,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,footnote anchors are denoted by number1 and the footnotes have been placed at the end of each chapter or ,appendix4 ,the numbers #cgf to #chc in ,appendix ,c are part of the quoted document1 and are not footnotes4 ,a superscript is denoted by xx or x1 for example vjli or xvs 7six pounds or fifteen shillings74 ,basic fractions are displayed as etc2 the only other fraction is one-sixteenth1 displayed as #a_/af4 ,currency 7shillings and pence7 is displayed as a_/b or a_/-1 for example #d_/h is #d shillings and #h pence1 #b_/- is two shillings4 ,an overline above a or abc for example is shown as a or abc4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,,the ,,armourer ,,and ,,his ,,craft ,,uniform ,,with ,,this ,,volume ,,paste ,,by ,a4 ,,beresford ,,ryley ,illustration3 ,,venus ,,at ,,the ,,forge ,,of ,,vulcan4 ,,jan ,,brueghel ,,and ,,hendrick ,,van ,,balen4 ,,circa #afjj ,,kaiser ,,friedrich ,,museum1 ,,berlin ,,the ,,armourer ,,and ,,his ,,craft ,,from ,,the ,,xith ,,to ,,the ,,xvith ,,century ,by ,,charles ,,ffoulkes1 ,b4,litt4,oxon4 ,,with ,,sixty-,,nine ,,diagrams ,,in ,,the ,,text ,,and ,,thirty-,,two ,,plates ,,methuen ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #cf ,,essex ,,street ,w4,c4 ,,london ,first ,published in #aiab ,printed in ,great ,britain ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,honourable ,,the ,,viscount ,,dillon1 ,hon4 ,m4,a4 ,oxon4 ,v4,p4,s4,a41 ,etc4 ,etc4 ,,curator ,,of ,,the ,,tower ,,armouries ,,preface ,i do not propose1 in this work1 to consider the history or development of defensive armour1 for this has been more or less fully discussed in works which deal with the subject from the historical side of the question4 ,i have rather endeavoured to compile a work which will1 in some measure1 fill up a gap in the subject1 by collecting all the records and references1 especially in ,english documents1 which relate to the actual making of armour and the regulations which controlled the ,armourer and his ,craft4 ,at the same time it is impossible to discuss this branch of the subject without overlapping in some details the existing works on ,arms and ,armour1 but such repetition has only been included because it bears directly on the making1 selling1 or wearing of armour4 ,i have intentionally omitted all reference to the sword and other weapons of offence1 for this would have unduly increased the size of the present work1 and the subject is of such importance that it deserves a full consideration in a separate volume4 ,the original limits of this work have been considerably enlarged since it was offered as a thesis for the ,degree of ,bachelor of ,letters in the ,university of ,oxford in the ,michaelmas ,term1 #aiaa4 ,a polyglot glossary has been included1 as this is a detail which has been practically overlooked by all ,english writers4 ,the subject of ,arms and ,armour has not1 up to the present time1 received the attention in ,england that it deserves1 but ,i would be the first to admit the value of the works of ,meyrick and ,hewitt1 which are the foundations upon which ,german and ,french as well as all ,english authors have based their investigations4 ,at the same time it should be remembered that these two authors were pioneers1 and statements which they made have been contradicted or modified by more recent research4 ,two examples of this will suffice4 ,meyrick named the upstanding neck-guards on the pauldron the 8passguards0 and the neck-armour of the horse the 8mainfaire40 ,from the researches of ,viscount ,dillon we learn that the passguard was a reinforcing piece for the joust and the mainfaire was a gauntlet 7main de fer47 ,both these mistakes are still perpetuated in foreign works on the subject1 which shows the influence of ,meyrick's work even at the present day4 ,the subject of the ,armourer and his ,craft has never received much attention in ,england1 even at the hands of ,meyrick and ,hewitt4 ,on the ,continent1 however1 writers like the late ,dr4 ,wendelin ,boeheim1 ,gurlitt1 ,buff1 and ,angellucci have all added greatly to our store of information on the subject4 ,boeheim's work on the ,armourers of ,europe 7,meister der ,waffenschmiedekunst7 is the only work in any language which has given us some account of the armour craftsmen of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 and ,i should be indeed remiss if ,i did not take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance which this collection of biographies has been in the preparation of the present work4 ,signori ,gelli and ,moretti have collected interesting documents relating to the ,missaglia family1 but apart from this no other writers have made a study of the ,armourer4 ,gay's ,encyclopdia1 which unfortunately was cut short after the letter ,g by the death of the author1 is also invaluable as far as it goes1 in that it gives in every case contemporary references relating to the use of each word4 ,the late ,j4 ,b4 ,giraud published certain records dealing with the ,armourer in various ,french archological journals1 and ,m4 ,charles ,buttin has placed all those interested in the subject under a deep obligation for his minute researches on the subject of the proving of armour4 ,of living ,english writers ,i would express the indebtedness not only of myself1 but also of all those who are true amateurs d'armes1 to ,baron de ,cosson1 who1 with the late ,j4 ,burges1 ,a4,r4,a41 compiled the ,catalogue of ,helmets and ,mail which is to this day the standard work on the subject4 ,last of all ,i would offer my sincere thanks to ,viscount ,dillon1 ,curator of the ,tower ,armouries1 not only for his minute researches printed in the ,archologia and ,archological ,journal1 which have brought to light much valuable information respecting the ,armourer and his ,craft in ,english records1 but also for very great personal interest and assistance in the compilation of this work4 ,,charles ,,ffoulkes ,s4 ,,john',s ,,college1 ,,oxford1 #aiab ,,contents ,,page ,,preface ix ,,the ,,armourer #a ,,tools1 ,,appliances1 ,,etc4 #bb ,,iron ,,and ,,steel #ch ,,the ,,craft ,,of ,,the ,,armourer #dd ,,the ,,proof ,,of ,,armour #fb ,,the ,,decoration ,,of ,,armour #gc ,,the ,,cleaning ,,of ,,armour #gh ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,fabrics ,,and ,,linen #hc ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,leather #if ,,the ,,wearing ,,of ,,armour #ajd ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,london #abj ,,lists ,,of ,,european ,,armourers #abf ,,short ,,biographies ,,of ,,notable ,,armourers #aca ,,list ,,of ,,armourers' ,,marks #adg ,,polyglot ,,glossary ,,of ,,words ,,dealing ,,with ,,armour ,,and ,,weapons #aec ,,appendices ,a4 ,,extract ,,from ,,the ,,records ,,of ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company ,,of ,,london1 #acbb 7,lib4 ,c1 fol4 #cc7 #afi ,b4 ,,regulations ,,of ,,the ,,heaumers' ,,company1 #acdg 7,city of ,london ,letter ,book ,f1 cxlii7 #aga ,c4 ,,treatise ,,of ,,worship ,,in ,,arms1 ,,by ,,johan ,,hill1 ,,armourer1 #adcd 7,bod4 ,lib41 ,ashmole4 #hef1 art4 #bb1 fol4 #cgf7 #agc ,d4 ,,trait ,,du ,,costume ,,militaire1 #addf 7,du ,costume ,militaire des ,franais en #addf1 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,paris1 #aiig7 #agg ,e4 ,,extract ,,from ,,the ,,ordinances ,,of ,,the ,,armourers ,,of ,,angers1 ,,etc41 #addh 7,ordonn4 des ,rois1 ,,xx1 #aef4 ,rev4 d',aquitaine1 ,,xii1 #bf4 ,arch4 des ,b4 ,pyrnes1 ,e1 #cjb7 #ahj ,f4 ,,expenses ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,armouries1 ,,temp4 ,,henry ,,viii 7,brit4 ,mus41 ,cotton4 ,app4 ,,xxviii1 f4 #gf7 #ahb ,g4 ,,petition ,,of ,,armourers ,,to ,,queen ,,elizabeth 7,lansdowne ,,ms4 #fc1 f4 #e7 #ahd ,h4 ,,undertaking ,,of ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company ,,of ,,london ,,to ,,supply ,,armour 7,records of the ,company1 #afah7 #ahf ,i4 ,,proclamation ,,against ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,except ,,in ,,the ,,case ,,of ,,armour 7,state ,papers ,dom4 ,jac4 ,i1 cv7 #ahg ,j4 ,,erection ,,of ,,plating-,,mills ,,at ,,erith 7,state ,papers ,dom4 ,jac4 ,i1 clxxx7 #ahh ,k4 ,,regulations ,,as ,,to ,,the ,,hall-,,mark ,,of ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company 7,rymer1 ,,xix1 #cad7 #aia ,l4 ,,petition ,,of ,,armourers 7,state ,papers ,dom4 ,car4 ,i1 cclxxxix1 #ic7 #aib ,m4 ,,extract ,,from ,,the ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,tower ,,armoury1 #affj 7,brit4 ,mus41 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #gdeg7 #aic ,,index #aie ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,in ,,the ,,text ,,page #a4 ,diagram showing the 8glancing surface0 #d #b4 ,diagram showing the position of the lance in jousting1 from ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lv4 #e #c4 ,pauldrons on the statue of ,colleoni1 ,venice1 and of a ,missaglia suit in the ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna 7,plate ,,ii7 #f #d4 ,the solleret1 practical and unpractical #f #e4 ,horse-armour #h #f4 ,harnischmeister ,albrecht1 from a painting in the ,arsenal1 ,vienna #i #g4 ,cuissard for the off hock of a horse4 ,muse ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels #aj #h4 ,arms of the ,armourers' ,gild1 ,florence4 ,from the ,church of ,or ,san ,michele #ad #i4 ,s4 ,george1 by ,hans ,multscher1 #adeh4 ,augsburg #ad #aj4 ,richard ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 arming4 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,cott41 ,jul41 ,e1 ,,iv1 fol4 #ab b #ae #aa4 ,the ,westminster helm #ag #ab4 ,the ,brocas helm #ag #ac4 ,the ,fogge helm #ag #ad4 ,the ,barendyne helm #ag #ae4 ,the ,mail-maker1 from ,jost ,amman's ,stande und ,handwerker1 circ4 #aeij #bc #af4 ,the ,armourer1 from the same source as the above #bd #ag4 ,burring-machine or 8jenny10 from the picture by ,breughel given on the frontispiece #cf #ah4 ,method of making mail1 from ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii #de #ai4 ,representations of double and single mail1 from the effigy of ,robert de ,mauley1 formerly in ,york ,minster1 ,archologia1 ,,xxxi #de #bj4 ,the coif of mail1 from the effigy of ,william1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 ,temple ,church1 and an unnamed effigy in ,pershore ,church1 ,worcs1 after ,fairholt #df #ba4 ,attachment of the camail1 from the effigy of ,sir ,r4 ,pembridge1 ,clehonger ,church1 ,hereford #df #bb4 ,attachment of the camail reconstructed #df #bc4 ,suggested arrangement of 8banded0 mail1 from ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii1 figure from ,romance of ,alexander1 ,paris1 ,bib4 ,nat41 circ4 #abdj1 and the effigy at ,newton ,solney1 ,derbs4 #dg #bd4 ,foot-soldier wearing a jack1 from the ,chasse of ,s4 ,ursula1 by ,memling1 #adge-adhe4 ,bruges4 #di #be4 ,construction of jack1 from ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii #ej #bf4 ,brigandine in the ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 ,no4 #acj #ej #bg4 ,detail from the picture of ,s4 ,victor and donor1 by ,van der ,goes1 ,glasgow #ea #bh4 ,effigy in ,ash ,church1 ,kent1 ,,xiv cent4 #ea #bi4 ,statue of ,s4 ,george at ,prague1 #acge #ea #cj4 ,the sliding rivet #eb #ca4 ,sections of brassards in the ,tower #ed #cb4 ,locking gauntlet of ,sir ,henry ,lee4 ,armourers' ,hall1 ,london #ee #cc4 ,locking hooks1 turning pins1 and strap cover #ee #cd4 ,bracket for jousting-sallad4 ,dresden1 ,c1 #c1 #d #eg #ce4 ,detail showing proof mark on the breast of suit of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,paris1 ,g1 #abe #fi #cf4 ,proof marks on a brigandine plate in the ,darmstadt ,museum #ga #cg4 ,poleynes on the brass of ,sir ,robert de ,bures1 ,acton1 ,suffolk1 #acjb #gd #ch4 ,beinbergs on the statue of ,guigliemo ,berardi1 #abhi1 in the ,cloisters of the ,church of the ,annunziata1 ,florence #gd #ci4 ,brass of an unknown knight at ,laughton1 ,lincs1 #adjj #ge #dj4 ,pourpointed cuisses1 from the brass of ,sir ,john de ,argentine1 ,horseheath ,church1 ,cambs1 #acfj #hc #da4 ,padded horse-armour1 from ,king ,ren's ,traict d'un ,tournois #he #db4 ,padded 8harnische-kappe0 and helm showing the attachment of the cap1 after ,drer #hi #dc4 ,sallad-cap1 from a picture by ,paolo ,morando1 #adhf-aebb1 ,no4 #ega4 ,uffizi ,gallery1 ,florence #hi #dd4 ,helmet-cap1 from a ,,xvi-cent4 engraving of ,jacob ,fugger #hi #de4 ,detail of eyelet coats1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent4 ,muse d',artillerie and ,muse ,cluny1 ,paris #ia #df4 ,sallad with cover1 from a ,,xvi-cent4 engraving #ic #dg4 ,cuirass1 from the sketch-book of ,willars de ,honecourt1 ,,xiii cent4 #if #dh4 ,leather gauntlet1 ,,xvii cent4 ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford #if #di4 ,brassard of leather and cord for the tourney1 from ,king ,ren's ,traict d'un ,tournois #ig #ej4 ,leather and steel hat of ,bradshaw the regicide4 ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford #ii #ea4 ,stripping the dead1 from the ,bayeux ,tapestry #aje #eb4 ,knight arming1 from the ,livre des ,nobles ,femmes1 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,paris1 ,,xiv cent4 #aje #ec4 ,brass of ,sir ,john de ,creke1 #acbe1 ,westley ,waterless1 ,cambs4 #ajf #ed4 ,arming-points1 from the portrait of a navigator4 ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford #ajh #ee4 ,attachment of brassard1 from the portrait of the ,duc de ,nevers4 ,hampton ,court ,palace #ajh #ef4 ,moton attached by points4 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #dhbf #aji #eg4 ,arming-points on the foot1 from a picture of ,s4 ,demetrius by ,ortolano4 ,national ,gallery1 ,london #aji #eh4 ,sixteenth-century suit of plate with the several parts named in ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,spanish #aaj #ei4 ,attachment of jousting-helms to the cuirass #aab #fj4 ,side view of the above #aab #fa4 ,the armourer in the lists4 ,heralds' ,coll41 ,,ms4 ,m1 #f1 fol4 #ef #aac #fb4 ,arms of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london #abj #fc4 ,design on a gauntlet of the suit made for ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 by ,william ,pickering1 circ4 #afaa4 ,windsor ,castle #abb #fd4 ,mark of ,bernardino ,cantoni on a brigandine1 ,c1 ,,ii4 ,real ,armeria1 ,madrid #acc #fe4 ,detail of shield by ,desiderius ,colman 7,plate ,,xxiv7 #ace #ff4 ,capital formerly in the ,via degli ,spadari1 ,milan1 showing the mark of the ,missaglia family #ach #fg4 ,design on the left cuisse of ,henry ,,viii's suit1 made by ,conrad ,seusenhofer4 ,tower of ,london1 ,,ii1 #e #ada #fh4 ,design by ,jacobe ,topf for gauntlet and armet of ,sir ,henry ,lee1 from the ,armourer's ,album4 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum #adf #fi4 ,design on the breast of ,sir ,henry ,lee's suit by ,topf4 ,armourers' ,hall1 ,london #adf ,,list ,,of ,,plates ,venus at the ,forge of ,vulcan1 by ,jan ,breughel and ,hendrik van ,balen1 circ4 #afjj4 ,kaiser ,friedrich ,museum1 ,berlin ,frontispiece ,,facing ,,page ,i4 ,armour for the 8,stechzeug10 ,,xv-,,xvi cent4 ,germanische ,museum1 ,nuremberg #d ,,ii4 ,armour of the fifteenth century exemplified by the effigy of ,richard ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 ,s4 ,mary's ,church1 ,warwick1 cast by ,bartholomew ,lambspring and ,will ,austin1 circ4 #aded1 from ,blore's ,monumental ,remains4 ,s4 ,george1 by ,andrea ,mantegna1 #adca-aejf1 ,accademia1 ,venice4 ,armour of ,roberto di ,sanseverino1 by ,antonio da ,missaglia1 circ4 #adhj2 ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 ,no4 #c #h ,,iii4 ,a ,contrast4 ,armour of ,count ,sigismond of ,tirol1 #adbg-adif2 ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 ,no4 #da4 ,armour of ,louis ,,xiv1 by ,garbagnus1 #affh2 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #abe #ab ,,iv4 ,armourers at work1 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,roy4 ,,ms4 #af1 ,g1 v1 fol4 ,,ii4 ,wood-carving of ,duke ,william of ,aquitaine1 ,,xv cent41 ,s4 ,william's ,church1 ,strasburg4 ,venus and ,vulcan1 ,,xiii cent41 ,knigl4 ,bib41 ,berlin1 ,codex ,,ms4 ,germ41 fol4 #bhb1 p4 #gi #af ,v4 ,anvils in the ,british ,museum 7,burges ,bequest7 and in the possession of ,mme4 ,bellon1 ,avignon #bj ,,vi4 ,the ,workshop of ,conrad ,seusenhofer1 from the ,weisz ,knig1 by ,hans ,burgmair1 #aebe #bd ,,vii4 ,armour of ,kurfrst ,moritz1 by ,matthus ,frauenpreis1 #aedh4 ,knigl4 ,hist4 ,museum1 ,dresden1 ,g1 #ci #bh ,,viii4 ,armour of ,henry ,,viii for fighting on foot in the lists4 ,tower of ,london1 ,,ii1 #bh #cb ,,ix4 ,italian brassard 7front and back71 cuisse1 #adgj2 ,ethnological ,museum1 ,athens4 ,inside of leg-armour of suit shown on ,plate ,,viii #cf ,x4 ,helmets of ,henry ,,viii2 ,tower of ,london4 7#a1 #b7 ,made by one of the ,missaglia family2 ,,ii1 #bi4 7#c1 #d7 ,made by ,conrad ,seusenhofer1 #aead4 7#e7 ,bevor for the latter2 ,,ii1 #e4 ,the last three numbers form part of the suit shown on ,plate ,,xii #dj ,,xi4 ,brigandine 7inside and outside71 ,,xv cent42 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,breast-plate of a brigandine1 #adgj2 ,ethnological ,museum1 ,athens4 ,right cuisse of suit for fighting on foot in the lists1 early ,,xvi cent42 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #agh #dd ,,xii4 8,engraved ,suit10 by ,conrad ,seusenhofer1 presented to ,henry ,,viii by the ,emperor ,maximilian ,i1 #aead4 ,tower of ,london1 ,,ii1 #e #dh ,,xiii4 ,helmet of ,sir ,henry ,lee1 by ,jacobe ,topf1 #aecj-aeig4 ,tower of ,london1 ,,iv1 #bi #eb ,,xiv4 ,armour of ,king ,sebastian of ,portugal1 by ,anton ,peffenhauser1 #aebe-afjc4 ,pageant armour of ,charles ,v1 by ,bartolomeo ,campi1 #aedf4 ,real ,armeria1 ,madrid1 ,a1 #bij1 #ahh #ef ,,xv4 ,alegoria del ,tacto1 by ,jan ,breughel4 ,prado1 ,madrid #fj ,,xvi4 ,venetian sallad1 ,,xvi cent42 ,bayerischen ,national ,museum1 ,munich4 ,back-plate of a brigandine1 #adgj2 ,ethnological ,museum1 ,athens4 ,morion1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent42 ,stibbert ,collection1 ,florence4 ,surcoat of the ,black ,prince2 ,canterbury ,cathedral #fd ,,xvii4 ,cast of ivory chessman1 ,,xiv cent4 ,the original of this was in the possession of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,eagles in #ahef1 but has since disappeared4 ,ivory mirror-case showing squires arming their masters1 ,,xiv cent4 ,carrand ,collection1 ,museo ,nationale1 ,florence #fh ,,xviii4 ,portraits of two unknown noblemen1 by ,moroni1 #aeaj-aegh1 showing the arming-doublet and mail sleeves4 ,national ,gallery1 ,london #gb ,,xix4 ,helm for fighting on foot in the lists1 ,,xvi cent4 ,it formerly hung over the tomb of ,sir ,giles ,capel1 in ,raynes ,church1 ,essex1 and was sold as old iron to ,baron de ,cosson1 from whom it passed to the collection of the ,duc de ,dino1 and from thence to the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,arming a knight for combat in the lists1 from a ,,ms4 of the ,,xv cent41 in the possession of ,lord ,hastings #gf ,,xx4 ,armour of ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 son of ,james ,i1 by ,william ,pickering1 #aeia-afcj1 ,master of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london4 ,royal ,armoury1 ,windsor ,castle #hj ,,xxi4 ,suit of 8puffed and slashed0 armour1 circ4 #aebj2 formerly in the ,meyrick ,collection2 ,wallace ,collection1 ,no4 #chj4 ,tonlet suit for fighting on foot in the lists1 by ,conrad ,lochner1 #aeaj-aefg2 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #ahb4 ,armour of ,ruprecht von der ,pfalz1 circ4 #aeae2 ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 ,no4 #aih #hd ,,xxii4 ,gauntlets4 7#a1 #b7 ,left and right hand gauntlets1 probably by ,jacobe ,topf1 #aecj-aeig2 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #aj4 7#c7 ,bridle gauntlet of ,james ,i2 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #bd4 7#d7 ,left-hand gauntlet1 ,,xv cent42 ,madrid1 ,e1 #hg4 7#e7 ,locking gauntlet1 ,,xvi cent42 ,tower1 ,,iii1 #ei4 7#f7 ,left-hand bridle gauntlet1 ,,xvi cent42 ,tower1 ,,iii1 #ie4 7#g7 ,left-hand gauntlet of ,kurfrst ,christian ,,ii1 by ,heinrich ,knopf1 circ4 #aeij2 ,dresden1 ,e1 #g4 7#h7 ,left-hand gauntlet for fighting on foot at barriers1 ,,xvi cent42 ,tower1 ,,iii1 #eh4 7#i7 ,gorget of ,kurfrst ,johann ,georg ,,ii1 showing the ,garter badge and motto1 by ,jacob ,joringk1 #affi2 ,dresden1 ,d1 #bi #hh ,,xxiii4 ,armour for horse and man1 middle of ,,xv cent4 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #a #ib ,,xxiv4 ,pageant shield1 by ,desiderius ,colman1 #aeed4 ,real ,armeria1 ,madrid1 ,a1 #bda #if ,,xxv4 ,drawing by ,jacobe ,topf1 #aecj-aeig1 ,no4 #ae in the ,album in the ,art ,library1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 ,london #ajj ,,xxvi4 ,armour of ,sir ,christopher ,hatton2 formerly in the ,spitzer ,collection1 now in the ,royal ,armoury1 ,windsor ,castle #ajj ,,xxvii4 ,drawing by ,jacobe ,topf1 from the same source as ,plate ,,xxv1 #ah in the ,album #ajd ,,xxviii4 ,armour of ,sir ,john ,smith1 by ,jacobe ,topf4 ,tower of ,london1 ,,ii1 #ab #ajd ,,xxix4 7#a7 ,armet1 middle of the ,,xvi cent42 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,h1 #hi4 7#b7 ,armet1 engraved and gilt with heavy reinforcing plates on the left side1 end of ,,xvi cent42 ,paris1 ,h1 #ajh4 7#c7 ,helm from the tomb of ,sir ,richard ,pembridge1 ,hereford ,cathedral1 circ4 #acfj4 ,it was given by the ,dean of ,hereford to ,sir ,samuel ,meyrick1 and passed from him to ,sir ,noel ,paton1 and is now in the ,museum at ,edinburgh4 7#d7 ,parade casque1 after ,negroli1 middle of ,,xvi cent42 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,h1 #bec4 7#e7 ,sallad1 by one of the ,negroli family1 end of ,,xv cent42 ,real ,armeria1 ,madrid1 ,d1 #ac #ajh ,,xxx4 ,armour of ,friedrich des ,siegreichen1 by ,tomaso da ,missaglia1 circ4 #adej2 ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 ,no4 #b4 ,armour1 circ4 #adfj2 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #e #aab ,,xxxi4 ,portrait medal of ,coloman ,colman 7,helmschmied71 #adgj-aecb4 ,designs for saddle steel and visor1 by ,albert ,drer1 #aeag1 from the ,albertina1 ,vienna #aaf ,,acknowledgment ,the author desires to express his thanks for permission to reproduce illustrations contained in this work to the following3-- ,viscount ,dillon1 ,curator of the ,tower ,armouries2 ,mr4 ,guy ,laking1 ,m4,v4,o41 ,king's ,armourer2 ,m4 ,charles ,buttin1 ,paris2 ,mr4 ,albert ,calvert1 ,london2 ,the ,society of ,antiquaries2 ,the ,archological ,institute2 ,the ,burlington ,fine ,arts ,club2 ,the ,curators of the ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris2 and of the ,johanneum1 ,dresden2 ,messrs4 ,mansell and ,co41 ,hanfstaengl1 ,griggs and ,co41 ,london2 ,sgi4 ,fratelli ,alinari1 ,florence2 ,sig4 ,anderson1 ,rome2 ,herren ,teufel1 ,munich2 ,lwy1 ,vienna 7publishers of ,boeheim's ,waffensammlungen72 ,moeser1 ,berlin 7publishers of ,boeheim's ,meister der ,waffenschmiedkunst72 ,christof ,mller1 ,nuremberg2 ,seeman1 ,leipzig 7publishers of ,boeheim's ,waffenkunde72 and ,sen4 ,hauser and ,menet1 ,madrid4 ,,works ,,of ,,reference ,allgemeine ,zeitung4 ,various vols4 ,angellucci4 ,doccumenti inediti4 ,antiquarian ,repertory4 ,archologia4 ,various vols4 ,archological ,journal4 ,various vols4 ,archives ,civiques de ,lille4 ,archives ,camerales di ,torino4 ,armourers' ,company1 ,london1 ,records of4 ,beckman4 ,history of ,inventions4 #ahdf4 ,belleval1 ,marquis de4 ,costume ,militaire ,franais de #adde4 ,boeheim4 ,waffenkunde4 #ahij4 0 ,meister der ,waffenschmiedekunst4 #ahig4 0 ,articles in ,jahrbuch des ,kunsthist4 ,sammlungen4 ,boileau1 tienne4 ,livres des ,mtiers4 ,edit4 #ahcg4 ,buff1 ,a4 ,augsburger ,platner ,allge4 ,zeit4 #ahib4 ,buttin4 ,notes sur l'preuve4 7,rev4 ,savoisienne1 #aijf1 fasc4 #d47 0 ,le ,guet de ,genve4 #aiaj4 ,calendar of ,state ,papers4 ,various entries4 ,carteggio ined4 artisti4 ,cellini1 ,benvenuto4 ,arte ,fabrile1 ,plon4 #ahhc4 0 0 ,life1 ,cust4 #aiaj4 ,chambres des ,comptes1 ,paris4 ,various entries1 #agfe4 ,chronique de ,bertrand du ,guesclin4 ,edit4 #ahcg4 ,city of ,london ,letter ,books4 ,cosson1 ,baron de3-- ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii4 ,catalogue of ,helmets and ,mail4 0 0 ,,xli4 ,gauntlets4 0 0 ,,xlviii4 ,arsenals and ,armouries of ,southern ,germany4 ,catalogue of the ,duc de ,dino's ,collection4 ,daniele1 ,pre ,gabriel4 ,hist4 de la ,milice ,franais4 #agba4 ,demmin4 ,guide des ,amateurs d',armes4 ,dillon1 ,viscount3-- ,archologia1 ,,li4 ,arms and ,armour at ,westminster1 the ,tower1 and ,greenwich4 #aedg4 0 ,,li4 ,trial of ,armour4 #aeij4 0 ,,lvii4 ,ordinances of ,chivalry1 ,,xv cent4 ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xliv4 ,the ,besague or ,moton4 0 0 ,,xlvi4 ,the ,pasguard and the ,volant ,piece4 0 0 ,,li4 ,an ,elizabethan ,armourer's ,album1 #aeij4 0 0 ,,lv4 ,tilting in ,tudor ,times4 0 0 ,,lx4 ,armour ,notes4 0 0 ,,lxv4 ,armour and ,arms in ,shakespeare4 0 0 ,,lxix4 ,horse ,armour4 ,an ,almain ,armourer's ,album1 ,introduction and ,notes4 #aije4 ,dudley1 ,dud4 ,metallum ,martis4 #affe4 ,essenwein4 ,die ,helm4 #ahib4 ,fauchet1 ,claude4 ,origines des ,chevaliers1 etc4 #afaj4 ffoulkes1 ,charles3-- ,armour and ,weapons4 #aiji4 ,gaya's ,trait des ,armes4 #aiaa4 ,arms and ,armour at ,oxford4 #aiab4 ,archologia1 ,,lxii1 ,,lxiii4 ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lxviii4 ,burlington ,mag4 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,connoisseur4 ,june1 ,sept41 ,nov41 #aiji4 ,zeitschrift fr ,historische ,waffenkunde1 ,v4 #aj4 ,forestie4 ,livres des ,comptes des ,frres ,bonis4 ,garnier4 ,l',artillerie des ,ducs de ,bourgogne4 ,gay4 ,glossaire ,archologique4 ,gaya4 ,trait des ,armes1 #afhg4 7,edit4 by ,c4 ffoulkes47 #aiaa4 ,gazette de ,beaux ,arts4 ,various articles4 ,gelli1 ,j4 ,guida del ,amatore di ,armi ,antiche4 #aijj4 ,gelli and ,moretti4 ,i ,missaglia4 #aijc4 ,giraud4 ,les ,armuriers ,franais et trangers1 #ahih4 ,gurlitt4 ,deutschen ,turniere1 ,rstungen und ,plattner4 #ahhi4 ,gwynne1 ,john4 ,memoirs of the ,great ,civil ,war4 #ahbb edit4 ,hastings ,,ms4 ,ordinances of ,chivalry4 7,archologia1 ,,lvii47 ,hefner-,altneck4 ,tracten des ,christlichen ,mittelalters4 #ahdj4 ,herbert1 ,william4 ,hist4 of #ab ,livery ,companies of ,london4 #ahcd-g4 ,hewitt4 ,ancient ,armour4 #ahee4 ,holinshed1 ,r4 ,chronicles ,jahrbuch des ,kunsthistorische ,sammlungen des ,allerhchster ,kaiserhause4 ,various vols4 ,langey4 ,discipline ,militaire4 ,la ,noue4 ,discours ,politiques et ,militaires1 trans4 by ,e4 ,a4 #aehg4 ,letters and ,papers ,foreign and ,domestic1 ,record ,office4 ,various entries4 ,markham1 ,g4 ,decades of ,epistles of ,war4 #affb4 ,souldiers' ,accidence4 #afdc4 ,memorials of the ,verney ,family4 ,mmoires de la ,soc4 ,arch4 de ,touraine4 ,meyrick4 ,antient ,armour4 ,montgomery4 ,milice ,franais4 ,morigia4 ,hist4 dell' ,antichita di ,milano4 ,oliver de la ,marche4 ,memoirs1 etc4 #afaf edit4 ,ordonnances des ,mtiers de ,paris4 ,ordonnances des ,rois4 ,patent ,office1 ,london1 ,records of4 ,pennant4 ,history of ,london4 ,pelegrini4 ,di un ,armajuolo ,bellunese4 ,arch4 ,venez41 ,x4 ,ren4 ,traict d'un ,tournoi4 ,revue ,savoisienne4 ,various vols4 ,rogers1 ,j4 ,thorold4 ,history of ,agriculture and ,prices4 #ahff4 ,rymer4 ,fdera4 ,various entries4 ,saulx-,tavannes4 ,mm4 rel4 l'hist4 de ,france1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 #ahff4 ,saxe1 ,marshal4 ,rveries4 ,edit4 #agef4 ,scott1 ,sir ,s4 ,history of the ,british ,army4 ,speculum ,regale4 ,edit4 #agfh4 ,smith1 ,sir ,john4 ,instructions and ,orders ,militarie4 #aeic4 ,discourses4 #aeij4 ,sussex ,archological ,journal4 ,various articles4 ,walsingham4 ,historia ,anglicana1 ,rolls ,series4 ,wardroom ,accounts of ,edward ,i4 ,soc4 of ,ant4 ,zeitschrift fr ,historische ,waffenkunde4 ,various articles4 ,catalogues of ,windsor ,castle2 the ,tower2 ,wallace ,collection2 ,rotunda1 ,woolwich2 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris2 ,armeria ,reale1 ,turin2 ,real ,armeria1 ,madrid2 ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna2 ,zeughaus1 ,berlin2 ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels2 ,historische ,museum1 ,dresden2 ,ashmolean and ,pitt-,rivers ,museums1 ,oxford2 ,british ,museum2 etc4 etc4 ,articles in various ,journals and ,periodicals by ,viscount ,dillon1 ,baron de ,cosson1 ,burgess1 ,waller1 ,way1 ,meyrick1 ,hewitt1 ffoulkes1 ,boeheim1 ,angellucci1 ,beaumont1 ,buttin1 ,yriarte1 ,giraud4 ,various ,,mss4 from the ,british ,museum2 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,paris2 ,knigl4 ,bibliothek1 ,berlin2 ,bodleian ,library2 etc4 etc4 ,so yff hit stoode than no wer ware ,lost were the craffte of ,armoreres ,,lydgate1 ,the hors1 the shepe the gosse1 line #abg ,,the ,,armourer ,,and ,,his ,,craft ,,the ,,armourer ,the importance of the craft of the armourer in the ,middle ,ages can hardly be overestimated1 for it is1 to a large extent1 to the excellence of defensive armour and weapons that we owe much of the development of art and craftsmanship all over ,europe4 ,the reason for this somewhat sweeping statement is to be found in the fact that up to the sixteenth century the individual and the personal factor were of supreme importance in war1 and it was the individual whose needs the armourer studied4 ,in the days when military organization was in its infancy1 and the leader was endowed by his followers with almost supernatural qualities1 the battle was often won by the prowess of the commander1 or lost by his death or disablement4 ,it would be tedious to quote more than a few instances of this importance of the individual in war1 but the following are typical of the spirit which pervaded the medieval army4 ,at the battle of ,hastings1 when ,william was supposed to have been killed he rallied his followers by lifting his helmet and riding through the host crying1 8,i am here and by ,god's grace ,i shall conquer60 ,the success of ,joan of ,arc need hardly be mentioned1 as it is an obvious example of the change which could be effected in the spirit of an army by a popular leader4 ,this importance of the individual was realized by the leaders themselves1 and1 as a safeguard1 it was often the custom to dress one or more knights like the sovereign or commander to draw off the attack4 ,at ,bosworth field ,richmond had more than one knight who personated him2 ,shakespeare gives the number as five1 for ,richard says1 8,there be six ,richmonds in the field2 five have ,i slain instead of him40 ,when the importance of the leader is realized it will be obvious that the craft of the man who protected him in battle was of the utmost importance to the ,state2 and when once this is admitted1 we may fairly consider that1 in an age of ceaseless wars and private raids1 the importance of all the other applied arts which followed in the train of a victorious leader depended to a very great extent on the protection afforded him by his armourer4#a ,it would be indeed superfluous to dwell upon the artistic influences which may be traced directly to the military operations of the ,assyrians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 and at a later date the ,northern tribes of ,europe1 for every writer on the subject bases his opinions upon this foundation4 ,in more modern periods the conquest of ,spain by the ,moors introduced a type of design which has never been wholly eradicated from ,spanish ,art1 and in our own country the ,norman ,conquest gave us a dignified strength of architecture which would never have been established as a national phase of art if the victory had been to ,harold and the ,english4 ,the improvements in the equipment and military organization of the foot-soldier in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries necessitated a more complete style of defensive armour for the mounted man1 and the elaborate leg armour of plate may be directly traced to the improvement in the weapons of the former4 ,as is the case at the present day in the navy1 the race between weapon and defence was ceaseless1 each improvement of the one being met by a corresponding improvement in the other1 till the perfection of the firearm ruled any form of defence out of the competition4 ,more peaceful influences were at work1 however1 due to the interchange of visits between ,european princes2 and ,german and ,italian fashions of armour1 as well as of the other applied arts1 competed with each other all over ,europe1 though their adoption may generally be traced to a ruler of note like ,maximilian or ,charles ,v4 ,so without undue exaggeration we may fairly claim for the craft of the armourer a foremost place as one of the chief influences in the evolution of modern art and1 as such1 an important factor in the development of all the arts which follow in the train of conquest4 ,there are certain essential rules which must be observed in the practice of every craft2 but in most cases only one or two are necessary for the production of good work1 because of the limitations either of the craft or of the needs of those for whom it is practised4 ,it would be out of place to go through the various applied arts and to consider the rules which guide them2 but1 on examination of these rules as they apply to the craft of the armourer1 it will be seen how each and all are essential for the production of satisfactory work4 ,the rules are these3-- #a4 ,suitability for purpose4 #b4 ,convenience in use4 #c4 ,recognition of material4 #d4 ,soundness of constructional methods4 #e4 ,subservience of decoration to the preceding rules4 ,it may be advantageous to examine these rules one by one and see how they are observed to the full in the best specimens of armour and how their neglect produced inferior work4 #a4 ,suitability for purpose4--,the object of defensive armour was to protect the wearer from attack of the most powerful weapon in use at the period when it was made4 ,this was obtained not only by thickness of metal1 but also by so fashioning the planes of the metal that they presented a 8glancing surface0 to the blow4 ,an early example of this consideration of the needs of the wearer is to be found in the first additions of plate to the suit of mail which were made in the leg armour of the thirteenth century 7,fig4 #ch74 ,the reason for this was the increased efficacy of the weapons of the foot-soldier1 who naturally attacked the legs of the mounted man4 ,the use of mail was far from practical1 except in the form of gussets or capes1 which could not be made so conveniently in plate4 ,the mail armour of the thirteenth century was only a partial protection1 for although it defended the wearer from arrows and from sword-cut or lance-thrust1 it was but little protection against the bruise of the blow1 even when1 as was always the case1 a padded garment was worn underneath4 ,up to the sixteenth century the shield was used for this reason and provided a smooth movable surface which the knight could oppose to the weapon and thus present a glancing surface to the blow4 ,an examination of a suit of armour of the fifteenth century will show how this glancing surface was studied in every part4 ,the lames of the arm-pieces are overlapped downwards so that the blow might slip off1 and the elbow-cop presents a smooth rounded surface which will direct the blow off the arm of the wearer4 ,the breastplate1 which was at first simply smooth and rounded1 became in the sixteenth century fluted2 and a practical experiment will show that when the thrust of a lance--the favourite weapon at that time--met one of these flutings it was directed to the strong ridge at neck or arm hole and thence off the body 7,plate #cj1 #b74 ,the upstanding neck-guards1 wrongly called 8passe-guards10 were also intended to protect the weak part where helmet and gorget met4 ,the fan-plate of the knee-piece protected the bend of the knee1 especially when bent in riding1 the normal position of the mounted man1 and the sollerets were so fashioned that the foot was best protected when in the stirrup4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i ,,armour ,,for ,,the ,,stechzeug ,,xv-,,xvi ,,cent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,the 8glancing surface40 ,the helm and helmet are especially good examples of the craft of the armourer in this respect4 ,the early flat-topped helm of the thirteenth century was soon discarded because it was found that the full force of the downward blow was felt1 which was not the case when the skull of the head-piece was pointed or rounded 7,fig4 #a74 ,a treatise on the subject of ,military ,equipment in the fifteenth century 7,appendix ,d7 distinctly enjoins that the rivets on the helm should be filed flat3 8,et les autres ont la teste du clou lime affin que le rochet ny prengne40 ,this is not often found in existing helms1 but the fact that it is mentioned shows that the smooth surface of the helm was an important consideration4 ,in helms made for jousting these considerations were minutely studied by the armourer1 for the object of jousters in the sixteenth century was simply to score points and not to injure each other4 ,the occularium of the jousting-helm is narrow and is so placed that it is only of use when the wearer bends forward with his lance in rest4 ,the lance was always pointed across the horse's neck and was directed to the left side of his opponent1 therefore the left side of the helm is always smooth with no projection or opening 7,fig4 #b74 ,these are found1 in cases where they occur1 on the right side1 where there would be no chance of their catching the lance-point4 ,again1 the skull and front plate of the helm are generally thicker than those at the back1 where there is no chance of a blow being delivered4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,position of lance in jousting 7,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lv74 #b4 ,convenience in use4--,besides protecting the fighting man the armourer had to remember that his patron had to ride1 sometimes to walk1 and always to use his arms with convenience1 and at the same time had to be protected while so doing4 ,at first the cuirass was made simply in two pieces1 the back and the front fastened under the arms with straps4 ,in the middle of the fifteenth century each of these was made in two or more pieces joined with a rivet1 working loose in a slot cut in the uppermost of the plates1 so that a certain amount of movement of the torse was possible4 ,the pauldrons1 which often appear unnecessarily large1 almost meeting in front and1 as is the case in the statue of ,colleoni in ,venice1 crossing at the back1 are so made that they would protect the armpit when the arm was raised in striking a blow 7,fig4 #c74 ,the upper part of the arm-piece or rerebrace is made of overlapping lames held together by sliding rivets1 which allow a certain amount of play outwards and forwards1 but the defence becomes rigid if the arm is moved backwards1 for this movement is not necessary in delivering a blow 7see page #eb74 ,the arm and leg pieces are hinged with metal hinges on the outside of the limb and fastened with straps or hooks and staples on the inside4 ,in most cases modern theatrical armour errs in this respect1 for it is obvious that if the straps were on the outside the first object of the enemy would be to cut them and render the armour useless4 ,the vambrace or cannon and the lower portion of the rerebrace are in single cylindrical plates1 for here no movement is possible independently from the shoulder and elbow4 ,the rerebrace1 however1 is generally formed with a collar which turns in a groove bossed out in the upper portion1 so that the arm can turn outwards or inwards without moving the shoulder 7see page #ed74 ,the cuisse and the front and back of the jamb are for the same reasons each made in one piece1 joined to the knee-cop and solleret by narrow lames working loose on rivets4 ,the cuisse only covers the top part of the thigh for convenience on horseback1 and wherever a cuisse is found that protects the back of the thigh we may be sure that the owner fought on foot 7,plate ,,ix74 ,the solleret is made so that the foot can move naturally in walking4 ,the upper part is formed of small lames working on loose rivets and overlapping downwards towards a centre-plate which covers the tread of the foot2 beyond this the toe-plates overlap upwards and thus perfect freedom of movement is obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,back of ,pauldrons of ,a4 ,statue of ,colleoni1 ,venice4 ,b4 ,missaglia ,suit1 ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 7#a7 ,the practical solleret at rest and 7#b7 in action4 7#c7 ,unpractical solleret1 late sixteenth century4 ,the various forms of head-piece all more or less exemplify this need of convenience in use1 for they protected the head and at the same time gave as much opportunity for seeing1 hearing1 and breathing as was compatible with their defensive qualities4 ,the armet or close helmet is perhaps the most ingenious1 with its single or double visor1 which could be lifted up so as to leave the face completely exposed till the moment of attack1 when it was closed and fastened with a locking hook 7,plate ,,xiii74 ,examples of the armourer adapting his work to the requirements of his patrons are to be found in the globose helm for fighting at barriers made by one of the ,missaglia family 7,tower1 ,,ii1 #bi74 ,here the vision-slits were evidently found to be too large and too dangerous to the wearer4 ,an inner plate was added with smaller holes through which no weapon used at barriers could penetrate 7,plate ,x74 ,a second example shown in ,fig4 #ad has a plate added at the lower edge to increase the height of the helm1 which suggests that the last wearer had a longer neck than the original owner4 ,this convenience in use is also to be noticed in the gauntlet1 which1 as the science of sword-play developed1 was gradually discarded in favour of a defence formed of the portes or rings on the sword-hilt 7,plate ,,xxii74 ,in jousting-armour there was only one position to be considered1 namely1 the position with hand on bridle and lance in rest4 ,the armourer therefore strove to protect his patron when he assumed that position alone4 ,the arm defences of jousting-armour with elbow-guard and poldermitton would be useless if the wearer had to raise his arm with a sword1 but1 when the lance was held in rest1 the plates of the defences were so arranged that every blow slipped harmlessly off4 ,as the right hand was protected with the large shield or vamplate fixed to the lance a gauntlet for this hand was frequently dispensed with1 and1 as the left hand was only employed to hold the reins1 a semi-cylindrical plate protected the hand instead of the articulated gauntlet in use on the field of war 7,plate ,i74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,effigy ,,of ,,richard ,,beauchamp1 ,,earl ,,of ,,warwick ,s4 ,,mary',s ,,church1 ,,warwick1 #aded ,s4 ,,george1 ,,by ,,mantegna1 #adca-aejf ,,accademia1 ,,venice ,,armour ,,by ,,antonio ,,da ,,missaglia1 #adhj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,horse ,armour1 sixteenth century4 ,,english ,,french ,,german ,,italian ,,spanish #a4 chanfron chanfrein ross-stirn testiera testera #b4 peytral poitrail brust panzer pettiera pechera #c4 crinet crinire mhnen panzer collo cuello kanze #d4 pommel pommeau sattel-knopf primo pomo del arcade de arcione arzon devant troussequin rckenstck secondo zaguero #e4 cantel arcade de pausch arcione derrire #f4 crupper croupire krup panzer groppa grupera lenden panzer #g4 tail-guard garde-queue schwanzriem guardacorda guardamalso panzer #h4 flanchard flanois flanken panzer fiancali flanqueras flanchire ,horse armour or 8barding0 was of necessity more cumbrous and but little was attempted beyond the covering of the vital parts of the body with plates or padded trappings 7,fig4 #e74 ,mail was used for the whole 8bard0 in the thirteenth century1 as we know from the decorations in the 8,painted ,chamber0 at ,westminster4#b ,it was still in use for the neck-defence or 8crinet0 in the middle of the fifteenth century4 ,examples of the latter are to be found in ,paris 7,plate ,,xxiii7 and in the ,wallace ,collection1 ,no4 #fbj4 ,some attempt to make an articulated suit was evidently made2 for we have a portrait of ,harnischmeister ,albrecht 7#adhj7 mounted on a horse whose legs are completely covered by articulated plates similar to those on human armour 7,fig4 #f74 ,a portion of the leg-piece of this or of a similar suit is in the ,muse ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels 7,fig4 #g74 ,besides the obvious advantage of plate armour over mail for defensive purposes1 it should be noted that in the former the weight is distributed over the body and limbs1 while with the latter the whole equipment hangs from the shoulders1 with possibly some support at the waist4 ,hence the movements of the mail-clad man were much hampered both by the weight of the fabric1 and also by the fact that in bending the arm or leg the mail would crease in folds1 and would thus both interfere with complete freedom and would probably produce a sore from chafing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,harnischmeister ,albrecht1 #adhj4 ,from a painting in the ,arsenal1 ,vienna4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,cuissard for the off hock of a horse4 ,muse ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels1 ,,iv1 #i4 #c4 ,recognition of material4--,it would seem at first sight superfluous to give examples of this when considering armour2 but in the sixteenth century1 when the craftsman desired to show off his technical skill1 we find many suits made to imitate the puffed and slashed velvets and silks of civilian dress4 ,a notable example of this is to be found on the famous 8,engraved ,suit0 made by ,conrad ,seusenhofer for ,henry ,,viii in the ,tower1 in which the cloth 8bases0 or skirts of civilian dress are imitated in metal 7,plates ,,xii1 ,,xxi74 ,the human form1 head and torse1 were also counterfeited in metal in the sixteenth century1 with no great success from the technical point of view4 #d4 ,soundness of constructional methods4--,this rule is really contained in those that have preceded it1 but some notice should be paid to the various methods of fastening different plates and portions of the suit together4 ,there are many ingenious forms of turning hook and pin by which these plates can be joined or taken apart at will 7page #ee74 ,the sliding rivet is one of the most important of these constructional details4 ,the lower end of the rivet is burred over the back of the lower plate1 and the upper plate has a slot cut of less width than the rivet-head1 but sufficiently long to allow the plate to move backwards and forwards1 generally from three-quarters to one inch 7page #eb74 #e4 ,subservience of decoration to the preceding rules4--,the best suits are practically undecorated1 but at the same time there are many which are ornamented with incised or engraved lines and gilding which do not detract from the utility of the armour4 ,this last rule is best understood by examples of the breach rather than the observance2 so we may take the rules in order and see how each was broken during that period known as the ,renaissance4 7#a7 ,the 8glancing surface0 was destroyed by elaborate embossing1 generally of meaningless designs1 in which the point or edge of a weapon would catch4 7#b7 ,the convenience was also impaired by the same methods1 for the lames and different portions of the suit could not play easily one over the other if each had designs in high relief4 ,plates were set at unpractical angles1 sometimes overlapping upwards1 in which the weapon would catch and would not glance off4 ,we find that foot-armour was made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the lames all overlapping upwards or downwards1 and with no centre-plate for the tread4 ,in the suit given to ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 by the ,prince de ,joinville in #afjh 7,tower1 ,,ii1 #ag7 the lames of the solleret all overlap downwards 7see also ,fig4 #d74 ,it will be obvious that with such a foot-covering it would be impossible to walk with ease4 7#c7 ,the observance of this rule may be taken as a matter of course and its neglect has been noticed above4 7#d7 ,the careless arrangement of the foot-armour1 as mentioned in ,no4 #b1 is an example of the disregard of this rule4 ,another instance is the embossing the metal of various parts of the suit so as to simulate lames or separate plates4 ,they do not ornament the suit and of course do not add to its convenience2 they merely create a false impression and save the craftsman some labour4 ,the same may be said of the 8clous perdus0 or false rivets1 which are found in late suits1 doing no work in the construction of the suit1 but giving an appearance of constructional work which is lacking4 7#e7 ,one has only to keep the above rules in mind and then to examine an embossed suit by ,piccinino or ,peffenhauser to see how this rule was broken to the detriment of the work as a good piece of craftsmanship1 though perhaps the result may have increased the artistic reputation of the craftsman 7,plate ,,xiv74 ,it should be noticed that the craftsman of the ,renaissance1 in spite of his disregard of the craft rules1 did not deteriorate as a worker2 for some of the suits of the ,negrolis or of the two above-mentioned armourers could hardly be equalled at the present day as specimens of metal-work4 ,but his energies were directed into different channels and his reputation as an honest craftsman suffered4 ,by the sixteenth century everything concerned with the defensive qualities and the constructional details of armour had been discovered and carried to a high pitch of perfection4 ,the craftsman therefore had to find some way of exhibiting his dexterity4 ,add to this the love of ostentation and display of his patron1 one of the most noticeable traits of the so-called ,renaissance1 and we find that by degrees the old craft-excellence became neglected in the advertisement of the craftsman and the ostentation of his patron4 ,in dealing with the first rule no mention was made of the defensive qualities of armour against firearms1 and this from the middle of the sixteenth century was an important detail in the craft of the armourer4 ,the glancing surface was of some use2 but the armed man could not afford to take chances4 ,so his equipment was made to resist a point-blank shot of pistol or arquebus4 ,this will be noticed with details as to the proof of armour on page #fe4 ,it was the fact that armour was proof against firearms which led to its disuse1 and not that it was of no avail against them1 as is the generally accepted idea4 ,the armourer proved his work by the most powerful weapons in use1 and by so doing found that he had to increase the weight of metal till it became insupportable 7see page #aag74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,armour ,,of ,,sigismond ,,of ,,tirol1 #adbg-if ,,armour ,,of ,,louis ,,xiv1 ,,by ,,garbagnaus1 #affh ,in the days when travelling was difficult and the difficulties of transportation great1 both on account of the condition of the roads and also because of the insecurity of life and property1 due to national and personal wars1 it was but natural that each country and district should be in a large measure self-supporting1 especially with respect to armour and weapons4 ,at the same time1 by degrees1 some localities produced superior work1 either because they possessed natural resources or because some master founded a school with superior methods to those of his neighbours4 ,thus we find ,milan famous for hauberks1 ,bordeaux#c for swords1 ,colin cleeves 7,cologne halberds71 ,toulouse swords1 misericordes of ,versy1 chapeaux de ,montauban 7steel hats71 ,barcelona bucklers1 arbalests of ,catheloigne1 and of course swords of ,solingen1 ,toledo1 and ,passau4 ,the principal centres for the making of armour were ,italy and ,germany1 and it is quite impossible to say which of the two was the superior from the craftsman's point of view4 ,if anything1 perhaps the ,german school favoured a rather heavier type of equipment1 due1 no doubt1 to the natural characteristics of the race as compared with the ,italian1 and also1 when the decadence of armour began1 perhaps the ,german armourer of the ,renaissance erred more in respect of useless and florid ornamentation than did his ,italian rival4 ,but even here the types are so similar that it is almost impossible to discriminate4 ,france produced no great armourers1 at least we have no records of craft-princes such as the ,colmans1 the ,seusenhofers1 the ,missaglias1 or the ,negrolis1 and the same may be said of ,england4 ,we have isolated examples here and there of ,english and ,french work1 but we have no records of great schools in either country like those of ,milan1 ,brescia1 ,nuremberg1 ,augsburg1 and ,innsbruck4 ,a few scattered entries from state or civic documents will be found under the various headings of this work and portions of regulations respecting the trade2 but of the lives of the craftsmen we know but little4 ,at a time when personal safety in the field was of the utmost importance1 it can be easily understood that the patron would take no risks1 but would employ for choice those craftsmen who held the highest repute for their work1 just as till recently the prospective motorist or airman would not risk a home-made machine1 but patronized ,french makers4 ,it may seem strange that the local craftsmen did not attempt to improve their work when examples of foreign skill were imported in great quantities2 but against this we must set the fact that the detail of the first importance in the craft of the armourer was the tempering of the metal and this the craftsman kept a close secret4 ,we have various accounts of secret processes1 miraculous springs of water1 poisoned ores1 and such-like which were employed1 fabulously no doubt1 to attain fine temper for the metal1 but no details are given4 ,it may be that the metal itself was superior in some districts1 as witness the ,trial of ,armour given on page #ff4 ,seusenhofer when provided with inferior metal from the mines by ,kugler suggested that it should be classed as 8,milanese10 a clear proof that the ,german craftsmen1 at any rate1 considered the ,italian material to be inferior to their own4 ,little is known as to the production of the ,florentine armourers4 ,mr4 ,staley in his ,guilds of ,florence has unfortunately found little of importance under this heading in the civic records of the city4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,arms of the ,armourers' ,gild1 from the church of ,or ,san ,michele1 ,florence4 ,the 8,corazzi e spadai0 of ,florence will1 however1 be always known by their patron ,s4 ,george1 whose statue by ,donatello stood outside the gild church of ,or ,san ,michele4 ,at the base of the niche in which it stood are carved the arms given in ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,s4 ,george1 by ,hans ,multscher1 #adeh1 ,augsburg4 ,armourers were imported by sovereigns and princes to produce armour for their personal use and thus to avoid the difficulties of transit1 but they seem to have kept their craft to themselves and to have founded no school4 ,henry ,,viii brought over the 8,almain ,armourers0 to ,greenwich at the beginning of his reign1 but most of them went back in time to their own country1 and few took out denization papers4 ,in #afbd we find that only one of the descendants of these foreigners was left and he resolutely refused to teach any one the 8mysterie of plating0 7page #ahh74 ,a colony of armourers migrated from ,milan to ,arbois towards the end of the fifteenth century1 but no celebrated craftsmen seem to have joined them except the ,merate brothers1 who worked for ,maximilian and ,mary of ,burgundy4 ,it is difficult1 in fact impossible1 to say which country led in the beginnings of the armourer's craft4 ,we have the suit of ,roberto di ,sanseverino 7,vienna1 ,waffensammlung1 ,no4 #c7 signed with the mark of ,antonio ,missaglia1 circ4 #adgj1 and we also have a statuette by ,hans ,multscher at ,augsburg1 circ4 #adeh1 which represents ,s4 ,george in a suit of armour of precisely the same design 7,fig4 #i74 ,it should be noted1 however1 that the treatment of this figure shows a strong ,italian influence4 ,in ,european history of the fifteenth century we have few records of ,german armourers being employed1 during the first half1 at any rate1 by the rulers of other states4 ,we know that ,richard ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 travelled in ,italy and wore armour of a distinctly ,italian style1 for it is depicted in the ,beauchamp ,pageants 7,fig4 #aj7 and is also shown on his magnificent monument