,,the ,,spanish ,,series ,,the ,,spanish ,,royal ,,tapestries ,,the ,,spanish ,,series ,,edited ,,by ,,albert ,f4 ,,calvert ,,goya ,,toledo ,,madrid ,,seville ,,murillo ,,cordova ,,el ,,greco ,,velasquez ,,the ,,prado ,,the ,,escorial ,,sculpture ,,in ,,spain ,,murcia ,,and ,,valencia ,,royal ,,palaces ,,of ,,spain ,,spanish ,,arms ,,and ,,armour ,,granada ,,and ,,alhambra ,,leon1 ,,burgos ,,and ,,salamanca ,,tapestries ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,palace ,,catalonia ,,and ,,balearic ,,islands ,,valladolid1 ,,oviedo1 ,,segovia ,,zamora1 ,,avila ,,and ,,zaragoza ,,london ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head ,,the ,,spanish ,,royal ,,tapestries ,,by ,,albert ,f4 ,,calvert ,,with #bgg ,,illustrations ,,london3 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,lane ,,company ,,mcmxxi ,h4 ,k41 ,ltd41 ,london1 ,s4,e4 #a ,,preface ,in point of size1 scope and general interest1 this little book is perhaps the least considerable of the score of volumes comprised in ,the ,spanish ,series1 but the collection would have lacked something of the completeness ,i have endeavoured to secure for it1 if the subject of which it treats had not been included4 ,as is inevitable in a series of this kind1 many of the books are devoted to aspects and monuments of ,spanish history and achievement1 which have served the purpose of writers in all ages1 but which could not1 on that account1 be omitted1 while others have an imperative claim to inclusion on the ground that1 though of secondary importance1 they have never been dealt with elsewhere4 ,the ,tapestries which are here reproduced in greater number and variety than has hitherto been attempted are known to students and connoisseurs the world over1 but the measure of that knowledge is limited4 ,many of the pieces in the possession of the ,spanish ,crown were acquired by purchase or inheritance1 and others were woven in the ,netherlands to the command of its ,burgundian rulers1 ,margaret of ,austria and ,mary of ,hungary4 ,the fabrics designed by ,goya owed their existence to the extraordinary interest displayed in the products of the looms by ,charles ,,iii41 while the famous ,tunis ,tapestries were designed and woven by ,jan ,vermay or ,vermeyen1 the ,court painter and ,wilhelm ,pannemaker1 the celebrated ,flemish weaver1 under the personal direction of the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,vermeyen accompanied the expedition which was launched against ,tunis by ,charles in #aece and made his sketches on the spot2 the contract given to ,pannemaker by his ,imperial patron stipulated the amount and quality of the silk and the number and value of the gold and silver threads to be employed2 and both designs and finished pieces had to be submitted to the ,emperor's scrutiny and approval before the purchase price was paid4 ,the ,tunis ,series was completed in #aeed4 ,the ,tapestries were displayed in ,england on the occasion of the marriage of ,philip and ,mary in that year1 and were not seen again in this country until #cfj years later4 ,they subsequently figured in all the great functions of the ,spanish ,court1 and it was due to the ,emperor's fear that constant usage would injure the fabrics that a duplicate set1 but on a smaller scale1 was woven4 ,the twelve pieces were again reproduced1 on the same scale as the original frames1 in #agdj by order of ,philip ,v4 ,a third copy is preserved in the ,museum at ,vienna1 and a fourth1 woven by ,pannemaker1 was found by the ,marchal de ,contades in a castle near ,mecklin during the ,seven ,years ,war4 ,this collection of ,spanish ,royal ,tapestries has been steadily accumulating since the thirteenth century1 but the practice of weaving was not introduced into ,spain until the first quarter of the seventeenth century when a little colony of ,flemish weavers1 subsidised by the ,king of ,spain1 settled at ,pastrau in ,new ,castile4 ,a century later1 at the invitation of ,philip ,v41 ,jacques ,van ,der ,goten and his four sons1 established themselves in an atalier in ,madrid1 and in #aggf ,goya drew the first of the forty-five designs for ,tapestries which1 in the following fifteen years1 were woven in the ,royal workshops of ,santa ,barbara in ,madrid4 ,although this wonderful collection has been added to by successive ,spanish sovereigns over a period of six centuries1 no effort was made to arrange1 classify1 or catalogue the fabrics until the work was put in hand at the instigation of ,alfonso ,,xii41 and carried to completion by the late ,queen ,isabella4 ,in #aijc an album of photographic reproductions of many of the finest specimens was published with historical and descriptive notes by ,count ,valencia de ,don ,juan1 and this remained the only volume on the subject until #aiad1 when ,i prepared an illustrated handbook of the ,tunis ,series which1 by gracious permission of ,king ,alfonso1 were displayed at the ,anglo-,spanish ,exhibition in ,london4 ,the present book is the first attempt that has been made to present in ,english a record of the most valuable and interesting examples in the ,royal ,collection4 ,,albert4 ,f4 ,,calvert4 8,,royston10 ,,eton ,,avenue1 ,,london4 ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,tapestry ,,weaving #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,spanish ,,royal ,,collection #ad ,,iii4 ,,the ,,gothic ,,tapestries--,,sacred ,,pieces #ah ,,iv4 ,,tapestries ,,of ,,the ,,gothic-,,renaissance ,,transition #bd ,v4 ,,renaissance ,,tapestries #ee ,,illustrations ,,subject ,,plate ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,virgin4 ,,cartoons ,,by ,,van ,,eyck4 #a4 ,jesus with ,his ,mother #a #b4 ,the ,virgin praying #b #c4 ,the ,adoration of the ,magi #c #d4 ,the presentation of ,jesus in the ,temple #d ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,bathsheba4 #a4 ,david sees ,bathsheba #e #b4 ,bathsheba consents to the love of ,david #f #c4 ,nathan reproaches ,david with his sin #g ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,st4 ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 #a4 ,zacharius recovering his speech #h #b4 ,the child ,john devotes himself to ,god #i #c4 ,st4 ,john preaching in the wilderness #aj #d4 ,the baptism of our ,lord #aa ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,,cartoon ,,by ,,van ,,de ,,weyden4 ,in the garden of ,olives #ab ,the ,crucifixion #ac ,the descent from the ,cross #ad ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues4 #a4 ,god rewards worship #ae #b4 ,virtue punishes vice #af #c4 ,fortune distributes roses #ag #d4 ,god rewards those who are devout #ah #e4 ,virtue rewards her votaries #ai #f4 ,god distributes honours #bj #g4 ,prudence is commended #ba #h4 ,the faithful gain renown #bb #i4 ,infamy is punished #bc #aj4 ,the law giver delivers judgment #bd ,,the ,,foundations ,,of ,,rome4 #a4 ,romulus and ,remus are found #be #b4 ,remus taken captive #bf #c4 ,romulus becomes ,king #bg #d4 ,romulus dictates the laws #bh #e4 ,romulus institutes the ,feast of ,neptune #bi #f4 ,romulus gives the laws to the people #cj #g4 ,hersilia is presented to ,romulus #ca ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis4 ,,cartoons ,,by ,,vermeyen4 ,plan of the campaign #cb ,review of the ,army #cc ,review of the ,army 7part of7 #cd ,disembarkation at ,goletta #ce ,the attack on ,goletta #cf ,fight under ,goletta #cg ,the sortie from ,goletta #ch ,the capture of ,goletta #ci ,the capture of ,tunis #dj ,the sacking of ,tunis #da ,the re-embarkation at ,goletta #db ,the ,army camping at ,pada #dc ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,abraham4 #a4 ,three ,angels announce to ,abraham that ,sarah will have a son #dd #b4 ,abraham offering sacrifice #de ,,scenes ,,from ,,the ,,revelations4 #a4 ,the ,angel throws the beast into the ,abyss #df #b4 ,the three horsemen #dg #c4 ,st4 ,john and the seven churches of ,asia #dh #d4 ,st4 ,john and the ,temple of ,god #di #e4 ,condemnation of the prostitute #ej #f4 ,the ,angel carrying the ,gospel #ea #g4 ,the crowd adore the lamb #eb #h4 ,the four ,angels of ,euphrates #ec #i4 ,combat between good and evil spirits #ed ,,the ,,seven ,,deadly ,,sins4 #a4 ,luxury #ee #b4 ,greediness #ef #c4 ,envy #eg #d4 ,anger #eh ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,cartoons ,,by ,,raphael4 #a4 ,the miraculous draught of fishes #ei #b4 ,the miraculous draught of fishes #fj #c4 ,the miracle of the paralytic #fa #d4 ,the death of ,ananias #fb #e4 ,the martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen #fc #f4 ,the martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen #fd #g4 ,the conversion of ,st4 ,paul #fe #h4 ,the blindness of ,elymas #ff #i4 ,st ,paul at ,lystria #fg #aj4 ,st4 ,paul in the ,temple #fh #aa4 ,st4 ,paul at ,ephesus #fi #ab4 ,st4 ,paul at ,ephesus #gj #ac4 ,st4 ,paul preaching in ,athens #ga #ad4 ,christ appears to ,his ,disciples #gb #ae4 ,christ choosing ,st4 ,peter #gc #af4 ,the paralytic #gd #ag4 ,death of ,ananias #ge #ah4 ,conversion of ,st4 ,paul #gf #ai4 ,the blind man ,elymas #gg #bj4 ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,barnabas at ,lystria #gh ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona4 #a4 ,vertumnus transformed into a husbandman #gi #b4 ,vertumnus takes a fishing rod #hj #c4 ,vertumnus transformed into an agriculturist #ha #d4 ,vertumnus transferred into a gardener #hb #e4 ,vertumnus transformed into a reaper #hc #f4 ,vertumnus at the harvest #hd #g4 ,pomona upbraids ,vertumnus #he #h4 ,vertumnus disguised kisses ,pomona #hf #i4 ,vertumnus regains his natural form #hg ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus4 #a4 ,the capture of ,carthage #hh #b4 ,scipio saves his father #hi #c4 ,carthage sends ,ambassadors #ij #d4 ,the triumph of ,scipio #ia #e4 ,the banquet #ib #f4 ,scipio gives up his betrothed #ic #g4 ,scipio gives up his betrothed 7section7 #id #h4 ,scipio delivers judgment #ie #i4 ,the triumph #if #aj4 ,scipio and ,hannibal #ig #aa4 ,the triumph of ,scipio #ih ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus4 #a4 ,cyrus takes ,astyage prisoner #ii #b4 ,cyrus is recognised by ,astyage #ajj #c4 ,meeting of ,cyrus and the ,queen #aja #d4 ,cyrus sends a messenger #ajb #e4 ,cyrus unites the ,medes and ,persians #ajc #f4 ,cyrus saves ,croesus from the ,stake #ajd #g4 ,the ,queen and ,cyrus #aje #h4 ,cyrus takes ,croesus prisoner #ajf #i4 ,cyrus and the ,lydians #ajg #aj4 ,cyrus releases the ,hebrews #ajh #aa4 ,cyrus is entrusted to a ,shepherd #aji #ab4 ,hystaspe and ,amenophis #aaj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,diana4 #a4 ,birth of ,diana #aaa #b4 ,diana resting #aab #c4 ,diana and ,jupiter #aac ,,the ,,spheres4 #a4 ,hercules supports the sky #aad #b4 ,atlas supports the world #aae ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,decius4 #a4 ,decius raises his country #aaf #b4 ,decius sends lictors to ,manlius #aag #c4 ,decius bids farewell to the lictors #aah #d4 ,decius departs to fight the ,latins #aai #e4 ,decius dedicates himself to the ,legions #abj #f4 ,valerius and ,decius #aba #g4 ,the vision of ,decius #abb #h4 ,death of ,decius #abc #i4 ,funeral of ,decius #abd ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,venus4 #a4 ,offerings to ,venus #abe #b4 ,the challenge of ,cupid and ,venus #abf ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man4 #a4 ,god creates man #abg #b4 ,cain kills his brother ,abel #abh #c4 ,god curses ,cain #abi #d4 ,the tree of good and evil #acj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,tobias4 #a4 ,sarah marries ,tobias #aca #b4 ,the return of ,tobias and ,sarah #acb ,,the ,,seasons4 #a4 ,summer #acc #b4 ,winter #acd ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,solomon4 #a4 ,solomon is annointed ,king #ace #b4 ,solomon marries an ,egyptian ,princess #acf #c4 ,solomon and the ,queen of ,sheba #acg ,,history ,,of ,a ,,man',s ,,life4 #a4 ,divinity advocates ,temperance to ,man #ach #b4 ,the ,vices repulse ,temperance #aci #c4 ,time surrounds him with ,prudence #adj #d4 ,virtue triumphant #ada #e4 ,patience humiliates ,fortune #adb #f4 ,fortune fights avarice #adc #g4 ,blind ,fortune bestows good and evil #add #h4 ,two ancient philosophers #ade #i4 ,divinity reveals ,temperance #adf #aj4 ,vice repulses ,temperance #adg ,,story ,,of ,,anthony ,,and ,,cleopatra4 #a4 ,anthony leaves ,rome #adh #b4 ,anthony receives homage #adi #c4 ,anthony disposes of ,egypt's treasures #aej #d4 ,cleopatra mocks ,anthony's weakness #aea ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great4 #a4 ,alexander and his ,doctor ,philip #aeb #b4 ,the battle of ,issus #aec #c4 ,the siege of ,tyre #aed #d4 ,alexander in ,carmonia #aee #e4 ,surrender of the ,kings of ,cyprus and ,phnicia #aef #f4 ,alexander in ,asia ,minor #aeg ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,love #aeh ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,death #aei ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,chastity #afj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,tolemachus4 #a4 ,the young ,tolemachus #afa #b4 ,neptune wrecking ,ulysses' ship #afb ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,paul4 #a4 ,st4 ,paul in the ,temple #afc #b4 ,st4 ,paul before ,agrippa #afd #c4 ,st4 ,paul executed at ,rome #afe ,,temptation ,,of ,,st4 ,,anthony4 #a4 ,st4 ,anthony departs for the ,retreat #aff #b4 ,st4 ,anthony tempted by the ,devil #afg #c4 ,paradise1 ,purgatory and ,hell #afh ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,emperor ,,octavius4 #a4 ,julius ,csar adopts ,octavius #afi #b4 ,the battle of ,phillippi #agj #c4 ,octavius closes the ,temple of ,war #aga #d4 ,death of ,cleopatra #agb ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,moses4 #a4 ,moses and ,aaron before ,pharoah #agc #b4 ,god chooses ,moses to deliver ,israel #agd #c4 ,moses comes from ,mt4 ,sinai #age ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,archduke ,,albert4 #a4 ,surrender of ,hulst #agf #b4 ,ardres surprised by a night attack #agg #c4 ,hulst besieged #agh #d4 ,taking of ,calais #agi #e4 ,the return of the garrison #ahj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,theseus4 #a4 ,theseus leaves for ,crete #aha #b4 ,theseus receives the sword of geus #ahb #c4 geus recognises his son #ahc #d4 ,theseus armed with the ,mace #ahd #e4 ,bacchus marries ,ariadne #ahe #f4 ,theseus receives the ring of ,minos #ahf #g4 ,theseus leads the bull of ,marathon #ahg #h4 ,theseus and the head of ,minotaurus #ahh ,,the ,,funeral ,,of ,,king ,,turmus #ahi ,,dido ,,and ,,the ,,portrait ,,of ,,neas #aij ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,sampson4 #a4 ,sampson propounds his riddle #aia #b4 ,sampson is betrayed by ,delilah #aib ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,noah4 #a4 ,noah building the ,ark #aic #b4 ,noah leaving the ,ark #aid ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,honour4 #a4 ,grace accords immortal crowns #aie #b4 ,virtue accords honour #aif #c4 ,merit receives reward #aig ,,story ,,of ,,zenobia4 #a4 ,nuptial banquet of ,zenobia and ,odenat #aih #b4 ,zenobia is taken prisoner #aii #c4 ,zenobia led captive #bjj ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote4 #a4 ,departure of ,don ,quixote #bja #b4 ,don ,quixote and the three ,peasant ,women #bjb #c4 ,princess ,micomicona #bjc #d4 ,don ,quixote is beaten by the ,merchants #bjd #e4 ,don ,quixote is enclosed in a cage #bje #f4 ,the ,muleteer meets ,don ,quixote #bjf #g4 ,sancho marches to ,toboso #bjg #h4 ,repetitions of preceding pictures #bjh ,,story ,,of ,,phaeton4 #a4 ,phbus allows ,phaeton to drive the chariot of the sun #bji #b4 ,phaeton drives the chariot of the sun #baj #c4 ,jupiter confounds ,phaeton #baa #d4 ,the body of ,phaeton is recovered #bab ,,chastity ,,puts ,,cupid ,,to ,,flight #bac ,,rustic ,,scenes ,,after ,,goya ,,and ,,bayeu #bad ,,panels ,,after ,,goya #bae ,,quarrel ,,in ,,an ,,inn1 ,,after ,,goya #baf ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers #bag ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers #bah ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers #bai ,,village ,,dance ,,after ,,teniers #bbj ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers #bba ,,descent ,,from ,,the ,,cross #bbb ,,christ ,,on ,,the ,,cross #bbc ,,the ,,crucifixion1 ,,by ,,van ,,der ,,weyden #bbd ,,our ,,lord ,,appearing ,,to ,,the ,,holy ,,women #bbe ,,st4 ,,jerome ,,in ,,the ,,desert #bbf ,,the ,,eternal ,,father #bbg ,,our ,,lord ,,and ,,st4 ,,veronica #bbh ,,mary ,,annointing ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,the ,,saviour #bbi ,,the ,,confusion ,,of ,,tongues #bcj ,,the ,,last ,,supper #bca ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,magi #bcb ,,neoptolemy ,,sacrifices ,,polyzema #bcc ,,time ,,and ,,temperance ,,restrain ,,cupid #bcd ,,ulysses ,,accepts ,,the ,,presents ,,of ,,alcinous #bce ,,penelope ,,recognises ,,ulysses #bcf ,,courtiers ,,presenting ,,themselves ,,before ,a ,,king #bcg ,,children ,,playing--,,xvith ,,century #bch ,,death ,,of ,,cleopatra #bci ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,woman #bdj ,,calchas ,,of ,,agamemnon #bda ,a ,,grove #bdb ,,on ,,the ,,banks ,,of ,a ,,river #bdc ,,prince ,,baltazar ,,carlos #bdd ,,allegory ,,of ,,the ,,tiber ,,and ,,rome #bde ,,imperial ,,funeral ,,bed ,,of ,,state #bdf ,,royal ,,arms ,,of ,,philip ,v4 #bdg ,,panels #bdh ,a ,,frieze #bdi ,,borders ,,of ,,tapestries #bej ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord #bea ,,death ,,of ,,absalom #beb ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,christ #bec ,,descent ,,from ,,the ,,cross #bed ,,st4 ,,gregory',s ,,mass #bee ,,triumph ,,of ,,joseph #bef ,,king ,,charles ,,iii4 #beg ,,queen ,,amelia ,,and ,,saxony #beh ,,mythological ,,subject #bei ,,after ,,the ,,victory #bfj ,,the ,,temple #bfa ,,the ,,colonnade #bfb ,,the ,,palace #bfc ,,fragments #bfd ,,panels #bfe ,,panels ,,after ,,andres ,,de ,,aguirre #bff ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers #bfg ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers #bfh ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers #bfi ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers #bgj ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers #bga ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers #bgb ,,children ,,playing1 ,,after ,,goya #bgc ,,panels ,,after ,,goya #bgd ,,panels ,,after ,,goya ,,and ,,bayeu #bge ,,panels ,,after ,,goya ,,and ,,bayeu #bgf ,,coriolanus ,,and ,,his ,,mother #bgg ,,the ,,spanish ,,royal ,,tapestries ,,chapter ,i ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,tapestry ,,weaving ,the term tapestry is often applied to any hangings of medival workmanship whether woven on a frame or not4 ,this use of the word is incorrect4 ,tapestry is a fabric woven with coloured wools on to warp threads in a loom or frame1 in which the weft completely conceals the warp4 ,it is woven all in one piece4 ,this distinguishes it from embroidery or other needlework to which stitches are added after the groundwork of the fabric has been detached from the frame4 ,the worker weaves directly from a design or cartoon which is supplied to him4 ,tapestry frames are of two kinds4 ,in the first the warp threads are arranged in a perpendicular frame1 and the weaver sits before his work4 ,this is known as high-warp 7haute lisse7 weaving1 and is the method in use at the celebrated manufactory at ,gobelins in ,france4 ,in the other method the warp threads are stretched horizontally1 and the weaver must bend over his work4 ,this is known as low-warp 7basse lisse7 weaving1 and is the process followed at ,beauvais4 ,on the whole the high warp weaving gives a fabric of firmer and finer texture4 ,the rest of the process is precisely similar4 ,the weft threads of different colours1 each attached to a separate bobbin or shuttle1 are passed alternately behind and in front of the warp threads1 leaving a little dot of colour behind4 ,the second thread will1 of course1 take up the warp thread the first has passed over1 and pass in front of that which the first one has passed behind4 ,the two threads are then pushed together with a comb until they fall into one straight line4 ,the warp is now completely concealed4 ,tapestry weaving is an art that stands alone4 ,like furniture1 tapestry was of utilitarian origin1 and cannot1 therefore1 be judged by the standards applied to painting and the purely decorative arts4 ,as originally used in ancient buildings1 it was hung some feet from the walls to serve as a draught screen1 or was suspended between pillars to shut off one apartment from another4 ,it was generally hung1 therefore1 in undulating folds1 the stiff panels and upholsteries of later workmanship being a spurious growth4 ,the decorative value of such hangings was1 of course1 seized on at once by the wealthy1 who alone could afford them1 and from the earliest times tapestries became things of beauty4 ,but in estimating their artistic value we have to remember their original use4 ,a tapestry curtain woven with a symmetrical central design would appear quite distorted when pushed aside by some one entering a room4 ,central unity1 therefore1 the great merit of painting1 is in tapestry artistically bad4 ,the designs that are most suitable are duplicated or repeated designs1 with a crowded background4 ,these will secure a certain uniformity in the suspended fabric4 ,for this reason1 therefore1 such panels as ,raphael's ,acts of the ,apostles1 though fine specimens of pictorial art1 are1 as tapestries1 artistically faulty1 beautiful though they are when considered merely as works of art4 ,its first utilitarian purpose being fulfilled1 tapestry becomes a decorative art designed only to please and rest the eye4 ,tragic subjects1 therefore1 such as the ,descent from the ,cross and the ,passion of ,our ,lord1 are unsuitable1 though they constantly tempted the medival tapissier4 ,much finer are those works that depict stirring historical scenes1 the ,triumphs of ,csar or the ,conquest of ,tunis1 or those which deal with light mythological subjects with their pleasantly crowded backgrounds of fruit1 flowers1 and cupids4 ,dull and sombre colourings are also bad4 ,the richest dyes1 enriched with metallic threads of gold and silver1 should glow against the background of the cold stone pillars4 ,all these sthetic rules1 however1 were constantly violated by the medival artificers1 who could not rid themselves of the idea that art in any form should be didactic1 and subserve the purposes of the ,church and morality4 ,tapestry weaving is certainly one of the most ancient of all the arts4 ,fragments have been left behind by all the early civilizations to bear witness to their skill4 ,the art was practised by the early ,egyptians1 the ,babylonians1 ,chinese1 and ,peruvians1 while the ,greeks and ,romans brought it to a high state of perfection4 ,it is noticeable that from the very beginning the texture of the fabric has scarcely altered1 while the modern tapestry looms are but the natural development of the primitive frames used by the ancient ,egyptians4 ,the earliest specimen of weaving that has been discovered was found in one of the ,swiss lake dwellings1 and can only be a relic of the later ,stone ,age4 ,fragments somewhat similar have come to light in stone coffins found in ,yorkshire1 while at ,thornton1 near ,kolding1 in ,jutland1 whole costumes have been discovered that must have belonged to the ,age of ,bronze4 ,the first historic references to the art come to us from early ,egypt4 ,here the weavers were probably women4 ,the ,beni ,hassan wall-paintings1 which date from about #afjj ,b4,c41 depict weavers squatting at horizontal low-warp frames4 ,there are three fragments of this early tapestry preserved in the ,museum of ,egyptian ,antiquities at ,cairo4 ,their uniformly fine workmanship proves that the weaving of tapestries had been carried to a high degree of excellence in the reign of ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,the texture of the fabric is very fine1 and the pattern is identical on both sides4 ,some elasticity of pattern has been achieved by the occasional slackening of warp threads4 ,this points to a loom where the threads were weighted1 but not fastened to a cylinder4 ,a ,greek vase found at ,chiusi shows ,penelope weaving at a high-warp frame while she holds her suitors at bay4 ,this belongs to the fifth century ,b4,c41 and the loom depicted is very like those used in ,scandinavian countries4 ,catullus speaks of tapestries that showed the adventures of ,theseus and ,ariadne4 ,the figures of ,britons were constantly being reproduced in ,roman tapestries4 ,in ,rome there were organized societies of weavers known as collegii opificum4 ,the fabrics that have been preserved are woven in coloured woollens and linen threads4 ,they show a wealth of floral and leaf adornment1 and figures of ducks and fishes4 ,one shows a child riding a white horse2 another portrays ,hermes with his caduceus4 ,these date from the second or third centuries ,a4,d4 ,the growth of ,christianity1 and the breaking up of ,roman civilization1 drove the art of tapestry weaving into monasteries and convents1 or to the royal courts4 ,it was not until the eleventh century that associations of free craftsmen--as against the early organizations of slaves--began to be formed in different countries4 ,the movement started in ,england1 ,flanders1 and ,brabant1 and afterwards spread to ,france1 where this particular form of art was to find so congenial a home4 ,the ,golden ,age of medival tapestry opened1 however1 in the thirteenth century when ,raphael began his cartoons4 ,this introduction of realism1 the widening of the whole artistic range1 was rendered more feasible by the discovery of new dyes which added richer and more glowing tints to the fabrics4 ,the borders1 which had previously been simple1 grew wider and more elaborate in design4 ,from this ever-increasing elaboration of the borders1 indeed1 it is often possible to fix the date of an otherwise dubious specimen4 ,in the following century ,arras became the centre of the industry4 ,so closely was the tapestry associated with its place of manufacture that in ,england the name of the town became synonymous for the name of the fabric1 and the arras became a recognized decoration of luxurious rooms4 ,from early times there are references in ,spanish inventories to pan de raz4 ,this supremacy remained unchallenged until the fifteenth century when ,brussels and ,bruges achieved fame as tapestry centres4 ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the industry took root at ,middleburg1 ,delft1 and ,paris1 and ,mortlake in ,england became a famous centre in the seventeenth century4 ,it was not until the late seventeenth century that tapestry weaving really became established in ,spain4 ,before that the ,spanish kings and nobles had been content to acquire masterpieces of foreign workmanship1 chiefly from the ,low ,countries4 ,there are1 however1 traces of a feeble industry to be found as far back as the late fourteenth century when one man seems to have followed the craft of tapissier in ,catalonia4 ,it is possible--but not certain--that two tapissiers of ,navarre1 who flourished about #adaa--,llucia ,barthomew and ,juan ,noyan--may have been ,spaniards4 ,another ,barthomew is spoken of a few years later in connexion with two tapestries1 namely1 those of the ,resurrection and ,st4 ,anthony4 ,a panel of ,spanish tapestry1 obviously intended for altar decoration1 has recently been discovered that dates from the early fifteenth century4 ,the centre is occupied by the figure of ,john the ,baptist bearing the ,paschal ,lamb1 flanked by ,st4 ,martin of ,tours in the dress of a bishop1 and by ,st4 ,hugh of ,grenoble4 ,gold and silver threads are employed1 and the arms are shown of ,martin of ,aragon and of his wife1 ,maria de ,luna1 who died in #adjg4 ,this king appears to have interested himself in tapestries1 and we read that the walls of the royal palace at ,saragossa were adorned with these costly fabrics at his coronation in #acih4 ,king ,john of ,aragon before him had introduced1 we read in a document dated #achh1 a company of 8brobadors de ,brabant40 ,from the fifteenth century onward the costliest tapestries were much sought after in ,spain1 and magnificent displays were made on the occasions of ,state banquets or royal weddings4 ,towards the end of the fifteenth century a special official was appointed by the king to take charge of the royal collection1 which was already considerable4 ,this official1 ,pedro ,entierrez by name1 was himself a weaver4 ,he made strenuous efforts to develop the industry in the ,spanish capital1 but apparently without much success4 ,at any rate1 a letter of his is preserved among the records of the ,spanish ,academy of ,history1 in which he complains bitterly of the treatment meted out to himself and his fellow-workers4 ,he was accused by his enemies of being ambitious1 unskilled1 and slow4 ,these aspersions he proceeds very fully to refute4 ,he complains that his supplies of raw material were limited1 and that he was not allowed to set up his heavier instruments in ,madrid4 ,it was not1 however1 until #afbd that the attempt to graft the weaving of tapestry on to ,spanish art really succeeded4 ,in this year a small colony of ,flemish weavers settled in the little town of ,pastran in ,new ,castile1 being directly subsidized by the king4 ,five thousand ducats were paid to them in the first year1 and in the following year they received a further seven thousand ducats4 ,meantime the unfortunate ,pedro ,entierrez had found a rival in a certain ,antonio ,ceron who had set up looms at ,santa ,isabel4 ,here he established four workshops1 and instructed eight apprentices in the art of weaving tapestry4 ,it is probably one of these ateliers that has been immortalized by ,velazquez in ,las ,hilanderas4 ,this painting shows in the background a tapestry of mythological inspiration1 while in the foreground women are seen unwinding skeins of wool4 ,for some time the poverty of the ,spanish ,crown held the industry in check4 ,but by #agbj a family of ,spanish weavers from ,antwerp1 consisting of one ,jacques ,van der ,goten and his four sons1 came over on the invitation of ,philip ,v and established an atelier in ,madrid1 where tapestry was produced on low-warp frames4 ,a few years later high-warp looms were introduced from ,france1 and the industry spread to ,seville4 ,some famous pieces were wrought in ,spain at this time4 ,jacques ,van der ,goten produced the ,virgin with the ,pearl from a cartoon by ,raphael1 while the famous series representing the ,conquest of ,tunis1 and the ,history of ,telemachus1 were reproduced by a well-known weaver called ,andrea ,procaccini4 ,cartoons were also designed by ,procaccini for a 8,history of ,don ,quixote10 which have been constantly reproduced in tapestry4 ,the fashion changed1 and for a time the demand was all for ,dutch tapestries4 ,van der ,goten set his workmen to copy the cartoons of ,solimena ,teniers and the other ,dutch cartoonists4 ,but at the same time original designs were not neglected1 and by the end of the eighteenth century the industry had become quite considerable1 employing permanently no less than fifteen workmen4 ,the last of the ,van der ,goten brothers died in #aghf1 and the direction of the ,santa ,barbara atelier passed to a nephew4 ,the culmination of the prosperity of the ,spanish tapissiers was marked by the execution of the celebrated ,goya tapestries4 ,these cartoons1 to the number of forty-five1 were designed for the decoration of the apartments of the ,prince of ,asturias in the ,prado4 ,some of them1 however1 are to be found on the walls of the ,escorial1 and many1 unhappily1 have been lost4 ,goya brought to his task his own peculiar talents4 ,hitherto the designers of cartoons had been content to find their inspiration in ancient ,bible stories or in the myths of ,greece or ,rome4 ,they had depicted incidents from the life of ,christ and the ,virgin ,mary2 they had painted moralities1 virtues1 and vices4 ,goya did none of these things4 ,when he was summoned from ,rome to ,madrid by ,raphael ,mengs1 then the director of the workrooms of the ,spanish capital1 he decided to portray in tapestry the actual life of the people around him4 ,in place of the stilted1 conventional figures of his predecessors he produced cartoons instinct with life and vivid movement4 ,the enthralling realism of the bull-fight1 village fairs and festivals1 the romantic loves of ,andalusian peasants1 the popular excitement of kite-flying--these were the subjects treated by this most realistic of artists4 ,goya achieved an immediate success4 ,time after time his cartoons were reproduced by the ,spanish weavers4 ,the ,king1 pleased at the distinction with which the artist invested his ,court1 spent enormous sums upon tapestries1 and encouraged his household to do the same4 ,in the four years from #aggf to #aghj the sum of #hag1ief reales was expended at the ,court on the purchase of tapestries and cartoons4 ,other