,,! ,,"y ,,me*anic ,,conta9+ ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,tools1 ,,& ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,/eam ,,eng9es ,,& ,,me*anical ,,models1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,turn+ ,,9 ,,wood ,,& ,,metal4 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,la! ,,& ,,its ,,uses0 8,,! ,,amateur ,,me*anic',s ,,work%op10 c4 ,,f ,,! ,,engli% ,,edition1 ,,) ,,corrections1 c4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york #bg ,,we/ ,,tw5ty-,,?ird ,,/4 ,,london #bd ,,b$=d ,,/41 ,,/r& ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #ahif ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahga1 by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam ,,sons1 9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition4 ,9 pres5t+ ! ,am]ican edition ( ?is little "w to ! public1 we believe we are supply+ a want t has long be5 felt by ! ,"y ,me*anics ( ?is c\ntry1 & _m o!rs :o desire to become v]s$ 9 ! practical use ( tools4 ,we "k ( no o!r book publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry or ,engl&1 9 :i* ! me?od ( us+ tools is s cle>ly expla9$2 & al?\gh writt5 m especially = boys & beg9n]s1 x conta9s mu* in=mation t w be ( great value to ! practical me*anic4 ,! au?or is evid5tly ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) 8 subject1 & und]/&s h[ to communicate 8 ideas 9 a simple & concise mann]4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s are devot$ to ! description ( ,tools = work+ wood & ! mann] ( us+ !m1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/ op]ations1 requir+ b few tools1 & gradually lead+ on to ! m difficult1 giv+ examples ( all ! me?ods ( jo9+ & f9i%+ "w t are 9 common use among good workm51 & 9 ?is connection we w\ld l to call att5tion to ! small numb] ( tools ! au?or requires = p]=m+ all ^! diff]5t op]ations1 ! idea among amateurs & boys g5]ally be+1 t if y only h tools en\gh y c make any?+4 ,?is is n s1 & if ! beg9n] w foll[ ! advice ( ! au?or1 & buy a few good tools1 & le>n ! use ( !m ?or\ghly1 & gradually add to 8 /ock z 8 k ( _! use increases1 he w f9d x greatly to 8 advantage4 ,! next five *apt]s relate to ! la!1 & ! art ( turn+4 ,! au?or foll[s ! same plan z 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! book1 & gives m practical in=mation 9 ^! few pages ?an we h se5 9 any o!r book on ! subject1 mo/ ( !m be+ writt5 app>5tly = f9i%$ me*anics1 & n = beg9n]s4 ,! ,art ( ,turn+ z an amusem5t1 is beg9n+ to attract consid]able att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry1 b n s mu* z x des]ves & w\ld obta91 if x 7 m g5]ally kn[n h[ _m beautiful & useful articles c be produc$ 9 ! la!4 ,! exp5se ( ! necess>y tools has det]r$ _m f attempt+ to le>n ?is bran* ( me*anics2 b we believe if any "o has ! "t & pati5ce to devote to ! "w1 !y w nev] h occasion to regret ! money sp5t = ?is purpose4 ,! la/ f\r *apt]s conta9 practical in/ruction 9 model-mak+ & work+ 9 metal4 ,?is "p ( ! book we w\ld p>ticul>ly recomm5d to inv5tors :o desire to make _! own models1 z x conta9s in=mation 9 reg>d to files1 drills1 & ! v>i\s small tools us$ on metal1 & also directions = lay+ out "w1 :i* are invaluable to a novice 9 su* op]ations1 & w save him mu* "t & tr\ble4 ,z ?is book 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,london1 :]e ! facilities = gett+ _m k9ds ( small tools are bett] ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 p]haps a little advice z to ! be/ way ( gett+ su* tools z may be requir$ w n be out ( place4 ,9 mo/ ( ! l>ge ,h>dw>e ,/ores1 c>p5t]s' tools w be f\nd1 put up 9 *e/s1 at prices v>y+ f five to fifty doll>s or m2 b we %\ld n advise ! amateur to buy any ( ^!1 z ! quality ( ! tools is n always reliable1 & z !y are usually fitt$ up to make z mu* %[ z possible = ! money1 !y conta9 _m tools :i* are ( v little use4 ,! be/ way is to make a li/ ( ! tools requir$1 & select !m = y\rself4 ,! mo/ important ?+ is to h ! ,cutt+ tools ( good quality4 ,we give bel[ ! names ( "s ( ! be/ mak]s ( tools2 if y pur*ase any ( ^!1 y may be sure ( ! quality4 ,on ,saws1--,,h5ry ,,dis/on1 ,,groves ,,son4 ,on ,*isels & ,g\ges1--,,buck ,,bros41 ,,m\lson ,,bros4 ,on ,plane ,irons1--,,m\lson ,,bros41 ,,wm4 ,,but*]4 ,on ,files1--,p4 ,s4 ,,/ubs1 ,,greaves ,,son1 ,,e>l ,,co4 ,on ,rules & ,squ>es1--,,/anley ,,rule ,,& ,,level ,,co4 ,if y live 9 ! ,city1 y w probably f9d no difficulty 9 procur+ "s ( ! above makes2 b if y _c f9d !m !re are "s o!rs t are good1 & y mu/ rely some:at on ! deal]4 ,9 reg>d to ! probable co/ ( ! tools1 a set su* z is describ$ on pages #bi & #cj1 w\ld co/ f fifte5 to tw5ty doll>s4 ,( ,foot ,la!s1 ! foll[+ are "s ( ! mak]s3 ,n4 ,h4 ,,baldw91 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,goodn[ ,,wightman1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,am]ican ,,tool ,,co4 0 0 ,g4 ,l4 ,,cady1 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,,exet] ,,ma*9e ,,co41 ,exet]1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,jas4 ,,/ew>t',s ,,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,f "s ( ! above ! amateur w probably be able to select a ,la! to suit him 9 size & price4 ,! l[e/ price at :i* a s]viceable la! c be b\ght is ab\t =ty doll>s ?is is )\t tools or *ucks4 ,ab\t fifte5 doll>s m w\ld be requir$ = ^!4 ,la!s c be b\ght f ?is price up to hundr$s ( doll>s1 accord+ to ! /yle ( la! & ! numb] ( *ucks1 b ( c\rse ! beg9n] w\ld n ne$ an exp5sive la!1 & sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ doll>s w\ld buy a la! & tools suitable = all k9ds ( small "w 9 wood1 ivory1 or metal4 ,?is volume be+ an exact repr9t ( ! ,engli% edition1 x may be well to expla9 t ! mat]ial call$ ,deal 9 ,engl& is mu* ! same z our ,p9e4 ,! article call$ 9 ,engl& a 8,c>ri]10 is ) u call$ a dog 7see pp4 #aab1 #aad1 #aae74 ,articles pric$ 9 ,engli% curr5cy w\ld co/ "h n[ ab\t #ce c5ts to ! ,engli% %ill+1 or #g p] /g4 ,,preface4 ,( all p 9 ! _w :o mu/ n be neglect$ are1 fir/ & =emo/1 8,our ,boys10 &1 ( all boys1 me*anical boys des]ve a v high place 9 our e/imation4 ,:atev] o!rs may be1 ^!1 at any rate1 are possess$ ( s\nd heads1 & will+ h&s4 ,!re=e1 to help ^! to c>ry out _! designs1 appe>s to be a special duty ( ^? :o1 once me*anical boys !mselves1 h liv$ to become ! prog5itors ( o!rs4 ,9 fulfilm5t ( ?is v duty ,i h tak5 up ! p51 & ) special ref]5ce to "y me*anics1 b )\t entirely =gett+ ^? ( matur] gr[?1 ,i h ?r[n toge!r a few h9ts ^u t absorb+ "q1 8,h[ to make & h[ to use80 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i h endeav\r$ to c>ry out ! plan ( small beg9n+s1 go+ f ! simple/ & easie/ to ! m complicat$ & difficult "w1 al?\gh "h & !re1 ( %e] necessity1 a some:at diff]5t ord] has be5 obs]v$4 ,! work%ops ( ,k+'s ,college ,s*ool prove ! capabilities ( boys to d high-class me*anical "w :5 _! ef=ts are rightly direct$ by a ma/]'s h&4 ,:]e ! latt] _c be obta9$1 guide-books mu/1 h[ev] insuffici5tly1 take 8 place2 b :e!r in/ruction 9 me*anical art be oral or o!rwise1 practice & p]sev]ance are ! secrets ( success4 8,qui /udet optatam cursu cont+]e metam1 ,multa tulit fecitque pu]2 sudavit et alsit40 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory1 #a ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,cage1 #ae ,,iii4 ,,mortice ,,& ,,t5on ,,jo9t+1 #bi ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,table1 #di ,v4 ,,dovetail+ ,,& ,,mitr+1 #ff ,,vi4 ,,rebat+1 ,,tongue+1 ,,& ,,groov+1 #hi ,,vii4 ,,! ,,"y ,,me*anic ,,at ,,! ,,la!1 #ajc ,,viii4 ,,on ,,woods ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,turn+1 #abb ,,ix4 ,,%>p5+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,tools1 #add ,x4 ,,h&-,,turn+ ,,9 ,,wood1 #afc ,,xi4 ,,h>d-,,wood ,,turn+1 #bjc ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,/eam-,,eng9e1 #bbf ,,xiii4 ,,watt',s ,,eng9e1 #bfd ,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,eng9e1 #bha ,,xv4 ,,h>d5+ ,,& ,,temp]+ ,,tools1 #cbe ,,*apt] ,i4 ,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 a ta/e = practical me*anics 0 s g5]al among boys z x is n[1 9 ?is ye> ( grace #ahgj4 ,!re are comp>atively few homes 9 :i* evid5ces ( ?is hobby are n app>5t 9 e odd nook & corn]1 9 ! %ape ( c>p5t]'s tools1 n always 9 fir/-rate condition1 nor by any means g5]ally 9 _! prop] places4 ,a saw "h1 a hamm] !re1 a gimlet1 bradawl1 or *isel else:]e4 ,?is probably results f ! giant /rides :i* h be5 made ( late ye>s 9 me*anical ent]prise1 & ! introduction ( ma*9]y into e dep>tm5t1 z a means ( sav+ lab\r & facilitat+ ! production ( ! v>i\s necess>ies ( life4 ,man is an imitative animal1 & 9 ?is z 9 o!r ?+s 8! *ild is fa!r to ! man20 & h5ce x comes to pass t ! boy ^: eyes are cont9ually re/+ ^u ma*9]y ( "o sort or ano!r 7agricultural implem5ts1 if a villag]2 eng9es = plan+1 saw+1 turn+1 & s =?1 if resid5t 9 a t[n7 soon] or lat] feels an innate desire to con/ruct models ( ^! gigantic me*anical lab\r]s1 by ^: incessant b unfelt toil our sev]al daily ne$s are s *eaply & pl5tifully suppli$4 ,ev5 if ! y\?ful m9d does n always display highly-develop$ inv5tive faculties1 !re is v g5]ally manife/$ a desire ( p]sonally con/ruct+ "s "o or m ( ^? articles :i* conduce to ! gratification ( a p>ticul> hobby4 ,if ! boy has a ta/e = natural hi/ory1 cases & cab9ets w be made1 = ! reception ( eggs1 butt]flies1 & insects1 or to conta9 /uff$ specim5s ( animals & birds4 ,if he has )9 him ! elem5ts ( a sailor1 8 +5uity w be ex]cis$ ^u model boats & %ips4 ,if fond ( dumb pets1 rabbit hut*es1 dove-cots1 or cages w af=d him opportunities = ! ex]cise ( 8 con/ructive p[]s1 & ?us ! "y me*anic frequ5tly lays ! f\ndation ( future em95ce 9 t p>ticul> l9e ( life to :i* 8 ta/es naturally lead him4 ,!re are few boyi% hobbies 9 :i* assi/ance has n ( late ye>s be5 giv5 by in/ruction books & guides ( a high degree ( excell5ce--natural hi/ory1 botany1 g>d5+1 re>+ & bre$+ all mann] ( pets--to ea* ( ^!1 well-writt5 volumes h be5 devot$ by able & exp]i5c$ writ]s1 b me*anical & con/ructive art has be5 some:at neglect$4 ,"h & !re1 9 p]iodical magaz9es1 a few pages are d$icat$ to ! subject1 b no book ab\t practical me*anics1 writt5 expressly = boys1 has yet appe>$4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t volume1 himself fa!r ( f\r lads1 all ( :om 9 turn occasionally try _! h&s at ?is k9d ( "w1 & :o has himself = _m ye>s practis$ ! me*anical arts ( c>p5try1 turn+1 & model-mak+1 hopes t ! h9ts conta9$ h]e9 may prove valuable to ^? "y fri5ds :om he n[ addresses4 ,"s ( ! foll[+ *apt]s w be arrang$ = v little boys1 "s = ^? :o are old]1 :ile x is believ$ t o!r p>ts ( ! "w may n prove altoge!r useless to ^? :o h dropp$ jacket & knick]bock]s & rejoice 9 ! vig\r ( manhood4 ,?us ! little boy1 :o receives ! book z a pres5t1 w f9d x a fa/ & fai?ful fri5d z 8 ye>s1 &1 we tru/1 k & bodily p[]s increase4 8,small boys ne$ few tools1 b mu* p]sev]ance40 ,let ?is be _! motto1 z x w /& !m 9 good /ead4 ,a pocket-knife1 gimlet1 hamm]1 & a few nails w g5]ally s]ve _! purpose2 b !re is "o o!r tool1 namely1 a squ>e1 :i* is ( great importance1 & ( :i* x is well to le>n ! use z e>ly z possible4 ,a small saw & a bradawl may also be add$ to ! li/1 & likewise a *isel half an in* wide4 ,?us equipp$1 a v y\?ful c>p5t] c d a good deal1 &1 let me tell him1 a good deal has be5 (t5 done )\t ev5 ?is mod]ate supply ( tools4 ,x mu/ be tak5 = grant$ t ! knife & *isel are %>p1 because blunt tools make bad "w1 & by f> ! be/ plan = small boys is to get "s fri5d to %>p5 !m :5 blunt1 z ! op]ation is n easy & requires practice4 ,x is a v fooli% plan to try & "w ) a blunt knife1 = ! f+]s are j z mu* 9 dang]2 & a boy :o int5ds to le>n h[ to use tools mu/ le>n at ! comm5cem5t to use !m ) due c>e1 s z n to damage himself4 ,!re are small boxes ( tools sold1 conta9+ g5]ally a wood5 mallet1 saw1 plane1 *isel1 & gimlet1 at ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 or ev5 #es4 ,su* a box is simply useless4 ,! tools are ( iron--w n take a good edge1 & are g5]ally dispos$ to b5d & twi/4 ,avoid ^!1 & buy1 or get a fri5d to buy1 ^? ,i h nam$1 ( good quality1 & be sure to take c>e ( !m1 = :i* purpose y may try y\r h& at mak+ a box4 ,= ?is purpose1 y w require "s ?9 bo>d 7half-in* ?ick7 plan$ on bo? sides4 7,! c>p5t] w prep>e ?is = y47 ,let u see h[ mu* y w ne$4 ,measure y\r longe/ tool1 ! *isel or saw1 if ! latt] is q a small "o fit to g into a little box2 if n1 x c be hung on a nail1 & y c make y\r box to conta9 y\r knife & *isel & gimlets4 ,i d>esay if ! box is #i in*es long1 #d in*es wide1 & #c in*es deep1 x w be l>ge en\gh to take ^! few tools1 = ,i h j n[ measur$ su* a hamm] & *isel z ,i h recomm5d$1 & f9d !m ea* ab\t #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! top & bottom ( a box %\ld project a little all r\nd1 s t y w want !m ab\t an in* & a half wid] & long]1 :i* w also all[ = ! ?ickness ( ! wood2 = y mu/ rememb] we h giv5 ! size ( ! box inside4 ,to make ?is cle>1 ,i %all "h give a plan ( ! bottom ( ! box 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,x is #aj in*es long1 & #e in*es wide4 ,! broad black l9e %[s :]e ! edges ( ! sides & ends w come1 ^! be+ half an in* ?ick1 s t !re is a qu>t] ( an in* all r\nd ! outside z a bord]4 ,reckon across & y w und]/& ?is bett]4 ,a qu>t] ( an in* outside1 half an in* = ! black l9e 7equals ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*71 #d in*es = ! inside wid?1 half an in* aga9 = ! black l9e1 & a qu>t] ( an in* outside z be=e1--altoge!r mak+ #e in*es4 ,n[ reckon ! l5g?4 ,a qu>t]-in* bord]1 half an in* = ! black l9e1 #i in*es inside1 half in* = ! second black l9e1 & ano!r qu>t] outside--mak+ #aj in*es4 ,y require1 !re=e1 two bo>ds #aj in*es long & #d wide = ! top & bottom4 ,n[ ! two long sides & ! ends are to be #c in*es wide to =m ! dep? ( ! box1 & "h y want no extra wid?1 b z ! inside ( y\r box is to be #i in*es long1 & ! sides are usually nail$ ov] ! ends1 l ,fig4 #b1 :]e ,i h %[n !m put toge!r1 y see t y mu/ h ! sides z mu* long] ?an #i in*es z w all[ !m to lap ov] ! ends2 t is1 half an in* at ea* end :]e ,i h made !m black1 or altoge!r1 "o in*2 s t y w want two pieces #aj in*es long & #c wide4 ,! ends w be also #c in*es wide & #d in*es ! o!r way1 & "h no additional size is ne$$4 ,n[1 ! usual way to cut ! sides is to get a n>r[ /rip ( bo>d ( ! requir$ wid? & ?ickness1 & long en\gh to make bo? ! sides & ends1 j su* a piece z ,fig4 #c1 on :i* are m>k$ ! l9es :]e x w h to be cut across1 & y w easily p]ceive t y require #bh in*es 9 l5g? & #c 9 wid?4 ,b y mu/ und]/& t :5 y cut ) a saw y wa/e a little ( ! wood1 :i* falls 9 ! %ape ( sawdu/1 & s if y did n all[ = ?is1 y\r box w\ld be too small4 ,! wa/e dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! edge ( ! saw1 :]e y w1 if y exam9e x1 see t ! tee? spread out "r & left to prev5t x f /ick+ fa/ z x is us$4 ,probably1 y w\ld wa/e ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*1 :i* is ne>ly half an in* 9 cutt+ (f ! pieces1 s t in/ead ( a piece exactly #bh in*es long1 y mu/ h x #bh in*es1 or ev5 a little m4 ,i want y to und]/& all ?is be=e y set to "w1 ev5 ?\gh at fir/ y may get a c>p5t] to measure & cut x = y2 because mo/ small boys take no tr\ble ( ?is k9d1 & consequ5tly !y are sure to make _! boxes too l>ge or too small1 & !y look v bad :5 done4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i expect my "y read]s to und]/& :at !y are ab\t1 & !y mu/ set out _! "w c>efully1 or !y w nev] get on s z to be able to make good use ( ! lat] *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,a c>p5t]'s rule is made l ?is 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,sometimes !re is a brass slide1 to add to its l5g? :5 necess>y1 & sometimes x is h+$ s z to fold up aga94 ,if y want "o = y\r box1 y c get x s made1 :5 x w g 9 nicely4 ,x is #b feet long--#a foot on ea* side ( ! c5tral jo9t4 ,a foot is #ab in*es2 ! :ole rule1 !re=e1 is #bd in*es4 ,n[1 y w see t ea* ( ^! in*es is divid$ by %ort l9es into eight equal p>ts1 call$ eigh?s2 at ! second1 ! l9e is r long]1 ?is be+ a qu>t] ( an in*2 at ! f\r?1 !re is a /ill long] l9e1 ?is be+ ! half-in*2 !n comes ano!r eigh?1 !n ! ?ree-qu>t]s1 ano!r eigh?1 & ! in* is made up1--eight-eigh?s be+ equal to "o :ole in*4 ,v likely y w f9d "o edge ( ! rule1 or sometimes only "o in*1 divid$ into small] p>ts1 :i* are sixte5?s1 or half-eigh?s2 & sometimes1 b n v (t51 divisions /ill small] are us$1 :i* are half-sixte5?s1 or ?irty-seconds1 because ?irty-two su* divisions make ! complete in*4 ,?ree feet make "o y>d1 b c>p5t]s always reckon by ! foot & in*1 & by eigh?s & sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,9 "s trades ! in* is divid$ into a hundr$ p>ts1 & "w is measur$ up & fitt$ s c>efully1 t x w\ld be consid]$ faulty if a mi/ake ( less ?an a ?\s&? ( an in* 7 made2 b y w n yet und]/& h[ x is possible ev5 to measure s v small a quantity4 ,y %\ld c]ta9ly le>n & und]/& h[ to measure ) a common two-foot rule1 & :5 y c add "o to y\r box ( tools1 d s4 ,n[1 let u exam9e ! tool call$ a squ>e1 )\t :i* ! m>ks c\ld n readily be drawn z a guide = ! saw1 :]e ! /rip ( bo>d is to be cut to make ! sides & ends ( ! propos$ box4 ,"h is a draw+ ( "o 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,x is a h&le & a blade1 l a knife half op5$1 ! "o be+ fix$ exactly squ>e1 or at "r angles ) ! o!r4 ,! blade is ?9n] ?an ! h&le1 & :5 ! latt] is plac$ z 9 ,fig4 #f1 a l9e m>k$ across ! bo>d aga9/ ! edge ( ! blade w be1 ( c\rse1 squ>e to ! side1 s t :5 cut (f1 ! piece w be l ! end ( ,fig4 #f4 ,?is is n ! %ape :i* ! sides ( boxes g5]ally h :5 made by small boys1 because !y h n a squ>e1 & d n "k h[ to "w prop]ly4 ,nev]!less1 if "o end ( a bo>d is cut squ>e1 y might get ! piece "r by measur+ ! same di/ance on ea* side 7say #aj in*es71 & draw+ a l9e across f po9t to po9t1 z a guide = ! c\rse ( ! saw4 ,b1 !n1 z x is absolutely necess>y t ! end ( ! bo>d %\ld be squ>e to ! side1 to d ?is y _h bett] get a prop] squ>e at once1 & le>n h[ to use x4 ,y w1 inde$1 f9d ?is tool mo/ necess>y = all k9ds ( "w1 & y w be q unable to d )\t x1 ev5 ?\gh y only h1 besides1 a knife & gimlet4 ,n[1 if y want to cut (f a piece ( bo>d ) ! saw1 y mu/ nev] cut out ! l9e y h m>k$ z a guide by ! help ( y\r squ>e1 because if y d1 y w get ! piece too %ort1 ow+ to ! wid? ( ! saw-cut :i* ,i expla9$ be=e4 ,cut1 !re=e1 j beyond x1 leav+ x ^u ! piece y are go+ to use = ! side ( y\r box1 or o!r article4 ,at fir/1 y w f9d x difficult to saw neatly & close to ! l9e1 b y w get us$ to x v soon2 & if ! saw does n g q /raight1 y c trim ! piece ) a %>p knife neatly up to ! l9e1 :i* y see y c\ld n d if y cut out t l9e by saw+ exactly ^u x4 ,all ^! directions 9 little matt]s are v important1 because y w f9d t1 by att5d+ to !m1 y w "w well1 & ! v>i\s ?+s y make w look neat & trim1 & be fit to %[ to y\r fri5ds4 ,n[1 let u g on ) ! box1 :i* 0 laid d[n j to all[ a little explanation ab\t ! c>p5t]'s rule & squ>e4 ,i %all suppose y to h cut (f all ! pieces q squ>ely & neat1 & t ! edges are also squ>e to ! sides1 :i* y mu/ take c>e to insure by keep+ ! blade ( ! saw upright :5 y use x4 ,x is a good plan to measure & m>k bo? sides ( y\r bo>d = ?is purpose1 & to m>k ! edges f "o ( ^! l9es to ! o!r4 ,y w !n h guide-m>ks all r\nd1 &1 by keep+ close to ^!1 y w be sure to cut y\r "w truly4 ,x w\ld n s mu* signify if ! long sides 7 cut a trifle too long1 z ,i %all expla9 pres5tly2 b ! ends mu/ be squ>e & true to measure1 #d in*es by #c in*es4 ,y mu/ n[ proce$ to nail !m toge!r4 ,?is mu/ be done ) small brads1 :i* are f9e nails1 & :i* = ! pres5t purpose may be "o in* long4 ,if y\r pieces are all exact to measure1 draw a p5cil l9e across ! two side pieces1 a qu>t] ( an in* f ! ends1 by ! help ( ! squ>e1 z if y want$ to cut (f a qu>t] ( an in* at ea* ( ^? p>ts1 & ) y\r bradawl make two or ?ree holes 7?ree w be be/7 along ^? l9es4 ,d n make ! fir/ & la/ too ne> ! edges1 or y w split ! wood1 & spoil ! box4 ,n[ set up "o ( ! %ort pieces1 & place ^u x ! piece :i* y h bor$ holes 94 ,if y h a b5* ) a vice1 y c screw up ! %ort piece into x2 b x w /& up v well ^u ! b5* if y h no vice4 ,x is n[ 9 ! position ( ,fig4 #g1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,hold x ?us1 & run ! bradawl a little way into ! l[] piece1 ?r\gh ! holes already made 9 ! upp]4 ,drive a brad ?r\gh ! middle hole fir/1 :i* w hold x toge!r1 & !n ?r\gh ! o!r two holes4 ,if y h be5 c>eful1 y w f9d ?is corn] squ>e & neat1 & ! wood n split 9 ! lea/4 ,d ! same ) ! o!r %ort piece1 & !n nail on ! long side t is left4 ,! frame ( ! box w n[ be complete4 ,i told y a %ort "t ago1 t x w\ld n mu* signify if ! sides 7 cut too long4 ,! reason is ?is3 ,suppose ,b to be ! side half an in* too long4 ,y w\ld m>k (f #i in*es ( ! middle by two l9es drawn ) ! squ>e z be=e1 :i* w\ld be ! l5g? ( ! inside ( ! box2 y w\ld !n place ! inn] edges ( ! end pieces aga9/ ^! l9es1 & nail !m on l ,a1 & aft]w>ds neatly saw (f ! two pieces :i* lap ov] ^! at ea* end4 ,if ! wood is likely to split :5 ! holes are made = ! nails1 or if ! workman is press$ = "t1 he v frequ5tly does 8 "w 9 ?is way1 & !n cuts x (f & planes x neatly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] to "w z direct$1 only be sure to bore holes c>efully = ! nails1 s z nev] to split ! wood4 ,no v special directions are ne$$ ab\t putt+ on ! bottom4 ,leave all r\nd an exactly ev5 bord] ( a qu>t] ( an in*1 & aft] x is nail$1 y may neatly r\nd (f all its edges1 to give x a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! cov] is1 ( c\rse1 to be atta*$ by a pair ( small h+es4 ,brass h+es are ! neate/1 & :5 y buy !m1 ask = screws to mat*4 ,! h+es may be ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & !y w be1 :5 %ut1 ab\t half an in* wide1 :i* is ! size y ne$4 ,lay !m 7%ut up7 ^u ! edge ( ! back1 ab\t two in*es f ! ends1 & ) a h>d p5cil cut to a f9e po9t1 or ) ! po9t ( y\r bradawl1 make a m>k at ea* end1 z if y 7 measur+ ! l5g? ( ! h+es on ! edge ( ! box4 ,betwe5 ^! m>ks y h to cut out pieces l ,fig4 #h1 :i* w be j ! l5g? ( ! h+es1 & deep en\gh to all[ !m1 :5 %ut up1 to fit & lie ev5 ) ! top edge ( ! box4 ,op5 !m1 make holes ) ! bradawl1 & put 9 ! screws4 ,if y h n a screwdriv]1 y c turn !m ) ! end ( an old knife2 b y may z well get a small screwdriv]1 = if y int5d to d good "w1 y w (t5 use screws in/ead ( nails4 ,h+es are always screw$ on4 ,n[ lay ! cov] 9 place c>efully1 m>k its position1 s t y h "s sort ( guide-l9e to direct y1 & !n by lay+ ! cov] flat on ! b5*1 & /&+ ! 7op57 box on its side1 y c screw on ! h+es ^u ! cov]4 ,r\nd all ! edges ( ! cov] z y did ! bottom1 b keep ! edges ( ! box squ>e & %>p2 & s y h n[ a really well-made little tool-*e/4 ,a little brass hook & eye w d to fa/5 x1 = a lock is r difficult = a small boy to put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! me?od ( con/ruct+ a simple box has be5 giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 because s _m o!r articles are made ^u exactly simil> pr9ciples4 ,! rules laid d[n comprise two or ?ree ess5tial po9ts1 ! neglect ( :i* r5d] ! ord9>y c>p5try ( boys s ess5tially bad4 ,=emo/ ( ^! is ! use ( ! squ>e4 ,!re is no tool ( m g5]al use 9 ! h&s ( workm5 9 wood & metal1 & yet1 g5]ally speak+1 ei!r none at all1 or a v faulty "o is add$ to ! collection ( tools ord9>ily suppli$ to boys4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i h insi/$ ^u accuracy 9 measurem5t4 ,! c>p5t]'s rule is n at all difficult = a "y boy to und]/&2 b ev5 if he is n 9 possession ( su* at 8 fir/ attempts1 he %\ld always be induc$ to "w by measure ( "s k9d4 ,?is causes him ( necessity to ex]cise 8 m9d z well z 8 h&s1 & tea*es him to consid] well at />t+ z to :at he mu/ all[ = ?ickness ( wood1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 inside & outside measurem5t1 & s =?2 all ?is w greatly conduce to 8 success1 & consequ5tly satisfaction 9 8 "w1 & w less5 ! *ances ( 8 beg9n+ a numb] ( articles & ca/+ !m aside unf9i%$--a prop5sity too common 9 all boys4 ,i %all n[ resume my directions 9 ! fir/ p]son1 :i* ,i ?9k is ! m easy me?od bo? = ma/] & pupil4 ,! next specim5 ,i propose1 because x requires ev5 m c>e ?an a box1 b is at ! same "t p]fectly )9 a boy's p[]s1 is a birdcage4 ,( ^! !re are su* a numb] ( v>ieties t x is difficult to settle ^u ! be/ k9d to beg9 ^u4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 a wire cage w on ! :ole be ! easie/ to con/ruct1 only y mu/ take great c>e 9 bor+ holes 9 ! ?9 /rips ( wood1 &1 inde$1 if y c get a birdcage-mak]'s awl besides ! "o y h1 x w save bo? "t & tr\ble4 ,x is n made r\nd ) a flat end1 b is ?ree-corn]$ ) a %>p po9t1 s t x has ?ree edges1 & :5 x is c>efully us$ & twirl$ r\nd & r\nd by ! f+]s 9 mak+ holes1 x w h>dly ev] split ev5 v ?9 /rips & pieces ( wood4 ,h[ev]1 if y _c get "o nev] m9d1 y mu/ use ! common bradawl accord+ to directions "h giv54 ,i %all suppose y n[ 9 possession ( a c>p5t]'s rule1 & t y h c>efully le>n$ all ,i told y ( ! in*es & eigh?s1 s t y may be able to measure & m>k y\r "w v truly4 ,! front ( ! cage is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #i1 be=e ! project+ ro(-bo>ds h be5 put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,"h y see two upright /rips at ! corn]s1 :i* %all be #h in*es long4 ,^! are #ab in*es ap>t1 outside measure4 ,!y are 7?ree-eigh?s7 ( an in* squ>e1 & y mu/ get !m ready plan$ f ! c>p5t]4 ,!re w be f\r ( !m requir$1 z !y are at ! f\r corn]s ( ! cage2 s t1 z !y are ea* #h in*es long1 y c get a /rip #cf in*es 9 l5g? by ?ree-eigh?s wide1 & ?is be+ #d in*es m ?an y ne$1 w all[ = wa/e4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! draw+1 y see ! edge ( ! bottom bo>d1 :i* projects a little all r\nd4 ,z ! outside ( ! front pill>s are #ab in*es ap>t1 ?is bo>d may be #ac in*es long1 :i* w all[ a bord] ( an in* 7half an in*71 & x may be #h in*es wide4 ,x ne$ n be ?ick] ?an a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,a little above ?is bo>d 7say half an in*7 is ano!r bo>d f "o pill> to ano!r1 :i* is to be #a in*es wide & ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,z ! pill>s are also ?ree-eigh?s ?ick1 & _! outside edges #ab in*es ap>t1 y mu/ take #f_/h 7six-eigh?s7 ( an in* f #ab in*es to f9d ! l5g? ( ?is bo>d4 ,if y look at ! divisions ^u y\r rule1 y w see t six-eigh?s ( an in* am\nts to exactly 7?ree qu>t]s71 s t y\r bo>d mu/ be #aa in*es & "o qu>t] long4 ,?is w also be ! l5g? ( ! bo>d at ! top :]e x falls betwe5 ! pill>s1 & ?is too mu/ be ?ree-eigh?s ?ick4 ,i %all n[ %[ y h[ to m>k & cut ?is top piece into ! %ape "h sket*$4 ,cut ! bo>d fir/ ( all into an oblong1 & m9d t y m>k x by y\r squ>e1 s t ! ends %all be squ>e to ! sides4 ,let x be #b in*es wide4 ,"h x is 7,fig4 #aj74 ,measure a l5g? ( #f in*es f ei!r end to ! middle at ,a1 & make a m>k at t place4 ,draw a l9e1 ,c ,b1 "o in* f ! opposite side1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! bo>d1 & m9d y draw x correctly4 ,y %\ld measure an in* at ,b1 & at ,c1 & !n draw a l9e f "o po9t to ! o!r along ! edge ( y\r rule4 ,y mu/ n[ draw two l9es f ! spot y m>k$ at ,a to ! ends ( ?is l9e 7:]e y see ! dott$ l9es74 ,9 ord] to cut ?is piece1 y mu/ beg9 at ,a1 n at ,b or ,c1 or else if ! saw %\ld /ick y w be sure to split (f a /rip "r across ! piece2 b if x %\ld /ick :5 y are cutt+ f ,a1 y w only split (f a bit ( "o ( ! ?ree-corn]$ outside pieces1 :i* w\ld n signify at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,:5 y are saw+1 be sure1 z ,i told y be=e1 n to cut into ! l9e y h m>k$1 b saw j outside x1 s t ! l9es w be left ^u ! two slop+ sides ( ! bo>d4 ,y may cut z close to x z y c1 b y mu/ n de/roy x1 & !n y c ) y\r knife neatly %ave (f ! r\gh edges :i* ! saw has made1 until y h p>$ ! wood q neatly all along ! l9e4 ,if y cut ?is l9e out1 y w no long] h any guide to "w by4 ,cutt+ out guide l9es is a v common fault1 n conf9$ to small boys or big ones4 ,y w f9d x easy to p>e ?is slop+ side if y beg9 to "w f ,a d[nw>ds to ,b & ,c1 b y _c cut x 9 ! o!r direction4 ,a c>p5t] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 run 8 plane d[n ! slope1 & s w y by & by2 b plan+ is difficult1 & x is bett] y %\ld wait = a "t be=e y buy a plane2 =1 rememb]1 ^? fooli% little ?+s 9 boys' tool-boxes are no use at all4 ,y _h bett] n[ prep>e ! holes into :i* ! wires are to be put z y see 9 ! draw+4 ,y c use ei!r iron wire or brass1 b ! fir/ is *eape/4 ,^! w h to be a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t4 ,bo? ! top & bottom /rips1 y w rememb]1 are #aa 7elev5 & a qu>t]7 in*es long4 ,n[1 #aa in*es w be #dd qu>t]s1 & "o m w be #de2 b z ! fir/ hole mu/ be a qu>t] ( an in* f ! ends1 y w f9d t #dd holes w be requir$4 ,look at y\r rule & c\nt ?is4 ,y mu/ m>k all ^! by little dots ) a p5cil on "o piece1 & !n lay+ ! o!r ^u x1 m>k ! re/ exactly ev5 ) ! fir/4 ,d ?is ) great c>e1 or ! wires w n /& upright :5 ! cage is f9i%$4 ,! space betwe5 ! top & bottom pieces w be #e in*es1 s t if y all[ ! wires to ent] a qu>t] ( an in* at ! top & bottom1 y w want #dd wires #e in*es 9 l5g?--y may say1 #f in*es4 ,y c h !m all cut & /raight5$ = y1 b if y h a pair ( pli]s ) cutt+ edges1 y c d x y\rself1 & x is almo/ necess>y y %\ld get a pair1 or borr[ !m1 if y int5d to con/ruct wire birdcages4 ,y w want a few less 9 ea* side ( ?is cage1 z x w n be !re s wide z x is 9 front4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ _m x w require4 ,y may put toge!r ! front ( ! cage at once & set x aside1 or proce$ to cut out ! re/ ( x4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is ! be/ plan to cut out & prep>e all ! ma9 p>ts ( y\r "w be=e proce$+ to fix !m 9 _! respective places2 b ! front ( su* a cage z ,i am describ+1 be+ complete 9 itself1 y may d z y l ab\t x4 ,we w beg9 ) ! wires4 ,ins]t ! ends "o aft] ! o!r 9 a r[ 9 "o ( ! pieces1 lay+ x ^u ! b5*1 or fix+ x on its edge 9 a vice1 b tak+ c>e n to b5d !m4 ,:5 "o piece is ?us /uck full ( wires1 lay x flat on its side1 & put ! o!r piece 9 its place1 & "o by "o ins]t into x ! o!r ends ( ! wires4 ,a pair ( pli]s w help y greatly 9 do+ ?is4 ,i d>esay ! two pieces ( wood w n be v p>allel1 b w be clos] at "o end ?an at ! o!r4 ,?is does n matt]1 because y w set x "r 9 nail+ on ! upright /rips or corn] pill>s4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! next ?+ y mu/ d2 & y mu/ h two brads top & bottom1 ea* an in* long1 b z f9e z y c get4 ,nail to ! top bo>d fir/1 & !n place ! o!r 9 position half an in* f ! bottom ( ! pill>s4 ,if y h no c>p5t]'s vice1 y _h bett] "w ) ! front ( ! cage laid d[n flat & ne> ! "r h& edge ( ! b5* or table1 s t ! pill> almo/ ov]laps x4 ,9 ?is position1 y c bore ! two holes & nail x toge!r2 b be gu>d$ z to splitt+ ! pill>s4 ,y ought n[ to h ! front well & firmly put toge!r & /&+ squ>e & true z 9 ! sket*2 only ! bottom bo>d1 ( :i* y see ! front edge1 is n to be att5d$ to at pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,!re is ano!r way ( go+ to "w1 namely1 to put ! :ole framework ( ! cage toge!r & add ! wires aft]w>ds4 ,9 ?is case 7! holes hav+ all be5 made be=eh& z direct$ "h7 ! wires are 9 turn ins]t$ at ! top1 & !n be+ slightly b5t are put 9 place 9 ! bottom piece--ea* wire be+ completely fix$ be=e ! next is add$4 ,ei!r way may be tri$1 b 9 t giv5 above ! wires are n b5t at all1 & !re=e h n to be /raight5$4 ,add+ !m1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds is ! common practice among ! cage-mak]s4 ,inde$1 x g5]ally happ5s 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts t "o set ( workm5 make ! woodwork1 & ano!r set add ! wires--su* division ( lab\r prov+ m advantage\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,att5tion is n[ to be giv5 to ! sides1 ( :i* ,fig4 #aa is a draw+4 ,"h y ne$ n make any corn] pill>s4 ,y h only to cut out ! top & bottom /rips--! l[] "o1 #a in* wide1 to mat* t 9 front3 ! top1 #a in* wide1 to mat* ! /raight "p ( ! ends ( ! upp] front piece or gable1 z y see 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,y w also see by ?is draw+ t y mu/ nail ! side pieces inside ! corn] pill>s1 & n ^u !m1 s t ! nails g 9 f ! front ( ! cage into ! ends ( ! two side pieces :i* c>ry ! wires4 ,i h %[n by dots 7,fig4 #ab7 :]e ! nail holes are1 & !y mu/ be c>efully made1 avoid+ ! places :]e ! o!r two nails come1 :i* y hamm]$ 9 :5 y fitt$ toge!r ! front4 ,! side /rips1 ,a ,b 7,fig4 #aa71 may be #h in*es long4 ,bo? sides ( ! cage are to be made exactly alike4 ,i h told y to make ! l[] side-rails #a in* wide1 because !y mu/ come to ! bottom ( ! pill>s1 = no half-in* space is requir$ at ! sides betwe5 ^! rails & ! bottom ( ! cage4 ,x is s left 9 ! front1 because a tray1 or clean+-bo>d1 has to be slid 9 !re4 ,y _h c]ta9ly bett] put toge!r ! side pieces by means ( ! wires1 z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 be=e y nail !m 9 _! places4 ,y n[ require a piece ( bo>d = ! back1 & qu>t]-in* /uff w d v well4 ,b\ght cages are made ( mu* ?9n] wood1 g5]ally mahogany1 b at fir/ x w be easi] = y to use ?ick] bo>ds4 ,if y r\nd (f ! edges1 !y w n appe> s ?ick4 ,v ?9 deal w w>p or b5d aft] x is made up2 &1 inde$1 x is q possible ! back ( ?is cage w d s4 ,get ! wood1 h[ev]1 z dry z y c1 & ! top bo>ds1 :5 nail$ on1 w probably prev5t x4 ,to cut out ?is back bo>d1 y may lay d[n ^u ! piece f :i* x is to be cut ! :ole front ( ! cage1 & draw a p5cil r\nd x1 only1 :5 y come to ! bottom ( ! side pill>s1 y mu/ draw a l9e /raight across f "o to ! o!r4 ,!n cut f ! po9t at ! top1 z y did be=e4 ,let ! gra9 ( ! wood run up & d[n1 n across1 ! back4 ,nail ! back ?us cut to ! side /rips1 z y nail$ on ! front1 & y w !n only h ! ro( to put on1 & ! bottom4 ,?is ro( may consi/ simply ( a ?9 bo>d1 cut squ>e & true1 nail$ on to ! two gables1 & x w look mu* pretti] if x is made to project beyond ! front4 ,if y measure d[n ! slope ( ! front or back top-piece1 y w f9d x #f in*es long1 & a little m4 ,y\r bo>d %\ld !re=e be #g or #h in*es wide1 because1 al?\gh ! ro( pieces meet at ! top1 !y %\ld come d[n a little beyond ! sides ( ! cage4 ,z ! sides are #h in*es wide1 cut ! top #aa in*es long1 :i* w all[ x to project 9 front #c in*es4 ,if y look at ! cage at ! end ( ^! directions1 y w und]/& ?is4 ,y mu/ slope1 or bevel (f1 ! top edges ( ^! ro( bo>ds1 to make !m fit neatly toge!r along ! ridge2 & z y w pa9t ! cage1 y c glue on a n>r[ /rip ( pap]1 to make x q wat]-tight4 ,! door ( ^! cages is g5]ally 9 ! back4 ,y m]ely m>k & cut out a squ>e hole ab\t #c in*es squ>e4 ,y !n fit a piece 91 & h+e x ei!r ) wire1 or 7:i* is easi]7 by /ick+ on a /rip ( calico d[n ! edge ( x1 & fa/5 ) a wire hook4 ,z ! back is b a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 y w be able to cut out ! hole 7be=e nail+ on ! back71 ) a %>p pocket-knife2 & aga9 ,i say1 don't cut out ! guide-l9es--cut inside !m1 & !n neatly p>e exactly up to !m4 ,make ! bottom #ac in*es long1 & #aj wide1 :i* w all[ x to project 9 front1 & also half an in* on ea* side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,y h n[ to make ! tray1 to slide into ! space left 9 ! front bel[ ! bottom front rail4 ,?is is to hold sift$ s&1 & is made loose1 because x requires to be tak5 out & clean$ e day 7,fig4 #ac74 ,x is m]ely a flat ?9 bo>d 7"o-eigh? ( an in* w be q ?ick en\gh71 ) a /rip nail$ on1 or glu$ on1 9 front1 to fit ! space left = x1 & o!r small] /rips glu$ on all r\nd x1 s z to =m a v %all[ tray or draw]4 ,! small /rips c be glu$ on flat ^u ! top ( ! bo>d1 b to fa/5 on ! front1 y mu/ fir/ glue on a simil> /rip to ^? r\nd ! sides1 & j su* z y made ! pill>s (1 b n q s ?ick1 & !n glue1 or nail on ) v small brads1 ! front piece1 nail+ or glu+ x to ?is /rip4 ,?is w make x v firm1 & w d well en\gh = y\r fir/ cage4 ,a1 ,fig4 #ac1 %[s a "p ( ! draw]1 ,c is ! front1 & ,d ! /rip x is glu$ to4 ,! h&le ( ?is draw] or tray is to be made ( wire1 unless y c f9d "s little knob or o!r t w d4 ,if y succe$ 9 mak+ ?is cage1 y w h le>n$ a good deal1 because1 al?\gh n really difficult1 x requires c>e & consid]ation2 & if y are 9 a hurry1 y w split ! wood1 or make x crook$1 or cut ! pieces too %ort4 ,x %\ld be neatly pa9t$ 9 oil-col\r--gre5 is a fav\rite col\r--b ! top bo>ds may be r$1 & ! wires %\ld be left clean & bright1 because ! bird (t5 pecks at !m4 ,if y pa9t ! inside ( ! woodwork1 x %\ld be :ite4 ,i h n "h put any fe$+-boxes1 or se$-draw]s1 because glasses are ! be/2 b y w see two holes 7,fig4 #aa71 "o in* across1 9 ! l[] side pieces1 = ! bird to put its head ?r\gh to get at ! se$ & wat]4 ,a bit ( wire1 =m+ half a hoop1 supports ! glasses or trays4 ,^! ought to be cut ) a c5trebit--a tool y h n1 & ! c>p5t] _h bett] d x = y4 ,"h is ! cage complete 7,fig4 #ad74 ,y c d )\t mak+ holes 9 ! sides1 if y put two wires long] ?an ! re/1 & b5d !m1 z y see at ,b 9 ,fig4 #ac1 be=e putt+ !m 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! previ\s *apt]s 7 devot$ to su* exce$+ly simple & easy specim5s ( c>p5try z c be made by any boy ( elev5 or twelve ye>s ( age1 or ev5 y\ng]1 :o has ! necess>y p]sev]ance1 & w take suffici5t c>e 9 measur+ & fitt+4 ,9 bo? & all simil> cases1 x is bett] = su* to buy pieces ( bo>d already plan$1 & ( ne>ly ! desir$ size2 b ,i %all no long] presuppose su* necessity1 b advance ! "y me*anic to ! dignity ( a plane1 & a few m ( ! m necess>y & useful tools4 ,! li/ may !re=e n[ comprise-- #a ,,h& ,,saw1 #af in*es or s 9 l5g?1 a full-siz$ "o be+ almo/ beyond ! p[]s ( a boy4 #c ,,firm] ,,*isels1 qu>t]1 half1 & "o in* wide4 #a ,,mallet4--,*isel h&les %\ld nev] be /ruck ) a hamm]1 :i* splits ! h&les4 #a ,,hamm]4--,?is %\ld be light4 ,! be/ way is to buy a hamm]-head1 & make ! h&le4 ,a heavy "o c be add$1 b w h>dly be requir$ at fir/1 & is useless = light "w4 #a ,,jack ,,plane1 #a ,,smoo?+ ,,d4--,! jack plane is n usually add$ to a boy's tool-*e/1 b x is impossible to plane up a long /raight edge )\t x2 & z ^! planes c be _h f #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d "o1 say #ab to #ae in*es4 #c ,,gimlets1 #c ,,bradawls4--,"o ( ea* ( ^! %\ld be z small z c be obta9$4 ,add a m$ium & a l>g] "o4 #a ,,screwdriv]1 #a ,,p9c]s1 #a ,,cutt+ ,,pli]s4--,screwdriv] %\ld be ( a m$ium size2 ! pli]s su* z are us$ by bellhang]s4 #a ,,compasses4--,^! %\ld be light c>p5t]'s compasses1 n su* z are made ( brass & /eel4 ,!y are v useful4 #b ,,g\ges4--,c>p5t]'s g\ges1 n turn]'s4 ,!y w answ] = ! pres5t1 9 _m cases1 to make r\nd holes 9 bo>ds4 ,! c5trebits & braces are exp5sive4 #a ,,oil-,,/one4--,!re is a *eap & quick-cutt+ /one call$ ,nova ,scotia :i* w answ] ! purpose well4 ,,mortice-,,gauge4--,! use ( ?is w be %[n pres5tly4 #a ,,squ>e1 #a #b-;,,foot ,,rule1 ,,glue ,,pot1 & ,,bru%4--,^! are1 z be=e /at$1 indisp5sable4 ,! rule ne$ n h a brass slide2 ! squ>e may be made entirely ( wood1 or ) a metal blade #f to #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! above1 ) ! addition ( a c>p5t]'s brace & bit1 two or ?ree aug]s1 ab\t ?ree mortice *isels1 & a hat*et1 w\ld suffice = a v l>ge am\nt ( good "w4 ,inde$1 x repres5ts almo/ a complete set ( tools1 ! only additional ones t are at all likely to be ne$$ be+ a long] 7try+7 plane1 rebate plane1 & pair ( mat*1 or tongue & groove planes4 ,)\t any ( ! latt]1 ! "y c>p5t] w f9d x easy to c>ry out a good _m light specim5s ( 8 +5uity4 ,x is mu* bett]1 9 g5]al1 to "w ) a few tools1 & contrive to make !m answ] all sorts ( purposes1 ?an to lay 9 a l>g] & m exp5sive set at />t+1 = ! latt] are sure to be abus$ & kept 9 bad ord]1 because if "o *isel gets blunt1 ano!r is tak5 up1 in/ead ( %>p5+ ! fir/2 & planes & o!r tools are treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & a c>elessness is eng5d]$ fatal to success4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* may be done ) few & ineffici5t tools1 b !n ! utmo/ pati5ce & indu/ry h to be ex]cis$1 mu* z we see prevail+ among ! native workm5 ( ,india & ,am]ica1 :o execute ! mo/ beautiful & delicate "w ) tools :i*1 9 ! h&s ( a ,european1 w\ld be g5]ally simply useless4 ,! next "w t %\ld be attempt$ by ! "y me*anic %\ld be mortice & t5on jo9t+1 z us$ 9 con/ruct+ frames ( v>i\s k9ds = doors1 w9d[-sa%es1 tables1 & o!r articles ( ev]yday use4 ,p]haps "o ( ! simple/ & easie/ examples w be a t[el-horse1 :i*1 at any rate1 w be ( use :5 complet$4 ,n[1 x may be at once /at$1 t = "w ( ?is k9d especially1 b g5]ally also = all "w1 x is ess5tial to be able to squ>e up truly ! sev]al pieces requir$4 ,?is w require practice--long & c>eful practice--& ! beg9n] w meet "h ) 8 fir/ & *ief difficulty1 b he mu/ n despair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x has be5 presuppos$ t a /rong "w-b5*1 table-plank m\nt$ ^u tre/les1 or "s sort ( tol]ably effici5t & firm b5* has be5 obta9$1 or is accessible1 &1 9 addition1 a /rong /ool ^u :i* to saw1 cut out mortices1 & s =?4 ,a small c>p5t]'s b5*1 ) a wood5 vice1 is mo/ h&y & s]viceable1 b is n absolutely necess>y4 ,x w be easy to make "o by & by2 = ! pres5t1 any available sub/itute mu/ be us$4 ,! height ( ! propos$ t[el-rail may equal ! l5g?4 ,ab\t #b feet #f in*es w be a fair size1 & x may be ( ! simple/ possible =m1 su* z is "h del9eat$ 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! upright sides may be made ( /rips ( p9e1 "o in* wide & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick--! rails #a wide & ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! feet w be consid]$ pres5tly4 ,if c>eful att5tion is giv5 to ! foll[+ directions1 n only w ! result be c]ta9ly satisfactory1 b ! way w be pav$ = ! workmanlike con/ruction ( a great numb] ( simil>ly useful articles4 ,! size ( ! r\gh mat]ial mu/ always be great] ?an t ultimately ne$$1 to all[ ( ! necess>y wa/e 9 saw+ & plan+4 ,p9e bo>ds1 h[ev]1 are usually cut ( c]ta9 g5]al wid?s & ?icknesses2 & al?\gh we h "h set d[n /uff ( "o in* by ?ree-qu>t]s1 x may be cut f in* bo>d1 because v little w be wa/$ by ! plane1 & ! f9i%$ "w w be suffici5tly ne> to ! above measure = ! int5d$ purpose1 "o-sixte5? ( an in* or s be+ ( no practical importance 9 ! con/ruction ( su* an article z a t[el-rail4 ,get1 !re=e1 f ! c>p5t]1 a /rip ( p9e #a in* wide & #f feet 9 l5g?1 cut f a bo>d #a in* ?ick1 & also a /rip = ! rails 7( :i* !re w be ?ree71 #d in*es wide & #b feet #i in*es long1 cut f a half-in* bo>d4 ,! rails y are to saw y\rself f ! latt] /rip1 :i* w give y practice 9 saw+ a /raight c\rse1 & ! "w is easy 9 half-in* /uff4 ,y may !re=e beg9 by cutt+ ^!1 = :i* purpose y w want guide-l9es divid+ ! /rip into ?ree ( equal wid?4 ,!re is a v simple way ( m>k+ ^! by means ( a *alk l9e1 :i* ,i w "h describe4 ,! wid? ( ! bo>d ,i set d[n at #d in*es1 because ! rails1 :5 f9i%$1 w be #a in*es ea*1 or1 9 all1 #c in*es4 ,z ea* conta9s eight eigh?s1 z already expla9$1 #d in*es w conta9 ?irty-two eigh?s4 ,divid+ by #c1 we %all h t5 eigh?s = ea* /rip1 or #a in*es1 & two eigh?s1 or a qu>t] ( an in*1 to sp>e = wa/e4 ,take ! compasses1 !re=e1 & op5 !m to #a & a little ov] 7r less ?an to ! next division on ! rule71 & take x (f at ea* end ( ! bo>d 7,fig #af1 ,a ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,take (f1 aga91 f ?is to m>k ! wid? ( ! next /rip1 & ! bo>d w be divid$ ) suffici5t accuracy = our pres5t purpose4 ,take a piece ( tw9e1 long en\gh to /ret* f end to end ( ! plank1 & some?+ ov]1 & tie a knot at "o end4 ,/ick a bradawl ?r\gh ! /r+1 close to ?is knot & into ! bo>d1 z se5 at ,c ( ! same figure4 ,take a lump ( *alk1 & *alk ! l9e f end to end4 ,!n /ra9 x d[n ! bo>d1 hold+ x by ! left h&1 s t x is /ret*$ f "o m>k to ! o!r1 :]e ! saw-cut is to be made4 ,) ! f+] & ?umb ( ! o!r h&1 raise x a little 9 ! middle1 & let x sudd5ly g1 :5 x w make a p]fectly cle> & /raight l9e ^u ! bo>d4 ,make a simil> & p>allel l9e = ! next saw-cut4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 y ne$ n m9d cutt+ ?is *alk m>k out4 ,try & saw "r d[n1 s z to split x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,y n[ h y\r /rips cut out1 b !y require to be plan$4 ,y might1 inde$1 ) advantage1 h plan$ ! :ole /rip on bo? sides be=e m>k+ & cutt+ x1 b x is equally easy to d x aft]w>ds4 ,! jack plane is ! "o to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,i mu/ suppose x to be %>p & 9 good ord]2 if n1 ask "s c>p5t] to set x = y = ! pres5t1 b ,i w soon tell y h[ to d x = y\rself4 ,inde$1 y w h to le>n h[ to %>p5 all y\r tools be=e y c be call$ a good workman4 ,if ! plane is prop]ly set1 ! cutt+ edge w project v slightly only f ! bottom2 s t :5 held z 9 ,fig4 #ag1 & ! eye direct$ along ! sole1 only a n>r[ %9+ slip ( metal w appe>4 ,if too f> out1 x w hit* & make bad "w2 if n f> en\gh1 x w n cut at all2 b ! common fault ( beg9n]s is to h x too f> out1 because f _! imp]fect h&l+ ( ?is tool !y (t5 fail to make x cut1 :5 9 ! h&s ( a c>p5t] x w\ld "w well4 ,n[1 if ! iron projects too f>1 hold x z %[n1 s t y look along ! sole1 & give x a tap ) y\r wood5 mallet on ! upp] face at ,a1 & ?is is also ! way to loos5 ! w$ge & irons = removal4 ,by a bl[ at ,b1 y c s5d ! cutt+ edge =w>d to cut m deeply1 or 9 ?is case y may tap ! iron itself ) a metal hamm]1 b tapp+ ! end ( ! wood is bett]4 ,to plane ! edges ( ^! /rips1 y ought to h a b5* ) a vice1 b !re are ways & means to d )\t x1 & "o is s good t ,i %all speak ( x "h1 al?\gh x necessitates a some:at abrupt break-(f 9 my description ( ! t[el-rail4 ,x is a k9d ( vice t is fix$ to a bo>d :i* is laid ^u ! "w-b5* :5 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,9 ,fig4 #ah is a draw+ ( "o ( two k9ds ( su* vices :i* ,i w expla94 ,?is fir/ consi/s ( two pieces ( wood 7a% w be bett] ?an p9e7 ab\t #i in*es long & #b in*es ?ick4 ,!y are cut 9 ! %ape giv5 9 ! draw+1 & screw$ to ! bo>d1 n tightly1 b s z to move freely ^u ! screws4 ,! bo>d %\ld be an in* ?ick to give ! screws a firm hold4 ,y c see by ! figure t ! tails ( ! pieces cross ea* o!r sometimes :5 9 use4 ,to all[ ( ?is1 !y are cut l ,b & ,c1 s t "o c g inside ! o!r4 ,n[1 if y consid] a little1 y w und]/& t if we /& a /rip ( bo>d betwe5 ! two1 & pu% x =w>d aga9/ ! insides ( ! tails ( ^! curi\sly-%ap$ blocks1 x w make ! opposite knobb$ ends close ne>] toge!r1 & ^! w grip ! piece ( wood1 & ! h>d] we pu% x =w>d1 ! m closely x w be gripp$ & held2 b ! mom5t we draw back ! piece1 ! two jaws w op5 to let x g free4 ,y c try fir/ ( all ^u a ?9 piece1 :i* c be %ap$ by y\r knife1 & make a model ( ?is vice1 & !n if y c't manage to cut out su* a "o ( ?ick wood1 ! c>p5t] w\ld d x = y1 & x w be h&y = _m purposes4 ,if y h no?