in ,s4 ,mary's ,church1 ,warwick4 ,the likeness of the armour on this monument to that shown in the picture of ,s4 ,george1 by ,mantegna1 in the ,accademia1 ,venice1 is so striking that we are bound to admit that the two suits must have been produced by the same master1 and on comparison with the suit in ,vienna above alluded to1 that master must have been one of the ,missaglia family4 ,the ,earl of ,warwick died in #adci and ,mantegna was born about #adca1 so that it is quite possible that the former purchased a suit of the very latest fashion when in ,italy1 and that the latter1 realizing the beauty of work produced when he was but a boy1 used a similar suit as a model for his picture 7,plate ,,ii74 ,as early as #acih the ,earl of ,derby had armour brought over to ,england by ,milanese armourers1 and by the year #adbg ,milan had become such an important factory town that it supplied in a few days armour for #djjj cavalry and #bjjj infantry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,richard ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick 7,cot4 ,jul4 ,e1 ,,iv1 ,f1 #ab b74 ,the impetus given to the craft in ,germany was due to the interest of the young ,emperor ,maximilian1 who encouraged not only the armourer1 but every other craftsman and artist in his dominions4 ,in the ,weisz ,knig we find him teaching the masters of all crafts how best to do their own work1 though this is probably an exaggeration of the sycophantic author and illustrator4 ,still we are forced to admit that the crafts in ,germany attained to a very high level during his reign4 ,in the description of his visit to ,conrad ,seusenhofer1 the armourer1 it is recorded that the latter wished to employ certain devices of his own in the making of armour1 to which the young ,emperor replied1 8,arm me according to my own wish1 for it is ,i and not you who will take part in the tournament40 ,from ,germany came armour presented by the ,emperor to ,henry ,,viii1 and it is clear that such a master as ,seusenhofer1 working so near the ,italian frontier as ,innsbruck1 must have influenced the ,milanese work1 just as the ,milanese in the first instance influenced the ,german craftsmen4 ,with the succession of ,charles ,v to the thrones of ,spain and ,germany we find a new impetus given to ,german armourers4 ,in ,spain there seems to have been a strong feeling in favour of ,milanese work1 and the contest between the two schools of craftsmen was bitter in the extreme4 ,so personal did this feud become that we find ,desiderius ,colman in #aeeb making a shield for ,charles ,v on which the maker is represented as a bull charging a ,roman soldier on whose shield is the word 8,negrol10 a reference to the rivalry between the ,colmans and the ,negrolis of ,milan 7,plate ,,xxiv74 ,with the demand for decorated armour the rivalry between the two centres of trade increased1 and there is little to choose between the works of the ,german and ,italian craftsmen1 either in the riotous incoherence of design or in the extraordinary skill with which it was produced and finished4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,,armourers ,,at ,,work4 ,,xv ,,cent4 ,,brit4 ,,mus4 ,,roy4 ,,ms4 #af1 ,g4 ,v1 ,,fol4 ,,ii ,,woodcarving ,,of ,,duke ,,william ,,of ,,aquitaine ,,and ,,his ,,armourer4 ,,xv ,,cent4 ,,venus ,,and ,,vulcan4 ,,xiii ,,cent4 ,,berlin1 ,k,,nigl4 ,,bib4 ,,codex ,,ms4 ,,germ4 #bhb1 #gi ,from entries in the ,state ,papers preserved in the ,record ,office1 it would seem that ,milanese armourers were employed by ,henry ,,viii during the first years of his reign4 ,by the year #aeae the ,almain or ,german armourers from ,brussels had evidently taken their place1 for they are entered as king's servants with liveries4 ,only one ,milanese name is found in the list of armourers1 ,baltesar ,bullato1 #aecb1 so that it is clear that ,henry1 owing1 no doubt1 to the influence of ,maximilian1 had definitely committed himself to ,german armour as opposed to ,italian4 ,england seems to have remained faithful to this ,german influence1 but her rulers and nobles never indulged in the exaggerated and over-elaborate productions which held favour in ,spain and ,germany1 a fact which is noticeable even at the present day1 when the so-called 8,art ,nouveau0 disfigures many ,german and ,italian cities but has never obtained a serious foothold in ,england4 ,simplicity and practicality were always the chief features in ,english armour4 ,the few known specimens of ,english work of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries1 the jousting-helms at ,westminster1 ,woolwich1 ,ashford1 ,petworth1 and the ,wallace ,collection1 are examples of this1 and the armour of later years has the same qualification 7,figs4 #aa-ad74 ,even the suits of ,topf1 who worked in ,england at the end of the sixteenth century and produced the magnificent work that is shown at the ,tower1 ,windsor1 and elsewhere1 the designs for which are contained in an album in the ,art ,library at ,south ,kensington1 are marked by a restraint which is not found in the works of ,piccinino and ,peffenhauser4 ,the decoration never impairs the utility of the armour1 and the designs are always those suitable for work in tempered steel1 and are not in any way suggestive of the goldsmith's work of his foreign contemporaries4 ,in the ,english national collections we have but little eccentric armour1 which is so common in ,continental museums2 all is severe and yet graceful1 practical even if decorated1 a tribute to the characteristics of the ,english race of fighting men4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,the ,westminster ,helm1 circ4 #aejj4 ,westminster ,abbey4 #ag lb4 #ab oz4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,the ,brocas ,helm1 ,rotunda1 ,woolwich4 #bb lb4 #h oz4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,the ,fogge ,helm1 ,ashford1 ,sussex4 #bd lb4 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,the ,barendyne ,helm1 ,great ,haseley1 ,oxon4 #ac lb4 #h oz4 ,the ornamentation of armour with gilding had obtained such a firm hold that in the seventeenth century ,james ,,ii was obliged to make an exception in its favour in his proclamation against the use of 8gold and silver foliate10 an extract of which is given in ,appendix ,i1 page #ahg4 ,in discussing the craft of the armourer it should be remembered that we can only base our conclusions on the scattered entries of payments1 inventories1 and other documents in ,state or private collections1 and by examination of suits which have been preserved in the armouries and collections of ,europe and ,england4 ,these suits represent but a very small percentage of the large stores of armour of all kinds which must have been in existence at the beginning of the seventeenth century1 and it is only the fine and exceptional examples which have survived4 ,the material was so costly in the making that it was made and remade over and over again2 which will account for the absence of complete suits of the fourteenth century and the scarcity of those of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries now in existence4 ,occasionally we have local collections which give us a suggestion of what the standing armoury must have been1 such as the armour stores at ,gratz1 ,zurich1 the collection of helmets and armour found in the castle of ,chalcis1#d and village armouries like that at ,mendlesham1 ,suffolk4 ,two examples of the treatment of armour must suffice4 ,in the ,inventory of the ,tower1 taken in #cc ,hen4 ,,vi1 #adee1 is the entry3 8,item viij habergeons some of ,meleyn and some of ,westewale of the which v of ,melyn were delyv'ed to the ,college of ,eyton and iij broken to make slewys and voyders and ye's40 ,here clearly the hauberk is cut up and used to make sleeves and gussets1 which were more useful when the complete plate body-defences had come into fashion than the shirt of mail4 ,this is also another example of the competition between ,milan and ,germany 7,westphalia7 in the matter of armour-making4 ,as an example of the other reason for the absence of armour in national and private collections in any great quantities1 we may cite ,hearne's account of his visit to ,ditchley1 given in his ,remains under the date #agah4 ,he says3 8,in one of the outhouses ,i saw strange armour which belonged to the ancestors#e of the ,earl of ,litchfield1 some of the armour very old40 ,in the steward's accounts of but a few weeks later ,viscount ,dillon has discovered an entry1 8received of ,mr4 ,mott1 the brazier for the old armour wayed #ad cwt4 #a qr4 #ba lb4 at #ajs4 the cwt4 #g4 #d4 #f40 ,the saddles had been previously cut up to nail up the fruit trees4#f ,from the weight of armour sold there were probably about twenty suits1 some of which must certainly have been of value1 possibly one or more of the missing suits designed by ,topf for ,sir ,henry ,lee and illustrated in the ,almain ,armourer's ,album now in the ,south ,kensington ,art ,library4 ,it can be readily understood that when the historic or artistic value of armour was not appreciated it was a cumbrous and useless possession1 which soon deteriorated if not kept clean and bright1 and therefore it was melted down just as are the broken stoves and domestic ironmongery which litter the rubbish-heaps to-day4 ,we find interesting examples of the application of munitions of war to peaceful purposes in the use of sword-pommels as weights for steelyards1 helmets for buckets and scale-bowls1 and portions of body armour cut up and fashioned into lock-covers in the ,stibbert ,museum1 ,florence1 in the collection of the ,marchese ,peruzzi1 and elsewhere4#g ,even as late as the year #ahhg the value of armour was not realized1 for in that year two half-suits1 stamped with the college mark1 were sold from ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 as old iron 7,arms and ,armour in ,oxford1 ,c4 ffoulkes74 ,state and civic records have frequent entries of regulations and disputes connected with the various craft-gilds1 and the armourers were no exception4 ,the right of search was a privilege jealously guarded1 for it prevented the competition of those outside the gild and was also a check against foreign competition1 which was always a thorn in the side of the armourer4 ,every country enacted laws against importation of arms1 and yet for really fine work every country had to look to ,italy or ,germany4 ,but this was probably the case only among the richest1 and it is the elaborate workmanship on the armour which has ensured the survival of many suits of this type4 ,the ordinary hosting or war-harness was made quite as well in ,england as elsewhere2 just as the ,englishwoman of to-day can be dressed as well in ,london as in ,paris2 but1 if she can afford it1 elects to pay large sums for the cachet of the ,parisian name4 ,with regard to the documents bearing on the life of individual armourers1 we have such records as wills1 registers of baptisms and marriages1 and also trade accounts and bills4 ,in the latter the armourer seems to have been no better off than the painter or sculptor of the ,middle ,ages and ,renaissance4 ,he was always in financial difficulties and was ceaselessly pressing his patron for payment4 ,an example of this is given on page #ei1 where we find that ,w4 ,pickering was paid #bjj in #afad1 the balance of his bill for #cdj1 for a suit made for ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 who died in #afab2 so that he had to wait at least two years before he received the whole amount4 ,conrad ,seusenhofer suffered in the same way and his life was one long struggle with ,maximilian and the ,diet for payments for his work4 ,the armourer1 however1 had the advantage over his fellow-craftsmen2 for when a war or a tournament was imminent he made his own terms and refused delivery till he had received payment4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v ,,armourer',s ,,anvil ,,and ,,pincers4 ,,xvi ,,cent4 ,,british ,,museum1 ,,burges ,,bequest ,,anvil4 ,,xiv ,,cent4 ,,in ,,the ,,possession ,,of ,,mme4 ,,bellon1 ,,avignon ,the craft of the armourer merits far more study than has hitherto been bestowed upon it1 for in its finest examples it fulfils all the essential laws of good craftsmanship to the uttermost4 ,added to this the works of the armourer have what may be called a double personal interest4 ,in the first place1 they are the actual wearing apparel of kings1 princes1 and other persons of note1 made to their measure and often exhibiting some peculiarity of their owner4 ,owing to the perishable nature of fabrics but little of wearing apparel has survived to us of the periods anterior to the seventeenth century1 and therefore the suit of armour is most valuable as an historical record1 especially when taken in conjunction with portraits1 historical paintings1 and sculpture4 ,in addition to this we have the personality of the maker4 ,the boldly grooved breast-plate1 the pauldrons1 and the wide elbow-cops of the ,missaglia1 the distinctive hook for the armet which appears only on ,topf suits can be recognized at once1 and besides this we have the poinon or signature of the craftsman1 which it is almost impossible to imitate1 and which at once proclaims the authorship of the armour4 ,the whole subject of the armourer and his craft1 his limitations1 his success at his best period1 and his decadence in later years can be best summed up in the illustration given on ,plate ,,iii4 ,here we have the graceful and light yet serviceable suit of ,sigismond of ,tirol1 made by an unknown armourer about the year #adgj1 placed side by side with the cumbrous defence made for ,louis ,,xiv by ,garbagnus of ,brescia in #affh4 ,though this craftsman must have had fine work by his forefathers at hand to study1 and though the other arts and crafts were tending towards a light and flowing1 if meaningless1 style of design1 the craft of the armourer had by this time reached a depth of sheer utilitarian ugliness which was never equalled even in the most primitive years of its history4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,regulations of the 8,heaumers10 ,appendix ,b1 p4 #aga4 #b ,vetusta ,monumenta1 ,,vi1 and ,armour and ,weapons1 p4 #hh1 ,c4 ffoulkes4 #c ,haute ,savoye1 near ,aix-les-,bains4 #d ,charles ffoulkes 8,italian ,armour at ,chalcis10 ,archologia1 ,,lxii4 #e ,sir ,henry ,lee4 #f ,arch4 ,journ41 ,june1 #ahie4 #g ,sir ,thomas ,gresham's steelyard in the ,london ,museum is decorated with portions of sword hilts4 ,,tools1 ,,appliances1 ,,etc4 ,the tools used by the armourers of all nations differ but little from the implements of the blacksmith and1 as will be seen in considering the various inventories that survive1 these have scarcely varied in form during the centuries4 ,when once invented the hammer1 the anvil1 the vice1 the chisel1 and the pincers are open to but few improvements1 and even with the advent of steam and mechanical power1 the functions of the tool remain and are simply guided by a machine instead of by the hand4 ,the chief work of the armourer was the beating out of plates from the solid ingot of metal and therefore we find that all illustrations dealing with this craft show the workmen engaged in this operation4 ,when once the rough shape of the piece was obtained a great deal of the work was done when the metal was cold1 as will be seen from examination of the illustrations4 ,when the craft of the armourer became important and when a large trade was done in these munitions of war1 it was found more convenient to have the plates beaten out in special mills before they were handed over to the armourer to make up into armour4 ,these battering-mills are noticed on pages #ce1 #ahh4 ,in many instances they were probably owned by the armourers and were often under the same roof2 but the fact that we find hammermen1 millmen1 platers1 and armourers mentioned together in records and bills of payment to armouries seems to suggest that they had different duties assigned to them4 ,that the work of the plater was quite distinct from that of the armourer in the sixteenth century we gather from entries in the ,state ,papers ,domestic1 and in the reign of ,james ,i1 which will be discussed more fully farther on in this chapter4 ,the earliest ,european illustration of an armourer at work at present known is to be found in the thirteenth-century ,aeneid of ,heinrich von ,waldec 7codex ,,ms4 ,germ4 fol4 #bhb1 p4 #gi7 in the ,knigl4 ,bib4 ,berlin 7,plate ,,iv74 ,from the fact that the armourer 7,vulcan7 is holding the helm with pincers we may infer that he is working it hot4 ,the anvil as shown in this miniature 7,plate ,,iv7 is square and of primitive form and would seem to be quite useless for the work1 but this may be due to the inexperience of the artist4 ,the hammer1 however1 is carefully drawn and is evidently from some real example in which the face is rounded in a slightly convex form and the toe ends in a small blunted point which may be for riveting small objects or for making small bosses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,the ,mail-maker 7from ,jost ,amman's ,stnde und ,handwerker71 circ4 #aeij4 ,in the fifteenth century we find more care as to details and more operations shown in the illustration on the same plate1 taken from a miniature by ,boccace in ,les ,clercs et ,nobles ,femmes 7,bib4 ,reg4 #af1 ,g1 v4 fol4 ,,ii7 in the ,british ,museum4 ,here we have several men at work under the superintendence of a lady who is generally supposed to be the ,countess ,matilda1 while their labours are enlivened by a flute-player4 ,the man at the bench appears to be putting together a defence composed of circular plates laced to a leather or linen foundation which strongly resembles the culet of so-called 8penny plate0 armour in the ,tower 7,,iii1 #ceh74 ,the helm-smith is working on a bascinet which he holds with pincers1 but he is using the toe of the hammer and not the face1 which hardly seems a likely operation4 ,he holds the helmet on a helmet-stake which probably has a rounded surface for finishing off the curves4 ,the seated man is perhaps the most interesting figure1 for he is a rare example of a mail-maker at work1 closing up the rings with a pair of pincers4 ,up to the present we have no definite idea as to how the intricate operation of mail-making was accomplished so as to turn out rapidly coats of mail4 ,it is probable that some form of pincer was used which pierced the flattened ends of the ring and closed up the rivet when inserted4 ,possibly investigations in the ,east1 where mail is still made1 may throw some light upon the subject4#h ,the illustration by ,jost ,amman 7,fig4 #ae7 certainly shows the craftsman using a punch and hammer for his work and the only other tool shown is a pair of shears4 ,mail was in use up to the first years of the seventeenth century1 so we may be sure the artist drew his figure from life4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,the ,armourer 7from the same source as ,fig4 #ae74 ,few of the actual tools of the armourer survive to us at the present day4 ,in the ,burges ,bequest in the ,british ,museum is a fine anvil decorated with figures of saints in relief of the sixteenth century1 which appears to have been used by a craftsman dealing with metal in plates or sheets1 for the face of the anvil is burred over in a manner that would not be the case if the smith had worked with bars or rods1 the usual materials of the blacksmith4 ,in the same case is a pair of armourer's pincers which resemble the multum in parvo tools of to-day1 for they include hammer1 wire-cutter1 nail-drawer1 and turnscrew 7,plate ,v74 ,a similar pair of pincers exists in the ,rotunda ,museum1 ,woolwich 7,,xvi1 #bjj74 ,in the ,wallace ,collection 7,no4 #hh7 is an armourer's hammer of the sixteenth century with a faceted copper head1 the reason for which was probably the need for avoiding scratching the surface when finishing a piece4 ,in the same collection is a finely decorated farrier's hammer 7#ajjb71 which also includes a nail-drawer and turn-nut4 ,the handle is inlaid with brass and mother-of-pearl and is decorated with engravings of ,s4 ,george and a musketeer of about #afdj4 ,a decorated anvil and vice which were catalogued as those of an armourer1 the property of ,mr4 ,ambrose ,morell1 were exhibited in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 in #aiaa1 but from the form and size of the tools they would appear to have been rather those of the silversmith than of the armourer4 ,jost ,amman's 8,armourer0 7,fig4 #af7 calls for no special notice1 as no tools are shown in the workshop1 and is merely of interest as being included in this ,book of ,trades1 published in #aeij4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,,maximilian ,,and ,,his ,,armourer1 ,,conrad ,,seusenhofer ,,from ,,the ,,weisz ,k,,nig ,the earliest inventory containing armourers' tools is found in the archives of the city of ,lille4 ,it is dated #acjb and refers to the effects of the ,constable de ,nesle in the ,htel de ,soissons1 ,paris4 ,the inventory is a long one and includes many interesting details of furniture1 fabrics1 and armour4 ,that portion relating to the tools runs as follows3-- ,arch4 ,dept4 du ,nord4 ,fonds de la ,chambre des ,comptes de ,lille1 ,no4 #ddja4 ,une englume et fos a souffler lx s4 ,unes tenailes bicournes1 i martel et menus instruments de forge xiii s4 vi d4 ,item unes venterieres v s4 0 xxxviii fers faites xii s4 viii d4 0 sas a cleus1 tenons environs v sommes xxi l4 v s4 0 xiii douzaines de fer de ,bourgoyne xxii s4 vi d4 ,another early inventory is that of ,framlingham ,castle1 ,norfolk1 of the year #acjh3-- ix capellae ferratae at iv s4 iii vices ad eandem tendentes at ii s4 ,the earliest complete ,english inventory of tools connected with the craft of the armourer occurs in the ,accounts of the ,constable of ,dover ,castle4 ,two separate lists are given at different dates1 which may be studied with more convenience if placed side by side3--#i ,dec4 #bj4 #ag ,edw4 ,,iii1 #acdd4 ,jan4 #bf4 #ce ,edw4 ,,iii1 #acfa4 ,item in ,fabrica4 ,en la ,forge4 ij maides#aj ij andefeltes de fer#aj ij bicorn#aa j andefelte debruse iij martellos magnos j bikore#aa iij martellos parvos iij slegges#ab ij tenaces magnas#ac iiij hammeres v tenaces parvas#ac vj paires tanges dount deux grosses ij instrumenta ad ferram iiij pensons febles#ad cinendum#ad iij nailetoules per clause en icels iiij instrumenta ferrea ad fair#ad claves inficiendos#ae iij paire bulghes dount une nouvell#af ij paria flaborum#af j peer moler#ah j folour de ferro#ag ij fusels de feer aicele#ai j mola de petra versatilis j paire de wynches#ba as meme la peer pro ferreo acuendo#ah j trow de peer pur ewe#bb ij ligamina de ferreo pro j hurthestaf de feer#bc j buketto#bj j cottyngyre#bd j markingyre#be une cable vels et pourz ,all the above tools are in use at the present day1 except perhaps the 8nailetoules0 for closing the rivets1 and1 as has been stated above1 if we could but discover what this implement was we might find that it is also used at the present day for some other purpose4 ,the nearest approach to such a tool is the eyelet-hole maker and riveter used by bootmakers4 ,the 8bicornes0 are still known to-day as bickirons4 ,they are small anvils with long horns which are used when riveting tubes or turning over long pieces of metal4 ,it is a little uncertain as to whether the 8folour0 derives its name from the same root as the modern ,french 8fouloir10 a 8rammer10 or from the ,latin 8follis10 8bellows40 ,the former would seem more probable1 as it was made of iron4 ,the 8fusels de feer aicele0 present some difficulty1 but they may be taken to be spindles of some kind1 possibly for the grindstones4 ,the 8wynches0 explain themselves1 but the addition of 8as meme la peer0 is not so clear1 for from the next item 8peer0 evidently means 8stone10 for it is a trough of stone for water2 at the same time the word 8pair0 is often written 8peer0 at this period1 so it may refer to a pair of winches4 ,the bellows1 shears1 and grindstone call for no special comment1 but the 8hurthestaf0 presents some difficulty4 ,it would seem to be derived from the word 8hearth0 or 8herth10 in which case it would probably be a long iron rod1 rake1 or poker1 used for tending the forge-fire4 ,this seems to be borne out in the inventory of #aead1 where it is spelt 8harth stake40 ,the 8cottyngyre0 and 8markingyre0 may be found in every blacksmith's shop to-day as cold-chisels and marking-iron4 ,the next entry bearing upon the subject of tools and workshop requirements is found in an ,inventory under ,privy ,seal of ,henry ,,vi1 dated #adhe1 at which time ,john ,stanley1 of ,wyrall1 ,cheshire1 was ,sergeant of the ,armoury of the ,tower4#bf ,here we find the following items recorded3-- it'm ij yerds iij q'ters of corse rede sylke ,all splendid and moch ,it'm d'yerds d'q'reters of rede vele wet more to coom of the ,it'm iiij grosses of poyntes#bg king's harneys ,it'm vj armyng nales#bh ,it'm hamer1 j bequerne1 j payr of pynsonys1 iij pounde of wyre which was sold by ,mastr4 ,wylliam ,fox amerer ,the 8bequerne0 is the same as the 8bicorn0 mentioned in the ,dover ,castle inventory4 ,in the earlier periods we have no records as to the material used or the quantities required4 ,it is only when we come to the sixteenth century that we find detailed accounts kept to assist our investigations respecting the making of armour4 ,the next inventory worthy of note contains a list of payments made to ,john ,blewbery1 who was in charge of the workshops in #c ,henry ,,viii1 #aead4 ,public ,record ,office4 xviii ,september ,also payde by ,owre ,commandement to ,john ,blewbery for the new fforge at ,greenwiche made for the ,armarers of ,brussells these peces ensuynge4 s4 d4 a vyce xiii iv a greate bekehorne lx a smalle bekehorne xvi a peyre of bellowes xxx a pype stake#bi iii iv a ,creste stake#cj iv a vysure stake#ca iv a hanging pype stake#cb iv iv a stake for the hedde pecys#cc v ii curace stakes#cd x iv peyre of ,sherys#ce xl iii platynge hamers#cf viii iii hamers for the hedde pecys v a creste hamer for the hedde peces xx ii hamers ii viii ii greve hamers#cg iii iv a meeke hamer#ch xvi ii pleyne hamers ii ii platynge hamers ii ii chesels wt4 an halve viii a creste hamer for the curace xii ii ,rewetinge hamers#ci xvi a boos hamer#dj xii xi ffylys#da xi a payre of pynsors xviii ii payre of tongs xvi a harth stake#db vi ii chesels vi ponchons ii a watr4 trowgh xviii a temperinge barrelle xii one ,andevyle xx vi stokks to set the ,tolys x xvi dobles at xvi d every doble xxi iv xviii quarters of ,colys vi ix in alle xiii li4 xvi s4 xi d4 ,here we find the outfit more elaborate than that scheduled at ,dover4 ,the various 8stakes0 in use show that there were special appliances for making every part of the armour1 both as regards the anvils and the hammers4 ,the 8halve0 with the two chisels is1 of course1 the haft or handle1 which could be fitted to either4 ,the 8vi stokks to set the ,tolys0 are presumably handles in which the tools were fixed4 ,the 8ponchons0 are punches used in the repouss work4 ,the 8xvi dobles0 were probably heavy iron models on which the various pieces were shaped4 ,two specimens in the ,tower 7a morion1 ,,iv1 #bbg1 and a breastplate1 ,,iii1 #bji71 are considered by the present ,curator to be dobles1 for they are cast and not wrought1 are far too heavy for actual use1 and have no holes for rivets or for attaching the lining4 ,in the illustration given on ,plate ,,vi1 taken from ,hans ,burgmair's ,weisz ,knig1 many of these tools are shown in use4 ,the engraving was produced by an artist who was also a designer of armour1 so they would certainly be correctly drawn4 ,the various small stakes are all in use and all the work is being done with the metal cold1 for the men are holding it with their hands4 ,this working of the cold metal tends to compress the crystals and to make the metal hard1 and is more than once alluded to in works upon armour4 ,gaya1 in his ,trait des armes1#dc mentions this detail1 and again ,jean de ,saulx-,tavannes#dd mentions 8cuirasses battues froid0 when speaking of armour of 8proof10 which is also noticed in the present work under that heading4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,,armour ,,of ,,kurf,,rst ,,moritz4 ,,by ,,mattha,s ,,frauenpreis1 #aedh ,the following extracts from various books and documents relate to the tools and appliances of the armourer3-- #abgh4 ,roll of ,expenses for a tournament in ,windsor ,park4 ,it qualibet cresta j per chaston ,these chastones or clavones were rivets for fastening the crests of the knights and also of the horses4 ,most of the items in this roll were supplied by curriers or tailors1 for the weapons and armour were of wood or leather1 and metal does not seem to have been used4 #acjj4 ,wardrobe ,expenses of ,edward ,i4#de ,una ,cresta cum clavis argenti pro eodem capello4 #acja4 ,an indenture on the delivery of the ,castle of ,montgomery by ,william de ,leyburn to ,hugo de ,knoville4#df ,unum incudem et i martellum et ii suffletis ovi valoris4 ,these are evidently the contents of the castle armourer's workshop3 an anvil1 a hammer1 and a small pair of bellows of no value4 ,perhaps such items are hardly worth chronicling1 but in a work of this nature it seems to be advisable to collect every entry bearing upon the subject1 so as to make it a complete study of the craft of the armourer both technically and historically1 as far as is possible with the very limited material obtainable4 #acfi4 ,dethe ,blaunche1 l4 #iifd4 ,chaucer4 ,as hys brothres hamers ronge upon hys anuelet up and doon4 #achf4 ,knight's tale1 l4 #afdi4 ,chaucer4 ,faste the armurers also with fyle and hamer prikynge to and fro4 ,this refers to the travelling armourer who accompanied his lord to the tournament or to war4 #adfe4 ,acts4 of ,sir ,john ,howard4 #bj1jjj ,bregander nayle #aas4 #h;d4 ,these are the small rivets used in making the brigandine4 ,a brigandine with sleeves at ,madrid 7c4 #aa7 is composed of #chbg separate plates and over #gjjj rivets were used in putting it together4 #adfj 7874 ,ordinances of ,chivalry1 fol4 #abc;b4#dg ,also a dosen tresses of armynge poyntis4 ,also a hamyr and pynsones and a bicorne4 ,also smale nayles a dosen4 ,the 8tresses0 were plaited laces for fastening the various portions of armour to the wearer4 ,these may be seen in the portrait of the ,duc de ,nevers787 at ,hampton ,court1 the picture of ,s4 ,demetrius by ,l',ortolano in the ,national ,gallery1 and more clearly in the portrait of an unknown navigator in the ,fortnum ,room of the ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford4 ,the arming-points will be found described and illustrated on page #aji4 #aeac4 ,equipage of ,henry1 ,earl of ,northumberland4#dh ,emmery oile for dressing my ,lord's harnes4 ,leather1 bokills naylles for mendyng my ,lords harnes4 ,towles conserning the mending of my ,lord's harnes4 ,item a payre of nyppers1 a payre of pynsores1 a pomyshe1#di ij fylles4 ,item a small sti'the1 a hammer1 and all ouyr stuffe and tooles belonginge an armorer4 ,item viij yards of white blaunkett for trussing of my ,lord's harnes in4 ,the emery and oil were used in cleaning the armour and will be noticed in due course on page #gh4 ,the nippers1 pincers1 etc41 have been alluded to before4 ,the 8sti'the0 is an anvil1 a term used up to ,shakespeare's time1 as may be found in ,hamlet1 iii4 #b1 #hi4 ,all these 8,towles0 or tools would be part of the travelling equipment of the armourer who accompanied his lord on active service4 #aead4 ,record ,office1 #i ,july1 to ,john ,blewbery4 ,for a millwheel with stondard1 #b beams brasys braces belonging thereto and two small wheels to drive the glasys #djs4 ,for two elm planks for lanterns for the same mill #es4 #ac lbs4 of tin at #e;d4 a lb4 #es4 #e;d4 #bh lbs4 of white soap for tempering the said mill at #b;d4 lb4 #ds4 #aj;d4 #ejj gauntlet nailes #h;d4 #ajj a half of iron #d_/h1 #c rivetting hamers #b_/- #fs4 #h;d4 a payre of pynsers #b_/h1 #d crest fylys #d_/- #fs4 #h;d4 #b greate fylys #es4 #ajj a half of steele for vambraces gaunteletes #fjs4 ,the mill-wheel was for the water-power used for turning the grind-stones and other appliances which will be noticed later on in this chapter4 ,the 8glasys0 are probably the glazing-wheels for putting the final polish upon the finished armour4 ,the white soap was for lubricating the axle of the mill-wheel or for the final polish of the metal on the wheel or buff4 ,the 8gauntlet nailes0 are small rivets for gauntlets which1 being of thinner metal1 would require a smaller-sized rivet than the rest of the body armour4 ,the steel for vambraces and gauntlets was probably thinner than that used for other portions of the suit4 #aead4 ,record ,office1 #bb ,july1 to ,john ,blewbery4 for the glasyers of the said mill and one spindle to the same glasyers #d #j #j for a grind stone the beam for the same mill #a #j #j ,kings ,book of ,payments1 ,record ,office4 #aeaf4 ,feb41 to ,edith1 widow of ,fountain1 millman4 for milling carriage of harness #ae #j #j #aeaf4 ,record ,office1 loc4 cit41 ,may1 ,john ,hardy1 fishmonger4 #d bundles of ,isebrooke stuff for making parts of harness #h #f #h ,it is difficult to see why this payment should have been made unless the fishmonger had imported the ,innsbruck metal in one of his boats4 ,the term 8,isebroke0 will be found mentioned under the chapter dealing with the ,proving of ,armour4 #aeag4 ,record ,office1 loc4 cit41 ,april1 to ,john de ,mery4 #beda lbs4 of steel plates of ,isebroke and ,lymbrickes stuff #bf #ab #j ,the 8,lymbricke0 metal came from ,limburg1 in ,north ,brabant4 #aeag4 ,record ,office1 loc4 cit41 ,may1 to ,sir ,edw4 ,guylford4 making two forges the repairs in the ,armory at ,southwark #ai #b #j #aebj4 ,record ,office1#ej ,april1 ,richd4 ,pellande1 ,rauffe ,brand1 ,richd4 ,cutler1 and ,hans1 four of the ,king's armourers1 brought to the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold all sorts of necessaries for armour1 such as buckles1 files1 chisels1 punches1 hinges1 hides1 and rivets4 ,the glazing-mill was taken down at ,greenwich and was set up at ,guisnes with four forges4 #aedd4 ,cott4 ,app4 ,,xxviii1 f #fi1 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,working in the privy ,armoury upon the filing of the king's ,majestie's harnes other necessaries from ,may #aa-;,july #af4 7,this is part of the account of ,erasmus1 the ,king's armourer1 who is noticed elsewhere47 #aedd4 ,loc4 cit41 f4 #gf4 ,charges of the ,king's ,armoury4 ,item #h bundles of steel to the said ,armoury for the whole year #ch_/- the bundle li4 xv iiii 7,lockers and ,millmen are mentioned in this entry47 ,on page #ca it was noted that in #aeaf four bundles of steel cost #h #fs4 #h;d41 in #aeag #beda lb4 cost #bf #abs41 that is about #b;d4 per lb4 ,from these three entries taken together we gather that the 8bundle0 was about #bj lb4 #aedd4 ,cott4 ,app4#ea ,,xxviii1 f4 #gf4 ,item for #af bundles of steel to serve both shops a whole year at #ch_/- per bundle li4 xxx viii ,item i hide of buff leather every month for both shops at #aj_/- the hide vi x ,item to every of the said shops #d loads of charcoal a month #i_/- the load xl xix ,item for both shops #a cowhide every month at #f_/h the hide iv vi viii ,item #ajj of iron every month for both shops at #f_/h the #ajj iv vi viii ,item in wispe steel for both shops every month #ae lbs4 at #d;d4 lb4 lxv ,item in wire monthly to both shops #ab lb4 monthly at #d;d4 the lb4 lii ,item in nayles buckles for both shops monthly lxv ,this record contains other details in connection with the two workshops of ,greenwich and ,westminster1 in which #ab armourers1 #b locksmiths1 and #b millmen and #b prentices are employed who 8will make yearly1 with the said #af bundles of steel and the other stuff aforesaid1 #cb harnesses complete1 every harness to be rated to the king's ,highness at #ab1 which amounteth in the year towards his ,grace's charge iiic iiiixx iiiili0 7#chd74 ,from these details we can find approximately that the #cb suits required #ac hundred of iron and #aie lb4 of whisp steel4 ,therefore each suit took #dj lb4 of iron and about #f lb4 of whisp steel4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,armour ,,of ,,henry ,,viii ,,for ,,fighting ,,on ,,foot ,,in ,,the ,,lists ,the leather was either for straps and linings for the armour1 or may have been used for facing the polishing-wheels or 8buffs40 ,the year was divided into thirteen lunar months4 #aeei4 ,henry ,v1 iv1 chorus4 ,shakespeare4 ,the ,armourers accomplishing the knights ,with busy hamers closing riuets up4 ,this is more or less a poetic licence1 for the riveting was only done on each separate piece1 and these were joined on the wearer with straps1 arming-points1 or turning-pins4 ,of course this entry should be taken as made at the year when ,shakespeare wrote1 and not as representing an actual occurrence at ,agincourt4 #aefb4 ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,elizabeth1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 #ad4 ,due also to the armorers of the ,tower for their wages for leather1 buckels1 nailes other paiments in indent to the said armory at the feast of ,christmas last past vjli xvs ,in this entry are mentioned arming nails1 butret nails1 hammers1 punshions1 sheres1 fyles1 sand for scouring1 cords1 points1 oyletholes1 tow and butten nails4 #aegd4 ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,elizabeth1 ,vol4 ,,xcix1 #ej4 ,the monthly charge ordinary1 vez coles1 stele ,iron nayles1 buckills lether c4 vijli #aeic4 ,auditor's ,privy ,seal ,book1 #cec4 ,elizabeth to the ,treasurer ,chamberlain of the ,exchequer4 ,whereas we 444 are informed that the mills serving for our ,armoury at ,greenwich are decayed1 you are to pay to ,sir ,h4 ,lee such sums as are necessary for the repairs 444 for the mills not to exceed #hj4 #afbb4 ,record ,office1 ,sir ,henry ,lee's ,accounts of the ,armoury4 ,the following details are mentioned3-- ,redskins for bordering of armour1 calfskins for the same1 leather for gauntlets1 ,round headed nails1 ,tynned nails1 flat headed nails1 white nails1 yellow nails1 double buckels1 buckels1 nails and taches for gantlets1 copper nails1 brockases1 tacejoyntz4 ,the 8nails0 here mentioned are rivets of iron or brass or copper4 ,some were tinned to prevent rusting1 a custom which was practised as early as #acfa1 for we find in one of the inventories of ,dover ,castle#eb under that date 8xiii basynetz tinez40 ,the 8taches0 for gauntlets were fastenings of some kind1 possibly turning-pins4 ,the 8brockases0 were also probably brooches or fastenings of some sort1 and the 8tacejoyntz0 hinges for attaching the tassets to the taces4 #afbd4 ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,jac4 ,i1 ,vol4 ,,clxxx1 #ga1 #gb4 ,erection of ,plating-mills by ,capt4 ,martin at ,erith4 7,this document is quoted at length in ,appendix ,j1 p4 #ahh47 ,the rates for ,plaetes and armors exectly examined for the prices the strength and lightness considered are thus reduced4 ,the chardge of a tun of ,armer plaetes #ah #j #j ,two chaldron of coles wt4 carriadge will be #aa #b #j ,reparation for the mill #ab #j ,the workmen for battering this tun of plaetes #d #j #j ,the armourers may make them wt due shape black nayle and lether them for #g #aj #j etc4 etc4 ,the entries in this document will be examined fully on page #da4 #afca4 ,fdera1 xix1 p4 #cab4 ,rymer4 ,unstriking new fyling russetting new nayling lethering and lyning of a cuirassiers armor i iii #j ,this entry occurs in a document under the ,privy ,seal of ,charles ,i1 dated ,westminster1 ,june #bi1 which refers to the using of a hall-mark for armour4 ,the principal portion of this is given in ,appendix ,k1 page #aia4 #afdc4 ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,car4 ,i1 ,nov4 #bj4 ,letter from ,privy ,seal to treasurer under ,treasurer of ,exchequer to pay ,wm4 ,legg ,master of the ,armoury #ajj by way of imprest upon account to be employed in building a mill at ,woolvercote near ,oxford for grinding swords for building forges providing tools other necessaries for sword blade makers to be employed to make swords for our service4 #afdd4 ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,car4 ,i1 ,d1 ,feb4 #bf4 ,warrant of the ,privy seal to ,exchequer4 ,by our special command ,legg has caused to be erected a mill for grinding swords at ,woolvercote co ,gloucester forges at ,gloucester ,hall1 you are therefore to pay upon account to ,wm4 ,legg ,master of the ,armory a sum not exceeding #bjjj for grinding swords and belts in the office of the armory the same to be made at the usual price and according to pattern as by us appointed also to provide tools and other necessaries for sword blade making employed by the said ,master of the ,armory4 ,in the second of these extracts 8co ,gloucester0 is a slip of the pen due to the close proximity of 8,gloucester ,hall40 ,it should of course read 8,oxford40 ,the mill was originally owned by the nuns of ,godstow1 who received it from ,henry ,i4 ,it is now used by the ,clarendon ,press for paper-making4 ,gloucester ,hall is now ,worcester ,college4 ,there are no records either in the city or university to throw more light on these entries4 #afdi4 ,parliamentary ,survey1 ,feb41 ,no4 #cj4 ,the ,armory ,mill consisted of two little rooms and one large one in which stood two mills1 then lately altered4 ,the mill with stables stood in an acre of ground abutting on ,lewisham ,common and was used till about twelve years before the above date for grinding armour and implements for the ,king's tilt-yard4 ,the mill is described in the rental of the manor1 #dd ,edw4 ,,iii1 #acga1 as one for grinding steel and valued at #cs4 #d;d4 per ann4 #affj4 ,harl4 ,,mss4 #gdeg4 ,a view and ,survey of all the ,armour and other ,munitions or ,habiliaments of ,warr remayneing at the ,tower of ,london4#ec ,armorers ,tooles4 ,small bickernes1 ,tramping stakes1#ed ,round stake1#ee ,welting stake1#ef straite sheres1#eg fileing tonges1 ,hamers1 ,old tew iron1#eh ,great square anvill1 ,bellows1 ,smiths vices1 ,threstles4 ,the entry which refers to the loss of the 8,great ,bear10 a large anvil formerly at ,greenwich1 is given in full in ,appendix ,m4 ,before leaving the subject of tools and appliances1 some notice should be taken of the picture by ,jan ,breughel 7#aege-afcb7 entitled 8,venus at the ,forge of ,vulcan0 7,kais4 ,friedrich ,mus41 ,berlin1 ,no4 #fgh71 which measures #ed cm4 by #ic cm4 ,here all the various operations of the armourer and gun-founder are shown1 with a large quantity of armour1 weapons1 bells1 coins1 and goldsmith's work4 ,the details of especial interest are the grindstones and 8glazing-wheels10 and the 8tilt-hammers0 worked by water-power1 which were probably the machines used in the 8battering-mills0 more than once alluded to above4 ,these water-turned hammers continued in use in ,england up to the first quarter of the nineteenth century1#ei and are still found in ,italy at the present day4 ,they are raised by wooden cams or teeth set round the axle of the water-wheel1 to which a handle is fixed on the near side for use when water-power was not available4 ,the chisel-edge of the hammer is for stretching the metal by means of a series of longitudinal hammerings4 ,of the grindstones actuated by the same water-power1 the larger would be for rough work1 the second for finer finish1 and the smallest1 which is probably a wooden 8buff10 would be used for the high polish at the end4 ,it is impossible here to give a detailed description of this very interesting picture1 which has been considered elsewhere by the present author4#fj ,at the same time the tools shown in this workshop are worthy of notice as being part of the stock-in-trade of the armourer of the seventeenth century4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,,front ,,and ,,back ,,of ,,brassard1 #adgj ,,inside ,,of ,,leg ,,armour ,,of ,,suit ,,on ,,plate ,,viii ,,cuisse1 #adgj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,burring-machine or 8,jenny0 7see frontispiece74 ,to the left of the tilt-hammers1 in the foreground1 are a pair of large bench-shears1 and above them1 on a cooling-trough1 just below the magpie1 is a long-handled swage for stamping grooves and edgings on metal plates4 ,tongs1 pincers1 and hammers are found in many parts of the picture1 and dies for stamping coins or medals are seen immediately below the bench-shears4 ,directly under the right foot of ,vulcan is a tracing-wheel1 similar to that shown on ,jost ,amman's engraving of the 8,compass ,maker0 in his ,book of ,trades4 ,a small bench-vice lies near the lower margin of the picture under the figure of ,cupid1 and a hand-vice and repouss hammer on the three-legged stool to the left4 ,in the distance1 over the figure of ,venus1 is the primitive contrivance for boring a cannon1 the mould for casting which is seen close by in the floor4 ,the most interesting detail is to be found in the machine which lies at the foot of the small anvil at ,cupid's right hand4 ,this bears a strong resemblance to the modern burring-machine or 8jenny10 used for turning up the edge of thin metal plates 7,fig4 #ag74 ,the armour shown1 with its strongly marked volutes and decoration1 is of a type very common in the ,madrid and ,turin armouries1 some of which has been ascribed to ,pompeo della ,chiesa4 ,we have no clue as to whose workshop this picture represents1 but if taken from life1 it must certainly have been that of some master like ,bartolomeo ,campi1 who1 besides being an armourer1 was a bronze-founder and goldsmith as well 7see ,frontispiece74 ,,footnotes3 #h ,the present writer is commissioning research to this end in ,syria1 where the craft still survives4 #i ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xi1 #chj4 #aj ,anvils4 #aa ,bickiron4 #ab ,sledge-hammer4 #ac ,pincers and tongs4 #ad ,tools for closing rivets4 #ae ,shears4 #af ,bellows4 #ag ,rammer 7bellows874 #ah ,grindstone4 #ai ,spindles 7874 #bj ,bucket-hoops4 #ba ,winches4 #bb ,stone water-trough4 #bc ,hearth-stick1 poker4 #bd ,cutting-iron1 shears or cold-chisel4 #be ,marking-iron4 #bf ,archologia1 ,,xiv1 #abc2 also ,meyrick1 ,antient ,armour1 ,,ii1 #aai4 #bg ,see page #aji4 #bh ,rivets4 #bi ,round-horned anvil for making tubes4 #cj ,for beating up a helmet-crest4 #ca ,for visors4 #cb ,uncertain4 #cc ,helmet-stake4 #cd ,for the cuirass4 #ce ,shears4 #cf ,heavy hammers4 #cg hammers for greaves4 #ch 787 #ci ,riveting-hammer4 #dj ,embossing-hammer4 #da ,files4 #db ,poker4 #dc ,reprint 7,clar4 ,press1 ,oxon1 #aiaa71 edited by ,charles ffoulkes4 #dd ,mm4 rel4 l'hist4 de ,france 7,paris1 #ahff71 p4 #aia1 col4 #a4 #de ,archologia1 ,,xviii1 #cje4 #df ,cott4 ,,ms41 ,vit4 c4 #aj1 fol4 #aed4 #dg ,archologia1 ,,lvii1 also ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,iv1 #bbf4 #dh ,antiquarian ,repertory1 ,,iv1 #cfg4 #di ,pumice-stone4 #ej ,expenses of ,sir ,edw4 ,guilford1 ,master of the ,armoury4 #ea ,see also ,appendix ,f4 #eb ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xi4 #ec ,given in full1 ,meyrick1 ,antient ,armour1 ,,iii1 #ajf4 #ed ,a pick8 7,eng4 ,dialect ,dict47 #ee ,bottom stake4 #ef ,for turning over edges of iron4 #eg ,this shows that curved shears were also used4 #eh ,possibly a nozzle for bellows 7,n4 ,e4 ,dict474 #ei ,cabinet ,cyclopdia1 8,manufacture of ,metals10 ,lardner1 #ahca4 #fj ,burlington ,magazine1 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,zeitschrift fr ,historische ,waffenkunde1 ,v1 #aj4 ,,iron ,,and ,,steel ,there is but little information to be obtained regarding the actual materials used by the armourer4 ,the chief source from which he drew his supplies seems to have been ,innsbruck4 ,why this was so is not clear from the contemporary records1 but we may be sure that the ,german metal was harder and better tempered than that of other countries1 or there would not have been the demand for it that there evidently was4 ,in the various entries in the ,state ,papers ,domestic we find specific mention of 8,isebruk0 iron1 and the merits of this metal must have been appreciated even in ,shakespeare's time1 for we have in ,othello1 v4 #b1 #bec1 8a sword of icebrook's temper40 ,in the earliest editions of the play the word is 8,isebrooke10 which is obviously the anglicized version of ,innsbruck4#fa ,sheffield steel must have been appreciated as early as ,chaucer's time1 for the ,miller carries a 8,sheffield thwyrtel0 7knife71 and in #adjb the arrows used at the battle of ,homildon were pointed with ,sheffield steel1 so sharp that no armour could repel them4 ,it is possible that the ,german iron-smelters had discovered the properties of manganese1 which hardens steel1 and thus obtained a superior metal to that produced in other countries4 ,the discovery of steel was probably a fortuitous accident1 due to the fact that the first smelting-works were fuelled with charcoal1 which deoxidizes iron and turns some portion of the metal into natural steel4 ,the ,germans themselves realized the superiority of their material1 for in #aeaa ,seusenhofer complained that his merchant was not giving him good metal1 and advised that it should be classed as 8,milanese10 so as not to lessen the fame of ,innsbruck iron4 ,till the seventeenth century ,english iron seems to have been largely used for domestic purposes1 for we find on examining ,professor ,rogers's ,agriculture and ,prices that ,german iron is never mentioned1 but there are frequent references to ,english and ,spanish metal4 ,the following prices from the above work show the fluctuations in prices of iron in ,england4 #adcf4 ,spanish iron1 #bd lb41 #as4 #f;d41 or about #ad the ton4 #adfb4 ,iron1 #db lb4 at #e;d41 or #ag #ajs4 the ton4 #aefb4 ,raw ,english iron1 #ab #ajs4 the ton4 ,bilbow 7,bilboa71 #aa #hs4 the ton4 ,spanish1 #ab the ton4 #aegj4 ,iron gun-stocks1 made up1 #bh the ton4 #aega4 ,steel bar1 #aj the ton4 ,bar steel1 #cg #ds4 the ton4 #aehd4 ,spanish iron1 #ad the ton4 #ej bars to the ton1 or about #de lb4 to the bar4 #afbb4 ,steel1 #cb the ton4 #afbc4 ,spanish iron1 #ad #ajs4 to #ae #ajs4 #afbd4 ,iron bars of #bd lb4 at #cg #ds4 the ton4 ,these prices vary so greatly that we must be sure that there was a great difference in the quality1 and also in the state in which the metal is delivered4 ,in some cases there must have been a great deal of preparation and finishing of the raw material to account for the high price paid4 ,in #aeag an entry in the ,state ,papers ,domestic1 given on page #ca1 states that #beda lb4 of ,isebroke steel cost #bf #abs41 which gives about #bc for the ton4 ,in the ,sussex ,archological ,journal1 ,,ii1 #bjj1 ,walter ,burrel gives an account of ,sussex ironworks in the seventeenth century4 ,he states that when once the furnace was lit it was kept going sometimes for forty weeks1 the period being reckoned in 8foundays40 ,during each founday eight tons were made with twenty-four loads of charcoal4 ,the metal was cast into 8sows0 weighing from #fjj to #bjjj lb4 ,he states that 8they melt off a piece of the sow about three quarters of a hundredweight and beat it with sledges near a fire so that it may not fall to pieces1 treating it with water they thus bring it to a #8bloom1' a four square piece #b ft4 long40#fb ,modern bar-iron #a in4 by #a in4 by #ab in4 weighs #c4d lb4 ,therefore this bloom would approximately make a plate #cc sq4 ft4 by #a_/af in4 thick4#fc ,even with these data it is impossible to tell the size of the plates delivered to the armourer2 for the appliances in the ,middle ,ages were but crude1 and it is doubtful if rolling-mills were used in the sixteenth century4 ,from the picture by ,breughel1 given as the frontispiece1 we know that tilt-hammers were in use1 but these would hardly have been used to flatten plates of any great size4 ,it would appear that iron in some localities was tainted with some poison2 for in a ,gographie d',edrisi quoted in ,gay's ,encyclopdia1 #fii1 reference is made to a mountain in ,armenia where the iron ore is poisoned and which1 when made into knives and swords1 produced mortal wounds4 ,it may have been that this was actually the case1 but it is more probable that it was an invention of the owner of the mine designed to give his productions a fictitious value4 ,a few details of interest in connection with the manufacture of iron in ,england may be gathered from the ,metallum ,martis of ,dud ,dudley1 a natural son of ,edward1 ,lord ,dudley4 ,the treatise was printed in #affe and refers to the author's endeavours to interest the ,crown in his project for smelting iron with sea-coal instead of wood or charcoal4 ,in his address to the ,king 7,charles ,,ii7 and ,council he prefaces his technical remarks as follows3-- 8,our predecessors in former ,ages had both serious ,consultations and ,considerations before they made these many ,wholesome and ,good ,lawes for the preservation of ,wood and ,timber of this ,kingdome4 #a ,eliz4 #ae1 #bc ,eliz4 #e1 #bg ,eliz4 #ai1 #bh ,eliz4 #c1 #e4444 ,therefore it concerns ,his ,sacred ,majesty1 his high ,court of ,parliament 444 to lay it to heart and helping hands upon fit occasions in these laudable ,inventions of making ,iron melting of mines and refyning them with ,pitcoal1 ,seacoal1 ,peat1 and ,turf2 444 for maintenance of ,navigation1 men of ,war1 the ,fishing and ,merchants trade1 which is the greatest strength of ,great ,britain 444 whose defence and offence next under ,god consists by his sacred ,majestie's assisting care and view of his men of ,war 444 ,ordinance of ,copper1 ,brass and ,iron1 ,armories1 ,steels1 and ,irons of all sorts40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x ,,helmets ,,of ,,henry ,,viii #a1 #b4 ,,front ,,and ,,back ,,of ,,helmet ,,by ,,the ,,missaglias #c1 #d4 0 0 0 ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,suit ,,shown ,,on ,,plate ,,xii1 ,,by ,,conrad ,,seusenhofer #e4 ,,bevor ,,for ,,the ,,latter ,,the ,,armourer',s ,,marks ,,appear ,,on #b ,,and #d ,in his letter to the ,king he mentions ,shippings1 ,stores1 ,armories1 ,ordnance1 ,magazines1 and ,trade4 ,he mentions several counties as mining centres1 but does not include ,sussex or ,shropshire4 ,the first of these two was probably ruled out1 as the industry there depended on the use of wood1 against which ,dudley's introduction of coal was levelled4 ,we find ,shropshire mentioned in the ,trial of ,armour given in the chapter on 8,proof0 7page #ff74 ,dudley seems to have formed a company in ,may1 #afch1 into which he took one ,roger ,foulke1 8a ,counsellor of the ,temple and an ingenious man10 as partner4 ,before this his father1 ,lord ,dudley1 had employed a certain ,richard ,parkes or ,parkhouse to carry iron merchandise to the ,tower1 which ,james ,i ordered to be tested by his 8,artists10 that is1 of course1 his armourers4 ,parkes made a sample fowling-piece of the new 8,dudley ,ore10 smelted from pit-coal1 and signed his name in gold upon the barrel4 ,the gun was taken from him by ,colonel ,levison and was never returned4 ,dudley gives three qualities of iron3 grey iron1 the finest1 and best suited for making bar-iron2 motley iron1 a medium quality2 and white iron1 the least refined4 ,it is curious that in all his calculations and specifications he never actually mentions the making of armour and but seldom the casting of ordnance4 ,in considering the weights of suits as given in ,appendix ,j we find the following details4 ,by the prices given #bj cwt4 make one ton4 ,the cwt4 at the time of ,james ,i was #aab lb4 ,now we are told that 8,sixe hundred of iron will make five hundred of plates10 so we gather that in turning the pig-iron into plates one hundredweight was lost4 ,the above entries give the following weights per suit or portion of a suit scheduled3-- ,five hundred 7weight7 of plates will make #bj cuirasses of pistol proofe with pauldrons4 ,therefore one set will weigh #bh lb4 ,four hundred 7weight7 of plates will make #bj pair 7or #dj sets7 of cuirasses without pauldrons4 ,therefore one set will weigh #aa lb4 #c oz4 ,sixteen hundred 7weight7 of plates will make #bj lance-armours4 ,therefore one lance-armour#fd will weigh #hi lb4 #aj oz4 ,five hundred 7weight7 of plates will make #bj proof targets4 ,therefore one target will weigh #bh lb4 ,twelve hundred 7weight7 of plates will make #bj pairs 7#dj sets7 of strong cuirasses with caps4 ,therefore one set of cuirass and cap will weigh #cc lb4 #aj oz4 ,four 8platers0 will make up #cgjj weight or #cg cwt4 of plates in one week1 therefore one plater will make up #i cwt4 #bh lb4 in a week or #a cwt4 #eg lb4 or thereabouts in one day4 ,for comparison with existing suits of which the weights are known we may use the following details3-- lb4 oz4 ,paris 7,g1 #hj71 circ4 #aehh4 ,cuirass1 arm-pieces1 and tassets #gc #j ,head-piece #bb #j ------- #ie #j ,stanton ,harcourt1 ,oxon1 circ4 #afhe4 ,cuirass #be #j ,head-piece #bb #aj ,arm-pieces 7#b7 #f #j ------ #ec #aj ,tower 7,,ii1 #ib71 circ4 #afhf4 ,cuirass #bg #d ,head-piece #g #h ,long gauntlet #c #j ------- #cg #ab ,tower 7,,ii1 #ib71 of ,,xvii cent4 ,cuirass #bd #j ,head-piece #f #h ,the whole of this suit weighs #dh #h ,it should be noted that two of the items in the ,appendix are described as of 8proof0 and one is described as 8strong40 ,the lance-armours are not qualified in any way1 but from their weight they must have been proof against musket or arquebus4 ,it is impossible to discover what size the 8plates0 were made before they were handed over to the armourers4 ,the largest single plate in the ,tower is a portion of the horse-armour of ,,ii1 #e1 known as the 8,engraved ,suit40 ,this piece measures #bg in4 at top and #bh in4 at bottom by #ag in4 and #ah in4 high1 or roughly speaking #bh in4 by #ah in41 about #a_/af in4 thick1 weighing about #f lb4 #d oz4 ,if the numbers given on page #da represent plates and not hundredweights1 each plate #a_/af in4 thick would be #f in4 by #aa in41 and this is obviously absurd4 ,it is more likely that1 with the crude appliances in use1 an ingot of metal was beaten out into such a plate as the weight of the ingot might give1 larger or smaller as the case might be1 and not standardized in any way4 ,dud ,dudley writing in #affe describes the methods of ironworkers before his introduction of sea-coal4 8,they could make but one little lump or bloom of ,iron in a day1 not #ajj weight and that not fusible1 nor fined1 or malliable1 until it were long burned and wrought under hammers40#fe ,,footnotes3 #fa ,the quotation continues3 8a sword of ,spain40 ,we find many ,solingen and ,passau blades bearing the marks of ,spanish sword-smiths4 #fb ,this would be a piece about #b ft4 by #c in4 by #c in4 #fc ,large plates of horse-armour are about #a_/af in4 thick4 #fd ,for particulars of 8lance-armour0 see ,appendix ,i4 #fe ,metallum ,martis1 p4 #cg4 ,,the ,,craft ,,of ,,the ,,armourer ,the actual craft-work of the armourer differed but little from that of the smith1 but there are some details which the armourer had to consider which were not part of ordinary blacksmith's work4 ,there are no contemporary works of a technical nature1 and our investigations can only be based on actual examination of suits1 assisted by scattered extracts from authorities who mention the subject in military works4 ,in #afdi ,j4 ,cramer printed a work1 ,de ,armorum ,fabricatione1 but it throws no light upon the subject and quotes from ,roman authorities4 ,in the first place1 the making of mail was a distinct craft which had no counterpart in other branches of smithing4 ,at first the wire had to be beaten out from the solid1 and thus the few fragments which remain to us of early mail show a rough1 uneven ring of wire1 clumsily fashioned and thicker than that of later dates4 ,the invention of wire-drawing is generally ascribed to ,rudolph of ,nuremberg1 about the middle of the fourteenth century1#ff but there were two corporations of wire-drawers in ,paris in the thirteenth century mentioned in tienne ,boileau's ,livre des ,mtiers1 written about #abfj4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,,brigandine1 ,,outside ,,and ,,inside4 ,,xv ,,cent4 ,,breastplate ,,for ,,brigandine1 #adgj1 ,,showing ,,armourer',s ,,mark ,,right ,,cuisse ,,of ,,armour ,,for ,,barriers ,,showing ,,armourer',s ,,mark ,when the wire was obtained1 either hammered out or drawn1 it was probably twisted spirally round a rod of the diameter of the required ring4 ,it was then cut off into rings1 with the ends overlapping4 ,the two ends were flattened and punched or bored with holes through the flat portion4 ,a small rivet1 and in some cases two1 was then inserted1 and this was burred over with a hammer or with punches 7,fig4 #ae1 #ah2 also ,plate ,,iv74 ,it is possible that some kind of riveting-pincers were used1 but no specimens of this kind of tool are known4#fg ,sometimes the ends of the rings are welded1 which would be done by heating them and hammering them together4 ,before the rings were joined up they were interlaced one with another1 each ring passing through four others4 ,occasionally1 to obtain increased strength1 two rings were used for every one of the ordinary mail1 but representations of this double mail are rare4 ,the terms 8haubert doublier10 8haubert maille double10 and 8haubert clavey de double maille0 are found in ,french inventories1 and in the inventory of ,louis ,x which has been quoted before we find 8#cc gorgieres doubles de ,chambli1 un pans et uns bras de roondes mailles1 une couverture de mailles rondes demy cloies40 ,these different items suggest that there were various ways of making mail and of putting it together4 ,the double mail has been noticed1 and the mail 8demy cloues0 was probably mail in which the ends of the links were closed with only one rivet4 ,the 8maile roond0 being specially scheduled points to the fact that sometimes mail was made of flat rings1 but whether cut from the sheet of metal or merely of flattened wire it is impossible to say4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,method of making mail4 ,where the covering of mail was not made in one piece--that is1 when the shirt1 leggings1 sleeves1 or coif were made to open--they were fastened by laces4 ,the chausses1 or leggings of mail1 were often laced at the back of the leg1 as is shown in the sketch-book of ,wilars de ,honecourt1 thirteenth century1 figured in ,armour and ,weapons 7,plate ,i7 by the present author4 ,the coif of mail was generally kept close to the head by a thong round the temples 7,fig4 #bc1 #h71 and was in some instances fastened in front with an overlapping flap and a lace 7,fig4 #bj74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,sculptured representation of 7#a7 double and 7#b7 single mail on the effigy of ,r4 de ,mauley1 #abdb1 formerly in ,york ,minster 7,archologia1 ,,xxxi74 ,the ,camail1 or tippet of mail1 which is the distinctive detail of the armour of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century1 was either hung from a flat plate of metal which was fitted over the vervelles or staples on the bascinet and kept in place by a lace or a thick wire1 or the mail itself was hung over the vervelles and the plate fitted over it and secured in the same way4 ,this latter method appears to have been more commonly in use1 to judge from sculptured effigies and brasses4 ,a bascinet in the ,ethnological ,museum1 ,athens1#fh shows the vervelles1 plate1 and wire that secured it still in place1 but the mail has all corroded and disappeared4 ,a good restoration of the camail on a bascinet with a leather band instead of a flat plate is to be found in the ,wallace ,collection 7,no4 #gd74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,coif of ,mail1 7#a7 ,effigy of ,william ,mareschal1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 ,temple ,church4 7#b7 ,effigy in ,pershore ,church1 ,worcs4 7from ,fairholt74 ,in the thirteenth century we find one of the most unpractical of all the armourer's contrivances in the nasal flap-hinged or laced to the camail1 hanging down over the chin when not in use1 and fastened1 when required1 to the bascinet by a pin or hook4 ,the nasal of the eleventh century1 figured on the ,bayeux ,tapestry and elsewhere1 was practical because it provided a defence for the nose and face which was as rigid as the helmet itself2 but this later nasal could only protect the wearer from the actual cutting of the skin1 for the full force of the blows would be felt almost as much as if there were no defence at all4 ,these nasals are figured so frequently in ,hewitt1 ,hefner1 and elsewhere that no special illustration is necessary in the present work4 ,a variety of mail which1 from the sculptured effigies and from miniatures of the thirteenth century1 appears to have been in high favour1 has come to be known as 8,banded ,mail40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,attachment of ,camail1 effigy of ,sir ,r4 ,pembridge1 ,clehonger ,church1 ,hereford4 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,attachment of ,camail4 ,in both painted and sculptured records the methods of representation differ considerably from those employed to suggest the ordinary mail of interlaced rings4 ,in the middle of the last century1 when the subject of armour began to be seriously studied1 this banded mail was the subject of many theories and suggestions4 ,meyrick considered that it was composed of rings sewn on to a fabric1 overlapping each other sideways2 but a practical experiment will prove that such an arrangement would be impossible1 as the weight would be excessive and the curve of the body would cause the rings to 8gape40 ,other writers have considered that the same arrangement of rings1 covered with leather which would prevent the 8gaping10 is the correct solution2 but here again the heat would be a grave drawback4#fi ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,banded ,mail4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,suggested reinforcements of chain mail by leather thongs4 #d4 ,rings covered with leather2 #e1 section of same4 #f4 ,meyrick's suggestion2 #g1 section of same4 #h4 ,from ,romance of ,alexander1 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,paris1 circ4 #abdj4 #i4 ,effigy at ,newton ,solney1 ,derbs2 #aj1 section of same4 ,an important point on all representations of banded mail is that1 when part of the garment is shown turned back1 the back is the same as the front4 ,the most practical suggestion was put forward by the late ,j4 ,g4 ,waller1#gj who considered that it was simply chain mail with leather thongs threaded through every row or every alternate row of links4 ,this would give a solidity to an otherwise too-pliant fabric1 and would keep the mail in its place1 especially on the arms and legs4 ,it would also show the same arrangement of rings back and front4 ,the drawing from the ,romance of ,alexander goes far to prove that ,waller's theory is the right one1 for here the thongs are not shown on hands and head1 where greater pliability of the mail was required1 and yet these defences appear to be part of the same garment which shows the 8banded0 lines4 ,it is almost superfluous to add that no specimen of this kind of defence survives to-day1 but ,oriental mail is sometimes found stiffened in this manner with leather thongs4 ,the wearing of mail survived longer than is generally supposed4 ,holinshed1 writing in #aehf 7page #ij of the present work71 mentions shirts of mail as part of the ordinary equipment of the foot-soldier4 ,on ,plate #h of ,derricke's ,image of ,ireland the mounted officer wears mail sleeves1 and in an inventory of ,hengrave ,hall1 ,suffolk1 taken in #afjc1 we find gorgets and shirts of mail1 and barrels for cleaning the same4 ,edward ,davies1 writing in #afai 7,the ,art of ,warre71 distinctly states that the arquebussiers wore a shirt of mail 7see page #aae74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,,armour ,,presented ,,to ,,henry ,,viii ,,by ,,the ,,emperor ,,maximilian1 ,,made ,,by ,,conrad ,,seusenhofer1 #aead ,the ,brigandine and splinted armour were made by riveting small plates or horizontal lames on to a fabric foundation4 ,in the former the fabric was outside1 and rich ornamentation was obtained by the gilt rivet-heads which held the plates to the outer covering 7see page #aej74 ,in the latter case the metal was on the outside and was riveted on to a foundation of linen4 ,in some cases the rows of small plates are divided by strips of fine mail4 ,there was no particular craft needed in making the brigandine1 but the metal used was often of proof and was marked with the maker's name to attest it4 ,as may be seen on ,plate ,,xi and ,fig4 #cf1 the small plates of the brigandine are wider at the top than at the bottom1 and overlap upwards4 ,the reason for this is that the human torse is narrower at the waist than at the chest1 and the plates could not overlap each other and yet conform to the lines of the figure if they overlapped downwards4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,figure wearing ,jack 7from ,chasse of ,s4 ,ursula1 by ,memling1 #adge-he1 ,bruges74 ,although lighter and more pliable defences than the cuirass1 the brigandine and jack were very effectual for protection against arrows1 for we find1 according to ,walsingham1#ga that the rioters under ,wat ,tyler shot at a jack belonging to the ,duke of ,lancaster1 but were unable to damage it1 and eventually cut it to pieces with swords and axes4 ,the jack or canvas coat of ,sir ,john ,willoughby1 temp4 ,elizabeth1 now at ,woolaton ,hall1 is formed of stout canvas inside and out stuffed with two layers of tow with horn discs in between4 ,the whole is kept together by a series of lacings which appear on the outside as lines and triangles of the same kind as those shown on ,fig4 #be4 ,it is composed of six panels1 two for the breast1 two for the back1 and two small ones for the shoulders4 ,a portrait of ,willoughby in the ,painted ,gallery at ,greenwich shows such a jack with red cords4 ,the jack was generally lined with metal plates and examples of this may be seen in the ,tower 7,,iii1 #cce1 #ccf74 ,these are also made up of six panels and weigh about #ag lb4 each4 ,they are composed of about #aafd metal plates#gb 7,fig4 #be74 ,in the ,shuttleworth accounts published by the ,chetham ,society are to be found entries of #i yards of linen to make a 8steel coat10 a pound of slape or pitch1 two dozen points or laces for two coats1 and #afej steel plates4 ,the cost of the coat1 inclusive of making1 would come to about #a4 ,a cap1 constructed in the same manner of small plates1 is shown in the ,burges ,collection at the ,british ,museum and is figured in the ,guide to the ,medival ,room on page #fb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,construction of ,jack4 ,a4 ,outside4 ,b4 ,plates with cover and cords removed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,brigandine at ,vienna1 ,no4 #acj4 ,the brigandine was sometimes reinforced with large placcates of steel1 one on each breast1 riveted to the fabric which composed the whole defence4 ,an example of this nature exists in the ,waffensammlung at ,vienna1 and there are also several of these reinforcing plates1 the brigandines of which have perished1 in the ,ethnological ,museum at ,athens 7,fig4 #bf74 ,these latter were found in the castle of ,chalcis1 which was taken by the ,turks from the ,venetians in #adgj1 so they can be dated with accuracy4#gc ,on one of the plates is a mark which strongly resembles the mark of ,antonio ,missaglia 7see ,plates ,,xi1 ,,xvi74 ,these brigandines with solid breast-pieces are described in ,appendix ,d1 page #agg4 ,both these plates and the example at ,vienna are fitted with lance-rests which seem to be eminently unpractical1 as the garment is more or less pliant and would not be of much use in sustaining the weight of a lance4 ,the most curious of these reinforcing plates is to be found in the picture of ,s4 ,victor by ,van der ,goes1 circ4 #adej1 which is now in the ,municipal ,gallery at ,glasgow4 ,here the uppermost part of the torse is protected by strong plates of steel1 but the abdomen is only covered by the brigandine 7,fig4 #bg74 ,as an example of this fashion of armour and as a most careful representation of detail this picture is as valuable as it is unique4 ,splinted armour is practically the brigandine without a covering1 but made usually of stronger plates or lames4 ,the fact that the body was covered by a series of small plates ensured greater freedom and ease in movement than was possible with solid breast and back plates4 ,the monument in ,ash ,church and the statue of ,s4 ,george at ,prague are good examples of the splinted armour of the fourteenth century 7,figs4 #bh1 #bi74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,s4 ,victor1 by ,van der ,goes1 ,glasgow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,effigy at ,ash ,church1 ,kent1 fourteenth century4 ,that the skill of the sixteenth-century armourer surpassed that of the present-day craftsman is evident after careful examination of some of the triple-combed ,burgonets and ,morions of the middle of the century4 ,they are often found forged in one piece with no sign of join or welding1 and what is more remarkable still1 there is but little difference in the thickness of the metal all over the piece4 ,now1 when a smith hollows out a plate of metal into a bowl-like form1 the edges are generally thicker than the inside of the bowl2 but in many of these head-pieces the metal is almost of equal thickness all over1 a tour de force which few metal-workers to-day could imitate4#gd ,this thinning of the metal was utilized to a great extent in the different portions of the suit which were not exposed to attack4 ,as will be found in the chapter on 8,proof10 the back-plates were generally thinner than the breasts4 ,in jousting-helms the top of the skull1 which1 from the position of the rider when jousting1 was most exposed to the lance1 was generally much thicker than the back of the helm1 where there was no chance of attack4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,statue of ,s4 ,george1 ,prague1 #acge4 ,again1 the left side of both jousting and war harness is frequently thicker than the right1 for it was here that the attack of both lance and sword was directed4 ,up to the middle of the fifteenth century the shield1 hung on the left arm1 was used as an extra protection for this the more vulnerable side of the man-at-arms1 but it seriously interfered with the management of the horse4 ,by the sixteenth century it was discarded and the armour itself made stronger on the left side both by increased thickness and also by reinforcing pieces such as the ,grandgarde1 the ,passgarde1 and the ,manteau d'armes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,sliding rivet showing 7#a7 front1 7#b7 side1 7#c7 back4 ,perhaps the most ingenious contrivance used in making the suit of armour is the sliding rivet 7,fig4 #cj74 ,this contrivance has come to be called the 8,almain rivet0 in modern catalogues in a sense never found in contemporary documents4 ,in these documents the 8,almain rivet0 is a light half-suit of ,german origin1 made up of breast1 back1 and tassets1 with sometimes arm-pieces4 ,the word 8rivet0 was employed in the sixteenth century for a suit of armour1 for ,hall uses the word frequently in his ,chronicles4 ,this word is therefore more probably derived from the same root as the ,french revtir1 rather than from the rivets which were used in the making of the suit4 ,up to the sixteenth century the rivet as we know it to-day is always called an 8arming-nail10 and it is only in the middle of the sixteenth century that we find the word rivet used as part of the armourer's stock-in-trade4 ,these light suits were put together with sliding rivets1 which have at the present day received the name originally given to the whole suit4 ,the head of the rivet is burred over and fixed in the upper plate1 but the lower plate is slotted for about three-quarters of an inch1 so that it will play up and down on the shank of the rivet and give more freedom of action than the fixed rivet2 at the same time it will not allow the two plates to slide so far apart as will uncover the limb or body of the wearer4 ,these sliding rivets were used to join the upper and lower portions of the breastplate which was in fashion in the last years of the fifteenth century1 so as to allow a certain amount of movement for the torse backwards and forwards4 ,they were also employed to join the taces1 which needed a certain amount of play when mounting a horse or when sitting4 ,when the 8lobster-tail0 cuisse superseded the taces and tassets in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries they were used instead of the fixed rivets for joining the lames of the cuisse4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,,armet ,,of ,,sir ,,henry ,,lee1 ,,by ,,jacob ,,topf1 #aecj-aeig ,the most ingenious arrangement of sliding rivets1 however1 is to be found on the brassards of the late fifteenth to the seventeenth century4 ,as has been noticed on page #f1 the armourer had to consider in this case both the defensive needs of his patron and also the necessity for using his arm as conveniently as was consistent with safety4 ,now the only actions needed for the right arm are those of holding the lance in rest and of striking with the sword4 ,the arm-defence therefore had to be so constructed that the arm could be bent for the former and raised for the latter4 ,to do this the lames of the rerebrace are joined with sliding rivets at the hinder corners1 but at the front corners they are joined with a strap fastened vertically to the top plate of the brassart and riveted1 when extended straight1 to each lame4 ,this allows play for the lames in the two above-mentioned positions1 but when the arm is dropped1 after the blow has been delivered1 the lames automatically close one over the other and completely protect the arm and allow no backward movement4 ,the same arrangement is found on the laminated cuisses and tassets1 in which the inner edges of the lames are joined by a strap and the outer by sliding rivets4 ,this combination of sliding rivet and strap is shown on ,fig4 #g and on ,plate ,,ix4 ,another ingenious arrangement on the brassard is the turned-over edge or the embossed rim fitting in a collar1 both of which allow the lower part of the rerebrace to turn horizontally to adapt it to the outward action of the hand and arm4 ,in most suits the bossings of the rims are outside1 but on the 8,engraved ,suit0 7,,ii1 #e7 in the ,tower they are inside4 ,the former gives a smooth surface to the wearer's arm and the latter presents a smooth surface to the opposing weapon 7,fig4 #ca74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,sections of ,rerebraces4 #a4 8,engraved ,suit10 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #e1 #aead4 #b4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #f1 #aedj4 #c4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #g1 #aegj4 #d4 ,wallace ,collection1 #cdj4 ,a similar rim and collar are found on close helmets and gorgets of the sixteenth century 7,plate ,,xiii74 ,meyrick1#ge misreading ,fauchet's#gf reference to the burgonet1 considered this helmet with a lower edge fitting into the gorget to be the burgonet1 but he brought no real evidence to support his assertion4 ,although the helmet and gorget fitted one over the other and therefore surmounted one of the chief dangers in war or joust1 when the lance might penetrate the space between these two portions of the suit1 it will be seen on examination of any suit of this kind that from the oblique position of the gorget the embossed rim of the helmet could not possibly turn in the hollowed rim of the gorget1 so that it can only be considered as a defensive improvement which in no way added to the convenience in use1 if anything it rather hampered the wearer1 as he could only turn his head inside the helmet and that to no great extent4 ,in some late suits a pin fixed at the back of the gorget comes through a hole in the lower edge of the helmet and prevents any possible movement4 ,it is almost superfluous to mention the straps which join the various portions of the suit4 ,these are always placed1 where possible1 in positions where they are protected from injury2 as1 for example1 on the jambs they are on the inside of the leg1 next to the horse when the wearer is mounted1 and the hinge of the jamb being of metal is on the outside4 ,in some cases the end of the strap after being buckled fits into a 8shoe0 bossed out of the armour plate 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,locking ,gauntlet of ,sir ,henry ,lee1 ,armourers' ,hall1 ,london4 ,it is practically impossible to notice the various forms of turning or locking pins used for joining parts of a suit4 ,the general principle is that of a turning rivet with a flat1 fan1 or hook shaped head which1 fitting into an oblong slot in the upper plate1 can be turned at right angles to hold the two plates together4 ,there are many varieties of this fastening1 based upon the same principle1 but those existing at the present day are often modern restorations4 ,in suits for the joust or tourney these adjustable fastenings could not always be depended upon1 and the great helm1 the manteau d'armes1 and the passgarde were often screwed on to the suit with square or polygonal headed bolts tightened with a spanner4 ,the gauntlet was sometimes capable of being locked1 for the unfingered flap which covered the fingers was prolonged so as to reach the wrist1 where it fastened over a pin4 ,this was used in foot jousts to prevent the weapon from being struck out of the hand and is sometimes called the 8forbidden gauntlet10 an absurd term when we consider that many fine suits are provided with this appliance1 which would not be the case if its use were not allowed 7,fig4 #cb1 also ,plate ,,xxii74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,locking hooks1 turning pins1 and strap-cover4 ,a few of the fastenings used to hold the different parts of the suit together are shown on ,fig4 #cc4 ,the hook 7,no4 #a7 is found on the armets made by ,topf 7page #ba and ,plate ,,xiii74 ,here the hook ,a is shown in position fastening the visor over a button ,d4 ,when it is necessary to open the visor a leather thong which was attached at ,c is pulled and at the same time the button ,f is pressed4 ,this depresses a spring riveted to the visor at ,g and projecting with a small tongue at ,e4 ,the depression of ,e allows the hook to be moved back and the visor to be raised4 ,when the hook is moved forward to close the visor the tongue ,e springs up and locks the whole firmly4 ,no4 #b of the same figure is another contrivance for locking plates together1 and is found on #fie1 ,wallace ,collection1 and elsewhere4 ,c ,c ,c is the section of the armour plate4 ,the hook is pivoted at ,c and is fitted with a spring at ,d4 ,when the leather lace at ,a is pulled the tongue of the hook ,b is brought back flush with the plate ,c and allows the visor to be raised4 ,when the visor is closed the hook springs back to its position and locks the plates together4 ,no4 #c is a catch of the same kind1 but is worked by a spring of the same kind as that which locks the 8,topf0 hook4 ,the pressing of the button ,a sets back the hook ,b1 which is riveted to the plate at ,d4 ,no4 #d is a 8spring pin10 or 8federzapfen0 as they are called in ,german and 8auberon0 in ,french4 ,the small flange let into the pin is kept pressed outwards by a spring and is pressed back to slip the pauldron1 in which is a hole cut for the purpose1 over the pin4 ,no4 #e shows a series of turning pins which are riveted to the lower plate in taces1 cuisses1 tassets1 etc41 but can be turned at will4 ,the upper plates that are fastened by these pins are pierced with narrow oblong slits through which the flat head of the pin can be passed2 a turn at right angles locks the two plates closely4 ,no4 #f is an ingenious contrivance found on #ajhf1 ,wallace ,collection4 ,the armour plate is bossed upwards to form a covering for the free end of the strap when buckled1 to prevent the chance of this loose piece of leather being cut off or of hindering the wearer in any way4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,bracket for jousting-sallad and reinforcing bevor1 ,dresden1 ,c1 #c1 #d4 ,on ,fig4 #cd is shown the support for the jousting-sallad1 without which it was always liable to be struck off4 ,it is screwed with wing nuts to the crest of the sallad and to the back of the cuirass4 ,the reinforcing piece for face and breast of the same nature as the mentonnire and grand-guard4 ,these various methods of fastening plates together can be only studied to advantage by careful examination of actual suits1 and even here there is always the chance that they may be modern restorations4 ,perhaps the most elaborately contrived suit in existence is that made for ,henry ,,viii for fighting on foot in the lists 7,tower1 ,,ii1 #bh74 ,this covers the wearer completely with lames back and front1 and allows as much movement as is possible in a suit weighing #ic lb4 7,plate ,,viii74 ,it is composed of #bce separate pieces1 all of different form4 ,there are similar suits in the ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris 7,g1 #agh1 #agi7 of a more ornate character4 ,the cuisse of one of these suits is shown on ,plate ,,xi and the inside of the cuisse of the ,tower suit on ,plate ,,ix4 ,while dealing with this question of the pieces that compose a suit1 it should be noted that the 8,leicester0 suit in the ,tower 7,,ii1 #aj7 is made up of #aid pieces1 and a suit at ,madrid 7,a1 #afd1 the 8,muhlberg0 suit of ,charles ,v7 requires one mounted and six unmounted figures to show it off completely4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,,parade ,,armour #a4 ,,for ,,king ,,sebastian ,,of ,,portugal1 ,,by ,,anton ,,peffenhauser1 #aebe-afjc #b4 ,,for ,,charles ,v1 ,,by ,,bartolomeo ,,campi1 #aedf ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,armour ,,in ,,england1 ,,from ,,contemporary ,,documents #acba4 ,edward ,,ii sends ,david le ,hope1 armour-smith1 to ,paris to learn the method of making sword-blades for battle4 #acbb4 ,regulations concerning the covering of helmets with fabric and the selling of old and broken helmets4 ,arm4 ,co41 ,lond4 7see ,appendix ,a74 #acdg4 ,regulations of the ,heaumers' ,co4 ,city of ,london ,letter ,book1 ,f1 fol4 cxlii 7see ,appendix ,b74 #acee4 ,the ,mayor and ,sheriffs of ,london ordered to appraise the armour in the armourers' shops4 ,rymer1 ,,iii1 v1 #hag4 #acfe4 ,the armourers of ,london are in full work1 but the results are not satisfactory4 ,the ,king 7,edward ,,iii7 insists on proof or trade marks4 8,certa signa sua super omnibus operationibus suis ponant40 ,rymer1 ,,iii1 #ggb4 #achf4 ,armourers are forbidden to increase the prices of their wares4 ,rymer1 ,,iii1 #edf4 #adjh4 ,oct4 #ab4 ,petition to the ,mayor and ,aldermen of ,london against foreign importers who use marks similar to ,english marks1 and praying to keep the price fixed and regulated by the masters of the cutlers and bladesmiths jointly4 ,agreed to by the ,mayor4 ,city of ,london ,letter ,books1 #a1 fol4 lxxi4 #adcd4 ,this is very similar to the ,ordinances of the ,hastings ,,ms4 noticed in ,archologia1 ,,lvii4 ,it is given here in full1 as it is the only literary effort of an armourer that is known in ,england4 ,treatise on ,worship in ,arms1 by ,johan ,hill1 armourer 7,bod4 ,lib4 ,ash41 #hef7 7see ,appendix ,c74 #adcf4 ,proclamation forbidding the armourers to increase their prices4 ,fdera1 ,rymer1 ,x1 #fdg4 #aeji4 ,sir ,nicholas ,vaux1 ,lieutenant at ,guisnes1 orders all the garrison to be ,english except gunners1 crossbow-makers1 spies1 beer-brewers1 armourers1 and smiths4 ,cal4 ,state ,papers1 ,hen4 ,,viii1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aeaa4 ,payments made for a forge for ,milanese armourers at ,greenwich4 #aead4 ,the armourers from ,brussels are installed by ,henry ,,viii at ,greenwich4 #aeae4 ,almain or ,german armourers mentioned as ,king's servants4 #aedd4 ,a complete account of the charges of the ,king's ,armoury1 with wages of the workmen4 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,cott4 ,app4 ,,xxviii1 #ge 7see ,appendix ,f74 #aeef4 ,sir ,john ,mason reports to the ,council that he has obtained #ej fardels of plate for harness provided by the ,schorers from ,augsburg4 ,in ,considerations delivered to ,parliament in #aeei it is suggested 8that iron mills be banished out of the realme1 where wood was formerly #a;d4 the load at the stalk now by reason of the iron mills it is #b_/- the load4 ,formerly ,spanish iron was sold for #e marks the ton now there are iron mills ,english iron is sold at #i_/-40 ,this may be the key to the question of importation of armour ready made4 ,evidently the use of wood in iron-smelting presented a serious difficulty4 ,as may be seen in the chapter on ,iron 7p4 #dj71 the use of wood in the furnaces was considered a grave danger1 as it took material which should have been used for shipbuilding4 ,the ,english forests were limited and had not the vast acreage of the ,german woods1 so that the deforestation was merely a question of time4 #aegh4 ,inquiry as to a dispute between the armourers and blacksmiths as to right of search for armour1 etc4 ,the judges state that 8the ,armourers did show us that ,king ,edward the ,second did grant to the ,lord ,maior and his bretheren the searche with the armourers40 ,records ,arm4 ,co41 ,london4 #aehj4 ,sir ,henry ,lee made ,master of the ,armouries4 #aeij4 ,petition of the armourers of ,london to ,queen ,elizabeth against the importation of foreign armour and workmen4 ,lansdowne ,,ms41 #fc1 #e 7see ,appendix ,g74 #afaa4 ,survey and inventory of all armour1 etc41 in the armouries of the ,tower1 ,greenwich1 and ,windsor in the late custody of ,sir ,henry ,lee1 deceased1 and now of ,sir ,thos4 ,monson1 ,master of the ,armoury4 ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,jac4 ,i1 lxiv1 ,june #h4 #afad4 ,warrant to pay to ,wm4 ,pickering1 ,master of the ,armoury at ,greenwich1 #bjj1 balance of #cdj1 for armour gilt and graven for the late ,prince4 ,sign4 ,man41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #bi4 ,this suit1 made for ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 is now in the ,royal ,collection at ,windsor 7see ,plate ,,xx74 #afah4 ,undertaking of the ,armourers' ,company to make certain armours every six months and the prices of the same4 ,records of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london 7see ,appendix ,h74 #afai4 ,proclamation against the excessive use of gold and silver foliate except for armour and ensigns of honour4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,jac4 ,i1 cv1 ,feb41 ,proclamations1 #fe 7see ,appendix ,i74 #afba4 ,gild of ,armourers and ,smiths incorporated at ,shrewsbury by ,james ,i4 ,the 8,arbor0 of the ,gild existed at ,kingsland in #ahfb4 ,the ,gild carried a figure of ,vulcan dressed in black armour in their processions4 ,their motto was 8,with hammer and hand all hearts do stand40 ,the armour is in the ,museum at ,shrewsbury4 ,reliquary1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #afbd4 ,erection of plating-mills at ,erith by ,capt4 ,john ,martin4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,jac4 ,i1 clxxx1 #ga 7see ,appendix ,j74 #afbe4 ,falkner asks for an inquiry as to the condition of the ,royal ,armouries4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 xiii1 #if4 #afbg4 ,report of ,george1 ,earl of ,totnes1 on ,falkner's petition advising ,john ,cooper1 ,keeper of the ,king's ,brigandines1 to surrender his patent4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car ,i1 liv1 #a4 ,cooper refuses to surrender unless his arrears of #af;d4 a day for a year and a half are paid4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 lv1 #gj4 #afbg4 ,petition of ,falkner 7,fawcknor7 as to the condition of the armouries4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 lxxxiv1 #e4 #afbh4 ,order to gun-makers1 saddlers1 and cutlers to bring patterns of their wares4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 xcv1 ,march #aj4 #afbh4 ,whetstone's project to make armour lighter and as good as proof4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 lxxxix1 #bc4 ,no details as to the process are given in this entry4 #afcj4 ,inquiry into the work done in the ,state armouries of the ,tower1 ,greenwich1 etc41 with lists of the ,remaines1 moved by ,roger ,falkenor4 ,s4,p4,d41 clxxix1 #fe4 ,the whole of this document is given in ,antient ,armour1 ,sir ,s4 ,meyrick1 ,,iii1 #gh4 #afca4 ,regulations respecting the use of a hall-mark by the ,armourers' ,company4 ,rymer1 ,,xix1 #cji 7see ,appendix ,k74 #afce4 ,petition of the ,workmen ,armourers of ,london who are now old and out of work4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 cclxxxix1 #ic 7see ,appendix ,l74 #afcf4 ,benjamin ,stone1 blade-maker1 of ,hounslow ,heath1 states that he has1 at his own charge of #fjjj1 perfected the art of blade-making1 and that he can make 8as good as any that are made in the ,christian world40 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 cccxli1 #acb4 #affj4 ,a survey of the ,tower ,armoury and the ,remaines contained therein4 ,this was taken after the ,civil ,war and shows that much of the working plant had been scattered4 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #gdeg 7see ,appendix ,m74 #afff4 8,armour of the ,toyras provision with headpeeces whereof made in ,england to be worn with the said armes40 ,tower ,inv4 sub ann4 ,meyrick considers that this was made at ,tours1 but brings no evidence to support his statement4 ,it may have been part of the equipment of the infantry under ,marechal de ,toiras1 who assisted ,charles ,i against the ,huguenots in ,la ,rochelle in #afbe4 ,several breastplates in the ,tower are stamped 8,toiras40 #afff4 ,col4 ,wm4 ,legge appointed ,master of the ,armoury4 ,legge was ,governor of ,chester in #afdd1 ,governor of ,oxford in #afde1 was offered and declined an earldom by ,charles ,,ii1 and died in #afgb4 ,his eldest son was created ,baron ,dartmouth4 #afhe4 ,an ordinance of ,james ,,ii that all edged tools1 armour1 and all copper and brass made with the hammer in the city of ,london should be approved by the ,armourers' ,company4 ,records of the ,company4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,,alegoria ,,del ,,tacto1 ,,by ,,jan ,,brueghel1 ,,circ4 #afjj ,,prado1 ,,madrid ,there are no details relating to the lives of any of the known ,english armourers that are worth recording4 ,pickering1 the pupil of ,topf1 was the most celebrated1 and the record of his position of ,master of the ,armourers' ,company will be found under that heading4 ,john ,blewbery1 whose name occurs in several entries in the ,letters and ,papers ,foreign and ,domestic1 seems to have been merely the master-workman1 and we have no evidence that he attained to a higher position4 ,his name does not appear in the existing records of the ,armourers' ,company4 ,asamus or ,erasmus ,kyrkenor first appears in a list of payments in #aeah4 ,he was employed to make candlesticks and for 8garnishing books0 with clasps1 etc41 in #aebi1 when presumably there was a slack time in the armouries4 ,there are further entries of this nature in #aecj1 #aeca1 and #aecb1 in which year he 8garnished0 eighty-six books4 ,in #aech he was made ,brigandarius to the ,king1 vice ,john ,gurre1 deceased2 but we find no details as to the duties of this office1 which was continued to the reign of ,charles ,i1 when it became the subject of a complaint from ,roger ,falknor 7,appendix ,j74 ,in #aedg we find ,erasmus in charge of the ,greenwich ,armoury1 and in #aeic a note of the will of ,wm4 and ,robt4 ,mighill states that they were the grandsons of ,erasmus ,kirkenor1 deceased4 ,a list of ,english armourers is given on page #abf4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,the ,history of ,inventions4 ,beckman4 #fg ,see ,dover ,castle ,inventory1 p4 #be4 ,the 8nailtoules0 may have been used for this purpose4 #fh ,archologia1 ,,lxii4 #fi ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii4 #gj ,archologia1 ,,lix4 #ga ,historia ,anglicana1 ,rolls ,series1 p4 #deg4 #gb ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lx4 #gc 8,italian ,armour at ,chalcis10 ,c4 ffoulkes1 ,archologia1 ,,lxii4 #gd ,cf4 ,baron de ,cosson1 ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #gi4 #ge ,antient ,armour1 ,,ii1 #afd4 #gf ,origines des ,chevalivers1 etc41 #afjf1 p4 #adb4 ,,the ,,proof ,,of ,,armour ,as soon as the armed man realized that iron and steel were the best defences for his body1 he would naturally insist that some sort of a guarantee should be given him of the efficacy of the goods supplied by his armourer4 ,this system of proving armour would be effected by using those weapons most commonly in use1 and these1 in the early times1 were the sword1 the axe1 the lance1 the bow1 and the crossbow4 ,the latter seems to have been the more common form of proof1 though as late as the seventeenth century we have evidence that armour was proved with the 8estramaon0 or sword blow4#gg ,in considering the proof of mail we are met with certain terms which are somewhat difficult of explanation1 but which evidently are intended to convey the fact that the mail mentioned was of especially good quality4 ,these terms are 8haute cloueur10 8demi-cloueur10 8botte casse10 and 8botte40 ,m4 ,charles ,buttin1#gh in his studies on the arms used for proving armour1 considers that 8botte0 is here used to denote a blow in the sense that it is used in fencing for a thrust or a lunge 7,it4 botta74 ,the word 8casse0 he takes to be derived also from the ,italian 8casso10 vain or empty4 ,the term 8haute0 or 8demi-cloueurs0 seems rather to suggest the single or double riveting of each link of mail4 ,ordinary mail is either welded or joined with one rivet1 but in some cases1 as in ,,iii1 #cci1 ,tower1 two rivets are used to obtain increased strength for the fabric 7see also page #dd74 ,mail seems to have been proof against arrows at a very early period1 for we find in the ,chronicon ,colmariense1 under the year #acih1 the statement that the men-at-arms wore 8camisiam ferream1 ex circulis ferreis contextam1 per quae nulla sagitta arcus poterat hominem vulnerare40 ,the earliest entry of this mail of proof is found in the ,inventory of ,louis ,x 7le ,hutin7 of ,france1 which is here given together with other entries of the different expressions used with regard to proof of this nature4 #acaf4 ,inventory of ,louis le ,hutin4 ,bib4 ,richel41 ,,ms4 fr41 #ghee4 ,item uns pans#gi et uns bras de roondes mailles de haute cloueur4 ,uns de meme d'acier plus fors4 ,item uns couverture a cheval 444 de jaseran de fer1 uns de mailes rondes demy cloues4 ,in this entry there is evidently a variety of mail which is even stronger than that of 8haute cloueur10 but this may possibly be of stouter or better-tempered metal4 ,the horse-armour would not need to be of such high proof as that of the man1 because from its form it would be more or less in folds when the horse was in action and would therefore present double thicknesses to the weapon4 ,an illustration of the mail-clad horse is given in the present writer's ,armour and ,weapons1 and also in ,monumenta ,vetusta1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 #acij4 ,archives ,camerales de ,turin ,comptes ,tres4 gen4 de ,savoie1 ,no4 #ch1 fol4 #fbv4 ,achettez de ,simond ,brufaler armeur1 de mons 444 per le pris de un auberjon d'acier de toute botte4 ,this expression 8de toute botte0 suggests that the armour was proof against all blows1 that is from the sword1 the axe--the 8estramaon0 above alluded to--and also against the bow and the crossbow4 ,in #afab ,sturtevant in his ,metallica writes on page #fb that the ironworker should 8make things stronger than the ,exact strength which the thing is to have10 and we find this borne out in an extract from the ,armerie di ,roma1 ,arch4 ,stat4 c4 #aej1 of the date #afbg1 which mentions old armour 8a botta0 which had been proved with 8due e tre colpi dell' arma alla quale dovevano resistere40#hj ,the proof by the crossbow is mentioned by ,angellucci in a note1 quoting from the ,arch4 ,gonz4 ,copialett41 ,t4 ,,ii1 c4 #fe3 8et si te manderemo doi veretoni di nostri saldi1 como i quali tu farai aprovare la ditta coraza corno uno bono balestro di cidello40#hj ,the last-mentioned weapon is the 8arbalest tour0 or windlass crossbow4 ,it would seem from ,m4 ,buttin's researches that the armour 8 toute preuve0 was proved by crossbow and sword1 and that 8 demi preuve0 by the smaller lever crossbow or by the javelin thrown by hand4 ,these varieties of proof were indicated by the marks stamped upon them1 one mark for the single and two for the double 7see page #fe74 ,in some documents we have definite entries of arrows used for proof1 which would naturally have exceptionally well-tempered points3-- #acgh4 ,reg4 de la ,cloison d',angers1 ,no4 #f4 ,pour deux milliers de fer pour viretons partie d'espreuve et autre partie de fer commun4 ,the 8vireton0 was a crossbow-bolt which had spiral wings of metal or wood so fitted that it revolved in its course4 #adaf4 ,compt de ,gilet ,baudry1 ,arch4 ,mun4 ,orleans4 ,flches arc empannes a cire et ferres de fers d'espreuve4 ,here the 8feathering0 of the arrow with copper is specified1 for it was this metal wing which1 acting like the propeller of a boat1 caused the arrow to revolve with increased velocity4 ,these arrows of proof cost double the price of ordinary arrows1 for we have entries of such projectiles in the year #adai costing #hs4 the dozen1 while the ordinary quality cost but #ds4 the dozen4#ha ,details of the regulations of setting proof marks upon armour will be found in ,appendices ,b1 ,e1 ,k4 ,the proving of brigandines was most carefully carried out1 for in some instances every separate plate was stamped with the proof mark4 ,in the ,paris ,collection double proof marks are found on the brigandine ,g1 #bjf1 and a similar double mark appears stamped on the ,missaglia suit ,g1 #c1 but of a different design4 ,the helmet of ,henry ,,viii on ,,ii1 #bi 7,tower7 also bears the double proof mark of one of the ,missaglia family 7,plate ,x74 ,it would be tedious and unnecessary to give a list of those armours which bear these proof marks1 for they are to be found in every armoury of note in ,europe2 but it will be of some profit to quote various extracts showing the reason and the effects of proofs or trials of armour4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi #a4 ,,venetian ,,sallad ,,covered ,,with ,,velvet1 ,,xvi ,,cent4 #b4 ,,back ,,plate ,,of ,,brigandine ,,covered ,,with ,,fabric1 #adgj #c4 ,,morion ,,with ,,cover1 ,,xvi-,,xvii ,,cent4 #d4 ,,surcoat ,,of ,,the ,,black ,,prince ,in the sixteenth century the firearm had become a serious factor in warfare1 therefore the proof was decided by submitting the armour to pistol or musket shot4 #acdg4 ,regulations of the ,heaumers of ,london 7original in ,norman-,french71 ,city of ,london ,letter ,book1 ,f1 fol4 cxlii4 ,also that helmetry and other arms forged by the hammer 444 shall not from henceforth in any way be offered for sale privily or openly until they have been properly assayed by the aforesaid ,wardens and marked with their marks 7see ,appendix ,b74 #addh4 ,statutes des ,armuriers ,fourbisseurs d',angers4 ,it4 les quels maisters desd4 mestiers seront tenus besoigner et faire ouvrage et bonnes toffes1 c'est assavoir pour tant que touche les armuriers1 ils feront harnois blancs pour hommes d'armes1 de toute preuve qui est dire d'arbalestes tilloles et coursel tout le moins demie espreuve 444 marques de #b marques 444 et d'espreuve d'arbaleste crocq et traict d'archier1 marques d'une marque 7see ,appendix ,e74 ,the 8arbaleste tilloles0 was the large bow bent with a windlass1 the 8arbaleste crocq0 was smaller and was bent with a hook fastened to the waist of the archer 7see ,payne ,gallwey1 ,the ,crossbow74 #aecg4 ,discipline ,militaire1 ,langey1 ,i1 chap1 xxii1 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 444 les ,harnois soient trop foibles pour rsister l',artillerie ou l',escopeterie1 nantmoins ils dfendent la personne des coups de ,pique de ,hallebarde1 d',epe1 du ,trait1 des ,pierres1 des ,arbalestes1 et des ,arcs4444 ,et par fois une ,harquebuze sera si mal charge ou si fort eschauffe ou pourra tirer de si loin1 que le ,harnois pour peu qu'il soit bon sauvera la vie d'un homme4 ,the above writer considers1 and with reason1 that when the uncertainty of firearms was taken into consideration defensive armour was of much practical use2 and this theory was held as late as the eighteenth century1 for ,marshal ,saxe in his ,les ,rveries#hb warmly recommends the use of defensive armour1 especially for cavalry1 as he considers that a large proportion of wounds were caused by sword1 lance1 or spent bullets4 ,it was evidently from reasons such as the above that a reliable proof by pistol or musket shot was insisted upon1 for the armour of the ,duc de ,guise in the ,muse d',artillerie 7,g1 #hj7 is of great thickness and weighs #db kilos4 ,it has either been tested by the maker or has seen service1 for there are three bullet marks on the breastplate1 neither of which has penetrated4#hc #aefi4 ,arch4 cur4 de ,nantes1 ,i1 col4 #cje4 #fab corps de cuyrace 444 garnis de haulzecou 444 desquelz le devant sera a l'espreuve d'arquebuse et le derrire de pistol4 ,the terms 8high proof10 8caliver proof10 and 8musket proof0 often occur in writings of this period and onwards up to the time when armour was discarded2 but it is difficult to get any definite information as to how the proof was made4 ,in the above entry there are two kinds of proof1 which show that the back-plate was thinner than the breastplate1 the resisting power being obtained not only by temper of metal1 but also by its thickness4 #aefh4 ,les ,armuriers franais et trangers1 ,giraud1 pp4 #aia1 #aib4 ,ung corps de cuirasse lequel sera a l'espreuve de la pistolle1 ung habillement de teste a l'esprouve de la pistolle1 brassartz 444 a l'esprove de la pistolle1 tassettes courtes a l'esprouve de la pistolle4 ,here is evidently a necessary definition of each piece4 ,probably on some former occasion the armourer had classed the whole suit as of proof when such a description might only be honestly given to the cuirass4 ,accounts of actual trials are rare1 but the following extract is of interest as showing the methods employed in ,england4 ,it is given in full1 with many valuable extracts bearing on the craft of the armourer1 by ,viscount ,dillon1 in ,archologia1 ,vol4 ,,li4 ,the extract is taken from a letter from ,sir ,henry ,lee1 ,master of the ,armoury in #aehj1 to ,lord ,burghley1 and bears the date ,oct4 #ab1 #aeij4 ,the first part of the letter states that a gentleman of ,shropshire was anxious that the metal mined in his county should be used for armour instead of the ,german iron which at this time was considered to be the best in the market4 ,sir ,henry writes3 8,to give the more credyte to that stuffe to the armourers of ,london and to ,jacobi the ,mr4 workman of ,grenewhyche1 the ,counsell apoynt in there presence that ,sr4 ,robarte ,constable and my cossyn ,john ,lee shoulde see a proofe made wh4 by tryall proved most usefull40 ,the 8,shropshire gentleman0 sent ,sir ,henry 8a new brest beyng sent owt of the country of gret litenes and strengthe as he was made beleve10 and entrusted him to 8cause another of the very same wayght to be made in her ,matys office of ,greenwhyche1 wh4 ,i presently performed40 ,pistols were then loaded with equal charges and fired at the two breastplates1 with the result that 8that made in the ,offyce and of the metall of ,houngere#hd helde out and more than a littel dent of the pellet nothinge perced1 the other clene shotte thereowe and much tare the overpart of a beme the brest studde upon as longe as my fyngeers4 ,thus muche for the ,ynglyshe metall40 ,from time to time1 as has been noticed before1 there had been efforts to wrest the monopoly of the supply of metal for armour from the foreigner1 but here was a very tangible proof of the superiority of the alien material4 ,it is true that the ,shropshire breastplate appears to have been sent from that county for the test1 while the foreign metal was made up by the highly skilled workmen in the ,royal ,armoury at ,greenwich under the eye of ,jacobi 7,topf71 a master-craftsman who can have had but few rivals at that time4 ,possibly he may have possessed some secrets of tempering and hardening his metal which were unknown to less experienced smiths1 and so have obtained the award of superiority for the metal of his own country4 ,topf had migrated to ,england from ,innsbruck and must certainly have had friends among the iron-merchants of that locality4 ,so his interests were obviously on the side of the foreign metal4 ,it may be only romance or it may be fact1 but certainly ,oliver de la ,marche1#he writing about the year #adej1 describes some such process of tempering armour after it was made4 8,boniface avoit trempe son harnois d'une eau qui le tenoit si bon que fer ne povoit prendre sus40 ,it is not to be suggested that it was a special kind of water that was used for this1 but rather that it was some method of heating and cooling the metal which was employed4 ,angellucci1 in the ,catalogue of the ,armeria ,reale1 ,turin 7p4 #abi71 quotes1 from documents of the sixteenth century1 the account of a breastplate made by ,colombo1 an armourer of ,brescia1 being spoiled because he had used excessive charges for his pistol or musket4 #afjb4 ,milice franais1 ,montgomery1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ahg4 ,les chevau-lgers estoient armez d'armes compltes d'une cuirasse l'preuve4 ,le reste estoit la lgre4 ,the last detail shows that the back-pieces were much lighter than the proof breastplates1 and this is borne out by other similar entries during the century4 ,evidently the efficacy of the musket had increased in the first years of the seventeenth century and with it the weight of the proved armour4 ,in later entries we find that pistol proof is of more frequent occurrence1 and from this we may gather that the weight of metal was a serious hindrance to the soldier and that he preferred the risk of a bullet4 ,still there are cases to be found of complete proof1 for in #afje even the brayette was of proof 7,arch4 ,gov4 ,brescia ,privil41 ,r4 #g1 ,v1 p4 #aj71hf and if this small1 in fact the smallest1 portion of the armour was proved1 we may be sure that the whole suit was tested equally4 ,in #afbh-i we learn from the ,state ,papers ,domestic1 lxxxix1 #bc1 that one ,whetstone had a project for making light armour as good as proof1 but there are no details of his methods4 ,it is quite probable1 in most cases1 that when one piece of the armour was proved the rest were made of similar material and tempered in the same way1 and that actual proof was not expected or given4 ,an interesting extract from the ,memorials of the ,verney ,family1 ,,iv1 #cj1 gives us some information as regards the proof of armour3-- #affg1 ,feb4 ,richard ,hals is choosing some armour for his cousin in ,london3 he has tested it with as much powder as will cover the bullet in the palme of his hand4 ,this rough-and-ready method of estimating the charge is borne out in ,gaya's ,trait des ,armes1 p4 #cj 7,reprint #aiaa1 ,clarendon ,press74 ,the ,verney extract goes on to say that ,verney wished to have the armour tested again1 but the armourer refused1 for by this time it was finished1 and he said that 8it is not the custom of workmen to try their armour after it is faced and filed40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,,cast ,,of ,,ivory ,,chessman1 ,,xiv ,,cent4 ,,ivory ,,mirror ,,case1 ,,xiv ,,cent4 ,this suit cost #ad #bs4 #h;d41 and when it was delivered ,verney was by no means pleased1 as it did not fit4#hg ,a clear proof that armour was tested before it was finished is to be found on the suit made by ,garbagnus of ,brescia for ,louis ,,xiv of ,france1 now in the ,muse d',artillerie 7,g1 #abe74 ,m4 ,buttin#hh in noticing this suit describes it as 8,la magnifique armure offerte ,louis ,,xlv par la ,rpublique de ,venise10 but in this we must certainly hold a different opinion1 for the production1 although elaborately engraved1 is perhaps the best example of the decadence of the craft of the armourer1 so graceless and clumsy are its lines and proportions4 ,the proof mark is upon the left of the breastplate1 at the point where the lower edge of the pauldron ends4 ,it has been made the centre of a double-petalled rose1 showing plainly that the bullet mark was there before the engraver began his work4 ,a similar mark at the back is made the centre of a flower 7,fig4 #ce74 ,the document relating to the 8proof mark0 of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london will be found in ,appendix ,k4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,detail showing proof mark on breast of suit of ,louis ,,xiv1 ,mus4 d',art1 ,paris1 ,g1 #abe4 ,gaya in his ,trait des ,armes1 #afgh1 referred to above1 states on page #ec that the casque and front of the cuirass should be of musket proof1 but the other parts need only be of pistol or carbine proof4 ,in speaking