well-known artists contributed cartoons to the ,madrid workshops1 among whom we find the names of ,van ,loo1 ,conrado1 ,giaquinto1 ,mengs1 ,jose de ,castillo1 ,antonio ,gonzalez1 ,mariano ,nani1 ,andres ,gines1 ,antonio ,barbaza1 and ,jose de ,salas4 ,the ,french invasion caused the closing down of the workshops of ,santa ,barbara in #ahjh4 ,some years later they were reopened by the son of ,st4 ,ferdinand's weaver1 and once again beautiful fabrics were woven from the designs of ,goya4 ,the death of ,ferdinand ,,vii in #ahcc gave a severe blow to the industry1 but there are still looms in ,santa ,barbara where exquisite tapestries are executed under the direction of a descendant of ,jacques ,van der ,goten4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,spanish ,,royal ,,collection ,in order to understand how the finest collection of ,renaissance tapestries in the world came to be in the royal palace at ,madrid1 it is necessary to know something of the complicated history of the ,netherlands during the later fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 when the ,flemish tapestry weaving industry was at the height of its reputation4 ,during the earlier decades of the fifteenth century the ,dukes of ,burgundy were employed in the consolidation of their power by the acquisition of province after province in the ,low ,countries4 ,by #addc these territories included1 in addition to the ,french duchy of ,burgundy1 ,flanders1 ,artois1 ,namur1 ,holland1 ,zeeland1 ,friesland1 ,brabant1 ,limbourg1 and the duchy of ,luxembourg1 and ,burgundy had to be reckoned with as a great ,european power4 ,the ,court of ,philip the ,good was1 indeed1 the most luxurious in ,europe1 enriched with the finest paintings1 the rarest books1 and the most beautiful tapestries4 ,charles the ,bold added ,lige and ,gelderland to the territories inherited from his father4 ,on his death in #adgg1 ,burgundy1 ,franche ,comt1 and ,artois reverted to ,france4 ,the rest of ,charles's dominions passed to his daughter ,mary1 who married ,maximilian of ,austria4 ,on ,maximilian's election as ,emperor1 he made his son1 ,philip the ,handsome1 ruler of the ,netherlands4 ,the marriage of ,philip with ,joanna of ,aragon secured to their son ,charles the kingdoms of ,aragon and ,castile4 ,on ,charles's election as ,emperor in #aeai1 in succession to his grandfather ,maximilian1 he united the sovereignties of ,spain and of the ,netherlands4 ,margaret of ,austria had already been appointed by ,maximilian as ruler of the ,netherlands4 ,in this position the new ,emperor left her1 showing therein great wisdom1 as ,margaret proved a popular ruler4 ,on her death he appointed his widowed sister1 ,mary of ,hungary1 as her successor4 ,under the beneficent rule of these two ,burgundian ladies1 the industry of tapestry weaving flourished and reached its height4 ,the ,netherlands enjoyed a long term of peace and prosperity4 ,both ,margaret of ,austria and ,mary of ,hungary were enthusiastic patrons of the art1 and many well-known series of tapestries were woven at their command4 ,these pieces passed1 almost without exception1 into the hands of ,charles ,v and ,philip ,,ii on the death of their original owners4 ,during the long and bitter struggle against the ,catholic ,philip1 the industry1 as was inevitable1 languished and never again recovered its ancient vigour4 ,it has been asserted that the ,spanish kings used their power in the ,netherlands to extort from the weavers the finest products of their looms by blackmail1 or even torture4 ,there seems to be little foundation1 if any1 for this charge4 ,with one exception1 where the origin of the tapestries is known1 they were acquired by inheritance or purchase1 or were made1 as in the case of the ,conquest of ,tunis1 directly to the royal command4 ,besides the tapestries dealt with in the following pages the ,spanish royal collection contains an even greater number of pieces of less importance and artistic value1 disposed upon the walls of the palace4 ,these also are almost entirely of ,flemish origin1 except those which were the product1 at a later date1 of the ,spanish looms established by the much persecuted ,van der ,goten4 ,a large number of the tapestries here described were shown at the ,paris ,exhibition of #aijj1 when1 for the first time1 the world became aware of the artistic wealth so long hidden in the ,royal ,palace of ,madrid4 ,the accumulated treasures of the ,spanish ,court had remained for many years neglected and uncatalogued1 their history and origin uncertain or unknown4 ,it was ,king ,alfonso ,,xii who first conceived the idea of arranging the royal tapestries1 studying their history1 discovering1 where possible1 their designers and makers1 and classifying them into groups and series1 and making photographs of the whole collection4 ,this work was subsequently completed by the late ,queen ,isabella of ,spain4 ,in #aijc an excellent series of photographic plates representing the finest of the tapestries was published in book form1 accompanied by critical and historical notes from one of the finest art critics of ,spain--the ,count ,valencia de ,don ,juan4 ,it is to this learned and discerning writer that ,i am most indebted for the explanatory notes which accompany the reproductions included in this volume4 ,the tapestries are1 as far as possible1 treated in groups connected by similarity of subject except where several pieces form a continuous series4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,gothic ,,tapestries--,,sacred ,,pieces ,it is a notable fact that the earlier ,gothic tapestries--those of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and earlier--nearly all deal with religious subjects4 ,from this we are apt to acquire an exaggerated idea of the part played by religion in medival life4 ,the true explanation is that in the cockpit of ,europe during these fierce and warlike times art in any form found itself unable to exist4 ,only in the monasteries could it find refuge1 and these became the centres1 not only of the fine arts1 but also of textile arts like tapestry-weaving4 ,the effects of this monopoly were unfortunate4 ,the imagination of the designers of cartoons was stunted4 ,they came to believe that the duty of tapestry was not to delight the eye1 but to preach trite little sermons4 ,hence the endless series of pictures extolling the practice of vices4 ,the chief beauty of the earlier ,gothic tapestries lay in the brilliance and richness of the dyes4 ,but as the times became less barbarous1 and art began to flourish outside the monastery and the cathedral close1 the ,gothic tapestries gained a new vigour and beauty4 ,the religious inspiration remained1 giving1 indeed1 an atmosphere of chastened restraint that to many people denotes the high-water mark of the art4 ,but the incursions of the outer world could no longer be restrained1 and we get the delightful posies of spring flowers1 the bluebells1 daisies1 lilies1 and primroses--the millefleurs--all utterly irrelevant and charming1 that intrude into fierce battle scenes and into the mystic visions of the ,apocalypse4 ,all the ,gothic tapestries in the ,spanish royal collection are of ,flemish workmanship4 ,,group #a1 including ,the ,birth of ,christ and ,the ,mass of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great ,the ,birth of ,christ is probably one of the oldest pieces of the whole collection4 ,it is mentioned for the first time as forming part of the collection left by ,juana the ,mad1 who died at ,tordesillas in #aeee4 ,neither the designer nor the weaver can be identified4 8,the ,gothic architecture of the buildings in the background10 says the ,count ,valencia de ,don ,juan1 8the attitude of the persons1 the singularity and richness of their costumes1 and1 above all1 the drawing1 recalls the tapestries which were made at ,arras in the fifteenth century40 ,the tapestry represents the birth of ,christ in fulfilment of the prophecies of the ,prophets ,isaiah and ,micah1 and of ,aaron the ,high ,priest of the ,israelites4 ,the scroll to the left by the figure of ,micah bears the legend 7translated into ,english71 8,and thou1 ,bethlehem ,ephrata1 art small among the cities of ,judah1 nevertheless out of thee shall come forth ,he that is to be the ,ruler in ,israel0 7,micah v4 #b74 ,that to the right bears the 7translated7 inscription1 8,for a child is born to us1 and a ,son is given to us1 and the ,government is upon ,his shoulder2 and ,his name shall be called ,wonderful1 ,counsellor1 ,god 4440 etc4 7,isaiah ix4 #f74 ,this tapestry is made of silk and wool interwoven with gold threads4 ,it was probably used as an altar piece4 ,two pieces of red and gold brocade1 of much later workmanship1 have been added4 ,the ,mass of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great4 ,neither the designer of the cartoon nor the town where this tapestry was woven is known4 ,it is of ,flemish origin1 and the ,gothic arches1 each enclosing a scene in the life of ,christ1 point to ,bruges as its place of origin4 ,it is mentioned by ,ferdinand ,v of ,aragon in the ,act of ,discharge of ,juan ,valazquez 7#aeee7 as a gift from the ,princess ,juana to her mother1 ,queen ,isabel the ,catholic4 ,the tapestry shows the celebration of ,mass by ,st4 ,gregory the ,great in the presence of ,king ,david and ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the scroll to the left bears the 7translated7 inscription1 8,man shall eat the bread of angels40 ,that on the right reads1 8,the sacrament is the outward visible form of the invisible ,grace40 ,this tapestry is woven in silks and wool enriched by threads of gold and silver4 ,,group #b4 ,the ,story of the ,holy ,virgin #ast ,series4 ,consists of four pieces which once bore in the corner as a heraldic mark a small lion embroidered in gold on a black ground4 ,cartoons said to be by ,van ,eyck4 ,of ,flemish origin1 probably belonging to the ,bruges atelier4 ,these tapestries belonged to ,philip the ,handsome and ,juana the ,mad4 ,transferred by ,charles ,v to the monastery of ,yuste1 and again removed by ,philip ,,ii to the monastery of the ,escorial1 they were in constant use for the religious ceremonies attended by the ,royal ,household owing to their unusual beauty4 ,the first piece represents ,god commanding the ,archangel ,gabriel to announce her destiny to the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the second piece represents the ,annunciation4 ,the third piece represents the ,birth of ,christ4 ,the fourth piece represents the ,coronation of the ,holy ,virgin4 #bnd ,series4 ,in spite of the similarity of the borders the two tapestries here treated do not form a continuous series with those previously described4 ,they probably came from workrooms of ,brussels4 ,designer and weaver unknown1 but resemblance has been noted between the figures of ,adam and ,eve and similar figures on a triptych designed by the brothers ,van ,eyck4 ,the subjects of these two tapestries are obscure4 ,they appear1 however1 to refer-- ,first1 to the fulfilment of the prophecies as to the birth of the ,son of ,god2 ,secondly1 to the presentation of ,jesus in the ,temple4 ,all these tapestries are of extraordinary beauty4 ,they are woven of silk and wool enriched with gold and silver threads4 ,,group #c4 ,the ,story of ,david and ,bathsheba 7#aj ,tapestries7 ,three of these tapestries are mentioned in the ,inventaire des ,rois ,catholiques under the heading 8,bed10 having evidently formed part of the draperies of a bed belonging to some royal personage4 ,these are of ,flemish origin and date from the end of the fifteenth century4 ,they are woven in silk1 wool1 and gold thread4 ,to these were later added seven bed canopies of ,gothic design4 ,the subjects of the tapestries are as follows3 7#a7 ,david surprises ,bathsheba in her bath and falls in love with her beauty4 ,for the sake of modesty1 however1 the artist has represented ,bathsheba fully clothed1 washing her hands at a small fountain4 7#b7 ,the ,marriage of ,david and ,bathsheba4 ,david1 from being a smooth-faced boy1 has become a bearded man4 7#c7 ,the prophet ,nathan reproaches ,david with his evil ways4 ,the remaining seven tapestries apparently represent some sylvan festival in which courtiers make offerings of fruit and flowers to ladies4 ,the playing-cards are worth noticing4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,tapestries ,,of ,,the ,,gothic-,,renaissance ,,transition ,the fifteenth century saw ,gothic tapestries carried to their highest point of perfection4 ,bruges had become a centre of pictorial art next only to ,italy4 ,memling1 the ,van ,eycks1 and ,bernard ,van ,orley were giving life1 freedom1 and originality to the old stilted ,gothic forms in painting1 and it was to them that the art of tapestry weaving owed its greatest debt4 ,but to the ,flemish weavers themselves no small part of the artistic merit of the ,gothic tapestries is to be ascribed4 ,the master-weaver was an artist1 not a craftsman4 ,to him the designer left many details of design2 he was at liberty to alter cartoons that could not be satisfactorily translated into tapestry1 to choose colourings1 even to introduce new figures into the picture4 ,in the fifteenth century the tapissiers were still conscientious1 refusing to hurry their work to the detriment of its quality4 ,artist and tapissier alike1 now perfect masters of the art1 spent their time perfecting the methods that had made the name of ,flemish tapestry in the preceding century4 ,the tapestries described in the following pages belong to this period1 just before the spirit of the ,italian ,renaissance completely banished the old native forms of art from the north of ,europe4 ,the first cartoons of ,raphael were still to come to the ,flemish workshops1 but already men were talking of the wonders of ,italy1 and certain signs of transition are strongly marked in the tapestries with which we are dealing4 ,in many the ,gothic architecture of the background has given way to ,renaissance1 and the sky-line has been lowered4 ,or sometimes while the background remains under the ,gothic inspiration1 the treatment of the figures1 more especially of the robes1 shows the ,renaissance influence4 ,the chief characteristics that distinguish these tapestries from the earlier ,gothic are the greater freedom in the attitudes of the figures1 the perfection of detail1 and the absence of exaggeration1 particularly in the patterns of fabrics and of dress ornaments4 ,,group #d4 ,the ,story of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist ,date and origin uncertain1 but evidently belong to the transition period4 ,the figures show the realism and elegance of the ,italian painters1 while the buildings in the background are ,gothic4 ,the tapestries show different episodes in the life of the ,saint4 ,the similarity of their exquisitely woven borders suggests that they belong to the same series4 ,they are woven in fine wool1 silk1 gold1 and silver4 ,the subjects are as follows3 7#a7 ,visit of the ,holy ,virgin to her cousin ,elizabeth4 ,zaccharius recovers his speech4 7#b7 ,the child ,john asks permission to devote himself to ,god4 7#c7 ,st4 ,john1 asked by the ,pharisee if he is the ,christ1 replies3 8,behold the ,lamb of ,god40 7#d7 ,he baptizes ,jesus and many others4 ,end of the reign of the ,jews4 ,,group #e4 ,the ,passion of ,our ,lord 7#b ,episodes7 ,these two tapestries1 richly woven in gold1 silk1 and wool1 were made by command of ,princess ,margaret of ,austria1 the ,regent of the ,netherlands4 ,these were inherited by her nephew ,charles ,v4 ,they are mentioned in an inventory that ,margaret caused to be made in #aebe1 five years before her death4 ,the designer of the cartoons is unknown4 ,the background is ,gothic1 but the figures show ,italian influence4 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,christ bearing the ,cross on ,his way to ,calvary meets ,st4 ,veronica1 who receives the sacred imprint on her handkerchief4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,the ,descent from the ,cross4 ,,group #f4 ,moralities 7#d ,tapestries7 ,these belong to the end of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth century1 and were inspired by the preaching of the ,reformers4 ,the first three tapestries of the group are the sole remaining pieces from an older series executed during the transition from the older ,gothic style to the new style of the ,italian ,renaissance4 ,their exact date is unknown4 ,they were bought by the ,princess ,marie of ,portugal as part of her dowry