,,the ,,englishman',s ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,,houses ,,made ,,picturesque4 ,,the ,,englishman',s ,,house4 ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,,for ,,selecting ,,or ,,building ,a ,,house4 ,illustration ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,richardson1 ,,author ,,of 8,,old ,,english ,,mansions10 ,,etc4 ,,third ,,edition1 ,,with ,,nearly #fjj ,,illustrations4 ,london3 ,,chatto ,,and ,,windus1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,london3 ,,savill1 ,,edwards ,,and ,,co41 ,,printers1 ,,chandos ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,,preface4 ,several years ago the author of this volume published a small work on the ,warming and ,ventilation of ,buildings which was very favourably received by the ,public1 but is now out of print4 ,he afterwards wrote various other works illustrating the ,architecture of ,england during the reigns of ,queen ,elizabeth and ,james ,i41 with one volume on ,ornamental ,designs4 ,these had an extensive sale1 and are now1 like the first small volume1 out of print4 ,his last publication was a small pamphlet1 entitled1 8,the ,smoke ,nuisance and its ,remedy1 with remarks on ,liquid ,fuel10 the subject of which1 at least so far as regards an improved construction for the domestic chimney flue1 is continued in the present volume4 ,the present volume consists of numerous plans1 c41 for ,cottages1 ,villas1 and small and large ,mansions1 most of which have been carried into execution4 ,they are carefully selected from a large collection of similar subjects1 the result of many years' professional practice1 and it is hoped that they may be favourably received4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction #c ,,design ,,no4 #a4 ,a ,,gardener',s ,,cottage #ej 8 #b4 ,a ,,small ,,cottage ,,or ,,lodge #ef 8 #c4 ,a ,,picturesque ,,cottage #fb 8 #d4 ,a ,,double ,,cottage #ff 8 #e4 ,a ,,double ,,cottage ,,and ,,village ,,sunday ,,school #gj 8 #f4 ,a ,,huntsman',s ,,lodge ,,or ,,cottage #gh ,,concrete ,,construction ,,for ,,building ,,cottages #hb 8 #g4 ,a ,,garden ,,gate #ie 8 #h4 ,a ,,park ,,lodge #ii 8 #i4 ,a ,,park ,,lodge #ajb 8 #aj4 ,,an ,,entrance ,,lodge ,,to ,a ,,park #ajd 8 #aa4 ,,an ,,entrance ,,lodge ,,and ,,gateway ,,to ,a ,,park #aab 8 #ab4 ,a ,,stove ,,for ,,an ,,entrance ,,hall #abj 8 #ac4 ,,queen',s ,,gate ,,lodge1 ,,hyde ,,park #abd ,,on ,,the ,,foundation ,,and ,,basement ,,walls ,,of ,,buildings1 ,,damp ,,prevention1 ,,and ,,fire-,,proof ,,construction #aea 8 #ad4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,rectory #afb 8 #ae4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,house #agd 8 #af4 ,a ,,country ,,villa #ahb 8 #ag4 ,a ,,double ,,suburban ,,villa #aib 8 #ah4 ,,village ,,schools ,,and ,,reading ,,room #bjh 8 #ai4 ,a ,,roman ,,catholic ,,chapel ,,and ,,schools #baj 8 #bj4 ,a ,,bath ,,house ,,and ,,summer ,,room #bad 8 #ba4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,villa #bbb 8 #bb4 ,a ,,villa ,,in ,,the ,,old ,,english ,,wooden ,,style #bcb 8 #bc4 ,a ,,garden ,,summer ,,house #bfb 8 #bd4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,retreat1 ,,or ,,french ,,maisonette #bfh 8 #be4 ,,an ,,elizabethan ,,villa #bhj 8 #bf4 ,a ,,summer ,,or ,,garden ,,villa #cjb 8 #bg4 ,a ,,decorated ,,window #ccf 8 #bh4 ,a ,,sculptor',s ,,villa #cch 8 #bi4 ,a ,,garden ,,seat #cfa 8 #cj4 ,a ,,garden ,,seat #cfh 8 #ca4 ,,an ,,ice ,,house #cgj 8 #cb4 ,a ,,suburban ,,villa #cgc 8 #cc4 ,a ,,suburban ,,villa #chb 8 #cd4 ,,riding-,,house ,,and ,,stabling #chi 8 #ce4 ,a ,,bachelor',s ,,house #dja ,,the ,,fireplace #djd 8 #cf4 ,a ,,lecture ,,hall1 ,,or ,,literary ,,institution #def 8 #cg4 ,,encaustic ,,tiles #dfj 8 #ch4 ,,restoration ,,of ,,castle ,,gunnarstrop1 ,,sweden #dfd 8 #ci4 ,,summer ,,villa ,,for ,,the ,,count ,,kinski ,,at ,,teplitz #dgj 8 #dj4 ,,harrington ,,house1 ,,queen',s ,,palace ,,gardens #dgf ,illustration ,,introductory ,,chapter ,,on ,,the ,,picturesque ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,architecture4 ,illustration3 ,grecian ,temple4 ,it has been said that a definition of the picturesque in respect to architecture1 or indeed any branch of the fine arts1 is scarcely possible4 ,the most able writers on the subject have failed to convey an adequate and popular idea4 ,in fact the term has so great and extensive an application as to forbid exact definition4 ,the architect usually considers that if his building look well when seen by moonlight1 or through the medium of a foggy or dull atmosphere1 it is picturesque1 and he is satisfied4 ,blenheim ,castle and ,castle ,howard have always been pointed out as eminent examples of the picturesque in buildings4 ,but this quality varies with every change of situation and circumstance under which it can be conceived4 ,the entrance to the ,acropolis of ,athens1 with its noble equestrian statues in the foreground1 the steps between them1 and the beautiful temples rising at different heights behind1 giving a varied outline1 the whole probably delicately coloured1 must have been picturesque in the highest degree4 ,the ,temple of the ,winds and the ,monument of ,lysicrates were equally examples of the picturesque4 ,yet although great efforts were made on the publication of ,athenian ,stuart's volumes to introduce pure ,grecian architecture here1 it has obtained no hold with us4 ,st4 ,pancras ,church1 and ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,camden ,town1 are probably the last specimens in our metropolis4 ,the delicate mouldings of the one are destroyed by the roughness of the climate1 and the beautiful figures of the ,caryatid in the other are covered with soot4 ,there is no doubt that the ,roman temples were as picturesque and as varied in outline as the ,grecian buildings of which they were studies1 but none remain ,illustration3 ,roman ,temple in ,ruins4 sufficiently perfect to illustrate them4 ,in their original1 entire state1 with the surfaces and colour smooth and even1 either in painting or reality1 they were beautiful2 in ruins1 there is no denying they are highly picturesque4 ,observe the process by which time1 the great author of such changes works1 first by means of weather stains1 partial incrustations1 mosses1 c41 which simultaneously take off the uniformity of surface and of colour1 giving a degree of roughness1 and variety of tint4 ,then the various accidents of weather loosen the stones themselves3 they tumble in irregular masses upon what was perhaps smooth turf or pavement1 or nicely trimmed walks and shrubberies1 now mixed and overgrown with wild plants and creepers that crawl over and shoot among the falling ruins4 ,sedums1 wall-flowers1 and other plants that bear drought1 find nourishment in the decayed cement from which the stones have been detached2 birds convey their food into the chinks1 and yew1 elder1 and other berried plants project from the sides2 while the ivy mantles over other parts1 and crowns the top4 ,the even1 regular lines of the doors and windows are broken1 and through their ivy-fringed openings is displayed in a highly broken and picturesque manner that striking image described by ,virgil3 8,apparet domus intus1 et atria longa patescunt ,apparent ,priami et veterum penetralia regum40 ,the first view given in this volume attempts to show the picturesque effect of the ,grecian ,temple in its complete state1 the attendants having just retired from some display or ceremony2 the second1 the front of a ,roman ,temple in its noble remains4 ,to the ,greeks we owe all the general principles and forms of classic art1 but they have been modified to modern ideas and tastes1 and1 it may be added1 to suit also the various climates of the countries where they have been adopted4 ,however much the occupations of our countrymen may partake of the commercial character1 the mental qualities requisite to such pursuits have not been so displayed as to exclude a taste for art4 ,where1 for example1 can be found superior specimens of art-choice than exist in their mansions1 villas1 or cottage-ornes1 their picture and sculpture galleries1 or the museums and other collections of those whose business pursuits have been the cause of their prosperity4 ,an essential element of success in every branch of progress is involved in tasteful selection4 ,without considering those classes who by successful efforts of their ancestry have been placed beyond the pale of want 7either artificial or real71 a large proportion of our population may be ranked as having advanced morally1 socially1 and commercially by that intuition which characterizes our national progress4 ,it takes as its basis nature and nature's products4 ,it eliminates from these not only pecuniary benefits that in a commercial point of view may occur1 but associating the useful with the beautiful 7the sense of the latter having been gained during intervals of quiet thought as a relief from the incessant requirements of business engagements71 a tendency to embody the picturesque1 especially in regard to architecture1 arises4 ,we have no hesitation in assigning to this cause the production of some of the most picturesque architectural erections which grace our country1--that render ,english homes an example1 and prove that1 while the main element of our national prosperity is making money1 we are not insensible to the beneficent influences resulting from the cultivation of refined taste4 ,it would be interesting as an object of careful inquiry1 if there existed sufficient data for the purpose1 to trace each of the many steps that have occurred between the birth of architecture and its present condition4 ,the early history of mankind had as its locality climates which favoured the construction and use of the crudest contrivances1 intended only to meet the few wants of shelter and occasional domestic privacy4 ,the first condition of man's existence1 either in this primitive or modern state1 is that of roving or wandering tribes4 ,instances of this are found in the early inhabitants of ,asia ,minor1 and adjacent countries1 and at the present day the same habit is maintained in ,central ,asia1 ,arabia1 and many parts of ,america4 ,as soon as the sustenance afforded for their cattle is consumed in one district a migration is made to another4 ,gradually1 however1 centres of trade sprung up where commodities could be bartered for live stock4 ,men thus became massed together in villages and towns4 ,quitting a semi-savage condition1 they built permanent residences in place of the tent4 ,at first these1 like the log-hut of the modern ,canadian1 were only sufficient for the most common necessities of life4 ,in course of time1 however1 the spirit of emulation1 the growth of riches1 and the germination of man's natural taste for the beautiful1 led to artificial wants1 which were soon converted into necessities of life4 ,this called out the study of art on the part of the few for the benefit of the many4 ,systems of art in all its branches gradually developed themselves4 ,by the study of the beauties of nature such systems gradually progressed in purity of style1 and produced designs that eventually were appreciated by the common people1 in a greater or less degree1 according to the capabilities of each individual4 ,architecture and the other fine arts thus1 by slow but sure degrees1 began to gain a hold on popular taste1 and step by step they arrived at the state of perfection of which we now boast4 ,it will be evident that whilst the primary objects of architecture were simply those of meeting the immediate necessities of life1 its ultimate purpose was only attained when it became an art1 cultivated by refined taste1 an educated eye1 and encouraged by the growth of civilization and commerce4 ,it thus advanced from a state of barbarism into one in which it was connected with all the highest developments of the moral and mental qualities of mankind1 but especially with the sthetic aspirations of our nature4 ,incidentally but necessarily connected with the general progress of architecture is the great variety of styles that has been invented4 ,the whole of these are modifications of some one or more primaries4 ,no two individuals acquire the same mental impression by viewing one object2 each of their impressions is tinted by the mental characteristics of the individual4 ,it is1 therefore1 from this cause that so many varieties of style have originated from one first model4 ,an illustration of this is afforded in the ,gothic1 which in different hands has been greatly divided and modified in its details4 ,this style1 which at first was of exclusive application only1 has subsequently become most extensively in use for purposes that at first sight it would have been judged as quite unfit for4 ,the style of architecture just referred to is remarkable for its picturesque character1 and may fitly be adduced as an ensample of that quality in the absence of an exact definition of the term4 ,an able writer criticising ,gothic buildings1 remarks that the outline of the summit presents a great variety of forms of turrets and pinnacles1 some open1 some fretted and variously enriched4 ,but even where there is an exact correspondence of parts1 it is often disguised by an appearance of splendid confusion and irregularity4 ,in the doors and windows of ,gothic ,churches1 the pointed arch has as much variety as any regular figure can well have2 the eye1 too1 is less strongly conducted than by the parallel lines in the ,grecian style1 from the top of one aperture to that of another2 and every person must be struck with the extreme richness and intricacy of some of the principal windows of our cathedrals and ruined abbeys4 ,in these last is displayed the triumph of the picturesque1 and their charms to a painter's eye are often so great as to rival those which arise from the chaste ornaments and the noble and elegant simplicity of ,grecian architecture4 ,these remarks will explain to a certain degree the nature of the picturesque in regard to architecture1 so far at least as the general principles are involved4 ,but in the more minute points1 other questions and relations arise1 to which the attention of the reader will be fully drawn in the descriptive text and illustrations of this work4 ,the comparative value of ,grecian and ,gothic architecture1 as practically adopted in the erection of ornamental dwellings1 is well discussed by an eminent architect in the following remarks1 slightly modified from the original4 ,he observes that the two are better distinguished by an attention to their general effects1 than to the minute parts peculiar to each4 ,it is in architecture as in painting--beauty depends on light and shade1 and they are caused by the openings or projections in the surface4 ,if these tend to produce horizontal lines1 the building must be deemed ,grecian1 however whimsically the doors and windows may be constructed4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the shadows give a preference to perpendicular lines1 the general character of the building will be ,gothic4 ,this is evident from the large houses built in ,queen ,elizabeth's reign1 where ,grecian columns were introduced4 ,yet they are always considered as ,gothic buildings4 ,in our modern ,grecian architecture large cornices are repeated1 with windows ranged perfectly in the same line1 and these lines often more strongly marked by a horizontal fascia4 ,there are few breaks of any great depth2 and if there be a portico1 the shadow made by the columns is very trifling compared with that broad horizontal shadow proceeding from the soffit 7that is1 the under side of the heads of apertures1 architraves1 and the corona of cornices74 ,the only ornament its roof will admit1 is either a flat pediment departing very little from the horizontal1 or a dome still rising from a horizontal base4 ,but in these remarks attention is chiefly drawn to the general architectural effects of style1 independent of concomitant circumstances4 ,yet it is hardly necessary to do more than call on the experience of any man of taste to show that position1 adjacent scenery1 and other 8accidental0 or 8incidental0 matters will modify the special effect of any style in regard to the picturesque1 and also those of a general character4 ,a ,gothic erection in a confined situation will lose most of its beauties1 while one of a ,grecian character may be especially suitable4 ,in choosing1 therefore1 any design for the erection of a new building1 or alterations in one already in existence1 respect should be had to the natural character of the surrounding country1 the aspects in regard to the sun and prevalent winds1 the extent of the estate or grounds on which the building is to be erected1 the views from the various apartments1 the character of wood1 plain1 or other adjacent tree-scenery1 and last1 but of equal or greater importance1 questions in reference to domestic comfort and convenience1 drainage and dry soil1 supply of water1 and a variety of details1 most of which will at once suggest themselves4 ,in many cases the choice of site is necessarily fixed by previous purchase or inheritance of the land1 yet in such cases chances are left for a judicious selection in regard to some of the conditions above mentioned4 ,but when the purchase has to be effected1 all the conditions should be kept in mind1 and1 if possible1 completely satisfied4 ,such details should form the subject of minute inquiry1 and they are here only named for the purpose of showing how the choice of the best style1 in regard either to general beauty or picturesque effect1 should be decided on with mature attention to all the circumstances of the case4 ,most of the old mansions1 c41 of this country and many parts of ,continental ,europe1 have been erected in situations that were then immediately1 and at little cost1 available for the purpose4 ,at one time the choice of such situation depended on careful attention to the special circumstances of those who erected the building4 ,thus it is found1 generally1 that the banks of the rivers1 as affording ready and cheap means of carriage by the stream1 were mostly chosen4 ,hence our abbeys1 monasteries1 c41 are frequently found in such localities4 ,baronial castles were usually erected on hills1 the height of which tended to the security of the owners against sudden incursions of their foes4 ,from the varied character of ,english topography has arisen that great variety of picturesque beauty that distinguishes the ruins which abound in almost every county throughout the length and breadth of the land2 such ruins1 architecturally considered in relation to the surrounding circumstances of wood1 vale1 hill and dale1 have become subjects of study and suggestion to modern architects1 and models1 constantly adopted at the present time1 in certain details1 for producing new designs4 ,in the selection of these1 or of any other style1 however1 ,burke has laid down1 in his essay on 8,the ,sublime and ,beautiful10 an excellent rule3 8,a true artist should put a generous deceit on the spectators1 and effect the noblest designs by easy methods4 ,designs that are vast only by their dimensions1 are always the sign of a common and low imagination4 ,the work of art can be great but as it deceives2 to be otherwise is the prerogative of nature only40 ,it will thus be seen1 that to obtain the highest effect of the picturesque in architecture requires an educated eye1 a refined taste1 great experience1 but especially a keen perception of all the conditions1 on the fulfilment of which the most successful result can be obtained4 ,in all there is a natural love of unity and effect4 ,montesquieu1 in his dissertation on ,taste1 observes3 8,wherever symmetry is useful to the soul1 and may assist her functions1 it is agreeable to her2 but wherever it is useless1 it becomes distasteful1 because it takes away variety4 ,therefore things that are seen in succession ought to have variety1 for our soul has no difficulty in seeing them2 those on the contrary1 that we see at one glance1 ought to have symmetry4 ,thus at one glance we see the front of a building1 a parterre1 a temple4 ,in such things there is always a symmetry which pleases the soul by the facility it gives her of taking in the whole object at once40 ,the numerous dissertations1 essays1 c41 that have been produced on the subjects that have here been treated on in a discursive manner only1 are a sufficient proof of the difficulty which exists in acquiring1 applying1 and affording an accurate and ample description of all the conditions necessary to picturesque architecture2 they also in some measure explain the reason of the grotesque1 and even offensive results that obtrude on refined taste in the productions of builders who are utterly deficient of artistic taste and knowledge in carrying out their objects4 ,a general1 and in part a historic view of architecture may serve to show how success has been attained in many cases1 and the evils that should be avoided as leading to failure in effect of the general and special features of an erection4 ,in the cursory view of the history of architecture already given1 it has been shown that the earliest efforts of the art were simply directed to satisfy the simple wants of man1 without any regard being had to taste4 ,it was not until riches began to accumulate in a few hands that taste in architecture was developed1 and by the few examples thus produced the taste of society at large was educed1 refined1 and extended4 ,omitting then any inquiry into the architecture of our earth's aborigines1 which was evidently of the rudest character1 reference may first be made to early architectural attempts in ,asia4 ,it has been ingeniously observed by ,m4 ,pair1 that the ,chinese imitated a tent as the model of their system1 a result that undoubtedly arose from the fact that the first ,tartar tribes were nomadic or wandering in their nature4 ,it has also been remarked that a bird's-eye view of a ,chinese city at once suggests the idea of a fixed camp4 ,in southern and south-western ,asia may be found1 on the other hand1 the remains of extensive architectural productions in caves1 such as that of the ,pagoda ,elephanta1 from which many have argued that subterraneous dwellings were amongst the earliest2 but it is evident that such could only be made in places where stone existed in masses1 as a basis of the country4 ,in a plain and sandy district1 and in alluvial soil generally1 such could not possibly have been produced4 ,there is not the least doubt that the conditions of climate have in all cases determined the early character of each national system4 ,in both hot and cold countries caves would naturally have been sought as affording shelter from the two extremes of heat and cold4 ,recent geological discoveries have brought to light the fact that the remains of human and quadruped bones have been found together in such situations1 the human inhabitants having most probably been the predecessors of the beasts of prey1 as also of the fowls of the air4 ,it has been suggested too that the forest tree having formerly served for shelter1 might have suggested the floral character of columns1 and the use of floral decoration generally at their summit4 ,in respect to these 8natural0 and consequently primitive 8systems0 of architecture1 ,billington has made the following judicious remarks3--8,those people or nations who lived by the chase 7and in the same class the ,ichthyophagi1 or fish-eaters1 are included7 could not for a great length of time have built themselves shelters4 ,the long courses the hunters made prevented them from watching their property1 which must have comprised but few articles2 and they found it more convenient to make hollows in the rocks for their dwellings1 or to profit by those which nature offered them in its caverns4 ,it was the same with those who lived by fishing2 passing a sedentary life on the sea shores1 the sides of rivers1 or the borders of the lakes1 they always made themselves such abodes1 or took advantage of those already formed by nature4 ,the little industry which this mode of life required1 and the natural idleness which followed it1 was sufficient to induce them to prefer the dwellings presented by nature1 to those of art4 ,this fact is proved by experience at the present day1 as these descriptions of persons continue to adopt the same plan of life in countries where the arts of civilization have not extended their beneficial influence4 ,the pastors or shepherds1 as they were inhabitants of plains during a great portion of the year1 could not make use of the retreats hollowed and prepared in the mountains and rocks by the hand of nature2 being obliged to seek change of pasture1 and thus lead an ambulatory life1 it was requisite to have dwellings or shelters that could be carried with them wherever they went1 and hence originated the use of tents4 ,but the active operations of agriculture requiring a definite situation1 necessity suggested the propriety of building solid and fixed abodes4 ,the agriculturist then1 living on his own grounds1 and in the enjoyment of his property1 had to store his provisions2 it was therefore necessary to have a habitation at once commodious1 safe1 healthful1 and extensive2 and the wood hut with its roof was soon erected40 ,the same author considers that there is not the least certainty of this primitive wooden construction1 with its inclined roof1 having been the universal model of all nations1 but especially in regard to ,egypt and ,china4 ,the peculiarities of the early ,chinese style of architecture have been already named1 and with the persistent continuity in one course yet prevalent1 that style is still preserved4 ,but the ,grecian style was evidently founded on the rude model1 and the ingenuity of that nation eventually led to the transference of material from wood to stone4 ,at the present day the ,orders of ,grecian architecture are fundamental to the principles of modern art in numerous varieties of detail2 they have survived the prejudices1 fancies1 and dicta of various schools of art1 although1 as already shown1 the ,gothic and other systems have become formidable competitors1 and in many cases1 especially in regard to the picturesque1 efficient1 elegant1 and ornamental substitutes4 ,the taste for the latter characteristic has led to an increased adoption1 for example1 of the ,italian style1 which in many respects resembles the ,grecian1 but differs from it especially in lightness of detail1 with greater variety4 ,the author just quoted traces the origin of the ,doric ,order of the ,greeks to a primary adaptation of the trunks of trees as external supports of the wooden dwelling1 seeing in them the foreshadowing of the column designative of that order4 8,as trees are of greater circumference at their lower extremities1 and diminish in rising1 the diminution of the column was suggested by them4444 ,these timbers 7as supports7 consisting of trunks of trees planted in the ground1 offered not as yet the idea of bases and pedestals1 as is seen in the ,doric ,order1 which is without base4 ,but in the course of time the inconvenience of this method was perceived1 as it exposed the wood to rot1 and to remedy this inconvenience pieces of wood were placed under each support to give it a better foundation1 and to protect it from humidity4 ,this practice may be traced in some of the ancient edifices in which the columns have no other base than a block of stone4 ,but afterwards1 the number of pieces of wood employed for the base was increased1 in order to give greater elevation to the supports1 or to effect better security against the effects of humidity4 ,from this multiplication of blocks as footings1 sprung the torus and other mouldings of the base1 an origin far more probable than that of ligaments of iron1 as imagined by ,scamozzi and others4 ,it is also more conformable to the nature of capitals1 in which it is known that the same proceeding was employed4 ,after beginning with a simple abacus1 several others were afterwards added1 which were enlarged1 as they rose1 one above another1 in such a manner that as the base was to the column a kind of footing on which it rested more solidly1 so the capital made a head more capable of receiving and supporting the weight and form of the architrave1 a large beam placed horizontally on perpendicular supports1 and destined to receive the covering of the whole edifice40 ,the author goes on1 in a similarly ingenious manner1 to prove the derivation1 from nature1 of the ,orders of ,grecian architecture4 ,he ascribes the form of the roof as having necessarily suggested that of the pediment4 ,on this point he quotes the remark of ,cicero3 8,it is not to pleasure that we are indebted for the pediment of the ,capitol and those of our temples3 necessity suggested the form for the better draining off the water2 nevertheless1 its beauty is so very great1 and it is become so necessary for edifices1 that if a ,capitol were to be built in ,olympus1 where it was never known to rain1 it would1 notwithstanding1 be necessary to give it a pediment40 ,the preceding remarks and ingenious theory amply justify the opinion already suggested1 that nature must be the foundation of every true principle of art4 ,assuming1 as we are compelled to do1 that the ,grecian style as a whole was original1 the only perfect model that could have been selected was that afforded by natural objects1 in all of which are found the most perfect results1 derived from few means but answering an infinity of ends4 ,it will be remembered that the construction of the ,eddystone lighthouse was based in regard to durability1 and resistance to the force of the waves1 on those properties which are possessed by any kind of tree exposed to the full force of the tempest4 8,nature ought to be the basis of all imitation40 ,proceeding from the teachings of nature1 the ,greeks learned gradually to introduce new types1 consistent in the main with the original mode1 but of great variety in detail4 ,by further refinement of this1 but close adherence to the facts or the analogies of nature1 the ,grecian art became developed in the invention of other ,orders1 the names of which are sufficiently known to all interested in architecture4 ,limited space prevents our entering into a class of analyses of the characteristics of each4 ,little doubt exists of the ,doric ,order having been the first produced1 and following it were the ,ionic1 ,corinthian1 ,composite1 and ,tuscan1 which constitute the five ,orders in general of architecture4 ,perhaps the best epoch of ancient architecture was that during which1 subsequent to the battle of ,marathon1 the ,greeks commenced to rebuild the remains of ,persian buildings1 and to re-construct ,athens4 ,the ruins of this period yet with us1 attest the advance which ,grecian architectural art had attained4 ,the ingenuity and refinement of ,greek art gradually spread to ,rome1 the ,romans adopting the ,doric ,order under the modification known as the ,tuscan4 ,the art having been introduced into ,etruria by the ,pelasgi1 under the celebrated ,augustus1 ,rome attained that magnificence which has ever since rendered its name famous as a seat of the arts4 ,amongst the great erections of this period was the ,pantheon1 one of the grandest efforts of genius that the world has yet known4 ,under subsequent emperors architecture also progressed1 and the name of ,trajan is identified with the erection of triumphal arches1 c41 the ruins of which still receive the admiration of every qualified judge in art4 ,the removal of the seat of ,roman government to ,byzantium led to the decadence of art at ,rome1 which was completed by the incursions of the ,visigoths4 ,eventually the ,gothic style arose1 phnix-like1 from the ruins of ,grecian and ,roman art1 and obtained a place that has rendered it ever since one of the most favourite styles of architecture4 ,just as under the heathens1 the art had been chiefly promoted by erections for religious purposes1 so when the ,christians began to obtain the ascendancy1 the erection of churches led to a similar result4 ,from the fourth to the seventh century some magnificent buildings of this kind were erected4 ,at the commencement of the eleventh century the church of ,st4 ,mark at ,venice attested the wonderful progress which architecture had made1 and it continued to progress during the next two or three centuries1 being confined chiefly1 however1 to ,italy4 ,but the ,gothic style1 suited to a northern clime1 never obtained full hold there2 ,italy cannot boast of a single pure ,gothic edifice4 ,gradually the new style spread over ,europe4 ,the ,cathedral at ,strasbourg1 the ,louvre at ,paris1 suggested improvements in our own country at ,windsor ,castle1 ,oxford1 c41 all indicated the rapid extension of the ,gothic style or its modifications4 ,but in numerous instances the taste that was exhibited showed a decadence from the simplicity and grandeur of the ,grecian and ,latin styles4 ,in respect to the latter1 indeed1 the materials of the new erections were obtained from the ruins of the ancient edifices1 the columns1 c4 there found1 being pressed into the service1 in any manner1 of the new school of architects4 ,towards the middle of the fifteenth century a revival in architectural art took place1 especially under ,brunelleschi4 ,the patronage of the ,medici added a stimulus to the progress thus initiated4 ,improvements were introduced in the erection of private residences in most parts of ,western ,europe1 the art having in its best form been chiefly till then directed to building edifices for religious purposes alone4 ,in the sixteenth century architecture in ,rome attained a perfection nearly equal to that it had formerly enjoyed under the ,csars1 especially during the ,augustan age4 ,private and public buildings were erected of great magnificence1 yet of simplicity of form combined with grandeur4 ,under ,vignola architecture attained great excellence4 ,michael ,angelo was appointed architect of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome about the middle of the sixteenth century1 and the mention of his name alone is sufficient to call to mind the extent and value of his labours in the art4 ,in the seventeenth century1 about the year #afbj1 ,inigo ,jones was engaged in repairing ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral in ,london1 and subsequently produced designs for the ,royal ,palace at ,whitehall in the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,greenwich and ,chelsea ,hospitals1 and other noted buildings1 were designed about this period4 ,in ,france and other continental countries architecture attained great perfection at this period1 both in respect to public and private buildings4 ,among the most eminent architects of a period somewhat nearer to our own time1 was ,sir ,christopher ,wren1 whose ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral serves as a monument to the great genius of that eminent man4 ,this era may1 comparatively speaking1 be considered as the commencement of the modern style of ,english church architecture1 inasmuch as several productions of ,wren are still used for the purposes to which they were first applied1 having undergone little or no change since their completion4 ,such is a brief1 and necessarily very imperfect resum of the progress of architecture4 ,the styles of ,eastern ,europe1 ancient ,mexico1 and many others1 have not been described1 because unnecessary1 in this ,introduction1 which has only for its object to call general attention to the causes which have led to the present state of the art4 ,like all others it has been the subject of alternating prosperity and adversity4 ,at one time fostered by men eminent in their profession1 and by those whose means permitted them to lavish riches on magnificent piles1 fountains1 villas1 c42 and at others1 degraded by its students1 and neglected by those who should have been its patrons4 ,in all branches of architecture direct reference should be had to the objects for which the building is intended4 ,an eminent architect1 already quoted1 has well set forth this essential point in the following remarks3--8,the art of characterizing1 that is to say1 of rendering evident by material forms the intellectual qualities and moral ideas required to express in edifices1 or to make known by the harmony and suitableness of all the constituent parts that enter into their composition the use for which they are intended1 is perhaps of all the secrets of architecture the most difficult to develope or to attain4 ,this happy talent of conceiving and of communicating the conception in the physiognomy suitable to each edifice2 this sure and delicate discernment1 which exhibits the distinguishing parts of such edifices1 that at first appear susceptible of no characteristic distinctions2 this judicious employment of the different styles which are as the tones of architecture2 this skilful application of the signs which the art employs to affect the sight and understanding2 this exquisite feeling1 which errs neither in the just disposition of the masses and employment of the details1 nor in the just dispensation of richness and simplicity1 and which is able to combine true expression of character with the harmonious accord of all the qualities susceptible of being represented by architecture--all this requisite talent1 which study perfects1 but does not produce1 is a gift possessed by few4 ,this suitable expression presents itself under two relations1 the one appertaining to architecture in general1 and the other to edifices in particular4 ,the first consists in the expression of the qualities or intellectual ideas which are the results of the art metaphysically considered2 the second1 in the true indication of the uses for which edifices are designed1 that is1 in considering architecture as a certain mode of expressing or painting4 ,this expression1 according to the nature of the buildings and edifices1 may be produced by the gradation of richness and greatness proportionate to the nature and the object for which they are erected2 by the indication of the moral qualities attached to each edifice1 the manner of expressing which is beyond the reach of rules2 by the general and particular form of architecture2 by the species of the construction and the quality of the materials that may be employed in the execution2 and lastly1 by the resources of decoration40 ,in these remarks will be found a highly valuable prcis of the excellence to which the art of the architect should be directed1 and the means that must be adopted to obtain pleasing and successful results4 ,the erection of country mansions1 villas1 and other residences1 has of late years been greatly stimulated in our country4 ,the enormous annually accumulated savings of the commercial portion of the community have induced a large amount of capital to be invested in such objects4 ,in regard to questions of taste and decoration1 it should be borne in mind that but very little extra cost is incurred in building a residence in a pleasing and picturesque style than in one having not the least pretension to architectural beauty4 ,in our earlier remarks on the nature of the picturesque the general principles of obtaining that effect have been pointed out4 ,in the following pages the special details are amply descanted on1 and illustrated by designs1 drawings1 c4 ,it is the object of every department of constructive skill at the present day1 to endeavour to obtain the best possible result by the least possible expenditure of material1 and thus taste actually causes economy rather than increased expense4 ,tons of heavy and unsightly materials are now replaced by hundredweights of decorative1 and yet substantial1 masonry and iron work4 ,a number of modern elegant erections1 affording accommodation equal in extent1 but vastly superior in quality1 are now made at an expenditure of stone or brick less by one-third in quantity than was employed in many old houses2 those in ,high ,street1 ,edinburgh1 by way of example4 ,the result has been arrived at by the joint aid of science and art1 the former giving data as to the strength of the material1 and the latter directing its disposal4 ,the peculiar character of ,english scenery is exactly adapted for giving a picturesque character to villa residences1 provided the latter are designed and erected in