of head-pieces he states1 on the same page1 that the heavier kinds were proved with musket-shot1 but the light varieties were only tested with 8estramaon0 or sword-cut2 and he adds that for armour to be good it must be beaten and worked cold and not hot4 ,we have seen how armour was proved and how the proof mark of crossbow-bolt or bullet is often found as a witness to the fact4 ,in addition to this we frequently find the mark or poinon of the armourer1 which invariably means that the piece is of good workmanship and worthy of notice4 ,like all the other craft gilds1 that of the armourer was very jealous of the reputation of its members4 ,the tapestry weavers of ,flanders were obliged to mark1 in some cases1 every yard of their production2 and so in fine suits of armour we find many of the individual pieces that go to make up the suit stamped with the maker's mark and also with the stamp of the town4 ,these town stamps are mostly found in ,german work from ,nuremberg1 ,augsburg1 etc4 ,we find the name ,arbois used on some ,burgundian armour1 but never are the names of ,italian or ,french towns stamped4 ,with the sword this rule does not hold good1 for the ,spanish1 ,italian1 and ,german makers frequently used the town of origin as a mark in addition to their own4 ,toledo1 ,passau1 ,ferara1 ,solingen are all found upon swords1 and are very often stamped upon blades of an entirely different nationality4 ,this forgery of the stamp may have been perpetrated with the intent to defraud1 or it may simply have been used as a mark of excellence1 like 8,paris fashions0 or 8,sheffield steel0 at the present day4 ,the forgery of marks on suits of armour is very seldom met with and where it exists it is obviously done for ulterior reasons4 ,the stamps take the form of signs such as the trefoil of ,treytz1 the monogram such as the 8,m ,y0 of the ,missaglias1 and the crowned 8,a0 of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london2 the rebus1 as for example the helm used by the ,colman 7,helmschmied7 family1 or a combination of two or more of the above variety4 ,about the year #acij we have the following entry3-- ,achetiez de ,symond ,brufaler armeur 444 #a auberion d'acier de botte cass duquel toutes les mailes sunt seignier du seignet du maistre4#hi ,this shows that in some cases every link of mail was stamped with the armourer's mark4 ,in ,oriental mail letters and sometimes words from the ,koran are stamped on each link1 but we have no examples extant of ,european mail stamped with the maker's mark on each link4 ,on ,may #aa1 #aeac1 ,richard ,thyrkyll writes to ,henry ,,viii from ,antwerp saying that he can find no 8harness of the fleur de lys0 in any part of ,brabant 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,galba1 ,b1 ,,iii1 #he74 ,this probably refers to a trade-mark or poinon well known as denoting metal of high temper4 ,a brigandine in the ,museum at ,darmstadt bears this mark repeated twice on each plate1 showing that it was proof against the large crossbow 7,fig4 #cf74 ,demmin 7,guide des ,amateurs d',armes7 gives a mark of a lion rampant as stamped on the plates of a brigandine in his collection1 and an example in the ,muse d',artillerie has the ,nuremberg mark on each of the plates4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,proof marks on a ,brigandine plate1 ,darmstadt ,museum 7full size74 ,in the case of mail a small label is sometimes found1 riveted on to the fabric1 on which is the maker's stamp2 an example of this is the eagle which is stamped on a label attached to the mail skirt ,g1 #hf1 in the ,armeria ,reale1 ,turin 7see ,table of ,marks1 #ei74 ,in brigandines we sometimes find each of the small plates stamped with the maker's mark1 which is held to be evidence of 8proof40 ,as we have seen from the entry under the date #addh1 on page #fe1 the single stamp signified proof against the small crossbow and the double stamp proof against the heavy windlass-bow4 ,as has been noticed above1 the forgery or imitation of marks is more common on sword-blades than on defensive armour1 and of these the wolf1 dog1 or fox of ,passau is most frequently imitated4 ,in some instances the representation is more or less life-like1 but in others there is simply a crude arrangement of straight lines that suggest the head1 legs1 body1 and tail of the animal4 ,stamping of armour was practised early in the middle of the fourteenth century1 as will be seen in the ,regulations of the ,company of ,heaumers transcribed in ,appendix ,b4 ,in ,rymer's ,fdera 7,,xix1 p4 #cab7 we find accounts for repairing and remodelling armour in the year #afca1 and at the end of the list comes the entry 8,for stamping every harness fit to be allowed #j #j #j01 which shows that even armour that was remade from old material was subjected to tests1 and also that these tests were recorded by a gratuitous stamp of the craftsman or of the company to which he belonged4 ,the only entry extant which actually refers to the making of these stamps for armourers is given in the ,mem4 de la ,soc4 ,arch4 de ,touraine1 ,t4 ,,xx1 pp4 #bfh-i 7,arch4 de ,tours1 ,grandmaison74 #adgj4 ,a ,pierre ,lambert orfvre1 la somme de #ee s4 t4 444 pour avoir fait et grav #f poinsons de fer acrez pour marquer les harnois blancs et brigandines qui seroient faiz et dlivrez en lad4 ville1 de la faon que le roy l'avait ordonn1 et pour avoir retaill et ressu #b desd4 poinsons qui estoient fenduz en marquant les harnois4 ,a ,jehan ,harane orfvre1 pour avoir grav les armes de la ville en #b poinsons de fer pour marquer les harnois et brigandines vendues en lad4 ville #cj s4 ,the number of armourers' marks known at present amounts to several hundred1 but of the majority nothing is known as to ownership and history4 ,a few of the principal marks in ,english and ,continental collections are given on page #adh4 ,,footnotes3 #gg ,gaya1 op4 cit4 #gh ,revue ,savoisienne1 #aijf1 fasc4 #d4 #gi ,panzer1 body-armour4 #hj ,cat4 ,armeria ,reale ,turin1 #abi4 #ha ,rev4 ,savoisienne1 #aijf1 fasc4 #d1 p4 #c4 #hb ,edit4 #agef1 p4 #eh4 #hc ,a half-suit in the possession of ,h4 ,moffat1 ,esq41 ,goodrich ,court1 formerly the property of ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 has a heavy 8plastron0 or reinforcing piece4 ,the bullet has dented this and also the cuirass underneath4 ,the head-piece and back-plate are pierced by bullets4 #hd ,hungarian or ,innsbruck iron4 #he ,memories1 ,i1 xxi 7edit4 #ahhd74 #hf ,cat4 ,armeria ,reale ,turin1 p4 #gc note4 #hg ,see page #aje4 #hh ,rev4 ,savoisienne1 #aija1 fasc4 #b and #c4 #hi ,arch4 ,cam4 de ,turin1 ,compte des ,trs4 gn4 de ,savoie1 ,vol4 ,,xxxix1 f4 #afc4 ,,the ,,decoration ,,of ,,armour ,from the earliest times defensive armour has been more or less decorated and ornamented with more or less elaborate detail as the armourer became skilled in his craft and as the patron indulged in vanity or caprice4 ,perhaps the most astonishing work in this direction is the shoulder-piece of a cuirass known as the ,siris bronze in the ,british ,museum1 which is of such elaborate repouss work that it is difficult to see how the tool can have been used from the back4 ,it is not1 however1 the intention of this work to deal with ,greek or ,roman armour1 or indeed with armour previous to the eleventh century2 otherwise its limits would have to be considerably enlarged4 ,the ornamentation of early armour1 the employment of brass or latten rings1 which formed patterns on the hauberk1 called for no special skill on the part of the craftsman1 and it is only when we come to the thirteenth century that we find traces of actual decoration on the pieces of plate which composed the suit4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,,portraits ,,by ,,moroni ,,national ,,gallery1 ,,london ,and here it should be remembered that the axiom of suitability was1 in later years1 forgotten1 and the ever-important 8glancing surface0 was destroyed by designs in high relief1 which not only retained the full shock of the opposing weapon1 but also hindered the free movement of the several plates one over the other4 ,the word 8decoration0 in itself suggests a 8decorous0 or suitable adornment1 and this suitability was not always considered by the sixteenth and seventeenth century armourers4 ,the use of jewels was always favoured among the nobility1 and we find in the inventory of the effects of ,piers ,gaveston#ij plates ornamented with gold and silver and ailettes 8frettez de perles40 ,in #aceb ,king ,john of ,france and the ,dauphin had elaborate head-pieces ornamented with jewels1 and in #ache the ,king of ,castile wore a helmet at the battle of ,aljubertota which was enriched with gold and valued at #bj1jjj francs4#ia ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,poleynes on the brass of ,sir ,robert de ,bures1 ,acton1 ,suffolk1 #acjb4 ,the well-known brass of ,sir ,john d',aubernon1 #abgg1 shows the first traces of the actual ornamentation of armour1 which culminated in the work of ,piccinino and ,peffenhauser in the sixteenth century4 ,similar ornamentation is found on the brass of ,sir ,robert de ,bures1 #acjb 7,fig4 #cg74 ,it is possible that the poleynes shown on this brass and also the beinbergs on the figure of ,guigliemo ,berardi in the ,cloisters of the ,annunziata at ,florence 7,fig4 #ch7 were made of cuir-bouilli and not metal1 for there is not much incised or engraved iron found in domestic objects of this period 7,fig4 #cg74 ,but when we reach the end of the century we find a richly decorated suit of complete plate shown on the brass of an unknown knight of about the year #adjj which in no way suggests any material but iron or steel 7,fig4 #ci74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,beinbergs on the statue of ,guigliemo ,berardi1 ,florence1 #abhi4 ,this engraving of armour1 either by the burin or by etching with acid1 was employed with more or less intricacy of detail from the beginning of the fifteenth century up to the period when armour was discarded2 for the suits of ,charles ,i 7,tower1 ,,ii1 #ai7 and of ,louis ,,xiv of ,france 7,muse d',artillerie1 ,g1 #abe7 are almost entirely covered with fine engraving4 ,the tradition is well known that the art of engraving and printing the results on paper was discovered by the ,florentine metal-workers of the fifteenth century1 who employed this expedient for proving their ornamental work upon various metals4 ,in some cases the engraving of armour was merely the first process of the niello-work1 in which the lines and spaces cut out were filled in with a black compound4 ,neither the engraving alone nor the niello-work in any way interfered with the utility of the armour1 for the surface was still capable of a high polish and would still deflect the weapon4 ,no better example of this could be found than the 8,engraved ,suit0 made for ,henry ,,viii by ,conrad ,seusenhofer 7,tower1 ,,ii1 #e74 ,here the entire surface is covered with fine engraving of scenes from the lives of ,,ss4 ,george and ,barbara1 and of decorative designs of the royal badges--the ,rose1 the ,portcullis1 and the ,pomegranate4 ,originally the whole suit was washed with silver1 of which traces remain1 but there was no attempt to destroy the utility of the armour4 ,indeed1 it would have been a daring armourer who would have essayed such decoration when making a suit which was to be a present from ,maximilian to ,henry ,,viii1 both of whom were among the most practised jousters in ,europe 7,plate ,,xii74 ,it was only when work in high relief was produced that this utility was destroyed4 ,while condemning the neglect of true craft principles in this respect1 we cannot but give our unstinted admiration for the skill in which this embossed armour was produced4 ,the ,negrolis1 the ,colmans1 ,campi1 ,lucio ,piccinino1 ,peffenhauser1 and ,knopf were all masters of this form of applied art2 but the admiration which their work compels is that which we have for the work of a gold or silver smith1 and not for that of the armourer4 ,in some cases1 it is true1 there is some definite idea in the craftsman's mind of a subject1 as for example the parade suit of ,christian ,,ii 7,johanneum1 ,dresden1 ,e1 #g71 in which the artist1 who is generally considered to have been ,heinrich ,knopf1 embossed scenes from the labours of ,hercules on the horse-armour4 ,as a rule1 however1 the ornamentation is merely fantastic and meaningless1 and consists for the most part of arabesques1 masks1 and amorini based upon classical models of the worst period and style4 ,for sheer incoherence of design1 and at the same time for technique which could hardly be surpassed1 we have no better example in any of the applied arts than the parade suit made for ,king ,sebastian of ,portugal by ,anton ,peffenhauser of ,augsburg in the second half of the sixteenth century 7,real ,armeria1 ,madrid1 ,a1 #bij74 ,here we have tritons1 nereids1 dolphins and sea-horses1 combats of classical warriors1 elephants1 allegorical figures of ,justice1 ,strength1 and ,victory1 gods1 goddesses1 heroes1 virtues1 and symbolic figures spread broadcast among a wealth of arabesques and foliation which leaves the beholder breathless at the thought that this was simply produced for parade purposes1 when but little of the detail could be seen and none of it could be adequately studied or admired4 ,in fact the whole equipment may be described in a sentence originally used in far different circumstances3 8,c'est magnifique1 mais ce n'est pas la guerre0 7,plate ,,xiv74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,brass of an unknown knight at ,laughton1 ,lincs1 #adjj4 #a4 ,vervelles4 #b4 ,camail4 #c4 8,vif de l'harnois10 8dfaut de la cuirasse40 #d4 ,baldrick4 #e4 ,jupon4 #f4 ,gadlings or gauntlets4 #g4 ,bascinet4 #h4 ,edge of hauberk4 ,much of this embossed work was blackened or oxidized so that the full value of the relief-work could be appreciated4 ,gilding and gold inlay were also in high favour1 but the latter art never reached the high pitch of excellence which we find in ,oriental weapons1 though the arrogant ,cellini asserted that he could damascene swords as well as any ,oriental craftsman1 and better4 ,that the art was not seriously attempted we gather from ,cellini's own words1 for he says that it 8differed from any he had as yet practised40#ib ,in all this ostentatious riot of ornament we in ,england preserved a dignified reticence4 ,it is true that the ,city of ,london commissioned ,petit of ,blois to make the cumbersome gilded and engraved suit for ,charles ,i1 but we have in our national collections no specimens of elaborately embossed parade armour which were made for kings1 princes1 or nobles in ,england4 ,the master-craftsman ,jacobi ,topf and his pupil ,william ,pickering both produced suits of great richness and beauty1 but they were always eminently practical1 and their utility and convenience were never hampered or destroyed4 ,where there is embossing it is shallow1 and as the relief is not sharp there is no edge which might catch the lance-point or sword4 ,much of the work of ,topf was russeted and gilt1 a method which produced a highly ornate and yet never a trivial or confused effect4 ,the parade suit by ,bartolomeo ,campi1 made for ,charles ,v 7,real ,armeria1 ,madrid1 ,a1 #abe71 is so obviously a fantastic costume for masque or pageant that it can hardly be criticized as armour4 ,it is based upon a classical model1 for the cuirass is moulded to the torse after the manner of the armour of the late ,roman ,empire4 ,as metal-work it will rank with the finest specimens extant1 but as armour it completely fails to satisfy 7see page #acb and ,plate ,,xiv74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,,helm ,,of ,,sir ,,giles ,,capel4 ,,xvi ,,cent4 ,,arming ,,for ,,combat ,,in ,,the ,,lists ,,from ,,the ,,hastings ,,ms41 ,,xv ,,cent4 ,although not in any way decorative1 the 8puffed and slashed0 armour copied from the civilian dress of the sixteenth century is an example of the armourer making use of embossing apart from the actual requirements of the constructive side of his craft4 ,radiating lines of repouss work1 simple1 fine1 and delicate1 had been introduced into the later forms of ,gothic armour1 the pauldrons had been fluted like the cockle-shell1 and these flutings had been made of practical use in ,maximilian armour1 giving increased rigidity without weight1 a factor which is found in modern corrugated iron4 ,the imitation of fabrics in steel is1 however1 unpardonable1 and has not even the richness or minute technique of the parade suits mentioned above4 ,it is true that the embossing gives greater rigidity to the metal1 but we can have none of the admiration for these unnatural forms of armour that we have for those in which the goldsmith and armourer worked together4 ,the style of dress which was imitated was in itself designed to create a false impression1 for the slashings were intended to convey the idea that the wearer was a swashbuckler1 fresh from the wars4 ,we can only1 therefore1 regard it as an absurdity to represent fabrics1 which were supposed to have been frayed and cut by weapons1 in weapon-proof steel4 ,that the fashion was popular we know from the number of suits extant1 and even ,conrad ,seusenhofer himself did not disdain to produce them4 ,the vogue did not endure for more than about twenty years1 for as soon as the fashion in civilian dress changed the armour became simpler and the imitation ceased 7,plate ,,xxi74 ,,footnotes3 #ij ,new ,fdera1 ,,ii1 #bjc4 #ia ,froissart 7,johnes' trans471 ,,ii1 #abd4 #ib ,life of ,benvenuto ,cellini1 #aiaj edition1 ,i1 #aab4 ,,the ,,cleaning ,,of ,,armour ,an important part of the work of the armourer was the cleaning and keeping in repair his master's effects4 ,this was especially the case with mail1 which from its nature is peculiarly susceptible to the action of rust4 ,it is to this cause and to the incessant remaking of armour that we owe the loss of all authentic mail armour of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries4 ,a good example of this may be cited in the hoard of plate armour and helmets1 of which last nearly a hundred were collected1 found in a cistern in the castle of ,chalcis1 in ,euba1 in the year #ahdj4ic ,they had lain there since the year #adgj1 when the castle was taken by the ,turks1 and are in many instances in excellent preservation considering the condition in which they were found4 ,the collection was brought to light and catalogued in a very unscientific manner by the historian ,buchon1 but there is no trace of mail of any kind except one link attached to a helmet4 ,in the early part of the fifteenth century mail was used extensively both for complete defence and for protecting vital parts not covered by plate1 of which details will be found on page #aji2 therefore it is most improbable that a large collection such as this should have been left with no vestiges of mail4 ,it is obvious1 therefore1 that the delicate fabric was attacked and destroyed by rust long before the same agent could make any effect on the solid plate4 ,the following extracts will give in chronological order the various entries which concern the cleaning and repairing of armour3-- #abej 7874 ,the ,avowynge of ,king ,arthur1 stanza #ci4 ,gay gownus of grene ,to hold thayre armur clene ,and were#id hitte fro the wette4 ,here we find the reason1 or at any rate one of the reasons1 for wearing the surcoat4 ,some writers have suggested that it was worn to protect the ,crusader from the sun in his ,oriental campaigns1 but the quotation given definitely asserts that it was to keep off the rain4 ,this is certainly a practical reason1 for1 as has been stated before in this chapter1 the intricate fabric of mail was peculiarly susceptible to damp4 #abif4 #bc-bd ,edw4 ,i 7,duchy of ,lancaster ,accounts74 ,itm4 xx s4 xj d4 in duobus saccis de coreo pro armatura comitis4 ,this refers to leather sacks used either for keeping the armour in or for cleaning it by shaking it with sand and vinegar4 #acdd4 ,inventory of ,dover ,castle 7see also page #be74 i barrele pro armaturis rollandis4 ,the barrel was here used in the same way4 ,the mail was placed inside with sand and vinegar and rolled and shaken4 ,the same method is still practised in some districts for cleaning barrels for cider or ale4 ,chains are placed in the barrel with sand to obtain the same result4 ,on ,plate ,,xv a barrel is shown on the extreme left of the picture with a mail shirt hanging over the edge4 #acfd4 ,inventory of the donjon of ,vostieza4#ie i barellum ad forbiendum malliam4 #acfi4 ,prologue1 ,canterbury ,tales1 ,chaucer4 ,of fustyan he wered a gipoun ,alle sysmoterud with his haburgeoun4 ,this extract shows clearly the need for the barrel and sand4 ,the mail had evidently rusted with rain and perspiration1 and left stains and marks on the quilted undergarment4 ,we find the term 8rokked0 used in the poem of ,syr ,gawayn1 which means cleaned by rolling4 #acgb4 ,froissart uses the expression a rouler leurs cottes de fer4 #adag4 ,inventory of ,winchester ,college4 i barelle pro loricis purgandis4 #adbc4 ,roll of ,executors of ,henry ,bowet1 ,archbishop of ,york1 ,oct4 #bj4 j barrelle cum suis pertinentiis ad purgandos loricas et alia arma de mayle4 #adfg4 ,howard ,household ,book4 7,dom4 ,expenses in ,england1 #daf74 #i;d4 to an armerer at ,pawles ,cheyne for an harneys barelle4 #aeac4 ,earl of ,northumberland's ,equipage 7see also page #cj74 a paommyshe4 ,eight yards of white blaunkett for trussing of my ,lord's harnes in4 ,the pumice was for cleaning off the rust1 and the blanket was used for packing the armour when in store or on a journey4 #aeae4 ,king's ,book of ,payments1 ,record ,office1 under various payments to armourers4 ,oct4 #aa4 ,payment to ,adrian ,brand for hire of his mill house for cleaning the king's harness1 #bfs4 #h;d4 the month4 #aeag4 ,april4 ,wm4 ,gurre1 armourer1 making clean of certain harness1 bockeling ledering of #djj ,almain rivets for the ,armoury at ,eltham #bd #g #h4 ,the 8bockeling ledering0 of course refers to the fitting of new leather straps and buckles4 ,the ,almain rivet was the half-suit of the foot-soldier and has been explained on page #eb4 #aebj4 ,april4 ,william ,gurre for scouring #ajjj pr4 of ,almain rivets at #ab;d4 a pair4 #aecj4 ,hans ,clerc armorer for furbishing and keeping clean the king's armour in the armoury in the ,tilt yard at ,greenwich which ,john ,diconson late had at #f;d4 a day4 ,thos4 ,wollwarde for keeping making the king's harnes att ,windsor ,york ,place #cjs4 #e;d4 #aefg4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,eliz41 ,addenda xiii1 #aja4 ,payments are made in this entry to paint black various corselets which had become 8fowle and rustie0 and had 8taken salt water in the sea0 at a charge of #e;d4 each4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,,armour ,,of ,,henry1 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 ,,by ,,william ,,pickering1 #aeia-afcj ,froissart describes the champion ,dimeth1 at the coronation of ,henry ,,iv1 as being 8tout couvert de mailles de vermeil1 chevalier et cheval40#if ,this painting of armour was frequently indulged in both for the above practical reason and also for personal adornment4 ,tinning was also used for protecting armour from wet 7vide page #cc sub ann4 #afbb74 ,armour in the ,dresden ,armoury and elsewhere is painted black4 ,hall in his ,chronicles in the account of the funeral of ,henry ,v states that men-at-arms in black armour rode in the procession4 ,the armour in the seventeenth century was often blacked or russeted4 ,suits of this kind are to be seen in the ,gun ,wharf ,museum at ,portsmouth and elsewhere4 ,haselrigg's 8lobsters0 were so called1 according to ,clarendon1#ig because of their 8bright shells40 ,it is quite possible that their armour was blacked4 ,in the ,lansdowne ,,ms4 #gc1 ,william ,poore suggested a remedy for 8preserving armour from pewtrifying1 kankering or rusting10 but there are no details given of the method he employed2 it was probably some kind of lacquer or varnish4 ,among the ,archives of the ,compte du tresor de ,savoie 7#fc f4 #aeg7 is mentioned a payment to ,jehan de ,saisseau 8por vernicier une cotte d'aciel10 and in one of the ,tower inventories 7,harl4 ,,ms4 #adai7 of the year #aedg 8a buckler of steel painted0 occurs4#ih #aefg4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,eliz41 ,add4 xiii1 #ajd4 ,sundry payments for cleaning and repairing armour at the ,tower1 ,hampton ,court1 and ,greenwich at #aj;d4 the day4 #aehj4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,eliz41 cxli1 #db4 ,a document written on the death of ,sir ,george ,howard ordering the cleaning and putting in order of the arms and armour at the ,tower4 #afbh4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 xciii1 #fa4 ,capt4 ,john ,heydon to ,wm4 ,boswell1 ,clerk to the ,council1 for the new russeting of a corslet1 #esh4 #afjc4 ,inventory of the ,armoury at ,hengrave4 ,item one barrel to make clean the shirt of maile gorgets4 #afga4 ,patent applied for by ,wolfen ,miller 7,john ,caspar ,wolfen1 and ,john ,miller71 for twenty-one years1 8for a certain oyle to keep armour and armes from rust and kanker0 for #aj per annum4 #afdg 7circ474 ,laws and ,ordinances of ,warr1 ,bod4 ,lib41 ,goodwin ,pamphlets1 cxvii1 #ad4ii ,of a ,souldiers duty touching his ,arms4 ,,ii4 ,slovenly ,armour4--,none shall presume to appeare with their ,armes unfixt or indecently kept upon pain of ,arbitrary correction4 ,with regard to the keeping of armour in store two instances have been mentioned above under the dates #abif and #aeac4 ,in addition to these we find that in #adgj in the ,chronique de ,troyes1 the ,french soldiers were forbidden to carry their arms and armour in 8paniers10 which1 from the statement1 was evidently a practice4 ,in the ,wardrobe ,account of ,edward ,i1 #abha1 published by the ,society of ,antiquaries1 we find payments to ,robinet1 the ,king's tailor1 for coffers1 sacks1 boxes1 and cases to contain the different parts of the armour4 ,in the ,wardrobe ,expenses of ,bolingbroke1 ,earl of ,derby 7,camden ,soc471 #acic1 are found the following entries3-- fol4 #cb4 pro j cofre 444 ad imponendum scuta domini4 xvij scot4 fol4 #cc4 pro j house#ajj pro scuto domini ix scot4 xij d4 fol4 #dj4 pro i breastplate domini purgando ibidem iij li4 vij s4 ,the 8buckler of steel painted0 mentioned above is scheduled as being in 8a case of leather40 ,in an engraving of ,charles ,i by ,w4 ,hole1 in the ,british ,museum1 a box is shown for holding the breast and back plates4#aja ,,footnotes3 #ic ,charles ffoulkes1 8,italian ,armour at ,chalcis10 ,archologia1 ,,lxii4 #id ,protect4 #ie ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lx1 #ajf4 #if ,vol4 ,,iv1 c4 #aad4 ,this detail is not given either in ,johnes' or ,lord ,berners' translation4 #ig ,rebellion1 ,,vii1 #ajd4 #ih ,archologia1 ,,li4 #ii ,cromwell's ,army1 ,firth1 #dac4 #ajj ,cover4 #aja ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lx4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,fabrics ,,and ,,linen ,an important variety of defensive armour1 which has not hitherto received the notice which it deserves1 is the padded and quilted armour of linen1 which was always popular with the foot-soldier on account of its cheapness1 and was in the thirteenth century held in high esteem by the wealthier knight4 ,in the case of crushing blows it would of course protect the body from breaking of the skin1 but would not be of such use as the more rigid defence of plate4 ,it was1 however1 very effectual against cutting blows1 and had the advantage of being more easily put on and off1 and1 although hot1 was less oppressive than metal in long marches4 ,in miniatures of the fourteenth century we frequently find parts of the armour coloured in such a way as to suggest that it is either not metal or else metal covered with fabric4 ,where there was no metal and where the wearer depended entirely on the fabric for protection it was heavily quilted and padded1 or else several thicknesses of the material were used 7,fig4 #dj74 ,where metal was used the defence was the ordinary plate armour covered with fabric1 or the metal was inserted in small plates as is the case in the brigandine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,pourpointed cuisses from the brass of ,sir ,john de ,argentine1 ,horseheath1 ,cambs1 #acfj4 ,it is not the intention of the present section to deal with the various details of defensive armour except only as far as those details bear directly on the employment of fabrics1 therefore the construction of the brigandine1 which is well known to all students of the subject of armour and weapons1 will be found under the heading of the ,craft of the ,armourer on page #di4 ,the same may be said of the horn and metal jacks which were a humbler form of the brigandine4 ,the most concise descriptions of such armour will be found in the ,catalogue of ,helmets and ,mail by de ,cosson and ,burgess 7,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxxvii74 ,guiart in his ,chronicles1 written in the early part of the fourteenth century1 speaks of 8cotes faitices de coton a pointz entailliez40 ,these were probably common doublets1 quilted or laced like the jack4 ,few of these defences of fabric have survived1 owing to the ravages of moth and damp4 ,in the ,pitt-,rivers ,museum1 ,oxford1 are a pair of culottes or drawers lined with thin busks of steel1 and also two sets of rose-pink silk doublets1 breast1 back1 and fald padded with cotton1 both presumably of the late sixteenth century2 they are noticed in ,arms and ,armour at ,oxford1 by the present writer1 but no definite history is known of either of the specimens4 ,doublets and 8coats of fence0 of this nature occur frequently in inventories and other documents1 but the following extracts give certain definite details which bear directly on the subject4 #aaej-abjj 7874 ,speculum ,regale1 ,kongs-,skugg-,sio1 edit4 #agfh1 pp4 #dje-f 7actual date unknown74 ,for the rider the following accoutrements are necessary3 coverings for the legs1 made of well-blacked soft linen sewed1 which should extend to the kneeband of his chaucons or breeches2 over these steel shin-pieces so high as to be fastened with a double band4 ,the horseman to put on linen drawers1 such as ,i have pointed out4 7,of the horse7 let his head1 bridle1 and neck1 quite to the saddle1 be rolled up in linen armour1 that no one may fraudulently seize the bridle or the horse4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,,half ,,armour1 ,,circ4 #aebj ,,tonlet ,,suit ,,by ,,conrad ,,lochner1 #aeaj-aefg 8,,maximilian0 ,,armour1 ,,circ4 #aeae ,there is a doubt as to the actual date of this manuscript4 ,in the edition from which the above translation is taken it is described as of ,icelandic origin about the year #aaej1 but it may be possibly as late as the beginning of the thirteenth century4 ,the details of the dress worn under the armour may be compared on the one hand with the leggings shown on the ,bayeux tapestry and on the other hand with those mentioned in the ,hastings ,,ms4 of the fifteenth century 7,archologia1 ,,lvii71 which gives the details of undergarments worn by the armed man at this date 7page #ajg74 ,the horse-armour is the 8couverture0 or trapper so frequently mentioned in inventories1 which was often decorated with fine embroidery4 ,even altar-hangings were used for this purpose1 as was the case in the sack of ,rome in #aebg4 ,padded horse-armour was used in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries for tournaments1 minute regulations for which are found in the ,trait d'un ,tournoi by ,king ,ren of ,anjou1 which will be referred to farther on in this chapter4 ,illustration3 ,,front4 ,,back4 ,,fig4 #da4 ,padded ,horse-armour for the ,tourney 7from ,king ,ren's ,trait d'un ,tournoi74 #abhf4 ,comptus ,ballivorum ,franci4#ajb ,expense pro cendatis1 bourra ad gambesones1 tapetis4 ,this item is evidently for stuffing gambesons with cendal#ajc and tow4 ,cendal is somewhat of a mystery as to its exact nature4 ,like all fabrics of past ages1 we can but guess at its nature4 ,it has been discussed under its name in ,gay's ,glossaire ,archologic4 #abif4 ,ordonnances des ,mtiers de ,paris1 p4 #cga4 ,que nus 7armuriers7 ne puisse fre cote ne gamboison de tle dont l'envers et l'endroit ne soit de tle noeve1 et dedenz de coton et de plois de toiles1 et einsi que est qu'il soient dedenz d'escroes4 ,it4 ,si l'en fait cote ne gamboison dont l'endroit soit de cendal et l'envers soit de tle1 si veulent il que ele soit noeve et se il i a ploit dedenz de tle ne de cendal1 que le plus cort ploit soit de demie aune et de demi quartier de lonc au meins devant1 et autant derrires1 et les autres plois lons ensuians4 ,et si il i a borre de soie qui le lit de la bourre soit de demi aune et demy quaritier au meins devant et autant derrires et se il i a coton1 que le coton vienge tout contreval jusques au piez4 ,the first of these regulations concerns the materials used1 and is very similar to that of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london made in #acbb1 which is given in full in ,appendix ,a4 ,so much of the work of the padding and lining was hidden from sight that these regulations were most necessary to prevent the use of old rags and bad materials4 ,the second entry seems to refer to the manner in which canvas and cendal were to be used and in what proportions4 ,it should be noticed that at this period the surcoat1 in ,england at any rate1 was being gradually shortened4 ,the regulation above quoted1 however1 suggests in the last sentence that in ,france it was still worn long4 #acaa4 ,from the same source as the above4 ,que nules d'ores en avant ne puisse faire cote gamboise o il n'ait #c livres de coton tout neit1 se elles ne sont faites en sicines et au dessous soient faites entre mains que il y ait un pli de viel linge emprs l'endroit de demi aune et demi quartier devant et autant derrire4 ,here the quantity of cotton is given and it is ordered to be new4 ,it seems to have been allowed to put old linen1 but this may possibly only mean seasoned linen1 between the folds4 #acbb4 ,chamber of ,accounts1 ,paris4 ,item ,adae armentario #dj sol #d d4 pro factoris gambesonorum4 ,the name 8,ada0 of the armentarius rather suggests that it might be a female who provided these gambesons4 #achc4 ,chronique de ,bertrand du ,guesclin 7,t4 ,,ii1 p4 #ie1 #bce47 ,ainsois l'ala d'une lance tranchant ,l'escu li a rompu et le bon jaserant ,mais l'auqueton fu fort qui fu de bougeran 99 99 99 99 99 ,et prendre auquetons de soie ou de bougerans4 ,from the context of the first extract this haketon of buckram would appear to be a very serviceable defence1 for the lance which had penetrated the shield and the jaserant1 or coat of plate1 had not penetrated the undergarment of buckram4 ,like all other fabrics mentioned in medieval writings1 we cannot definitely say of what material this buckram was composed1 but from the second extract it seems to have been used equally with silk for the haketon4 #adej4 ,ordinance of ,louis ,,xi of ,france1 ,chambres des ,compts1 ,paris4#ajd 444 l'abillement de jacques leur soit bien proufitable et avantageux pour faire la guerre1 veu qui sont gens de pi1 et que en ayant les brigandines il leur faut porter beaucoup de choses que en homme seul et pied ne peut faire4 ,et premirement leur faut des dits jacques trente toilles1 ou de vingt-cinq1 un cuir de cerf a tout le moins3 et si sont de trente-un cuirs de cerf ils sont des bons4 ,les toiles uses et dlies moyennement sont les meilleures2 et doivent estre les jacques a quartre quartiers1 et faut que manches soient fortes comme le corps1 rserv le cuir4 ,et doit estre l'assiette pregne pres du collet1 non pas sur l'os de l'paule1 qui soit large dessoulz l'assielle et plantureux dessoulz les bras1 assez faulce et large sur les costez bas1 le collet fort comme le demourant des jacques2 et que le collet ne soit bas trop hault derrire pour l'amour de salade4 ,il faut que ledit jacque soit lasse devant et qu'il ait dessoulz une porte pice de la force dudit jacque4 ,ainsi sera seur ledit jacques et aise moienant qu'il ait un pourpoint sans manches ne collet1 de deux toiles seulement1 qui naura que quatre doys de large seur lespaulle2 auquel pourpoint il attachera ses chausses4 ,ainsi flottera dedens son jacques et sera son aise4 ,car il ne vit oncques tuer de coups-de-main1 ne de flches dedens lesdits jacques ses hommes4 ,these very minute regulations show that the 8jack0 was considered a most serviceable defence in the fifteenth century4 ,at the same time it must have been a hot and uncomfortable garment1 for twenty-nine or thirty thicknesses of linen with a deerskin on the top1 or worse still thirty-one thicknesses of deerskin1 would make a thick1 unventilated defence which would be almost as insupportable as plate armour4 ,the last item may be a clerical error1 and indeed from the context it would appear to be thirty thicknesses of linen with one of deerskin1 for the leather would be far more costly to work up than the linen4 ,the extract has been given in full because it is so rare to come across practical details of construction of this nature4 #adgj4 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #dghj4 ,inventory of ,edward ,,iv4 ,item a doublet of crimson velvet lined with ,hollande cloth and interlined with busk4 ,this may be only an ordinary doublet1 or it may be some kind of 8coat of fence0 or 8privy coat0 lined with plates of steel1 horn1 or whale-bone4 ,these 8busks0 of steel are found as late as the seventeenth century1 for ,gustavus ,adolphus had a coat lined with them 7,lifrustkammer1 ,stockholm7 and ,bradshaw's hat 7,ashmolean ,mus41 ,oxford7 is strengthened with steel strips4 7,fig4 #ej47 #adej 7circ474 ,trait d'un ,tournoi1 ,king ,ren4 444 que ledit harnoys soit si large et si ample que on puisse vestir et mettre dessoulz ung porpoint ou courset2 et fault que le porpoint soit faultre de trys dois d'espez sur les espaules1 et au long des bras jusques au col4 99 99 99 99 99 ,en ,brabant1 ,flandre et ,haynault et en ce pays-la vers les ,almaignes1 ont acoustome d'eulx armer de la personne autrement au tournoy3 car ils prennent ung demy porpoint de deux toilles 444 de quatre dois d'espez et remplis de couton4 ,it would seem from the above that in ,france the garment worn under the tourney-armour was folded till it was three fingers thick on the shoulders4 ,in the ,low ,countries1 however1 the pourpoint was of a different fashion1 for there they made the garment of two thicknesses and stuffed this with cotton-waste to the thickness of four fingers4 ,the difference of thickness can be accounted for by the fact that folded linen would not compress so much as cotton-waste4 ,it should be noted in the extract from the ,ordinances of ,louis ,,xi that old material is advised as being more pliable and softer4 ,at the same time we may be sure that it was carefully chosen4 ,it is interesting to note that in #acbb the material is ordered to be new1 but in #adej old linen is recommended4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,,gauntlets ,,and ,,gorget #a4 ,,bridle ,,gauntlet4 #b4 ,,right ,,hand ,,gauntlet ,,by ,,jacob ,,topf1 ,,part ,,of ,,the 8,,leicester0 ,,suit4 #c4 ,,bridle ,,gauntlet ,,of ,,james ,i4 #d4 ,,xv ,,cent4 ,,gauntlet ,,with 8,,gadlings0 ,,on ,,the ,,knuckles4 #e4 ,,locking ,,gauntlet1 ,,xvi ,,cent4 #f4 ,,bridle ,,gauntlet1 ,,xvi ,,cent4 #g4 ,,parade ,,gauntlet ,,by ,,heinrick ,,knopf1 #aeij4 #h4 ,,gauntlet ,,for ,,fighting ,,at ,,barriers1 ,,xvi ,,cent4 #i4 ,,gorget ,,by ,,jacop ,,joringk1 #affi4 ,besides the making of undergarments or complete defences of linen overgarments1 pourpoints1 the ,linen ,armourers1 as we find them called in the ,city of ,london ,records1 made linings for helmets4 ,this was a most important detail in the equipment of a man1 for the helm or helmet was worse than useless if it did not fit securely and if the head was not adequately padded to take off the shock of the blow4 ,in the ,sloane ,,ms4 #fdjj1 we find among the retinue of ,henry ,v at ,agincourt1 8,nicholas ,brampton1 a stuffer of bacynets10 and in the ,oxford ,city ,records under the date #acfi are the entries 8,bacynet #ac_/d1 stuffing for ditto #c_/d40 ,in the ,hastings ,,ms4 7,archologia1 ,,lvii71 among the items given as the 8,abilment for the ,justus of the ,pees10 the first on the list is 8a helme well stuffyd40 ,this stuffing consisted of a thickly padded cap or lining tied to the head-piece with strings1 which are clearly shown in the well-known engraving of ,albert ,drer1 of a man and a woman supporting a shield on which is a skull 7,fig4 #db1 #b74 ,there are some of these caps in the ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 which have been noticed in ,vol4 ,,ii of the ,zeitschrift fr ,historische ,waffenkunde4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 #a4 ,padded 8harnisch-kappe10 ,vienna4 #b4 ,helm showing attachment of cap and lining 7after ,drer74 ,the original lining of ,sir ,henry ,lee's helmet 7,plate ,,xiii7 is still in situ2 this1 however1 is riveted to the helmet and follows the shape of the head4 ,in this respect it is different from the helmet-cap1 which was padded4 ,a padded cap was worn independently of the lining of the helmet4 ,these are shown on ,figs4 #dc1 #dd4 ,similar caps are shown on the following works of ,drer3 ,s4 ,george on foot1 ,s4 ,george 7,stephan ,baumgartner7 and ,felix ,hungersbourg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,sallad-cap 7from a picture by ,paolo ,morando1 #adhf-aebb1 ,no4 #ega1 ,uffizi1 ,florence74 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,helmet-cap 7from a sixteenth-century engraving of ,iacob ,fugger74 #aehf4 ,chronicles1 ,raphael ,holinshed 7edit4 #ahjg1 ,,ii1 xvi1 #ccc74 ,our armour differeth not from that of other nations1 and therefore consisteth of corselets1 almaine riuets1 shirts of maile1 iackes quilted and couered ouer with leather1 fustian1 or canuas1 ouer thicke plates of iron that are sowed in the same1 of which there is no towne or village that hath not hir conuenient furniture4 ,these defences are of the same nature as the jack shown on ,figs4 #bd1 #be4 ,the brigandine was more elaborate and costly1 for it was composed of small plates riveted to the foundation and covering of fabric and was therefore the work of a skilled artificer4 ,the jack1 on the other hand1 was more easily put together and could be done by the wearer himself or by his wife4 ,an interesting example of one of these village armouries mentioned above is to be found at ,mendlesham ,church1 ,suffolk1 in the strong-room of which are portions of suits and half-suits dating from the late fifteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,the church also preserves the records of the upkeep of the equipment1 one of the last entries being in #afac1 a payment of #as4 #d;d4 to an armourer for 8varnishinge the town head-piece and the corslitt and for setting on leathers and rivettes40 #aeia-e4 ,instructions1 ,observations and ,orders ,militarie1 p4 #ahe1 ,sir ,john ,smith4 ,archers should weare either ,ilet holed doublets that will resist the thrust of a sword or a dagger and covered with some trim and gallant kinde of coloured cloth to the liking of the ,captain 444 or else ,iackes of maile quilted upon fustian4 ,from the nature of their composition these 8eyelet doublets0 are rarely to be met with4 ,they were made of twine or thread knitted all over in eyelets or button-holes4 ,the appearance is much the same as modern 8tatting0 and macram work4 ,the best-known examples are in the ,muse ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels 7,,ii1 #ha71 in the ,cluny ,museum1 and in the ,muse d',artillerie1 ,g1 #baj 7,fig4 #de74 #affb4 ,decades of ,epistles of ,war1 ,gervase ,markham4 ,the shot should have on his head a good and sufficient ,spanish morian well lined in the head with a quilted cap of strong linen and bound with lined ear plates4 #afdc4 ,souldier's ,accidence1 ,gervase ,markham4 444 the shot should have good comb caps well lined with quilted caps4 ,it will be obvious that the maker of linings and undergarments for the soldier had to be in constant touch with the armourer1 for he had to make allowances for the style and cut of the armour4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,details of ,eyelet ,coats4 #a4 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #baj4 #b4 ,muse de ,cluny1 ,paris4 ,in the ,wardrobe ,accounts of ,edward ,i quoted on page #gi there are entries of payments to ,robinet1 the ,king's tailor1 for armour1 banners1 crests1 helmets1 and robes for the ,king1 his son1 and ,john of ,lancaster4 ,at the end of this chapter we shall notice this combining of the crafts of the armourer and tailor when dealing with the linen armourers4 ,it was obviously important that the tailor should be in touch with the armourer and suit his material and cut to the equipment worn over them4 #aeia-e4 ,instructions and ,orders ,militarie1 p4 #ahe1 ,sir ,john ,smith4#aje ,no armed man should weare any cut doublets1 as well in respect that the wearing of armour doth quicklie fret them out and also by reason that the corners and edges of the lames and jointes of the armours doo take such holde uppon such cuttes as they do hinder the quicke and sudden arming of men4 ,all parts of the suit were lined1 for in spite of the padded undergarment there was bound to be a certain amount of chafing which1 if the armour was unlined1 would in time rub through the undergarment4 ,in many portraits1 especially those of the late sixteenth century1 the linings are shown projecting below the edges of the various pieces of the suit4 ,the edges of these linings are generally scalloped4 ,in the picture by ,breughel on the frontispiece a cuisse is shown1 immediately beneath the basket of glass bottles in the centre of the picture1 which clearly has a padded lining4 ,in a list of payments for work done to ,henry ,,viii's armour we find 8#i yards of ,cheshire cotton at #g;d4 for lining the king's pasguard grandguard great mayn de fer40 ,a similar charge is made in #aeba for two yards of yellow satin at #g_/d for lining two head-pieces1 two pair of tasses1 a pasguard1 and two maynd fers4 ,in #aeaj we find an entry of payment of #be fl4 #bi kr4 to ,walter ,zeller of ,innsbruck for lining armour with black velvet and silk4#ajf ,frequently the padding is shown in miniatures1 especially on the inside of shields and bucklers4 ,the ,highland targes are generally padded on the inside with straw to take some of the shock of a blow from the arm4 ,the lining of such pieces as the taces and pauldrons was added to prevent the metal over which they worked from being scratched1 and also to lessen the metallic noise1 which would be a serious factor in night attacks4 ,horse-armour1 of course1 needed heavy lining1 but little of this remains4 ,an excellent reconstruction of lined horse-armour is to be found on ,no4 #fbj1 ,wallace ,collection4 ,the stuffing of these padded garments was not always of cotton4 ,in the inventory of the goods of ,sir ,john ,falstoffe1 #adei 7,archologia1 ,,xxi71 we find 8i4 jack of black linen stuffed with mail and vi4 jacks stuffed with horne1 xxiiij4 cappes stuffed with horne and mayle1 vj4 payre of glovys of mayle of shepys skynne40 ,under the heading 8,gambeson10 ,du ,cange#ajg states that the gambeson was stuffed with wool soaked with vinegar1 to resist iron1 and he gives a reference to ,pliny1 ,bk4 ,,viii1 c4 #dh1 as bearing on this statement4 ,this was probably done to keep out vermin1 a serious factor when long marches with bad camping arrangements were undertaken4 ,in all the defences which were mainly composed of fabrics1 the object seems to have been to provide a substance which would resist cut or thrust and at the same time would offer a certain resiliency to the blow4 ,a practical experiment upon thick leather and upon folded or padded cloth will prove this4 ,till recent years the ,japanese made much of their armour of quilted fabrics1 the chief drawback to which was its heat and want of ventilation4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,,man ,,at ,,arms4 ,,middle ,,of ,,xv ,,cent4 ,this linen armour or linen and fabric covering for armour was a distinct craft in itself1 and was practised by the linen armourers1 who had the sole right to cover armour or to make such defences as have been enumerated above4 ,that they were also tailors we know from their subsequent incorporation with the ,merchant ,tailors and also from the ,wardrobe ,accounts#ajh of ,edward ,i1 in which ,robinet1 the ,king's tailor1 is mentioned as making robes and armours and banners4 ,besides the lining of armour and the provision of padded defences of fabric1 there was a large field of employment in the covering of armour4 ,as may be noticed in ,appendix ,a1 this covering of helmets seems to have been common in the first years of the fourteenth century4 ,there were three reasons for covering the steel head-piece with fabric4 ,firstly1 as ,chaucer writes with regard to the mail hauberk 7page #gh71 to keep it from wet1 the enemy of all iron and steel work2 secondly1 as ,roger ,ascham writes of the peacock-wing for arrows1 8for gayness02 and thirdly1 to prevent the glitter of metal attracting attention4#aji ,in the ,treatise of ,johan ,hill1 written in #adcd 7,appendix ,c1 page #agc71 the covering of the armour1 especially for the legs1 is ordered to be of scarlet 8because his adversarie shall not lightly espye his blode40 ,helmet-bags are mentioned in inventories1 etc4 ,in #aegh we find 8steel caps with covers0 noticed in more than one will1#aaj and in the ,lieutenancy ,accounts for ,lancashire1 temp4 ,elizabeth1 the archer's dress includes a 8scull and ,scottish cap to cover the same0 7,fig4 #df74 ,several helmets in the ,waffensammlungen at ,vienna still show the silk and satin coverings1 and in ,munich a triple-crowned burgonet has a black velvet cover4 ,the highly ornate ,venetian sallads1 covered with crimson velvet1 over which is set a gilt open-work decoration of metal1 are fairly common in collections 7,plate ,,xvi74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,sallad with cover1 from a sixteenth-century engraving4 ,the surcoat and tabard hardly come within the province of the armourer1 for they were quite distinct from the armour4 ,they were1 however1 in fashion in various forms till the middle of the reign of ,henry ,,viii1 who landed in ,france1 according to ,hall1 in #aead with a garment of 8white cloth of gold bearing a red cross40 ,padded and quilted defences appear to have been worn in the early seventeenth century1 for the ,hon4 ,roger ,north in his ,examen writes that 8there was great abundance of silk armour10 which in many cases was said to be of pistol proof4 ,some of these backs1 breasts1 and taces1 wadded with cotton and covered with salmon-coloured silk1 are preserved in the ,pitt-,rivers ,museum1 ,oxford4 ,,the ,,linen ,,armourers ,as we have seen on page #ia1 in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the tailor was often also a purveyor of armour4 ,m4 ,buttin#aaa quotes several extracts from documents of the fourteenth century in which different names of craftsmen appear classed as 8,brodeurs et ,armuriers40 ,it may not be out of place to notice here that the 8milliner0 of the present day was originally the ,milaner or ,milanese pedlar1 who purveyed armour1 weapons1 and clothing of all sorts4 ,the ,linen ,armourers1 as they were called1 were a gild distinct from the ,armourers1 for in #abgb they were instituted as 8,the ,fraternity of ,tailors and ,linen ,armourers of ,linen ,armour of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist in the ,city of ,london40 ,edward ,,iii was an honorary member of the gild1 and ,richard ,,ii also became a member when he confirmed their charter4 ,their first patent of arms was granted by ,edward ,,iv in the year #adff1 and in this document the society is called 8,gilda ,armorarii40#aab ,this naturally causes some confusion with the ,armourers' ,company1 and in many documents it is uncertain which gild is referred to4 ,the first master was ,henry de ,ryall1 who was called the ,pilgrim or ,traveller4 ,as has been stated above1 their first charter was from ,edward ,,iii4 ,richard ,,ii confirmed by 8inspeximus0 this charter4 ,henry ,,iv also confirmed the charter1 and ,henry ,,vi granted right of search1 which allowed the gild to inspect shops and workshops and confiscate any work which did not come up to their standard4 ,it is doubtful whether the document given in ,appendix ,a refers to this gild or to that of the ,armourers1 for it contains regulations which would affect both gilds4 ,it gives details as to that 8right of search0 which was an important part of the duties of the gilds4 ,in the reign of ,edward ,,iv the gild was incorporated1 and under ,henry ,,vii it became the ,merchant ,tailors' ,company1 with the charter which is held by that company at the present day4 ,this charter was confirmed by ,henry ,,viii1 ,edward ,,vi1 ,philip and ,mary1 ,elizabeth1 and ,james ,i4 ,,footnotes3 #ajb ,meyrick1 ,antient ,armour1 ,i1 #aci4 #ajc ,cf4 jupon of ,black ,prince at ,canterbury1 wadded with cotton4 #ajd ,see also ,du ,cange1 ,glossaire1 under 8,jacque40 #aje ,cousin of ,edward ,,vi1 and knighted by ,elizabeth in #aegf4 ,his free criticism on military matters led to the suppression of his 8,discourses on the form and effects of divers sorts of weapons10 and he was committed to the ,tower4 #ajf ,jahrbuch des ,kunsthist4 ,sammlungen1 ,,ii1 #iie4 #ajg ,johnes' edit41 ,i1 #aca4 #ajh ,lib4 ,gardrob1 #bh ,ed4 ,i1 #acjj4 ,soc4 of ,antiq4 #aji ,vide modern ,war ,office regulations of the present day as to scabbards of swords1 ,highland kilts1 etc4 #aaj ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lx1 8,armour ,notes40 #aaa ,le ,guet de ,genve1 ,geneva1 #aiaj4 #aab ,hist4 of #ab ,livery ,co4's of ,london1 ,herbert1 #ahcf4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,leather ,from the earliest times leather has been a favourite material for defensive armour4 ,the shield of ,ajax was fashioned of seven bulls' hides1 and the soldiers of the ,king and of the ,parliament in the ,civil ,war favoured the buff coat4 ,between these periods leather was utilized in many ways1 and when specially treated was a most serviceable protection which had the merit of being lighter and less costly than metal4 ,the word 8cuirass0 itself is derived from the body-defence of leather 7cuir74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,cuirass from the sketch-book of ,willarsde ,honecourt1 thirteenth century4 ,the ,hon4 ,robert ,curzon1 writing in #ahfi1 mentions a cuirass of three thicknesses of leather found in a stone coffin of the thirteenth century 7,arch4 ,journ41 ,,xxii1 p4 #f74 ,at a time when the weaving of fabrics was in a more or less primitive state1 the skins of beasts were used either as the sole defence of the warrior or were reinforced with plates of metal applied over the most vital parts of the body 7,figs4 #dg1 #dh74 ,it is always a matter of some difficulty1 especially in the earlier examples1 to tell what materials are intended in illuminated miniatures1 for we find what appears to be plate armour painted brown or parti-coloured1 and this points to the fact that armour of all kinds was frequently painted1 even chain mail being coloured to suit the taste of the wearer1 and also1 a more important reason1 to preserve it from wet and rust4 ,in some representations of scale armour1 the drawing of the scales1 as for example the figure given on ,plate #a1 #b1 of my book on ,armour and ,weapons1 suggests leather rather than metal1 and certainly the much-debated-upon 8banded mail0 must have been a mixture of leather and metal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,leather ,gauntlet1 ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford4 ,towards the end of the twelfth century we find the material known as 8cuir-bouilli0 or 8cuerbully0 mentioned as being used for the armour of man and horse4 ,the hide of the animal was cut thick1 boiled in oil or in water1 and1 when soft1 moulded to the required shape4 ,when cold it became exceedingly hard and would withstand nearly as much battle-wear as metal4 ,it had the advantage of being easily procured1 easily worked1 and also of being much lighter than the metal4 ,for this reason it was used largely for jousts and tourneys1 which up to the fifteenth century were more of the nature of mimic fights than was the case at a later date1 when the onset was more earnest and the armour was made correspondingly heavy to withstand it4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,,parade ,,shield ,,by ,,desiderius ,,colman1 #aeed ,,the ,,detail ,,is ,,given ,,on ,,page #ace ,the best leather seems to have come from ,spain and especially from ,cordova4 ,among the ,ordonnances des rois in the ,bib4 ,nat4 ,franais 7,t4 ,,ii1 #ceg7 we find it distinctly stated that ,cordova leather was far better than that of ,france or ,flanders4 ,this may have been due to the breed of horses or cattle found there1 but it is more likely that the tanners of that town had made a speciality of treating the hides4 ,on the sculptured effigies and monumental brasses of the fourteenth century we find the jambs and poleynes often richly decorated and moulded with more skill than the other parts of the armour1#aac and these were probably of cuir-bouilli4 ,the d',aubernon1 ,setvans1 and ,gorleston brasses are good examples of this4 ,chaucer in his ,rime of ,sir ,thopas mentions jambs of cuir-bouilli as being part of the ordinary equipment of the knight 7see page #ajj74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,brassard of leather and cord for the tourney 7from ,ren's ,trait d'un ,tournoi74 ,both ,king ,rene and ,antoine de la ,salle prescribe cuir-bouilli as the material for the brassards used in the tourney 7,fig4 #di71 and this fashion seems to have lasted from the last quarter of the thirteenth century1 at which date we have cuir-bouilli armour mentioned in the roll of purchases for the tournament at ,windsor ,park1 held by ,edward ,i1 down to the last quarter of the fifteenth century4 ,oliver de la ,marche1 writing at the end of the same century1 describes the armour of ,mahiot and ,jacotin ,plouvier fighting in a duel as being of cuir-bouilli sewn on the body1 legs1 and arms4#aad ,in his ,advis de gaige de battaile the same author mentions leather armour as being only fit for the man who is 8point gentilhomme40 ,as late as the year #aejj cuir-bouilli was much used for horse-armour on account of its lightness4 ,of this we have two specimens remaining to us in the full suit at ,turin 7,g1 #b7 and the crupper at the ,tower 7,,vi1 #hi74 ,the horse on ,plate ,,xvii is apparently armed with mail which is covered with trappers of leather4 ,the original1 which was an ivory chessman in the possession of ,rev4 ,eagles1 has disappeared4 ,it was figured by ,hewitt in ,ancient ,armour1 ,vol4 ,i1 and was cast4 ,the photograph given here is from the cast4 ,among the few specimens of leather armour for the man may be noted a morion in the ,zeughaus1 ,berlin 7#fj;b71 and a pair of seventeenth-century leather 8lobster-tail0 cuisses at ,goodrich ,court1 ,herefordshire4 ,the reason for this dearth of examples of leather armour in collections at the present day is twofold4 ,much of the discarded armour of this nature would be used for various domestic purposes1 such as jugs1 horse-furniture1 and such-like uses1 and also much would be thrown away as useless1 for leather unless carefully kept and oiled tends to crack and warp out of shape4 ,the above-mentioned bards for horses appear frequently in paintings of the early sixteenth century4 ,the picture of the battle of ,pavia in the ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford1#aae shows many of these brilliantly painted with armorial and fancy designs1 and the absence of rivet-heads points to the fact that they are not of metal4 ,the painting of bards seems to have been a distinct trade1 for we find in the ,statuto de' pittori ,fiorentini rubr4 #gi 7,carteggio ined4 d'artisti1 ,t4 ,,ii1 p4 #dj7 regulations forbidding any but the registered bard-painters to undertake such work4 ,that cuir-bouilli was not proof against firearms we learn from ,jean de ,troyes 7page #bfj71 who writes3 8,si y eut un cheval tout barde de cuir bouilli qui fut tue d'un coup de coulverine40 ,this refers to the date #adfe1 when firearms were but primitive weapons4 ,dressed leather1 however1 in the form of the buff coat was used up to the middle of the seventeenth century1 when the penetrating power of the bullet was greater4 ,at the same time we should remember1 as ,marshal ,saxe very truly points out in his advocacy of plate armour 7,rveries1 p4 #eh71 that many wounds at this time were caused by sword1 lance1 and spent bullet1 all of which might have been avoided by the use of some thick material4 ,the ,marshal suggests sheet-iron sewn upon a buff coat1 but the buff coat itself1 in4 thick1 would be a very adequate1 though hot and heavy1 protection without the addition of metal4 ,the leather guns of ,gustavus ,adolphus will be found mentioned in the following pages1 but these were only covered with leather1 presumably to protect them from wet1 and were not made entirely of this material4 ,we have no record of cuir-bouilli being employed to make artillery1 and of course the chief reason against its use would be the weakness of the seam or join4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,hat of ,bradshaw the regicide1 of leather and steel4 ,ashmolean ,mus41 ,oxford4 ,the only use of leather or cuir-bouilli for defensive armour found at the present day is found in the small bucklers of the hill tribes of ,india4 ,these are often so skilfully treated that the leather is transparent and is almost impervious to a sword-cut1 forming a very fair defence against the bullet from the primitive flintlocks in use among those tribes4 ,the leather hat reinforced with steel plates given at ,fig4 #ej was worn by the regicide ,bradshaw at the trial of ,charles ,i4#aaf ,,references ,,to ,,leather ,,and ,,cuir-,,bouilli ,,from ,,contemporary ,,documents #aahe4 ,chanson d',antioche4 ,moult fu riches qu'il li a chief mi ,son poitrail lui laca qui fu de cuir bolis4 ,the 8poitrail0 in this extract is the breastplate of the knight and not of the horse4 #abgh4 ,roll of ,purchases for the ,tournament at ,windsor ,park4 ,de ,milon le ,cuireur xxxviij quiret3 p'c pec iij s4 ,itm4 ij ,crest j ,blazon una galea cor j ensis de ,balon de ,rob'o ,brunnler xxxviij galee de cor p'c galee xiv4 ,this tournament seems to have been more of a pageant than a serious contest like those of the fifteenth century4 ,no armour of metal is mentioned among the purchases and the weapons are of whalebone1 a material which was used also for gauntlets1 as we know from ,froissart's#aag description of the equipment of the troops of ,philip von ,artevelde at the battle of ,rosebecque in #achb4 ,whalebone was also employed for 8privy coats0 or brigandines1 in which it was inserted between the lining and the cover4 ,buckram is also mentioned as being used for body-armour1 which material will be found alluded to in the section devoted to the ,linen ,armourers4 #acde4 ,les ,livres de ,comptes des ,freres ,bonis1 ,i4 #agd1 ,forestie4 ,item deu per un brasalot 444 de cuer negre4 #acea4 ,ordonnances du roi ,jean ,,iv1 #fi4 ,ordenons que l'arbalestrier 444 sera arme de plates 444 et de harnois de bras de fer et de cuir4 ,these brassards of cuir-bouilli seem to have been common in the fourteenth century2 their popularity being doubtless due to their lightness and cheapness as compared with metal4 ,m4 ,buttin in his interesting pamphlet ,le ,guet de ,genve#aah gives several extracts from inventories and other documents which bear out this statement4 #acej4 ,rime of ,sir ,thopas1 ,chaucer4 ,his jambeux were of curebully4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,,drawing ,,by ,,jacob ,,topf1 #aecj-aeig ,,from ,,the 8,,armourer',s ,,album10 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,armour ,,of ,,sir ,,christopher ,,hatton1 ,,by ,,jacob ,,topf ,the skilfully modelled jambs and poleynes which appear on many brasses and effigies of the fourteenth century rather suggest that leather was used and not metal1 as the rest of the armour does not show such skill of forging4 ,these leg-pieces are nearly always shown as richly engraved1 which also points to the suggestion that they were of cuir-bouilli1 which would be an easier material to decorate with painting or modelling than metal4 #adaa4 ,inventorie de l'ecurie du roi1 f4 #ajh vo4 ,une armure de cuir de ,surie pour armer l'homme et le cheval4 #adej4 ,trait d'un ,tournoi1 ,roi ,ren4 ,en ,brebant1 ,flandres et ,haynault at en ces pays la vers ,almaignes 444 mettant unes bracieres grosses de #d dois d'espez et remplies de cotton sur quoys ils arment les avant bras et les garde-bras de cuir bouilly4 ,this entry may be compared with that of the ,windsor ,park ,tournament quoted above4 ,king ,ren's book has the advantage of being illustrated with drawings of these and all the other details mentioned in his regulations for a tourney4 ,the brassards shown in the drawing have cords fixed lengthways so as to provide an extra protection against the blow of the mace or wooden sword which ,ren describes as the weapons to be used4 ,brassards of a similar kind are mentioned in ,antoine de la ,salle's ,des anciens tournois et ,faictz d',armes 7edit4 ,b4 ,prost41 p4 #abj74 #adga4 ,inv4 du ,roi ,rene ,angers1 fo4 #c vo4 ,quatre targetes de cuir bouilly a la facon de ,tunes4 ,these targets1 made after an ,oriental model1 would probably resemble those which are frequently seen in ,india and ,persia at the present day1 in which the leather is hard and often highly polished and decorated with painting and gilding4 ,the ,highland targe is fashioned differently1 for the foundation is of wood and the skin or hide stretched over it4 #adhj4 ,l',artillerie des ,ducs de ,bourogne1 ,garnier1 appendix1 p4 #bcj4 ,onze gands et huit brasselets de cuir pour archiers4 ,here the 8brasselets0 are not arm-defences1 but are simply the 8bracer0 or arm-guard which protected the wrist of the archer from the string of his own bow when released4 #adic4 ,l'advis de gaige de battaille1 ,o4 de la ,marche4 ,s'il n'est point gentilhomme il peut combattre selon l'ancienne coustume arm de cuir bouilly4 ,this evidently refers to the regulations laid down by ,king ,ren in #adej1 and suggests that by the end of the fifteenth century they had become obsolete and that full plate armour was the only equipment for the joust or tourney4 #aejj4 ,inv4 de ,francois ,ier4 de ,luxembourg1 p4 #f4 ,plusiers bardes de chevaux de cuyr de cartes ou cartons4 ,the last-named materials were obviously only employed for parade or masque4 ,they would be early forms of papier-mach1 but were probably more like the modern cardboard than the hard papier-mach now in use4 #aeei4 ,notes sur ,dioscoride1 ,,ii1 chap4 #ba1 ,matthe4 ,le cheval marin une beste du ,nil the hippopotamus de la peau l'on en fait des cus1 animes et rondelles2 aussi n'y ha il armes n'y poinctures quelles qu'elles soyent qui la puissent transpercer1 si premirement elle n'est baigne4 ,this entry shows clearly that even the hide of the hippopotamus was not held to be weapon-proof till it had been soaked 7in water or oil74 ,one of these leather bards exists in the ,armeria ,reale1 ,turin1 ,b1 #b4 ,it is catalogued as being of hippopotamus hide4 ,a crupper of cuir-bouilli 7,,vi1 #hi7 is the only specimen of leather armour in the ,tower4 #afcj 7circ474 ,hist4 of ,london1 p4 #bf1 ,pennant 7#agij74 ,robert ,scot 444 was the inventor of leather artillery which he introduced into the army of ,gustvus ,adolphus4 #afdd4 ,military ,memoirs of the ,great ,civil ,war1 p4 #db1 ,gwynne4 ,at ,crobredery ,bridge 7,cropredy7 we overtook ,waller's army which we engaged and beat1 took ,wemes ,general of their army prisoner and withal took his leather guns which proved serviceable to the ,king4 ,these leather guns were formed of a cylinder of copper round which was twisted thick hempen cord and the whole enveloped in a leather jacket4 ,an example which is traditionally stated to be one of ,scot's guns used by ,gustavus ,adolphus1 is exhibited in the ,rotunda ,museum1 ,woolwich 7,,ii1 #agc74 ,the dolphins on this specimen are fashioned to the letter 8,g0 placed horizontally4 ,there are two similar guns in the ,muse d',artillerie4 #afgh4 ,trait des ,armes1 p4 #ee1 ,gaya4 ,quoy que les ,bufles ne soient proprement que les habillemens de ,cavaliers1 nous pouvons neanmoins les mettre au nombre de leurs armes deffensives1 plus qu'ils peuvent aisement rsister l',epe lors qu'ils sont d'une peau bien choissie4 ,les ,bufles 444 sont faits en forme de ,juste-au-corps quatre basques qui descend jusqu'aux genoux4 ,il n'y a pas un ,cavalier dans les trouppes de ,france qui n'ait un habillement de ,bufle4 ,the buff coat of leather or 8cuir de buf0 was a part of the military equipment as early as #aehe and was in common use during the ,civil ,war4 ,it was worn by the ,life ,guards at the ,coronation of ,james ,,ii in #afhe and by a detachment of the ,artillery ,company at the entry of ,george ,i in #agad4 ,it ceased to be worn as part of the uniform in the following reign4#aai #aeia-e4 ,instructions1 ,observations and ,orders ,militarie1 p4 #ahe1 ,sir ,john ,smith4 444 halbadiers 444 armed with burganets and with short skirted ,ierkins of buffe with a double buffe on their breasts and the sleeves of their doublets with stripes of maile or serecloth aforesaide4 ,here we find a return to the primitive defence of the eleventh century1 due to the increased weight of armour which was necessary against the improved firearms which were by this time a serious factor in war4 ,the serecloth recommended was probably a stout waxed or oiled canvas4 ,in recommending sleeves of mail1 which are shown on ,plate ,,xviii1 ,sir ,john ,smith considers that they are more convenient for the handling of the halberdier's weapon than the more rigid brassards worn by the cavalry4 ,these strips of chain are shown on one of the figures painted by ,memling for the 8,chasse of ,s4 ,ursula0 at ,bruges1 #adhf1 which is given on ,fig4 #bd of this work4 ,they have been re-introduced as shoulder-straps for heavy cavalry at the present day4 ,,footnotes3 #aac ,the ,pembridge effigy in ,hereford ,cathedral has thigh-pieces which apparently represent leather laced on the inside4 #aad ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,i1 ch4 #cc4 #aae ,arms and ,armour at ,oxford1 ,c4 ffoulkes4 #aaf ,arms and ,armour at ,oxford1 ,c4 ffoulkes4 #aag ,johnes' trans41 ,i1 #gci4 #aah ,kndig1 ,geneva1 #aiaj4 #aai ,cannon1 ,historical ,records of the ,life ,guards1 p4 #gd4 ,,the ,,wearing ,,of ,,armour ,though perhaps the wearing and putting on of armour was not directly part of the craft of the armourer1 it was certainly a part of his duties to be present during the process and be ready to carry out any small alterations which might be needed on the spot4 ,as has been noticed in a preceding chapter1 as late as #afbe we find this insisted upon by de ,pluvinel 7see page #aae74 ,shakespeare describes the armourers as busy 8accomplishing the knights0 before ,agincourt 7page #cc71 and the fact that the travelling knight took his armourer with him shows that he was indispensable during the operation of dressing for war or joust4 ,armour of the best kind was made to measure1 and for ordinary purposes a mould or 8dobble0 was kept on which to make the ordinary harness for the man-at-arms 7page #bh74 ,the following extracts show the methods employed for sending measurements1 which were often obtained by submitting the clothes of the patron to the armourer3-- #adjf4 ,in the will of ,sir ,ralph ,bulmer1 8armatura mea corpori talliata40#abj #adgj4 ,archives de ,bruxelles4#aba ,baltazar du ,cornet1 armourer at ,bruges1 delivers for the ,duke of ,burgundy 8#b cuiraches complettes faites a la mesure de ,monseigneur40 ,lazarus de ,st4 ,augustin delivers 8un harnais complet fait naguere a la mesure de ,monseigneur et pour son corps40 #aeab4 ,a jacket and hose of ,prince ,charles 7afterwards ,charles ,v7 are sent to ,conrad ,seusenhofer4#abb #aebj4 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,calig4 ,d1 ,,viii1 #aha4 #af ,march4 ,francis ,i asks for an 8arming doublet0 of ,henry ,,viii that he may have made a new kind of cuirass which he will send him as a present4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,drawing ,,by ,,jacob ,,topf1 #aecj-aeig ,,from ,,the 8,,armourer',s ,,album10 ,,victoria ,,and ,,albert ,,museum ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,,armour ,,of ,,sir ,,john ,,smith1 ,,by ,,jacob ,,topf #aefd4 ,s4,p4,d4 ,elizabeth1 ,jan4 #cj4 ,warrant to the ,master of the ,armoury4 ,to cause to be made one armour complete fit for the body of our well beloved servant ,christopher ,hatton1 one of our ,gentlemen ,pensioners1 he paying according to the just value thereof4 #affg4 ,verney ,memoirs1 ,,iv1 #cja4 ,rich4 ,hals to ,edmond ,verney4 ,the armour fits well enough only the man did cut away to much just under the arme pit both of back and breast1 but for the head piece it is something heavy1 yet ,i think it well enough if it did not come downe so low upon my forhead as to cover all my eyes and offend my nose when ,i put my head backwards to look upwards4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,stripping the dead 7,bayeux ,tapestry74 ,in the preceding chapter some notice was taken of the part which the linen armourer played in the equipment of the armed man1 and it was to him that the clothing which was worn under the armour was entrusted4 ,under the heading of the 8,cleaning of ,armour0 mention has been made of ,chaucer's knight whose 8gipoun0 was 8besmoturyd with his haubergeon10 but this garment was an outer garment or surcoat4 ,in the age of plate armour a complete dress was worn for legs1 arms1 body1 and head to prevent the chafing of the armour1 which in spite of its own lining of silk1 velvet1 cloth1 leather1 or other fabric would cause grave inconvenience1 if not danger to the wearer4 ,besides this reason there was also a question of warmth1 which was of importance1 for in long marches and expeditions there was no warmth in a suit of plate1 in fact there was an added cold which had to be counteracted by warm garments worn underneath4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,knight arming 7from ,livre des ,nobles ,femmes1 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,paris1 fourteenth century74 ,in the eleventh and twelfth centuries we have not much in the way of documentary evidence which will help us as to the clothes worn under the armour4 ,the ,bayeux ,tapestry shows us the wounded and dead being stripped of their hauberks1 under which nothing was apparently worn 7,fig4 #ea74 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that these hauberks were probably of quilted fabric1 which therefore did not gall the body of the wearer4 ,the drawing from a fourteenth-century manuscript on ,fig4 #eb gives some hint at the arming-doublet1 which will be noted farther on in this chapter1 and shows also the laces or points that held up the hose4 ,towards the end of the fourteenth century1 however1 we find on the incised brasses1 which are such valuable records of the military equipment of the period1 very distinct garments represented4 ,on the brass to ,sir ,john de ,creke at ,westley ,waterless1 ,cambs1 #acbe1 we see the 8cyclas0 or outer surcoat1 the 8upper pourpoint10 of fabric1 studded with metal1 8the hauberk10 and under all the 8haketon0 or 8gambeson0 7,fig4 #ec74 ,according to ,william de ,guilleville1 in the ,plerinage de l',ame1 written in the fourteenth century1 the 8pourpoint0 was so called because of its quiltings3-- ,de pontures de gambison ,pourquoi pourpoint l'appelle-t-on4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,brass of ,sir ,john de ,creke1 ,westley ,waterless1 ,cambs1 #acbe4 #a4 ,bascinet4 #b4 ,vervelies and camail4 #c4 ,cyclas or surcoat4 #d4 ,upper pourpoint4 #e4 ,hauberk4 #f4 ,gambeson or haketon4 #g4 ,poleynes4 #h4 ,beinbergs or jambs4 ,the gambeson continued in use up to the seventeenth century under the name of 8arming-doublet10 with but little change except in shape and form1 as the style of armour required4 ,of the undergarments of the early fifteenth century we have little or nothing to guide us1 and we are often at a loss to know even what armour was worn under the tight-fitting1 small-waisted jupon or surcoat which distinguishes the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century4 ,we have1 however1 a valuable record under this head in the monument at ,ash1 which shows 8splinted armour0 of lames worn instead of a cuirass4 ,the illustration on ,plate ,,iv is from a wood-carving in the church of ,s4 ,william1 ,strasburg4 ,it represents the travelling armourer riveting what appear to be bands of iron on arms and legs4 ,whether these are some contrivance used in arming in the fifteenth century1 or whether they are some instrument of torture used upon the saint1 ,duke ,william of ,acquitaine1 it is impossible to discover1 as no other instances of the kind can be found4 ,for full details of the equipment of the latter half of the fifteenth century we cannot do better than refer to the ,hastings ,,ms4 of the fifteenth century1 which has been discussed by the late ,albert ,way1#abc and more fully by ,viscount ,dillon4#abd ,under the heading of 8,the ,abilment for the ,justes of ,pees0 we find much that is of value in this respect4 ,on page #abb;b of the manuscript we find the following minute directions for dressing a man for the joust1 which should be compared with those given in ,appendix ,c1 page #agc4 ,how a man schall be armyd at his ese when he schal fighte on foote3 ,he schal have noo schirte up on him but a dowbelet of ffustean lyned with satene cutte full of hoolis4 the dowbelet must be strongeli boude there the pointis muste be sette aboute the greet bend of the arm4 and the b ste sic before and behynde and the gussetis of mayle muste be sowid un to the dowbelet in the bought of the arme4 and undir the arme the armynge poyntis muste ba made of fyne twyne suche as men make stryngys for crossebowes and they muste be trussid small and poyntid as poyntis4 ,also they muste be wexid with cordeweneris coode4 and than they will neyther recche nor breke ,also a payr hosyn of stamyn sengill and a payre of shorte bulwerkis of thynne blanket to put aboute his kneys for chawfynge of his lighernes ,also a payre of shone of thikke ,cordwene and they muste be frette with smal whipcorde thre knottis up on a corde and thre cordis muste be faste swoid on to the hele of the shoo and fyne cordis in the mydill of the soole of the same shoo and that ther be betwene the frettis of the hele and the frettis of the mydill of the shoo the space of three fvngris4 ,to arme a man ffirste ye muste sette on ,sabatones and tye them up on the shoo with smale poyntes that wol breke ,and then griffus greaves then quisses he the breeche of mayle ,and the tonletis ,and the brest ,and he vambras ,and he rerebras ,and then glovys ,and then hange his daggere upon his right side ,and then his shorte swered upon the lyfte side in a rounde rynge all nakid to pull it oute lightlie4 ,and then putte his cote upon his back ,and then his basinet pynid up on two greet staplis before the breste with a dowbill bokill behynde up on the bak for to make the bassinet sitte juste4 ,and then his long swerde in his hande4 ,and then his pensil in his hande peyntid of seynt ,george or of oure lady to blesse him with as he goeth towards the felde and in the felde4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,arming-points 7from the portrait of a ,navigator1 ,ashmolean ,mus41 ,oxford74 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,attachment of brassard by points 7from the portrait of the ,duc de ,nevers1 ,hampton ,court74 ,from the above extract it will be seen that the undergarments consisted of a thick doublet lined with silk1 but with no shirt underneath2 the reason for this being one that we at the present day can well appreciate1 for when the body is hot from exertion and exercise a shirt is apt to 8ruck up10 and it would be impossible to readjust it when fully armed4 ,in the ,paston ,letters we have the following request from ,edward ,,iv3-- ,item ,i praye you to send me a newe vestmente off whyght damaske ffor a ,dekyn1 whyche is among myn other geer1 ,i will make an armyng ,doublet off it4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,,armet1 ,,middle ,,of ,,xvi ,,cent4 ,,armet ,,engraved ,,and ,,gilt1 ,,end ,,of ,,xvi ,,cent4 ,,helm ,,of ,,sir ,,richard ,,pembridge1 ,,circ4 #acfj ,,parade ,,casque1 ,,after ,,negroli1 ,,middle ,,of ,,xvi ,,cent4 ,,sallad ,,by ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,negrolis1 ,,end ,,of ,,xv ,,cent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,moton attached by points 7from ,harl4 ,,ms4 #dhbf74 ,the gussets and1 in the sixteenth century1 the sleeves of mail protected the bend of the arm and armpit1 and sometimes the bend of the knee1 which were not adequately covered with plate4 ,the two portraits of unknown noblemen by ,moroni 7,national ,gallery7 show these details of the equipment very clearly 7,plate ,,xviii74 ,the arming-points or 8tresses0 were used in civilian as well as in military attire and joined the hose to the doublet1 laced sleeves1 and held coats together1 much as laces are used in ladies' dresses at the present day 7,figs4 #ed-eg74 ,they are also shown tying up the hose on ,fig4 #eb and the brayette on ,plate ,,viii4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,arming-points on the foot 7from the picture of ,s4 ,demetrius1 by ,ortolano1 ,nat4 ,gall474 ,lord ,dillon explains the hose of 8stamyn sengill0 as being a worsted cloth made in ,norfolk4 ,the 8bulwerkis0 were pads of blanketing fastened over the hose at the knees to prevent the chafing of the knee-cop1 and the shoes were of ,cordova leather fastened with laces4 ,a complete underdress of this kind1 with quilted doublet and hose with gussets of mail at the knees1 is to be found in the ,museum at ,munich4 ,the arming of a man began at the feet1 and as far as was possible each piece put on overlapped that beneath it1 to ensure that glancing surface upon the utility of which such stress has been laid in the first chapter of this book4 ,the arming of a man1 therefore1 was carried out in the following order and his equipment put on in the following order3 ,sollerets or sabatons1 jambs1 knee-cops1 cuisses1 skirt of mail1 gorget1 breast and back plates1 brassards with elbow-cops1 pauldrons1 gauntlets1 sword-belt1 and helmet 7,fig4 #eh74 ,the 8tonlet0 would appear to be a bell-shaped skirt of plate or deep taces such as is shown on ,plate ,,xxi1 and is another example of the use of the 8glancing surface10 especially in combats with axe and sword at barriers1 for in these jousts the legs were often unarmed and were not attacked4 ,the rerebrace1 elbow-cop1 and vambrace are usually joined by rivets in which there is a certain amount of play4 ,where this was not the case1 each piece was separately strapped to the arm1 as may be seen in the brasses of ,sir ,john de ,creke1 #acbe 7,fig4 #ec71 and of ,sir ,hugh ,hastings1 #acdg4 ,when the three pieces1 called collectively the ,brassard1 were joined together1 they were kept in place on the arm by arming-points fastened to the 8haustement0 or doublet just below the shoulder4 ,the operation of tying on the brassard is shown on the portrait now labelled the 8,duc de ,nevers0 at ,hampton ,court 7,fig4 #ee74 ,in the list of the equipment taken by the ,earl of ,northumberland to ,france in #aeacabe we find mention of arming-pateletts of white satin quilted1 for wearing under the armour1 trussing-bolsters to wear round the waist to keep the weight of the cuirass from the shoulders1 arming-hose1 arming-doublets1 arming-shoes1 garters to wear under the armour1 and coffers in which to keep the armour4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,sixteenth-century ,suit of ,plate4 ,,english ,,french ,,german ,,italian ,,spanish #a4 scull timbre scheitelstck coppo calva #b4 visor visire visier visiera vista #c4 ventail ventail schembart ventaglio ventalle #d4 bevor bavire kinreff baviera barbote mentonnire #e4 crest crte kamm cresta cresteria #f4 plume-holderporte-plume pennachiera penacho porte-panache #g4 nape-guard couvre-nuque nackenschirm gronda cubrenuca #h4 gorget colletin kragen goletta gorjal #i4 spring-pin piton federzapfen ressort #aj4 neck-guard garde-collet brechrnder guarda- bufeta goletta #aa4 pauldron paulire achseln spallaccio guardabrazo #ab4 rerebrace arrire-bras oberarmzeug bracciali brazali #ac4 lance-rest faucre rsthaken resta restra de muelle #ad4 rondel or rondelle achselhhl- rotellino luneta besague scheibe da bracciale #ae4 breast plastron brust petto peto #af4 back dossire rcken schiena dos #ag4 elbow-cop or coude coudire armkasheln cubitiera codales #ah4 vambrace avant-bras unterarmzeug bracciali brazali #ai4 gauntlet gantelet handschuhe mittene manopla #bj4 taces bracconire bauchreisen panziera faldaje #ba4 loin-guard garde-reins gesassreifen falda 0 #bb4 fald or stahlmaschen- skirt brayette unterschutz braghetta of mail #bc4 tasset tassette beintaschen fiancale escarcela #bd4 upper cuishe cuissard oberdiechlinge cosciali quijotes #be4 cuishe 0 unterdiechlinge 0 0 #bf4 knee-cop genouillire kniebuckel ginocchielli guarda o rodillera #bg4 jamb or jambire1 beinrhen gambiera greba greave grve #bh4 solleret or soleret schuhe scarpe escarpe sabbaton #bi4 fan-plate ailerons ,there is no mention of the pauldron in the ,hastings ,,ms41 but when this was worn it was strapped to the neck-opening of the cuirass or hung from spring-pins which project from the shoulder-plate of the cuirass4 ,the staples mentioned in the ,hastings ,,ms4 are often very elaborate contrivances1 especially in jousting-armour1 and the foremost fastening was called the 8charnel40 ,fig4 #ei shows the methods of attaching jousting-helms to the cuirass4 ,no4 #a shows the adjustable plate which fixes the front of the helm of the suit of ,philip ,,ii 7,madrid1 ,a1 #af74 ,a similar contrivance was used with the 8,brocas0 helm 7,fig4 #ab74 ,no4 #b is the front of a helm 7,mus4 d',art1 ,paris1 ,g1 #afc7 in which the lower plate is bolted to the breast and can be released from the helm by withdrawing the hinge-pin4 ,no4 #c shows the back of the same helm4 ,fig4 #fj is a larger sketch of the fixing-hook of this helm4 ,a is the back-plate of the helm1 ,e the pillar hinged at ,d and hooked into a lug on the back of the cuirass4 ,b is a solid block of steel of circular section pierced with holes and connected to a screw in ,e4 ,b can be turned by inserting a pin in the holes and the screw tightened or loosened4 ,minute details as to the fastenings of the helm will be found in ,appendix ,d1 page #agh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,attachment of jousting-helms to the cuirass4 ,it can therefore be easily imagined that the work of arming a man was a serious business1 and it was necessary that the armourer or an expert assistant should be present in case some portion of the suit or its fastenings gave way4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,side view of attachment on ,fig4 #ei1 #c4 ,details of the different parts that went to make up the complete suit1 with the thickness of each plate1 the laces or points1 and various fastenings and methods of attachment1 will be found in the fifteenth-century ,treatise on ,military ,costume of which a portion is given in ,appendix ,d4 ,the ,marquis de ,belleval published an interesting monograph on this manuscript in #ahff1 which is now scarce and difficult to obtain4 ,in the illustration on ,plate ,,xvii the squires are shown arming their masters from horseback1 which appears to involve some gymnastic exercises4 ,that such agility of the armed man was by no means an artistic licence we may gather from the fact that ,froissart#abf mentions ,sir ,john ,assueton leaping fully armed behind his page on to his war-horse4 ,again1 ,shakespeare makes ,henry ,v 7,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b7 say1 8,if ,i could win a lady at leapfrog or by vaulting into my saddle with my armour on my back10 and ,oliver de la ,marche states that ,galliot de ,balthasin in #addf leaped fully armed out of the saddle as though he had on a pourpoint only4 ,that this was no mere figure of speech we may judge from a little book entitled ,the ,vaulting ,master1 written by ,w4 ,stokes1 an ,oxford riding-master1 in #afda4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,,armour ,,of ,,the ,,middle ,,xv ,,cent4 ,,armour ,,of ,,friedrich ,,des ,,siegreichen1 ,,by ,,tomaso ,,da ,,missaglia1 #adfj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,armourer in the lists 7,heralds' ,coll41 ,,ms4 ,m1 #f1 f4 #ef74 ,in the preface he writes3 8,in war the nimble avoydance of a man's horse if wounded or killed under him1 and in like manner the ready ascent into his enemies saddle if it be his hap to unhorse him1 and much more which the experienced souldier shall find40 ,there is an engraving on ,plate ,i of the work showing a cuirassier in half-armour about to vault into the saddle without stirrups4 ,stokes occasionally breaks out into verse as follows3-- ,here's that will make a stubborne armour weare ,gentle as ,persian silks and light as air1 which refers to the ease of mounting which his prescribed exercises ensured4 ,on the subject of the wearing of armour we have much valuable information from the works of the great military reformer of the sixteenth century1 ,sir ,john ,smith1 who1 as has been stated previously1 suffered imprisonment for his opinions4 ,in his ,instructions and ,observations and ,orders ,militarie1 #aeia-e1 he writes3-- ,page #ahc4 8,no man can be conveniently armed unlesse he be first fitly apparelled40 ,he states that at ,tilbury he saw 8but very few of that army that had any convenience of apparel and chieflie of doublets to arme upon1 whereof it came to passe that the most of them did weare their armors verie uncomelie and uneasilie4444 ,but because the collars of their armours doe beare the chief waight of all the rest of the armour1 ,i would wish that the souldiers 444 should have under ,collars of ,fustian convenientlie bombasted to defende the heveth weight1 and poise of their armours from the paining or hurting of their shouldiers40 ,on page #aic he writes3 8,also ,i would have them to have pouldrons of a good compasse and size1 and vambraces both joined together1 and not asunder1 because that the poise of the pouldrons and vambraces1 hanging upon the pinnes and springes of their collars1 they doe not weigh so much1 nor are not so wearisome as when they are separated2 and that they weare their vambraces tied with points to their doublets under their pouldrons40 ,here the author1 who was pre-eminently a practical soldier1 saw the discomfort and inconvenience caused by the drag of the arming-point on the sleeve and wisely considered that the whole arm-defence should hang from a pin or strap from the gorget or cuirass1 so that the weight might be on the shoulders and not on the arms4 ,the armour for the joust in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was far too heavy to allow of such vagaries4 ,pluvinel in his ,maneige ,royale1 #afbe1 gives an imaginary conversation between himself and the ,king which bears upon the subject3-- ,the ,king4 ,it seems to me that such a man would have difficulty in getting on his horse and being on to help himself4 ,pluvinel4 ,it would be very difficult1 but with this armament the case has been provided for4 ,in this way1 at triumphs and tourneys where lances are broken1 there must be at the two ends of the lists a small scaffold the height of the stirrup1 on which two or three persons can stand2 that is to say1 the rider1 an armourer to arm him1 and one other to help him1 as it is necessary in these dangerous encounters that an armourer should always be at hand and that all should be ready4 ,then the rider being armed1 and the horse brought near to the stand1 he easily mounts him 444 for this reason the horses must be steady4 ,a little pen-drawing of the sixteenth century in a manuscript dealing with jousts 7,heralds' ,coll41 ,m1 #f1 #ef7 shows the armourer on one of these scaffolds at the end of the lists 7,fig4 #fa74 ,in the chapter on the ,proving of ,armour the question of disuse on account of weight was considered4 ,from the sixteenth century and even earlier we have records of the discarding of armour because it hampered the wearer or for some equally cogent reason4 ,the following extracts bear upon the subject3-- #achc4 ,chroniques de ,dugesclin1 line #eigc 7edit4 #ahci74 ,leurs cuissieres osterent tres tous communement ,par coi aler peussent trop plus legierement4 ,this refers to the action of ,sir ,hugh ,calverly at the battle of ,mont ,auray1 who ordered his men to take off their cuisses in order to move more easily4 #aeij4 ,discourses1 p4 #d1 ,sir ,john ,smith4 ,but that which is more strange1 these our such new fantasied men of warre doe despise and scorne our auncient arming of ourselves both on horseback and on foote saying that wee armed ourselves in times past with too much armour1 or peces of yron as they terme it4 ,and therefore their footmen piquers they doo allow for verie well armed when they weare their burganets1 their collars1 their cuirasses1 and their backs1 without either pouldrons1 vambraces1 gauntlets or tasses4 ,sir ,john ,smith goes on to say that it was the discarding of his cuisses that cost ,sir ,philip ,sidney his life1 for he received a wound from a spent bullet which his armour might have deflected4 #afai4 ,the ,art of ,warre1 ,edward ,davies4 the arquebusiers were loaded with a heavie shirt of male and a burganet1 by the time they have marched in the heat of summer or deepe of winter ten or twelve ,english miles they are more apt to rest than readie to fight4 #afbe4 ,souldiers' ,accidence1 ,markham4 ,as for the pouldron or the vant-brace they must be spared because they are but cumbersome4 ,against these extracts we must place the opinions of military leaders who deplored the disuse of armour3-- #afcb4 ,militarie ,instructions for the ,cavallrie1 ,cruso4 ,captain ,bingham in his ,low ,countrie exercise appointeth him the harquebusier a cuirass pistoll proofe which condemneth the late practice of our trained ,harquebusiers to be erroneous which have wholly left off their arms and think themselves safe enough in a calf's skin coat4 #agef4 ,rveries1 ,marshal ,maurice of ,saxe1 p4 #ef4 ,je ne sais pourquoi on a quitte les ,armures1 car rien n'est si beau ni si avantageux4 ,l'on dira peut-etre que c'est l'usage de la poudre qui les a abolis2 mais point du tout car du tems de ,henri ,,iv4 et depuis jusq'en l'annee #affg on en a porter1 et il y avoit deja bien longtems que la poudre etoit en usage3 mais vous verrez que c'est la chere commodite qui les a fait quitter4 ,marshal ,saxe further suggests that the large proportion of wounds are received from sword1 lance1 or spent bullet1 and that all these might be guarded against by wearing armour or a buff coat of his own invention which when reinforced with steel plates weighed #cj lb4 ,,the ,,weight ,,of ,,armour ,we have but few records in contemporary documents of the actual weight of the different parts of the suit of armour1 but we can obtain these from examples of the sixteenth century onwards from specimens in the different museums and collections4 ,that armour had become burdensome in the extreme owing to the necessity of subjecting it to pistol and musket proof we know from various writers on the subject4 ,la ,noue in his ,discours ,politiques et ,militaires1 translated by 8,e4 ,a40 #aehg1 writes on page #ahe3 8,for where they had some reason in respect of the violence of harquebuzes and dagges muskets and pistols to make their armor thicker and of better proofe than before1 they have now so farre exceeded1 that most of the have laden themselves with stithies anvils in view of clothing their bodies with armour 444 neither was their armour so heavie but that they might wel bear it #bd hours1 where those that are now worne are so waightie that the peiz weight of them will benumme a ,gentleman's shoulders of #ce yeres of age40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,,portrait ,,medal ,,of ,,coloman1 ,,colman1 #adgj-aecb ,,designs ,,for ,,armour ,,by ,,albert ,,durer1 #aeag ,on page #aif of ,sir ,john ,smith's ,instructions1 ,observations1 and ,orders ,militarie1 the author strongly objects to the discarding of the arm and leg defences which was advised by other authorities4 ,he insists that these limbs are as important as the 8breste1 belly1 and backe10 and should be adequately protected4 ,his opinions are also held by ,marshal ,maurice of ,saxe in his ,rveries1 quoted above4 ,edward ,ludlow1 at the battle of ,edgehill1 #afdb1abg was dismounted in getting through a hedge1 and says3 8,i could not without great difficulty recover on horse-back again being loaded with cuirassiers arms as the rest of the guard were also40 ,it would be superfluous to mention the different occasions on which unhorsed knights were captured or killed through their inability to remount in battle4 ,froissart in describing the battle of ,poitiers says that when once dismounted men could not get up again1 and other historians bear equal witness of the disadvantage of armour when unmounted2 and the ,sieur de ,gaya1 who has been so often referred to in these pages1 writing in #afgh1 says in his ,trait des ,armes1 page #fj3 8,ils n'avoient trop de tort mon avis d'quiper ainsi leurs chevaux parce qu'un ,cavalier arm n'est plus propre rien quand il est dmont40 ,although this may be taken as a reason put forward by the writer for more armour for man and horse1 it shows at the same time that the fully armed man was considered to be comparatively useless when unhorsed1 as the ,spanish proverb ran3 8,muerto el ,cavallo1 perdido el hombre d'armas40 ,it may be somewhat of a surprise to learn that the present-day equipment is but little lighter than that of the fifteenth century4 ,the ,under ,secretary for ,war1 speaking in the ,house of ,commons on ,november #bhth1 #aiaa1 stated that the infantry soldier marched on an average thirty miles a day during the manuvres1 carrying #ei lb4 #aa oz4 of equipment and kit4 ,against this we may place the weight of some suits of foot-soldiers' armour of the sixteenth century1 which weigh with the helmet at the outside #be lb42 leaving therefore a wide margin for underclothes and weapons4 ,and this comparison of weight carried is even more interesting when considering the cavalry equipment1 as will be seen from the annexed table on the opposite page4 ,of course all these figures represent 8dead weight02 and here we are brought back to one of those fundamental rules of good craftsmanship--the recognition of 8,convenience in ,use40 ,even in the ,golden ,age of armour1 the fifteenth century1 the armourer was hampered by material and by methods of construction which even the most expert craftsman could not overcome2 but when we reach the period of decadence in the seventeenth century1 the excellence of craftsmanship had deteriorated to an alarming extent and these difficulties were still greater4 ,the secret therefore of the weight-carrying powers of man and horse at the present day is greater convenience in carrying1 the scientific distribution of weight1 and a more adaptable material1 which when taken together give greater freedom and greater mobility1 even though the actual weight be the same as the equipment of steel4 ,the following table gives the weights of typical suits from the fifteenth century onwards3-- ,,armour ,,for ,,the ,,joust ,,xv-,,xvi4--,,helms 7,,english74 lb4 oz4 ,barendyne1 ,great ,haseley1 ,oxon #ac #h ,wallace ,collection1 ,no4 #gh #ag #j ,westminster ,abbey #ag #ab ,brocas1 ,rotunda1 ,woolwich #ag #ab ,dawtrey1 ,petworth1 ,sussex #ba #h ,captain ,lindsay1 ,sutton ,courtenay1 ,berks #bd #ad #aeah4 ,madrid1 ,a1 #cg #da #i ,,suits4 #aebj4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #bh1 for fighting on foot #ic #j #aecj 7circ474 ,madrid1 ,a1 #bf man #gi #j horse #gi #j #aeij4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #i1 man #ajc #j ,,war ,,harness #adci4 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 ,g1 #a1 man and horse #afc #j #aead4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #e man #fd #ac horse #fi #c #aehh4 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,g1 #hj1 man #ib #f #aeij4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #aj #gi #j #aeij4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #ab #ee #h #afab4 ,tower1 ,,ii1 #ah #gg #ad ,,cavalry #adej #ahge #aiji ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,g1 #a1 ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris4 ,man1 about #adj lb4 ,armour for man and horse1 #afc lb4#abh #ccc lb4 ,arms1 clothes1 saddlery1 etc41 about #cj lb4 ,british ,household ,cavalry #cjh lb4 0 ,heavy 0 #bhj lb4 0 ,medium 0 #bff lb4 #bdf lb4 0 ,light 0 #bei lb4 #acj #abi ,german ,cuirassier #ccd lb4 ,all the above are ,service equipment1 including rider and saddlery4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,infantry #aeej #ahge #aiaa ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ajf-h1 ,rotunda1 ,woolwich1 ,maltese ,suits4 ,half-armour and helmet1 #be lb4 ,clothes and arms1 about #ae lb4 #dj lb4 ,british ,infantry4 ,service equipment1 including arms #eb lb4#ei lb4 #aa oz4 #abi #aca ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,footnotes3 #abj ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,lx4 #aba ,archives de ,bruxelles1 ,cat4 ,mus4 ,porte de ,hal1 #ahhe4 #abb ,jahrbuch des ,kunsthist4 ,sammlungen1 ,,ii1 #ajcb4 #abc ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,iv4 #abd ,archologia1 ,,lvii4 #abe ,antiquarian ,repertory1 ,,iv4 #abf ,johnes' edition1 ,i1 #ddi4 #abg ,ludlow's ,memoirs1 ,firth1 ,i1 #dd4 #abh ,catalogue of the ,museum4 #abi ,sir ,g4 ,p4 ,colley1 ,k4,s4,i41 ,encyc4 ,brit41 #ahge4 #acj ,col4 ,f4 ,n4 ,maude1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 #aiaj4 #aca ,morning ,post1 ,december #i1 #aiaa4 ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,london1 ,,armourers' ,,hall1 ,,coleman ,,street1 ,e4,c4 ,at the present day this ,company is combined with that of the ,braziers1 but this combination only dates from the beginning of the eighteenth century1 when it had ceased to deal with the making of armour and was more concerned with other branches of the craft of the metal-worker4 ,the objects of the craft-gild of the armourers were the same as all those of like nature in the ,middle ,ages4 ,members were protected from outside piracy of methods and trade-marks1 they were cared for in body when ill or incapable of working1 and in soul by masses and religious exercises4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,arms of the ,armourers' ,company of ,london4 ,an important detail in the organization of these craft-gilds and one sadly lacking in modern trade combinations was the examination and approval of the members' work by the gild-masters4 ,in this way was the craftsman encouraged to produce good work1 and also the purchaser was protected against inferior workmanship4 ,a reference to the ,appendices ,b1 ,k will exemplify this1 for in these two instances alone we find that careless work is condemned by the ,company4 ,in the document of the reign of ,edward ,,ii it is noted that 8old bascute broken and false now newly covered by men that nothing understood of ye mystery wh4 be put in pryvie places and borne out into ye contrye out of ye said ,citye to sell and in ye same citie of wh4 men may not gaine knowledge whether they be good or ill of ye wh4 thinge greate yill might fall to ye king and his people40 ,again1 under ,charles ,i1 in the appeal of the ,company to the ,crown1 leave to use the mark is requested 8because divers cutlers1 smythes1 tynkers other botchers of arms by their unskillfulness have utterly spoiled many armes1 armours1 c40 ,the ,company seems to have existed during the reign of ,edward ,,ii1 but was not then incorporated1 and with the exception of the document transcribed in ,appendix ,a1 there is but little evidence of their existence before the date of #cast ,henry ,,vi1 in which year a ,charter of ,incorporation was granted4 ,this deals mostly with questions relating to religious observances1 the gild-chapel and like matters4 ,a report to the ,court of ,aldermen1 dated #bjth ,eliz4 7#aegh71 as to right of search for armour1 etc41 states that 8the ,armourers did shewe us that in ,kinge ,edward the ,second his time1 the ,lord ,maior and his bretheren did then graunte the serche unto the ,armourers40 ,as has been noticed before1 the fact that armour plates were expensive and difficult to forge will account for the scarcity of examples of the defensive equipment up to the sixteenth century4 ,either the suit was remade or1 having been cast aside1 it was utilized by the common soldier as well as might be4 ,it was only when the age of the firearm was reached that armour was left in its perfect state and was not improved upon4 ,we have therefore but little to show whether the ,english armourers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were more or less expert than their foreign rivals1 but1 from other examples of metal-work that remain to us1 we are forced to the conclusion that the foreigner was our superior4 ,at the same time we find on more than one occasion that the ,english armourer claims to equal his foreign rival2 but whether these claims were ever proved we are unable to decide without actual examples of the craft work or documentary evidence4 ,in ,appendix ,j is printed an appeal from ,capt4 ,john ,martin in #afbd for leave to import ,german 8platers0 to teach ,english armourers1 with the hope that this will establish a home trade and will stop the import of foreign work4 ,at the same time the very fact of this request shows that the craft in ,england in the reign of ,james ,i was not in a very flourishing condition4 ,on the other hand1 in #aeij the ,armourers of ,london petitioned ,queen ,elizabeth to purchase only home products1 because they can furnish her with 8farre better armors than that wch cometh from beyond the seas40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,design on manifer of suit made for ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 by ,pickering1 circ4 #afaa4 ,windsor ,castle4 ,half-size 7from a rubbing74 ,in the year #aehj the ,armourers' ,company endeavoured to obtain an ,act of ,parliament to protect and encourage the craft of the ,armourer1 but with no result owing to the opposition of other ,companies4 ,in the minutes of the ,company detailing this effort occurs the following passage1 which is of interest as bearing upon the skill of ,english workmen at that date3 8,it was the ,master's chance to speak with ,sir ,walter's#acb honor again1 ,dr4 ,doull1 one of the ,masters of ,requests1 being with him1 praying him to have the ,armourers' ,bill in remembrance4 #8,what1' said ,mr4 ,doctor1 #8there is none of your ,company that can make an armor4' #8,yes1 sir1' said the ,master1 #8that there is verily good workmen1 and skilful as needeth to be4' #8,tell me not that1' saith he1 #8for ,i will hould you a hundred pounds that there is none in ,england that can 8trampe0 an armor for 8the ,cappe to the ,soul of the foot40' #8,i will lay with your worship afore ,sir ,walter's honor if you will give me leave that we have in ,england that shall work with any in the world from the toe to the crown of the head from #ajj to #ajjj'2 and then he made as though he would have laid it4 #8,no1' saith ,sir ,walter1 #8ye shall not lay1 for he will win of you1 for they have very good workmen1 and ,i know of the workmanship myself4'0 ,this skill in craftsmanship was doubtless attained under the tutelage of the ,almaine armourers that have been referred to before who were brought over by ,henry ,,viii to ,greenwich4 ,as an example of this we may notice the work of ,pickering1#acc to whom is attributed the suit made for ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 now at ,windsor ,castle1 which bears a strong resemblance to the work of ,jacob ,topf1 who was ,master ,armourer at ,greenwich in #aeij 7,fig4 #fc74 ,in #aeie a ,court of the ,armourers' ,company was held to examine targets and other pieces of armour1 and the decision arrived at was that it was 8not of the proportion that cometh from beyond the seas1 the ,breast and ,back ,plates were too short and too narrow everywhere40 ,again in the year #afbj at a ,court it was certified that a ,sussex smith 8did alter old ,armour1 persuading the ,countrey that they were workmanly done1 which notwithstanding were utterly unserviceable40 ,this matter was reported to the ,justices at ,guildford to be dealt with by them4 ,from these entries it will be seen that the control of the ,company was very real and that in the main the ,english craftsman was of not much account until he had learned his trade from foreign experts4 ,it was doubtless due to the instruction given by the foreigner that the ,company possessed skilled hammermen4 ,under ,elizabeth in #aefj these hammermen were employed to assist in the process of coin-striking and were sent1 two to the ,clothworkers' ,hall1 two to the ,sessions ,hall1 ,southwark1 and two to the ,merchant ,taylors' ,hall1 to strike and stamp 8with portcullis and greyhound the several pieces of money called #8,testons1' there to continue until the end of fourteen days from the date of precept40#acd ,many of the foreign immigrants took out letters of naturalization and became members of the ,company1 but none of these seem to have been craftsmen of note1 for the expert workmen were generally recalled to the ,german ,court after some time1 where there was a wider scope and1 possibly1 higher remuneration for their services4 ,the ,company1 like other ,corporations1 suffered severely during the ,reformation4 ,religious observances were so much a part of the gild life that the members soon fell under suspicion1 as practising superstitious rites4 ,heavy fines were enacted1 and it was only by the generosity of ,john ,richmond1 a member of the ,company1 who bought part of the corporate property of the ,farringdon estate for #abj and left it back to the ,company in his will1 that the fine was paid4 ,informers1 of whom ,tipper and ,dawe were the chief1 levied blackmail on the ,company up to the end of the reign of ,elizabeth1 and continued to suggest that superstitious practices were indulged in till their demands were met at heavy expense4 ,the ,armourers had1 in #aeae1 absorbed the whole craft of the ,blade-smiths1 which seems to have caused much friction with the ,cutlers4 ,the books of the ,company are full of appeals and negotiations before the ,court of ,aldermen on the question of search for unlicensed craftsmen and faulty goods1 which was one of the important duties of the ,company4 ,these were finally arranged by a joint search being made by the two ,companies4 ,the ,company was from the beginning dedicated to ,s4 ,george1 who was the patron of armourers all over ,europe4 ,his statue by ,donatello1 formerly outside the gild-church of ,or ,san ,michele in ,florence1 is well known4 ,the figure of ,s4 ,george appears on the charter granted by ,henry ,,vi in #adec1 and also upon the matrix of a seal of about the same date4 ,the registered mark of the ,company was 8,a10 surmounted by a crown1 and this was ordered to be stamped upon all weapons1 armours1 and guns supplied by the ,company when tested and approved4 ,there are many interesting details dealing with the apprentices of the ,company which1 although they do not bear directly upon the craft of the armourer1 are nevertheless worth recording as typical of the craft laws and regulations as practised in ,england4 ,in most craft-gilds it was considered sufficient for an apprentice to serve for seven years before he was free of the gild2 but in the ,armourers' ,company we frequently find entries of apprentice bonds for nine years1 and in some instances ten and fourteen4 ,there are records of misbehaviour of one of the apprentices1 who is ordered 8honest correction as that a ,servant shall be used40 ,this correction was sometimes administered in the ,hall before the ,gild-,court1 and is described as being 8indifferently well0 carried out4 ,the case of the ,sussex smith who produced unworkmanly armour has been referred to above4 ,in a letter from the ,lord ,mayor in #aefj we read that the apprentices are not to use 8swearing and blaspheming1 haunting evil women or ,schools of ,fence1 ,dancing1 ,carding1 ,dicing1 ,bowling1 ,tennis play1 using of ,ruffs in their shirts1 ,tavern haunting or ,banqueting1 and if any shall be found faulty the same be forwith punished by whipping openly in your ,hall in the sight of other ,apprentices1 and ye shall give in charge that the said ,masters shall not permit nor suffer any of their ,apprentices to