+ ( ?is k9d1 nor a vice to y\r b5*1 drive 9 two p9s or pegs ( wood1 or two nails1 a little way ap>t1 s z to all[ y\r /rip ( wood to /& ^u edge betwe5 !m1 & drive two m a little way f ^!2 !n "o at ! end to =m a plan+ /op4 ,a tap at ! sides ( ^! nails w cause !m to hold ! /rip edgewise1 q well en\gh to all[ y to plane x4 ,!re are o!r ways1 & ,i %all describe !m by & by4 ,9 ! meantime use nails1 or any o!r plan t w answ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,i %all suppose1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! n>r[ /rips is ?us set on edge ^u y\r b5* ready to be plan$4 ,grasp ! h&le ( y\r plane firmly ) ! "r h&1 & lay hold ( x 9 front ( ! iron ) ! left4 ,draw x back1 & !n s5d x /eadily =w>d1 press+ x d[nw>ds at ! same "t4 ,n[ ! advantage ( a long plane is1 t x does n desc5d into ! holl[s ( ! "w1 b re/s ^u ! projections1 z 9 ,fig4 #ai1 ,a4 ,a %ort plane w\ld d z se5 at ,b1 & !re=e w\ld nev] make a long /raight edge4 ,y h two special po9ts "h to att5d to4 ,y h to plane a level l9e f end to end1 & also keep ! edges squ>e to ! sides1 :i* is by no means easy at fir/4 ,y mu/ keep try+ x ) y\r squ>e1 z ,i h %[n y 9 ,fig4 #bj1 & n re/ satisfi$ until ! h&le fits close to ! side ( ! /rip1 & ! edge lies also close ^u t ( ! /rip any:]e along its l5g?4 ,i d>esay y w ?9k ?is ( no importance 9 su* a common ?+ z a p9e t[el-horse2 b ,i may tell y ?is is ! v secret ( c>p5t]'s "w1 & :5 y c saw & plane truly1 & "w 8to squ>e10 y c make almo/ any?+4 ,x is true t ! /rips = ! rails are n ( great importance 9 ?is case1 b ! upright side pieces are1 & if ^! are out ( tru?1 ! holes cut ?r\gh !m = ! rails1 :i* are call$ mortices1 w be out ( tru? also1 & y w see ! t[el-horse1 :5 x is made1 all twi/$ & awry1 & no?+ y c d w make x /& firm or look well4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 no use to pret5d to le>n c>p5try unless y at once make up y\r m9d to succe$1 & !re=e y mu/ always use ! squ>e & try y\r "w z y g on4 ,all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! usual "w ( c>p5t]s1 & t ( boys or m5 :o d n "k h[ to "w1 consi/s ( ! squ>5ess & good fit ( :at ! =m] make4 ,boys nev] seem to tr\ble !mselves ab\t su* ?+s1 & s y see _! boxes & rabbit-hut*es look twi/$1 & be+ badly fitt$1 !y soon g to pieces4 ,hav+ plan$ up ! sides & edges ( ! rails z squ>e & true z y c1 cut ! o!r long /rip 9 half1 & squ>e up ?is also1 tak+ c>e t bo? pieces are alike & bo? truly work$4 ,if y\r b5* is suffici5tly long to take ! :ole /rip1 plane x up be=e y cut x across1 & y w be sure to h ! sides ( y\r t[el-rail equal 9 size4 ,y h n[ to make y\r fir/ essay 9 cutt+ mortices4 ,foll[ ^! directions1 & y w n fail4 ,i %all n limit ! description to ^! special mortices1 b give y g5]al directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #ba repres5ts a b> ( wood--! side ( ! t[el-horse1 = in/ance--) a mortice cut ?r\gh x at ,a1 & o!rs m>k$ out at ab1 cd4 ,bel[1 at ,b1 is a gauge1 ( :i* ! con/ruction & use w be expla9$ pres5tly4 ,f %[s h[ ! feet are to be atta*$ & cut4 ,!y are mortic$ :ile 9 a 8squ>$-up0 condition1 & %ap$ aft]w>ds accord+ to fancy2 sometimes !y are left squ>e1 & knobs screw$ bel[ to make two feet4 ,^! mortices may1 ( c\rse1 be ( any desir$ l5g? or wid?4 ,^? requir$ = ! t[el-rail sides w be #a in* long by half an in* wide ne>ly4 ,! plan+ ( ! /rips may h r$uc$ !m m or less bel[ ! exact size specifi$1 try !re=e ) ! compasses :at ! precise ?ickness is ( ! ends1 & measure t ?ickness on y\r two-foot rule4 ,y n[ want to draw ! l9es a t1 :i* ,i h repres5t$ z ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! /rip1 & z all ! mortices are to be alike1 y may s m>k !m4 ,! gauge ,b is ( two p>ts1 a slid+ piece1 ,c1 & a rectangul> b> ( wood ab\t #i in*es long & half an in* squ>e4 ,?is slides /iffly ?r\gh ! mortice 9 ,c1 & is fix$ at any "p by ! small w$ge ,d4 ,?is gauge y c easily make4 ,x is n a mortice gauge prop]ly s call$1 because ! latt] has two m>k+ po9ts in/ead ( ! "o se5 at h1 & :i* may be ! po9t ( a brad driv5 9 & fil$ up to an edge4 ,loos5 ! w$ge slightly1 & draw back ! rectangul> b>1 or pu% x =w>d1 until y ?9k t ! space betwe5 ! slid+ piece & ! po9t is ab\t t :i* is requir$ on ea* side ( ! mortices1 s t if y set ! w$ge firm1 & re/+ ! slid+ piece aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d1 cause ! po9t to make a m>k1 & repeat ?is on ! o!r side ( ! same face ( ! wood1 !re w be left betwe5 ! m>ks ?us made ! exact wid? ( ! requir$ mortice4 ,try x1 & if n1 give a tap to ! in/rum5t1 & adju/ x until ! space is exactly correct4 ,!n fix all firm1 & hold+ x s t ! little po9t w m>k ! wood1 :ile ! head or slid+ piece is aga9/ ! side ( ! bo>d1 run ! tool f end to end1 or run x along j :]e ! mortices are requir$1 us+ bo? h&s4 ,y w ?us make ! two long l9es betwe5 :i* ! mortices h to be cut4 ,n[ turn ! wood ov]1 & d ! same on ! o!r side4 ,y are n[ q sure t ^! l9es1 on opposite sides ( ! piece1 agree exactly 9 position1 :i* is ! object ( us+ a gauge2 & z y h plan$ up a second /rip to exactly ! size ( ?is fir/1 y h b to repeat ! process 7no measur+ be+ necess>y7 ^u t2 & y may be satisfi$ t ?us f> ! two sides ( ! t[el-rail w tally4 ,y n[ set (f ) ! compasses ^u "o ( ^! l9es ! l5g?s ( ! mortices 9 _! prop] places1 & at ! po9ts ?us m>k$1 us+ y\r squ>e = ! purpose1 m>k ! end l9es ( ^! mortices2 b :5 s do+1 c>ry ! l9es across1 z a b1 c d1 & d[n ! sides & across ! opposite side4 ,) ! squ>e ?is w be easily done1 ! blade ( x be+ laid flat1 s t its edge becomes ! rul]1 :ile ! h&le becomes ! guide or gauge re/+ aga9/ ! side ( ! wood4 ,at ,e1 ,fig4 #ba1 ?is position ( ! squ>e is %[n4 ,by ?us c>ry+ r\nd all ! l9es1 y w h ! mortices m>k$ on bo? sides 9 exactly ! same relative position1 s t y c 7& mu/7 cut !m half f "o side & half f ! o!r1 us+ ! *isel ne>e/ to ! size requir$1 b always ( less wid? 7or l5g?7 ?an ! mortice1 because y mu/ nev] cut out ! guide l9es1 b mu/ keep )9 !m1 only c>efully p>+ ! wood at la/ close to !m4 ,y w nev] cut mortices correctly1 unless y ?us m>k ! position on bo? sides1 & "w z direct$4 ,! ends ( ! cross rails w n h to be cut into t5ons1 z !y w fit z !y are1 only requir+ to be glu$ into _! places1 :51 if y h work$ c>efully1 ! :ole w look well1 & w be squ>e & true1 )\t twi/2 b if y did n plane up ! sides squ>e1 y w f9d ! t[el-rail awry & unworkmanlike4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 !re is no necessity to make regul> t5ons 9 ! pres5t case1 ! usual way is to d s1 & to fix ) w$ges1 z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,aft] a mortice has be5 cut /raight ?r\gh a piece z direct$1 ?is mortice is slightly eas$1 or slop$ (f1 z se5 at a b1 :i* is a section ( "o4 ,! rail or t5on c is put ?r\gh aft] be+ bru%$ ) glue2 & :5 9 exact position1 two w$ges are glu$ & driv5 9 at ea* end1 z se5 9 ! draw+4 ,aft] all is dry1 ^! w$ges be+ firmly unit$ to ! rail1 z se5 at k1 prev5t x f be+ drawn back or mov$4 ,ne>ly all mortice & t5on jo9ts are fix$ 9 ?is way4 ,z ,i am describ+ ?is k9d ( "w1 ,i may z well expla9 ! me?od ( m>k+ & cutt+ t5ons1 z x w answ] n only = affix+ ! feet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 b = all simil> "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,9 ,fig4 #bb1 ,i h illu/rat$ ! mode ( m>k+ out t5ons1 & at ,d is a d\ble t5on1 :i* is 9 wide pieces (t5 sub/itut$ = ! s+le1 & makes an excell5t jo9t4 ,! longitud9al l9es e1 f1 g1 h1 are m>k$ z be=e ) ! gauge1 :e!r = s+le or d\ble t5ons2 ! l9e a b1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! squ>e2 ! *eeks1 c & d1 are !n cut (f entirely ) a f9e saw1 call$ on ?is acc\nt a t5on-saw1--& c>e mu/ be tak5 z be=e n to cut out ! guide l9es4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! out] *eeks1 ! piece betwe5 !m is to be remov$ to make a d\ble t5on1 ?is mu/ be done ) mallet & *isel1 aft] c>efully saw+ d[n ! l9es x y2 & ! *isel is to be us$ fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 by :i* means ! %\ld] w be cut true to ! guide l9es4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cut across %\ld curve a little d[nw>ds l n1 x w n mu* matt]1 s long z ! edges fit closely4 ,x is nev]!less bett] to cut /raight across4 ,! out] *eeks ( ?is w be m>k$ & cut z 9 ! s+le mortice 7,fig4 #bb74 ,if a workman has to cut _m mortices on pieces ( ! same size1 he frequ5tly con/ructs a r\gh mortice gauge ) d\ble po9ts1 :i* m>ks bo? sides ( ! mortice at once1 l ,k4 ,a fix$ block at ,k1 ! "r di/ance f ! po9ts1 l m1 ( two nails1 is suffici5t :5 all ! mortices are to be alike4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a regul> d\ble-po9t$ gauge1 made g5]ally ( ebony1 plat$ ) brass1 & a brass rule to :i* "o ( ! po9ts is fix$1 & :i* is act$ on by a screw at ! end1 :i* c be turn$ by ! ?umb & f+]4 ,?is has ! effect ( sep>at+ or clos+ ! two po9ts accord+ to ! desir$ wid? ( ! mortice1 its di/ance f ! side ( ! piece be+ regulat$ z be=e by ! slid+ head fix$ by a w$ge4 ,?is is an exp5sive tool1 & ne$ n be pur*as$4 ,!re are also1 let me add1 _m co/ly tools ( v>i\s =ms & uses2 b let ! boy's motto 7& man's1 too1 = all t7 be1 8,d z well z y c )\t40 ,y h no idea h[ a little +5uity & contrivance w save y\r pockets1 & t1 too1 )\t 9 ! lea/ t5d+ to spoil y\r "w4 ,all y require are a few ( ! mo/ g5]ally useful tools 9 fir/-rate condition--*isels1 saws1 & planes1 %>p & well set1 & fit = "w at any mom5t4 ,) reg>d to unit+ two pieces ( wood or o!r mat]ial ) glue1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t if y use ?is sub/ance 9 a ?ick semifluid /ate1 & 9 quantity1 its effect w be lo/4 ,make x a rule to put on z ?9 a coat z possible1 & let x be n ?ick] ?an cream1 s t x w freely fl[ into corn]s1 & spread ev5ly ov] ! surfaces to be unit$4 ,make ! wood also q w>m1 s t ! glue %all n be sudd5ly *ill$1 & let x be us$ boil+4 ,always heat x ei!r 9 a prop] glue-pot1 or at any rate1 place ! vessel :i* conta9s x 7a small gallipot1 = in/ance7 inside ano!r vessel 9 :i* wat] c be kept boil+4 ,! glue1 :i* %\ld be ?9 & transp>5t1 be+ brok5 into small pieces1 %\ld be put into su* a vessel z sugge/$1 & cov]$ ) cold wat]1 & x %\ld be all[$ to rema9 ?us until swoll5 & s(t5$4 ,!n br+ ! wat] 9 ! out] vessel to ! boil+ po9t1 & d n use ! glue until x is entirely dissolv$ & ( "o uni=m consi/5ce4 ,x %\ld be /irr$ :ile boil+ ) a piece ( /ick1 & a bru% us$ to lay x ^u ! pieces to be jo9$4 ,x v g5]ally happ5s t pieces glu$ by boys fall ap>t almo/ directly4 ,?is is almo/ entirely due to ! fact t ! glue is us$ ?ick & clotty1 & 9 too great quantity1 :ile ! wood is nev] made w>m z x %\ld be4 ,if two pieces are prop]ly jo9$ 9 ?is way1 x is almo/ impossible to sep>ate !m at ! jo9t--! wood itself w give way & split be=e ! glue w yield to ! /ra94 ,c>p5t]s use v>i\s =ms ( clamps or vices to hold "w toge!r until ! glue %all be dry2 b = boys by f> ! be/ plan1 :]e any su* holdfa/ is ne$$1 is to b9d ! p>ts toge!r ) tw9e1 & !n to set !m aside = twelve h\rs at lea/4 ,x is seldom t articles once unit$ by glue & sep>at$ w unite firmly a second "t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ex]cise ( a boy's me*anical ta/es ^u works ( practical utility is1 ( c\rse1 f> pref]able to its exp5diture ^u m]e trifles1 made "o day to be ca/ aside & de/roy$ ! next2 & z !re is sc>cely any h\sehold t does n ne$ its furniture repair$ or add$ to f "t to "t1 ,i %all n[ give directions = ! con/ruction ( "o or two articles t seem to be )9 fair scope ( a "y me*anic's abilities4 ,! fir/ is a pla91 useful table1 )\t a draw]1 & ) squ>e legs1 because )\t a la! ! latt] _c be made ornam5tal2 & la! "w w occupy "s future pages1 s9ce x is necess>y fir/ to give ! "y me*anic a fair insight into ! pr9ciples & practice ( pla9 c>p5try & jo9]y4 ,! v "y me*anic1 s f> z my exp]i5ce ( him goes 7& x is r ext5sive71 makes 8 e>ly attempt by /ick+ ! po9ts ( f\r nails into ! corn]s ( any tol]ably squ>e piece ( bo>d he c lay h&s on4 ,8 next attempt1 :5 he has ris5 to ! dignity ( a knife & gimlet1 is to place f\r wood5 legs at ! corn]s ( a simil> bo>d1 :i*1 if ! said legs are glu$ 9 7by :i* a wond]ful mess is always made ( ! /ructure71 is consid]$ a great feat1 & wor?y ( ! admir+ patronage ( fond p>5ts & playmates4 ,n[1 a table does n consi/ ( any su* arrangem5t ( pieces1 al?\gh ,i c]ta9ly h se5 sometimes1 9 ! cottages ( ! poor1 a ?ree-legg$ affair ( ?is nature1 :i* is j no?+ m ?an a magnifi$ milk+-/ool4 ,we _c cont5t ourselves n[ ) any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,we %all h to "w away ) plane & *isel & squ>e1 & ) neat t5on & mortice jo9ts fir/ con/ruct ! frame ^u :i* ! top w be plac$1 & !n f9i% x secundum artem1 ! ,engli% ( :i*1 z ,i am writ+ to boys1 ,i %all n reveal4 ,! table %all be #c feet long1 #a foot #h in*es wide1 #b feet #d in*es high2 ! top bo>d be+ half an in* ?ick :5 plan$ & fitt$1 = :i* x w !re=e be requir$ to be ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ! r\gh4 ,! legs dem& att5tion fir/4 ,plane up /rips cut f a #b-;in* bo>d1 & let !m be exactly #b in*es wide4 ,^! mu/ be work$ up ) ! greate/ possible accuracy1 or x w be impossible to fit ! framework s z to make ! table /& truly or be> inspection4 ,aft] f\r su* /rips h be5 plan$ up1 cut a piece f a half-in* bo>d1 or f a bo>d t w plane to half an in*4 ,let ?is be #d in*es wide & #i feet long1 & be sure to plane ?is also truly1 & to make ! edges squ>e to ! sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,if y h no /rip t w answ] ( #i feet long1 y c cut two or m in/ead1 rememb]+ t y w require two pieces ea* #ah in*es long & two ( #b feet #i at ! lea/1 all z ne>ly alike 9 wid? z possible4 ,y h n[ all t y w ne$ = ! framework ( y\r table--! top may be left till ! re/ is fitt$4 ,n[ y may proce$ to cut ! requisite mortices 9 ! legs1 :i* y w und]/& by sket* ,fig4 #bc1 :i* repres5ts "o corn] ( ! table be=e ! top is add$4 ,!re is no m difficulty 9 ?is ?an 9 ! previ\s "w1 except p]haps t some:at m c>e is requisite 9 squ>+ up ! sev]al pieces & cutt+ ! mortices ) accuracy4 ,use ! gauge z be=e 9 m>k+ ! mortices1 try+ x until x is s fix$ t x w leave ! prop] wid? ( ! holes1 namely1 half an in* 7:i* is ! ?ickness ( ! /rips :i* are to =m ! framework74 ,?is is ^u ! supposition t y\r gauge has b "o m>k+ po9t3 b to expla9 its use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,i %all n[ introduce to y\r notice a regul> mortice-gauge ( two po9ts1 :i* is va/ly m conv5i5t4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! ma9 /em is groov$ along its l5g? on "o side ) a dovetail$ slit1 t is1 a groove :i* is wid] bel[ ?an above4 ,?is is g5]ally made 9 a brass plate atta*$ to ! /em ( ! gauge1 b sometimes 9 ! wood itself4 ,9 ?is slides a slip ( brass :i* c be drawn back by pull+ ! knob ,a1 or by turn+ a ?umbscrew at "o end1 z 9 ! m exp5sive gauges4 ,"o ( ! m>k+ po9ts is fix$ 9 ! end ( ?is slide1 ! o!r 9 ! wood 7or metal7 beyond x1 at ,b1 & :5 ^! are all[$ to be toge!r !y =m b "o po9t1 be+ flatt5$ on "o side1 s t !y w fit accurately aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?us x is easy to sep>ate ! two po9ts at pleasure to ! exact wid? ( ! requir$ mortice4 ,by means ( ! w$g$ slid+ piece ,c1 we n[ h m]ely to det]m9e h[ f> ! edge ( ! mortice is to be f "o side ( ! piece4 ,?us1 suppose t 9 ! pres5t case we %\ld pref] to h ! side ( ! frame ne>] to ! outside edge ( ! legs ?an to ! inside1 we c s arrange x easily2 b we mu/ !n take c>e to gauge all alike1 ei!r f ! inside edge or ! outside4 ,we d n1 !re=e1 ) ?is k9d ( gauge "w f bo? edges1 & leave ! space betwe5 ! l9es = ! wid? ( ! mortice1 b we "w f "o edge only ( ! piece ( wood1 & m>k ! mortice at once 9 any desir$ position4 ,i ne$ h>dly repeat1 t = any p>ticul> job1 a v good sub/itute = su* gauge c be made by driv+ two small nails into a /rip ( wood cut ) a project+ piece to s]ve in/ead ( ! movable head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,let u n[ proce$ ) ! "w 9 h&4 ,"o ( ! legs ( ! table1 be=e be+ work$ into %ape1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be2 ! dott$ l9es %[ h[ x w be ev5tually slop$ (f bel[ ! mortices :i* c>ry ! top frame4 ,^! mortices mu/ n n[ g ?r\gh ! legs1 & !re=e y w h to be v c>eful to hold ! *isel upright1 s z to insure ! squ>5ess ( ! frame :5 put toge!r4 ,! mortices be+ 9 adjac5t sides1 w ( c\rse meet1 b x w be advantage\s to cut ^? :i* are int5d$ to receive ! two longe/ /rips1 viz41 ! front & back1 r deep] ?an ! o!r two4 ,fir/ set (f an in* f ! top ( ! leg at ! l9e ,a ,b4 ,if less ?an ?is int]v5es betwe5 ! top ( ! mortice & ! end ( ! leg1 y w probably break ! piece out & spoil y\r "w4 ,z ! side bo>ds are #d in*es wide1 & mu/ come flu% ) ! top ( ! legs1 y w h to cut !m l ,c1 & !re w be #c in*es left = ! t5on1 all ( :i* may be left1 z ! wid] ?is is ! m hold x w h on ! legs into :i* x is to be glu$4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t ! mortice w be #c in*es long & half an in* wide2 & :5 y h m>k$ x to ?is size1 take c>e to cut x accurately1 because if x is too small1 y w break out ! piece betwe5 ! mortices :5 y try to =ce 9 ! frame pieces1 & if too l>ge1 y w sc>cely get ! :ole to rema9 secure4 ,"w !re=e exactly to gauge4 ,x is usual to keep ^! side & end pieces m to ! outside ( ! legs ?an ! inside1 z ,f1 :]e y are suppos$ to be look+ at ! inside corn]2 & if y look at ,d 7:i* %[s ! top or cross section ( a leg1 z if aft] ! pieces 7 fitt$ y _h sawn (f ! leg close d[n to ! mortices1 expos+ !m to view71 y w see t by ?us keep+ ne> ! outside edges y get bo? mortices deep] ?an if y cut !m1 l ,e1 9 ! middle ( ! sides ( ! leg4 ,( c\rse1 ! deep] ^! t5ons are let into ! legs1 ! /rong] _! hold w be4 ,!re w n[ only rema9 to w>m all ! pieces & glue !m into _! respective places1 ) ! precautions be=e /at$ z to ! ?9ness ( ! glue & spe$ ( ! op]ation4 ,see t all /&s squ>e & true2 if n1 a tap "h & !re z requir$ w set x /raight1 & !n let all /& till dry4 ,i h told y to cut ! side & end pieces #ah in*es & #b feet #i respectively1 s t if ! mortices are #a in*es or s deep1 y\r frame w be ab\t #a foot #f in*es wide1 & #b feet #f in*es long4 ,! top1 :i* is to ov]lap z usual1 w be n[ prep>$ z foll[s4 ,x w n be possible to make ?is ( a s+le wid? ( bo>d2 & no?+ w m fully te/ ! "y workman's skill1 ?an plan+ ! edges ( two pieces s t !y %all fit accurately toge!r4 ,x mu/1 nev]!less1 be attempt$4 ,cut two pieces ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* bo>d1 & plane ! sides z accurately z possible4 ,!n set !m up edgewise1 ei!r s+ly or toge!r1 & plane ! edges ) /eady1 long /rokes ( ! longe/ plane y h1 set f9e--t is1 ) ! cutt+ edge project+ b slightly4 ,try ea* s+ly ) ! squ>e f end to end1 & !n lay !m on any p]fectly flat surface1 z on y\r b5*1 or on a table1 & see :e!r ! edges lie close all along4 ,rememb]1 too1 t !y may d s :5 "o surface is upw>ds1 & n :5 turn$ ov]1 z w occur :5 ! edges are n squ>e to ! sides4 ,9 cutt+ out ! pieces1 !re=e1--:i*1 :5 f9i%$1 are to be toge!r #a foot #h in*es1--y %\ld make !m #a foot #i1 s z to all[ y a :ole in* to wa/e 9 plan+ & fitt+4 ,:5 bo? are z true z y c get !m1 lay !m d[n ne> toge!r1 & bru% ! edges ) boil+ hot glue4 ,!n imm$iately put !m toge!r1 & rub !m a few seconds "o aga9/ ! o!r1 till !y seem to /ick slightly4 ,!n leave !m 9 _! exact position1 & drive a c\ple ( nails into ! b5* aga9/ ! outside edges1 s z to keep !m toge!r1 or 9 any o!r way w$ge !m tightly 9 position until !y are q dry4 ,:5 ! glue is h>d :i* has be5 squeez$ out along ! jo9t1 y may run a plane all ov] ! unit$ bo>ds1 & y ought h>dly to see ! jo9t1 :i* w be ne>ly z /rong z any o!r "p4 ,?is top has n[ to be atta*$ to ! frame1 z foll[s4 ,cut "s pieces l ,k 9 ,fig4 #be1 & glue !m "h & !re along ! inside edges ( ! frame1 s t "o side ( !m %all come q flu% ) ! upp] edge4 ,to ^! ! top has to be glu$4 ,lay x1 !re=e1 ) its "u side upw>ds1 ^u ! floor 7,i suppose ! %ort pieces glu$ & dry on ! frame71 & hav+ also glu$ ! sides ( ! %ort pieces :i* w t\* ! "u side ( ! table top1 turn ! :ole upside d[n1 ) its legs 9 ! air1 adju/+ x quickly4 ,its own weight w keep x 9 position until dry2 or1 if n1 x is easy to lay an odd bo>d or two across1 & put "s weights ^u !m4 ,:5 dry1 turn ov] y\r table1 & plane r\nd ! edges :]e necess>y2 &1 if x does n /& v well1 trim ! bottoms ( ! legs4 ,clean (f glue1 & rub any r\gh places ) s&pap] or glassclo?1 fill+ up any accid5tal holes ) putty1 aft] :i* x w be fit = receiv+ pa9t or /a91 if x is n consid]$ desirable to leave x :ite4 ,! corn]s & edges ( ! top may be r\nd$ (f1 to give a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,i %[$ by dott$ l9es ! usual %ape ( ! squ>$ legs4 ,!y are plan$ (f1 tap]+ f bel[ ! frame1 & ?is %\ld be done aft] ! mortices are cut1 & be=e fitt+ ! p>ts toge!r4 ,! be/ way to insure equal tap] ( all ! legs1 is to prick (f at ! bottom ( ea* equal wid?s f ! corn]s or edges1 & to run a p5cil l9e f ! po9t :]e ! tap] is to beg9 to ^! m>ks4 ,!n plane exactly to ! l9es ?us made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,let u n[ consid] :at errors ( con/ruction are mo/ likely to occur 9 work+ out ^! directions4 ,fir/1 x is possible t ! framework may be out ( squ>e4 ,?is may proce$ f two causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! side or end pieces may n be ( equal l5g? betwe5 ! legs1 ow+ to "s "o or two be+ driv5 fur!r into _! mortices ?an ! o!rs4 ,to avoid ?is1 :i* is n uncommon 9 _m works ( a simil> nature1 x is well always to m>k ! l5g? t ea* is to be1 irrespective ( ! "p )9 ! mortices1 z ,fig4 #bf1 ,a & ,b4 ,if ! space on ea* betwe5 ! dott$ l9es 7c>efully m>k$ by means ( a squ>e7 is equal1 x is no matt] :e!r ,c & ,d are also equal4 ,we h only to take c>e to let !m into ! mortices to a great] or less dep?1 until ! l9e comes exactly ev5 ) ! inside edge ( ! legs4 ,aga91 x is possible t :5 ! table is plac$ ^u its legs1 ^! may n re/ truly on ! floor4 ,probably "o or two ( ! frame pieces run up l ,e1 in/ead ( /&+ at "r angles to ! legs4 ,?is results f ! mortice n be+ cut correctly2 & z y _c1 9 ?is case1 m>k bo? sides & cut f bo?1 z y did 9 mak+ ! t[el-horse1 ?is is n unlikely to happ54 ,x w n1 !re=e1 signify mu* if y purposely cut y\r mortices a little too long1 & !n1 :5 y h plac$ ! table on its legs1 aft] glu+ up ! frame1 & be=e x is dry1 y c =ce x to /& truly1 & !n w$ge up ) glu$ w$ges :]e necess>y4 ,y _c1 h[ev]1 d ?is ) ! sides ( y\r mortices1 because y require ^! to fit exactly2 y mu/ !re=e use extra c>e 9 keep+ ^! z true z possible4 ,9 _m cases y c w$ge ! ends ( t5ons to correct a bad fit1 b nev] ! sides4 ,^! are ! probable1 or ,i w say possible1 faults aga9/ :i* to be on y\r gu>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 mak+ a simil> table ) a draw]1 ! same op]ations h to be gone ?r\gh1 b ! upp] frame is some:at diff]5tly con/ruct$1 & ! corn]s ( ! draw] are unit$ ) dovetails4 ,plane up ! legs z be=e1 b cut mortices z at ,a4 ,fig4 #bg1 :i* repres5ts ! "r-h& h9d] leg z y w\ld see x /&+ 9 front ( ! table1 & be=e ! framework _h be5 fitt$ 9 its place4 ,b is ! o!r h9d leg1 ) ! t5on$ /rips j ready to be driv5 94 ,! piece ,e is made z be=e1 z is also ,c & its opposite piece at ! ends ( ! table4 ,b ?is pair ( mortices1 y see1 are made %ort] ?an be=e1 & ! /rip ,c is not*$ at ! bottom z well z at ! top1 =m+ a regul> t5on1 z x is call$4 ,bel[ ?is fir/ is a second mortice1 cut ! o!r way1 ! longe/ side /&+ across ! leg to receive a /rip1 ,d1 ^u :i* aft]w>ds ano!r /rip1 ,x1 w be nail$ or glu$1 =m+ ! rebate 9 :i* ! draw] w slide1 & ( :i* ! upp] surface mu/ be level ) t ( ! /rip ,m4 ,!re is a plane = cutt+ out rebates )\t ! necessity ( add+ a /rip1 b ,i d n suppose y z yet to h su* a "o4 ,:5 ^! pieces1 ,c & ,d1 are driv5 up close into _! places1 !y w t\* along _! sides1 s t on ! outside !y w appe> z "o piece4 ,( c\rse !re w be a simil> pair on ! "r-h& side ( ! table4 ,d ought to be t5on$1 s t ! side on :i* ,x is to be nail$ w lie flu% or level ) ! corn] ( ! leg1 s t ! /rip ,x %all project :olly beyond x4 ,! left-h& front leg is %[n at ,p1 ) its mortices1 & ! t5on$ /rips betwe5 :i* ! front ( ! draw] w lie1 closely fitt+ :5 %ut4 ,^! front /rips %\ld be ea* #b in*es wide1 ! mortices #a in* long1 or z long z y c safely cut !m2 y mu/ t5on ! cross pieces1 ( c\rse1 to fit ^!4 ,all ! rails may be ( half-in* bo>d4 ,m>k all t5ons across ) ! squ>e z be=e1 s z to give ! exact inside dim5sions1 & y _c well g wrong4 ,^! l9es1 too1 w guide y 9 keep+ ! framework squ>e & true2 = if y h plan$ ! legs correctly1 & y\r /rips are ins]t$ exactly to ! a=esaid l9es1 x /&s to reason ! "w w be satisfactory4 ,to make ! draw]1 obs]ve1 fir/1 t x is n l a box z mo/ boys w\ld make x1 = :5 turn$ upside d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #bh1 ,fig4 ,b1 y w f9d ! sides project+ beyond ! bottom1 :i* projections re/ 9 ! rebate1 ,x1 ( ! la/ figure1 & take ! :ole weight ( ! draw]1 enabl+ x to slide easily & smoo?ly 9 & out1 especially if ^? surfaces :i* are 9 contact are rubb$ ) soap or blacklead1 or a mixture ( ! two4 ,at ,c y h a draw+ ( ! same1 ) ! bottom remov$4 ,?is1 y see1 is a squ>e or oblong frame dovetail$ toge!r1 & :5 x is glu$ & dry1 ! bottom is slid 9 along ! grooves 9 ! sides 7"o ( :i* is se5 at x x71 & a c\ple ( brads driv5 ?r\gh x into ! back rail1 ,k1 fixes x completely4 ,! front bo>d ( ! draw] is cut & plan$ to fit exactly betwe5 ! two rails :i* 7 mortic$ into ! legs1 z %[n 9 ! la/ fig41 & is always ( ?ick] /uff ?an ! sides or bottom4 ,x may1 9 ! pres5t case1 be half-in*1 & ! re/ qu>t]-in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,if y look at ,c1 y w obs]ve t ! front & sides ( ! draw] are ( ! same dep?1 & t only ! back is n>r[]4 7,rememb] t 9 ?is cut ! draw] is se5 f bel[1 ! groove x x be+ ne> ! bottom ( ! sides1 & level ) ! bottom ( ! back47 ,to cut dovetails is n difficult1 b requires neatness & c>e--a f9e saw 7dovetail or light t5on-saw7 & a really %>p *isel2 &1 above all ?+s1 rememb] n to cut out ! l9es :i* h be5 drawn z guides4 ,h is ! end ( ! front ( ! draw]2 ,l ! left side4 ,hav+ cut out ! latt]1 & plan$ x up nicely1 draw a l9e1 by ! aid ( ! squ>e1 "o qu>t] or ?ree eigh?s ( an in* f ! end across x4 ,?is w be ! l9e o p ( ! bottom ( ! dovetails4 ,!n m>k & cut out two or ?ree1 z se5 9 ! draw+1 us+ ! saw :]e y are able1 & cle>+ out ) ! *isel 9 o!r places4 ,f o p1 measure ! exact inside wid? ( y\r draw]1 & beyond ! second l9e made across at t di/ance1 leave a qu>t] ( an in* = ! second dovetails1 & cut !m out z y did ! fir/4 ,n[1 prep>e a second precisely simil> piece = ! opposite side4 ,next lay ,l 9 place ^u ,h v truly1 & ) a f9e-po9t$ h>d p5cil1 or a scrib] 7a %>p-po9t$ /eel m>k]71 trace r\nd ! dovetails1 m>k+ !m on ! end ( ,h1 & ) a %>p *isel cut !m 9 a qu>t] ( an in* deep1 :i* w all[ !m to take ! side piece exactly flu% & level4 ,m>k ^! two :i* h be5 s fitt$1 & proce$ to d ! same at ! o!r end ( ! front piece1 trac+ ^!1 z be=e1 f ! dovetails ( ! opposite side1 :i* are to be !re ins]t$4 ,y d exactly ! same ) ! back piece2 b z ?is is bo? n>r[] & ?9n]1 ! dovetails w be cut q ?r\gh x1 & w be se5 on bo? pieces aft] be+ glu$ up1 & !re w only be room = "o dovetail1 in/ead ( two4 ,:5 all are cut1 lay ! pieces 9 position1 glue quickly1 press all toge!r1 & contrive to w$ge up or b9d r\nd ! :ole until dry1 te/+ ) ! squ>e & adju/+1 z maybe necess>y4 ,we %all return to dovetail+ aga91 b ^! n requir+ excessive neatness1 w be a good beg9n+1 & %[ y 9 :at special po9ts c>e is ne$$ 9 su* "w4 ,no?+ rema9s b to plane a piece = ! bottom1 & slide x into place4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we ent]$ a little ^u ! matt] ( dovetails1 b z ! mode ( unit+ ! angles ( boxes1 draw]s1 & su* l1 is ( almo/ univ]sal application1 x w be z well to devote a sep>ate %ort *apt] to ! subject4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( dovetails us$1 accord+ z x may be desir$ to let !m appe> ^u ! f9i%$ "w1 or :olly or 9 "p to conceal !m4 ,c>p5t]s g5]ally use ! k9d :i* is visible on bo? sides1 cab9etmak]s1 z a rule1 take special pa9s to conceal x1 only us+ ! o!r =m ^u "w t is to be aft]w>ds cov]$ ) v5e] 7a ?9 cov]+ ( "s ornam5tal & m exp5sive wood glu$ ^u ! surface ( t :i* is ( less value1 & ( :i* ! article is made74 ,! dovetail describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 z prop] = ! atta*m5t ( ! sides to ! front ( a draw]1 is n t :i* is ord9>ily us$ by ! c>p5t]s1 b ! foll[+1 :i* is some:at m easy to make1 & is ! same z w\ld be us$ = ! o!r corn]s ( su* a common draw] z t describ$4 ,i mu/ at ! outset rem9d my "y read]s once aga9 ( ! /&>d rule1 )\t due att5tion to :i* !y h no hope ( success 9 ?is neat & delicate op]ation ( c>p5try4 ,nev] cut out y\r guide l9es1 b leave !m ^u y\r "w1 & use y\r squ>e dilig5tly ^u ! edges ( y\r "w1 ! bottom ( ! dovetails1 sides ( ! same1 & ^u ! sides ( ! p9s4 ,nev] m9d ! "t necess>y = ?is4 ,y are do+ "w1 rememb]1 t is to be> inspection1--"w t w /& we>1 & be really useful 9 ! h\sehold to :i* y h ! hon\r to belong4 ,y w\ld n !re=e l to see op5 spaces "h & !re1 requir+ to be fill$ up ) putty1 or ! side ( ! box n truly squ>e to ! back & front4 ,& x may be not$ "h1 t if dovetails are prop]ly fitt$ toge!r1 ! box or o!r article w /& firm1 ev5 be=e ! glue is add$2 b if ! same are badly cut1 & put toge!r c>elessly1 no am\nt ( glue w avail to hold ! "w securely2 & x w\ld h be5 z well or bett] nev] to h attempt$ dovetail+1 z su* bad "w w\ld be /rong] unit$ by nails1 & 9 any case is b a disgrace to ! "y amateur me*anic1 ^: motto %\ld always be1 8,:atev] is wor? do+ at all is wor? do+ well40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,y w rememb] h[ y 7 taught to w$ge up mortice & t5on jo9ts ) glu$ w$ges1 :i*1 becom+ "p ( ! t5on1 & r5d]+ x l>g] bel[ ?an above1 prev5ts x f be+ )drawn f ! mortice4 ,n[1 a s+le dovetail has ! same effect1 & is 9 po9t ( fact ( ! same %ape & size z ! t5on ) its w$ges atta*$4 ,see ,fig4 #bi1 ,a & ,b1 ! fir/ be+ a w$g$ t5on1 ! second a dovetail4 ,we %all beg9 ) a s+le dovetail1 :i* is appli$ to ! con/ruction ( presses us$ by bookb9d]s & o!rs1 & also dome/ically = h\se-l954 ,9 ^! !re is a /rong t5d5cy to draw ! sides upw>ds1 & to te> !m f ! bottom--a /ra9 :i* ?is =m ( jo9t is exactly calculat$ to )/&4 ,! same is also us$ 9 mak+ _m k9ds ( frames1 :]e simil> /r5g? 9 "o direction is necess>y4 ,if y h no special ne$ ( su* at pres5t1 y %\ld nev]!less make "o or two = practice1 & to give y a bett] insight into _! con/ruction4 ,inde$1 if y _c make s+le dovetails well1 y w h>dly succe$ 9 mak+ a :ole r[ ( !m exactly alike1 = jo9+ toge!r o!r articles1 z draw]s1 boxes1 & cab9ets4 ,c ( ?is fig4 repres5ts a b> ( wood truly squ>$ up1 & ready = be+ m>k$ out4 ,! squ>e is laid across x z se51 & a l9e drawn on ea* side by its assi/ance1 z f> f "o end z is ! ?ickness ( ! o!r piece to :i* x is to be atta*$1 & a little ov] 7say "o-eigh? ( an in*7 :i* w aft]w>ds be neatly plan$ (f4 ,?is is all[$ m]ely because ! extreme angles at e e sometimes get damag$ 9 cutt+ out ! dovetail1 & if !y are1 !y w h to be remov$4 ,hav+ drawn ! above l9e all r\nd ! piece1 divide x into ?ree by ! aid ( y\r compasses1 z %[n1 on :at we may call ! front & back1 & !n on bo? ^! sides draw l9es1 e e1 to ! angle4 ,y n[ h ! dovetail1 or r ! p9 ( ! dovetail1 m>k$1 & ) a f9e saw y h only to cut out ?is piece z y see at ,d1 tak+ great c>e to cut accurately close to ! l9es1 b to leave !m1 nev]!less1 on ! edge ( ! piece y are ab\t to use4 ,if y c saw truly1 y %\ld n h to t\* ^! pieces ) a *isel1 b if n1 y mu/ take a v %>p "o1 & p>e ! wood exactly true to ! l9es :i* y h m>k$4 ,n[ ! dovetail made by divid+ ! wid? ( ! /uff into ?ree1 z giv5 "h1 w n answ] s well = p9e1 :i* is liable to split (f 9 ! l9e ,h ,h ( ! fig4 ,d2 b = a%1 bee*1 elm1 & su* l1 x is a good proportion4 ,if ! mat]ial1 !re=e1 is p9e1 divide x into f\r in/ead ( ?ree1 z se5 at ,e1 & draw l9es to ! angles f ! two out] m>ks2 or1 )\t any su* division1 set out equal di/ances f ea* side1 s z to give ab\t ?is proportion to ! pieces :i* are to be cut out4 ,:]e !re are a r[ ( dovetails to be made 7z 9 cab9et "w71 ev5 ?is latt] measurem5t into f\r w\ld make !m too angul>1 z y w le>n pres5tly4 ,y mu/ n[ fix upright 9 y\r vice ! piece 9 :i* is to be cut ! dovetail to receive ?is p92 & lay+ ! latt] 9 place z x w be :5 ! frame or o!r "w is put toge!r1 draw r\nd x ) a %>p p5cil or scrib]1 z se5 on ! end ( ,k 7! l9es c d1 at su* di/ance f ! end ( ! piece z is ! ?ickness ( ! p91 & ! p]p5dicul>s1 a b1 are to be drawn ) ! squ>e72 & if ! angles ( su* p9 d n rea* ! angles ( t 9 :i* ! dovetail is to be cut1 z w (t5 be ! case1 ! l9es on ! opposite side simil> to a b mu/ be also drawn ) ! squ>e4 ,s y see t ,i 0 q "r 9 direct+ y to add a squ>e to y\r box ( tools1 ev5 be=e _m o!r requisites ( c>p5try4 ,if x is n consid]$ desirable t ! dovetail %\ld rea* ! extreme angles ( ! pieces1 z a b1 fig4 ,k1 ! p9 piece is fir/ m>k$ z if = an ord9>y t5on1 & ! dovetail$ p9 m>k$ on ?is1 z ,m4 ,:5 ! fell[-piece is cut out1 x w !n appe> z ,n4 ,! effect w be ! same z ! la/1 except t ! end ( ! p9 w be m conspicu\s4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial1 & on ! int5d$ use ( ! f9i%$ article1 !re=e y mu/ use y\r own judgm5t1 or consult t ( o!rs bett] acqua9t$ ) ! art ?an y\rself4 ,l %[s ! dovetail$ jo9t complete z la/ describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,we n[ recur to ! r[ ( dovetails & p9s--or dovetails & sockets1 z ! "p is (t5 call$ :i* is to receive ! p9s4 ,! mo/ common k9d is t repres5t$ by ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #cj2 & z y ought n[ to be ?9k+ ( a l>g] tool-box1 & w\ld n l x r\ghly nail$ toge!r l ! fir/1 y might try y\r skill by con/ruct+ "o m wor?y ( ! "n1 & ) a draw] or two 9 x4 ,y mu/ beg91 z be=e1 by m>k+ ! two l9es across y\r "w by ! edge ( ! squ>e1 or1 if y pref] x1 by y\r gauge1 :i*1 :5 set to ! ?ickness ( "o piece1 w m>k ! o!rs correctly2 & rememb] to m>k bo? sides4 ,!n set out y\r dovetails1 b d n make !m s angul> z y did ! s+le "o2 = rememb] y h a :ole r[ ( !m to assi/ 9 hold+ ! "w toge!r1 & :5 glu$1 ?is w be ( necessity a v /rong & reliable jo9t1 if well made4 ,always make ! p9s be=e ! sockets1 & m>k r\nd !m z closely z possible1 & take great c>e :5 saw+ n to break !m1 & if possible keep _! angles also v %>p & clean4 ,x is solely c>e 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 & accurate cutt+ j to ! gauge l9es & no fur!r1 t makes c>p5t]s' "w g5]ally s sup]ior to t ( amateurs1 & boys especially are g5]ally c>eless1 & 9 too great a hurry to get ! "w done1 t !y may g to some?+ else4 ,rememb]1 !re=e1 t :5 y beg9 to hurry y\r "w1 y beg9 to spoil x4 ,i h made ! draw+s ( ! ?ree pr9cipal dovetail$ jo9ts s pla9 z to r5d] special description almo/ unnecess>y aft] ! rem>ks already made4 ,! second & ?ird1 h[ev]1 may ne$ a few words1 z !y diff] slightly f t us$ 9 ! draw]1 ( :i* a description has be5 giv51 *iefly because ! piece 9 :i* ! dovetails are1 is1 9 ?is case1 z ?ick z t us$ = ! sockets4 ,suppose ! dovetails & p9s m>k$ out ready to be cut4 ,take y\r m>k+-gauge & set ! slide ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* f ! po9t1 & run a l9e across ! ends ( ! two pieces at ,a ,b1 & at ,c ,d1 & also at ,e ,f4 ,/op at ,a ,b :5 y cut ! sockets1 & take c>e to get ! bottoms ( ^! q squ>e & ev54 ,cut ! dovetails or p9s z direct$ 9 mak+ ! draw]1 b /op on ! l9es e f & g h 7! latt] also to be made ) ! gauge on bo? edges ( ! "w71 ?us ! two pieces w1 ( necessity1 fit nicely toge!r1 & only a s+le l9e w appe> a little way f "o corn]4 ,if all l9es are made ) gauge & squ>e1 ?is =m ( dovetail may require neatness & c>e1 b w n be beyond ! skill ev5 ( a "y me*anic4 ,i %\ld inde$ advise t e opportunity be tak5 ( jo9+ pieces ( wood ) t5on or ) dovetail1 because1 aft] all1 ^! are ! *ief difficulties to be enc\nt]$4 ,if y c squ>e up y\r "w1 & make true-fitt+ jo9ts1 !re is little 9 c>p5try & jo9]y t y _c accompli%4 ,! ?ird example is work$ exactly l ! second1 b in/ead ( leav+ squ>e ! pieces project+ beyond ! dovetails & p9s1 ^! are slop$ (f or bevell$ c>efully f ! extreme corn]s d[n to ! p9s & sockets4 ,! result is1 t :5 put toge!r1 no jo9t appe>s1 z x is exactly ^u ! angle4 ,!re is no neat] or /rong] me?od ?an ?is ( jo9+ ! sides ( draw]s1 boxes1 trays1 & su* l articles4 ,! cab9etmak] employs no o!r = heavy "w2 only :5 x is v light does he make use ( a plan1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is 7:5 f9i%$7 l ! la/-describ$1 b x is less tr\ble to make1 & less /rong1 yet suffici5tly s = _m purposes4 ,?is me?od is call$ mitr+1 & is accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! wood 7let x be = a small tray7 is prep>$ z usual1 truly & ev5ly1 & ! ends exactly squ>e to ! sides4 ,if y use /uff ab\t a qu>t] or half an in* ?ick1 or ev5 an eigh? 7! fir/ or la/ be+ suitable = su* light "w71 y c make a mitr$ jo9t ) ! help ( ! gauge alone1 b frequ5tly a mitre-bo>d or mitre-box is us$1 :i* saves "s tr\ble 9 measur+ & m>k+4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 t y %\ld beg9 ) ?is tr\ble1 & take up ! easi] me?od aft]w>ds2 especially z x w 9 ?is case give y a simple lesson 9 ma!matics1 & tea* y "s ( ! prop]ties ( ! figure call$ a squ>e4 ,let u comm5ce ) ?is lesson4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,fig4 #ca1 is a squ>e2 ! l9es at ! opposite sides are p>allel1--t is1 !y are exactly ! same di/ance ap>t f "o end to ! o!r4 ,to make ?is cle>1 ,e & ,f are giv51 :i* are n p>allel1 = !y are fur!r ap>t at "o end ?an !y are at ! o!r4 ,& z ,a ,b is p>allel to ,c ,d1 & ,a ,c p>allel to ,b ,d1 s ,a ,b is p]p5dicul> to ,b ,d & to ,a ,c1 or :at we h call$ squ>e to x1 z y w\ld f9d ) y\r squ>e1 :i* is made1 z y "k1 to prove y\r "w 9 ?is respect4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! angles 7or corn]s7 are all alike1 & are call$ "r angles4 ,und]/& :at is meant by angles be+ ! same size or alike4 ,m & ,h are alike1 ?\gh ! l9es ( "o are a great deal long] ?an ^? ( ! o!r2 b ?\gh ! l9es ( ,k & ,h are ! same l5g?1 ! angle ,k is mu* small] ?an t at ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,z ,i h gone a little into ?is subject1 ,i w g a little fur!r1 = x is z well t y %\ld le>n all ab\t ! sizes ( angles1 & ,i only "k ( "o way 9 :i* to make ! matt] cle>4 ,e circle1 no matt] h[ small or l>ge1 is suppos$ to be divid$ into #cfj equal p>ts1 call$ degrees4 ,t l>ge circle :i* =ms ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is consid]$ to be s divid$4 ,n[1 if we draw l9es f all ^! divisions to ! c5tre1 !y w meet !re1 & =m a numb] ( equal angles4 ,i h n divid$ ! circle ,p all r\nd1 because x w\ld make s _m angles t y c\ld n see !m cle>ly2 b ,i h put #cfj at ! top1 & !n #de1 :i* means1 t if ,i _h m>k$ all ! divisions1 !re w\ld be #de up to t po9t4 ,!n at #de m ,i h m>k$ #ij1 & s on1 m>k+ ea* #de? division1 & f ^! ,i h drawn l9es to ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,n[1 if y und]/& me s f>1 we %all get on fam\sly4 ,look at ! l9e f #cfj to ! c5tre1 & t f #ij1 & see :]e !y jo94 ,?is is a "r angle1 & ?is is ! angle at ea* corn] ( a squ>e4 ,at ,n1 ,i h drawn ?is sep>ately to make x cle>1 & y see ,i h tak5 a qu>t] ( ! circle1 or ! quadrant1 z x is call$1 ( #ij4 ,& y n[ see t ,i might ext5d ! l9es beyond ! circle to any ext5t1 b x w\ld make no diff]5ce1--we %\ld /ill h #ij ( a circle1 only ! circle w\ld be l>g]1 z ^? :i* are p>tly drawn ) ! dott$ l9es4 ,n[1 all angles are ?us measur$ by ! divisions ( a circle2 ! l9e at #de1 :i* meets ! l9e f #cfj at ! c5tre1 makes ) x an angle ( #de1 :i* is half a "r angle4 ,a l9e drawn at #cj w\ld make an angle ( #cj ) ! same l9e f #cfj1 & s on "r r\nd2 only :5 two l9es come exactly opposite "o ano!r1 z #cfj & #ahj1 or #bgj & #ij1 ^! make no angles--!y are b "o /raight l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & are call$ diamet]s ( ! circle1 a ^w :i* means measure ?r\gh1 or across ! circle4 ,n[1 ! corn]s ( a squ>e frame1 or ( a draw] or box1 are "r angles ( #ij4 ,at ,r1 ,i h drawn su* a corn] ( a frame1 & if ,i place "o po9t ( a pair ( compasses at e1 & draw a circle cutt+ ?r\gh ! l9es ( ! sides ( ! frame1 y see ,i %\ld make x #ij1 or a quadrant1 l ,n4 ,moreov]1 if ,i draw ! sides ( ! frame z if !y cross$ z at e ,r1 ,i draw a small squ>e1 & ! l9e e ,r is ! diagonal ( su* squ>e3 e ,r is ! mitr$ jo9t ,i h to cut4 ,look at ,t ,s & y w see ?is1 z "h ! two sides ( ! frame are repres5t$ z cut ready to be jo9$ toge!r4 ,a squ>e has ano!r quality3 all its sides are equal1 & ?is is v important1 & w help u 9 cutt+ out ! "w4 x ,y repres5ts ! /rip ( wood to be prop]ly slop$ (f = a mitr$ jo9t4 ,) a gauge su* z t j above x1 or y\r regul> m>k+ gauge1 set (f on ! side ,y a di/ance equal to x x 7! wid? ( ! pieces72 jo9 x b by a l9e1 & y w h ! "r slope4 ,:y8 ,because :5 y measur$ ) ! gauge y m>k$ ! two equal sides ( a squ>e1 & x b is ! diagonal ( x1 :i* is exactly ! same z y _h at e ,r4 ,by measur+ 9 ?is way1 !re=e1 y c1 if y\r /rips are already truly squ>$ up1 always m>k out a mitr$ jo9t correctly4 ,! two little angles at x & b are also1 ,i %\ld po9t out1 equal--ea* half ( a "r angle or #de1 & ! o!r /rip or side ( ! frame w make up ! o!r half "r angle1 or complete ! exact squ>e ( #ij4 ,9 all ?is ,i h cle>ly laid d[n ! pr9ciples ( mitr$ jo9ts1 & giv5 y a lesson 9 ma!matics4 ,i %all n[1 !re=e1 g on to ! "w ( practical con/ruction 7,fig4 #cb74 ,y mu/ be v c>eful to make ! edge ,b squ>e to ! side ,a1 z 9 all o!r "w :i* ,i h expla9$ to y2 or1 if ?is side is m\ld$ l ! front ( a picture-frame1 y mu/ squ>e ! edge ) ! back4 ,aft] hav+ cut all ! pieces1 y h to glue !m & fa/5 !m toge!r4 ,w>m !m1 & use ! glue boil+1 z direct$ be=e1 & quickly lay ! pieces toge!r4 ,to d s effectually1 y mu/ place !m flat on a bo>d or on y\r b5*1 & hav+ adju/$ !m1 y c tie a /rong cord r\nd ! :ole1 putt+ little bits ( wood close to ! corn]s1 s t ! /r+ %all n m>k y\r "w1 if su* m>ks w\ld be ( consequ5ce4 ,or y c w$ge up /rongly 9 ano!r way4 ,if y look at ,c y w see a squ>e repres5t+ a frame ) eight spots r\nd x4 ,^! are nail heads1 & m>k ! position ( eight nails driv5 r\nd b n t\*+ ! frame into ! b5*4 ,!n1 hav+ prep>$ eight small w$ges1 drive !m 9 betwe5 ! frame & ! nails4 ,y w f9d ?is z simple & easy a way ( keep+ ! frame toge!r z any1 & all mu/ rema9 till ! glue is dry & h>d--probably till ! same h\r on ! foll[+ day8 ,!n remove ! w$ges & take up y\r frame1 :i* %\ld be trim & /rong4 ,nev]!less1 y are n[ to add consid]ably to ! /r5g? ( x 9 "o or bo? ( ! foll[+ ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,) a mitre-saw or t5on-saw cut "o or two slits at ea* angle1 z se5 at ,d1 ,fig4 #cb1 e & f4 ,cut little pieces ( ?9 wood1 & hav+ glu$ !m1 drive !m into ^! slits4 ,if y saw !m slant+1 "s t5d+ upw>ds & "s d[nw>ds1 x w be bett] ?an cutt+ /raight into ! frame4 ,!n1 :5 all is dry1 neatly trim (f ^! pieces ev5 ) ! frame4 ,y may also1 if ! "w is ( a m heavy k9d1 z a l>ge picture-frame1 f9i% ) key$ mitres1 g4 ,cut a place ) a *isel ( ! %ape "h %[n1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* deep1 half into "o piece & half into ! o!r4 ,!n cut out a key ( ! same =m ( ?9 h>d wood1 to fit exactly1 & glue x 94 ,! %ape ( ! key prev5ts ! jo9t f com+ ap>t1 & makes x v /rong & durable4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( light boxes are made ) mitr$ jo9ts1 z workboxes1 wat]-col\r boxes1 compass-boxes1 & su* l2 & y c exam9e ^! = y\rself2 b y w n (t5 see ! keys at ! angles1 because mo/ ( su* boxes are v5e]$1 or cov]$ :5 f9i%$ ) a ?9 lay] ( "s ornam5tal wood4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to %[ y h[ ^! jo9ts c be cut at once )\t ! tr\ble ( gaug+ & measur+ to f9d ! prop] angle4 ,!re=e ,i %all let y into ! secret ( mitr+ boxes & mitr+ bo>ds1 :i*1 if y _h mu* to d ( ?is k9d1 w\ld %ort5 y\r "w consid]ably4 ,fig4 #cc1 ,a1 repres5ts a mitr+-bo>d1 ,b a mitr+-box4 ,we mu/ g into a little ma!matics aga91 & try to und]/& ^!1 because1 if y d s1 y may devise o!rs1 occasionally m suitable = any special "w y h 9 h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fir/1 look at ,d ( ?is figure4 ,y h a l9e1 a b1 /&+ ^u ano!r ,c ,d1 & p]p5dicul> to x--t is1 x leans nei!r to ! "r nor to ! left4 ,x makes two angles at b1 "o on ea* side ( a b1 & ^! are angles ( #ij1 or "r angles1 z ,i expla9$4 ,n[1 if "o l9e l a b /&s on ano!r1 ^! two angles are toge!r equal to #ahj1 or twice #ij1 :e!r ?is l9e is or is n upright or p]p5dicul> to ! o!r4 ,look at fig4 ,c4 ,"h y h ! l9e x x1 & /&+ on x sev]al o!rs2 "o1 a b1 is upright or p]p5dicul>1 mak+ ) x two angles ( #ij ea*1 or #ahj toge!r4 ,n[1 take f b1 & suppose ?is to make #de on ! "r-h& side1 y see x makes !re=e a proportionately l>g] angle on ! o!r4 ,x makes1 9 fact1 an angle ( #ace4 ,b #ace add$ to #de equals #ahj1 :i* is ! same z be=e1 & :i*ev] l9e y take1 ! angles toge!r made by x at b w equal #ahj ( ! circle--t is1 !y w equal two "r-angles4 ,n[1 if ,i take ! fig4 ,d aga91 & c>ry on ! l9e a b "r ?r\gh c d1 :]e x is dott$1 two angles w be made on ! o!r side ( c d1 :i* w ea* be "r angles ( #ij z be=e1 s t all ! f\r angles ?us made are equal4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t :5ev] any two l9es cut ea* o!r--,e ,q & ,r ,s = in/ance--! angles at ,t equal f\r "r angles1 no matt] :e!r ! l9es are or are n p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r3 & :at is m 7& :at ,i specially want y to note71 ! opposite angles are equal--i4e41 ! two small ones1 or ! two l>ge ones4 ,! action ( a mitre-block or mitre-box dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n1 s y see t al?\gh few c>p5t]s und]/& mu* ab\t ma!matics1 & simply "w z !y 7 taught1 )\t kn[+ or c>+ :y1 ^? :o plann$ ! me?od ( "w1 & inv5t$ mitre-bo>ds & su* l devices to %ort5 "w & less5 lab\r1 mu/ h und]/ood a great deal ab\t su* ?+s4 ,& s x is g5]ally1 z y w f9d ) inv5tions3 ?+s look easy en\gh1 & natural en\gh1 :5 we see !m e day2 b x has tak5 a great deal ( ?