accordance with the principles of sound taste4 ,surely he who would spend money in building a house1 in which all or most of the remainder of his days are to be spent1 will not grudge making that dwelling the subject of decoration or ornamental art1 by which its aspect shall at all times be suggestive of pleasure rather than of aversion or disgust4 ,it has been said that most individuals1 by long association together1 acquire a mutuality of tastes and even physical resemblance4 ,it cannot be denied that even inanimate objects1 such as our dwellings1 furniture1 landscapes1 gardens1 and other such surroundings1 have a parallel effect on us4 ,hence the wisdom of using all the means which architectural art places at our disposal4 ,errors in this respect often proceed from thoughtlessness1 if not from want of refined taste4 ,an instance may suffice to show how much such matters should be attended to in the choice of a site and other conditions4 ,a retired manufacturer erected a mansion at a cost exceeding fifty thousand pounds1 and had never paid any heed to the fact that the most prominent object seen from his dining-room window was the cemetery of the adjacent town6 ,soon this became unbearable1 and the house has been comparatively deserted by the family1 caused by an oversight that the least consideration would have remedied4 ,the designs given in the following pages have for their object to suggest the most approved1 tasteful1 and effective plans for the mansion1 the villa1 or cottage1 and great care has been devoted to their production4 ,whilst a residence must necessarily be kept within a cost suitable to the means of the proprietor1 by judicious care of the professional man1 possessed of a competent knowledge1 a little money may go a long way in the decorative art4 ,many of the drawings are devoted to the minor but not less effective portions of the house4 ,congruity in detail inside the dwelling is equally required with symmetry1 beauty1 or picturesque character of the exterior4 ,want of judgment in this point may speedily convert the most elegant building into little better than a repository for gewgaws selected without taste and arranged without skill4 ,it is impossible for every man to become his own architect2 but it is possible1 in most cases1 for all who have the means1 to select such a design as shall best comport with their taste1 leaving the working out of details to the architect4 ,but a remote possibility exists of an unprofessional being able even to state what he requires1 and should he ask an architect for a design or plan1 it is more than likely that the latter would fail to please4 ,when1 however1 a variety of designs is placed before the eye of any intelligent person the act of selection becomes easy4 ,although no single plan may succeed1 a combination may suggest itself1 and the architect can then readily work on something like a sound foundation1 and with the hope of success4 ,this work is intended to supply such requirements4 ,again1 in building a house1 or in effecting alterations in an old one1 points apparently of minor1 but really of great importance1 require attention4 ,a badly constructed chimney will make the whole house miserable1 independent of the injury done to furniture1 decorations1 c41 and the destruction of paint and paperhangings4 ,a defective drainage may render that which was intended to be an abode of peace1 plenty1 and happiness1 a living charnel-house1 or the door to the grave6 ,a question of vital importance is that of ventilation4 ,these apparently minor questions can therefore scarcely be exaggerated in their value1 for neglect of them will render nugatory the best external efforts of the architect4 ,hence they have hereafter full attention1 in their practical details1 directed to them4 ,on the general principles of ventilation the following remarks may be of value to all who propose to erect new dwellings1 or alter those already inhabited4 ,in all houses1 and in fact every building divided into stories1 a ready means of ventilation may be insured1 or rather always exists4 ,this is presented in the opening formed by the staircase4 ,into this general opening communications can be made into1 and from1 each apartment by apertures placed in some convenient position in each room4 ,the grand law on which ventilation depends is1 that hot air1 being lighter than cool air1 has a universal tendency to rise1 whilst cold air takes the lowest part of a house or apartment4 ,it hence follows1 that if a supply of cold air be admitted by an opening at the lower part of a house1 and it becomes heated within the house1 it will have a tendency to rise to the roof2 and if a sufficient opening be there provided1 it will escape into the open air4 ,consequently a constant current may thus be obtained in any dwelling1 sufficient to give a supply of pure air and to remove that which has been vitiated by breathing1 the combustion of fires1 and other causes4 ,the heavy atmosphere of this country requires assistance to make this grand law operative2 to cause the air of a room to move as readily as it is required1 forced ventilation becomes necessary4 ,the ,english fireplace provides this2 and to that it owes1 with us1 its extreme popularity4 ,a constant current of air from the room is heated and passed up the chimney flue1 and this draws in a corresponding supply of cold air1 and proper and convenient apertures should be left to permit this to enter4 ,the fireplace forces attention to the necessity2 if sufficient fresh air be not provided for it the smoke enters the room and drives the occupants out4 ,notwithstanding the attention that has been paid to the stove and its flue1 we are still sadly behindhand in a proper construction of them4 ,the flues could be so arranged that a building might be enabled1 using a figurative expression1 to breathe1 whenever its principal flue1 that of the kitchen fireplace1 was in action2 a construction to effect this will be illustrated in the text4 ,in conclusion on this point1 it may be added that nothing is more essential to the health and comfort of a house than that it should be thoroughly and constantly ventilated1 and if any portion is to be particularized1 it should be the sleeping apartments4 ,another question which1 to a certain extent1 should influence the arrangement of a house of any pretensions in respect to size1 is that of the method of warming it4 ,the preference1 or rather prejudice1 in favour of fireplaces is so great1 that a revolution of the nation in political matters could be more easily brought about than the abolition of the fire-grate2 but it is well known that at least three-fourths of the coal consumed is wasted in the attempt to heat the room to an equable and pleasant temperature4 ,but by such means the result cannot be arrived at4 ,in front of1 and close to the fire1 the temperature is excessive1 while the backs of the sitters facing in are suffering from cold4 ,an equalized temperature in rooms is obtained abroad4 ,in ,russia1 a plan is adopted of heating the rooms by means of the walls1 the latter being double1 and so arranged that they act as flues to a furnace situated at the lower part of the building4 ,by this method every part of the room acquires1 simultaneously1 an equable temperature4 ,there need be no draught1 simply because the air is not drawn in one direction more than in another4 ,from every side a gentle current of warm air arises4 ,this method cannot be adopted here2 it would not suit for ,english houses where coal is used as fuel3 the interstices of the double wall would soon be filled with soot4 ,the same effect is produced in a far more elegant way1 by means of warm-water pipes passed round the room2 by this simple process the staircase and passages and the sides of a room distant from the fireplace are made of equal temperature--one1 or at most two furnaces1 burning coke and making no smoke1 if placed in a cellar outside an extensive building1 can render the whole interior1 from attic to ground-floor of equal temperature1 and not prevent the action of the fireplace1 or its agreeable presence in our homes4 ,in the ,british ,museum1 where warming apparatus is used1 the temperature of the whole is kept uniformly the same1 that is1 #fe ,fah41 even throughout the most severe weather1 independent of the common fireplace4 ,no greater change is required in any part of our buildings than in the latter2 not that it requires to be removed1 but a change to prevent its waste of heat and its contaminating the outside air with the soot and blacks from its coal fuel2 the lower fireplaces in a building should warm or air the upper rooms1 and no soot or blacks should be allowed to leave the flues4 ,a construction for this purpose will be shown in the ensuing pages1 as well as one for warming an entire building and a conservatory4 ,an opposite effect to that of warming is frequently desirable in our houses2 and to ensure this the position of the site of the house must be considered4 ,it is evident that a room having a south-western aspect must of all others be the warmest1 whether in winter or summer1 simply because that aspect is most exposed to the influence of the sun's rays4 ,on the other hand1 rooms having a north-easterly aspect must necessarily be the coolest1 because1 except during the earliest part of midsummer mornings1 say from #b to #d ,a4,m41 the sun's rays cannot reach them4 ,it is1 therefore1 in the power of those who have the requisite resources1 to construct a house in such a manner that warm rooms can be provided for winter use1 and cool for alleviating the heat of summer4 ,it is by no means an uncommon occurrence to find a large dinner-party assembled in the heat of summer in a room that has been exposed to the sun's rays during the afternoon4 ,frequently in such cases1 owing to the number of persons present1 the heat of the viands1 lights1 c41 the temperature rises above #hj1 a circumstance prejudicial to health1 enjoyment1 and the vivacity of social intercourse1 that might have been entirely avoided had the dining-room been placed in a northern aspect4 ,these are points well worthy of attention in constructing a newly-designed dwelling4 ,it unfortunately happens1 in many cases1 that the supposed exigencies of architectural arrangement must have priority of all other considerations4 ,yet the architect who wilfully opposes such modifications of his plan for the purpose of conducing to general comfort is shortsighted4 ,his object ought to be to build a house to be lived in1 and not to be looked at alone4 ,a few remarks on some of the general principles that should lead to a choice of site1 situation1 and other matters1 may not be without advantage4 ,whatever inducement a plot of ground for building purposes may possess1 the great question which has first to be solved is that of health4 ,a clayey soil1 bog1 marsh1 or stagnant water2 a low level2 an undrained or badly drained surface2 a moist atmosphere1 or exposure to the chill north and east winds1 are all objections that a question of price should never be pitted against4 ,popular knowledge on sanitary subjects is now so extensively diffused that healthy localities are always of ready sale1 while those of an opposite character are frequently unsold in the market1 and consequently may be had at a low price1 but are really never cheap4 ,nothing can counterbalance the value of a healthy locality1 for in the end one of an opposite character becomes far more costly4 ,the timbers of the building fall rapidly into decay1 and require renewal2 the decorative portion1 internally and externally1 becomes faded2 doors and windows cease to fit and work accurately2 the iron work becomes rusted and requires frequent renewal of paint or other protecting coat2 and the same may be remarked in regard to the fences of the estate4 ,the position of the residence in regard to the sun at different periods of the year is also an important matter4 ,if it stands with each front north and south1 the north front will have comparatively little sun1 except during summer time2 and if the position be north-east and south-west respectively1 the cold bitter winds of winter will be severely felt1 whilst from the fact that the greater portion of the year the rainy quarter of the wind is south-west1 that front or back of the house will be continually exposed to its influence4 ,consequently1 frontages to the south-east and north-west are to be preferred in all cases1 when possible1 as such position ensures to both sides the greatest average of sun1 heat1 and light1 and protection from the north-east wind of winter or the south-west of the rainy season4 ,comparatively little attention has been paid to the influence of light on health and its effects on the mind1 in the construction of modern dwelling-houses4 ,an excess is easily avoided by blinds and other contrivances2 but if the architectural features of the building be such as to exclude the light1 an opposite remedy is impossible4 ,abundant access of light tends to set off all the internal decorations of the house1 and spreads a cheerfulness of appearance that is always highly prized4 ,it gives brilliancy of outline and detail to coloured decorations1 and1 to use a common phrase1 is the best possible 8set-off0 that the architect or decorator can desire4 ,as already pointed out1 the effect of light and shade1 in regard to architecture1 is a condition of success in respect to the picturesque4 ,it is always desirable that a house should be placed on an eminence2 it becomes thus a prominent object1 and its qualities are the more readily perceived4 ,a gradual ascent to the house by the walks or drive adds much to the general effect4 ,the walks are thus constantly drained1 and preserve longer a neat appearance1 a matter which is of much importance in setting off the advantages of situation1 site1 c4 ,in respect to questions of health also1 this is of great advantage1 as the waste matter of the household more readily falls away by its own gravity1 and is thus quickly removed2 which if left stagnant would be productive of harm to the inmates4 ,abundant access of fresh air is of great importance to health in a residence2 unnecessary exposure to wind being at the same time to be avoided4 ,hence to place a residence in the centre of a close array of trees is not desirable2 not only is the access of air1 light1 and heat prevented1 but there is always a tendency induced to dampness in the house4 ,in an open1 airy1 and well drained situation1 the effects of even long-continued wet are soon dispelled1 but when all sides of a house are surrounded closely by trees1 an opposite result is induced1 and1 in comparatively dry situations1 many evils of a damp one ultimately ensue4 ,one of our earliest ,english writers on building1 ,thomas ,fuller 7#afcc71 speaking of the choice of situation for a new structure1 says3 8,chiefly choose a wholesome air1 for air is a dish one feeds on every minute1 and therefore it need be good4 ,wherefore1 great men 7who may build where they please1 as poor men where they can7 if herein they prefer their profit above their health1 ,i refer them to their physicians to make them pay for it accordingly40 ,and as to light1 he continues3 8,light 7,god's eldest daughter67 is a principal beauty in a building1 yet it shines not alike from all parts of heaven4 ,an east window welcomes the infant beams of the sun before they are of strength to do any harm1 and is offensive to none but a sluggard4 ,a south window1 in summer1 is a chimney with a fire in it1 and needs the screen of a curtain4 ,in a west window1 in summer time1 towards night1 the sun grows low and ever familiar1 with more light than delight4 ,a north window is best for butteries and cellars1 where the beer will not be sour for the sun's smiling on it4 ,thorough lights are best for rooms of entertainment1 and windows on one side for dormitories40 ,and he tells us1 8a pleasant prospect is to be respected4 ,a medley view1 such as of water and land at ,greenwich1 best entertains the eyes1 refreshing the wearied beholder with exchange of objects4 ,yet10 he adds1 8,i know a more profitable prospect--where the owner can only see his own land round about40 ,having thus disposed of some of the most important points that should be kept in mind when choosing the site of a house1 and of such other conditions as affect its picturesque and sanitary character1 a small space may be devoted to the consideration of its internal decorations4 ,on this point there is no disputing about tastes1 but to this may be added that the absence of taste is by no means uncommon4 ,having fixed on the style of house1 the next question for decision1 in respect to its general effect1 should be that of its internal decoration4 ,congruity of design should exist between the two1 for if an opposite course be adopted1 a vulgarity will be introduced that will be highly displeasing to good taste4 ,on the other hand1 a slavish adherence to uniformity of internal with external character might produce so severe an adherence to system as to exclude the benefits that arise from judiciously chosen contrast4 ,what has before been remarked in regard to the exterior1 applies equally to the interior of a house--each should have in its general effect an agreement in appearance to its objects4 ,in an antique apartment the light character of modern furniture would be evidently out of place1 and vice vers4 ,it is evidently impossible to direct attention to more than a few elements of success that may be arrived at in internal decoration4 ,independently of this1 each person has his own views on the matter1 that would be sure in the end to overrule any exact principles1 or at least greatly modify them4 ,the following observations however1 are offered suggestively4 ,the facility with which the most beautiful designs in painting1 c41 are transferred to paper for paper hangings1 has brought these into very extensive use for decorative purposes4 ,formerly the best patterns were produced in ,france alone1 but of late years the ,british manufactures have rivalled the ,continental4 ,the pattern in respect to size1 colour1 design1 c41 should be so chosen as to be in accordance with the amount of light1 the size1 and other conditions of the room4 ,a large pattern in a small room is equally out of place with the reverse condition4 ,a light pattern again in a dark room1 although advantageous in alleviating sombreness1 is also incongruous4 ,the general effect of a room on a spectator is thus largely influenced by these points1 and consequently they should be carefully attended to4 ,frequently paint is preferred for covering walls of apartments1 and where many pictures are introduced this may be advantageously employed1 because the paintings alleviate the monotonous effect that would otherwise ensue4 ,painted walls are liable to injury by peeling off in places1 especially where likely to meet with blows from furniture1 c4 ,in damp weather1 from the absorption of heat they generally become not only wet1 but frequently stream with water4 ,if the apartment is 8smoky10 lines of sooty hue soon follow1 and the room acquires a dirty appearance4 ,this is avoided by the use of paper1 which prevents the abstraction of heat and the consequent deposition of water2 ,beautiful effects may be produced by graining and other devices which are too well known to require enumeration4 ,when flock paper on walls becomes dirty and requires renewing1 if painted it looks extremely well1 a diaper ornamental surface being produced by such means4 ,the mantel-piece of a room adds to or detracts from its general effect4 ,in a well lighted apartment1 with light furniture1 white marble is decidedly preferable4 ,whereas serpentine1 black1 or coloured marbles1 grey and even red granite1 may all agree in rooms but moderately lighted4 ,the cornice and ceiling decorations equally require adaptation to the character of the apartment4 ,for these purposes beautiful designs have been suggested and employed4 ,the material of which they are usually made is so plastic as to be capable of receiving and retaining the most intricate forms conducive to elegance and beauty4 ,in some rooms such add greatly to the general effect1 while in others1 especially with painted walls1 plain mouldings seem most appropriate4 ,a profusion of gold or gilding displays want of taste4 ,a glaring example of this might be pointed out--a white marble mantel-piece supported by gilt angels five feet high which 8graces0 the drawing-room of a mansion in one part of this country4 ,the outer room is a gorgeous display of gold1 silver1 and vulgarity4 ,it serves1 however1 index-like1 to point out at once the riches and 8taste0 of the owner4 ,on the other hand1 paintings and engravings in gilt frames have an excellent effect in setting off a room1 provided that their size is in accordance with that of the apartment4 ,stained deals1 varnished1 afford a good material for panelling1 and for covering the walls of rooms4 ,we have in our eye a dining-room thus fitted which has an effect approaching to some of the oaken fittings of olden times4 ,the material is cheap and durable1 whilst the surface can always be renewed in its freshness by a new coat of varnish4 ,it has been largely adopted in churches for pews and other fittings1 with the best possible results4 ,the minor objects of decoration1 such as handles1 finger-plates1 bell-pulls1 c4 c41 can only be here named4 ,in many instances designs are given in the following pages1 suggesting the most suitable either for indoor or outdoor use1 according to the character of the room or entrance for which they are intended4 ,so much for the picturesque exterior and tasteful interior of a house2 a few words however may be said in respect to its immediate surroundings1 such as the lawns1 gardens1 pleasure grounds1 c4 ,the most picturesque villa would be a nonentity in a wrong situation4 ,it would be opposed to what is usually called the 8fitness of things20 a phrase that expresses much meaning without an exact definition4 ,hence 8landscape gardening0 has become an almost necessary adjunct to the art of architecture4 ,an unframed picture has possibly every merit that the painter's art can bestow on it1 yet it lacks that finish which the exterior confers on it4 ,so the well laid-out garden1 the vista at its extremity1 the carefully arranged parterre1 the judicious management of floral culture1 especially with regard to colour2 neatly arranged walks1 and many other exterior matters of detail1 add to1 enhance1 and occasionally become indispensable adjuncts to the picturesque4 ,we give two examples of picturesque accessories to garden architecture2 the first rather belongs to the secluded wood1 to some sequestered spot of sylvan shade1 whence rises a spring which tradition may designate as that of some beautiful nymph2 where the limpid crystal flows in gentle1 yet ceaseless streams1 conveying 8health to the sick and solace to the swain40 ,the last1 a vignette at the end of this chapter1 is the representation of a ruined fountain1 designed in #ahbj by one of the best teachers of drawing ,england ever possessed1 the late ,c4 ,j4 ,m4 ,whichelo4 ,the architect may suggest the addition of a garden1 but it is no part of his business to supply the details2 these rather belong to the horticulturist4 ,yet these should not be forgotten2 a complete whole is always made up of minute parts1 and by these littles an entirety of effect is produced1 just as their individual importance is not lost sight of4 ,illustration3 ,the ,nymph's ,fountain4 ,in conclusion1 it has been attempted in this introductory essay to enable the unprofessional reader to become acquainted with the general principles1 and some practical details that should guide him in the selection of a site1 and the erection of an elegant1 convenient1 and pleasant house1 both externally and internally4 ,so far as architecture and decorative art can aid such objects1 the special details involved have to be perused in the text of this work4 ,fundamental ideas of such subjects have alone been here treated4 ,a hope may be expressed that any suggestion or advice hitherto offered may not1 in all cases1 be without value4 ,it is not given to all men to know all things4 ,by the experience of others we gain fresh views of old ideas1 invest them with new clothing1 and in fact make out of that which is past1 the material for something new4 ,we rest on the apparently obsolete for suggestive ideas of improvement4 ,although the fashion of this world passeth away1 yet as a dissolving view it reproduces itself in other forms1 which1 by the contrast of apparent novelty1 and real or supposed merits1 gain1 either temporarily or permanently1 the applause of mankind4 ,illustration3 ,old ,english ,garden ,plots4 ,illustration3 ,garden ,fountain in ,ruins4 ,,design ,no4 #a4 ,a ,,gardener',s ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,illustration3 ,back elevation4 ,some examples of designs for small cottages will be first given in this volume4 ,there are few domestic ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 ,illustration3 ,plan of upper floor4 ,illustration structures that have received within the last fifty years a greater share of attention than the ,english ,cottage1 especially that designed for the occupation of the labourer4 ,each detail has received much care2 thus1 whether its walls should be solid or formed in two thicknesses1 as most conducive to warmth and comfort2 whether they should be of thin brick or of solid thick concrete2 the best kind of roof covering1 and indeed all such questions1 have been fully discussed4 ,illustration3 ,section through length of building4 ,besides this1 the calculation of cost has been of importance2 they are required to return a rent that will pay #e per cent4 on the outlay1 and to gain their picturesque appearance has generally been sacrificed4 ,the cottage examples in this volume have been erected on estates where the only aim was to render them substantial and lasting structures1 expense being a matter of minor importance4 ,their picturesque appearance being in every case insisted on4 ,before entering into any description of the designs1 it must be pointed out that the plans1 with the exception only of a few at the end of the volume1 are all drawn to the same scale1 that of #bj feet to the inch1 and that the elevations and sections are to a scale of #ae feet to the inch4 ,illustration3 ,cross section4 ,the details and the vignettes1 one of which is mostly given between each example1 are of various scales suited to each separate subject4 ,illustration3 ,plan of wood casement4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,the cottage design shown in the plate1 and which forms the first example in this series1 was erected on a nobleman's estate in the country1 for the use of a favourite gardener1 a married man without children1 and the accommodation afforded was all that he required4 ,it consisted of a lower room fifteen feet by twelve1 fitted with a small cottage oven2 a scullery ten feet by ten feet1 and a larder2 the upper floor contained one room of the same size as the lower1 and one fourteen feet by ten feet4 ,the building was constructed in a very superior way4 ,it was erected in red brick with compo dressings round the door and windows4 ,the illustrations represent the front and back elevations2 and sections through the length and breadth of the cottage1 with details of the wood casements1 and a plan and section of the cottage oven4 ,illustration3 ,cottage oven4 ,a view of a cottage slightly different in design but having rooms of the same size with similar accommodation1 is given4 ,this was intended for the same estate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette is an elevation of two lead pipes designed for an ,elizabethan building in the country4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #b4 ,a ,,small ,,cottage ,,or ,,lodge4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 ,illustration3 ,upper plan4 ,this small building forms the outer lodge to a country park4 ,it is finished in all its parts so as ,illustration3 ,elevation of front4 to correspond in style and details with the old family mansion1 and being a prominent object1 standing in a cheerful position1 each side was made pleasing4 ,it is ,illustration3 ,side elevation4 so placed that the sun during its daily course shines on all the exterior walls4 ,cottages should have no ,illustration3 ,section through length4 dark corners1 the sun should find entrance at all the windows whenever it is bright2 the interior is then warm and cheerful4 ,if the plan of a building is either ,illustration3 ,cross section4 a square or a parallelogram1 and it is placed on the ground so that one of its diagonal lines runs due north and south1 the advantage of sunlight at all the openings is obtained1 and this has been pointed out by several writers on the subject4 ,the ground plan shows the general arrangement of the interior4 ,the parlour and kitchen are both of the same size 7#ad feet by #aa feet72 it has a small scullery1 an open outside porch1 and a place for coals2 the larder with its window ,illustration3 ,section through front and back porches4 ,illustration3 ,dry vault4 is under the staircase4 ,the latter is a cottage staircase1 occupying only half the usual space4 ,the plan of the upper floor shows two rooms of the same size as those on the lower floor1 with the compact reduced form of the staircase4 ,the plate gives the front and side elevations of the building2 sections through its length and breadth1 and through the two porches back and front1 and the dry vault of closet1 are given4 ,the water from the scullery sink is discharged into the dry vault4 ,the staircase1 of which a section is given1 occupies exactly half the space of a staircase on the ordinary plan4 ,the width is three feet1 each step rising in two heights of #f inches4 ,it is necessary that such a contrivance should have plenty of light4 ,these staircases were first used in ,france4 ,loudon1 in his 8,encyclopdia of ,cottage1 ,farm1 and ,villa ,architecture10 gives a representation of one1 and remarks that the celebrated ,american1 ,jefferson1 when ,illustration3 ,section of staircase4 ,illustration3 ,a staircase4 making a tour in that country1 was so struck with the contrivance1 that he noted it in his journal1 which was published with his correspondence4 ,a perspective view of one of these staircases is annexed4 ,a staircase of this description1 if made four feet in width1 might take up only one-third the usual space3 it would be very applicable to offices and warehouses where room cannot be spared1 and where staircases little better than ladders are used1 but in such cases a baluster and hand-rail should be placed between each second step1 to prevent persons falling4 ,the 8,builder0 of ,november1 #ahdc1 gave two views of an ingenious double spiral staircase then exhibiting at a manufactory in ,berners ,street1 ,commercial ,road4 ,it was described as extremely simple1 the object being to provide for ascent and descent without chance of meeting or collision4 ,it consisted of a deal or other board of suitable thickness #f feet long and #ab inches wide1 forming a double tread1 and the riser crossed1 as it were from corner to corner1 except as arranged to form a newel in the centre1 of about five inches in diameter4 ,the staircase had twenty-two risers1 and took one complete turn round4 ,illustration3 ,plaster ornament for a ceiling4 ,,design ,no4 #c4 ,a ,,picturesque ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 ,illustration3 ,upper floor4 ,this design for a peasant's cottage possesses no architectural feature beyond what could be given ,illustration3 ,elevation of front4 to it by any common country village carpenter4 ,it was made from the recollection of one at ,blaise ,hamlet1 ,illustration3 ,side front4 near ,blaise ,castle1 in ,gloucestershire1 the seat of ,john ,i4 ,harford1 ,esq41 to whom the hamlet belonged4 ,this was celebrated for having about a dozen of these small picturesque structures1 apparently put up by the owner of the estate4 ,nearly the whole of them were provided with rustic seats under a projecting roof1 as well as with a pigeon-house at the gable4 ,this was called ,vine ,cottage2 there were besides ,sweet ,briar ,cottage1 ,rose ,cottage1 ,diamond ,cottage1 ,dial ,cottage1 ,jessamine ,cottage1 ,circular ,cottage1 and ,oak ,cottage4 ,views of all of them were first published at ,bristol by ,mr4 ,western4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,there are numerous similar hamlets and villages in ,england1 some having the cottages1 schoolhouses1 literary meeting room1 and even the village pump1 all in picturesque form1 and generally architectural in character4 ,the plan given here is probably not like that of the cottage at the hamlet4 ,it illustrates one room1 size #ac ft4 by #ab ft41 a scullery #ab ft4 by #i ft41 and larder under the stairs4 ,the latter are shown with the double-rise step4 ,the upper plan shows one room of the same size as that below1 and a closet4 ,the scullery on the ground floor is large enough to form a sleeping room for boys1 or to make a small living room4 ,the height of the lower room is #i feet #f inches4 ,the section shows the general form and fittings of the rooms4 ,the plate below the plans gives an elevation of the front1 showing the rustic seat and the side of the entrance porch1 the gable of the cottage formed into a pigeon-house1 together with the side front of the cottage and its entrance porch4 ,the small window at the side is intended to light the first steps of the stairs2 a small shed for wood or coals is placed at the back4 ,such a cottage could be built and finished complete at a cost of about one hundred and ten pounds4 ,illustration3 ,plaster frieze for drawing-room4 ,,design ,no4 #d4 ,a ,,double ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 ,illustration3 ,upper plan4 ,these cottages were intended to be attached to some ornamental grounds which were very carefully attended to2 and as the building formed a ,illustration3 ,elevation of front4 prominent object1 it was rendered architectural and pleasing in character4 ,in plan the cottages are large ,illustration3 ,section4 and roomy1 and they are of the cheapest kind4 ,if constructed in plain brickwork1 without the ornamental gable on the porch1 the pair could not have cost more than #bejl41 and at that sum they have been estimated for by a ,london builder4 ,each cottage has one living-room on the ground floor1 f f1 of the size of #ad feet by #aj feet1 with a scullery1 g g1 attached1 size #aj feet by #f feet #f inches1 and a small larder and staircase4 ,illustration ,the latter1 with ten risers1 leads to the upper floor1 in which are one large and one small room4 ,the plate gives the ground plan1 and the plan of the upper floor4 ,the closets are in the yard attached to the cottages1 but not shown in the plan4 ,the plate gives an elevation of one of the fronts1 and a section1 taken through the living-room and scullery3 a portion of the ornamental gable is illustrated in the previous page4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette represents an ornamental escutcheon and handle1 in brass1 for an inner entrance-hall door4 ,the drawing is one-third of the full size4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #e4 ,a ,,double ,,cottage ,,and ,,village ,,sunday ,,school4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 ,this building was intended to be placed in a village of one of the midland counties1 nearly all the buildings in the village being of picturesque character4 ,it was the property of a gentleman who was erecting a large ,elizabethan mansion in the neighbourhood2 the design is for a double cottage and ,sunday school2 the latter being under the direction of the clergyman of the parish4 ,illustration3 ,one-pair plan4 ,the porch was decorated to give it importance1 and form a shelter for the clergyman in passing from one school to the other4 ,one part was intended for boys and the other for girls4 ,the chimneys of the building were grouped together in the centre so as to form a prominent object2 they were copied from a very fine ancient example1 then existing at a farm-house near ,ashford1 in ,kent4 ,the illustration gives a view of the front1 and the plans4 ,each of the two principal rooms was #af feet #f inches by #ac feet #f inches1 with a scullery on the side #aj feet square1 and having a good oven2 the larder was under the stairs4 ,the rooms above were ,illustration3 ,section through length of building4 of the same size as those below4 ,one of the cottages had the centre room below as well as that above arranged so that one had four rooms and the other two2 but this could be changed at any time1 to provide each cottage with three living rooms each4 ,a section through the length of the building and the chimney stack is given in the previous page1 and an elevation of the front is given above4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of entrance front4 ,the building was to be constructed with sound stock bricks1 and red brick rusticated facing round the upper windows2 the finishing of the gables with their small pediments was of cut red bricks4 ,small compo finials crowned the whole4 ,illustration3 ,finial4 ,illustration3 ,finial4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of chimney stack4 ,the porch had trunks of trees for columns1 the entablature and pediment were formed of cut bricks and compo facing2 the pilasters on each side of the lower windows were of cut squared flint1 peculiar to the county1 the whole resting on a plinth of rough country stone4 ,a wooden balustrade of simple pattern surmounted the porch1 extending on each side of the columns4 ,these latter resting on a stone slab4 ,the chimney stack is shown1 and its plan1 on the previous page4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of a chimney stack at a farm-house1 ,ashford1 ,kent4 ,the old stack from ,ashford1 with the plan at its base1 and capping1 is also illustrated4 ,these representations of the two chimney stacks1 ancient and modern1 are drawn to the same scale1 so that the difference between the present and old mode of treatment may be seen4 ,the large flues of the old example permitted the then mode of sweeping1 by discharging a culverin up the flue4 ,the occupants of the dwelling could not then have cared much for return smoke in their rooms2 which in these large flues1 with coal as fuel1 must have been considerable1 and could only be obviated or prevented by the numerous cold draughts of air permitted to pass through the interior of the building4 ,illustration3 ,plan of capping4 ,illustration3 ,plan of base4 ,the plan of this building was adapted from a very favourite one of the late ,sir ,john ,soane4 ,he erected it at ,wimpole1 in ,cambridgeshire1 for the ,earl of ,hardwicke1 in #agid4 ,it had a very plain exterior1 and the roof was covered with thatch1 a very common mode with architects at that time1 but now objected to from the serious evil of its harbouring numerous insects--indeed at times they render the building almost untenantable4 ,the walls of the cottages at ,wimpole were built in ,pis1 or with clay and fine gravel1 properly prepared and beaten down in a mould4 ,each wall was three feet in thickness1 the fireplaces and chimneys were of brick4 ,every opening was covered with strong wood lintels1 the whole width of the walls1 and two feet longer than their respective openings4 ,the walls stood on brick foundations two feet above the ground4 ,the cost of the construction was about #dejl4 ,design ,no4 #e could not now be constructed for less than #fcjl4 ,it may be here remarked that nothing certain can be advanced about the cost of a building until the situation and local circumstances are fully known and considered4 ,in the absence of these no estimates can be given with that accuracy which every gentleman wishes for1 and ought to be possessed of1 before he begins building4 ,,design ,no4 #f4 ,a ,,huntsman',s ,,lodge ,,or ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 ,illustration3 ,upper plan4 ,this edifice was erected in the neighbourhood of some thick plantations in a sporting district4 ,it was constructed of brick1 with a wooden porch2 the facing bricks of the walls being of a light-yellow colour1 with red