wear in their hosen any cloth of other colours than are here expressed1 that is to say1 ,white1 ,russet1 ,blue1 ,watchet1 and the said ,hosen to be made without great ,breeches in most plain manner without stitching of ,silk or any mannar of ,cuts40 ,the most valuable of the possessions of the ,armourers' ,company from the technical point of view is the suit of armour made by ,jacobe1 who is now considered to be the same as ,jacob ,topf1 an ,innsbruck craftsman who was ,master ,armourer at ,greenwich in #aeij4 ,the design for this suit appears in the ,almain ,armourer's ,album1 which is noticed under the heading of ,german ,armourers4 ,there is also a 8locking-gauntlet10 which is sometimes erroneously called the 8forbidden gauntlet10 by the same craftsman 7,fig4 #cb74 ,the ,company at one time possessed a model suit of armour made in #aefg by ,john ,kelk1 a naturalized ,german member1 which1 when completed1 was brought into the ,hall with much ceremony and laid upon the high table4 ,it was intended to be a pattern of the armour made by the ,company4 ,there are various entries in the ,company's ,records of payments for repairing and keeping up this 8,mannakine10 as it was called4 ,it has since disappeared2 but ,hewitt1 the noted authority on medieval armour1 seemed to think that it was in the ,tower in #ahee 7,,ii1 #eb74 ,,footnotes3 #acb ,sir ,walter ,mildmay1 ,chancellor of the ,exchequer4 #acc ,william ,pickering was ,master of the ,company #afjh-i4 #acd ,in ,september1 #aege1 8,hopkins1 a maker of coining irons in the ,mint1 has also been making calivers and great iron pieces40--,state ,papers1 sub ann4 ,,lists ,,of ,,european ,,armourers ,the following short notices give what details are known of some of the more important armourers4 ,in many instances they are only known by their works1 and no details are forthcoming about their private or professional lives4 ,the dates given are those of the earliest and latest mention of the individual in contemporary chronicles4 ,,england 7,k4,a41 ,q4,a4 ,,king',s ,,or ,,queen',s ,,armourer7 ,albert1 ,hans4 #aeae4 ,ashton1 ,john4 #afcc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,aynesley1 ,edward4 #afcc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,baker1 ,thomas4#ace #aedg4 ,armourers' ,co4 ,basyn1 ,john4 #aebd-dd4 7,naturalized ,norman47 ,bawdesonne1 ,alen4 #aedg4 ,king's ,armourer1 ,westminster4 ,blewbery1 ,john4 #aeaa-af4 7,yeoman of the ,armoury at ,greenwich1 #aeae47 ,boreman1 ,w41 also called ,alias ,hynde4 #aeii-afji4 7,appointed armourer at ,greenwich1 #aeii4 ,will dated #afde47 ,brande1 ,rauffe4#acf #aebj4 ,baltesar ,bullato4 #aecb4 ,milanese1 ,king's ,armourer4 ,carter1 ,william4 #aecd4 ,ludlow4 ,clere1 ,hans4 #aecj4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,clynkerdager1 ,hans4 #aedb-d4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,clynkerdager1 ,john4 #aebe4 ,copeland4 #aebi4 ,london4 ,cooper1 ,john4 #afbg-i4 ,keeper of the ,king's ,brigandines4 ,cowper1 ,thomas4 #aeei4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,coxe1 ,wm4 #afcc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,croche1 ,francis4 #aebh-i4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,crochet1 ,john4 #aeae-bj4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,crompton1 ,john4 #aedd4 ,southwark4 ,crouche1 ,wm4 #afcc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,cutler1 ,richard4#acg #aebj4 ,dael1 ,thomas4 #aeae4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,daniele1 ,edmond4#ach #aedg4 ,daniele1 ,john4#ach #aedg4 ,darwin1 ,william4 #afac4 ,yeoman of the ,armoury at ,greenwich4 ,dawson4 #aeae4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,dedikes1 ,dirike4 #aecj4 ,yeoman of the ,armoury at ,greenwich4 ,dericke or ,diricke1 ,mathew4 #aeei-gd4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,dericke or ,diricke1 ,robert4 #aebd4 ,diconson1 ,john4 #aebh4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,faulkenor1 ,roger4#aci #afbe-ca4 ,fevers1 ,peter4 #aeab-ah4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,foster1 ,rowland4 #afcc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,franklin1 ,john4 #afcc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,fuller1 ,james4 #aeei4 ,yeoman of the ,armoury1 ,greenwich4 ,garret1 ,john4 #aeei-afja 7date of will74 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,gurre1 ,wm4 #aeaa-ch4 ,brigandarius4 ,halder1 ,jacob4 #aegd4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,halore 7871 ,jacob4 #aeei4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 7,possibly the same as ,halder47 ,harford1 ,richard4 #aeij4 ,london4 ,herste1 ,martyn4 #aegd4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,hill1 ,johan4 #adcd4 ,armourer to ,henry ,,vi4 ,see page #agc4 ,horne1 ,geofrey4 #aeaf-ah4 ,hotton1 ,richard4 #aeib4 ,hunter1 ,hans4#ach #aedg4 ,westminster4 ,jacobi or ,jacobe4#adj #aecj-ij4 ,master ,armourer1 ,greenwich4 ,kelte1 ,john4 #aeei-gd4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,kemp1 ,jasper4 #aedd4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,keymer1 ,roger4 #aega4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,kirke1 ,john4 #aegg4 ,master ,armourer at ,greenwich4 ,kirkener1 ,erasmus or ,asamus4 #aeai-ic4 ,brigandarius1 #aech2 ,chief ,armourer1 #aedd4 ,kornelys4 #aeae4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,lasy1 ,john4 #aecc4 ,nottingham4 ,lincoln1 ,thomas4 #afjd-h4 ,yeoman of the ,armoury at ,greenwich4 ,mare de la1 ,will4 ,k4,a41 #afgb4 ,marshall1 ,nicholas4 #aecc4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,martyn1 8,old40 #aedd4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,mightner1 ,hans4 #aeei-gd4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,oliver1 ,jermyn4 #aead-dd4 7,naturalized ,norman47 ,pellande1 ,richard4 #aebj4 ,pellysonne1 ,frances4 #aebd-dd4 7,naturalized 8from the domains of the ,emperor407 ,pickering1 ,william4 #aeia-afcj4 ,master ,armourer at ,greenwich1 #afjd-ad4 ,pipe1 ,nighel4 #aeei4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,pitwell1 ,giles4 #aeaf-dd4 7,naturalized ,gascon47 ,polston1 ,john4 #aeeb4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,pounde1 ,john de4 #aebj4 ,poyes1 ,francis4 #aebe-dd4 7,naturalized ,norman47 ,purday1 ,john4 #aefb4 ,sewell1 ,john4 #aeij-a4 ,sherman1 ,nicolas4 #afbi4 ,chief ,armourer at ,greenwich4 ,spirarde1 ,carries or ,tarys4 #aegd4 ,q4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,spyltherup or ,speldrup1 ,francis4#ada #aecb4 ,stephens1 ,thos4 #afbf4 ,k4,a4 and ,armourers' ,co4 ,stile1 ,john4#adb #aebd4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,stone1 ,benjamin4 #afcf4 ,sword-smith1 ,hounslow4 ,ureland1 ,peter van4 #aeae4 ,gilder and ,graver1 ,greenwich4 ,watt ,copyn ,jacob de4 #aeab-bf4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,whetstone4 #afbh4 ,white1 ,thomas4 #adaf4 ,master ,armourer4 ,wolf1 ,john4 #aech-db4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,wollwarde1 ,thomas4 #aecj-da4 ,k4,a41 ,greenwich4 ,woode1 ,richard4 #aeij4 ,london4 ,,german ,,armourers ,aldegraver1 ,heinrich4 #aejb-eh4 ,brabenter1 ,wilhelm1 ,solingen4 ,sixteenth century4 ,colman1 ,coloman4 #adgj-aecb4 ,augsburg4 ,mark ,no4 #dj4 ,see page #acc4 ,colman 7,helmschmied71 ,desiderius4 #aeeb4 ,mark ,no4 #dj4 ,see page #acd4 ,colman 7,helmschmied71 ,lorenz4 #adij-aeaf4 ,mark ,nos4 #b1 #bc1 #da4 ,see page #acc4 ,frauenpreis1 ,matthaias4 #aedi4 ,mark ,no4 #ch4 ,see page #ace4 ,frauenpreis1 ,matthaias1 the younger4 ,see page #ace4 ,grofsschedl1 ,franz4 ,landshut4 #aefh4 ,mark ,no4 #ci4 ,grnewalt1 ,hans4 ,nuremberg4 #aejc4 ,mark ,no4 #ed4 ,see page #ace4 ,hopfer1 ,daniel4 #aeff4 ,see page #acf4 ,jvingk1 ,jakob4 ,dresden4 #afej-i4 ,knopf1 ,heinrich4 #afjd4 ,lochner1 ,conrad4 ,nuremberg4 #aefg4 ,mark ,no4 #df4 ,see page #acf4 ,obresch1 ,heinrich4 ,grtz4 #aeij4 ,mark ,no4 #dg4 ,peffenhauser1 ,anton4 ,augsburg4 #aeff-id4 ,mark ,no4 #dh4 ,ringler1 ,hans4 ,nuremberg4 #aefj4 ,mark ,no4 #di4 ,rockenberger or ,rosenberger1 ,hans4 #aedc-gj4 ,dresden4 ,rockenburger1 ,sigmund4 #aeed-gb4 ,mark ,no4 #gi4 ,rotschmied4 ,nuremberg4 #aeig4 ,mark ,no4 #f4 ,seusenhofer1 ,conrad4 ,innsbruck4 #aejb-ah4 ,mark ,no4 #g4 ,see page #ada4 ,seusenhofer1 ,jorg4 ,innsbruck4 #aeeh4 ,mark ,no4 #h4 ,see page #ada4 ,seusenhofer1 ,wilhelm4 ,augsburg4 #aedg4 ,siebenburger1 ,valentine4 ,nuremberg4 #aedg4 ,mark ,nos4 #bj1 #gd4 ,sigman1 ,george4 #aefj4 ,mark ,no4 #gf4 ,speyer1 ,peter4 ,dresden4 #aefj4 ,mark ,no4 #fj4 ,speyer1 ,wolf4 ,dresden4 #aehj4 ,topf1 ,jacob4 ,innsbruck4 #aecj-ij4 ,see page #adc4 ,treytz1 ,adrian4 ,innsbruck4 #adfi-aeag4 ,mark ,no4 #ae4 ,veit4 ,nuremberg4 ,sixteenth century4 ,mark ,no4 #af4 ,wolf1 ,sigismond4 ,landshut4 #aeed4 ,worms1 ,wilhelm 7father and son74 ,nuremberg4 #aeci4 ,mark ,no4 #ag4 ,,france ,petit1 ,m4 ,seventeenth century4 ,mark ,no4 #hc4 ,,netherlands ,merate1 ,gabriel and ,francesco4 ,arbois4 #adie4 ,mark ,nos4 #ah1 #ea1 #ec4 ,see page #acf4 ,voys1 ,jacques4 ,brussels4 ,fifteenth to sixteenth century4 ,mark ,no4 #ef4 ,,italy ,campi1 ,bartolomeo4 ,milan4 #aegc4 ,see page #acb4 ,camelio1 ,victor4 ,brescia4 #aejj4 ,see page #aca4 ,cantoni1 ,bernardino4 ,milan4 #aejj4 ,see page #acc4 ,chiesa1 ,pompeo della4 ,milan4 #aeij4 ,missaglia1 ,antonio4 #adib4 ,mark ,nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bf4 ,see page #ach4 ,missaglia1 ,petrajolo4 ,milan4 #acij4 ,mark ,nos4 #bg1 #gh4 ,missaglia1 ,tomaso4 ,milan4 #adfh4 ,mark ,nos4 #bg1 #gh4 ,see page #acg4 ,mola1 ,gesparo4 ,rome4 #afdj4 ,see page #aci4 ,negroli1 ,philip and ,jacopo4 ,milan4 #aecj-ij4 ,mark ,nos4 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,see page #adj4 ,piccinino1 ,lucio4 ,milan4 #aeej-gj4 ,see page #adj4 ,,footnotes3 #ace ,at funeral of ,henry ,,viii4 #acf ,sent to ,flanders in this year to provide armour1 etc41 for the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold4 #acg ,sent to ,flanders in this year to provide armour1 etc41 for the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold4 #ach ,at funeral of ,henry ,,viii4 #aci ,made sundry petitions for inquiry as to the state of the ,armouries1 ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 xiii1 #if1 etc4 #adj ,now considered to be the same as ,topf4 ,only mention as armourer in ,england1 #aeij4 #ada ,appropriated gold intended to gild armour1 also clipped money4 #adb ,died by burning in this year4 ,,short ,,biographies ,,of ,,notable ,,armourers ,sidenote3 ,hans ,burgmair1 ,augsburg1 #adgc-aeca4 ,this celebrated engraver was the son of ,hans ,burgmair or ,burgkmair4 ,there is some confusion between the father and son1 but the former seems to have worked either as a maker or a decorator of armour4 ,the family were neighbours of the famous ,colmans1 the armourers1 who lived in the ,lange ,schmiede gasse1 while the ,burgmairs had a house close by in ,mauerburg4 ,in #aebf ,coloman ,colman left his house to live with ,hans ,burgmair the elder1 while ,hans the younger took ,colman's house4 ,the two families seem to have been on most intimate terms4 ,s4 ,quirin4 ,leitner considered that the bard of ,a1 #adi1 ,madrid1 which represents the labours of ,hercules and ,samson1 was designed by ,burgmair1 and ,wendelin ,boeheim#adc also inclined to this view4 ,his principal works were the ,triumph of ,maximilian and the illustrations of the ,weisz ,knig1 both of which show such endless varieties of armour and weapons that we cannot but feel that the artist must have had a very practical knowledge of the craft of the armourer4 ,it would enlarge the present work beyond its original scope if mention were made of all the artists who designed armour and weapons1 for in all ages the painter and sculptor have been employed in this direction4 ,it will be sufficient to note that designs of this nature are to be found in the sketch-books of ,donatello1 ,giulio ,romano1 ,holbein1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,benvenuto ,cellini1 and ,albert ,drer4 ,reproductions of two drawings by the latter are given on ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,sidenote3 ,vittore ,camelio1 ,venice1 circ4 #adej-aeji4 ,camelio was born either at ,venice or ,vincenza4 ,he was a fine engraver and medallist1 and is considered by ,ngler to have invented the process of striking coins and medals from steel dies4 ,he was especially noted for light steel armour of high temper4 ,he was granted a patent or concession for the sole working of his invention by the ,senate of ,venice from #aeji for five years4 ,sidenote3 ,bartolomeo ,campi1 ,pesaro1 ,venice1 ,paris1 #aegc4 ,campi was born at ,pesaro1 but the exact date of his birth is unknown4 ,he was a goldsmith1 and engraver and maker of arms and armour of such merit that they elicited the highest praise from ,pedro ,aretino in his letters from ,venice to ,bartolomeo ,egnazio in #aede4 ,about this date he made a magnificent pageant suit of pseudo-,roman armour for ,guidobaldo ,,ii1 ,duke of ,urbino1 who presented it to ,charles ,v4 ,the cuirass is superbly modelled on the human torse and is decorated with a ,medusa's head and bands of gold with silver flowers4 ,the shoulder-pieces are of blackened steel in the form of masks with golden eyes1 and the lambrequins hanging from the cuirass end in medallions and masks4 ,the helmet is decorated with a crown of golden leaves4 ,on the cuirass is the inscription3 8,,bartolomevs ,,campi ,,avrifex ,,totivs ,,operis ,,artifex ,,qvod ,,anno ,,integro ,,indigebat ,,principis ,,svi ,,nvtvi ,,obtemperans ,,geminato ,,perfecit40 ,if this inscription is not an exaggeration1 it is little short of miraculous that this suit should have been made in one year4 ,it is now at ,madrid 7,a1 #ahh74 ,in #aedg ,campi directed the ftes held in honour of the marriage of ,guidobaldo ,,ii and ,vittoria ,farnese at ,pesaro4 ,he was military engineer to the ,republic of ,siena1 to that of ,venice1 and to the ,king of ,france between the years #aeed and #aefj4 ,he assisted the ,duc de ,guise at the siege of ,calais in #aefb1 and in #aefh served with the ,duke of ,alba in ,flanders1 where he was given a commission as chief engineer of fortifications at a salary of #ejj escudi4 ,the ,duke1 writing to the ,king on ,june #c1 #aefi1 says3 8,i tell your ,majesty that you have a good man in ,captain ,b4 ,campi1 because in truth he is a soldier and has art1 although not so well founded as ,pachote 444 and he is the best man ,i have met with since ,i have known men--,i do not say only engineers1 but men of any sort--very happy and steady in his work40 ,campi was killed by an arquebus shot at the siege of ,haarlem on ,march #gth1 #aegc1 to the great grief of the ,duke and the whole army4 ,his brother was an armourer about #aeee1 but we have no records of his work4 ,the magnificent specimen of ,bartolomeo's work at ,madrid is the only example of his craft as an armourer that has come down to us 7,plate ,,xiv74 ,sidenote3 ,jacopo and ,bernardino ,cantoni1 ,milan1 #adgg-aejj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,cantoni's mark on a brigandine1 ,c1 #aa1 ,madrid4 ,but little definite information is to be obtained respecting the ,cantoni family4 ,they worked for ,galeazzo ,maria ,sforza and other princes1 and are mentioned as 8magistri armorum0 in the gild-records of ,milan4 ,bernardino worked for the ,emperor ,maximilian ,i and produced the brigandine 7,madrid1 ,c1 #aa7 which bears his signature 7,fig4 #fd74 ,this is the only work which can be directly ascribed to this family4 ,sidenote3 ,lorenz ,colman1 ,augsburg1 d4 #aeaf4 ,mark ,nos4 #bc1 #da4 ,this armourer is also known as ,colman ,helmschmied4 ,little is known of his history except that one of his ancestors was living in ,augsburg in #acgg4 ,his father ,george was also an armourer who worked in ,augsburg in the ,harbruc and in the ,luginsland1 craft-streets of that city4 ,he died in #adgi4 ,the name of his son ,lorenz first appears in the civic records in #adfg1 and his work must have soon attracted attention1 for in #adgg we find him making armour for ,maximilian ,i and obtaining the freedom of the city4 ,in #adia he was created ,hof ,platner to the ,emperor and established himself in a house in ,innsbruck4 ,from commissions entrusted to him for buying metal in #adih he appears to have been still at ,innsbruck1 and in #aejf the records of ,mantua show that he was making armour for that court4 ,after this he seems to have been employed entirely by ,maximilian1 and in #aejh he received a large contract for armour for his army4 ,his work is marked with a helm surmounted by a cross1 and always bears in addition the pine1 the ,augsburg city stamp4 ,armour from his hand is to be found at ,madrid1 ,a1 #dd1 and ,vienna1 #fb1 #ajje1 #ajaf1 #ajbc4 ,sidenote3 ,coloman ,colman1 ,augsburg1 #adgf-aecb4 ,mark ,no4 #dj4 ,coloman was the son of ,lorenz1 and with the rest of his family took the craft-name of ,helmschmied1 a fact which makes investigations of records1 documents1 etc41 of some difficulty4 ,this is especially the case with ,coloman1 whose name is spelt sometimes with a 8,c0 and sometimes with a 8,k40 ,the first mention of ,coloman in civic documents is in #aejg4 ,in #aeab we find him working for ,charles ,v1 and shortly after he entered the service of ,maximilian ,i4 ,in #aeaf a silver suit of armour 7steel plated with silver7 was ordered from him by ,maximilian1 but in #aeai this suit seems still to have been unfinished1 probably owing to lack of payments1 a reason which was and is always being advanced by craftsmen of all kinds for work delayed at this period4 ,he employed the two ,burgmairs1 father and son1 to decorate his armour4 ,although ,charles ,v frequently urged him to come to ,spain1 his numerous commissions at home prevented him4 ,he seems to have been prosperous in #aebe1 for he bought the 8,schmied haus in the ,karoline strasse0 from the widow of ,thomas ,burgmair4 ,two portrait medals were struck for him in #aeah1 #aecb4 ,his clientele extended to ,italy1 and in #aeaa he wrote a letter to the ,marchesa ,francesco di ,mantua describing a project for completely arming a horse with laminated and jointed defences of plate covering head1 body1 and legs4 ,a picture in the ,zeughaus at ,vienna shows ,harnischmeister ,albrecht riding a horse armed in this fashion1 and a portion of the leg-piece of such a suit is preserved in the ,muse ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels 7see page #i74 ,the following works bear ,coloman ,colman's mark or are known from documentary evidence to be from his hand3 ,vienna1 #age4 ,wallace ,collection1 #djb4 ,madrid1 ,a1 #ai2 ,a1 #cg-db2 ,a1 #ei2 ,a1 #ic-ajg 7,tonlet suit 8,the ,chase072 ,a1 #ajh-aa2 ,e1 #eg2 ,e1 #ei4 ,dresden1 ,g1 #ae4 ,sidenote3 ,desiderius ,colman1 ,augsburg1 circ4 #aecb4 ,marks1 the same as ,no4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,detail of ,shield by ,desiderius ,colman 7,plate ,,xxiv74 ,desiderius was the son of ,coloman ,colman4 ,in #aecb he took over the workshops in the ,mauerburg at ,augsburg1 which his father had shared with the ,burgmair family4 ,he worked at first with the armourer ,lutzenberger1 who married the stepmother of ,desiderius in #aede4 ,in #aeej he became a member of the ,city ,council1 and in #aeef he was made ,court ,armourer to ,charles ,v4 ,this title was afterwards confirmed by ,maximilian ,,ii4 ,desiderius seems to have used the same mark as his father1 hence there is some confusion between the two craftsmen4 ,the suits known to be by him are at ,madrid1 ,a1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #bci1 #adb--the splendid parade suit made for ,philip ,,ii1 which is signed and dated #aeej1 and the richly embossed and chased round shield ,a1 #bda1 which is also signed and dated #ae ,april1 #aeeb4 ,it is upon this shield that he recorded his rivalry with the ,negrolis 7,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #fe1 also page #af74 ,sidenote3 ,matthaias ,frauenpreis1 ,augsburg4 ,father1 #aebi-di4 ,son1 #aecj-afjd4 ,mark ,no4 #ch4 ,the elder ,frauenpreis or ,frauenbreis was a pupil of the ,colman family 7q4v471 and in #aebi married the widow of a helm-smith4 ,he is first heard of as an independent workman in #aecj4 ,the following works are ascribed to him or his son3-- ,madrid4 ,a1 #aih4 ,a brassard forming part of the suit ,a1 #aij1 made by ,desiderius ,colman4 ,d1 #fh4 ,a shield signed with his name on which the figure of ,fortuna is ascribed to ,hans ,burgmair4 ,m1 #f4 ,a small shield marked with his stamp ,no4 #ch4 ,vienna4 #iej4 ,field suit of ,archduke ,maximilian4 #cig4 ,a white and gold suit bearing the mark ,no4 #ch4 ,dresden4 ,g1 #ci4 ,a fine suit of ,kurfrst ,moritz1 bearing the mark ,no4 #ch4 ,illustrated on ,plate ,,vii4 ,sidenote3 ,hans ,grnewalt1 ,nuremberg1 #addj-aejc4 ,mark ,no4 #ed4 ,his grandfather was a bell-founder of ,nuremberg1 who made the bells for the church of ,s4 ,sebald in #acif4 ,in #adfe1 after his father's death1 ,hans built a large house and workshop1 after much litigation with the city over his glazing or polishing mills4 ,in #adhj he owned many houses in ,nuremberg1 and built the 8,pilatus0 house near the ,thiergartner-,thor1 close to the house of ,albert ,drer4 ,he worked for the ,emperor ,maximilian ,i1 and was the most serious rival of the ,missaglia family of ,milan1 who at this time were the most celebrated armourers of ,europe4 ,the mark ,no4 #ed is ascribed by ,boeheim to ,grnewalt4 ,works bearing this mark are to be found in the ,waffensammlung1 ,vienna1 #ff1 #iie4 ,sidenote3 ,daniel ,hopfer1 ,augsburg1 circ4 #adie-aeff4 ,hopfer was in the first instance a painter1 a designer and maker of stained glass1 and an engraver4 ,he settled in ,augsburg in #adie4 ,according to ,heller he died in #aedi1 but this is not borne out by the entries in the account books of ,maximilian ,,ii1 who employed him and his brother4 ,in the ,hofzahlantsbuch1 under the date #aeff1 it is stated that ,daniel and his brother ,george1 both of ,augsburg1 were ordered by ,maximilian ,,ii to make #aaj new helmets for the ,trabantengarde and to decorate them with engraving4 ,four were made in ,march as samples1 and the remainder were to be delivered in ,july at a cost of #cig gulden #db kreutzer4 ,much of the work of the brothers ,hopfer consisted in decorating armour made by other masters1 of whom ,coloman ,colman was the chief4 ,in ,madrid are several examples of the work of ,daniel3 ,a1 #bf and #fe are horse-armours which are decorated in ,hopfer's style1 and ,a1 #bg1 #eg are jousting-shields which are certainly from his hand2 the latter is signed and dated #aecf4 ,sidenote3 ,conrad ,lochner1 ,nuremberg1 #aeaj-fg4 ,mark ,no4 #df4 ,in #aedd ,conrad1 or ,kuntz as he is sometimes called1 was ,hofplatner to ,maximilian ,,ii with a retaining fee of #ad florins #aj kronen1 and in #aedg ,maximilian gave him a settled yearly pension4 ,he must have given up his appointment in #aeea1 for we find ,hans ,siefert ,court ,armourer in this year4 ,he was born at ,nuremberg in #aeaj1 where his father followed the trade of an armourer1 and had two brothers who worked with him1 but the names of the ,lochners do not often appear in the royal accounts4 ,like most of his craft1 he was frequently in money difficulties1 and had great trouble in collecting his debts from the ,king of ,poland4 ,his works are found at ,berlin1 #aaf1 a horse-armour2 ,paris1 ,g1 #aff1 #ahb1 #efe1 #eff2 ,madrid1 ,a1 #bdc2 ,dresden1 ,e1 #e and ,g1 #afe2 ,vienna1 #ccd4 ,he frequently used tritons and sea-monsters as a motif for his decorations4 ,sidenote3 ,gabrielle and ,francesco ,merate1 ,milan and ,arbois1 circ4 #adid-aebi4 ,marks1 possibly #ah1 #ea1 #ec4 ,in #adid the ,merate brothers were sent for by ,maximilian ,i and did work for him personally4 ,they also obtained a contract for three years1 for which they received #ajjj francs and #ajjj gulden1 under which they pledged themselves to set up a forge1 workshops1 and mill at ,arbois1 in ,burgundy4 ,gabrielle was also to receive #ajj francs a year and to be free of taxes1 an advantage frequently granted to master-armourers4 ,for this he had to deliver annually fifty suits stamped with his mark1 each suit costing #dj francs1 and one hundred helmets at #aj francs each1 one hundred pair of grandgardes at #e francs1 and one hundred pair of garde-bras at #dj francs the pair4 ,the enumeration of the last two items in pairs is unusual1 as they were defences only worn on the left shoulder and arm and would not be sold in pairs4 ,at the same time we should remember that the terms used for different portions of the suit are often confused1 and a word which now has a certain definite meaning in collections was often used in a totally different sense4 ,the ,merates were bound by this contract to work only for the ,emperor4 ,their stamp is generally supposed to be a crown and the word 8,arbois10 but it is uncertain as to what actual specimens now in existence are by their hands4 ,possibly the 8,burgundian ,bard0 7,,ii1 #c7 in the ,tower was made by them4 ,it bears a crescent and the letter 8,m10 and is decorated with the cross ragule and the flint and steel1 the ,burgundian badges which were brought to ,maximilian by his wife1 ,mary of ,burgundy4 ,their names are mentioned in the list of tax-payers in the parish of ,s4 ,maria ,beltrade1 the church of the ,sword-smiths' ,gild1 at ,milan under the date #aebd-i1 and they are also mentioned in a letter from ,maximilian to ,ludovico il ,moro in #adie as excellent armourers4 ,they took their name from the village of ,merate1 which is near ,missaglia1 a township which was the birthplace of the famous ,missaglia family4 ,work stamped with the word 8,arbois0 and the crown is found at ,vienna1 #iag1 #idh1 and the 8,m0 with the crescent is marked on the bard of ,a1 #c at ,madrid1 on ,,ii1 #c and ,,ii1 #e1 ,tower of ,london4 ,sidenote3 ,thomaso ,missaglia1 ,milan1 circ4 #adae-adfh4 ,marks #bg1 #gh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,capital formerly in the ,via degli ,spadari1 ,milan4 ,the family name of ,thomaso and his descendants was ,negroni1 as is proved by a tombstone formerly in the church of ,san ,satiro at ,milan on which the two names appear4 ,they came from the township of ,missalia1 near ,ello1 on the lake of ,como4 ,petrajolo1 the father of ,thomaso1 was also an armourer1 and worked about the year #acij1 but we have little knowledge of his history4 ,the house occupied by the ,missaglias was in the ,via degli ,spadari1 ,milan1 and was decorated with the family badges and monograms 7,fig4 #ff74 ,it was demolished in #aija in the course of street improvements1 but was first carefully drawn and described by ,sigs4 ,gelli and ,morretti in their monograph on the ,milanese armourers4 ,the heavy work of the armourers was carried out at a mill near the ,porta ,romana1 for which the ,missaglias paid a rent of one sallad a year to the ,duke of ,milan4 ,thomaso da ,missaglia was ennobled in #adce by ,philip ,maria ,visconti and was made free of taxes in #adej4 ,there are many records of commissions to him and of taxes and other municipal matters connected with the family in the ,archives of ,milan4 ,he died in #adfi and was buried in the church of ,s4 ,maria ,beltrade1 ,milan4 ,the only known work by this master is ,no4 #b in the ,vienna ,collection 7,plate ,,xxx74 ,baron de ,cosson#add has pointed out the strong resemblance between this suit1 the effigy of ,richard ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 in ,s4 ,mary's ,church1 ,warwick1 and the picture of ,s4 ,george by ,mantegna in the ,accademia1 ,venice4 ,sidenote3 ,antonio ,missaglia1 ,milan1 circ4 #adcj-ib4 ,marks #bd1 #be1 #bf4 ,antonio was the son of ,thomaso ,missaglia1 and was one of the foremost of the ,milanese armourers4 ,as has been noticed in the ,introduction1 the style of armour which was evolved by him and his father seems to have been adopted by ,german craftsmen4 ,there are numerous records of payments and letters connected with ,antonio in the ,archives of ,milan from the year #adej onwards4 ,he worked for ,galeazzo ,maria ,visconti and for ,bona di ,savoia and after the death of the former became ,ducal ,armourer4 ,in #adef he made armour for the ,papal troops1 and about this time he enlarged the workshops of the family in the ,via degli ,spadari4 ,in #adfi the ,duke of ,milan gave him a mill near the ,s4 ,angelo ,canal4 ,in #adgj he received a lease of iron-mines near the forest of ,canzo1 near the ,lago del ,segrino1 from the ,ducal ,chamber1 and in #adgb1 in recognition of his services to the ,state1 he was allowed to purchase the property4 ,the last entry in the ,milanese ,archives relating to ,antonio refers to his mines and furnaces in a letter to ,bona di ,savoia1 ,april #bjth1 #adhj4 ,in the ,,mss4 ,lib41 ,trivulziano1 is a report of the ,venetian ,embassy which came to ,milan on its way to ,germany1 written by ,andrea de ,francesca4 ,this report states that ,antonio's workshops were visited and armour was seen there to the value of #ajjj ducats4 ,he seems to have had a son ,scabrino1 but there are no records of him as an armourer4 ,antonio died at the end of the fifteenth century and is the last of the family who used the name of ,missaglia4 ,his successors reverted to the family name of ,negroni or ,negroli4 ,the suit ,no4 #c in the ,vienna ,collection is stamped with his mark 7,plate ,,ii71 and many helmets of the sallad type and various pieces of armour bear a similar stamp in other armouries1 such as the ,wallace ,collection1 the ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels1 etc4 etc4 ,the close helmet on the 8,tonlet suit0 in the ,tower1 ,,ii1 #bi 7,plate ,x71 is engraved with the ,collar of the ,garter and bears the ,missaglia stamp1 and a suit in the ,muse d',artillerie1 ,g1 #c1 bears the same mark4 ,sidenote3 ,gasparo ,mola1 ,rome1 circ4 #aeij-afdj4 ,mola is the only armourer whom we can identify as having worked in ,rome4 ,he was born about the year #aeij at ,breglio1 where his father was an architect4 ,he came to ,milan at an early age and worked there as a goldsmith4 ,in #afjg he made various objects in gold and silver for the ,duke of ,savoy4 ,in the same year he was summoned by ,duke ,ferdinand de ,medici to ,florence1 where he worked for two years4 ,in the years #afac-ad he produced medals for ,mantua and ,guastalla1 and about the same time he executed work for ,carlo ,emmanuele ,i of ,savoy4 ,he committed suicide in #afdj4 ,though we have no data for the theory1 it seems not unlikely that it was the studio of ,mola which ,breughel has represented in his picture of ,venus at the ,forge of ,vulcan4 ,the ruins in the background certainly suggest some of the buildings in ,rome1 which might have been used for this purpose4 ,there are also many medals and examples of goldsmith's work shown on this picture in addition to the armour4 ,he was an expert in enamel-work and made richly decorated pistols1 and in #afdb produced a fine helmet and shield which are now in the ,bargello ,museum1 ,florence4 ,sidenote3 ,philippo and ,jacomo ,negroli1 ,milan1 circ4 #aeba-hj4 ,marks #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,philippo and ,jacomo ,negroli were sons of ,bernardino who worked in ,rome4 ,it is uncertain whether their father still kept the name of ,missaglia1 which was used by ,antonio and ,thomaso ,negroni4 ,the earliest known work by these masters is dated #aecb4 ,for some years they were assisted by their brother ,francesco1 who left them about this date and worked alone for the ,mantuan ,court4 ,brantome and ,vasari both mention ,philip as being a craftsman of very high repute4 ,his armour was always very costly1 and ,brantome states that a morion made by him would cost #dj thalers and that in sixteen years he had amassed #ej1jjj thalers4 ,he seems to have been ennobled1 for ,brantome calls him ,seigneur de ,negroli4 ,he had a house in the ,porta ,comassina1 the wealthy quarter of ,milan4 ,his work is always ornate1 but does not transgress the craft-laws to such an extent as did the armour of ,peffenhauser and ,piccinino 7,plate ,,xxix74 ,work by the ,negrolis is to be found as follows3 ,in ,madrid1 ,a1 #aci-df2 ,d1 #ac1 #cj1 #fd4 ,vienna1 #ccj4 ,paris1 ,g1 #g1 #aj1 #agh4 ,sidenote3 ,anton ,peffenhauser1 ,augsburg1 #aebe-afjc4 ,we have no details of the life of this craftsman beyond the dates of his birth and death4 ,he is best known as the maker of elaborately decorated armour4 ,the suit made for ,king ,sebastian of ,portugal 7,madrid1 ,a1 #bij7 is one of the most ornate suits in existence 7,plate ,,xiv1 also p4 #ge74 ,his works are found as follows3 ,madrid1 ,a1 #bij4 ,dresden1 ,c1 #aj1 #ac1 #ae;a1 #bj2 ,d1 #aa2 ,e1 #f;a1 #aj2 ,g1 #adf4 ,vienna1 #dhi1 #dij4 ,sidenote3 ,lucio ,piccinino1 ,milan1 circ4 #aeij4 ,lucio was the son of ,antonio ,piccinino1 the famous sword-smith4 ,it is uncertain whether he actually produced armour himself or whether he was solely concerned with the decoration4 ,like ,peffenhauser he delighted in lavish display of ornament without any consideration to its fitness for armour4 ,his work is extraordinarily minute and the technical skill displayed is extreme4 ,his work is only to be found at ,madrid1 ,a1 #bia-d1 and at ,vienna1 #edc4 ,sidenote3 ,pompeo della ,chiesa1 ,milan1 #aeij4 ,the son of a noted craftsman1 ,pompeo was one of the foremost armourers in the latter years of the sixteenth century4 ,he was ,court ,armourer to ,philip ,,iii of ,spain1 and to the ,archduke of ,milan1 ,alessandro ,farnese4 ,his work is found in the ,armeria ,reale1 ,turin1 ,c1 #ba1 #gj2 in ,vienna1 #heh1 #hei4 ,sidenote3 ,conrad1 ,hans1 and ,jorg ,seusenhofer1 #adgj-aeee4 ,marks #g1 #h4 ,the brothers ,conrad and ,hans at different periods filled the position of ,court ,armourer to ,maximilian ,i4 ,conrad was born between the years #adej and #adfj4 ,he was cousin to ,treytz1 who produced the ,weisz ,knig1 that chronicle of the doings and artistic endeavours of the young ,maximilian which1 while it is amusing in its sycophantic adulation of the ,emperor is1 at the same time1 an invaluable record of the operations of the applied arts of the period and of costumes and armour then in fashion4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,engraving on the left cuisse of ,henry ,,viii's ,suit1 made by ,conrad ,seusenhofer 7,tower1 ,,ii1 #e74 ,in #aejd ,conrad was appointed ,court ,armourer for a period of six years with a further agreement for a pension of #ej fl4 afterwards for life4 ,in the same year he received money for enlarging his workshops1 but after much correspondence it was deducted from his salary4 ,the young ,emperor had theories about the making of armour as he had about every other art and craft1 and working in conjunction with his armourer1 and1 presumably1 taking credit for his craftsman's expert knowledge1 evolved the fluted style of plate armour which still bears his name4 ,it was based upon ,italian models of the ,gothic type which1 at the end of the fifteenth century1 was distinguished by certain graceful flutings which ,conrad and his master elaborated till they covered the whole surface of the armour4 ,at this time the craftsmen of ,brussels were noted experts in the tempering of steel1 and both ,maximilian and ,henry ,,viii employed ironworkers from this city in their armouries4 ,much of the raw material was drawn from ,styria1 and was exported in such large quantities to ,england that the supply was in danger of running short2 so a monopoly was established and exportation forbidden4 ,this naturally raised the price1 and was one of the many causes which combined to keep up a ceaseless friction between ,maximilian1 his ,diet1 and his armourers4 ,seusenhofer favoured elaborate ornament on his armour1 and this did not please the officials who were responsible for the equipment of the army4 ,he was urged to produce plainer and more serviceable work1 a suggestion which ,maximilian with his love of pageantry ignored4 ,in #aeaa we find ,seusenhofer complaining that ,kgler1 the mine-master1 was sending him inferior metal1 and as he considered that the use of it would be detrimental to the reputation of ,innsbruck as a factory of armour1 he suggested that it should be classed as ,milanese4 ,in #aeaa the famous 8,engraved ,suit10 now in the ,tower of ,london1 was put in hand as a present from ,maximilian to ,henry ,,viii4 ,from the ,state ,archives of ,innsbruck 7,jahrbuch ,,ii1 reg4 #ajbh7 we find that two cuirasses were ready for the ,king of ,england1 one gilded4 ,there were apparently five others to be made1 one of which was to be silvered4 ,this was probably the suit above mentioned4 ,the whole of the suit is covered with fine engraving representing the stories of ,s4 ,george and ,s4 ,barbara1 with foliage and heraldic badges4 ,the designs have been engraved and a detailed description given by ,sir ,s4 ,meyrick in ,archologia1 ,,xxii4 ,the horse-armour is not by the same hand1 for the engraving is coarser4 ,it may have been executed in ,england by ,german craftsmen to match the rider's armour 7see ,plates ,x1 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #fg74 ,there were ceaseless troubles over the payment and delivery of work from the royal workshop4 ,sometimes ,seusenhofer would retain work for which the ,emperor had pressing need till payment was made1 and on one occasion1 when speedy delivery was not made1 ,maximilian ordered the armourers to be placed in the forefront of the battle1 with no armour on1 to show them what inconvenience their delay was causing6 ,it is needless to say that the armour was delivered at once4 ,so obsessed with the idea of his omniscience was the ,emperor that when1 in the ,weisz ,knig1 ,seusenhofer suggests some secret method of working the metal1 he replies3 8,arm me according to my own wishes1 for it is ,i and not you who will take part in the tournament40 ,again1 ,maximilian writes3 8,if you have forgotten the art which ,i have taught you let me know and ,i will instruct you again40 ,the date of ,conrad's death is unknown1 but it was1 as far as can be ascertained1 about the year #aeag4 ,he was succeeded as ,court ,armourer by his younger brother ,hans1 and he in turn gave place to his nephew ,jorg1 who produced the suits which exist at the present day in ,paris1 ,g1 #da1 #aag2 ,vienna1 #bhc1 #djg4 ,the only authentic work of ,conrad is in the ,tower of ,london1 ,,ii1 #e4 ,sidenote3 ,jacob ,topf1 ,innsbruck1 #aecj-ij4 ,we have but little information respecting ,topf1 in spite of the minute researches of the late ,dr4 ,wendelin ,boeheim4 ,from civic records at ,innsbruck he appears to have been one of three brothers4 ,david1 the youngest1 was in service with ,archduke ,ferdinand at ,ambras and died in #aeid4 ,in #aege we find ,jacob working for the ,archduke at ,innsbruck4 ,boeheim discovered in his investigations that ,topf was absent from ,germany between the years #aefb and #aege and was probably employed in ,italy1 ,england1 and elsewhere4 ,there are no records of his employment in ,england except in a letter written by ,sir ,henry ,lee in #aeij1 where mention is made of 8,master ,jacobe10#ade who is now considered to be ,topf4 ,we have1 however1 a most valuable record of work which was in all probability his in the ,almain ,armourer's ,album1 now in the ,art ,library of the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,this book consists of large drawings in ink and water-colour 7#ag in4 by #aa in471 thirty-one in number1 which show twenty-nine suits of armour with details of extra pieces for the joust4 ,on ,no4 #ad is the signature3 8,these ,tilte peces made by me ,jacobe10 but the name ,topf does not occur in the ,album4 ,in the year #agij the book was in the possession of the ,duchess of ,portland1 at which time ,pennant engraved the second suit of ,robert ,dudley1 ,earl of ,leicester1 for his ,history of ,london4 ,strutt also engraved the suit of ,george1 ,earl of ,cumberland1 in his ,dresses and ,costumes 7,,ii1 ,plate ,,cvli74 ,the library of the ,duchess of ,portland was sold in #agii and the ,album disappeared till the year #ahid1 when it passed into the ,spitzer ,collection4 ,at the ,spitzer sale it was bought by ,m4 ,stein1 of ,paris1 and on the advice and through the personal efforts of ,viscount ,dillon1 the present ,curator of the ,tower ,armouries1 it was acquired for the nation4 ,several of the drawings have been carefully reproduced by ,mr4 ,griggs in a book1 edited by ,viscount ,dillon1 under the title of ,an ,almain ,armourer's ,album1 and it is by the courtesy of the editor and publisher that the accompanying illustrations are reproduced in the present work4 ,the following list gives the complete series of plates in the ,album and shows which of the suits illustrated in the original are now in existence4 ,,drawings ,,suits ,,in ,,existence 7,none complete in all parts47 #a4 ,the ,earle of ,rutlande4 #b4 ,the ,earle of ,bedforde4 #c4 ,the ,earle of ,lesseter 7#ast suit74 #d4 ,the ,earle of ,sussex ,the gauntlets were in the ,spitzer ,collection4 #e4 ,duke ,john of ffineland ,prince of ,sweden4 #f4 ,ser ,william ,sentle4 #g4 ,my ,lorde ,scrope4 #h4 ,the ,earle of ,lesseter 7#bnd suit7 ,a portion of a suit in the ,tower of ,london 7,,ii1 #aj7 is of very similar design--evidently by the same hand4 #i4 ,my ,lord ,hundson4 #aj4 ,ser ,george ,howarde4 #aa4 ,my ,lorde ,northe4 #ab4 ,the ,duck of ,norfocke4 #ac4 ,the ,earle of ,woster ,a portion of this suit in the ,tower 7,,ii1 #i74 ,at ,windsor ,castle a burgonet1 buffe1 breast1 back1 placcate1 gorget1 bevor1 taces1 lance-rest1 sollerets4 #ad4 ,ser ,henry ,lee 7#ast suit74 #ae4 ,sur ,cristofer ,hattone 7#ast suit7 ,windsor ,castle4 ,the gorget is a restoration 7,plates ,,xxv1 ,,xxvi74 #af4 ,the ,earle of ,penbrouke ,wilton ,house4 #ag4 ,ser ,cristofer ,hattone 7#bnd suit7 ,the suit of ,prince ,henry at ,windsor was copied from this and from ,no4#ag by ,w4 ,pickering 7see ,plate ,,xx74 #ah4 ,ser ,john ,smithe ,tower1 ,,ii1 #ab4 ,this suit has brassards which are not shown in the sketch in the ,album 7,plates ,,xxvi1 ,,xxviii74 #ai4 ,sr4 ,henry ,lee1 ,mr4 of tharmerie ,armet in the ,tower 7,,iv1 #bi74 7#bnd suit74 ,locking-gauntlet in the ,hall of the ,armourers' and ,braziers' ,co41 ,london 7,plate ,,xiii1 ,figs4 #cb1 #fh74 ,burgonet1 buffe1 and leg-armour at ,stockholm4 #bj4 ,the ,earle of ,cumberlande ,appleby ,castle4 #ba4 ,sr4 ,cristopher ,hatton 7#crd suit74 #bb4 ,mr4 ,macke ,williams4 #bc4 ,my ,l4 ,chancellor ,sir ,thomas ,bromley4 #bd4 ,my ,l4 ,cobbon4 #be4 ,sir ,harry ,lea ,mr4 of the ,armore ,hall of the ,armourers and ,braziers' 7#crd suit74 ,company1 ,london4 ,on each side of the breast in the band of engraving are the initials ,a4 ,v4 7,fig4 #fi71 which probably stand for ,anne ,vavasour1 natural daughter of ,sir ,t4 ,vavasour and ,lady of the ,bedchamber to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the ,nat4 ,dict4 of ,biog4 states that she was ,sir ,henry ,lee's mistress4 #bf4 ,my ,lorde ,cumpton ,portions of this and of the next suit were formerly at ,home ,lacy and are now in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 #bg4 ,mr4 ,skidmur ,john ,scudamor4 #bh4 ,my ,lorde ,bucarte ,wallace ,collection1 #dce4 #bi4 ,sr4 ,bale ,desena4 ,there is also a suit at ,vienna 7#dia71 made for ,archduke ,carl of ,steiermark1 which ,boeheim considered to be from ,topf's hands4 ,fuller details of the above suits will be found in the reproduction of the ,album above referred to1 and also in ,arch4 ,journ41 ,,li1 #aac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,gauntlet and armet of ,sir ,henry ,lee 7from the ,armourer's ,album1 ,victoria and ,albert ,museum74 ,see also ,plate ,,xiii and ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,rubbing of design on breast of ,sir ,henry ,lee's suit1 ,armourers' ,hall1 ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #adc ,meister der ,waffenschmiedkunst4 #add ,arch4 ,jour41 ,,xlviii4 #ade ,see page #ff4 ,,list ,,of ,,armourers' ,,marks ,the following have been taken from rubbings1 drawings1 and prints1 and the authorship of the marks is that given in the several catalogues4 ,the nationality of the armour is given first as ,german1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 or ,french2 following this is the approximate date2 and lastly the ,museums in which the mark is found with the catalogue number4 ,the ,roman figures denote the century to which the mark is ascribed4 ,a ,athens1 ,ethnological ,mus4 ,b ,brussels1 ,porte de ,hal4 ,ber ,berlin1 ,zeughaus4 ,d ,dresden1 ,johanneum4 ,g ,geneva4 ,l ,london1 ,tower4 ,m ,madrid1 ,real ,armeria4 ,n ,nuremberg4 ,p ,paris1 ,muse d',artillerie4 ,s ,stockholm1 ,lifrustkammer4 ,t ,turin1 ,armeria ,reale4 ,v ,vienna1 ,waffensammlung4 ,ven ,venice1 ,museo civico and ,arsenale4 ,illustration3 ,,armourers' ,,marks4 #a4 ,,xiv4 ,p1 ,h1 #bc4 #b4 ,,xv4 ,p1 ,h1 #bg4 #c4 ,,xv4 ,p1 ,h1 #da4 #d4 ,germ41 ,,xv4 ,p1 ,g1 ,i4 #e4 ,,xv4 ,p1 ,h1 #cf4 #f4 ,rotschmied1 ,germ4 #aeig4 ,g4 #g4 ,conrad ,seusenhofer1 ,germ4 #aeah4 ,l1 ,,ii1 #e4 #h4 ,jrg ,seusenhofer1 ,germ4 #aeeh4 ,v1 #bhc1 #djg4 ,p1 ,g1 #da1 #aag4 #i4 ,valentine ,siebenbrger1 ,germ4 #aeca-dg4 ,v1 #bbf4 #aj4 ,germ41 ,,xv4 ,p1 ,h1 #aa4 #aa4 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,p1 ,h1 #db4 #ab4 ,it41 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,h1 #ee1 #cje4 #ac4 ,it41 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,h1 #ed4 #ad4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #bc4 #ae4 ,adrian ,treytz1 ,germ4 #adfi-aeag4 ,v1 #ff1 #ajah4 #af4 ,veit1 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,n1 ,v4 #ag4 ,wilhelm von ,worms1 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,v1 #bbf1 #bif4 #ah4 ,merate brothers1 ,it4 #adie4 ,v1 #iag4 #ai4 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #ah4 #bj4 ,f4 ,siebenburger1 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #bb1 #efh4 #ba4 ,germ41 ,,xvi-,,xvii4 ,p1 ,h1 #aff4 ,d1 ,e1 #eef 7see also #ig74 #bb4 ,city of ,augsburg1 ,,xv-,,xvii passim4 #bc4 ,lorenz ,colman or ,helmschmied1 #aeaf4 ,p1 ,g1 #ecf2 ,v1 #ajje4 #bd4 ,antonio da ,missaglia1 ,it4 #adib passim 7see also #cf74 #be4 ,antonio da ,missaglia4 #bf4 ,antonio da ,missaglia4 #bg4 ,petrajolo and ,tomaso da ,missaglia4 #adjj-fh4 ,v1 #b1 #c1 #hig2 ,p1 ,h1 #bi 7see also ,no4 #gh74 #bh4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,h1 #aeh4 #bi4 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #chb4 #cj4 ,sigismund ,wolf1 ,germ4 #aeed4 ,p1 ,g1 #fc1 #fd1 etc42 ,m1 ,a1 #bca4 #ca4 ,it4 7871 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #cf4 #cb4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #adg1 ,h1 #ig4 #cc4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,a 7possibly a ,missaglia mark1 see ,no4 #bd74 #cd4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,a4 #ce4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,d1 #ad4 #cf4 ,antonio da ,missaglia1 ,it41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,p1 ,h1 #bi4 #cg4 ,,xvi4 ,p1 ,g1 #hd4 #ch4 ,matthaias ,fraenpreis1 ,germ4 #aedi-ge4 ,v1 #cig1 #iej2 ,d1 ,g1 #ci4 #ci4 ,franz ,grofsschedl1 ,germ4 #aefh4 ,v1 #ihi2 ,d1 ,c1 #a1 #b4 #dj4 ,coloman ,colman or ,helmschmied1 ,germ4 #adgj-aecb4 ,v1 #age2 ,d1 ,g1 #ae2 ,m1 ,a1 #ai1 #ei1 #gc1 etc4 #da4 ,lorenz ,colman or ,helmschmied1 ,germ4 #aeaf4 ,v1 #fb 7see also ,no4 #bc74 #db4 ,philipp ,negroli1 ,it4 #aecj-ij ,v1 #ccj2 ,m1 ,a1 #dc4 ,philipp and ,jacomo ,negroli 0 #aci-df2 ,d1 #ac1 #cj1 #fd4 #dd4 ,philipp and ,jacomo ,negroli 7874 ,p1 ,g1 #g1 #aj1 #agh4 #de4 ,city of ,nuremberg1 ,,xv-,,xvii passim4 #df4 ,kunz or ,conrad ,lochner1 ,germ4 #aefg4 ,v1 #ccd2 ,p1 ,g1 #ahb1 etc42 ,m1 ,a1 #bdc2 ,s1 #fd4 #dg4 ,heinrich ,obresch1 ,germ4 #aeij4 #dh4 ,anton ,peffenhauser1 ,germ4 #aeff-ie4 ,v1 #dhi2 ,m1 ,a1 #bij4 #di4 ,hans ,ringter1 ,germ4 #aefj4 ,v4 #ej4 ,,xvi-,,xvii4 ,p1 ,g1 #abd4 #ea4 ,possibly the ,merate brothers1 ,it4 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,v1 #fj2 ,l1 ,,vi1 #bh2 ,m1 ,a1 #c4 #eb4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,v1 #i4 ,illustration3 ,,armourers' ,,marks4 #ec4 ,possibly the ,merate brothers1 ,it41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,v1 #idh4 #ed4 ,possibly ,hans ,grnewalt1 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,v1 #ff1 #iie4 #ee4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,v1 #e4 #ef4 ,j4 ,voys1 ,netherland1 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #ci1 #dj2 ,m1 ,a1 #aa #eg4 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,a1 #d4 #eh4 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,a1 #f4 #ei4 ,on a mail skirt1 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,t1 ,g1 #hf4 #fj4 ,peter von ,speyer1 ,germ41 #aefj4 ,ber4 #fa4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,gen4 #fb4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,gen4 #fc4 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,p1 ,h1 #gf4 #fd4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,gen4 #fe4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,v1 #fc4 #ff4 ,it41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,ven4 ,mus4 civico4 #fg4 ,it41 ,,xvi4 ,ven4 ,arsenale4 #fh4 ,on a sallad with ,missaglia mark1 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,ven4 ,mus4 civico4 #fi4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #aja4 #gj4 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,v1 #ajbb4 #ga4 ,armourers' ,company1 ,london1 ,,xvii4 ,l4 #gb4 ,germ41 ,,xv4 ,d1 ,a1 #ge4 #gc4 ,netherlands1 ,,xv4 ,d1 ,a1 #ge4 #gd4 ,siebenburger 7871 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #ib4 #ge4 ,it41 ,,xvi4 ,m1 ,a1 #adg4 #gf4 ,jorg ,sigman1 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,m1 ,a1 #bch4 #gg4 ,it1 ,,xv4 ,a4 #gh4 ,t4 and ,p4 da ,missaglia1 ,it41 #adjj-adfh4 ,p1 ,h1 #bi2 ,v1 #b1 #c2 ,l1 ,,ii1 #bi 7see ,nos4 #bd-g74 #gi4 ,sigmund ,rosenburger1 ,germ4 ,,xvi4 ,d1 ,c1 #c1 #d4 #hj4 ,city of ,augsburg 7871 ,,xvi4 ,d4#adf #ha4 ,city of ,augsburg 7871 ,,xvi4 passim4 #hb4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,d4 #hc4 ,m4 ,petit4 ,fr4 ,,xvii4 ,p1 ,h1 #aej2 ,v1 #gaa2 ,m1 ,a1 #cgi4 #hd4 ,sp41 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,d1 #bd4 #he4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,a4 #hf4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,a4 #hg4 ,,xvii4 ,m1 ,b1 #aa2 ,t1 ,c1 #ad4 #hh4 ,,xv4 ,p1 ,h1 #ada4 #hi4 ,germ41 ,,xv-,,xvi4 ,l1 ,,ii1 #cg4 #ij4 ,,xvi4 ,l1 ,,iii1 #ahf4 #ia4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,l1 ,,ii1 #c4 #ib4 ,sp41 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,c1 #aj4 #ic4 ,sp41 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,c1 #aj4 #id4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,a4 #ie4 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,d1 #ah4 #if4 ,germ41 ,,xv4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #agj4 #ig4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #ahb2 ,d1 ,e1 #eef 7see also ,no4 #ba72 ,s1 on a crossbow1 #adc4 #ih4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #cj4 #ii4 ,germ41 ,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #c4 #ajj4 ,possibly the city of ,wittenburg1 ,,xvi4 ,b1 ,,ii1 #d1 #da4 #aja4 ,sp41 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,c1 #aj4 #ajb4 ,sp41 ,,xv4 ,m1 ,c1 #aj4 #ajc4 ,it41 ,,xv4 ,a4 #ajd4 ,germ4 ,,xv4 ,v4 ,,footnote3 #adf ,a similar mark was used by the ,armourers' ,company1 ,london1 about #afdj4 ,,polyglot ,,glossary ,,of ,,words ,,dealing ,,with ,,armour ,,and ,,weapons ,the meanings of the words in this ,glossary are given either from comparison of various scattered entries in contemporary documents or from the following works3-- ,boeheim4 ,waffenkunde4 #ahij4 ,cotgrave4 ,dictionarie of the ,french and ,english ,tongues4 #afaa4 ,c4 ,du ,cange4 ,glossaire ,franais4 ,edit4 #ahgi4 ,florio4 ,a ,worlde of ,woordes4 #aeih4 ,f4 ,gay4 ,glossaire ,archologique1 ,a-,g 7never completed74 #ahhg4 ,g4 ,harford4 ,english ,military ,discipline4 #afhj4 ,h4 ,meyrick4 ,antient ,armour 7glossary74 #ahdb4 ,roquefort4 ,glossaire de la ,langue ,romaine4 #ahjh4 ,r4 ,valencia4 ,catalogue of ,real ,armeria1 ,madrid4 ,where no reference letter is given the meaning given is that generally accepted at the present day4 ,the names of the different parts of the suit of plate armour are given in ,english2 ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian and ,spanish are given on pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,a ,abzug1 ,germ4 the trigger of a gun4 ,achsel1 ,germ4 see pauldron4 ,achselhohlscheibe1 ,germ4 see rondel4 ,achselschilde1 ,germ4 see ailette4 ,acroc1 a hook or clasp4 ,adargue1 a heart-shaped buckler1 ,g4 ,affust1 gun-carriage4 ,afut1 ,agaric1 tinder used with flint-lock gun4 ,agier1 ,o4,f4 darts4 ,aguinia1 machines or engines of war4 ,aguzo1 ,it4 the point of the spear4 ,aiguilettes1 tags at the ends of laces for fastening the various pieces of armour4 ,ailettes1 wing-like pieces of plate or cuir-bouilly worn on the shoulders4 ,very rare and seldom seen on monuments4 ,,xiii-,,xiv cent4 ,aketon1 see gambeson4 ,alabarda1 ,it4 halberd4 ,alagus1 ,halagus1 ,o4,f4 soldiers of fortune1 free-lances1 ,r4 ,alarica1 a heavy triangular-pointed spear4 ,alberc1 ,germ4 see hauberk4 ,alberia1 a shield without armorial bearings4 ,alborium1 a bow of hazel1 ,,xi cent4 ,alemle1 ,fr4 the lame or blade of the sword4 ,alemella1 ,it4 a knife or dagger1 ,,xiv cent4 ,alfange1 ,sp4 cutlass4 ,alferanna1 ,sp4 a banner4 ,algier1 ,o4,f4 dart4 ,allecret1 a variety of half-armour1 end of ,,xvi cent4 ,almarada1 ,sp4 a stiletto or dagger4 ,almayne rivet1 suit of light half-armour1 ,,xvi cent4 ,almete1 ,sp4 a close1 round helmet1 armet4 ,alzo1 ,it4 the 8sight0 of the firearm4 ,amadue1 ,fr4 see agaric4 ,ameure1 a dagger4 ,amorce1 priming4 ,amorcoir1 ,fr4 powder-flask4 ,amussette1 ,fr4 a breech-loading musket1 ,,xviii cent4 ,anelace1 a broad-bladed dagger1 early ,,xiv cent4 ,angon1 a javelin used in the ,,vi cent4 ,the head was heavy and the top part of the shaft thin1 so that it bent on impact and thus hampered the stricken man1 ,g4 ,animes1 a cuirass of horizontal lames1 ,r4 ,antebrachia1 see vambrace4 ,antela1 see poitrel4 ,antia1 the handle of a buckler4 ,anzerdecke1 ,germ4 see barde4 ,appogiar1 the cantle of the saddle4 ,arbalest1 a crossbow4 ,arbalest cric1 a heavy crossbow used in sieges4 ,arbalest cranequin1 a crossbow drawn with a windlass4 ,arbrier1 the tiller of a crossbow4 ,arcabuz1 ,sp4 see arquebus4 ,archet de fer1 the moulded ring on the breech of a cannon1 base-ring4 ,archegaye1 a staff sharpened at both ends carried by estradiots1 ,,xv cent4 ,archibuso1 ,it4 see arquebus4 ,arcioni1 ,it4 the fore and aft peaks of the saddle4 ,arcon1 the saddle-bow4 ,arescuel1 the grip of a lance1 ,r4 ,arest de lance1 vamplate1 later the lance-rest1 ,g4 ,arganello1 ,it4 the windlass of a crossbow4 ,argolets1 ,french mounted arquebussiers1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent41 ,r4 ,arma bianca1 ,it4 sword4 ,arme blanche1 ,fr4 ,armacudium1 an indefinite weapon of offence4 ,arma d'asta1 ,it4 any long-shafted weapon4 ,armatoste1 ,sp4 the windlass of a crossbow4 ,armes l'preuve1 pistol-proof armour4 ,armet1 a close helmet with bevor and movable visor4 ,armil1 see surcoat4 ,armin1 an ornamental hand-grip for the pike made of velvet or leather4 ,arming-bonett1 a padded cap worn under the helmet4 ,arming-doublet1 worn under the armour4 ,arming-hose1 long hose worn under leg-armour4 ,arming-points1 laces for tying on parts of the suit of armour4 ,arming-sword1 a short sword worn on the right side4 ,armkachen1 ,germ4 elbow-cops4 ,armoyer1 ,o4,f4 armourer1 maker of sword-hilts1 ,r4 ,armrhen1 ,germ4 cannon of the vambrace4 ,armrust1 ,germ4 crossbow4 ,armure cannele1 ,fr4 fluted armour4 ,armzeug1 ,germ4 brassard4 ,arnesi1 ,it4 harness as used for 8armour40 ,arquebus1 a musket of ,,xvi cent4 ,arrt1 ,fr4 small decorated tabs used on straps for armour and horse-furniture1 ,g4 ,arrt de lance1 ,fr4 lance-rest4 ,arrire-bras1 ,fr4 see rerebrace4 ,arrire-hilt1 the counter-guard or knuckle-bow of the sword4 ,asbergo1 a breastplate or cuirass1 a vamplate1 ,f4 ,asper1 aspar1 the 8grip0 of the lance4 ,aspergs1 ,o4,f4 a mace1 ,r2 see holy-water sprinkle4 ,astile1 ,it4 the shaft of a lance4 ,astonne1 a lance1 ,r4 ,astregal1 a moulding on a cannon4 ,atilt1 the position in which the lance was held in charging4 ,attry1 ,o4,e4 artillery4 ,auber1 see alborium4 ,ausfatz1 ,germ4 the 8sight0 of a firearm4 ,avance1 ,fr4 the front peak of the burgonet4 ,avant-bras1 see vambrace4 ,avant plat1 see vamplate4 ,aventail1 breathing aperture in helmet1 the earliest form of visor4 ,azza1 ,it4 a long-shafted axe4 ,azzimino1 ,it4 fine inlay work on ,oriental weapons1 ,f4 ,b ,bacchetta1 ,it4 a ramrod4 ,back-sword1 sword with single-edged blade4 ,bacul1 ,o4,f4 crupper of horse-trappings1 ,r4 ,bacyn1 see