]e/+ on ?is po9t4 ,/5ograph]s1 x says1 c come to our (fice & dictate to op]ators f _! %or?& notes1 & ?us save ! labor ( transcription4 ,a v graceful invitation1 b :y n sugge/ to %or?& writ]s or _! employ]s t !y buy _! own ma*9es8 ,we see 9 ?is s5t5ce t ! build]s ( ! fir/ typewrit] s5s$ ! p>tn]%ip t 0 com+ betwe5 %or?& & typewrit+1 b 9 ^? days ! great union ( ! tw9 arts 0 /ill 9 ! future4 ,:5 did x actually come8 ,f ! v beg9n+ 9 _m individual cases1 l ,clephane's & ,well]'s & ,wyck(f's4 ,b z a feature 9 comm]cial education1 n until sev]al ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! fir/ s*ool :i* taught typewrit+1 ( :i* !re is positive record1 0 op5$ by ,d4 ,l4 ,scott-,br[ne at #gcg ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahgh4 ,f t "t1 h[ev]1 ! developm5t became rapid1 & )9 a few ye>s !re 7 simil> s*ools 9 e l>ge city 9 ! c\ntry4 ,f ?is "t also beg9s ! real success ( ! typewrit] 9 f9d+ a m>ket4 ,z %or?& writ+1 dur+ ! ages t prec$$ ! writ+ ma*9e1 _h only a re/rict$ field ( usefulness1 s ! typewrit] 9 its e>ly ye>s1 be=e x jo9$ =ces ) %or?&1 0 conf9$ to a v limit$ sale4 ,& !n x made its p>tn]%ip ) /5ography--! mo/ rem>kable p>tn]%ip 9 all bus9ess hi/ory4 ,( late ye>s ano!r important inv5tion1 ! (fice phonograph1 has made its bid = a %>e 9 ?is p>tn]%ip1 b ! /atus ( ! writ+ ma*9e1 z ! s5ior p>tn]1 is impregnably e/abli%$4 ,mean:ile ! typewrit] itself 0 ab\t to und]go a great developm5t4 ,x is h>dly a co9cid5ce t ! fir/ s*ool to tea* typewrit+ & ! fir/ typewrit] :i* won a wide popul>ity bo? appe>$ 9 ! same ye>1 #ahgh4 ,?is ma*9e 0 ! ,model #b ,rem+ton1 ! fir/ typewrit] :i* wrote bo? capitals & small lett]s4 ,?is fir/ %ift-key model1 l ! ,model #a ( #ahgd1 0 ! product ( sev]al ma/] m9ds4 ,j5ne1 ( c\rse1 _h a big h& 9 x2 s also did o!r m5 :o _h labor$ ) him on ! fir/ model4 ,! problem ( pr9t+ bo? capitals & small lett]s1 ) ! /&>d keybo>d arrangem5t1 0 solv$ by ! comb9ation ( ! cyl9d] %ift+ device1 inv5t$ by ,luci5 ,s4 ,cr&all1 ) type b>s c>ry+ two types1 a capital & a small face ( ! same lett]1 inv5t$ by ,byron ,a4 ,brooks4 ,! %ift-key ma*9e prov$ to be a long /ep 9 advance1 & ! typewrit] soon began to ga9 9 popul> favor4 ,s9ce ! adv5t ( ! typewrit] 9 #ahgd1 "o firm ( sell+ ag5ts aft] ano!r _h be5 battl+ aga9/ heavy odds to f9d a pr(itable m>ket = ! ma*9e4 ,d5smore & ,yo/ 7 ! fir/ sell+ ag5ts1 foll[$ by ,d5smore1 ,yo/ ,company1 ,g5]al ,ag5ts 7! /yle assum$ :5 ,d5smore p]sonally )drew f ! sell+ ag5cy71 & f9ally by ,locke1 ,yo/ ,bates1 a firm compos$ ( ,d4 ,r4 ,locke 7,petroleum ,v4 ,nasby71 ,g4 ,w4 ,n4 ,yo/1 & ,j4 ,h4 ,bates1 aft]w>ds a successful adv]tis+ ag5t 9 ,new ,york4 ,dur+ all ( ?is "t ! load ( debt on ! ent]prise grew great] & great]1 until ! problem ( gett+ back ! am\nt t _h be5 sunk 9 manufacture & unsuccessful sales ef=t seem$ well nigh impossible ( solution4 ,fur!r *anges 7 n[ made :i* elim9at$ ,yo/ entirely1 & 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 ! sell+ ag5cy 0 entru/$ to ! well-kn[n h\se ( ,fairbanks ,company1 ! celebrat$ scale mak]s4 ,z ! ,fairbanks bus9ess 0 well organiz$1 x 0 ?\ght t _! facilities w\ld l>gely increase sales4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ,fairbanks ,company 0 to appo9t ,c4 ,w4 ,seamans z manag] ( typewrit] sales4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ,seamans 9 ! /ory beg9s ! *a9 ( ev5ts :i* f9ally l$ to ! comm]cial triumph ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,laun*$ ,,on ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,_w ,cl>5ce ,walk] ,seamans 0 born 9 ,ilion1 & 8 fir/ employm5t 0 9 assi/+ 8 fa!r1 :o _h *>ge ( ! gunsmi?+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,rem+ton factory4 ,?is 0 9 #ahfi1 :5 he 0 only fifte5 ye>s old1 & he cont9u$ 9 ?is s]vice ?r\gh ! memorable ye>s #ahgc & #ahgd4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 a company ( ,ilion m5 ( means b\ght a silv] m9e 9 ,utah & s5t "y ,seamans to ! m9e to look aft] _! int]e/s4 ,"h he rema9$ = ! next ?ree ye>s4 ,9 #ahgh we f9d ,seamans aga9 9 ,ilion1 j at ! "t :5 ,fairbanks ,company _h be5 intru/$ ) ! sell+ ag5cy = ! typewrit]4 ,!y ne$$ "s "o to look aft] ?is bran* ( ! bus9ess1 & ,yo/ recomm5d$ ,seamans4 ,philo ,rem+ton ?\ght him too "y1 & 0 n favorably dispos$ to ! selection4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,b5$ict1 h[ev]1 /rongly advis$ t ,seamans be appo9t$1 & ?is 0 f9ally done4 ,seamans ent]$ ^u 8 new "w ) en?usiasm & ent]prise4 ,he held 8 position ) ,fairbanks ,company = ?ree ye>s1 & !y 7 ye>s ( trem5d\s /ruggle4 ,nev]!less "s progress 0 made1 & 9 ! ye> #ahha1 :5 ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons decid$ to take ov] ! sell+ ag5cy1 ! effici5t "w already done by ,seamans result$ 9 8 appo9tm5t z ! sales head ( _! typewrit] bus9ess4 ,"u ?is new arrangem5t progress became m pron\nc$1 b /ill ! bus9ess 0 absurdly small1 judg$ by pres5t-day /&>ds4 ,! actual sales 9 ?is ye> numb]$ #abjj ma*9es4 ,^! results did n satisfy ,seamans1 :o soon began to =m broad] plans4 ,he ent]$ into negotiations ) ,mr4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,b5$ict & ,mr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,wyck(f ( ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 a widely kn[n & successful c\rt report]1 :i* result$ 9 ! organization1 on ,augu/ #a1 #ahhb1 ( ! hi/oric firm ( ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict4 ,! new firm made a contract ) ! ,rem+tons1 :o conc$$ to !m ! sell+ ag5cy = ! entire _w4 ,!y agre$ to take all ! ma*9es ! ,rem+tons c\ld build1 :o on _! "p agre$ to furni% all t c\ld be sold4 ,?is contract m>k$ ! turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! memb]s ( ! firm ( ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict 7 ! real f\nd]s ( ! comm]cial success ( ! typewrit]1 & ! p]sonalities ( ^! ?ree m5 are z int]e/+ z _! a*ievem5ts 7 notable4 ,william ,ozmun ,wyck(f 0 a giant ( a man1 9 m9d1 he>t & body1 robu/ & :ole-s\l$1 ^: dauntless c\rage & inv9cible fai? 9 ! typewrit] 7 rem9isc5t ( ,d5smore4 ,:5 ! ,rem+tons fir/ began to manufacture ! typewrit]1 he saw "o ( ! new ma*9es1 & 8 own pr(ession ( c\rt report] gave him an in/ant vision ( its future4 ,he imm$iately secur$ ! sell+ ag5cy = ,c5tral ,new ,york ,/ate & 8 fir/ act 0 to place ! typewrit] 9 s]vice 9 8 own (fices 9 ,i?aca4 ,"h1 at ! v outset1 he enc\nt]$ a situation :i* furni%$ a real te/ ( 8 fai?4 ,e memb] ( 8 /aff rebell$ aga9/ ! use ( ! new ma*9es4 ,b ,wyck(f 0 equal to situations ( t sort4 ,use x or quit1 0 8 answ]1 & !y us$ x4 ,?is 0 all v well = a />t1 b x 0 q diff]5t 9 ! great outside t]ritory1 :]e ! possible buy]s 7 n op5 to ?is p>ticul> =m ( sales argum5t4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to ent] ,wyck(f's employ z typewrit] salesman 0 ,j4 ,walt] ,e>le1 h>dly m ?an a boy !n1 :o _m ye>s aft] became presid5t ( ! ,rem+ton ,typewrit] ,company4 ,! lett]s writt5 by ,wyck(f to ,e>le dur+ ! late sev5ties1 fill$ ) sage advice & admonition1 sell+ sugge/ions & unfail+ enc\ragem5t1 supply a graphic picture ( all t ! typewrit] salesman ( t day 0 up aga9/4 ,!y also furni% an intimate & attractive picture ( ! man ,wyck(f himself1 sket*$ unconsci\sly by 8 own h&4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! two o!r memb]s ( ! firm1 ,cl>5ce ,w4 ,seamans & ,h5ry ,h4 ,b5$ict1 h already reveal$ !mselves 9 ?is /ory4 ,seamans1 l ,yo/1 0 a wond]ful salesman4 ,bett] /ill1 he 0 a natural lead]1 ) a gift = ! successful h&l+ ( m>ket+ problems :i* prov$ ( incalculable value 9 e/abli%+ ! bus9ess on a successful basis4 ,mr4 ,b5$ict likewise possess$ m>ket+ abilities ( a high ord]1 :i* he lat] demon/rat$ by 8 important "w 9 organiz+ ! typewrit] bus9ess 9 ,europe1 :]e ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 7 ev5 great] ?an 9 ! ,am]ican field4 ,he possess$ a habit ( ?or\ghness1 comb9$ ) a =esight & s\ndness ( bus9ess judgm5t :i*1 "t & aga91 7 ( vital s]vice to ! firm4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ^! ?ree m5 repres5t$ a comb9ation ( qualities n (t5 f\nd 9 a bus9ess p>tn]%ip4 ,! new firm possess$ unb\nd$ en]gy & en?usiasm b its mat]ial res\rces 7 limit$4 ,_m disc\ragem5ts 7 enc\nt]$1 b !y ov]came !m all & ! bus9ess increas$ /eadily4 ,! firm />t$ 9 a v limit$ fa%ion1 occupy+ a corn] ( ! ,rem+ton conc]n's (fice at #bha ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ! /aff consi/+ ( a few cl]ks ) two or ?ree me*anics1 p]haps numb]+ t5 p]sons 9 all4 ,9 #ahhd ! firm mov$ to its own (fices at #cci ,broadway4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahhe-ahhf1 :ile ! bus9ess 0 9 ! full tide ( success1 a disquiet+ rumor rea*$ ! ?ree p>tn]s t ! ,rem+tons 7 plann+ to sell _! int]e/ 9 ! typewrit]4 ,x _h be5 kn[n = ye>s t ! old h\se1 ow+ ma9ly to wa/eful factory managem5t1 _h be5 s9k+ deep] & deep] into debt1 & n[ x seem$ t ! crisis _h come4 ,"h 0 a situation :i* imp]il$ ! future ( ! :ole ent]prise1 b a difficulty is (t5 a disguis$ opportunity1 & s x prov$ to be 9 ?is case4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,b5$ict imm$iately took ! tra9 to ,ilion & 8 int]view ) ,philo ,rem+ton 9 ,m>*1 #ahhf1 :i* result$ 9 ! transf] ( ! own]%ip ( ! typewrit]1 is ano!r "o ( ! big mom5ts 9 ?is /ory4 ,"h is ! acc\nt ( :at happ5$1 z told by ,mr4 ,b5$ict himself4 ,i arriv$ 9 ! morn+ & sp5t ! =e-noon ) ,mr4 ,philo ,rem+ton4 ,i began by ask+ him if ! rumor 0 true t !y 7 ?9k+ ( dispos+ ( _! typewrit] int]e/s4 ,he said x 0 true4 ,i said1 ',b :y d y d ?is8' ,he repli$1 ',we ne$ money4' ,i said1 ',may ,i ask = :at purpose8' ,he repli$1 ',to pay our debts4' ',b1' ,i said1 'y c\ld n expect to get = ! typewrit] en\gh to pay a t5? ( y\r debts4' ',well1 p]haps n1' he said1 'b x w\ld satisfy ! m press+ ( our cr$itors4' ',mr4 ,rem+ton1' ,i said1 ',i 0 ) y = ?irte5 ye>s1 & s]v$ y to ! be/ ( my ability1 & ,i 0 absolutely loyal to y4 ,i am go+ to be loyal n[4 ,my advice to y is n to sell y\r typewrit]4 ,! am\nt ( money y w\ld get w\ld n g f>2 n9ety p] c5t ( y\r cr$itors w\ld /ill be unpaid1 & !y w be aft] y m savagely if y pay ! claims ( o!rs & leave !irs unsatisfi$4' ,he %ook 8 head & said1 ',well1 we ?9k we _h bett] sell4' ',is t y\r f9al decision8' ,i ask$4 ,he answ]$1 ',yes1 ,i ?9k s4' ,i said1 ',h y a cu/om] = y\r plant8' ',well1' he said1 '!re are "s p talk+ ab\t tak+ x4' ',h y committ$ y\rself to !m8' ,i ask$4 ,he repli$1 ',no1 n absolutely4' ',y're det]m9$ to sell1 are y8' ',yes6' ',v well1' ,i said4 ',i h giv5 my advice4 ,n[ ,i want to buy ! plant4' ,!n we began to talk bus9ess1 & be=e night ,i telegraph$ to ,new ,york to s5d me a c]tifi$ *eck = t5 ?\s& doll>s to b9d ! b>ga94 ,?us x 0 t ! entire plant us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ma*9e1 toge!r ) all pat5t rights1 fran*ises1 etc41 necess>y to a complete control ( ! bus9ess 7 pur*as$ by ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict4 ,! manufactur+ plant 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! build+ =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,agricultural ,works1 & ,w4 ,k4 ,j5ne 0 in/all$ z me*anical sup]9t5d5t4 ,! typewrit] ent]prise s9ce t day has be5 entirely sep>ate & di/9ct f ! o!r activities ) :i* ! "n ,rem+ton is associat$1 & ?us x escap$ ! disa/]s :i* %ortly aft] befell ! old & honor$ h\se ( ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons4 ,9 #ahhh ! ne$ = great] (fice facilities _h become s urg5t t ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict remov$ _! ,new ,york (fice to #cbg ,broadway1 :i* rema9$ _! home (fice = ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,at fir/ only "o or two floors 7 occupi$1 !n ! entire build+1 & f9ally ! two additional build+s on ei!r side4 ,9 #ahib ! orig9al co-p>tn]%ip 0 *ang$ into a m]cantile corporation :i* includ$ ! manufactur+ company1 & 9 #aijc ! corporate "n 0 *ang$ to ,rem+ton ,typewrit] ,company1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,b5$ict became ! fir/ presid5t4 ,( ! ?ree memb]s ( ! orig9al firm1 ,wyck(f di$ 9 #ahie & ,seamans 9 #aiae4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,b5$ict1 ! surviv+ p>tn]1 has be5 f ! beg9n+ a director ( ! company1 & enjoys 9 ?is anniv]s>y ye> a unique di/9ction z ! only man n[ liv+ ^: id5tification ) ! typewrit] bus9ess has be5 cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! entire fifty ye>s ( its hi/ory4 ,! progress ( ! typewrit]1 once a real />t _h be5 made1 cont9u$ )\t s]i\s int]ruption4 ,! v conditions :i* made e>ly progress s sl[ & difficult n[ began to rev]se !mselves4 ,! ma*9e1 ) wid5+ opportunities1 prov$ itself m ?an ev] a mo/ effici5t self-adv]tis]1 & e typewrit] 9 actual s]vice c>ri$ its own message ( legibility & utility to _m ?\s&s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t typewrit+ became z famili> z p5 writ+ 9 bus9ess correspond5ce1 & ! sup]ior spe$ ( ! ma*9e soon sugge/$ new uses = :i* ! p5 _h nev] be5 employ$4 ,! typewritt5 circul> lett] came into be+1 ! =]unn] ( ! v>i\s duplicat+ devices1 & inde$ ( ! :ole sy/em ( direct-by-mail adv]tis+ z we "k x today4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates mail bags soon felt1 9 _! bulki] cont5ts1 ! impetus ( ! new ma*9e4 ,g5]al bus9ess also felt ?is impetus4 ,=m]ly la%$ to a p5 po9t1 x n[ became articulate1 & z bus9ess creates bus9ess1 s ! new =ms ( bus9ess activity1 fo/]$ by ! typewrit]1 op5$ new & wid] opportunities = ev] increas+ sales4 ,! ma*9e1 :i* won its entry z a labor sav]1 soon intr5*$ itself z a bus9ess build]1 & g5]al bus9ess1 :i* 0 m]ely help$ by ! ma*9e at ! outset1 became completely trans=m$ by x 9 ! end4 ,?is wond]ful transition has come ab\t s gradually t ! bus9ess _w1 ?\gh pr\dly aw>e ( ! fact itself1 is only dimly consci\s ( ! "p play$ by ! great trans=m+ factor4 ,we call ?is ! age ( big bus9ess1 & s x is1 b x is only necess>y to comp>e ! av]age bus9ess (fice & bus9ess me?ods ( today ) ^? ( fifty ye>s ago to realize ! ext5t to :i* mod]n bus9ess is an actual outcome ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! /ory ( ! typewrit] 9 ,europe1 & 9 =eign c\ntries g5]ally1 is v ne>ly a repetition ( its hi/ory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 e case we f9d ! same e>ly ye>s ( /ruggle & 9 ! end ! same trans=m+ influ5ce on bus9ess & bus9ess me?ods4 ,! introductory /ruggle 9 ,am]ica 0 h>d en\gh1 b 9 ! ,old ,_w !re 7 "s ev5 great] ob/acles to be enc\nt]$4 ,"h ! writ+ ma*9e 0 =c$ to make headway aga9/ ! m delib]ate & leisurely habits ( ! p1 & ! m deeply root$ cons]vatism ( an old] civilization4 ,!re 7 also "s grav] practical difficulties1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,! sy/ematic invasion ( ! ,european m>ket began v soon aft] ! firm ( ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict took up _! great sell+ task1 & x 0 ma9ly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,b5$ict t ! f\ndations ( ! bus9ess 7 laid 9 ! ,old ,_w c\ntries4 ,prior to ?is "t ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons _h made _! own attack on ! ,briti% m>ket1 & _! fir/ ,briti% catalogue1 publi%$ ov] ! impr9t ( _! ,london address1 #ej-ed ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,e4 ,c41 conta9s an impressive li/ ( press notices 9 ,briti% j\rnals1 publi%$ at diff]5t times 9 #ahgf1 also a li/ ( patrons :i* includes ! ,k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ! ,m>quis ( ,salisbury1 ,e>l ,granville & o!r notables ( ! p]iod4 ,!re is te/imonial evid5ce 9 ?is old catalogue t ma*9es 7 sold 9 ,engl& z e>ly z ! ye> #ahgd1 & simil> e>ly ef=ts are traceable 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,b ?is e>ly sell+ ef=t 0 n su/a9$1 & x 0 m ?an t5 ye>s lat] be=e any real impression 0 made on ! ,european m>ket4 ,! ,london (fice ( ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict 0 op5$ 9 #ahhf1 & by ! ye> #ahij ! ma*9e _h begun to occupy an important place 9 ! ,briti% comm]cial _w4 ,! successful introduction ( ! ma*9e 9 mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal ,european c\ntries belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,(fices 7 op5$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhd1 & direct repres5tation 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,belgium 9 #ahhh1 ,italy 9 #ahhi1 ,holl& 9 #ahij1 ,d5m>k 9 #ahic1 & ,greece 9 #ahif4 ,! ,g]man m>ket 0 ent]$ 9 #ahhc1 & ! ,russian1 ) a special ma*9e equipp$ to write ! ,russian *>act]s1 9 #ahhe4 ,f ! v outset ( its c>e] 9 ,europe ! typewrit] has be5 us$ by celebrities )\t numb]4 ,_m ( ! cr[n$ heads h be5 includ$ among its p]sonal us]s4 ,lloyd ,george1 _m ye>s ago1 :ile /ill an obscure & /ruggl+ attorney 9 ,wales1 own$ & op]at$ a ,model #b ,rem+ton4 ,c\nt ,tol/oi1 t e>ne/ disciple ( ! primitive life1 to :om mod]n ma*9]y 9 e =m 0 abhorr5t1 0 glad to make an exception 9 its favor1 & _m ( 8 extant photographs %[ him 9 ! act ( giv+ direct dictation to 8 daught] on ! typewrit]4 ,inde$ x is n surpris+ to f9d ! writ+ ma*9e ?us intimately associat$ ) ! great1 = ! v nature ( its s]vice1 ! cons]vation ( bra9 ef=t1 places x 9 a f> diff]5t class f any m]e manual labor sav]4 ,"o developm5t ( ! typewrit] bus9ess 9 ne>ly all =eign c\ntries is totally diff]5t f any?+ kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! mod]n sy/em ( comm]cial education z ! creation ( ! typewrit]4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! typewrit] companies & comm]cial s*ools1 ?\gh ea* is a necessity to ! o!r1 h gr[n up z di/9ct & sep>ate in/itutions4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! g]m ( our mod]n comm]cial s*ool sy/em exi/$ 9 a few ( ! s-call$ bus9ess colleges be=e ! days ( ! typewrit]4 ,9 ,engl& also1 be=e ! adv5t ( ! writ+ ma*9e1 we f9d a few s*ools tea*+ ! rec5tly inv5t$ art ( phonography1 ! latt]-day developm5t ( ! anci5t art ( %or?&4 ,9 o!r =eign c\ntries1 h[ev]1 !re 0 n ev5 ! g]m ( ! comm]cial s*ool z we "k x today4 ,if ! task ( gett+ op]ators dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! bus9ess 0 a difficult "o 9 ,am]ica1 9 o!r c\ntries x 0 =midable4 ,x soon became evid5t t ! problem c\ld be solv$ only 9 "o way1 by ! f\nd+ ( s*ools ( %or?& & typewrit+1 own$ & op]at$ by ! typewrit] company itself4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,rem+ton sy/em ( comm]cial s*ools1 :i* 7 e/abli%$ by ! company or its sell+ repres5tatives 9 practically e c\ntry on e>?1 ) ! "o conspicu\s exception ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev5 9 ,great ,brita9 x 0 f\nd necess>y to e/abli% ^! s*ools at sev]al po9ts 9 ord] to insure a suffici5t supply ( compet5t op]ators1 & 9 ! c\ntries ( ,cont95tal ,europe !re 0 no o!r rec\rse4 ,! ,rem+ton s*ools at ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 ,mosc[1 ,petrograd & _m o!r cities ?r\gh\t ,europe 7 e/abli%$ soon aft] ! ma*9e _h invad$ ^! m>kets4 ,9 o!r cont95ts ! bus9ess met simil> conditions & w5t ?r\gh ! same process4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! great ,rem+ton s*ools at ,melb\rne1 ,sydney & o!r cities h graduat$ _m ?\s&s ( op]ators2 s also 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & ?r\gh\t ! entire ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t1 :]e n only ! l>ge c5t]s b ev5 _m ( ! small] cities n[ h _! ,rem+ton s*ools4 ,9 ! ,asiatic c\ntries ! problem ( secur+ compet5t /5ograph]s & typi/s assum$ ano!r phase4 ,"h ! /5ograph]s & typi/s are all natives1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,siamese1 ,javanese1 ,h9du1 etc41 & !y are all m51 = ?is is "o "p ( ! _w :]e ! mod]n girl typi/ has n yet arriv$4 ,9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ! ,*9ese pr$om9ate among ! practition]s ( ! tw9 arts4 ,x's a /iff job1 t ( acquir+ su* ma/]y ( a =eign language t ! /5ograph] c take & transcribe accurately ! %or?& notes tak5 f dictation 9 t language1 b ! ,ori5tal peoples1 ) _! rem>kable l+ui/ic gifts1 h prov$ equal to ! task4 ,! s*ools ( %or?& & typewrit+ 9 ! ,ea/]n c\ntries are easily ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 all ! _w1 & x is notewor?y t ^! s*ools ma9ta9 ! highe/ /&>ds ( effici5cy4 ,! ,rem+ton s*ools 9 v>i\s cities ?r\gh\t ,india1 :i* tra9 ! ,babu or educat$ native 9 ! tw9 arts1 h be5 = _m ye>s ! ma9 s\rce ( supply ( ! typi/s employ$ 9 all bran*es ( ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! typewrit] bus9ess _h little realization t out ( _! ef=ts w\ld come a new plan ( practical education2 /ill less did !y realize t ov] a great "p ( ! e>?'s surface ! task ( develop+ ?is plan w\ld fall on ! manufactur] himself4 ,9 _! broad effect on human society1 ! by-products ( ! typewrit] bus9ess1 9 m ?an "o phase1 h be5 q z important z ! ma9 idea4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,high ,,spots ,,9 ,,typewrit] ,,progress ,we h not$ ! fundam5tal features conta9$ 9 ! orig9al typewrit] ( #ahgc4 ,x _h ! /ep-by-/ep escapem5t me*anism :i* caus$ ! lett]-spac+ travel ( ! pap] c>riage4 ,x _h type b>s on :i* type 7 m\nt$ :i* pr9t$ at a common c5t]4 ,x f$ ! pap] ar\nd a cyl9d] on ! pap] c>riage4 ,x 0 equipp$ ) a l9e spac+ & c>riage return me*anism4 ,x pr9t$ ?r\gh a ribbon1 :i* travel$ across ! pr9t+ po9t ) ! movem5t ( ! c>nage4 ,x _h ! /&>d numb] ( pr9t+ keys1 plac$ 9 f\r r[s1 & ! *>act]s on ^! keys1 & ! correspond+ type b>s1 foll[$ ! arrangem5t n[ kn[n z univ]sal4 ,to ^! fundam5tal features ! ,model #b ,rem+ton ( #ahgh add$ ! %ift-key me*anism1 ) two type m\nt$ on a s+le b>4 ,e "o ( ! features above describ$ is /&>d 9 all ! lead+ writ+ ma*9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! reign ( ea* & all ( ^! basic features has be5 undisput$ ?r\gh\t ! entire fifty ye>s ( typewrit] hi/ory4 ,9 "t o!r typewrit]s appe>$ on ! m>ket1 :i* repres5t$ radical dep>tures f "o or ano!r ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,"s ( ^! ma*9es prov$ practical 9 actual s]vice & won a consid]able popul>ity1 & "s ( !m are manufactur$ & sold today4 ,a review ( typewrit] hi/ory w\ld n be complete :i* fail$ to take note ( ^! dep>tures f ! type ( con/ruction g5]ally kn[n z /&>d4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ issues 9 ! typewrit] field conc]n$ ! relative m]its ( ! type-b> pr9ciple v]sus ! type :eel4 ,m5tion ( ! type :eel br+s u back to ,john ,pratt's ,pt]otype & ! article conc]n+ x 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,july #f1 #ahfg1 :i* is said to h sugge/$ ! idea ( a typewrit] to ,%oles & 8 colleagues4 ,pratt is said to h actually built & sold "s ( ^! ma*9es 9 ,engl&1 b !y 7 n a success1 & he = a "t despair$ ( be+ able to con/ruct a ma*9e on :i* ! pr9t+ :eel w\ld move quickly & yet /op in/antly4 ,he work$ ov] ! problem = ye>s1 & :51 at la/ he approa*$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice he f\nd himself 9 int]f]5ce ) two o!r inv5tors1 ,james ,b4 ,hammond & ,luci5 ,s4 ,cr&all1 bo? ( :om appe>$ ) writ+ ma*9es built on ! type-:eel pr9ciple4 ,a deadlock ensu$ :i* 0 f9ally settl$ by ,pratt yield+ prec$5ce to ,hammond ^u a type-:eel ma*9e & receiv+ a royalty1 :ile ,cr&all proce$$ ) 8 application = a pat5t on a type-sleeve in/rum5t4 ,! fir/ ,hammond pat5ts 7 tak5 out 9 #ahhj1 & ! ma*9e 0 plac$ on ! m>ket %ortly !reaft]4 ,! e>ly ,hammond _h :at 0 call$ ! ideal keybo>d1 semi-circul> 9 %ape1 b lat] ,hammonds h con=m$ to ! univ]sal keybo>d arrangem5t4 ,! ,hammond 0 ! fir/ practical type-:eel ma*9e & is today ! lead+ ma*9e ( ?is class4 ,! type-:eel con/ruction has always _h /rong advocates1 b ^! ma*9es h nev] be5 v s]i\s competitors ( ! type-b> ma*9es 9 ! g5]al comm]cial field4 ,soon aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,hammond1 ano!r important typewrit] issue arose--t ( s+le v]sus d\ble keybo>d4 ,! fir/ d\ble-keybo>d ma*9e 0 ! ,caligraph1 plac$ on ! m>ket 9 #ahhc1 an ent]prise ^u :i* ,yo/ ent]$ aft] x became evid5t t he c\ld no long] reta9 8 int]e/ 9 ! ,rem+ton4 ,! ,caligraph 0 devis$ "u ! direction ( ,yo/1 pr9cipally by a skill$ ,g]man me*anic nam$ ,franz ,x4 ,wagn]1 :o aft]w>ds won prom95ce z ! inv5tor ( ! ,und]wood ,typewrit]4 ,yo/'s aim 0 to con/ruct a typewrit] :i* w\ld evade ! ,rem+ton pat5ts1 b1 fail+ 9 ?is1 he 0 subsequ5tly grant$ a lic5se4 ,9 aft] ye>s ! ,smi? ,premi] became ! lead+ d\ble-keybo>d ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e1 ! inv5tion ( ,alex&] ,t4 ,br[n1 0 plac$ on ! m>ket 9 #ahij by ,lyman ,c4 ,smi?1 ! gun manufactur] ( ,syracuse1 & dur+ ! next few ye>s atta9$ a wide popul>ity4 ,x 0 urg$ 9 behalf ( ! d\ble-keybo>d ma*9e t ! key = e "* made its op]ation easi] & simpl] = ! beg9n]4 ,! con/ruction1 h[ev]1 0 m complicat$1 because x d\bl$ ! numb] ( type b>s & connect+ p>ts1 & !re 0 a fur!r disadvantage 9 ! enl>g$ keybo>d1 :i* "t made evid5t4 ,! d\ble keybo>d w\ld probably h yield$ to ! %ift key soon] or lat]1 b x 0 ! adv5t ( ! t\* me?od ( typewrit+ :i* really settl$ ! matt]4 ,= use 9 connection ) ! t\* sy/em1 ! compact keybo>d ( ! %ift-key ma*9e prov$ s obvi\s an advantage t ! d\ble keybo>d lo/ gr\nd rapidly & ma*9es ) ?is keybo>d began 9 "t to disappe> f ! m>ket4 ,! pres5t ,smi? ,premi] ,typewrit]1 inv5t$ by ,jacob ,felbel1 is a %ift-key ma*9e ( /&>d design4 ,ano!r e>ly issue 9 typewrit] con/ruction conc]n$ ! relative m]its ( ! ribbon & ! ink+ pad4 ,?is br+s u to ! la/ ent]prise ( ,g4 ,w4 ,n4 ,yo/1 :i* he und]took aft] sev]+ 8 connection ) ! ,caligraph4 ,9 #ahhh ,yo/ br\ght out ! ma*9e1 develop$ by ,alex&] ,davidson1 ,&rew ,w4 ,/eig] & ,jacob ,felbel1 t ev] s9ce has borne 8 "n4 ,! mo/ notable dep>ture ( ! ,yo/ ,typewrit] f ! /&>d design 0 ! elim9ation ( ! ribbon & ! use in/ead ( an ink+ pad1 on :i* ! face ( ! type re/$4 ,! fir/ ,yo/ 0 a d\ble-keybo>d ma*9e1 b lat] models embody ! %ift-key pr9ciple4 ,( late ye>s ?is type ( ma*9e has be5 h>dly kn[n on ! ,am]ican m>ket1 al?