\ght & s\nd k to inv5t !m 9 ! fir/ place1 & a great deal ( practical exp]i5ce to con/ruct !m s neatly4 ,ev5 a common p9 goes ?r\gh su* a numb] ( processes z w\ld surprise y1 if y h nev] be5 able to see !m made4 ,look c>efully at ,a4 ,x repres5ts a block ( wood1 ab\t #a or #b in*es ?ick1 & #c or #d wide1 firmly screw$ on ! top ( a bo>d #a in* ?ick4 ,! l5g? is ab\t #ah in*es4 ,two saw-cuts are made ) a t5on-saw1 "r ?r\gh ! block to ! bo>d1 at angles ( #de ) ! l9e a b4 ,^! are guides = ! saw to "w 94 ,! wood to be cut is laid aga9/ ! edge ( ! block1 & re/s on ! bo>d1 & ! saw is !n appli$ 9 "o ( ! grooves :ile ! wood is be+ cut by x4 ,let ,h be su* a piece4 ,if ! saw is put 9 ! left-h& slit1 x w cut x l y2 if 9 ! o!r1 x w cut x ! o!r way1 l x2 & ?us1 if a piece is tak5 (f at ea* end1 x w be z y see1 ready to become "o side ( a frame4 ,n[1 exam9e ,k1 :i* %[s all ! l9es or edges ( ! mitr+-bo>d1 z se5 f above1 ) ! /rip a b sawn across 9 ! l9e c a4 ,! l9es a b & c a cross ea* o!r1 mak+ ! opposite angles equal2 & z "o angle is #de ! o!r mu/ be #de also1 s t ! "r-h& side ( ! /rip is correctly cut4 ,b s also is ! o!r end1 & if we turn x ov]1 x w exactly fit1 & ! two w =m two sides ( a squ>e4 ,i c\ld prove to y t ! second /rip conta9s angles exactly simil> to ! fir/1 b y ought to be able n[ to detect ! reason = y\rself1 & ,i d n want to tea* y m ma!matics at pres5t1 z ,i am afraid y are tir$ ( ^!1 & w want to g on ) ! real "w ( fitt+ & mak+4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 said en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 to make y compreh5d :y ! two saw-cuts mu/ be at an angle ( #de ) ! edge ( ! top bo>d4 ,p]haps y wi% to make y\r own bo>d1 h[ev]1 & w\ld l to "k an easy way to get ! saw-cuts at ! "r angle8 ,i %all !re=e %[ y h[ to d ?is1 b y mu/ be v exact 9 y\r workman%ip4 ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #cd1 is ! piece ( ?ick bo>d z se5 f above1 & close to x is a p]spective view ( ! same :i* %[s ! ?ickness4 ,set (f a di/ance1 ,a ,e1 equal to ,a ,c1 & jo9 ,c ,e4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s y t ,c ,e is ! diagonal ( a squ>e1 & ! angles at ,c & ,e are consequ5tly ea* #de2 b we d n want ?is l9e to end at ,c1 x is too exactly at ! corn] = conv5i5ce4 ,measure1 !re=e1 a di/ance1 ,e b & ,c a1 equal1 & jo9 a b1 :i* w be ! place = ! saw-cut2 & ! o!r c be m>k$ out 9 exactly ! same way4 a x1 9 ! p]spective view1 mu/ be c>efully m>k$ by ! help ( ! squ>e4 ,take c>e to m>k ! l9e on ! bottom bo>d1 :]e ! edge ( ?is upp] ?ick piece w fall1 & screw ! two firmly toge!r4 ,if ! edge & face ( ! ?ick piece are n truly squ>e to ea* o!r1 ! mitres cut ?us w n be correct2 b1 if all is well made1 !y may be glu$ at once toge!r1 no p>+ ( ! *isel be+ necess>y or desirable4 ,! mitre-box1 ,fig4 #cc1 ,b1 is on precisely ! same pr9ciple1 b is *iefly us$ to cut n>r[ /rips n ov] #b in*es wide2 x %\ld be neatly made ( mahogany1 half an in* ?ick4 ,!re is also g5]ally made a saw-cut /raight across1 at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! box or bo>d1 :i* is conv5i5t 9 saw+ across su* /rips ( wood1 z x saves ! necessity ( m>k+ l9es aga9/ ! edge ( ! squ>e3 ( c\rse1 x is specially us$ :]e a l>ge numb] ( /rips h to be cut squ>e across4 ,9 all ^! y obs]ve "o saw-cut lean+ to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left4 ,?is is necess>y :5 picture-frames or m\ld$ pieces h to be cut to #de1 because y _c1 ( c\rse1 turn su* pieces ov] & use ei!r side1 :i* y c d :5 ! piece has no su* m\ld+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,sev]al modifications exi/ ( mitr+-bo>ds2 "s arrang$ = saw+1 & "s = plan+2 & :]e ?\s&s ( frames h to be *eaply made1 ! angles are cut (f ) circul> saws1 ( :i* ,i ne$ n speak p>ticul>ly "h1 b :i* ,i %all probably h to describe 9 a future page4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd1 ,k1 ,i h %[n "o corn] ( a simple picture-frame1 cov]$ ) :at is call$ ru/ic "w1 t is--%ort pieces ( oak1 a%1 or o!r wood cut f ! tree1 left ) ! b>k on1 or peel$ & v>ni%$4 ,^! are nail$ on ) small brads2 &1 if well assort$ & arrang$1 ?is w h a v neat appe>ance1 suit+ well = rooms fitt$ up 9 oak1 z _m /udies & libr>ies are4 ,9 picture-frames1 h[ev]1 a rebate 7call$ rabbit7 has to be made at ! back1 l ,l1 9 :i* ! picture ) its glass & back-bo>d has to re/2 & ?is requires a special plane4 ,! front also is always ei!r slop$ (f or m\ld$4 ,i %all !re=e make ?is k9d ( "w ! subject ( my next *apt]1 & describe ! op]ations ( rebat+1 groov+1 tongue+1 & m\ld+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,^! op]ations1 :i* are frequ5tly requir$ 9 c>p5try1 are done on a small scale by planes4 ,on a l>g] scale1 circul> saws & o!r ma*9]y are widely & ext5sively made use ( = ! same purpose1 z be+ mu* m rapid & economical4 ,( c\rse1 ! "y me*anic w employ ! m usual me?od1 & ! pres5t *apt] w !re=e treat ( ! planes necess>y = ! above "w1 & ! me?od ( us+ !m4 ,! common rebate or rabbit plane comes fir/4 ,?is is ( v>i\s wid?s2 an in* be+ a v useful size4 ,x is diff]5t 9 _m respects f ! smoo?+-plane1 be+ made ) a s+le iron only1 :i* is s arrang$ z to rea* into angul> recesses1 :i* c\ld n be t\*$ by ! ord9>y plane1 ( :i* ! iron does n ext5d q to ei!r side ( ! sole4 ,fig4 #ce1 ,a & ,b1 w illu/rate ?is4 ,a repres5ts ! plane z se5 f above & at "o side1 ,b gives ! p]spective view ( ! sole1 ,c repres5ts ! iron1 ,d ! w$ge4 ,let u suppose a rebate requir$ ^u a /rip #a in* ?ick1 ! same to be half an in* wide & deep4 ,a gauge is fir/ set to ! requir$ di/ance1 & a l9e is m>k$ on bo? faces1 z a guide = ! action ( ! plane4 ,aft] a little practice x w be f\nd easy to guide ! entry ( ! plane ) ! left h&1 grasp+ x s z p>tly to ov]lap ! sole1 & ?us det]m9e ! wid? ( ! cut1 :i* mu/ n at fir/ be c>ri$ to ! full wid? requir$1 b may be br\ght )9 an eigh? ( an in* ( su* gauge l9e1 & ! mat]ial remov$ sometimes f "o face ( ! rebate & sometimes f ! o!r1 tak+ c>e to keep x nicely squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,at fir/ x is an easi] plan to nail on ) brads a /rip ( wood accurately plan$1 :i* 9 ?is case1 z ! sole ( ! plane is #a in* wide1 mu/ cov] x f end to end to a wid? ( half an in*4 ,?is w prev5t ! possibility ( go+ too deep into cut1 & insure ! correctness ( ! rebate1 ,fig4 #ce1 ,h4 ,! injury to ! sole w n be great if small brads are us$1 b at ! same "t x is bett] to le>n ! art ( us+ ! h& z a guide1 :i* is ! m g5]al me?od ( ! work+ c>p5t]4 ,z = ! use ( rebates1 !re are few pieces ( cab9et-"w or jo9]y 9 :i* !y are n f\nd1 & z /at$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 no picture-frame c be made )\t !m4 ,! %av+s :i* escape f ! rebate-frame d n rise out ( ! top1 z 9 ! smoo?+-plane1 b f ! side1 :i* is holl[$ out = ! purpose1 z se5 9 ! draw+4 ,! skew rebate-plane is made l ! prec$+ "o1 b ! iron1 in/ead ( /&+ at "r angles to ! sides1 is plac$ at an angle4 ,) ?is y c plane across ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! next plane to be notic$1 is t ) :i* grooves are cut1 su* z y w (t5 see 9 ! sides ( book-%elves1 9 :i* ! sev]al %elves slide4 ,! same is done :]e two bo>ds are to be jo9$ l5g?wise1 & !re is dang] ( _! becom+ sep>at$ z ! wood %r9ks 9 dry+4 ,! panels ( doors1 too1 are slid into simil> grooves 9 ! /yles & rails ( ! framework1 & !re are innum]able o!r cases 9 :i* ?is mode ( "w is c>ri$ out4 ,^! grooves are g5]ally cut ) ! pl\gh1 a curi\s-look+ tool1 by no means l a plane 9 appe>ance1 b ( great use to ! c>p5t]4 ,( c\rse1 we require v>i\s wid?s ( su* grooves1 accord+ to ! special purpose int5d$1 & ^! are det]m9$ by v>i\s wid?s ( ! cutt+ irons1 :i*1 h[ev]1 all fix into ! same /ock2 a doz5 or m ( su* irons are sold ) a s+le plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,9 ,fig4 #cf is a set ( draw+s explanatory ( ! above tool4 ,! c5tral "p1 or /ock1 is t :i* corresponds to ! same 9 o!r planes1 & x is only modifi$ to suit ! o!r p>ts1 :i* simply act z guides or gauges regulat+ ! di/ance ( ! grooves f ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & ! dep? to :i* !y are to be cut4 ,:5 ! arms1 ,a ,a1 are remov$1 y h ! plane z x appe>s ) a brass f5ce1 b1 at "o side1 :i* c be rais$ or l[]$ at pleasure1 & set at any po9t by ! screw ,c2 d is an iron plate :i* acts z ! sole ( ! plane1 ! cutt+ edge be+ set to project a v little way bel[ x4 ,! arms ,a ,a c>ry ! f5ce g1 :i* is flat on ! inside next ! plane1 & m\ld$ 7m]ely = appe>ance sake7 on ! outside4 ,! arms slide 9 two holes 9 ! body ( ! plane1 & c be drawn out at pleasure1 & fix$ by little wood5 w$ges1 e e4 ,?us1 :ile 9 use1 ! f5ce rubs along ! edge ( ! bo>d1 :ile ! groove is be+ cut at su* di/ance z ! f5ce is fix$1 & to su* a dep? z is all[$ by ! position ( ! brass *eck or guide4 ,complex1 !re=e1 z ?is tool appe>s1 x is n s 9 reality4 ,we %all pres5tly describe a *e/ ( draw]s or cab9et calculat$ to receive small tools1 or specim5s ( co9s1 %ells1 & su* l1 9 :i* ano!r k9d ( groov+-plane has to come into use1 call$ 7) its fell[1 :i* makes a t5on to fit su* groove7 a mat* plane4 ,?is is ( ext5sive use1 less exp5sive ?an ! pl\gh1 & on ! :ole m likely to be useful to ! "y me*anic4 ,inde$1 al?\gh ! pl\gh has be5 "h describ$ & illu/rat$1 x is n by any means to be consid]$ ess5tial1 & its pur*ase may well be def]r$ until o!r tools ( great] importance has be5 effect$4 ,! side or sa% filli/] to be pres5tly describ$1 = in/ance1 w\ld be m useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #cg is su* a cab9et1 ) six draw]s1 dovetail$ at ! corn]s z usual4 ,! bottom1 h[ev]1 projects beyond ! sides1 s t ! latt] are n made l[] ?an ! back1 z 0 ! case ) ! table-draw] previ\sly describ$4 ,! top & sides may be ( mahogany1 ! back & bottom ( p9e 7/a9$ or n at pleasure71 or if co/ is an object1 ! :ole may be ( any o!r wood2 b ! grooves 9 :i* ! draw]s slide1 c be cut m %>ply & neatly 9 h>d] wood ?an p9e--bir*1 = in/ance1 :i* is v fit = ! purpose1 & w take a good poli%4 ,! out] case is fir/ made l an op5 box4 ,! dim5sions may be regulat$ accord+ to ! int5d$ use1 b g5]ally ! draw]s increase 9 dep? d[nw>ds4 ,! top & bottom ov]lap ! sides1 ! latt] to a some:at great] wid? ?an ! =m]4 ,! sides c !re=e only be dovetail$ to ! back2 ! bottom may be atta*$ ) screws1 & ! top likewise1 b ! holes mu/ !n be plugg$ to conceal !m4 ,if ! :ole is ( deal1 & to be pa9t$ or v5e]$1 ?is w\ld be ! be/ plan2 b if ! top is ( mahogany1 x is n s easy to fill up ! holes above ! heads ( ! screws s z to ?or\ghly conceal !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y h no pl\gh to cut a groove to let ! sides & back a little way into ! top1 glue alone w n hold suffici5tly4 ,9 ?is case small] holes may be made to admit #b-;in* brads to assi/ ! glue1 su* holes be+ easily fill$ ) putty /a9$ to imitate mahogany4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! draw]s consi/s 9 _! meet+ ea* o!r q closely :5 %ut1 )\t ! int]m$iate divisions ord9>ily se54 ,h5ce ! necessity = a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! slid+ surfaces z be=e ref]r$ to4 ,! insides ( ! case h five grooves pl\gh$ across !m1 z se5 at ,c ( ?is figure1 ! six? draw] only be+ made z usual to slide ^u ! bottom ( ! case1 & hav+ its sides made l[] ?an ! back = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! grooves ?us cut1 ! project+ "p ( ! bottom ( ! draw]s is made to fit & slide1 & !y w run m smoo?ly if cut s t ! gra9 ( ! wood %all run across ! bottom1 f front to back1 & n f side to side4 ,! bottom ( ! draw] mu/ n come bel[ ! level ( ! front1 b ei!r ! front %\ld be rebat$ to take "o edge ( x1 z se5 at ,e1 :i* is ! be/ way1 or a slip ( wood %\ld be glu$ along z at ,f1 on :i* t edge may re/1 & to :i* x c be atta*$4 ,d exhibits ?is di/9ctly1 z x is drawn z if ! ne>e/ end 0 remov$ to %[ ! position ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,! bottom1 !re=e1 w be let into ! front1 & nail$ "u ! back & sides1 & w project r less ?an half an in* ea* way1 to fit ! grooves 9 :i* x is to slide4 ,ano!r way to effect ! same is to make ! draw]s z usual1 ) no su* projections1 & to nail a /rip to run 9 ! grooves 9 ! middle ( ! side pieces1 or1 if pref]r$1 ne> ! top4 ,! effect is1 ( c\rse1 ! same1 & su* /rips be+ plan$ up nicely1 ) ! gra9 runn+ l5g?wise1 w cause ! draw]s to "w 9 & out v smoo?ly4 ,!re is no neat] way ?an ?is to make a cab9et2 & sometimes ! :ole is clos$ ) a panell$ door1 = :i* purpose ! case is left to project beyond ! draw]s4 ,unless well suppli$ 9 ! matt] ( planes1 :i* is h>dly to be expect$1 y w n be able to cut ! grooves 9 ! side ( ! out] case 9 any way b ! foll[+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w answ] v well :5 ! piece 9 :i* !y are to be cut is n above #i in*es or #a foot wide4 ,m>k out ! places1 spac+ !m ) ! greate/ c>e1 & cut j )9 ! l9es ) a t5on-saw2 !n cut out ) a *isel ! n>r[ piece :i* int]v5es4 ,!re is a plane call$ a r\t+-plane us$ = ?is by cab9etmak]s & jo9]s1 b y may z well ex]cise y\r +5uity to d )\t x4 ,if y h a pl\gh1 y may remove ! f5ce1 & let x foll[ up ! saw & *isel1 b x w be h>dly requir$ if y use ! *isel c>efully4 ,i %all n[ introduce to y\r notice ano!r v excell5t plane1 call$ a side or sa% filli/]1 = cutt+ rebates ( any requir$ dep? & wid?4 ,x is v l ! pl\gh 9 appe>ance1 ) a simil> wood5 guide or f5ce on two arms to regulate ! wid?1 & ano!r ( metal1 mov$ by a screw at ! top1 to regulate ! dep? ( ! cut4 ,fig4 #ch1 ,a1 %[s "o side ( ?is plane1 & ,b ! o!r4 ,! cutt+ edge comes d[n to ! level ( c d 9 fig4 ,a2 ! f5ce1 ( :i* ! edge is se5 at h1 w draw up to ! level ( a b1 or l[] to t ( ! edge4 ,?is plane1 !re=e1 is b a m complete rebate-plane1 fitt$ ) guides = dep? & wid?4 ,x does its "w v p]fectly1 & is ( ext5sive use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,i h giv5 descriptions ( ^! planes1 al?\gh ! "y me*anic w n at fir/ possess !m1 z !y are some:at exp5sive1 because ,i feel x z well to let him "k h[ "w is done by ! trade1 & :y x is t su* "w is effect$ m rapidly & bett] ?an he himself c d x2 b at ! same "t x is f> bett] t he %\ld1 = a long "t1 "w at a disadvantage1 by us+ few tools1 & ^? ( ! simple/ con/ruction1 be=e tak+ 9 h& o!rs :i* co/ a good deal ( money1 :i* might (t5 be bett] sp5t4 ,a look back ov] ^! pages w %[ t ) a long 7or jack7 plane1 a smoo?+-plane & a rebate-plane1 all ! "w previ\sly allud$ to c be done4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i am writ+ ^u ! subject ( planes1 ,i may z well m5tion two m--mat*-planes & bead+-planes--to :i* may be add$ ^? = m\ld+1 be+ an ext5sion only ( ! la/ nam$4 ,mat*-planes are always 9 pairs4 ,_! use is to cut1 ! "o a groove1 ,fig4 #ci1 ,a1 ! o!r a t5on or tongue1 or fea!r1 z x is sometimes call$1 z ,fig4 #ci1 ,b1 d[n ! long sides 7) ! gra97 ( bo>ds t are to be jo9$ l5g?wise 7,fig4 #ci74 ,if ! pl\gh is us$1 a groove is cut 9 bo? pieces1 & a slip ( bo>d plan$ up to fit !m2 ei!r me?od w answ] equally well4 ,:5 bo>ds jo9$ ?us %r9k1 ! tongue or slip fills up space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,!re is no necessity = illu/rat+ ! planes us$ = bead+ & m\ld+ aft] ! description already giv5 ( o!rs4 ,! irons1 in/ead ( be+ flat1 are fil$ into grooves & holl[s ( ! requir$ patt]n1 & ( c\rse transf] _! own =m to ! wood ^u :i* !y are us$4 ,!y are held on ! slope ( ! m\ld+ to be cut4 ,:5 blunt1 !y h to be %>p5$ ) slips ( oil/one1 :i* c be _h = ! purpose1 ( squ>e & r\nd section2 sometimes !y are suffici5tly s(t to be fil$ into %ape1 b a ke5 edge _c ?us be obta9$4 ,m\ld+s1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally f9i%$ (f ) f9e s&pap]4 ,!y are always plan$ l5g?wise ( ! gra9 9 long /rips1 & are cut to ! requir$ l5g?s 7g5]ally ) mitres74 ,:5 v broad1 !y are made up ( sev]al n>r[] ones1 glu$ side by side4 ,! "y me*anic _h bett] get !m cut = him by "s fri5dly c>p5t]1 z x is h>dly wor? 8 :ile to buy planes = :i* he w h comp>atively little use4 ,i %all conclude ^! pap]s on c>p5try by describ+ ! me?od ( mak+ su* a door z w\ld suit ! cab9et already describ$1 especially z x w expla9 ! way 9 :i* all panell+ is done1 :e!r = doors1 %utt]s1 or o!r simil> articles4 ,panell+ is inde$ ( v g5]al application 9 e h\sehold1 & x is well wor? :ile ev5 = ! "y me*anic to le>n h[ x is accompli%$4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld be possess$ ei!r ( a pl\gh or mat*-planes = r\t+ out ! grooves 9 :i* ! panels slide4 ,ne>ly all panels h a bead+ or a m\ld+ runn+ r\nd !m z a f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,fig4 #dj illu/rates ! me?od ( panell+4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c are ! /yles1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g ! rails4 ,! mortices & t5ons are cut z usual4 ,! inside edges ( ,c1 ,b1 ,d1 ,g are !n groov$ ) ! pl\gh1 & bo? edges ( ! o!r pieces4 ,! panels are c>efully squ>$ up1 & !n bevell$ (f at ! edges s z to fit ! grooves4 ,to put su* a door toge!r1 ,a1 ,d1 ,g1 ,e1 & ,f w\ld be fir/ arrang$1 !n ! panels slid 9 f ! outside1 & aft]w>ds ! /yles ,b & ,c put 9 place4 ,! "p beyond ! out] mortices 9 ! latt] pieces1 :i* are left = safety 9 cutt+ ^! mortices1 & to prev5t splitt+ :5 ,d & ,g are driv5 home1 are n cut (f until ! glue is dry4 ,! process is simple1 b x requires great c>e1 bo? 9 sett+ out ! v>i\s measurem5ts1 & 9 squ>+ up ! diff]5t pieces compos+ ! :ole4 ,aft] ! :ole is dry1 /rips ( m\ld+1 cut to mitre-jo9ts at ! corn]s1 are nail$ on ) brads r\nd ! panels to give ! :ole a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,9 ! above examples1 9 :i* ,i h gone f ! m simple to ! m complicat$1 are compris$ ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! art ( c>p5try4 ,at any rate1 :5 ! "y me*anic c d z mu*1 he w be able to accompli% a great deal m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,!re are a numb] ( useful & ornam5tal articles :i* _c be made ) ! c>p5t]'s tools alone1 b :i* ne$ a la! = _! con/ruction4 ,wood5 boxes ( circul> section1 wood5 & metal :eels & pulleys1 ornam5tal *air & table legs1 & a c\ntless numb] ( simil> articles1 all dep5d ^u ! skill ( ! turn]4 ,models too ( eng9es & ma*9]y ( all sizes & %apes1 br+ ! la! into con/ant requisition4 ,no "o c say to :om ?is ma*9e is to be attribut$4 ,probably x has be5 develop$ by sl[ & imp]ceptible /eps1 f ! pott]'s :eel to its pres5t elaborate & p]fect =m4 ,z = ! "p t old ,ddalus _h 9 x1 ,i believe he _h j z mu* to d ) x z he _h ) ! saw1 :i* he is said to h inv5t$ f see+ ! backbone ( a fi%4 ,n[1 ! backbone ( a fi% is n a bit l a saw1 b ! jaw ( a %>k is1 & v quickly x amputates legs1 arms1 & heads1 :5 un=tunately ! *ance is giv5 to x4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 /ay to discuss ?is unimportant po9t2 we w leave x to ! rese>*es ( ! ,ant$iluvian ,society1 or ,noahican ,bre?r51 or any o!r kn[n or unkn[n le>n$ body1 & proce$ to consid] ! la! z x is n[ g5]ally con/ruct$--! ambition ( boys1 ! delight ( adult possessors1 &1 to ! writ]1 8gem ( gems60 ,at ! v "t ,i write1 ,i am engag$ 9 fitt+ up two la!s2 "o ( :i* is = j su* a 8"y me*anic0 z ?is book is int5d$ to in/ruct4 ,! b$ w be ( dry h>d bee*1 ! fly-:eel ( iron turn$ up ) five grooves or spe$s1 z !y are call$4 ,! heads1 :i* are ! only really important "p1 are to be made by a well-kn[n ,london mak]1 ^: "w is sure to be ! be/ possible at ! price af=d$4 ,nev]!less1 ?is la! w co/ sev]al p\nds1 al?\gh x is to be fitt$ = h&-turn+ only1 & x is possible 9 ,london to f9d a mu* *eap] 7n bett]7 article4 ,:5 ,i 0 myself a 8"y me*anic10 s _m ye>s ago t ,i f9d ,i d n q l to c\nt !m1 ,i _h a la! at #b1 r %aky1 wood5 fly-:eel1 wood5 head--n at all ! ?+ to recomm5d4 ,!n ,i _h ano!r made by a gunsmi?--all iron--= x 0 :at is call$ a triangle-b> la!2 ! b$ be+ a b> ( triangul> section1 on :i* ! heads or poppits slid1 & also ! re/4 ,i ?9k n[ x 0 n a bad la!2 b ,i am afraid ! "w ,i did on x 0 sc>cely fir/-class2 & ,i sold ! ma*9e "o f9e day "u ! impression t if ,i _h a bett] ,i %\ld d bett] "w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 prov$ a t]rible fallacy2 s ,i set myself ^u high z a w>n+ to "y me*anics1 :o always fancy t _! clumsy1 bad "w is due to "s fault 9 _! tools1 :]eas1 aft] all1 x is g5]ally _! own4 ,well1 ,i _h a succession ( la!s1 aft] t triangle-b> "o _h pass$ into oblivion1 by v>i\s mak]s2 "s good1 "s indiff]5t1 "s = heavy1 & "s = light "w2 & ,i fancy ,i am n[ fairly able to give an op9ion ^u ! m]its or dem]its ( any p>ticul> la! :i* may come "u my notice4 ,i 0 go+ to write a piece ( advice1 8,don't give too mu* = a la!10 :5 ,i rememb]$ t ,i 0 scribbl+ = ! edification fir/ ( boys2 & exp]i5ce tells me ! caution is by no means g5]ally necess>y1 few boys' pockets be+ v heavily l9$1 ow+ to ! con/ant claims ^u !m = peg-tops1 knives1 /r+1 & etcet]as--n to say lollipops & bulls' eyes1 & simil> un:olesome luxuries4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ give "s idea ( co/1 if only z a p>tial guide2 b all dep5ds ^u ! special object = :i* ! la! is to be us$4 ,if = models1 = in/ance1 x w\ld n be s exp5sive z if x 0 desir$ = elaborate ornam5tal "w 9 wood or ivory1 :5 ! "y me*anic has gr[n :isk]s1 & become an adult en?usia/ at ?is delightful recreation4 ,= !re are all k9ds ( la!s to be _h2 "s t w answ] well = beg9n]s1 & = r\gh "w 9 aft] ye>s2 "s beautifully f9i%$1 int5d$ to be us$ fir/ = simple h&-turn+1 b :i* are ( be/ con/ruction1 & !re=e wor? add+ to f "t to "t2 & if c>efully us$1 w desc5d 9 good ord] f fa!r to son4 ,!n !re are la!s = heavi] "w1 & = screw cutt+ & eng9e mak+1 fit = eng9e]s2 & o!rs ( m9ute size & exquisite f9i%1 adapt$ to ! special requirem5ts ( wat* & clock mak]s--la!s y c\ld put 9 y\r wai/coat pocket4 ,n[1 if ,i 7 sure y w\ld be v1 v c>eful1 ,i %\ld l to recomm5d a good la!1 wor? add+ to z y grew m & m exp]i5c$2 b ^!1 ev5 ( simple/ make1 are co/ly1 & n )9 rea* ( half my read]s4 ,i %all !re=e say--get a good1 pla91 /rong tool t w be> a little r\gh usage1 & :i* w co/ y z little z x is possible to make !m =3 & if y f9d1 aft] a ye> or two1 t y are becom+ a pr(ici5t1 & !re=e n s likely to damage a good la!1 y c set ?is1 y\r fir/1 on "o side1 & let x become y\r hack to d any odd jobs1 & buy y\rself bo? a l>g] & a bett] "o4 ,i "k ?is w be a d\ble outlay2 b exp]i5ce tells me x w be ! be/ way & ! *eape/ 9 ! long run4 ,p]haps y may l to g on z y are4 ,y\r small la! may prove an accurate "o1 & q suffici5t = y\r ne$4 ,9 su* case1 ( c\rse1 a new "o w n be requir$ at all4 ,b if x %\ld be o!rwise1 & circum/ances all[ y to improve ^u x1 y may re/ assur$ y\r old fri5d w be ev] a h&y assi/ant1 & save y\r bett] la! v consid]ably 9 _m ways4 ,y c get a la! = ab\t #bj to #be1 ) iron b$ complete2 & ,i really ?9k x impossible to obta9 a *eap] "o4 ,( c\rse x w be small1 & ( ! pla9e/ possible con/ruction4 ,x w1 nev]!less1 answ] = light "w 9 wood & metal1 be+ design$ to assi/ ! "y me*anic 9 mak+ model eng9es & simil> curiosities4 ,f ?is y may g1 p\nd by p\nd1 to good1 s]viceable tools2 & ^! to a #cjj la! = rose eng9e-"w1 & elaborate ornam5tation 9 ivory & o!r co/ly mat]ials4 ,mo/ probably ,i %all be able to give y a catalogue or two at ! end ( ?is book1 publi%$ by mak]s ( su* la!s1 & y c !n judge ( ! probable co/ ( y\r work%op4 ,! draw+ ( ! la! 7,fig4 #da7 w be readily und]/ood ev5 by ^? boys :o h _h no opportunity ( see+ any "w ( ?is k9d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 few t[ns or villages 9 :i* a la! does n exi/1 & may n be exam9$ by any boy :o desires to le>n its con/ruction & use4 ,its object is to give rot>y movem5t to any mat]ial x is desir$ to =m into a circul> or cyl9drical %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,motion be+ giv5 to ! fly-:eel by means ( ! treadle & crank1 is communicat$ to ! pulley ^u ! m&rel4 ,^u ! screw ( ?is m&rel1 ,b1 ! "w is fix$2 be+ usually held 9 a *uck suit$ to its p>ticul> =m1 b sometimes x is screw$ directly ^u ! m&rel4 ,! re/1 ,c1 is !n fix$ ne> x1 & ! tool is support$ !reon & held firmly :ile ! "w revolves aga9/ x4 ,all ?is is easy to und]/&--x is n s easy to c>ry x into practice4 ,att5tion to ! foll[+ directions w enable ! "y me*anic to become a good turn] 9 c\rse ( "t2 b ! art _c be practically le>n$ 9 a day1 & x ne$s exp]i5ce & consid]able practice to become any?+ l a pr(ici5t4 ,if ! con/ruction ( ! la! itself is und]/ood1 ! fir/ consid]ation is :at tools & *ucks are necess>y4 ,i %all speak ( ! latt] fir/1 z little or no?+ c be done )\t !m4 ,fir/ comes ! prong-*uck1 = s(t wood 7,fig4 #da1 ,a74 ,?is1 l all o!rs1 is made to screw ^u ! m&rel4 ,its use is to hold "o end ( any piece ( wood :ile ! o!r is support$ by ! po9t1 ,e1 ( ! poppit1 ,h1 :i* poppit c be mov$ at pleasure along ! la!-b$1 & fix$ at any giv5 place by a h&-nut bel[4 ,! po9t itself c be advanc$ or drawn back by turn+ ! h&le1 ,k4 ,a piece ( wood ?us m\nt$ mu/ ( necessity revolve ) ! m&rel1 because1 al?\gh x c & w turn r\nd ^u ! po9t ( ! back poppit1 x _c d s ^u ! =k or prong1 :i* ent]s & holds x securely4 ,?is *uck1 or "o ( ! same nature1 is always us$ = cyl9d]s ( s(t wood1 :i* c be support$ at bo? ends1 su* z tool-h&les1 *air-legs1 & o!r "w n requir+ to be holl[$ out4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 especially if ! "w is at all r\gh1 or consid]ably out ( tru?1 t ! piece slips r\nd ^u ! =k or prong1 especially if x does n ent] deeply en\gh2 & 9 addition1 tool-h&les & r\nd rul]s1 & _m articles t h to be simil>ly support$ at bo? ends1 are made ( h>d wood1 into :i* ?is prong w n readily ent]4 ,9 su* cases1 & inde$ z a g5]al sub/itute = ! fir/1 a *uck call$ a 8cross-*uck0 is to be us$ 7,fig4 #da1 ,l1 ,m74 ,! c5tre ( ! little cross 7:i* is ( /eel1 & fits into ! same squ>e or r\nd hole 9 ! socket :i* c>ries ! prong1 & :i* is also us$ to hold drills1 pieces ( iron rod :i* are to be turn$1 & o!r articles7 is made to revolve 9 ! precise axial l9e ( ! m&rel1 or to run true ) x1 z x is call$4 ,! arms ( ! cross are to be imb$d$ 9 ! "w1 :i* is be/ effect$ by mak+ 9 ! latt] two saw-cuts at "r angles ) ea* o!r 7,fig4 #da1 ,n71 :i* repres5ts a piece ready = m\nt+4 ,! next *uck is equally necess>y 7,fig4 #da1 ,o74 ,x is a tap] screw ( /eel1 fix$ 9 a socket :i* c be atta*$ to ! m&rel4 ,two sizes ( ?is *uck w\ld be useful = a l>ge la!1 b = su* a "o z w probably be pur*as$ by ! "y amateur1 "o only1 ) a screw ( m$ium size1 w suffice4 ,! use ( ?is *uck is to hold pieces :i* only require to be support$ at "o end1 s t a tool c be us$ to "w ^u ! o!r1 ei!r to m\ld x into ! requir$ =m1 or to holl[ x out = a box or b[l4 ,( c\rse y might screw su* "w on ! m&rel-nose itself1 b x w\ld make a v l>ge hole 9 ! end1 :]eas ?is tap] screw only requires a mod]ately siz$ gimlet-hole4 ,x is !re=e a mu* m conv5i5t way ( atta*+ "w to ! m&rel1 & is ( ext5sive use4 ,! cup-*uck is ! la/ requir$4 ,x is sket*$ at ,p1 & is sometimes ( iron1 b g5]ally ( brass4 ,!re are sev]al sizes made & sold ) la!s1 b y ne$ n h at mo/ m ?an "o or two1 z ,i %all %[ y h[ to make wood5 ones1 :i* answ] z well1 if n bett]4 ,! flat plates1 ,r1 ,r1 c sc>cely be call$ *ucks1 b !y g5]ally come into ! li/ ( su*4 ,! latt] has five project+ po9ts1 :i*1 /ick+ into su* a ?+ z a flat-bo>d 7l a bread-platt]1 or r\nd pulley71 hold x suffici5tly firm :5 ! back c5tre is br\ght up aga9/ ! o!r side ( ! piece1 to all[ ( its be+ turn$4 ,! o!r is m]ely a flat plate ) holes 9 x1 ?r\gh :i* screws c be pass$ f beh9d into any odd bit ( wood ( #b or #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 :]eby a *uck c be quickly made to suit any requir$ purpose4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! w\ld be conv5i5t1 "o ( :i* %\ld be ne>ly z l>ge z ! la! w c>ry2 & 9 ?is "o a great _m holes & slots %\ld be made4 ,?is is call$ a face-plate1 &1 9 addition to ! ord9>y screws1 :]eby pieces ( wood are atta*$ to x1 x is fitt$ ) clamps & bolts ( v>i\s =ms1 = ! purpose ( hold+ securely ^u its face all k9ds ( flat works 9 wood or metal1--su* z cog-:eels1 :i* h to be bor$ out & fac$4 ,! "y model-mak] w f9d a face-plate ( great s]vice4 ,! l>g] "o %\ld be ( iron1 z x w be *eap] ?an brass4 ,we n[ pass on to *ucks = metal turn+4 ,^! are ( v>i\s %apes4 ,fir/ 9 ord] comes ! c5tre *uck & dog1 = hold+ rods ( iron :i* c be support$ at bo? ends4 ,! commone/ =m is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #da1 ,s1 ,t4 ,s is su* a face-plate almo/ z ,i h describ$1 b x has a p9 project+ f x1 & also a /eel c5tre-po9t4 ,! latt] is (t5 made to screw out & 91 :i* is ! be/ plan4 ,! p9 c be slid to any po9t 9 ! face-plate1 & clamp$ by a nut at ! back4 ,t is call$ a dog1 & ( ^! two at lea/ w be requir$1 if ! "y me*anic int5ds to "w 9 metal4 ,! way ( us+ ^! is %[n at ,t4 ,! rod ( iron has a hole drill$ at ea* end1 z ne>ly 9 ! c5tre z possible4 ,x is fir/ ind5t$ ) a pun*1 !n a drill is put into ! drill *uck1 & "o end ( ! rod br\ght aga9/ x z x revolves1 :ile ! back poppit c5tre-po9t is screw$ aga9/ ! ind5tation at ! o!r end4 ,a little oil is appli$ to ! drill to assi/ its work+1 & ! rod itself is prev5t$ f turn+ r\nd ei!r by grasp+ x ) ! h& or screw+ a h&-vice ^u x1 s t ?is comes aga9/ ! b$ or ! re/2 or x c be held 9 ! h&1 :i* has "o advantage1 namely1 t ! op]ator c feel exactly :at is ! resi/ance caus$ by ! drill1 & c regulate ! pressure accord+ly4 ,! screw ( ! poppit is1 ( c\rse1 to be v sl[ly & /eadily advanc$ dur+ ! process4 ,all drill+ 9 ! la! is done 9 ?is way1 b 9 bor+ out long holes1 ! action is (t5 rev]s$1 ! "w be+ kept 9 motion :ile ! tool is advanc$1 )\t be+ all[$ to revolve4 ,y ne$ n bore m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* = light "w1 b mu/ d ! same at ea* end ( ! rod4 ,! holes ?us made %\ld be ( su* a size z n to let ! extreme end ( ! back c5tre-po9t t\* ! bottom1 or x w soon be worn d[n & blunt$2--rememb] ?is 9 all future "w4 ,suppos+ ! rod to be ?us bor$ at ea* end1 place ! c5tre-*uck ^u ! m&rel1 in/ead ( ! drill-*uck1 & m\nt ! b> betwe5 ?is & ! po9t ( ! back-c5tre4 ,?us plac$1 x w be accurately support$1 b if ! la! is put 9 motion1 x w n turn r\nd4 ,n[ come into use ! little dogs4 ,remove ! b>1 & *oos+ a dog ( :i* ! op5 "p is tol]ably ne> ! size ( x1 slip x ov] ! end ab\t half an in*1 & !re fix x by tight5+ ! little screw1 :i*1 y obs]ve1 w drive ! b> z f> z possible t[>ds ! small] "p ( ! op5+1 & :5 x c g no f>!r1 w secure x z 9 a vice4 ,x is a good plan to file a slight flat ^u ! b>1 j :]e ! screw ( ! c>ri] w come4 ,n[ replace ! b>1 & :5 ! la! is put 9 motion1 ! tail ( ! c>ri] %\ld come aga9/ ! project+ p9 9 ! face ( ! face-plate1 :i* w compel ! iron to g r\nd ) x4 ,?is is ! way all b>s ( metal are m\nt$4 ,i %all n tell y yet h[ !y are to be turn$1 because ?is w\ld int]f]e ) ! ord] ( my description4 ,to m\nt 9 ! la! su* pieces z cyl9d]s ( eng9es1 :i* require to be bor$1 or any o!r objects :i* h to be turn$ on "o or bo? faces1 ! "y me*anic mu/ make wood5 *ucks1 & bore !m out exactly to fit ! article & hold x securely4 ,!re are metal *ucks expressly made to take all "w ( ?is k9d1 & :i* are s contriv$ t !y w also hold x truly c5tral1 b !y are co/ly1 & ne$ n be obta9$ ) ! fir/ la!--at any rate1 n until absolutely requir$1 & t w be1 ,i "k1 a long "t h5ce2 ay1 a v long "t1 = _m good workm5 h nev] ev5 se51 mu* less possess$ "o ( !m4 ,p]haps ,i may draw & expla9 "o 9 a future page1 z well z "s o!r *ucks1 :i* x is n necess>y to notice "h4 ,! *ucks !n absolutely necess>y are ^!-- #a4 ,,squ>e ,,hole ,,*uck1 :i* w take ! prong1 ! cross1 ! drills1 & %ort bits ( iron to be turn$4 #b4 ,,! ,,tap] ,,screw4 #c4 ,,flange or ,,face ,,*ucks1 "o ) five po9ts1 & two ) holes = screws1 also "o l>g] = a face-plate4 #d4 ,two or ?ree ,,cup-,,*ucks 7,i c1 h[ev]1 sc>cely call ^! absolutely necess>y74 #e4 ,,*uck ,,= ,,iron1 viz41 face-plate ) c5tre-po9t1 & two dogs to take iron f #a in* diamet] d[n to qu>t]-in*4 ,^! %\ld h pe>-%ap$ op5+s1 n r\nd2 any blacksmi? c make !m1 b someh[ !y d su* "w g5]ally 9 a clumsy fa%ion2 & !y co/ b #ce to #ge c5ts1 accord+ to size1 beautifully made ) turn$ screws4 ,n[ z to tools4 ,_! "n is legion--tools = iron1 brass1 ivory1 h>d & s(t wood2 & _m an odd %ill+ w be well laid out f "t to "t 9 add+ to ! /ock4 ,happily ^? mo/ ne$$ are n co/ly--ab\t #c a doz5 )\t h&les1 :i* latt] may be _h at #aj c5ts ea* & upw>ds1 accord+ to ! mat]ial & f9i%1 all ) iron or brass f]ules1 s necess>y to prev5t splitt+4 ,y may buy y\r fir/ few simple tools h&l$1 b aft] y h ^! y c turn z _m h&les z y l1 & y c buy f]ules ( all sizes at any regul> tool-%op4 ,i may z well tell y t 9 a great _m c\ntry t[ns y w be unable to obta9 turn+ tools except g\ges & *isels1 s t :5 y buy y\r la! 9 ,london1 z y w f9d ! be/ plan 7or 9 ,man*e/]1 ,birm+ham1 or o!r manufactur+ t[n1 if ne>] to y71 y mu/ lay 9 a little /ock ( tools at ! same "t1 & take future opportunities ( gett+ m4 ,9 regul> tool-%ops y w h !m laid be=e y by doz5s ( e conceivable %ape & size1 s t y\r great difficulty w\ld be :at to pick out if x 7 n = "s su* directions z ,i am n[ ab\t to give y4 ,fir/1 y w want g\ges & *isels4 ,beg9 ) two sizes ( ea*--"o ( half an in*1 ! o!r ( #a in* 9 wid?4 ,^! are to be m\nt$ 9 long h&les4 ,n[1 ) ^! alone y c d all ! pla9 "w 9 s(t wood :i* does n require to be holl[$ out1 tool-h&les1 *air-legs1 legs ( t[el-horses1 r\nd rul]s1 & all sorts ( ?+s1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t y c turn out ! insides ( wood5 *ucks1 b[ls1 & boxes1 b n v easily ) ^! alone4 ,h5ce y mu/ add "s ( ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,^! ,i %all endeav\r to assort z foll[s3-- ,a to ,f are = holl[+ out h>d woods2 ,g & ,h are hook-tools 7v difficult to use7 = holl[+ out s(t wood boxes & b[ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,i & ,k %[ ! edge & side ( a p>t+ tool = cutt+ (f ! ends ( cyl9drical pieces1 sep>at+ ! turn$ f ! unturn$ p>ts1 & = all simil> "w4 ,a t5on-saw held /ill aga9/ a piece revolv+ 9 ! la! w (t5 s]ve to cut x 9 two1 b p>t+ tools mu/ also be _h1 & two are bett] ?an "o1 z a ?ick "o %\ld be kept = common woods1 & a ?9 "o = ivory & preci\s mat]ials2 sometimes "o ) a not*$ edge is us$ = cutt+ (f s(t wood4 ,l to ,o are = turn+ iron & /eel4 ,! fir/ is a grav]1 ( :i* all sizes are made2 "o ( a qu>t] in* wid? on ei!r face is l>ge en\gh4 ,x is a squ>e b> ( /eel gr\nd (f corn]wise s z to =m a loz5ge-%ap$ face4 ,?is is an ess5tial tool = iron1 & w d all sorts ( "w4 ,m is a hook or heel tool1 made sometimes ) a flat edge & sometimes ) a r\nd$ "o1 ! latt] be+ mo/ useful4 ,x is a v p[]ful tool1 mu* us$ by "s1 especially = heavy "w--,i don't ?9k y ne$ get "o at pres5t4 ,if ,i am able to tea* y to use a grav] x w d almo/ z mu* "w1 & is a neat] tool4 ,if y use a tool ( ! nature ( heel-tools at all1 ,i ?9k1 on ! :ole1 ! nail-head tool1 ,n1 ei!r r\nd or squ>e1 is ! be/4 ,x is at all ev5ts h&y = r\gh+ d[n "w1 & :5 x is r$uc$ ne>ly to ! size requir$1 & is p>tly smoo!d1 ! grav] w f9i% x4 ,o is an inside tool = holl[+ out iron4 ,!re are diff]5t %apes ( ?is us$1 ea* turn] giv+ ! pref]5ce to "s p>ticul> patt]n to :i* he has habituat$ himself4 ,none ( ^! tools = metal h %>p edges--at lea/ !y w\ld n appe> s to an ord9>y obs]v]4 ,! angle ( ! edge is #fj to #hj1 or ev5 #ij1 :i* is1 z y "k1 a "r angle1 & is t mo/ g5]ally us$ = ! cutt+ edges ( tools int5d$ = brass1 z ,u1 ,v1 ,w1 ( :i* ,v is a mo/ useful patt]n4 ,^? = h>d wood h edges a little m ke51 b aft] all !y scrape r ?an cut2 ! only tools = wood ) ke5 edges be+ ! g\ge & *isel4 ,p are callip]s = measur+ ! outside ( "w ( all k9ds4 ,q & ,r are ! same1 arrang$ = 9 & outside "w4 ,! fir/ is an ord9>y pair clos$ until ! ends h cross$1 :i* !y w all d2 b if ! inside ( holl[ "w to be gaug$ is small1 !y w n ent] x4 ,9 ?is case none are s g5]ally useful z ! 9-&-out callip]s1 ,r1 = :5 accurately made 7& if n y c easily correct !m ) a small file71 ! "o end w measure ! ext]nal diamet] ( "w1 & at ! same "t ! o!r end w be f\nd to h its po9ts sep>at$ to su* a di/ance1 t if y 7 to turn a box or *uck to ?is inside measure1 ! cyl9d] fir/ turn$ w exactly fit x4 ,?us if y turn a box-cov]1 & take ! size ( x ) ! /raight end ( ! callip]s1 & !n turn d[n ! rim ( ! box until x is j ! size indicat$ by ! curv$ ends1 ! "o w exactly fit ! o!r4 ,9 turn+ a pi/on to fit ! cyl9d] ( an eng9e1 y w\ld "w ) ?is useful tool4 ,s is ! turn]'s squ>e4 ,! blade slides /iffly & accurately 9 a slot 9 ! brass1 be+ kept by a spr+ at "o side f work+ loose4 ,?is squ>e is us$ to gauge ! dep? ( boxes & o!r works :i* are to be turn$ to an exact size1 & x also s]ves to te/ ! squ>5ess ( _m k9ds ( "w4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y _h turn$ a box1 y w\ld put ! blade ( ?is tool aga9/ ! bottom & press ^u x till ! brass re/$ across ! rim1 t\*+ x 9 two opposite places4 ,n[ possibly ! inside may be small] at ! bottom ?an at ! top4 ,te/ x by br++ ! /eel blade edgewise aga9/ x4 ,y w see :e!r ! brass /ill t\*es 9 two places across ! m\? ( ! box4 ,! squ>5ess ( ! outside ) ! top or bottom c be te/$ 9 a simil> way4 ,we %all h occasion to recur to ?is :5 we come to bor+ & fitt+ eng9e cyl9d]s4 ,s is ano!r small squ>e1 :i* is (t5 s]viceable :]e ! c>p5t]'s squ>e _c be us$4 ,if y int5d to make models1 y w want bo? ( ^!2 at ! same "t1 x is q possible to make ! latt] ( iron1 or ev5 ?ick t91 if y h ! =m]1 z an accurate guide to "w by4 ,t repres5ts a pair ( spr+-compasses or callip]s4 ,!y are us$ to set (f di/ances1 & h ! advantage ( n be+ liable to %ift _! position :5 once !y are set to any requir$ wid?4 ,y w require a pair ( compasses ( "s sort1 & if n already provid$1 ^! are ! be/ y c h4 ,!re are _m o!r tools1 :i*1 ?\gh n absolutely turn+ tools1 are m or less us$ 9 connection ) ! la!1 b ^! ne$ n n[ be fur!r allud$ to1 & ,i %all g on to describe z cle>ly z possible ! me?od ( work+ at ! la! ) h&-tools1 comm5c+ ) ! op]ation ( turn+ s(t wood ) ! g\ge & *isel2 b ,i mu/ fir/ give a %ort *apt] ^u ! nature ( woods us$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,z diff]5t mat]ials require some:at diff]5t managem5t1 & ev5 9 ! matt] ( wood alone ?is rule holds good1 x may be z well to h "s idea ( :at is meant by h>d & s(t wood4 ,! "y me*anic has mo/ likely hi!rto consid]$ all wood "u "o head2 b !re is a va/ diff]5ce1 nev]!less1 9 ! int]nal /ructure1 ev5 ( su* k9ds z gr[ 9 ,engl&2 & ! woods ( =eign c\ntries diff] aga9 f ^!1 "s be+ ( su* close texture t x is almo/ impossible to "w !m ) ord9>y tools1 & "s 7su* z ! palm7 be+ little else ?an gigantic f]ns1 & 9 /ructure l t mu*-dread$ implem5t ( flagellation--! s*oolma/]'s cane4 ,9 ,engl& ! h>de/ wood f\nd is t ( ! box-tree1 ! *ief place ( :i* is 9 ,surrey1 at ,box ,hill2 x is1 nev]!less1 f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b n g5]ally ( a size great] ?an #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is ( v sl[ gr[?1 & our own c\ntry w\ld n ne>ly satisfy ! dem& made = x by v>i\s trades4 ,h5ce a l>ge quantity ( box1 ( l>g] gr[?1 & g5]ally ( h>d] & bett] quality1 is import$ e ye> f ,turkey1 to be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( blocks = engrav]s1 :o alone require _m tons weight annually1 & = c>p5t]s' rules1 mallets1 turn$ boxes1 & tool-h&les2 to :i* ,i may add ! important item ( peg-tops4 ,i fe> "s ( my read]s may ?9k ,i %\ld h plac$ ^! fir/ on ! li/6 ,op9ions1 h[ev]1 ,i imag9e1 diff] 9 ?is p>ticul>1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 & ^u all subjects4 ,! gra9 ( boxwood is s close & ev5 t x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable turn+ mat]ials we possess4 ,x takes excell5t screw-?reads1 provid$ !y are n too f9e2 is a v g5]al mat]ial = boxes ( all k9ds1 & also = *ucks1 al?\gh !re is really no reason :y x %\ld be wa/$ 9 s apply+ x1 :5 o!r woods ( less value make su* effici5t sub/itutes4 ,probably its use = ?is purpose arose f ! facility ) :i* a screw c be cut 9 x to fit t on ! m&rel1 & t x is s h>d z n to all[ ! coll> beyond ! screw to make mu* impression ^u x4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :5 x is well fitt$1 su* a *uck c be screw$ on _m times exactly to ! same po9t1 & w cont9ue to run true4 ,b ,i myself h f\nd t if ! m&rel-screw is n v co>se1 ! ?reads cut 9 ! inside ( ! *uck are apt to break (f4 ,some:at simil> 9 texture1 ?\gh by no means g5]ally us$1 is ! wood ( ! ,,eld]1 :i* is q diff]5t1 be x obs]v$1 f ! ,,ald]1 al?\gh ,i (t5 he> ! names conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,! wood ,i allude to is t ( ! tree :i* be>s umbels ( sweet1 :ite blossoms1 :i* give place to ^? jet-black b]ries we f9d ^u !m late 9 summ]1 & :i* are made into eld]-w9e1 = home consumption at ,*ri/mas1 :51 no d\bt1 mo/ ( my read]s h drunk x1 hot & spicy & sug>y1 to keep out ! w9try cold4 ,f ! same tree are commonly made ^? h>mless eng9es ( mimic w>f>e--pop-guns6 ,if x 7 n = ! pres5ce ( ! pi?1 :i* is 9 fact ! v quality :i* makes x valuable to boys = ! latt] purpose1 ?is wood w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 eag]ly seiz$ ^u by turn]s4 ,ev5 ) ?is defect1 x is us$ in/ead ( box = ! inf]ior k9ds ( c>p5t]'s rules & o!r purposes1 & ! l>g] pieces w make v good *ucks1 if a little c>e is ex]cis$ to prev5t splitt+ !m4 ,x is inde$ a wood t might be f> m ext5sively us$ 9 ?is way ?an x is4 ,! ,,yew1 p]haps1 %\ld come next 9 ord]1 = ?is too is v close-gra9$ & v beautiful1 & :5 highly poli%$ x w be> comp>ison ) _m =eign woods :i* we import at a high price2 x is1 h[ev]1 brittle & apt to spl9t]4 ,,walnut v>ies consid]ably 9 quality1 "s be+ h>d] & ri*] 9 gra9 ?an o!rs4 ,?is wood1 h[ev]1 is n to be class$ among ^? :i* are prop]ly speak+ h>d1 z x c be cut ) ease1 & c only be plan$ & work$ z deal w\ld be1 viz41 ) ! gra92 :]eas ! h>d woods "w ) almo/ equal facility 9 ei!r direction4 ,?is inde$ 9 a great measure con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 s(t & h>d woods1 9 ! turn]'s s5se ( ! words4 ,if y 7 to hold a *isel flat on ! re/1 s z to let x scrape a cyl9d] ( wood z x revolv$ 9 ! la!1 y w\ld f9d 9 "s cases t x w\ld te> out ! fibres 9 %r$s--^! are s(t woods4 ,9 o!r cases x w\ld leave ! surface r\gh b o!rwise tol]ably ev51 & ) "s x w\ld leave ! same fairly turn$4 ,i _c call to m9d any ,engli% wood b box t c be turn$ by a *isel held s z to scrape x1 b ! great] numb] ( =eign woods are always turn$ 9 ?is mann]1 be+ h>d & close 9 ! gra94 ,,bir*4--,oh1 once-dread$ tree6 bir*6 ) its long1 sway+1 swit*y b\ghs1 droop+ z 9 sorr[ at ! mean uses to :i* x 0 appli$6 ,x is nev]!less a v useful tree1 & ! "y me*anic c take full rev5ge ^u x by cutt+1 & *ipp+1 & turn+ x into all sorts ( useful articles4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n[ m g5]ally us$ 9 cab9etmak+1 = w>drobes1 b$/eads1 *e/s ( draw]s1 & su* l1 z x looks v neat :5 plan$ & v>ni%$4 ,p]haps1 z a wood = ! ex]cise ( ! turn]'s art1 x mu/ give place to ,,bee*1 :i* is a common & excell5t mat]ial = ! essays ( beg9n]s1 :o c turn tool h&les especially f ! small trimm$ billets ( x :i* are kept by ! *airmak]s1 & :i* c g5]ally be b\ght = a trifl+ sum 9 any t[n1 & 9 _m villages4 ,if n1 ! :eelwright may be appli$ to = a supply1 z he uses x r ext5sively = ! felloes ( 8 :eels4 ,x is peculi>ly liable to ! attacks ( ! little worm1 weevil or maggot1 :o drills su* innum]able & su* beautifully r\nd holes 9 furniture t /&s long unus$4 ,bee* is (t5 us$ = ! screws ( c>p5t]s' b5*es1 z x takes v well a ?read ( su* size z is requir$ = t purpose4 ,x w also1 = ! same reason1 answ] v well = *ucks1 = :i* x has ! recomm5dation ( *eapness & t\ghness4 ,,a% seems to come next ^u ! li/4 ,x is probably ! mo/ useful ( all ,engli% woods1 & :]e t\ghness1 pliability1 ) mod]ate h>dness1 are valuable qualities1 no ,engli% wood c exce$ x4 ,= frames ( c>ts & c>riages1 %afts1 agricultural implem5ts1 :eelb>r[s1 & small] articles ( husb&ry1 x is precisely :at is ne$$1 & 9 ! work%op ( ! turn] x is equally valuable4 ,tool-h&les ( a% are v durable1 & hold ! tool ) great firmness1 ow+ to ! natural ela/icity ( ! mat]ial4 ,x may be /a9$ & poli%$1 & is !n1 = real "w1 pref]able to ! m co/ly h>d woods ( :i* h&les are v g5]ally made = ! work%ops ( ri* amateur me*anics4 ,,oak is little us$ = turn+1 ! gra9 be+ too co>se4 ,! "y me*anic ne$ nev] make use ( x = ?is purpose1 & ! same may be said ( ! elm4 ,,elm is1 nev]!less1 us$ by turn]s = ! wood5 buckets ( pumps1 & is a g5]ally useful wood4 ,bulk = bulk1 x is light] ?an bee*1 & x makes a good mat]ial1 x is said1 = la! b$s1 ?\gh bee* is m frequ5tly us$4 ,x w answ] = *ucks1 z inde$ mo/ woods w t c be cut into screws2 x is v t\gh4 ,,ev]gre5 ,,oak1 or ,,holm ,,oak1 z x is call$1 is v diff]5t to ! =e/ tree1 & might be class$ among %rubs4 ,:5 dry1 x is by no means a bad wood to turn1 & w take a good screw ?read1 & make excell5t *ucks4 ,,acacia is an excell5t wood4 ,x is ( a yell[i% br[n col\r1 tol]ably h>d1 & w take a good poli%4 ,x is mo/ c]ta9ly to be set d[n among ! woods valuable to ! turn]4 ,,sycamore is :ite1 v s(t until old1 :5 x becomes mu* h>d]4 ,?is is also a turn]'s wood1 & us$ ext5sively = wood5 b[ls1 backs ( bru%es1 turn$ boxes1 & :at is g5]ally call$ 8turn]y40 ,a little ( ?is w be useful to ! "y me*anic4 ,x w make excell5t bread platt]s1 /&s = hot wat] jugs1 & su* l4 ,,holly4--,! ,*ri/mas g>l&1 ) its r$ b]ries decorat+ ev5 ! poore/ homes 9 midw9t]1 is a tree well wor? ! att5tion ( ! "y me*anic4 ,x is 8 sub/itute = ! m preci\s mat]ial ivory1 & f x he w turn ! :ite draught or *ess m51 boxes1 & _m small articles4 ,b x is necess>y t ?is mat]ial %\ld be p]fectly dry1 & to get x 9 p]fection1 c>efully pres]v$ to insure its :it5ess1 x w be g5]ally necess>y to procure x ready = ! la! at "s la!mak]'s1 or at fir/-class cab9etmak]s'4 ,if cut gre51 x requires long season+1 dur+ :i* x %r9ks consid]ably4 ,9 fact1 x takes "s ye>s entirely to rid x ( ! great quantity ( moi/ure :i* x conta9s4 ,x is well wor? procur+1 nev]!less1 = x is ne>ly z :ite & free f gra9 z ivory4 ,_m ( ! fruit-trees ( our or*>ds & g>d5s supply good mat]ial to ! turn]4 ,,apple1 ,,pe>1 ,,*]ry1 ,,plum1 & "s o!rs1 are all m or less useful4 ,! gra9 ( ! fir/ is r d>k1 ! fibres (t5 twi/$4 ,x looks well :5 poli%$4 ,,pe> has a v f9e1 ev5 gra91 & is l>gely us$ = mak+ ! curv$ templates 7or patt]ns ( curves = ar*itects & eng9e]s72 x w make good boxes1 & is fairly s]viceable to ! turn]4 ,its col\r is light br[n1 b d>k5s by exposure4 ,! ,,plum has a wood ve9$ v l t ( ! elm1 b is a f9] & bett] wood = ! la!4 ,?is is ! wild plum1 & n ! graft$ fruit-tree ( our g>d5s1 :i* is n ne>ly s good4 ,! wild plum is excell5t = small boxes1 & looks well :5 nicely turn$ & poli%$4 ,,*]ry is a v excell5t wood1 & naughty1 fa/ boys1 :o take to smok+1 l "y ,am]icans1 :5 !y ought to be fill+ _! "y bra9s ) k in/ead ( n>cotics1 "k v well t x is made into pipes & /ems ( pipes4 ,happily ?is is n its only use1 = x is fit = _m o!r purposes2 & = light1 elegant furniture1 x is sc>cely to be equall$4 ,dipp$ 9 lime-wat]1 x d>k5s1 & by do+ ?is "h & !re1 a beautiful mottl$ appe>ance is giv5 to x4 ,x takes an excell5t poli%1 & %\ld be among ! /ores ( ! "y me*anic4 ,we n[ come to ano!r s(t1 :ite wood4 ,! ,,lime1 :i*1 z x is m ev5 9 gra91 m easily cut 9 any direction ?an mo/ woods1 is greatly us$ by c>v]s & patt]n-mak]s 7i4e41 ^? :o make wood5 patt]ns ( :eels1 or la!s1 or ma*9]y1 :i* are to be ca/ 9 metal74 ,! patt]n is press$ into damp s&1 & !n remov$1 & ! melt$ metal is !n p\r$ into ! impression ?us made4 ,if ! s& is too wet1 ! process w n only fail1 b ! hot metal w be scatt]$ on all sides1 inflict+ dreadful burns & injuries2 b ) c>e1 ! "y amateur may make ca/+s 9 t9 or lead1 z w be expla9$ by & by4 ,ev5 ) a p5knife alone1 v pretty ornam5ts may be c>v$ f ! wood ( ! lime1 & also f t :i* foll[s4 ,,will[4--,?is is ev5 s(t] ?an ! la/1 & w plane into long1 ?9 %av+s1 :i* are made into hats4 7,once on a "t ,i %\ld h said 8& bonnets10 b 9 ^! days no "o w\ld recognise su* articles4 ,!y are fa/ fad+ out ( exi/5ce2 b ,i ?9k q z mu* s\nd s5se us$ to be f\nd "u !m z is n[ f\nd "u ! v ineffici5t sub/itutes worn by ladies ( ! pres5t day47 ,?is wood w1 ( c\rse1 turn v easily1 b requires v ke5 tools4 ,9 fact1 %>p g\ges & *isels are inv>iably necess>y = s(t wood turn+4 ,get "s dry will[ by all means1 if y c4 ,! la/ wood ( ,engli% gr[? :i* ! "y me*anic is likely to meet ) is ! ?orn4 ,?is gr[s to a tol]ably l>ge size1 & is h>d1 close-gra9$1 :ite1 & altoge!r a good & s]viceable wood4 ,x w make capital *ucks1 tak+ a clean screw-?read1 is easily procur$1 & is !re=e /rongly recomm5d$ to ! notice ( ! "y me*anic4 ,! woods above nam$1 except box1 are all to be consid]$ s(t woods1 & w "w ) g\ge & *isel2 b box1 ?orn1 eld]1 & "o or two ( ! m close-gra9$1 w turn pretty well1 & c be smoo?ly holl[$ out1 ) h>d wood tools held horizontally ^u ! re/4 ,,h>d ,,woods4 ,all ^? woods1 prop]ly call$ h>d1 includ+ ! be/ box1 are ( =eign gr[?1 mo/ly com+ f ! ,tropics4 ,i d n "k :y !y %\ld be s mu* h>d] ?an ^? ( temp]ate climes1 b s x is4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 woods 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ( :i* ! temp]ature is simil> to t ( our own c\ntry1 :i* are also exce$+ly h>d & difficult to "w4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( =eign woods are ye>ly br\ght to ,engl& 9 logs or billets or planks1 "s ( v l>ge size1 & all ( great weight4 ,!y are mo/ly liable to "o defect1 viz41 rott5ness ( ! core or he>t1 :i* limits ! size ( ! pieces :i* c be cut f !m4 ,!y c all be procur$ f ! ,london la! & tool %ops1 & !re are also deal]s 9 ^! woods 7,jacques ( ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,mundy ,b]rie ( ,bunhill ,r[1 & "s o!rs74 ,x is almo/ impossible to procure !m 9 ! c\ntry1 b rosewood1 ebony1 k+wood1 c41 may be sometimes _h 9 su* small pieces z ! "y me*anic may require1 at ! cab9etmak]s'4 ,among ! mo/ useful are-- ,,ebony1 ( :i* !re are two or ?ree k9ds1 "s h>d] & m close-gra9$ & black] ?an o!rs1 & "o :i* is call$ gre5 ebony1 :i* is l lignum-vit 7an ,engli% wood1 b :i* gr[s to a l>g] size abroad2 inde$1 _m s call$ ,engli% woods are n really s1 b h be5 br\ght f o!r c\ntries to be gr[n "h74 ,! g5]al col\r is gre51 b ! ve9s are r d>k]4 ,b[ls & skittle-balls are made ( x4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ( ! same g5]al use z ! black ebony1 :i* is v l>gely us$ bo? = cab9et-"w & turn+4 ,,black ,,ebony is v close & h>d1 &1 ( c\rse1 proportionately heavy4 ,x splits readily1 b :5 *opp$1 ! *ips come (f m l *>coal1 %[+ no consi/5cy4 ,?is is ! k9d import$ f ! ,indies1 & especially f ,madagasc> & ,mauritius1 & is ! be/ = all k9ds ( turn$ "w4 ,portugal af=ds ano!r k9d1 :i* be>s ! same "n1 b is m br[n ?an black1 & s(t]1 less compact 9 gra91 & g5]ally ( less value4 ,ebony w be> ecc5tric "w1 & all k9ds ( beautiful c>v+ & ornam5tation 9 ! la!4 ,,rose-,,wood is v commonly us$ = furniture & turn$ "w4 ,x is a ri* r$ wood1 gra9$ ) black4 ,x is n v h>d1 less s ?an ebony1 & has m evid5t gra9 or fibre4 ,x turns well1 & "s pieces are v h&some4 ,,african ,,black-,,wood is 9 appe>ance simil> to ebony1 b x is ev5 m close & compact1 & is ! mo/ valuable ( all to ! ornam5tal turn]4 ,:5 ?is or ebony is set (f by be+ inlaid ) ivory1 or ev5 holly1 x is v lovely 9 its int5se & brilliant blackness4 ,ei!r ?is or ebony is us$ = black pieces = ! *essbo>d or draughtbo>d1 ?