bascinet4 ,badelaire1 ,fr4 a short cutlass4 ,bagonet1 a dagger fitted to the musket1 circ4 #afgb4 ,bayonet1 ,bagordare1 ,o4,it4 to hold a burlesque tournament4 ,baguette1 ramrod1 also brayette1 q4v4 ,bainbergs1 shin-defences of metal or cuir-bouilly4 ,baldrick1 an ornamented belt to carry the sword1 ,,xiv cent4 ,bawdric1 ,balestra1 ,it4 see arbalest4 ,balloch knife1 a knife or dagger with balls instead of quillons1 ,,xv-,,xvi cent4 ,balayn1 whalebone used for crests or the swords for tourneys4 ,balon1 ,balottera1 a stone bow1 ,f4 ,banded mail1 mail formed of rings through which a leathern thong was passed horizontally on the hauberk4 ,bandes1 ,fr4 see lames4 ,bandes de bout d'affust1 trail-plate of a cannon1 ,h4 ,bandes de dessus1 axle-tree bands1 cape squares1 ,h4 ,bandolier1 musketeer's belt to carry gun-charges in separate cases of wood or metal4 ,bannerets1 those knighted on the field of battle and entitled to carry banners4 ,banquelets1 ,fr4 strips of decorated metal on a sword-belt to keep the belt rigid1 ,g4 ,barbazzale1 ,it4 the 8grummet0 of a bridle4 ,barbera1 ,sp4 see mentonire4 ,barbire1 ,fr4 ,barbote1 ,sp4 see bevor4 ,barbotto1 ,it4 ,barbuta1 a piece of head-armour1 a bevor1 ,f4 ,barbute1 a form of bascinet of unknown type1 also ,barbet1 a light horseman4 ,bardes1 horse-armour4 ,barding1 ,barde de crinire1 ,fr4 see crinet4 ,bardiche1 a variety of pole-axe4 ,barducium1 see morning star4 ,barthaube1 ,germ4 chin-guard of plate4 ,barriers1 the division of wood which separated combatants in foot-jousts1 also the jousts themselves4 ,bascinet1 a light helmet of ovoid form tapering to a point at the summit1 worn with or without a visor1 ,,xiii-,,xv cent4 ,bascuette1 ,o4,e4 see bascinet4 ,base1 ,o4,f4 a short sword or cutlass1 ,r4 ,bases1 skirts of fabric or1 in armour1 of plate1 ,,xvi cent4 ,basilard1 a curved civilian sword1 ,,xiv cent4 ,bask sword1 a stout1 single-edged blade4 ,bassinet1 ,fr4 priming-pan of a firelock4 ,bastard sword1 a long sword for cut and thrust with grip sufficiently long for two hands1 or a blunted sword for practice4 ,baston1 a mace or club with polygonally cut head4 ,baston1 gros1 ,o4,f4 large ordnance1 ,r4 ,battecul1 see garde-rein4 ,batticuli1 taces or loin-guards of plate1 ,f4 ,bauchreifen1 ,germ4 see taces4 ,baudik1 see baldrick4 ,baudrier1 ,fr4 cross-belt4 ,bavier1 ,fr4 see bevor4 ,baviera1 ,it4 ,bergaman1 ,o4,f4 a cutlass or dagger from ,bergamo1 ,r4 ,bear-paw1 a form of solleret with obtuse point4 ,bec du cane1 ,becco di corvo1 ,it4 see martel de fer4 ,bec de faucon1 ,fr4 a war-hammer4 ,beckenhaube1 ,germ4 see bascinet4 ,beinrhren1 ,germ4 see jambe4 ,beintaschen1 ,germ4 see tassets4 ,beinzeug1 ,germ4 see cuissard4 ,beringt1 ,germ4 ringed mail4 ,beruier1 ,fr4 a light head-piece with ear-flaps and chin-strap1 ,,xv cent41 ,g4 ,besagues1 ,o4,e4 small plates to protect the armpits1 any small plates of metal4 ,bessa1 a pickaxe used by pioneers1 ,,xv cent4 ,beavor1 chin-piece of an armet or a sallad4 ,bevor1 ,bicoquet1 ,fr4 a species of bascinet with neck and chin piece1 ,,xv cent41 ,g4 ,bicorn1 small anvil4 ,bickiron1 ,bigateno1 ,o4,f4 a javelin or dart1 ,r4 ,bilbo1 a small rapier4 ,bill1 a weapon with scythe-like blade and six-foot shaft4 ,billette1 ,f41 see toggle4 ,biro1 ,o4,f41 a dart1 javelin1 or arrow1 ,r4 ,bisacuta1 the military pick or two-edged axe1 ,bisague1 ,o4,f41 ,,xiii-,,xiv cent4 ,bishop's mantle1 a cape of mail4 ,blacon1 ,o4,f41 a buckler or shield1 ,r4 ,blanc haubert1 ,fr41 coat of mail4 ,blanchon1 ,o4,f41 a kind of pike1 ,r4 ,blank wafte1 ,germ4 see arme blanche4 ,boetes1 boxes1 ,h4 ,bohordicum1 a burlesque joust in which sham lances 7bohours7 were used4 ,bombarde1 an early form of ordnance resembling a mortar4 ,bonbicinium1 see bascinet4 ,bordon1 ,bordonasse1 a lance used for jousting4 ,borto1 ,boson1 an arrow with a blunt point4 ,bossoirs1 the bosses on the peytral of a horse4 ,botafogo1 ,sp4 see linstock4 ,botta a1 ,it4 armour proof against sword1 axe1 or ,botte 1 ,fr4 lance blow4 ,botte casse1 ,fr41 armour proof against all weapons1 8high proof40 ,botton1 a button or buckle for fastening the gorget to the breast-piece4 ,bouche1 the hole cut in the corner of the shield through which to point the lance2 also the circular hole in the vamplate4 ,boucles1 ,fr4 see genouillire4 ,boudrier1 ,fr4 see bandolier4 ,bougeran1 buckram used for tournament armour4 ,bougran1 ,bougon1 blunt-headed arrow for shooting game4 ,boujon1 ,bougeon1 ,boujon1 a crossbow quarrel1 ,r4 ,boulon1 ,bourdonasse1 ,fr4 see bordon4 ,bourlet1 ,fr4 a coif4 ,bourlet1 ,fr4 the swell of the muzzle of a cannon4 ,bourlette1 ,fr4 a mace4 ,bourrelet1 1 ,fr4 a method of attaching two plates together sliding in burrs or slots4 ,boutefeu1 ,fr4 linstock4 ,bouterolle1 ,fr4 the chape of a sword4 ,boutreaux1 ,fr4 the pendent strips of leather or fabric which decorated the horse-trappings of the ,,xv-,,xvi cent41 ,g4 ,bracciale1 ,it4 brassard4 ,bracciaiuola1 ,it4 a small shield with arm-guard and 8sword-breaker0 in one piece4 ,bracciali1 ,it4 see brassard4 ,bracconnire1 ,fr4 see taces4 ,bracelet1 ,fr4 the ring of metal which joined the vambrace to the rerebrace1 the elbow-cop1 ,c4 ,bracer1 a leathern wrist-guard used by archers of the long-bow4 ,bracheta1 ,o4,it4 see brayette4 ,braghetta1 ,brandistocco1 ,it4 a three-pronged spear1 a swine-feather4 ,braquemart1 a short1 broad-bladed cutting sword4 ,brasalot1 ,o4,f4 see elbow-cop4 ,brassard1 the whole arm-defence1 including vambrace1 elbow-cop1 and rerebrace4 ,brasselet1 see bracer4 ,bratspiess1 ,germ4 see ranseur4 ,brayette1 ,o4,f4 for codpiece4 ,brazale1 ,sp4 brassard4 ,brechenmesser1 ,germ4 see falcione4 ,brechrnder1 ,germ1 neck-guards on the pauldrons4 ,bretelles1 ,fr4 straps for joining breast and back pieces4 ,briccola1 ,o4,it4 a tiller or crossbow to shoot stones or arrows1 ,f4 ,brichette1 armour for loins and hips4 ,brichette1 breast-armour1 ,,xv cent4 ,brikette1 ,brigandine1 a body-defence of small plates riveted to a cover and lining of fabric4 ,briquet1 ,fr4 a sword of cutlass form1 early ,,xix cent4 ,brise-cuirass1 ,fr4 a short1 strong dagger4 ,brise-pe1 ,fr4 see sword-breaker4 ,brochiero1 ,it4 a small buckler used for sword and buckler fights4 ,broigne1 a shirt of mail4 ,broke1 ,o4,f4 a kind of dagger1 ,r4 ,broquel1 ,sp4 see rondache4 ,brjula1 ,sp4 see visor4 ,brunt1 ,o4,e4 the front or peytral of a horse-trapper4 ,brustpanzer1 ,germ4 see peytral4 ,brustschild mit schnbart1 ,germ1 tilting-breastplate with mentonire4 ,bruststck1 ,germ4 breastplate4 ,brygandyrons1 see brigandine4 ,budrire1 ,it4 cross-belt for a sword4 ,bufe1 a movable bevor used with an open casqe4 ,bufeta1 ,sp4 neck-guards on a pauldron4 ,buffa1 the buffe or face-plate of a burgonet4 ,bufle1 a coat of buff leather4 ,buffetin1 ,fr4 see colletto4 ,burdo1 see borto4 ,bukel1 ,germ4 see rondache4 ,burghera1 a gorget1 ,f4 ,burgonet1 a light1 open helmet1 generally found with ear-flaps and sometimes a face-guard1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent4 ,burr1 the iron ring on the lance below the 8grip0 to prevent the hand slipping back4 ,buttafuoco1 ,it4 see linstock4 ,buttire1 ,fr4 a type of arquebus4 ,buzo1 ,it4 see quarrel4 ,c ,cabasset1 a helmet with narrow brim all round1 ,,xvi cent4 ,cairelli1 ,o4,it4 see quarrel4 ,caissia1 ,it4 a case or quiver for arrows4 ,calce1 the vamplate of a lance1 also the butt end1 also stockings1 ,f4 ,caliver1 a short firelock4 ,calote1 a skull-cap worn under the hat by cavalry1 ,,xvii cent4 ,caltrop1 a ball with four spikes placed on the ground to receive cavalry4 ,calva1 ,sp4 skull or bowl of a helmet4 ,camaglio1 ,it4 see camail4 ,camail1 a hood or tippet of chain mail1 ,,xiv-,,xv cent4 ,camba1 ,o4,it4 see jambs4 ,camberia1 see jambires4 ,camisado1 ,it4 the wearing of white shorts over armour for night attacks4 ,campane1 ,o4,f4 the part of the horse-trappings on the ,campanelle1 haunches1 decorated with large bells1 ,,xv-,,xvi cent4 ,cambrasia1 ,o4,it4 a dart or arrow1 ,f4 ,cannon1 the tubular vambrace4 ,cantle1 the rear peak of the saddle4 ,capel de nerfs1 a whalebone or leather helmet1 ,,xiv cent4 ,capelina1 ,it4 a skull-cap of steel4 ,capellum1 the sword sheath or scabbard4 ,caperuza1 ,sp4 see chapel-de-fer4 ,carcasse1 ,fr4 a bomb4 ,carcasse1 ,it4 a quiver4 ,cardelli1 ,it4 see quarrel4 ,cargan1 a collar or gorget of mail4 ,carnet1 the visor4 ,carousella1 a mimic fight with clay balls and shields4 ,carousel1 ,carquois1 ,fr4 a quiver4 ,carreau1 ,fr4 see quarrel4 ,cartouche1 ,fr41 a charge of powder and shot wrapped up in paper2 a cartridge4 ,casque1 open helmet1 often of classical design1 late ,,xvi cent4 ,casquetel1 an open head-piece with brim and back peak reaching far down the neck1 ,,xvii cent4 ,cassa1 ,it4 the stock of a firearm4 ,castle1 ,o4,e4 a variety of helmet4 ,cataffratto1 a mail-clad horse4 ,cataphractus eques1 ,cataye1 ,o4,f4 a javelin or a catapult1 ,r4 ,catchpole1 a long-handled spring fork used to catch the opposing knight round the neck and unhorse him4 ,catocio1 the charge of powder for musket or cannon1 ,f4 ,caxeo1 ,sp4 see casque4 ,caxa1 ,cazoleta1 ,sp4 the 8pan0 of the arquebus4 ,celada de engole1 ,sp4 a helm worn for foot-jousts with axe1 sword1 or spear4 ,celata1 ,it4 see sallad4 ,celata da incastro1 ,it4 see armet4 ,celata ,veneziana1 ,it4 a ,venetian form of sallad with a nose-piece1 ,,xv cent4 ,cerbatane1 some kind of ordnance1 ,g4 ,cerveliera1 ,it4 a metal skull-cap1 a secrete4 ,cervicale1 ,fr4 see crinet1 ,g4 ,cesello1 ,it4 repouss-work used in the decoration of armour4 ,chamfron1 ,chanfrein1 defence of plate for the horse's head4 ,chanfron1 ,champ-clos1 ,o4,f4 see lists4 ,chape1 the metal tip at the lower end of a sword or dagger sheath4 ,chapel d'acier1 ,fr4 a steel war-hat4 ,chapel-de-fer1 ,fr4 a broad-brimmed helmet used from ,,xii to ,,xvi cent4 ,chapel de ,montauban1 ,fr4 a steel war-hat made at ,montauban1 ,,xiv cent4 ,chapewe1 see chapel-de-fer4 ,chapras1 the brass badge worn by a messenger4 ,chard1 the string of a sling4 ,charnel1 ,o4,e4 the bolt that fixed the tilting-helm to the breastplate4 ,chausses1 covering for the lower leg and foot of chain mail4 ,chaussons1 trews or breeches of chain mail4 ,cheeks1 the strips of iron that fix the pike-head to the shaft4 ,chemine1 ,fr4 the nipple of a gun4 ,cherval1 a gorget4 ,chastones1 rivets4 ,chianetta1 a helmet1 ,f4 ,chiave da mota1 ,it4 key for a wheel-lock4 ,chien1 ,fr41 cock of a firelock4 ,chiodo da voltare1 ,it4 a turning-rivet4 ,choque1 some kind of firearm1 variety unknown4 ,cimier1 the crest on the helm4 ,cinquedea1 ,it4 a short1 broad-bladed dagger for ceremonial use1 made in ,venice and ,verona1 five fingers 7cinque ditta7 wide at the base4 ,ciseau1 a blunt-headed quarrel for the crossbow1 ,g4 ,clavel1 ,o4,f41 a lace for fastening the coif of mail or the hauberk1 ,g4 ,clavones1 rivets4 ,claid heamh1 a sword1 ,gaelic4 ,claid mor1 a broadsword1 ,gaelic4 ,claid crom1 a sabre1 ,gaelic4 ,claid caol1 a small sword1 ,gaelic4 ,claymore1 a ,scottish two-hand sword 7see above74 ,the modern use of the word is erroneous4 ,clef1 trigger4 ,clevengi1 studs to fasten the fendace or gorget4 ,clibanion1 a jack of scale armour1 ,g4 ,clipeus1 ,it4 a circular shield4 ,clous perdus1 ,fr41 false and useless rivet-heads found in ,,xvii-cent4 armour4 ,cnmide1 ,fr4 see jambs4 ,coche1 the notch of an arrow1 the nut of a crossbow1 ,c4 ,coda di gambero1 ,it4 see lobster-tail4 ,codole1 ,sp4 elbow-cop4 ,codpiece1 a piece of plate to protect the fore-body4 ,coif de mailes1 hood of chain mail1 see camail4 ,colichemarde1 swords invented by ,knigsmark about #affa-hf4 ,colet1 ,coletin1 ,fr4 a gorget1 also a jerkin4 ,collettin1 ,colletto1 ,it4 a buff coat4 ,collo1 ,it4 see crinet4 ,colodrillo1 ,sp4 the plate of the helmet that covered the nape of the neck4 ,coltellaccio1 ,it4 see cutlass4 ,cophia1 a coif of mail4 ,coppo1 ,it4 the skull of a helm or helmet4 ,corale1 see cuisses4 ,coracina1 ,sp4 cuirass4 ,corium1 armour composed of leather4 ,cornel1 ,o4,e4 the rosette or button fixed on the ,coronall1 tip of the lance in some forms of tilting4 ,corpel1 ,o4,f4 the hilt of a sword1 ,r4 ,corregge1 ,it4 see bretelles4 ,corseque1 ,fr4 a species of partizan1 ,g4 ,corsesca1 ,it4 see ranseur4 ,cosciale1 ,coscioni1 see cuissard4 ,costale1 ,coschewes1 ,o4,e4 see cuisses4 ,costa1 ,it4 the wings on the head of the war-mace4 ,coat-armour1 see surcoat4 ,coterel1 ,o4,f4 a large knife1 ,r4 ,cotta di maglia1 ,it4 a coat of mail4 ,cottyngyre1 cold-chisel4 ,coude1 ,coudire1 elbow-pieces of plate4 ,coute1 ,coup de poing1 ,fr4 a small pistol4 ,coursel1 ,fr4 windlass for a crossbow1 ,g4 ,coussart1 a demi-glaive1 ,,xv cent4 ,coustile1 ,fr4 a knife and possibly a staff-weapon with cutting point1 ,g4 ,coustil croc1 short1 single-handed sword with two-edged blade4 ,coutel1 ,couvrenuque1 ,fr4 the neck-plate of the back of the armet or sallad4 ,cracowes1 sometimes used for poleynes and also ,crakoes1 for pointed shoes1 ,,xiv cent4 ,crampon1 a bolt for attaching the helm to the cuirass4 ,cranequin1 the wheel and ratchet machine for bending the crossbow4 ,cravates1 ,french mounted militia4 ,cresta1 ,it4 ,cresteria1 ,sp4 crest of a helmet4 ,crte1 ,fr4 ,crte-chelle1 a support fixed from helm to back-plate to take the shock when tilting4 ,crtu1 ,o4,f4 a sword-breaker1 ,r4 ,crinet1 armour for the horse's neck4 ,crochets de retraits1 trail-hooks of a cannon1 ,h4 ,crinire1 see crinet4 ,croissante1 see moton4 ,crosse1 the butt of a gun or a crossbow4 ,croupire1 armour for the hinder part of a horse4 ,cubitiera1 ,it4 elbow-cop4 ,cubrenuca1 ,sp4 see couvrenuque4 ,cuirass1 body-armour1 originally of leather1 afterwards of plate4 ,cuir-bouilly1 defences for horse and man made of ,cure-buly1 boiled and moulded leather4 ,cuissards1 leg-armour1 comprising cuisses and knee-cops and jambs4 ,cuishe1 ,cuisse1 thigh-pieces of plate4 ,cuyshe1 ,cuissots1 see cuisse4 ,culasse1 the breech of a gun4 ,culet1 kilt or skirt4 ,cullotes1 ,fr4 breeches4 ,culverin1 a hand-gun or light piece of ordnance1 ,,xv1 ,,xvii cent4 ,curatt1 see cuirass4 ,curtale1 ,o4,it41 a variety of cannon1 ,f4 ,curtana1 the blunted 8sword of ,mercy0 used at the ,coronation4 ,curtelaxe1 ,o4,e4 for cutlass4 ,ciclaton1 a tight-fitting surcoat shorter in front ,cyclas1 than behind1 ,,xiv cent4 ,cyseau1 ,o4,f4 an arrow or dart1 ,r4 ,d ,daburge1 a ceremonial mace4 ,dag1 ,tag1 a short pistol1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent4 ,dague couillettes1 ,fr4 see balloch knife4 ,dague oreilles1 a dagger with the pommel fashioned like two circular wings4 ,dague rognons1 ,fr4 a dagger with kidney-shaped projections above the quillons4 ,dague ruelle1 ,fr4 a dagger with thumb-ring4 ,dard1 ,sp4 javelin4 ,degen1 ,germ4 sword1 dagger4 ,demi-poulaine1 pointed sollerets of medium length4 ,demy-teste1 ,o4,e4 a steel skull-cap1 ,c4 ,destrier1 a war-horse4 ,dtente1 ,fr4 the trigger4 ,diechlinge1 ,germ4 see cuisse4 ,dieling1 ,dilge1 ,germ4 leg-guard for jousts4 ,dobbles1 ,o4,e4 probably moulds or patterns on which armour was made4 ,dolch1 ,germ4 poniard4 ,dolequin1 a dagger1 ,r4 ,doloire1 a short-handled axe1 ,g4 ,dolon1 ,o4,e4 a club1 ,r4 ,dorso1 ,it4 the back of a gauntlet4 ,dos1 ,sp4 back-plate of a cuirass4 ,dossire1 ,fr4 the back-piece of the cuirass4 ,dussack1 ,hungarian and ,german sword of cutlass form4 ,e crevisse1 ,fr4 see lobster-tail4 cu1 ,fr4 shield4 couvillon1 sponge of a cannon4 ,eisenkappe1 ,germ4 a skull-cap of steel4 ,eisenschuhe1 ,germ4 see sollerets4 ,elbow-cops1 elbow-pieces of plate armour4 ,elbow gauntlet1 a metal or leather glove with cuff reaching to the elbow1 ,,xvi1 ,,xvii cent4 ,elingue1 ,o4,f4 a sling1 ,r4 ,ellenbogenkachel1 ,germ4 see coude4 ,elmo di giostra1 ,it4 a tilting-helm4 ,elsa1 ,elso1 the hilt of a sword or dagger1 ,f4 ,elza1 ,enarmes1 the loops for holding a shield4 ,encoche1 see coche4 ,enlace1 see anelace4 paulire1 shoulder-defence1 of plate4 spalire1 paule-de-,monton1 ,fr4 see poldermitton4 pieu1 a spear2 a spear with crossbar or toggle1 ,g4 ,esca1 ,it4 tinder4 ,escarcelas1 ,sp4 tassets4 ,escarpes1 ,sp4 sollerets4 ,esclaivine1 ,o4,f4 a dart1 ,r4 ,escopette1 a pistol or carbine with a firelock1 ,c4 ,espada1 ,sp4 a long sword4 ,espadin1 ,sp4 a short sword4 ,espaldar1 ,sp4 pauldron4 ,espare1 ,o4,f4 a dart1 ,r4 ,espieu1 see pieu4 ,espingardier1 an arquebussier1 ,c4 ,esponton1 ,fr4 see spontoon4 ,espringale1 a siege crossbow on wheels1 a piece of siege ordnance1 ,g4 ,espuello1 ,sp4 spur4 ,estival1 leg-armour for a horse2 exceedingly rare in ,,mss42 only one example of this armour exists1 in ,brussels4 ,estoc1 a thrusting sword4 ,estradiots1 ,greek horsemen1 temp4 ,charles ,,viii4 ,estramaon1 the edge of a sword1 a sword-cut4 toupin1 a quick-match4 trire1 a military flail1 ,g4 trier1 ,fr4 stirrup4 ,exsil1 ,o4,f4 the scabbard of a sword1 ,r4 ,f ,falcione1 ,it4 see falk4 ,falda1 ,it4 see taces4 ,falarique1 an arrow headed with tow1 for incendiary purposes1 ,g4 ,faldaje1 ,sp4 taces4 ,falk1 a primitive weapon formed of a scythe-blade fixed on a pole2 a glaive4 ,falsaguarda1 ,sp4 the wings on the blade of the two-hand sword4 ,fan-plate1 the 8wing0 on the outside of the knee-cop4 ,fauchard1 see glaive4 ,faucre1 ,fr4 a lance-rest4 ,fautre1 ,fr4 thigh-armour4 ,faux1 see falk4 ,feather-staff1 a staff in which are concealed spikes released by a spring4 ,federzapfen1 ,germ4 spring-pins to which the pauldrons are hung1 ,,xvi cent4 ,fendace1 a species of gorget1 ,,xv cent4 ,feure1 ,o4,f4 a scabbard1 ,r4 ,fiancali1 ,it4 see tasset1 also flanchard4 ,fioreti1 ,it4 a thrusting foil4 ,flail1 the military flail was like the agricultural implement1 but as a weapon of war the thresher was of iron instead of wood4 ,flambard1 a two-hand sword with wavy blade4 ,flamberge1 ,flamberg1 ,germ4 rapier with wavy blade4 ,flanchard1 ,o4,e4 ,flancos1 ,fr4 armour for the flanks of a horse4 ,flankenpanzer1 ,germ4 ,flanqueras1 ,sp4 ,flaon1 ,fr4 a wedge fastened to the breast-piece which took the shock of the shield2 see poire4 ,fleau1 ,fr4 military flail4 ,flechire1 see flanchard4 ,fletcher1 a maker of arrows4 ,fleuret1 thrusting foil4 ,flight1 an arrow for distance shooting4 ,flo1 ,o4,e4 arrow4 ,forcina1 ,it4 a gun-fork4 ,forconi1 ,it4 a military fork for escalades4 ,fornimento1 ,it4 the hilt of a sword4 ,fouchard1 see glaive4 ,fouloir1 the rammer of a cannon4 ,frame1 ,o4,f4 a mallet or mace1 ,r4 ,francesca1 ,it4 a battle-axe or pole-axe4 ,francisque1 a long-handled axe1 ,r4 ,freccia1 ,it4 an arrow4 ,freiturnier1 ,germ4 a joust run without a barrier1 ,,xvi cent4 ,frte1 ,o4,f4 a variety of arrows1 ,r4 ,frog1 the hanger of a sword-belt4 ,fronde1 ,fr4 a sling4 ,frontale1 ,it4 see chamfron4 ,fronteau1 ,f4 see chamfron4 ,fueille1 the blade of a sword1 ,c4 ,fusetto1 ,it4 see misericorde4 ,fusil1 short musket with a firelock4 ,fussturnier1 ,germ4 joust on foot1 ,,xvi cent4 ,fust1 the stock of a firearm4 ,g ,gadlings1 knuckle or finger spikes fixed to the gauntlet4 ,gay derives this from canepin1 sheep or ,gagnepain1 goat leather1 hence a glove of leather1 mail1 ,gaynpayne1 or plate4 ,meyrick explains it as a sword4 ,galapentin1 ,o4,f4 a sword or sabre1 ,r4 ,galea1 ,it4 a helm4 ,gambeson1 a quilted tunic1 ,,xi cent4 ,gambiera1 ,it4 see jambs4 ,gardaignes1 ,o4,f4 arms1 clothing1 etc41 ,r4 ,garde-de-bras1 reinforcing piece for the left arm1 used in tilting4 ,garde-faude1 ,fr4 see codpiece4 ,garde-ferre1 ,o4,f4 the rest of the lock of the arquebus 7pan cover871 ,c4 ,garde-collet1 ,fr4 neck-guards on the pauldron4 ,garde-rein1 ,e4,fr4 loin-guard of armour4 ,garde-queue1 ,fr4 the tail-guard of a horse4 ,garrock1 used for the quarrel of the crossbow ,garrot1 and also for the lever4 ,gaudichet1 ,o4,f4 a mail shirt4 ,gaveloc1 ,gaveloche1 a species of javelin4 ,gavelot1 ,gavette1 ,it4 the string of the crossbow4 ,genestare1 ,o4,f4 a javelin1 ,r4 ,gedritts1 a ,german form of joust in which the challenger fought two opponents in succession4 ,gefingerte handschuh1 ,germ4 gauntlet with separate articulated fingers4 ,geldire1 ,o4,f4 a kind of lance1 ,r4 ,genetaire1 a javelin1 ,,xv4 cent4 ,genouillires1 jointed knee-pieces of plate4 ,gentilhomme1 a wooden cannon bristling with spikes1 ,,xvi cent41 ,g4 ,gesfreifen1 ,germ4 rein or loin guard4 ,gestech1 various forms of the joust as practised in ,germany1 run without barriers4 ,ghiazarino1 ,it4 see jazerant4 ,gibet1 a military mace4 ,gibicire1 ,fr4 a cartridge box1 also pouch4 ,ginocchietti1 see genouillire4 ,gisarme1 a staff weapon of the glaive order4 ,giostra1 ,it4 joust4 ,glaive1 a species of bill with a large blade4 ,glazing-wheel1 polishing-wheel for armour plates4 ,gliedschirm1 ,germ4 see codpiece4 ,goat's-foot1 a lever for bending the crossbow4 ,godbert1 see hauberk4 ,godendar1 ,goedendag1 a species of short club at the top of ,goudendar1 which is a spike1 ,,xiii-,,xiv cent4 ,goie1 a hedging-bill1 ,c4 ,goy1 ,goiz1 ,o4,f4 a sword1 ,r4 ,gola1 ,sp4 gorget4 ,goletta1 ,it4 ,gonpillon1 ,fr4 see holy-water sprinkle4 ,gonfanon1 ,fr4 a flag or standard4 ,gorget1 ,gorgiera1 ,it4 a wide plate collar to protect the ,gorjal1 ,sp4 throat1 ,,xviii cent42 purely ornamental4 ,gougerit1 ,fr4 ,gossets1 see gussets4 ,graffe1 ,fr4 a small dagger4 ,grand-guard1 reinforcing piece for tilting1 worn on the left shoulder4 ,grano d'orzo1 ,it4 chain mail closed with a rivet4 ,grappes1 ,fr4 a toothed ring on the 8grip0 of the lance which ,grappers1 held the weapon firmly against the wood or lead ,grates1 block behind the lance rest4 ,greave1 ,greve1 ,fr4 shin-defence1 of plate4 ,greba1 ,sp4 ,gronda1 ,it4 see couvrenuque4 ,groppa1 ,it4 see crupper4 ,grupera1 ,sp4 ,guanciali1 ,it4 ear-flaps of a burgonet4 ,guardabrazos1 ,sp4 see pauldron4 ,guardacorda1 ,it4 see garde-queue4 ,guardacuore1 ,it4 see mentonire4 ,guardagoletta1 ,it4 the neck-guards on the pauldrons4 ,guarda-o-rodillera1 ,sp4 knee-cop4 ,guardastanca1 ,it4 see grand-guard4 ,guige1 the strap round the neck to carry the shield1 ,,xii cent4 ,guiterre1 ,o4,f4 a small buckler of leather1 ,r4 ,gusset1 pieces of chain mail1 tied with points to the 8haustement0 to cover those portions of the body not protected with plate armour2 they were usually eight in number1 viz4 for armpits1 inner side of elbows1 knees and insteps4 ,guyders1 straps to fasten the various pieces that went to make up the suit of plate armour1 also gussets4 ,gynours1 the servers of catapults and the like siege engines4 ,h ,hackbuss1 see arquebus4 ,hake1 demi-hake1 ,o4,e4 the former an arquebus1 the latter a short firearm1 ,,xvi cent4 ,hagbuttes1 arquebus4 ,haketon1 see gambeson4 ,halacret1 see alacret4 ,halagues1 crossbowmen1 ,r4 a long-shafted weapon with crescent-shaped blade on one ,halebarde1 side and a hook or spur on the other1 surmounted ,halbert1 by a spear-head2 sometimes found with double blade1 ,harlbart1 ,,xv and ,,xvi cent4 ,halsberge1 ,germ4 see gorget4 ,hampe1 the staff of a halbert or pike4 ,hand and half sword1 see bastard sword4 ,hansart1 ,o4,f4 a missile weapon of the javelin order1 ,r4 ,harnischekappe1 ,germ4 the padded cap worn under the tilting-helm4 ,hars1 ,o4,f4 a bow1 ,r4 ,harthstake1 a rake or poker for the forge4 ,haubergeon1 short shirt of chain mail1 ,,xi to ,,xii cent4 ,hauberk1 long ,haulse-col1 ,fr4 see gorget4 ,hausse-col1 ,hausecol de mailes1 ,fr4 see standard of mail4 ,haustement1 ,fr4 a close-fitting undergarment to which the hose and the chausses were fastened with points4 ,haute barde1 ,fr4 a high-peaked saddle4 ,haute cloueure1 ,fr4 high-proof armour1 especially mail4 ,hauste1 ,o4,f4 the staff of a pike1 ,r4 ,heaume1 a heavy helm without movable visor and only an eye-slit or occularium1 mostly used for tilting4 ,hendeure1 ,fr4 the 8grip0 of the sword4 ,hentzen1 ,germ4 mitten gauntlets4 ,hinterarm1 ,germ4 see rerebrace4 ,hinterfluge1 ,germ4 the back-plate of the pauldron4 ,hinterschurz1 ,germ4 see garde-rein4 ,hobilers1 common light-horse troopers4 ,hoguines1 see cuisse4 ,holy-water sprinkle1 a shaft of wood fitted with an iron spike-studded ball1 ,,xvi cent4 ,horse-gay1 a demi-lance1 ,,xv cent4 ,hosting harness1 armour for war as distinct from that of the joust4 ,hufken1 a light head-piece worn by archers1 ,,xvi cent4 ,huque1 long surcoat worn over the armour1 ,,xv cent4 ,huvette1 ,fr4 a head-piece of leather or cloth stiffened with wicker or metal1 ,,xiv cent4 ,hwitel1 ,anglo-,saxon1 knife4 ,i ,imbracciatura1 ,it4 see enarmes4 ,imbricated mail1 see jazerant4 ,j ,jack1 a loose-fitting tunic of leather1 either quilted or reinforced with plates of metal or horn4 ,jambers1 see jambs4 ,jambeux1 ,jamboys1 skirts of plate1 ,,xvi cent41 see bases4 ,jambs1 armour for the lower leg4 ,janetaire1 see javelin4 ,jarnac1 ,brassard la1 a jointless arm-piece of plate reaching from shoulder to wrist4 ,jarnac1 ,coup de1 a cut on the back of the leg or a 8hamstringing cut40 ,jazerant1 body-armour made of small plates1 of the brigandine type4 ,jeddartstaff1 a long-shafted axe4 ,jupon1 a short surcoat1 ,,xiv-,,xv cent4 ,justes of peace1 jousts at barriers4 ,k ,kamm1 ,germ4 the crest or ridge of the helmet as distinct from the heraldic crest4 ,kamfhandschuhe1 ,germ4 gauntlet4 ,kehlstck1 ,germ4 the neck-plate in the front of an armet4 ,kettyl-hat1 a wide-brimmed steel war-hat1 ,,xiv cent4 ,kinnreff1 ,germ4 bevor4 ,knee-cops1 knee-defences of plate1 first worn ,kniebuckel1 ,germ4 over chain-mail chaussons1 and ,kniestck1 ,germ4 afterwards with complete plate armour4 ,knuckle-bow1 the part of the sword-guard that protects the knuckle4 ,kragen1 ,germ4 gorget4 ,krebs1 ,germ4 see tasset4 ,l ,lama1 ,it4 sword-blade4 ,lama a biscia1 ,it4 see flamberge4 ,lamboys1 see jamboys4 ,lambrequin1 a species of hood of cloth attached to the helmet with 8points10 and falling down at the back to protect the wearer from heat and rain4 ,lames1 narrow strips of steel riveted together horizontally as in the taces4 ,lance a bete1 a lance with blunted point4 ,lance de carrire1 a lance for tilting at the ring1 ,c4 ,lance a rout1 or courtoise1 blunted lances for tournaments1 ,r4 ,lance-rest1 an adjustable hook or rest fixed on the right side of the breastplate4 ,lancegay1 ,o4,f4 a short spear1 hence light horseman1 ,r4 ,launcegay1 ,lanciotto1 ,it4 javelin4 ,lansquenette1 a broad-bladed double-edged ,landsknecht1 sword1 and also ,german mercenary ,lanzichenecco1 ,it4 infantry1 ,,xvi cent4 ,leva1 ,it4 see goat's-foot lever4 ,lendenplatte1 ,germ4 a large cuisse for tilting4 ,lingua di bue1 ,it4 see cinquedea4 ,linstock1 a combination of pike and match-holder1 used by gunners for firing cannon4 ,lobster-tail1 back peak of a helmet1 or cuisses1 made of overlapping lames like a lobster-shell1 ,,xvii cent4 ,lochaber axe1 a long-shafted axe4 ,scottish1 ,,xvii1 ,,xviii cent4 ,locket1 the metal socket at the top of the sword sheath with button for hanging to the belt4 ,locking gauntlet1 a gauntlet of plate in which the finger-plates lap over and fasten to a pin on the wrist1 used for fighting at barriers1 ,,xvi cent4 ,loque1 ,o4,f4 a quarter-staff1 ,r4 ,luchet1 ,o4,f4 an iron pike1 ,r4 ,luneta1 ,sp4 rondel4 ,lunette1 ,fr4 open sword-guard1 late ,,xvii cent4 ,m ,maglia gazzarrina1 ,it4 see jazerant4 ,maglia piatta1 ,it4 see ringed mail4 ,mhenpanzer1 ,germ4 see crinet4 ,maillet1 ,fr4 a martel de fer1 ,,xiv cent4 ,mainfaire1 a right-hand gauntlet4 ,manifer1 ,main gauche1 dagger used with the left hand when the right hand held the sword4 ,maleus1 a falchion1 ,f4 ,mamillires1 circular plates worn over the breast to hold chains to which the sword and dagger were attached1 ,,xiv cent4 ,mancina1 ,it4 see main gauche4 ,manetta1 ,it4 the trigger of a gun1 also a spanner4 ,manezza di ferro1 an arming-gauntlet1 ,f4 ,manicle1 gauntlet4 ,manico1 ,it4 the grip of a sword4 ,manoglia1 ,it4 the handle of a small buckler4 ,manopla1 ,sp4 gauntlet4 ,manople1 ,it4 ,manteau d'armes1 a rigid cape-like shield fixed to the left breast and shoulder for tilting4 ,mantling1 see lambrequin4 ,martel de fer1 ,fr4 a war-hammer used by horse and foot4 ,martello d'arme1 ,it4 ,martinetto1 ,martinello1 ,it4 see cranequin4 ,mascled1 mail1 lozenge-shaped plates of metal1 sometimes ,macled1 mail1 overlapping1 sewn upon a tunic of leather or quilted linen1 ,,xi1 ,,xii cent4 7,meyrick74 ,masse1 ,fr4 a mace or club4 ,matchlock1 a firearm with touch-hole and fired with a match1 early ,,xv cent4 ,mattucashlass1 a ,scottish dagger carried under the armpit4 ,maule1 a mace or club4 ,maximilian armour1 a style of plate armour distinguished by shallow vertical flutings1 said to have been devised by the ,emperor ,maximilian ,i1 ,,xvi cent4 ,mazza d'arme1 ,it4 war-mace4 ,mazzafrustro1 ,it4 see flail1 also morning star4 ,mche soufre1 a slow-match4 ,mell1 see maule4 ,mentonire1 a piece used with the sallad to protect chin and breast4 ,merlette1 ,o4,f4 a sergeant's staff1 ,r4 ,meris1 ,o4,f4 a javelin1 ,r4 ,meusel1 ,germ1 see elbow-cop4 ,mezail1 ,fr4 visor4 ,miccia1 ,it4 a gun-match4 ,migerat1 ,o4,f4 a dart or arrow1 ,r4 ,minion1 a four-pounder1 ,,xvi cent4 ,misericorde1 short dagger used for the coup de grce4 ,missodor1 ,o4,f4 a war horse1 ,r4 ,mitten-gauntlet1 gauntlet in which the fingers are ,mittene1 ,it4 not separate4 ,moresca1 ,it4 see taces4 ,morion1 light helmet with crest and inverted crescent brim1 latter end of ,,xv cent4 ,morning star1 a spike-studded ball hung by a chain from a short staff1 ,,xiv-,,xv cent4 ,morso1 ,it4 the horse's bit4 ,moschetto1 ,it4 see matchlock4 ,mostardo1 a musket1 ,f4 ,moton1 plates to protect the armpits1 especially the right1 ,,xiv cent4 ,moulinet1 the windlass used for drawing the crossbow4 ,moyenne1 see minion4 ,murice1 a caltrop1 ,f4 ,musacchino1 see pauldrons4 ,muschett1 ,it4 projectiles used with the crossbow4 ,muserag1 a missile weapon of some kind1 ,f4 ,musoliera1 ,it4 a horse-muzzle4 ,n ,nackenschirm1 ,germ4 neck-plate at the back of an armet4 ,naide1 anvil4 ,naitoules1 some appliance for closing rivets4 ,nasal1 a bar of steel fixed or movable on the front of the helmet to protect the nose1 in more general use during ,,xi cent41 revived afterwards in ,,xvii cent4 ,neighletts1 the metal tags of the arming-points4 ,nowchys1 embossed buckles and ornaments for armour1 ,,xv cent4 ,noyeau1 the core of a gun4 ,o ,oberarmzeug1 ,germ4 rerebrace4 ,occularium1 the eye-slit in the helm4 ,oreillettes1 ear-pieces1 found in the later forms of the casque and burgonet4 ,orle1 the wreath or twisted scarf worn on the helmet immediately beneath the crest4 ,oriflamme1 the ancient banner of the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis used by the kings of ,france4 ,ospergum1 see hauberk4 ,ottone1 ,it4 brass or latten1 used for edging armour1 etc41 ,f4 ,p ,paefustum1 a battle-axe1 ,,xv cent4 ,palet1 a small skull-cap of cuir-bouilly or steel4 ,palettes1 circular plates to protect the armpits4 ,panart1 ,o4,f41 a large knife1 ,r4 ,panache1 ,fr4 the plume of feathers on the helmet4 ,pansier1 ,fr4 the lower portion of the cuirass when it is formed of two pieces4 ,panzer1 body-armour1 ,,xi-,,xiv cent4 ,panziera1 ,it4 see codpiece4 ,parement1 a surcoat or ceremonial dress of rich fabric4 ,parma1 ,it4 a small shield or buckler4 ,partigiana1 ,it4 a long-shafted weapon with broad-pointed blade1 ,partizan1 in form allied to the pike and the halbert4 ,partlet1 ,o4,e4 gorget1 ,f4 ,pas d'ne1 ,fr4 loops of bar steel immediately over the cross-hilt of the sword4 ,pasguard1 a reinforcing piece for the left elbow1 used in tilting4 ,passe-garde1 ,fr4 the ,french1 following ,meyrick1 use this word wrongly for neck-guards4 ,passadoux1 a ,gascon arrow1 ,c4 ,passe1 the rack for stringing the crossbow1 ,c4 ,passot1 ,o4,f4 a dagger1 ,r4 ,patelet1 a padded vest worn under armour1 ,,xvi cent4 ,patrel1 see poitrel4 ,patron1 a case for pistol cartridges4 ,patula1 a short sword or dagger4 ,pauldrons1 shoulder-pieces of plate4 ,pavade1 a long dagger4 ,pavache1 ,fr4 ,pavesche1 a large shield used by bowmen4 ,pavise1 ,pavois d'assout1 ,o4,f4 ,pavon1 a large triangular flag4 ,peascod1 a form of breastplate made with a central ridge1 and pointed slightly downward at the lower extremity1 ,,xvii cent4 ,pectoral1 a breast defence of mail4 ,see also peytral4 ,pell1 a sharpened stake used by the ,norman peasants4 ,pill1 ,pellegrina di maglia1 ,it4 mail cape or collar4 ,pennacchiera1 ,it4 see porte-panache4 ,penacho1 ,sp4 ,pennon1 a pointed banner used by knights bachelor and esquires4 ,pentina1 ,o4,i4 a short pike1 ,f4 ,pertuisan1 ,fr4 partizan4 ,peto1 ,sp4 breastplate4 ,petail matres1 a large-headed dart or arrow1 ,r4 ,petronel1 a short firearm fired with a flint or pyrites 7the common explanation that it was discharged held at the chest is erroneous74 ,pettiera1 ,it4 see peytral4 ,petto1 ,it4 breastplate4 ,peytral1 the breastplate of a horse4 ,pezonaras1 ,sp4 see bossoirs4 ,pfeifenharnisch1 ,germ4 embossed armour to imitate puffed silk or velvet1 ,,xvi cent4 ,pheon1 a barbed javelin used by the sergeant-at-arms4 ,picca1 ,it4 see pike4 ,picire1 ,fr4 see peytral4 ,pieces of advantage1 reinforcing pieces for the joust4 ,pied de biche1 ,fr4 see goat's-foot lever4 ,pied de chvre1 a crowbar4 ,pike1 a long-shafted weapon used by footmen only4 ,it had a lance-like head1 and was shod at the butt-end with iron for fixing in the ground to receive cavalry1 ,,xiv-,,xviii cent4 ,pike-guard1 a ridge of metal set upright on the pauldrons1 on the left side1 erroneously called pasguard4 ,pile1 the head of the arrow4 ,pistolese1 a large dagger or knife1 ,f4 ,pizane1 ,fr4 breastplate4 ,placard1 a reinforcing breastplate1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent4 ,placcate1 ,plater1 the maker of armour plates as distinct from the armourer who made up the plates into armour4 ,platner1 ,germ4 armourer4 ,plastron1 the upper portion of the cuirass when it is formed of two pieces4 ,plastron-de-fer1 a defence of plate1 usually circular1 worn on the breast under or over the hauberk4 ,plates1 ,pair of1 back and breast plates1 ,,xiv-,,xv cent4 ,platine1 ,fr4 the lock of a firelock4 ,plomme1 ,fr4 a leaden mace2 also holy-water sprinkler4 ,poignard1 a dagger4 ,poinon1 the stamp or trade-mark of the armourer4 ,points1 laces for securing the gussets of mail to the undergarment1 and also the lambrequin to the helm4 ,poire1 ,fr4 a pear-shaped button through which the laces passed that held the shield to the left breast1 ,,xvi cent4 ,poitrel1 breast-armour for a horse4 ,poldermitton1 a defence for the inner bend of the right arm1 used in the joust4 ,pole-axe1 a long-shafted axe with beak and spear point4 ,poleynes1 see knee-cops1 ,,xiii-,,xiv cent4 ,polion1 some part of the crossbow4 ,pommel1 the finishing knob of the sword-grip2 also the fore peak of the saddle4 ,pompes1 see poleynes4 ,pontale1 the chape of a sword or dagger2 also the tag on an arming-point or lance1 ,f4 ,porte-panache1 ,fr4 the plume-holder on the helmet4 ,posolino1 ,it4 see croupire4 ,pot1 a broad-brimmed helmet worn by pikemen1 ,,xvii cent4 ,poulaine1 la1 sollerets with extremely pointed toes1 ,,xiv cent4 ,pourpoint1 a padded and quilted garment of leather or linen4 ,pourpointerie1 quilted material with metal studs at the intersection of the quilting seams4 ,pryke-spur1 a spur with a single point and no rowel4 ,pugio1 ,it4 a small dagger4 ,pugnale1 ,pully-pieces1 see poleynes4 ,putty-pieces1 ,pusane1 see pizane4 ,puzane1 ,q ,quadrelle1 ,it4 a small mace with leaf-like projections1 also quarrel4 ,quarrel1 the bolt or projectile used with the crossbow4 ,quetyll1 ,o4,e4 a knife4 ,queue1 a projecting hook on the back-piece of the cuirass to take the butt-end of the lance when held in rest4 ,quijotes1 ,sp4 see cuisse4 ,quillions1 the cross-hilt of the sword4 ,r ,raillon1 ,o4,f4 a kind of arrow1 ,r4 ,rainoise1 an unknown type of arquebus4 ,ranfort1 the reinforce ring of a cannon4 ,ranseur1 a large trident with sharpened blades set on a long shaft2 a species of partizan4 ,rennen1 ,german jousting courses with sharp spear-head4 ,rennhutschraube1 ,germ4 see crte-chelle4 ,rerebrace1 armour for the upper arm4 ,rest of advantage1 some detail of armour forbidden in jousts of the ,,xvi cent42 possibly some kind of lance-rest4 ,resta lance-rest4 ,restra de muelle1 ,sp4 ,ricasso1 the squaring of the base of the sword-blade next above the quillons4 ,ringed mail1 formed of flat rings sewn side by side on a tunic of leather or quilted linen1 ,,xi cent4 ,rivet1 a suit of armour2 afterwards the small nails that hold it together4 ,rochet1 the blunt lance-point for jousting4 ,rodete1 ,o4,f4 a spur1 ,r4 ,roelle1 ,o4,f4 a buckler or small shield4 ,roncone1 ,it4 see gisarme4 ,rondache1 a circular shield1 ,,xv-,,xvi cent4 ,rondel1 circular plate protecting the armpit2 ,rondelle1 ,fr4 also at the back of early armets4 ,rondel of the guard1 possibly a vamplate4 ,ross-stirn1 ,germ4 see chamfron4 ,rodela1 a circular shield4 ,rotela1 ,it4 ,rotellina da bracciale1 ,it4 rondel4 ,rchenstck1 ,germ4 back-plate of the cuirass4 ,rsthaken1 ,germ4 lance-rest4 ,rustred mail1 see banded mail 7,meyrick74 ,rustung1 ,germ4 armour4 ,s ,sabataynes1 ,o4,e4 see sollerets4 ,sabatons1 ,sacheboute1 ,o4,f4 a horseman's lance1 ,r4 ,sagetta1 a casque or helmet1 ,f4 ,salade1 helmet with wide brim at the back1 worn ,salett1 with or without visor and mentonire1 ,sallad1 ,,xvi cent4 ,sautoir1 ,o4,f4 stirrup4 ,sbalzo1 ,it4 see cesello4 ,scarpa a becco d'anatra1 ,it4 see bear-paw4 ,scarpa a punta articolata1 ,it4 see poulaine4 ,scarpa a pi d'orso1 ,it4 see bear-paw4 ,scarsellone1 ,it4 see tasset4 ,schale1 ,germ4 sallad4 ,schalern1 ,schamkapsel1 ,germ4 see bravette4 ,scheitelstuck1 ,germ4 skull of the helmet4 ,schembart1 ,germ4 the lower part of the visor1 the ventail4 ,schenkelschiene1 ,germ4 see cuishe4 ,schiavona1 ,it4 a basket-hilted cut-and-thrust sword4 ,schiena1 ,it4 the back-plate of the cuirass4 ,schiessprgel1 ,germ1 see holy-water sprinkle4 ,schiniere1 ,it4 see jambs4 ,schioppo1 ,o4,i4 a dag or pistol1 ,f4 ,schlaeger1 ,germ4 student's fencing-sword4 ,schulterschild1 ,germ4 see grand-guard4 ,schulterschild mit ,rand1 ,germ4 a pauldron with neck-guard attached4 ,schwanzel1 ,germ4 the tail-guard of a horse4 ,schwanzriempanzer1 ,schwebescheibe1 ,germ4 see vamplate4 ,sciabola1 ,it4 sabre4 ,scudo1 ,it4 a triangular shield4 ,scure d'arme1 ,it4 battle-axe4 ,seax1 a dagger4 ,secreta1 a thin steel cap worn under the hat1 ,secrete1 ,,xvi-,,xvii cent4 ,sella d'arme1 ,it4 war-saddle4 ,semitarge1 ,o4,f4 a scimitar1 ,r4 ,serpentina1 ,it4 the cock of a matchlock4 ,setzschild1 ,germ4 see pavise4 ,shaffron1 see chamfron4 ,sharfrennen1 ,germ4 variety of joust with sharp-pointed lances1 ,,xvi cent4 ,sharfrennentarsche1 ,germ4 a shield-like reinforcing piece for the above joust4 ,shell-guard1 a form of sword-guard4 ,sfondagiaco1 ,it4 see misericorde4 ,sisarmes1 see gisarme4 ,slaughsword1 a two-hand sword carried by the whiffler1 ,,iv cent4 ,sliding rivet1 a rivet fixed on the upper plate and moving in a slot on the lower plate4 ,snaphaunce1 an early form of flint-lock in which the pan has to be uncovered before firing4 ,sockets1 a thigh-defence similar to the ,german diechling4 ,soffione1 ,it4 a musket or caliver4 ,sollerets1 shoes of laminated plate1 usually pointed4 ,spada1 ,it4 sword4 ,spadone1 ,it4 a long sword4 ,spadroon1 flat-bladed sword for cut-and-thrust4 ,spallacci1 ,it4 pauldrons4 ,spallire1 ,fr4 see pauldrons4 ,spasmo1 ,o4,it4 a dart or javelin1 ,f4 ,spetum1 see ranseur4 ,spiede1 ,it4 ,spight1 a short or flight arrow4 ,spigo1 ,o4,it4 the plume-holder of a helmet1 ,f4 ,splint armour1 narrow overlapping plates as opposed to armour made of large plates4 ,spright1 a wooden arrow discharged from a gun4 ,springal1 see espringale4 ,spontoon1 a half-pike carried by officers1 ,,xviii cent4 ,squarcina1 ,o4,it4 a short sword or cutlass1 ,f4 ,staffa1 ,it4 stirrup4 ,standard of mail1 a collar of chain mail1 ,,xv cent4 ,stecca1 ,it4 the locket of a dagger4 ,steccata1 ,it4 the place of combat for duels4 ,stechhelm1 ,germ4 heavy tilting-helm4 ,stechen1 ,germ4 jousting course with coronal-tipped lances4 ,stechtarsche1 ,germ4 a ribbed tilting-shield used in the 8gestech0 courses4 ,stinchieri1 ,o4,it4 armour for the shin1 ,f4 ,stirnstulp1 ,germ4 the upper part of the visor of an armet4 ,stithe1 ,o4,e4 anvil4 ,striscia1 ,it4 rapier4 ,sturmhaube1 ,germ4 see burgonet4 ,sturmwand1 ,germ4 see pavise4 ,supeters1 ,o4,e4 see sollerets4 ,surcoat1 a garment worn over the armour to protect it from sun and rain1 and usually blazoned heraldically4 ,sword-breaker1 a short heavy sword with back edge toothed for breaking opponent's sword1 ,,xvi cent4 ,swyn-feather1 see feather-staff4 ,t ,tabard1 the armorially emblazoned coat worn by heralds2 see also surcoat4 ,taces1 laminated plates at the lower edge of the cuirass4 ,tache1 ,o4,e4 strap4 ,talevas1 ,sp4 shield4 ,tapul1 the vertical ridge in the centre of some forms of breast-piece4 ,tarcaire1 ,o4,f4 a quiver1 ,r4 ,targe1 a small circular shield4 ,tarques1 ,o4,f4 some kind of engine of war1 ,r4 ,tartsche1 ,germ4 a small shield or targe4 ,tartschen1 ,germ4 see ailettes4 ,tassets1 plates1 usually lozenge-shaped1 attached by strap and buckle to the taces to protect the upper or front surface of the thigh4 ,taurea1 ,o4,it4 a buckler of bull's hide1 ,f4 ,tegulated armour1 overlapping tile-like square plates1 end of ,,xii cent4 7,meyrick74 ,tertiare1 to 8third0 the pike1 i4e4 to shorten either for shouldering or for receiving cavalry4 ,tesa1 ,it4 the shade or brim of the burgonet4 ,tester1 ,o4,e4 see chanfron4 ,testiera1 ,it4 ,testire1 ,fr4 a metal skull-cap2 also the chanfron of a horse4 ,ttrire1 ,fr4 see tester4 ,thyrtel1 ,o4,e4 knife or dagger4 ,thwyrtel1 ,tilt1 the barrier used to separate knights when jousting1 ,,xiv cent4 and onwards2 first1 a stretched cloth2 later1 of wood4 ,timbre1 ,fr4 the skull of a helmet4 ,tiloles1 ,arbalest 1 ,fr4 windlass crossbow4 ,toggle1 the cross-bar of a boar-spear4 ,in modern use a button for joining two ends of a strap or thong4 ,toile1 see tilt4 ,tolys1 ,o4,e4 tools4 ,touch-box1 probably a box for flint and steel carried by the musket4 ,tourney1 a contest of many knights in the lists as opposed ,tournois1 ,fr4 to the joust or single combat at barriers4 ,tournicle d'eschaille1 ,fr4 a small tunic or a large gorget composed of overlapping scale armour4 ,toyle1 a contrivance fixed over the right cuisse to hold the lance when carried upright2 a lance bucket4 ,trubrico1 ,sp4 blunderbuss4 ,traguardo1 ,it4 see visor4 ,trapper1 horse-trappings of fabric or mail4 ,trellised armour1 quilted linen or leather with leather bands sewn trellis-wise and having studs of metal in the trellis openings 7,meyrick74 ,tresses1 plaited laces or arming-points4 ,trilobed scales1 triple scales in one piece sewn upon the brigandine4 ,trombone1 ,it4 a heavy pistol1 blunderbuss4 ,trousse1 ,fr4 a quiver4 ,trumelire1 ,fr4 see jamb4 ,tuck1 see estoc4 ,tuile1 ,fr4 see tassets4 ,tuilette1 ,fr4 small tassets as on tomb of ,rich4 ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick4 ,turcasso1 ,it4 quiver4 ,turves1 probably a turban or orle worn on the helmet4 ,u ,umbo1 the boss upon a shield4 ,umbril1 the shade or brim of head-pieces of ,,xvii cent4 ,uncin1 war pickaxe4 ,uncino1 ,o4,it4 a broad-pointed arrow1 a hook1 ,f4 ,unterarmzeug1 ,germ4 vambrace4 ,usbergo1 ,o4,it4 breastplate1 vamplate1 ,f4 ,v ,vambrace1 the plate defence for the fore-arm4 ,vamplate1 a circular shield through which the tilting and war lances were fixed above the grip4 ,vedoil1 a weapon used by foot-soldiers1 possibly a voulge4 ,velette1 ,o4,it4 a horse-soldier's coat1 ,f4 ,venetian sallad1 a sallad of the ,,xv-,,xvi cent42 formed like the ancient ,greek helmet with fixed visor1 but evolved from the bascinet4 ,ventaglio1 ,it4 ,ventail1 ,fr4 the lower part of the visor when it is ,ventalle1 ,sp4 made in two parts4 ,vervelles1 the staples on the bascinet to which the carvail was laced4 ,vireton1 an arrow for the crossbow with curving wings1 to produce a spinning motion4 ,visera1 ,it4 ,visor1 that part of the helmet1 movable or fixed1 ,vista1 ,sp4 which protects the eyes4 ,volant-piece1 reinforcing piece for the tilt to protect the breast and lower half of the face2 possibly a spring breastplate4 ,volet1 the round disc at the back of the armet4 ,volet1 ,fr4 an arrow or dart4 ,vor-arm1 ,germ4 see vambrace4 ,vorderfluge1 ,germ4 the front plate of the pauldron4 ,vorhelm1 ,germ4 see placcate4 ,voulge1 a weapon somewhat similar to the ,lochaber axe2 used mostly by the peasants4 ,voyders1 see gussets4 ,voyding knife1 a knife for disembowelling deer4 ,vuiders1 see gussets4 ,vuyders1 ,w ,wafter1 ,english dummy blade for fencing1 ,,xvi cent4 ,wambais1 see gambeson4 ,wappen rock1 ,germ4 a cloak decorated heraldically4 ,welsches gestech1 ,german name for the ,italian course of jousting over the tilt or barrier with blunted lance4 ,whiffler1 a two-hand swordsman who cleared the way in processions4 ,wifle1 a practice-sword1 possibly a two-hander4 ,winbrede1 see gagnepain4 ,wynbred1 ,wire hat1 see coif4 ,z ,zucchetto1 ,it4 a species of burgonet1 ,,xvii cent4 ,zweyhander1 ,germ4 two-handed sword4 ,,appendix ,a ,,document ,,from ,,the ,,records ,,of ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company1 ,,london1 #acbb ,this is a regulation that no armourer should attempt to sell ,bascuettes 7,bascinets7 covered with fabric1 but should show them uncovered1 so that the workmanship might be seen and approved4 ,,armourers' ,,company ,,of ,,london ,lib4 ,c1 fol4 #cc1 #ae ,edw4 ,,ii1 #acbb ,edward ye ,second ,be it remembered that in ye hustinge of comon plaes holden ye ,mondaie in ye feaste of ye conversion of ,saint ,paule1 ye yere of ye reigne of our ,lord ye king ,edward1 ye son of king ,edward1 xv th41 in ye presence of ,sir ,hamen de ,chigewelle then ,maior1 ,nicholas de farringdon and by assent of ,hugh de ,auggeye1 c4 ,armorers4 ,it is was ordeyned for ye comon proffyt and assented that from henceforth all ,armor made in ye ,cytie to sell be good and convenable after ye forme that henceforth ,that is to saie that an ,akton and ,gambezon covered with sendall or of cloth of ,silke be stuffed with new clothe of cotten and of cadar and of oldn sendal and not otherwise4 ,and that ye wyite acketonnes be stuffed of olde lynnen and of cottone and of new clothe wth in and wth out4 ,also forasmuch as men have founde old bascuette broken and false now newly covered by men that nothing understand of ye mystery wh be putt in pryvie places and borne out into ye contrye out of ye said ,cytie1 to sell and in ye same citie of wh men may not gaine knowledge whether they be good or ill1 of ye wh thinge greate yill might fall to ye king and his people1 and a greate slaunder to ye ,armorers aforesaid and to all ye ,cytie4 ,it is ordeyned and assented that no ,farrar ne other man that maketh ye ,irons of bascuette hereafter so to be covered no bascuett by himself to sell be free but that he shall sell out of his hande will open and ungarnished as men have used before this tyme4 ,and ye which shall abide ungarnished until they be sene by the myor that shall be sworn or by ny of ,cz'ens whether they be convenable to garnishe or no4 ,and there be found in any ,court of ,armorers or else where in wch ,court is ,armor for to sell1 whatsoever it be1 that is not proffytable or otherwise than is ordeyned and none be it taken and brought before ye ,maior and ,aldermen and hys ,czens to be demed good or ill after their discretion4 ,and for the wch thing well and lawfully to be kept and surveyed ,roger ,savage ,willm4 ,de ,langgull1 ,richard ,johonnez 7,john ,conny7 being sworne4 ,and if they myor may not attend that ij of them ,do that longeth thereto4 ,fol4 #ace4 ffirst it is a general ,article ordeyned for all ye crafte of ,london and centred in ye ,chamber of ye ,guildhall of ye said ,city in ye booke wth ye letter ,c in ye xxxv leaffe in ye tyme of ,adam ,bury ,maior1 in ye yere of ye reigne of king ,ed4 ye thirde after ye conquest4 ,lib4 v4 xd4 ,it is ordeyned that all ye crafte of ye citie of ,london be truely ruled and governed every person in his nature in due maner so that no falsehood ne false workemanshipp nor ,deceipt be founde in no maner wise in any of ye foresaid crafte for ye worshipp of ye good folke of all ye same crafte and for the comon proffytt of ye people4 ,,appendix ,b ,,regulations ,,of ,,the ,,heaumers1 #ba ,,edward ,,iii1 #acdg ,city of ,london ,letter ,book ,f1 fol4 cxlii ,the ,points of the ,articles touching the trade of ,helmetry accepted by ,geffrey de ,wychingham1 ,mayor1 and the ,aldermen at the suit and request of the folks of the said trade3-- ,in the first place that no one of the said trade shall follow or keep seld of the trade aforesaid within the franchise of the ,city of ,london until he shall have properly bought his freedom1 according to the usages of the said ,city1 on pain of losing his wares4 ,also forasmuch as heretofore some persons coming in who are strangers have intermeddled and still do intermeddle in the making of helmetry1 whereas they do not know the trade1 by reason whereof many great men and others of the realm have been slain through their default1 to the great scandal of the said trade3 ,it is ordained that no person shall from henceforth intermeddle with or work at helmetry if he be not proved to be a good1 proper1 and sufficient workman by the ,wardens of the said trade on pain of forfeiture to the use of the ,chamber4 ,also that three or four if need be of the best workmen of the said trade shall be chosen and sworn to rule the trade well and properly as is befitting for security and safety of the great men and others of the realm1 and for the honour and profit of the said ,city and of the workers of the said trade4 ,also that no apprentice shall be received by any master of the said trade for less than seven years2 and that without collusion or fraud on paying to the said ,chamber #ajj shillings4 ,also that no one of the said trade or other person of the ,franchise shall set any stranger to work who is of the said trade if he be not a proper and lawful person1 and one for whom the master will answer as to his good behaviour1 on pain of paying to the said ,chamber #bj shillings4 ,also that no apprentice of the said trade who shall be indebted to his master in any sum of money at the end of his term shall serve henceforth any other person than his own master1 nor shall he depart from such service or be into the service of another person in any way received until he shall have fully given satisfaction for his debt to his master4 ,and he who shall receive in any other manner the servant or apprentice of another person shall pay to the said ,chamber #bj shillings4 ,also that helmetry and other arms forged by the hammer which are brought from the parts without this land beyond the seas1 or from any other place unto the said ,city for sale1 shall not from henceforth be in any way offered for sale privily or openly until they have been properly assayed by the aforesaid ,wardens and marked with their mark1 on pain of forfeiting such helmetry and arms to the said ,chamber as shall be so offered for sale4 ,also that each one of the makers aforesaid shall have his own mark and sign1 and that no one of them shall counterfeit the sign or mark of another on pain of losing his freedom until he shall have bought the same back again and made satisfaction to him whose sign he shall have so counterfeited1 and further he shall pay to the ,chamber #dj shillings4 ,wardens of the same trade chosen and sworn1 ,,robert ,,de ,,shirwode1 ,,richard ,,bridde1 ,,thomas ,,canoun4 ,,appendix ,c ,,treatise ,,of ,,worship ,,in ,,arms1 ,,by ,,johan ,,hill1 ,,armourer ,,to ,,henry ,,vi1 #adcd ,,traytese ,,of ,,the ,,poyntes ,,of ,,worship ,,in ,,armes ,,by ,,johan ,,hyll1 ,,armorer ,,sergeant ,,in ,,the ,,kinge',s ,,armory #adcd ,bod4 ,lib41 ,ashmole4 ,,ms4 #hef1 art4 #bb1 pp4 #cgf-hc #cgf ,too my leve ,lordes here nowe next folowinge is a ,traytese compyled by ,johan ,hyll ,armorier ,sergeant in the office of ,armory wt4 ,kinges ,henry ye #dth and ,henry ye #eth of ye poyntes of ,worship in ,armes and how he shall be diversely ,armed gouverned under supportacion of faveur of alle ye ,needes to coverte adde amenuse where nede is by the high comandement of the ,princes that have powair so for to ordeyne establishe ,the first ,honneur in ,armes is a ,gentilman to fight in his ,souverain ,lords quarell in a bataille of ,treason sworne withinne ,listes before his souverain ,lorde whether he be ,appellant or ,defendant ye honneur is his that winneth ye feelde4 ,as for the appellant thus ,armed by his owne witte or by his counsaille wch is assigned to him before ,conestable ,marchall ye wch ,counsaille is ordeyned bounden to teche hym alle maner of fightynge soteltees of ,armes that longeth for a battaile sworne ,first hym nedeth to have a paire of hosen of corde wtoute vampeys ,and the saide hosen kutte at ye knees and lyned wtin wt ,lynnen cloth byesse as the hose is ,a payre of shoen of red ,lether thynne laced fretted underneth wt whippecorde persed1 ,and above withinne ,lyned wt ,lynnen cloth three fyngers in brede double byesse from the too an yncle above ye wriste4 ,and so behinde at ye hele from the ,soole halfe a quarter of a yearde uppe this is to fasten wele to his ,sabatons ,and the same ,sabatons fastened under ye soole of ye fote in #b places hym nedeth also a petycote of an overbody of a doublett1 his petycote wt oute sleves1 ye syses of him #c quarters aboute wt outen coler4 ,and that other part noo ferther thanne #cgg ye waste wt streyte sieves and coler and cutaine oylettes in ye sleves for ye vaunt bras and ye ,rerebrase ,armed in this wise ,first behoveth ,sabatouns grevis cloos quysseux wt voydours of plate or of mayle a cloos breche of mayle wt #e bokles of stele ye tisseux of fyne lether4 ,and all ye armyng poyntes after they ben knytte fastened on hym armed that ye poyntes of him be kutte of ,and thanne a paire of cloos gussetts strong sclave not drawes and thatye gussets be thre fingers withinne his plates at both assises ,and thanne a paire of plattes at xx li lib weight his breste his plats enarmed to 444 wt wyre or wt poyntes4 ,a pair of ,rerebraces shitten withinne the plates before wt twi forlockes and behinde wt thre forlocks4 ,a paire of vaunt bras cloos wt voydours of mayle fretted4 ,a pair of gloves of avantage wche may be devised4 ,a basnet of avauntage for ye listes whiche is not goode for noon other battailles but man for man save that necessitie hath noo lawe1 the basnet locked baver vysour locked or charnelled also to ye brest behynde wt two forlockes4 ,and this ,gentilman appellent aforesaide whanne he is thus armed redy to come to ye felde do on hym a cote of armes of sengle tarten ye beter for avauntage in fighting4 ,and his leg harneys covered alle wt reed taritryn the wche ben called tunictes for he coverynge of his leg harneys is doen because his adversarie shal not lightly espye his blode4 ,and therefore also hen his hosen reed for in alle other colours blode wol lightly be seyne1 for by the oolde tyme in such a bataile there shulde noo thing have be seyn here save his basnett his gloves4 ,and thanne tye on hym a payre of besagewes4 ,also it fitteth the #cgh foresaide counsaille to goo to ye kyng the daye before ye bataille aske his logging nigh ye listes4 ,also ye foresaide ,counsaille must ordeyne hym the masses ye first masse of ye ,trinitie ye seconde of ye ,holy ,goste ye thirde of owre ,ladye or elles of what other sainte or saintes that he hath devocion unto ,and that he be watched alle that night 444 hym that he is watched and light in his ,chambre alle that night that his counsaille may wite how that he slepeth4 ,and in ye mornyng whanne he goeth to his ,masses that his herneys be leyed at ye ,north end of ye ,auter and covered wt a cloth that ye gospell may be redde over it and at ye laste masse for to be blessed wt ye preist and whanne he hath herde his ,masses thanne to goo to his dyner4 ,and soo to his ,armyng in ye forme aforesaide4 ,and whanne he is armed and alle redy thanne to come to ye feelde in forme to fore rehersed1 thanne 444 his counsaille bounden to counsaille hym to teche hym how he shal gouverne hym of his requests to ye kyng or he come into ye feelde and his entrie into ye felde and his gouvernance in the feelde for ye saide ,counsaille hath charge of hym before ,constable and ,mareschal til that ,lesses les aller be cryed4 ,the whiche requestes ben thus that ye saide ,appellant sende oon his counsaille to the kyng for to requeste hym that whanne he cometh to ye barrers to have free entrie wt his counsaille ,confessour ,armorers wt alle maner of ,instruments wt breede wyne hymself bringing in in an ,instrument that is to saye a cofre or a pair of bouges4 ,also their fyre cole belyes and that his chayre wt #cgi certaine of his ,servants may be brought into ye feelde and sette up there the houre of his comyng that it may cover hym and his counsaille whanne he is comen into