on her marriage with ,philip ,,ii4 ,they are enriched by gold threads4 ,the fourth tapestry in this group is the only surviving specimen of another older series4 ,st4 ,jerome ,dates from the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,woven in gold1 silk1 and wool on high warp4 ,in possession of ,philip ,,ii of ,spain when inventory was made in #aeih4 ,the plate represents the penance of ,st4 ,jerome4 ,,group #g4 ,dais of ,emperor ,charles ,v 7#c ,tapestries7 ,these tapestries of silk1 gold1 and wool were made by command of the ,regent ,margaret of ,austria1 at ,brussels1 under the direction of ,pierre ,pannemaker1 the most famous tapissier of the time4 ,the cartoons were probably by the aged painter ,quintin ,metoys4 ,the tapestries were begun in #aebc1 and passed to the ,emperor on the death of ,margaret4 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,the bed canopy represents the ,eternal ,father and the ,holy ,ghost surrounded by ,seraphim4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,the ,redemption of mankind from the taint of original sin4 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 ,formed the lower part of the dais1 and depicts ,st4 ,luke xxiv4 #ej1 #ea4 ,,group #h4 ,the ,passion of ,our ,lord 7#d ,tapestries7 ,these four tapestries were woven by ,pierre ,pannemaker from the designs of ,quintin ,metoys at the command of ,margaret of ,austria4 ,they are good examples of the transition style1 and some fine effects of tinting have been obtained by means of hatching 7i4e4 the use of vertical lines to give thickness to the figures74 ,the influence of ,roger ,van der ,weyden is plain4 ,these tapestries were inherited by ,charles ,v from ,margaret of ,austria1 and have been much used for ,state functions4 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,represents the prayer on the ,mount of ,olives4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,meeting between ,our ,lord and the ,virgin on the road to ,calvary4 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 ,the ,crucifixion4 ,tapestry ,no4 #d4 ,the ,descent from the ,cross4 ,,group #i4 ,vices and ,virtues 7#i ,tapestries7 ,these tapestries were probably executed at ,brussels in the first half of the sixteenth century4 ,they are woven in silk1 gold thread1 and wool1 cover a surface of #djj square metres1 and include a thousand figures4 ,though much in the style of ,bernard van ,orley1 the absence of the rich ,renaissance architecture in which that painter delighted suggests that either ,jean ,gossaert or ,quintin ,metoys was more likely the designer4 ,there is no weaver's mark on the tapestry4 ,a reproduction must have been made in wool and silk1 as one piece representing the ,punishment of ,vice was exhibited in ,bruges by the ,prince of ,aremberg4 ,the series is mentioned in the inventory of ,charles ,v1 dated ,brussels1 #aedd1 and was alleged to have been purchased in ,seville4 ,the excellence of the tapestries is mostly due to the tapissiers4 ,the overcrowded canvases1 the painfully didactic and tortuous morals1 do not rank the designs very high4 ,that labelled 8,infamy0 gives a key to the complicated moral problem4 ,the beholder is urged in a pompous and wordy harangue to follow reason and the philosophers1 so shall no evil befall him4 ,the different pieces represent respectively1 ,faith1 ,honour1 ,renown1 ,nobility1 ,fortune1 ,infancy1 ,prudence1 ,vice1 and ,justice4 ,,group #aj4 ,the ,foundation of ,rome 7#f ,tapestries7 ,a fine example of ,flemish tapestry probably executed from cartoons by ,bernard van ,orley1 the pupil of ,raphael4 ,the ,italian influence is strong1 yet the tapestry is hardly pure ,renaissance4 ,there is no weaver's mark1 so the series must date prior to #aebh4 ,the tapestries are remarkable for their fine landscapes1 the magnificence of the buildings1 and the elegance of the costumes4 ,the borders are of beautiful design and workmanship4 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,shows ,romulus and ,remus thrown into the ,tiber4 ,they are suckled by a she-wolf and grow up to be clever hunters and cunning thieves4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,remus1 taken captive1 is presented to ,amielius1 who is killed by the brothers4 ,numitor is placed on the throne4 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 ,the brothers trace out the foundations of ,rome with a plough4 ,romulus becomes king1 gives his name to the city1 and kills his brother4 ,tapestry ,no4 #d4 ,romulus proclaims a fte to ,neptune1 to attract young girls from neighbouring districts4 ,tapestry ,no4 #e4 ,the rape of the ,sabine women4 ,hersilia is presented to ,romulus4 ,the ,sabine parents retire disconsolate4 ,tapestry ,no4 #f4 ,romulus gives laws to the people4 ,he establishes the twelve lictors1 summons the ,senate1 and builds a temple4 ,,group ,,ii4 ,the ,conquest of ,tunis 7#ab ,tapestries7 ,this series of tapestries1 besides being of peculiar historical importance1 is one of the very finest examples of the perfected ,gothic-,renaissance school1 and is worth noticing in much fuller detail than any others of the collection4 ,designed by ,jan ,vermay1 or ,vermeyen1 and woven by ,wilhelm ,pannemaker1 it was directly inspired by ,charles himself1 who determined to leave to posterity this magnificent record of an expedition of the success of which he can have felt no doubt4 ,vermeyen was commanded to accompany the ,emperor1 so that on the actual battlefield he might reproduce in pencil the stirring scenes that passed before his eyes4 ,detailed instructions were given to the artist as to the manner in which his cartoons were to be designed4 ,he bound himself to submit small sketches for ,charles' approval1 to carry out any alterations and suggestions made by his patron1 and finally to reproduce them 8in the best and most vivid colours10 in the size that was required for the actual tapestries4 ,the ,emperor agreed to pay for them the sum of #ahjj florins1 a considerable amount according to the standards of the time4 ,to ,wilhelm ,pannemaker1 the famous ,flemish weaver1 was entrusted the weaving of the tapestries4 ,determined that neither poverty of material nor careless workmanship should spoil the precious webs1 ,charles and his sister ,mary of ,hungary bound ,pannemaker by a stringent contract1 wherein the amount and quality of silk1 and the number and value of the gold and silver threads were distinctly specified4 ,the gold was to come from ,milan1 the silk from ,granada4 ,the finest wool was also commanded and the richest dyes4 ,in order that the slow process of tapestry weaving might be expedited as much as possible1 ,pannemaker was to have seven men working at each tapestry4 ,each piece as it was finished was to be scrutinized by experts1 whose corrections ,pannemaker bound himself to follow1 even if it should necessitate remaking the whole piece4 ,the dyeing of the silk and wool required was specially undertaken in an unusual range of colours4 ,we find a certain ,louis ,chausset1 complaining that he had lost #afj pounds of fine silk that were spoilt while being tinted blue4 ,after the last alterations had been made the tapestries were declared definitely to be completed on ,april #ba1 #aeed4 ,they were sent to ,england to be exhibited at the wedding of ,philip and ,mary1 and afterwards conducted with the utmost care back to ,spain4 ,for some time they were shown constantly at all great ,court functions till the ,emperor1 fearful of the result of such constant wear1 ordered a smaller set to be prepared4 ,in #agdj ,philip ,v had another reproduction made of the same size as the originals4 ,yet another copy exists in the ,museum at ,vienna4 ,this was made by the ,austrians who1 when they succeeded the ,spaniards1 discovered the first ten cartoons and purchased them4 ,another tapestry was woven by ,pannemaker that combined the subjects of ,nos4 #g and #h in this series4 ,this was found by the ,marchal de ,contades in a castle near ,mechlin during the ,seven ,years' ,war between ,france and ,germany4 ,,the ,,expedition ,,against ,,tunis ,on the death of ,mohammed the ,hafsite in #aebe1 ,khain-ad-,din ,barbarossa took advantage of a dispute over the succession1 to occupy ,algiers in the name of the ,sultan of ,constantinople4 ,the wars in ,italy gave him the opportunity of consolidating his territories in the north of ,africa1 where he succeeded in establishing his dominion firmly1 making ,algiers his capital4 ,at the end of the second ,italian war ,barbarossa swooped down on a small island in the possession of the ,spaniards1 and connected it with the mainland4 ,from this stronghold he planned a series of brilliant coups that made him a serious menace to the kingdom of ,naples and ,sicily4 ,he attacked and overthrew the native ,tunisian dynasty under the pretence of restoring the rightful ruler1 made himself master of this city as he had done of ,algiers1 and pushed his successes far into the interior4 ,the menace was not lost upon ,charles ,v4 ,availing himself of the plea for help urged by ,al-,hasan1 the son of ,mohammed1 the ,emperor decided upon the conquest of ,tunis and set sail from ,barcelona on ,may #cj1 #aece4 ,never was any expedition more popular4 ,the ,spanish people swarmed into ,barcelona to bid ,god-speed to the departing fleet4 ,at ,cagliari ,charles was joined by ,doria with a company of ,german and ,italian troops1 galleys from ,sicily and southern ,italy1 and a number of ,knights ,hospitallers enrolled to attack the infidel4 ,goletta was selected as the first point of attack1 so that the way might be cleared to ,tunis4 ,after a desperate siege the fortress fell into ,charles's hands1 together with the whole corsair fleet of eighty-two galleys4 ,still the attack on ,tunis seemed fraught with too much danger1 and much against his will ,charles decided to re-embark4 ,at the last moment1 however1 bolder counsels prevailed4 ,the army was hastily formed into advance-guard and rear-guard and started on its twelve-mile march to ,tunis4 ,charles's army certainly laboured under grave disadvantages4 ,their guns had all to be dragged by hand2 there were provisions for only five days4 ,between olive groves and the lagoons they moved with a front of but one thousand paces4 ,the groves gave cover to the corsair chief as he moved to outflank the ,emperor's troops4 ,but in appalling heat the ,spaniards marched steadily forward4 ,barbarossa made two desperate attacks1 but the ,spanish troops stood their ground4 ,the second encounter resulted in total defeat for the ,moors and ,turks1 who recoiled before the deadly fire of the ,christians4 ,turning to re-enter the fortress of ,tunis1 ,barbarossa found it held by the ,christian slaves who had risen against him4 ,tunis was captured1 and a heavy blow struck at the power and prestige of the ,turk4 ,a projected attack on ,algiers had to be abandoned owing to the advancing season4 ,bona and ,biserta1 however1 were secured1 and these together with ,goletta were retained by the ,spaniards4 ,tunis itself ,charles restored to its one-time ruler1 ,al-,hassan1 who had joined his army in time for the march to the capital4 ,the result of this expedition was peculiarly fortunate for ,charles4 ,his reputation as a daring and successful soldier was established2 ,naples and ,sicily looked on him as their saviour4 ,all ,europe admired the skill with which he had disposed of the natural ally of the ,french and checkmated ,francis before that astute sovereign's plans of attack had matured4 ,jan ,vermay1 or ,vermeyen1 the ,flemish painter1 chosen by ,charles to accompany him on his expedition to ,tunis1 was one of the best-known artists of the first half of the sixteenth century4 ,as ,court painter under ,margaret of ,austria he executed portraits of the ,emperor and of every one of importance at the ,court1 which were sent as gifts to the different sovereigns of ,europe4 ,later he became the special protg of ,mary of ,hungary1 and afterwards of ,charles himself4 ,,the ,,tapestries ,each tapestry has an explanatory legend in ,spanish at the top1 and a supplementary legend in ,latin underneath4 ,translations of these have been made for the first time by the ,conde ,valencia de ,don ,juan4 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,shows a map of the shore of the ,mediterranean1 where ,charles embarked his army1 and the opposite coasts of ,africa4 ,the translation of the upper legend reads3 8,the ,conqueror1 wishing to overcome the infidel armies of the ,turk and the warrior who1 obeying the orders of ,soliman1 raises cruel wars against the realms of ,spain1 ,charles1 the fifth of that name1 with the blessing of heaven1 gathers together the armies and fleets of ,spain and ,italy to threaten the ,african troops4 ,he who knows not the meaning of delay1 sails with his loyal companions40 ,on the right the figure of ,vermeyen upholds a chart bearing the following curious inscription3 8,the conquest of ,charles1 ,emperor of the ,romans1 the fifth of that name1 and first of the kings of ,spain1 in ,africa in #aece had serious causes that the chronicles of the time recount more fully in their histories4 ,these causes being left on one side1 to this work is represented as exactly as possible the course of events40 ,since for a clear understanding it is necessary to know the country where the events took place and what preparations had been made1 the action is treated in this tapestry according to nature 7all that concerns the cosmography leaving nothing to be desired74 ,in the distance the coasts of ,africa 7like those of ,europe and its boundaries7 are seen with their chief ports1 their broad gulfs1 their islands1 their winds at exactly the same distances at which they really lie 7the author having taken much more care over their precise situation than over the accuracy of the painting74 ,as all has been done--as also with the countries--in strict accordance with cosmography1 and the painter has observed the canons of his art1 considering that the spectator views it from ,barcelona1 where the embarkation for ,tunis began4 ,this last town lies between the spectator and the ,midi1 leaving the north behind1 above the right shoulder4 ,accuracy being thus established1 the peculiarities of the other tapestries can be better understood4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,the upper legend declares that this piece represents 8the arrival of the ,emperor at ,barcelona with his army3 the magnificence of his brilliant body-guard1 formed of gentlemen of his household and of his ,court1 who accompanied him to share the dangers of the campaign3 included in his company are the ,infante ,louis1 his half-brother1 and many other ,portuguese gentlemen who formed part of the troops for the expedition40 ,the lower scroll bears the following inscription3 8,the ,conqueror leaves the outskirts of ,madrid and the dwelling of his ancestors1 and halts in the smiling county of ,barcelona4 ,he reviews the army and singles out the noblemen and knights4 ,he vows at the moment of embarkation that in crossing the ocean 7leaving behind him the waves of the ,balearic and ,sardinian ,seas7 that the fleet can come together in the place commanded4 ,he embarks with him the ,germans1 the ,italian army1 and the battalions of ,spanish veterans1 and lands them on the ,african coast40 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 ,according to the upper scroll this tapestry treats of 8the arrival of the ,emperor and his galleys at old ,carthage1 and the reconnaissance of ,goletta 7where several cannon shots were fired74 ,on ,june #af the ,conqueror disembarks with his body-guard and #ab1jjj infantry1 and takes three positions4 ,he attacks the towers of ,water and of ,salt2 the ,spanish arquebusiers1 under the order of the ,marquis del ,vasto1 draw on the enemy1 who lose several men40 ,the lower inscription reads3 8,here they enter the port of ,utica2 ancient ,carthage receives them in her ruins4 ,the fleet sails along the coast4 ,thence the ,conqueror goes with a small body-guard to explore ,goletta and to spy out its fortifications and situation4 ,after having given the order to the troops to disembark they light-heartedly attack the enemy1 who retreat4 ,they pitch the camp beside the walls of what was once ,carthage the illustrious1 and is to-day a village of poor cottages40 ,a further inscription in the border reads3 8,this third piece must be looked at from the place where the fleet is cruising along the coasts from ,porto ,farina to the head of the promontory of ,carthage2 