\gh x has always enjoy$ a consid]able sale 9 ,europe4 ,! ink+ pad1 z a sub/itute = ! ribbon1 f\nd _m advocates at "o "t because ( "o s]i\s defici5cy 9 ! e>ly ribbon ma*9es4 ,! automatic ribbon rev]se is an old /ory n[1 & pres5t-day typewrit] us]s take x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,_m ( !m may be surpris$ to he> t ! typewrit] 0 tw5ty-two ye>s old be=e ! fir/ automatic ribbon rev]se appe>$ on a writ+ ma*9e4 ,"s ( ! old] g5]ation ( typi/s1 h[ev]1 c /ill rememb] ! "t :5 x 0 always necess>y to op]ate ! ma*9e ) "o eye on ! ribbon1 9 ord] to be sure to rev]se x at ! "r "t1 or else suff] ! consequ5ces 9 a *ew$-up ribbon & spoil$ "w4 ,dur+ ! e>ly n9eties ,j5ne labor$ h>d on ! problem ( an automatic ribbon rev]se1 ! solution ( :i* call$ = inv5tive skill ( a high ord]4 ,aft] sev]al exp]im5tal devices _h be5 design$1 all ( :i* 7 f> too complicat$1 a simple solution 0 f\nd by ,george ,b4 ,webb1 & ! fir/ automatic ribbon rev]se made its appe>ance on ! ,rem+ton 9 #ahif4 ,)9 a few ye>s ! old h& rev]se became practically obsolete on all /&>d ma*9es4 ,9 ! meantime a new dem& _h be5 /eadily gr[+1 :i* 0 de/9$ to influ5ce q radically ! future c\rse ( typewrit] developm5t4 ,all ( ! e>li] type-b> ma*9es 7 built on :at is kn[n z ! und]/roke pr9ciple4 ,! type b>s 7 arrang$ 9 a circul> basket1 und]nea? ! c>riage1 & ! type pr9t$ at a common po9t on ! "u side ( ! cyl9d]4 ,^! ma*9es 7 satisfactory 9 spe$ & quality ( "w1 b !y _h "o practical defect--x 0 necess>y = ! op]ator to raise ! c>riage 9 ord] to see ! writ+ l9e4 ,! advantages ( visible writ+ 7 s obvi\s t ! problem began at an e>ly date to engage ! att5tion ( typewrit] inv5tors4 ,on ! type-:eel ma*9es1 visible writ+ 0 easily atta9$1 b on ! type-b> ma*9es x call$ = real inv5tive ef=t4 ,! fir/ type-b> visible writ]1 ! ,horton1 appe>$ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahhc4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly type-b> visible writ]s 7 ( ! d[n-/roke type1 ! type b>s /rik+ d[nw>d to a common po9t on ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,prom95t among ma*9es ( ?is con/ruction 7 ! ,columbia ,b>-,lock 7#ahhh71 ! ,williams 7#ahij7 & ! ,oliv] 7#ahid74 ,! latt] ma*9e1 9 p>ticul>1 secur$ & has s9ce held a consid]able m>ket4 ,lat] on ! front-/roke pr9ciple ( con/ruction took ! lead 9 ! g5]al bus9ess field4 ,! fir/ front-/roke ma*9e to atta9 prom95ce 0 ! ,und]wood4 ,?is ma*9e 0 ! inv5tion ( ,franz ,x4 ,wagn]1 ^: e>li] connection ) ! ,caligraph we h already not$1 & 0 plac$ on ! m>ket 9 #ahig by ,john ,t4 ,und]wood1 :o _h long be5 id5tifi$ ) ! writ+-ma*9e indu/ry z "o ( ! pione] manufactur]s ( typewrit] ribbons & c>bon pap]s4 ,! design ( ! front-/roke ma*9es repres5t$ a new dep>ture 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! type b>s1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 a segm5t 9 front ( ! c>riage1 ! type pr9t+ on ! front ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is front-/roke pr9ciple prov$ to be a satisfactory solution ( ! problem ( visible writ+1 & all ( ! lead+ /&>d ma*9es are n[ ( ! front-/roke type4 ,prom95t among ^! ma*9es today are ! ,und]wood1 ! front-/roke ,rem+ton1 :i* 0 l>gely ! "w ( ,osc> ,woodw>d1 foll[$ by lat] improvem5ts2 ! ,l4 ,c4 ,smi?1 br\ght out by ,lyman ,c4 ,smi?1 ! orig9al manufactur] ( ! ,smi? ,premi]1 & ! ,royal1 foll[$ "s ye>s aft] its fir/ appe>ance by a new model4 ,visible writ+ is an old /ory today1 ! la/ non-visible ma*9es hav+ disappe>$ f ! m>ket _m ye>s ago4 ,d\btless1 :5 ?is problem _h be5 solv$1 x seem$ to "s z ?\gh ! typewrit] _h atta9$ f9ality4 ,b !re is no?+ f9al on ?is e>?1 & a new dem& has be5 gr[+ ( rec5t ye>s until x has become z /rong & insi/5t z ! dem& = visible writ+ ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! famili> click+ noise ( ! typewrit] has be5 ) u z long z ! ma*9e itself1 & 9 ! e>ly days p did n seem to m9d x4 ,b :5 ! use ( ! typewrit] _h gr[n until :ole batt]ies ( !m _h invad$ e dep>tm5t ( bus9ess1 ! accumulat$ noise became a di/urbance1 & us]s began to wi% t ! ma*9e w\ld imitate1 if x c\ld1 ! "o & only virtue admitt$ly possess$ by ! p5--t ( sil5ce4 ,! developm5t ( quiet typewrit+ br+s u to ! pres5t-day /age ( typewrit] progress1 :i* h>dly belongs to ?is /ory4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! writ+ ma*9e1 :i* has always be5 equal to any dem& made ^u x1 has run true to =m 9 ?is case4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s "o typewrit] has appe>$1 ! ,noiseless1 built ar\nd ?is c5tral idea1 also quiet models ( at lea/ ?ree ( ! /&>d makes4 ,x seems a f> cry f ! fir/ typewrit] ( #ahgc to ! %ift-key1 front-/roke1 visible-writ+1 quiet ma*9e ( #aibc4 ,equally great has be5 ! progress 9 ! skill ( ! op]ator1 f ! fir/ w\ld-be typi/s :o awkw>dly tri$ _! h&s on ! e>ly ma*9es1 to ! /&>ds atta9$ by ! be/ typi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! progress ( ! op]ator1 h[ev]1 has n be5 m>k$ by ! same sl[1 successive /ages4 ,x has be5 ! outcome ( "o great developm5t--! introduction ( ! sci5tific me?od ( key f+]+ kn[n z t\* typewrit+4 ,we h ref]r$ m ?an once to ! article 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,july #f1 #ahfg1 :i* />t$ s _m bra9 cells work+ to su* good purpose4 ,"o m quotation f ?is article1 :i* has a special application to ! op]ator1 is n[ 9 ord]3 ,! we>y process ( le>n+ p5man%ip 9 ! s*ools w be r$uc$ to ! acquirem5t ( writ+ "o's own signature & play+ on ! lit]>y piano4 ,note ! words play+ on ! lit]>y piano4 ,!y 7 sugge/$ spontane\sly 9 connection ) ! idea2 !y 7 an unconsci\s prophecy :i* "t has fulfill$4 ,to op]ate ! ma*9e ) ! eyes re/+ n on ! keys b on ! copy1 z ! eyes ( ! piani/ re/ on ! music1 to use all ! f+]s1 to regulate ! t\* s t ! be/ results are obta9$1 ?us ga9+ "t 9 ! execution & excell5ce 9 ! "w2 ^! are ! ends secur$ by ! t\* sy/em1 a me?od n[ taught univ]sally 9 bus9ess s*ools4 ,:o 0 ! fir/ t\* typi/8 is a "q n[ frequ5tly ask$4 ,! answ] is1 ! fir/ bl9d typi/1 :oev] t p]son 04 ,we h record$ h[ ! ne$s ( ! bl9d figur$ 9 ! ef=ts ( s _m ( ! e>ly typewrit] inv5tors4 ,p5 writ+ is almo/ an impossibility = bl9d p4 ,a frame ( p>allel wires fitt$ ov] ! writ+ pap]1 ) "o wire = ea* l9e ( writ+1 is ( "s help to ! bl9d 9 p5 writ+1 b if !y lose ! l9e !y _c f9d x aga91 & x is ! same ) words & spaces betwe5 words4 ,! human h& has no automatic spac+ me*anism1 l ! typewrit]1 & t is :at ! bl9d p]son ne$s4 ,b :]e sight is lack+ !re is only "o possible me?od ( op]ation--by t\*4 ,! t\* me?od 0 a discov]y ( ! bl9d1 & a gift by !m to all ! typi/s ( ! _w4 ,x took "t1 h[ev]1 = ?is idea to become diffus$ among s*ools & op]ators g5]ally1 & dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! typewrit] ! /yle ( typ+ n[ kn[n d]isively z peck & hunt 0 univ]sal among sight$ op]ators4 ,"h 0 a p>adox1 :]e ! gift ( sight caus$ bl9dness & only ! bl9d c\ld see :at 0 hidd5 f ev]ybody else4 ,9 a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! art ( t\* typ+ 0 acquir$ by a few sight$ typi/s ( exceptional skill4 ,! fir/ ( :om !re is record 0 ,frank ,e4 ,mc,gurrin1 :o taught himself ! art on a ,model #a ,rem+ton 9 #ahgh1 :ile a cl]k 9 a law (fice 9 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*41 & aft]w>ds became ! *ampion spe$ op]ator ( 8 "t4 ,! exhibitions giv5 by ,mc,gurrin 9 diff]5t cities ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! eighties 7 ( ! v highe/ educational importance4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! 