bricks round the windows2 and the whole of the cornices and the four chimneys were of cut red brick4 ,the building seen from among the trees looks ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,section4 very pleasing4 ,the ground plan shows a front room #ac feet square1 with a small scullery behind2 the larder is under the stairs1 which have the double riser1 and a window is placed both at the bottom as well as at the upper part of the staircase1 to give plenty of light4 ,the upper plan shows three bed-rooms1 each about #aj feet by #f1 and a small bed closet for children1 the closet having a ventilator in the chimney at the angle4 ,these chimneys1 instead of being grouped together in the centre of the structure1 occupy the four corners--an expensive form of erection1 but one that gives more room in the interior4 ,the elevation of the front is given in the plate1 and the section by its side2 the small figure below shows the different courses of cut bricks forming the pediment and cornice4 ,illustration ,these were carefully executed1 and had a good effect4 ,the first figure likewise illustrates the oak finial on the top of the roof4 ,a chimney-piece in one of the upper rooms had a quaint carving in the centre of a fox's head1 a subject appropriate to the pursuits of the occupant of the cottage4 ,illustration ,the chimney-piece1 and the fox's head on a larger scale1 are here represented4 ,the gateway seen at the side of the building in the view was formed by the workmen out of various old fragments2 it leads to a yard in which are various sheds and out-buildings4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,this vignette affords a specimen of ornamental iron railing intended for exterior work1 and suitable for any situation in which such may be required1 in consequence of the neatness of its pattern4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,rose ,hill ,villa4 ,,the ,,concrete ,,construction ,,for ,,building ,,cottages4 ,considerable pains have been taken for the last fifty years to discover the best and cheapest method of building cottages2 bricks1 stones1 wood1 mud1 plaster1 and lately straw and bitumen1 have all been selected4 ,sound bricks and good building stones1 well incorporated with mortar of a good and binding quality1 will last for centuries2 while those of mud1 clay1 plaster or concrete are continually becoming out of repair1 and therefore ought never to be introduced where sound construction is desired1 and better materials can be procured4 ,in our moist climate1 unless great pains are taken in compounding such materials as clay or concrete1 in constructing walls1 and in protecting these against the effects of the weather1 they will soon decay4 ,mud walls1 however1 made perfectly in the common manner1 of clay well tempered and mixed with sharp sand1 will last very many years4 ,the preceding view represents ,rose ,hill ,villa1 near ,stockbridge1 ,hampshire4 ,it is probably the largest and most important specimen of such a construction in ,england1 and comprises dining and drawing-rooms1 each #bj feet by #ah feet1 morning-room1 housekeeper's-room1 kitchen1 back kitchen1 pantry1 excellent cellars and all requisite offices2 five very superior bedrooms1 two dressing rooms1 a water-closet on the landing and ground floor1 and five servants' bedrooms4 ,it has a double coach-house1 harness-room1 and stabling for four or six horses1 and in the outhouses a four-roomed cottage for the coachman4 ,this villa was formerly in the occupation of ,fothergill ,cooke1 ,esq41,a the inventor of the ,electric ,telegraph1 and is now the residence of ,sir ,augustus ,webster1 ,bart4 ,the building is constructed of chalk concrete1 and has stood the test of forty years' exposure without any signs of decay4 ,mr4 ,james ,flitcroft sent in #ahdc a view of the villa to the 8,builder10 and thus described the construction of such houses in the locality3--,the walls are carried above the ground two and sometimes three feet to prevent the damp from rising to the mud1 which if wetted would scale off by the action of frost4 ,the kind of earth used is fine chalk1 dug from the surface2 if timely notice of any building will permit1 it is best dug in winter1 that the frost may act upon it4 ,buildings formed of this material can be erected only in dry warm weather4 ,the workmen in preparing this chalk for use put about a cartload of it together1 throw water over it1 and tread it with their feet1 turn it over1 again tread and turn it1 until it begins to bind something like loamy clay2 then let it soak a little while1 when it is ready for use4 ,the waller is able to put on a layer of about fifteen inches2 he begins at one corner and goes round the building1 putting one layer on another1 taking care that the lower one is sufficiently dry to bear the upper4 ,in buildings of two stories high1 the walls are generally eighteen inches thick4 ,when the walls are got up five or six feet1 and pretty dry1 the quoins are plumbed1 and the walls dressed down a little1 in order that the waller may see what he is about4 ,a small short spade is the best tool for this purpose1 with short handle and rather bent4 ,the work is then proceeded with as before1 until it is raised up to the square of the building1 when the ,illustration3 ,elevation and section of a wall 7see p4 #hf74 walls get their general dressing1 ready to receive their coating4 ,mr4 ,flitcroft describes ,rose ,hill ,villa as coated with stone1 lime-coloured and drawn4 ,the columns of the villa are of brick4 ,he states that there are several other buildings of this kind at ,stockbridge1 ,winchester1 and other places in the neighbourhood4 ,he describes a better method of constructing such walls by the use of a moveable trough or box about #ab feet in length by #ah inches in depth4 ,this trough rests on bearers put across the wall1 with a mortice at each end wide enough apart to receive the sides1 and the thickness of the wall2 in these are inserted uprights to prevent the sides giving way1 with others to go across the top4 ,this mode of construction is however very ancient1 and when done on a large scale the primitive method is still pursued4 ,this method is shown in the preceding engraving1 which gives an elevation and section of a wall in process of construction1 with the posts1 b b1 the moveable planking1 c c1 and cross pieces1 d4 ,it will be seen that three courses of bricks are put about every five feet in height4 ,the figures here given are copied from a very old ,french work on ,architecture and ,building2 they also show the manner in which roof construction was attempted with slabs of the same material1 as shown in figs4 #a and #b3 the building is supposed to be square1 as shown by the dotted lines a1 b1 c1 d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,the plan1 elevation1 and section given below represent a small tomb wholly formed of concrete slabs1 the door alone being excepted4 ,this little building forms really a solid concrete monolithic edifice4 ,illustration3 ,the entrance door4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 ,a very common method of forming partitions1 and even roofs in some of the agricultural districts in ,hampshire1 is first to put them up with strong wattle hurdles4 ,they are double the size of the common hurdle1 and made of a thicker material4 ,when in their place1 they are plastered over with concrete1 and made about four inches in thickness2 they very often require repair4 ,it is said that concrete walls are subject to contraction and expansion1 and speedily show vertical cracks at intervals1 which in our damp climate would soon permit the wet to enter4 ,there can be no question as to its strength as a building material1 as some experiments conducted by the ,institute of ,british ,architects gave the following results--viz41 8,concrete composed of two parts of lime1 thirty-six parts of sand1 and five parts of cement1 can resist a crushing weight of four tons to the square inch1 being twice the strength of ,portland stone1 eight times the strength of ,bath stone1 and sixteen times the strength of brickwork40 ,in constructing cottages with concrete everything depends upon the goodness of the cement and the care with which it is used4 ,the occupiers of these cottages are frequently their own operators2 the work is generally too speedily performed1 and the consequence is that the fruits of their labour are in most instances of but short duration4 ,for obvious reasons it is necessary that the greatest economy should be observed in the construction of peasants' cottages1 and for these reasons the apartments should always be on the ground floor1 which will render it unnecessary to build them more than eight or nine feet high4 ,where mud walls are introduced1 the lower they are made the better1 in which case they should be made to batir on the outside so as to resist the pressure of the roof1 the covering of which should project as much as possible1 to throw off the wet and protect the walls4 ,the chimney flues in these clay and concrete walls are formed of drain-pipes1 which answer admirably4 ,these humble dwellings should be paved with brick-on-edge paving laid on sand1 which is much warmer1 and more conducive to health than any sort of rough flagging1 plaster1 mud1 or concrete floor4 ,the latter1 although much cheaper1 can never be made to look clean4 ,foundations of clay or concrete walls should be of brick a few courses above the surface1 and the walls when dry should be covered with a thick coat of plaster consisting of lime and sand1 or what is still better1 a coating of good ,portland cement4 ,this ought constantly to be kept perfect1 as everything depends upon the goodness of the work4 ,concrete improperly mixed is not so strong as brickwork1 but is mere rubbish2 but when perfectly done it hardens with age1 becoming like stone1 impervious both to wet and frost4 ,materials can be found in every locality4 ,one of the principal constructors using such1 ,mr4 ,tall1 who works with an excellently contrived apparatus1 thus describes them3--8,clay1 which may be burnt into ballast easily and cheaply1 and is a most superior material for concrete2 gravel1 stone1 crushed slag from furnaces1 smith's clinkers1 oyster-shells1 broken glass1 crockery1 or any hard and durable substance4 ,where sandstone or any flat stone is to be found1 walls can be built even cheaper than of gravel concrete1 as a labourer can break the stone40 ,he gives the proportions of materials used in houses then being constructed at ,gravesend1 as follows3 s4 d4 #g yards of burrs from brickfield1 at #es4 #a #ae #j #g yards of gravel stone1 at #cs4 #a #a #j #a yard of ,portland cement1 #af bushels to the cubic yard1 at #bs4 #a #ab #j ,labour1 at #bs4 per cube yard #a #aj #j --------- ,total #e #ah #j --------- ,three cubic yards of concrete will build #fj yards of #i-;inch work1 at a fraction under #as4 #aa;d4 per yard4 ,concrete cottages have been built at ,setting1 in ,kent1 under ,mr4 ,adkins1 architect1 that cost only #ajel4 per pair2 the ground floor contained two rooms2 with the usual larder and closets1 and the upper floor three rooms and a cupboard2 these cottages had gabled fronts and were picturesque in character4 ,it would be an extra expense over the common method to construct floors and roofing of concrete2 the advantage to be gained would be their fire-proof character4 ,in superior buildings the high tenacious power of good cement is repeatedly1 it may be said commonly taken advantage of in the construction of roofs4 ,these are formed by cementing plain tiles1 and they have considerable strength4 ,roofs of #ab feet span1 constructed in segmental form1 rising three feet1 and only of three plain tiles in thickness1 successfully resist great pressure1 and are durable in a very superior degree2 but they require to be well tied in1 and formed between iron girders connected together with iron tie rods1 otherwise they sink and force out the walls4 ,roofs of cemented tiles have been constructed from #cj to #dj feet span1 and have been found to answer well2 hoop-iron bond1 laid at intervals between the tiles1 is a great advantage4 ,the tenacious power of good cement was proved in a very high degree a few years ago by ,mr4 ,brunel1 in the construction of two semi-arches built of brick1 springing from a pier or abutment #ad feet in height4 ,one extended #ej feet in length1 the other #ch2 the rise of the arches was #aj feet1 the width only #d feet #f inches2 a weight of about #dj tons was suspended to the extremity of the shorter arch without breaking it4 ,the result of this test proved that arches of #bjj feet or #cjj feet span1 and probably more1 might be constructed in the same manner at very moderate expense1 without centering4 ,iron-hoop bond is said to nearly double the strength or holding power of the cement4 ,flat experimental beams have been constructed of brick and cement1 with hoop-iron bond laid horizontally between the joints or courses of the brickwork1 which have given equally extraordinary results4 ,concrete for walling was extensively used in ,england at the beginning of the present century2 it got into bad repute through failure of a river wall at ,woolwich1 where it was either badly done1 some mistake was made1 or it was unsuited to the position4 ,the wall was constructed of blocks of concrete cast in moulds1 and submitted to pressure while setting2 a coating of fine stuff being applied for the sake of appearance1 ample time having been allowed for the blocks to set and harden before use4 ,the blocks were #a foot #f inches high1 the binders and stretchers in the course being each #b feet #f inches long1 the bed of the former being #b feet1 and of the latter #a foot2 the wall was built upon piles1 its height above the piles being #bd feet2 the thickness at bottom was #i feet1 at top #e feet with a batir in front of #c feet in #bb4 ,the face of the wall was composed of blocks1 as described1 and rough concrete thrown in to complete its thickness1 and that of the counterforts4 ,after a frost it was found that this wall was seriously damaged1 hardly a single block having escaped1 and in many cases their whole face had peeled off to the depth of half an inch4 ,the discharge of a drain from a height of #f or #h feet had worn away the lower courses to the depth of some inches4 ,on a like wall at ,chatham1 similar but much more severe effects were produced4 ,the failure of this wall costing about #hj1jjjl41 was a serious matter1 and for several years after architects looked upon concrete as being so much uneatable hasty pudding1 considering that it was only beneficial when confined in a trench for foundations4 ,sir ,robert ,smirke used it in the foundations of the ,penitentiary1 ,millbank1 and ,sir ,john ,soane in #ahcj used it in the foundations of the ,new ,state ,paper ,office 7now pulled down7 in ,st4 ,james's ,park4 ,here the ground had to be excavated to a depth of #bb feet before arriving at a gravelly stratum2 at each high tide the ,thames filled the trenches with water1 which remained in considerable quantity2 as this was pumped out1 the adjoining party walls of the buildings in ,duke-street cracked so completely that they had to be taken down4 ,the trenches were first filled to the height of two feet with broken stones and bricks from the old buildings1 and then dry lime and clean river sand1 with a large quantity of small broken granite stones1 were thrown in from the height above4 ,a body of concrete #h feet in width by a thickness of #c feet was thus formed2 the water ceased to enter the trenches and the building was commenced4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,godwin1 the editor of the 8,builder10 in an essay on concrete which gained the first prize given by the ,royal ,institution of ,british ,architects1 appears to have been the first to suggest its use in walls above ground2 and for these ,portland cement concrete1 when properly prepared1 is without question an admirable material4 ,,design ,no4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,a garden gate--plan and elevation4 ,in ,france it is used to a very great extent1 in numerous bridges1 and several miles of large sewers4 ,a church 7that at ,vsinet1 near ,paris1 of medival architecture71 constructed entirely with iron and this concrete1 is completely fireproof4 ,in ,england a considerable length of sewer has been constructed of concrete at ,sidmouth1 under the direction of ,mr4 ,phillips2 and near ,london1 between the ,kensington and ,gloucester ,road stations of the ,metropolitan ,railway1 a very large handsome bridge1 rusticated1 and in design similar to1 and in every respect in appearance a stone bridge4 ,from some alteration required in the railway1 it has been removed4 ,this mode of construction is now being practically tested in the north of ,england1 at ,church ,bank1 ,alnmouth1 in its complete form1 in a cottage built entirely of concrete1 having three rooms1 scullery1 and other conveniences4 ,the material used in the building1 as we are told by the 8,builder10 is ,portland cement and gravel from the sea-shore4 ,the foundation is in sand #f inches thick and #ah inches wide2 in this there is a base course1 and above1 the walls are #i inches in thickness4 ,part of the erection is two stories in height4 ,the roofs are all flat1 and are constructed entirely of concrete and old wire rope4 ,the ceilings are divided into panels by ribs at right angles1 and require no plastering4 ,a wall on the upper floor is supported by a concrete beam with a #ac-;feet span2 and a large cistern is formed under the roof of the pantry for rain water4 ,the sides of the cistern forming the walls of the bedroom will test severely the impermeability of the material4 ,no wood is used except for doors1 and no iron except five shillings' worth of old wire rope4 ,this is said to be an experiment made by the ,duke of ,northumberland4 ,another experimental cottage has been constructed under ,mr4 ,edwin ,chadwick's superintendence at ,east ,sheen near ,mortlake4 ,in this the walls are formed of light iron framework filled with compressed straw1 bitumen1 and concrete4 ,the thickness of each wall complete is only about three and a half inches4 ,the floors are of bitumen and concrete1 covered with ordinary deal boards2 the roof has the same construction as the walls4 ,these1 inside1 may be either left rough or finely smoothed1 without additional cost4 ,in the former case it is said they resemble the ordinary 8dashes0 of stuccoed cottages2 in the latter they appear as if coated with ,roman cement1 after the fashion of villas and town houses4 ,if a construction of this kind can be made durable it possesses superior advantages to every other4 ,in ,england both stone and brick are great absorbents of moisture1 causing the occupants of the houses to be afflicted by rheumatism and other undesirable ailments4 ,any building material that is non-absorbent of moisture is a great desideratum yet unsatisfied4 ,an elevation of a design for a garden gate and balustrade to be formed of concrete blocks is given in ,design ,no4 #g4 ,it was originally intended for the entrance to an old house in ,berkshire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette beneath is a ,swiss pattern of open woodwork used by the author as balustrading4 ,the construction is too simple to require explanation4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #h4 ,a ,,park ,,lodge4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,the entrance lodge to a country park may be considered as a superior kind of cottage2 it is ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 often occupied by some favourite domestic or other attach of the family4 ,it is usually placed in a prominent position1 dressed with surrounding trees1 and with the accompanying gates1 posts1 and rails4 ,considerable attention is always paid to the lodge4 ,illustration3 ,back front4 ,an ugly one is an exception1 and is very seldom seen4 ,in most cases the lodge is similar in character to the mansion to which it permits approach3 a ,gothic house1 hence has a ,gothic lodge1 and an ,elizabethan ,illustration3 ,section4 house a lodge of the same character2 frequently it is in the ,rustic style that would suit either4 ,of this the present design and the following are examples4 ,this design was made for one story only1 and it is placed so as to command1 or have a view of two roads by which it can be approached2 the plan shows a living room1 #ac ft4 by #ac ft41 a scullery1 g1 #ab ft4 by #i ft1 a larder1 h1 and two sleeping rooms4 ,it has a porch1 formed with trunks of trees1 enclosing a seat or bench4 ,the back front is made of a pleasing character1 having a covered way to the closet and coal cellar1 l4 ,the section shows the height of the rooms1 #aa #f from floor to collar beam4 ,the construction was to have been in the common fashion in brick1 with red brick facing1 and compo dressings round the windows and top of chimney stack1 the latter in cut red brick4 ,an erection of this kind could not be completed under a cost of about #cgjl4 ,illustration3 ,plaster cornice for a drawing-room4 ,,design ,no4 #i4 ,a ,,park ,,lodge4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 ,this design was a second study for the same small building illustrated in the previous design4 ,it was intended for a different site1 and so placed as to command only one road of approach4 ,it could have been seen for nearly two miles previous to reaching it1 and was placed about twenty feet behind the entrance gates2 the front had a rustic porch intended to contain rustic seats4 ,the plan shows a living room #ah feet by #ad1 a small scullery1 g1 larder1 h1 and two sleeping rooms each #ac feet by #aj feet4 ,the section is taken through the centre of the building1 showing the front and back porch4 ,it could be constructed for about #cgel4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,either of these lodges could be constructed in concrete1 the walls twice the thickness1 the chimney stock in brick and cement1 and their cost would be reduced4 ,,design ,no4 #aj4 ,,an ,,entrance ,,lodge ,,to ,a ,,park ,this lodge stands within an ancient park in ,kent4 ,it occupies a triangular piece of ground and commands three roads of approach4 ,the building is ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 strictly in accordance with the style of the old family mansion within the park itself1 which is a celebrated structure of the times of ,elizabeth and ,james ,i4 ,the ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 perspective view represents the lodge as seen from the avenue of trees within the park1 the road coming ,illustration3 ,the front elevation4 between4 ,in the ground plan1 p4 #aje1 a is the porch1 b the living room1 c the scullery1 and d the larder2 g are the steps leading to a vault under the stairs1 used for coals1 and f is the stone cover over the dry well4 ,considerable care and attention were ,illustration3 ,perspective view of back and side fronts1 from a photograph4 bestowed in working out the details of this building1 which was wholly erected by the workmen of the estate1 with bricks and stone also from the estate4 ,the lower part or plinth of the structure is of ashlar ragstone in random courses1 the top course header faced1 the joints worked fair1 and a sunk splay in the top tooled fair1 the course rising nine inches on the ,illustration3 ,plan of upper floor4 face1 with an average depth in the bed of eleven inches4 ,the string over the lower windows is in moulded brick1 ,illustration3 ,plan of roof timbers4 faced with compo1--the gables and the chimneys are constructed and finished with cut red bricks4 ,the ,illustration3 ,side elevation4 ,illustration3 ,details of entrance porch4 finials1 of which there are three1 are copied from those of the old mansion1 and cost each #cl4 ,the front and side elevations are here given1 together with the details of the entrance porch4 ,the columns were formed of trunks of trees1 with an entablature and pediment of brick tiles and compo1 with iron ties securing the whole4 ,illustration3 ,finial4 ,illustration3 ,finial4 ,the brick walls were splashed externally in four colours1 black1 white1 red1 and yellow1 which gave a very pleasing tone of colour to the whole4 ,the plan ,illustration3 ,section4 of the upper floor shows the rooms like the lower1 each of the average length of #ba and a width of #aj feet4 ,the staircase leads conveniently to the two upper rooms2 a is a trap-door to permit furniture and large baggage to be lifted up from below4 ,the sections show the construction of the roof1 the timbers of which were firmly secured by iron straps1 b b4 ,the chimney forms a prominent feature in the centre of the building1 the construction of which is shown in the annexed cut2 c are corbel bricks1 b the iron strap4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,the last two illustrations are sections through the coal-cellar and the dry well4 ,the photographic view shows the small circular gable over the staircase4 ,there are only six of these gables1 as a seventh could not be obtained1 or it might have been called the 8house with the seven gables40 ,the structure cost #ebfl41 the cottage design ,no4 #b1 on the same estate1 #caal41 both in full4 ,illustration3 ,plan and section of chimney stack4 ,,design ,no4 #aa4 ,,an ,,entrance ,,lodge ,,and ,,gateway ,,to ,a ,,park4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,the first erection of an entrance lodge and gateway to a country park1 is often considered of sufficient importance to meet with very full and careful ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 consideration4 ,if the park is an ancient one1 the old castellated style for the entrance lodge will mark its character1 and it is generally chosen1 although the ,illustration3 ,plan of upper floor4 building or mansion within the park itself may be of more recent style4 ,the family architect1 in such cases1 will have to make various sketches before one is selected that gives general satisfaction4 ,the castellated ,tudor design shown in the perspective view1 was the first one made under such circumstances1 and several designs were submitted before it was put aside1 and one selected similar in style and character to the mansion within the park1 and which was soon carried out4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation of lodge4 ,the ground plan1 p4 #aac1 shows the lodge to have very little accommodation1 one small room #ae feet by #aa feet1 with a scullery attached2 indeed1 one of the principal reasons for giving up the design was that the steep character of the ground did not admit a larger erection4 ,the staircase of the lodge led to one upper room over the gateway2 this was #ac feet by #ac feet4 ,the elevation of the lodge is shown at p4 #aad4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of half gate4 ,illustration3 ,a ,illustration3 ,b ,illustration3 ,c ,illustration3 ,d ,the details are plain and bold2 a shield of arms with quatrefoils is placed over the side entrance2 these and the ornaments on the bay-window are the chief enrichments4 ,the lodge was to have been erected with ragstone ashlar for the quoins and red-brick facing for walls1--the bay-window and all the strings and battlements were to be in ,caen stone4 ,the iron gates were to be of wrought iron in the olden style4 ,an elevation of one of the gates is given1 showing a thin ornamental pattern within a strong iron frame4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of second design4 ,the parts1 full size1 are shown2 a is the top rail1 b the circular bar1 c a section and elevation of the hanging rail1 and d the meeting bar4 ,the accommodation required by the gate-keeper who was to occupy the lodge was greater than could be well provided on the site the building was to stand on4 ,what he did ask for was given in a second ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 design1 which1 as it shows a different treatment of the elevation1 is here illustrated4 ,in this the rooms are ,illustration3 ,plan of upper floor4 larger1 as may be seen by the ground plan2 c1 the back room1 is intended to be used as a boy's sleeping room2 h is the larder under the stairs1 and l is a place for coals4 ,the upper plan shows the room over the gateway2 a second room was to be added by taking up the walls of the lodge4 ,illustration3 ,details of bay-window1 second design4 ,the elevation of this design was considered more quaint and characteristic of the olden style than the first2 its window is copied from one at the old gatehouse to the abbey at ,montacute in ,somersetshire1 both as to dimensions and detail4 ,it is rather late in style1 and not a very good example1 but it is here given with a few sections and details to a larger scale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette affords a plan of an old ,english garden with its labyrinth1 fountains1 fishponds1 and flower beds4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ab4 ,a ,,stove ,,for ,,an ,,entrance ,,hall ,illustration3 ,elevation of stove4 ,this stove is intended to fill a recess in the hall of a ,baronial ,mansion1 placed on a marble pavement with groups of ancient armour1 pikes and ,illustration3 ,plan of stove4 helmets1 and the other like warlike implements of ancient times1 surrounding it4 ,the plan shows its interior to be filled with fire-clay4 ,it is only a ,illustration3 ,the front of stove1 the shield or door open4 ,illustration3 ,side of stove4 ,illustration3 ,section of stove4 common iron stove1 but with a more artistic outline or figure than is generally seen2 the section shows the construction4 ,a moveable box is placed within the pedestal to receive the ashes2 the smoke flue leaves at the back2 the helmet opens to receive a cup of water2 the section shows the construction4 ,when the shield is open the fire is seen2 this could be made partly open1 so as to allow the fire to be wholly closed in4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette is a portion of a ,french design for an iron balconet4 ,in ,france these balconets are regarded as necessary protections at the window openings4 ,in ,england they are used chiefly for holding flowers4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ac4 ,,queen',s ,,gate ,,lodge1 ,,hyde ,,park4 ,the formation of that new and important suburb of ,london1 known as ,queen's ,gate1 ,south ,kensington1 resulted1 as is well known1 from the exertions of ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince ,consort4 ,it ,illustration3 ,first design1 ,gate ,entrance to ,hyde ,park4 promises soon to become the most fashionable and attractive portion of the ,metropolis1 as the land is engaged for the purpose of applying it to national objects connected with the ,arts and ,sciences1 by the ,illustration3 ,perspective view of ,lodge1 ,queen's ,gate4 ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 ,government4 ,consequently1 with the beauty of the situation1 this has led to the erection of a large number of first-class mansions of the value of from #bj1jjjl4 each to #cjjjl4 7leaseholds47 ,the author of this work1 at the time of the purchase by the ,government1 was surveyor to the principal estate in that locality--that of the late ,charles1 ,earl of ,harrington2 ,illustration3 ,perspective view of ,lodge opposite the ,exhibition ,road1 ,hyde ,park4 and an opening to ,hyde ,park1 for the chief new road1 being granted by ,government1 he had to submit designs for the new entrance lodge and gates to the ,commissioner of ,public ,works4 ,the first design he had made had previously been submitted to the ,prince4 ,it was on a large scale1 an archway being placed in the centre1 with gates and lodges on each side4 ,but as the new entrance had to be made at the expense of the builders of the ,harrington ,estate1 designs of a more modest character were chosen4 ,illustration ,lord ,llanover1 then ,sir ,benjamin ,hall1 was the ,chief ,commissioner of ,public ,works1 and took great interest in the designs1 repeatedly visiting the spot1 and having various studies made2 indeed the works were carried out under his supervision and direction4 ,the opening into ,hyde ,park was #adj feet in length2 this was filled up by the gates and railings1 a lodge being placed within the park4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,illustration3 ,side elevation4 ,the view shows the lodge as it was erected by ,mr4 ,aldin1 one of the building lessees of the ,harrington estate2 it cost him about #hjjl4 ,the iron gates and railing were put up by ,mr4 ,w4 ,jackson1 the chief building lessee on the same estate1 at a cost which amounted to upwards of #bjjjl4 ,illustration3 ,section through length of building4 ,the lodge contains two rooms on the ground floor the front room being #ag feet by #ab feet1 the back room #ac feet by #aa feet4 ,the basement has two rooms of the same size2 with a small yard1 a place for coals1 and a dry area surrounding the whole4 ,the plans are shown under the perspective view2 the front and side elevations on page #abh2 the small portico has the centre columns without rusticated blocks1 so that no square edges or projecting parts obstruct the entrance of persons into the lodge4 ,illustration3 ,cross section4 ,the section through the length of the building shows the two upper and the two lower rooms1 with the sunk yard2 it does not show clearly the section of the ground outside the building2 the level of this is #ah inches below the floor of the upper rooms4 ,the basement is completely buried1 but as the small structure stood upon a mound and was protected by a dry area1 this was of little consequence4 ,the cross section next given shows the level of the outside ground correctly1 with the two dry areas4 ,over this cross section are given two small details of the construction of the roof4 ,the building was of stone and brick1 the ashlar front of the walls ,bath stone1 and the cornice of ,portland--this was made so as to form the gutter4 ,the lodge has lately been taken down1 and reconstructed on the opposite side of the entrance gate4 ,so completely was this done that only one small block of stone was required to complete it1 and this was only a replacement of one broken4 ,the structure itself has been reproduced by the ,government as a lodge opposite to the ,exhibition ,road4 ,in the cut at page #abg1 is given a section through the portico and a section through the end wall4 ,the first design1 made by the author1 was intended to embody the views of ,his ,royal ,highness ,prince ,albert1 in regard to the arrangement of the buildings for the purpose of ,science and ,art then proposed to be erected on the newly purchased estate4 ,they comprised one for the collection of ,pictures1 at that time occupying only half the building at ,trafalgar ,square2 this1 the ,new ,national ,gallery1 was to be surrounded with other structures1 affording ample accommodation for the chief learned and ,artistic ,societies of ,london4 ,a large central ,hall of ,arts and ,sciences was to be placed in their midst2 the whole to form a metropolitan institution for the promotion of scientific and artistic knowledge as connected with industrial pursuits4 ,it is well known that the surplus funds of the ,exhibition of #ahea1 amounting to the sum of #aej1jjjl41 were offered by the ,royal ,exhibition ,commissioners at the instance of the ,prince1 for the purpose of carrying out this grand conception4 ,the report of the ,house of ,commons' ,committee on the ,national ,gallery strongly recommended the offer to be accepted1 and ,parliament at first assenting1 voted another sum of like amount for carrying out the entire project4 ,the sum of #cjj1jjjl4 was found1 however1 insufficient for purchasing the whole of the ground required1 and a further grant of from #be1jjjl4 to #bg1jjjl4 was voted by ,parliament1 and a sum of #ae1jjjl4 was given by the ,royal ,commissioners4 ,mr4 ,cubitt was engaged to obtain the ground1 and the roads through the ,harrington estate were planned by him in conjunction with the author1 who aided him to the utmost of his power in obtaining the land requisite to complete the site required for the various buildings proposed to occupy it4 ,the site was #bajj feet in length1 by an average breadth of #abjj feet1 and consisted of about #ef acres2 the level of the ground on the north of ,kensington being about #cf feet higher than the portion at ,brompton4 ,another block of land1 upon which the ,department of ,science and ,art is at present placed1 made a space with an average width of #gjj feet--in the whole #hf acres4 ,in sketching the design for the general building1 of which a bird's-eye view is here given1 the author only took the #ef acres--the view shows only that portion of the building facing the ,prince ,albert's ,road1 now called ,queen's ,gate4 ,it is placed in the centre of the land1 so as to have large open grounds surrounding it4 ,these at any time could have been covered up for the purpose of national exhibitions similar to those of #ahea and #ahfb4 ,by putting the level of the ground floor of the new building about ten feet above that of the ,kensington ,road1 a sub-basement would have been obtained1 over #cj feet in height1 affording ample space for arranging and storing works of art1 as well as for receiving articles to be exhibited1 or a great portion of them1 from the upper parts of the building should the latter be wanted for any special purpose1 and affording room likewise for all minor business departments4 ,the ,hall of ,arts and ,sciences was to be placed in the centre of the mass of building3 a portion of the dome is seen in the view at the upper left-hand corner4 ,this room was to be made #cjj feet in length1 by #ahj in width4 ,two galleries for paintings1 each #ajjj feet in length and #hj feet in breadth1 were to be placed on each side of the ,central ,hall4 ,the sculptures from the ,british ,museum were to be deposited in the central smaller halls of approach4 ,the various ,societies were to occupy the side-wings1 ,illustration3 ,view of ,queen's ,gate1 ,hyde ,park1 with the ,national ,gallery and other buildings1 as suggested by ,his ,royal ,highness the late ,prince ,consort4 each having its meeting and lecture room1 and all necessary offices and apartments4 ,the public were to enter at the porticoes seen in the view1 and the carriages of the professors at the gateways in front4 ,two roads were proposed traversing the ground from north to south1 and giving easy access for vehicles to every part of the building4 ,in the small block plan attached to the view1 placed on the upper right-hand corner1 b is the ,prince ,albert's ,road1 a the ,exhibition ,road1 and c and d the roads north and south4 ,the design was placed before the ,prince at one of the ,architects' meetings at the ,earl de ,grey's1 and it was exhibited at the ,royal ,academy in the same year4 ,the ,house of ,commons1 however1 after granting such a large sum of money for the purchase of the land1 expressed its disapproval of removing the ,national ,gallery from the present position1 said to be the finest site in ,europe1 and the ,fellows of the ,royal ,academy were informed that the portion of the building they then occupied would be added to that of the gallery4 ,a view of the gates and lodge as at present executed is here given4 ,illustration ,it cannot be supposed that a sum of #cdj1jjjl4 would have been expended by the nation for the purpose of giving the ,horticultural ,society a perpetual lease of the best portion of the estate purchased4 ,it is already evident that the gardens are not well situated there4 ,the smoke of the district will not permit the growth of delicate plants1 and their exhibitions are supplied from the gardens at ,chiswick4 ,in much less than fifty years their grounds will probably be the centre of ,london1 and consequently the noble conception of ,his ,royal ,highness has still a good chance of being carried into effect4 ,the ,society will be smoked out when the city bounds are extended4 ,the present ,national ,gallery building will be wanted either for a ,bank of ,england or a ,royal ,exchange1 and my ,lord ,mayor may follow the example of the ,india ,directors1 and leave the ,mansion ,house1 to move to ,whitehall4 ,a tunnel under the ,exhibition ,road takes visitors into the grounds direct from the railway1 that now makes