the north is to the left side above the right shoulder40 ,tapestry ,no4 #d4 ,the upper inscription explains that 8during the landing of the rest of the army several skirmishes take place until the ,emperor orders the body of the army to descend into the plain to besiege ,goletta40 ,the ,marquis del ,vasto sends reinforcements with which they try 7without success7 to surprise the enemy4 ,the whole army being reunited1 the ,turks1 a few days after1 try to gain an advantage from a violent wind which arose1 throwing sand with shovels and other instruments to blind their enemies4 ,but the wind suddenly falling1 the ,turks surrounded by our arquebusiers were obliged to fall back to ,goletta4 ,the ,latin inscription at the foot reads3 8,charles strikes the camp1 and when the army is already on the march the enemy attack the rear-guard and harass their movements4 ,the army faces round1 and the enemy nearly surrounded in a dangerous place1 retreat4 ,a violent wind arises1 raising whirlwinds of sand2 our men are blinded by the dust4 ,the enemy1 full of craft1 appear again1 throwing sand at our soldiers1 and thus fighting as much with dust as with arms2 but when the wind falls they are repulsed40 ,the inscription in the right-hand border instructs us to look from the promontory to the camp and stop at the ,water ,tower1 leaving the lagoon on the right-hand and taking the north1 on the same side4 ,tapestry ,no4 #e4 ,the upper inscription describes 8a sortie of ,turks from ,goletta1 and the killing of several ,italian soldiers2 a new sortie of the ,turks killing the ,marquis de ,final1 an ,italian colonel3 the arrival of ,muley ,hassan1 ,king of ,tunis1 with #djj cavalry3 the serious skirmish in which the ,marquis de ,mondejas receives a blow from a lance3 the help brought by the ,emperor3 the flight of the enemy1 losing part of their artillery40 ,the lower inscription reads3 8,the ,turks make a sortie and repulse the ,italian advance-guard1 whose leader is made prisoner2 they take the tranches1 but repulsed by the ,spanish1 they retire4 ,finally1 counting on the darkness of the night1 they attack the ,spaniards and force them to abandon their tranches2 attacked in their turn1 they are forced to retire again4 ,the king ,hassan arrives1 followed by a small body-guard4 ,the ,marquis ,louis1 wounded1 retires from the combat4 ,charles ,v arrives with help when the soldiers are already in distress2 he repulses the enemy and takes their artillery40 ,we are instructed to look at this tapestry 8as though we were at the towers of ,water and of ,salt opposite ,goletta1 having the sea and the north on the left-hand1 and the lagoon on the right40 ,tapestry ,no4 #g4 ,represents the taking of ,goletta3 8,twenty thousand ,turks charge to take the tower of the promontory of ,carthage1 defended by #bf1jjj ,spaniards1 protected by the ,emperor with the ,germans and new ,spanish troops4 ,on land ,goletta fights with #aa cannons2 by sea #i galleys1 commanded by the ,prince ,doria1 are supported by the galleon and the carabels of the ,portuguese1 commanded by the ,infante ,louis4 ,goletta is defended by #fjjj ,turks and #bjjj ,moors1 with more than #djj guns4 ,at the attack1 directed from the sea1 there are #djjj soldiers of the battalions of ,spanish veterans1 and in that1 directed from the coast of the lagoon1 as many ,italians and #bjjj ,germans4 ,at the assault of ,goletta1 #bjjj ,turks and ,moors are killed1 and about #ajj of our men1 dead or wounded1 are put out of action4 ,the fleet commanded by ,barbarossa is taken also40 ,the ,latin text relates that 8the garrison defending the ,cape finds itself threatened by an attack of the ,africans4 ,the ,conqueror comes to the rescue and repulses the assailants4 ,goletta is attacked by land and sea2 the enemy fights with arrows4 ,part of the wall1 already undermined1 falls where the fight is fiercest4 ,the ,spanish troops enter first into the breach2 this being taken1 they slay or put to flight the defenders1 while ,charles deals with another section of the enemy40 ,this piece is to be regarded 8from the lagoon1 with ,tunis on the left hand1 the promontory of ,carthage on the right1 and the north behind to the right40 ,tapestry ,no4 #h4 ,the original of this tapestry was lost during the eighteenth century1 shortly after the reproduction of the ,tunis series was undertaken at the command of ,philip ,v4 ,this represented the march against ,tunis of the ,emperor and his troops1 and the victory gained at ,los over ,barbarossa1 where #fjj of the enemy were slain4 ,tapestry ,no4 #i4 ,the upper inscription of this tapestry reads3 8,after having scattered the enemy's army and put to flight the captain1 ,barbarossa1 the ,emperor1 with his troops1 advances on ,tunis and occupies the outskirts of the town4 ,the ,christians1 held captive in the fortress1 rise and demand aid from the ,marquis de ,vasto4 ,the place is taken and the ,emperor allows it to be sacked40 ,the ,latin legend adds the following details about the slaves3 8,undermining the walls and breaking down the doors1 they have1 with ,god's help1 abandoned their prison4 ,having defeated the garrison they make themselves masters of the citadel and implore help from the avenger1 ,charles4 ,haradin flies the town40 ,the inscription in the border directs us that 8we are looking towards the lagoon1 with ,tunis in front1 ,goletta and the north behind40 ,tapestry ,no4 #aj4 ,this represents 8the sack of ,tunis1 hostilities against those who offer resistance1 and the imprisonment of a great number of the enemy4 ,the ,conqueror delivers over the town to the ,king of ,tunis1 who remains a vassal of the ,emperor40 ,the ,latin text reads3 8,the troops sent against the outskirts of the town lay siege to and take them1 slaughter the enemy's army1 take the houses and spare the inhabitants2 as to the remainder1 they use the rights of conquest4 ,more than #bj1jjj captives recover their liberty and salute1 with cries of gratitude1 ,charles the avenger4 ,the ,conqueror re-establishes on the throne of his ancestors the unfortunate ,hassan1 though he hardly merited this1 since he had promised much and performed little40 ,tapestry ,no4 #aa4 ,this tapestry shared the fate of ,no4 #h1 being lost during the eighteenth century4 ,from the reproduction we find that it represented the return of the army to ,rada after the occupation of ,tunis1 which lasted eight days4 8,the ,emperor orders the ,moors to bring back their wives and children1 and to bring the clothes taken by the soldiers during the sack4 ,in order to be recognized they are to carry on their heads branches of olive4 ,he also orders them to furnish the ,christians with the recovered vessels1 so that they may return to their respective countries40 ,tapestry ,no4 #ab4 ,according to the upper inscription this deals with 8the return of the ,emperor from ,rada to ,goletta3 the encamping of the army in the old place3 the arrival of the ,king of ,tunis to sign the capitulation forcing him to be a tributary of the ,emperor and his successors3 ,goletta which he wishes to fortify1 over which he sets ,bernardin de ,mendoza as ruler1 with #ajjj ,spaniards3 the embarking of the army towards the middle of the month of ,august3 the departure of the ,infante ,louis with the ,portuguese fleet3 that of the ,marquis de ,mondejer3 the vessels that accompanied him3 departure of ,don ,alvano de ,bazan with the ,spanish galleys3 that of the ,germans and the ,italians for their respective countries1 and finally that of the ,emperor with the galleys of the ,prince ,doria40 ,the ,latin inscription is merely a rsum of the ,spanish one4 ,this tapestry is to be looked at with ,goletta and the ,cape of ,carthage in front1 ,tunis on the left hand1 the sea and the north to the right4 ,,group #ab4 ,the ,last ,supper 7#a ,tapestry7 ,woven from a design almost certainly of ,bernard van ,orley1 the pupil of ,raphael1 by ,pierre ,pannemaker at ,brussels1 in wool1 silk1 gold1 and silver4 ,purchased by ,charles ,v at #ch florins--a higher price than that generally paid for the same class of work4 ,the tapestry was given by the ,emperor to his wife1 and is considered one of the finest religious pieces in the royal collection4 ,it is used on ,holy ,thursdays to decorate the famous ,hall of ,columns in the ,palace1 when the ceremony of the ,washing of ,feet and the dinner to the poor take place4 ,,group #ac4 ,the ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost 7#a ,tapestry7 ,this tapestry is woven in silk and wool enriched with gold and silver threads4 ,neither the designer nor the tapissier are known1 but from the type of features represented1 ,count ,valencia de ,don ,juan conjectures that the artist was of ,flemish blood4 ,it is first mentioned in the inventory made on the death of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the subject of the piece is taken from ,acts ii4 #a-d ,,group #ad4 ,the ,adoration of the ,kings 7#a ,tapestry7 ,this is one of the finest of the religious tapestries in the collection and was a particular favourite of the ,emperor ,charles ,v1 who took it with him on his retirement to ,yuste4 ,both the design and workmanship are ,flemish1 but the influence of the ,italian school is perceptible4 ,the usual materials are employed--silk1 wool1 gold1 and silver threads4 ,the border is particularly fine with its wealth of flowers1 birds1 and fruits4 ,at each corner is shown a medallion representing a scene from the life of ,christ4 ,,group #ae4 ,the ,story of ,abraham 7#g ,tapestries7 ,these tapestries are attributed by ,wauters to ,wilhelm ,pannemaker4 ,though modified by ,italian ideas the design is in the ,flemish style4 ,woven in silk and wool they were the property of the ,princess ,juana1 the daughter of ,charles ,v4 ,they show the characteristic determination of ,gothic tapissiers to 8tell the story0 from beginning to end1 from the time that ,abraham first leaves his country to journey into the land of ,canaan1 to his death4 ,,group #af4 ,the ,apocalypse 7#h ,tapestries7 ,the ,revelations of ,st4 ,john were a favourite subject with the medival tapissier1 yet strange to say there are few complete series remaining4 ,in the ,cathedral at ,angers is a series of sixty-seven pieces made in #acgg by ,nicolas ,bataille for ,louis ,i of ,anjou4 ,a little later two other series on the same subject were executed at ,arras1 one being destined for ,philip the ,good4 ,in time this came into the possession of ,charles ,v1 and is mentioned in the ,inventory of #aecf4 ,no further mention1 however1 is made of this tapestry in any ,spanish documents1 and ,pinchart conjectures that it was probably lost in the fire that destroyed the ,palace of ,brussels in #agca4 ,the series included in this collection was made by ,wilhelm ,pannemaker1 and purchased by ,philip ,,ii4 ,we find the following paragraph in the discharge of the ,treasurer-,general in the year #aefb3 8,to ,wilhelm ,pannemaker1 tapestry maker1 who came from ,flanders to bring the ,tapestry of the ,apocalypse made for the service of ,h4,m41 sixty thousand maravedi which ,h4,m4 pays him all at once for the expenses of his journey 7from his own country whither he returns71 as witness the command of ,h4,m41 the #cast ,december1 #aefa4 ,the said tapestry maker has received the money the #cast of the said month40 ,the tapestries are fine specimens woven in silk1 wool1 and gold thread4 ,m4 ,ouiffrey attributes the cartoons to ,albert ,drer1 but the ,count ,valencia de ,don ,juan prefers to regard them as by an unknown artist working under the influence of ,drer and ,jean de ,bruges4 ,the designs are very beautiful1 more especially the borders1 which are little masterpieces of grace and elegance4 ,the plates are explained by short ,latin legends in the middle of the upper border4 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 8,st4 ,john writes a true description of his vision to the ,bishop of the ,seven ,churches of ,asia4 ,he moralizes and instructs them40 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 8,this great mystery illuminated by ,divine ,grace and manifested in ,christ the ,saviour of ,mankind4 ,those who have been made pure by ,his ,blood shall remain strong and shall not be turned from the ,holy way by the whirlwind40 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 8,the ,gospel spreads through the world as to the sound of trumpets4 ,the ,apostolic dogma and holy doctrine resounds in the ,temple1 drives back sin1 and plants a true love of the faith in every spirit40 ,tapestry ,no4 #d4 8,the fruits of virtue1 precious for their works1 encourage the multitude of the elect2 that which is watched over by the jealous enemy is destroyed by the help of angels40 ,tapestry ,no4 #e4 8,jealousy never attains the peace of virtue2 nevertheless the latter shall be oppressed till the end of the world4 ,certain hope and the faith of the strong never fail1 though the ungodly mock those who live in the fear of ,god40 ,tapestry ,no4 #f4 8,anger shall be turned against the reproved1 and the anger of ,god shall oppress sinners4 ,those who repent not shall suffer death and eternal fire as a punishment for their wickedness40 ,tapestry ,no4 #g4 8,the day of ,antichrist shall come and shall provoke the last war against faith4 ,babylon shall be conquered and destroyed1 and her lost sons shall suffer eternal punishment with her40 ,tapestry ,no4 #h4 8,on the day of the ,last ,judgment1 the devil shall be shut up in the abyss1 and the choir of saints shall sing praises unto ,god4 ,the victorious ,church shall receive her just reward1 and filled with gladness shall enjoy for ever the ,kingdom of ,heaven40 ,,group #ag4 ,the ,seven ,deadly ,sins 7#b ,series7 ,this favourite medival subject is depicted in two series of tapestries in the possession of ,philip ,,ii of ,spain4 ,both series are woven in silk and wool1 picked out with gold and silver threads4 ,neither1 however1 remains complete4 ,the name of the designer of the cartoons is not known4 ,it may probably have been ,bernard van ,orley4 ,the general design is markedly ,flemish1 but the ,renaissance influence is evident in the treatment of some of the figures1 and more particularly in the borders4 ,these show delicate imagination1 exquisite workmanship1 and exuberance of detail1 and are adorned with a wealth of flowers and fruits1 and tiny elves4 #ast ,series 7#f ,tapestries7 ,this series was probably made either for ,margaret of ,austria or ,mary of ,hungary4 ,it was used to decorate the monastery of ,guadelupe1 at the interview in #aege between ,philip ,,ii and ,sebastian of ,portugal4 ,each tapestry is explained by a ,latin text on the upper border4 ,the sins represented are ,avarice1 ,luxury1 ,anger1 ,greed1 ,envy1 and ,laziness4 #bnd ,series 7#d ,tapestries7 ,these tapestries are attributed to ,pannemaker4 ,pinchart states that they were taken from the ,count of ,egmont's collection and sent to the ,spanish ,court by the ,duke of ,alba1 when the first-mentioned nobleman was sentenced to death as a rebel in #aefg4 ,the pieces now remaining represent ,pride1 ,luxury1 ,greed1 and ,laziness4 ,the other three tapestries were still in existence in #affj and were used at the marriage of the ,infanta ,maria-,theresa and ,louis ,,xiv4 ,,chapter ,v ,,renaissance ,,tapestries ,the date of the beginning of the ,renaissance tapestries is well defined4 ,in #aeae came the order to ,brussels to execute tapestries of ,the ,acts of the ,apostles from the cartoons of ,raphael4 ,the ,pope required them for the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,this was the beginning of the decline of the art of ,flemish tapestry weaving4 ,raphael was not accustomed to designing cartoons for tapestry4 ,his methods were unsuitable for translation into fabric4 ,he set the tapissiere problems to solve in paint4 ,only the wonderful skill of the ,flemish workmen enabled them to produce tapestries that astonished ,europe4 ,but a new method had to be adopted4 ,raphael had planned out both his cartoons and his borders in every detail4 ,nothing was left to the tapissier but to copy with the minutest care every line1 every shade of colour expressed by the painter4 ,the artist tapissier became under this new fashion only a master craftsman4 ,the most pleasing feature of the ,gothic tapestries disappear--the riot of millefleurs1 and the spasmodic intrusion of fascinating little dogs and wild animals4 ,but if there were losses there were compensating gains4 ,the whole art of the ,italian cartoonist was freer1 more vital and less stilted than that of his northern