0 ! conte/ betwe5 ,mc,gurrin & ,traub2 decid$ at ,c9c9nati on ,july #be1 #ahhh4 ,! mod]n typewrit+ conte/s are int]e/+ ma9ly z demon/rations ( ! utmo/ capacity ( ! op]ator1 b ! conte/ betwe5 ,mc,gurrin & ,traub _h a f> deep] significance4 ,x 0 really a conte/ betwe5 two diff]5t sy/ems ( typ+--! new & ! old4 ,l\is ,traub 0 an in/ructor 9 typewrit+ & ag5t & exp]t op]ator ( ! lead+ d\ble-keybo>d ma*9e ( t day4 ,bo? 9 ! keybo>d us$ & ! me?od us$1 he /ood 9 opposition to ,mc,gurrin4 ,! conditions call$ = =ty-five m9utes writ+ f dictation1 & =ty-five f copy1 unfamili> matt] be+ us$4 ,mc,gurrin won decisively on bo? te/s1 b ! significant fact 0 t 8 spe$ increas$ ?ree words p] m9ute :5 writ+ f copy1 :ile ,traub's spe$ fell (f twelve words p] m9ute on ! same te/4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,mc,gurrin's eyes 7 always on ! copy1 :ile ,traub 0 compell$ to write an eyeful at a "t4 ,traub 0 op5 to conviction & accept$ ! logic ( ! result )\t res]ve4 ,he subsequ5tly became an exp]t t\* op]ator ( ! %ift-key ma*9e4 ,! exhibitions ( ,mc,gurrin & o!r self-taught t\* typi/s ( ?is e>ly p]iod s]v$ a useful purpose 9 demon/rat+ t ! idea 0 feasible1 b to make x practical = all typi/s 0 ! task ( ! educator4 ,! fir/ bus9ess s*ool to beg9 sy/ematic in/ruction to pupils by ! t\* me?od1 or ! all-f+] me?od z x 0 !n call$1 0 ,longley's ,%or?& & ,typewrit] ,in/itute ( ,c9c9nati4 ,! cr$it = ! introduction ( ?is sy/em belongs to ,mrs4 ,m4 ,v4 ,longley1 wife ( ,elias ,longley1 ^: "n is well kn[n to ! %or?& frat]nity ( ,am]ica ?r\gh 8 prom95t association ) ! developm5t ( phonography4 ,?is 0 9 #ahha4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> h] ,rem+ton ,typewrit] ,lessons 7 publi%$1 ! fir/ pr9t$ sy/em = tea*+ ! all-f+] me?od4 ,! adv]tisem5t describes ! sy/em z a s]ies ( lessons & ex]cises--by a sy/em ( f+]+ entirely diff]5t f t ( o!r au?ors & tea*]s2 a v cons]vative /atem5t consid]+ ! radical dep>ture x repres5t$ f ! prevail+ usage ( ! day4 ,! fir/ typewrit] man to int]e/ himself 9 ! sy/em 0 ,h4 ,v4 ,r[ell1 = _m ye>s manag] ( ! ,rem+ton (fice at ,bo/on1 :o is /ill liv+ at an advanc$ age4 ,x 0 a pap] read by ,mrs4 ,longley be=e ! ,fir/ ,annual ,congress ( ,%or?& ,writ]s1 held at ,c9c9nati 9 #ahhb1 t gave ,r[ell 8 fir/ inspiration on ! subject1 & f t "t he became an ard5t & con/ant advocate ( ! t\* sy/em4 ,! fir/ bus9ess educator :o took up ?is me?od at ,r[ell's sugge/ion 0 ,w4 ,e4 ,hickox :o introduc$ x 9 8 private %or?& s*ool at ,portl&1 ,me4 ,hickox1 :o began to tea* t\* typ+ 9 #ahhb1 0 ! second educator 9 ,am]ica & ! fir/ 9 ! ,ea/ to adopt ?is me?od1 b x 0 "s ye>s be=e he _h any imitators4 ,r[ell1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ ceaseless 9 8 ef=ts1 & 9 #ahhi he int]e/$ ,b4 ,j4 ,griff9 ( ! ,spr+field ,bus9ess ,s*ool1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,griff9 became a t\* typewrit+ en?usia/4 ,he introduc$ x 9 8 s*ool to ! exclusion ( all o!r me?ods1 & ! rem>kable typ+ skill ( "s ( 8 graduates soon produc$ a deep impression on o!r bus9ess educators4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahhi1 ,bates ,torrey ( ,portl&1 ,me41 publi%$ ,a ,manual ( ,practical ,typewrit+4 ,! ^w t\* seems su* a natural "o z appli$ to ?is me?od t x w\ld seem almo/ futile to se>* = its orig9ator1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,bates ,torrey 0 ! fir/ "o to use x 9 a pr9t$ manual4 ,we also note 9 ?is book a great advance 9 ! po9t ( view ov] ,mrs4 ,longley's ,typewrit] ,lessons4 ,mrs4 ,longley's me?od 0 a g5u9e t\* sy/em 9 its results1 b n 9 its ma9 purpose1 :i* 0 av[$ly to secure an improv$ me?od ( f+]+4 ,sev5 ye>s lat] ! all-f+] me?od _h become simply a means to an end--! ability to write by t\*4 ,! developm5ts ( ! ye> #ahhi set ! ball roll+1 & dur+ ! next few ye>s _m new t\* manuals appe>$ & "o s*ool aft] ano!r took x up until ! t\* me?od 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! gr[? ( ! sy/em 9 ! ,we/ 0 due ma9ly to ! ef=ts ( ano!r typewrit] man1 ,o4 ,p4 ,judd1 = _m ye>s manag] ( ! ,rem+ton (fice 9 ,omaha4 ,judd1 writ+ 9 #ahig1 says t ,omaha has become ! /orm c5t] ( ! commotion ov] ! t\* me?od ( typewrit+4 ,two educators ( t city1 ,van ,sant & ,mo%]1 urg$ on by ,judd1 ent]$ into a fri5dly competition1 & ! rival exhibitions giv5 by _! spl5didly tra9$ pupils soon spread ! me?od f> & wide4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #aija ! ,rem+tons made a complete canvass ( ! s*ools ( ,am]ica to asc]ta9 def9itely ! ext5t to :i* ! t\* sy/em 0 !n 9 use4 ,x 0 f\nd t half ( ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry _h already begun in/ruction by ! t\* me?od &1 ( ! rema9d]1 ! great majority ann\nc$ _! int5tion ( do+ s ) ! beg9n+ ( ! fall t]m4 ,v soon aft]1 ! old peck & hunt plan ( tea*+ _h disappe>$ entirely f ! s*ools1 & ! old /yle op]ators h become few] & few] ) ea* pass+ ye> until "o ( !m 9 a pres5t-day bus9ess (fice is almo/ a curiosity4 ,! seem+ impossibility ( ?irty-five ye>s ago1 :5 p wat*$ ,mc,gurrin & wond]$1 has become ! univ]sal commonplace ( today4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,wid5+ ,,! ,,field ,! developm5ts we h be5 consid]+ cov] only "o phase ( typewrit] progress4 ,! adv5t ( ! %ift-key typewrit]1 ( ! automatic ribbon rev]se1 ( visible writ+1 ( ! t\* sy/em1 & f9ally ( ! quiet typewrit]1 h all be5 important advances 9 effici5cy1 or conv5i5ce1 or g5]al satisfaction 9 ! p]=mance ( ! old] & m famili> typ+ tasks4 ,^? improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 ! aim ( :i* 0 to ext5d ! actual scope & range ( ! writ+ ma*9e belong1 9 ! ma91 to a diff]5t *a9 ( typewrit] developm5t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( its hi/ory1 ! "t-sav+ s]vice ( ! typewrit] 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to /raight1 l9e-by-l9e writ+1 ) its practical applications1 su* z lett] writ+1 manuscript writ+1 & ! l4 ,s long z ^! fields rema9$ unconqu]$ !re 0 little inc5tive or opportunity to ?9k ( any?+ else4 ,?us ! great fields ( =m1 tabul> & /ati/ical writ+ rema9$ = _m ye>s beyond ! rea* ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,! reason1 ( c\rse1 f ! me*anical /&po9t1 lay 9 ! lack ( any me*anism = ! in/antane\s sett+ ( ! c>riage at any desir$ writ+ po9t4 ,:5ev] ! nature ( ! "w requir$ ^! c>riage sett+s ) great frequ5cy1 ! sl[ me?od ( h& sett+ consum$ all ! "t t c\ld be sav$ 9 ! actual typ+4 ,h[ev]1 z "t w5t on1 ! opportunities = "t sav+ 9 ^! special =ms ( writ+ became m & m evid5t4 ,if we h typewritt5 lett]s1 :y n typewritt5 bills & /atem5ts & v\*]s & /ati/ical =ms ( e k9d8 ,:y1 9 fact1 use ! p5 at all except = signatures8 ,^! que/ions 7 ask$ ) great] & great] frequ5cy4 ,& 9 due "t ! typewrit] build]s gave ! answ]4 ,! fir/ decimal tabulator1 kn[n orig9ally z ! ,gor9 ,tabulator1 f ! "n ( its inv5tor1 appe>$ 9 #ahih z an atta*m5t ( ! ,rem+ton ,typewrit]4 ,!re is a special int]e/ 9 ! date ( ?is inv5tion1 = x m>ks exactly ! half-way po9t 9 ! fifty ye>s ( typewrit] hi/ory4 ,! second qu>t] c5tury ( ?is p]iod1 :i* beg9s ) ! adv5t ( ! decimal tabulator1 has se5 ! typewrit] ext5d its range to e =m ( writ+ or comb9$ writ+ & add+ =m]ly done by ! p54 ,! ,gor9 ,tabulator 0 exactly :at its "n implies--a decimal tabulator4 ,x wrote columns ( figures--any:]e on ! page & z _m z ! page w\ld hold--) ! same spe$ z ord9>y1 l9e-by-l9e writ+4 ,! decimal tabulator br\ght ! c>riage in/antly to ! exact po9t 9 e column :]e ! next l9e ( writ+ began1 :e!r units1 t5s1 hundr$s or millions1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ example3 #cdjgba #e #c #gba #ee #hef #bi #h #jf #gchb #gfg #ieb #gg #idjjf #i #gfc #he #gc #hf #egc #ie #jj #bjii #adb #cde #dh #jej #ff #ibhbchdfej #d #cef #geh #a #cif #gbb #jj #ehegbje #fg #ied #fgh #ejj #hjj #jj ,) ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ tabulator1 ! typewrit] began to invade new fields :i* hi!rto _h be5 entirely beyond its rea*4 ,9 "s ( ! ,old ,_w c\ntries ! decimal tabulator actually took ! lead 9 blaz+ a pa? = ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,9 ^! c\ntries !re surviv$ = _m ye>s a c]ta9 prejudice aga9/ ! typewritt5 lett]1 b ?is prejudice did n ext5d to =m & tabul> "w1 & ! fir/ ma*9es pur*as$ by c\ntless bus9ess h\ses 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy & else:]e 7 tabulat+ typewrit]s4 ,?is seems l a rev]sal ( ! natural ord]1 b ! f9al result 0 ! same4 ,! typewrit]1 once introduc$1 soon came into use = e k9d ( writ+4 ,! decimal tabulator is a notable example ( h[ "o idea leads to ano!r4 ,dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ its appe>ance !re _h be5 happ5+s 9 o!r bran*es ( ! (fice appliance field4 ,! idea ( cl]ical labor sav+1 embodi$ 9 ! fir/ typewrit]1 _h giv5 bir? to a v>i$ indu/ry1 & among o!r new inv5tions1 _h produc$ ! add+ ma*9e4 ,! fir/ add+ ma*9es1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ no pr9t+ me*anism1 & s long z typewrit]s 7 also lack+ 9 a tabulat+ me*anism1 ! fields ( ! two ma*9es lay entirely ap>t4 ,9 ! e>ly n9eties1 h[ev]1 ! ,burr\ghs ma*9e1 :i* li/$ figures 9 a column z add$1 began to f9d a m>ket4 ,soon aft] came ! fir/ tabulat+ typewrit]1 & x 0 soon recogniz$ t ea* ( ^! ma*9es repres5t$ a p>tial approa* to ! field ( ! o!r4 ,! "q !n arose3 ,s9ce ! typewrit] n[ writes figures 9 columns1 :y n build "o t w add ^! columns z writt58 ,9 o!r words1 :y n build an add+ typewrit]8 ,9 due "t ! add+ typewrit] came1 to be foll[$ lat] by ! typewrit]-acc\nt+ or bookkeep+ ma*9e4 ,prom95t among ma*9es ( ?is type are ! ,elliott-,fi%]1 :i* has a flat writ+ b$ or plat51 ! ,rem+ton1 :i* introduc$ ! feature ( automatic subtraction1 & ! ,und]wood1 :i* is electrically op]at$4 ,! e>li] add+ typewrit]s add$ 9 v]tical columns only1 b soon a cross-add+ me*anism 0 add$1 & ! two acts ( v]tical & cross computation are p]=m$ 9 "o op]ation4 ,! acc\nt+ ma*9e complet$ ! application ( ! typewrit] to e =m ( bus9ess writ+1 includ+ comb9$ writ+ & add+4 ,9 ! latt] field ! advantages x (f]s are ^? ( ! typewrit] int5sifi$4 ,! comb9ation ( two tasks--writ+ & add+--9 "o1 elim9ates ! sep>ate add+ & ! sep>ate add+ co/4 ,a fur!r advantage is ! error-pro(+ ( e task1 ! ma*9e furni%+ its own *ecks aga9/ possible mi/akes by ! op]ator4 ,to ! bus9ess man ^! advantages are decisive4 ,! typewritt5 bill is n[ ab\t z univ]sal z ! typewritt5 lett]1 s also is ! typewritt5 /atem5t1 & ! old-fa%ion$ b\nd & p5-writt5 l$g]s are fa/ giv+ place to ! mod]n c>d l$g]1 kept on ! bookkeep+ ma*9e4 ,! same applies to e conceivable k9d ( comb9$ typ+ & add+ 9 e l9e ( bus9ess4 ,! p5 has n entirely disappe>$ f ^! fields z yet1 b x is go+1 & its f9al dep>ture is z cle>ly indicat$ z any?+ 9 ! book ( fate4 ,:ile ! typewrit] has be5 complet+ its conque/ ( ! entire field ( bus9ess writ+1 !re has be5 ano!r developm5t at :at we may call ! opposite end ( ! scale4 ,! ma*9e is n[ demon/rat+ its "t-sav+ utility n alone = bus9ess writ+ b = all writ+4 ,! use ( ! ma*9e = e k9d ( p]sonal writ+ 0 cle>ly =eca/ by its orig9al build]s1 z ! fir/ typewrit] catalogue pla9ly proves4 ,inde$ ?is 0 cle>] to !m ?an ! g5]al bus9ess uses4 ,_m ye>s 7 to elapse1 h[ev]1 be=e ! employm5t ( ! typewrit] became g5]al outside ( ! bus9ess field1 & !n x came ab\t ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a new type ( ma*9e1 especially design$ = ! own]'s p]sonal use4 ,! portable typewrit]1 small1 light1 compact1 conv5i5t1 & easy to c>ry any:]e 9 its travel+ case1 prov$ to be ! type ( ma*9e desir$ by ! p]sonal us]4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! portables 0 ! small ,blick5sd]f]1 a type-:eel ma*9e4 ,! fir/ type-b> portable ma*9e to attract wide notice 0 ! ,corona1 :i* dates f ! ye> #aiab4 ,today !re are a numb] ( ^! ma*9es1 includ+ ! portable ,rem+ton1 ,und]wood1 ,hammond1 ,g\rl& & o!rs1 two ( ^!1 ! ,rem+ton & ,g\rl&1 ) keybo>ds l ^? on ! big ma*9es4 ,! rapid progress ( ! portable 9 its own field po9ts cle>ly to ! "t :5 ! use ( ! typewrit] = e k9d ( writ+ w be ne>ly univ]sal4 ,! acc\nt+ ma*9e & ! portable1 diff]5t z !y are 9 ne>ly e way1 h "o po9t 9 common4 ,bo? h contribut$ to :at we may call ! int5sive use ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,"o o!r developm5t1 :i* conc]ns its ext5sive use1 w close ! li/4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! _w-wide use ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,?is is n a m]e figure ( spee*2 x is a lit]al /atem5t ( fact4 ,!re is no article ( comm]ce 9 ! _w m univ]sal 9 its di/ribution4 ,ev]y:]e on e>? today1 :]e man is f\nd ) ! ability to read & write1 !re w be f\nd ! omnipres5t typewrit]4 ,x is h>d = ! imag9ation to visualize ?is univ]sal fact4 ,a map ( ! _w does n help mu*4 ,p]haps a photograph gall]y ( all ! types ( p ( all ! nations t foll[ typ+ z a pr(ession w\ld convey a bett] idea4 ,b =tunately a /ill bett] me?od ( visualization is at our comm&4 ,"s ye>s ago a l+ui/ic g5ius conceiv$ ! idea ( collect+ typewritt5 translations ( ! motto ,to save "t is to l5g!n life1 9 all ! languages ( ! _w4 ,! collection1 :i* _h gr[n :5 publi%$ to eighty-f\r languages1 is "h pres5t$4 ,truly a rem>kable evid5ce ( ! way 9 :i* a writ+ ma*9e produc$ 9 ! village ( ,ilion has conqu]$ ! _w4 ,"s may ask1 :at language is ,quoc-,ngu8 ,quoc-,ngu is a ,romaniz$ v]sion ( a ,*9ese dialect1 spok5 9 ,anam1 a division ( ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a4 ,if ! language is z /range z its "n x mu/ be a tongue twi/]1 & our typewritt5 sample %[s t x is z /range--j ab\t4 ,nev]!less a consid]able numb] ( typewrit]s are us$ today = writ+ ,quoc-,ngu4 ,! purely ,celtic languages =m an int]e/+ gr\p4 ,!y are repres5t$ by five examples1 ,iri%1 ,gaelic1 ,wel%1 ,breton & ,manx4 ,! typewritt5 sample %[s ! ,romaniz$ writ+ ( ! ,iri% or ,erse language4 ,typewrit]s h also be5 sold to write ,erse 9 ! orig9al "*1 ! type hav+ be5 specially cut = ! purpose4 ,six ( ! ,philipp9e languages are repres5t$1 ,tagalog1 ,pampango1 ,ilocano1 ,visayan1 ,bicol & ,pangas9an4 ,"h1 inde$1 is /rik+ evid5ce ( ! het]og5e\s population ( ^! new ,am]ican possessions4 ,equally notable is ! ,s\? ,african gr\p 9 :i* five languages are repres5t$1 ,sizulu1 ,seso?o1 ,sixosa1 ,set%angaan & ,taal4 ,( ^! ! fir/ f\r are native ,kafir dialects4 ,holl&s* or ,dut* 0 9 ! old days ( ! ,transvaal ,republic ! (ficial language4 ,taal is ! e-day language ( ! ,s\? ,african ,dut*man1 & is a conglom]ation1 pr9cipally ( ,holl&s*1 ) "s ,engli%4 ,engli%-speak+ p :o h nev] be5 9 ,s\? ,africa may be curi\s to "k :at mix$ ,dut* & ,engli% s\nds l4 ,! typewritt5 sample1 h[ev]1 c only %[ h[ x looks4 ,,to ,,save ,,"t ,,is ,,to ,,l5g!n ,,life ,typewritt5 9 #hd ,languages ,transcrib]'s note3 non-,lat9 scripts h be5 omitt$4 ,engli%-- ,to save "t is to l5g!n life4 ,fr5*-- ,gagn] du temps1 c'e/ prolong] la vie4 ,portuguese-- ,economis> tempo al>g> a vida4 ,hung>ian-- ,tak>koskodj az idvel1 meghosszabitod az let$4 ,poli%-- ,kto czas oszczodza--prz$luza sobie zycie4 ,basque-- ,dembor>5 irabaztia1 bici>5 luatzia da4 ,catalan-- ,economiz> tmps es all>g> la vida4 ,prov5al-- ,temps gagna fa longo vido4 ,breton-- ,ha/5n ar vuez ho c'honi amz]4 ,iri%-- ,is ,ionann ,am-,coigilt agus ,seagal-buanad4 ,gaelic-- ,faid saoghail is seadh d re *uir a b-feidhm4 ,wel%-- ,mae arb$ ams] yn e/yn oes4 ,manx-- ,dy hauail traa te jannoo bea ny sleurey4 ,flemi%-- ,tijd besp>5 is lev5 v]l5g54 ,frisian-- ,td besp>je is libj5 v]l5ge4 ,icel&ic-- ,a sp>a tma er a l5gja lifi4 ,bohemian-- spora casu je/ prodl\z5im zivota4 ,r\manian-- ,a economisi timp e/e a prelungi viata4 ,slov5ian-- ,v>cevanje s casom1 je daljsanje zivlj5ja4 ,slovak-- ,usporuvat cas je prodluhit zivota4 ,e/honian-- ,judsam t on elu pidk5dus4 ,letti%-- ,laiku taupot--pag>9a dzivibu4 ,li?uanian-- ,uzc$yjimas laiko ilg9a amzo4 ,croatian-- ,tko vrijeme /$i1 taj produzuje zivot4 ,spanioli%-- ,economia di tiempu1 al>ga la vida4 ,g]man-- ,zeit sp>5 heis/ das ,leb5 v]lng]n4 ,italian-- ,risp>mi&o tempo prolungate la vita4 ,lat9-- ,p>c]e tempori vit>a longiorem facit4 ,sw$i%-- ,att v9na tid r att frlnga lifvet4 ,dani%-- ,at sp>e ,tid er at =lnge ,livet4 ,norwegian-- ,at sp>e tid er at =lnge livet4 ,f9ni%-- ,aikaa voittaessa1 elm pid5tyy4 ,maltese-- ,m9 jahdem fis1 itaughal haghtu4 ,albanian-- ,kur ngi bi] mot ron %um4 ,roman*-- ,sp>gn] temp ais prolung] la vita4 ,ido-- ,sp>> tempo esas longig> la vivo4 ,esp]anto-- ,sp>i tempon e/as plilongigi la vivon4 ,si\x-- ,wicoran yuptecana k9 he wiconi yuhanske4 ,w9nebago-- ,wo %knn l k l ki ci gi %i1 wank%ik ho i n ni gi sa let* n n4 ,aztec-- ,aqu9 mo quixpoloa 9 cahuitl quihuellaquilia inemiliz4 ,maya-- ,k taquick tiempo cu *okuactal kimil4 ,ilocano-- ,ti p9agtip$ iti aget paatiddugu5 ni biag4 ,visayan-- ,magdag9ot sa adlao1 kay mao ang hataas ga k9abuhi4 ,bicol-- ,pag-imotan ang panahon pagpa-lwig n9 buhay4 ,pampango-- ,+ pamag>imuhan k+ panaun makakaba k+ bie4 ,pangas9an-- ,say panagtep] ed maong sa panahon s macasuldon ed pan bilay4 ,tagalog-- ,ang pag-a>imuhn sa panahn ay nakapagpapahaba g buhay4 ,sizulu-- ,l[o o gc9a isikati sake u y5a o nesikati eside ukus&isa emhlab5i4 ,seso?o-- ,ea sa s5y5g l9ako tsa hae ke e5a ea phelang halelele lefats5g4 ,sixosa-- ,ongaciti ixe%a lake nguy5a o nexe%a elide ukul&isa emhlab5i4 ,set%angaan-- ,a lavisaka %ikati utomi wa y5a u tay5geteleka muhlab5i4 ,spani%-- ,economiz> tiempo es al>g> la vida4 ,dut*-- ,tyd uitw9n5 is zyn lev5 v]l5g54 ,taal-- ,tijd te spa> maakt gebruik lang]4 ,quoc-,ngu-- ,loi ngy gio1 bang song lu nam4 ,hawaiian-- ,malama pono anamika manawa1 ,he mea ia e hooloihi aku ai ike ola4 ,maori-- ,e poto taima e ora roa4 ,romaniz$-,malay-- ,me-niampumakan waktu itu me-nambahi panjang umor4 ,eskimo-- ,uvdlunik aungn]tusr9ek 9tn]tun>pok4 ,hova-- ,tsy m&any &ro foana no manalava ny a9a4 ,! languages ( ! ,am]ican ,indian are repres5t$ by only ?ree examples1 ,si\x1 ,w9nebago & ,aztec4 ,to save "t is to l5g!n life takes n9ete5 words to say 9 ,w9nebago4 ,evid5tly ! moral ( ?is motto 0 nev] appli$ v s]i\sly by ! ,w9nebago ,indians4 ,if x took !m z long z t to say ev]y?