them as easy of access from the heart of the ,city as ,charing ,cross itself4 ,a few remarks may be made here on the great rise which takes place in the value of land in any fashionable neighbourhood of ,london required for the erection of buildings4 ,the ,harrington estate at ,kensington ,gore1 containing in the whole #ic;a4 #cr4 #bgp41 was the joint property of the ,earl of ,harrington and of the ,baron de ,villars1 through the right of his wife1 the ,baroness de ,graffenried ,villars4 ,previous to #ahdh it had been some time in ,chancery4 ,in that year ,mr4 ,john ,gaunt ,lye was appointed auditor and agent to the fifth ,earl of ,harrington for the whole of the property4 ,the rental of the ,kensington ,gore estate amounted at this time to #bggil4 #is4 per annum4 ,through ,mr4 ,lye's exertions1 he having received a power of attorney for the purpose1 the estate was taken out of ,chancery1 and a division took place on the #gth ,may1 #ahej1 at ,mr4 ,lye's office in ,lancaster ,place4 ,for the purpose of division1 one portion--that charged with maintaining the ,cromwell ,almshouses--was valued at #da1iifl41 and the other at #dj1eebl4 ,cards representing each portion were placed in a hat1 and the one representing the #da1iifl41 was taken out by the ,baron4 ,in #ahea the ,earl's portion was let to ,mr4 ,w4 ,jackson on a building agreement for #ii years1 at #ajjl4 per acre1 or #dfjjl4 per annum4 ,in #aheb the ,baron de ,villars sold his moiety to the ,royal ,commissioners for the ,exhibition of #ahea for the sum of #aec1gicl4 ,the ,commissioners only wanted a small portion of the ,earl's property4 ,the first offer made by ,mr4 ,cubitt to the surveyor of the estate was #dj1hjjl4 for #ag acres1 or at the rate of #bdjjl4 per acre4 ,this was declined1 and after a little negotiation the sum of #ed1gafl4 was obtained4 ,the matter was settled on the #gth of ,march1 #ahec2 ,mr4 ,jackson the builder received #gifdl4 as compensation for the loss of so much of his building land4 ,more land was purchased by the ,royal ,commissioners to make up the site they required2 in the very middle of the latter was a field which had only been used as a place for beating carpets4 ,it belonged to the ,smith ,charity estate1 and fetched a rent of about #djl4 per annum2 this field was obtained by giving in exchange an outlaying one on the ,villars estate1 the building value of which was estimated at #hjjl4 per annum4 ,the ,royal ,commissioners1 after squaring the site they required1 and putting aside the portion now occupied by the ,department of ,science and ,art1 parcelled out the remaining outlying portion into three blocks1 and let them on building leases4 ,the first and most important of these was secured by the author for an employer1 at a rental of #aejjl4 per annum1 on condition that the fee of each house plot could be purchased within #f years after the lease was granted2 it contained about #b acres4 ,and these are now the only freeholds that can be obtained4 ,this plot is now covered with buildings of the selling value1 as leaseholds1 of #bej1jjjl41 and it produces an improved ground rental4 ,for the purchase of the whole fee1 the sum to be paid was #df1ejjl41 so that for a portion of this land which the author of this work1 as surveyor of the property1 sold in #aheb for little more than #cbjjl4 per acre1 the value had risen1 in #ahfj1 to no less than #bc1bejl4 per acre4 ,it is only since ,hyde ,park has become almost the centre of the metropolis1 instead of being in one of its rural districts1 that attention has been paid to supply it with ornamental lodges and gates4 ,the country was so long occupied with the importance of the war with ,france1 which terminated so gloriously to the honour of our country1 that the ,royal ,parks were left in a very neglected state2 and the gates and lodges1 particularly the entrance into ,london by ,knightsbridge1 were mean in character1 and totally unworthy of the purpose4 ,londoners of the present day have no notion of the wretched state of ,hyde ,park as it existed fifty years ago4 ,the side next ,park ,lane1 now a beautiful walk1 adorned by the gardener's utmost skill with several varieties of flowers and shrubs1 was then a narrow sunken road1 which for the most part continued1 by the side of the boundary wall1 all the way from ,oxford ,street to ,piccadilly4 ,this1 when improvement commenced1 was filled up1 and laid down in grass2 and a wide ,mall1 with two foot-paths1 was formed on the higher ground1 and enclosed by handsome iron posts and rails4 ,some extensive gravel pits existed in the middle of the park2 these were filled up1 one only being permitted to remain4 ,the surface of the park was generally levelled and manured1 by which the herbage has been greatly improved4 ,numerous seats were placed about the park1 for the convenience of the public2 clumps and avenues of trees were planted4 ,the ,serpentine was cleansed for the first time2 it is just now recleansed4 ,a new drive1 nearly a mile in extent was made through the most distant and beautiful part of the park1 to lead to ,kensington ,gardens2 and generally1 all the roads were macadamized1 and enclosed with posts and rails4 ,to connect the roads north and south of the ,serpentine1 a handsome bridge was erected1 from the designs and under the superintendence of ,messrs4 ,rennie4 ,this has much conduced to the accommodation of pedestrians and horsemen4 ,about twenty years after these great improvements were effected1 ,queen ,anne's garden1 at the extreme termination of ,kensington ,gardens1 was thrown open to the public2 the kitchen garden belonging to ,kensington ,palace was let out on building leases1 and a road formed through it connecting the town of ,kensington with ,bayswater4 ,this road1 called the ,queen's ,palace ,gardens ,road1 is now covered from end to end with first-class mansions4 ,the improvements continued1 and are being still carried on4 ,the lodges and gates1 at the chief entrances into the park1 were put up at the expense of the nation4 ,when any building operator required an entrance into the park1 for some new outlying district1 he bore the expense of the construction1 working under the direction of ,her ,majesty's ,chief ,commissioner of ,works4 ,the ,government lodges at ,cumberland ,place cost #baeal4 ,one of these has been lately removed to widen ,park ,lane4 ,the two first lodges1 with gates opposite ,stanhope ,street1 cost #ejfbl4 ,the single lodge at the end of ,grosvenor ,street1 with the iron gates1 cost #bibil41 and the fountain #cdjl4 ,the grandest of all these erections1 that at ,hyde ,park corner1 adjoining the ,duke of ,wellington's mansion1 cost #ag1jfil4 ,the first lodge and entrance gates put up by a private building contractor was the ,albert ,gate1 erected by the late ,thomas ,cubitt2 the lodge is sunk1 its flat roof being on a level only eight feet above the ground1 and containing two small rooms1 with a little yard and scullery4 ,the iron railing forming the carriage gates and entrances to the foot-paths is of the same height as the lodge1 and extends about #fj feet2 the stone piers have on them the old stags which formerly decorated the stone piers at the entrance of the ,ranger's ,lodge in ,piccadilly4 ,this gate gave an entrance by ,hyde ,park to ,belgravia1 and very much raised the value of that district4 ,the next lodge and gate were put up by ,mr4 ,kelk1 opposite the fine mansions at ,prince's ,gate4 ,this is known as the ,prince of ,wales's ,gate4 ,there are two lodges in size and plan exactly similar to the lodge at the ,queen's ,gate4 ,the gates and railings are very plain2 they are #ab feet in height1 and extend to a length of #gg feet4 ,the ,queen's ,gate lodge and gates are certainly the chief of all the erections put up by building contractors2 their cost was #bhjjl41 as previously mentioned4 ,both in ornamentation and character they vie with the best erections put up by the ,government4 ,the length of the iron-work between the stone pedestals is #adj feet2 the height of the common rails1 #aa feet above ground2 the height of the standard and lamp1 #ah feet2 there are two carriage gates1 each of #ae feet opening1 and two entrances for foot-passengers1 each of #aj feet opening4 ,the stone pedestals at each end are #f feet in width by #ae feet in height4 ,the iron-work is designed to represent a group of spears2 the author wished to surmount the pedestals with groups of military arms similar to those of the trophies of ,illustration3 ,design ,no4 #ac4 ,elevation of centre of iron-work1 ,queen's ,gate4 ,marius on the balustrading in front of the ,senatorial ,palace1 ,rome4 ,these could have been constructed in ,illustration3 ,elevation of one of the ,iron ,standards4 stone1 at little expense4 ,sir ,benjamin ,hall wished for marble statues1 and on ,prince ,albert's suggestion models were made of two reclining figures1 by ,mr4 ,illustration3 ,section showing construction of ,standard4 ,theed1 representing 8,morning0 and 8,evening40 ,these would have caused great additional expense to the builders1 who wished1 as the entrance was a great improvement in the value of the ,earl of ,harrington's property at ,kensington1 to place1 on the piers1 two ,illustration3 ,plans of ,standard at various heights1 showing construction4 fine antique statues of ,hercules then on the gates at ,elvaston in ,derbyshire1 a country seat of the ,earl's4 ,but as the statues belonged to the estate1 and were entailed property1 they could not be removed1 and the ,earl objected to their being taken down for the purpose of casting4 ,the effect of the whole is much injured by the pedestals remaining unoccupied4 ,the plate on page #adc represents the centre of the ironwork1 surmounted by the ,royal ,arms4 ,illustration3 ,iron block and ball latch4 ,the gates and railing are of very superior construction2 they are the work of ,mr4 ,turner1 of ,hinde ,street1 ,manchester ,square4 ,they have been pronounced by the ,government officials as requiring little attention1 and that the gates open and shut better than any other gates in the park4 ,page #add gives an elevation of one of the iron standards4 ,each is two feet in width2 there are ten of them2 four1 those belonging to the carriage entrances1 being surmounted by lamps4 ,the small size of this volume will not allow a full illustration of the ornamentation to be given1 but it admits that important part1 the construction1 to be clearly shown4 ,page #ade gives a section of one of the standards1 d is a layer of concrete1 #a foot #f inches in height and four feet in width1 which goes all through2 a is the ,york landing1 #f inches thick and #e feet square2 b is the brickwork1 this goes all through2 c c represent the blocks of ,portland stone2 and e is the granite curb #h inches by #aj inches in section1 within the entrances4 ,illustration3 ,wheel block4 ,page #adf gives the plans of the standards at different heights1 showing the several plates given in the section2 and on page #adi is a section of the wrought-iron coupling-bar with its brass bush4 ,the gates move on a hardened steel socket of circular form1 working within a steel box1 as shown in the section4 ,illustration3 ,fall-down latch4 ,illustration3 ,coupling-bar4 ,iron block and ball latches are provided for each of the gates4 ,on pages #adh and #adi are cuts of the wheel block1 with the plan1 elevation1 and section of the stopping-piece or fall-down latch4 ,the stopping-piece is keyed into the granite curb in the centre of each gateway2 a a is the lower rail of gates1 and by its side is a small portion of the ornament between the rails4 ,that the effect of the whole structure was1 very much injured by the unfinished state of the pedestals was the opinion of ,lord ,llanover1 who sent the following letter to the architect1 expressing his dissatisfaction3 ,great ,stanhope ,street1 ,july #aa1 #ahei4 ,,sir1 ,the works at the ,queen's ,gate1 ,hyde1 ,park1 are very well executed1 and the entrance1 as completed1 produces a good effect2 but that effect would be materially improved if the gates and the railings1 and the ornamental works were relieved by colour1 and some of the parts gilt as ,i intended they should be4 ,the two pedestals are also without the groups which were to form the superstructure of the square blocks4 ,the work so far as it is executed is very well executed1 and ,i am quite satisfied with it so far2 but ,i shall not consider it completed until the groups are placed on the pedestals1 and the best effect will not be produced so long as the iron-work remains wholly black4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,yours faithfully1 ,,llanover4 ,c4 ,j4 ,richardson1 ,esq4 ,,on ,,the ,,foundation ,,and ,,basement ,,walls ,,of ,,buildings1 ,,damp ,,prevention1 ,,and ,,fire ,,proof ,,construction4 ,the foundations of buildings require careful consideration4 ,when a house approaches completion and shows cracks in the upper walls1 they arise either from insufficient attention having been given to the solid character of the earth forming the site1 or from bad construction at the basement4 ,the building in fact settles down unequally4 ,as a settlement of every building is certain to take place upon its completion1 the greatest precaution should be taken to make it as equable as possible4 ,no portion should settle deeper than another1 and this can only be secured by care at the foundations4 ,it often happens that portions of a selected site are of unequal quality4 ,in such cases it is necessary to excavate the worst portions deeper to reach a good stratum1 and to take the brickwork lower1 no filling up beyond the usual thickness of concrete being allowed4 ,there is another very serious evil1 in building1 to be guarded against4 ,owing to the moisture of the earth rising through the foundations and saturating the walls above1 the health of the occupants of such houses may be seriously affected by its presence in the walls4 ,about twenty years ago it was the universal practice in good buildings to place wide stone landings--three times the thickness of the wall above--under the foundations1 for the purpose of preventing the damp from rising as well as to spread the width of the wall4 ,illustration3 ,section of a proper foundation for a wall4 ,a bed of concrete is now used as a substitute for this plan2 the engraving below shows the best method of constructing foundation walls4 ,a trench1 three times the width of the wall is dug1 at least #b feet #f inches in depth4 ,into this is thrown a quantity of concrete1 which soon dries and becomes solid4 ,in the superior class of buildings a layer of concrete1 six inches in thickness1 is placed entirely over the ground1 inside the foundation4 ,upon this concrete the walls are built1 the lowest footing being twice the width of the wall above4 ,on a few courses above the top footing a course called a 8damp course0 is put2 this is shown at a1 page #aeb4 ,two courses of slate are laid in cement2 but other materials are often used1 as a thin sheet of lead1 for the whole width of the wall4 ,zinc might answer1 but it has not yet been tried4 ,a thin coat of asphalte1 or asphalted cloth1 tar1 pitch1 or a plain coat of cement are also often employed1 but the two courses of slate in cement are considered sufficient4 ,the first course of bricks above the ground is often formed entirely of air bricks1 originated by ,mr4 ,aldin1 the builder1 of ,kensington4 ,each brick has eight or ten perforations1 inch in diameter1 through its whole length2 a small piece of perforated zinc is placed upright between the bricks to prevent insects from entering4 ,this is shown at b4 ,the timbers and stone flooring of the basement do not enter the walls1 but rest upon dwarf walls1 the joists having oak sleepers to rest on4 ,the brick fenders of the foundations are entirely filled with dry rubbish or ironfounder's ashes1 and the stone hearths bedded solid either in mortar or concrete4 ,this is the construction shown in all the designs of this volume4 ,to illustrate still further the attention given in constructing foundations1 the engraving below is given1 showing a section of a foundation executed several years ago at ,westminster1 where the ground was uncertain4 ,its scale is only half that of the previous figure1 the upper wall being #c feet in thickness ,illustration3 ,section of foundation to a wall4 instead of #a foot #f inches4 ,above the bed of concrete1 which is #i feet in breadth1 by #c feet in thickness1 are ,york landings1 a1 #d inches thick and exceeding #f feet in width4 ,upon these are laid two lines of wood sleepers1 b1 bedded in brick and cement1 the size of each sleeper being #ab by #f inches1 and in long lengths4 ,above this is a course of planking1 c1 placed diagonally across the wall2 each plank being #ab inches by #f inches1 and about #i feet in length4 ,above this are the footings1 each two courses in height3 in the return walls the landings1 sleepers1 and planking are placed a course higher1 so that they might be tied together4 ,the brickwork goes down twelve feet1 and invert arches are turned at every opening4 ,illustration ,in order to keep the walls as solid as possible in the lower part of a building1 the ground floor joisting should rest on projecting corbel bricks as here shown1--the joists going between the cross walls rest upon projecting bricks1 the upper one being of peculiar strength2 tall piles are put between each joist against the wall1 for the skirting in cement to be formed upon it4 ,air bricks in open iron-work1 two to each front1 are placed so as to admit air within the joisting4 ,this mode of construction is carried throughout the ground floor4 ,the stone landing of the passage by the side of the servants' stairs1 is supported on the part next the wall by corbel bricks1 and on the other side by an iron bar let into the wall at each end2 as shown above4 ,in the upper floor1 the joisting should be reversed and go front to back1 notched on wall plates let into the wall1 thus tying both walls together4 ,illustration3 ,section of stone landing of passage4 ,illustration3 ,section of kitchen roofing4 ,the introduction of rolled iron girders into buildings renders fireproof construction very easy4 ,they are made of all sizes1 and can be placed over any opening1 so as to carry the weight above them4 ,kitchens in many ,london houses are constructed in the back yards1 with an area between them and the house4 ,this confines all the smell of the cooking to the precincts of the kitchen4 ,as it is very important that no roofing should interrupt the light from the back ground-windows of the house1 the roof of the kitchen is so constructed that the yard is only moved upwards2 it belongs to the ground floor and not to the basement4 ,for this purpose1 cast iron girders1 standing on brick piers1 bear up rolled iron six-inch girders1 between which half-brick arches are turned4 ,above all these is concrete1 cement1 or asphalte4 ,the courses of tiles and cement are laid at such a slope as will be sufficient to take the water off quickly4 ,it is easy to put skylights1 or any kind of opening1 in this construction1 and to make the whole water-tight4 ,this figure shows a way of supporting walls over openings1 instead of the old method of arching in brick2 the iron girders or plates have often no timber between them2 they rest upon iron shoes or stone slabs1 their depth being proportioned to the opening and the weight above4 ,strong large hollow bricks or tiles are placed over them1 and above all is the brickwork4 ,illustration3 ,support over opening4 ,the upper floors of buildings are made fire-proof in a similar manner1 and for this purpose there are several excellent patented methods4 ,the iron girders are closed up by brick arches1 or filled between with concrete4 ,the only objection to this mode of construction for upper floors is the great weight1 and the walls require to be made of extra strength4 ,several years ago a hollow brick was used to form such arches and roofing1 e4g41 the dome of the ,rotunda1 at the ,bank of ,england1 is formed with them4 ,the brick is somewhat similar to a flowerpot1 but flat and closed at each end4 ,there were several varieties of these cone bricks1 as they were called2 a few are preserved in the ,soane ,museum4 ,one sort was #g inches in height1 #d by #b inches at the top1 and #c-b_/h by #b inches at the bottom4 ,they were curved inwards with a small opening1 #a by #b_/h inch in the centre4 ,the edges of the brick were slightly splayed1 and the sides scored2 these were as strong as the common bricks1 and very much lighter4 ,when the ,east ,india ,house was pulled down a large quantity of these bricks was obtained2 they were brought to ,kensington1 and the builders did not know what they were intended for2 their purpose being pointed out1 they were used up in the construction of fire-proof flooring4 ,fire-proofing4--,a method of rendering buildings nearly fire-proof was introduced about #aggj by ,mr4 ,david ,hartley1 ,m4,p4 for ,hull4 ,it consisted in placing thin metal plates between the flooring boards and the joists1 so as to prevent any upward currents of air4 ,for domestic buildings the system was one of great value4 ,after several successful trials it obtained considerable notoriety1 and being thought capable of an impossibility1 that of rendering a ,theatre fireproof1 it was applied to the ,pantheon ,theatre in ,oxford ,street4 ,on that structure being burnt to the ground the plates lost their character1 and went out of use4 ,it was clearly a mistake to apply them to such a building4 ,thin iron plates hung at a short distance below the ceiling were successfully adopted by ,mr4 ,walter ,crum1 to prevent the spread of fire from one room to another in his calico printing works1 near ,glasgow4 ,damp4--,the damp rising from foundations is more easily guarded against than damp coming against a building laterally4 ,houses in exposed situations and subject to driving winds1 are often very wet inside the walls1 the rain being driven through them4 ,sometimes the best construction will not keep out wet4 ,as a rule1 a well-built wall wherein proper material has been used1 should not be damp4 ,a rectory1 not far from ,salisbury1 where the author was engaged a few years ago1 was in such an exposed situation that on three of its sides no tree or any other object in a direct line could be seen for three miles4 ,clothes1 if placed against the external wall of the dressing-room1 were often quite wet4 ,the ,rector had tried several preventives himself2 one was a mixture1 used to water-proof cloth--a wash of soap and alum4 ,the ingredients were mixed in the following proportions3 lb4 of mottled soap to #a gallon of water4 ,this mixture1 when in a boiling state1 was laid over the surface of the brickwork steadily and carefully with a large flat brush1 so as not to form a froth or lather on the surface1 and was permitted to remain twenty-four hours to become dry and hard4 ,another mixture was then made in these proportions3 lb4 of alum to #d gallons of water1 which1 after standing twelve hours1 in order that the alum should be completely dissolved1 was applied in like manner with a flat brush over the coating of soap4 ,the coating had to be very often renewed4 ,the wall most exposed was made free from wet by being covered with a coating of cement4 ,walls exposed to damp should be coated with a thin layer of ,portland cement1 mixed with a little plaster of ,paris1 and after this is thoroughly dry1 it may be hardened and rendered impervious to water by painting it with boiled linseed oil and red lead1 mixed together4 ,in very exposed situations all external walls should be battened1 lath and plastered within1 or built with a hollow cavity in the middle1 with proper bond and a proportionate increase of thickness1--the hollow could be filled with concrete1 or the back of the bricks covered with pitch4 ,there are several other methods for keeping walls free from damp4 ,one is to saturate the walls with some kind of mastic1 or a wash composed of two or three parts of resin and one part of drying oil1 to the extent of as many washes as the wall will absorb4 ,this must be quite dry at the time1 or be dried by means of a small portable furnace4 ,the plan is effectual1 but it is a difficult operation to perform4 ,a cement composed of lime1 boiled linseed oil1 white lead1 and sand1 has been recommended4 ,besides these various compositions1 there are several excellent well-known paint and metallic cements1 which have stood very severe tests1 and are largely made use of2 but walls properly constructed should not require their application4 ,illustration3 ,plaster ornament for a ceiling4 ,,design ,no4 #ad4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,rectory4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,this design was made for a country clergyman residing near ,montacute1 in ,somersetshire4 ,it was arranged according to his express directions in every particular1 both as to style1 and in regard to the number and size of the rooms on each floor4 ,living in the immediate neighbourhood of some of the finest ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 old ,english mansions1 he was anxious to have a residence in the old decorated style of wooden architecture1 certainly the most picturesque of all the styles our forefathers have left us4 ,the timber dwelling is found in almost every county throughout ,england1 with their projecting windows and highly ornamented bargeboards2 several large houses in ,cheshire and ,shropshire remain to satisfy us that such construction1 when properly carried out1 is very lasting4 ,the timber used requires to be felled at the right time1 and to be properly seasoned before being placed up2 which must be done on a brick or stone foundation4 ,dwellings constructed in this way were anciently ,illustration3 ,plan of upper floor4 called post-and-pan houses4 ,they have been known to rock and bend before severe storms1 and to stand intact while adjoining buildings have been blown down4 ,large palaces were formerly constructed in ,england of wood2 the chimney flues and fireplaces alone being of brick4 ,the sketch-book of ,john ,thorpe1 an ,elizabethan architect1 a copy of which is in the fine library of the ,art ,museum of ,south ,kensington1 illustrates several of these dwellings4 ,with the present design it was the intention of the rector to carry out the work himself1 the necessary drawings being provided him4 ,the building is small and compact4 ,when much adornment is intended1 it is necessary to confine the expense within ,illustration3 ,ornament in ceiling of study4 bounds2 if a cheap large house with plenty of accommodation be required1 then four walls and an overhanging roof alone need be given4 ,the view shows the principal front of the building2 on page #afc is the ground plan2 a is a small hall having a window looking into the conservatory on the right2 the door leading to the servants' department is on the left2 c is a small study1 #af ft4 by #ad ft41 with a decorated ceiling1 containing the shield of arms of the owner4 ,the drawing-room1 d1 size #bh ft4 by #ae ft1 has the ,illustration3 ,the ceiling of drawing-room4 ornamental ceiling of bold ,elizabethan character2 this covers the whole ceiling1 and the effect of such ornamentation ,illustration3 ,cornice of drawing-room4 is very good4 ,often1 in the olden times1 a portion of the rib moulding was gilt1 the ground of the ceiling being of a light blue2 ceilings of this kind exist which represent foliage and flowers1 giving the effect of a garden bower4 ,the preceding illustration shows the present ceiling4 ,the simple rib moulding is in plaster1 with small flowers and pendants4 ,the section of the rib moulding to a large scale is shown in the cut2 which also gives the cornice and frieze of the room2 e1 in the ground plan1 is the dining-room1 #af ft4 by #ab ft41 this opens on to a terrace paved with ,illustration3 ,plan of attic4 ,basement plan4 marble in black and white squares--the present ornamental tiles were not in common use at the time the design was made2 f is the kitchen1 g the scullery1 and h the larder4 ,a small enclosed servants' yard1 with place for coals1 wood1 and other conveniences1 is in front of the kitchen4 ,the yard has a separate entrance from the front4 ,this is the whole of the accommodation given on the ground floor4 ,the one-pair plan shows the five bedrooms4 ,these are without dressing-rooms1 there being no space for them4 ,a small turret staircase leads to the attic floor4 ,this gives two large bedrooms and a small one for the ,illustration3 ,section through building4 servants4 ,the large bow-windowed room might serve as a nursery4 ,the tower was carried up and contained a bell4 ,the basement plan contains a large and small wine cellar1 and one also for beer2 there are four cellars1 besides an inner cellar under the stairs4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,the principal staircase is very light and cheerful1 having on one side three large windows1 with a ledge or stand for flowers4 ,it was proposed to panel it entirely with oak1 and have an ornamental ceiling similar to that in the drawing-room1 with a pendant in the centre4 ,the section is taken through the drawing-room1 staircase1 and kitchen1 and shows the form and height of the rooms above2 also the stone stairs to the cellars4 ,illustration3 ,details of gable ornaments4 ,it will be seen that the walls rest upon a concrete foundation2 the scale is too small to show the damp course or the ventilating bricks1 as previously described 7see page #aei74 ,the chimneys are shown carried up nine inches square1 excepting the kitchen chimney1 that being #ad inches by #i4 ,the staircase was to have a plain ,elizabethan iron railing1 and the whole of the wood-work to be coloured and grained oak2 the roof was to be covered with slate1 these requiring a less solid base2 ornamental ironwork crowned the summit of the principal roof over the staircase4 ,an illustration of the front of the building is given on page #afi4 ,illustration3 ,section and elevation of chimney4 ,the figures on page #agj illustrate various kinds of treatment for the carving of the finials and pendants1 and the ornaments of the small gables2 it being usual in these structures not to have any two parts of ornamental detail exactly alike4 ,it has all to be carved by hand1 and requires only slight extra trouble on the part of the architect to make separate patterns for the workmen4 ,a section and elevation of one of the chimneys are shown also2 they are fitted with the small cap introduced and used so extensively by the late ,mr4 ,thomas ,cubitt1 at ,belgravia and ,pimlico2 this will ,illustration3 ,knocker4 ,key escutcheons4 ,illustration3 ,oak corbel4 be found fully illustrated in the chapter on chimney and flue construction4 ,at the time this design was made1 this plan was not known4 ,the chimney is shown with an iron funnel #b feet in height1 a chimney-pot1 in fact1 let into the stone work at top1 having no projection within for soot to lodge4 ,two of the stone balustrades are illustrated4 ,every separate balustrade in such buildings should be of a different pattern4 ,illustration3 ,stone balustrades4 ,the knocker on the entrance door1 the key1 escutcheons for the doors1 and a corbel in oak from the entrance front1 are illustrated on page #agb4 ,illustration3 ,an external frieze4 ,,design ,no4 #ae4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,the front elevation4 ,this building was intended to be only a comfortable country house for the residence of an eminent provincial solicitor4 ,it was directed to be made of superior character1 as the owner1 being a person well known in the county1 considered that the ,illustration3 ,the ground plan4 eyes of the whole neighbourhood would be upon it4 ,the situation was on one of the roads leading out of ,maidstone1 and as the land in which it was to stand was taken on lease for #ii years1 nothing beyond a superior gentlemanly character could be given to it1 as it is only in freehold houses that any superior or expensive architectural adornment should be indulged in4 ,the ,roman or ,italian style1 as being the most appropriate and the one best understood by builders1 was adopted4 ,illustration3 ,the plan of the upper floor4 ,the front of the house had no prospect1 the side of the road opposite to it showing only a high bank with boulders of ragstone1 peculiar to the county of ,kent2 and for this reason none of the principal windows looked towards it4 ,the back-front and side1 however1 turned towards the hills between ,maidstone and ,rochester4 ,very precise directions were given as to the arrangement1 size1 height1 and number of the rooms4 ,the study1 c1 was to be on the left of the entrance-hall1 and its size #af feet by #ab feet4 ,it was made #af feet square4 ,the drawing-room1 d1 having the chief prospect1 was to be the principal room4 ,this was made #bj feet by #ag feet4 ,the dining-room1 e1 was #bj feet by #af feet2 both rooms looked into conservatories1 i i4 ,the back front faced the north--a very favourite aspect for the principal rooms with many of the noblemen and gentlemen of ,kent2 the reason being that the flowers in the gardens under the windows1 turning towards the sun1 present a cheerful and agreeable appearance to the occupants of the rooms4 ,illustration3 ,plan of second floor4 ,illustration3 ,plan of basement floor4 ,the dining-room had steps leading down to the garden2 the kitchen b1 scullery g1 and small larder h1 were on the right of the entrance1 the kitchen and the study having small windows by the side of the entrance1 so that all visitors coming to the house might be seen4 ,the servants' door was in the small yard by the side of kitchen1 with a place for coals2 o is a small chaise-house1 and p a stable for a pony2 l is the dust-hole4 ,illustration3 ,frieze of drawing-room4 ,illustration3 ,frieze of dining-room4 ,illustration3 ,section of cement skirtings4 ,the upper floor had to contain five best bedrooms2 these can be seen in the plan4 ,their sizes were #ag feet by #ab feet1 and #af feet by #aj feet4 ,there were three dressing-rooms1 the largest #ab feet by #aj1 the two smaller each #ab feet #f inches by #f feet4 ,the second floor contained two rooms for servants1 one #af feet by #aj feet1 the other #ab feet by #aj feet4 ,the basement had a footman's pantry1 #ab feet by #i feet #f inches1 and a dairy of the same size4 ,this had steps down to it in the area4 ,there was a wet larder with a window1 a wine cellar1 and a beer cellar4 ,illustration3 ,section through entrance-hall and dining-room4 ,the interior was plainly finished1 with nothing beyond the best modern enrichments4 ,the whole of the interior had ,keen's cement skirtings4 ,the staircase had a skirting flush with the wall1 so as not to take away space from the stairs2 this is shown at page #agh4 ,there were ornamental roses in the centre of the ceilings of the principal rooms4 ,the section of the interior is made through the principal entrance1 across the staircase and dining-room2 and in the upper floor1 through two of the dressing-rooms4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of portico4 ,the only architectural feature in the front of any importance was the portico 7see page #ahj74 ,a bold and prominent effect was given to it4 ,the estimated expense of the building was #baeal41 full price put down as #bbejl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette is an elevation of an ,elizabethan balustrade1 in stone1 intended to crown a cornice1 and to be placed in an elevated position against the sky line4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #af4 ,a ,,country ,,villa4 ,illustration ,this villa1 which has just been erected in ,berkshire1 in the neighbourhood of ,windsor1 is intended as the country residence for a lady of rank4 ,the living rooms are large and noble1 and the accommodation ,illustration3 ,plan of ground floor4 for a small establishment ample4 ,the plate 7page #ahb7 shows the garden front1 and above is the ground plan4 ,the two principal rooms1 the drawing and dining-rooms1 are respectively #be feet by #ah feet and #ba feet by #ah feet4 ,they are to the left of the hall2 this1 of moderate size1 leads to the principal staircase1 which is of very easy ascent1 each step rising less than ,illustration3 ,plan of upper story4 #f inches4 ,the second landing opens to the servants' staircase2 b 7see page #ahc7 is the kitchen1 size #ae feet ,illustration3 ,plan of wine cellar4 by #ad feet1 with the larder h1 leading directly out of it1--g is the scullery1 with an oven1 and a shoot into the dustpit m1 n is the housekeeper's room1 and j the butler's pantry2 c is the lady's room or study4 ,this was enlarged1 by taking down the partition1 marked on the plan by the dotted lines1 to allow of a splendid oak cabinet being placed there4 ,a door in the room opens direct into that of the housekeeper2 k is the dairy1 ,illustration3 ,section through drawing-room1 staircase1 and kitchen4 and l a place for coals4 ,the wine cellar was at first intended to be placed under the principal flight of stairs1 descending a few steps2 but a large one1 b 7see page #ahd71 was afterwards made4 ,illustration3 ,french cut pine woodwork1 from the exterior4 ,the plan of the upper story shows it containing two large principal bedchambers--each with a dressing-room1 and a large room with two fireplaces serving as a nursery1 but which could at any time be made into two rooms by putting up partitions4 ,the servants' sleeping apartments1 the housemaid's closet1 and the servants' staircase1 occupy the remaining portion of the plan4 ,the cost of erecting the carcase of the building1 including the wine cellar1 was #aajhl4 ,the cost of finishing1 putting up the principal staircase in ,portland ,illustration3 ,plan and elevation of iron glazed casement to entrance-door4 stone1 and leaving all work required to be painted with two coats1 but exclusive of papering1 stoves1 ironwork1 marble mantelpieces1 conservatory1 verandah and exterior decorations to roof1 was #aeejl4 ,mr4 ,hockley1 of ,kensington1 was the builder4 ,when the mansion was finished so far1 all ornamentations1 c41 formed an agreeable occupation for the lady to complete from favourite examples seen by her on the ,continent4 ,the extra parquet flooring in the dining and drawing-rooms is from ,switzerland4 ,this cost #adhl4 ,all the stone flooring of the hall1 staircase1 passages1 and conservatory1 is covered with tiles from ,italy2 these are about #h inches square1 but not so well made as the ,english kind1 although more artistic4 ,each has a small figure put in by hand1 which is different on every tile4 ,the tiles are faced with a white china ground and look extremely well4 ,the common tiles cost #afs4 per #ajj4 ,the grotesque figured tiles1 ,illustration3 ,plan and view of remains of old house4 of which the illustration on page #ahi shows four1 cost #bl4 per #ajj4 ,they were supplied by ,m4 ,giustiniani1 of ,naples4 ,the marble chimney-pieces were to be supplied from ,italy4 ,the ironwork of the staircases1 and the panel to fill up the opening in staircase1 shown dotted in the upper plan1 were supplied from ,paris4 ,it is different from any ironwork that can be procured here1 of elegant design1 and covered apparently with a thin coat of zinc4 ,this gives it a silvery metallic appearance1 and it does not require ,illustration3 ,four of the ,italian figured tiles4 painting2 it is really a coating of glass1 and is termed the lavenant process4 ,it it said to be a great preservative of the iron1 and can be put on in different colours4 ,each of the windows of the principal rooms1 and the hall1 is fitted within with ,price's steel revolving shutters4 ,these cost #gel4 ,the upper windows on the outside have iron balconets1 likewise from ,france1 and the roof1 surrounding the principal parts1 is finished with the ,french cut pine patterns4 ,they were supplied by ,m4 ,jules ,millet1 of #ab1 ,boulevard du ,temple4 ,the entrance door has the two upper panels ,illustration3 ,french iron staircase railing4 filled with ,french castings1 executed in a fashion different from the ,english mode2 but one quite worthy to be followed4 ,the iron panel is placed on the outside1 with a light iron glazed casement fitted behind it4 ,this in warm weather can be opened1 so as to admit fresh air into the hall4 ,the plan and elevation of the casement shown from the inside1 on page #ahg2 by the side of it is one quarter of the external iron casting4 ,it may be remarked that these ,french patterns1 both in iron and wood1 are not finished off as clean as they would be in ,england4 ,the castings appear just as they came out of the sand1 and the wood pattern exactly as the machines or saw left them2 but they are extremely elegant1 and the metallic appearance of the ironwork is very pleasing4 ,the former house is pulled down1 except a portion1 permitted to remain1 which is formed into a decorative building for the garden2 the plan 7page #ahh7 shows a the old kitchen1 b the wine cellar made into an ice-house1 d a lock-up closet1 f a prospect tower1 c a closet in a small enclosed garden1 and e1 a garden seat4 ,on page #aij is a pattern sent from ,paris for the staircase railing4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ag4 ,a ,,double ,,suburban ,,villa4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,this building was intended for erection on a leasehold estate at a little distance out of ,london4 ,it would have been of rather plainer character1 but the view 7page #aib7 shows the design first made4 ,the frontage1 or width of ground for each house1 was ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 #fj feet1 the depth #aej feet4 ,the character of the building was of the domestic style of the reign of ,henry ,,vii41 and the accommodation it afforded is given in the several plans4 ,the ground plan shows two large rooms ,d and ,e1 the drawing and dining rooms1 which can easily be opened into each other by sliding back the inner doors into the partition2 ,c is the library1 with a book-room leading out of it4 ,b is the staircase1 of a size rather larger than that generally allowed in ,london houses4 ,very often1 sufficient attention is not paid to this highly important part of our dwellings by builders1 nor full space allowed for it4 ,a ,illustration3 ,one-pair plan4 good staircase should have1 at every six or seven steps1 a landing of at least #b feet #f inches in depth4 ,where winding stairs are used they should have a good sweep2 the tread1 in the centre1 should be #a foot in width1 the riser never more than #f inches in height--less even would be better4 ,it is also of considerable importance in a staircase that the height of the steps in the various flights should be the same4 ,some of the most costly and important of the builders' houses in ,london1 erected on highly rented land1 have the staircases so confined that these1 an architect's well-known rules1 are wholly put aside4 ,staircases with risers of #f inches in height from the ground to the one-pair floor1 increased to near #g inches to the two-pair1 the latter flight containing probably #cj steps in a straight line without a landing1 render a house almost uninhabitable4 ,illustration3 ,attic plan4 ,a servants' staircase is a most desirable addition to a large house4 ,the present building was not considered of sufficient importance to have one4 ,it was proposed to be placed between the tower and the dining-room1 but it was rightly considered that the two staircases should be put together so that the ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 landings of each1 on every half space1 should be on the same level1 separated only by a door1 and giving the servant immediate access to every floor of the house4 ,a position between the library and staircase would have been most proper1 but there was not sufficient width2 it would have interfered with the kitchen1 and would have made too intricate a plan1 which1 for houses to be erected on leasehold land1 is objected to by builders unless directed by the party purchasing4 ,illustration3 ,section of roof to larder4 ,illustration3 ,section of steps to garden4 ,with a servants' staircase follow a large housemaid's closet1 sink1 c41 which must always be provided where possible4 ,the plan of the one-pair shows three large bedrooms and one dressing-room1 with the tower room1 which was intended either for a morning room1 a ,illustration3 ,the side elevation4 school room1 or a boudoir4 ,there is a large conservatory on the principal landing of staircase1 and a closet leading out of it4 ,a good-sized aquarium with a regular supply of water could be easily arranged in the centre of the conservatory4 ,the attic plan contains three large rooms for servants1 and the tower room was to be used as a smoking room1 or as a play room for the children4 ,illustration ,the basement contains a private breakfast or dining room1 ,t1 with a large store closet1 having an opening one foot in height filled with perforated zinc opposite ,illustration3 ,half elevation of small library4 the window of the passage2 ,n is the housekeeper's or servants' hall2 ,b the kitchen #bc feet by #ah feet1 with ,g the scullery behind1 ,h1 ,h1 the larders1 ,s position for a lift1 and ,l a place for coals4 ,the basement stairs should have been on the side adjoining kitchen4 ,illustration ,it is a difficult thing in this class of house to confine the smell of the cooking to the kitchen4 ,an endeavour was made here to effect it4 ,the kitchen had no direct entrance to the body of the house1 the servants going through the passage1 by the side of the area1 from which it was well ventilated1 to get to the common staircase4 ,this had a window at the top1 not shown in the plan4 ,the small section on page #aig shows ,illustration3 ,elevation of hall screen4 the mode of ventilating the larder2 a is a slab of slate let into the wall1 b a pane of perforated zinc1 c iron bars glazed with thick glass1 so that whatever the weather1 there would be full ventilation1 the fresh air always entering and the confined air leaving the room4 ,this is the usual mode1 in large houses1 of covering the external passage leading from the kitchen to the house4 ,illustration3 ,details of hall screen4 7,see page #bjf47 ,the general view shows the front and side of the two houses4 ,the elevation of the side front is given on page #aih4 ,illustration3 ,plan and elevation of entrance garden-gate4 ,the three small illustrations on page #aii are various details of the exterior4 ,one is a part section of the roof of turret1 showing the timbers and the vane at top1 an elevation of one half the upper gable window1 and half of one of the small front windows2 these portions of the exterior1 together with the arcade at the entrance and balustrade over it1 were to be executed in stone4 ,the ,gothic window by the side of the arcade is an example from ,berstead ,church1 in ,kent4 ,the gentleman for whom the design was made caught a sight of it in the 8,architect ,sketch ,book10 and required it might be introduced as a small window in his library4 ,an elevation of one half of it is given on page #bjj4 ,the general section 7page #bja7 is of one of the houses taken through the drawing room1 the staircase1 and the library4 ,the staircase is well lighted1 having a conservatory and closet on the first half-space landing4 ,the ceiling of the staircase is finished with groining and pendant flowers2 the stairs have a plain ,gothic iron-railing1 painted and lightly gilt2 the section shows the party-wall between the two houses4 ,illustration3 ,balustrading on garden wall4 ,the entrance is divided into an inner and outer hall1 divided by a ,gothic screen in carved oak1 the various openings of which1 together with the upper panels of the folding doors1 are filled with embossed glass4 ,this keeps the house warm1 and prevents cold draughts from entering2 a second glazed screen separates the inner hall from the staircase2 the effect of the screens when there is plenty of light behind is extremely pleasing4 ,it was for such a screen that the door-handle illustrated at an earlier page1 as a vignette1 was made4 ,illustration3 ,balustrading in front of house4 ,of the first of these screens1 that in the hall1 only the larger lower and upper panels were to have white embossed glass2 the smaller openings were to be filled with richly coloured embossed glass2 a small elevation of the hall screen1 and portions of its details to a larger scale1 are given on pp4 #bjb1 #bjc4 ,the chimney pieces were proposed to be of cast iron1 and to be painted and slightly gilt4 ,the expense of construction of the pair of villas would be nearly about #ghjjl4 ,illustration3 ,front4 ,cut-wood canopy to a door at ,west ,brompton1 a short distance beyond the ,metropolitan ,district ,railway4 ,it has been constructed about twenty years1 and stands well4 ,illustration3 ,one of the side trusses or corbels4 ,,design ,no4 #ah4 ,,design ,,for ,,village ,,schools1 ,,and ,,reading ,,room4 ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 ,this building is about to be erected in the county of ,norfolk4 ,it will contain a boys' and girls' school1 with two rooms each1 forming a parlour and bedroom1 for the master and mistress2 a is the entrance porch1 d and d are the two school rooms1 and e and e the living rooms4 ,the centre of the building forms the reading1 lecture1 and meeting-room for the village4 ,the small room c1 leading out of it1 is a book room for the secretary or attendant2 b1 b1 are open yards2 each master and mistress have private entrances1 and yards to themselves4 ,the construction is of the cheapest kind2 on a brick foundation1 quarter framing is placed1 filled in with brick1 and plastered inside and out4 ,the columns in the centre are trunks of trees1 standing on stone slabs1 and each has a flat stone capping4 ,this building complete should not cost more than #hejl4 ,it is much to be desired that every village should have a room set apart1 distinct from any public-house or tavern1 where newspapers and books can be provided1 lectures given1 and various entertainments supplied the villagers4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ai4 ,a ,,roman ,,catholic ,,chapel ,,and ,,schools4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of front4 ,this design was made for a building intended to occupy a site leading from the ,high street in a ,illustration3 ,plan of chapel and schools4 very fashionable district1 immediately out of ,london4 ,the ground was rather confined in area1 and from its position1 being behind the houses in the street1 it could only be approached by a narrow avenue between two of the houses4 ,illustration3 ,transverse section of chapel4 ,the plan was an endeavour to make the most of the space afforded2 the entrance to the church1 a small tower with an open decorated spire1 was placed at the end of the avenue of approach2 a a1 are the schools1 which have immediate access to the space before the altar2 b b1 the rooms for the teachers or priests1 had staircases on each side leading to rooms above4 ,these buildings were kept low1 so that as much light as possible should enter from the window above the altar4 ,an elevation of the front of the chapel is given in our first illustration4 ,the section looks towards the chancel1 showing the chancel arch and pulpit in front1 the altar1 and the decorated window over it2 the latter contains a large cross formed of white embossed glass1 on a richly coloured glass ground4 ,above is the elevation of the porch1 proposed to have been placed at the entrance of the avenue of approach4 ,illustration3 ,porch in the ,high street4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bj4 ,,design ,,for ,a ,,bath ,,house1 ,,and ,,summer ,,room4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,this design was made for a building intended to occupy a prominent position in a park in ,kent2 it would have commanded an extensive view over the ,weald and surrounding country4 ,the lower ragstone foundation already existed1 being portions of an ancient building which had formerly stood there1 and this held a fine spring of pure cold water1 which runs down into a lake at a lower level in the park4 ,occupying a position in which it could be well seen1 it was desirable that the building should form a picturesque object1 and to effect this the ,old ,english style of wooden architecture was chosen4 ,illustration3 ,one-pair plan4 ,ground-floor plan4 ,the view shows the back and side of the building1 with the entrances1 these being here less exposed to the weather than if they had been in front facing the open country4 ,the ground-floor plan shows the cold bath with a small dressing-room2 the bath was octangular in form1 and fifteen feet in diameter4 ,a small iron circular staircase led to the upper room2 this was eighteen feet in diameter1 with a domed ceiling1 the sides of the room having iron ,illustration3 ,side elevation4 casemented windows1 and over them a bold ornamented plaster frieze2 the fire-place was adorned with oak carving4 ,the fine prospect from the windows of the ,weald1 and the lake and park scenery in front1 would have made this an extremely pleasant room4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,the lower story of the building above the ancient ragstone foundation was of brick1 nine inches in thickness1 with quarters on the outside1 brick-nogged2 carved oak inch plank was then to be screwed to this quartering1 and the inner spaces filled with cement2 this it was proposed to dust with small bits of coloured ,illustration3 ,entrance4 glass4 ,the building was intended to be strongly constructed1 as it was to stand on an elevated site in the most exposed situation in the park4 ,the entrance1 of which an elevation is given above1 had two carved oak columns1 having iron rings fixed to them4 ,a small shield of arms was above the entrance2 the whole of the oak was to be stained and varnished4 ,a portion of the exterior is given on a larger scale4 ,the upper story was in quartering1 brick-nogged1 faced externally with carved oak planks and plaster1 and plastered inside as below4 ,the small plan1 a1 in the illustration1 shows this2 b is an elevation of one of the carved oak trusses1 and these were carried right round the structure4 ,illustration3 ,portion of exterior4 ,an elevation of one of the small gables is shown in the next cut with its richly carved barge-board1 and turned pendants and finials4 ,the plan of the iron casements is given1 p4 #bbj2 a is the frame fixed to the wood quartering1 b the loose frame fixed to receive the loose frame1 c d is the glass1 and e the hinge and staple2 a representation of the small turn-buckle is shown1 and lastly the plan of the flooring over the bath2 the joists1 each #i inches by #d inches1 and #i inches by #b inches1 were strapped down ,illustration3 ,elevation of one of the small gables4 ,illustration3 ,plan of iron casement4 eight or nine inches into the wall1 where necessary4 ,illustration3 ,turn-buckle4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ba4 ,,design ,,for ,a ,,small ,,country ,,villa4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,this mansion was erected in ,devonshire1 for a gentleman having a numerous family4 ,it consisted of three floors3--a basement story1 ground ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 floor1 first floor1 and attic4 ,the picturesque style of the time of ,henry ,,vii4 was adopted1 and the construction ,illustration3 ,plan of first floor4 was of brick with stone ashlar facings for the walls4 ,the decorated portions were of stone2 but red ,illustration3 ,the attic floor4 brick and stone1 or red brick alone1 would have been equally appropriate4 ,the red brick with compo-dressing ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 and enrichments would have been the cheapest4 ,considerable attention was given to obtain a picturesque character for the building1 and the chimneys were so placed as to obtain one4 ,the height to the top of gable was #ch feet #f inches4 ,the ground floor1 given on page #bbc1 contained two rooms1 ,a and ,b1 each #bh feet by #af feet1 without the bay4 ,the porch was enclosed from the hall4 ,illustration3 ,view of entrance porch4 ,the upper floor had five rooms1 intended merely as sleeping apartments4 ,all had fireplaces except the centre front one1 and that is shown supplied with a flue pedestal1 a contrivance by which an upper room ,illustration3 ,the front elevation4 can be warmed by one of the fireplaces in a lower room1 which prevents waste of heat4 ,the attic floor had two good-sized rooms without fireplaces1 for the servants4 ,illustration3 ,the side elevation4 ,the basement floor had good accommodation4 ,one large room1 that marked n1 was for the housekeeper1 with space for a bed4 ,it could be used as a private breakfast or dining-room2 b is the kitchen1 #bj feet by #ae feet #f inches1 with a large space in the bay4 ,the scullery g adjoined the kitchen2 h is the larder1 q the wine cellar1 i the beer1 and l the coal cellars4 ,illustration3 ,transverse section4 ,another design for the porch is given on page #bbe2 this is of a more decorative character than that seen in the view4 ,it had on it the shield of arms of the proprietor4 ,it was to be constructed entirely of stone1 the portion above the archway being richly carved4 ,the front and side elevations of the exterior of the building1 of which representations are given1 show the extreme simplicity of the design4 ,the transverse section 7page #bbh7 shows the interior2 this is taken through the kitchen and scullery in the basement1 looking towards the fireplace and through the living rooms and attic above4 ,illustration3 ,plan of additional offices4 ,this design has1 with various alterations1 been adopted in several places for different parties1 stripped entirely of its ornamental character1 and merely having four walls and an overhanging roof1 in plain cottage style4 ,it forms the cheapest model that can be given for a villa4 ,one was erected a few years back that cost considerably less than eight hundred pounds4 ,it had the basement floor but no attic1 the upper rooms being heightened by having an open collar-beam roof4 ,one addition made to it when it had no basement was in extensive external offices1 as ,illustration3 ,elevation and section of external balustrade and angle buttress4 seen in plan on page #bbi3 f1 the kitchen1 is #ah feet square1 with its scullery g1 #ah feet by #aj feet2 h is the larder1 #i feet #i inches square1 and k the dairy1 of the same size1 with a northern aspect4 ,the two small rooms by the side1 one marked n1 were intended for a study or school-room1 and a footman's or butler's pantry1 with a separate entrance and an outlet from the house into the garden2 the servants' closet1 and boot and knife cleaning place1 were at a little distance away1 together with the place for coals and wood4 ,some details of the exterior on a larger scale are given above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette shows the best proportion that can be given to stairs intended for a public building2 the rise of each step being #f inches1 the tread #ac inches4 ,in private dwellings the tread is made smaller by half an inch4 ,when the rise can be made #e inches only1 much greater ease can be obtained in the ascent4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bb4 ,a ,,villa ,,in ,,the ,,old ,,english ,,wooden ,,style4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view1 garden side4 ,this structure was intended to bear the resemblance1 as near as possible1 of a first-class old ,english half-timbered house1 the post-and-pan dwelling of our forefathers1 which seems to have been an especial favourite throughout the country4 ,it was easily constructed at a time when timber1 chiefly chestnut1 was far more plentiful than at the present day4 ,such were the most picturesque of all our domestic buildings2 the timber cottage1 with its projecting windows1 and highly ornamented barge-boards1 is found in every village4 ,the large houses in ,cheshire and ,shropshire1 which still remain1 prove that such constructions are as lasting as brick and stone1 provided the timber is felled at the proper time1 and thoroughly seasoned before it is made use of4 ,houses of this kind have been seen to rock and bend in severe storms1 while adjoining buildings1 comparatively strong erections1 have been blown down1 this was known to have been the case with ,park ,hall1 near ,oswestry in ,shropshire4 ,such buildings were called by different names1 as will be shortly described in detail1 according to the materials of which they were composed4 ,the design afforded on page #bcd was taken from an elevation given in 8,john ,thorpe's ,sketch ,book10 one of the richest illustrations of wooden architecture4 ,it was to have been erected in a ,kentish village1 with ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 its front towards the road1 on high ground1 the road looking down to a wide extent of open country4 ,the garden side of the house commanded a fine prospect4 ,advantage was taken of the steep descent of the ground to build the kitchen and scullery1 with a day room for the children1 apart from the main building4 ,the plan of the basement is given on p4 #bcf2 a is the kitchen1 #ah feet square1 the scullery b1 was at the side1 and the larder1 c1 at its side2 d is the place for coals1 a passage e1 leads to the day room1 f1 for the children2 g is either the cook's room1 or a sleeping room for a man servant2 h is the passage up to the house1 i is the dry larder1 j is the butler's pantry1 with a strong room for holding plate2 this was intended to be a sleeping room4 k is the wine cellar1 l the back staircase which went from the lower floor to the attic1 m is the principal staircase1 and n a place for stores4 ,the roof of this lower building was to be formed with flat-girders1 and brick and tile in cement1 making a terrace-walk above2 the chimneys were taken up from the lower building to the higher one1 as shown in the side elevation by the dotted lines4 ,the kitchen1 and the whole of the basement1 was to be paved with the best ,seyssel asphalte4 ,it is laid on a solid foundation1 on a thickness of ground lime4 ,the objection to the black and ,british asphalte for the interior of rooms1 is that a fine dust rises from it1 which in sweeping1 affects the eyes of the occupants of the apartments4 ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 ,the plan of the building was not intended to be in the old style1 but to be arranged1 as far as possible1 according to modern notions1 without any great hall1 or stone screen within it4 ,a noble stone porch was ,illustration3 ,the ground plan4 placed in front1 resembling slightly an ancient archway4 ,the hall is #bj feet in length by #ab feet in breadth4 ,the breakfast and eating rooms1 b and c1 #bj feet square1 are on each side2 both have bay ,illustration3 ,the first floor4 windows1 with an exterior colonnade and terrace4 ,the drawing-room1 d1 and the library e1 are each #ah feet square2 both have bay windows1 and the angular window peculiar to the ,elizabethan architecture4 ,these windows open on to the terrace4 f is the ,illustration3 ,the attic floor4 gentleman's dressing-room1 g is the principal staircase containing the servants' staircase1 h1 within it2 o is the lift4 ,at the back of the building is a colonnade commanding a view of the country1 and beneath is the terrace1 with its balustrading and steps to the garden4 ,the one pair floor contains only four large bed-rooms a1 a1 and two dressing-rooms b1 b4 ,one dressing-room1 that in front1 could have been converted into a pleasant morning room2 each of the two principal bedrooms in the front could easily have been formed into two2 a small dressing-room taken out of each4 ,terraces were in front of these two rooms1 the small circular bow-window opening on to them2 the principal staircase only led to this floor4 ,the servants' staircase led to the attics4 ,this floor contained three large servants' rooms1 with two small octagon rooms4 ,it was proposed to form the front rooms into one1 with a circular roof1 covered with scroll work and flowers1 in the form of a garden-bower1 similar to the gallery ceiling at ,burton ,agnes in ,yorkshire4 ,in this ceiling there are about a dozen varieties of flowers and bunches of leaves1 which were placed in a scroll-stem in various positions so as to vary the pattern4 ,the flowers and leaves could have been painted in their natural colours4 ,these rooms1 however1 could not be spared1 so it was proposed to turn the two octagon rooms into what may be termed garden-bower rooms1 and to attempt growing dwarf fruit-trees in them1 as practised in ,germany4 ,the roofs of these rooms were to be constructed in iron and glass1 and covered internally with wire trellis-work1 the warming to be effected with flue pedestals1 two in each room1 one taking the kitchen flue and the other house flues1 the corresponding pedestal in the other room to have the remaining flues in that side of the building4 ,the illustration on page #bdb shows a plan and section of one of these rooms4 ,the tower in the centre of the back front contained a cistern for the supply of the house2 the closets beneath could have ,moule's earth system applied to them1 the earth to be brought up by the lift o1 dried in the bower rooms1 and deposited in an enclosure in the tower room from which it could descend to the closets4 ,it may be here remarked that the closets throughout the whole of these designs are in such a position that the dry-earth system could be easily applied to each4 ,in cottages that have the flues in an external wall1 and where this system is introduced1 the earth deposit should be placed against the flue1 and the closet adjoining4 ,the lift o1 shown in the plans1 connects every floor with the basement2 it permits coals and other heavy articles to be lifted up1 receives the speaking tubes leading to the basement and children's day-room1 and any bell wires that may be required4 ,illustration3 ,plan and section of garden bower-rooms4 ,illustration3 ,side front4 ,illustration3 ,section through lower part of building4 ,the first elevation given shows the front of the building1 having a length of #hg feet4 ,although the structure was to be an imitation wooden house1 the timber was merely intended to be an appendage to the brickwork4 ,the exterior walls were to have been two bricks and a half thick on the ground-floor1 two bricks above4 ,the wooden posts and pans were let into the external half brick1 and well built in1 the ornamental woodwork in inch oak screwed to the wood-quartering1 the space between them filled with plaster1 with an ornamental pattern-stamp on it1 and the columns and entablature were of oak4 ,the next elevation given is that of the side front1 with its gable1 in the centre of which is a small circular window1 opening on to a terrace over the colonnade2 the scroll at the side is a construction to permit the flues from the lower portion of the basement to ascend the tower walls2 flue sweeping doors could be placed there4 ,a section of the lower part of the building is given1 taken through the centre of the house1 showing the principal staircase and the external steps to garden4 ,the perspective view shows the garden front4 ,wooden houses were once the chief kind of construction in ,england4 ,the great fire of ,london would not have been so serious in its results if such constructions had not been almost universal4 ,in many parts of ,england these houses have other designations4 ,there is a mode of building peculiar to each1 and adapted to the kind of material that the districts offer4 ,in ,cambridgeshire1 for instance1 many of the houses are formed entirely of 8,clunch10 a kind of indurated chalk marl1 of which there are extensive quarries at ,roach1 near ,burwell4 ,others are of gault1 a local term for the blue clay which lies below the gravel of ,cambridgeshire1 and forms the immediate substratum in the low ground about it4 ,this is beaten up with chopped straw1 then formed into blocks of large size1 and dried by the sun4 ,a writer in the 8,cambridge ,portfolio10 in his remarks on what he terms the inferior style of domestic architecture1 says3 8,many of these houses have the lower floor formed of stone or clunch1 in which a framework of wood is raised1 consisting of studs and wall-plates with strong posts at intervals and some cross pieces as a tie4 ,the joists of the upper floor are laid in the wall-plates1 and project about a foot or eighteen inches beyond the wall beneath4 ,the smaller timbers have tenons which are fitted into mortices in the larger1 and secured by wooden pins4 ,the interstices are filled either with durable boarding1 double lath and plaster1 clunch or bricks1 laid level or obliquely4 ,the better houses of this description have gables1 with ornamented barge-boards with hip-kobs and corbels or brackets1 more or less carved1 under the ends of the principal timbers of the upper floors40 ,the barge-board is sometimes called berge-board1 verge-board1 parge-board4 ,it was a board fixed to the ends of the gables of timber houses1 to hide those of the projecting timbers of the roof1 and throw off the wet4 ,they were generally richly carved and very ornamental4 ,occasionally some of these of the date of the #adth century are met with2 those of the #aeth and #afth1 many of the ,elizabethan character1 are very common4 ,we have few of the better class of these half-timbered houses1 in which the decorative labour of our ancestors was most conspicuous1 remaining in our towns and cities2 but in ,edinburgh1 ,york1 ,chester1 and ,newcastle there are still a sufficient number of specimens to prove the truth of these remarks4 ,in the towns of ,normandy and the ,netherlands numerous buildings1 and indeed whole streets1 may be seen which still exhibit the perfect counterpart of our old ,cheapside1 as it appeared before the great fire4 ,troyes1 the capital of ,champagne1 still retains its ancient buildings1 and the chestnut-timber houses of ,caen1 which were raised1 or restored1 during the period in the #aeth century when it was in the hands of the ,english1 show us what our cities once were1 and1 of course1 the extent of our improvements4 ,london formerly possessed the richest examples4 ,at the corner of ,chancery ,lane1 in ,fleet ,street1 there once stood a five-storied house in timber1 each story projecting2 the whole of the timber and the gables being richly carved4 ,in this house once lived the celebrated ,isaac ,walton4 ,the other most common application of this kind of house is 8half-timbered40 ,in some counties the woodwork is not in patterns4 ,it appears that when a greater degree of elegance was required the uprights and beams were carved1 or the houses were pargetted1 that is1 coated thickly with plaster1 in which embossed or indented ornaments were used4 ,this kind is very common in nearly all the ,english counties4 ,the origin of the word parget appears to be doubtful4 ,we find parget1 substantive1 and pargetting1 pergetting1 and pergining1 verb1 in old writings1 of various kinds of plaster work1 used inside and outside of houses1 particularly about the time of ,elizabeth2 the word parget was used as far back as #adej4 ,the half-timbered houses generally had the woodwork 7studs and posts7 painted black or tarred1 with the intermediate spaces of brickwork whitewashed4 ,many of these houses have been plastered over in modern days4 ,in ,london several of them have been refronted1 and we lose sight of the woodwork1 and imagine we see fresh-built houses4 ,in some parts of the country we see numbers of cottages built of mud mixed with chopped 8haum40 ,this is commonly barley stubble4 ,the word appears of foreign derivation2 in ,high and ,low ,german1 ,dutch1 ,danish1 ,swedish1 halm2 ,ang4-,sax41 healm2 ,icelandic1 halmr1 stubble4 ,the haum is used to give the mud strength4 ,these houses1 previously described in connexion with concrete erections1 were built about a yard in height at a time2 each part was allowed to dry before further addition was made4 ,the openings for windows and doors were cut when the wall became firmer2 the walls were then smoothed off a little1 and whitewashed4 ,these houses are said to be very strong1 and to last for many years4 ,in the ,midland ,counties they seldom exceed one story in height1 but in ,devon1 ,somersetshire1 and ,hampshire1 this composition is a common material for gentlemen's houses two and three stories in height4 ,it is there called cob1 the derivation of which word remains in obscurity1 unless it is a short term for cobble1 or a coarse clumsy performance4 ,a cob-wall was one composed of straw and clay beaten up together4 ,in ,kent1 the half-timbered houses are called wood-noggin houses1 because the pieces of timber were called wood-nogs4 ,nog is properly a wooden brick1 which is inserted into walls to hold the joiners' work2 nogging is the term for the brick-filling partitions between the quartering4 ,sometimes1 but very rarely1 there is no projection of the upper story over the lower one4 ,these openings in the windows are common1 and all have richly carved barge-boards4 ,in some of the ,kentish villages there are several noggin houses plastered over1 with a ground in which flowers and patterns are worked in another colour4 ,some have a red ground and white flowers1 others a black ground and white flowers4 ,the wooden frame is always built on a substructure of brick or stone1 called the 8under-pinning40 ,numbers of the houses in ,kent are covered at the sides with weather tiles2 here the brickwork is carried up to the first floor1 in which the wooden framework is placed1 and laths nailed across1 in which the tiles are hung2 the shape of the tile varies4 ,some are diamond-shape1 and others finish with circular ends4 ,in ,warwickshire1 ,oxfordshire1 and ,gloucestershire1 we meet with half-timbered houses1 which are there called brick pane houses1 but very few of them are worked in patterns4 ,in ,northamptonshire the half-timbered houses are commonly called studded or framed houses1 because the framework is put up before the spaces are filled up4 ,the studs are upright between the posts1 which are larger than the studs4 ,there are also 8wattle10 and 8dab-houses10 and sheds1 which are constructed of studs1 sills1 and wall-plates4 ,between or into the studs are laid1 horizontally1 plaited or wattled strong hazel twigs1 or other underwood1 and on both of these a thick coat of plaster or mud is laid or dabbed4 ,a wattle is a hurdle made of four or five upright stakes1 and hazel branches woven closely and horizontally into the stakes--,anglo-,saxon1 watel1 a hurdle or covering of twigs2 in some counties they are called 8flakes10 merely from their being thin and flat4 ,in ,sussex and ,devonshire1 and in the ,south of ,england1 wattled hurdles are called 8,raddles40 ,in a little ,dictionary for children of the date of #afjh1 we find 8a hartheled wall or ratheled with hasile rods or wands40 ,the word hartheled is the same as hardilled1 and the ,dictionary spells hurdill hardill1 ,ang4-,sax41 hyrdel1 ,low ,germ41 hoidt1 ,dutch1 horde4 ,germ41 hurde4 ,ratheled is from the same derivation as raddled4 ,what in one county is 8wattle and dab10 is in another 8raddle and dab40 ,dab is here used as a substantive1 but it is properly a verb--to dab on1 to sprinkle1 or bespatter4 ,in ,french1 dawber1 or dober1 to smear1 hence 8to daub40 ,these mud cottages are very common even in the richest counties of ,england4 ,in ,south ,northamptonshire are red sandstone houses frequently possessing stone mullions in the windows1 and dripstones4 ,further northwards1 as in ,shropshire1 ,cheshire1 and ,lancashire1 we find a better description of the half-timbered houses in many of the manor houses built there4 ,lord ,liverpool's seat at ,pitchford1 near ,shrewsbury1 illustrated by ,habershon1 is a fine and a very large example1 although the pattern is not so elegant as many of them4 ,joseph ,nash and other artists have made the best of these familiar to us by their publications4 ,cheshire is the county most abounding in them4 ,in the southern part of the county of ,lancashire they are called 8post-and-pan houses40 ,post is an upright piece of timber1 used in various ways1 such as gate-post1 door-post1 a jamb-lining4 ,the word 8post0 is found in many languages1 commonly meaning an upright4 ,in ,ang4-,sax41 post1 a post1 ,frisic1 post1 a beam1 ,german1 pfost1 ,french1 poste1 ,latin1 postis1 a post4 8,pan10 in ,lancashire1 certainly means a beam1 and is the common name for it 7beam not being used71 although we do not find the word pan1 a beam1 noticed in most of the glossaries as it deserves4 ,in the ,craven ,glossary1 8post and pan0 a building of wood and plaster alternately4 ,pan1 totally to fit3 8,weal and woman cannot pan1 but woe and woman can10 is the complete old ,english proverb1 in which the word pan is used4 ,in the glossary of ,tim ,bobbin1 8,pan0 means to join or agree4 ,in ,hunter's ,hallamshire ,glossary 8pan10 properly in building1 is the wall-plate--the piece of timber that lies on the tops of the posts1 and on which the balks rest1 and the sparfoot also4 ,to pan1 to apply to closely4 ,in ,brockett's ,north ,country work1 pan means to match1 agree4 ,the idea of a pan for a beam would seem to be a shortened word for span1 but it comes1 it is said1 from the old word pan1 denoting to close or join together1 to match1 fit1 apply1 agree4 ,from this1 or the origin of which1 came pane1 or panel of wood1 or wainscot1 pane of glass4 ,ang4-,sax41 pan1 a piece1 hem1 plait2 pan hose1 patched hose1 because pieces are fitted into them4 ,in ,warwickshire and ,oxfordshire they call a post-and-pan house a brick-pane house1 because the wood-work divides the building into rectangular spaces1 filled with panes of brickwork4 ,in ,forby's ,suffolk ,vocabulary pane is a division of work in husbandry1 also strips of cloth4 ,the slits in ,elizabethan dresses are called panes4 ,du ,cange1 in his ,glossarium ,medi et ,infim ,latinitatis1 has panna1 a carpenter's word1 signifying a square piece of wood of #f or #g fingers on a side1 which being placed on the rafters of the roof1 and retained by wooden supports1 carries the asseres4 ,the 8,glossary of ,architecture0 construes a pan as a lathe2 but of this there seems some doubt4 ,there is a remarkable example of the word ,panna in the ,close ,rolls of the #ith of ,henry #crd1 membrane #e1 page #fe1 though the word in the printed copy is erroneously spelt pauna4 ,sidenote3 ,de postibus et pannis datis4 ,mandatum est ,hugoni de ,neville quod habere faciat ,baldivinium de ,veer duos postes et duos pannas in bosco nostro in ,deresle1 de dono nostro ad se habergandum apud ,thrapston4 ,teste rege apud ,westmonasterium ,,xv die ,octobris1 anno nono4--,that is3 ,the ,king orders ,hugh de ,neville to give ,baldwin de ,veer two posts and two pans out of the ,royal forest of ,deresley to build a house at ,thrapstone4--8,habergandum0 is from habergo1 to build a house1 which seems to be derived from the old ,german habe1 goods and possessions1 and bergen2 in ,ang4-,sax41 boergan1 to defend1 keep1 and protect4 ,habe1 goods1 is from the ,german haben1 ,ang4-,sax41 habban1 to have and possess4 ,in ,du ,cange we find 8,habergagium vel habergamentum1 domicilium domus10 that is1 a place to keep goods in4 ,this account is given us by the writer in the 8,cambridge ,portfolio10 who adds1 8,that it is probable the house alluded to in ,thrapstone was merely a shed40 ,he gives a great many derivations from the word pan in ,french4 ,he says that pan or post is a post and pan wall1 perhaps with boarding in the panes instead of brick or stone4 ,a post-and-pan house therefore signifies one formed of uprights and cross-pieces1 and this appears to be the most rational name for them4 ,the patterns of the woodwork are sometimes extremely elegant2 at ,park ,hall in ,shropshire1 one represents balustrading intermingled with quatre-foiling1 while the plaster ceilings inside the building are of excessively rich character4 ,in many of the old post-and-pan houses1 the windows are between every post1 running the whole length of the house in each story1 rendering a remark of ,lord ,bacon's true1 that in such houses you did not know where to become to get out of the sun or the cold4 ,they are now sometimes called 8bird-cage houses10 from the effect at a distance4 ,some of these old mansions had the hall extending to the roof1 and this was carried down to a very late period4 ,at ,kirby in ,northamptonshire1 a seat of the ,lord ,chancellor ,hatton1 built by the architect1 ,john ,thorpe1 ,inigo ,jones