\gh /a9$ boxwood1 be+ less co/ly1 is sometimes made to take its place4 ,,african ,,cam-,,wood is a v beautiful mat]ial :5 fir/ cut4 ,its ri* r$ t9t is div]sifi$ ) ! mo/ brilliant yell[ /reaks4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! are n la/+4 ,expos$ to ! air1 !y gradually become d>k]1 until !y become r$ l ! re/ ( ! wood4 ,?is mat]ial1 h[ev]1 has a f9e1 close gra91 is a g5u9e h>d wood1 & ( g5]al use to ! turn] = ornam5tal articles ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,,tulip-,,wood is n v h>d4 ,cut across ! log1 ! appe>ance is f9e1 ow+ to ! r+s ( gr[? be+ wavy & irregul>1 9 d>k & light r$ alt]nations1 t rem9ds "o ( ! fl[] aft] :i* x is call$4 ,?is tree1 inde$1 :i* gr[s to a l>ge size1 be>s fl[]s simil> to ^? ( our g>d5s import$ f ,holl&1 :i* gr[ ^u %ort p]p5dicul> /ems4 ,! c5tre or core ( tulip-wood is g5]ally rott54 ,x sucks up a good deal ( poli% be=e ! gra9 %[s out brightly & /rongly1 f be+ less h>d & m fibr\s ?an _m o!rs nam$ above4 ,,p>tridge-,,wood is a nice1 h>d1 & v pretty wood1 r d>k or gray4 ,! fibres seem to run bo? ways1 giv+ a mottl$ appe>ance :5 turn$4 ,,coral-,,wood is bright r$1 h>d1 & close 9 gra91 well suit$ = r$ *essm51 :]e t col\r is pref]r$ to black4 ,x looks v h&some 9 ! mid/ ( o!r col\r$ specim5s2 o!rwise1 l all mat]ial ( "o t9t & free f ve9$ l9es1 !re is too mu* uni=mity ( appe>ance to make x pleas+ to ! eye ( "o :o is gift$ ) appreciation ( col\r4 ,x is n necess>y = me to g 9 ord] ?r\gh a long li/ ( =eign woods4 ,! v "y me*anic1 unless liv+ 9 ,london1 w seldom meet ) _m ( !m2 & a v good selection = ! advanc$ turn] w be compos$ ( ! foll[+3-- ,,black ,,ebony4 ,,cocoa or ,,cocus1 :i* is n ! cocoa-nut tree1 ?is be+ a palm1 ! wood ( :i* is /r+y l a f]n or a cane2 :]eas1 cocoa or cocus is firm1 h>d1 & excell5t4 ,,black-,,wood1 :i* cuts f9ely ) tools = ecc5tric "w4 ,,k+-,,wood1 a good & useful wood1 some?+ ak9 9 appe>ance to rosewood4 ,,sat9-,,wood1 pale yell[ gra91 l wat]$ silk1 turns v well1 b is by no means h>d2 !re is also a r$ sat9wood4 ,,rose-,,wood1 already describ$2 x loses col\r aft] exposure1 & is mo/ beautiful newly cut4 ,if ! above are add$ to ! mo/ useful ( ! ,engli% woods describ$ above1 x w sc>cely be wor? :ile to add to !m except z specim5s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v int]e/+ to collect & arrange ^!1 & x is an employm5t well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! "y me*anic4 ,?9 slices cut across ! gra91 & sometimes1 or 9 addition1 slices cut ) ! gra91 %\ld be arrang$ 9 ord] aft] be+ trimm$ to %ape 7r\nd1 squ>e1 or triangul>1 or ev5 six-sid$74 ,!y %\ld be v c>efully poli%$ to br+ up ! gra91 & labell$ ) ! common & ,lat9 7or botanical7 "n4 ,! c\ntry f :i* procur$1 ) %ort notes relative to ! size & g5]al gr[? ( ! tree1 %\ld be add$4 ,?is w compel inquiry1 & a great deal ( in=mation w be ?us ga9$ & /or$ up4 ,a simil> collection ( ,engli% woods may be made1 &1 ( c\rse1 ) mu* great] ease4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h said no?+ ( ! p9es1 deal1 & l>*4 ,!y are ext5sively turn$ 9 ! la!1 ! great] "p ( ! common pa9t$ furniture be+ made !refrom2 b deal is1 nev]!less1 n a turn+ wood4 ,x splits easily1 has an op5 gra91 ) fibres loosely connect$1 & al?\gh x c be cut into m\ld+s ) %>p *isels & g\ges1 x g5]ally ne$s a little rubb+ ) ,dut* ru%1 fi%-sk91 or glass-pap]2 aft] :i*1 a h&ful ( its own %av+s held aga9/ x z x revolves rapidly 9 ! la!1 is ! be/ poli%]4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 x may be v>ni%$1 & ( late ye>s x has become fa%ionable1 :5 ?us f9i%$1 = b$room furniture4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case g5]ally improv$ & embelli%$1 by hav+ ?9 /rips ( col\r$ woods inlaid 9 its surface4 ,x is useless = holl[ "w2 & wood t _c be holl[$ out satisfactorily1 is n to be class$ among ^? suitable = ! turn]4 ,:5ev] y h "t to sp>e1 & are n incl9$ to turn1 yet feel dispos$ to w&] into y\r work%op1 x is a good plan to trim & prep>e pieces ( wood = ! la!4 ,y ne$ a *opp+-block1 :i* is ! end ( a /ick ( timb] sawn ev5ly across1 & /ood up 9 "s out-(-!-way corn] :]e *ips w n be mu* 9 ! way1 & a light axe or adze1 :i* latt] is said to be ! be/4 ,x is call$ ! bassoohlah or ,indian adze1 b ,i nev] _h "o1 nor ev] saw x m5tion$1 except 9 "o v excell5t book by ! late ,*>les ,holtzappffel ( ,london1 :o1 inde$1 keeps ^! tools4 ,b a light axe is easily obta9$1 & w d v well4 ,take c>e to saw ! pieces (f truly squ>e--,i mean /raight across ! log1 & n slant+ ei!r way4 ,cut "s f y\r ev]gre5 oak1 or bee*1 or elm1 = *ucks1 rememb]+ to h l5g? = ! m&rel screw1 beyond :at y w probably ne$ = holl[+ out1 to take ! pieces to be turn$4 ,cut "s long] ?an o!rs1 & f l>g] or small] pieces2 f #b-;in* diamet] to #d1 :i* is a useful g5]al size4 ,b y\r la! ( #e-;in* c5tre w take *ucks or "w ( ne>ly #aj in*es1 s y c cut "s few pieces r l>g]4 ,probably1 y\r only "w ( #f to #i in*es diamet] w be an occasional bread-platt]1 or a /& ( "s sort2 y\r g5]al "w w be mu* less4 ,besides *ucks1 ( :i* ! numb] is 9 "t v great1 y w be con/antly want+ tool-h&les4 ,cut "s = ^!1 & plac+ "o end on ! *opp+-block1 trim !m to some?+ l ! requir$ size1 b a good deal l>g] r\nd ?an y ?9k necess>y1 because y w f9d t ! size w deceive y frequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,= f9ally trimm+ up %ort pieces1 a peculi> knife is us$ by ! la! & tool mak]s2 & :5 y c sp>e ! money y %\ld get "o1 z y w f9d x easy to use1 & x w save y _m a cut f ! axe4 ,9 fact1 ,i nev] advise v "y me*anics to make use ( ! latt] tool4 ,x requires practice1 /r5g?1 & a good deal ( skill to use x well2 & no?+ is m easy ?an to lop (f ! end ( a f+] or ?umb1 &1 un=tunately1 no?+ is m difficult ?an to repair ! damage4 ,! p>+-knife = %ort ?ick pieces m5tion$ above1 is made l ,d1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x consi/s ( a long & curv$ h&le1 turn$ up at "o end to fit "u a /aple1 ,e1 ) a cross piece ( wood = ! h& at ! o!r end1 & a broad /rong blade ) "o bevel 9 ! middle--7by "o bevel ,i mean1 t ! edge is n l t ( an axe1 b l t ( a c>p5t]'s *isel1 ! bevel or slop+ "p be+ outside74 ,c is ! piece ( wood to be p>$1 ,a ! bottom bo>d or plat=m1 ,b a block fa/5$ to x1 & made on a slope to prev5t ! t5d5cy ( ! wood to slip away f ! knife4 ,! :ole ( ?is may be screw$ d[n to ! b5*1 or to a heavy /ool :5 9 use4 ,! hook & f]ule %\ld n be made s l>ge & loose z 9 ! draw+1 & a bett] jo9t is t ( an ord9>y h+e4 ,if made loosely1 ! blade twi/s ab\t too mu* f side to side1 escap+ f ! wood4 ,!re is no dang] to ! f+]s f ?is useful tool1 :i* ! "y me*anic %\ld add to 8 work%op z soon z he c4 ,ano!r useful & easily-con/ruct$ app>atus = ! prep>ation ( long pieces is ! %ave-/ool1 us$ by coop]s & *airmak]s to hold ! pieces securely :ile !y are be+ %ap$ by ! d\ble-h&l$ %ave or drawknife1 z x is (t5 call$1 a tool omitt$ f our li/1 b v useful all ! same4 ,?is is sket*$ at ,b1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x is (t5 v r\ghly made1 ! *ief necessity be+ t x %all be /rong4 ,x answ]s also = a saw+-/ool4 ,^u ! /ool or b5*1 ,a1 is fix$ a slop+ block1 ,b4 ,a sw++ frame1 ,c1 is h+$ or pivot$ at ,d1 s t if ! l[] "p is pu%$ back f left to "r1 ! upp] cross-b>1 ,e1 w come =w>d & almo/ t\* ! highe/ "p ( ! slop+ block1 ,b1 s t any piece ( wood1 su* z ,f1 w !reby be p9*$ & held tightly betwe5 ! rail1 ,e1 & ! block4 ,! workman sits a/ride ( ! /ool at ,a1 fac+ ! block1 & 8 feet are plac$ on ! b> ,c4 ,:5 he wi%es to hold ! wood :i* is to be %av$ by ! drawknife ,c1 he presses f him ) 8 feet ! l[] "p ( ! frame1 & he c in/antly loos5 ! wood by draw+ 8 feet t[>ds him4 ,! movem5t is made 9 a mom5t1 & ! wood %ift$ r\nd z requir$1 & alt]nately turn$ ab\t & held tight1 :ile ! drawknife is us$ almo/ ceaselessly4 ,a v few m9utes g5]ally suffices ?us to p>e d[n a r\gh piece = ! la!4 ,! cross-b>1 ,e1 %\ld be tol]ably /rong1 & is bett] if n r\nd$ v nicely1 z ! edges help to hold ! wood4 ,! latt] is sure n to slip away1 because ! pull ( ! drawknife t5ds to draw x up high] on ! slope ( ! block1 :i* pulls x into a /ill n>r[] op5+4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! ease ) :i* ?is appliance is us$1 & ! rapidity ) :i* ! requir$ op]ation c be c>ri$ on4 ,no wood-turn]'s %op %\ld be )\t "o4 ,,ord] ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,i mu/ say a ^w or two z to neatness & ord]1 especially 9 ! arrangem5t ( tools & appliances = ! la!4 ,:e!r y h a doz5 tools or a hundr$1 always put !m 9 ! same place1 s t any p>ticul> article c be f\nd in/antly1 no "t be+ wa/$ hunt+ up & d[n1 or exam9+ a long r[ ( tools = ! "o requir$ at t p>ticul> "t4 ,turn+ tools1 moreov]1 %\ld be kept di/9ct f ^? us$ = c>p5try1 & 9 a special rack by !mselves4 ,! be/ tool-rack1 ,i ?9k1 :i* c be made1 is "o l ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is may be made ( deal1 b ! pieces betwe5 ! holes are ?us liable to get split (f1 & bee* or a% is !re=e pref]able4 ,! :ole frame is made to be screw$ to ! wall2 or1 if ! latt] is damp1 ! frame %\ld be fir/ screw$ to a bo>d cov]$ ) baize1 & ?is1 9 turn1 fix$ to ! wall4 ,?us arrang$1 x w h a v neat appe>ance1 & ! tools be+ kept dry1 w rema9 g5]ally free f ru/4 ,!y %\ld1 nev]!less1 be c>efully look$ ov] once a week & wip$1 :5 ^? requir+ to be gr\nd %\ld be subject$ to t op]ation1 & ?us be ready = future use :5 requir$4 ,!y are bad workm5 :o all[ blunt or damag$ tools to accumulate1 in/ead ( at once sett+ !m 9 ord]4 ,! horizontal b>s are bor$ ) holes by means ( a c5trebit4 ,! holes mu/ be arrang$ z to size by ! measurem5t ( ! f]ules ( ! tool h&les1 "s be+ l>g] & "s small]1 s t :5 ! tool is plac$ 9 any hole1 ! h&le w drop 9 to ! dep? ( ! f]ule & fit4 ,?us ! tools w all /& upright1 in/ead ( lean+ f "o side or ! o!r4 ,aft] ! holes are made1 a piece is cut out 7see fig4 ,b7 at ! front edge1 because ! blades ( "s tools are wid] ?an ! f]ules1 &1 9 addition1 if ?is 7 n done1 ! diff]5t tool-rails mu/ be z f> ap>t z ! :ole l5g? ( ! tool 7h&le & all includ$71 to all[ ( ! latt] be+ lift$ suffici5tly high to drop into ! holes4 ,! /rips = ! holes %\ld be ab\t #b in*es wide1 ! l[] "o1 = ! l>g] *isels & g\ges1 r wid] ?an ! upp] ones4 ,sometimes ^! tool-racks are fitt$ up inside a cab9et1 ^: doors h simil> racks2 ?us all c be %ut 9 out ( ! rea* ( du/ & dirt4 ,holtzappffel1 ! great la!mak] ( ,london1 fits up su* cab9ets complete 9 oak or mahogany1 all ! tools be+ h&l$ 9 h>d wood & turn$ to "o patt]n4 ,! co/1 h[ev]1 #e & upw>ds1 r5d]s su* less desirable to ! "y me*anic1 :o c rig up a common tool-rack1 :i* w s]ve 8 purpose equally well4 ,x is also f> m satisfactory1 9 look+ r\nd y\r work%op1 to feel t y h at all ev5ts be5 z little extravagant z possible1 = amateurs get no return = outlay z tradesm5 d4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,!re is no op]ation 9 :i* ! "y me*anic is s mu* at fault z 9 t ( gr9d+ & sett+ 9 ord] ! v>i\s tools he has to use4 ,nev]!less he w nev] become ei!r an indep5d5t workman or a good "o1 if he has to dep5d ^u o!rs = ?is necess>y lab\r4 ,no d\bt1 to %>p5 a tool :i* is 9 v bad ord] is a t$i\s & tiresome job2 b x is n s we>isome an affair to keep tools 9 condition = "w1 aft] !y h be5 once ?or\ghly %>p5$ by "o :o und]/&s h[ to d x4 ,nev]1 !re=e1 use a blunt tool1 b at once g to ! hone or gr9d/one ) x1 & put x 9 fir/-rate ord]4 ,"t ?us employ$ is nev] wa/$1 b r sav$2 & ! result w appe> inv>iably 9 ! "w :i* y are engag$ ^u4 ,y mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 und]/& precisely :at x is y h to d2 & al?\gh ! foll[+ details may be by "s consid]$ m adapt$ = advanc$ /ud5ts ?an = "y me*anics1 a little att5tion to ! explanations w r5d] ! matt] cle> to any boy ( age & intellig5ce to take 9 h&1 ) reasonable prospect ( success1 ! tools ( ! c>p5t]1 turn]1 & fitt]4 ,i c only say1 t boys ( ?is g5]ation are wond]fully well (f 9 hav+ ^! ?+s expla9$ to !m4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago "y me*anics _h to grope along 9 ! d>k1 ignorant to a great ext5t ( ! pr9ciples ( "w1 & almo/ equally un9/ruct$ 9 ! practical "p ( x4 ,9 ,fig4 #de are repres5t$ simil> angles to ^? already expla9$ to y1 & y w quickly und]/& h[ useful is a little k ( ! elem5ts ( ma!matics4 ,suppose ,a to be a tool1 ! angle ( ! po9t is a "r angle1 or #ij4 ,b is ano!r ( #fj at ! po9t1 & ,i h drawn a l9e across to %[ y t ! ?ree sides ( ?is figure 7call$ a triangle7 are equal4 ,s rememb] t if y want an angle ( #fj1 y h only to draw a triangle ( ?ree equal sides1 & ea* ( ^! angles w be #fj4 ,aga91 ,i may z well rem9d y t ?ree times #fj equals #ahj1 :i* is equal to two "r angles1 s we f9d "h t ! ?ree angles ( an equal-sid$ triangle equal two "r angles1 & ev5 if ! sides are n equal1 ! same ?+ is true4 ,= in/ance1 look at ! fir/ tool1 across :i* ,i h also drawn a l9e to make a triangle4 ,! po9t we "k is #ij1 & if ! sides1 a b1 are equal 7al?\gh ! ?ird l9e is n equal to ei!r71 ! two small angles are ea* #de1 i4e41 #ij betwe5 !m1 s ! ?ree angles aga9 equal #ahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! ?ird tool 7:i* we may suppose a turn]'s *isel held edgewise7 is %[n to h an angle ( #cj1 & ,i h add$ "o m :i* has an angle ( #de4 ,n[ all tools1 if well gr\nd1 are gr\nd to a c]ta9 kn[n angle1 accord+ to ! mat]ial :i* !y are int5d$ to cut4 ,tools int5d$ to cut s(t woods1 l deal1 are gr\nd to an angle ( #bj to #cj1 l ! *isel se5 edgewise4 ,i %all h a ^w to say pres5tly z to ! direction 9 :i* su* tools are to be held1 9 ord] to make !m cut z well z possible4 ,a tool = h>d wood is giv5 next at ,e4 ,! angle is n[ at lea/ #dj1 & x ranges up to #hj1 giv+ a /rong]1 ?ick] edge1 b n s ke5 a "o4 ,we h1 !re=e1 m ( a scrap+ tool ?an a cutt+ "o1--at lea/1 9 ! way x is usually held4 ,!n we come to ! tools ) :i* iron is turn$ & /eel also4 ,fig4 ,f is "o ( ^!1 & ! usual angle is #fj1 & !nce x ranges to #ij4 ,?us y see1 advanc+ f s(t wood tools to ^? = h>d wood1 & !nce to a sub/ance /ill h>d]1 we h increas$ ! angle ( ! edge1 beg9n+ at #cj & end+ ) #hj or #ij4 ,b n[ we come to a mat]ial :i* is h>d] ?an wood & n s h>d z iron1 yet we use tools ) an angle ( #ij1 :i* is /ill great]1 & #gj is ! lea/ angle ev] us$ = ?is metal4 ,exp]i5ce only has taught ! prop] angle = tools1 & x is f\nd1 t if brass & gun-metal are turn$ ) tools ( a less angle ?an #gj1 !y only cat* into ! mat]ial1 & d n "w at all satisfactorily4 ,y c1 h[ev]1 scrape brass1 z a f9i%1 ) ! ?9 edge ( a common *isel2 b !n ! tool is held s z to scrape v lightly & poli%2 & its edge w n rema9 _m m9utes1 unless ! mak] 7int5d+ x to be s us$7 has made x mu* h>d] ?an he w\ld make x = s(t wood cutt+4 ,if y buy y\r tools at any good %op1 y w f9d t !y are already gr\nd to ne>ly ! angles nam$1 & :5 y re-gr9d !m1 y mu/ endeav\r to keep !m to ! same4 ,! bevel1 z x is call$1 ( _m tools ne$ n be gr\nd at all1 z !y may be %>p5$ solely by rubb+ ! upp] face on a hone1 or gr9d+ x1 hold+ x s t ! /one %all act equally on all p>ts ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tool %\ld become not*$1 y mu/ gr9d ! bevel ( x1 & !n y mu/ try & keep ! int5d$ angle4 ,"o tool1 h[ev]1 or r "o pair ( tools1 viz41 turn+-g\ges & *isels1 are v seldom gr\nd ) a suffici5tly long bevel :5 !y fir/ come f ! mak]4 ,! usual %ape ( ! edge is l ,g1 :]eas ! angle %\ld be mu* less1 z se5 at ,h4 ,?is y mu/ correct :5 y fir/ gr9d ! tools = use1 & keep ! same long bevel & small angle ( edge cont9ually aft]w>ds1 = y w nev] make good "w on s(t wood if y\r *isels & g\ges are gr\nd ) too %ort a bevel4 ,i mu/ also gu>d y aga9/ ano!r common error1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v difficult to avoid at fir/1 & only long practice w enable y entirely to ov]come x4 ,i1 is ! *isel 7held edgewise z be=e7 gr\nd z x ought to be2 ,k is ! same tool gr\nd z x g5]ally is by "y h&s1 or1 ev5 if x is correctly =m$ at ! gr9d/one1 "o or two applications to ! oil/one almo/ inv>iably r\nd x (f z %[n4 ,! bevel ( all tools mu/ be kept q flat & ev51 & :5 ! tool is aft]w>ds rubb$ on ! oil/one to give a f9i% to ! edge1 ano!r flat1 ev5 bevel %\ld be made4 ,9 ! same figure at ,l is an exagg]at$ view ( ! *isel1 ) its fir/ long bevel =m$ at ! gr9d/one1 & ! second v small bright bevel se5 at ! extreme edge ( all su* tools :5 !y h be5 set ^u ! oil/one4 ,?is second bevel1 slight z x is1 y w at once und]/& makes ! angle ( ! edge a little l>g]1 !re=e y mu/ all[ = x1 & gr9d a little ke5] edge ?an y really require4 ,n[1 all ?is is v simple & easy to und]/&1 & :5 y h ma/]$ ?is mu*1 y w be 9 a fair way to und]/& m4 ,! second "p ( ! subject1 nev]!less1 requires v close att5tion1 & v likely may n become q cle> to y :5 expla9$4 ,i %all !re=e draw a l9e "h1 & make ?is lesson a special p>agraph1 :i* y c look back to "s o!r day1 :5 y are gr[n f a boy-me*anic to a man1 & h _h m exp]i5ce 9 cutt+ & turn+ wood & metal4 ,! tools above describ$ h _! cutt+ edges =m$ by ! meet+ ( two planes at a giv5 angle1--^! planes be+ ! flat bevels 7or ! flat top & "o bevel7 =m$ by ! gr9d/one4 ,b 9 "s tools ?ree planes meet to =m an edge in/ead ( two1 & ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge is n ! same z t ( ei!r ( ^!1 al?\gh x dep5ds ^u !m1 & c be nicely calculat$4 ,?is calculation1 h[ev]1 requires a k ( "s high] bran*es ( ma!matics ?an ! "y me*anic is suppos$ to be acqua9t$ )1 & !re=e a table is add$ in/ead1 by :i*1 :5 ! angles ( two ( ^! planes are kn[n1 ! ?ird may be at once se51 :i* la/ det]m9es1 ( c\rse1 ! angle ( ! edge4 ,z an example1 take ! grav]1 ( :i* y w f9d a draw+ among ! o!r tools1 b :i* ,i give aga9 9 ?is place4 ,m1 ,fig4 #de1 is ! tool1 look+ at ! face or bevel :i* has be5 gr\nd ^u x1 mak+ a loz5ge-%ape or diamond4 ,b ?is face is a ?ird plane1 & ! cutt+ edges1 a & b1 dep5d = _! angles ^u all ?ree ( ^!4 ,n[1 = iron we want an angle ( #fj4 ,h[ are we to make ! edges1 a b1 ( t exact size8 ,! b> is fir/ ( all squ>e 9 section1 l ,n1 :i* w\ld be its %ape be=e ! ?ird face or bevel is gr\nd1 & all ! angles are n[ "r angles ( #ij ea*4 ,b in/ead ( ?is1 we want two ( !m #fj1 ! o!r two be+ ( no importance4 ,we simply proce$ ?us3--,det]m9e :i* angle is to become ! po9t ( ! tool 7x is no matt] 9 ! pres5t case1 z all are alike71 !n gr9d away und]nea? till ! new bevel =ms an angle ( #de ) ! back 7by :i* ,i mean ! edge :i* runs along f ! %>p po9t t[>ds ! h&le--! edge x 9 fig4 ,o74 ,trigonometry enables u to f9d out t an angle ( #de is ! "o requir$1 b y w f9d x 9 ! table annex$ to ?is *apt]1 & an explanation ( ?is table is also giv5 to enable y to use x easily4 ,?us gr\nd1 ! edges a b ( fig4 ,o w be ea* =m$ ( two planes meet+ at an angle ( #fj4 ,y c make a gauge ( c>d or t91 ,p1 to "w by1 ( ! requir$ angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! use ( ?is table1 x is necess>y to give names to ! sev]al angles ( a tool4 ,t ^u ! front or face ( ! tool1 z ,a ( ! po9t-tool1 is call$ ! plan-angle2 t made by ! upp] surface & ! front edge1 z ,b 7a1 be+ ! angle 9 "q71 is call$ ! section angle1 because1 if y 7 to saw "r ?r\gh ! c5tral l9e l5g?wise1 ?is is ! angle t w\ld appe> at ! po9t1 view+ x sideways4 ,n[1 if we look at ,c1 ,fig4 #dg1 we %all be able to und]/& h[ ! front l9e1 b c1 is obta9$1 :i* con/itutes "o side ( ! section angle ( a tool4 ,x results f ! meet+ ( ! two diamond-%ap$ planes at ! sides =m$ by ! gr9d/one1 b is dep5d5t also on ! plan-angle4 ,^! two side-planes are to be g5]ally gr\nd at an angle ( ab\t #c f ! v]tical1 :i* is to give ! cle>ance ( ! tool if held 9 a fix$ position1 z 9 ! tool-hold] ( a slide-re/1 ! tool be+ suppos$ horizontal4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) :at ,i h be=e told y1 viz41 t ! cutt+ edge %\ld be pres5t$ to ! "w at ! smalle/ possible angle1 #c be+ v small inde$4 ,?is angle is g5]ally measur$ by plac+ ! side gr\nd 9 contact ) a cone ( wood or metal1 turn$ to an angle ( #c1 su* z ,d1--k be+ a tool ! front ( :i* is evid5tly #c2 or a piece ( t91 l1 cut to ! same angle1 & /ood on its edge1 w answ] ! same purpose4 ,by #c1 ,i mean an angle ( #c measur$ on ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 z ,i h already expla9$ 9 a =m] page1 su* angle be+ ( c\rse at ! c5tre ( ! circle :]e ! l9es drawn f ! sev]al degrees on ! circumf]5ce meet4 ,n[1 :5 y h gr\nd ^! two surfaces1 ! l9e b c ( ,b 7or ,c7 w h a c]ta9 slope or incl9ation dep5d+ on ! plan-angle ( ! po9t4 ,! exact incl9ation ( x may be !re=e said to be accid5tal2 b1 :atev] x is1 x becomes ( great importance 9 ! f9al result1 be+ "o side ( ! angle :i* w give any p>ticul> angle ( cutt+ edge4 ,& "h ! table comes into use3--,suppose ,i wi% to h an edge ( #fj1 = cutt+ iron4 ,measure ! plan-angle1--say x is #ij1 :i* is t ( ! grav]2 !n1 on ! table1 "u ! words 8plan angle10 y w see #ij1 & opposite1 above #fj ( 8cutt+ edges10 y w see #de4 ,y h only to gr9d back ! upp] face ( ! tool1 until x makes an angle ( #de 7section angle7 ) ! front edge or l9e1 b c1 & ! edges x x w be angles ( #fj4 ,or take ! tool ,e1 ( :i* ! plan angle is #abj1 & suppose y want cutt+ edges ( #hj1 = brass1 opposite #abj1 & above #hj1 is #gh #e4 ,gr9d back ! top face to an angle ( #gh #e 7or #gh7 ) ! po9t l9e1 & x is done4 ,until y h practically prov$ x1 y c h no idea ( ! va/ importance ( hav+ correctly-=m$ cutt+ edges1 & ( plac+ !m )9 a hair's-bread? ( ! prop] position4 ,b x is 9 slide-re/ "w especially1 & 9 cutt+ metal ) tools held rigidly 9 "o position1 t ?is is ( su* p>am\nt importance4 ,x makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 cutt+ (f a clean %av+1 & te>+ f ! mat]ial by ma9 =ce a quantity ( disjo9t$ p>ticles1 ! latt] process leav+ a r\gh unf9i%$ surface1 ! =m] produc+ "o z smoo? & poli%$ z a %eet ( glass2 & ! advantage ( ?is %ort table is1 t y c at any "t %ape y\r own tools = ! p>ticul> "w 9 h&4 ,aft] y h _h "s practice 9 turn+1 y %\ld c]ta9ly le>n to %ape y\r tools f squ>e b>s ( /eel1 worn files1 & brok5 /eel tools ( v>i\s k9ds2 & be=e y h arriv$ at suffici5t dext]ity to d ?is entirely by y\rself1 y w get !m r\ghly %ap$ = y by ! blacksmi?1 & !n ) gr9d/one & file y w fur!r p]fect ! angles = use4 ,/eel does n require1 & mu/ on no acc\nt be subject$ to1 a :ite heat1 or y w spoil x hopelessly2 & y c always heat x 9 a common fire1 or 9 ! little /ove t ,i %all describe 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 to a temp]ature t w all[ y to b5d x into any requir$ =m ) ! hamm] & anvil--a bright r$ be+ ! utmo/ heat x mu/ be br\ght to4 ,,position ,,( ,,cutt+ ,,tools4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! mode ( apply+ ! edge ( a tool to ! "w1 s z to produce ! be/ effect4 ,fir/1 we w consid] ! case ( a g\ge & *isel act+ ^u s(t wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh1 ,a repres5ts a piece ( wood 9 ! la!1 z y w\ld see x if y /ood at "o end ( x1 & a *isel is be+ held aga9/ x4 ,! arr[ %[s ! direction 9 :i* ! wood is suppos$ to be revolv+4 ,held ?us1 ! *isel w\ld scrape1 & its edge w\ld be c>ri$ (f at once2 x c\ld n possibly cut4 ,b1 held z at ,b1 x w\ld cut (f a clean & cont9u\s %av+ z ! wood revolv$ aga9/ x1 & ?is %av+ w\ld slide (f along ! upp] face1 b1 ( ! tool1 s t y c see t ?is face ought to (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance to x4 ,! tool acts1 9 fact1 l a v ?91 %>p w$ge1 :i* divides ! mat]ial by pressure1 :i* has to be great or slight accord+ z ! edge is %>p & ?9 or ! contr>y4 ,n[1 if y aga9 look at ,a1 y w see t ?is w$ge-l action _c take place1 s t ! tool is 9 its wor/ possible position4 ,betwe5 ! two positions1 h[ev]1 "h %[n1 are sev]al o!rs at a great] or less angle to ! surface ( ! wood2 b ! smalle/ possible angle x c make is ! be/1 s long z ! ?ickness ( %av+ remov$ w suffice = y\r purpose4 ,?is rule holds good ) all tools1 :e!r c>p5t]s' or turn]s'1 :i* are made ) %>p-cutt+ edges4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 t ! l[] face ( ! tool does n rub aga9/ ! "w1 :i*1 aga91 x is evid5t1 limits to a giv5 degree ! angle at :i* ! cutt+ edge is to be appli$ to ! "w4 ,we n[ pass on to ,c1 :i* repres5ts ! ord9>y tool = turn+ iron1 held flat ^u ! re/1 ! position x usually occupies4 ,we see at once t 9 ?is case also we h a scrap+ tool only1 & t1 al?\gh ! angle ( ! edge is f> great] ?an t ( ! *isel1 x mu/ soon be gr\nd (f by ! action ( ! metal to :i* x is appli$1 or ( ! h>d wood1 :i* is also cut 9 ?is way4 ,b ) ?is =m ( tool we %all f9d x impossible to apply x s z to cut 9 ! be/ way2 because if we l[] ! h&le1 z we did t ( ! *isel1 ! "p bel[ ! edge w rub aga9/ ! "w1 :ile ! edge itself w be mov$ out ( contact ) x4 ,?us we are oblig$ to hold ! tool 9 ! position fir/ %[n2 b we may !re=e conclude t ! tool itself is a badly =m$ "o = ! int5d$ purpose2 & s x is1 al?\gh y w see x 9 almo/ e work%op 9 ! k+dom4 ,let u see :at c be done to improve x4 ,at ,d1 ,i h repres5t$ ! same tool1 b ! black5$ "p %[s :at has be5 fil$ away f ! upp] face1 & ! dott$ l9es %[ t1 :5 ?is has be5 done1 a tool is made v simil> to ! *isel = wood1 & t x is also n[ 9 a good position = cutt+ 7n scrap+71 al?\gh x is /ill held horizontally ^u ! re/4 ,%av+s ( iron curl (f ! upp] face ( ?is1 z wood %av+s curl (f ^u a *isel4 ,if ! angle1 h[ev]1 is too small1 ! edge w soon be brok5 (f1 & ! tool w dig into ! "w2 h5ce ! necessity ( kn[+ at :at angle a tool ought to be gr\nd to cut any p>ticul> metal successfully4 ,su* a tool z ! la/ nam$1 :i* is int5d$ only to cut ) ! front edge1 & :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,e1 is call$ a s+le-edg$ "o1 because x only cuts 9 "o direction1 b _m o!rs are d\ble-edg$1 cutt+ ! %av+ at once on ! flat & edge--t is1 p>+ x (f f ! mat]ial bel[ & also f ! side4 ,= in/ance1 ,f is a cyl9d] ( iron1 f :i* a %av+ is suppos$ to be 9 process ( be+ cut4 ,x has to be remov$ f ! %\ld] to :i* x is repres5t$ z /ill adh]+1 & also f ! flat surface1 e b1 ar\nd :i* x 01 z x 71 once coil$4 ,b ?is requires two cutt+ edges1 bo? act+ at ! same "t1 b 9 diff]5t directions2 & good me*anics !re=e s =m ! tools1 & s use !m1 z to cut 9 bo? directions1 :i* leaves ! "w beautifully smoo? & ev54 ,^! tools are mo/ly us$ 9 ! slide-re/1 :]e _! true position1 once det]m9$1 c be accurately ma9ta9$2 & x is1 p]haps1 only ) ! slide-re/ t p]fect "w c be done4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason :y y %\ld n use tools ( all k9ds intellig5tly1 & und]/& exactly h[ !y %\ld be =m$1 & h[ held4 ,suppose y h a tool correctly made by ! aid ( ! table ( tool angles already expla9$1 /ill look+ at fig4 ,f1 y c see t ! small] "p ( ! roll] is t :i* is to be left f9i%$1 & t x ought to be q smoo?1 b ! %\ld] at a is n ( ! same degree ( importance4 ,a tool fit = su* "w w\ld evid5tly be %ap$ on its plan-angle or face1 l ,h 9 fig4 ,c or ,i2 &1 if held z se51 bo? edges w\ld be br\ght into action at ! same "t1 z w be at once evid5t on inspection4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! two edges w\ld n be all[$ to t\* = _! :ole l5g?1 or ! angle on ! "r w\ld leave a scrat* ^u ! f9i%$ "w2 !re=e x w\ld be eas$ (f a little1 z at ,k1 ,l4 ,b ?is is evid5tly z ne>ly z possible ! %ape & position to be giv5 to su* a tool1 & ! edge :i* has to leave ! f9i%$ surface %\ld1 z x 71 foll[ ! o!r2 ! "r-h& angle be+ j & only j kept out ( cut4 ,! h&-tools y w g5]ally use are ! heel-tool1 ,m1 held on ! re/ z %[n1 :i*1 y see1 br+s ! edge into cut at ! lea/ possible angle to ! "w1 & ! nail-head1 :i* is 9 fact a heel-tool ( f\r faces1 or1 if r\nd1 a heel-tool all edge1 & :i* c be roll$ ov] z x gets blunt$4 ,to ^! add ! grav]1 ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,i h tri$ to %[ its position at ,o1 ) ! bevel ( ! face po9t$ 9 ! direction ( ! %\ld]1 & d[nw>ds2 b x c be held face upw>ds also1 & 9 "o or two o!r positions4 ,always rememb] t ! cutt+ edge is to be pres5t$ at a small angle ) ! "w1 & y _c g wrong if ! tool is well =m$4 ,! nail-head & heel-tools are s+le edg$1 & easily gr\nd )\t ! table ( angles1 b ! grav] is a d\ble-edg$ tool1 prop]ly speak+1 al?\gh only "o edge may p]haps be us$4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* y h to "w z reg>ds gr9d+ y\r tools & hold+ !m :5 9 use1 ,i %all m]ely add a few rem>ks z to ! action ( ! gr9d/one & oil/one1 & ! prop] way ( us+ !m4 ,always let ! /one revolve t[>ds y1 z if y _h to turn x smoo? ) ! tool y h to %>p51 except :5 y _c possibly d s )\t cutt+ grooves 9 x4 ,*isels1 knives1 axes1 planes1 & all simil> tools ) flat edges1 are to be gr\nd ) ! /one runn+ 9 t direction1 by :i* means y w avoid giv+ !m a wire edge1 z x is call$ 7i4e41 a ragg$-look+ edge71 & x w in/ead be ev5 & %>p2 ! filam5t ( metal be+1 z x 71 driv5 back into ! sub/ance ( ! tool1 in/ead ( drawn away f x4 ,g\ges may be gr\nd 9 ! same way1 b mu/ be roll$ ab\t to keep up ! =m ( edge4 ,x is inde$ ! easie/ way ) ^! to hold !m across ! /one1 9 ! same direction z its axis1 & !n1 by roll+ !m ov] backw>ds & =w>ds1 y c give a v good %ape to ! edge1 :i* %\ld run slightly to a po9t1 or r t5d to "o4 ,!y are nev] to be gr\nd squ>e across1 l t ( ! c>p5t]4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y to h "s sort ( re/ ^u :i* to lay ! tools dur+ ! op]ation ( gr9d+1 b d n tru/ to special contrivances = hold+ !m at ! precise angle ne$$2 r tru/ to y\r own skill1 :i* w increase m & m by be+ sev]ely ex]cis$4 ,always rememb] to gr9d y\r tools to a %>p] angle ?an w be ultimately requir$1 t ! f9al angle may be giv5 by ! oil/one4 ,( ! latt] !re are _m k9ds4 ,no?+ probably c surpass a ,turkey /one1 if good1 b ?is v>ies consid]ably 9 h>dness & o!r qualities4 ,!re is a v quick-cutt+1 slightly co>se /one f ,nova ,scotia1 :i* is v s]viceable1 z x does ?is t$i\s "w ) great rapidity1 n1 h[ev]1 putt+ on ! tools a v f9e edge1 b "o t admirably suits = su* z are to be us$ on metal4 ,) ! re/1 a rub or two on ,turkey1 or ,arkansas1 or ,*orley ,=e/ /one1 w imp>t a f9i%4 ,arkansas /one1 h[ev]1 may be _h co>se z well z f9e2 x is mu* lik$ by "s1 b ,i pref] ! ,nova ,scotia1 z x cuts m ke5ly1 & ev5 ) ! %>pe/ /one1 sett+ tools is a mo/ labori\s process4 ,! "y me*anic w f9d x v difficult at fir/ to hold ! tool /eady1 & to move x to & fro ^u ! oil/one s z n to give x any roll+ movem5t1 by :i* ! edge & bevel w\ld be r\nd$1 z ,i be=e expla9$1 :i* w\ld 9 effect enl>ge ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge1 besides prev5t+ x f be+ held at a suffici5tly small angle to ! "w to cut effectively4 ,no?+ b practice w ov]come ?is difficulty2 ,i %all n !re=e attempt to describe exactly h[ ! tool %\ld be held & ! %>p5+ effect$1 su* description be+ n only difficult1 b1 z exp]i5ce has prov$ to me1 impossible4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,we n[ ent] ^u ! actual "w ( ! la!1 :i* %\ld be comp>atively easy to und]/& aft] ! =ego+ obs]vations4 ,y\r raw mat]ial hav+ be5 *opp$ or %av$ into a r\gh cyl9drical =m1 y h to m\nt x 9 ! la!4 ,i may suppose x a piece ( bee* = a tool-h&le4 ,if y h ! cross-*uck1 y %\ld use x2 if n1 y may use ! prong in/ead4 ,9 ei!r case1 c5tre ! wood z truly z y c1 s t1 :5 ! re/ is fix$ ne> x1 ! piece may n be mu* f>!r f x1 z x revolves1 9 "o place ?an ano!r4 ,m9d & screw d[n ! back poppit tightly ^u ! la!-b$1 & also ! re/1 putt+ ! latt] z ne> ! "w z y c )\t t\*+ x4 ,n[ set ! la! 9 motion1--?is is tol]ably easy1 b to keep x 9 motion w probably n be easy at all4 ,x is "o ( ^? op]ations :i* require practice1 because :ile y\r leg is at "w ^u ! treadle1 y\r body mu/ be firm & /ill1 s t y feel y\rself free to use ! tools )\t giv+ mu* att5tion to :at y\r leg is do+4 ,aft] a :ile y w d ?is ) p]fect ease4 ,! wood is1 ( c\rse1 to rotate t[>ds y1 & ! surface w come 9 contact ) ! edge ( ! tool z ! latt] is held tightly d[n on ! re/4 ,n[1 ?is is1 aft] all1 ! real difficulty1 = e projection /rik+ ! tool t5ds to j]k x (f ! re/1 & ?is has to be resi/$ ) "s =ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is advantage 9 h&-tools1 viz41 t !y may be held rigidly yet be all[$ "s slight play1 accord+ to ! peculi> exig5cies ( ! "w2 & at fir/ y w save ! tool by all[+ x to yield slightly until ! r\ghe/ "p has be5 cut away4 ,aft]w>ds1 !re is to be no movem5t except t requir$ to make x foll[ ! curves or level p>ts ( ! "w4 ,d y\r be/ fir/ to produce a cyl9d]1 i4e41 a /raight1 ev5 piece ( wood1 z long z ! requir$ h&le1 & z l>ge r\nd z ! l>ge/ "p propos$ to be giv5 x4 ,x is ! be/ plan at fir/ to copy a well-%ap$ h&le1 & to turn z _m z y want ( t size exactly to ! same patt]n4 ,?is w give y su* an am\nt ( practice 9 copy+ =m1 z w /& y 9 good /ead 9 aft] days2 = x is n easy at fir/ to turn ev5 two ?+s exactly to patt]n & to size4 ,y mu/ n expect to be able to run y\r tools along ! "w l a pr(essional or old h& at ! la!2 y mu/ d ! be/ y c4 ,hold ! h&le 9 ! "r h&1 & ) ! left grasp bo? re/ & tool toge!r1 & y w hold x firmly4 ,!n y ought to run x along "r or left at ! "r spe$ & ! "r angle1 b y w be unable to d s yet2--nev] m9d4 ,rememb] ! pr9ciple ,i h laid d[n z to ! position & angles ( cutt+ tools1 & tru/ to "t & p]sev]ance to make y a good workman4 ,! g\ge is ! easie/ & be/ tool to use at fir/2 & y c d a fair am\nt ( smoo? "w ) x if y "k h[1 al?\gh smoo?+ & levell+ is ! special "w ( ! *isel4 ,! g\ge1 h[ev]1 is us$ = all sorts ( curves & holl[s1 & ?\gh ! actual po9t w only turn a groove if held /ill1 ! side ( ! cutt+ "p w1 if ! tool is /eadily advanc$1 turn v fair surfaces inde$4 ,i /rongly advise practice ) ?is tool be=e attempt+ to use any o!r4 ,y\r e>ly "w is ( little importance1 & y may make up y\r m9d to cut sev]al pieces into %av+s & *ips )\t v gr& success1 ev5 ?\gh y use a *isel2 s ,i repeat1 /ick to ! g\ge only = "s "t1 until y c use x t[>ds left or "r1 & ) ei!r h& grasp+ ! h&le4 ,) ! *isel1 f> m c>e is requir$ ?an ) ! la/ nam$4 ,x is altoge!r a m difficult tool to use4 ,its position may be describ$ z foll[s1 b practice alone w r5d] its use easy4 ,lay x fir/ flat on ! re/ z y w\ld ! g\ge1 & let x po9t upw>ds at a simil> angle1 until x also is 9 ! position ! g\ge w\ld take1 ready to cut ! piece ( wood 9 ! la!1 already turn$ to ! cyl9drical =m by ! latt] tool4 ,y w f9d "o po9t or angle ( ! edge1 ! %>pe/1 rea* ! wood be=e ! o!r1 & w see at once t ?is w\ld be liable to cat* 91 if ! la! 7 9 motion--& s x w\ld4 ,i %all suppose t ?is %>pe/ angle is on ! "r-h& side z x lies flat on ! re/1 & aga9/ ! wood4 ,raise t angle s t ! tool lies a little edgewise on ! re/ in/ead ( q flat1 :5 ! angle ( ! tool t is highe/ on ! wood w be also rais$ (f x2 ! l[] angle & rema9d] ( ! edge /ill be+ 9 contact ) x4 ,?is is its prop] position1 ) ! upp] angle out ( contact ) ! "w4 ,y may turn x ov] s t ! ke5e/ angle is ! l[] "o1 b !n y mu/ raise ! o!r1 :i* is n[ ! upp] "o1 = "u no circum/ances mu/ ! "o t is upp]mo/ t\* ! wood4 ,! *isel1 !re=e1 nev] lies flat on ! re/ or on ! "w1 b always slightly rais$ to cle> ! upp] po9t1 & 9 ?is position y h to keep x1 mak+ x desc5d into holl[s1 & rise ov] m\ld+s1 & cut level places1 almo/ )\t /opp+ an in/ant2 & = wood1 especially s(t wood1 ! la! is always itself to be run at a v high spe$1 by putt+ ! cord on ! l>ge/ "p ( ! fly-:eel & smalle/ "p ( ! pulley4 ,to return to ! suppos$ tool-h&le4 ,hav+ turn$ a cyl9d]1 beg9 at ! f]ule1 :i* y mu/ cut (f a brass or iron tube1 or1 :i* is easi]1 buy by ! doz5 or by ! p\nd ready cut4 ,y w want !m ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* = y\r l>ge/ tools1 & ab\t ?ree-eigh?s = ! smalle/1 ) "s ( half an in*1 & y c !n bore y\r tool-rack exactly true ) c5trebits ( ^! sizes4 ,turn ! place d[n = ! f]ule1 & take c>e t y make a tight fit4 ,gauge ) ! callip]s fir/ ( all1 & turn almo/ to size1 !n try x on once or twice until x fits exactly4 ,if y use ! cross-*uck1 y h ?is "o great advantage--y c take out y\r "w to put on ! f]ule1 & replace x exactly z x 0 be=e1 & x w cont9ue to run true4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! piece 9 ! pres5t case is b p>tially turn$1 x c be replac$ ) suffici5t accuracy ^u ! prong-*uck1 especially if y m>k ! side ( ! *uck1 & ( ! piece ( wood1 & take c>e to replace !m 9 ! same relative position4 ,y mu/ n[ try ) g\ge & *isel to imitate ! patt]n h&le1 rememb]+ always to "w d[nw>ds f "r & left into ! v>i\s holl[s--7y _c cut ! fibres neatly if y try to g up-hill72 & :]e ! two cuts meet 9 ! holl[s1 y mu/ d y\r be/ n to leave ! lea/ ridge or m>k4 ,y w be sure to ne$ a little glassclo? to f9i% (f y\r "w1 b d )\t x z mu* z possible1 because x spoils ! %ape ( m\ld+s1 rubb+ (f ! %>p angles1 :i* 9 _m cases add beauty to ! "w4 ,if ! piece ( wood is long] ?an necess>y1 cut x (f ) ! *isel4 ,9 any case1 y mu/ cut (f a piece at ! *uck end2 & ?is be+ ! end ( ! h&le :i* y w hold 9 y\r h&1 ! f]ule be+ at ! end next to ! back poppit1 y w cut x (f neatly ) ! *isel 9 f9i%+ x to ! requir$ %ape4 ,y w\ld h>dly suppose x possible to turn (f ! end ( a piece squ>ely & accurately ) ! g\ge1 b x is a good tool = ! purpose4 ,y mu/ lay x on its side ^u ! re/1 s t its back or bevel re/s flat aga9/ ! end ( ! piece f :i* ! sup]flu\s wood is to be tak52 ! edge or po9t ( ! tool is !n all[$ to cut ! "w by a slight movem5t ( ! h&le4 ,y c only d x 9 ?is way1 ) ! bevel aga9/ ! piece f :i* ! cut is to be tak54 ,turn$ ov] to its usual position1 x w hit* 9 & spoil ! "w 9 a mom5t4 ,9 ! same way y c face up a bread-platt] or simil> flat "w2 b su* articles z ^! are n m\nt$ betwe5 c5tres1 b screw$ ^u ! tap] screw-*uck or ! flat plate ) ! screw-holes1 s t y c get to ! face ( !m4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 until ! "w gets tol]ably level1 y may br+ up ! back-c5tre1 :i* w prev5t ! tap] screw ( ! *uck f be+ accid5tally b5t2 & :5 all ! r\gh "p is cut away1 & ! rim turn$ d[n1 y c remove ! back-c5tre to f9i% ! fac+ up4 ,9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 ! back & face d n ne$ mu* turn+1 because ! platt] is turn$ f plank wood1 plan$ up truly on ea* side1 & cut r\ghly into ! =m ( a circle4 ,if accurately plan$1 x w run true at once1 & ! small am\nt ( fac+ may be done ) ! g\ge held z direct$4 ,aft]w>ds x may be necess>y to take a light scrape ) a c>p5t]'s *isel1 :i* answ]s well = ?is4 ,!n f9i% up ) glass or s& pap]4 ,take c>e to make a neat m\ld+ to ! edge1 :i* w be ab\t an in* ?ick1 & w !re=e look v heavy unless turn$ (f s z to ?9 x d[n4 ,a platt] is a v good & useful "w = a beg9n]4 ,9 turn+ a platt] y w c]ta9ly le>n "o lesson 9 me*anics4 ,y w f9d t x is v h>d "w to turn any?+ t is l>g] ?an ! pulley ( y\r la!1 & y w only be able to take a v light cut4 ,probably y w f9d x ! easie/ plan to set ! la! 9 rapid movem5t1 & apply ! turn+-tool only = an in/ant1 & !n to remove x until ! "w has recov]$ its impetus1 ?us cutt+ x1 z x 71 by repeat$ brief applications ( ! tool1 in/ead ( by "o cont9u\s cut4 ,i d n mean t ! tool is to be remov$ f ! re/1 b only eas$ (f = a second f ! "w4 ,if ! latt] is v l>ge1 & ! pulley on ! m&rel mu* less 9 size1 y c only "w 9 ?is way1 f9i%+ ) a v light cut4 ,!re is a tool = ! face ( su* flat works1 call$ a broad4 ,x is l a broad *isel ) ! end turn$ up at "r angles to ! side1 only ! edge is a bevell$ "o & ?ick4 ,!y "w well 9 h&s accu/om$ to !m1 b ! g\ge & *isel are suffici5t = y\r pres5t ne$4 ,i %all sket* "h 7,fig4 #di7 "o or two articles n requir+ to be mu* holl[$ out1 :i* w help y to decide ^u su* "w z is suitable to a "y me*anic desir+1 by /eady practice & application1 to become a pr(ici5t at ! la!1 & z s(t-wood turn+ w tea* y m ?an t 9 h>d wood1 ,i %all direct all ! foll[+ to be made ( x by g\ge & *isel alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,^! examples are n giv5 z specim5s ( ! ri* "w :i* c be done 9 ! la!1 b z easy examples ( elem5t>y turn+4 ,no4 #a is a /& = an urn or hot wat] jug1 & a slight recess may be made 9 ! upp] surface1 9 :i* a piece ( clo?1 or c>pet1 or oilclo? c be glu$1 :i* w make a neat f9i%4 ,no4 #b is a bread-platt]1 %[+ h[ a little neat m\ld+ takes away ! clumsy appe>ance ( ! ?ick bo>d necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,no4 #c is a c&le/ick4 ,! l[] "p or /& is to be turn$ f a sep>ate piece ( ?ick bo>d screw$ ^u ! tap]-screw *uck4 ,:ile x is 9 ! la!1 ! hole mu/ be made 9 ! c5tre 7or m>k$1 if ! piece is n v ?ick7 by hold+ a po9t$ tool a little on "o side ( ! c5tre1 s z to describe a circle ( ! requisite size4 ,into ?is w be fitt$ a t5on1 fig4 #c ,b1 :i* is turn$ on ! p$e/al1 & :i* is to be glu$ into its place4 ,by & by y w le>n h[ to cut a screw ^u su* a t5on1 :i* is a f> m satisfactory me?od ( proce$+2 at pres5t glue w answ] j z well4 ,y c make ! upp] "p sep>ate1 =m+ ! junction at ! l9e ,c 7,fig4 #di1 ,no4 #c71 if y pref] x1 or if y\r wood is n long en\gh2 b z y w n holl[ out ! top1 y may z well let x be cut out ( "o piece ) ! p$e/al4 ,turn ! top q level1 drive 9 a piece ( /\t wire1 & po9t ! end ( x4 ,cut out a r\nd piece ( t9 to fit1 & make a hole 9 ! middle ( x to let ! wire ?r\gh2 drop x ov] ! po9t1 & let x re/ on ! c&le/ick2 a wax c&le c be spik$ ^u ! wire1 & w /& firm4 ,figs4 #g & #h are draw+s ( tool-h&les4 ,^! are ! be/ %ape to grasp 9 ! h&1 & !y look neat 9 ! tool-rack4 ,tool-h&les ) a numb] ( m\ld+s1 are n only absurd1 b are uncom=table to hold1 & n at all suit$ to _! int5d$ purpose4 #i & #aj are o!r =ms ( m\ld+s1 & are giv5 m]ely to %[ h[ angul> & r\nd$ =ms %\ld be comb9$ to produce a good effect4 ,if ^! 7 to be made 9 h>d wood1 !y might be turn$ ) bead+ & m\ld+ tools simil> to ^? at ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d ( ?is figure2 su* tools are bevell$ only on "o side1 & be+ held flat ^u ! re/1 cut ! curves & holl[s rapidly1 & clean4 ,sometimes a numb] ( ^! are arrang$ side by side1 s z toge!r to make up ! outl9e ( ! int5d$ m\ld+1 & be+ held 9 position by a h&le design$ = ! purpose1 are pres5t$ all at once to ! "w z x revolves4 ,9 o!r cases1 a flat plate ( /eel is fil$ into %ape1 & bevell$ to =m a comp\nd m\ld+ tool4 ,( c\rse1 su* contrivances greatly help ! turn]1 especially if he has to turn a numb] ( articles ( exactly ! same patt]n1 su* z ! pawns ( a set ( *essm51 or a set ( draughtsm52 b none ( ^! tools answ] ^u s(t wood1 because1 z already expla9$1 tools :i* h to be held horizontally w cut & te> up ! fibres ( all woods t are n v h>d & compact 9 gra94 ,fig4 #f is a pr(ile ( a draughtsman1 & fig4 #f ,b %[s h[ !y ought to be made1 b = ?is y _c use s(t wood1 & _h bett] make !m ( box & ebony1 or holly & ebony--7&1 by & by1 ( black-wood & ivory74 ,a cyl9d] is fir/ turn$1 !n m>k$ (f z %[n ) grooves cut by a p>t+-tool4 ,! pieces are !n sep>at$ ) a f9e saw1 & a *uck is holl[$ out to fit !m s t ea* c be readily turn$ ^u ! face4 ,! desir$ m\ld+s hav+ be5 made on "o side1 ! disc is turn$ ov] 9 ! *uck1 & ! o!r side op]at$ ^u 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is q possible1 y mu/ und]/&1 to cut ^! out ( s(t wood1 ev5 p9e or deal4 ,we (t5 see boxes ( toys1 *ildr5's wood5 plates & cups1 turn$ v neatly ( ?is mat]ial2 b x is n wor? :ile to use x if y c obta9 boxwood4 ,moreov]1 box c be /a9$ black to imitate ebony1 & is v (t5 made to s]ve in/ead ( x4 ,figs4 #d & #e are r+-/&s = ! toilette-table--v useful pres5ts ^! to mo!rs1 si/]s1 &1 la/ b n lea/1 lady c\s9s1 & o!r "y ladies too1 p]haps1 :o are n c\s9s4 ,^! c be made 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & give great scope = ! ex]cise ( y\r p[]s ( design4 ,! fir/ is a simple p$e/al on a /&1 turn$ q smoo? 9 an elegant & simple curve4 ,! /& is also made )\t elaborate m\ld+s1 giv+ altoge!r a *a/e & elegant appe>ance to ! design4 ,! extremity is tipp$ ) ivory1 & an ivory r+ surr\nds ! bottom ( ! p$e/al4 ,if ?is is made 9 pla9 deal1 & ?or\ghly well f9i%$ & v>ni%$1 x w look v well4 ,! nice/ s(t ,engli% wood1 h[ev]1 = ?is is c]ta9ly yew1 "s ( :i* is beautifully f9e 9 gra92 & z x w take an excell5t poli%1 x always looks well2 moreov]1 x c be turn$ entirely ) g\ge & *isel4 ,?is r+-/& w be made 9 two p>ts2 ! p$e/al be+ sep>ately turn$ at "o end1 a t5on w h to be made z 9 ! case ( ! c&le/ick1 & j above x ! wood is to be turn$ (f a little z if y 7 go+ to make a l>g] t5on4 ,ov] ?is a r+ ( ivory may be slipp$ & glu$ on1 & ! two c !n be turn$ toge!r4 ,a c>p5t]'s *isel w d = ! ivory1 :i* w be scrap$ into =m by x4 ,x may be poli%$ ) a little *alk on a moi/ rag or flannel4 ,y c buy odds & ends ( ivory f ! turn]s 9 r+s & solid pieces1 :i* w come 9 = all sorts ( decorations1 & y %\ld save all old h&les ( knives1 too?