neighbour4 ,the crowded figures disappeared and their place was taken by one group accompanied only by a few subordinate figures1 but the central figures were perfect in their form4 ,the ,gothic buildings of the background gave way to a rich ,renaissance architecture4 ,the old woodland flowers were replaced by the luxuriant and exotic verdure of the south4 ,that the methods introduced by ,raphael should degenerate in the hands of artists of less genius was inevitable1 and in course of time the tapissier was no longer capable of improving the original design4 ,,group #ah4 ,the ,acts of the ,apostles 7#aj ,tapestries7 ,these tapestries are not the original ones woven for ,pope ,leo ,x1 but are reproductions which 7from the absence of any tapestry mark7 must have been woven from the original cartoons within a very short space of time4 ,these cartoons1 as has been said1 were the work of ,raphael ,santi assisted by his pupils4 ,the original tapestries were executed by ,pierre van ,aelst in gold1 silk1 and wool1 under the supervision of ,bernard van ,orley1 who had been the pupil of the great ,italian painter4 ,they were painted in #aeai4 ,pierre van ,aelst had been tapestry maker to ,philip le ,bel and ,charles ,v41 and was probably the foremost weaver of his time in ,brussels4 ,more than one reproduction was made1 and it is probable that one fell into the hands of the ,emperor ,charles4 ,they are not mentioned1 however1 before the inventories made by ,philip ,,ii4 ,the tenth piece in the original series is not found in this collection on account of its size1 and may not have been included in the reproduction4 ,a similar series was in the possession of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england and was bought at the sale of ,charles ,i4's effects by ,marquis del ,carpio4 ,it was inherited by the house of ,alba in #affb1 and sold in #ahbc to the ,english ,consul in ,catalonia4 ,george ,,iv4 refused to purchase it and it finally reached the ,berlin ,museum4 ,for a time the cartoons of ,raphael were lost4 ,seven of them1 however1 were purchased by ,charles ,i4 on the advice of ,rubens and ordered to be reproduced at ,mortlake4 ,the cartoons are now in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,the tapestries represent the following subjects3 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,the miraculous draught of fishes4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,st4 ,peter chosen by ,christ as the head of the ,church4 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 ,the miracle of the paralytic4 ,tapestry ,no4 #d4 ,the death of ,ananias4 ,tapestry ,no4 #e4 ,the death of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,tapestry ,no4 #f4 ,the conversion of ,st4 ,paul4 ,tapestry ,no4 #g4 ,the blindness of ,elymas4 ,tapestry ,no4 #h4 ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,barnabas at ,lystra4 ,tapestry ,no4 #i4 ,st4 ,paul preaches at the ,areopagus in ,athens4 ,,group #ai4 ,vertumnus and ,pomona 7#f ,tapestries7 ,despite an occasional lapse in drawing1 this series of tapestries is one of the finest examples of pure ,renaissance workmanship to be found in the ,spanish royal collection4 ,the story1 of course1 is taken from ,ovid1 and was a favourite one with the ,flemish weavers4 ,the tapestries show the true ,renaissance love of the open country and lovely gardens with a wealth of flowers and foliage4 ,they are purely decorative in intention1 and the figures are merely accessory4 ,no less than four copies of this series are in the ,madrid collection4 ,the series reproduced in this volume was woven at ,brussels and purchased by the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 at ,anvers in #aedf4 ,it is in silk and wool1 heavily enriched with gold1 and was the original from which the others were copied4 ,two other copies1 also woven in gold1 were made by ,pannemaker at the command of ,philip ,,ii4 ,these are hung in the ,state dining-hall of the palace4 ,the fourth copy1 in silk and wool only1 was made for ,john of ,austria1 and by him bequeathed to ,philip ,,ii4 ,the ,story of ,scipio ,africanus 7#f ,tapestries7 ,this fine series of tapestries offers an interesting contrast with the other historical series already described1 ,the ,conquest of ,tunis4 ,the story of ,scipio is in pure ,renaissance style1 and though the designer of the cartoons is unknown1 they show very strongly the influence of ,giulio ,romano1 and may even have proceeded from his pencil4 ,only one piece of the tapestry bears a weaver's mark1 which has not been deciphered4 ,they were inherited by ,charles ,v4 from his sister1 ,mary of ,hungary1 on her death in #aeeh4 ,the tapestries represent incidents in the life of ,publius ,cornelius ,scipio1 the elder1 surnamed ,africanus from his triumphs against the ,carthaginians4 ,scipio was one of ,rome's greatest generals1 and also a man of very considerable culture1 who wrote his own memoirs in ,greek4 ,he was also an accomplished orator and was popularly supposed to hold direct communication with the gods4 ,the tapestries deal mostly with ,scipio's campaigns in ,spain and ,africa4 ,the year after his father's death he had offered himself for the command in ,spain4 ,in spite of his youth he was unanimously elected4 ,he had previously fought at the disastrous battles of ,ticinus1 the ,trebia1 and ,cann4 ,all ,spain south of the ,ebro was in the hands of the ,carthaginians1 but the three great ,punic generals were preoccupied with revolts in ,africa and were in disagreement amongst themselves4 ,taking advantage of this1 ,scipio unexpectedly attacked and captured ,new ,carthage1 a large supply of war materials falling into his hands4 ,this victory he followed up in #bji ,b4,c4 by driving ,hasdrubal from ,barcelona and the upper ,guadalquivir4 ,after further victories in ,spain ,scipio returned to ,rome and was elected ,consul for ,sicily4 ,in #bjd ,b4,c4 he again sailed for ,africa and landed near ,utica4 ,he destroyed two combined armies of the ,carthaginians and the ,numidians1 and after peace negotiations were finally broken off gained a crushing victory over ,hannibal near ,zama4 ,this gained him the surname of ,africanus4 ,some years later ,scipio was charged together with his brother with peculation4 ,on the day of his trial1 however1 by reminding the people that this was the anniversary of ,zama he was acquitted amid great acclamations4 ,he then retired into private life4 ,the tapestries represent3 ,tapestry ,no4 #a4 ,siege and assault of ,carthage by ,scipio ,africanus4 ,tapestry ,no4 #b4 ,scipio gives up his betrothed4 ,tapestry ,no4 #c4 ,the ,romans penetrate into the camp of ,hasdrubal4 ,tapestry ,no4 #d4 ,battle of ,zama and defeat of ,hannibal4 ,tapestry ,no4 #e4 ,the triumph of ,scipio4 ,tapestry ,no4 #f4 ,the banquet4 ,monkeys or ,grotesque ,figures 7#aj ,tapestries7 ,these fine ,flemish tapestries were added to the royal collection at ,madrid by ,philip ,,ii4 ,they are of exquisite workmanship and are heavily enriched with threads of gold4 ,there are ten pieces in the series1 four of which being hung on the walls of the palace cannot be here reproduced4 ,these grotesque figures form an ideal tapestry design4 8,in the centre of each tapestry10 says the ,count ,valencia de ,don ,juan1 8there is a light and elegant bower of trellis-work1 formed by arches1 scrolls1 and caryatids2 the ribbon surrounding it is formed of flowers1 fruit1 and animals1 amongst which frolic monkeys and dogs40 ,the borders are enriched with mythological figures4 ,the tapestries were woven by ,hector ,vuyens1 who made his own designs4 ,,group #bj4 ,the ,story of ,cyrus the ,great 7#h ,tapestries7 ,these tapestries1 especially remarkable for their beautiful borders1 were woven probably by ,nicolas ,leiniers1 a well-known tapissier of the sixteenth century4 ,they bear the ,brussels mark1 but the designer of the cartoons is unknown4 ,they are carried out in silk and wool1 enriched with gold and silver thread4 ,the tapestries passed into the possession of ,philip ,,ii41 and are known to have been used in the funeral ceremonies of ,francis ,,ii4 of ,france4 ,there is in existence the account which was rendered by ,philip's tapestry maker to his master for the transportation of the tapestries from ,madrid to ,toledo1 where the funeral took place4 ,the tapestries represent episodes in the life of the great ,persian conqueror1 and certain of the legends that were current about his parentage4 ,the designer of the cartoons seems to have followed the ,thucedidean account of the delivering of the boy ,cyrus to a shepherd1 and his subsequent recognition by ,astyages4 ,cyrus's wars against the people of ,lydia and his capture of ,crsus are1 of course1 historic4 ,there is a legend related by some of the early historians that ,cyrus desired to put ,crsus to death at the stake1 a proceeding which would have been directly contrary to the principles of the ,zoroastrian religion4 ,the designer of the tapestries appears to have got hold of a distorted form of this story in the fifth panel of this series4 ,the ghastly end imagined by the cartoonist for the conqueror is wholly fictitious4 ,it is probable that ,cyrus was killed actually on the field of battle4 ,,group #ba4 ,the ,story of ,diana or ,artemis 7#g ,tapestries7 ,it is under this name that this series of tapestries is classed in the inventories4 ,on the plates of the pieces themselves1 however1 only the name1 ,diana1 is employed4 ,the series is the only one of ,french origin in the ,spanish royal collection4 ,it is from the ,gobelins looms1 which were established in #afjc by ,van der ,planken and ,mare de ,comano by contract with ,henry ,,iv4 on the settlement of the ,civil ,wars4 ,the life of ,diana was a favourite subject of the ,french tapestry weavers from this time onward1 and the pieces were eagerly purchased by the ladies who enjoyed the favour of the ,navarrois king4 ,guiffrey gives a detailed account of all these series in his large ,histoire de la ,tapisserie en ,france4 ,the designer of the series in the royal collection is unknown4 ,it is a fine example of the florid art of the ,renaissance4 ,the borders are especially fine1 containing medallions supported by nymphs and satyrs garlanded with fruit and flowers4 ,in the orders of two of the plates are monograms of silk and gold similar to that in ,les ,noces de l',empereur ,otton in the ,national ,museum at ,munich4 ,coats-of-arms are seen on the scrolls that surmount the panels4 ,in the centre are the arms of ,colonna with a ducal crown2 to the right a chequered shield with argent and purple squares2 to the left an escutcheon carrying two wolves4 ,the subjects of the different tapestries are as follow3 7#a7 ,latona changing the labourers into frogs4 7#b7 ,diana surrounded by dogs4 7#c7 ,diana with nymphs resting in a wood4 7#d7 ,diana begs from ,jupiter eternal maidenhood4 7#e7 ,niobe dissuades the people from sacrificing to ,latona4 7#f7 ,diana and ,apollo slay the children of ,niobe4 7#g7 ,diana approves ,meleager's design of offering a boar's head to ,alithea4 ,there is another plate referring to the same subject which represents the birth of ,diana4 ,,group #bb4 ,tapestries of the ,chamber of ,charles ,,iii4 7#b ,tapestries7 ,on the completion of the new palace of ,madrid in #agfd1 ,charles ,,iii4 ordered his bedroom to be decorated with tapestries to the number of seventy-seven pieces4 ,these1 of which the two plates reproduced here are a fair example1 were specially woven at the royal factory at ,madrid4 ,they are all of rich materials and fine workmanship1 and were used1 as well for hangings as for the covering of chairs and couches4 ,the tapestries were designed by ,antoine ,anglois4 ,the two here reproduced are woven in silk and gold4 ,they were used as a curtain to the balcony of the ,king's bedroom and as a counterpane and bolster-cover for the royal bed4 ,it was owing to the interest taken by this monarch in the art of tapestry weaving that the factory at ,madrid was placed under the supervision of that fine artist1 ,raphael ,menos4 ,,group #bc4 ,the ,spheres ,this boldly planned and finely executed series is composed of three tapestries4 ,the name of the designer of the cartoons is unknown1 but he was evidently inspired by the ,italian ,renaissance4 ,the figures are anatomically correct1 and many of them were copied from well-known pictures4 ,no4 #a shows ,hercules upholding the world1 and bears the inscription1 ,magna ,virtus sed ,alien obnoxia4 ,no4 #b represents ,atlas bearing the ,universe on his shoulders4 ,no4 #c represents ,ferdinand and ,isabella enthroned as monarchs of the whole world4 ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,virgin4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #a4 #a4 ,,jesus ,,with ,,his ,,mother ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,virgin4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #b #b4 ,,the ,,virgin ,,praying ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,virgin4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #c #c4 ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,magi ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,virgin4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #d #d4 ,,the ,,presentation ,,of ,,jesus ,,in ,,the ,,temple ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,bathsheba ,,plate #e #a4 ,,david ,,sees ,,bathsheba ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,bathsheba ,,plate #f #b4 ,,bathsheba ,,consents ,,to ,,the ,,love ,,of ,,david ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,bathsheba ,,plate #g #c4 ,,nathan ,,reproaches ,,david ,,with ,,his ,,sin ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #h #a4 ,,zacharius ,,recovering ,,his ,,speech ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #i #b4 ,,the ,,child ,,john ,,asks ,,permission ,,to ,,devote ,,himself ,,to ,,god ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #aj #c4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,preaching ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 ,,by ,,van ,,eyck ,,plate #aa #d4 ,,the ,,baptism ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,illustration3 ,,plate #ab ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,olives ,illustration3 ,,plate #ac ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,,by ,,van ,,der ,,weyden ,,the ,,crucifixion ,illustration3 ,,plate #ad ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,,the ,,descent ,,from ,,the ,,cross ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #ae #a4 ,,god ,,rewards ,,worship ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #af #b4 ,,virtue ,,punishes ,,vice ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #ag #c4 ,,fortune ,,distributes ,,roses ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #ah #d4 ,,god ,,rewards ,,the ,,devout ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #ai #e4 ,,virtue ,,rewards ,,her ,,votaries ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #bj #f4 ,,god ,,distributes ,,honours ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #ba #g4 ,,prudence ,,is ,,commended ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #bb #h4 ,,the ,,faithful ,,gain ,,renown ,illustration3 ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues ,,plate #bc #i4 ,,infamy ,,is ,,punished ,illustration3 ,,plate #bd ,,vices ,,and ,,virtues #aj4 ,,the ,,lawgiver ,,delivers ,,judgment ,illustration3 ,,plate #be ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome #a4 ,,romulus ,,and ,,remus ,,are ,,found ,illustration3 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome ,,plate #bf #b4 ,,remus ,,taken ,,captive ,illustration3 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome ,,plate #bg #c4 ,,romulus ,,becomes ,,king ,illustration3 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome ,,plate #bh #d4 ,,romulus ,,dictating ,,the ,,laws ,illustration3 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome ,,plate #bi #e4 ,,romulus ,,institutes ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,neptune ,illustration3 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome ,,plate #cj #f4 ,,romulus ,,gives ,,the ,,laws ,,to ,,the ,,people ,illustration3 ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,rome ,,plate #ca #g4 ,,after ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,the ,,sabines1 ,,hersilia ,,is ,,presented ,,to ,,romulus ,illustration3 ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #cb ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,campaign ,illustration3 ,,plate #cc ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v4 ,,by ,j4 ,,vermeyen ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,army ,illustration3 ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #cd ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,army 7,,part ,,of7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #ce ,,disembarking ,,at ,,goletta ,illustration3 ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #cf ,,attack ,,on ,,goletta ,illustration3 ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #cg ,,fight ,,under ,,goletta ,illustration3 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #ch ,,sortie ,,of ,,the ,,enemy ,,from ,,goletta ,illustration3 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #ci ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,goletta ,illustration3 ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,plate #dj ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,tunis ,illustration3 ,,plate #da ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,the ,,sacking ,,of ,,tunis ,illustration3 ,,plate #db ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v ,,the ,,army ,,re-,,embarks ,,after ,,returning ,,from ,,goletta ,illustration3 ,,plate #dc ,,conquest ,,of ,,tunis ,,by ,,charles ,v4 ,,by ,j4 ,,vermeyen ,,the ,,army ,,camping ,,at ,,pada ,illustration3 ,,plate #dd ,,story ,,of ,,abraham #a4 ,,three ,,angels ,,announce ,,to ,,abraham ,,that ,,sarah ,,will ,,have ,a ,,son ,illustration3 ,,plate #de ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,abraham #b4 ,,abraham ,,offering ,,sacrifice ,illustration3 ,,plate #df ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #a4 ,,the ,,angel ,,throws ,,the ,,beast ,,into ,,the ,,abyss ,illustration3 ,,plate #dg ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #b4 ,,the ,,three ,,horsemen ,illustration3 ,,plate #dh ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #c4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,and ,,the ,,seven ,,churches ,,of ,,asia ,illustration3 ,,plate #di ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #d4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,receives ,,the ,,order ,,to ,,measure ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,god ,illustration3 ,,plate #ej ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #e4 ,,condemnation ,,of ,,the ,,prostitute ,illustration3 ,,plate #ea ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #f4 ,,the ,,angel ,,carrying ,,the ,,gospel ,illustration3 ,,plate #eb ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #g4 ,,the ,,crowd ,,adore ,,the ,,lamb ,illustration3 ,,plate #ec ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #h4 ,,the ,,four ,,angels ,,of ,,euphrates ,illustration3 ,,plate #ed ,,scenes ,,from ,,revelations #i4 ,,combat ,,between ,,good ,,and ,,evil ,,spirits ,illustration3 ,,plate #ee ,,the ,,seven ,,deadly ,,sins #a4 ,,luxury ,illustration3 ,,the ,,seven ,,deadly ,,sins ,,plate #ef #b4 ,,greediness ,illustration3 ,,plate #eg ,,the ,,seven ,,deadly ,,sins #c4 ,,envy ,illustration3 ,,plate #eh ,,the ,,seven ,,deadly ,,sins #d4 ,,anger ,illustration3 ,,plate #ei ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #a4 ,,the ,,miraculous ,,draught ,,of ,,fishes ,illustration3 ,,plate #fj ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #b4 ,,the ,,miraculous ,,draught ,,of ,,fishes ,illustration3 ,,plate #fa ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #c4 ,,the ,,miracle ,,of ,,the ,,paralytic ,illustration3 ,,plate #fb ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #d4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,ananias ,illustration3 ,,plate #fc ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #e4 ,,the ,,martyrdom ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen ,illustration3 ,,plate #fd ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #f4 ,,martyrdom ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen ,illustration3 ,,plate #fe ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #g4 ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul ,illustration3 ,,plate #ff ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #h4 ,,the ,,blindness ,,of ,,elymas ,illustration3 ,,plate #fg ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #i4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,at ,,lystra ,illustration3 ,,plate #fh ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #aj4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,in ,,the ,,temple ,illustration3 ,,plate #fi ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #aa4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,at ,,ephesus ,illustration3 ,,plate #gj ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ab4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,at ,,ephesus ,illustration3 ,,plate #ga ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ac4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,preaching ,,in ,,athens ,illustration3 ,,plate #gb ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ad4 ,,christ ,,appears ,,to ,,his ,,disciples ,illustration3 ,,plate #gc ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ae4 ,,christ ,,choosing ,,st4 ,,peter ,illustration3 ,,plate #gd ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #af4 ,,the ,,paralytic ,illustration3 ,,plate #ge ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ag4 ,,death ,,of ,,ananias ,illustration3 ,,plate #gf ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ah4 ,,conversion ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul ,illustration3 ,,plate #gg ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #ai4 ,,the ,,blind ,,man ,,elymas ,illustration3 ,,plate #gh ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,,by ,,raphael #bj4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,and ,,st4 ,,barnabas ,,at ,,lystra ,illustration3 ,,plate #gj ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #a4 ,,vertumnus ,,transformed ,,into ,a ,,husbandman ,illustration3 ,,plate #hj ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #b4 ,,vertumnus ,,takes ,a ,,fishing ,,rod ,illustration3 ,,plate #ha ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #c4 ,,vertumnus ,,transformed ,,into ,,an ,,agriculturist ,illustration3 ,,plate #hb ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #d4 ,,vertumnus ,,transformed ,,into ,a ,,gardener ,illustration3 ,,plate #hc ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #e4 ,,vertumnus ,,transformed ,,into ,a ,,reaper ,illustration3 ,,plate #hd ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #f4 ,,vertumnus ,,at ,,the ,,harvest ,illustration3 ,,plate #he ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #g4 ,,pomona ,,upbraids ,,vertumnus ,illustration3 ,,plate #hf ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #h4 ,,vertumnus1 ,,disguised1 ,,kisses ,,pomona ,illustration3 ,,plate #hg ,,vertumnus ,,and ,,pomona #i4 ,,vertumnus ,,regains ,,his ,,natural ,,form ,illustration3 ,,plate #hh ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #a4 ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,carthage ,illustration3 ,,plate #hi ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #b4 ,,scipio ,,saves ,,his ,,father ,,at ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,tesin ,illustration3 ,,plate #ij ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #c4 ,,carthage ,,sends ,,ambassadors ,,to ,,scipio ,,after ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,zama ,illustration3 ,,plate #ia ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #d4 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,scipio ,illustration3 ,,plate #ib ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #e4 ,,the ,,banquet ,illustration3 ,,plate #ic ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #f4 ,,scipio ,,gives ,,up ,,his ,,betrothed ,illustration3 ,,plate #id ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #g4 ,,scipio ,,gives ,,up ,,his ,,betrothed 7,,section ,,of ,,tapestry7 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ie ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #h4 ,,scipio ,,delivers ,,judgment ,illustration3 ,,plate #if ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #i4 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,scipio ,illustration3 ,,plate #ig ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #aj4 ,,interview ,,between ,,scipio ,,and ,,hannibal ,illustration3 ,,plate #ih ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scipio ,,africanus #aj4 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,scipio ,illustration3 ,,plate #ii ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #a4 ,,cyrus ,,takes ,,astyage ,,prisoner ,illustration3 ,,plate #ajj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #b4 ,,cyrus ,,is ,,recognized ,,by ,,astyage ,illustration3 ,,plate #aja ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #c4 ,,meeting ,,of ,,cyrus ,,and ,,the ,,queen ,illustration3 ,,plate #ajb ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #d4 ,,cyrus ,,sends ,a ,,messenger ,illustration3 ,,plate #ajh ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #e4 ,,cyrus ,,unites ,,the ,,medes ,,and ,,persians ,illustration3 ,,plate #ajd ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #f4 ,,cyrus ,,saves ,,cr,,sus ,,from ,,the ,,stake ,illustration3 ,,plate #aje ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #g4 ,,the ,,queen ,,and ,,cyrus ,illustration3 ,,plate #ajf ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus #h4 ,,cyrus ,,takes ,,cr,,sus ,,prisoner ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus ,,plate #ajg #i4 ,,cyrus ,,and ,,the ,,lydians ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus ,,plate #ajh #aj4 ,,cyrus ,,releases ,,the ,,hebrews ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus ,,plate #aji #aa4 ,,cyrus ,,is ,,entrusted ,,to ,a ,,shepherd ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,cyrus ,,plate #aaj #ab4 ,,hystaspe ,,and ,,amenophis ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,diana ,,plate #aaa #a4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,diana ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,diana ,,plate #aab #b4 ,,diana ,,resting ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,diana ,,plate #aac #c4 ,,diana ,,and ,,jupiter ,illustration3 ,,plate #aad ,,the ,,spheres #a4 ,,hercules ,,supports ,,the ,,sky ,illustration3 ,,the ,,spheres ,,plate #aae #b4 ,,atlas ,,supports ,,the ,,world ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #aaf #a4 ,,decius ,,raises ,,his ,,country ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #aag #b4 ,,decius ,,sends ,,the ,,lictors ,,to ,,manlius ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #aah #c4 ,,decius ,,bids ,,farewell ,,to ,,the ,,lictors ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #aai #d4 ,,decius ,,departs ,,to ,,fight ,,the ,,latins ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #abj #e4 ,,decius ,,dedicates ,,himself ,,to ,,the ,,legions ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #aba #f4 ,,valerius ,,and ,,decius ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #abb #g4 ,,the ,,vision ,,of ,,decius ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #abc #h4 ,,death ,,of ,,decius ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,decius ,,plate #abd #i4 ,,funeral ,,of ,,decius ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,venus ,,plate #abe #a4 ,,offerings ,,to ,,venus ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,venus ,,plate #abf #b4 ,,the ,,challenge ,,of ,,cupid ,,and ,,venus ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man ,,plate #abg #a4 ,,god ,,creates ,,man ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man ,,plate #abh #b4 ,,cain ,,kills ,,his ,,brother ,,abel ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man ,,plate #abi #c4 ,,god ,,curses ,,cain ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man ,,plate #acj ,,the ,,tree ,,of ,,good ,,and ,,evil ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,tobias ,,plate #aca #a4 ,,sarah ,,marries ,,tobias ,illustration3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,tobias ,,plate #acb #b4 ,,return ,,of ,,tobias ,,and ,,sarah ,illustration3 ,,plate #acc ,,the ,,seasons #a4 ,,summer ,illustration3 ,,plate #acd ,,the ,,seasons #b4 ,,winter ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,solomon ,,plate #ace #a4 ,,solomon ,,is ,,anointed ,,king ,illustration3 ,,plate #acf ,,story ,,of ,,solomon #b4 ,,solomon ,,marries ,,an ,,egyptian ,,princess ,illustration3 ,,plate #acg ,,story ,,of ,,solomon #c4 ,,solomon ,,and ,,the ,,queen ,,of ,,sheba ,illustration3 ,,plate #ach ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life #a4 ,,divinity ,,advocates ,,temperance ,,to ,,man ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #aci #b4 ,,the ,,vices ,,repulse ,,temperance ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #adj #c4 ,,time ,,surrounds ,,him ,,with ,,prudence ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #ada #d4 ,,virtue ,,triumphant ,illustration3 ,,plate #adb ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life #e4 ,,patience ,,humiliates ,,fortune ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #adc #f4 ,,fortune ,,fights ,,avarice ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #add #g4 ,,blind ,,fortune ,,bestows ,,good ,,and ,,evil ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #ade #h4 ,,two ,,ancient ,,philosophers ,illustration3 ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life ,,plate #adf #i4 ,,divinity ,,reveals ,,temperance ,illustration3 ,,plate #adg ,,history ,,of ,,man',s ,,life #aj4 ,,vice ,,repulses ,,temperance ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,anthony ,,and ,,cleopatra ,,plate #adh #a4 ,,anthony ,,leaves ,,rome ,illustration3 ,,plate #adi ,,story ,,of ,,anthony ,,and ,,cleopatra #b4 ,,anthony ,,receives ,,homage ,illustration3 ,,plate #aej ,,story ,,of ,,anthony ,,and ,,cleopatra #c4 ,,anthony ,,disposes ,,of ,,the ,,treasures ,,of ,,egypt ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,anthony ,,and ,,cleopatra ,,plate #aea ,,cleopatra ,,mocks ,,anthony',s ,,weakness ,illustration3 ,,plate #aeb ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great #a4 ,,alexander ,,and ,,his ,,doctor ,,philip ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great ,,plate #aec #b4 ,,battle ,,of ,,issus ,illustration3 ,,plate #aed ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great #c4 ,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,tyre ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great ,,plate #aee #d4 ,,alexander ,,in ,,carmonia ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great ,,plate #aef #e4 ,,surrender ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,cyprus ,,and ,,ph,,nicia ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,alexander ,,the ,,great ,,plate #aeg #f4 ,,alexander ,,in ,,asia ,,minor ,illustration3 ,,plate #aeh ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,love ,illustration3 ,,plate #aei ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,death ,illustration3 ,,plate #afj ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,chastity ,illustration3 ,,plate #afa ,,story ,,of ,,telemachus #a4 ,,young ,,telemachus ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,telemachus ,,plate #afb #b4 ,,neptune ,,wrecking ,,ulysses' ,,ship ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul ,,plate #afc #a4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,in ,,the ,,temple ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul ,,plate #afd #b4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,before ,,agrippa ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul ,,plate #afe ,,st4 ,,paul ,,executed ,,at ,,rome ,illustration3 ,,temptations ,,of ,,st4 ,,anthony ,,plate #aff #a4 ,,departure ,,of ,,st4 ,,anthony ,,for ,,the ,,retreat ,illustration3 ,,temptations ,,of ,,st4 ,,anthony ,,plate #afg #b4 ,,st4 ,,anthony ,,tempted ,,by ,,the ,,devil ,illustration3 ,,temptations ,,of ,,st4 ,,anthony ,,plate #afh ,,paradise1 ,,purgatory ,,and ,,hell ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,emperor ,,octavius ,,plate #afi #a4 ,,julius ,c,,sar ,,adopts ,,octavius ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,emperor ,,octavius ,,plate #agj #b4 ,,battle ,,of ,,philippi ,illustration3 ,,plate #aga ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,emperor ,,octavius #c4 ,,octavius ,,closes ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,war ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,octavius ,,plate #agb #d4 ,,death ,,of ,,cleopatra ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,moses ,,plate #agc #a4 ,,moses ,,and ,,aaron ,,before ,,pharoah ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,moses ,,plate #agd #b4 ,,god ,,chooses ,,moses ,,to ,,deliver ,,israel ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,moses ,,plate #age #b4 ,,moses ,,comes ,,from ,,mount ,,sinai ,illustration3 ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,archduke ,,albert ,,plate #agf ,,surrender ,,of ,,hulst ,illustration3 ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,archduke ,,albert ,,plate #agg #b4 ,,ardres ,,is ,,surprised ,,by ,a ,,night ,,attack ,illustration3 ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,archduke ,,albert ,,plate #agh #c4 ,,hulst ,,besieged ,illustration3 ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,archduke ,,albert ,,plate #agi #d4 ,,taking ,,of ,,calais ,illustration3 ,,plate #ahj ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,archduke ,,albert #e4 ,,the ,,return ,,of ,,the ,,garrison ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #aha #a4 ,,theseus ,,leaves ,,for ,,crete ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #ahb #b4 ,,theseus ,,receives ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,geus ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #ahc #c4 ,,geus ,,recognises ,,his ,,son ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #ahd #d4 ,,theseus ,,armed ,,with ,,the ,,mace ,illustration3 ,,plate #ahe #e4 ,,bacchus ,,marries ,,ariadne ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #ahf #f4 ,,theseus ,,receives ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,minos ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #ahg #g4 ,,theseus ,,leads ,,the ,,bull ,,of ,,marathon ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,theseus ,,plate #ahh #h4 ,,theseus ,,and ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,minotaurus ,illustration3 ,,plate #ahi ,,the ,,funeral ,,of ,,king ,,turnus ,illustration3 ,,plate #aij ,,dido ,,contemplates ,,neas' ,,portrait ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,samson ,,plate #aia #a4 ,,samson ,,propounds ,,his ,,riddle ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,samson ,,plate #aib #b4 ,,samson ,,is ,,betrayed ,,by ,,delilah ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,noah ,,plate #aic #a4 ,,noah ,,building ,,the ,,ark ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,noah ,,plate #aid #b4 ,,noah ,,leaving ,,the ,,ark ,illustration3 ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,honour ,,plate #aie #a4 ,,grace ,,accords ,,immortal ,,crowns ,illustration3 ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,honour ,,plate #aif #b4 ,,virtue ,,accords ,,honours ,illustration3 ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,honour ,,plate #aig #c4 ,,merit ,,receives ,,rewards ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,zenobia ,,plate #aih #a4 ,,nuptial ,,banquet ,,of ,,zenobia ,,and ,,odenat ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,zenobia ,,plate #aii #b4 ,,zenobia ,,is ,,taken ,,prisoner ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,zenobia ,,plate #bjj #c4 ,,zenobia ,,led ,,captive ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote ,,plate #bja #a4 ,,departure ,,of ,,don ,,quixote ,illustration3 ,,plate #bjb ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #b4 ,,don ,,quixote ,,and ,,the ,,three ,,peasant ,,women ,illustration3 ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote ,,plate #bjc #c4 ,,princess ,,micomicona ,illustration3 ,,plate #bjd ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #d4 ,,don ,,quixote ,,is ,,beaten ,,by ,,the ,,merchants ,illustration3 ,,plate #bje ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #e4 ,,don ,,quixote ,,is ,,enclosed ,,in ,a ,,cage ,illustration3 ,,plate #bjf ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #f4 ,,the ,,muleteer ,,meets ,,don ,,quixote ,illustration3 ,,plate #bjg ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #g4 ,,sancho ,,marches ,,to ,,toboso ,illustration3 ,,plate #bjh ,,story ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #h4 ,,repetitions ,,of ,,preceding ,,pictures ,illustration3 ,,plate #bji ,,story ,,of ,,phaeton #a4 ,,ph,,bus ,,allows ,,phaeton ,,to ,,drive ,,the ,,chariot ,,of ,,the ,,sun ,illustration3 ,,plate #baj ,,story ,,of ,,phaeton #b4 ,,phaeton ,,drives ,,the ,,chariot ,,of ,,the ,,sun ,illustration3 ,,plate #baa ,,story ,,of ,,phaeton #c4 ,,jupiter ,,confounds ,,phaeton ,illustration3 ,,plate #bab ,,story ,,of ,,phaeton #d4 ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,phaeton ,,is ,,recovered ,illustration3 ,,plate #bac ,,chastity ,,puts ,,cupid ,,to ,,flight ,illustration3 ,,plate #bad ,,rustic ,,scenes ,,after ,,goya ,,and ,,bayeu ,illustration3 ,,plate #bae ,,panels ,,after ,,goya ,illustration3 ,,plate #baf ,,quarrel ,,in ,,an ,,inn4 ,,after ,,goya ,illustration3 ,,plate #bag ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bah ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bai ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbj ,a ,,village ,,dance ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bba ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbb ,,descent ,,from ,,the ,,cross ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbc ,,christ ,,on ,,the ,,cross ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbd ,,the ,,crucifixion4 ,,by ,,van ,,der ,,weyden ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbe ,,our ,,lord ,,appearing ,,to ,,the ,,holy ,,women ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbf ,,st4 ,,jerome ,,in ,,the ,,desert ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbg ,,the ,,eternal ,,father ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbh ,,our ,,lord ,,and ,,st4 ,,veronica ,illustration3 ,,plate #bbi ,,mary ,,anointing ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,the ,,saviour ,illustration3 ,,plate #bcj ,,the ,,confusion ,,of ,,tongues ,illustration3 ,,plate #bca ,,the ,,last ,,supper ,illustration3 ,,plate #bcb ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,magi ,illustration3 ,,plate #bcc ,,neoptolemy ,,sacrifices ,,polyzena ,illustration3 ,,plate #bcd ,,time ,,and ,,temperance ,,restrain ,,cupid ,illustration3 ,,plate #bce ,,ulysses ,,accepts ,,the ,,presents ,,of ,,alcinous ,illustration3 ,,plate #bcf ,,penelope ,,recognises ,,ulysses ,illustration3 ,,plate #bcg ,,courtiers ,,presenting ,,themselves ,,before ,a ,,king ,illustration3 ,,plate #bch ,,children ,,playing4 #af,,th ,,century ,illustration3 ,,plate #bci ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,cleopatra ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdj ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,woman ,illustration3 ,,plate #bda ,,calchas ,,and ,,agamemnon ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdb ,a ,,grove ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdc ,,on ,,the ,,banks ,,of ,a ,,river ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdd ,,prince ,,baltazar ,,carlos ,illustration3 ,,plate #bde ,,allegory ,,of ,,the ,,tiber ,,and ,,rome ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdf ,,imperial ,,funeral ,,bed ,,of ,,state ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdg ,,royal ,,arms ,,of ,,philip ,v ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdh ,,panels ,illustration3 ,,plate #bdi ,a ,,frieze ,illustration3 ,,plate #bej ,,borders ,,of ,,tapestries ,illustration3 ,,plate #bea ,,the ,,passion ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,illustration3 ,,plate #beb ,,death ,,of ,,absalom ,illustration3 ,,plate #bec ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,christ ,illustration3 ,,plate #bed ,,descent ,,from ,,the ,,cross ,illustration3 ,,plate #bee ,,st4 ,,gregory',s ,,mass ,illustration3 ,,plate #bef ,,triumph ,,of ,,joseph ,illustration3 ,,plate #beg ,,king ,,charles ,,iii ,illustration3 ,,plate #beh ,,queen ,,amelia ,,of ,,saxony ,illustration3 ,,plate #bei ,,mythological ,,subject ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfj ,,after ,,the ,,victory ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfa ,,the ,,temple ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfb ,,the ,,colonnade ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfc ,,the ,,palace ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfd ,,fragments ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfe ,,panels ,illustration3 ,,plate #bff ,,panels ,,after ,,andres ,,de ,,aguirre ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfg ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfh ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bfi ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bgj ,,panels ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bga ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bgb ,,fragments ,,after ,,teniers ,illustration3 ,,plate #bgc ,,children ,,playing4 ,,after ,,goya ,illustration3 ,,plate #bgd ,,panels ,,after ,,goya ,illustration3 ,,plate #bge ,,panels ,,after ,,goya ,,and ,,bayeu ,illustration3 ,,plate #bgf ,,panels ,,after ,,goya ,,and ,,bayeu ,illustration3 ,,plate #bgg ,,coriolanus ,,and ,,his ,,mother 99 99 99 99 99 ,,historic ,,paris ,by ,,jetta ,s4 ,,wolff1 author of 8,the ,story of the ,paris ,churches40 ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,in this most attractive volume we have the ideal guide-book1 for1 besides fulfilling all the functions of a guide1 ,miss ,wolff has a fine literary style and considerable historical knowledge1 as well as a very intimate knowledge of all the historical sites and buildings of ,paris4 ,her interesting text is pleasantly aided by numerous drawings in line4 ,,what ,,pictures ,,to ,,see ,,in ,,europe ,by ,,lorinda ,m4 ,,bryant4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,what ,,sculpture ,,to ,,see ,,in ,,europe ,by ,,lorinda ,m4 ,,bryant1 author of 8,american ,pictures and their ,painters40 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,these books have found so wide a circle of readers in ,america that it has been thought advisable to issue on this side editions which have been enlarged and brought up to date for the convenience of the thousands of tourists who1 now that foreign travel is permitted1 will find the need of a comprehensive and adequate guide to the art treasures of ,europe4 ,the 8stay-at-home10 no less than the tourist1 will find entertainment and information within its pages4 ,,macedonia3 ,a ,plea for the ,primitive ,by ,a4 ,,goff and ,,dr4 ,,hugh ,a4 ,,fawcett4 ,with ,drawings in colour1 pencil and line4 ,demy #hvo4 #a #as4 net4 ,times4--8,a pleasant surprise--it will bring pleasure to the reader delighted at last to find a work which leaves soldier-work and policies on one side and devotes itself to the discussion of what is nice in ,macedonia instead of labouring to expose once again that which is nasty40 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head1 ,,vigo ,,st41 ,w4#a 8,the most thrilling volume of the year40--,,daily ,,mail4 ,,some ,,experiences ,,of ,a ,,new ,,guinea ,,resident ,,magistrate ,by ,captain ,c4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,monckton1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,i4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #a #as4 net4 ,robert ,lynd in the ,daily ,news4--8,captain ,monckton has a lively pen4 ,he has enjoyed his life among savages 444 and his book is written with the zest of a schoolboy 444 a frank and cheerful book40 ,times ,literary ,supplement4--8,mr4 ,monckton has written a boys' book for men4 ,in it something happens on every page4444 ,it is a long book1 though not a page too long40 ,daily ,mail4--8,a book of entrancing interest for boys and their fathers4 ,it is a plain and a true one1 and is stranger than fiction4 ,the most remarkable book of travel and exploration since ,stanley's #8,darkest ,africa4'0 ,,unconducted ,,wanderers ,by ,,rosita ,,forbes4 ,with over #gj ,illustrations from photographs by the ,author and others4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 8,unconducted ,wanderers0 is a very amusing travel book of the best sort4 ,after a spell of war work the author and a woman friend went to ,america1 and thence to the ,south ,seas1 to ,java1 the ,malay ,states1 ,siam1 ,cambodia1 ,china and ,korea4 ,the book is extremely lively in tone and fresh in feeling1 and the observations and experiences of the travellers1 particularly in ,china during the ,rebellion1 are of quite unusual interest4 ,evening ,standard4--8,those in search of the perfect companion for a lazy afternoon in a hammock will find their wants admirably supplied by #8,unconducted ,wanderers4' ,their ,adventures are retailed with an unfailing humorous touch1 and the scenery and occupants of these far foreign strands are painted in descriptive language which is always vivid1 and at times beautiful40 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head1 ,,vigo ,,st41 ,w4 #a ,,topee ,,and ,,turban1 or ,here and ,there1 in ,india ,by ,lieut4-,colonel ,h4 ,a4 ,,newell1 ,i4,a41 ,with ,illustrations from photographs4 ,demy #hvo4 #a #as4 net4 ,daily ,news4--8,an excellent book4444 ,colonel ,newell has a quick eye for things seen1 and a happy interest in history that makes the book something more than a motorist's guide-book4444 ,fully illustrated with photographs of great interest and variety40 ,daily ,mail4--8,everyone ought to know more about ,india1 and a pleasant way of informing oneself is offered by ,colonel ,newell's #8,topee and ,turban in ,india4'0 ,times4-8,a record of several motor trips in ,india1 abundantly illustrated1 and discursive to just the appropriate length40 ,westminster ,gazette4--8,in this book ,colonel ,newell shows that he has been a close student and observer of many things in ,india and ,indian life40 ,,japanese ,,impressions ,by ,,paul ,,louis ,,couchoud4 ,translated from the ,french 8,sages et ,potes d',asie10 by ,,frances ,,rumsey1 with a specially written ,preface by ,,anatole ,,france4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,this book consists of the impressions of ,japan of a keen observer1 a scholar1 and a remarkable master of language4 8,the charm of ,m4 ,couchoud10 says ,monsieur ,anatole ,france1 8lies in that rare power to evoke ancient or distant facts which is the faculty of a ,renan and a ,ferrero1 and which touches history with the interest of a living spectacle40 ,the book contains a long and highly characteristic introduction by ,monsieur ,anatole ,france1 which has never been printed in ,french4 ,,art ,,and ,i ,by ,c4 ,,lewis ,,hind4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head1 ,,vigo ,,st41 ,w4 #a ,a ,,dweller ,,in ,,mesopotamia ,by ,,donald ,,maxwell1 author of 8,the ,last ,crusade10 etc4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by the ,author in colour1 half-tone1 and line4 ,crown #dto4 #a #es4 net4 ,morning ,post4--8,the sketches are particularly attractive1 both in subject and expression1 and all are faithfully reproduced4444 ,altogether this is a delightful volume1 chastely bound in green and brown-toned linen40 ,evening ,standard4--8,a delightful sketch book4444 ,his adventures are told in breezy1 unofficial style40 ,observer4--8,mr4 ,maxwell's receptive eye and delicate hand40 ,outlook4--8,his illustrations are eloquent of the fascinations of the ancient ,east 444 makes interesting reading40 ,daily ,telegraph4--8,mr4 ,donald ,maxwell's previous book1 #8,the ,last ,crusade1' was a happy mixture of art and literature dealing with ,palestine1 and his new volume1 #8,a ,dweller in ,mesopotamia1' is1 we think1 even a happier combination1 for while the art is as true and as excellent as ever1 the descriptions of the people he met and the adventures he experienced are more vivid1 varied1 and entertaining4444 ,the book will be treasured by those who value good artistic work and racy description40 ,a ,,painter ,,in ,,palestine ,being a story of an impromptu pilgrimage through the ,holy ,land with ,bible and ,sketch ,book4 ,by ,,donald ,,maxwell1 author of 8,adventures with a ,sketch-,book10 etc4 ,with an ,introduction by the ,dean of ,rochester4 ,illustrated by the ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head1 ,,vigo ,,st41 ,w4 #a