altered the timbers of the hall roof and gave them an ,italianized character4 ,he was1 previous to his visit to ,italy1 one of the chief and most celebrated masters of the then fashionable ,elizabethan style1 which was carried down to a later period than is generally supposed4 ,the superior class of wooden houses were for the gentry1 the wattle and dab houses for the hind4 ,this cottage1 then1 must have been little better than a miserable shed4 ,cottages still exist in the north of ,england1 amid the northern counties1 that are bad at the very best4 ,the tenants have to bring everything with them1 partitions1 window-frames1 fixtures of all kinds1 grates1 and a substitute for a ceiling4 ,certainly the improved concrete cottage1 if it could be erected at a small expense1 would be a great advantage to them4 ,its partitions1 and even its roof1 the latter covered with slate1 might be securely formed of strong hurdles1 and a cistern for water easily placed just below it4 ,the walls1 if covered with a good ,portland cement face1 will last for many years1 and1 if the roof be so formed as to protect them1 for warmth1 comfort1 and cleanliness such cottages are unsurpassed4 ,it is to be regretted that the combination of workmen forming the various ,trades' ,unions1 has so raised the price of labour that it has reacted against themselves1 and the workmen's houses1 roomy1 and formed of sound1 lasting materials can no longer be constructed at a cost that would allow a fair percentage on outlay4 ,lord ,bacon paid particular attention to building1 and he had several fine mansions4 ,he received his ,sovereign at one1 ,gorhambury1 who on her remarking its great size1 said1 8,it was not that the house was too big1 but that her ,grace had made him too big to inhabit it40 ,his essay on building gives such a complete picture of what the nobleman's house was in those days1 that it is here quoted4 8,first1 therefore1 ,i say you cannot have a perfect palace1 except you have two several sides3 a side for the banquet1 as is spoken of in the book of ,esther1 and a side for the household2 the one for feasts and triumphs1 and the other for dwelling4 8,i understand both these sides to be not only returns1 but parts of the front2 and to be uniform without1 though severally partitioned within2 and to be on both sides of a great and stately tower in the midst of the front1 that1 as it were1 joineth them together on either hand4 ,i would have1 on the side of the banquet in front1 one only goodly room1 above stairs1 of some forty feet high3 and under it a room for a dressing or preparing place1 at times of triumphs4 ,on the other side1 which is the household side1 ,i wish it divided1 at the first1 into a hall and chapel 7with a partition between71 both of good state and bigness2 and those not to go all the length1 but to have at the farther end a winter and summer parlour1 both fair2 and under these rooms a fair and large cellar sunk under ground1 and likewise some privy kitchens1 with butteries and pantries1 and the like4 ,as for the tower ,i would have it two stories1 of eighteen foot high apiece above the two wings2 and goodly leads upon the top1 railed with statues interposed2 and the same tower to be divided into rooms1 as shall be thought fit4 ,the stairs likewise to the upper rooms1 let them be upon a fair open newel1 and finely railed in with images of wood cast into a brass colour2 and a very fair landing-place at the top4 ,but this to be1 if you do not point any of the lower rooms for a dining-place of servants2 for otherwise1 you shall have the servants' dinner after your own2 for the steam of it will come up as in a tunnel2 and so much for the front2 only ,i understand the height of the first stairs to be sixteen foot1 which is the height of the lower room4 8,beyond the front is there to be a fair court1 but three sides of it of a far lower building than the front2 and in all the four corners of that court fair staircases1 cast into turrets on the outside1 and not within the row of buildings themselves2 but those towers are not to be of the height of the front1 but rather proportionable to the lower buildings4 ,let the court not be paved1 for that striketh up a great heat in summer and much cold in winter2 but only some side alleys with a cross1 and the quarters to graze1 being kept shorn1 but not too near shorn4 ,the row of return on the banquet side1 let it be all stately galleries3 in which galleries let there be three or five fine cupolas in the length of it1 placed at equal distance2 and fine coloured windows of several works3 on the household side1 chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments1 with some bedchambers2 and let all three sides be a double house1 without thorough lights in the sides1 that you may have rooms from the sun both for forenoon and afternoon3--cast it also that you may have rooms both for summer and winter2 shade for summer1 and warm for winter4 ,you shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold4 ,for embowed windows1 ,i hold them of good use 7in cities indeed1 upright do better1 in respect of the uniformity towards the street72 for they be pretty retiring places for conference1 and besides they keep both the wind and sun off2 for that which would strike almost through the room doth scarce pass the window2 but let them be but few1 four in the court1 on the sides only4 8,beyond this court1 let there be an inward court of the same square and height1 which is to be environed with the garden on all sides2 and in the inside1 cloistered on all sides upon decent and beautiful arches as high as the first story2 on the under story1 towards the garden1 let it be turned to a grotto1 or place of shade1 or estivation2 and only have opening and windows toward the garden1 and be level upon the floor1 no whit sunk under ground1 to avoid all dampishness3 let there be a fountain or some fair work of statues in the midst of this court1 and to be paved as the other court was4 ,these buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides1 and the end for privy galleries2 whereof you must foresee that one of them be for an infirmary1 if the prince or any special person should be sick1 with chambers1 bedchamber1 ante-camera1 and recamera1 joining to it2 this upon the second story4 8,upon the ground story1 a fair gallery1 open1 upon pillars1 and upon the third story likewise1 an open gallery upon pillars1 to take the prospect and freshness of the garden4 8,at both corners of the farther side1 by way of return1 let there be two delicate or rich cabinets1 daintily paved1 richly hanged1 glazed with crystalline glass1 and a rich cupola in the midst2 and all other elegancy that may be thought upon4 ,in the upper gallery too1 ,i wish that there may be1 if the place will yield it1 some fountains running in divers places from the wall1 with some fine avoidances4 ,and thus much for the model of the palace2 save that you must have1 before you come to the front1 three courts1 a green court plain1 with a wall about it2 a second court of the same1 but more garnished with little turrets1 or rather embellishments upon the wall2 and a third court1 to make a square with the front1 but not to be built nor yet enclosed with a naked wall1 but enclosed with terraces leaded aloft1 and fairly garnished on the three sides2 and cloistered on the inside with pillars1 and not with arches below4 ,as for offices1 let them stand at distance1 with some low galleries to pass from them to the palace itself40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette is an elevation1 with enlarged details1 of a design for a weathercock or wind vane4 ,in buildings where there are many on the roof1 they are sometimes seen pointing different ways1 and it is of importance they should be properly constructed4 ,the construction necessary to prevent these differences is shown in the two sections on each side the elevation2 a is a gun-metal rod1 in which is fixed the small steel rod b2 this moves in a piece of agate fixed in a small block of copper c2 the agate is marked black in the left-hand section4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bc4 ,a ,,garden ,,summer-,,house4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view and plan4 ,this small circular erection was designed from the express directions1 as to style1 size1 form1 and plan1 of the gentleman for whom it was made1 and who had it constructed4 ,it was of wood1 standing on a brick foundation1 with a quaint room in the centre1 completely lined with match-boarding1 stained oak and varnished1 the ceiling having hanging pendants4 ,the lead lights of the sashes were glazed with various specimens of old coloured glass4 ,illustration3 ,elevation4 ,the view and plan are illustrated at page #bfb2 the plan shows the general arrangements2 the porch had seats on each side1 and the back portion of the ,illustration3 ,section4 ,illustration3 ,detail showing construction4 summer-house was enclosed for a single seat4 ,the elevation given on page #bfc shows1 as well as the view1 flower-pots on supports in the roof4 ,these were ,illustration3 ,gate to a flower-garden4 omitted in execution4 ,the section shows the building as constructed2 it is taken through the porch4 ,the interior room and the enclosed seat behind the illustration gives the detail of a portion of the construction4 ,illustration3 ,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 ,the building had no fireplace1 being merely intended for summer use2 it was placed on an elevated site1 and commanded a fine view4 ,no small structure can be made too expensive in construction if it is to be placed in a beautiful flower-garden4 ,however pretty its ornaments may be1 they are sure to pale by the side of the natural objects surrounding it4 ,the small gateway shown in view on page #bfe was constructed entirely in oak with a slab-slated roof4 ,it stood at some distance from the dwelling1 to which it formed a conspicuous object1 and it was the entrance to an enclosed flower-garden4 ,an elevation1 section1 and plan of it are given on page #bff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette represents an open ironwork console or holder for a meat-jack for the kitchen fireplace3 it is of ,french design4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bd4 ,a ,,small ,,country ,,retreat1 ,,or ,,french ,,maisonette4 ,illustration3 ,the front elevation4 ,this is a study for a small villa in the modern ,french style1 one which has lately been introduced into several buildings of domestic character in ,england1 the woodwork being sent from ,france4 ,the ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 chief feature of the style is the machine-cut ornamental wood2 it is of common deal1 about an inch or a little more in thickness4 ,when placed up1 and coloured a light fawn colour or plain yellow1 it is extremely pleasing1 and has the merit of being very cheap4 ,the design has an ornamental iron verandah completely round two sides of the building1 with small upright standards taken through its roof1 which are ,illustration3 ,section through length of building4 connected together with zinc wire-work2 the intention being to permit flowering plants to grow over it1 so that the front should be crowned with flowers4 ,the villa is only intended for summer use1 being confined in its accommodation4 ,the ground plan1 given on page #bfi1 shows d and e1 the drawing and dining ,illustration3 ,transverse section4 rooms1 divided one from the other by curtains hanging on a glazed screen2 the length of the two rooms is #db feet1 their breadth #ae feet4 ,they are decorated gaily in ,french style2 the room c can be used as a study1 but it is intended for a sleeping room2 the kitchen f has a large larder h1 but it would be desirable if the kitchen was formed a short distance away from the building1 and connected with it by a passage2 the rooms f and g could then be made into a bed and dressing-room4 ,the wine cellar is at g1 and a conservatory i1 is placed at the end of the building4 ,illustration3 ,plan of one-pair4 ,the elevation of the front of the building and the two sections show the general construction of the upper part of the house4 ,this was in timber1 the flues alone being of brick4 ,the plan of the upper floor shows four rooms2 each of the flues is supplied with its pedestal1 so that should the house be occupied in winter1 these upper apartments could be kept well aired by the fires in the lower apartments1 without any attention from the servants4 ,the framing of the upper portion is correctly shown in the section copied from the working drawing4 ,illustration3 ,portion of verandah4 ,all elevation of a small portion of the verandah1 showing its iron work1 is given2 and an illustration to a large scale shows its ornamental zinc guttering1 and the carved wood ,french ornament1 a section showing how they are fastened on2 and the zinc gutter placed in front is likewise given4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of zinc gutter1 and cut woodwork4 ,illustration3 ,section of the same4 ,the following is a design in purely ,french taste for the circular top over the entrance porch on the upper floor4 ,illustration3 ,cut woodwork4 ,the roofs of buildings in this style should be covered with zinc4 ,the ,french are as much before us in their use of this metal as they are with their cut woodwork4 ,roofs covered with zinc could be made flatter1 and have a covering or floor of boards1 each board an inch apart4 ,an illustration is given of such a construction2 it has a light iron railing with a scroll ,illustration3 ,design for roofing4 against the brick parapet2 and supports a stand for flowers4 ,with the absence of offensive smoke1 and with the use of the flue pedestal to supply warmth1 the upper parts of our houses could easily be formed into conservatories4 ,the interior of the building was intended to be as profusely decorated with the cut woodwork as the exterior4 ,the staircase balusters were of a rich pattern1 the whole being stained after some ornamental wood1 and varnished4 ,illustration3 ,staircase balusters4 ,the expense of constructing such a building would be #bdejl4 ,in this style cut-wood decoration the ,french certainly excel us4 ,some ,english examples1 very common in our railway stations1 are shown below4 ,the most ornamental is a pattern used by the author some few years ago2 a rose is introduced to cover the fastening of the cut pattern to the fascia behind4 ,illustration ,we have in ,england a carving-machine1 known as ,irving's patent1 that was a few years since much worked at a manufactory in ,pimlico by ,mr4 ,pratt of ,bond ,street4 ,at one time it bid fair to exert a most important influence upon the production of this kind of cut-wood decoration4 ,it could make such carvings with the greatest ease and rapidity1 whether in stone or wood4 ,the machine was a simple drill in a moveable arm1 worked either by steam or a hand-wheel1 on a moveable table2 the combined motion rendered it capable of carving any form1 however intricate1 from the largest ,gothic window-head1 to the smallest screen4 ,at ,pimlico it was under the architectural superintendence of ,r4 ,w4 ,billings4 ,it is still used1 together with ,jordan's patent for carving1 at ,lambeth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette gives a pattern for cut-wood balustrading4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #be4 ,,an ,,elizabethan ,,villa4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,this design was made a few years ago for a gentleman who was a great admirer of our old ,english architecture1 and who desired to have a ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 dwelling with its chief characteristics1 both internally as well as externally1 but with all modern arrangements4 ,he intended to purchase a piece of land in the neighbourhood of ,london for the purpose of erecting the structure upon it4 ,producing the design was a labour of love to us both1 and many a pleasant evening we ,illustration3 ,balustrading of staircase4 spent together in studying the details as to what we should like to have in each room1 without troubling ourselves about what the expense would be2 unhappily he did not live to carry out his intention1 and the drawings were laid aside4 ,illustration3 ,section of hall4 ,the exterior is a study from the celebrated building1 ,rushton ,hall in ,northamptonshire1 erected in the ,illustration reign of ,elizabeth1 by ,sir ,thomas ,tresham4 ,on the estate in the forest1 about a mile from the house1 is that curious and unique building1 the ,triangular ,lodge1,b which served as a secret place of meeting for the conspirators of the ,gunpowder ,plot4 ,the ground plan shows only a small and single staircase b2 considerable discussion took place upon this2 the great staircase was first planned in the hall a1 but a billiard-table was imperative1 and the hall alone ,illustration3 ,elevation of hall fireplace4 could receive it4 ,the smaller staircase was made ornamental1 with carved oak balustrades having a ,illustration3 ,details of hall fireplace4 small brass ornament between1 for the children to lay hold of in getting upstairs4 ,the hall was to be wainscoted all round2 the illustration on page #bhc shows one side1 with the entrance into the dining-room2 a section of the moulding of the panels is given on page #bhc of full size4 ,a gilt decoration was to have been put in each panel1 as shown4 ,an ornamental plaster frieze1 containing shields of arms ,illustration3 ,hall stove4 which were to be emblazoned1 came over the panelling4 ,an elevation of the fireplace1 to have been made in ,caen stone1 with its details on a large scale1 is given in cuts on pp4 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,illustration3 ,portion of hall ceiling4 ,the fireplace is shown with fire-dogs to burn wood1 with its iron fire-back2 but this was objected to1 and ,illustration3 ,section4 the stove was selected2 my friend having great interest in coal1 preferred it to wood4 ,illustration3 ,dining-room ceiling4 ,the illustration on page #bhf is a portion of the hall ceiling1 copied from a celebrated example of the time of ,henry ,,viii4 ,to illustrate every room or give only one-third of the drawings made for this design would far exceed the limits the present volume allows4 ,each of the three rooms on the ground floor had ,illustration3 ,pendant4 decorated chimney-pieces1 and carved architraves and panels to the doors4 ,the section shows the height of the rooms4 ,the dining-room e 7see ground-plan7 was ,illustration3 ,pendant and centre ornaments4 #bb ft4 by #bj ft42 the library c1 #ag ft4 by #ae ft41 and the drawing-room d1 #bd ft4 by #ag ft41 with a large bay window opening on to a terrace--their height #ab ft4 #i in42 f is the lift and g the closet4 ,each of these rooms was to have ornamental flat plaster ceilings with ,illustration3 ,drawing-room ceiling4 pendant ornaments4 ,these are shown in illustrations on page #bhi4 ,the staircase led to a gallery in the middle of the building on the first floor1 dimly lighted at each end by the staircase and passage windows4 ,the first floor 7page #bib7 contained a morning room1 a1 in the centre1 #ae ft4 by #ab ft41 with a bow window2 and three bedrooms b1 b1 b1 with two dressing-rooms c1 c1 one with a bath and a closet4 ,illustration3 ,library ceiling4 ,the attic plan 7page #bib7 contained three large rooms for the servants1 b1 b1 b2 a housemaid's closet e1 and in the recessed space by the side a large slate cistern for water4 ,the basement 7page #bic7 contained considerable accommodation3 d was intended for a private room for the family1 a the kitchen1 c larder1 b the scullery1 i beer-cellar1 g butler's sleeping-room1 e butler's pantry1 h wine-cellar1 l place for cleaning ,illustration3 ,plan 7page #bia74 ,illustration3 ,attic plan 7see page #bia74 knives4 ,the housekeeper's room f1 and servants' hall are in the front1 and j is the lift for dishes to ground floor1 k the coal-cellar4 ,an open area was made on two sides of the building4 ,illustration3 ,basement plan 7see page #bia74 ,it was intended to construct the basement fireproof1 and to have the flooring chiefly of asphalte1 laid on brick and concrete1 solid with the earth2 having a width of stone at the fireplaces4 ,small openings into the areas were to be made for water to run off1 so that the floors could be at any time flooded from a ,illustration3 ,front elevation4 ,illustration3 ,back elevation4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of side4 hose4 ,the skirtings for eighteen inches above the floor were to be in asphalte1 so that no beetles or other vermin should find their way in4 ,it was a ,illustration3 ,ironwork on terrace4 subject of discussion whether all the other floors and skirting should not be of a similar description4 ,the three elevations of the building are given3 they were ,illustration3 ,ironwork on bay-window4 to have been in red brick with compo dressings1 and the balustrades in artificial stone4 ,one peculiar portion of the exterior decoration was the ironwork in lieu of stone balustrading4 ,the bay window and the terrace were surmounted with this ironwork2 that on the terrace was to be formed so as to sustain heavy ,illustration3 ,small finial4 ,illustration3 ,portion of front4 earthenware pots of flowering shrubs3--an elevation of the two examples is given on page #big4 ,the mouldings on the exterior of the building were small and simple2 this is shown in illustrations on page #bih4 ,various designs were made for the ,illustration3 ,balustrades for first floor4 balustrading2 three of these1 with the ornament containing a shield of arms in the centre of the side gables1 are likewise given4 ,the expense of constructing this design with all the ornamentation shown1 would have been great4 ,a ,illustration3 ,lower balustrade4 considerable portion of it1 when it came to be estimated and the specification and working drawings were made ,illustration3 ,ornament in side gable4 for the builder1 would have been left out1 and the whole made more simple4 ,the design would not have materially suffered for such deductions2 all the general forms or the simple outline of the exterior would have been preserved4 ,the chief deduction would have been made in the ornaments of the interior1 or these might have been only partly done4 ,such a design1 with a moderate amount of decoration only1 would cost about #dgjjl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette shows ,french and ,english cut-wood patterns for blind ornaments4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bf4 ,a ,,summer ,,or ,,garden ,,villa4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,one of our most eminent writers on gardens1 ,repton1 remarked that 8gardening and architecture1 like all the fine arts1 have much in common2 and the department of architecture which belongs more exclusively to gardens has especially a great affinity to gardening in its broadest principles40 ,in fact1 there is much more relation between the two than is usually admitted--a matter already alluded to in the ,introductory ,essay4 ,architectural forms and decorations1 temples and rustic bowers1 seats1 c41 are not1 as many have observed1 unfit for our climate4 ,in western counties they certainly can be indulged in to a large extent2 and the fine evergreens and the beautiful grass of this country will1 in association with ornamental terraces and sculpture1 impart sufficient warmth of tone to render them agreeable4 ,the garden of ,mon-plaisir at ,elvaston1 in ,derbyshire1 and the ,alhambra ,gardens there2 those at ,castle ,coombe1 ,trentham1 ,alton ,towers1 and ,bowood1 sufficiently prove how attractive gardens can be architecturally made4 ,in former years gardens were almost universal through every part of ,england1 as is proved by the bird's-eye view1 engraved by ,kipp1 from drawings by ,knyff in the book1 8,britannia ,illustrata10 and those of the gardens given in ,loggan's 8,oxonia ,restituta10 and the similar work on ,cambridge4 ,but gardens1 like all other mundane matters1 have their periods of change or retrogression2 the natural style having almost obliterated the architectural garden of ,william and ,mary4 ,this might have been too precise1 as ,illustration3 ,ground plan of villa4 copied from the ,dutch model3 they were satirized by ,pope1 thus-- 8,grove nods at grove1 each alley has a brother1 ,and half the platform just reflects the other40 ,they were called ,king ,william's style of fortifications1 surrounded with yew hedges1 cut in variety of forms2 those which have been suffered to outlive their original shape are really beautiful4 ,queen ,anne's ,garden1 now part of ,kensington ,gardens1 is an example4 ,but these gardens were very inferior to those of ,italy and ,france1 or even those in ,england of the ,elizabethan age4 ,it is to ,italy1 the garden of ,europe1 that we must look for the finest specimens of garden architecture4 ,the ,villa ,pamphilia or de ,belrespiro1 situated half a mile out of ,rome beyond the ,gate of ,san ,pancrazio1 is celebrated for its gardens2 from them could be observed the whole city of ,rome1 and surrounding suburbs4 ,the gardens are nearly five miles in circumference1 and occupy the site of those of the ,emperor ,galba4 ,their arrangement is varied and agreeable2 being picturesque without disorder1 symmetrical without monotony2 and we here observe the art with which the arrangement of a regular garden is made to agree with the rural nature of which it forms a part1 and the noble structure it surrounds4 ,it is doubtless the work of the architect of the villa ,l',algardi1 about the year #afdf4 ,they have been ascribed to the ,french artist1 ,le ,notre1 but there is very little of the ,french style about them2 they are wholly ,italian1 following the lines of the villa1 and in the same style or spirit4 ,these are1 or were admirable2 while the fountains1 ,illustration3 ,ground plan of garden and villa4 the cascades1 grottos1 basins1 statues1 and the antique fragments which adorn them are arranged with the ,illustration3 ,small group in centre of side left-hand basin4 skill and intelligence of genius4 ,illustrations are preserved to us only in a fine ,italian work1 by ,jacobi de ,rubeis1 published at ,rome1 about the middle of ,illustration3 ,small group in centre of right-hand basin4 the seventeenth century4 ,the villa was destroyed by the ,french when they crushed the liberty of the ,roman people at their onslaught on ,rome against ,garibaldi4 ,in designs of this description the house and garden should unite1 and be lost in each other4 ,those parts of the garden most contiguous to the house should follow its outline1 its walks and terraces1 and be so ,illustration3 ,fountain ornaments4 placed that the windows and doors of the mansion could command a perfect view of them4 ,the province of garden architecture is1 primarily1 to supply fitting appendages and accompaniments to the house1 so that the latter may not appear alone and unsupported4 ,if judiciously adopted it will be effective in helping to produce a good outline1 carry down the lines of the ,illustration3 ,elevation of front4 ,illustration3 ,section through centre of building4 house1 and connect it with other buildings1 which may be conservatories1 ferneries1 aquaria1 rustic seats1 temples1 and arbours2 and it will provide a ,illustration3 ,portion of saloon4 proper basement to the house4 ,such arrangements afford shelter or privacy to a flower garden1 extend the faade or frontage of the house1 shut out back yards1 stabling or offices1 enrich1 vary1 and enliven the garden1 supply conveniences1 receptacles for birds1 plants1 sculpture1 or works of art1 specimens of natural history1 and support for climbing plants4 ,these points indicate refinement1 wealth1 and love of art1 and otherwise blend the various constituents of a garden with the house1 and harmonize the two by communicating an artistic tone to the garden4 ,so says ,repton1 and most of the principal writers on gardening4 ,illustration3 ,cap in saloon4 ,some of the ancient gardens of ,asia and ,italy were considered among the wonders of the world4 ,they were termed paradises1 and were filled with such plants1 both beautiful and useful1 that the soil could produce2 they were enriched with many kinds of works of art1 banqueting-houses1 aviaries1 wells1 and streams of running water1 indispensable in those warm climates4 ,illustration3 ,section of part of saloon ceiling4 ,an architectural garden1 as illustrated in the design at page #cjb1 should have a picturesque outline1 a ,illustration3 ,plan of the same4 marked boldness and prominence of parts1 rather than a mere ornamental detail2 a picturesque effect by changes of level in the ground1 by diversity of height ,illustration3 ,portion of centre panel4 of the different terraces1 and by an arrangement in plan that would produce depth of shade4 ,every object admitted should fit into its proper place4 ,this ,illustration3 ,panel of ceiling4 villa was designed to cover a fine spring of cold water1 and thus insure a deep cold plunging bath4 ,it was to be merely a place for temporary occupation and retirement1 to renovate the health of the owner4 ,the gardens and fountains externally were only ornamental accessories2 the plan at page #cjf illustrates these4 ,the villa was approached by two roads d d2 there was a circle of open lawn between the house and the terraced gardens in front4 ,the latter were approached ,illustration3 ,section and plan of one of centre pendants4 by descending flights of steps4 ,a basin of water and a large fountain1 rising from a group of sculpture in the centre1 are there shown4 ,by the side are two smaller basins with smaller groups of sculpture1 representing sea-horses1 cupids1 and dolphins4 ,this terrace is paved with ornamental encaustic tiles4 ,at the head of the two side gardens b b1 are grottos g g1 with seats on a raised terrace on each side of their entrances4 ,the steps descend to a lower level1 and have sea-horses and cupids on their pedestals1 with five falls of water from griffins' heads1 filling a basin below4 ,a ,illustration3 ,bedroom ceiling4 wide walk1 and a running stream by its side1 were thus gained4 ,the author at the time he made the design was effecting some additions to a country house1 which admitted such a garden to be formed in front of it3 he published his design for it at the time 7#ahej7 in the ,builder4 ,illustration3 ,drawing-room ceiling4 ,this villa may be considered a casine1 or a retired dwelling on a rather larger scale1 similar to the picturesque house at ,wothorp1 in ,northamptonshire1 which was erected by one of the ,earls of ,burleigh1 as a place to retire to1 while his 8great house at ,burghley was sweeping40 ,wothorp was a large building3 it was fully illustrated in one of the ,illustration3 ,sections of moulding of ceiling4 author's works1 from original drawings lent him by the late ,marquis of ,exeter4 ,the casine1 only one size larger than a cottage1 was the fashion of the preceding age4 ,whenever the proprietor of an estate wished to turn hermit1 he retired to the casine1 a small temple erected in a portion of his grounds1 where the finest views could be obtained1 and the most perfect repose secured4 ,in earlier times such buildings ,illustration3 ,drawing-room chimney-piece4 afforded secret meeting-places wherein to hatch political plots2 such a one was the triangular lodge in a secluded part of the wood at ,rushton in ,northamptonshire1 ,illustration the seat of ,sir ,thomas ,tresham1 where the gunpowder conspirators assembled4 ,the casine of more modern times was not so small1 but it contained all the requirements of good living4 ,one example1 is the casine of ,marino1 near ,dublin1 built by ,sir ,william ,chambers for the ,earl of ,charlemont4 ,illustration ,it was square in plan1 surrounded by twelve columns1 two projecting flat porticoes in front and back1 and pedimented porticoes at the sides4 ,the entrance was approached by a noble flight of steps1 the pedestals of which were decorated with carvings1 and supported crouching lions4 ,statues and vases adorned the roof4 ,a print of it1 from a drawing of ,wheatly1 was published in #aghc4 ,the building contained a small hall or vestibule1 a saloon or living-room1 #bj feet in length by #ae feet in width4 ,leading out of this were ,illustration3 ,plan of mezzanine floor4 two small rooms2 one a study1 the other a bedroom and closet4 ,the basement contained a large and well-fitted kitchen1 a scullery and larder1 a butler's pantry1 and servants' hall1 and cellars for ale and wine4 ,retired buildings of this kind1 of larger character and of more importance1 were often erected in private grounds of noblemen and gentry4 ,one1 very similar to the present design1 was constructed by the late ,robert ,adam1 for a salt-water bath1 at ,mistley1 the seat of the ,right ,hon4 ,richard ,rigby4 ,mr4 ,adam and ,sir ,william ,chambers erected a large number of such ornamental structures4 ,one of the most elegant ,illustration3 ,plan of upper story4 examples1 by ,mr4 ,robert ,adam1 was the rout-house or pavilion erected for a fte champtre in the gardens of the ,earl of ,derby1 at the ,oaks1 in ,surrey1 in #aggd4 ,the building was internally of the most ornamental character2 there was an octangular vestibule1 a hall #cj feet in diameter2 this opened into a grand ball-room1 #gb feet by #ce feet within the columns1 and #hf feet by #ef feet within the walls4 ,the supper-room1 surrounding the ball-room1 measured #bjj feet from one end to the other1 and #bj feet in width4 ,it was exposed in its full splendour on the curtains being drawn2 and at the end of the ball-room there were ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 two tea-rooms1 each #bj feet square1 on each side of the entrance saloon4 ,the author gives these details in order that he may not be considered too venturesome in submitting to public notice1 in these economical times1 such an ornamental design as the ,illustration3 ,elevation of back front4 present4 ,similar structures of a more expensive character were once very common2 but the small ,illustration3 ,elevation of top of pedestal4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 retired casine has now gone out of fashion4 ,the ladies consider such secluded buildings as only fit for laundries1 and not preferring themselves lives of perfect retirement and quiet1 have brought in the small ,illustration3 ,ornament terminating pedestal on attic4 villa where a whole family can dwell1 and no selfish thoughts or gloomy contemplations find place4 ,in referring to the plan of the villa at page #cjd1 of which the plate page #cjb shows the elevation1 e is the ,illustration3 ,section4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 small hall #h feet square1 g the gun room or waiting room is on the right1 the serving room with a lift from the basement on the left4 ,the saloon is a highly decorated apartment1 #bj feet in diameter4 ,this is seen in the section through the centre of the building given at page #caj2 h is the sleeping room1 #ac feet square1 with an ornamental ceiling4 ,the saloon serves as a dining-room and place for meals4 ,the drawing-room1 d1 or music room1 #bb feet by #ad feet1 is on ,illustration3 ,termination of attic pedestal4 the left1 b is the principal staircase leading to the upper rooms2 this serves also for servants4 ,the small iron staircase j1 is for passage to the cold bath below1 i is a room for a warm bath4 ,the cold bath1 as shown in the section1 is ventilated through a domed ceiling1 but the scale is too small to show this perfectly4 ,a portion of the saloon is shown at page #caa1 with a few of its details in the six cuts following it4 ,illustration3 ,chimney-pot elevation and section4 ,the bedroom ceiling 7page #caf7 supposes the covering of a tent1 upheld by spears and ropes4 ,the colour of the drapery is of a light fawn1 the ground a deep ultramarine blue4 ,in the centre of the ceiling is a small ,cupid on a red or gilt ground1 a light blue circle surrounding it4 ,the spears1 roses1 ropes1 and tassels are gilt and coloured4 ,illustration3 ,iron balconet to window4 ,the drawing-room ceiling is decorated plaster work in white and gold4 ,its plan is shown at page #cag1 and three of its details on page #cah4 ,among other decorations of these rooms may be considered the chimney-pieces4 ,the cuts 7page #cai7 give an elevation of the drawing-room chimney-piece1 the plan of its shelf above1 and a portion of its details to a larger scale beneath4 ,this chimney-piece in the finest statuary marble would cost #hjl4 to execute4 ,several have been done for the author at that price4 ,they look very well in execution4 ,two fire-places of less pretensions are shown in the illustrations at pp4 #cbj and #cba2 the first was in rouge royal1 costing #bel42 the last are of marble with slate panels covered with imitation of ,brocatelli marbles1 these costing #ail4 #ajs4 each4 ,the illustration of the whole of the details of internal decoration of such a structure would fill a much larger volume than the present2 but it is the sole object of the author to give such illustrations of the several designs1 that a portion of each part of the building only shall be shown2 k1 in the ground plan 7page #cjd71 is an open portico with steps to the garden or park in front of it4 ,the next plan 7page #cbb7 is that of the mezzanine4 ,this shows two of the female servants' sleeping rooms1 a1 a1 with a closet2 the decorated ceilings of the saloon1 drawing-room1 and bed-room1 are also shown2 the bath-room should have some slight decoration1 but this has been omitted4 ,the female servants' sleeping rooms are each #ag feet in length by #h in width4 ,the plan of the upper story 7page #cbc7 gives a smoking room a1 with an open terrace c c1 front and back1 a closet d1 and a cistern room b4 ,illustration3 ,section of window sill and iron balconet4 ,the basement plan 7page #cbd7 shows the cold bath in the centre1 with its staircase2 the kitchen b1 the scullery g1 h h the larders1 c is the lift1 and d d are men's sleeping rooms2 the servants' hall t1 and housekeeper's room j1 are on the left1 q is the wine cellar1 and s the beer cellar4 ,the elevation of the back front is at page #cbe2 it has a circular portico and steps down to the garden4 ,an attempt has been made to introduce an original termination for the pedestals on the attics1 instead of using the almost universal ,soanic bulbous ornament so repeatedly seen in nearly every public building in ,illustration ,london and the country1 and of which the author's late master1 ,sir ,john ,soane1 was so fond4 ,these attempts are given in the figures pp4 #cbf-cbh2 and an attempt is made to give an ornamental chimney-pot on page #ccj4 ,it will be seen in the figure that the ornamental cement pot or vase contains an iron1 or it might be a zinc1 lining2 this would be kept warm1 and a security for the smoke passing out4 ,the exterior of the building is ornamented with statues and vases1 and the windows have iron balconets4 ,the last remaining illustration to be given is the arcade on each side of the villa1 dividing the front and back gardens4 ,the chief portion of this in stone1 with statues between the columns and vases over them2 at the back of the columns is another front of ornamental trellis work in wood1 with scroll stands for flowers--this is supported or upheld by the stone screen2 an elevation of each1 with a section1 is given at page #ccd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette gives ,french and ,english patterns for cover to external sunblinds4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bg4 ,a ,,decorated ,,window4 ,illustration ,this design was sketched with the intention of making ,italian forms rival the tracery of the ,decorated ,gothic window1 and to obtain a rich and variegated mass of painted and coloured glass1 without any stiff mannerism or formality4 ,the window was #aa ft4 in height with a width of #g ft42 it served as a screen in one of the principal staircases in a house at ,queen's ,gate1 ,kensington2 immediately behind it is the servants' staircase1 having a large window and skylight4 ,the lower portion of this window is divided into three lights by two pilasters acting as mullions4 ,the circle above the transome is filled with a richly painted subject1 representing