-bru%es1 & su* l1 = a simil> purpose4 ,bo? ivory & bone smell v disagreeably :5 9 process ( be+ turn$4 ,to tip su* articles ) ivory1 y c drill a small hole 9 ! top ( ! p$e/al ) great c>e1 & fit ! ivory aft] be+ turn$ into x2 or y c1 if ! "w is l>g]1 bore ! ivory & slip x on ! wood2--mu* dep5ds ^u ! size & nature ( ! "w4 ,! second r+-/& is ( r m elaborate con/ruction4 ,! baskets are made ( little turn$ p$e/als fitt$ into a r\nd piece ( wood to =m ! bottom1 & into a r+ :i* makes ! rim4 ,baskets ( ?is =m 7ev5 ap>t f ! r+-/&7 are v neat & useful4 ,x is v easy to turn r+s ( any size4 ,m\nt a piece ( bo>d 9 ! la! on ! tap] screw *uck--x ne$ n ev5 be cut to a r\nd =m2 !n det]m9e ! size ( ! propos$ r+1 &1 hold+ a p>t+-tool ^u ! re/ turn$ r\nd to face ! "w1 m>k two circles1 & deep5 ! cuts1 until ! r+ falls (f4 ,take c>e t ! out] "o is cut ?r\gh fir/4 ,! r+ ?us cut may be aft]w>ds plac$ ^u a cyl9d] turn$ to fit x1 & f9i%$ ^u ! outside1 & !n plac$ inside a *uck ( wood bor$ out to suit ! "w1 & neatly r\nd$ (f ^u ! int]ior surface4 ,( c\rse1 if y h to make r+s ( bone or ivory :i* are already holl[1 y c at once run a m&rel or sp9dle ( wood or metal ?r\gh !m & subject !m to ! v>i\s op]ations requir$4 ,m&rels1 or tap]$ cyl9d]s ( brass or iron1 fitt$ z *ucks to ! m&rel ( ! la!1 are sold on purpose = ?is "w1 b a wood5 rod answ]s j z well1 & co/s no?+4 ,turn su* a rod a little tap]+1 & take c>e n to drive ! "w too f> ^u x1 because1 al?\gh at fir/ y c safely drive x on v tightly1 if x is ( ivory or bone1 y w frequ5tly f9d y\r r+ sudd5ly split & op5 :5 its ?ickness has be5 r$uc$ to ! requir$ /&>d4 ,if a numb] ( equal r+s are requir$1 x is ! be/ plan to turn a holl[ cyl9d] & !n saw (f ! r+s z y are direct$ to saw (f ! draughtsm54 ,!y w1 ( c\rse1 h to be f9i%$ 9 a *uck4 ,if y look r\nd any fancy w>eh\se 9 :i* ,swiss c>v+s are sold1 y w see h[ beautifully s(t :ite p9e c be work$ 9 ! la! by ke5 tools & clev] h&s4 ,9 ,tunbridge1 too1 _m ?\s&s ( s(t-wood articles are manufactur$ ye>ly1 "s pla9 & m]ely v>ni%$1 & "s curi\sly inlaid ) col\r$ woods1 s t y ne$ n despise su* mat]ials z will[ & sycamore & ! v>i\s p9e woods1 :i* are all capable ( be+ made into pretty articles ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,! v>ni%1 h[ev]1 = ^! is su* z to coat !m ) a glassy lay] :i* does n s9k into ! wood4 ,common ros9 dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e or 9 l9se$ oil1 kept on ! hob s z to get w>m1 answ]s well = ^! deal articles1 & is ext5sively us$ :]e ! slight t+e ( yell[ is n consid]$ important4 ,!re are _m o!r mu* pal] v>ni%es = works ( great] value1 or :]e ! :ite wood is to be c>efully pres]v$4 ,any ( ^! c be _h at oil & col\r %ops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,y w c]ta9ly f9d a difficulty 9 turn+ all exactly alike ! little pill>s ( ^! baskets4 ,y %\ld turn sev]al at once out ( ! same piece1 sep>at+ !m aft]w>ds4 ,?us y\r patt]n w always be close to ! half-execut$ copy1 :i* w some:at assi/ y4 ,d y\r be/ 9 ?is respect1 b be specially c>eful1 at any rate1 to make all exactly ! same l5g?4 ,"o pill> is %[n sep>ate1 b y c design a patt]n = y\rself4 ,beg9 by turn+ a long cyl9d]2 !n set (f ! respective l5g?s ( ! pill>s4 ,turn "o complete z a patt]n1 & set ! callip]s to ! l>ge/ "p ( x4 ,!n g to "w ^u a second1 us+ callip]s freely at all p>ts ( x4 ,z ^! pill>s w all be sl5d]1 y w be 9 great dang] ( break+ !m2 !re=e use y\r tools lightly1 tak+ only a v slight cut4 ,b ) all y\r c>e y w f9d x difficult to turn a r[ ( m ?an two or ?ree ( ! size want$ = su* little baskets4 ,i %all !re=e %[ y h[ to make a support to fit at ! back ( ! b> y are at "w ^u to support x aga9/ ! pressure ( ! tool4 ,fig4 #ej gives a repres5tation ( "o or two su* supports1 :i* are (t5 requir$ 9 turn+4 ,! fir/ is ! mo/ simple1 & is ! "o mo/ g5]ally 9 use1 because easy to make & to apply1 & x answ]s tol]ably well4 ,a is m]ely a piece ( wood1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 cut z %[n4 ,?is is /ood up betwe5 ! la!-b$s1 l ,c1 & fa/5$ ) a w$ge be=e & beh9d4 ,x all[s ! "w 9 ! la! to revolve 9 ! not* :i* is cut 9 x1 z is evid5t f ! draw+4 ,"o1 two1 or m su* may be us$ if necess>y4 ,!y mu/ be c>efully adju/$1 s z n to b5d ! piece :i* is to be turn$1 & :i* is to be j support$1 b no m4 ,:]e ! back-/ay1 z ?is contrivance is call$1 comes 9 contact ) ! "w1 ! latt] is to be left ( ! size x 0 :5 ?is 0 adju/$ to x z long z possible4 ,x mu/ !n be %ift$ a little1 & t "p :i* =m]ly re/$ aga9/ x f9i%$4 ,b is ano!r simple =m ( back-/ay1 capable ( nic] adju/m5t4 ,! foot is t ( a common re/1 b if y h n a sp>e "o1 any wood5 support is q z good4 ,into ?is fits a turn$ "p ( ! upright x y1--! upp] "p1 y1 ( ?is be+ plan$ flat4 ,nei!r %\ld be ( deal2 a% or elm is pref]able4 ,?us ! "p x y c be rais$ & l[]$ at pleasure 9 ! re/-socket4 ,! top "p is made ( a half-in* bo>d1 ab\t #b or #b in*es wide2 a slit is cut 9 x1 & x is fa/5$ to x y by a %ort bolt & nut4 ,?us x is easy to raise & l[] ! end ( ?is "p1 & to put x ne>] to1 or f>!r f1 ! "w 9 ! la!1 aga9/ :i* x c be adju/$ ) great nicety4 ,al?\gh !re are sev]al =ms ( back-/ay1 ( m or less complicat$ con/ruction1 ,i "k ( none m g5]ally s]viceable ?an ?is la/1 :i* ! "y me*anic c make = himself4 ,! not* %\ld be lubricat$ ) soap1 or1 if ! blackness is n ( importance 7z :5 ?is "p1 :i* rotates 9 ! not*1 has f9ally to be cut away71 ) a mixture ( soap & blacklead4 ,?is1 rememb]1 is always to be appli$ to wood5 surfaces t are to "w easily ^u ea* o!r4 ,x w sometimes happ5 t y require to bore a hole ?r\gh a long piece ( wood1 z w\ld be ! case 9 mak+ a wood5 pipe1 flute1 bodk9-case1 & _m simil> articles4 ,to hold ^! 9 a *uck only w\ld be (t5 impossible1 because ! hole 9 ! *uck w\ld h to be z deep at lea/ z half ! l5g? ( ! piece to be bor$4 ,= ?is k9d ( "w1 !re=e1 & = turn+ up a po9t on ! end ( a cyl9d] ( iron or /eel1 l t ( y\r back poppit1 ! foll[+ contrivance is us$1 :i* is call$ a bor+-coll> or cone-plate4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ej1 ,d & ,e4 ,?is consi/s ( a circul> plate ( metal1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 turn+ ^u a l>ge screw or pivot at its c5tre1 by :i* pivot x is atta*$ to a %ort poppit head1 fitt+ betwe5 ! be>]s ( ! la! z usual4 ,!re are six or eight conical holes bor$ r\nd ! circul> plate1 ea* ( a diff]5t size2 & ^! are s arrang$ z to height1 or di/ance f ! c5tre1 t ! top "o 7be+ 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre & t ( ! bolt7 is exactly z high z ! axis ( ! m&rel4 ,?us1 if x is clamp$ 9 t position1 ) ! l>ge/ side ( ! conical holes next ! m&rel1 a piece ( wood might be held at "o end 9 a *uck1 :ile ! o!r might re/ 9 su* hole z 0 be/ suit$ to its size1 n actually pass+ ?r\gh x1 b re/+ 9 ! inside ( ! conical hole1 9 :i* x w\ld rotate almo/ z freely & z truly z if x 7 support$ by ! ord9>y po9t ( ! back poppit4 ,sometimes x may be pref]r$ to all[ ! end ( su* a piece ( "w to project ?r\gh ! cone-plate1 a coll> be+ turn$ on x to prev5t x f go+ too f>4 ,a tool-h&le1 = in/ance1 ( ! patt]n be=e giv51 may be beautifully bor$ 9 ! la! by all[+ ! f]ule to rotate 9 "o ( ! holes ( ! cone-plate1 ! %\ld] beh9d prev5t+ x f go+ too f>4 ,! re/ is br\ght r\nd 9 front ( ! end ( ! h&le1 & a hole bor$ by a drill = wood2 or1 ! po9t ( a drill is br\ght aga9/ x1 :ile ! o!r end 7hav+ _h a slight hole made by a c5tre-pun* = ! purpose7 is all[$ to c5tre itself on ! po9t ( ! back poppit4 ,! screw ( ! latt] is !n advanc$1 & ! drill be+ prev5t$ f itself revolv+ ei!r by be+ grasp$ by ! h& or a vice1 a beautifully /raight & ev5 hole is rapidly made4 ,fig4 #ej1 ,f1 %[s ! position ( ! v>i\s pieces4 ,! drill is "h kept f rotat+ by a small spann]1 ! h&le ( :i* comes aga9/ ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,a great deal ( "w1 bo? 9 wood & metal1 is always drill$ 9 ?is way4 ,= wood1 a small nose-bit1 or aug]-bit1 or "o ( ! ,am]ican twi/-drills1 c be us$1 & ?is may be succe$$ by a l>g]1 until ! hole w all[ ( ! introduction ( a f9i%+-tool ( "s k9d1 held 9 ! h&4 ,( c\rse ! latt] is n necess>y 9 bor+ out h&les = ! tang ( a tool1 b only 9 turn+ boxes = p5cils1 ne$les1 or o!r articles1 :i* require to be neatly f9i%$ inside z well z out2 all ^! are to be bor$ be=e ! "w is cut free f ! sup]flu\s wood out ( :i* x 0 turn$4 ,y c ev5 use ! cross-*uck = ?is "w4 ,x matt]s little1 :5 us+ ! cone-plate1 :e!r y f9i% ! turn+ ( ! outside be=e or aft] ! bor+ is done4 ,v g5]ally ! box or o!r article is bor$ fir/1 q 9 its r\gh /ate1 except t a %ort piece is turn$ d[n to fit into a hole ( ! cone-plate2 &1 keep+ ! latt] 9 its place all ! :ile1 ! wood is turn$ d[n & poli%$ be=e remov+ x f ! la!4 ,sometimes1 especially ) metal1 :i* is 9 no dang] ( splitt+1 ! cone-plate is remov$ z soon z ! hole has be5 made & replac$ by ! back-c5tre1 ! po9t ( :i*1 ent]+ ! hole1 reta9s ! "w 9 its place :ile ! outside is be+ fa%ion$4 ,?is ( c\rse insures ! ext]ior surface be+ exactly conc5tric ) ! inside1 :i* is (t5 absolutely necess>y 9 p>ts ( ma*9]y2 b if wood5 articles are f9i%$ 9 ?is way1 !re is great dang] ( _! be+ split by ! pressure ( ! back-c5tre z ! "w gr[s ?9n] & ?9n] "u ! action ( ! tools4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! back-c5tre1 be+ itself ( a conical =m1 w injure ! =m ( ! hole 9 metal by mak+ x wid] at ! m\? if us$ 9 ?is way1 & sometimes ?is may be ( importance4 ,!re is a fault 9 ! cone-plate :i* boys w und]/&1 & m51 too1 ,i imag9e4 ,x co/s money6 ,!re=e ,i %all n[ %[ y h[ to make a sub/itute1 :i* w co/ some?+ "u a %ill+1 if y d n m9d a little tr\ble2 b1 if y d1 y w nev] make a good workman1 nor w y be good = mu*1 ,i fe>1 9 any way6 ,a metal cone-plate = a #e-;in* la! co/s #b at lea/4 ,i %all suppose y want a cone-plate 9 :i* to bore y\r tool-h&les1 = x is n easy to d ?is ) a gimlet1 s t ! tools1 :5 ins]t$1 %all /& /raight 9 _! h&les4 ,if y h a #e-;in* c5tre la!1 i4e41 a la! 9 :i* ! c5tral l9e or axis ( ! m&rel is #e in*es f ! la!-b$ 79 :i* case y c turn any?+ ne>ly #aj in*es 9 diamet]71 cut out ( a piece ( bee*1 #c in*es ?ick1 a %ort poppit #c in*es high1 ( "s su* %ape z se5 9 ! fig4 ,g2 & 9 ! l[] "p 7:i* mu/ be cut to fit betwe5 ! la!-be>]s1 & mu/ be made squ>e at ! sides & true1 s t ! :ole w /& squ>ely across ! la!-b$71 ei!r cut a mortice1 a1 = a w$ge1 or bore a hole = a screw1 :i* mu/ h a plate & nut to fa/5 "u ! b$ l o!r poppits4 ,ne> ! top1 & exactly 9 ! c5tre1 bore a hole to receive ! bolt ,k1 simil> to t 9 ! metal cone-plate already describ$1 & :i* w be tight5$ by a nut at ! back4 ,?is supplies ! place ( ! %ort iron poppit1 & n[ y h to contrive some?+ to replace ! circul> plate ( holes4 ,cut two or ?ree /rips ( any tol]ably h>d wood1 ,h 7bee* w answ] v well71 #f in*es long1 half an in* ?ick1 & #b in*es wide4 ,cut 9 ^! a slot & a r\nd hole1 :i* mu/ be c>efully made ) a c5trebit4 ,?is hole is to be = "o ( ^? 9 ! usual r\nd plate1 s be c>eful 9 mak+ x4 ,"w ?us3 ,plane up ! piece f wood r m ?an ! half in* requir$2 draw a l9e exactly d[n ! middle ( x on bo? sides e1 f2 *oose a c5trebit ( ! size y require2 put ! po9t ^u ?is l9e1 ab\t #a in*es or m1 accord+ to ! size ( ! requir$ hole1 & bore /eadily a little way into ! wood4 ,!n turn x ov]1 measure c>efully s z to get ! precise spot "r1 & f9i% f t side4 ,if ! c5trebit is %>p1 & ! wood s\nd1 y w n[ h a neat r\nd hole4 ,let ! slot be also cut f bo? sides ( ! piece ( wood ) a %>p *isel1 tak+ c>e t ! c5tre ( x agrees ) ! l9e t y made = a guide4 ,?ree or f\r ( ^! %\ld be made1 ea* ) a diff]5t siz$ hole1 or m if requir$2 b y c add new ones at any "t4 ,! bolt1 ,k1 is to be made ) a l>ge head flat on ! "u side1 & ! upp] "p1 above ! screw1 is to be squ>e = ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*1 & ! slot 9 ! pieces ( wood mu/ j fit ?is squ>$ "p4 ,n[1 z ?is is ?ree-eigh?s only1 & ! ?ickness ( ! wood is f\r-eigh?s or half an in*1 x is pla9 t ! nut w draw1 & ! head ( ! screw clamp ?is tightly4 ,y c1 if y l1 h[ev]1 make ! hole 9 ! poppit squ>e also1 & !n let ! squ>$ "p ( ! screw be long en\gh to rea* almo/ entirely ?r\gh bo? pieces4 ,!n slip a wa%] 7an iron plate ) a hole 9 x l ,l7 ov] ! end ( ! screw1 & fix all ) ! nut4 ,?us y h a bor+ coll> ) "o hole1 & ?is y c raise or l[] ! l5g? ( ! slot s z to get x exactly ! "r height1 & :5 x is s arrang$1 "o turn ( ! nut at ! back w fix x4 ,?is y w f9d a v simple =m ( bor+-coll>1 easy to make1 & ( practical use4 ,if y really take all ! c>e y c1 & foll[ ! directions ,i h giv51 ,i d n see h[ y c possibly fail 9 con/ruct+ "o4 ,y %\ld h a slid+-plate ) a hole = ea* size ( tool-h&le f]ule us$1 z y w frequ5tly be mak+ ^!4 ,,holl[+ ,,out ,,"w4 ,z ,i h spok5 ( bor+1 ,i w g on to treat n[ ( ! g5]al practice ( holl[+ out *ucks & boxes1 & su* l4 ,if ?is is to be done 9 s(t wood1 su* z will[1 no tool w answ] s well z ! hook-tools1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 draw+s4 ,b ^! are v difficult inde$ to use1 ow+ to _! t5d5cy to cat* 91 or take sudd5ly a deep] cut ?an 0 int5d$4 ,no?+ b practice w tea* exactly h[ to use ^! tools2 b !n1 :5 ! difficulty ( s do+ is once ma/]$1 no?+ c be m rapid or m satisfactory ?an ! "w :i* !y w d4 ,small b[ls are holl[$ almo/ in/antane\sly by _! means 9 skill$ h&s2 :]eas1 ) o!r tools1 x becomes n only a t$i\s job1 b if x is done at all1 x is b r\ghly1 ! wood hav+ to be r scrap$ out ?an cut4 ,us+1 h[ev]1 ! back ( ! g\ge z expla9$ be=e1 9 ! directions giv5 = squ>+ up ! end ( a cyl9d] ) ?is tool1 x is possible to holl[ out s(t wood ) x1 b n v satisfactorily4 ,9 any case1 o!r tools 7g5]ally a c>p5t]'s *isel7 mu/ be us$ to "w into ! angle :i* nei!r ! g\ge nor hook-tool c1 ( c\rse1 rea*4 ,h5ce x is g5]ally s mu* easi] to cut out boxes & su* l articles 9 box or h>d wood1 t ?is is ne>ly always us$ by amateurs4 ,! ord9>y way to turn a box is z foll[s3--,prep>e ! wood z usual1 turn+ x cyl9drical1 us+ any *uck y please = ?is "w2 cut (f ) ! p>t+-tool r m ?an ! box & its cov] toge!r w require1 & drive ! piece ?us sep>at$ into a cup-*uck4 ,y may1 if y pref] x1 screw ^u ! nose ( ! m&rel1 or ^u ! tap] screw-*uck1 ! r\gh piece ( ! prop] l5g?1 in/ead ( fir/ turn+ a cyl9d] to cut f4 ,if y h sev]al boxes to make ( "o size1 ! cyl9d] me?od is to be pref]r$4 ,turn x up aga9 q true1 = al?\gh x 0 correct be=e y cut x (f1 x w n be s n[4 ,squ>e up ! end1 & turn+ r\nd ! re/ s z to /& across ! face ( ! wood1 beg9 to holl[ out ! cov]4 ,use ei!r ! r\nd end or po9t$ tool at fir/1 & !n a c>p5t]'s *isel or flat tool to f9i%4 ,be v c>eful t ! sides 7,i mu/ call x by ?is "n1 al?\gh a circle has n m sides ?an a plum-pudd+7 are turn$ squ>e to ! bottom1 or else1 :5 ! cov] is put on1 x w p]haps fit j at ! entry1 & be q loose :5 fairly on2 or1 x may be t x w be easy at fir/1 & :5 y press x on1 x w be tight] & become split1--a v common b unpleasant occurr5ce4 ,d n1 moreov]1 turn d[n ^! sides z ?9 z !y w ultimately be2 because1 aft] ! box is holl[$ & ! cov] fitt$ on1 bo? w h to be slightly turn$ toge!r to f9i% !m nicely4 ,moreov]1 y may n wi% y\r box to h pla9 sides1 b may pref] to m\ld !m into a m elegant =m4 ,all ^! little que/ions h to be duly consid]$ 9 turn+1 = a mi/ake is (t5 made1 & ! "w spoil$1 = want ( a little timely consid]ation4 ,! next po9t on :i* y h to be on y\r gu>d is ?is1--hav+ turn$ out ! cov]1 y h to cut x (f1 n ) a saw1 b ) y\r p>t+-tool4 ,n[1 be sure to leave ?ickness en\gh = ! top ( ! cov]2 or1 j z y ?9k y h ne>ly sev]$ ! latt] f ! re/ ( ! piece ( wood1 y w see a beautiful little r+ tumble (f1--sad relict ( y\r box cov]1 :i* has come to an untimely end4 ,! slid+ squ>e ( ! turn]1 ( :i* ,i gave a description among ! li/ ( tools1 w always enable y to gauge bo? ! dep? to :i* ! "w is holl[$ out1 & also ! squ>5ess ( ! inside to ! bottom4 ,b if y h no turn]'s squ>e1 y c easily gauge ! dep? inside1 & ?us see h[ mu* is necess>y to be all[$ = ! ?ickness ( ! top4 ,keep ! p>t+-tool edgewise on ! re/1 :i* %\ld be rais$ to su* a height t1 :5 ?is tool is laid horizontally across x1 x w po9t ne>ly to ! c5tre ( ! "w1 i4e41 ! axis ( x4 ,aft] ! p>t+-tool has cut into ! wood a little way1 wid5 ! groove a little1 & cont9ue to give ! tool a little play "r & left1 unless its end is s mu* wid] ?an its blade g5]ally t x w cle> itself p]fectly z x goes deep] & deep] into cut4 ,if x %\ld b9d1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to break1 = x is a v ?9 tool2 & x is bett] to wa/e a little m ( y\r mat]ial ?an to h to replace a spoil$ tool4 ,i %all suppose t y h n[ succe$$ 9 cutt+ (f ! cov]2 pick x up & lay x ne> y4 ,directions are giv5 g5]ally to turn d[n next ! flange ^u :i* ! cov] ( ! box is to be fitt$1 b ?is is n to be :olly done yet1 & y may proce$ to holl[ x out z soon z y h turn$ d[n j s mu* ( ?is flange z w %[ y h[ mu* to leave 9 holl[+ out ! box4 ,if y fit ! cov] be=e y h holl[$ out ! box1 y w h ! mortification ( f9d+ x a great deal too loose :5 ! box is f9i%$1 because ! latt] w contract 9 size z soon z ev] ! solid core is remov$ f x4 ,aft] y h holl[$ x out1 y mu/ gauge ! inside ( ! cov]1 & ! outside ( ! place t x is to occupy1 ) ! 9-&-out callip]s1 or ) a common pair1 & turn ! flange till x is almo/ correct to ?is gauge1 & only a v little l>g] ?an x ought to be4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 d n tru/ any long] to ! callip]s1 b try on ! cov] aga9 & aga9 until y get a nice fit4 ,y mu/ f9i% ! flange ) a *isel1 held flat2 & aga9 ,i repeat ! caution ab\t keep+ x truly squ>e1 s t ! cov] w hold equally tight 9 all positions4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 leave x on1 & give a la/ t\* to bo? box & cov] toge!r1 :5 y ought b>ely to be able to see ! jo9t4 ,y h n[ only to cut (f ! box z y did ! cov]1 us+ ! same precautions4 ,be=e x is q sev]$1 h[ev]1 y %\ld give x a poli%4 ,pick up a h&ful ( %av+s1 & :ile ! "w is revolv+ z rapidly z possible1 hold !m ) "s pressure aga9/ x4 ,e fibre w be at once laid smoo?1 & x w look nice & bright at once4 ,y c v>ni% x aft]w>ds if y l1 or ,fr5*-poli% x4 ,v>ni% is be/ = boxwood1 & ,fr5*-poli%+ requires special directions1 :i* ,i %all give y sep>ately 9 a future page4 ,to be able to make a box well1 ) its cov] well fitt$1 is to be able to d all k9ds ( simil> "w4 ,yet 9 ^! may be special details des]v+ notice4 ,probably1 !re=e1 :5 speak+ 9 a future page ( p>ticul> objects :i* h to be turn$1 su* special details w be m fitt+ ?an if giv5 "h4 ,i %all !re=e pass on to ano!r "p ( ! subject1 namely1 screw$ & twi/$ "w4 ,,screws ,,& ,,twi/s4 ,nei!r ( ^! c be v accurately made )\t special & some:at exp5sive app>atus2 b bo? c ) practice be done tol]ably well by ! "y me*anic ) ord9>y simple means4 ,i ne$ n describe a screw1 = all boys "k :at x is2 & sport+ boys1 ( :i* 9 ^! days !re are _m1 "k :at sort ( animal a screw is4 ,well1 nev] m9d4 ,i am always rid+ a screw1 ,i believe1 = x is my hobby1 & !re is a great deal ( sci5ce 9 a screw2 & z = ! v>iety ( ! manufactur$ article1 !re is pl5ty ( x4 ,!re is ! corkscrew1 :i* is1 aft] all1 n a screw1 b a twi/1--& ?is is (t5 ! means ( mak+ m5 screw$2 & ! mis]ly screw1 :o sk9s fleas = ! sake ( _! fat2 & !re is ! my?ical1 invisible1 moral 7& im-moral7 screw1 :i* h>d-fi/$ m5 inflict ^u _! weak] bre?r52 & !re is ! gigantic screw ( ! ,great ,ea/]n /eam%ip2 & ! m9ute1 microscopic screw ( ! lady's t9y jewell$ wat*4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( cutt+ screws1 9 ! la! & out ( x4 ,! small ones requir$ = hold+ toge!r ! diff]5t p>ts ( ma*9]y1 z well z l>g] ones = ! same purpose1 are always cut ) /ock & dies4 ,! v small ones us$ by wat*mak]s1 & all bel[ "o-eigh? ( an in* diamet]1 are made by ! screw-plate4 ,b :5 ei!r l>ge or small screws are requir$ ( great accuracy1 !y are inv>iably cut 9 ! la!1 & ) ! aid ( me*anical appliances ( ! mo/ delicately accurate description4 ,^! are all metal screws4 ,b ! "y me*anic w (t5 wi% to put screw$ cov]s to 8 boxes1 & to jo9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 "w by screw$ connections in/ead ( glue2 & all ^! may be cut 9 ! la! by simple h&-tools skilfully appli$1 al?\gh ! op]ation is suffici5tly fraught ) difficulty to require a great deal ( practice be=e x c be done ) c]ta9ty ( success4 ,at ! same "t1 my "y fri5ds _c possibly d bett] ?an practise ?is op]ation1 = !re are numb]less cases 9 :i* screws _c be conv5i5tly cut 9 any o!r way1 & x is1 fur!r1 an accompli%m5t t w at once /amp !m z skilful workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! tools requir$ are repres5t$ at ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a is an outside1 & ,b an inside screw *as+-tool4 ,^! are always made 9 pairs1 ( exactly ! same pit*1 i4e41 ! outside tool be+ appli$ to ! inside1 ! respective not*es & po9ts w exactly fit into ea* o!r4 ,if y 7 to exam9e ! "u side ( ^! tools1 %[n at ,c1 y w\ld notice t ! not*es d n run /raight1 b slant+4 ,!y are 9 fact p>ts ( screw ?reads2 & y c\ld make a tool ( ?is k9d out ( a common screw nut1 z ,i h %[n y at ,d1 only x w\ld be too mu* holl[$ out to make a good tool4 ,n[1 suppos+ y 7 to hold ! tool ,a flat on ! re/1 :ile a cyl9drical piece ( wood revolv$ 9 contact ) x1 y w\ld cut a s]ies ( r+s only2 b if y 7 at ! same "t to slide ! tool sideways ^u ! re/1 s t by ! "t ! wood _h revolv$ once1 ! fir/ po9t ( ! tool w\ld h j rea*$ ! spot :i* 0 occupi$ by ! second :5 y />t$1 y w\ld h trac$ a screw ?read ( t p>ticul> pit*4 ,?is is :at y h to le>n to d always1 & ) c]ta9ty1 no matt] :at pit* ( tool y may be us+1 & x is easy to und]/& h[ difficult ! op]ation mu/ be to a beg9n]4 ,inde$1 !re are numb]s ( o!rwise good turn]s :o h nev] succe$$ 9 ma/]+ ?is "w4 ,nev]!less x c be done1 &1 al?\gh difficult1 x is n s mu* s z might be suppos$4 ,inde$1 at fir/ sight x w\ld h>dly be believ$ possible1 because ea* diff]5t pit* ( tool1 & ea* diff]5t-siz$ piece ( "w1 requires a diff]5t spe$ ( trav]se to be giv5 to ! tool4 ,b a practis$ h& w /rike ?read aft] ?read )\t failure1 & ^? ^: trade is to make all sorts ( screw-cov]$ boxes & simil> articles1 w execute ! "w ) z mu* spe$ & app>5t ease1 z !y w\ld any ord9>y op]ation ( turn+4 ,i %all tell y by & by1 h[ev]1 ( sev]al ways to escape ?is difficulty ( screw-cutt+1--la!s be+ fitt$ 9 v>i\s ways to insure good "w1 9 "s cases by c>ry+ =w>d ! tool at exactly ! "r rate ( trav]se1 & at o!rs by mov+ along ! "w itself at ! prop] spe$1 :ile ! cutt+ tool is held immovably fix$ 9 "o position1--& ,i w give "o tool ( great s]vice :i* w guide y 9 />t+ ! ord9>y *as+-tool2 & a good />t is "h truly 8half ! battle40 ,! *as+-tool mu/ run f "r to left = an ord9>y "r-h&$ screw 7& a left-h&$ "o is v seldom requir$71 s t ! "y me*anic ne$ n tr\ble himself ab\t x4 ,precise directions _c be giv5 fur!r ?an to h a re/ ) a v smoo? & ev5 edge1 :i* w n 9 ! lea/ h9d] ! trav]se ( ! *as+-tool1 & to get ! la! into /eady1 equable motion4 ,!n hold ! tool lightly1 b firmly1 keep+ x at "r angles ) ! "w4 ,all[ x only j to t\* until y f9d y h got into ! "r sw+4 ,x is all a matt] ( knack & practice2 & if y succe$ quickly1 y may congratulate y\rself4 ,! inside *as+-tool is us$ 9 precisely ! same way1 runn+ x f ! out] edge ( ! hole inw>ds4 ,to "s ?is is an easi] tool to use ?an ! outside *as]4 ,i _c say t ,i f9d x s2 especially z "o has to "w m 9 ! d>k2 unless ! "w is ( l>ge diamet] l ! cov] ( a box1 & ev5 !n ! "w is suffici5tly difficult ow+ to ! %all[ness ( ! lid1 :i* necessitates ! in/ant /opp+ ( ! tool = a fre% cut4 ,= y mu/ und]/& t y h to deep5 ! screw-?reads v gradually1 & x w take sev]al trav]ses ( ! tool to cut !m to a suffici5t dep?4 ,! *as]s require to be v %>p to cut wood5 screws neatly1 b obs]ve y mu/ only rub ! upp] flat face ^u ! oil/one1 or1 if a not* has be5 made by us+ ! tools ^u metal 7!y w cut brass well ) c>e71 gr9d !m 9 ! same way2 ! great secret be+ to hold ! tool q flat on ! /one4 ,y w ?us1 ev5 by cont9ual gr9d+1 only ?9 ! blade ( ! *as]1 :i* w ?us la/ = a long "t4 ,a practis$ h& w ev5 cut a good ?read ) any flat piece ( /eel fil$ into equal not*es1 b a screw-*as] is ! only tool really fit = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! mo/ effectual rem$y = ! screw-cutt+ difficulty1 is un=tunately r exp5sive 9 its be/ =m4 ,b 9 ano!r1 x is by no means co/ly2 & al?\gh x may n look s well z ! fir/1 x is equally effective1 & ext5sively us$ by ! turn]s at ,tunbridge ,wells1 :o make ^? beautiful little inlaid boxes & o!r articles4 ,i %all expla9 ?is to y1 !re=e1 fir/3-- ,a1 is a la!-head1 some?+ l ! "o ,i h already describ$1 b y w notice t ! m&rel is a mu* long] "o1 & has sev]al %ort screws cut ^u x1 ea* "o be+ ( a diff]5t 8?read0 or 8pit*40#a ,?is m&rel runs ?r\gh two coll>s1 s t1 besides turn+ r\nd1 x c be pu%$ endwise4 ,n[1 suppos+ ,i 0 to hold ! po9t ( a tool firmly aga9/ ei!r ( ! screws1 & at ! same "t 0 to turn ! pulley & m&rel1 y w und]/& t x w\ld run backw>ds or =w>ds 9 its coll>s1 at su* a rate z ! screw-?read compell$ x to move4 ,?is is ! plan ( ! trav]s+ m&rel2 & n[ suppos+ t y _h a box held z usual 9 a *uck1 & :ile ! m&rel 0 compell$ to move endwise z describ$1 y 7 to hold a po9t$ tool aga9/ x1 ! tool w\ld evid5tly cut a screw-?read ( exactly ! same pit* z t ^u ! m&rel aga9/ :i* ! po9t$ tool fir/ spok5 ( 0 appli$4 ,b 9 practice1 a s+le-po9t$ tool held aga9/ ! m&rel w\ld n answ] v well1 & s ! foll[+ plan is adopt$ in/ead1 :i* answ]s p]fectly4 ,fig4 #eb1 ,c1 is call$ a half-nut4 ,x has a set ( screw-?reads1 cut :]e ! semicircul> holl[ is1 :i* ?reads fit "o ( ! screws on ! m&rel4 ,a :ole r[ ( ^! half-nuts are fitt$ to turn at "o end ^u a long b>1 s t ei!r "o c be rais$ up at pleasure to t\* ! screw ^u ! m&rel1 :i* has ?reads ( ! same pit* z itself1 ,b4 ,^!1 !n1 are rang$ "u ! m&rel1 & :5 x is desir$ to make x trav]se 9 its coll>s1 "o ( ^! half-nuts is rais$ & kept up by a w$ge plac$ und]nea? x4 ,:5 no screw is requir$1 a some:at simil> half-nut1 b ) m]ely a %>p edge in/ead ( a ?read1 is rais$1 & ?is edge falls into a not* or groove turn$ ^u ! m&rel1 or sometimes a back c5tre-screw is add$ l ,d1 & :5 no screw has to be cut1 ?is is run up aga9/ ! m&rel l an ord9>y la!4 ,9 ! m exp5sive trav]s+ m&rels1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple is ! same1 !re is a little diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,! m&rel is n v mu* long] ?an usual2 & x has no screw-?reads cut ^u x4 ,b a numb] ( f]ules l ,k1 are made ea* ) a screw ^u its edge1 & "o ( ^! ( ! desir$ pit* is slid ^u ! end ( ! m&rel at b1 fig4 ,p1 & is !re held by a nut or o!rwise1 s t x _c move out ( its place4 ,! half-nut is se5 at a4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( brass or /eel ( ! =m %[n ) a hole 9 ! middle1 & a screw cut ^u ea* holl[1 s t x is a circle or set ( half-nuts ( diff]5t pit*es4 ,?is slips ov] a p9 at a1 & :5 ! screw b is turn$1 x draws up ?is p9 & ! nut atta*$1 until ! latt] comes 9 contact ) ! f]ule ^u ! end ( ! m&rel4 ,?is is v neat b exp5sive4 ,n[1 by f> ! *eape/ & be/ way = ! "y me*anic1 is to set boldly to "w to conqu] ! difficulty ( *as+ screws by h&4 ,!re are ev5 disadvantages 9 ! exp5sive =m ( a trav]s+ m&rel1 :i* r5d] x by no means a desirable mode ( fitt+ up a la!1 & aft] all1 ! l5g? ( screw :i* x enables "o to cut is v limit$1 & 9 addition1 x is n e day1 nor probably once a mon?1 t screw-cutt+ w be necess>y at all4 ,my advice1 !re=e1 is1 d n get a trav]s+ m&rel until y c cut screws well ) ! *as]4 ,:5 y c d ?is1 y w be able to judge ( ! advantage or disadvantage ( "o4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( common screws are cut )\t ! la!1 by screw-plates1 or /ocks & dies1 & ! nut1 or hole into :i* su* screws are to fit1 is cut ) a tap4 ,a screw-plate is a simple affair1--a m]e flat plate ( /eel1 9 :i* sev]al holes are drill$1 :i* are aft]w>ds ?read$ by screw+ into !m taps1 or h>d cutt+ /eel screws ( ! size requir$2 ! plate is !n h>d5$ by be+ heat$ r$-hot & sudd5ly cool$1 aft] :i* be+ mu* h>d] ?an brass1 iron1 or /eel :i* has n gone ?r\gh su* process1 x w 9 turn cut a ?read ^u any ( ^! by simply screw+ !m into x4 ,b al?\gh ?is w answ] = small & common screws1 x is n at all suitable = bett] ones1 because ! ?read is burr$ up1 n cut cleanly z x w\ld be ) a prop] tool4 ,a f> bett] plan is a /ock & dies2 ! latt] be+ practically a h>d5$ /eel nut sawn 9 half1 & fitt$ s t ! two halves c be press$ ne>] & ne>] toge!r z ! screw ?read becomes deep]4 ,! dies are screw$ up by means ( a ?umbscrew opposite to ! h&le4 ,to use x1 a piece ( iron is fil$ up or turn$ to ! requir$ size1 :i* mu/ be exactly t ( ! f9i%$ screw4 ,! dies are !n loos5$ & slipp$ on to ! end ( ?is screw-blank z x is call$1 & are !n slightly tight5$ ^u x4 ,all t is n[ requir$ is to keep turn+ ! tool r\nd & r\nd ^u ! p91 :i* x w soon cut into a screw ?read4 ,:5 ! /ock is at ! bottom or top1 y may tight5 ! dies1 & s "w up or d[n2 b nev] tight5 !m 9 any o!r "p4 ,if iron or /eel is to be cut1 use oil ) ! tool1 b brass may be dry4 ,if ! screw is ( /eel1 heat x r$-hot & let x cool v gradually1 to make x z s(t z possible4 ,! hole or nut1 into :i* ! screw is to fit1 is to be drill$ s z j to all[ ! tap] tap to ent] ab\t a c\ple ( ?reads2 a wr5*1 or1 if small1 a h&-vice is !n appli$ to twi/ x =cibly into ! hole1 :5 ! ?read w be complet$4 ,take great c>e to hold ! tap upright1 or else1 if x is a screw ) a flat head :i* has to fit into x1 x w n lie correctly1 b "o side ( ! head w t\* :ile ! o!r is m or less rais$4 ,!re are o!r modes ( screw cutt+1 b at pres5t ,i ne$ only m5tion "o1 :i* is us$ = wood5 screws alone4 ,x is call$ a screw-box1 & is only made to cut "o size1 a tap be+ always sold to mat*4 ,y c1 h[ev]1 pur*ase any size y l1 f a qu>t] ( an in* to #b or #c in*es2 b ! latt] are only int5d$ = v l>ge screws1 su* z are us$ = c>p5t]s' b5*es & v>i\s k9ds ( presses4 ,a screw-box looks l a small block ( wood ) a hole 9 x1 b if y take out two screws y w f9d a blade ( a peculi> %ape1 :i* =ms ! ?read by cutt+ ! wood z x is screw$ into ! hole 9 ! box4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,h>d-,,wood ,,turn+4 ,we n[ disc>d almo/ entirely ! g\ge & *isel us$ = s(t woods1 & fall back ^u an entirely diff]5t set ( tools1 simil> to ^? us$ = metal1 b gr\nd to r m acute angles4 ,^! tools are held horizontally ^u ! re/1 because depress+ ! h&les causes ! bevel bel[ ! edge to rub ^u ! "w2 & 9 addition1 ! gra9 ( h>d =eign woods is su* t x _c well be cut by plac+ ! tool at a m acute angle1 z w\ld !oretically be requir$4 ,h5ce we c only reg>d ^! z scrap+ tools2 b z su* !y w d excell5t "w 9 skilful h&s4 ,i h said t we disc>d ! g\ge1 b !re are "s woods t w be> ?is tool1 to take (f ! r\ghe/ p>ts ( ! "w1 be=e ! application ( o!rs4 ,! r\gh+-tool1 h[ev]1 may n[ be consid]$ to be ! po9t-tool1 & ! r\nd-end tool1 or 8r\nd0 z x is (t5 call$2 a n>r[ "o makes a good tool = ?is purpose4 ,h>d wood is easi] on ! :ole to "w ?an s(t1 because we h = ! purpose a l>ge /ock ( tools ( all %apes1 suitable to ! v>i\s m\ld+s requir$4 ,holl[s1 r\nd-bead+ tools1 comp\nd & simple m\ld+ tools ( v>i\s sizes1 to say no?+ ( ^? :i* are made = use ) ornam5tal app>atus1 su* z are requir$ = flut+1 bead+1 & ecc5tric "w1 spirals1 & s =?4 ,x is inde$ 9 h>d wood t mo/ amateurs are accu/om$ to "w2 ebony & ivory1 s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 be+ m ext5sively us$ ?an any o!r4 ,to turn a cyl9d]1 or any "w requir+ to be held at bo? ends1 y w inv>iably f9d ! cross-*uck ! be/ to use1--! =k or prong n tak+ hold 9 ! h>d mat]ial4 ,r\gh d[n to %ape z be=e1 us+ ! g\ge if x w "w1 b keep+ ! re/ z close z possible1 & only tak+ a light cut4 ,!n f9i% r\gh+ ) a r\nd-tool1 & proce$ g5]ally z 9 s(t wood turn+1 except inasmu* z y h to scrape in/ead ( cutt+ ! "w into =m4 ,9 addition to ! tools already describ$1 y w h to obta9 a few bead+-tools1 if y want to d v good "w1 = ^! give f> m beautiful m\ld+s ?an y c cut 9 any o!r mann]4 ,fig4 #ec1 ,a to ,c1 repres5t ^!4 ,! bevel is on ! "u side1 & x is bett] to int]f]e ) x z little z possible1 by always %>p5+ ! flat face only4 ,if x %\ld be necess>y1 h[ev]1 to t\* ! bevel1 x mu/ be rubb$ by a slip ( oil/one1 r\nd$ on ! edge1 z us$ = %>p5+ g\ges4 ,conical gr9d]s1 revolv+ 9 ! la!1 are also us$1 especially = small bead+-tools1 to be fix$ 9 ! slide-re/4 ,9 ! same figure1 ,d & ,e repres5t ano!r useful h>d-wood & ivory tool4 ,x is call$ ! side-p>t+ tool2 & x is usual to h sev]al ( ^!1 ! hooks increas+ 9 l5g?4 ,! edge is only on ! extreme end ( ! hook4 ,^! tools are us$ = economy's sake to cut solid blocks ( ivory & h>d-wood f ! inside ( boxes1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! mat]ial into a heap ( useless %av+s4 ,simil> tools1 ,g1 ,h1 curv$ in/ead ( rectangul>1 s]ve to cut out a solid piece f ! inside ( a b[l4 ,9 ivory "w x is ess5tial to use ^! tools1 because su* mat]ial is v co/ly2 #b4ej a lb41 & upw>ds1 be+ a common price4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,k is giv5 to %[ :at are meant by bead+s4 ,if ^! are exactly semicircul> 9 section1 !y are f> m beautiful 9 appe>ance ?an if ( su* curves z c be r\ghly cut by a *isel4 ,! bead-tools are beautifully =m$ = ?is v purpose4 ,to use ! same side-p>t+ tool1 y mu/ proce$ z foll[s1 :i* y w und]/& by ! fig4 ,l3--,a common /raight p>t+-tool or n>r[ *isel is fir/ appli$ to ! face ( ! "w to cut a deep circul> groove or *annel1 z %[n by ! :ite space at ,n1 & 9 section at ,l4 ,?is all[s ! n>r[e/ ( ! hook$ tools to be appli$ to "u-cut ! solid core x4 ,?is be+ )drawn1 a r long] hook is appli$1 ! hook be+ held d[nw>ds z at ,o1 until x rea*es ! spot :]e x is to "w1 :5 x is gradually turn$ up 7bevel bel[74 ,ev5tually1 x is pla9 t ! solid core or c5tre block x w fall out entire1 :i* may be us$ = o!r purposes4 ,m %[s h[ a simil> b curv$ block c be remov$ f ! inside ( a cup or b[l1 ! curv$ tool n requir+ an entry to be made = x1 z x cuts its own way entirely f fir/ to la/4 ,p & ,q %[ a r+-tool & ! me?od ( us+ x4 ,a recess is turn$ 9 ! face ( a piece ( wood z if x 0 int5d$ to holl[ out a box4 ,! r+-tool is !n appli$ bevel d[nw>ds1 & ) ! left cutt+ edge a bead is cut half-?r\gh f ! inside4 ,! "r edge is !n appli$ to ! outside1 & :5 ! cuts meet ! r+ neatly f9i%$1 w fall (f4 ,) ?is tool y c turn !m v rapidly1 & !y w require only a rub ( s&-pap] to f9i% !m4 ,r1 ,s1 ,t are ?ree m tools = h>d wood4 ,! fir/ two cut on ! outside ( ! curv$ "p all r\nd4 ,^! w\ld be us$ to holl[ out humm+-tops & all simil> articles1 & to f9i% ! insides ( b[ls1 = :i* ,t is also design$4 ,inde$1 ,i might g on to describe all possible %apes ( curv$ tools1 ea* int5d$ = "s special "w2 b y w n d bett] ?an to g to ,f5n1 ,buck1 or any tool-mak] 9 ,london1 or else:]e1 & pick out at #gs41 or s1 p] doz51 all %apes & sizes1 or if y live at a di/ance & write to ei!r ( ! above1 !y w select y ! mo/ useful2 & y c tru/ ^! tradesm5 & all fir/-class ones to s5d y no tools :i* are n ( ! be/ quality4 ,9 f9i%+ be/ "w 9 h>d wood1 be v c>eful ( all %>p edges ( m\ld+s4 ,s& & glass pap] r\nd (f ^!1 & spoil ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,if y are oblig$ to use su* sub/ances1 t\* (f aga9 ! edges ) v ke5 tools1 :i* ought to leave bright] & m beautiful surfaces ?an any s&-pap] c produce4 ,inde$1 ! secret ( f9i%$ "w 9 h>d wood is to h tools ^: edges & bevels are poli%$4 ,9 ornam5tal ecc5tric & rose-eng9e turn+1 :]e to use s&-pap] w\ld be to ru9 ! appe>ance ( x1 ! little drills & cutt]s pass ?r\gh ?ree /ages ( %>p5+1 be+ gr\nd on ! oil/one1 f9i%$ on a slab ( brass1 f$ ) oil & oil/one p[d]1 & poli%$ on a slab ( iron ) oil alone or oil & r\ge4 ,aft] ?is e cut t is made ) !m reflects ! light2 & z ! surface is o!rwise purposely grail$ or dull$ by cutt+ a s]ies ( f9e light r+s ) a po9t tool1 ! patt]n itself %[s out cle>ly & lu/r\sly4 ,,turn+ ,,brass ,,& ,,o!r ,,metals4 ,i %all n[ tea* y h[ to turn iron & brass1 :i*1 ?\gh h>d] ?an wood1 are n v difficult to cut1 if y g to "w 9 a prop] mann] & und]/& h[ to use y\r tools4 ,:at ^! are l ,i h already told y1 & also h[ to m\nt a b> 9 ! la! by us+ ! driv] or po9t-*uck ) a c>ri]4 ,if ! piece to be turn$ is n a b>1 y w h to drive x into a *uck ( wood1 or clamp x ^u a face-plate1 or 9 a self-c5tr+ *uck if y h "o4 ,i %all suppose1 fir/ ( all1 a m]e /raight b> ( iron1 c5tr$ at ! ends1 z ,i h %[n y4 ,take (f ! la!-cord t y use = wood1 & fit "o to g ^u ! l>ge/ "p ( ! m&rel pulley1 & ! smalle/ ^u ! fly-:eel4 ,:5 y n[ put y\r foot ^u ! treadle to "w at y\r usual spe$1 y w f9d ! m&rel turn q sl[ly2 b ,i may at once tell y1 t :at y lose 9 spe$ y ga9 9 p[]4 ,set y\r re/ = iron 7:i* is n t us$ = wood1 b "o ) a broad1 flat top7 s t x /&s a little bel[ ! c5tral l9e ( ! la! m&rel & "w1 :i* w br+ ! edge ( ! tool exactly ^u t l9e4 ,?is is always ! position ( ! tool = metal-turn+1 at any rate = iron4 ,beg9 by trimm+ ! end ( ! b> next to ! back c5tre4 ,use a grav]1 held z ,i direct$ y2 t is1 ) ! bevel flat ^u ! face ( ! iron1 :i* is 9 ?is case ! end ( x4 ,only let ! po9t cut1 & a v little ( ! edge beyond x1 & d n expect to take a deep cut s z to br+ (f a ?ick %av+4 ,9 metal "w y w always h to proce$ sl[ly1 b no?+ is m pleasant :5 once y c d x well4 ,y w at fir/ h to exp]im5talise a little z to ! exact angle at :i* to hold ! tool1 b y w soon f9d out ?is2 & ! advantage ( h&-tools is1 t y c always feel z well z see h[ !y are work+1 & c ease !m "h & !re to suit ! mat]ial4 ,x is r difficult at fir/ to hold ! tool /ill 9 metal-work+1 b1 l all else1 x becomes easy by practice2 s mu* s1 t to hold ! tool /eadily 9 "o h& is n only possible1 b is ! mode always foll[$ by wat*mak]s4 ,:ile y are ab\t x1 y %\ld turn ! grav] ov] & try x 9 o!r positions2 = al?\gh ! two sides ( ! bevel ne>e/ to ! po9t are ! only ones to be us$1 ^! may be appli$ 9 ei!r direction1 because !y are bo? %>p5$ to angles ( #fj1 & s long z y pres5t !m at ! correct angle 7! smalle/ possible 9 respect ( ! "w71 x matt]s n :i* face ( ! tool lies upp]mo/4 ,aft] squ>+ (f "o end1 ! approv$ plan is to remove ! c>ri]1 rev]se ! b>1 & d ! same to ! o!r end4 ,!n beg9 to turn f ! "r h&4 ,place ! grav] z be=e1 ) ! po9t ov]lapp+ ! end v slightly 7s z only to use ! extremity ( ! cutt+ edge close to ! po9t71 & take (f a light %av+ along ! b> = a di/ance ( ab\t half an in*1 or ev5 a qu>t]1 keep+ ! edge ( ! grav] :i* is on ! re/ 9 "o position1 & mov+ ! tool1 n by slid+ x along ! re/1 b by us+ ! po9t ^u :i* x lies z a pivot4 ,x is v difficult to describe ?is exactly1 b ,fig4 #eb1 ,o1 w help to expla9 x4 ,! tool is to re/ ^u "o spot1 & ! po9t to move 9 %ort curves l ! dott$ l9es1 be+ %ift$ to a new position z y feel x get out ( cut4 ,! left h& %\ld grasp ! blade & hold x tightly d[n ^u ! re/1 :ile ! "r moves ! h&le to & fro z requir$4 ,! curv$ dott$ l9es are necess>ily exagg]at$1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! "w is ?is1 :e!r y use a grav] or a heel-tool4 ,y %\ld turn ab\t half an in* q r\nd1 & !n g on to ! next1 by :i* y w always h a little %\ld] ^u ! "w = ! tool to />t ^u1 & ?is w be nice1 clean1 bright metal1 & w n blunt ! tool4 ,b if y g to "w diff]5tly1 s t ! edge ( ! tool comes cont9ually 9 contact ) ! r\gh outside ( ! iron caus$ by ! heat ( ! fire1 & :i* is exce$+ly h>d1 ! po9t ( ! tool w be quickly gr\nd d[n1 :ile ! iron w n be cut into at all4 ,i ne$ tell y no m ab\t turn+ a b> ( iron 9 ! la!1 because ! above directions apply 9 all cases2 b if y h to turn ! face ( a piece ( metal t is c>ri$ 9 a *uck ( "s k9d1 y %\ld always "w f ! middle t[>ds ! edge1 & if ! grav] is us$1 its bevell$ face w lie t[>ds y dur+ ! process4 ,take c>e to *uck ! metal v firmly1 = x is mo/ annoy+ to h x sudd5ly leave ! *uck or %ift its position aft] y h be5 at ! tr\ble ( turn+ "p ( x truly4 ,9 su* case x is v difficult to replace x exactly z x 0 be=e1 & all y\r "w has 9 consequ5ce to be gone ov] aga94 ,:5 tak+ ! f9al cut1 or be=e1 if y l1 dip ! end ( ! tool into wat]1 or soap & wat]1 & see ! effect4 ,! surface turn$ 9 ?is way w be highly poli%$ at once1 & ! tool w cut ) mu* great] ease1 s t a l>ge1 clean %av+ w come (f4 ,:5 us+ a slide-re/1 y w f9d x always bett] to keep wat] j dripp+ ^u ! "w & po9t ( ! tool2 b !re is a drawback1 nev]!less1 to ?is plan1 =1 z might be expect$1 x makes a mess & ru/s ! la!1 & sometimes ! "w z well1 s ! wat] mu/ be con/antly wip$ (f x4 ,,! ,,slide-,,re/4 ,i %all n[ pass on to describe a me*anical arrangem5t call$ a slide-re/1 ( :i* !re are two sep>ate & di/9ct =ms1 "o = metal & "o = ornam5tal turn+ 9 ivory & h>d wood4 ,! ornam5tal "w t c be done ,i %all pass by = ! pres5t1 because few boys are provid$ ) ! co/ly app>atus requir$1 & ,i am r address+ ^? "y me*anics ^: ta/es incl9e !m to model ma*9]y & to practise ! v>i\s op]ations ( me*anical eng9e]+ on a small scale4 ,to su* a slide-re/ is an almo/ necess>y addition to ! la!1 = !re is a great deal ( "w :i*1 ,i may say1 _c be done )\t x2 = in/ance1 bor+ ! cyl9d]s ( eng9es 7except small ones ( brass71 turn+ ! pi/on-rods & v>i\s pieces :i* require to be accurately cyl9drical & ( equal size1 p]haps = ! l5g? ( a foot or m4 ,h&-"w has accompli%$ some?+ 9 ?is way 9 old5 days1 b ! inability ( workm5 to advance beyond a c]ta9 /&>d ( p]fection ) h&-tools alone1 became su* a h9drance to ! manufacture ( ! /eam-eng9e1 z improv$ by ,watt & o!rs1 t _h n ,maudsley1 ,naysmi?1 & o!rs develop$ ! pr9ciple ( ! slide-re/ & plan+ ma*9e1 we %\ld n yet h liv$ to see ^? gigantic eng9es :i* te> along l demon horses ) brea? ( fire1 at ! rate ( sixty miles or m 9 z _m m9utes4 ,s likewise w\ld v>i\s o!r ma*9es1 :i* n[ appe> absolutely necess>y to supply our v>i\s wants1 h /ood 9 _! primitive & imp]fectly develop$ =ms2 = x is necess>y1 be=e con/ruct+ a ma*9e1 to h ! means ( turn+ cyl9drical p>ts truly1 & produc+ p]fectly level plates :]e requir$4 ,! object ( a slide-re/ is to provide means = hold+ a tool firmly1 & giv+ x a p[] to trav]se to & fro & f side to side1 s t by ! fir/ we may be able to cause su* tool to approa* or rec$e f ! "w1 & by ! second we may cause x to move 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e along its surface f end to end4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! draw+ be+ a repres5tation ( "o ( ! fir/ ma*9es con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,a rectangul> frame1 ,a1 ( iron is c>ri$ by a pair ( /rong uprights1 ,b ,b1 fix$ to ! sole-plate1 ,c1 by :i* x is atta*$ by a bolt to ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,l5g?wise ( ?is frame runs a screw1 prev5t$ by coll>s f mov+ endwise1 b :i* c be turn$ r\nd by ! w9*-h&le1 ,d4 ,?us a nut ?r\gh :i* ?is screw passes1 & :i* only has endwise motion1 w1 :5 ! latt] is turn$ by its h&le1 trav]se x f end to end 9 ei!r direction1 accord+ z ! screw may be turn$ f "r to left or ! contr>y4 ,?is nut is atta*$ to ! "u "p ( a slid+-plate1 ,e1 :i* has a "p project+ betwe5 ! sides ( ! frame1 & also two o!rs on its outside1 by :i* x grasps ! same ) great accuracy1 & is prev5t$ f any %ake or play z ! :ole ) ! nut is made to trav]se to & fro along ! frame4 ,l5g?wise ( ?is slid+-plate1 t is1 9 a direction ! opposite to t ( its own trav]se1 are two b>s bevell$ und]nea?1 fix$ exactly p>allel to ea* o!r1 :i* are s arrang$ to guide ! cross trav]se ( ano!r plate ) *amf]$ edges to fit ! bevels ( ! guide b>s4 ,?is second plate has on its upp] surface two clamps :i* secure ! tool4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t by ?is arrangem5t ! two requir$ movem5ts are atta9$1 ! l[] plate slid+ along 9 "o direction p>allel ) ! la!-b$1 & ! o!r across x4 ,9 ! orig9al re/s1 ?is upp] plate ) ! tool 0 mov$ by h&1 & 9 ! mod]n re/ = ornam5tal turn+ 7:i* ?is 0 also con/ruct$ =7 ! same is done1 b a h&-lev] is add$ = ! purpose4 ,b al?\gh a simil> arrangem5t is ne$$ = metal1 x is pla9 t ! top plate %\ld h a m easily regulat$ motion1 & t we %\ld be able to advance ! tool z ne> ! "w z may be desir$1 & !n to reta9 x securely at t di/ance :ile giv+ ! necess>y movem5t 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! object to be turn$4 ,! me?od ( effect+ ?is is at once sugge/$ by ! screw & nut ( ! l[] "p1 & by m]ely add+ to ! top a simil> arrangem5t1 ! desir$ end is at once atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! actual con/ruction ( su* re/ v>ies some:at1 b ,fig4 #ed1 ,h1 %[s x 9 its mo/ ord9>y =m4 ,! l[] "p is1 ( c\rse1 to be clamp$ d[n securely to ! la!-b$1 !re be+ a projection bel[ :i* is made to fit accurately betwe5 ! be>]s simil> to t b5ea? ! poppits4 ,?is projection secures ! correct position ( ! re/1 ( :i* "o frame or plate w travel l5g?wise ( ! b$1 :ile ! o!r w move exactly at "r angles to x4 ,b 9 ! comp\nd slide-re/1 :i* is v g5]al1 !re is also a ?ird circul> motion1 by :i* ! upp] "p c be set at any angle ) ! l[]1 in/ead ( be+ p]man5tly fix$ at "r angles to x4 ,by ?is ! tool c be made to approa* ! "w m & m z x passes along x2 & x w !re=e cut deep] at "o end ( its trav]se ?an at ! o!r4 ,! result w be t :at is ?us turn$ w n be a true cyl9d]1 b a cone1 i4e41 x w be l>g] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 al?\gh o!rwise smoo? & ev54 ,we are ?us provid$ ) ! mo/ valuable addition to ! la! ev] devis$ by me*anics1 & x is no long] a "q ( ! /r5g? & skill ( ! workman :e!r we c produce a p]fect piece ( "w1 b simply ( ! accuracy ) :i* ! la! & re/ are con/ruct$1 & ( ! =m & condition ( ! tools to be us$4 ,! latt] are n exactly l ^? ord9>ily us$1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( ! cutt+ angles already laid d[n ne$s to be adh]$ to ev5 ) m unfail+ att5tion ?an t requir$ = ! correct =mation ( h&-tools4 ,moreov]1 x is pla9 t--"h we %all no long] feel :e!r ! tool is work+ z x ought to d--we %all be unconsci\s ( ! precise am\nt ( /ra9 t is be+ br\ght to be> aga9/ its edge1 & if x is by *ance work+ 9 a bad position1 at a wrong angle1 we _c re-adju/ x 9 a mom5t z we c\ld a h&-tool by a slight movem5t ( ! f+]s or wri/4 ,h5ce y w see at once h[ v important x is t tools = ! slide-re/ %\ld be %ap$ ) ! mo/ rigid adh]5ce to correct pr9ciples2 &1 fur!r1 t !y %\ld be s fix$ 9 ! slide-re/ z to meet ! "w at ! precise angle1 & at ! height exactly suit$ to ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$4 ,z reg>ds ! latt] po9t1 x may be tak5 z an almo/ inv>iable rule t ! "w %\ld be attack$ on its axial l9e 7t is1 a l9e t w\ld run f end to end ( x divid+ x l5g?wise into equal p>ts1 or1 z x w\ld commonly be nam$1 its middle l9e74 ,if ! tool meets x above ?is1 x is mo/ likely t x w rub aga9/ x1 & ! po9t w be out ( cut4 ,if x meets x bel[1 !re w be a t5d5cy = ! po9t to cat* 91 & ! "w to roll up ^u ! face ( ! tool1 :i*1 9 fact1 x v (t5 does ) c>eless workm51 & !n !re comes a sma% ( "s k9d--la! c5tres snapp$ (f1 ! tool brok51 ! b> b5t beyond rem$y1 & possibly ! op]ator's toes made unpleasantly t5d]4 ,! mo/ common slide-re/ tool = outside "w is t giv5 at ,h4 ,x is made /raight1 z %[n1 or b5t sideways to "r or left to cut %\ld]s on ! "w1 or ent] holl[s1 or creep sneak+ly r\nd corn]s1 or any o!r ( ^? crook$ ways 9 :i* man delights2 b :e!r /raight or n1 ^! tools h all mo/ commonly ! crank$ =m %[n "h4 ,?is gives ! tools a slight degree ( ela/icity--n v mu*1 because t w\ld only injure ! p]fection ( ! "w2 !re=e !y are n v consid]ably crank$4 ,! angles are gr\nd z direct$ 9 ! table ( tool-angles1 & if ! po9t is too l[1 slips ( iron are plac$ bel[ ! %ank ^u ! tool-plate ( ! slide-re/2 if too high1 ! gr9d/one mu/ be resort$ to2 & ! advantage ( ^! crank$ tools is1 t !y c be gr\nd d[n sev]al times )\t be+ br\ght too l[ to be pack$ up ) iron slips to ! "r level4 ,?us a crank$ tool is by f> m advantage\s = ! slide-re/ ?an "o made /raight l ^? us$ = h&-turn+4 ,= inside "w1 h[ev]1 or 8hol+10 ! crank =m is n possible1 unless ! hole is ( l>ge size1 & s1 = ?is purpose1 /raight side-tools are us$1 l ,k4 ,if ! tool is well plac$1 z well z correctly made1 no?