+1 x is p]haps no wond] t ! ,w9nebagos are ne>ly all dead4 ,_m o!r languages 9 ?is ext5sive li/ are wor? l+]+ ov]1 b we mu/ pass on to ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! collection1 namely ^? languages t are writt5 9 non-,roman *>act]s4 ,9 ! languages we h ?us f> consid]$1 ! me*anical problem1 f ! typewrit] /&po9t1 0 an easy "o4 ,:]e special acc5ts are requir$1 !y are easily suppli$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( us+ dead1 i4e41 non-spac+ keys4 ,! adaptation ( ! typewrit]1 h[ev]1 to write ! non-,roman languages 0 9 "s in/ances a v difficult me*anical problem4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r languages 9 ?is li/1 writt5 9 no less ?an eight diff]5t *>act]s1 ,russian1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,arm5ian1 ,burmese1 ,h9di1 ,arabic & ,japanese 7,katakana74 ,! ,russian gr\p includes f\r languages1 ,russian1 ,s]vian1 ,ru!nian & ,bulg>ian4 ,! "* 9 :i* ^! languages are writt5 is kn[n z ,cyrilian1 an inv5tion ( ,/4 ,cyril 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & is bas$ on ! ,greek "*1 to :i* its resemblance w be not$4 ,! languages writt5 today 9 ! ,greek & ,cyrilian *>act]s correspond almo/ exactly to ! pres5t limits ( ! ,or?odox ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! use ( ! ,arabic "* also corresponds v ne>ly to ! geographical limits ( ! ,mohamm$an religion4 ,sev5 languages writt5 9 ?is "* are repres5t$1 ,arabic1 ,turki%1 ,p]sian1 ,s>t1 ,urdu1 ,malay & ,t>t>4 ,( all ! languages n[ writt5 on ! typewrit]1 ! ,arabic gr\p pres5t$ ! grave/ me*anical difficulties4 ,! ,arabic "*1 z writt51 is n subject to any ( ! usual rules4 ,x has 9 its complete alphabet ov] "o hundr$ individual *>act]s2 x writes backw>ds1 i4e41 f "r to left2 ! *>act]s are writt5 on ! l9e1 above ! l9e & bel[ ! l9e1 & !y are ( v>i\s wid?s1 requir+ full spac+1 half spac+ & no spac+ at all4 ,"h inde$ 0 a m$ley ( problems well calculat$ to tax +5uity to ! limit1 & ! ,arabic typewrit] is a cr[n+ triumph ( me*anical skill4 ,! ,h9du gr\p %[s ! anci5t ,sanscrit & f\r mod]n ,h9du v]nacul> languages writt5 9 ! same "*1 :i* is kn[n z ,devanag>i4 ,^! v]nacul> languages are ,h9di1 ,m>aw>i1 ,magadhi1 & ,m>a?i4 ,! ,h9du v]nacul> ma*9es1 especially ! ,m>a?i1 are hav+ a consid]able sale today among ! native pr9ces & pot5tates ( ,briti% ,india4 ,! ,japanese 7,katakana7 sample is int]e/+ ma9ly z a curiosity4 ,x does n write ! complete ,japanese language--only ! syllabic sy/em kn[n z ,katakana4 ,?is is read f "r to left 9 p]p5dicul> columns4 ,9 ord] to write ?is "* on ! horizontal l9es ( ! typewrit]1 ! type are laid on _! faces &1 9 read+1 ! l9es are held 9 p]p5dicul> position4 ,aft] review+ ?is =midable li/ ( eighty-f\r languages1 ! "q naturally arises1 ,are !re any writt5 languages t x does n include8 ,yes1 !re are1 & ?is collection ( typewritt5 samples has /eadily gr[n until x n[ includes m ?an #aej languages1 :ile ! numb] ( diff]5t non-,roman *>act]s n[ writt5 on ! typewrit] has increas$ f eight to tw5ty4 ,!re are two important languages1 h[ev]1 :i* /ill lie outside ! pale ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,^! are ! ideographic languages1 ,*9ese & ,japanese4 ,! anci5t ,japanese language 0 orig9ally phonetic1 b ! syllabic signs are n[ commonly int]mix$ ) ideographic *>act]s ( ,*9ese orig94 ,*9ese is a /range language4 ,x has no alphabet or phonetic signs--only ideographs4 ,^! ideographs are lit]ally ^w pictures1 & !re is a sep>ate picture = e ^w4 ,!re are f #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj ( ^! ideographs1 & to write ea* "o at a s+le /roke w\ld require a typewrit] ) _m ?\s&s ( keys4 ,c ! problem ev] be solv$ ( writ+ ?is language on a practical typewrit]8 ,"s inv5tors claim !y h already solv$ x4 ,x seems h>d to cr$it1 b ! typewrit] developm5ts ( ! pa/ & pres5t w>n u n to call any?+ impossible t is dem&$ ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,mean:ile ! ,*9ese & ,japanese buy typewrit]s--?\s&s ( !m2 n to write _! own languages1 ( c\rse1 b o!r languages1 usually ,engli%4 ,& !y are com+ to use ^! ma*9es1 n alone = =eign correspond5ce1 b = bus9ess correspond5ce among !mselves4 ,! "t sav+ s]vice ( ! typewrit] is s great t !y f9d x wor? ano!r language4 ,& ?is br+s u to :at _m w reg>d z ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! typewrit]4 ,! /eady gr[? ( ,engli% z ! comm]cial language ( ! ,f> ,ea/ is a well kn[n fact1 & ( all ! influ5ces t h caus$ ?is gr[?1 "o ( ! mo/ important is ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,?us x may be said = ! typewrit] t x has n only facilitat$ ! use ( language b x has be5 no mean influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! spread ( language itself4 ,:at is to be ! future ( ?is rem>kable me*anism1 :i* 9 fifty ye>s has trans=m$ ! :ole _w ( bus9ess1 & has wr\ght su* fundam5tal *anges 9 our mod]n social ord]8 ,z we pass ! fiftie? mile/one ( typewrit] hi/ory1 x is natural1 n only to review ! pa/1 b to ?9k ( all t "t may hold 9 /ore4 ,t ! future ( ! typewrit] w be wond]ful1 m wond]ful ?an any?+ we h yet kn[n1 is c]ta91 b :at new =ms x may assume is = no man to say1 = ! futility ( su* speculations has be5 demon/rat$ by all human exp]i5ce4 ,on ! me*anical side su* =eca/s are obvi\sly impossible4 ,! mo/ f>see+ typewrit] man ( today kn[s t ! me*anical progress ( ! next fifty ye>s is a seal$ book to him--ev5 z ! hi/ory we h j record$ 0 a seal$ book to ! pione]s ( #ahgc4 ,ev5 on ! side ( its application to human ne$s1 x is h>d to =eca/ ! future progress ( a ma*9e1 ! use ( :i* is already s ne>ly univ]sal4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ?is fact does n impose any limits on future developm5t4 ,ev5 if ! reign ( ! typewrit] today 7 complete & absolute1 & ! p5 _h become z obsolete z ! /ylus1 !re w\ld /ill be new worlds = ! writ+ ma*9e to conqu]4 ,! ne$ :i* fir/ call$ ! typewrit] into be+1 ! problem ( cl]ical "t & labor sav+1 is always ) u2 x *anges its =m1 b nev] its ess5ce4 ,! enorm\s "t-sav+ ! ma*9e has already a*iev$ is only ! promise ( m "t-sav+1 & :5 e writ+ task has be5 annex$ by ! typewrit]1 x w be m ?an ev] its mission to p]=m ^! tasks ) ev] increas+ effici5cy1 increas+ accuracy1 & increas+ spe$4 ,only 9 "o phase d ! new developm5ts ( ! pres5t give a cle> indication ( :at ! future has 9 /ore4 ,! rapid gr[? 9 ! p]sonal & home use ( ! typewrit]1 foll[+ ! adv5t ( ! portable ma*9es1 is reveal+ to _m ?