a basket of flowers and scrollwork on a ruby ground4 ,the basket is formed of emerald glass1 the ground of the surrounding portions is richly embossed glass1 the chief portions white1 the small portions ruby1 yellow and blue1 the latter with white ornaments upon it4 ,the three lights between the pilasters are filled with embossed glass1 and the whole is surrounded by borders of scrollwork richly embossed1 stained and painted2 the ruby ground is shown in the drawing by vertical lines1 the yellow by oblique lines1 and the blue by horizontal lines4 ,the expense1 including the zinc-work for fixing the glass to the upper portion or fan-light1 was #bbl4 #fs42 the lower portion cost #hl4 #ajs4 ,it was the work of ,messrs4 ,baillie and ,co4 of ,wardour ,street4 ,,design ,no4 #bh4 ,a ,,sculptor',s ,,villa4 ,illustration ,during the year #ahej the author1 in conjunction with the late ,mr4 ,john ,britton1 ,f4,s4,a41 was engaged in making some topographical sketches in one of the western counties of ,england4 ,he became for a short time the guest of one of its principal residents--a gentleman who had succeeded to the possession of more than a million of money1 the result of a relative's gains as a merchant in the ,city4 ,he had filled the small house he was then inhabiting with a very fine collection of antique bronzes3 also with ancient and modern statuary4 ,the house was occupied in every corner with these valuable and beautiful works of art4 ,he was then having another house of larger dimensions erected to receive them4 ,considerable discussion took place at his table between himself and his visitors1 among whom were two or three distinguished men of taste1 as to the best method of introducing sculpture into a dwelling of moderate capacity4 ,it was the general opinion that to properly exhibit classic sculpture1 a villa the size of those of the ancients1 such as are described by ,pliny in the account of his villas at ,laurentinum and ,tusculum1 would be required1 and that no other would suffice4 ,on his return home1 the author1 as a matter of amusement1 without any thought that his ideas would ever be carried out1 made the present design2 it was a subject that pleased him1 as he had only a few years previously ,illustration3 ,plan of ground floor4 superintended the construction of a small sculpture gallery for the late ,sir ,francis ,chantrey at ,pimlico4 ,the ground plan of this design shows a gallery of sculpture in the centre of the building1 a small ,illustration3 ,section of staircase4 8,museo ,chiaramonti40 ,the principal group at the end1 representing the capture of the ,queen of the ,amazons1 is so placed that the staircase winding round it forms its base2 the group can be seen from the staircase1 and from the galleries at the side1 in every point of view4 ,this being a large building1 the scale upon which the plans1 elevation1 and sections are drawn is smaller than the scale previously used in this volume4 ,the gallery1 including that portion which forms the ante-room to the conservatory1 is #hj ft4 in length by #bj ft4 in width1 which is a poor ,illustration3 ,plan of principal staircase4 imitation of the gallery at the ,vatican--the ,museo ,chiaramonti4 ,this is #bhj ft4 in length1 with a breadth of #bj ft4 ,but the possession of only a million of money gives a moderate income compared with that of the sovereign popes at the time the ,vatican was erected4 ,the ,illustration3 ,section through gallery and conservatory4 sculpture is arranged on each side of the gallery1 the bas-reliefs inserted in the walls1 the bronzes on small pedestals1 a reclining group is placed in a niche in front of the staircase4 ,a marble group is placed in the fountain in the ante-room to the conservatory1 and another in the conservatory itself4 ,a gallery of this description permits the admission of a large quantity of sculpture1 allowing it to be seen with advantage4 ,the entrance of the building1 partly taken from the front of one of the ,italian palaces1,c permits a large quantity of sculpture to be placed in advantageous positions4 ,the plan1 page #cdj1 shows an entrance loggia a1 the hall b1 #ag ft4 by #af ft41 with the waiting-room c1 to the right1 the breakfast parlour d1 and the butler's pantry g1 to the left2 f is the library1 #bh ft4 by #af ft41 entered either from the gallery or the waiting-room4 ,it has a large window looking into the ante-room to the conservatory1 and permits a good view of the group of sculpture and the fountain in the centre2 e is the gallery1 with the principal staircase1 i is the dining-room opening into the picture gallery and drawing-room h1 k4 ,the section1 page #cdc1 shows the general arrangement1 and an idea can be formed of its grand scenic effect in summer1 when the doors were opened4 ,the walk round the conservatory and through the whole of the gallery would have a length of #agj ft41 and round the galleries #aej ft4 more1 giving ample space to place a very large collection of sculpture4 ,underneath the gallery were supposed to be large cellars for wine4 ,these had a private entrance through the pedestal of the ,amazonian group1 as shown in the plan and section to a larger scale at page #cdb2 the collection below was supposed to be as valuable as the one above1 and calculated to yield as much enjoyment1 and one certainly that would be more highly appreciated by a greater number of persons4 ,the villa1 however1 is on a small scale compared with some of the noble residences in the county1 and the accommodation throughout very scanty4 ,the servants' offices are shown annexed to the plan2 l is the kitchen1 #bd ft4 by #bb ft41 m the scullery1 n the housekeeper's room1 o a small servants' hall1 p is a serving room1 and q the external entrance to the cellarage4 ,by the side of the principal staircase is a descent into the cellars and basement1 for the servants1 b1 plan page #cdb4 ,the conservatory has a diameter of #dj ft4 and a height of #dd ft42 it is of light construction1 in decorated ironwork4 ,the one-pair plan shows the sleeping department1 the principal bed-rooms1 b b1 each with a dressing-room1 ,illustration3 ,plan of one-pair4 d d4 ,these are entered direct from the gallery2 in the front of the building are five smaller sleeping ,illustration3 ,cross section4 rooms4 ,at the conservatory end the gallery opens on to the roof of the ante-room beneath1 and from this there is an entrance to a circular gallery inside the conservatory4 ,on the servants' side are seen two large sleeping rooms1 and a housemaid's closet2 as this portion of the building is kept lower than the other1 it could have two or three rooms constructed over the kitchen1 or it could be carried up another story4 ,the plan of the principal bedchambers is taken up another floor2 the small staircase for this purpose is seen at the end of the gallery4 ,the cross section 7page #cdg7 shows the height of the building1 and its general construction4 ,the whole of the principal living rooms in the three floors are of the same height1 #af ft4 #f in4 each2 #cg steps were required in the principal staircase to ascend to the first floor on one side1 and #ca on the other2 the roof of the saloon was to be constructed similar to the roof of the ,riding-house shown in plate1 page #chi4 ,large roofs can be constructed on this principle at a very cheap rate1 and it is a very strong and efficient one2 the roof of the ,pantheon in ,oxford-street1 constructed by ,mr4 ,sydney ,smirke1 is of a similar kind2 the roofs of the annexes to the ,exhibition building of #ahfb by ,captain ,fowkes were on the same principle1 but as these were only intended to stand for a year1 were very slight4 ,the cross section shows the ventilating flue1 proposed and illustrated in a following chapter2 the small stack in the low building shows the incline necessary to meet the back eddy of wind from the high building4 ,it would have been better1 could it have been effected1 to have placed the stack in a position parallel to the high building1 and not at right angles to it4 ,the stack on the latter shows two ventilating flues1 each with an upward shaft2 the whole of the smoke from the fireplaces would be delivered from these two shafts4 ,it only remains to illustrate the system of warming proposed to have been introduced4 ,this was by a combination of two entirely different systems of warm water circulation through iron pipes4 ,the various apparatus of warming buildings by the circulation of hot water1 may be roughly stated to be of two kinds1 each acting on the opposite principle to the other4 ,the first1 or more modern one1 is the closed system4 ,this has always been preferred by the author1 it being more conveniently introduced into a building1 less expensive1 and giving less trouble than any other1 and more certain in its action4 ,in it the water circulates with great rapidity1 completely under pressure1 the pipes being closed1 and the whole of the air expelled from them4 ,the older system is that in which the tubes are not closed1 but are connected with a cistern1 into which the water is allowed to flow and re-flow2 the two may very properly be called the high and low temperature systems1 and by these terms they are here designated4 ,with the first1 the tubes can be made to reach a higher degree of heat if necessary1 by placing a larger proportion of them than is usual in the furnace2 but with the second1 a temperature of #ahj degrees can alone be reached4 ,with the latter1 its greater or less efficiency depends upon the position of its open cistern1 which regulates the amount of pressure in the tubes1 according as its situation is high or low4 ,it was introduced into this country about #ahah2 the open cistern was placed in the upper part of the house1 the boiler being below in the kitchen1 thus allowing a considerable pressure in the tubes1 and securing a quick circulation of the water4 ,the high temperature system was introduced by ,a4 ,m4 ,perkins1 ,esq41 about the year #ahcb2 in its simplest form it consisted of a continuous or endless tube of wrought iron of one inch external diameter1 filled with water1 and closed in all parts2 a portion of the tubing was formed into a coil and placed in a furnace of wrought iron1 the fire being enclosed in fire-brick4 ,when it was first introduced a larger amount of tubing was placed in the furnace than is now usually done2 with the proper amount1 one-tenth or one-eleventh only of the full quantity is necessary1 and then it must be obvious that no overheating of the tubes can take place4 ,in practice it is more usual to find objections made to the apparatus not giving sufficient heat1 than to its giving too much4 ,the quantity of feet in pipes necessary to raise rooms of a certain size to a given temperature1 must be proportioned to their cubical contents1 and this depends equally on the situation and aspect of the building1 the number of doors1 and windows or skylights2 no rule can consequently be given which would be applicable to all places with any degree of certainty4 ,the pipes being only five-eighths of an inch internal diameter1 a very small quantity of water is required to fill the apparatus4 ,a tube called the expansion tube is placed above the highest level of the circulating pipes1 and is generally of larger diameter4 ,the object of this tube is to allow for the expansion of the water as it becomes heated2 a tube is also placed at the highest level1 in order to fill the apparatus1 so as to leave the expansion tube empty4 ,the tubes are provided with screw plugs1 so as to be conveniently opened when it is required to fill the pipes with water1 and closed again after being filled4 ,this can be done with facility by a servant4 ,the circulation of the water is produced by the application of heat to the coil in the furnace2 and as the small size of the pipes admits of presenting the largest possible amount of surface to the action of the fire1 it is clear that a greater economy of fuel is effected by it than by the ordinary system of boilers4 ,as the water becomes heated it rises immediately to the highest level of the circulating pipes1 and thus forms a column of heated water1 specifically lighter than the colder water1 which descends to the lower part of the coil4 ,thus a circulation is effected throughout the whole course of the pipes1,d which eventually become heated1 and the whole may be regulated exactly to that degree of temperature which is most conducive to a beneficial effect4 ,to regulate the degree of heat to be given to the tubes1 without requiring the necessity of an attendant1 advantage has been taken of the expansive property of the iron pipe when heated4 ,there are three multiplying levers fixed in a box1 and so placed that the short arm of one of the levers rests upon a regulating screw attached to the flow pipe4 ,on the other end of the series of levers a rod so rests that upon the slightest movement of the levers1 the damper in the flue1 which is attached to the rod1 is opened or closed1 as the case may be4 ,the box of levers is suspended from the hot pipe1 so as to leave about two feet in length between the point of suspension and the point of contact with the short arm of the lever4 ,the operation of this arrangement is obvious1 for the instant the pipe becomes heated1 it expands and presses the short arm of the lever2 and as the fulcrum within the box cannot move1 by reason of the rod which suspends it being cold1 it follows that the lever must be depressed1 by which action a sufficient motion is given to the damper1 to close it at any given temperature at which it may be originally fixed4 ,the great advantage in the use of this apparatus is the saving of time in obtaining the requisite degree of heat4 ,it often happens that the time occupied in heating the water of an ordinary hot-water apparatus completely defeats the object of getting warmth in any reasonable time1 particularly in greenhouses1 where it is frequently desirable to get up the heat quickly1 to prevent the effect of frost4 ,it has been said that this property of generating the heat rapidly has the disadvantage of not being able to retain it3 this1 however1 is not the case1 for1 on the contrary1 an equal temperature may be maintained for any length of time that may be desired4 ,it is only necessary to make the fireplace sufficiently large to contain fuel enough to last the time the heat is required to be continued1 and the damper will regulate the combustion of the fuel and the heat of the pipes1 so that there will be no variation for twelve hours together4 ,there being no boiler to the apparatus1 it is free from the ordinary danger of explosion2 if a pipe by possibility should burst1 no harm ensues1 for the water escapes from so small an aperture that it becomes absolutely cool by its expansion and mixture with atmospheric air4 ,so little fear of fire exists with the apparatus1 that the directors of the principal fire offices readily accept1 at the lowest rate of premium1 all proposals for the insurance of buildings in which the system is adopted1 not requiring even the customary inspection4 ,the author made drawings of one of these apparatus put up in an ornamental greenhouse in ,kew ,gardens in #ahdd2 and fourteen years after1 the director of the garden1 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hooker1 publicly allowed it to be stated in print that no hot-water apparatus in any of their houses had given so much satisfaction2 that the heat was given out after lighting the fires more rapidly than in any other of their houses1 and steadily maintained at any degree of temperature required4 ,the two systems of the high and low temperature can readily be combined1 and the temperature of both large and small tubes nearly equalized4 ,this may be done by using one furnace4 ,a diagram given by ,dr4 ,arnott in a lecture delivered by him at the ,royal ,institution in ,march1 #ahcf1 with his explanation1 will show the principle upon which the combination is effected4 ,suppose ,a1 fig4 #a1 is a cistern full of cold water1 and ,b a cistern full of hot water3 if the two cocks c c are unturned1 it is a fact that the water at d will be one degree of warmth only above the water at ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a1 and the water at e will be of one degree less temperature than the water in ,b4 ,if1 therefore1 on this principle1 some of the pipes of the high-temperature system are passed through the large tubing of the low temperature one1 the desired effect is obtained3 the large pipes or tablets of one apparatus remain at their full heat1 while an additional quantity of inch pipe of sufficiently warm temperature is obtained1 that can be carried into rooms and placed in situations into which the warming surfaces of the low-temperature system could not be made to approach4 ,as regards the low temperature apparatus1 if the large pipes belonging to it are laid in sufficient quantity1 they doubtless have the effect of producing a moderate degree of heat4 ,the best way of introducing them into a dwelling-house is to sink them in channels in the floor1 with perforated ironwork over them3 they are more usually introduced into hothouses1 factories1 and workshops1 where their appearance is not objectionable4 ,a feeling exists in favour of their use in conservatories2 in order to show how they can be retained for that purpose1 the combined systems are introduced in the plan of the villa here described4 ,the ground plan shows the entrance hall1 the gallery or sculpture saloon in the centre1 the principal staircase1 the picture room and the servants' staircase1 all warmed by the inch pipes2 the larger pipes are introduced into the conservatory4 ,in the picture room--that between the drawing-room and the dining-room--and in the hall1 the pipes are sunk in trenches in the floor4 ,they are close to the walls1 and lined with brick with an inside covering of zinc4 ,these trenches have over them perforated ornamental ironwork2 a a are pedestals containing coils of pipe2 b b are pipes behind the skirting1 likewise perforated4 ,where these pipes pass the doorways they are sunk in the floor4 ,in the conservatory d d are the large pipes2 f is an open cistern1 through which the circulation of water in the pipes flows2 at g are placed the expansion and filling tubes4 ,fig4 #b is an isometrical view of the pipes1 furnace1 and cisterns complete to a small scale2 e is the furnace placed in the basement2 f is a cistern of cold water through which the flow and return pipes from the furnace pass3 the water becoming heated in the cistern flows out1 and returns in the direction shown by the arrows4 ,the flow pipe1 leaving this cistern1 passes up to the expansion tube g1 whence the tubes run through the building in the manner shown1 returning to the furnace4 ,the pipes d1 are two other flow and return pipes1 furnished with a stop-cock1 by means of which the circulation can be confined either to the house or to the conservatory4 ,the furnace ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 should in reality contain two coils of pipe1 having two flows and two returns1 the whole of which should go through the cistern f1 but the small scale of the plate allows one circulation only to be shown4 ,dr4 ,arnott's principle of nearly equalizing temperatures was applied by him for room ventilation4 ,its mode of application is explained in the following extract from his report on 8,warming and ,ventilating ,infirmaries1 ,workhouses1 ,factories1 and ,domestic ,apartments10 given in the appendix to the ,second ,annual ,report of the ,poor ,law ,commissioners3--8,in rooms where the mechanical mode of ventilation already described 7by means of fanners7 and now common in factories1 has been adopted1 an addition might be made to the apparatus for extracting the impure air1 which would drive fresh air in1 and which1 by causing the two currents to pass each other in contact for a certain distance in very thin metallic tubes1 would cause the fresh air entering to absorb nearly the whole heat from the impure air going out1 and would thus render it at once both pure and warm1 and would consequently save1 after the room was once warmed1 any further expense of fuel for the day1 and would avoid1 how rapid soever the ventilation1 all the danger from draught and unequal heating40 ,the above idea is extremely ingenious1 but as to its practical efficiency1 some doubt might be expressed4 ,the temperature of a warm room1 even if it was #fe1 would be much too low to produce the action described4 ,a very ingenious application of the small-tube system of warming has been introduced into his dwelling by ,mr4 ,babbage4 ,he placed the furnace in the basement1 and divided the whole length of piping by means of a multiple cock into four circulations1 any one of which he could turn off or on at pleasure2 one circulation warmed the bath1 which1 when the cistern that supplied it was once up to #afj degrees 7and this it took an hour to obtain71 remained sufficiently warm for a bath during #bd hours4 ,the whole quantity of pipe in the building was #hia feet1 and the quantity in the furnace #ace4 ,the thermometer in the smoke-flue was seldom higher than #bab degrees1 when that in the flow-pipe was #bdj degrees4 ,any two or three1 or all four of the circulations could be worked together1 by simply turning an index provided for the purpose4 ,the tool-room was always kept at a temperature of from #ej to #ed4 ,in winter the hat-room received a portion of piping1 so that coats and gloves1 even in the dampest weather1 were always kept dry4 ,one circulation was sent through the dining-room a short time before it was used2 it was after a certain time turned off and sent through the bedrooms and dressing-rooms4 ,the various rooms in the winter were kept at different temperatures1 the dressing-rooms were a few degrees warmer than were the bed-rooms3 an inducement for early rising4 ,the linen was aired1 and warm water provided in the dressing-rooms and for the use of the servants4 ,the apparatus saved labour in cleaning and lighting of fires1 and it was economical1 the consumption of fuel during the six winter months being about a bushel of coke in #bd hours4 ,the supply of air1 and the consequent combustion and quantity of fuel1 was regulated by the fire itself4 ,this was never suffered to go out after it had been once lighted1 except when necessary to remove the clinkers1 and this occurred about once a fortnight4 ,in the morning1 about seven o'clock1 the fire was well shaken by means of a lever attached to the bars of the grate4 ,coal or coke was supplied1 and the air valve opened4 ,the stop-cock was then turned on to supply the coils for the library and stairs4 ,at about eight o'clock in the evening the stop-cock was turned to heat the coil of the bath1 and at eleven o'clock1 fuel having been supplied1 the air valve was completely closed1 and the damper also if necessary4 ,by these means the fire burned very slowly during the whole of the night1 and the bath cistern received the warmth thus generated4 ,these conveniences and luxuries might be more generally applied than they are at present in the dwellings of this country4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #bi4 ,,garden ,,seat4 ,this small ornamental structure was designed for a garden in ,wiltshire1 on an estate near ,chippenham4 ,the garden1 which is very extensive1 rises ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 in steep terraces up the combe or hill by the side of the mansion1 which lies down in the valley4 ,the structure was to be on the highest part of the garden1 ,illustration3 ,elevation of front4 commanding an extensive view of the valley1 the village1 and adjacent country4 ,as the house is in the neighbourhood of several fine old ,elizabethan mansions1 the design partook of that character4 ,the view represents ,illustration3 ,section4 ,illustration3 ,side elevation4 ,illustration3 ,balustrade4 the structure in its complete state1 with the terrace overlooking the valley4 ,the turret on the tower of the village church is seen in the distance4 ,the latter ,illustration3 ,portion of exterior front4 ,illustration3 ,portion of the entrance front4 ,illustration3 ,balustrade 7#bnd example74 is an agreeable object in the view1 being an extremely fine specimen of ,decorated ,english ,gothic1 and in good preservation4 ,the plan is beneath the view1 and the elevation of the building is likewise given4 ,the whole of it was to have been constructed in stone2 the vases were intended to receive flower-pots1 so that a constant change of flowers could be placed in them by the pots being changed as often as was desired4 ,a section through the centre and a side elevation are given2 the balustrade is from an ancient example1 it is five inches in thickness4 ,the mouldings of the exterior are of plain ,roman character1 without any admixture of ,gothic forms4 ,the best examples of our ,elizabethan architecture are pure ,italian1 but possessing a bolder and more picturesque outline1 suited to our northern climate1 than that shown by the elegant ,italian model4 ,the second balustrade1 p4 #cfe1 was an after-suggestion1 it being considered more appropriate to the design than the first one4 ,another elevation was made for the same structure2 this is shown as ,design ,no4 #cj2 it was to occupy the same site1 and to have been constructed wholly in stone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,opposite is a drawing of an ancient chimney-piece at ,enfield1 bearing the inscription-- ,sola salus servire ,deo1 ,sunt ctera fravdes4 ,illustration3 ,ancient chimney-piece in the ,palace ,school1 ,enfield4 7,formerly in the occupation of ,queen ,elizabeth47 ,,design ,no4 #cj4 ,a ,,garden ,,seat4 ,illustration ,the turret of the village church is seen through the centre opening2 this was proposed to be filled with plain and coloured glass2 the detail of the ornament above the cornice is copied from that on ,illustration3 ,plan 7#bnd design74 the gables of ,charlton ,house1 ,wiltshire1 from which the author had just returned1 having visited it for the purpose of making drawings and fully illustrating it in one of his publications4 ,,design ,no4 #ca4 ,,an ,,ice-,,house4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,this design represents an old-fashioned ice-house1 such as were constructed in the country several years ago1 and still are so1 where large quantities of ice are required to be stored4 ,this small structure1 embosomed amidst trees1 impervious to the sun1 was formed with the stone of the district1 and arched and domed over with bricks4 ,the well a1 sunk in the earth1 is #aj feet in diameter1 b is a cesspool to receive the water that drops from the ice1 and c is the drain ,illustration3 ,plan4 to convey it to the well d2 the ice is thrown in from the top1 the earth e1 and the two stone slabs and the straw between them1 being removed4 ,as an additional precaution against warmth1 the structure was buried in a mound of earth4 ,this1 as it quite destroyed any picturesque effect it would otherwise have had amidst the trees1 is not shown in the view4 ,these ice-wells have not often so long a passage of approach2 one only from #f to #aj feet in length is sufficient1 but double doors and a free current of air across the entrance passage are desirable4 ,it has not often a domed roof to cover that of the well1 a common wooden roof covered with thatch placed a few feet above the roof of the well being sufficient2 neither is it often considered necessary to have a well to receive the water dropping from the ice4 ,the ice-well walls may be splayed down to the ground1 with proper footings1 and an uncovered piece of ground left at the bottom4 ,over this is placed an open wood frame1 which supports the ice1 and permits all water to drain off4 ,when the walls are splayed down in this form1 buttresses must be added to support them1 and the weight of the ice4 ,every country house in ,america is provided with an excellent ice-house of the simplest and most practical kind4 ,it consists of a deep excavation in the earth1 roofed over with a pointed thatch4 ,these ice-houses are always well filled in the winter1 and rarely if ever quite emptied during the summer4 ,an accurate section of such an ice-well1 with full directions for its construction1 has been lately published4,e ,,design ,no4 #cb4 ,a ,,suburban ,,villa4 ,one of the chief peculiarities in small suburban villas that have been erected near ,london within the last thirty years1 is that of making the ,illustration3 ,elevation of principal front4 chief room on the basement the ordinary apartment for the family4 ,the confined areas formerly adopted in front and back of the building are omitted1 and the earth is sloped up in form of a bank1 being adorned with flowers and shrubs so as to look pleasing from within the apartments4 ,there is usually a side room in the basement1 with descending steps to the entrance1 which serves as an office to the occupier of the house4 ,if his business be chiefly in the locality1 ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 this is very convenient2 the chief room in the basement is used as a dining and supper room1 and indeed for all common purposes by the family4 ,it renders it unnecessary to have more than one1 or at most1 two servants' rooms4 ,the drawing-room1 the library1 and the superior dining-room are on the floor above4 ,this suburban dwelling very much resembles the same class of structure in ,america1 where economy of space is carried out more completely than with us1 and the residents are less dependent on servants4 ,in the ,american house1 the pantry is nearly always placed between the kitchen and the dining-room1 and its chief approach is from the latter1 even when the dining-room is on the ground floor4 ,the ,american ,illustration3 ,one-pair plan4 house has the office1 or place of business of the occupier1 on the lower floor1 with its separate entrance4 ,the ,americans exhibit a compactness of arrangement and an attention to detail that prove they are in no way behind us in a knowledge of what is requisite for household comfort4 ,one peculiarity in the ,american building is the verandah1 which is considered to be indispensable4 ,it is large and roomy1 and often placed on three sides of the building2 the climate1 warmer and drier than our own1 renders such an addition a ,illustration3 ,section through front and back4 great luxury4 ,our atmosphere in the winter months has often been pronounced of leaden gravity1 and it does not permit of any erection that stops the circulation of the air1 which would render it stagnant4 ,another peculiarity in the houses of our ,american cousins1 is that they are often cased in wood4 ,if the house be only two or three storeys in height1 an #h-;in4 brick wall is considered sufficient3 this is 8furred off outside1 and covered with clap boards10 in the ordinary ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 way followed in a wooden building4 ,its advantage is1 that it is sure to secure a perfectly dry wall4 ,this mode of construction in ,england would necessitate the painting of the whole of the exterior once at least in every three or four years4 ,one more suitable with us for a wall in a damp situation would be the plan the author pursued in the house on ,salisbury ,plain1 putting quartering against the wall1 and covering it with diamond slating4 ,the surface could be varied with coloured encaustic tiles so as to present a pleasant ,illustration3 ,front windows4 appearance1 proper ventilation being given behind the slating4 ,the small suburban villa represented in the plate is supposed to stand on a plot of ground with a frontage of #ej ft42 the construction is in brick and stucco1 the small columns of the portico are of ,bath stone4 ,the plan shows a small hall a1 the library c1 #ae ft4 by #ad ft41 and on the right with a strong closet4 ,the dining-room e1 is #ah ft4 by #ae ft41 and on the left2 the drawing-room d1 is #bc ft4 by #ah ft4 ,there is a large commodious staircase b1 and leading from it a small dressing-room i1 and closet4 ,this dressing-room might easily be made to contain a bath2 the water for the bath in any one of the floors should always be heated by means of a close boiler attached to an ordinary kitchen-range4 ,it is the most simple1 economical1 and efficient arrangement for that purpose1 as no more fire than that used for cooking is required4 ,the cold water is supplied from a cistern at the top of the house1 and a continual circulation of the water between that and the boiler goes on1 the hot water ascending1 the cold descending4 ,pipes may be branched off from the ascending pipe1 which leaves the top of the boiler1 and taken to any part of the house1 ensuring a supply of hot water to dressing-rooms1 nurseries1 c4 ,instead of a boiler1 a coil of iron or copper pipe is often used1 rendering the circulation quicker and more effective4 ,the one-pair plan of the suburban villa contains three large bedrooms1 two dressing-rooms1 and one invalid's room entered from the staircase2 to this room the closet could be attached4 ,the staircase leads up to two large attics for the servants4 ,the section1 p4 #cgf1 shows a portion of the front and back of the building1 with the construction of the roof1 the back wall not being carried so high as the front4 ,this is done to give the building an imposing appearance from the road1 a mode of construction very often carried out in suburban houses4 ,the basement plan affords good accommodation2 f is the kitchen1 #ah ft4 by #ae ft41 g the scullery1 h the larder1 k the living room1 l the business office1 with its separate entrance4 ,the closet for the servants is external2 the footman's pantry and the wine cellar lead out of the staircase b2 the coal cellar is under the portico4 ,the house thus contains seventeen rooms2 the cost of its erection would be #cbfjl4 completely finished4 ,a detail of the windows is given on a large scale at page #cgh4 ,the following is an elevation of the vane1 the constructive detail of which is given in a former vignette4 ,the character is ,elizabethan1 and designed from an example at ,oxnead ,hall1 ,norfolk4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #cc4 ,a ,,suburban ,,villa4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of principal front4 ,this design is also one for a suburban villa1 or a small country house1 on a rather larger scale than the preceding4 ,this villa1 dressed with a plain ,italian elevation1 and of smaller dimensions as to plan1 has been erected on several sites near ,london4 ,the front of the present design was partly taken from a plate in 8,nash's ,mansions10 at the request of a ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 gentleman who very much admired it1 and who was anxious to have a semi-detached villa of the same character4 ,the villa was therefore designed so that another could be placed by the side of it4 ,the two gables form the centre1 the chimney stack is between them on the roof2 the front was to have a sunk area1 topped by a ,gothic balustrade1 and as there were no principal rooms on the basement floor in the front of the house1 this was easily given2 the rooms at the back looked into the garden1 and these had the ground in front of them sloped up4 ,the ground plan shows an entrance hall a1 #ad ft4 by #aj ft41 with a commodious staircase b1 #ah ft4 by #ab ft41 to the left4 ,there was a closet to the right2 ,illustration3 ,the one-pair plan4 a lift from the basement could easily be obtained here4 ,the study c1 was about #af ft4 square1 and was entered from the hall2 the dining-room e1 had a bay window1 and was in the centre of the building2 it measured #bj ft4 square4 ,the drawing-room d1 was very large1 being #ca ft4 in length by #af ft4 in breadth1 with a large window at each end2 this was often considered objectionable1 as the occupants of the room can always be seen from the opposite houses1 but as this was intended for a semi-detached villa1 windows could not be obtained at the side4 ,the one-pair plan contains one large and three small bedrooms1 with a closet4 ,over the porch was placed a conservatory1 and by its side the tower staircase led up to the attic4 ,this contained four good-sized ,illustration3 ,attic plan4 bedrooms1 each with a fireplace2 there was a housemaid's closet1 and a place for the slate cistern to supply the lower part of the house with water2 a small cistern on a higher level was placed on the roof of the tower4 ,another room could easily have been obtained on this floor1 by continuing the passage at the housemaid's closet through the centre room1 and this was proposed1 but it was objected to1 as it could not be rendered light and airy4 ,a second staircase1 ,illustration3 ,section through portion of building4 from the attic to the basement1 could have been formed in the tower1 the two closets being placed in a similar position to the one on the first floor4 ,the staircase in the tower led on to the roof4 ,the section shows the height of the various rooms1 there being no variation throughout the floors4 ,it was intended to carry out ,illustration3 ,the basement plan4 the style of the exterior in the interior--a medley between the ,gothic and ,elizabethan2 the proprietor having a very large collection of old-fashioned carvings of various styles and dates1 picked up at sales1 or purchased in ,wardour ,street 7at that time more celebrated for such antiquities than at present74 ,the walls were to be covered with gilt leather and rich tapestries1 and with this the architect did not intend to meddle1 leaving it all to the taste and skill of the owner1 although he has finished several interiors with such materials4 ,the basement plan shows the kitchen f1 the scullery g1 and larder h2 q is the wine cellar1 and j the butler's pantry4 ,then there were two large rooms looking towards the garden1 and these were unappropriated4 ,the butler's small pantry had a window looking into the side area2 the servants' door was on the staircase2 the coal cellar was placed under the steps leading to the porch4 ,the building was to be constructed in brick and cement1 with the porch and external balustrade in stone4 ,the expense would have amounted to #dfjjl41 or the double villa to #ijjjl4 ,,design ,no4 #cd4 ,,riding-,,house ,,and ,,stabling4 ,this collection of designs could hardly be complete without a group of stable buildings4 ,to make such a group picturesque is extremely difficult1 ,illustration3 ,perspective view of riding-house4 and it is very seldom attempted4 ,such buildings mostly form a portion of the offices which are placed out of view1 concealed by plantations or shrubbery1 and generally at some distance from the mansion to which they appertain4 ,the present design1 carried out in #ahdf and #ahdh1 was for some additional stabling to a baronial park1 and it formed a conspicuous object4 ,it stands on the ,illustration3 ,plan of riding-house and stabling4 eastern side of a quadrangle1 the larger stabling being on the west1 the offices of the mansion on the north 7see above71 and on the south there was a terrace-walk overlooking the park4 ,the block of buildings as represented in the plan1 comprised a riding-house a1 #fb ft4 in length by #cb ft4 in width1 a four-stall stable e1 #cj ft4 in length1 a loose box b1 #ac ft4 square1 and the boiler room d4 ,the dung pit g1 into which the liquid manure from the stable was sent1 was on a very low level1 and had a cart road at its side4 ,the coach-house between the riding-house and stable was #dj ft4 in length by #bj ft4 in breadth2 it had a covered area in front #dd ft4 in length1 with a width of #ac ft41 and a well and pump4 ,the prospect tower h1 as well as the tower i1 had iron staircases1 which led to the stud-groom's sleeping room1 two harness rooms1 and the gallery of the riding-house4 ,the latter was erected first4 ,it is in brick1 with a circular-ribbed wooden roof1 on the plan introduced by ,phil4 de l',orme1 whose well-known book was published in ,paris in #aefg4 ,he introduced a construction for roofing that is both cheap and efficient1 and one that while plenty of light and ventilation can be obtained1 gives the largest space in the interior of the room4 ,the walls of the riding-house were two bricks thick1 laid ,english bond4 ,as the foundation rested on the stone no concrete was used1 but the rock1 which was on a steep incline1 was