+ c be m easy & delightful ?an slide-re/ "w4 ,y m]ely advance ! tool to take ! requir$ cut 7beg9n+ g5]ally at ! "r-h& end ( ! b>71 & !n g5tly turn+ ! o!r h&le1 y w see x trav]se along1 z if "w 0 a pleasure to x1 z x ought to be to all "y me*anics4 ,n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( ?is ev51 /eady "w1 ! tool jumps & cat*es1 or rubs & %rieks3 x is out ( temp]1 ,i suppose2 at any rate1 9 "s "o or m p>ticul>s x ne$s correction4 ,al?\gh ) ! slide-re/ y c g5]ally v5ture ^u tak+ a deep] cut ?an y c\ld ) h&-tools1 x is by no means well to hurry ! "w4 ,at fir/1 especially be=e x has become cyl9drical1 ! tool w only cut p>tly r\nd its surface1 & ! "w is done 9 an uncom=table1 j]k+1 dissatisfi$ sort ( way1 & ! deep] y drive ! tool ! worse x is2 b z soon z ! out] sk9 is (f1 & ! "w has become cyl9drical1 a long1 cle>1 bright %av+ curls (f pleasantly f end to end1 & ! surface ought1 if ! tool is wett$1 to become at once ( a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,y %\ld always1 ) a slide-re/1 take ! :ole run ( ! piece f end to end to a c]ta9 dep?1 & !n1 comm5c+ aga9 at ! end1 repeat ! same process1 & s on until ! requir$ size is almo/ atta9$4 ,:5 x is1 take out ! tool ) ! po9t$ end :i* has be5 9 use1 & ins]t "o fre%ly %>p5$ ) a broad po9t1 gett+ x s plac$ z to cut ! %av+ bo? f ! surface bel[1 & f ! %\ld] to :i* x is atta*$ at ! side1 z ,i expla9$ to y 9 ! *apt] on gr9d+ & sett+ tools1 & :i* mu/ be well und]/ood be=e y c hope to make good "w ) tools rigidly fix$ 9 a slide-re/4 ,) ?is tool1 kept wet ) soap & wat] 7or soda wat]1 :i* is bett] = ?is ?an = y\r /oma*71 take a v light %av+ f end to end1 tak+ especial c>e to turn ! h&le :i* gives ! trav]se sl[ly & ev5ly4 ,if y /op1 or almo/ /op1 ! tool w be sure to draw a little deep] into cut1 :i* w make a scrat* ^u ! "w1 or1 x may be1 pl\gh a groove1 & s f> spoil ! appe>ance ( x4 ,:5ev] y f9i% turn+ any b> t has be5 c5tr$ at ea* end1 be c>eful to leave ! c5tre m>ks j z !y 7 :5 ! "w 0 9 ! la!4 ,! ends w h be5 o!rwise trimm$ (f at ! v comm5cem5t1 & x may happ5 t at "s future day x may be desir$ to re-m\nt ! piece = repair1 :51 if ^! m>ks are gone1 & new c5tres h to be drill$1 ! :ole w run s mu* out ( tru? t x w h to be entirely re-turn$ f ! comm5cem5t4 ,d n1 !re=e1 fancy t ^! c5tre m>ks are unsightly1 & =?) file !m out1 b be cont5t to leave !m4 ,slide-re/ tools1 made 9 ! ord9>y way1 are s f> tr\blesome 9 use t if !y get brok5 y mu/ h !m re-=g$1 & few c\ntry smi?s "k any?+ ab\t su* matt]s4 ,i h a tool n[ ly+ by me made by a smi? 7true1 x 0 a ,wel% smi?71 & al?\gh ,i /ood by & expla9$ h[ x %\ld be done1 & cut "o out ( a piece ( wood1 x nev] arriv$ at a prop] %ape1 & 0 nev] ev5 plac$ ^u ! re/4 ,i keep x z old ,izaak ,walton kept ! ,london]'s artificial fly1 viz41 8to laugh at10 & z a caution to all conc]n$1 nev] to g to a c\ntry blacksmi? = slide-re/ tools4 ,! foll[+ plan answ]s v well = _m k9ds ( outside "w1 & is on ! :ole a plan t may be satisfactorily foll[$ by ! "y me*anic4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! tools con/ruct$ f a l>ge b> ( /eel half an in* or s 9 ! squ>e1 !y are made ( %ort pieces ab\t an in* long1 fitt$ into a peculi> hold]4 ,! advantage ( ?is arrangem5t consi/s 9 ! ease ) :i* y c make y\r own tools out ( brok5 r\nd1 triangul>1 or squ>e pill> files1 small *isels & su* l4 ,^! c be %ap$ by ! gr9d/one alone1 & ! blacksmi? w n h to be call$ into requisition4 ,i %all give y two =ms ( tool-hold]s1 m or less simple1 because ,i may suppose my "y me*anic to be fa/ gr[+ into an old h&1 & able to appreciate diff]5ces 9 ^! arrangem5ts4 ,fig4 #ee1 ,a1 ,b1 repres5ts two ( su* hold]s1 "o = r\nd1 ! o!r = flat /eel cutt]s4 ,y c see at once t :5 ^! are ^u ! b$ ( ! re/1 !y =m a tool ) crank$ end1 z previ\sly describ$1 & c !re=e be us$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,i %all give no directions = mak+ ^! tool-hold]s1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 v simple affairs1 & c be readily und]/ood f ! draw+s "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,ano!r =m is %[n at ,c4 ,! "p d e is a clamp1 :i* is sep>ately drawn at f4 ,?is1 l ! la/1 enables "o to use all sorts ( odds & ends = tools4 ,!re are sev]al o!r patt]ns ( tool-hold]s1 arrang$ ei!r to use ! little pieces ( squ>e1 r\nd1 or triangul> /eel b>s1 s t "o side1 at lea/1 ( ^! may rema9 )\t gr9d+1 & o!rs 9 :i* two entirely new faces mu/ be giv5 to ! tool by ! gr9d/one4 ,! latt] are1 p]haps1 g5]ally ! be/1 because y c !n1 ) ! aid ( ! table ( tool-angles1 %ape y\r cutt]s v accurately to ! "w requir$ ( !m4 ,al?\gh su* tool-hold]s & cutt]s are g5]ally us$ = metals1 !re are o!rs int5d$ = wood2 & con/ruct$ to hold m9iature g\ges & *isels1 :i* p]=m _! "w admirably4 ,a capital tool = outside "w1 ,fig4 #ee1 ,e1 :i* 0 us$ ext5sively at ,portsm\? docky>d = brass turn+1 is made simply by fil+ (f at an angle ( ab\t #de a r\nd %ort b> ( /eel4 ,?is angle1 h[ev]1 is unusually small = brass & gun-metal1 #hj be+ bett]4 ,= iron x w answ] bett]1 because ?\gh fil$1 or r gr\nd at #de1 ! cutt+ edge1 a little way f :at may be call$ ! po9t ( ! tool1 is ne>] #fj4 ,simil> to ^! la/ are ! tube g\ges1 %ort bits ( /eel tube gr\nd (f & %>p5$4 ,^! fix$ 9 a hold] answ] beautifully = s(t wood1 & d n 8cat* 940 ,if ! hold] is b5t s z to br+ ! tool into prop] position1 inside "w c be rapidly effect$ by ^!1 su* z holl[+ out l>ge b[ls & simil> heavy "w4 ,all ?is c1 ( c\rse1 be done rapidly ) ! slide-re/1 s f> z reg>ds ! removal ( ! great] "p ( ! wood4 ,b 9 ! case ( a b[l1 9 :i* a curve pr$om9ates ov] a /raight l9e1 h&-tools mu/ be us$ to f9i% x 7g5]ally ! inside hook-tool74 ,?is la/ is1 9 fact1 almo/ id5tical ) ! tube g\ge2 = ! slide-re/1 & t :i* makes x s difficult a tool to use1 is t1 be+ a h&-tool1 & subject to slight un9t5tional *anges ( position ^u ! "p ( ! workman1 x cat*es 91 & is ei!r wr5*$ out ( ! h&1 or a piece is *opp$ (f ! wood4 ,rigidly held 9 ! slide-re/1 ! exact angle1 once f\nd1 is ( c\rse ma9ta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,i n[ propose to assi/ ! "y me*anic 9 special "w1 in/ead ( cont9u+ g5]al directions4 ,?is w enable me to expla9 to him v>i\s la! appliances1 & o!r details ( me*anical "w hi!rto pass$ by4 ,( all models :i* boys 7& v big boys too7 are desir\s to con/ruct1 ! /eam-eng9e holds ! *ief place1 & des]v$ly s2 = e boy call+ himself me*anical1 ought to "k h[ ?is is made1 & ! g5]al pr9ciples ( its con/ruction z well4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am aw>e1 f exp]i5ce1 t _m a y\ng/]1 :o is ev5 9 possession ( a model eng9e1 is utt]ly ignorant ( ! cause ( its motion2 al?\gh x is a great delight to !m to see ! /eam puff+ out1 & ! :eel revolv+ 8n9ete5 to ! doz510 z s*oolboys say4 ,n[1 an eng9e is a v simple affair1 & c be easily expla9$2 &1 z ,i wi% my read]s to "w rationally1 ,i %all %[ !m :at !y h to d be=e ,i tell !m h[ to d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a1 ,fig4 #ef1 repres5ts a cubical vessel ( t9 or any o!r sub/ance4 ,by cubical1 ,i mean t all its sides are squ>es1 & all exactly equal2 ea* side 9 ! pres5t case is to be #a in* wide & long1 or a squ>e in*4 ,b is a simil> vessel1 #a foot cube4 ,x conta9s1 !re=e1 #agbh cubic in*es1 or is #agbh times z l>ge 9 capacity z ! fir/4 ,n[1 if ,i 7 to fill ! little vessel ) wat] & tip x into ! second1 & put a lamp "u x1 ! wat] w\ld all soon boil away1 z x is call$4 ,x w\ld be conv]t$ into /eam2 & ! quantity ( /eam x w\ld produce w\ld exactly fill ! l>g] vessel1 )\t excit+ any p>ticul> pressure ^u its sides4 ,/eam1 ?us all[$ pl5ty ( elb[ room1 is l a lazy boy2 x w play & curl ab\t v prettily1 b w d no "w4 ,we mu/ put "s sort ( pressure1 !re=e1 ^u x--conf9e x1 & we %all soon see t1 by /ruggl+ to escape1 x w s]ve our purpose1 & become a mo/ ob$i5t workman4 ,we h1 !re=e1 only to put d\ble ! quantity ( wat] into our l>g] vessel1 t is1 two cubic in*es4 ,we w put on a cov] tightly1 add+ a pipe ?r\gh :i* to p\r 9 ! wat]4 ,soon we %all h ! /eam =m$ z be=e2 b x has no long] room en\gh1 & out x comes fizz+ & ro>+1 v savage at hav+ be5 %ut up 9 s small a cage4 ,& we c make x "w too1 = if we set up a little fan-:eel ( t9 "r 9 its way1 we %all see x sp9 r\nd m]rily en\gh2 or if we cork ! tube lightly1 we %all f9d ?is cork soon come out ) a bang4 ,we h1 9 fact1 already con/ruct$ a /eam-eng9e & a /eam-gun on a small scale4 ,! pressure 9 ?is case is1 inde$1 n great1 b :at x is ,i mu/ n[ try to expla94 ,! air or atmosph]e1 :i* surr\nds u on all sides1 ex]cises a pressure ^u ev]y?+ ( #ae lbs4 on e squ>e in* ( surface4 ,if our little cubical in* box ( t9 _h no air inside x1 & no /eam1 b 0 absolutely empty1 ea* side1 & top1 & bottom w\ld h #ae lbs4 pressure ^u x2 :i* w\ld be evid5t if x 7 n v /rong1 = x w\ld s9k 9 on all sides directly1 j z mu* z if y 7 to add a weight ( #ae lbs4 :5 x 0 full ( air1 z x w\ld ord9>ily be4 ,:5 ,i spoke ( ! l>g] box be+ exactly fill$ ) /eam f ! evaporation ( ! cubic in* ( wat] p\r$ f ! small] box1 ,i suppos$ x empty ( air4 ,! /eam f t quantity ( wat]1 occupy+ ! place ( ! air1 w\ld also be ( ! same pressure1 #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( surface2 & z ?is only balances ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* w\ld be1 9 su* a case1 press+ 9 on all sides1 ! /eam w\ld n %[ any pressure2 j z1 if y put equal weights into ea* scale ( a balance1 ! beam ( x w\ld rema9 horizontal1 nei!r scale %[+ to ! outw>d s5ses t x _h any pressure ^u x4 ,b 9 ! second case1 we h d\bl$ ! quantity ( /eam1 b compell$ x to occupy ! same space2 !re=e we h n[ real1 visible pressure ( #ae lbs4 ^u ea* squ>e in*2 & if we aga9 halve ! space :i* ! /eam has to occupy1 or d\ble ! quantity ( wat]1 we %all obta9 a pressure ( #cj lbs4 beyond ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,let u n[ disreg>d atmosph]ic pressure1 & fit up su* an app>atus z ,fig4 #ef1 ,d4 ,"h we h fir/ our small box1 clos$ on all sides1 & f x a small tube ris+ & ent]+ into ! bottom ( a l>g] "o1 :i* is v smoo? 9 ! inside2 9 ?is is a r\nd plate or disc1 call$ a pi/on1 :i* fits ! tube nicely1 b n s tight z to prev5t x f mov+ up & d[n easily2 & let a weight ( #ae lbs4 be laid ^u x4 ,let u suppose ?is l>ge tube or cyl9d] to be #agjj times l>g] ?an ! cubic in* box1 into :i* wat] is to be p\r$ till full4 ,n[ we heat x z be=e1 & :5 #bab ( heat are atta9$ by ! wat] 7:i* is its boil+-po9t7 :5 x beg9s to be conv]t$ into /eam1 ! pi/on w be se5 to rise1 & w gradually asc5d1 until q at ! top ( ! tube1 because ! /eam requir$ exactly t am\nt ( room4 ,n[ we h arriv$ at ! same conclusion :i* we came to be=e2 = y see t n only has ! cubic in* ( wat] become a cubic foot ( /eam 7ab\t #agjj to #agbh ( its =m] volume71 b x is support+ #ae lbs4 weight1 :i* repres5ts t ( ! atmosph]e1 & if we c\ld get rid ( ! latt]1 a solid weight ( #ae lbs4 w\ld be ?us support$4 ,n[1 /ill neglect+ ! atmosph]ic pressure1 suppose in/ead ( #ae lbs4 we add ano!r #ae lbs41 mak+ ! weight #cj lbs41 d[n goes our pi/on aga91 & /&s at ab\t half ! height x did be=e4 ,we h ?us1 z we _h previ\sly1 a cubic foot ( /eam made to occupy half a cubic foot ( space1 giv+ a pressure 7:i* is ! same z support+ a weight7 ( #cj lbs4 ,i ought1 p]haps1 to add 9 ?is place1 h[ev]1 t "u #cj lbs4 pressure1 or atmosph]ic weight & #ae lbs4 additional1 ! wat] w\ld n become /eam at a temp]ature ( #bab1 b x w\ld h to be made mu* hott]1 until a !rmomet] plac$ 9 x w\ld %[ #beb4 ,s f> we h se5 :at a cubic in* ( wat] w d :5 heat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 & at fir/ sight x may n seem a great deal4 ,f> f be+ light "w1 h[ev]1 ?is is actually equal to ! "w ( rais+ a weight ( #a ton a foot high4 ,let u prove ! fact4 ,suppose ! tube or cyl9d] to be squ>e in/ead ( r\nd1 & t its surface is exactly #a squ>e in*1 h[ c we give #agjj times ! room :i* is occupi$ by ! wat]8 ,x is pla9 t ! pi/on mu/ rise #agjj in*es 9 ! #a-;in* cyl9d] or tube1 c>ry+ ) x1 z be=e1 its weight ( #ae lbs4--t is1 x has rais$ #ae lbs4 #agjj in*es1 or ab\t #adb feet4 ,b ?is is ! same z #ae times #adb feet rais$ #a foot1 :i* is #bacj lbs4 rais$ #a foot1 v ne>ly a ton1 ! latt] be+ #bbdj lbs4 ,s1 aft] all1 y see t our little cubic in* ( wat] is a v good lab\r]1 do+ a great deal ( "w if we supply him ) suffici5t w>m?4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! pr9ciple ( ! ord9>y /eam-eng9e3 we h a cyl9d] 9 :i* a pi/on is v nicely fitt$1 & we put ?is cyl9d] 9 connection ) a boil]1 ! /eam f :i* drives ! pi/on f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ eng9e t 0 made1 ! cyl9d] actually occupi$ ! v position x does 9 our sket*2 x 0 made to /& ^u ! top ( ! boil]1 a tap be+ add$ 9 ! %ort pipe bel[ ! cyl9d]1 s t ! /eam c\ld be admitt$ or %ut (f at pleasure4 ,b x is pla9 t al?\gh our little eng9e has done "s "w1 x has /opp$ at a c]ta9 po9t2 !re is ! pi/on at ! top1 & x _c g any f>!r2 we mu/ get x d[n aga9 be=e x c repeat its lab\r4 ,h[ w\ld y d ?is1 boys8 ,pu% x d[n1 eh8 ,if y did1 y w\ld f9d x spr+ up aga9 :5 y remov$ y\r h&1 j z if !re 7 und]nea? x a coil$ /eel spr+2 by :i*1 h[ev]1 y w\ld le>n practically :at is meant by ! ela/icity ( /eam4 ,besides ?is1 if y pu% x d[n1 y become ! workman1 & ! eng9e is only ! passive recipi5t ( y\r own lab\r4 ,try ano!r plan2 remove ! lamp1 & see ! result--gradually1 v gradually1 ! pi/on beg9s to desc5d4 ,take a squirt or syr+e1 & squirt cold wat] aga9/ ! app>atus4 ,pre/o6 d[n x goes1 n[ v quickly inde$1 & is soon at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,b we may z well try to get useful "w done by ! desc5t ( ! pi/on z well z by its asc5t4 ,set x up l ,fig4 #ef1 ,e4 ,"h is a rod or beam1 b a c1 ! middle ( :i* is support$ l t ( a pair ( scales4 ,f "o end we hang a scale1 & place 9 x #ae lbs42 & z ! pi/on s9ks ! weight is rais$1 & exactly ! same "w is done z be=e4 ,?us 0 ! fir/ eng9e con/ruct$2 b in/ead ( ! scale-pan & weight1 a pump-rod 0 atta*$1 & z ! pi/on desc5d$ 9 ! cyl9d] ?is rod 0 rais$1 & ! wat] drawn f ! well4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n call$ a /eam-eng9e1 because ! "w is n really ! effect ( ! /eam1 :i* is only us$ to produce :at is call$ a vacuum 7i4e41 an empty space1 devoid ( air7 "u ! pi/on4 ,9 fact1 ! up-/roke ( ! pi/on 0 only p>tly caus$ by /eam1 & ! rod ( ! pump 0 weight$1 :i* help$ to draw x up4 ,i mu/ get y to und]/& ?is cle>ly1 s t ! pr9ciple may become pla9--8cle> z mud10 z ,paddy w\ld say4 ,i told y t ! air press$ on e squ>e in* ( surface ) a =ce ( ab\t #ae lbs4 ,we d n feel x1 because we are equally press$ on all sides--f )9 z well z f )\t--s t atmosph]ic pressure is balanc$4 ,sometimes ?is is a v good ?+4 ,we %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h>dly l to c>ry ab\t ! huge weight press+ ^u our %\ld]s1 if some?+ did n c\nt]act x = u1 s t we _c feel x4 ,inde$1 if x 7 o!rwise1 we %\ld become flat z pancakes 9 no "t--8totally *aw$ up40 ,b sometimes we %\ld pref] to get rid ( ! air altoge!r--& ,i c tell y x is n easy to d s1 unless we put some?+ into its place2 & we want p]haps simply to get rid ( x1 & make use ( ! room x occupi$4 ,we require to d ?is 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 & 9 fact we h j done x4 ,if ! :ole space bel[ ! pi/on1 :5 we beg9 to "w1 is fill$ ) wat]1 x is pla9 !re c be no air bel[ x2 & :5 ! /eam has rais$ x1 !re is /ill no air bel[ x1 b only /eam4 ,we !n apply cold to ! cyl9d] by remov+ ! lamp & squirt+ cold wat] aga9/ x1 :i* has ! effect ( r$uc+ ! /eam to wat] aga91 :i* w occupy #a in* ( space only4 ,we1 !re=e1 n[ h a space ( #afjj cubic in*es ) nei!r air nor wat] 9 x2 & s1 if ! pi/on is #a in* 9 size1 !re w be ! #ae lb4 pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u x1 & no?+ bel[ to balance x1 = we h =m$ a vacuum bel[ x1 & ( c\rse ?is #ae lb4 weight w press x rapidly d[n4 ,x did s2 & we !re=e 7 enabl$ to raise #ae lb4 9 ! scale-pan4 ,y w "k1 !re=e1 h5ce=?1 exactly :at ,i mean by a vacuum & atmosph]ic pressure4 ,x is1 y see1 ! latt] :i* does ! "w :5 a vacuum is =m$ z above2 b y c easily und]/& t x might be possible to use bo? ! atmosph]ic pressure & ! pressure ( /eam z well1 :i* is done 9 ! cond5s+ /eam-eng9e4 ,9 ! e>lie/ eng9e1 call$ ! ,atmosph]ic = ! reason above /at$1 ! top ( ! cyl9d] 0 left entirely op51 z 9 our sket*2 b ! cond5s+ wat] 0 n appli$ outside ! cyl9d]1 b desc5d$ f a ci/]n above1 & =m$ a little jet or f\nta9 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] at ! v mom5t t ! pi/on rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,d[n x1 !re=e1 came1 draw+ up ! pump-rod4 ,:5 at ! bottom ! jet ( wat] ceas$4 ,/eam 0 aga9 =m$ bel[ ! pi/on1 :i* rais$ x z be=e2 & ! process be+ repeat$1 ! requir$ "w 0 done4 ,a boy1 to turn a c\ple ( taps1 to let on or (f ! wat] or /eam1 0 all ! att5dance requir$4 ,= "s "t ! atmosph]ic eng9e1 ! inv5tion ( ,newcom51 0 ! only "o 9 g5]al use2 & ev5 ?is 01 9 ^? days 7#agje-agbj71 s difficult to con/ruct t its great p[] 0 comp>atively seldom resort$ to1 ev5 = pump+1 = :i* x 0 nev]!less admirably suit$4 ,! huge cyl9d] requir$ to be accurately bor$1 :ile !re 7 no adequate means ( do+ su* "w2 & al?\gh ! pi/on 0 8pack$10 by be+ w\nd r\nd ) hemp1 x 0 difficult to keep x suffici5tly tight1 yet at ! same "t to give x adequate 8play40 ,!n1 ano!r drawback appe>$1 :i*1 ?\gh ( less importance 9 "s di/ricts1 absolutely prev5t$ ! introduction ( ?is eng9e into _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! consumption ( coal 0 enorm\s 9 proportion to ! p[] ga9$4 ,we c easily und]/& ! reason ( ?is1 :5 we consid] ! means us$ = produc+ a vacuum 9 ! cyl9d] bel[ ! pi/on4 ,! wat] introduc$ = ! purpose1 *ill$1 n only ! /eam1 b cyl9d] & pi/on also2 & !re=e1 be=e a second /roke c\ld be made1 ^! _h to be aga9 heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! coal requir$ = ! latt] purpose 0 !re=e wa/$1 caus+ a dead loss to ! proprietor4 ,s matt]s cont9u$ = "s "t1 until a ma!matical in/rum5t-mak] ( ,glasg[1 nam$ ,watt1 ab\t ! ye> #agfj1 began to turn 8 att5tion to ! subject2 & hav+ to repair a model ( ,newcom5's eng9e belong+ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 ! idea seems to h fir/ /ruck him ( cond5s+ ! /eam 9 a sep>ate vessel1 s z to avoid cool+ ! cyl9d] aft] ea* upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,?is 0 ! gr& secret :i* gave ! fir/ impetus to ! use ( /eam-eng9es2 & f t day to ?is ^! mighty workm51 ^: muscles & s9ews nev] become we>y1 h be5 gradually atta9+ p]fection4 ,yet x may be fairly /at$ t ! mo/ mod]n =m ( cond5s+ eng9e 9 use is b an improvem5t ^u ,watt's 9 details ( con/ruction & accuracy ( workman%ip4 ,= ,watt did n /& /ill 9 8 "w2 b aft] hav+ devis$ a sep>ate cond5s]1 he fur!r sugge/$ ! idea ( clos+ ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 left op5 to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e2 & reject+ ! latt] z ! means ( giv+ motion to ! pi/on1 he made use ( ! expansive p[] ( /eam on ea* side ( ! pi/on alt]nately1 :ile a vacuum 0 also alt]nately produc$ on ei!r side ( x by ! cond5sation ( ! /eam4 ,! atmosph]ic eng9e 0 ?us :olly displac$4 ,! sav+ ( fuel 9 ! work+ ( ! ma*9e 0 s great1 t ! /ipulation ( ! inv5tor1 t "o-?ird ( ! money s sav$ %\ld be 81 rais$ him f comp>ative pov]ty to afflu5ce 9 a v %ort "t4 ,watt1 h[ev]1 _h /ill to cont5d ) great difficulties 9 ! actual con/ruction ( 8 eng9es4 ,he 0 9 ! same 8fix0 z "s ( my "y read]s1 :o are v desir\s to make "s small model1 b h little else ?an a pocket-knife & gimblet to d x )4 ,= !re 7 no l>ge /eam-la!s1 slide-re/s1 plan+ & bor+ ma*9es1 procurable 9 ^? days1 & ev5 ! heavie/ "w _h to be done by h&1 if inde$ ^? c be call$ h&-tools :i* _h frequ5tly to be sat ^u to keep !m up to cut4 ,x 0 !re=e impossible = ,watt to c>ry out 8 designs ) any?+ l accuracy ( workman%ip1 else x is probable t he w\ld h advanc$ ! /eam-eng9e ev5 fur!r t[>ds p]fection ?an he did4 ,9 spite ( ^! drawbacks1 h[ev]1 ?is great inv5tor liv$ to see 8 m]its univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & to witness ! actual work+ ( v _m ( ^! wond]ful & useful ma*9es4 ,! fir/ necessity :i* occurr$ f clos+ ! cyl9d] at bo? ends 0 ! devis+ "s means to all[ ! pi/on-rod to pass & repass ?r\gh "o end )\t p]mitt+ ! /eam to escape4 ,?is 0 effect$ by a /uff+-box1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg1 ,a1 ,b1--! fir/ be+ a sectional draw+1 :i* y mu/ le>n to und]/&1 z x is ! only way to %[ ! work+ details ( any piece ( ma*9]y4 ,we h "h a cyl9d] cov]1 a1 :i* bolts firmly to ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 !re be+ a simil> "o 7g5]ally )\t any /uff+-box7 at ! o!r end or bottom ( ! same4 ,on ! top ( ?is y w obs]ve ano!r piece1 :i* is m>k$ b1 & :i* is inde$ "p ( ! fir/ & ca/ 9 "o piece ) x4 ,?r\gh ! cyl9d] cov]1 a1 is bor$ a hole ( ! exact size ( ! rod atta*$ to ! pi/on1 :i* has to pass ?r\gh x1 b :i* hole1 h[ev] well made1 w\ld all[ ! /eam to leak consid]ably dur+ ! work+ ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,to obviate ?is1 ! "p b is bor$ out l>g]1 & has a cup-%ap$ cavity =m$ 9 x1 z y w see by inspect+ ! draw+s4 ,into ?is cavity fits ! gl&1 c1 :i* also has a hole 9 x1 to all[ ( ! passage ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,?is gl& is made to fit into ! cavity 9 b z accurately z possible2 & x c be held by bolts z 9 ! fig4 ,a1 or be screw$ on ! surface z %[n at ,b1 9 :i* latt] case ! great] "p ( ! int]ior ( b is screw$ ) a simil> ?read4 ,! pi/on-rod be+ 9 place1 hemp is w\nd r\nd x 7or india-rubb] pack+-r+s are fitt$ ov] x71 & ! gl& is !n fitt$ 9 ^u x1 & screw$ d[n1 ?us squeez+ ! hemp or rubb] tightly1 & compell+ x to embrace ! pi/on-rod s closely1 t leakage ( /eam is :olly prev5t$4 ,:5ev] y h1 !re=e1 to prev5t /eam or wat] escap+ r\nd a simil> mov+-rod 9 modell+ pumps or eng9es1 y w h to effect x 9 ?is way4 ,! pi/on 0 also pack$ ) hemp or t[1 ei!r loosely-plait$ or simply w\nd r\nd ! metal 9 a groove =m$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ,fig4 #eg1 ,c & ,d1 ,i h add$ draw+s ( a pi/on1 s made1 p>tly = ! purpose ( aga9 expla9+ ! nature ( sectional draw+s4 ,9 ?is "o1 ,c1 y are %[n ! end ( ! pi/on-rod pass+ ?r\gh ! pi/on1 & fa/5$ by a screw$ nut bel[1 a %\ld] prev5t+ ! rod f be+ drawn ?r\gh by ! action ( ?is nut4 ,! hemp pack+ is also %[n 9 section1 b 9 ! draw+ ,d ! groove is left = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,9 all y\r small] models y w h to pack y\r pi/on 9 ?is way1 except 9 ^? :]e y entirely give up all idea ( p[]4 ,! little eng9es1 = example1 sold at #a & upw>ds1 ) oscillat+ cyl9d]s1 h nei!r pack$ pi/ons nor /uff+-boxes2 ! friction ( ^? w\ld /op !m1 & escape ( /eam is ( no great consequ5ce4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd advantage\s to turn a few %all[ grooves r\nd ^! unpack$ pi/ons aft] !y h be5 made to fit _! cyl9d]s z accurately z possible1 l fig4 ,c4 ,^! fill ) wat] f ! cond5sation ( /eam1 :i* always occurs at fir/ until ! eng9e gets hot2 & ?us a k9d ( pack+ is made :i* is fairly effectual4 ,9 ,fig4 #eh ,i h giv5 a draw+ ( ,newcom5's eng9e1 9 case y w\ld l to make a model ( "o2 b ,i d n ?9k x w repay y z well = y\r lab\r z "s o!rs4 ,!re is ! difficulty ( ! ci/]n ( cold wat] & ! wa/e-well2 & ! cond5sation ( ! /eam is a tr\blesome affair 9 a small model1 s t1 on ! :ole1 ,i %\ld n recomm5d y to beg9 y\r attempts at model-mak+ ) ! con/ruction ( "o ( ^!4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 add a few directions = ?is "w1 because :at ,i h to say ab\t bor+1 screw+1 & s =?1 w apply to all o!r models y may desire to con/ruct4 ,! cyl9d]1 9 ?is case1 w be m easily made by obta9+ a piece ( brass tub+1 :i* c be _h ( any size1 f #c or #d in*es diamet] to ! size ( a small quill4 ,! fir/ y w (t5 use = boil]s1 ! latt] = /eam or wat] pipes4 ,y c also obta9 at ! model mak]s--,bateman1 = in/ance1 ( ,high ,holborn--small taps & screws1 & cocks = ! admission ( wat] & /eam1 & all k9ds ( little requisites :i* y w\ld f9d great difficulty 9 mak+1 & :i* w\ld co/ y m 9 spoil+ & muddl+ ?an y w\ld sp5d 9 buy+ !m ready made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! draw+ is giv5 on purpose to %[ ! be/ & easie/ arrangem5t = a model4 ,x has all p>ts1 !re=e1 arrang$ ) a view to simplicity4 ,a is ! boil] made ( a piece ( #c-;in* brass tub+1 z f> z a1 b1 c1 d1 ! bottom be+ ei!r ( brass or copp] at ! level ( a1 b2 ! upp] dom$ "p may be made by hamm]+ a piece ( %eet brass1 copp]1 or ev5 t91 ) a r\nd-end$ boxwood mallet ^u a holl[$ boxwood block1 ( :i* ,t1 ,t is a section4 ,y %\ld make "o ( ^! if x is y\r int5tion to make models y\r hobby1 z x w enable y to d sev]al jobs ( ! same k9d z ! pres5t4 ,probably y w n be able to make ! dome semicircul>1 or r hemisph]ical2 b at all ev5ts1 make x z deeply cupp$ z y c--aft] :i*1 turn d[n ! extreme edge "o-sixte5? ( an in* all r\nd to fit ! cupp$ "p exactly4 ,?is requires a good deal ( c>e & "s skill4 ,if y f9d t y _c manage x1 make y\r boil] ) a flat top in/ead4 ,:i*ev] way y make x1 a v good jo9t to connect ! p>ts is t %[n 9 section at ,v4#b ,! edge ( ! l[] "p is turn$ outw>ds all r\nd2 t ( ! upp] "p is also turn$ outw>ds1 fir/ ( all to d\ble ! wid? ( ! o!r1 & is !n b5t ov] aga91 fir/ ) a pair ( pli]s & aft]w>ds ) a hamm]1 a block or support be+ plac$ und]nea? x4 ,all ?is is done by ! manufactur] ) a /amp+ ma*9e on purpose1 & w\ld be complet$ by ! ,birm+ham brass-work]s be=e ,i c\ld write ! description4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be done )\t any m tools ?an %[n4 ,y w (t5 ne$ a t9man's boxwood mallet ) "o r\nd$ end & "o flat "o1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 y c n[ turn = y\rself1 z x is an easy bit ( "w4 ,) ! r\nd$ end y c cup any r\nd piece ( t92 b x requires g5tle "w2 d x gradually by hamm]+ ! c5tre m ?an ! edges4 ,i w %[ y pres5tly h[ to d simil> "w by sp9n+ 9 ! la!1 :i* is a curi\s b tol]ably easy me?od ( mak+ holl[ articles ( _m k9ds f r\nd discs ( metal )\t any seam4 ,aft] y h hamm]$ ! jo9t ( ! upp] & middle p>ts toge!r1 y mu/ sold] !m all r\nd ) t9man's sold]4 ,= ?is purpose y require a sold]+-iron repres5t$ at ,w4 ,?is is a rod ( iron1 flatt5$ & split at ! end1 hold+ betwe5 ! =k$ "p a piece ( copp]1 :i* is secur$ to ! iron by rivets4 ,i %\ld n recomm5d a heavy "o1 n s heavy ne>ly z :at y may see at any blacksmi?'s or t9man's %op1 because y\r "w w be g5]ally light1 & su* irons are all top heavy to use4 ,! end1 :i* may be curv$ ov] z %[n1 w require to be t9n$1 = )\t ?is x w n "w at all well4 ,file ! end bright1 & heat x 9 ! fire ne>ly r$ hot4 ,get a common brick1 & ) an old knife or any?+ else1 make a holl[ place 9 x--a k9d ( long-cupp$ recess l a mussel %ell1 if y "k :at t is1 & put a little ros9 into x4 ,take y\r iron f ! fire1 & hold+ x d[n close to ! brick1 t\* x ) a /rip ( sold]1 :i* w melt & run into ! cavity4 ,n[ rub ! iron well 9 ! sold] & ros91 rub x pretty h>d ^u ! brick1 & pres5tly y w see x cov]$ ) bright sold]1 f :i* wipe :at rema9s 9 drops ) a piece ( t[4 ,! iron is n[ fit = imm$iate use2 b rememb]1 ! fir/ "t y heat x r$-hot1 y w burn (f ! t9n+1 & y mu/ file x bright aga91 & repeat ! process4 ,s :5 y want to sold]1 heat ! iron 9 a clean fire1 until1 :5 y hold x a foot f y\r nose1 y f9d x pretty w>m2 & avoid a r$ heat4 ,y w n[ f9d1 t :5 ! sold]+-iron is hot1 x w n only melt b pick up ! drop ( sold]2 & z y draw x sl[ly along a jo9t 7previ\sly spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ ros91 or wett$ ) *loride ( z9c1 or ) ,bak]'s sold]+ fluid71 ! sold] w gradually leave ! iron1 & atta* itself to ! "w 9 a ?9ly-spread1 ev5 coat4 ,! secret ( sold]+ is to h ! iron well-heat$1 & wip$ clean ) a bit ( t[1 & to apply x along ! jo9t s sl[ly & /eadily t ! t9 or o!r metal w become hot en\gh j to melt sold]4 ,try to sold]1 = in/ance1 a ?ick lump ( brass2 file x bright if at all t>ni%$--= ?is mu/ inv>iably be done ) all metals4 ,y w be unable to d x at fir/1 = ! mom5t ! sold] t\*es x1 x w be *ill$1 & re/ 9 lumps1 :i* y c knock (f directly :5 cold4 ,n[ place ! brass on ! fire = a few seconds until hot1 & try aga92 ! sold] w fl[ readily z ! iron passes along x1 = x is kept up to ! melt+-po9t until x has fairly adh]$4 ,?is is :y 9 heavy "w a l>ge iron is requir$2 x reta9s heat long]1 & imp>ts m ( x to ! metal to be sold]$4 ,b y w f9d x (t5 bett] to use a light sold]+-iron1 & to place ! brass-ca/+ ^u ! b> ( ! grate = a %ort "t4 ,y may1 inde$1 (t5 "w )\t any sold]+-iron z foll[s3-- ,heat ! pieces to be sold]$ 7suppose !m ca/+s & n ?9 %eets ( metal7 until !y w melt sold]4 ,take a /ick ( ! latt]1 & j dip x 9 "o ( ! sold]+ solutions nam$1 & rub x ^u ! "w previ\sly bright5$4 ,! sold] w adh]e to bo? su* pieces4 ,n[1 :ile /ill hot1 put !m toge!r & screw 9 a vice1 or keep !m p9*$ 9 any way = a few m9utes1 & y w f9d !m p]fectly secur$4 ,9 mak+ *ucks = ! la!1 & 9 =m+ _m p>ts ( y\r models1 y w f9d x advantage\s to "w 9 ?is way2 b1 not)/&+1 y w (t5 require a light sold]+-iron1 & sometimes also a bl[pipe1 :i* ,i %all likewise tea* y to use1 z also h[ to make a neat little fireplace or furnace to /& on y\r b5* by :i* to heat ! iron4 ,i mu/ n[ suppose t y h c>efully sold]$ ! dome to ! middle ( y\r boil]2 & z ! sold] w be und]nea?1 ! jo9t w be conceal$ ev5 if 7z is likely7 y %\ld n h made a v neat piece ( "w4 ,be=e y put on ! bottom ( ! boil]1 y w h to make two holes 9 ! top--"o = ! /eam-pipe ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! o!r = ! safety-valve also ?ree-eigh?s--because ?is w require a plug ( brass to be sold]$ 91 :i* plug w h a hole drill$ ?r\gh x ( a qu>t] ( an in* diamet]4 ,^! may be pun*$ ?r\gh f ! inside1 or drill$2 !y are easily made1 b %\ld be z r\nd & ev5 z possible4 ,take a piece ( ?ree-eigh?s-in* tub+1 ) a /op-cock sold]$ into ! middle ( x4 ,i %all suppose y h b\ght ?is4 ,x ne$ n be ov] an in* 9 l5g? altoge!r2 & y mu/ put x ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! top ( ! boil]1 & sold] x r\nd on ! inside ( ! same4 ,! ne>] y c get ! /op-cock to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] ! bett] ! eng9e w "w1 because ! /eam w h to rise ?r\gh :atev] wat] is left 9 ?is pipe f ! jet us$ to cool ! /eam4 ,y w see t x _c run (f by ! pipe ,c into ! pump well1 l t :i* collects 9 ! cyl9d] itself4 ,9 a real eng9e ! /eam-tap 0 a flat plate :i* slid to & fro sideways1 level ) ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]2 b ?is y w\ld n make easily at pres5t4 ,! plug = ! safety-valve y mu/ turn out ( a little lump ( brass4 ,x mu/ be ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long2 & y mu/ drill a qu>t]-in* hole ?r\gh x1 & c\nt]s9k "o end ( ! hole 7t is1 make x wid] & conical by turn+ a rosebit or l>g] drill r\nd 9 x a few times71 to make a nice seat1 z x is call$1 = ! valve itself1 :i* ne$ n be n[ att5d$ to4 ,rememb] y c buy at ,bateman's1 or any model-mak]'s 9 ,london1 beautiful safety-valves ready-made1 z well z any "p ( a model eng9e t y _c make y\rself2 & inde$ x is s f> a good plan at fir/ t x saves y f becom+ tir$ & disgu/$ ) y\r "w1 ow+ to repeat$ failures4 ,if y buy !m1 !re=e1 y mu/ d s be=e y make ! holes above allud$ to1 b 9 "s respects x w be m to y\r advantage to try & make all ! details = y\rself4 ,i _c call x mak+ an eng9e1 if1 l _m1 y buy all ! p>ts & h little left to d b screw !m1 or sold] !m1 toge!r4 ,don't d ?is1 or y w nev] become a modell]4 ,y\r boil] f c to a is1 9 height1 maybe #b in*es1 ! dome #a or !reab\t4 ,?is w slip inside ! "p t y see 9 ! draw+1 & :i* ,i "h sket* aga9 sep>ately4#c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,a is ! boil] lift$ out ( ,b1 ! out] case or /&1 :i* y c make out ( t91 & pa9t to imitate bricks4 ,x is almo/ a pity to wa/e %eet-brass ^u x1 because x is n v important1 its object be+ only to c>ry ! boil]4 ,x is l ,d be=e be+ fold$ r\nd & fa/5$ 7n ) sold]1 :i* w\ld soon melt1 b7 by a d\ble fold ( ! jo9t1 simil> to t :i* y made r\nd ! boil] itself1 b turn$ ov] once m & hamm]$ d[n4 ,! holes are pun*$ ) any r\nd or squ>e pun* ) a flat end1 & are int5d$ to give m air to ! lamp ,c1 :i* %\ld h ?ree wicks1 or two at ! lea/1 to keep up a good supply ( /eam4 ,i h %[n ! flat piece ( t9 ) ?ree legs only1 :i* is z well z if x 7 made ) f\r2 b y c please y\rself 9 ?is matt]4 ,! lamp ,i ne$ h>dly tell y h[ to make1 = x is easi] ?an ! boil]1 be+ m]ely a r\nd t9 box1 9 ! top ( :i* are sold]$ ?ree little bits ( brass tube = ! wicks1 & a f\r? = ! oil to be p\r$ 9--! latt] be+ /opp$ ) a cork4 ,y %\ld rememb] t no sold]$ "w1 l ! inside ( ! boil]1 mu/ come 9 contact ) ! heat ( ! lamp1 unless x has wat] ab\t x1 because if ! wat] %\ld at any "t entirely boil away1 ! boil] w leak & be spoil$4 ,a little c>e 9 ?is respect w insure ! pres]vation ( a model eng9e = a long "t2 b boys g5]ally de/roy !m quickly by c>eless treatm5t4 ,let u n[ turn our att5tion to ! cyl9d]4 ,cut (f a piece ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* brass tube1 #b in*es 9 l5g?--y c d ?is ) a ?ree-squ>e file--m\nt x 9 ! la! by mak+ a *uck l ,fig4 #ei1 ,e1 ( wood1 ! flange ( :i* is j able to g tightly into "o end ( ! tube4 ,! o!r end w probably c5tre ^u ! conical po9t ( ! back poppit1 ov] :i* x w g = only a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,if y\r back c5tre w n answ] on acc\nt ( its small size1 y mu/ make a simil> flange to g into ! o!r end2 b take c>e t :5 ! back c5tre is plac$ aga9/ x1 x runs truly4 ,if ! *uck is well made1 x w d s4 ,y c n[ ) any po9t$ tool turn (f ! ends ( ! tube q squ>ely to ! side2 b y %\ld only wa/e "o-qu>t] ( an in* altoge!r1 leav+ x #b in*es long4 ,:5 ?is is done1 take x out ( ! la!1 & 9 place ( x1 m\nt a disc ( brass r m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 or if y h none at h&1 take an old half-p5ny or p5ny piece1 :i* is ( copp]1 & lay x ^u ! flat face ( a wood5 *uck1 driv+ f\r nails r\nd its edge to hold x1 & ) a po9t-tool cut out neatly ! c5tre1 ( a size to fit inside y\r tube4 ,y w sc>cely1 h[ev]1 effect ?is p]fectly )\t fur!r turn+2 s take c>e to cut x too l>ge2 b be=e y cut x completely ?r\gh1 make ! hole = ! tube :i* y sold]$ into ! top ( ! boil]1 :i* is ?ree-eigh?s diamet]4 ,?is y c d beautifully 9 ! la! ) a po9t$ tool1 or ) a drill1 c5tr$ aga9/ ! po9t ( ! back poppit1 z ,i %[$ y be=e4 ,cut ! disc q out 7too l>ge1 m9d7 & !n turn a sp9dle l ,g1 m\nt ! disc ^u x z %[n1 by its c5tral hole1 & turn ! edge ) a grav] or flat tool1 su* z is us$ = brass1 until x w exactly fit ! brass tube4 ,y c cut out r\nd discs ( "o-eigh? or "o-f\r? %eet-brass by m\nt+ any squ>e piece on a wood5 face *uck1 keep+ x d[n by f\r nails or screws1 & !n ) a po9t-tool cutt+ a circle 9 x until ! disc falls out4 ,y w (t5 save "t by s do+4 ,y n[ h a disc ( brass or copp] ) a hole ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide 9 x2 & z ! disc is ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet] 7i4e41 six-eigh?s71 y w h ?ree-eigh?s rema9+1 or ?ree-sixte5?s1 ea* way on ! diamet] betwe5 ! edge ( ! hole & t ( ! disc4 ,?is w j give room = ! two small holes requir$1 "o on ea* side ( ! c5tral "o1 = ! pipes f ! cold-wat] ci/]n & to ! well bel[ ! pump4 ,^! mu/ bo? be ( brass2 & ! fir/ %\ld be turn$ up & end 9 a jet1 l a bl[pipe1 s z to make ! wat] rise 9 a spray "u ! pi/on2 ! o!r %\ld be z long z c be conv5i5tly arrang$4 ,! bottom ( ! cold-wat] ci/]n is drawn a little above ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is #b in*es high4 ,a jet w\ld !oretically rise 9 ! cyl9d] to ne>ly ! height ( ! level ( wat] 9 ! ci/]n2 b ) a small pipe1 & o!r drawbacks insep>able f a model1 y mu/ n reckon on m ?an ab\t half t height1 :i* %\ld be suffici5t to cond5se ! /eam4 ,! pi/on _h bett] be nicely fitt$1 b n pack$4 ,y cut a disc ( brass z be=e1 drill ! hole = ! pi/on1 make a sp9dle1 or put 9 ! pi/on-rod1 & c5tre ?is z a sp9dle1 :i* is ! be/ plan1 & !n ) a flat brass tool turn ! pi/on accurately to fit ! tube4 ,or1 if y ?9k x easi]1 or wi% to fa/5 ! pi/on ) a nut1 z drawn1 y c1 if y l1 turn x on a sep>ate sp9dle2 & ?irdly1 y may tap ! hole 9 ! pi/on1 & screw ! end ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,! great ?+ to att5d to is1 to turn ! edge ( ! pi/on squ>e to ! sides4 ,= ! pi/on-rod1 a /eel knitt+ ne$le or piece ( /raight iron wire w d v well2 b x w h to be flatt5$ at ! upp] end1 or screw$ into a little piece ( brass1 :i* mu/ be sawn across to make a =k by :i* ! *a9 c be atta*$ :i* goes ov] ! beam4 ,d n sold] ! ci/]n pipes 9 j yet1 b g on to o!r p>ts4 ,! ci/]n itself c be made out ( any t9 box4 ,a seidlitz-p[d] box w answ] well1 or y c make "o ab\t t size1 say #d in*es long1 #b wide1 & #b deep4 ,! ci/]n = ! pump w1 ( c\rse1 require to be ! same size or a little l>g]2 x may /& on legs or be fa/5$ to ! b$-plate direct4 ,?is b$-plate is %[n bel[ ! picture ( ! eng9e4 ,x is m]ely an oblong plate ( iron "o-sixte5? in* ?ick1 or 9 ?is p>ticul> eng9e may be ( t9 neatly fa/5$ to a half-in* mahogany bo>d1 :i* w keep all firm4 ,! :ite places %[ ! position ( ! boil] & ( ! pump ci/]n1 ! inn] r\nds indicat+ ! lamp1 & pump1 & cyl9d]4 ,! squ>e is m]ely made to %[ a boil] ( t %ape1 :i* "s pref]2--x is n s good z a cyl9drical "o4 ,:5ev] y h to make an eng9e1 y %\ld draw ^u ! b$-plate ! position ( ea* "p1 z ,i h done "h1 because x w s]ve y z a guide = measurem5t ( ! sev]al pieces4 ,! f\r small circles at ,s ,s %[ ! positions ( ! legs ( ! support ,c1 :i* c>ries ! beam4 ,9 ! draw+ only two are giv51 b !re w\ld be a simil> triangul> frame ^u ?is side4 ,?is may be made v well ( /\t brass wire1 b 9 a b\ght eng9e x w\ld be a ca/+ ( brass1 pa9t$ or fil$ bright4 ,! beam itself %\ld be ( mahogany1 #f in*es long1 half an in* wide 7on ! side71 & a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,! curv$ pieces y w turn z a r+ #c in*es diamet] ) a squ>e groove cut 9 ! edge = ! *a94 ,y c !n saw into f\r1 & use two ( ^!1 mortic+ ! /rip ( mahogany neatly into !m4 ,!n f9i% ) f\r brass wires1 z %[n1 :i* w keep ! curv$ ends /iff & give a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! p9 9 ! c5tre %\ld be also ( brass1 z a few bright b>s & /uds ( ?is metal ^u ! mahogany give a h&some look to ! eng9e4 ,! pump w be ( brass tube1 made l ! cyl9d]1 b ! bucket may be ( boxwood1 & s may ! l[] valve1 ea* be+ m]ely a disc ) a hole 9 x1 & a lea!r flap to rise upw>ds4 ,! bucket1 h[ev]1 %\ld h a groove turn$ 9 its edge1 to receive a r+ ( india-rubb]1 or a light pack+ ( t[4 ,! end ( ! pump-rod mu/ be split to make a =k l ,y1 to all[ ! valve to rise4 ,y c get j su* a =k ready to h& out ( an umbrella1 if y c f9d an old "o2 if n1 & y _c split ! wire1 make ! rod r /\t]1 & b5d x1 z %[n1 s z to =m only "o side ( a =k1 :i* w probably answ] ! same purpose 9 s light a pump4 ,! valve 9 bo? ( ^! may be made ( a flap ( lea!r--bookb9d]'s calf1 or some?+ n too ?ick--& x may be fa/5$ at "o edge by any cem5t t w n be affect$ by wat]1 or by a small p91--cut (f ! head ( a p9 ) half an in* ( its %ank1 & po9t x up to =m a small tack4 ,if ! valve-box is ( boxwood1 y mu/ drill a hole2--y may make x1 if pref]r$1 ( s(t] wood4 ,!re is no support %[n 9 ! draw+ = ! cold-wat] ci/]n2 b y mu/ /& x on f\r /\t wires1 or on a wood5 7mahogany7 frame1 :i* c be atta*$ to ! b$-plate4 ,z ?is la/ is always ( "s importance1 ,i %all add x aga9 9 ?is place 7,fig4 #fj71 to a scale ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* to ! foot1 %[+ ! position ( ea* "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,always beg9 ) a c5tre l9e & take ea* measure f x1 & draw ano!r across = ! same purpose1 at "r angles to ! fir/4 ,y w quickly see ! use ( ?is4 ,we draw two l9es z describ$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 cross+ 9 o4 ,! longe/ is ! c5tre l9e ( beam1 cyl9d]1 & pump4 ,! beam is to be #f in*es long to ! outside ( ! middle ( ea* arc1 :5ce ! *a9 is to hang4 ,we1 !re=e1 f ! c5tre po9t1 set (f #c in*es ea* way4 ,at ! exact #c in*es w be ! c5tres ( ! cyl9d] & pump2--set ^! (f1 !re=e1 on ! plan4 ,! end ( ! tank we mu/ h ne> ! cyl9d]1 because we h to br+ a pipe f x into ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,set (f1 !re=e1 ! end ( ! tank #b in*es--i4e41 #a on ea* side ( ! c5tral l9e1 & draw x #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,n %[s ! position ( ! pipe close to ! end & on ! l9e4 ,! c5tre ( ! boil] is ! same z t ( ! cyl9d]1 s we draw a circle r\nd x ) a radius ( #a in*es1 :i* gives u ! #c-;in* circle ( ! boil]4 ,!n we may set (f equal di/ances1 ,n1 ,n1 = ! extremities ( ! legs ( ! frame :i* is to support ! beam1 & we complete our plan4 ,m is ! wa/e pipe1 & ,k is ! op5+ = ! wat] to fl[ into ! tank4 ,we n[ f9d1 !re=e1 t ! b$-plate mu/ be #ac in*es long & #f in*es wide to take ! eng9e ( ! propos$ size1 & we may1 ( c\rse1 ext5d ?is a little1 if ?\ght desirable4 ,m>k (f on ! b$ all ! l9es ( ! plan z "h giv51 & always />t any measurem5t f "o ( ! two f\ndation l9es1 or else1 if y make "o false measure1 y w c>ry x on1 probably increas+ ! am\nt ( error at e fre% measurem5t4 ,let ?is be ) y a rule )\t exception4 ,x is pla9 t if y "w all p>ts ( y\r eng9e to size1 y c set x up on ! m>k$ b$-plate ) p]fect accuracy4 ,! description ,i h giv5 w n only enable y to make a ,newcom5 eng9e ) v little difficulty1 b w give y an insight g5]ally into ?is k9d ( "w2 & y w le>n1 too1 a practical lesson 9 sold]+1 turn+1 & fitt+4 ,i mu/1 nev]!less1 help y a little 9 putt+ y\r "w toge!r4 ,y _h bett] beg9 by sold]+ into ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] ! end ( ! /eam-pipe1 :i* y h already fix$ upright 9 ! middle ( ! dome ( ! boil]1 tak+ c>e t x /&s squ>ely across ! pipe1 or y\r cyl9d] w n be upright4 ,!n place ! boil] 9 position1 & y may fix x by turn+ out slightly ! ends ( ! legs1 & putt+ a tack ?r\gh1 or screw+1 if ! b$-plate is ( iron1--or ) help ( ,bak]'s fluid y c sold]2 b ?is is h>dly safe "w1 & y _h bett] h a wood5 plate1 cov]$ ) t91 & tack d[n ! legs4 ,i h drawn y a circul> lamp1 & giv5 ?ree & f\r legs to ! boil]-/&2 b take c>e t y s arrange size ( lamp & op5+s ( ! /& z to enable y to )draw ! =m] = trimm+ & fill+4 ,n[ fit 9 ! two small pipes1 previ\sly b5t z requir$4 ,to b5d !m1 if h>d sold]$ or braz$1 fill ) melt$ lead1 & !n b5d2 aft] :i* melt out ! lead aga94 ,if s(t sold]$1 y mu/ fill ) a m fusible metal4 ,!re is a composition call$ 8fusible metal10 v conv5i5t = ?is "w1 & well wor? mak+1 because y w (t5 ne$ to b5d small pipes into v>i\s =ms4 ,melt z9c1 #a oz42 bismu? & lead1 ( ea* ! same quantity--?is w melt 9 hot wat]2 #h p>ts bismu?1 #e lead1 & #c t91 w melt 9 boil+ wat]4 ,y c buy ^! at any op]ative *emi/'s1 ei!r mix$1 ready = use1 or sep>ately4 ,ros9 & s& are also us$ = b5d+ t9 pipes1 ! sole object be+ s to fill !m t !y w become l a solid /rip ( metal1 & ?us b5d sl[ly & equally1 ) r\nd$ & n %>p angles4 ,pass ! two pipes ?r\gh f b5ea? ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & sold] !m on ! upp] side ( x1 s t :5 ! cyl9d] itself is add$ ^! two jo9ts w n be visible4 ,!n set up ! cold-wat] ci/]n2 block x up ) any?+ y l s z to keep x 9 position1 &1 ins]t+ ! pipe f bel[1 sold] ?is also f above1 i4e41 on ! inside ( ! ci/]n4 ,n[1 arrange ! frame t is to support x1 ei!r /\t wire or wood1 & set x up s z f9ally to secure x 9 its place4 ,n[1 y _h bett] set up ! pump ci/]n1 s z to secure ! o!r small pipe 9 position1 & prev5t x f becom+ displac$ by any accid5tal bl[4 ,fix ?is ci/]n !re=e also1 b leave ! cov] (f = ! pres5t1 t y may be able to sold] ! small pipe inside x4 ,y w n[1 at all ev5ts1 h secur$ ! position ( ! mo/ important p>ts1 & y may drop ! cyl9d] into place1 & sold] ?is also r\nd ! bottom4 ,?is w\ld be facilitat$ by turn+ a slight rebate1 ,fig4 #fj1 ,s1 r\nd ! disc :i* =ms ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 s t ! small] "p ( x w j fit inside x2 b y w be able to manage x )\t4 ,let ! cyl9d] project a v little beyond ! bottom1 j to all[ a k9d ( corn] = ! sold] to run 92 x w n %[ :5 all is fix$4 ,d ?is z quickly z y c1 s z n to melt (f ! sold] r\nd ! small pipes4 ,n[1 make ! pair ( ,a-%ap$ supports = ! beam4 ,measure ! height ( y\r cyl9d] top1 above ! b$-plate1 & all[ ab\t ano!r in*1 & y w get ! p]p5dicul> height to ! axis ( ! beam4 ,all[ #c in*es m = ea* side1 t is1 9 all = ea* side1 #c in*es long] ?an if x 0 to be p]p5dicul> in/ead ( spread+4 ,take en\gh brass wire1 ab\t z ?ick z a small quill1 to make two su* legs4 ,b5d x 9 ! middle1 l ,t1 ,fig4 #fj1 & flatt5 ! b5t "p by hamm]+1 s z to all[ y to drill a hole to take ! pivot on :i* ! beam is to oscillate4 ,if y l to flatt5 all ( x1 & !n t\* x up ) a file1 s z to get q /raight edges1 x w look mu* m h&some4 ,make two su* pieces exactly alike1 &1 at di/ances alike 9 ea*1 put cross-b>s4 ,file a little way into ea*1 mak+ squ>e1 flat not*es1 :i* w j take two flatt5$ b>s ( ! same wire2 heat !m1 & sold] v neatly1 s t no sold] appe>s on ! outside2 file all flat & true4 ,9 ?is way y c make almo/ z neat supports z if !y 7 ( ca/ brass1 & y are sav$ all ! tr\ble ( mak+ patt]ns4 ,by & by1 nev]!less1 y mu/ d bett]4 ,z ,i h direct$ y 9 ?is in/ance to put a wood5 b$-plate to y\r eng9e1 y may po9t ! ends ( ! wires1 &1 mak+ holes slop+ at ! same angle 9 ! wood5 /&1 drive ! wires into !m4 ,y h an advantage "h1 inasmu* z y c raise or l[] y\r /& until ! position ( ! beam comes exactly "r1 & y f9d ! ends drop ov] ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] & pump-b>rel z x ought to d4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 y c cut (f any wire t projects bel[ ! /& & file x level1 = x w n be likely to ne$ m secure fix+4 ,! pump may n[ be sold]$ into ! cov] ( ! ci/]n 7be=e ! cov] itself is fa/5$ on71 & a hole mu/ be !n cut to receive ! wat] t w fl[ f ! sp\t1 & !n ! cov] c be fitt$ on4 ,!re is no ne$ to sold] x1 if x is made to fit ov]-tightly2 & y may wi%1 p]haps1 to get at ! l[] valve ( ! pump n[ & !n4 ,! only ?