\s&s a quality ( ! ma*9e1 long kn[n b nev] be=e aggressively exploit$1 namely1 its incomp>able value z an educational implem5t4 ,we d n mean comm]cial education1 = 9 ?is field ! typewrit] e/abli%$ its reign _m ye>s ago4 ,we mean ! education ( ! *ild 9 read+1 writ+1 spell+1 &1 z he gr[s old]1 9 all ! fundam5tals ( language composition4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is value4 ,"o is ! delight ( ! *ild 9 ! ma*9e itself1 ! use ( :i* provides a vehicle = 8 creative in/9ct4 ,! o!r is ! p]fection ( =m 9 ! typ$ words & s5t5ces1 :i* pres5t atta9able /&>ds to ! *ild f ! v outset ( 8 ef=ts4 ,! extraord9>y results obta9$ by ! typewrit] 9 ?is field are atte/$ by educators & by p>5ts )\t numb]1 & ! progress ( su* rec5t wond] *ildr5 z ,w9ifr$ ,/on] & ,willmore ,k5dall is directly attribut$ to _! e>ly & cont9u\s use ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t1 among ! f\nd]s ( ! bus9ess1 t man ( vision1 ,william ,o4 ,wyck(f1 =esaw ^! results1 & 8 lett]s to ,e>le1 writt5 9 ! late sev5ties1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 urge /rongly ! sale ( ma*9es 9 ! home = educational use4 ,wyck(f 0 fifty ye>s ahead ( 8 "t1 & x has rema9$ = ! portable ma*9e ( our day to spread ?is great message4 ,x may be a long "t yet be=e ! use ( ! typewrit] is e/abli%$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 z an educational implem5t z necess>y z *>ts & blackbo>ds1 b 9 ! home ?is s]vice has already begun & w be ext5d$ ) e pass+ ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,wom5 ,,a*iev$ ,,economic ,,emancipation ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,writ+ ,,ma*9e ,! greate/ ( all ! triumphs ( ! typewrit]1 great] ev5 ?an its influ5ce on bus9ess or education or language1 is ! trans=mation x has wr\ght 9 our :ole social ord]4 ,?is is a phase ( typewrit] influ5ce :i* ev5 today is f> too little und]/ood4 ,! fact t ! writ+ ma*9e has fre$ ! _w f p5 slav]y is itself a triumph s va/ & palpable t x rivets att5tion1 almo/ to ! exclusion ( any?+ else4 ,?is is n because ! facts are obscure conc]n+ o!r phases ( typewrit] influ5ce4 ,t x 0 ! writ+ ma*9e :i* op5$ to wom5 ! doors ( bus9ess life is s well kn[n t ! m]e m5tion ( x s\nds l a commonplace4 ,b few inde$ h consid]$ ! real importance ( ?is fact 9 its relation to human society4 ,! movem5t t we "k by ! "n ( fem9ism is und\bt$ly ! mo/ significant & important social evolution ( our "t4 ,! aims & aspirations beh9d ?is great movem5t ne$ n deta9 u4 ,suffice x is to say t1 l all great social movem5ts1 its cause & its aim h be5 prim>ily economic4 ,:at is kn[n z sex-emancipation might almo/ be translat$ to read economic emancipation2 at any rate x c\ld only be atta9$ ?r\gh "o means1 namely1 equal economic opportunity1 & su* opportunity c\ld nev] h be5 won by m]e /atute or enactm5t4 ,be=e ! aims ( fem9ism c\ld be a*iev$ x 0 necess>y t wom5 %\ld f9d & make ?is opportunity1 & !y f\nd x 9 ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,we h describ$ ! trans=mation ( ! :ole bus9ess _w s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,equally revolution>y1 & facilitat$ by ! same ag5cy1 has be5 ! trans=mation 9 ! economic /atus ( wom5 dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,! bus9ess (fice ( #ahgc seems no m remote f ! pres5t ?an ! economic re/rictions impos$ on ! wom5 ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,x might almo/ be said t no real c>e] 0 possible = h] outside ( ! home4 ,su* opportunities = ga9ful occupation z did exi/ 7 usually = ! untra9$ & un$ucat$1 9 %ops1 factories1 dome/ic s]vice & ! l4 ,9 only two o!r call+s _h !y made !mselves indisp5sable1 t ( s*ool tea*+ & nurs+1 & all ! op5+s 9 ?is & a few m9or occupations c\ld d little m ?an utilize a fraction ( intellig5t womanhood4 ,!y furni%$ no adequate basis = true & g5]al economic fre$om4 ,obvi\sly x 0 ! bus9ess _w1 & t alone1 :i* c\ld furni% wom5 ) ! opportunity = real emancipation1 & s long z ?is door rema9$ clos$1 !re c\ld be no hope ( its atta9m5t4 ,! prejudice :i* exi/$ fifty ye>s ago aga9/ ! employm5t ( wom5 9 a bus9ess (fice1 or 9 cl]ical capacities ( any k9d1 is some?+ :i* 9 our day is h>d to und]/&4 ,x 0 bl9d & unreason+1 z prejudices usually are1 b x 0 univ]sal4 ,h[ /rong x 01 & h[ unreason+1 0 cle>ly %[n 9 ! "o notable attempt to utilize ! s]vices ( wom5 9 cl]ical "w1 :i* came be=e ! adv5t ( ! typewrit]4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ?is attempt 0 made by a native & life-long resid5t ( ,h]kim] ,c\nty1 a =eca/ ( ! "p t o!r native sons ( ,h]kim] ,c\nty 7 yet to play 9 ! great "w ( sex emancipation4 ,?is man 0 ,g5]al ,francis ,elias ,sp9n]1 born 9 ,mohawk1 ,n4,y41 a suburb ( ,ilion1 & a close fri5d ( ,philo ,rem+ton4 ,g5]al ,sp9n] 0 appo9t$ ,treasur] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,presid5t ,l9coln on ,m>* #af1 #ahfa1 & cont9u$ to hold ?is (fice until ,june #cj1 #ahge4 ,:5 he took up 8 (ficial duties at ,wa%+ton1 he f\nd a condition simil> to ! "o ) :i* all ( u 7 rec5tly famili> dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,! m5 _h gone to w> 9 su* va/ numb]s t !re 0 ev]y:]e a sc>city ( work]s1 & ,g5]al ,sp9n] conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ wom5 z gov]nm5t cl]ks4 ,?is 0 a />tl+ innovation 9 ^? days2 nev]!less sev]al hundr$ wom5 7 appo9t$ to gov]nm5t cl]k%ips ?r\gh 8 ag5cy4 ,! grateful wom5 ( ! "t aft]w>ds rememb]$ ,g5]al ,sp9n]'s ef=ts1 & 8 /atue1 erect$ by ! wom5 ( ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 n[ /&s 9 ,h]kim]1 ,n4,y4 ,on ! p$e/al ( ?is /atue are ,g5]al ,sp9n]'s words3 ,! fact t ,i 0 in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ wom5 to employm5t 9 ! (fices ( ! ,gov]nm5t gives me m real satisfaction ?an all ! o!r de$s ( my life4 ,h[ev]1 ! unhappy exp]i5ces ( _m ( ^! wom5 %[$ h[ /rong 7 ! prejudices ( ! "t4 ,grace ,gre5wood1 ! au?oress1 tells ( a lett] %e receiv$ f "o ( !m :i* says3 ,w\ld y "w = no?+1 bo>d y\rself1 & be li$ ab\t8 ,su* 0 ! _w's attitude fifty ye>s ago conc]n+ wom5's "w4 ,& !n ,h]kim] ,c\nty made ano!r contribution to ! cause ( sex emancipation4 ,a new & /range ma*9e appe>$1 & x w5t to "w1 at fir/ quietly & unobtrusively1 b 9 ! end triumphantly to break d[n ^! b>ri]s ( cons]vatism & prejudice4 ,ev5 at ?is day1 _m ( u1 ?\gh recogniz+ ! facts1 are puzzl$ to acc\nt = ?is amaz+ a*ievem5t ( ! writ+ ma*9e4 ,yet !re is no my/]y ab\t x1 = x 0 all due to ! op]ation ( t law :i* is sure to break all b>ri]s1 ! law ( necessity & fitness4 ,we h %[n t ! typewrit] did m ?an save bus9ess "t4 ,x /imulat$ bus9ess activity1 & 9 "t ?is activity rea*$ ! po9t :]e !re 7 no long] m5 en\gh to p]=m all ( ! cl]ical tasks4 ,! girl /5ograph] & typi/ came into bus9ess because %e 0 ne$$1 & ) h] com+ ! anci5t b>ri]s fell4 ,! typi/ blaz$ ! pa? by :i* o!r wom5 ent]$ e dep>tm5t ( bus9ess4 ,economic emancipation 0 won & f ?is great triumph has result$ e o!r developm5t ( mod]n fem9ism4 ,! suffrage1 ! w9n+ ( great] social fre$om1 ! wid] p>ticipation ( wom5 9 e phase ( public life1 all ^! are *ildr5 ( ! same p>5t4 ,:5 economic fre$om 0 won1 ev]y?+ 0 won1 & all else foll[$1 naturally & inevitably4 ,! fem9i/ movem5t has _h its lead]s1 _m & prom95t ones1 b x is sometimes ! "o ) no ?\ght or consci\sness ( lead]%ip :o r5d]s ! greate/ s]vice4 ,9 ! *oice ( "s hi/oric figure to symbolize ?is movem5t1 :o has a bett] claim ?an ! man ^: life & "w creat$ ! great opportunity ?r\gh :i* sex emancipation 0 a*iev$8 ,x is pleas+ to "k t ! inv5tor ( ! typewrit] liv$ to see ! beg9n+s ( ?is great movem5t & ! k ( x gladd5$ 8 lat] ye>s4 ,%oles di$ 9 ,milwaukee on ,febru>y #ag1 #ahij1 & = "s ye>s be=e 8 dea? he nev] rose f 8 b$4 ,b ?\gh m dead ?an alive 9 body1 8 m9d rema9$ cle>1 uncl\d$ & active to ! v end4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,well] tells ( a private lett] :i* relates ! foll[+ incid5t :i* occurr$ %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 :5 a daught]-9-law rem>k$ to him1 ,fa!r ,%oles1 :at a wond]ful ?+ y h done = ! _w4 ,he repli$1 ,i don't "k ab\t ! _w1 b ,i d feel t ,i h done some?+ = ! wom5 :o h always _h to "w s h>d4 ,?is w enable !m m easily to e>n a liv+4 ,9 "o ( ! la/ lett]s he ev] wrote1 ,%oles says1 ,:atev] ,i may h felt 9 ! e>ly days ( ! value ( ! typewrit]1 x is obvi\sly a bless+ to mank9d1 & especially to womank9d4 ,i am glad ,i _h some?+ to d ) x4 ,i build$ wis] ?an ,i knew1 & ! _w has ! b5efit ( x4 ,^! f>ewell words ( ,%oles =m a suitable close to ?is /ory4 ,he r5d]$ ! _w ( womank9d a great s]vice1 he liv$ long en\gh to "k x1 & he di$ cont5t$ & happy 9 t k4 ,8 clos+ words %[ t he ?\ght m ( ?is a*ievem5t ?an ( any o!r s]vice r5d]$ by 8 inv5tion4 ,9 ?is anniv]s>y ye> ( ! writ+ ma*9e x is fitt+ t our ?\ghts %\ld turn to ! simple1 g5tle1 k9dly1 mode/1 lovable man1 :o 9 8 lifetime nei!r s\ght nor obta9$ rew>ds or honors1 & ^: v "n is little kn[n today 9 ! great _w ( bus9ess :i* he trans=m$ ) 8 inv5tion1 or to ! millions ( wom5 :o owe s mu* to 8 ef=ts4