ye feelde this forsaide gentilman ,appellant comyng to ye ,listes whether he wol on horsebak or on fote wt his counsaille ,confessour other ,servaunts aforesaide havyng borne be fore hym by his counsaille a spere a long swerde a short swerde a dagger fastined upon hymself his swerdes fretted and beasagewed afore ye hiltes havyng noo maner of poyntes for and ther be founden that day on hym noo poyntes of wepons thanne foirre1 it shall tourne hym to gret reproof4 ,and this gentilman appellant that come to ye barrers at ye ,southeest sone1 his visier doune ,and he shal aske entrie where shal mete hym ,constable and ,mareschal and aske hym what art thou4 ,and he shal saye ,i am suche a man telle his name to make goode this day by ye grace of ,god that ,i have saide of suche a man and tell hys name bifore my ,souain ,lord and they shal bidde hym putte up his visier and whanne he hath put up his visier they shal open the barrers and lette hym inne and his counsaille before hym wt hym his ,armorers his servaunts shal goo streight to his chayer wt his breed his wyne alle his instruments that longe unto hym save his weppons4 ,and whanne he entreth into the felde that he blesse hym soberly and so twys or he come to before his ,souverain ,lord ,and his ,counsailles shall do thair obeisaunce before thair souverain ,lord twys or they come to the degrees of his scaffolde and he to obeye him wt his heed at both tymes ,then whanne they to fore thair souverain ,lord they shal knele a downe and he also they shal aryse or he aryse he shal obeye hym at his heed to his souverain ,lord and then aryse and whanne he is up on his feete he shal blesse hym and turne hym to his chayre and at the entryng of his chayr #chj soberly tourne hym his visage to his souverain ,lord wards and blesse hym and thanne tourne hym againe and soo go into his chayre and there he maye sitte hym downe and take of his gloves and his basnet and so refresh hym till the houre of hys ,adversarie approche wt breed and wyne or wt any other thing that he hath brought in wt hym4 ,and whanne the ,defendaunt his ,adversarie cometh in to the feelde that he be redy armed againe or that he come into the feelde standing withoute his chayre taking hede of his ,adversaries comyng in and of his countenance that he may take comfort of4 ,and whanne the defendant his ,adversarie is come int ye felde and is in his chayre thanne shal the kyng send for his wepons and se him and the ,conestable and the ,marschal also and if they be leefull they shal be kept in the feelde kutte the same day by ye comaundement of the kyng and the ,conestable and ,mareschal in ye kynge's behalve4 ,and thanne fitteth to the foresaide counsaille to arme hym and to make hym redy against that he be called to his first ooth and whanne he is called to his first oothe thanne fitteth it to alle his counsaille to goo wt hym to his first ooth for to here what the ,conestable and ,mareschal seyen unto hym and what contenaunce he maketh in his sweryng ,and whanne he hath sworne they shl ryse up by ye comaundement of the ,conestable and ,mareschal4 ,and whanne he is on his feete he shal obey hym to his ,souverain ,lord and blesse hym and thanne turne hym to his chayre his visage to his souveraine ,lord wards and in his goinge blesse hym twys by ye weye or he come to his chayre4 ,and at ye #cha entryng to his chayre soberly tourne hym his visage to his ,souverain ,lord wards and blesse hym and soo go into his chayre4 ,thanne fitteth it to his fore saide ,counsaille to awayte where the defendaunt shal come to his first ooth and that they be ther as sone as he for to here how he swereth for he must nedes swere that al that ever th appellant hath sworne is false substance and alle4 ,and if he wol not swere that every worde every sillable of every worde substance and alle is false the ,counsaille of ye saide appellant may right wisly aske jugement by lawe of ,civile and raison of ,armes forafter ye juge is sette there shulde noo plee be made afore hym that daye4 ,and if so be that the ,defendant swere duly thanne ye ,counsaille of the foresaide ,appellant shal goo to his chayre agayne and abide ther til they be sent for4 ,and thanne shal they bringe hym to hys second ,ooth and here how he swereth and whanne he hath sworne they shal goo wt hym to hys chayre againe in the forme aforesaide4 ,and whanne he is in his chayre the saide ,counsaille shal awayte whanne ye ,defendaunt cometh to his seconde ooth and here how he swereth and if he swere under any subtil teerme cantel or cavellacion the foresaide ,counsaille of th appellant may require the jugement4 ,and if he swere duely thanne shal ye ,counsaille of ye foresaide ,appellant goo to his chayre againe and abide there til they be sent for4 ,and thanne shal they brynge hym to his thirde ooth and assuraunce4 ,and whanne they be sworne and assured the saide appellant wt his ,counsaile shal goo againe to his chayre in the fourme afore saide and there make #chb hym redy and fastene upon hym his wepons and so refresche hym til ye ,conestable and ,mareschal bid hym come to ye feeld4 ,thanne shal his ,armorers and his ,servaunts voyde the ,listes wt his chayre and alle his ,instruments at ye ,comandement of ye ,conestable and ,mareschal4 ,thanne fitteth it to the ,counsaille of the saide ,appellant to ask a place of ye kyng afore hym withinne the barres upon his right hande that ye saide ,counsaille of th appellant may come and stande there whanne they be discharged of ye saide ,appellant4 ,the cause is this that suche pyte may be given to ye kyng if ,god that noon of hem shal dye that daye for he may by his prowaie royal in such a cas take it into his hande the foresaide ,counsaille of the ,appellant to abyde in the saide place til the kyng have geven his jugement upon him--,and thanne ye ,conestable and ,mareschal shal deliwer the foresaide ,appellant by ye ,comandement of the kyng to his foresaide ,counsaille to govern hym of his going out of ye feelde as wele as they did of his comyng in his worship to be saved in al that lyeth en hem4 ,and soo to bryng hym to his ,logging agayne to unarme hym comforte hym and counsaille hym ,and some of his ,counsaille may goo to the kyng and comon wt hym and wite of the kyng how he shal be demeaned4 ,this enarmyng here aforesaide is best for a battaille of arreste wt a sworde a dagger an ,ax and a pavys til he come to th asseblee his sabatons his tunycle evoyded ,and thanne the ,auctor ,johan ,hyll dyed at ,london in ,novembre the xiii th yere of kyng ,henry the ,sixt so that he accomplished noo mor of ye compylyng of this #chc trayties on whose soulle ,god have mercy for his endles passion ,amen4 ,,appendix ,d ,,trait ,,du ,,costume ,,militaire1 #addf ,bib4 ,nat41 ,paris 7fonds ,franais1 #aiig7 ,given in full in ,du ,costume ,militaire des ,franais en #addf1 ,ren de ,belleval1 #ahff ,mais quant la faczon de leur harnoys de jouste1 suis content de le vous dclairer plus largement1 affin que pour lavenir ceulx qui voudront jouster y preignent exemple1 soit de y adjouster ou de y oster1 comme mieulx verront et congnoisteront y estre ncessaire4 ,et tout premirement vueil commancer au harnoys de teste1 cest assavoir au heaume1 lequel est fait en ceste faczon1 comme cy aprs me orrez dclairer2 et premirement lesdiz heaumes sont1 sur le sommet de la teste jusques la veue1 fors et espes et ung pou sur le rondelet1 par faczon que la teste ne touche point encontre1 ainois y peut avoir espace de troiz doiz entre deux4 ,item1 de dessobz de la veue du heaume1 qui arme par davant tout le visaige depuis les deux aureilles jusques la poitrine et endroit les yeulx qui s'appelle la veue1 avance et boute avant troiz bons doiz ou plus que n'est le bort de dessus2 entre lequel bort de dessus et celuy de dessobz ny a bonnement despace que ung bon doy et demy pour y povoir veoir1 et n'est ladicte veue1 tant dun coust que dautre1 fendue que environ dun espan de long1 mais voulentiers vers le coust snestre est ladicte veue plus clouse et le bort plus en bouty dehors que n'est de lautre cost droict4 ,item1 et ledit dessobz ladicte veue marche voluntiers sur la pice de dessus la teste deux bons doiz1 tant dun coust que dautre de la veue1 et clou de fors clox qui ont les uns la teste enbotie1 et les autres out la teste du clou lime affin que le rochet ny prengne4 ,item1 la pice dessusditte qui arme le visaige est voluntiers large et destendant presque dune venue jusques la gorge1 ou plus bas1 affin quelle ne soit pas si prs des visaiges quant les cops de lance y prennent4 ,ainois qui le veult faire point fault quil y ait quatre doiz despace du moins entre deux4 ,et ceste dicte pice1 du cost droict de la lance1 endroit la joue1 deux ou trois petites veues qui viennent du long depuis le hault de la joue jusques au collet du pourpoint1 affin que l'en nait schault dedens le heaulme1 et aussi affin que on puisse mieulx ouir ou veoir celuy qui le sert de la lance4 ,item1 l'autre pice dudit heaume arme depuis les aureilles par darrire le long du coul jusques trois doiz sur les espaulles par bas1 et par hault1 aussi jusques trois doiz sur la nuque du coul4 ,et vient faczonne une arreste aval qui vient en estroississant sur le collet du pourpoint1 et se relargist sur les espaulles en deux2 laquelle pice dessusdicte nest jamais faicte forte ne espesse1 ainois la plus legire que on la peult faire est la meilleure2 et pour conclusion faire ces trois pices dessusdictes font le heaulme entier4 99 99 99 99 99 ,item1 quant larmeure du corps1 il y en a de deux faczons2 cest assavoir3 la premire comme curasse armer saufve que le voulant est clox et arrest la pice1 par faczon que le voulant ne peut aller ne jouer hault ne bas4 ,item1 lautre faczon est de brigandines ou aultrement dit currassines1 couvertez et cloues par pices petittes depuis la poitrine en a bas1 ne ny a aultre diffrance de celle cy aux brigandines que on porte en la guerre1 sinon que tout ce que contient la poitrine jusques aux faulx est dune seulle pice et se lace du cost de la main droite ou par darrire du long de leschine4 ,item1 larrest est esps1 grox et matriel au plaisir de celui qui le fait faire4 ,item1 oudit harnoys de corps y a principallement deux boucles doubles1 ou une boucle double et ung aneau lim1 ou meilleu de la poitrine1 plus hault quatre doiz que le faulx du corps1 et lautre du coust snestre longues2 de lautre ung pou plus haulte3 lesquelles deux boucles ou aneau sont pour atacher ledit heaume la curasse ou brigandine2 cest assavoir3 la premire sert pour metre une tresse ou corroye oudit heaulme une autre pareille boucle comme celle l1 qui est oudit heaume cloue sur la pate dudit heaume davant le plus lendroit du meillieu du travers que len peult1 et out voulentiers lesdictes tresses et couvertures de cueur trois doubles lun sur lautre2 lautre seconde boucle ou aneau main snestre respont pareillement une aultre boucle ou aneau qui est oudit heaulme la snestre partie sur la pate dudit heaulme2 et ces deux boucles ou aneaux snestres servent espciallement pour la buffe1 cest assavoir que quand le rochet atache 7a touch7 sur le hault de lescuczon ou heaume1 ceste tresse ou courroye dessusdicte garde que le heaulme ne se joigne la joe snestre par la faczon que ledit jousteur en puisse estre depis4 ,item1 en ladicte brigandine ou curasse y a en la senestre partie en la poitrine1 prs du bort du braz senestre1 ung doy prs endroit le tour du braz hault1 troiz doiz plus bas que la boucle de quoy on lasse ladicte brigandine sur lespaulle1 ung crampon de fer du gros dun doy en ront1 dont les deux chefz sont rivez par dedens et ladicte pice au mieulx quil se puet faire1 et dedens dudit crampon se passe deux ou trois tours une grosse tresse bonne et forte qui depuis passe parmy la poire1 laquelle poire est assise et cache ledit crampon2 de laquelle poire la haulteur est vouluntiers dun bon doy1 sur laquelle lescu repose1 et est atach par lesdits pertuys dudit escu de la tresse qui est atache audit crampon1 laquelle sort par le meilleu de ladicte poire4 ,item1 en ladicte curasse y a darrire1 ou meilleu du creux de lespaulles1 une boucle ou aneau qui sert pour atacher une tresse ou courroie une autre boucle du heaulme darrire1 si que le heaulme ne che davant1 et affin aussi que la veue soit de la haulteur et demeure ferme que le jousteur la vieult4 ,item1 oultre plus en ladicte curasse y a ung petit aneau plus has que nul des aultres1 assis plus vers le faillement des coustez la main snestre1 auquel len atache dune aultre legire tresse la main de fer1 laquelle main de fer est tout dune pice et arme la main et le braz jusques troiz ou quatre doiz oultre le code4 ,item1 depuis le code jusques au hault1 cache 7cachant7 tout le tour de lespaulle y a ung petit garde braz dune pice1 et se descent jusques sur le code quatre doiz4 ,item1 la main droite y a ung petit gantellet lequel se appelle gaignepain2 et depuis le gantellet jusques oultre le code1 en lieu de avant braz1 y a une armeure qui se appelle espaulle de mouton1 laquelle est faczonne large endroit le code1 et se espanouist aval1 et endroit la ploieure du braz se revient ploier par faczon que1 quant len a mis la lance en larrest1 laditte ploieure de laditte espaulle de mouton couvre depuis la ploieure du braz ung bon doy en hault4 ,item1 pour armeure de lespaulle droite y a ung petit garde braz fait lames1 sur lequel y a une rondelle joignant une place1 laquelle rondelle se haulse et se besse quant on vieult metre la lance en larrest1 et se revient recheoir sur la lance quant elle est oudit arrest1 par telle faczon quelle couvre ce que est dsarm en hault dentre la lance et ledit garde braz4 ,item1 aussi oudit royaulme de ,france se arment de harnoys de jambes quant ilz joustent4 ,item1 quant la faczon des estacheures dudit harnoys par bas1 si que il ne sourmonte point encontremont par force des copz1 je men passe le dclairer pour le prsent1 car il y en a pluseurs faczons4 ,ne aussi daultre part ne me semble pas si quil se doye divulguer si publicquement4 ,item1 quant est des lances1 les plus convenables raisons de longueur entre grappe et rochet1 et aussy celles de quoy on use plus communuement est de treze piez ou de treze piez et demy de long4 ,item1 et lesdiz rochez sont vouluntiers de ouverture entre chascune des trois pointes de deux doiz et demy ou trois au plus4 ,item1 lesdictes grappes sont voulentiers plaines de petittes pointes agues 7aigus7 comme petiz dyamens1 de grosseur comme petittes nouzilles1 lesquelles pointes se viennent arrester dedens le creux de larrest1 lequel creux de larrest plain de bois ou de plomb affin que lesdittes pointes ne puissent fouir1 par quoy vient ladicte lance tenir le cop3 en faczon quil fault que elle se rompe en pices1 que len assigne bien ou que le jousteur ploye leschine si fort que bien le sente4 ,item1 les rondes dessusdictes lances ne couvrent tout autour au plus aller que ung demy pi1 et sont vouluntiers de trois doiz desps de bourre feutre entre deux cuirs1 du coust devers la main par dedens4 ,et oultre plus pour faire fin la manire que len se arme en fait de jouxtes ou pais et contre que jay cy desous dclai1 ne diray aultre chose pour le prsent1 sinon que ung bon serviteur dun jousteur doit regarder principallement trois choses sur son maistre avant quil luy donne sa lance2 cest assavoir que ledit jousteur ne soit dsarm de nulles de ses armeures par le cop prcdent2 laultre si est que ledit jousteur ne soit point estourdy ou mhaign pareillement par ledit cops prcdent quil aura eu2 le tiers si est que ledit serviteur doit bien regarder sil y a autre prest sur les rengs qui ait sa lance sur faulte1 et prest pour jouster contre sondit maistre1 affin que sondit maistre ne tienne trop longuement sans faire course la lance en larrest1 ou quil ne face sa course en vain et sans que autre vienne lencontre de luy4 ,,appendix ,e ,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,ordinances ,,of ,,the ,,armourers ,,of ,,angers ,,statuts ,,des ,,armuriers ,,fourbisseurs ,d',,angers1 #addh #a4 ,quiconque vouldra estre armurier ou brigandinier1 fourbisseur et garnisseur d'espes et de harnois 444 faire le pourra4444 #b4 ,it4 les quels maistres desd4 mestiers seront tenus besoigner et faire ouvrage de bonnes toffes1 c'est assavoir pour tant que touche les armuriers1 ils feront harnois blancs pour hommes d'armes de toute preuve qui est dire d'arbalestes tilloles et coursel a tout le moins demie espreuve1 qui est a entendre d'arbaleste a crocq et traict e'archiers1 et pour tant que touche les brigandiniers ils seront tenus pareillement faire brigandines1 c'est assavoir les plus pesantes de #bf #bg livres poix de marc tout au plus1 tenant espreuve d'arbaleste a tillolles et marques de #b marques1 et les moindres de #ah a #bj livres1 tel poix que dessusu et d'espreuve d'arbaleste a crocq et traict d'archier1 marques d'une marque4 ,et seront icelles brigandines d'assier1 trampees partout et aussi toutes garnies de cuir entre les lames et la toile1 c'est assavoir en chacune rencontre de lames1 et ne pourront faire lesd4 brigandines de moindre poix de lame4444 #c4 ,it4 et fauldra qe lesd4 lames soient limees tout a l'entour a ce que tes ettoffes durent plus largement4444 #aj4 ,que las marchans et ouvriers desd4 mestiers1 tant faiseurs d'espes1 haches1 guysarmes1 voulges1 dagues et autres habillemens de guerre1 seront tenus de faire tout ouvrage bon1 loyal1 et marchant4 #aa4 ,it4 que tous fourbisseurs et garnisseurs d'espes1 tant vielles que neuves1 seront tenus de faire fourraux de cuirs de vache et de veau1 et les jointures de cuir de vache1 la poignee d'icelles nouee de fouer fouet8 et se aucunes poignes sont faictes de cuir1 icelles poignes seront garnies de fisselles par dessouez1 led4 cuir4 #ab4 ,et pareillement les atelles des fourreaux seront neufvs et de bois de fouteau sec4444 #ah4 ,it4 que nuls marchans ne maistres forains ne pourront tenir ouvrouers ne boutiques de harnois1 brigandines1 javelines1 lances1 picques ne espees1 ne choses deppendantes desd4 mestiers en ceste ville s'ils ne sont maistres en cette ville4 ,ordonn4 des rois1 ,t4 ,,xx1 p4 #aef1 etc4 ,,agreement ,,to ,,supply ,,armour ,,by ,,foreign ,,armourers ,,in ,,bordeaux #acge4 ,conegude cause sie que ,guitard de ,junquyres1 armurer de ,bordeu1 ,lambert ,braque1 d',alemaine1 armurer de cotes de fer1 reconegon e autreyan e en vertat confessan aver pres e recebut de la man de ,moss4 de ,foxis #ajj florins d'aur d',aragon1 per los quans lo prometan e s'obligan aver portat a ,morlaas #fj bacinetz ab capmalh e #fj cotes de fer o plus si plus poden1 boos e sufficientz4 ,arch4 des ,b4 ,pyrnes1 ,e1 #cjb1 fol4 #abi4 ,,permission ,,granted ,,by ,,louis ,,xi ,,to ,,foreign ,,armourers ,,to ,,practise ,,in ,,bordeaux ,,for ,,twenty ,,years #adij4 ,sachent tous 444 que cum le temps passe de #f ans ou environ ,estienne ,daussone1 ,ambroye de ,caron1 ,karoles et ,glaudin ,bellon natifs du pays de ,mylan en ,lombardie et ,pierre de ,sonnay natif de la duch de ,savoye1 les quels ce fussent associs1 acompaigns et adjustez entre eulx l'un avecques l'autre1 de faire leur rsidence pesonnelle et continuelle a ouvrer et trafiquer du mestier de armurerie et pour l'espace de #bj ans ou environ4444 ,min4 dec4 not4 ,frapier1 ,arch4 de la ,gironde1 ,rev4 d',aquitaine1 ,,xii1 #bf4 ,,appendix ,f ,,expenses ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,armouries1 ,,temp4 ,,henry ,,viii ,brit4 ,mus41 ,cotton41 ,appendix ,,xxviii1 f4 #gf #aedd ,the charges of the king's own armoury accounting the ,master of the ,armourie's fee1 the ,clerk ,yeoman's wages and #e armourers for his ,highness' own person with #a ,gilder #b ,lockyers1 #a ,millman and a prentice1 in the year4 ,in primis the ,master of the ,armouries fee by the year and is paid by the ,customer of ,cichister's hands xxxi xi ,item the ,clerk and ,yeoman both1 for their wages #bb_/- the month apiece and is paid by the ,treasurer of the ,chamber by the year xxviii xii ,item ,erasmus the chief ,armourer hath for his wages by the month #bf_/h and is paid by the said ,treasurer xvii vi viii ,item ,old ,martyn hath #ch_/aj the month which is by the year xxv v x ,item ,mathew ,dethyke hath #bd_/- the month which is by the year xv xii ,item ,hans ,clinkedag hath #bd_/- the month which is by the year xv xii ,item ,jasper ,kemp hath #bd_/- the month which is by the year xv xii ,item the ,gilders wages by the year xl ,item the #b ,lockyers have #bj_/- a month apiece which is by the year xxvi ,item #a ,millman #bd_/- a month which is by the year xv xii ,item for the prentice #f;d4 for the day ix x ,item for #h bundles of steel to the said armoury for the whole year #ch_/- the bundle xv iiii ,item for the costs of the house at #g #j #j the month which is by the year xxiiii xi ---------------- c4 li4 s4 d4 ,sm4 iii viii viii iiii ,in primis the wages of #ab armourers1 #b locksmiths and #d prentices to be divided into two shops1 every of the ,armourers their wages at #bd_/- the month and the ,locksmiths at #bj_/- a month and every prentice #f;d4 the day amounteth by the year to clv xii ,item the wages of #b millmen at #bd_/- the month xxxi iiii ,item to every of the said shops #d loads of charcoal a month at #i_/- the load xlvi xix ,item for #af bundles of steel to serve both shops a whole year at #ch_/- the bundle xxx viii ,item #a hide of buff leather every month for both shops at #aj_/- the hide vi x ,item for both shops #a cowhide a month at #f_/h the hide iiii vi viii ,item one #ajj of iron every month for both shops at #f_/h the #ajj iiii vi viii ,item in wispe steel for both shops every month #ae #d at #d;d4 the lb4 lxv ,item in wire monthly to both shops #ab lb4 at #d;d4 lb4 lii ,item in nails buckles for both shops monthly #e_/- lxv ,item to every of the said ,armourers ,locksmiths ,millmen for their liveries #d yards broad cloth at #e_/- the yard and #c yards of carsey at #b_/- the yard which amounteth in the year for #ab armourers #b ,locksmiths and #b ,millmen at #bf_/- for a man xx xvi ,so that these #ab armourers #b ,locksmiths #b ,millmen and #d prentices will make yearly with the said #af bundles of steel and the other stuff aforesaid #cb harnesses complete1 every harness to be rated to the c xx kings ,highness at #ab #j #j which amounteth in the iii iiii year towards his ,grace's charge iiii ,item of the said ,armourers to be divided into #b shops as is aforesaid #d of them shall be taken out of ,erasmus' shop wherein his ,grace shall save yearly in their wages and living the sum of lxviii ,,appendix ,g ,,petition ,,of ,,the ,,armourers ,,of ,,london ,,to ,,queen ,,elizabeth ,july #acth1 #aeij 7,lansdowne ,,ms4 #fc1 #e7 ,to the ,right ,honourable the ,lords others of the ,queens ,most honourable ,privie ,counseil4 ,in most humble wise shew beseche your honours your poor suppliants the ,armourers of ,london that whereas we having been at great charges these six or seven years as well in making providing tools instruments as in entertaining and keeping of foreign men from beyond the seas to learn practice the making of armour of all sorts which by the goodness of ,god we have obtained in such sort that at this time we make not onlie great quantitie ,but also have farre better armors than that wch cometh from beyond the ,seas as is sufficiently proved1 and fearing that for lack of sale and utterance of the same we shall not be able to keep maintain the number of our apprentices servants which are vy well practised in making of all sorts of armors4 ,our humble suite therfore to yr honors is that it shall please you to be a means to ,her ,mtie that we may be appointed to bring into her ,mties ,store at reasonable prices monthly or quarterly the ,armor that we shall make till ,her ,mties ,store shall be furnished with all sorts of ,armor in such numbers as ,her ,mtie shall think good appoint4 ,and we and our posterity shall not only pry for your ,honors but also being strengthened by your ,honors we do not doubt to serve this land of ,englishe ,armor in future years as well as it is of ,englishe ,calyvers and muskets wch within this thirtie years or thereabouts was servd altogether with ,outlandish peces with no money in respect of those wch are now made in this land1 ,and we are the more bould1 to make this our sute to your ,honors because it is not a particular ,comoditie to us but a benefit to the whole land as may be proved by these reasons viz3 #a4 ,armour made in this land being not good1 the makers may be punished by the laws provided for the same4 #b4 ,it is a means to set a great number of ,her ,majesty's subjects on work in this land1 which now setteth a great number of foreigners on work in other lands4 #c4 ,it will furnish the land with skillfull men to make and fit armour to men's bodies in far better order than it hath been heretofore4 #d4 ,we shall be provided within this land of good armour1 what restrayntments or quarrels so ever be in other lands1 whereas hertofore we have been beholding to other countries for very bad armour4 #e4 ,we shall be free from all those dangers that may ensue by the number of bad and insufficient armour which are brought into this land by unskilfull men that know not what they buy and sell it again to them that know not where to have better for their money although they know it to be very bad4 ,her ,majesties armories at this parte are very weakly furnished and that wch remaynes is neither good in substance nor yet in fashion4 ,so as if it might stande in wth yor4 ,,ll4 good liking it is very needfull the same should be supplied wth better choise4 ,the armor that is here made is accompted far better than that wch cometh from beyond the ,seas and would well servi for he ,mties store ,so as it might be delivered in good tyme wch the ,armorers will undertake to prove but the armor wch they make is wholly blacke1 so that unless they will undertake to serve white wth al it will not be so serviceable4 ,the proportion that shall be delivered ,i refer to yor ll4 consideracion theire offer is to deliver to the number of eight thousand wth in fyve yeres and so after a further proporcion it so shall seem good to yor ,,ll4 ,theire severll prices are hereunder written wch is as lowe as can bring it unto4 ,launce armor compleat iii li vi s4 viii d4 ,corslets compleate xxx s4 ,curate of proofe wth poldrons xl s4 ,ordinary curate wth poldrons xxvi s4 viii d4 ,target of proofe xxx s4 ,murrions iii s4 iiii d4 ,burgonetts iiii s4 ,endorsed the humble petition of the ,armorers of ,london4 ,it is signed by ,,richard ,,harford4 ,,john ,,sewell4 ,,richard ,,woode ,,rw4 ,,wm4 ,,pickering4 #ac ,july #aeij4 ,lee to inform4 ,,appendix ,h ,,undertaking ,,of ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company ,,of ,,london ,,to ,,make ,,certain ,,armours ,,every ,,six ,,months ,,and ,,the ,,prices ,,of ,,the ,,same ,from records of the ,company dated #agth ,march1 #afah ,the ,privy ,council on the #aeth of ,march1 #afah1 made inquiry3-- 8,who be the ingrossers of ,plate to make ,armor in ,london1 and secondly what is the reason of the scarcity of ,armor1 and how it may be remedied80 ,the ,company agreed to the following answer being sent3-- 8,that concerning the first we know no ingrossers of such ,plate and we have called to our ,hall all the workmen of ,armor in ,london and we find them very few1 for that in regard of the long peace which1 ,god be thanked1 we have had1 they have settled themselves to other trades1 not having imployment for making of ,armor1 nor the means to utter the same if they should make it1 for the remedy of which scarcity1 if it please the ,privy ,council to take order that the ,armorers' work to be by them made in ,london1 may be taken and paid for at every six months' end4 ,they will undertake1 if continually employed1 to use their best means for provision of stuff to make armor in every six months to furnish ,one hundred ,lance ,armor1 ,two hundred ,light ,horsemen's ,armor1 and ,two hundred ,footmen's ,armor at such rates and prices as followeth40 ,the ,lance ,armor1 containing ,breast1 ,back1 ,gorget1 ,close ,head piece1 ,poulderons and vambraces1 ,gushes1 and one ,gauntlett1 to colored ,russet1 at the price of #d #j #j ,the ,light ,horseman's ,armor being ,breast1 ,back1 ,gorgett a barred ,head piece1 ,pouldrons1 and an ,elbowe ,gauntlett1 to be ,russet1 at the price of #b #aj #j ,the ,footman's ,armor1 containing ,breast1 ,back1 ,gorgett1 head piece1 and laces1 with iron joints1 to be colored russet1 at the price of #a #aj #j ,,appendix ,i ,,proclamation ,,against ,,excessive ,,use ,,of ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,foliate1 ,,which ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,confined ,,to ,,armour ,,and ,,ensigns ,,of ,,honour ,s4,p4,d4 ,jac4 ,i1 cv1 ,february #dth1 #afah4 ,procl4 ,collec4 #fe 444 and furthermore the better to keepe the gold and silver of this kingedome not onely within the ,realme from being exported1 but that it may also bee continued in moneys and coyne1 for the use and commerce of his ,majestie and his loving subjects and not turned into any dead masse of ,plate nor exhausted and consumed in vanities of ,building and pompous use of ,gold and ,silver ,foliate which have beene in the ,reignes of divers kings of this ,realme 444 and the better to prevent the unnecessary and excessive waste of ,gold and ,silver ,foliate within this realeme2 ,his ,majestie doth likewise hereby prohibit and forbid ,that no ,gold or ,silver ,foliate shall be from henceforth wrought1 used or imployed in any ,building1 ,seeling1 ,waniscot1 ,bedsteds1 ,chayres1 ,stooles1 ,coaches or any other ornaments whatsoever1 ,except it be ,armour or ,weapons or in ,armes and ,ensignes of ,honour at ,funerals4 ,feb4 #d1 #afah4 ,,appendix ,j ,,erection ,,of ,,plating-,,mills ,,at ,,erith ,,by ,,capt4 ,,john ,,martin #afbd ,state ,papers ,domestic1 ,jac4 ,i1 ,vol4 ,,clxxx1 #ga ,king ,henry the eight being resolved to have his armorye alwayes stronge and richly furnished wt thirtie or fowertie thousand armes to be in ,rediness to serve all the necessities of th times 7how suddaine so evr7 caused a batterie mill to be built at ,detford nere ,grenewch for the batteringe of plaetes for all sorts of armes but dyed before the bsiness was perfected4 ,in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth ,captain ,john ,martin and myself resolvinge on endeavors to the furtheringe so good a worke resolved yt ,i should go to ,inspurge wch is uppon the ,germaine ,alpes and into ,lukland likewise to bring over into ,england seven or eight plaeters1 the beste that might be found 7wch was donne to owr very great chardges7 and im ediately ther uppo fallinge to worke in a batterie mill wch we likewise erected nere unto ,erith in ,kent and in yt place wrought as many plates of all sorts as served very nere for twentie thousand armors and targets never having the misterie of plaeting mills in ,england before4 ,all wch plaeters formerly brought over are now dead save one1 and he of so cunninge and obstinate a disposition that he would nevr yet be brought to teach any ,englishman the true misterie of plaeting unto this day4 ,the beste plaetes that have been formerly knowen to be in ,christendome have been made of ,inspurg stuff wch place hath continually served ,milan ,naples and other nations1 and latelie ,england also1 wch place beinge so remote and in the ,emperor his owne countrie1 it is not possible that wth any conveniencey any stronge plaetes can be now bought from thence as formerly we have had4 ,but if his ,matie will be plesed to have his armorie continually furnished wth thirtie or fortie thousand armes or more to what number he shall be beste plesid as hath been the course and resolution of his ,roiall pdecessors1 yt may now be done wth ,englishe ,irone1 by a misterie yet unknown1 either to smolten plaetes or armour and to be of such strength and lightnes1 for the ease and pservation of the life of the souldier as none can be better found in any nation in ,christendome from the pistole to the musket4 ,it hath been observed in all antient histories and in the rule of our later moderne wars1 that the goodness strength and lightness of armes hath been so great an incoradgement unto the souldier as hath made him stand faste in the time of great and strong chardges of the enemye1 and to give valiant and couradgeous chardges1 and assaults when they have been assured of the strength and goodness of theyre armes4 ,the raetes for ,plaetes and armors exactly examined for the prices the strength and lightness considered are thus reduced4 ,the chardge of a tun of ,armor plaetes #ah #j #j ,two chaldron of coles wt4 carriage will be #a #ab #j ,the workmen for battering this tun of plaetes will have uppon every hundred #d_/- #d #j #j ,reparation weekly for the mill #ab #j ,a clarke's wages weekly #ab #j ,extraordinary chardges toe froe for carridges #aj #j ---------- ,these particular chardges come to #be #f #j ,the true chardge of all such sorts of armor as they will stand you in wt4 their severall pportions and such apporveable goodness as we never heretofore have had4 ,sixe hundred of iron will make five hundred of plaetes wch4 will be a skore of ordinary curatts of pistoll proofs wch4 cometh toe wth pouldrons #e #aj #j ,the ,armourers may make them wt due shape black nayle and lether them for #g #aj #j ,these twentie armours will yeild #bf #j #j ,so in these twentie armours is clerely gained the sum of #ac #j #j ,fower hundred of plates will make #bj paier of curatts wt out pouldrons #c #ab #j ,the ,armorers may pportion them1 black lether naile them for #f #j #j ,these #bj paire of curatts will yeld #bj #j #j ,in these #bj paire of curatts is clerely gained #aj #h #j ,the chardge of #bj lance armours4 ,sixteen hundred of plaetes will make twentie lance armours wch come to #ad #h #j ,the ,armourers may finishe them upp for fourtie shillings the armour wch comes to #dj #j #j ,these #bj launce armours will yeld fower pounds a piece wch amounteth unto #hj #j #j ,so yt in these #bj launce armours is clerely gained #be #ab #j ,five hundred of plaetes will make twentie proof targetts wch will come to #d #aj #j ,the armourers may finishe them lether them and blacke them with all other chardges for #ab #j #j ,thes targets will yeld 7#bds4#adg7 the piece #bf #j #j ,in these targetts may be cleared #i #aj #j ,twelve hundred of plaetes will make #bj paire of stronge curatts with stronge capps wch will stand in #aj #af #j ,the ,armourers may finishe them for 7#cjs47 the paire wch amounteth unto #cj #j #j ,these #bj paier of stronge curatts wt their capps will yeld #d li4 the paier wch cometh toe #hj #j #j ,so that by these #bj paier of stronge curatts will be clerely gayned #ci #aj #j #adh ,with fower plaeters may be wrought up in one weeke #cgjj weight of plates4 ,the pfitt of wch weekly1 as by the particulars may appear will be #ih #ad #j ,and if these fower plaeters be emploied the whole year 7abating one month in the year for idle dayes7 it amounteth unto per ann #dgcg li4 #ab #j ,,footnotes3 #adg ,an error in the original--this should be #bfs4 #adh ,should be #ds4 ,,appendix ,k ,,hall-,,mark ,,of ,,the ,,armourers' ,,company ,carolus ,i1 ann4 #g1 #afca4 ,rymer1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 #cji 8,john ,franklin1 ,william ,crouch1 ,john ,ashton1 ,thomas ,stephens1 ,rowland ,foster1 ,nicholas ,marshall1 ,william ,coxe1 ,edward ,aynesley1 ,armourers freemen of the company of ,armourers ar ordered to deliver #aejj armours each month with arms1 pikes c4 and to train prentices and to mend1 dress stamp armours40 ,the document goes on to state 8you ar to approve of all such armour of the said common armes trayned bands as shall be found fit for service1 and shall trye all sorts of gunnes1 pikes1 bandaliers of the said common armes and trayned bands before they be used or excersied and to approve of such as are serviceable for warres at the owners charges and being proved shall allow as fit for service and allowing shall stamp the same with ,a4 and a ,crown being the hall mark for the company of workmen armourers of ,london which marke or stamp our pleasure is shall with consent of the lord lieutenant or his deputy lieutenant remayne in their custodye who shall have the charge to be intrusted with the execution of this service4444 ,and because diverse cutlers1 smythes1 tynkers othe botchers of armes by their unskilfulness have utterly spoiled many armes1 armours gunnes and pykes1 and bandoliers 444 we doe hereby prohibit that noe person or persons whatever1 not having served seven years or been brought up as an apprentice or apprentices in the trade and mysterie of an armourer1 gun-maker1 pyke-maker and bandolier-maker and thereto served their full tyme of seven years as aforesaid 444 do make1 alter1 change1 dress or repayr1 prove or stamp any armes1 armours1 gunnes1 pykes or bandoliers 444 we do absolutely forbid that no ironmonger1 cutler or chandler or other person whatsoever doe vent or sell any armours1 gunnes1 pikes or bandoliers or any part of them except such as shall be proved and stamped with the said hall marke of the company of workmen armourers aforesaid being the proofe marke 444 that hereafter there shall be but one uniform ,fashion of ,armour of the said ,trayned ,bands throughout our said ,kingdome of ,england ,dominion of ,wales 444 whereof the ,patterns are and shall remayne from tyme to tyme in our said ,office 7of ,ordinance740 ,,appendix ,l ,,petition ,,of ,,the ,,workmen ,,armourers ,,of ,,london ,,to ,,the ,,council ,s4,p4,d4 ,car4 ,i1 cclxxxix1 #ic1 ,may1 #afce ,petitioners being few in number most of them aged about #g years past sued to ,her ,mtie for some employment for preservation of the manufacture of armour making within the kingdom4 ,her ,mtie on advice report of the ,council of ,war granted petitioners a patent which #b years passed the great seal was then called for by the ,council for further consideration4 ,pray them to take the same into consideration and the distress of petitioners either to pass the patent or if there be any omission in it to give orders for drawing up another4 ,,appendix ,m ,,extract ,,from ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,tower ,,armoury1 #affj ,harl4 ,,ms4 #gdeg ,sidenote3 ,greenwich4 ,wee doe find aswell upon our owne view as upon the information of diverse officers of the ,armoury stoorekeeper and others ,that dureing the time of the late distraccions ,the severall ,armes amunition and ,habiliments of ,warre formerly remaineing in the greene ,gallery at ,greenwich were all taken and carryed away by sundry ,souldiers who left the doore open2 ,that sundry of the said ,armes were afterwards brought into the ,tower of ,london by ,mr4 ,anneslye where they are still remaineing2 ,that the ,wainescot in the said ,gallery is now all pull'd downe and carryed away2 and 7as ,we are informed7 was imployed in wainescotting the house in the ,tower where the said ,mr4 ,anneslye lived2 ,that a great part of the severall ,tooles and other utensils for makeing of ,armour formerly remaineing in the ,master ,armourers workehouse there and at the ,armourers ,mill1 were alsoe within the tyme of the said distraccions taken and carryed away 7saving two old ,trunkes bound about with ,iron1 which are still remaineing in the said workehouse1 ,one old ,glazeing wheele1 still at the ,mill1 and one other glazeing wheele sold to a ,cutler in ,shoo lane73 ,that sundry of the said ,tooles and other utensills have since byn converted and sold to private uses1 by those who within the tyme of the late distraccions had the ,command and care of the said armes and ,tooles1 both at ,greenwich and at the ,tower3 ,that diverse of the said ,tooles are still in other private mens hands1 who pretend they bought them3 ,that the great ,anville 7called the great ,beare7 is now in the custodye of ,mr4 ,michaell ,basten1 locksmith at ,whitehall1 and the ,anville knowne by the name of the little ,beare1 is in the custodie of ,thomas ,cope1 one of ,his ,majesties ,armourers2 ,and one ,combe stake in the ,custody of ,henry ,keeme one other of his ,majesties ,armourers ,and that the said ,mill formerly employed in grinding and glazeing and makeing cleane of ,armes1 is destroyed and converted to other uses by one ,mr4 ,woodward who claims it by virtue of a ,graunt from ,king ,james 7of blessed memorye7 but the officers of the ,armorye 7for his ,majesties use7 have it now in their possession4 ,sidenote3 ,memorandum4 ,that the severall distinguishments of the ,armors and ,furnitures before mencioned1 vizt ,the first serviceable1 ,the second defective1 and to be repaired1 ,the third unserviceable1 in their owne kinds1 yet may be employed for necessary uses1 are soe reported by ,richard ,kinge and ,thomas ,cox1 two of his ,majesties ,armorers at ,greenwich1 who were nominated and appointed in his ,majesties ,commission1 under his signe ,manual before recited1 to be assistant in this ,service3 ,and we doe thinke the same to be by them faithfully and honestly soe distinguished4 ,,will4 ,,legge1 ,master of his ,majesties ,armories4 ,j4 ,,robinson1 ,lt3 ,ten3 ,toure4 ,,jo4 ,,wood1 ,barth ,beale4 ,,index ,a ,alba1 ,duke of1 #acb ,albrecht1 ,harnischmeister1 #i1 #acd ,almain armourers1 #ad -- -- settle in ,england1 #af ,almain ,armourer's ,album1 #ai1 #adc ,almain rivet1 #eb ,amman1 ,jost1 #bd1 #cf ,angellucci1 ,major1 on 8proof10 #fc1 #fg ,anvils1 #bd ,arbois1 #ad1 #acf ,armenia1 ,poisoned ore in1 #dj ,arming-doublet1 #ajf ,arming-nails1 #eb ,arming-points1 #cj1 #aji1 #aaa ,armour1 ,simplicity of ,english1 #af -- ,boxes for1 #hb -- cut up for lock-plates1 #ai -- ,disuse of1 #aaf -- ,painted1 #hj -- reinforced on left side1 #eb -- ,scarlet covering for1 #ic -- ,tinned1 #cc -- ,weights of1 #db1 #aaf ,armourers' ,company of ,london1 #abj -- -- -- absorb the ,bladesmiths1 #abd -- -- -- and the informers ,tipper and ,dawe1 #abc -- -- -- employed for coin-striking1 #abc -- -- -- examine imported armour1 #abc -- -- -- ,hall-mark of1 #abd1 #aia -- -- -- ,regulations for apprentices of1 #abd ,armourers1 ,regulations for1 #eg -- ,marks of1 #gj -- -- ,illustrations of1 #bb-d1 #cf ,arrows for proving armour1 #fd ,ash1 ,monument at1 #ea1 #ajf ,ashford1 ,helm at1 #ag1 #ah ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,pictures in1 #cj1 #ih -- -- ,leather gauntlet in1 #if -- -- -- hat1 #ii ,b ,banded mail1 #df ,barcelona1 #ab ,bards of leather in ,tower and ,armeria ,reale1 ,turin1 #ajb -- ,painting of1 #ih ,barendyne helm1 #ag1 #aai ,barrel for cleaning armour1 #gi ,baskets for armour1 #ha ,battering-mills1 #bb1 #ce1 #ahh ,beauchamp1 ,richard1 ,earl of ,warwick1 effigy of1 #ae1 #ach -- ,pageants1 #ae ,belleval1 ,marquis de1 #aac ,berardi1 ,guigliemo1 ,statue of1 #gd ,blewbery1 ,john1 #fj -- -- ,tools of1 #bg1 #cj ,bordeaux1 #ab ,bottes1 ,armure 1 #fb -- casses1 #fb ,bracers for archers1 #aja ,bracket for sallad1 #ef ,bradshaw1 ,hat of1 #ii ,brampton1 ,nicholas1 #hh ,brassard1 ,construction of1 #ec -- of cuir-bouilli1 #ajj ,brescia1 #ac ,breughel1 ,picture by1 #ce1 #ib ,brigandarius1 ,office of1 #fa ,brigandine1 ,construction of1 #bi1 #di -- ,marking of1 #ga -- ,proving of1 #fd -- ,reinforcing plates for the1 #ej ,british ,museum1 ,anvil and pincers in the1 #bd -- -- ,brigandine cap1 #cj ,brocas helm1 #ag1 #aaa1 #aai ,buckram used for armour1 #hf ,buff coat1 ,last use of1 #ajc ,bullato1 ,baltesar1 #af ,burgmair1 ,hans1 #aca ,burgonet1 ,skilful forging of1 #ea -- ,meyrick's views on the1 #ed ,burrel1 ,walter1 on iron-smelting1 #ci ,burring machine1 #cf ,buttin1 ,charles1 x1 #fb1 #fh1 #ajj ,c ,calverly1 ,sir ,hugh1 discards leg-armour1 #aae ,camail1 ,construction of1 #de ,camelio1 ,vittore1 #aca ,campi1 ,bartolomeo1 #cg1 #gf1 #acb ,cantoni brothers1 #acc ,castile1 ,helmet of ,king of1 #gc ,catheloigne1 #ac ,cavalry1 ,weight of modern equipment of1 #aai ,cellini1 ,benvenuto1 on damascening1 #gf ,chalcis1 ,italian armour from1 #ah1 #gh -- ,brigandine-plates from1 #ej ,charnel1 ,the1 #aaa ,charles ,i1 ,armour of1 #gf ,charles ,v1 #b1 #af1 #acb1 #acd ,chiesa1 ,pompeo della1 #cg1 #adj ,christian ,,ii1 ,armour in ,dresden of1 #ge ,cloueur1 ,demi1 #fb -- ,haute1 #fb ,clous perdus1 #aa ,coats of fence1 #hd1 #hg ,colleoni1 ,pauldrons on statue of1 #e ,colman1 ,coloman1 #acc -- ,desiderius1 #acd -- -- his rivalry with the ,negrolis1 #af -- ,lorenz1 #acc ,cologne1 #ab ,cosson1 ,baron de1 x1 #hd1 #ach ,craft rules1 #c ,cramer1 ,j41 #dd ,cuir-bouilli1 #ig ,cuisse for foot-soldier1 #f ,curzon1 ,the ,hon4 ,r41 #if ,d ,d',aubernon1 ,brass of ,sir ,john1 #gd ,davies1 ,edward1 #dh ,dawtrey helm1 #aai ,de ,bures1 ,brass of ,sir ,robert1 #gd ,deforestation due to iron-smelting1 #eh ,derby1 ,earl of1 brings over ,milanese armourers1 #ae ,derrick's ,image of ,ireland1 #dh ,dillon1 ,viscount1 x1 #ajg1 #aji1 #add -- -- ,ditchley accounts1 #ai -- -- on proof of armour1 #ff ,dobbles1 #bh1 #ajd ,doul1 ,dr41 and the ,armourers' ,company1 #abb ,dover ,castle inventory1 #be1 #cc1 #gi ,dresden1 ,armour in1 #ge1 #hj1 #acd-g1 #adj ,dudley1 ,dud1 #dj1 #da ,drer1 ,albrecht1 #hi1 #aca ,e ,edward ,,ii and the ,armourers' ,company1 #aba ,england1 ,documents relating to armourers in1 #eg-fj 8,engraved suit10 ,tower1 #aj1 #ec1 #gd1 #adb ,eyelet coats1 #ij ,erasmus 7,kirkenor71 #fj ,erith1 ,plating-mills at1 #cd1 #ahh ,estramaon1 ,proof by1 #fb ,f ,fabrics imitated in armour1 #gg ,falkenor1 ,petition by1 #ei ,falstoffe1 ,inventory of ,sir ,john1 #ib ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold1 ,armourers at1 #ca ,florence1 ,armourers of1 #ad ,fogge ,helm1 #ag ,foulke1 ,roger1 #da ,framlingham ,castle inventory1 #be ,frauenpreis1 ,matthaias1 #ace ,g ,galeazzo ,maria ,sforza1 #acc ,galliot de ,balthasin1 #aac ,gambesons1 ,regulations for making1 #he -- soaked in vinegar1 #ib ,garbagnus1 #ba1 #fh ,gauntlet discarded for complex sword-hilt1 #g ,gaya mentions proof of armour1 #bh1 #fi 8,glancing surface10 ,the1 #c1 #d ,glazing-wheels1 #ca ,goodrich ,court1 ,leather armour at1 #ih -- -- ,new ,college armour at1 #fe ,gratz1 ,armoury at1 #ah 8,great ,bear0 anvil1 #ce1 #aic ,greenwich1 ,workshops at1 #cb -- ,painting of a jack at1 #di ,gresham1 ,steelyard of ,sir ,thomas1 #ai ,grnewalt1 ,hans1 #ace ,guiart1 #hd ,guidobaldo ,,ii1 #acb ,guise1 ,armour of the ,duc de1 #fe1 #aah ,gustavus ,adolphus1 ,leather coat of1 #hh -- -- -- guns of1 #ii1 #ajb ,h ,hall-mark of the ,armourers' ,company1 #fj1 #gj1 #abj ,hampton ,court1 ,portrait of the ,duc de ,nevers at1 #cj1 #aaa ,haselrigg's 8lobsters10 #ha ,hastings ,,ms4 mention of padding1 #hh -- -- regulations for undergarments1 #ajg -- ,battle of1 #a ,haustement1 ,the1 #aaa ,hearne1 his visit to ,ditchley1 #ai ,helm for 8barriers10 #g -- ,fastenings for1 #aab ,helmet-caps1 #hi ,helmschmied1 see ,colman ,helmsmith at work1 #bc ,hengrave ,hall inventory1 #dh ,henry ,,viii1 suit for fighting on foot1 #eg -- 8,engraved0 suit1 #aj1 #ec1 #gd1 #adb ,henry ,,viii imports armourers1 #af ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 ,armour of1 #aa1 #bj1 #ei ,hewitt1 ,john1 ix1 #abe ,hill1 ,treatise of ,johan1 #ic1 #agc ,hippopotamus hide used for armour1 #ajb ,holinshed's description of jacks1 #ij ,homildon1 ,arrows at the battle of1 #ch ,hope1 ,david le1 #eg ,hopfer1 ,daniel1 #acf ,horse-armour1 #h -- padded1 #he -- of leather1 #ajb -- laminated1 #i1 #acd ,horse-trappers1 #hd -- of leather1 #ih ,i ,infantry1 ,weight of modern equipment of1 #aah1 #aai ,iron mills1 #eh -- ore1 ,poisoned1 #dj -- ,prices of1 #ci ,isebrook1 as used by ,shakespeare1 #ch ,j ,jack1 ,construction of1 #di1 #ej -- ,regulations of ,louis ,,xi for1 #hg -- stuffed with horn and mail1 #ib ,jacobi mentioned as master workman1 #ff ,james ,,ii1 ,proclamation against use of gold and silver foliate1 #ei1 #ahg ,joinville1 ,armour given by the ,prince de1 #aa ,jousting1 ,position of rider in1 #e ,jousting-armour1 ,construction of1 #g ,jousting-helm1 ,occularium of1 #e -- ,fastenings of1 #aab ,k ,kelk1 ,john1 and the ,armourers' 8,mannakine10 #abe ,knopf1 ,heinrich1 #ge ,kugler supplies inferior metal to ,seusenhofer1 #ac1 #ch1 #adb ,kyrkenor1 ,erasmus1 #fj ,l ,lames simulated by embossing1 #aa ,la ,noue criticizes weight of armour1 #aag ,leather horse-armour1 #ajb -- guns1 #ii1 #ajb -- cuisses and morion1 #ih ,lee1 ,sir ,henry1 ,armour of1 #ai1 #add -- -- ,helmet of1 #hi1 #ade -- -- ,trial of armour by1 #ff -- -- ,master of the ,armouries1 #ei ,legg1 ,col4 ,william1 ,master of the ,armouries1 #cd1 #aic 8,leicester0 suit in the ,tower1 #eg1 #add ,lewisham1 ,armoury mill at1 #ce ,lindsay helm1 #aai ,linen armourers1 #hh1 #id ,lochner1 ,conrad1 #acf ,locking-gauntlet in ,armourers' ,hall1 #ee1 #abe1 #ade ,locking-hooks1 #ee1 #ef ,locking-pins1 #ee ,louis ,,xiv1 ,armour of1 #ba -- ,proof mark on armour of1 #fh ,m ,madrid1 ,armour in1 #af1 #bi1 #eg1 #ge1 #gf1 #aaa1 #aai1 #aca-g1 #adj ,mail cut up for gussets and sleeves1 #ai -- ,construction of1 #dd -- ,double1 #de -- ,proof of1 #fb -- ,marking of1 #gj -- ,painted1 #hj -- used at end of sixteenth century1 #ajc -- ,banded1 #adf -- makers1 #bc ,manifer1 ,main faire1 ,main de fer1 x1 #ib ,mantegna1 ,picture of ,s4 ,george by1 #ae1 #ach ,mantua1 ,francesco di1 #acd ,marche1 ,oliver de la1 mentions secret tempering for armour1 #fg -- -- -- -- leather for duelling-armour1 #ih ,martin1 ,john1 ,erection of plating-mills by1 #cd1 #ahh -- -- appeals for ,german platers1 #aba1 #ahh ,mary of ,burgundy1 #ad ,maximilian ,i1 #acc-g ,maximilian ,,ii1 #b1 #ad1 #acd1 #acf1 #ada1 #adb -- his theories on making armour1 #af1 #adc ,mendlesham1 ,village armoury at1 #ah1 #ij ,merate brothers1 #ad1 #acf ,merchant ,tailors1 #ie ,meyrick1 ,sir ,samuel1 ix -- -- his theories on banded mail1 #dh -- -- -- -- the burgonet1 #ed ,milan1 #ab1 #ac1 #ach -- ,important factories of armour in1 #ae ,milanese armourers employed by ,henry ,,viii1 #af1 #eh ,mildmay1 ,sir ,walter1 and the ,armourers' ,company1 #abb 8,milliner0 derived from ,milaner1 #id ,missaglia1 ,the1 #ba1 #acg -- ,helm in the ,tower by1 #g -- ,antonio1 ,marks of1 #ej -- -- ,armour by1 #ad1 #aci -- ,tomaso1 ,armour by1 #ach ,mola1 ,gasparo1 #aci ,montauban1 ,chapeaux de1 #ab ,moroni1 ,portraits by1 #aji 8,muhlberg0 suit of ,charles ,v1 #eg ,multscher1 ,hans1 ,statue of ,s4 ,george by1 #ad ,muse d',artillerie1 ,armour in1 #ba1 #eg1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh1 #ga1 #gd1 #aaa1 #aai1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj1 #adc -- -- ,eyelet coat in1 #ij -- -- ,horse-armour in1 #h -- -- ,leather guns in1 #ajb ,n ,nasal1 ,the1 #df ,negrolis1 #ab1 #af1 #ge1 #adj ,new ,college1 ,armour from1 #ai1 #fe ,new ,york1 ,anvil in ,metropolitan ,museum1 #bd ,niello-work as decoration for armour1 #gd ,north1 ,the ,hon4 ,robert1 describes padded armour1 #id ,northumberland1 ,equipage of the ,earl of1 #cj1 #aaa ,o ,or ,san ,michele1 ,statue of ,s4 ,george in1 #ad ,ortolano1 ,picture by1 #cj ,p ,painted ,chamber1 ,westminster1 ,frescoes in1 #h ,passau1 #ac -- ,mark of the city of1 #ga ,parkes1 his fowling-piece of 8,dudley ore10 #da ,passe-guard1 x1 #eb1 #ib -- wrong use of the word1 x1 #d ,pauldrons1 ,large1 #e ,pavia1 ,picture of the battle of1 #ih ,peffenhauser1 ,anton1 #aa1 #ge1 #adj ,peruzzi1 ,marchese1 #ai ,petit of ,blois1 #gf ,petworth1 ,helm at1 #ah ,piccinino1 ,lucio1 #aa1 #adj ,pickering1 ,william1 #bj1 #ei1 #abb ,piers ,gaveston1 ,inventory of1 #gc ,pitt-,rivers ,museum1 ,culottes and coats of fence in the1 #hd ,plate armour on legs1 ,reasons for1 #c ,platers1 #bb ,plates1 ,size of1 #db ,plating-mills1 #cd1 #ahh ,pluvinel1 ,de1 #aad ,poldermitton1 ,the1 #g ,poore1 ,william1 suggests a preservative for armour1 #ha ,porte de ,hal ,muse1 ,horse-cuissard in1 #i -- -- -- ,eyelet coat in1 #ij ,privy coats1 #hg ,proof of armour1 #fb-gb -- -- -- by ,sir ,henry ,lee1 #ff -- marks on bascinet in ,tower1 #fd -- -- on armour of ,louis ,,xiv1 #fh ,r ,ren1 ,king1 #he1 #hh1 #aja ,rerebrace1 ,construction of the1 #e ,richmond at ,bosworth ,field1 #b ,richmond1 ,john1 and the ,armourers' ,company1 #abc ,rivets filed flat1 #d ,rivet1 ,sliding1 #eb1 #ec -- word used for a suit of armour1 #eb ,robinet1 the ,king's tailor1 #hb1 #ia ,rogers1 ,prof4 ,thorold1 #ch ,rosebecque1 ,battle of1 #aja ,rudolph of ,nuremberg1 #dd ,ryall1 ,henry de1 #id ,s ,s4 ,demetrius1 ,picture of1 #cj ,s4 ,george1 ,statuette by ,multscher of1 #ae -- -- at ,prague of1 #ea -- ,engravings by ,drer of1 #hi ,s4 ,victor1 ,picture at ,glasgow of1 #ea ,s4 ,william1 ,carving at ,strasburg of1 #ajf ,sallad cap1 #hi -- ,cover for1 #ic -- ,venetian1 #ic ,sanseverino1 ,armour of ,roberto di1 #ad ,saulx-,tavannes1 ,j4 de1 #bh ,saxe1 ,marshal1 #fe1 #ii ,search1 ,right of1 #bj1 #eh1 #aba ,sebastian1 ,armour of ,king1 #ge1 #adj ,seusenhofers1 ,the1 #ada ,seusenhofer1 ,conrad1 #aj1 #gd1 #gg1 #ada -- -- complains of inferior metal1 #ac -- -- his workshop described in the ,weisz ,knig1 #ae ,shrewsbury1 ,gild of ,armourers at1 #ei ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 #aae ,sigismond of ,tirol1 ,armour of1 #ba ,siris bronzes1 #gc ,sliding rivet1 ,construction of1 #aj1 #eb1 #ec ,smith1 ,sir ,john1 #ia1 #aac1 #ade ,solingen1 #ac ,solleret1 ,construction of1 #f -- ,unpractical1 #aa ,speculum ,regale1 #hd ,splinted armour1 #di1 #ea ,spring-pins1 #ef ,staley1 ,e41 #ad ,stamps1 ,armourer's1 #gb ,stanley1 ,john1 ,sergeant ,armourer1 #bf ,staples for helms1 #aaa ,stibbert ,museum1 #ai ,stokes1 ,w41 ,the ,vaulting ,master1 #aac ,stone1 ,benjamin1 blade-maker1 #fj ,sturtevant's ,metallica1 #fc ,surcoat1 ,the use of1 #gi ,sword-pommels used for weights1 #ai ,t ,thyrkill1 ,richard1 #ga ,tilt-hammers1 #ce1 #dj ,toledo1 #ac ,tonlet1 #aji ,tools1 #bd-ca ,topf1 ,jacob1 #adc -- -- ,armour by1 #ai1 #gf -- -- ,armour in ,armourers' ,hall by1 #abe -- -- ,peculiarity of hook on armets by1 #ba ,toulouse1 #ab ,tower of ,london1 ,armour in1 #aa1 #ec1 #eg1 #gd1 #aai1 #acg1 #aci1 #adb1 #add1 #ade -- -- ,helm by the ,missaglias in1 #g1 #fd -- -- ,jacks in1 #di 8,toiras0 armour1 #fj ,tresses1 #aji ,turin1 ,armeria ,reale1 #ga1 #ajb1 #ada ,tyler1 ,wat1 destroys a jack1 #di ,u ,undergarments1 #ajf ,v ,vambrace1 ,construction of1 #f ,van der ,goes1 ,picture in ,glasgow by1 #ej ,vaulting ,master1 ,the1 #aac ,verney ,memoirs1 mention of proof of armour1 #fh -- -- -- -- fit of armour1 #aje ,versy1 #ab ,vervelles1 #df ,vienna1 ,armour in1 #ad1 #acc-da1 #adc1 #ade -- ,brigandine in1 #ej -- ,helm-cap in1 #hi -- ,helmet-covers in1 #ic ,vireton1 #fd ,w ,wallace helm1 #ah1 #aag -- ,collection1 ,horse-armour in1 #i -- -- ,armour in1 #acd1 #aci1 #ade -- -- ,bascinet and camail in1 #df -- -- ,tools in1 #bd ,waller1 ,j4 ,g41 his views on banded mail1 #dh ,walsingham1 #di ,way1 ,albert1 #ajg ,weisz ,knig1 #ae1 #ada1 #adb -- -- ,armourer's tools figured in1 #bh ,westminster helm1 #ag1 #ah1 #aai -- ,workshops in1 #cb ,whalebone used for gloves and jacks1 #ajj ,whetstone1 his project for light armour of proof1 #ei ,willars de ,honnecourt1 #de ,william the ,conqueror1 #a ,willoughby1 ,jack of ,sir ,john1 #di ,windsor ,park ,tournament1 #bi1 #ajj ,wire-drawing1 ,invention of1 #dd ,woolvercote1 ,sword-mills at1 #cd ,woolwich ,rotunda1 ,tools in the1 #bd -- -- helm1 #ah -- -- leather guns1 #ajb ,z ,zeller1 ,walter1 #ib ,zurich1 #ah ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,brendon ,,and ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,plymouth ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,footnotes #aj to #ah have multiple anchors on page #be4 ,footnote #hj has two anchors on page #fc4 ,footnote #abi has two anchors on page #aai4 ,footnote #ach has three anchors on page #abg4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,pg xiii3 page number #8vii' replaced by #8ix'4 ,pg #bj3 #8often exhibition some' replaced by #8often exhibiting some'4 ,pg #bf3 #8but the 8hurthestaff0' replaced by #8but the 8hurthestaf0'4 ,pg #bf3 #8,the 8cottyngyr0 and' replaced by #8,the 8cottyngyre0 and'4 ,pg #dj3 #8,gay's ,encylopdia' replaced by #8,gay's ,encyclopdia'4 ,pg #hg3 #8seur ledii jacques' replaced by #8seur ledit jacques'4 ,fig4 #dh caption3 #8,ashmolean ,musem' replaced by #8,ashmolean ,museum'4 ,pg #aaa3 #8#bf genouillre' replaced by #8#bf genouillire'4 ,pg #abi3 #8,grnewald1 ,hans' replaced by #8,grnewalt1 ,hans'4 ,pg #aea3 #8,hans ,gunewalt' replaced by #8,hans ,grnewalt'4 ,pg #afc3 #8,oberarmzeng' replaced by #8,oberarmzeug'4 ,pg #agc3 #8blank space' replaced by #8 444 '4 ,pg #agd3 #8blank space' replaced by #8 444 '4 ,,glossary4 ,entries for #8javelin' #8bravette' #8lists' are referenced but they do not exist4 ,section #8,o'3 #8,oberarmzeng' replaced by #8,oberarmzeug'4 ,,index4 ,there were several references to the ,preface at pages #8vii' and #8viii'4 ,this numbering was incorrect and has been changed to #8ix' and #8x'4 ,kelk3 #88,manakine10 #abe' replaced by #88,mannakine10 #abe'4 ,la ,noue3 #8armour1 #aaf' replaced by #8armour1 #aag'4