+ left to d is to arrange ! safety-valve ( ! boil]1 :i* is 9 _m cases ! place ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is p\r$ to *>ge x4 ,9 ?is eng9e x is1 h[ev]1 pla9 t y c fill ! boil] by turn+ bo? ! taps at ! same "t4 ,a little w run (f by ! wa/e-pipe1 b n en\gh to signify1 because ! tube bel[ ! cyl9d] is s mu* ! l>g] ( ! two4 ,! safety-valve is a little bit ( brass turn$ conical to fit ! 8seat10 made by c\nt]-s9k+ ! hole4 ,x is %[n at ,k1 ,fig4 #ei1 ,n be+ ! seat1 ,o ,p ! dome ( ! boil]1 & close to ,o is ! gauge-tap = asc]ta9+ ! height ( wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,l ,m is a lev] ( flatt5$ wire1 pivot$ to turn on a p9 at ,l1--,l ,o be+ an upright wire sold]$ to ! boil]4 ,a not* is fil$ across ! top ( ! valve1 on :i* ! lev]1 ,l ,m1 re/s4 ,! weight is at ,m4 ,"o1 z l>ge z a big pea1 hung at ! end ( a lev] #b in*es long1 ! valve at half an in* f ! o!r end1 w probably suffice = ?is eng9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,watt',s ,,eng9e4 ,i h already told y t ,watt sugge/$ ! use ( /eam alt]nately on ea* side ( ! pi/on2 & c>ri$ x out by clos+ ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & all[+ ! rod ( ! pi/on to pass ?r\gh a /uff+-box or gl&4 ,i n[ h to expla9 to y h[ ?is alt]nate admission ( ! /eam may be effect$4 ,y evid5tly require fir/ an op5+ at ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 communicat+ ) ! boil]1 "o only be+ op5 at a "t2 b 9 ?is case1 :]e is ! /eam to escape t 0 on "o side ( ! pi/on :5 ! opposite side 0 be+ act$ ^u8 ,x mu/ g some:]e1 b evid5tly mu/ n return to ! boil]4 ,h5ce1 "s me?od has to be contriv$ by :i*1 :5 "o end ( ! cyl9d] is op5 to ! boil]1 ! o!r may be op5 to ! air or to ! cond5s] 79 :i* ! /eam is cool$ "u ,watt's plan74 ,fig4 #fa w1 ,i ?9k1 r5d] cle> "o or two ( ^! arrangem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! fir/ is ! f\r-way cock1 a v simple contrivance1 easily & frequ5tly us$ 9 models4 ,y mu/ fir/ und]/& h[ a common wat] or be] tap is made4 ,fig4 #fa1 ,a1 repres5ts "o 9 section1 turn$ s z to op5 ! passage along ! pipe to :i* x is atta*$2 ,c is ! pipe 9 :i* is ! tap1 a conical tube ( brass set upright1 & ) a hole "r & left made ?r\gh x1 fix$ into a %ort horizontal tube 7g5]ally ca/ ) x 9 "o piece74 ,into ?is fits v exactly ! conical plug ,b1 also ) a hole ?r\gh x sideways4 ,:5 ?is is put into place1 no wat] or o!r liquid c pass1 unless ! hole 9 ! plug is 9 ! same direction ) ! holl[ tube =m+ an op5 passage4 ,if a key is put on ! squ>e "p ( ! plug1 & x is turn$ half r\nd1 ! passage ?r\gh ! pipe w be clos$4 ,a /eam tap w\ld be made 9 a simil> mann]1 if its only (fice 7 to op5 & close a passage 9 a tube4 ,b we n[ want two passages clos$ & two op5$1 & !n ! alt]nate pair clos$ & op5$4 ,?is is clev]ly effect$ by a f\r-way cock4 ,at ,d is %[n a section ( ! /eam cyl9d] & pi/on1 ) ! /uff+-box & all complete4 ,a pipe ent]s ?is at ! top & bottom1 & ano!r crosses x 9 ! middle1 mak+ f\r passages4 ,%ad$ black is ! f\r-way cock1 ! :ite places %[+ ! op5 *annels ?r\gh ! plug4 ,:5 ?is plug /&s z at ,d1 /eam c pass f ! boil] to ! top ( ! cyl9d] only1 above ! pi/on1 :i* x drives d[nw>d2 ! /eam bel[ ! pi/on escapes ?r\gh ! o!r op5-curv$ *annel into ! air1 or to ! cond5s]4 ,j z ! pi/on rea*es ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 ! tap is turn$1 & ! passage /&s z se5 at ,e4 ,/eam n[ passes to ! bottom bel[ ! pi/on1 driv+ x upw>d1 & ! /eam above x1 :i* has done its "w1 passes outw>d ?r\gh ! o!r op5 *annel ( ! tap4 ,y mu/ und]/& t :5 ,newcom5 fir/ set up 8 eng9e1 a man _h to turn ! taps at ! prop] mom5t2 & x is said t "o ,humphrey ,pott]1 a boy1 be+ left 9 *>ge1 & gett+ tir$ ( ?is "w1 fir/ devis$ means to make ! eng9e itself d ?is1 by connect+ /r+s ti$ to ! h&les ( ! taps to ! beam t mov$ up & d[n above 8 head4 ,beighton & o!rs improv$ on ?is1 & v soon x became unnecess>y = ! att5dant to d any?+ b keep up a good fire1 & att5d to ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,9 ! model ,i gave y ( ,newcom5's eng9e1 ,i purposely left ! taps to be mov$ by h&2 b ,f ( ! pres5t figure %[s h[1 by br++ !m ne> toge!r1 & add+ cogg$ :eels or pulleys1 y w\ld make "o h&le answ] = bo?2 & ,i %all leave y to devise an easy me?od ( mak+ ! eng9e "w ?is "o h&le = itself4 ,:5 ,watt made 8 fir/ eng9e1 !re=e1 ?is "w _h be5 already done1 & he only _h to improve ^u x1 & to make x "w m accurately to suit ! eng9e design$ by himself4 ,if y %\ld *ance to pay a visit to ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 y may see1 ,i believe1 ,watt's orig9al eng9e1 if n ,newcom5's4 ,! cyl9d]s are s l>ge & cumbr\s1 t ! wond] is !y 7 ev] bor$ by ! ineffici5t means !n 9 use2 & ! beam is a mo/ unwieldy mass ( timb] & iron1 t looks z if no p[] ( /eam c\ld ev] h made x oscillate4 ,yet x 0 9 its day a successful eng9e1 ! wond] ( ! age2 & did good "w = its inv5tor & pur*as]4 ,i /rongly advise my read]s to try & visit ,k5s+ton1 = !re are _m int]e/+ models !re1 besides eng9es & appliances ( old] days4 ,!y w ?us le>n :at rapid progress has be5 made s9ce ! days ( ,sav]y1 ,newcom51 & ,watt2 n only 9 ! improvem5t ( ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 b 9 ! workman%ip1 :i* la/ is ma9ly due to ! inv5tion ( ! slide-re/ & plan+-ma*9e4 ,we mu/ n[ return to ! d\ble-act+ or real /eam eng9e1 & consid] a second means :]eby ! /eam c be alt]nately admitt$ & exhau/$4 ,! f\r-way cock1 already expla9$1 0 f\nd to we> v consid]ably 9 practice1 & h5ce "w loose1 & a new contrivance1 call$ ! slide-valve1 soon took its place4 ,( ?is !re are two patt]ns1 ! long ,d-valve & ! %ort "o1 :i* latt] is us$ = locomotives4 ,!re is also a =m call$ a tappet-valve1 (t5 us$ = l>ge /ation>y eng9es1 b :i* is noisy & subject to rapid we>4 ,i %all describe ! long ,d fir/1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x w\ld be mo/ easily made = a model eng9e4 ,! two ports by :i* /eam passes to ! cyl9d] are %[n at d1 e1 ( ,h1 ,fig4 #fa4 ,c is ! passage to ! boil]1 ,k is t to ! cond5s]4 ,^! are op5+s 9 a tube smoo?ly bor$ )91 & hav+ at ! top a /uff+-box l t on ! cyl9d]4 ,)9 ?is tube works an inn] "o1 b1 hav+ r+s or projections at ! ends fitt+ p]fectly1 & :i* are pack$ ) india-rubb]1 hemp 7or1 9 mod]n days1 ) metal71 to make a close fit4 ,9 a model1 two bosses ( brass1 ,k1 sold]$ on ! tube & !n turn$1 make ! be/ pack+4 ,^! pack$ portions ( ! inn] tube =m ! /opp]s to ! /eam ports1 e e1 alt]nately1 at ! top & bottom4 ,! upp] "p ( ! inn] tube has a cross arm1 #c1 affix$1 f ! c5tre ( :i* rises ! valve-rod by :i* x is mov$ up & d[n4 ,9 ! position #a1 ! /eam c pass f c r\nd ! tube to d1 & !nce to ! top ( ! cyl9d] to :i* d is atta*$4 ,! exhau/ /eam passes f e bel[ ! pi/on by k to ! cond5s]4 ,9 ! second position1 #b1 ! /eam is evid5tly %ut (f f d1 b c pass out at e e bel[ ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! communication is /ill op5 to ! cond5s] f d1 ?r\gh ! middle ( ! tube to ,k4 ,?is is a v good =m ( valve1 because ! exhau/ is always op51 & ! motion is smoo? & equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,!re are _m modifications ( ! long ,d-valve1 b ! pr9ciple ( all is ! same2 ,i %all !re=e describe ! %ort slide-valve :i* is ne>ly always us$ 9 ! models :i* are pur*as$ at ! %ops4 ,?is1 too1 is ! usual =m ( valve 9 locomotives1 traction-eng9es1 & ! majority ( ^? 9 use = agricultural & simil> purposes4 ,a1 ,fig4 #fb1 is ! cyl9d] z be=e 9 section ) pi/on4 ,a ?ick piece is ca/ ) ! cyl9d]1 on "o side ( x1 hav+ /eam ports also ca/ 9 x1 :i* are "h left :ite4 ,! two z be=e g to ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & h no communication ) ! c5tral "o1 :i* is bor$ /raight into ! boss1 & g5]ally is turn$ at "r angles & connect$ ) ! cond5s]1 or ) a pipe op5+ into ! *imney ( ! eng9e to increase ! draught by means ( ! jets ( /eam1 z is ! case always 9 locomotives1 or into ! air1 :i* is less usual4 ,se5 f beh9d1 ^! ports are l ,b1 be+ ca/ & cut rectangul>2 & ! face1 ,b1 is plan$ q level1 :i* is absolutely necess>y to ! prop] action ( ! slide-valve :i* has to "w ^u x4 ,?is valve is a box ( iron1 ,c1 ) a wide flange or rim1 ?is flange be+ ( suffici5t wid? to close ei!r port4 ,if ?is valve is plac$ z x /&s :5 ! eng9e is at re/1 b cov]s ! upp] /eam port1 & a ! l[]2 :ile ! exhau/ or middle port is op5 to ! holl[ "p ( ! box4 ,n[1 if we slide ! valve d[nw>ds until ! upp] port is op51 ! o!r two w be 9 communication1 be+ unit$ by be+ bo? toge!r 9 ! inside ( ?is box or valve4 ,suppose ! valve !n cas$ 91 & t /eam is admitt$ f ! boil] into ! case1 x is evid5t t su* /eam c\ld freely pass to ! top ( ! cyl9d] above ! pi/on to =ce x d[nw>ds1 :ile t :i* 0 bel[ w\ld escape by ! l[] port into ! box1 & !nce pass to ! cond5s]4 ,if1 in/ead ( pu%+ d[n ! valve1 we _h drawn x upw>ds1 ! l[] port w\ld h be5 op5$1 & ! upp] & middle w\ld h be5 br\ght into communication inside ! valve1 & ! contr>y effect w\ld h be5 produc$ ^u ! pi/on4 ,?is is ! arrangem5t adopt$1 & :i* w be cle>ly und]/ood f ! foll[+ sectional draw+1 ,d4 a1 a1 is ! ?ick ca/+ ^u ! cyl9d]1 ) ! upp] & l[] /eam ports1 :i* end t[>ds ! middle ( ! cyl9d]1 ) ! ?ird port ly+ betwe52 !n b is a section ( ! valve1 9 su* a position t ! flange ( x no long] cov]s ! l[] /eam port1 :ile ! o!r two are op5 toge!r on ! inside ( ! valve4 ,! latt] is cas$ 9 by ! valve-box1 e e1 9 ! back ( :i* is ! /eam pipe f com+ f ! boil]4 ,! valve-rod1 :i* is mov$ by ! eng9e1 passes at o ?r\gh a /uff+-box4 ,x is evid5tly necess>y t ?is slide-valve %\ld fit1 & "w v smoo?ly & correctly aga9/ ! face ( ! ports1 s z n to all[ any escape ( ! /eam4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 pack$ 9 any way at ! back 7al?\gh spr+s h be5 sometimes add$71 because1 z ! back is subject$ to ! full pressure ( ! /eam f ! boil]1 ?is keeps x q close to its seat4 ,! rod1 h[ev]1 by :i* x is work$1 might prev5t ?is close contact ( ! two surfaces if x 0 screw$ into ! valve2 x is !re=e made ) a cross1 ,e1 at ! end1 :i* falls into a not* 9 a boss ca/ ^u ! back ( ! valve z se5 at ,f4 ,?is all[s a c]ta9 degree ( play 9 "o direction1 & p]mits ! /eam to press x close ev5 aft] x has become worn by use4 ,y w1 ,i ?9k1 n[ cle>ly und]/& h[ /eam c be admitt$ alt]nately to ! top & bottom ( a cyl9d]1 & h[ ! exhau/$ /eam t has done its "w escapes4 ,i mu/ !re=e n[ tell y h[ ! rod ( ! slide-valve is mov$ up & d[n by ! eng9e1 b to d ?is1 ,i mu/ draw su* eng9e complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! cyl9d]1 ,a1 is screw$ d[n on its side ^u ! b$-plate1 ,r ,r1 out ( :i* are cut two holes1 "o = ! fly-:eel1 ,p1 ( :i* "p only appe>s = want ( space1 ! o!r = ! crank1 ,l1 on ! end ( ! axle1 ,m ,m1 runn+ ?r\gh be>+s1 ,n ,n4 ,! slide-valve-box is at ,b1 ,c be+ ! /eam-pipe f ! boil]4 ,! pi/on-rod has necess>ily to move only 9 a /raight l9e 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 b ! crank :i* x has to "w to turn ! fly-:eel mu/ ne$s move r\nd 9 a circle4 ,h5ce1 a pok]-&-tongs jo9t1 ,f ,o ,f1 is arrang$4 ,! connect+-rod1 ,h1 :i* is atta*$ to ! crank by brasses at ,k1 divides or is atta*$ to a =k$ piece1 at ! l[] end ( :i* are a pair ( be>+s or brasses1 ,f ,f4 ,! pi/on-rod c>ries ! piece ,o1 ! cross-b> ( :i* is turn$1 be+1 9 fact1 ! p9 :i* passes into ^! be>+s at ,f ,f4 ,?is =ms1 !re=e1 a h+e-jo9t at ?is place1 s t al?\gh ! pi/on-rod _c leave ! "r l9e1 & c only slide 9 ! guide1 ,e1 ! rod1 ,h1 has an up-&-d[n motion ^u ?is h+e1 all[+ ! revolution ( ! crank-p9 to take place4 ,d is ! valve-rod1 9 :i* is a h+e at ,s1 :i* suffices = ! slight movem5t requir$ 9 ! rod1 z x rises & falls by ! action ( ! ecc5tric1 ,t1 ! motion & effect ( :i* ,i n[ h to expla94 ,v is a r\nd disc ( metal ) a recess on its edge1 s t x is l an ord9>y pulley1 b l>ge 9 proportion to its ?ickness4 ,a hole = ! ma9 crank axle1 to :i* x has to be firmly key$1 is made ?r\gh x1 b n 9 its c5tre 7h5ce its "n1 ecc5tric--out ( ! c5tre74 ,z ! axle revolves1 x is evid5t t ?is disc revolv+ ) x w c>ry any po9t1 ,y1 ( its surface r\nd 9 a circle2 ! c5tre ( :i* is on ! c5tral l9e or axis ( ! crank-%aft4 ,i h drawn su* circle z describ$ by ! po9t ,y1 f>!/ f ! axis2 b any & all po9ts describe l>g] or less] circles r\nd ! same c5tre4 ,! po9t ,y may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z ! c5tre ( a crank-p92 & ! ecc5tric might1 s f> z its effects are conc]n$1 be replac$ by a crank4 ,n[1 if y turn ! fly-:eel ( y\r la! by h&1 ! crank w revolve1 b ! treadle w rise & fall only 9 a /raight l9e2 & y w pres5tly see h[ ! ecc5tric1 9 its revolution1 gives j su* a to-&-fro motion to ! rod ,d1 & consequ5tly also to ! slide-valve1 :i* x has to move4 ,r\nd ! disc ,v1 closely encircl+ x1 is a flat r+1 %[n sep>ately at ,x1 ) a rod1 ,w1 atta*$ to & "p ( x4 ,?is r+ is g5]ally made 9 sep>ate halves1 unit$ by bolts pass+ ?r\gh project+ lugs or e>s4 ,! r+ also fits into ! groove turn$ on ! edge ( ! disc ,v1 s t x _c slip (f sideways4 ,?is out] r+ is turn$ q smoo? & true on ! inside1 s t ! ecc5tric disc c revolve )9 x4 ,9 do+ s1 x is pla9 t ! :ole r+ w rise & fall1 & t ! rod ,w w move up & d[n1 or to & fro1 l ! treadle ( ! la!1 !reby giv+ motion to ! valve-rod1 :i* is a cont9uation ( ! rod ,w4 ,z ! upp] end1 h[ev]1 ( ?is rod has an oscillat+1 or up-&-d[n motion1 ?is is imp>t$1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to its o!r end1 at ! f>!/ di/ance f ! ecc5tric2 & h5ce ! necessity = a h+$ jo9t at ,s1 to prev5t ! valve-rod f p>tak+ ( ?is movem5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v slight1 s t ! rod ( ! valve is n (t5 made to pass ?r\gh guides l ! pi/on4 ,! :ole movem5t ( ! valve-rod is v limit$1 its trav]se only be+ requir$ to be suffici5t to %ift ! valve ! wid? ( "o ( its ports at ea* /roke4 ,! l5g? ( /roke or trav]se :i* c be obta9$ by ! ecc5tric is always equal to twice ! di/ance betwe5 its real c5tre1 & t on :i* x turns1 :i* w always be a guide to y 9 mak+ an eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! draw+ "h describ$ is a plan1 i4e41 a draw+ view$ directly f above2 !re=e ,i _c %[ y ! p]spective view ( ! p>ts1 :i* are1 inde$1 9 _m cases only sugge/$ by ! %ad+4 ,i h1 !re=e1 add$ a second draw+ ( ! sev]al details4 ,?is eng9e is1 9 con/ruction1 ! simple/ t c be devis$ ) a slide-valve1 !re be+ no additions beyond :at are absolutely necess>y to make x "w2 ! exhau/-port is bel[1 opposite to ! lett] ,b on ! valve-box4 ,a1 ,fig4 #fd1 is ! =k$ connect+-rod1 m>k$ ,h 9 ! previ\s draw+4 ,?is is ca/ ) =k$ ends1 x1 & x ,y 7! latt] be+ ,f ,f ( ,fig4 #fc74 ,^! ends receive brasses 9 ! foll[+ way1 ! end x be+ repres5t$ on a l>g] scale at ,b1 ) su* brasses 9 place2 ( ^! !re are two %ap$ l ,d4 ,"o ( ^! lies 9 ! =k ( ! connect+-rod end4 ,a second simil> "o lies 9 ! /rap ( iron ,c1 :i* rea*es beyond ! fir/4 ,a cott] or key1 :i* is1 9 fact1 a w$ge ( iron1 is !n pass$ ?r\gh a slot 9 ! /rap1 & a simil> "o 9 ! rod2 & be+ driv5 home1 draws ! two brasses tightly toge!r1 caus+ !m to embrace ! crank-p91 ,l1 ,fig4 #fc1 or any simil> be>+4 ,all %afts t revolve 9 be>+s are made to pass ?r\gh brasses1 & :5ev] ^! occur at ! end ( a rod1 !y are fitt$ z "h describ$4 ,e is ano!r be>+ ( ca/-iron1 also fitt$ ) brasses2 b 9 a case l ?is1 a plate lies on ! upp] "o1 & is screw$ d[n by bolts & nuts z requir$4 ,?is be>+ w\ld d v well at ,e1 ,fig4 #fc1 z a guide = ! pi/on-rod2 b 9 models su* guide is commonly made )\t brasses1 l ,f or ,g ( ! pres5t draw+4 ,at ,h1 ,i h %[n ! "p ,f ,o ,f ( ! draw+ #fc4 ,! middle is ( brass or iron2 if ( ! =m]1 g g mu/ be sep>ate1 z ^! gudgeons w\ld n be sub/antial en\gh1 unless ( iron or /eel4 ,x is ess5tial t ,k ,l1 ! pi/on-rod1 %\ld be 9 "o "r l9e2 b1 if ?is is att5d$ to1 !y ne$ n necess>ily be "o piece2 & frequ5tly ! pi/on-rod1 ,l1 is fix$ into "o end ( ! c5tral ca/+1 & ano!r rod1 ,k1 is screw$ into ! o!r4 ,9 a model1 ! pi/on-rod %\ld pass q ?r\gh1 & g g %\ld be two sep>ate gudgeons screw$ 91 & !n turn$ toge!r 9 ! la!1 to insure _! be+ exactly 9 "o l9e4 ,^! g into ! brasses 9 ! =k$ ends ( ! connect+-rod1 to =m a h+e at t "p1 z w be und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ,fig4 #fc4 ,at ,m1 ,i h %[n ano!r simple ecc5tric & rod1 :i* is less tr\ble to make 9 a model ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ?is ! r+ is made 9 "o piece1 ) a r\nd rod screw+ into x4 ,! disc has a slight groove turn$ 9 its edge1 & a small screw1 ,p1 passes ?r\gh ! r+ & falls into ?is groove4 ,?is suffices to prev5t ! r+ f fall+ (f sideways1 & ( c\rse is n screw$ d[n s tight z to prev5t ! disc f revolv+4 ,?is is a v easy way to fit ! ecc5tric1 & is g5]ally foll[$ 9 small eng9es4 ,! lattice ecc5tric rod is ne>ly always us$ 9 l>ge beam eng9es4 ,i d n ?9k ! read] w n[ h any difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! precise arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts 9 ! simple horizontal eng9e ( :i* ,i h giv5 a sket*4 ,x is a neat & conv5i5t =m1 easily arrang$ z a model1 & ,i %all proce$ at once to ! practical "w ( con/ruct+ ?is1 & eng9es 9 g5]al1 presuppos+ a k ( ! use ( ! la!1 & ( ! few tools requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,eng9e4 ,! v fir/ me*anical "w ( difficulty1 b ( pre-em95t importance1 9 mak+ an eng9e1 is bor+ ! cyl9d]1 t is1 if ! same is a ca/+1 & n a piece ( tube ready made & smoo? on ! inside4 ,?is is1 prop]ly speak+1 la! "w1 yet may be done 9 a diff]5t way4 ,suppose y h b\ght y\r entire set ( ca/+s1 :i* is ! be/ way1 & t ! cyl9d] is half an in* diamet] inside1 :i* is a manageable size to "w ^u4 ,get a half-in* rosebit1 :i* is v l ! c\nt]s9ks sold ) ! c>p5t]'s brace & bits4 ,m\nt x 9 ! la! 9 a *uck1 ,a1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,unscrew ! po9t ( ! back poppit1 & slip ov] ! sp9dle a bor+-flange1 ,b1 :i* is m]ely a flat plate l a surface *uck1 only ! socket is n screw$ b bor$ out1 g5]ally l>ge en\gh to slip ov] ! sp9dle4 ,sometimes !re is1 h[ev]1 a screw at ! back1 to screw into ! sp9dle1 ! same z ! po9ts or c5tres4 ,on ! face ( ?is lay a piece ( bo>d ( equal ?ickness1 b x is z well if n plan$1 z its object is p>tly to prev5t ! cyl9d] f slipp+ ab\t dur+ ! op]ation1 z x is sometimes incl9$ to d ^u ! smoo? metal flange1 & p>tly to prev5t ! bor] or rosebit f com+ 9 contact ) ! flange :5 x has pass$ ?r\gh ! cyl9d]4 ,grasp ! latt] 9 ! left h&1 & y c easily prev5t x f revolv+ ) ! drill1 :i* w g ?r\gh rapidly1 & leave ! hole beautifully f9i%$ & q true f end to end1--inde$1 ,i h bor$ iron also1 rapidly & ) great ease1 ) ?is tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 rememb]1 t ?is hole bor$ 9 ! cyl9d] %\ld be at "r angles to ! ends ( ! same1 & to secure ?is y mu/ n[ make use ( x to m\nt ! cyl9d] 9 ! la! to turn ^! ends or flanges4 ,i w %[ y a simple & easy way to d ?is4 ,c is a b> ( iron or /eel1 pref]ably ( ! latt]1 ab\t #f in*es long1 & ?ree-eigh?s diamet]1 fil$ into six sides4 ,x is a good plan to h ?ree or f\r sizes ( su* b>s1 ) c5tre holes drill$ c>efully into ea* end1 s t y c m\nt !m ) a c>ri]-*uck1 z y w\ld if y 7 go+ to turn !m4 ,tak+ "o ( ab\t ! size nam$1 m\nt ^u x a piece ( wood1 & turn ?is d[n until y\r cyl9d] w j g tightly ^u x4 ,be+ a six-sid$ b>1 x is easy to m\nt ! wood ^u x by bor+ ! latt] ) a gimlet & !n driv+ ! b> into x4 ,x w hold tightly1 & n turn r\nd ^u ! metal4 ,! cyl9d] be+ fix$ 9 ?is way1 y mu/ turn ! two flanges ) a grav] if ! cyl9d] is ( iron1 b ) a flat tool or ! f\r-sid$ brass tool if ( ! latt] metal2 & also turn ! edges ( ! flanges4 ,! re/ ( ! cyl9d] w be left 9 ! r\gh1 & may be pa9t$ gre5 or black4 ,i %\ld advise y always to bore ! cyl9d] fir/ :5 possible1 & !n to m\nt x z describ$ & turn x on ! ends1 :i* are ?us sure to be correctly at "r angles to ! bore4 ,"s cyl9d]s1 h[ev]1 especially %ort ones1 may be squ>$ up fir/1 & !n m\nt$ on a face-plate & bor$4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 y h ei!r a grip-*uck1 :i* is self-c5tr+1 or "s clamps prop]ly con/ruct$ = ?is p>ticul> "w1 y w f9d ! fir/ me?od ! easie/1 especially = small light "w4 ,y %\ld n[ make ! ports = /eam & exhau/4 ,m>k !m ^u ! flat "p ( ! ca/+1 aft] y h fil$ ?is z level z y c1 & d n m>k !m s long z n to leave y room beyond ! ends ( ! ports = ! /eam-box or case :i* has to be plac$ "h4 ,! upp] & l[] ports are to be ! same size1 b ! middle "o may be a trifle l>g] ) advantage4 ,9 l>g] eng9es ^! are ca/ 9 ! metal1 & h only to be trimm$ & fac$2 b 9 ! small models y h to drill !m out 9 ! boss ca/ on ! cyl9d]4 ,drill d[n f ! top1 z %[n at ,d by ! dott$ l9es1 b take great c>e n to g f>!r ?an ! out] ports1 :i* are to be !re=e fir/ made1 s t y c tell :5 ! drill has gone f> en\gh4 ,if y pi]ce ! middle port f ei!r end1 ! cyl9d] is spoil$4 ,to cut ! middle "o1 y m]ely drill a hole /raight 9 t[>ds ! cyl9d]1 & meet x by ano!r drill$ f ! side1 into :i* ! pipe = ! exhau/ is to be screw$4 ,y also drill /raight ?r\gh into ! cyl9d] at a b1 & y !n plug ! end ( f1 & t at ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,y\r port faces1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally oblong1 & n r\nd4 ,make a r[ ( holes ) ! drill1 & !n1 ) a little n>r[ /eel *isel & light hamm]1 *ip out ! sup]flu\s metal1 & f9i% ) a small file4 ,y c always make n>r[ *annels ) squ>$ sides by ?us drill+ two or m holes1 & ?r[+ !m into "o ) a file2 b 9 reality1 = ^! small eng9es1 x is v little matt] :e!r ! ports are r\nd 9 section or squ>e4 ,! bottom & top ( ! cyl9d] dem& our next att5tion4 ,e & ,f %[ ^!4 ,!y are easily & in/antly m\nt$ 9 a self-c5tr+ *uck1 b c be held v well 9 "o ( wood c>efully bor$ ) a recess ( ! "r size & dep?4 ,y mu/ "h1 nev]!less1 be v p>ticul>1 else y w get y\r "w untrue at ?is po9t1 & !n y\r pi/on-rod w /& awry1 & all y\r subsequ5t fitt+ w be badly done4 ,i !re=e give y at ,g a section ( ! *uck bor$ to take ! cov] truly4 ,recess ! "p d[n to ! l9e a b1 to fit ! cov] exactly1 tak+ c>e to level v c>efully ! bottom ( ! recess4 ,bel[ ?is cut a deep] hole1 to all[ ! flange 9 :i* ! /uff+-box w be to g into x4 ,x ne$ n1 h[ev]1 fit ! flange4 ,! r\gh ca/+ w hold v well 9 a *uck l ?is1 ev5 if x is ( iron4 ,y n[ c>efully face ! bottom ( ! cov]1 & turn ! slight flange exactly to fit into ! cyl9d]2 !n rev]se x 9 ! *uck1 s z to get ! /uff+-box outside2 & 9 do+ s1 take ! greate/ c>e t x b$s flat ^u ! bottom ( ! *uck4 ,turn (f level ! top ( ! flange fir/ at x ( fig4 ,e1 & !n place a drill ) its po9t aga9/ ! middle ( ?is1 & its o!r end 7) a little hole pun*$ 9 x to keep x /eady7 aga9/ ! back poppit c5tre1 & c>efully drill a hole d[n to ! level ( c1 l>ge en\gh to admit ! gl& ( ! /uff+-box or ne>ly s2 b rememb] t y mu/ n g too f>1 because ! re/ ( ! hole mu/ only j all[ ! pi/on-rod to g ?r\gh x4 ,!re=e1 aft] y h drill$ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! di/ance1 replace ?is drill by a small] "o1 & ) x bore q ?r\gh4 ,! advantage ( beg9n+ 9 ?is way is1 t y c n[ br+ up ! back c5tre ( y\r la! to /eady ! cyl9d] cov] :ile y f9i% turn+ x2 & z y w h to make a *uck only to take hold ( ! flange b1 :ile y turn ! edge1 y w ne$ probably "s extra support ( ?is k9d4 ,i h1 nev]!less1 turn$ an iron cyl9d] cov] #b in*es diamet] )\t any su* support2 ! actual /ra9 n be+ v sev]e1 provid$ y und]/& h[ a tool %\ld be made & held4 ,! above directions apply equally to ! cyl9d] bottom1 ! great secret 9 ?is & all simil> "w be+ to take c>e to b$ ! "w well & truly aga9/ ! bottom ( ! recess1 turn$ 9 ! *uck2 ?is be+ neglect$1 w result 9 ! two faces n be+ p>allel1 :i* w t]ribly ?r[ out ( tru? ! re/ ( y\r "w4 ,inde$1 9 all fitt+ ( ?is k9d1 x is absolutely necess>y to be exact 9 ! squ>+ & tru+ ( ea* sev]al piece t has to be turn$ or fil$2 o!rwise no plann+ or clumsy arrangem5t w make y\r me*anism "w z x ought to d4 ,take a week1 if necess>y1 ov] any "p1 & don't be cont5t until x is well done4 ,y\r cyl9d] ought n[ to h a f9i%$ appe>ance :5 ! cov] & bottom are plac$ 9 position1 b ! latt] h to be p]man5tly atta*$ by small screws1 & ^! ,i /rongly advise y to buy4 ,!y co/ ab\t #ej c5ts a doz51 includ+ a tap ) :i* to make a ?read 9 ! holes made to receive !m2 or1 if y pref] x1 y c buy m9iature bolts & nuts at almo/ z *eap a rate1 :i* w\ld co/ y mu* "t & tr\ble to make = y\rself1 if1 inde$1 y succe$$ at all4 ,y w want f\r ( ^! = ! top1 & ! same = ! bottom1 ! holes = :i* y w make ) a small ar*im$ean or o!r drill4 ,! m5tion ,i h made ( ?is rem9ds me t ,i am gradually add+ consid]ably to y\r li/ ( tools1 & x is necess>y to d s if y take up model-mak+4 ,set d[n1 at any rate1 ! foll[+3-- ,,ar*im$ean ,,drill-,,/ock & #f ,,drills4 ,,table-,,vice4 ,,h&-,,vice or ,,p9-,,vice4 ,,small ,,brass-,,back ,,saws = ,,metal4 ,,pair ( ,,small ,,pli]s4 ,& = use 9 ! la!1 ei!r two or ?ree sizes ( rose-bits1 or eng9e]'s half-r\nd bor+ bits1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak pres5tly2 &1 unless y buy all screws & nuts1 y w want screw-plate & taps1 or small /ock & dies4 ,files ( squ>e1 r\nd1 & oblong section are matt]s ( c\rse4 ,rememb]1 too1 t aft] a file has be5 us$ on iron & /eel1 x is useless = brass2 s use new ones on ! latt] metal fir/1 & aft] su* use !y w answ] = ca/ iron & !n = wr\ght iron4 ,y w f9d ! co/ ( files r heavy unless y att5d to ?is4 ,h neat h&les to all y\r small] files1 ) f]ules to prev5t splitt+4 ,:5 y pur*ase ! ca/+s ( ! eng9e1 y w f9d a valve-box to enclose ! slide & become a /eam-*e/1 z expla9$4 ,x is l a box ) nei!r top nor bottom1 b ) a flange1 or turn$-out edge all r\nd1 = ! screws by :i* x is to be atta*$ to ! valve-fac+s ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is box mu/ h its flanges fil$ up bright on _! flat sides & edges--! re/ may be pa9t$4 ,x w ex]cise y\r skill to get ! two faces flat & true1 to fit ^u ! cyl9d]2 & at la/ y w f9d x exp$i5t to put a br[n pap] rim or wa%] betwe5 ! surfaces1 or a bit ( v ?9 %eet lead1 to make a /eam-tight jo9t4 ,d n sold] x1 if x is possible to use screws1 because ?is is ne>ly c]ta9 to get melt$ (f2 &1 if n1 x is n ne>ly s neat & workmanlike a way ( unit+ ! p>ts4 ,y %\ld1 inde$1 9 all models1 put !m toge!r 9 su* a way z to be able at any "t to sep>ate ! diff]5t pieces aga91 ei!r = ! purpose ( clean+ or repair2 &1 if y sold]1 y _c easily d ?is4 ,! valve-cas+ & its back are g5]ally put on toge!r2 f\r screws at ! corn]s pass+ ?r\gh ! back & bo? flanges into ! flat side ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is dep5ds1 h[ev]1 ^u ! exact %ape ( ^! diff]5t pieces2 & ,i c give y no special directions = a p>ticul> case unless ,i c\ld see ! ca/+s :i* y h to fit toge!r4 ,! /uff+-box y w make q sep>ate1 bo? its out] & inn] "p1 & screw or sold] ! =m] into place4 ,x is seldom ca/ ^u ! valve-cas+1 because ( ! difficulty ( *uck+ a cubical object safely s z to turn any "p ( x4 ,y are n to screw or sold] ! valve-box to ! cyl9d] until y h c>efully fil$ up ! valve itself to slide ^u ! port face1 )\t ! possibility ( any escape ( /eam tak+ place4 ,?is ne$s ! greate/ possible c>e2 & probably1 aft] do+ :at y c ) a flat file1 y w h to put a little em]y & oil betwe5 ! surfaces1 & gr9d !m to a p]fect fit1 by rubb+ !m toge!r4 ,?is gr9d+ ) em]y is an op]ation frequ5tly requir$ 9 me*anical eng9e]+4 ,la!-m&rels are fitt$ 9 ?is way into ! coll>s2 ! cyl9d] is also gr\nd into ! back poppit-head4 ,x is n a v long or difficult op]ation1 b :5ev] y h _h to use x1 take c>e to wipe (f ! em]y1 or x w keep on gr9d+4 ,x is inde$ v difficult to d ?is p]fectly2 & = v f9e "w1 su* z fitt+ ! m&rel ( a screw-cutt+ la! 7i4e41 a trav]s+ m&rel71 oil/one p[d] & crocus are us$1 9 place ( em]y4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 cut v sl[ly1 mak+ ! op]ation ( gr9d+ exce$+ly t$i\s2 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 em]y w answ] q well en\gh4 ,9 v small eng9es1 a /roke or two ( a file is all t is ne$$ to fit ! valve1 :i* is s small z h>dly to be wor?y ( ! "n2 b 9 an eng9e ) cyl9d] ( #a or #b-;in* bore1 x w be impossible to d ) file alone1 z well z y c ) gr9d+4 ,! pi/on & pi/on-rod %\ld be turn$ at ! same "t1 z already sugge/$ 9 treat+ ( ! atmosph]ic eng9e ( ,newcom54 ,by ?is1 y w avoid gett+ ! pi/on 8out ( squ>e0 ) its rod1 z if y _h bor$ ! hole = ! latt] askew--a n unusual occurr5ce4 ,i d n mean to say t x is absolutely necess>y = y to turn ! pi/on-rod at all1 =1 9 models1 x is g5]ally ( r\nd iron or /eel-wire1 :i* is z cyl9drical z y c possibly make x4 ,knitt+-ne$les are 9 g5]al use = ?is1 z be+ well f9i%$ & equalis$ f end to end4 ,b ^! are r h>d1 be+ temp]$ only to ab\t ! degree ( /eel-spr+s2 !re=e y mu/ nev] attempt to cut a screw on !m until y h fir/ heat$ ! end to be screw$ r$-hot1 & all[$ x to cool aga9 v sl[ly4 ,if y d ?is1 a screw-plate w put a suffici5tly good ?read to all[ y to atta* ei!r ! pi/on1 or ! small piece ( brass necess>y to =m ! h+e1 ^u ! o!r end ( ! rod--t is to say1 ! piece m>k$ ,h 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,leave ?is = ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 n attempt+ at pres5t to cut ei!r ! pi/on-rod or valve-rod to its int5d$ l5g?4 ,y _c d ?is until y h laid d[n ! exact plan ( ! eng9e1 & m>k$ on ! b$-plate ! position ( all ! p>ts4 ,i %all n[ suppose t y h f9i%$ ! cyl9d]1 ) its slide-valve1 cas+1 /uff+-boxes1 & pi/on1 s t y h ^! 9 exactly ! /ate 9 :i* y might buy !m at ,bateman's & else:]e1 if y pref]r$1 to sp>e y\rself ! tr\ble ( bor+ ! cyl9d] & fitt+ x4 ,y c buy !m j 9 ?is condition1 ) ! re/ ( ! ca/+s 9 ! r\gh2 b ,i r hope y may pref] to try & d = y\rself ! n v heavy or difficult "w :i* ,i h describ$4 ,i suppose y1 inde$1 to h b\ght ! =k$ connect+-rod1 ei!r arrang$ = brasses1 or ) holes drill$ 7or to be drill$7 9 ! ends1 :i* w\ld probably be ! case = a model ( ! size nam$1 & also ! v>i\s be>+s1 guides1 & s =? requir$--"s ( :i* w\ld h to be turn$1 & "s fil$1 b :i* ought n[ to pres5t little difficulty to our "y me*anic4 ,try to keep %>p edges to all y\r fil$ "w1 unless evid5tly int5d+ to r\nd !m2 = surfaces pret5d+ to be flat1 b p>tak+ ( a curv$ sectional =m1 *>act]ise ! workman z und5iably a bad h& ) ! file1 & n wor? 8 wages4 ,/ill ,i may tell y at once t no?+ is s difficult z to use a file well4 ,x has a knack ( r\nd+ (f edges1 :i* always get m ?an _! prop] %>e ( its "w4 ,b ?is be+ ! case1 y w "k :at to try & avoid4 ,!re=e1 always endeav\r 9 fil+ a flat surface to make x slightly holl[ 9 ! middle1 :i* x is sc>cely possible1 h[ev]1 = y to d2 b ! endeav\r to effect ?is by fil+ ! middle m ?an ! edges w help y wond]fully 9 keep+ ! latt] %>p4 ,^?1 = in/ance1 on ! =k ( ! connect+-rod1 especially ! inside ones1 %\ld be z /raight & %>p z possible2 & if y r\nd ! outside edge1 take c>e to d x s t x %all be evid5t y int5d$ x2 & s ) all edges1 :e!r turn$ or fil$4 ,! disc ( ! ecc5tric c only be turn$ by lett+ x into a *uck to some?+ less ?an half its ?ickness1 & levell+ "o side & half ! edge1 & !n rev]s+ x2 unless y pref] to drill & m\nt x on a sp9dle ^u its c5tre4 ,if y d ?is1 y w ( c\rse ev5tually h two holes 9 x2 because ?is fir/ "o is n t by :i* x w be m\nt$ :5 9 place4 ,?is second hole is n1 h[ev]1 ( ! lea/ importance1 & may be left )\t plugg+1 &1 if pref]r$1 may become 9 "p ornam5t$ by drill+ additional holes1 & fil+ !m into "s patt]n2 or if x is desir$ to conceal ! "o x 0 turn$ ^u1 ?is c be plugg$ & fac$ (f1 & w !n n be ! lea/ app>5t4 ,if ! out] r+1 or /rap1 z x is call$1 is to be made 9 two pieces1 ) project+ lugs1 x is evid5t ! outside edge _c well be turn$2 &1 unless y h t mo/ useful addition to ! la!1 a grip or jaw-*uck1 y w h "s little difficulty 9 lett+ ! r+ into a wood5 *uck1 s z to turn ! inside4 ,! solid r+ is1 !re=e1 pref]able 7if y use ! fir/1 h[ev]1 y turn x up z a s+le r+1 & !n saw x across ?r\gh ! lugs71 :i* c be let into a common *uck1 ) a place *isell$ out to all[ ! boss to project1 into :i* ! ecc5tric rod has to be screw$4 ,?is boss also has to be drill$ & turn$ on ! outside4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( *uck+ x :i* c be appli$1 b ! simple/ is to use ! c>ri]-*uck1 & to let ! r+ become its own c>ri] by com+ aga9/ ! p91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 ,a4 ,:5 ! r+ is v small1 ,i %\ld fir/ drill ! hole = ! wire rod1 & !n screw & m\nt x ^u a little wire sp9dle1 z 9 fig4 ,b1 aid+ ?is1 if necess>y1 by ! back c5tre4 ,b ! smalle/ models require to be put into a wat*mak]'s la! or ?r[1 &1 except z curiosities1 are sc>cely wor? mak+4 ,i h already told y nev] to und]take eng9e-mak+ )\t fir/ lay+ d[n a full-siz$ plan on pap]1 ) c5tre l9es ?r\gh ! pr9cipal p>ts1 f :i* to take all measurem5ts1 & to m>k ^! ^u ! base-plate1 z a guide to ! p]fect adju/m5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,"s ( ^! are capable ( a little extra adju/m5t aft] be+ put 9 place3 ! ecc5tric rod1 = in/ance1 c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ by screw+ into or out ( ! ecc5tric r+2 & ! pi/on-rod1 too1 may be simil>ly l5g!n$ or %ort5$ slightly2 b try to "w z ne> z y c to precise measure )\t su* adju/m5t4 ,to turn ! fly-:eel1 :i* is ! la/ op]ation 7includ+ ! crank-axle71 x is bett] c>efully to drill ! boss1 if n already done1 m>k+ ! c5tre on ea* side1 & work+ half ?r\gh f ea*1 s z to insure ! squ>5ess ( ! hole ) ! side ( ! :eel1 :i* is v important4 ,!n m\nt x at once ^u its axle1 previ\sly turn$ slightly conical1 :]e ! :eel is to be plac$1 & run bo? toge!r 9 ! la!4 ,?is w insure ! :eel runn+ true :5 ! eng9e is put toge!r4 ,9 ! horizontal eng9e :i* ,i h sket*$1 ! crank is q sep>ate f ! axle2 & ?is is ! easie/ way to make x4 ,! crank itself is fil$ up1 l ,c ( fig4 #ff1 & drill$ = ! axle & ! p9 ^u :i* ! brasses on ! connect+-rod "w4 ,turn d[n ! end ( ! crank-%aft v slightly conical1 until ! crank w almo/ g ov] x4 ,!n heat ! crank1 :i* w exp& x & enable y to slip x on ! %aft4 ,dip x 9 cold wat]1 & x w be z firm z if made 9 "o piece ) ! axle4 ,?is is call$ %r9k+ x on1 & ! op]ation w (t5 /& y 9 good /ead1 & save ! tr\ble ( fil+ key-ways & mak+ ! small w$ges call$ keys4 ,! p9 ,d c 9 ?is case be turn$ up sep>ately1 & screw$ 91 :i* w complete ! "w4 ,! ecc5tric mu/ evid5tly be plac$ 9 position be=e ! crank is add$1 & ?is1 too1 might be %runk on1 7 x n t x _c easily be fix$ 9 a model until ! eng9e is set up4 ,! be/ way1 !re=e1 is1 9 ?is case1 to turn ! ecc5tric ) a little project+ boss to take a set screw1 ,e1 ,fig4 #ff4 ,:]e ! axle has to pass ?r\gh be>+s1 x mu/ be turn$ d[n at ^! p>ts1 s t ! :ole w be l ,f4 ,fir/ on ! "r is ! j\rnal1 e1 !n ! place = ! fly-:eel1 d1 v slightly conical--! smalle/ "p be+ t[>ds e--!n ! second j\rnal1 & !n ano!r slightly conical "p1 ! smalle/ end t[>ds a1 to take ! ecc5tric & crank4 ,! fly-:eel y w key on %aft1 ?us3--,g repres5ts ! boss or c5tre ( ! :eel bor$ = ! axle1 & a key-way or slot fil$ on "o side at a4 ,!re is a flat place fil$ on ! axle1 & ! :eel is turn$ r\nd to br+ ?is opposite to ! key-way4 ,a w$ge or key1 b1 is !n driv5 91 :i* keeps ! :eel secure1 & prev5ts x f turn+ r\nd or work+ loose on ! axle4 ,if inconv5i5t to turn a boss & add a set-screw to ! ecc5tric1 ?is also may be key$ 9 its place aft] its position has be5 f\nd2 b1 = ! latt] purpose1 x %\ld fit r tightly on ! axle1 s t x c be j mov$ r\nd ) ! f+] /iffly until its position ) respect to ! crank is asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,?is position ,i %all n[ endeav\r to expla91 us+ a diagram f an ,am]ican "w1 9 :i* ?is g5]ally suppos$ difficult po9t is ?us ably & satisfactorily expla9$4 ,fir/1 put y\r eng9e toge!r z if = "w1 & hav+ cut ! ecc5tric rod to ab\t ! l5g? y seem to require1 judg+ f y\r plan drawn ^u ! b$-plate1 turn r\nd ! ecc5tric1 ) y\r f+]s ^u ! crank-%aft1 &1 hav+ remov$ ! cov] ( ! valve-box1 s t y c see ! action on ! valve1 wat* ! motion ( ! latt]4 ,d\btless1 ! result w be t "o ( ! /eam-ports w be op5$ cle> to ! exhau/-port1 :ile ! o!r is ne>ly or entirely %ut4 ,! rod is !n too long or too %ort4 ,if 9 a horizontal eng9e ! port ne>e/ to ! crank is wide op5 & ! o!r %ut1 ! rod is too long1 & mu/ be %ort5$ half ! diff]5ce only 7y w d ?is by screw+ x f>!r into ! ecc5tric hoop74 ,:5 ! valve 8runs squ>e10 or op5s & %uts ! ports correctly1 set ! ecc5tric z 9 ! diagram1 ,h1 9 respect to ! crank1 i4e41 ) its wide/ "p at "r angles to x4 ,by runn+ squ>e is meant t :5 ! ecc5tric is turn$ r\nd z describ$1 ! valve op5s ! ports equally1 & does n affect "o m ?an ! o!r4 ,! l9e a ( ! diagram %[s t ! position ( ! ecc5tric may advantage\sly be a little beyond ! "r angle to ! crank1 to give :at is call$ 8lead10 i4e41 to op5 ! valve a little be=e ! pi/on comm5ces its return-/roke4 ,! boil]s ( model eng9es are made ( t91 %eet-brass1 or copp]2 seldom ( ! latt]1 :i* is1 nev]!less1 by f> ! be/ mat]ial1 & "o t y c braze1 rivet1 or sold] satisfactorily1 or b5d into any %ape ) a hamm] or wood5 mallet4 ,:5 poli%$1 too1 its ri* r$ col\r is v h&some4 ,brass is *iefly us$ f ! facility ( obta9+ tubes ( x ready braz$ or sold]$1 f :i* any desir$ l5g? c be cut4 ,a braz$ copp] boil] w /& a great deal ( pressure2 w te>1 & n fly into pieces :5 x bur/s2 & may be heat$ aft] ! wat] has boil$ away )\t suff]+ any injury4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly n be wor? :ile to make "o = a model eng9e ) a half-in* cyl9d]1 b = "o ( #a in* diamet] & #b /roke2 & = l>g] sizes1 x w amply repay ! tr\ble2 & ,i w %[ y h[ to make "o1 ) a tube or flue inside to add to ! heat+ surface4 ,i %all endeav\r pres5tly to give ! prop] dim5sions ( boil]s to "w cyl9d]s ( giv5 diamet]s1 b ! g5]al directions "h subjo9$ apply to all boil]s ( models1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,! ma9 body ( ! boil] is g5]ally cyl9drical1 & is1 9 fact1 a tube ( %eet-metal1 ) rivet$1 braz$1 or sold]$ seams1 ! la/ greatly pr$om9at+ 9 ! toy eng9es2 ! result ( :i* is1 t ! fir/ "t ! wat] gets too l[1 out drops ! bottom1 or1 at ! lea/1 div]s leaky places appe>1 & ! boil] is oblig$ to g to ! t9man's = repair1 its beauty be+ ev] aft] a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,x is difficult to braze 9 an ord9>y fire2 because ev5 if1 by bl[+ x ) a pair ( bell[s1 y get suffici5t heat1 y _c always manage to apply y\r "w 9 a good position1 z y c ov] ! hot coals ( a =ge fire1 :]e !re are no b>s1 hobs1 or o!r p>ts ( ! grate /&+ 9 ! way4 ,moreov]1 y (t5 want bo? h&s free j z ! sold] comm5ces to 8run10 & =ge-bell[s w keep up ! bla/ = a few seconds aft] y\r h& is tak5 f ! /aff or h&le ( !m4 ,/ill1 if y h no =ge1 :i* is probable1 y %\ld make a fire ( c9d]s or coke 7! latt] if possible72 & if y c contrive a grate by putt+ toge!r a few bricks 9 "s out-h\se1 ) a b> or two ( hoop-iron bel[ = ! coke to re/ ^u1 y w h a f> m conv5i5t fire to "w at ?an c possibly be obta9$ 9 any ord9>y h\sehold grate or /ove4 ,y w require a pair ( light tongs1 :i* ought to be some?+ l ,a1 ,fig4 #fg2 b x is q possible to d )\t ^! if y c hold y\r "w 9 any o!r way2 z1 = in/ance1 ) a loop ( iron wire twi/$ r\nd x & left long en\gh to =m a h&le4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to cut a /rip ( copp] l>ge en\gh to make ! requir$ tube4 ,a piece #f in*es wide w roll up into a cyl9d] ( ab\t #b in*es diamet] 7! circumf]5ce ( a circle be+ ne>ly equal 9 all cases to ?ree times its diamet]1 or measure ?r\gh ! c5tre74 ,if1 !re=e1 y want "o #f in*es across1 :i* is ! smalle/ size t c be advantage\sly fitt$ ) a flue or int]nal tube1 y mu/ cut x out #ah in*es wide1 & if x is #h 9 l5g? to ! bottom ( ! /eam dome1 x w be a l>ge & s]viceable boil]1 fit to "w an eng9e ) a cyl9d] ( #a bore by #b or #c in* /roke1 :i* w\ld drive a small la!4 ,b obs]ve t if y really h pluck & skill en\gh to try y\r h& ^u an eng9e t w give y real p[]1 y mu/ take c>e to rememb] t 8! /r5g? ( any?+ is ! /r5g? ( its weake/ "p40 ,s don't make ! v common mi/ake ( hav+ a good boil] & ample cyl9d]1 & !n fit ! eng9e ) pi/on-rod1 valve-rod1 & su* l1 too small to be> ! /ra9 :i* y propose to put ^u ! eng9e4 ,rememb] t e screw & nut & p9 ^u :i* /ra9 is liable to fall1 mu/ be ( suffici5t size & /r5g? to be> x safely3 if n1 y\r eng9e w n only come to grief 9 ! heavy trial1 b x is q possible t y also may become subject$ to a bad scald or o!r disagreeable consequ5ce ( y\r error4 ,:atev] siz$ /rips ( copp] y use = a boil]1 ! edges h to come toge!r to =m :at is call$ a butt-jo9t2 i4e41 !y d n ov]lap l ! ord9>y jo9ts y see made 9 t94 ,be=e y coil up ! /rip into a tubul> %ape1 y h to cut out holes = any boil] fitt+s y may wi% to add1 su* z safety-valve1 /eam-dome1 & gauges to asc]ta9 ! level ( ! wat]4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 d n all come into ! cyl9drical "p ( our pres5t boil]2 ! gauge-taps & glass wat]-gauge alone hav+ to be provid$ =4 ,! man-hole1 too1 :i* is add$ to all l>ge boil]s1 may be disp5s$ )1 its object be+ to enable "o to get at ! inside1 :i* w sc>cely be necess>y if our "w is well done at fir/4 ,a boil] ( ! propos$ size %\ld be heat$ ) *>coal1 z x w\ld require a v l>ge lamp2 b :]e gas c be obta9$1 x may be pref]ably us$1 a r+ gas-burn] be+ plac$ bel[ )9 ! furnace4 ,! object ( a /eam-dome1 :i*1 9 a horizontal boil]1 w\ld h to be plac$ some:]e on ! tube itself1 is to prev5t :at is call$ prim+1 i4e41 ! c>ry+ into ! cyl9d] wat] z well z /eam1 :i* arises f ! spurt+ caus$ by ! viol5t boil+ ( ! wat]4 ,! dome m]ely provides a *amb] = dry /eam above ! g5]al level ( ! boil]1 ! /eam-pipe pass+ f x direct to ! cyl9d]s4 ,our pres5t boil] w be v]tical l ! la/1 b ) a flue up ! middle1 & a grate fitt$ bel[4 ,x is %[n complete 9 ,fig4 #fg1 ,b1 ) all ! fitt+s usually atta*$4 ,hav+ coil$ up ! tube by hamm]+ x ov] a cyl9d] ( wood turn$ = ! purpose1 a little small] ?an ! int5d$ size ( ! boil] 7! edges hav+ be5 previ\sly fil$ up bright1 & a wid? ( a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! upp] be+ simil>ly clean$ on ! inside all along ! seam71 a few loops ( iron wire are ti$ r\nd x1 at int]vals ( #a in* or #a in*es2 !re be+ a %ort piece put r\nd1 & twi/$ toge!r at ! ends by a pair ( pli]s4 ,! object ( ^! is to prev5t ! seam f op5+ on ! application ( heat1 :i* x is o!rwise c]ta9 to d by ! expansion ( ! metal4 ,"s borax1 p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 & heat$ to drive (f ! wat] ( cry/allisation1 is next mix$ ) a little wat] to =m a creamy pa/e1 & sme>$ along ! inside ( ! tube1 ^u ! bright5$ "p1 ! full l5g? ( ! seam4 ,x is g5]ally bett] to heat ?is salt fir/ suffici5tly to dry x 7or r fuse x71 because x swells prodigi\sly by ! fir/ application ( heat1 & if ! spelt] is laid on x1 x (t5 c>ries x (f2 aft] once fus+1 x only melts quietly4 ,be=e apply+ ! little lumps ( spelt]1 turn ov] ! tube to heat ! "p opposite to ! seam1 s z to equalise ! expansion4 ,!n hold x 9 a pair ( light tongs1 lay ! spelt] all along ^u ! borax1 & expose x )\t actually t\*+ ! coals to ! heat ( ! fire1 urg$ by a /rong bla/4 ,cont9ue ?is until a blue flame arises1 :i* %[s t ! spelt] has melt$2 ?is blue flame be+1 9 fact1 t caus$ by ! burn+ ( ! z9c 9 ! sold]--spelt] be+ copp] & z9c fus$ toge!r1 or1 if requir$ s(t]1 brass1 t91 & z9c4 ,! =m] is g5]ally us$1 h[ev]1 on copp]4 ,:5 ! blue flame arises1 ! sold] runs into ! jo9t1 & ! "w is done4 ,) ! h>de/ ( ^! spelt]s1 a r$ heat w n s]i\sly affect ! jo9t1 &1 !re=e1 if at any "t ! wat] %\ld get bel[ ! l9e ( ?is seam1 s t x becomes expos$ to ! heat1 no h>m w be done4 ,nev]!less1 ?is ought nev] to occur1 z a gauge %\ld be atta*$ to e boil] to %[ ! exact position ( ! wat] at any giv5 "t4 ,! inside tube ( ?is boil] w be se51 f ! section1 to be conical up to ! level ( ! l[] "p ( ! *imney4 ,?is is ( copp]1 braz$ l ! cyl9drical "p1 & is #b in*es wide bel[1 & #a in* above2 consequ5tly1 ! /rips to make x mu/ be #f in*es wide at "o end1 & tap] to #c in*es at ! o!r4 ,if ! dome rises #b in*es f ! level ( ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 x w be suffici5t2 & z ?is is a difficult piece ( "w = a boy to manage1 a copp]smi? %\ld be ask$ to hamm] ! dome into ! requir$ =m1 z he w "k f exp]i5ce ! be/ size ( circul> disc to use = ! purpose4 ,?is "p is s f> remov$ f ! action ( ! fire t x may safely be sold]$1 b x is1 nev]!less1 z well to rivet x1 turn+ out bo? ! edge ( ! cyl9d] & t ( ! dome4 ,use copp] rivets1 & make ! holes half an in* ap>t4 ,if y f9d any leakage1 y c run a little sold] into ! jo9t on ! inside4 ,! bottom ( ! boil] may be q flat & braz$1 a few rivets be+ fir/ put 9 to hold ! p>ts accurately toge!r4 ,! same may be said ( ! tube :i* passes ?r\gh bo? ?is & ! dome4 ,!re is no?+ equal to rivet+ & braz+ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,i may z well /ate h[ev] "h1 t z su* a boil] z ,i h n[ describ$ is wor? v good "w1 x w\ld be a great pity to spoil x2 & x w be bett] to cont5t y\rself ) small] boil]s & eng9es sold]$1 :]e necess>y1 until y h _h "s practice 9 braz+4 ,?is inde$ is n difficult 9 reality1 b1 at ! same "t1 requires great c>e1 because sometimes ! sold] & ! "w melt at s ne>ly ! same temp]ature1 t1 l a bad t9k]1 y w sometimes make two holes in/ead ( m5d+ "o4 ,! brass1 = in/ance1 us$ = be]-taps is v s(t1 & conta9s lead1 & to a c]ta9ty w\ld itself melt be=e ord9>y spelt]1 & c\ld n !re=e be braz$2 b ! be/ ,bri/ol brass1 or yell[ metal1 w braze easily4 ,a blacksmi?1 braz+ a key or o!r iron article1 w braze x 9 a diff]5t way1 us+ brass wire1 ) :i* he w envelop ! p>ts ?ickly :i* are to be unit$1 aft] secur+ _! position ) iron b9d+-wire4 ,he !n spr9kles ) borax1 & heats ! "w until ! wire runs into ! jo9t2 aft] :i* he files & cleans (f level4 ,?is makes a v good m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,i h spok5 ( rivet+ 9 ?is place4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ?is "w4 ,y c buy copp] rivets ( all sizes1 & h only to pun* holes1 put a rivet 9 place1 & hamm] x s z to spread ! metal to =m a second head4 ,if ! rivets are heat$ be=e be+ appli$1 !y w draw ! p>ts clos] toge!r1 because !y %r9k 9 cool+4 ,all l>ge boil]s are made 9 ?is way1 b small] ones ( iron are (t5 weld$1 :]e su* a mode ( junction is possible4 ,:5 y c rivet boil]s wat] & /eam tight1 y w f9d no difficulty 9 con/ruct+ !m1 = y c make rivet$ jo9ts :]e braz+ w\ld be difficult or impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,fig4 #fg1 ,b1 is a half-section ( su* a boil] z ,i h j describ$4 ,fig4 #fh1 ,a1 is ! l[] "p1 :i* is sep>ate1 & =ms ! furnace 9 :i* ! boil] /&s1 fitt+ x closely4 ,?is is drawn to scale1 & is half ! real size4 a is ! /eam-pipe1 fitt$ high up 9 ! dome1 ! tap1 b1 s]v+ to turn on or (f ! supply ( /eam = ! cyl9d]2 c is ! safety-valve %[n 9 section1 & c>e mu/ be always tak5 to make ! conical "p %ort & ( a l>ge angle1 or x may /ick fa/1 & cause an explosion2 d is ! glass gauge1 to %[ ! exact height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,its con/ruction w be und]/ood f ! o!r :i* is atta*$1 :]e ! boil] is se5 9 section4 ,!re is no ne$ to h two1 & ?is is add$ solely to expla9 ! nature ( glass-gauges4 ,! top & bottom are ( brass1 be+ tubes screw+ into ! boil]1 or fa/5$ by a nut inside2 a tube1 g1 ( ?ick glass1 connects ^! two1 s z to =m a cont9u\s tube1 "o end ( :i* op5s into t "p ( ! boil] :i* is full ( /eam1 ! o!r op5+ bel[ ! wat]-level4 ,?us ! tube =ms practically "p ( ! boil]1 & ! level ( ! wat] is cle>ly se54 ,! l[] tap is us$ = bl[+ (f wat]1 to insure ! communication be+ kept op51 z x might get /opp$ up ) s$im5t4 ,gauge-cocks1 e1 f1 are g5]ally add$1 ev5 :]e ! glass wat]-gauge is us$4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld always give /eam1 ! o!r wat]1--! level ( ! latt] be+ betwe5 ! two4 ,if ! upp] "o gives wat]1 ! boil] is too full2 if bo? give /eam1 ! boil] ne$s to h wat] add$4 ,) ^! fitt+s1 ev5 a sold]$ boil] ought nev] to get burnt1 & w la/ a long "t ) c>e4 ,! l[] "p1 ,fig4 #fg1 is made l t be=e describ$1 except t1 be+ int5d$ = *>coal1 a circul> grate is us$1 :i* simply re/s ^u little brackets fix$ by rivets = ?is purpose4 ,! flame & heat play ^u ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & also pass up ! c5tral tube--! latt] add+ greatly to ! quantity ( /eam produc$4 ,?is furnace1 :5 light$1 may be f$ ) bits ( coke z well z *>coal1 ab\t ! size ( filb]ts1 & w give pl5ty ( heat4 ,if ! draught1 h[ev]1 is defici5t1 turn ! wa/e /eam into ! tube1 s z to =m a jet at ea* /roke1 & x w greatly increase x4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! locomotive eng9es are always fitt$1 ,george ,/eph5son hav+ fir/ sugge/$ ! arrangem5t4 ,previ\sly to ?is a fan _h be5 fitt$ bel[ ! grate1 :i* 0 put 9 rapid motion by ! eng9e1 & ?us a suffici5t draught 0 obta9$4 ,,! ,,safety-,,valve4 ,to f9d out :at pressure is ex]t$ by ! safety-valve1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood ^u :at pr9ciple x acts4 ,i h 9 a previ\s *apt] told y t ! atmosph]ic pressure equals #ae lbs4 on ea* squ>e in*1 s t if ! surface ( ! valve :i* is expos$ to ! air is #a in* 9 area or surface1 x is press$ d[n ) a =ce ( #ae lbs4 ,! /eam1 !re=e1 inside ! boil] w n raise x until its ela/icity exce$s ?is atmosph]ic pressure4 ,if1 !re=e1 we desire to h only j #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in* press+ aga9/ ! inside ( ! boil] 7i4e41 a pressure ( 8"o atmosph]e10 z x is call$71 we h only to load ! valve s t1 inclusive ( its own weight1 x %all equal #ae lbs4 ,b x is pla9 t we mu/ n load x at all 9 reality2 = a flat plate1 #a in* squ>e1 ( no weight1 is all t is ne$$1 ! atmosph]e itself be+ ! load4 ,suppose1 !n1 t we d load x ) #ae lbs4 9 addition to ! #ae lbs4 ) :i* nature has load$ x1 we %all n f9d ! /eam escape until x presses ) a =ce ( #cj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 or two atmosph]es 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n #cj lbs4 ( useful pressure ^u "o side ( ! pi/on1 if ! cyl9d] is op5 z 9 an atmosph]ic eng9e1 b only #ae lbs47 ,?is is n ! /ra9 :i* ! boil] has to /&1 because ! atmosph]e is press+ ^u x & c\nt]act+ x up to ! #ae lbs41 s t ?is /ra9 t5d+ to bur/ x is b #ae lbs4 ,! numb] ( p\nds1 !re=e1 :i* is /ra9+ ! boil] c readily be se52 be+ always t ) :i* ! safety-valve is load$1 & ?is is also ! useful pressure = do+ any requir$ "w4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! be/ con/ruct$ eng9es1 a pressure ( #ae lbs4 ^u ! boil] by no means repres5ts t 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,n[ x w\ld be inconv5i5t to place weights ^u ! safety-valve itself1 & !re=e a lev] is add$1 z se5 9 ! sket*1 ) a weight hung at "o end ( x4 ,?is is %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #fh1 :]e a section ( ! valve is giv5 ) its /em pass+ ?r\gh a guide to insure ! correct motion ( ! valve4 ,! lev] is h+$ at "o end2 & ! rule ( ! pressure or weight :i* is br\ght to be> ^u ! valve is1 t x is multipli$ by ! di/ance at :i* ! weight hangs f ! valve1 comp>$ ) its di/ance f ! h+e or fulcrum4 ,if a weight ( #g lbs4 is hung at #a1 i4e41 at a di/ance z f> on t side ( ! valve z ! fulcrum is on ! o!r side ( x1 #g lbs4 w be ! actual p[] ex]t$2 at #b1 :]e x is twice ! di/ance1 x w be d\bl$1 &1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 a pressure ( #ad lbs4 w be br\ght to be> ^u ! valve2 :ile1 if ! weight is hung at #c1 x w ex]cise a =ce ( #ba lbs4 ,?is is v easy to und]/& & to rememb]4 ,sometimes 7always 9 locomotives7 ! weight is remov$ & a spr+ balance is atta*$ at ! long end4 ,^u ?is is m>k$ ! actual pressure ex]t$2 !re be+ a nut to screw d[n1 & ?us br+ any desir$ /ra9 ^u ! spr+4 ,m9d1 h[ev]1 9 case y %\ld try ?is 9 any ( y\r models1 t ! scale m>k$ on ! balance :5 y buy x mu/ be multipli$1 z be=e1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( y\r lev]4 ,?us1 if ,i atta* su* a balance at #c ( ! draw+1 a real weight ( #e lbs4 %[n by ! balance w be #c #e1 or #ae lbs4 ^u ! valve1 & a balance made = su* eng9e w\ld be m>k$ #ae lbs41 to prev5t ! possibility ( dang]\s error4 ,,eng9es ,,)\t ,,slide-,,valves ,,easy ,,to ,,make4 ,hav+ be5 l$ on f ! atmosph]ic eng9e to t ( ,watt's1 & to slide-valve eng9es g5]ally1 ,i am n[ go+ backw>d a little to a class easi] to make1 because !y h no slide-valves1 nor ev5 f\r-way cocks2 & !n ,i %all h done ) eng9es4 ,b ,i d>e say "s ( my read]s w wond] :y ,i h said s little ab\t cond5s]s & cond5s+ eng9es4 ,i am sure !y w wond] at x if !y und]/ood :at ,i expla9$ ( ! advantage ( a vacuum "u ! pi/on2 s t #ae lbs4 pressure ^u ! pi/on means #ae lbs4 ( useful "w1 in/ead ( #cj lbs4 be+ requir$ = t purpose4 ,b cond5s+ eng9es are utt]ly beyond a boy's p[]4 ,!y require n only a vessel into :i* ! /eam is inject$ at ea* /roke1 b !re mu/ be a pump to raise & inject cold wat] to cond5se ! /eam1 & a pump to extract f ! vessel aga9 ?is wat]1 aft] x has be5 us$1 & a ci/]n1 & cold & hot wells2 & all ?is is difficult to make s z to act2 & ,i am sure no boy c>es = a /eam eng9e t w n "w4 ,moreov]1 ,i h giv5 y difficult "w z x is--"w t _m ( my read]s w no d\bt be afraid to try--yet ,i did x on purpose2 because if small boys are unequal to "s ( x1 _! big bro!rs are n1 or ought n to be2 & me*anical boys mu/ look at difficulties z a tra9$ hunt] looks at a h$ge--viz41 ) a /rong desire to g ov] x1 or ?r\gh x1 or any h[ & "s h[ to get to ! o!r side ( x4 ,inde$1 y mu/ ride y\r me*anical hobby v boldly & ) great pluck1 or y won't half enjoy ! ride4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am q aw>e t ,i h l$ y into sev]al difficulties1 & !re=e n[ ,i propose to set be=e y "s easy "w z a k9d ( holiday task :i* w s5d y ) fre% vig\r to :at is n s easy4 ,! eng9es )\t slide-valves h also no ecc5trics & no connect+-rods4 ,!re is j a boil]1 a cyl9d]1 pi/on1 pi/on-rod1 & crank1 & y h ! sum total1 save & except ! fly-:eel4 ,^! are direct-action eng9es1 ! cyl9d]s ( :i* oscillate l a p5dulum1 & ! pi/on-rod itself is connect$ to ! crank1 do+ away ) ! necessity = guides4 ,fig4 #fi1 ,a1 %[s "o ( ^! eng9es1 & y see t ! cyl9d] leans to ! left :5 ! crank is turn$ to t side2 & if y turn ! :eel to ! "r1 ! crank w pres5tly cause x to lean ! o!r way2 & ?us1 z x turns on a p91 or 8trunnion10 z x is call$1 x keeps on sw++ f side to side z ! :eel goes r\nd4 ,n[1 :5 x is 9 its fir/ position1 ! pi/on is at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & x !n ne$s to h ! /eam admitt$ bel[ x to drive up ! pi/on2 b :5 ?is has pass$ its highe/ position1 & ! cyl9d] is turn$ a little to ! "r1 ! pi/on mu/ be all[$ to desc5d1 &1 !re=e1 we mu/ let out ! /eam bel[ x4 ,we ought1 at ! same "t1 to admit /eam above ! pi/on to =ce x d[n2 b1 9 ! simple/ models1 :i* are call$ s+le-action eng9es1 ?is is n done4 ,! fly-:eel1 hav+ be5 set 9 motion1 keeps on revolv+1 &1 by its impetus1 s5ds d[n ! pi/on q p[]fully en\gh to ov]come ! slight resi/ance :i* is (f]$ by ! friction ( ! p>ts4 ,n[1 y c1 ,i d>esay1 easily und]/& t x is possible to make ?is to-&-fro motion ( ! oscillat+ cyl9d] op5 fir/ a /eam-port to all[ /eam to raise ! pi/on1 & !n an exhau/-port to let x bl[ (f into ! air4 ,?is is exactly :at is done 9 practice1 & x is manag$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,b1 ( ,fig4 #fi1 %[s ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is a solid piece ( brass fil$ q flat on "o side1 & turn$ out to receive ! end ( ! brass tube1 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 is screw$ into x to =m ! cyl9d]1 ?is be+ ! easie/ way to make x4 ,9 ! middle ( ! upp] "p ( ! flat side y see a :ite /eam-port1 & bel[ x a r\nd :ite spot1 :i* is ! position ( ! p91 or trunnion1 on :i* x oscillates4 ,fig4 #fi1 ,c1 is a simil> piece ( brass1 :i* is fix$ to ! top ( ! boil]4 ,9 ?is1 on ! left ( ! upp] "p1 is also a port1 :i* is connect$ ) ! boil] by a hole drill$ bel[ x to admit /eam4 ,on ! "r is also a port1 :i* is m]ely cut l a not*1 or x may g a little way into ! boss1 & !n be met by a hole drill$ to meet x1 s z to =m ! escape or exhau/ port4 ,betwe5 & bel[ ^! is ! hole = ! trunnion4 ,n[1 y c1 ,i ?9k1 see t if ! cyl9d] /&s upright aga9/ ?is block1 z x does :5 ! crank is v]tical 7or upright7 & on its dead po9ts1 ! port at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] w\ld fall betwe5 ! two on ?is block ( brass1 &1 z !y are bo? flat & fit closely1 no /eam f ! boil] c ent] ! cyl9d]4 ,nor d we want x to d s1 because1 if ! crank is on a dead po9t1 no am\nt ( /eam c make ! pi/on rise s z to move x4 ,b n[1 if we move ! cyl9d] to ! left1 :i* we c d by turn+ ! :eel1 we %all pres5tly get ! crank at "r angles to its =m] position1 &1 also1 we %all br+ ! /eam-ports 9 ! cyl9d] & block toge!r1 s t /eam w ent] bel[ ! pi/on4 ,b1 practically to get z long a /roke z possible1 /eam is n all[$ to ent] fully until ! crank is fur!r on ?an 9 a horizontal position1 t is1 approa*+ its l[] dead po9t2 & ?is is ! position 9 :i* to put x to />t ! eng9e4 ,by alt]+ ! %ape or ! position ( ! port a little1 we c s arrange matt]s z to let /eam ent] at any requir$ mom5t4 ,/eam hav+ ent]$1 ! pi/on w rise rapidly1 =c+ up ! pi/on1 & pres5tly1 by ! consequ5t revolution ( ! fly-:eel1 ! cyl9d] w be f\nd lean+ to ! left1 & at ?is mom5t ! pi/on mu/ evid5tly beg9 to desc5d4 ,at ?is v "t ! /eam-ports w h ceas$ to correspond1 b ! port 9 ! cyl9d] w come opposite ! exhau/-port 9 ! brass block1 & ?is port is made ( su* size & %ape t ! two %all cont9ue to be toge!r all ! "t ! pi/on is desc5d+2 b1 ! mom5t x has rea*$ ! end ( its d[nw>d /roke1 !y cease to correspond 9 position1 & ! /eam-port beg9s aga9 to admit a fre% supply ( /eam4 ,! pill> atta*$ to ! brass boss has no?+ to d ) x1 b is "o ( ! supports ( ! axle ( ! fly-:eel1 z y w und]/& by inspection ( ,a ( ?is same draw+4 ,su* is ! s+le-action model eng9e1 ( no p[]1 b a v int]e/+ toy & real /eam eng9e4 ,! d\ble-action eng9e is v sup]ior to ! =ego+1 :i*1 ,i may rem>k1 has no /uff+-box1 & ( :i* ! pi/on is nev] pack$4 ,i may also add1 t ! crank is =m$ g5]ally by m]ely b5d+ ! wire t =ms ! axle ( ! :eel1 & putt+ ! b5t end ?r\gh ! hole ( a little boss or knob ( brass1 screw$ to ! end ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,"h y h no bor+ ( cyl9d]s to accompli%1 b ! cyl9d] cov]1 pi/on1 & :eel 7(t5 ( lead or t97 require ! la! to make !m neatly4 ,_m an eng9e1 h[ev]1 has be5 made )\t a la!1 & ,i h se5 "o ) a bit ( gun-b>rel = a cyl9d]1 & a f\r-way cock ( v r\gh con/ruction1 t 0 us$ to turn a c(fee-mill1 & did its "w v well too4 ,b ,i mu/ g at once to ! d\ble-action oscillat+ cyl9d]1 9 :i*1 al?\gh a simil> mode ( admitt+ /eam is us$1 x is arrang$ to admit x alt]nately above & bel[ ! pi/on1 ! exhau/ also act+ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,aft] ! explanation ,i h giv5 y1 h[ev]1 ( ! s+le-action eng9e1 y w1 "s ( y1 ,i ?9k1 jump at a conclusion almo/ directly1 & p]haps be able to plan = y\rselves a v easy arrangem5t to accompli% ! desir$ end4 ,all boys1 h[ev]1 are n 8wax to receive1 & adamant to reta90 an impression2 = ,i h kn[n "s :o ne$ an idea to be driv5 into _! bra9s ) a good deal ( h>d hamm]+4 ,/upid8--,no4 ,dull8--,no1 only sl[ 9 gett+ hold1 & none ! worse = t g5]ally1 if ! ma/] w b h a little pati5ce2 = :5 !y d get hold1 !y are v l bulldogs1 !y won't let g 9 a hurry1 b /ore up 9 mo/ ret5tive m9ds :at !y le>n$ ) su* delib]ation4 ,,! ,,d\ble-,,action ,,oscillat+ ,,eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] ( ! d\ble-action eng9e is ( necessity made ) ports v simil> to ^? ( ! horizontal eng9e already describ$4 ,!re is a solid piece atta*$ to ! cyl9d] z be=e1 :i* is drill$ d[n to ! upp] & l[] "p respectively ( a c5tral boss1 turn$ v flat ^u ! face1 & :i* has to "w aga9/ a simil> flat surface z 9 ! la/ eng9e4 ,b ! ports 9 ! latt] are f\r in/ead ( two1 & 9 an eng9e ) upright cyl9d] w\ld be cut z foll[s1 & z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,^? on ! "r m>k$ / are /eam-ports1 :i*1 be+ drill$ into "o beh9d1 are connect$ ) ! boil]4 ,! o!r two m>k$ ex1 are simil>ly exhau/-ports op5+ into ! air4 ,! spaces betwe5 a b & c d ( fig4 ,c mu/ be wide en\gh to close ! /eam-ports 9 ! cyl9d]1 :5 ! latt] is p]p5dicul> & ! eng9e at re/4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] leans to ! left1 oscillat+ on ! c5tral p9 betwe5 ! ports 9 ! middle ( ! circle1 ! l[] port ( x w evid5tly be 9 connection ) ! /eam-port 9 ,c1 :ile ! upp] port ( ! cyl9d] w be opposite to ! exhau/4 ,z ! cyl9d] is c>ri$ ov] t[>ds ! "r1 ! upp] /eam-ports w come into action 9 a simil> way1 :ile ! l[] exhau/-port is also c>ry+ (f 9 turn ! wa/e /eam4 ,! impetus1 !re=e1 ( ! fly-:eel has "h only to c>ry ! ports ov] ! spaces a b1 c d1 & to prev5t ! crank /opp+ on ! two dead po9ts4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is a g5u9e d\ble-action eng9e1 & w answ]1 ev5 on a l>ge scale1 v satisfactorily4 ,if y d n q und]/& ! action ( ^! ports1 cut out two pieces ( c>d1 ,e ,f4 ,let ,e repres5t ! cyl9d]4 ,draw circles1 & cut two ports4 ,cut ano!r piece ( c>d to repres5t ! brass block1 ) ports1 c d2 p9 !m toge!r ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! circles1 & !y w easily turn on ! p94 ,m>k ! ports1 s t y w see at a glance :i* are /eam & :i* exhau/4 ,n[ cut out ! ports ) a p5knife1 & z y "w ! two c>ds toge!r1 sway+ t :i* repres5ts ! cyl9d] to & fro ^u ! o!r1 y w see :5 ! ports 9 ea* c>d agree ) "o ano!r1 & :i* are opposite to :i*4 ,?is w tea* y f> bett] ?an any fur!r writt5 explanation4 ,y w also see t1 in/ead ( mak+ ! /eam & exhau/ ports respectively ) a division betwe51 ! two /eam-ports may be 9 "o curve unit$1 & likewise ! two exhau/s2 b take c>e n to unite ! exhau/ ) ! /eam-ports4 ,!re is no way s easy z ?is ( rev]s+ ! action ( ! /eam2 x is1 9 fact1 a circul> slide-valve1 b wond]fully easy to make1 because y h no /eam-case to make1 nor any atta*m5ts :atev]4 ,! faces ( ! valve are kept 9 close contact 9 "o ( two ways--ei!r ! c5tre-p9 is fix$ into ! cyl9d] face1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! brass boss ) ! ports1 is screw$ up ) a nut at ! back2 or else !re is fix$ a small pill> or upright on ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d]1 & a little po9t$ screw pass+ ?r\gh ?is presses aga9/ ! cyl9d]1 & makes a po9t ( resi/ance1 aga9/ :i* x c5tres1 & on :i* x turns4 ,?is is %[n at fig4 ,a4 ,a small ind5tation is made :]e ! po9t comes 9 contact ) ! cyl9d]4 ,9 a locomotive eng9e !re are two su* cyl9d]s1 work+ aga9/ opposite faces ( ! same brass block conta9+ ! ports4 ,! cranks are also two1 on ! %aft ( ! driv+-:eels1 & are at "r angles to ea* o!r2 s t :5 "o pi/on is at ! middle ( its /roke1 ! o!r is ne>ly or q at ! end ( x4 ,?us1 betwe5 ! two !re is always "s =ce be+ ex]t$ by ! /eam2 & ! dead po9ts ( "o crank agree ) ! greate/ lev]age ( ! o!r4 ,9 locomotives1 too1 ! cyl9d]s g5]ally are made z 9 ! pres5t draw+1 viz41 to oscillate on a po9t at ! middle ( _! l5g?2 b x is j z easy to h ! two ports meet at ! bottom in/ead1 s t ! po9t ( oscillation may be l[ d[n1 l ! s+le-act+ cyl9d]s ( ! la/ sket*1 & ?is is g5]ally done :5 ! cyl9d] is to /& upright4 ,!re is no occasion = me to draw an eng9e ) d\ble-act+ oscillat+ cyl9d]s1 because 9 appe>ance x w\ld be l ! s+le-act+ "o2 b :]eas ! latt] is ( absolutely no use1 see+ t ! great] "p ( its motion dep5ds on ! impetus ( ! fly-:eel1 ! =m] c be made to d real "w1 & is ! =m to be us$ = m>9e & locomotive eng9es4 ,= ! =m]1 oscillat+ cyl9d]s ) slide-valves are us$ 9 practice2 b = real locomotives fix$ cyl9d]s are always us$4 ,( c\rse ei!r w answ] 9 models1 & x w be good practice to try bo?4 ,i h n[ giv5 suffici5t explanation ( h[ eng9es "w1 & h[ !y may be made1 to enable my "y me*anic to try 8 h& at su* "w4 ,! d\ble-action oscillat+ eng9es especially are well wor?y ( 8 att5tion1 z he may ) ^! fit up work+ models ( /eam-boats & railway tra9s1 :i* are f> m difficult to con/ruct ) fix$ cyl9d]s & slide-valves4 ,i %all !re=e close ?is "p ( my "w ) a description ( "o or two useful appliances to help him 9 ! manipulative portion ( 8 lab\r1--= "h1 z 9 mo/ o!r matt]s1 head & h& & he>t mu/ "w toge!r4 ,! he>t desires1 ! head plans1 ! h&s execute4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 ,i might )\t irrev]5ce br+ =w>d a quotation1 writt5 a v long "t ago by a v clev] & sci5tific man1 9 a v ,holy ,book3 8,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) all ?y might40 ,dep5d ^u x1 success 9 life dep5ds ma9ly ^u c>ry+ into practice ?is excell5t advice4 ,if y take up "o piece ( "w1 & c>elessly & li/lessly play at do+ x1 & !n lay x d[n to beg9 ) equal indiff]5ce some?+ else1 y w nev] become ei!r a good me*anic or a useful man4 ,if y read ( ^? :o h be5 great m5--lights 9 _! g5]ation--y w f9d g5]ally t !y became su* simply by _! obs]vance ( t anci5t precept ( ! wise man4 ,!y 7 n s m>vell\sly clev]--!y seldom _h any unusual worldly advantages2 b !y work$ 8) all _! might10 & success cr[n$ _! ef=ts1 z x w cr[n y\rs if y d ! same4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,h>d5+ ,,& ,,temp]+ ,,tools4 ,i promis$ 9 a previ\s page to describe a little /ove = heat+ sold]+-irons1 & do+ o!r light "w4 ,x is made z foll[s1 & w be f\nd v useful4 ,fig4 #ga1 ,a1 is a tube ( %eet-iron1 :i* =ms ! body ( ! little /ove4 ,f\r light iron rods /& out f x1 :i* =m h&les1 b ^! are =k$ at ! ends1 & ?us become re/s = ! h&les ( sold]+-irons1 or any light b>s t are to be heat$ at ! ends4 ,bel[ is a tray1 also ( %eet-iron1 ^u %ort legs to keep x (f ! table--= ?is is a little table-/ove4 ,c is ! ca/-iron grate4 ,y c buy ?is = a few p5ce fir/ ( all1 & !n y fit y\r %eet-metal to x4 ,x w re/ on ?ree or f\r little /uds or projections rivet$ to ! /ove inside2 or y c cut ?ree or f\r little places l ,d1 n cutt+ !m at ! bottom l9e1 a b1 b only on ?ree sides1 & !n b5d 9 ! little piece s z to make a %elf4 ,if ! /ove is ab\t #d in*es high above ! grate1 & #b or #c in*es bel[ x1 & #f in*es diamet]1 x w be suffici5tly l>ge = _m small op]ations2 b t ! fuel may keep fall+ d[nw>ds z x burns1 ! l[] "p %\ld be l>g] ?an ! upp]1 &1 to admit pl5ty ( air1 %\ld be cut into legs z %[n4 ,r\nd ! top are cut semicircul> holl[s1 9 :i* ! irons re/4 ,to increase ! heat1 a *imney or bl[]1 ,b1 is fitt$1 :i* has also op5+s cut out to mat* ^? ( ! l[] "p1 s t ! sold]+-irons c be ins]t$ :5 ?is *imney is put on4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is n requir$1 b only a /rong draught1 by turn+ ! *imney a little1 all ! op5+s w be clos$4 ,a /ill long] *imney c be add$ at pleasure4 ,a hole %\ld be made at ! level ( ! grate to admit ! nozzle ( an ord9>y pair ( bell[s4 ,?is /ove y w\ld f9d ( great s]vice1 & x may be f$ ) coke & *>coal 9 small lumps4 ,n[ y may make ! above f> m useful4 ,x w make a regul> little furnace1 & n burn ?r\gh1 if y c l9e x ) fireclay4 ,9 ,london & l>ge t[ns y c obta9 ?is2 & x only ne$s to be mix$ up ) wat]1 l mort>1 :5 y c pla/] y\r /ove inside an in* ?ick or m1 mak+ x s mu* l>g] on purpose4 ,!re is no ne$ to d ?is bel[ ! level ( ! grate2 b if y _c get fireclay1 y may d almo/ z well by gett+ a blacklead-melt+pot f any ironf\ndry1 & bor+ a few holes r\nd ! bottom = air1 & fitt+ x inside y\r little iron /ove4 ,9 ?is y c obta9 heat en\gh to melt brass1 & x w la/ a great deal long] ?an ! iron alone1 :i* w burn ?r\gh if y bl[ ! fire mu*2 b = g5]al sold]+1 temp]+ small tools1 & s =?1 y ne$ n bl[ ! fire1 z ! hood & *imney w suffici5tly increase ! heat4 ,!re is no dang] 9 ! use ( ?is little fireplace1 b ( c\rse y w\ld n /& x ne> a heap ( %av+s1 unless y are y\rself a v c>eless "y 8%av]40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,temp] ,,tools4 ,!re is no reason :y ! "y me*anic %\ld n be told h[ to make 8 own tools1 & h[ to h>d5 & temp] !m1 because he ought to be a sort ( jack-(-all-trades2 & p]haps he may break a drill or o!r small tool j 9 ! middle ( "s special bit ( "w1 or 8 drill may be j a little too small or too l>ge1 & !re he w be /uck fa/ z a pig 9 a gate1 & unable to set himself "r aga9 any m ?an ! noisy squeak] a=esaid4 ,b to a workman a brok5 drill means j five m9utes' delay1 & all goes on aga9 z m]rily z be=e2 & z we wi% to make our "y read]s workm5 & n bungl]s1 we w tea* !m ?is useful art at once4 ,drills are made ( /eel wire or rods ( v>i\s sizes4 ,9 old times !y 7 made squ>e at "o end1 to fit la!-*ucks or braces1 b n[1 = la!-"w1 !y are g5]ally made ( r\nd /eel1 & fa/5$ into ! *uck ) a set screw on "o side4 ,9 ?is way !y c be m easily made to run true4 ,b !re are s _m k9ds ( drills t ,i suppose ,i _h bett] g into ! matt] a little--only ,i h n room to say mu* m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,look at ,fig4 #gb1 & y w see "s ( ! m usual =ms ( drills us$1 b ^! are by no means all4 ,y w n inde$ require su* a collection2 & yet1 if y %\ld gr[ f a "y me*anic into an old "o1 ,i d>esay y w f9d y\rself 9 possession ( sev]al ( !m4 ,! fir/1 labell$ #a1 is ! little wat*mak]'s drill1 ( :i*1 nev]!less1 ?is w\ld be consid]$ a v l>ge size4 ,x is m]ely a bit ( /eel wire1 ) a brass pulley ^u x1 =m$ into a po9t at ! l>ge/ end1 & into a drill at ! o!r4 ,! way x is work$ is ?is3 ,at ! side ( ! table-vice--t is1 at ! end ( its jaws or *ops or *aps--are drill$ a few little %all[ holes1 9 :i* ! wat*mak] places ! po9t at ! ?icke/ end2 ! drill-po9t re/s aga9/ ! "w1 :i* he holds 9 8 left h&4 ,a b[ ( :alebone1 a1 has a /r+ ( f9e gut su* z is us$ = fi%+1 or1 if ! drill is v small1 a horse-hair2 & ?is is giv5 "o turn r\nd ! brass pulley be=e ! drill is plac$ 9 position4 ,! b[ is !n mov$ to & fro1 caus+ ! drill to revolve fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r4 ,! g5]al "w is 9 ?9 brass1 & !re=e ^! little tools are suffici5tly /rong = ! purpose4 ,"s ( ! drills & broa*es 7f\r or five1 or ev5 six sid$ wires ( /eel7 are s f9e t !y w b5d ab\t l a hair1 & yet are s beautifully made & temp]$ z to cut /eel4 ,no4 #b is a l>g] drill1 ev5 n[ mu* us$4 ,9 pr9ciple x is exactly simil> to ! la/1 b ! pulley is replac$ by a bobb9 or reel ( wood1 made to revolve by a /eel b[ ) a gut /r+1 or a /rong wood5 b[4 ,! drills1 too1 are sep>ate1 & fit into a socket at ! bottom ( ! drill-/ock4 ,! l>ge end is po9t$1 z 9 ! la/1 & is made to re/ 9 "o ( ! holes 9 a /eel brea/-plate1 b1 :i* is ti$ to ! *e/ ( ! op]ator1 :o1 by lean+ aga9/ x1 keeps ! drill to its "w1 :ile bo? h&s are free to hold ! latt] /eady4 ,!re is a modification ( ?is tool1 inv5t$ by a ,mr ,freeman1 int5d$ to d away ) ! b[4 ,! bobb9 or reel is turn$ )\t rais$ ends1 & is work$ by a flat /rip ( wood cov]$ ) india-rubb]1 & turn$ at "o end to =m a conv5i5t h&le4 ,! hav+ to twi/ ! b[-/r+ r\nd ! drill1 :i* is always a bo!r1 is ?us done away )4 ,no4 #d is a drill-/ock simil> to ! la/1 b 9 place ( ! brea/-plate a revolv+ head or h&le is put to ! top1 9 :i* ! po9t works4 ,?is is held 9 "o h&1 :ile ! drill-b[ is work$ by ! o!r4 ,?is is also g5]ally held aga9/ ! *e/1 z ! h& alone does n give suffici5t pressure4 ,heavy "w1 h[ev]1 _c well be done by ^! brea/-drills1 & !y are liable to cause spitt+ ( blood f ! con/ant pressure 9 ! region ( ! he>t & lungs4 ,no4 #c is ! ,ar*im$ean drill-/ock1 n[ v common1 b orig9ally inv5t$ by a workman ( ,messrs ,holtzappffel's1 ! em95t la!mak]s ( ,london4 ,x n[ comes to u z an ,am]ican drill-/ock4 ,x is a long screw ( two or m ?reads1 ) a f]ule or nut work+ ^u x4 ,! upp] end revolves )9 ! head1 :i* is ( wood2 ! l[] end is =m$ into a socket to receive ! drills1 :i* revolve by slid+ ! f]ule up & d[n4 ,"s are #ad in*es long1 & o!rs n m ?an #e4 ,! fir/ are us$ ) ! pressure ( ! *e/1 ! latt] ) t ( ! left h&4 ,= light "w ^! are v useful1 & y w seldom ne$ any o!r 9 ! models ( small eng9es1 c4 ,no4 #e is ano!r wat*mak]'s drill1 b s]ves also z a p9-vice to hold small pieces ( wire :ile be+ turn$ or fil$ 9 ! little la!s :i* are us$ 9 t trade1 & :i* are work$ by a b[ ) "o h&1 :ile ! tool is held 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is by no means a useless tool1 ev5 )\t ! pulley4 ,x is made by tak+ a r\nd 7or bett]1 an octagon1 or five or six sid$7 piece ( /eel1 drill+ ! end a little di/ance1 & !n saw+ ! :ole up ! middle4 ,! slit ?us made is !n fil$ away to wid5 x1 & leave two jaws at ! end1 :i* grasp ! p9 or drill2 a r+ slips ov]1 & keeps ! jaws toge!r4 ,we n[ come to fig4 #f1 :i* repres5ts ! be/ ( all drills = metal4 ,x is really ,am]ican ?is "t1 & does our ,transatlantic c\s9s great cr$it1 z does ! ma*9]y g5]ally inv5t$ or made by !m 7! ,:eel] & ,wilson sew+-ma*9es = in/ance74 ,! /eel ( :i* ?is drill is made is accurately turn$ 9 a la!1 & ! spiral groove is cut by ma*9]y4 ,?is groove acts 9 two ways--fir/1 z all[+ ! %av+s 7n p[d]y *ips7 to escape z ! tool p5etrates1 b z =m+ ! cutt+ edges :]e !y 7= !re are two7 meet at ! po9t4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 require a la! ) a self-c5tr+ *uck made on purpose4 ,!y are sold 9 sets ^u a /&1 *uck & all complete1 & ea* is "o-?irty-second ( an in* l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,"s are z small z a d>n+-ne$le1 or less1 & !y run up to an in* or s 9 diamet]4 ,!re are l>ge & small sets4 ,we n[ pass to ! old-fa%ion$ smi?'s brace1 fig4 #g1 %[n 9 position1 drill+ ! piece e4 ,pressure is kept up ei!r by a weight$ lev]1 or by a screw1 z %[n "h4 ,! brace is mov$ r\nd by ! h& ( ! workman4 ,v (t5 ?is tool is arrang$ on ! vice-b5*1 s t ! "w c be reta9$ 9 ! jaws ( ! vice :ile be+ drill$4 ,sometimes x is m\nt$ on a sep>ate /&1 hav+ a /ool bel[1 & a special k9d ( vice or clamp is add$4 ,well made1 ?is is n s bad a tool z x looks1 b ^? us$ ord9>ily 9 smi?s' %ops are v clumsy1 & d n ev5 run true1 & ! drills are badly made1 al?\gh by %e] =ce !y are driv5 ?r\gh ! "w4 ,:atev] =m ( drill-/ock is us$1 ! ma9 ?+ is to h ! drills prop]ly =m$4 ,y w recognise k & n z common =ms1 ?an :i* m is consid]ably bett]4 ,= ca/-iron n w\ld n be a bad po9t1 because ! angle is great1 mu* great]1 y see1 ?an k2 & ! bevels :i* =m ! cutt+ edges ( a drill %\ld also n be too %>p1 z !y are g5]ally made1 =1 z !y only scrape away ! metal1 _! edges g directly4 ,! common way to make a drill is ?is3 ,a piece ( /eel wire ( ! requir$ size is heat$ until r$ hot 7nev] to a :ite heat1 or x w\ld be spoil$74 ,! end is !n flatt5$ out ) a hamm]1 & ! po9t trimm$ ) a file4 ,x is !n aga9 heat$ r$ hot1 & dipp$ into cold wat] = a second4 ,!n held :]e ! *anges ( col\r1 :i* ensue z x cools1 c be se5 pla9ly2 & z soon z a deep yell[ or fir/ t+e ( purple becomes visible1 x is entirely cool$ 9 wat]4 ,x is !n f9i%$1 except z reg>ds fitt+ x to ! drill-/ock1 :i* may be done be=e or aft] x is h>d5$1 because c>e is tak5 only to dip ! extreme po9t4 ,to get prop] cutt+ edges ! drill is tak5 to ! gr9d/one1 & ea* side ( ! po9t is slightly bevell$1 b 9 opposite directions1 s z to make x cut bo? ways4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 left ( equal wid?1 l o1 b ! flatt5$ sides are gr\nd away1 s z to make m ( a po9t1 l p & n4 ,n[1 ?is is all "r en\gh z reg>ds =g+ & h>d5+1 & temp]+1 & = ! smalle/ drills ?is is ! only way to make !m4 7,only wat*mak]s heat !m 9 ! c&le till r$1 & !n cool & temp] by runn+ !m into ! tall[47 ,b if y want a good drill t w cut well & truly1 y %\ld file away ! sides ( a r\nd b> l m1 only spread+ ! po9t v slightly inde$1 j to prev5t ! drill /ick+ fa/ 9 ! "w4 ,ano!r drill1 inde$1 is spok5 ( v highly1 :i* is also c>efully made l m1 b ! places :i* are "h flat are holl[$ out or groov$ l5g?wise1 ! section ( ! po9t--i4e41 ! appe>ance ( ! end ( ! drill--becomes r curi\s1 l r4 ,i am assur$ by ^? :o h us$ !m1 t ^! cut q z well z ! twi/ drills :i* ,i h describ$ already4 ,^! :i* ,i am n[ speak+ ( are also ,am]ican2 & ,i don't "k h[ x is1 t someh[ ,am]ica is a f> bett] place = improvem5ts 9 tools & ma*9es ?an our own ,old ,engl&4 ,& if ,i _h a wond]ful inv5tion--a new bir*-rod-mak+ & flogg+-ma*9e = v tr\blesome boys1 = in/ance--,i am afraid ,i %\ld g to ,am]ica to pat5t x2 b ,i d>esay ,engli% boys w\ld n object to t4 ,to tea* an idle boy to read1 ,8 m9d be sure to jog2 ,b if he's v bad inde$1 ,y'll be oblig$ to flog4 ,yet if y flog him day by day1 ,he'll nev] le>n to read2 ,= boys require a lot ( play ,to make !m "w ) spe$4 ,b "y me*anics1 if !y err ,or jo9 ! lazy team1 ,w\ld all1 z ,i suppose1 pref] ,to be well flogg$ by /eam4 ,if n1 !y _h bett] n let me pat5t my flogg+-ma*9e4 ,luckily x is n inv5t$ yet4 ,! cutt+ edges ( drills come "u ! same rules z o!r cutt+ edges4 ,y might1 = in/ance1 hold a l>ge drill flat on ! re/1 & use ei!r edge z a turn+-tool4 ,y w see at once t ^! edges w n cut if made 9 ! usual way1 b only scrape4 ,! bevel wants to be gr\nd only to #c1 z be=e expla9$1 to give ! prop] cle>ance1 & ! cutt+ edge requires to be !n made by gr9d+ back ! upp] surface1 :i* is j ! same 9 effect z is produc$ by twi/+ ! metal or cutt+ a spiral groove1 :i* holl[s out ?is upp] surface & gives x cutt+ p[]4 ,x is no use gr9d+ a %>p]-look+ bevel1 or mak+ m ( a po9t--y only weak5 ! edge2 m or n is q po9t$ en\gh1 ?\gh ! fir/ is a "r angle & ! second great]2 &1 = ca/-iron1 a r\nd$ po9t1 %[+ no angle at all1 w d j z well1 or bett]1 :5 once x has begun to p5etrate4 ,d n be deceiv$1 !re=e1 by mak+ drills look po9t$ & ke51 =1 ,i repeat1 !y are scrap+ tools only1 unless y file an edge by bevell+ back ! upp] face ( ea* side ( ! po9t4 ,if y 7 to make a v ?ick1 /rong drill1 y might beg9 by gr9d+ back ! two sides to #c1 to =m ! accid5tal front l9e ( ! po9t or section angle1 & !n gr9d back1 at #de f ?is l9e1 ! upp] face1 by :i* y w\ld d j :at y did to give ! grav] cutt+ edges ( #fj--only a drill ?us =m$ mu/ h a po9t ( #ij4 ,x w\ld cut 9 two directions1 l "o = a drill /ock & b[4 ,i hope my bigg] boys w n pass ov] ! rem>ks on cutt+ edges int]sp]s$ 9 ?is book1 =1 once und]/ood1 !y w be f\nd to be mo/ valuable4 ,inde$1 !y _c "w intellig5tly until !y und]/& exactly ! nature & pr9ciples ( ! tools :i* !y h to use4 ,9 drill+ iron1 use wat] or oil1 or soap & wat]1 or soda-wat]--ei!r w d2 b ! holes are drill$ 9 ! %ips' arm\r-plat+ ) soap & wat] to cool ! drill2 & v well x answ]s1 = ^! plates are sev]al in*es ?ick1 b ! holes are soon made4 ,:5 work+ 9 brass & gun-metal1 use no wat]1 b "w ! drill q dry4 ,! same rules1 9 %ort1 apply to drill+ z to turn+ or plan+ metal2 & if y c\ld see ! action ( a well-made ,am]ican twi/-drill1 y w\ld recognise ?is simil>ity1 = y w\ld see ! metal come =? 9 long1 bright curls1 z pretty & %9+ z ^? ( y\r fav\rite "y lady or lov+ si/]--"o ( :i* y h1 ,i d>esay4 ,to give y "s idea ( :at a /raight c\rse a drill w take1 if rightly made & skilfully us$1 ,i may tell y t a twi/-drill has be5 run ?r\gh a lucif]-mat* f end to end )\t splitt+ x2 & z to ! f95ess possible1 ,i h se5 a human hair ) an eye drill$ ?r\gh x1 by :i*1 ne$le-l1 x 0 ?read$ ) ! o!r end ( itself4 ,i told y h[ to bore a cyl9d]1 :i* is b drill+ on a l>g] scale1 & 9 ,fig4 #fe ,i sket*$ ! me?od ( do+ ?is 9 ! la! ) a rosebit4 ,b ,i did n expla9 ano!r tool us$ j 9 ! same way1 b :i* w bore holes 9 solid iron wond]fully4 ,fig4 #fe1 ,l1 ,h1 ,k1 is "o ( ^!4 ,?is is an eng9e]'s bor+-bit1 & is made ( all sizes1 f t requir$ to bore ! /em ( a tobacco-pipe--7don't smoke1 boys1 x w dry up y\r bra9s7--to t :i* w\ld bore a cannon4 ,a rod ( /eel is =g$ ) a boss or l>g] "p at "o end4 ,?is is c5tr$ 9 ! la!1 & ! c5tre-m>ks are well drill$1 & n m]ely pun*$1 especially t at ! small end4 ,! boss is !n turn$ q cyl9drical1 aft] :i* x is fil$#d away exactly to ! diametrical l9e1 z y w see by inspection ( ,l4 ,! end is !n gr\nd (f a little slant+1 to give1 z be=e1 ab\t #c ( cle>ance4 ,! cutt+ edge ?us obta9$1 & ! end 9 :i* ! c5tre hole /ill rema9s1 are c>efully h>d5$4 ,y ?us h a tool :i* w bore spl5didly1 b y mu/ give x entrance by turn+ a recess fir/ ( all 9 ! "w1 or drill+1 ) a drill ( equal size1 a little way into ! mat]ial4 ,us$ l ! rosebit1 ?is tool w run beautifully /raight1 s t y c bore v deep1 long holes ) x1 & cyl9d]s c be mo/ beautifully bor$ ) x4 ,i ?9k y w\ld be able to make ^! tools ) a little c>e2 b1 :5 y h>d5 !m1 only heat & dip ! extremities1 or x is t5 to "o y\r /eel rod w b5d & w>p 9 cool+1 & y w n be able to rectify x4 ,if ! ends are q h>d1 x is z well t ! re/ %\ld be s(t1 z ! tool w n !n be s liable to get brok54 ,!re are _m o!r tools us$ = bor+ iron & /eel1 b y ne$ n tr\ble y\rself at pres5t to le>n any?+ ( !m--!y are no use to y n[4 ,i h head$ ?is *apt] 8,h>d5+ & ,temp]+0 tools1 b z yet ,i h only p>tially expla9$ ! process1 :i* is a v curi\s "o2 & ?\gh ! result is highly necess>y 9 _m cases1 x is by no means well und]/ood :at really takes place 9 ! process1 or :y ?is effect %\ld occur 9 /eel1 b n 9 iron1 or brass1 or o!r metals4 ,if y heat a piece ( bright /eel ov] a cle> gas jet or fire :i* w n smoke x1 y w see sev]al col\rs arise z ! metal gets hott] & hott]1 until f9ally x becomes r$4 ,^! are due to oxidation1 :i* is s long a ^w t ,i am n sure ,i c /op to expla9 x ?or\ghly4 ,let u see1 h[ev]1 :at we c make ( x4 ,! air we brea! conta9s two gases1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 ) a small proportion ( a ?ird call$ c>bonic acid4 ,nei!r ( ^! alone w support life1 or keep ! fire burn+1 or enable vegetables to live & gr[1 b x is ! fir/ :i* is 9 ?is ! *ief support4 ,! second is only us$ by ,nature z we use wat] to br&y1 viz41 to dilute x & r5d] x less /rong4 ,if we brea!d oxyg5 alone1 we %\ld live too fa/1 & we> out our bodies 9 a few h\rs4 ,if we brea!d nitrog5 only1 we %\ld die1 & s ( c>bonic acid4 ,n[ ?is oxyg5 seizes ^u ev]y?+ 9 a wond]ful & sometimes provok+ mann]4 ,if y leave a bright tool out ( doors to get damp1 d[n comes our fri5d oxyg5 & ru/s x4 ,x comb9es ) ! iron & makes oxide ( iron1 :i* is :at we call ru/4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 ?is oxyg5 comes m f ! wat] ?an ! air1 because wat] is made also ( two gases1 hydrog5 & ?is same oxyg54 ,x is c]ta9 t oxyg5 9 ?is case always f9ds any bright tools t we leave ab\t 9 ! wet1 & coats !m ) a r$ jacket v spe$ily4 ,!n if y look at a blacksmi? at "w1 y w see scales fall f ! hot iron z he hamm]s x4 ,^! are black1 b our old fri5d has be5 at "w1 & unit$ ) ! r$-hot metal & =m$ ano!r oxide ( iron1 call$ black oxide4 ,we c und]/& ?is4 ,if a man eats a good deal1 or dr9ks a good deal1 he gets r$ 9 ! face2 if he eats till he *okes himself1 he gets black 9 ! face1 & ,i suppose x is mu* ! same :5 oxyg5 eats too mu* iron4 ,well1 :5 we beg9 to heat ! /eel1 d[n comes oxyg5 & beg9s 8 "w2 & fir/ he looks v pale2 !n he gets m bili\s & yell[]2 !n he gets hott] & %[s a t+e ( r$ ) ! yell[ =m+ orange2 !n he beg9s to get purple1 !n blue1 !n deep] blue2 & f9ally black be=e he gets absolutely r$ & :ite hot4 ,n[ to temp] /eel1 we fir/ heat x r$-hot1 n m9d+ ^! col\rs1 & !n we cool x sudd5ly 9 cold wat]4 ,?is r5d]s x v h>d inde$4 ,no file w cut x1 or drill p5etrate x2 b if we /rike x1 behold x breaks l glass6 ,?is is too h>d = g5]al "w1 = ! edge w break & *ip if x meets ) any h>d spot 9 ! metal1 or *ances to bite 9 too deep4 ,its tee? are too brittle1 & s get brok5 (f4 ,= ?is reason we h to 8let d[n10 or temp]1 ! tool1 & we proce$ z foll[s3 ,! "p to be temp]$ is gr\nd q bright4 ,x is !n laid ^u a b> ( iron heat$ r$-hot1 or if small1 x is held ov] a gas jet or 9 a c&le2 heat$1 9 %ort1 9 any way mo/ suitable & conv5i5t4 ,& n[1 fir/1 our fri5d oxyg5 puts on a pale yell[ face z be=e4 ,?is w d = turn+ /eel & iron1 b is /ill too h>d = g5]al "w4 ,!n comes ! orange1 & ?is pres5tly t5ds slightly to blue2 at :i* po9t1 if ! tool is in/antly cool$ 9 wat]1 x w be f\nd to be> a good edge1 h>d1 b suffici5tly t\gh = "w4 ,mo/ tools = metal & drills are let d[n to some?+ betwe5 ! yell[ & blue1 & we "k t ! m !y approa* blue1 ! s(t] !y w be4 ,?us we c easily manage our tools2--"s to be> h>d bl[s1 l axes1 :i* are temp]$ to a blue col\r2 "s l files1 :i* a bl[ w break1 b :i* are fam\s = _! own special "w--^! are let d[n only to a pale yell[2 o!rs1 l spr+s & saws1 are let d[n to a m ?or\gh blue1 because !y are requir$ to be ela/ic & t\gh1 b are n ne$$ to be s p>ticul>ly h>d4 ,!n tools l turnscrews1 & bradawls1 & gimblets are left ev5 s(t]1 sometimes n temp]$ or h>d5$ at all1 b j =g$ & gr\nd to ! requir$ %ape4 ,n[1 ,i fancy "s ( my %>p boys w say t ! fir/ description ,i gave ( ! mode ( h>d5+ & temp]+ 0 n exactly l ?is2 nor 0 x1 yet 9 pr9ciple x is ! same4 ,= in/ance1 if y give a drill to a smi? to make1 he w d z ,i !n said4 ,he w heat ! extreme po9t r$-hot1 !n dip ! po9t 9 wat]1 give a rub on ! /one or bricks ( ! =ge1 & wat* ! col\rs4 ,?is c be done :5 ! tool is ( suffici5t sub/ance to reta9 heat en\gh aft] ! edge has be5 dipp$ to re-heat t edge suffici5tly4 ,9 ?is case !re is no ne$ to *ill ! :ole tool & !n heat x aga94 ,b 9 ! case ( small drills & tools1 p5-knife-blades1 & o!r articles ( ?is nature1 !re w n be suffici5t heat reta9$1 aft] dipp+1 to br+ up to ! surface ! desir$ col\rs2 = oxyg5 likes a hot d9n] z well z y d1 & if ! iron is n hot en\gh he w h no?+ to d ) x4 ,"o great difficulty y w\ld f9d if y _h mu* temp]+ to d1 viz41 t ! articles b5d "u ! op]ation1 "s m ?an o!rs4 ,try ?is3 ,take a ?9 knitt+-ne$le :5 ! own] is n look+1 & run (f ) x2--x is all 9 ! cause ( sci5ce6 ,heat x r$-hot1 & ) a pair ( pli]s take x up & drop x sidewise 9 a bas9 ( wat]4 ,x w b5d l a b[4 ,heat aga91 /raight5 x1 re-heat1 & ?is "t pop x 9 l5g?wise--endwise1 po9t fir/--,i mean 7don't y see t a r\nd ne$le has no sides1 & puts me into a p]fect quagmire ( difficulty74 ,h[ev]1 y w und]/& ?is1 & w f9d ! ne$le n b5t ne>ly s mu* z be=e1 b /ill x is n /raight4 ,z ,i expla9 mo/ ?+s z ,i g on1 ,i may z well expla9 :y ?is b5d+ occurs be=e ,i tell y h[ to /raight5 y\r "w aga94 ,all metals exp& ) heat1 & contract ) cold4 ,i am sure ,i contract t]ribly 9 ! w9t] until ,i h _h pl5ty ( hot s\p1 & hot roa/-beef1 & plum-pudd+2 & ,i "k my temp] improves1 too1 :5 ,i get exp&$ & w>m4 ,well n[1 :5 y dropp$ y\r si/]'s knitt+-ne$le all hot on its side into ! wat]1 t side contract$ be=e ! o!r1 & consequ5tly ! ne$le b5t2 b :5 y put x 9 ! wat]1 end on1 x 0 cool$ all r\nd at once1 & if y c\ld b cool a piece ( metal equally all ov]1 inside & out1 at once1 all p>ts w\ld %r9k equally fa/1 & ! article w\ld rema9 /raight4 ,b !re is1 un=tunately1 ano!r cause ( ?is b5d+1 :i* is1 t all articles are n ( su* =m t ! same quantity ( metal is on all sides ( ! axial l9e4 ,take a half-r\nd file1 = in/ance2 "o side is flat1 ! o!r curv$1 s t tak+ ^! two surfaces into consid]ation1 "o conta9s a great deal m metal ?an ! o!r1 & w n cool at ! same rate4 ,^! articles are f> m liable to b5d ?an ^? ^: sides are p>allel4 ,ano!r result ( ! hot mass be+ cool$ mo/ quickly on ! outside is1 t cracks are produc$ 9 ! latt]1 because1 s to speak1 ! sk9 is contract$1 & c no long] conta9 all ! exp&$ metal )9 x4 ,h5ce1 to make a m&rel = a la!1 x is common to bore x out fir/1 be=e h>d5+1 to remove ?is mass ( metal1 & to all[ ! wat] to t\* x inside z well z out4 ,su* m&rels seldom crack or b5d4 ,! only way to /raight5 articles :i* h w>p$ by h>d5+1 is by :at is call$ hack+ or hack-hamm]+1 :i* is no?+ m ?an hamm]+ ! concave or holl[ side ) ! edge ( ! /eel pane ( a hamm]4 ,?is spreads ! metal ^u ! hamm]$ side1 &1 by exp&+ x1 /raight5s ! tool1 = ! holl[ side1 rememb]1 is t :i* 0 too mu* %runk or contract$4 ,?is is n an op]ation y w h to d1 especially if y only h>d5 ! extreme po9ts ( ! drills & little tools y make4 ,!re is ano!r way ( h>d5+1 n /eel1 b iron1 call$ 8case h>d5+10 because x puts a case ( /eel ov] ! surface ( ! metal4 ,obta9 a salt call$ prussiate ( pota%4 ,x is yell[1 l b>ley-sug>1 b is poison4 ,heat ! iron r$-hot1 & well rub x ^u ?is salt1 & !n cool x 9 wat]4 ,y w f9d t n[ a file w n t\* x1 its surface be+ z h>d z glass4 ,x is c>bonis$ on its ext]ior1 & made into h>d /eel4 ,?is c be done 9 ano!r way1 z gun-locks1 snuff]s1 & _m o!r ?+s are case h>d5$4 ,!y are enclos$ 9 an iron box1 ) cutt+s ( lea!r & bone-du/1 & ! box is lut$ ab\t ) clay & put 9 ! fire4 ,all ! pieces get r$-hot1 & ! lea!r *>s & black5s1 & "s ( x comb9es z be=e ) ! hot iron1 & makes x into /eel4 ,& our fri5d oxyg5 is consid]ably at a loss 9 ?is case to f9d 8 way 91 or he w\ld make black scales aga9 & spoil ! "w2 or comb9e ) ! c>bon 7or *>coal7 & make x into gas4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 z we %ut up a little oxyg5 ) ! cont5ts ( ! box1 ?is *ange ,,does take place1 b j z ! gas rises ! iron seizes x1 & holds x fa/4 ,& n[1 boys1 ,i f9d x necess>y to lay d[n ! p51 :i* ,i see has almo/ run away ) me1 & writt5 a good _m m pages ?an ,i at fir/ int5d$4 ,s9ce ,i began to write ,i h visit$ ! work%ops at ,k+'s ,college1 & se5 a sight to gladd5 my eyes4 ,boys c>p5t]+1 boys turn+1 boys fil+2 eng9es ( real use1 ) s+le & d\ble cyl9d]s1 f9i%$1 & 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 & all ^! ! "w ( s*oolboys1 ^: h&s & bra9s are alike engag$ 9 ?is delightful bran* ( indu/ry4 ,let no "o1 !re=e1 pret5d t boys are n capable ( execut+ good "w ( ?is k9d 9 a ma/]ly mann]1 or t :at !y d is always *ild's-play1 or ,i %all take up ! cudgels 9 _! behalf4 ,i h also se51 9 ! ,work+-,m5's ,exhibition1 a v neat little eng9e1 made by a boy only twelve ye>s ( age1 :i* makes me hope & believe t ! few h9ts ^u wood & metal "w :i* ,i h "h ?r[n toge!r w nei!r be unacceptable nor useless to ^? :om ,i address 9 ^! pages4 ,9 ?is hope ,i take my leave1 & sign myself1 ) gratification & pride-- ,! boy me*anic's fai?ful fri5d1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,footnotes #a ,9 ! draw+1 !y are all accid5tally drawn ( ! same pit*4 #b ,! p>ts s jo9t$ are highly exagg]at$2 :5 hamm]$ d[n1 ! jo9t only =ms a light bead+4 #c ,! bottom jo9t mu/ !re=e be hamm]$ close2 ! upp] "o w become a l$ge = ! boil] to re/ on4 #d ,9 l>ge tools ?is is n done by ! file4 ,h]oes ( ! ,nations4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,evelyn ,,abbott1 ,m4,a41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,balliol ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,a s]ies ( biographical /udies ( ! lives & "w ( a numb] ( repres5tative hi/orical *>act]s ab\t :om h ga!r$ ! great traditions ( ! ,nations to :i* !y belong$1 & :o h be5 accept$1 9 _m in/ances1 z types ( ! sev]al ,national ideals4 ,) ! life ( ea* typical "* w be pres5t$ a picture ( ! ,national conditions surr\nd+ him dur+ 8 c>e]4 ,! n>ratives are ! "w ( writ]s :o are recogniz$ au?orities on _! sev]al subjects1 &1 :ile ?or\ghly tru/wor?y z hi/ory1 w pres5t picturesque & dramatic 8/ories0 ( ! ,m5 & ( ! ev5ts connect$ ) !m4 ,to ! ,life ( ea* 8,h]o0 w be giv5 "o duodecimo volume1 h&somely pr9t$ 9 l>ge type1 provid$ ) maps & adequately illu/rat$ accord+ to ! special requirem5ts ( ! sev]al subjects4 ,! volumes w be sold sep>ately z foll[s3 ,clo? extra #a #ej ,half morocco1 uncut edges1 gilt top #a #ge ,l>ge pap]1 limit$ to #bej numb]$ copies = subscrib]s to ! s]ies4 ,^! may be obta9$ 9 %eets fold$1 or 9 clo?1 uncut edges #c #ej ,! fir/ gr\p ( ! ,s]ies w comprise twelve volumes1 z foll[s3 ,nelson1 & ! ,naval ,supremacy ( ,engl&4 ,by ,w4 ,,cl>k ,,russell1 au?or ( 8,! ,wreck ( ! ,grosv5or10 etc4 ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 & ! ,/ruggle ( ,prote/antism = ,exi/5ce4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,flet*]1 ,m4,a41 late ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,p]icles1 & ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,a!ns4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,abbott1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,!odoric ! ,go?1 ! ,b>b>ian ,*ampion ( ,civilization4 ,by ,,?omas ,,hodgk91 au?or ( 8,italy & ,h] ,invad]s10 etc4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 & ! ,*ivalry ( ,engl&4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,fox-,,b\rne1 au?or ( 8,! ,life ( ,john ,locke10 etc4 ,julius ,cs>1 & ! ,organization ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,john ,wyclif1 ,la/ ( ! ,s*oolm5 & ,fir/ ( ! ,engli% ,re=m]s4 ,by ,,lewis ,,s>geant1 au?or ( 8,new ,greece10 etc4 ,napoleon1 ,w>rior & ,rul]1 & ! ,milit>y ,supremacy ( ,revolution>y ,france4 ,by ,w4 ,o',,connor ,,morris1 sometime ,s*ol> ( ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 & ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france4 ,by ,p4 ,f4 ,,will]t1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! ,ext5sion ( ,greek ,rule & ( ,greek ,ideas4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,b5jam9 ,i4 ,,:eel]1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,*>lemagne1 ! ,reorganiz] ( ,europe4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,george ,l4 ,,burr1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ! ,z5i? ( ! ,fr5* ,mon>*y4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hassall1 ,m4,a41 ,s5ior ,/ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,to be foll[$ by3 ,cic]o1 & ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,republic4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,/ra*an ,,davidson1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 & ! ,adv5tur]s ( ,engl&4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,bism>ck4 ,! ,new ,g]man ,empire3 ,h[ ,x ,arose2 ,:at ,x ,replac$2 & ,:at ,x ,/&s ,=4 ,by ,,james ,,sime1 au?or ( 8,a ,life ( ,less+10 etc4 ,william ( ,orange1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,dut* ,republic4 ,by ,,ru? ,,putnam4 ,hannibal1 & ! ,/ruggle betwe5 ,c>?age & ,rome4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,regius ,pr(4 ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 & ! ,fir/ ,k+dom 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,f4 ,,york ,,p[ell1 ,m4,a41 ,s5ior ,/ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,*>les ! ,bold1 & ! ,attempt to ,f\nd a ,middle ,k+dom4 ,by ,r4 ,,lodge1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,john ,calv91 ! ,h]o ( ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants4 ,by ,,ow5 ,h4 ,,edw>ds1 ,fell[ ( ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,oliv] ,cromwell1 & ! ,rule ( ! ,puritans 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,,*>les ,,fir?1 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,m>lbor\gh1 & ,engl& z a ,milit>y ,p[]4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,v4 ,,oman1 ,a4,m41 ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york #bg ,,we/ ,,tw5ty-,,?ird ,,/4 ,,london #bd ,,b$=d ,,/41 ,,/r&