levelled in step-like fashion1 to receive the walls4 ,buttresses were placed where the circular ribs of the roof were situate2 two lines of iron-hoop bond1 #a in4 by #a_/af in41 tarred and sanded were laid in all the walls1 piers1 and buttresses2 there were #ac courses #b lines in side walls1 #af courses #b lines in gable walls1 and #g courses #b lines in buttresses4 ,the walls were covered with brick copings formed of two courses of moulded bricks cut to lengths and mitred1 and set and jointed in cement to gable ends3 the flaunches of the angle buttress were formed with stocks1 the upper courses set and pointed in cement1 and the angles of parapets cut and mitred to the same4 ,ragstone moulded corbels were placed over the piers inside the building1 from these the circular ribs sprung and into which they were stubbed4 ,the roof was thus described in the specification3--,the roof will be formed of circular ribs placed two and two1 each #g inches apart1 screwed and bolted together1 each single rib to be in three thicknesses1 the inner one of oak and to consist of twenty-six pieces of #a inch deal and ten of #a oak1 each separate piece #a foot in width1 and to be as long as the scantling of the timber will allow1 the ribs to be wrought and glued together1 and at each joint to have two hard nails or inch screws having a good thread2 the top and bottom edges of rib cut fair for linings1 the side finished for paint4 ,cross pieces1 #g by #b inches1 twelve to each pair of ribs1 the whole to be bolted together4 ,to prevent the ribs from being at an unequal distance1 the two outer ribs to be sunk half-an-inch at the places where the purlins notch in them4 ,the purlins1 eight in number1 to run the whole length of roof1 notching in the rib arches4 ,the purlins to be placed in pairs and to have small cross struts either notched into them or securely nailed to prevent them from buckling or twisting4 ,all the horizontal timbers of roof1 such as the purlins1 poll plate1 sill1 and heads of skylight1 to run #i inches in end walls1 and to be cogged on template4 ,each purlin1 if not in one piece1 to be properly scarfed4 ,an oak wall-plate1 #i in4 by #f in41 was laid the whole length and width of the building1 running #f in4 in the wall at angles1 where it was pinned and lapped4 ,the plate in the arch over the entrance formed the upper part of the railing in the gallery4 ,this plate served as the abutment for twenty-four oak braces or struts1 each #g in4 by #d in41 placed in the lower portions of the roof on each side1 each strut to be sub-tenoned either into purlin or cross piece between rib1 and the whole to be securely fixed4 ,the framing to support curb or sill of skylights to be in one piece1 to run over the wood arches1 and to be securely fixed to purlin4 ,each pair of circular ribs moneyed out #bbl4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the more modern ,french style of forming this kind of roof would have been by bent ribs composed of three ten-inch planks1 #ab inches by #c1 cut true at the saw-mill1 jointed with glue1 planed all round1 chamfered to edges1 with #bj half-inch bolts4 ,these would have cost only #acl4 #afs4 #h;d4 each1 but they would have caused considerable lateral pressure against the side walls4 ,the roof of the riding-house is correctly shown in the small view1 p4 #chi1 which serves also to show the section4 ,fig4 #a of the accompanying cut shows one ,illustration3 ,fig #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 of the circular ribs1 fig4 #b the section of the pair joined together1 and fig4 #c the section of the more modern ,french method of bent ribs4 ,a roof in this latter construction was put up by ,mr4 ,charles ,fowler1 architect1 at the sale-room1 ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,the circular ribs of the roof were formed in three thicknesses of #a deal1 footed into iron sockets or corbels let into stone templates4 ,as a precaution until the perfect set and settlement of the work1 three of the roof-frames had iron tie-rods1 which were removed when all fear of lateral thrust was over4 ,a print of the room was given in the ,builder4 ,the first construction described could be much improved1 strengthened1 and lightened by introducing an iron bar in lieu of the oak rib2 and this has been done in several instances1 resulting in the roofs standing well4 ,the chief portion of the bricks used in the construction of the riding-house were provided from the estate1 and were carted on the ground for the use of the builder4 ,his account came to #ibjl4 ,the elevation of the stable shows the entrance to the coachhouse in the centre1 between coupled columns4 ,these were in iron1 of slightly ,elizabethan character as to style4 ,two gabled windows are on each side1 one forming the entrance to the riding-house1 the whole flanked by two towers2 that on the left contained the staircase leading to the gallery of the riding-house seen in the view1 the other is the prospect tower1 overlooking the park4 ,these buildings were commenced and finished in #ahdh4 ,the builder had to take down the old coachhouse and stabling which stood upon the site1 and was permitted to use the old materials as far as they would go2 one roof was re-used4 ,the cost of the new building was #aajgl4 ,the whole length was #ie ft4 ,one of its principal features was the prospect tower1 a view of which and ,illustration3 ,elevation of stable4 a representation of the back front is on p4 #cih2 this was #fj ft4 in height above the foundations4 ,an iron staircase led up to the small tower1 which had a staircase leading to the roof or lead flat1 upon which was a seat and flagstaff4 ,the battlements of ,illustration3 ,cap of iron column4 this small tower and its doorway were constructed of ragstone4 ,this turret was corbelled out from the building as seen in the view2 its plan and that of the corbelling is given on p4 #cii4 ,the corbels were two bricks in height1 each course2 the arch is covered with ,illustration3 ,perspective view of prospect tower4 a stone landing upon which the small turret stands4 ,it has a lightning conductor4 ,this1 the three iron staircases1 and the columns1 cost #bjjl41 which1 however1 ,illustration was included in the previously stated amount of #aajgl4 ,it was proposed to give the terrace-walk an ornamental stone4 ,the balustrading and one of the bays of this balustrading are illustrated below4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of the balustrade4 ,,design ,no4 #ce4 ,a ,,bachelor',s ,,house4 ,this building was intended to have been erected on an estate in the neighbourhood of ,london1 for the solicitor acting for the lessee1 a builder who was erecting numerous first-class houses upon the property1 and who required his solicitor to be often with him4 ,the gentleman was a bachelor1 and this was1 for a time1 to have been his private town dwelling4 ,it was only to consist of a basement and ground floor1 but the walls were to be made sufficiently thick to enable the structure to be carried upwards when the estate was fully covered1 and the house would be required for a family4 ,the plan was arranged after the legal gentleman's own directions3 a is the small entrance hall1 leading to the inner hall1 from which the living room b1 and the picture gallery f1 are gained2 the gallery contained a choice collection of cabinet pictures1 hunting subjects by a celebrated painter2 c is a small bedroom1 which could be enclosed or shut off from the living room by a lifting-screen1 worked somewhat similar to a lifting shutter4 ,the screen was to be covered on the side next the living room with paintings2 d is the bath ,illustration3 ,plan4 room1 e the closet1 h is the dining-room with its lift1 i1 from the pantry in the basement2 j was a small iron staircase leading down to the stable1 where some valuable hunters were to be kept4 ,under the dining-room was the coachhouse2 no rooms were over the stabling4 ,the servants' entrance was in the area4 ,the exterior of the building had a plain ,gothic ,tudor front4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vignette shows a corbel in the ,french cut-wood style4 ,illustration ,,the ,,fireplace4 ,,flue ,,construction ,,and ,,smoke ,,prevention4 ,an especial love for home comfort has always been an ,english characteristic4 ,it has formed a species of national taste and pride even among our working classes4 ,the constant changes of our climate are injurious to every class2 the chief point of attraction in the ,english dwellings1 during winter's wet1 cold1 and fog1 is centred in the fireplace4 ,this has long been deemed the favoured spot where 8,social mirth ,exults and glows before the blazing hearth40 ,the fireplace suits our climate2 it is cheerful and attractive1 but it gives its heat only by radiation4 ,we are warmed on one side and chilled on the other1 but neither the warmth nor the chill is too great to bear1 and the occupant of the room can move into any temperature that suits him4 ,in more northern climates the use of the fireplace would not be tolerated2 there the cold is so excessive that an equal warmth must be diffused throughout the apartments1 and flues in hollow walls1 and closed stoves either in iron or brick are in the ascendant1 as already mentioned in an earlier part of this work4 ,but such means1 by which the air is heated1 and not merely warmed--and there is a great difference between warmed air and heated--would not be tolerated here4 ,a puff of air from a closed stove caused by a back draught is not pleasant1 and is very different from the honest puff of smoke from an ,english fireplace1 that gives as a natural product of combustion1 carbonic acid gas4 ,but not one of these stoves1 nor those that are called 8smoke-consuming stoves10 make a good companionable fire--and this is not liked4 ,the common open fireplace has held its own1 and will continue to hold its own1 against the best-contrived stove that can be introduced in lieu of it4 ,but it still remains to find such a construction as will remedy its serious defects4 ,these are chiefly such as pertain to the flue2 it is not to the stove that these belong1 for that1 thanks to our excellent makers1 is quite perfect4 ,in our sluggish winter atmosphere the smoke leaves the open flue with tolerable certainty unless the flue is foul with soot2 but when high winds prevail and the atmosphere is anything but sluggish1 it teaches us the faults of the open flue1 and volumes of smoke descend into our apartments4 ,there are few occurrences in domestic life more vexatious and annoying than this2 the numerous unsightly appendages in the form of cowls1 turncaps1 and windguards which appear alike on our houses1 churches1 and palaces1 whilst they exhibit the ingenuity of our builders and workmen in remedying the trouble of smoky chimneys1 demonstrate also the frequency of the misfortune4 ,when flues are carefully constructed1 with the best modern improvements1 and a due supply of air is admitted into the stove1 a smoky chimney is an exception2 still the flue forms only a simple open funnel for the passage of the smoke1 and failures will inevitably often happen4 ,a construction on a good principle should render these defects as trifling as possible4 ,in our best houses--those constructed within the last twenty or thirty years--two kinds of the common brick flue are mostly in use4 ,one is of the old-fashioned kind1 having a section of #ad by #i in41 which was made originally of that size for the accommodation of the poor sweeping-boys4 ,this is now retained only for the kitchen fire1 which makes a large quantity of smoke1 and for the rest of the fireplaces the flue known as 8,cubitt's0 flue is employed1 which has a diameter each way of #i in4 ,the author prefers the small flue1 and always uses it in the buildings he has constructed4 ,there are many persons who still maintain that the old-fashioned flue is the correct one1 and it is still very generally used4 ,there is an old saying about the proof of the pudding4 ,in ,belgrave ,square1 all the houses first designed and erected have the old-fashioned flue1 and there are scarcely a dozen of the old chimney-pots left2 all have been changed for tall-boys and other similar contrivances2 one house has about #bd in one stack4 ,no4 #di1 built by ,cubitt about #ce years ago1 and having the descending or sweeping flue1 has the stacks exactly as at first constructed1 with the exception only of a little doctoring to the kitchen flue4 ,in the house opposite1 ,no4 #dh1 one of the first1 the external stack alone1 next the street1 has no less than #ag tall-boys1 two of which appear to be broken off4 ,on the opposite side of the ,square1 in ,chesham ,place1 is ,no4 #ch1 built by ,cubitt about #cj years2 it has all the original stacks untouched4 ,the ,cubitt flue can be recognised by the small peculiar cap on the chimney-pot1 and several of these stacks remain in their original state4 ,in ,eaton ,place and ,eccleston ,square1 where this flue is used1 the roofs tell the same story4 ,in the first buildings erected by the author he used the large flue1 and he now finds several specimens of chimney-doctoring on the roofs4 ,in some large houses he lately erected at ,queen's ,gate1 in which the sweeping flue is used1 there are several houses together without any disfigurement at all on the roof4 ,he considers that the appearance of a tall-boy on one of them would be rather a proof that there was something wrong about the servants' management of the fires1 than an error in the construction of his flues4 ,a representation of this flue1 and the manner of introducing it into a building1 is here given4 ,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,flue construction4 represents a portion of the chimney-flue construction of a first-rate house2 the lower chimney opening is in the basement1 and above it are two others1 one on the ground floor1 and one on the first floor4 ,it will be seen that there are three flues descending or taken down to the basement4 ,the third flue belongs to the room on the second floor4 ,the wall is two bricks thick1 the flue #i in4 in diameter1 and contained within the wall with no chimney-breast projecting4 ,fig4 #b is a plan of the flues on the ground floor1 and fig4 #c of those on the first floor4 ,fig4 #d is a section of the fireplace opening2 this is #c ft4 in height from the floor-line1 the brickwork at top is splayed1 and supported by an iron bar2 these openings are always filled up with #d straight joint work1 to be taken out when the mantelpiece is fixed4 ,fig4 #e is the chimney-pot and its cap1 the latter opening at top #g in4 by #i in4 only2 fig4 #f shows one of the sweeping doors1 in which there are two to each descending flue4 ,the latter three figures are twice the scale of the former4 ,a plan and section of the chimney complete1 with its marble mantel and stove1 is given in figs4 #g and #h4 ,the flue passes completely down at the back of the stove1 the front is closed by an iron plate to a height of #b ft4 ,on this is fixed the moveable door or register1 shut fully or partly over the flue when the stove is in use1 and closed over the stove when the flue has to be swept4 ,the arrows show the mode of admission of air to the front of the fire2 it is brought through the ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,plan of stove4 floor and two openings in the back hearth from the outside of the house4 ,this is generally kept concealed1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,section4 and in order to ensure a supply of air to the stove the room should be kept completely closed4 ,to cause as full and perfect a combustion of the fuel as possible1 a draught or current of the external air should be always admitted to the stove1 and it could easily be placed under open management1 so as to admit either a large or small supply of air1 as required4 ,numerous patent processes to effect this are in use1 but the most effective way of doing it is that shown in figs4 #g and #h3 it is too simple for a patent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #i shows a method of admitting air above the architrave of the entrance door of the room4 ,the opening is made about #b ft4 in length2 this1 after a little time1 becomes marked by the blacklets coming in from the passage4 ,the sweeping flue when the fire is lighted becomes very hot2 the smoke ascends speedily and soon leaves it4 ,the flue requires the stove to be formed expressly for it4 ,mr4 ,cubitt made the stoves only for his own houses1 and the author had some difficulty at ,queen's ,gate1 in procuring stoves of the right pattern1 for manufacturers prefer their own shop patterns1 and some of these would have covered up half the descending flue4 ,those he used were supplied by ,messrs4 ,feetham of ,clifford ,street1 who are well acquainted with the use of the flue and stove4 ,the flue is considered an excellent one2 it is a builder's flue1 constructed solely of brick1 and is certainly the best of the brick flues4 ,the same attention was paid to it as was given to every part of ,mr4 ,cubitt's buildings4 ,it may be asked1 8,are there no other kinds of flues constructed of superior materials80 ,yes1 certainly there are2 particular attention has often been paid to the flue4 ,there is ,hiort's circular flue1 formed in each course of four wedge-formed bricks4 ,mr4 ,hiort held a very important position2 he was ,treasurer of the office of ,works at ,whitehall1 and his flue was extensively used in some of the ,government buildings and the houses in ,carlton ,gardens4 ,it did not bond well with the brickwork1 so we have ,mr4 ,moon's improvement upon it4 ,this was considered not sufficient1 and another patent was taken out in #ahdd by ,messrs4 ,clark and ,reed for its further improvement4 ,the flue was an excellent one1 but on ,mr4 ,hiort's retirement from the ,government ,board1 it went out of use4 ,there is ,seth ,smith's metallic chimney lining1 which makes an excellent flue2 the lining is a pipe of from #e to #aj in4 in diameter1 built in the brickwork4 ,about #aej of these flues are at the ,pantechnicon4 ,mr4 ,smith announced his determination of never building any house above the value of #cjl4 per annum1 without using them4 ,they could be introduced1 to form perfect linings to chimneys in buildings already erected1 and allow the stack to be reduced in height1 without having the unsightly appearance of contractions made above them4 ,the drawback to the use of these tubes by builders was the price4 ,without any royalty1 the #i in4 tube cost #cs4 #d;d4 per ft4 run1 the curved tubes #ds4 #c;d41 the starting tube #cs4 #h;d4 ,the tubes were of the exact form of drain pipes1 and they were cheaper1 and as effectual4 ,if ,mr4 ,smith's metal tubes had been introduced into a large brick flue1 they would have rendered the latter an efficient shaft for ventilating every room in its upward course1 openings being made for the purpose at the upper part of the rooms4 ,this mode of ventilation was applied to hospitals on a large scale by the late ,mr4 ,jacob ,perkins several years ago1 with perfect success4 ,denley's flue1 introduced in #ahdc1 is believed to have been the precursor of that used by the late ,mr4 ,thos4 ,cubitt at ,belgravia and ,pimlico1 and there is a great resemblance between the two2 but ,mr4 ,denley's flue has nothing like the simplicity nor ease of construction of ,mr4 ,cubitt's4 ,the downward flues were merged into one at the basement1 and all the soot and cinders were collected or thrown down into a fire-proof box1 which must have stood out in the lower rooms1 from which they had to be removed4 ,the flues were swept from the roof1 the register doors of the stoves being closed1 and there was no provision for sweeping the flues between the basement and the stoves4 ,joined to his system for sweeping1 was one of air flues which brought a current of air direct from the exterior of the house to each fireplace4 ,we have several flue systems which have ventilating flues in connexion with them4 ,boyd's flue forms the wythes1 or half-brick spaces between the flues1 of iron plates1 and the open spaces thus gained make ventilating passages4 ,mr4 ,doulton's combined smoke and air flues are manufactured in terra-cotta1 in three sizes2 the air flues follow the line of the smoke flue1 the passages being quite distinct1 as in ,mr4 ,boyd's4 ,the heat from the smoke flue causes a current in the air-flue which carries off the vitiated air admitted by openings near the ceiling4 ,the common drain pipes and the glazed fire-clay pipes make good flues2 the use of these pipe-flues has greatly increased during the last few years2 they improve the draught1 and clean easily4 ,flues for ventilation from rooms should1 like ,arnott's ventilator1 enter into the smoke or a hot ventilating flue4 ,arnott's ventilator requires careful adjustment1 to be balanced in such a way that it should stand closed on a calm day4 ,the superior patented flues1 as they are of considerable cost1 and take extra time in construction1 are only used in the better class of buildings1 or in those erected under the express direction of the owner4 ,in speculative buildings they are never used4 ,the time required for their construction beyond that of the common brick flue1 being regarded by the builder as so much money lost4 ,the great desideratum in a flue is to make it pass off its smoke quickly1 and this the small size flue effects more certainly than the larger one1 as it warms sooner and keeps its heat longer4 ,an enthusiastic admirer of the descending or sweeping flue once told the author that with a good fire in the grate1 if a kettle of water could be placed on the top of the chimney-cap the water would soon boil1 even if the flue were fifty feet high4 ,the flues constructed of metallic or earthenware casings retain also the heat longer1 and keep hotter4 ,it may be imagined that with these flues1 and the large quantity of gas lamps in the streets1 why the temperature of ,london should be always some degrees higher than that of the country4 ,in winter snow may be seen in the suburban fields1 but none is found in town4 ,architects have often been blamed for not inventing a good system of flue-construction1 not only for the prevention of smoke in our dwellings1 but for the hindrance of its presence in the atmosphere4 ,several1 and most excellent attempts1 have been made for the former1 but very few for the latter1 which is one of far greater difficulty4 ,yet this is one that admits of a cure1 great as the evil is4 ,the chimney flue might be so improved as to effect a more certain and larger ventilation of our houses1 without any addition of ventilation flues4 ,the introduction of the ,french ,mansard roof with us1 one from a country where coal fires are not in use1 renders it almost imperative for the chimneys belonging to such buildings to have a different construction1 for chimneys when placed against a building or roof that overtops them1 are sure1 as they are at present made1 to become smoky3 the wind returning owing to the high construction1 and descending in the flues4 ,the following few designs are offered to cure these various evils4 ,accepting as a fact that tall-boys1 and the other iron and zinc constructions1 are useful appendages1 there can be no reason why they should be so used as to disfigure our buildings4 ,some of the finest specimens of architecture in the ,metropolis serve only as pedestals to an ugly collection of cowls4 ,the author proposes to form the upper part of the flues in a building1 for a length of about #ae to #bj feet1 entirely of iron or other tubing1 in square1 round1 or oblong sections1 of a less diameter than the brick flues to which they are attached4 ,this tubing is gathered up in groups1 and carried out at an angle of #de towards a centre stack3 the tubes in direct contact with each other1 having no brick wyths1 except one or two to strengthen the stack4 ,it is obvious that if only one of the flues be in use1 it would moderately warm those next to it2 and if the whole of the flues of a building were constructed on this plan1 and two or three were in use1 such a power would be obtained as would effectually ventilate every room2 the action would be continuous and imperceptible1 and a fire could be lighted in any one without the risk of return smoke from a cold or damp flue4 ,thus the heat now wasted in the atmosphere by the action of the common flue1 would be partly retained and turned to use1 and the draught of the flue very much improved4 ,this tubing could be readily introduced into either old or new buildings1 as the introduction does not involve taking down more than twelve feet of the brickwork1 measuring from the top of the coping4 ,the tubes could never become sufficiently heated to be dangerous1 and less brickwork would be required4 ,they might be made either of zinc or earthenware2 cast-iron would be objectionable on account of its weight4 ,it will be seen that they admit a better mode of sweeping than that now practised1 and they could easily have some kind of capping to prevent down-draughts4 ,these 8stack flues0 should commence from the attic or upper storey of a building1 at about six feet from the floor2 sweeping doors should be placed beneath them1 so as to give the sweep command of the flue beneath as well as above4 ,each flue should be composed of three separate forms of tubing1 by which the various directions and turns necessary for the construction might be obtained4 ,fig4 #aj gives the representation of the three forms2 #a1 is the first2 this is placed directly over the brick ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 flue1 and gathers it up to a size having an internal dimension of #f #d4 ,it is #ba inches in height4 #b1 the second piece1 is on a curve2 the top and bottom lines1 if carried on1 would form an angle of #de2 it is about #ah inches in height1 and internal size #f #d4 ,the third1 #c1 is a straight piece1 internal size #f #d1 the lengths various4 ,fig4 #aa gives a plan of four flues and an elevation of the commencement of two4 ,the sweeping doors are shown below4 ,the flue without a door is the ventilating flue for the basement4 ,the ease with which this tubing can be grouped is shown in fig4 #ab4 ,the stack consists of five flues2 the tube1 #b1 connects them together below1 and ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 separates them above4 ,the stack above the roof is #d feet #i inches in length4 ,fig4 #ac shows1 in the upper plan1 how the flue wall could be reduced in thickness1 made a brick and a half only1 with a two-brick block at each end2 it contains coupled and tripled sets of tubes4 ,the middle plan shows nine flues grouped together1 the centre being that belonging to the kitchen4 ,the last plan shows a group of six in a two-and-a-half-brick wall2 by the side of this are two flues of the common construction1 #ad inches by #i1 made of this ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 size to enable a boy to get up to the top and place his head out of the chimney-pot4 ,the tube #a1 fig4 #ab1 can have its position reversed1 as shown in fig4 #ad2 six flues can thus be grouped together1 as shown in the third plan1 fig4 #ac4 ,the elevation of this stack is given in fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,for a covering to these tubes figs4 #af to #bj show ornamental pots and their sections4 ,the only merit ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 in these may be that they are of a more ornamental character than any that have ever been introduced2 they are formed of zinc1 supported by a stout dwarf iron railing4 ,the intention is to permit the smoke to escape in any direction1 either upwards1 sideways1 or downwards1 sheltering it as far as possible from any action of the wind1 and rendering of little consequence whether the stack is high1 low1 unsheltered or ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 otherwise4 ,if any sudden gust of wind take place and the smoke be driven back1 the capping provides larger outlets for its escape than the small aperture of the flue itself2 in other words1 it is easier for the smoke to pass in any direction rather than return down the flue4 ,the stack flues are only1 in fact1 tall-boys boxed up and not put out in the cold1 and it is presumed they would be sufficiently powerful1 from their warmth1 to ensure a good passing off of the smoke1 and secure ventilation to the building4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a forced ventilation to our dwellings1 in ever so slight a degree1 is a matter of importance4 ,by the proper construction of these proposed stack flues it is presumed that any amount of ventilating power1 self-acting and continuous1 could be obtained4 ,their introduction alone would be beneficial2 combined with the flue pedestal1 to be described1 the tubes could be led into one general upward shaft2 by either plan we should have some command over the smoke1 while the roofs of our buildings might be made ornamental and picturesque4 ,it would be a treatment of bituminous coal alike artistic and novel1 surprising to foreigners and creditable to ourselves4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,it remains to show how the open character of the flue could be taken away 7this forms its chief evil71 and how a chimney-stack may be formed without chimney-pots4 ,the late ,lord ,palmerston1 when ,home ,secretary1 proposed the abolition of chimney-stacks1 and the use of only one chimney-stalk for each separate dwelling4 ,in #ahef1 a commission was appointed to inquire into the best modes of warming and ventilating the apartments of dwelling-houses and barracks4 ,their report1 given to the ,general ,board of ,health1 was published in #aheg1 and it afforded a section illustrating 8the principle on which it was proposed to construct dwelling-houses40 ,there was only to be ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 one flue1 and this of metal #aj inches in diameter1 enclosed in a large brick flue1 which was to serve for ventilation4 ,in the metal flue were to be inserted the flues of the several fireplaces2 these were placed back to back1 and if the register doors of the stoves were open1 a person in one room might both see and converse with another in the next2 the music of a pianoforte in one room could be heard in them all2 this construction was taken up through four storeys1 there being eight fireplaces4 ,for one fireplace alone it would have been perfect1 but the smoke from the two kitchen fires would have been sufficient to have choked ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 the flue and caused the smoke to enter into the whole of the eight rooms4 ,the chimney-stack might possibly be lowered1 and it certainly could be constructed without chimney-pots1 but each separate flue must have its own outlet4 ,a design for this1 one that should take away the open character of the flue1 and fit the stack1 possibly for the ,mansard roof1 is here given4 ,in fig4 #ba1 a a are the flues1 delivering their smoke into a large ventilating flue1 b4 ,the warm smoke would induce a current of air to enter at c3 any current will have a tendency to draw another with it1 so that the smoke leaving the flues c c would be taken out at d by the current of air at c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,the ventilating flue4 ,this is the principle upon which all the best ventilating chimney-pots1 tall-boys1 and cowls are made1 and it is a very sure one4 ,the jet of steam in the funnel of the locomotive1 drawing the smoke from the fire1 and creating a draught1 is adopted on the same principle4 ,in scientific language1 the established law both of pneumatics and hydraulics is that when two currents of fluid matter passing in the same direction1 but in separate channels1 arrive at any point of confluence1 the stronger current draws the other along in its course1 and with a considerable portion of its own velocity4 ,thus the force of the wind1 which checks in other instances the action of a chimney-draught1 is made to produce a stronger draught1 exactly in proportion to the violence with which it blows4 ,returning to fig4 #ba1 a current of air1 instead of coming in at the opening c1 might come in at d4 ,it would then have a tendency to blow down the flues a a3 to prevent this1 the opening d could be closed1 and an upright stalk placed at e1--this should have a downward shaft1 a place for soot1 and a sweeping door4 ,there is still another mode of treatment2 fig4 #bb represents the flues grouped1 each with a separate ventilating flue1 the smoke delivered being at the side of each4 ,the stack might be covered with zinc in the ornamental style with which that metal is now treated4 ,it is probable that if a stack on this principle was placed parallel to the side of one of these ,mansard roofs1 it would be secure from the ill-effects of any wind returning against it4 ,the author will not vouch for its success1 but it is offered here to the attention of architects and builders as an experiment worthy of trial4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,illustration3 ,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,plan4 ,it has been affirmed that the smoke of towns1 however disagreeable it may be to the inhabitants1 neutralizes the poisonous effect of the gases caused by sewers1 c4 ,if it was possible wholly to remove carbon evolved by smoke1 our towns would almost be uninhabitable1 and they represent that any scheme for getting rid of smoke must be combined with one for getting rid of the exhalations from sewers at the same time4 ,if the two evils were brought together1 they would neutralize each other1 and both could then be got rid of at one operation4 ,the best scheme for this is a matter of important consideration1 but few have been proposed4 ,it may be asked1 what has a work on ,picturesque ,architecture to do with either smoke or sewer gases8 ,the author in reply considers that buildings never will look picturesque while they are covered with great patches of soot4 ,an eminent sculptor once affirmed that the statues of ,london were improved by their soot covering1 because it made them stand boldly out against the sky4 ,but those beautiful decorated smoke towers which stand on the roof of the ,houses of ,parliament1 and which are as black as ,erebus1 look anything but pleasing1 standing amidst the whiter front of the rest of the building4 ,besides1 tall-boys are beginning to make their appearance on the roof under the ,victoria tower1 and these certainly form no part of the architecture1 but appear monstrously ugly2 consequently smoke and its abolition are clearly questions to be considered in relation to ,picturesque ,architecture4 ,a plan for removing smoke from the atmosphere of towns1 and at the same time ventilating buildings and sewers1 was proposed in #ahdi by ,mr4 ,flockton1 surveyor to the town trustees of ,sheffield1,f a town as much begrimed with sooty smoke1 only in a smaller way1 as the ,metropolis4 ,the proposal was1 that under the footways along the side of every street and lane1 flues should be constructed of sufficient capacity to carry off all the smoke and other atmospheric impurities1 these flues all converging1 upon a general plan1 to tall shafts or chimneys at some distance from the town1 and supplied with furnaces4 ,these1 when the fires were once ignited1 would give a fire produced by the combustion of the inflammable gases accompanying the smoke1 and which would burn spontaneously in a similar manner to the combustion of foul air from old shafts connected with coal mines4 ,the combustion might be assisted by jets of coal gas1 in a fire of coke4 ,in very large towns it would be necessary1 ,mr4 ,flockton added1 to divide the whole into districts1 and to erect towers in the centre of each1 to which all the flues should converge4 ,he published a plate1 showing two large dwelling-houses1 with a street between1 the common sewer in the middle of the carriage way1 and the smoke flues on each side under the footpaths1 also showing the connexion between the sewer and flue4 ,the alteration proposed to houses already erected consisted in converting ascending into descending flues2 turning the smoke from the chimney-top into the latter1 and from thence into the street flue4 ,this operation would have necessitated the pulling down and rebuilding of the flue walls4 ,the street smoke flues1 in order to carry off the smoke from a few thousand chimneys1 would require to have been made of a size even larger than the sewer itself4 ,provision must have been made for clearing out the soot1 for the smoke would have been cooled and the soot would accumulate in large quantities in them4 ,the same scheme1 with similar constructions1 was proposed by a foreign gentleman1 who took out a patent for it in #ahej 7,no4 #ac1jfa74 ,his plan was a very grand one2 he did not propose alterations in existing buildings1 but pulled them down and gave designs for a new city4 ,a more practical plan was proposed about #ahea by ,mr4 ,devey1 a surveyor of ,furnival's ,inn4 ,a model of his invention was in the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1 and it is described and an engraving given of it in the illustrated volumes published by the ,royal ,exhibition ,commissioners at the close of the ,exhibition4 ,the model is now in the ,museum at ,south ,kensington4 ,mr4 ,devey's plan was to make only one descending flue to each building1 to which the flues at the top could be either connected or not1 at pleasure2 the descending flue was carried to the sewer in the middle of the street1 and the action of this was to be assisted by the heat of the kitchen fire4 ,he says1 8,the smoke would be drawn down by the current produced by exhaustion in the sewer1 the action being assisted by the kitchen fire40 ,mr4 ,devey did not propose to have furnace shafts1 but depended entirely upon the sewer acting as an exhaust4 ,in this scheme the objections were1 that one descending flue was not sufficient to carry off the smoke from several chimneys1 and the sewer certainly would not act as an exhaust without its being connected with upright furnaces4 ,our sewers generally have ventilating openings which permit their odours to ascend into our streets4 ,soot would no doubt neutralize these odours--this1 a paper in a late ,quarterly ,review 7,april1 #ahff7 admits4 ,first1 speaking of the sewer gases1 the reviewer says3 8,these offensive gases have often engendered formidable diseases1 and have1 in several instances of late1 been clearly shown to have caused the outbreak both of typhoid fever and cholera40 ,of this the author has had proof during the outbreak of cholera in ,london in #ahdi4 ,he was superintending the construction of a mass of buildings in one of the worst dwelling districts in ,london4 ,this builder1 who had just finished the erection of ,harrington ,house1 a description of which is given in this volume1 died the first night of the outbreak in the greatest agony2 he was a strong robust man2 from one to three deaths took place in every house in the locality2 a black flag was put up in the streets1 and the foul fiend reigned for a while supreme4 ,a large mass of the worst buildings have been cleared away1 and model lodging-houses erected1 but a considerable portion of the rotten old structures remain1 the sewers are untouched1 and the visitation of the cholera forgotten4 ,the ,quarterly ,review says there is no reason why ordinary sewers should not be made to serve the double purpose of carrying off smoke and sewage at the same time1 provided they were connected here and there with high shafts rendered powerfully expansive by furnaces2 and adds1 8sewage would be improved for agricultural purposes by admixture with soot1 which is an excellent manure1 and the noxious qualities of the sewer gases would be destroyed40 ,whether soot would increase the value of sewage or decrease it1 is a question for chemists to decide2 a generally increasing opinion is1 that our method of using sewage by liquefaction and sending it away1 is a mistake1 and renders it quite worthless1 and that the system of dry earth-closets is more conformable to ,nature's laws4 ,the subject was taken up in #aheg by ,mr4 ,peter ,spence1 of ,manchester1 a large alum manufacturer4,g ,this gentleman states that the 8blacks10 the horror of the ,londoner1 are guiltless of any deleterious effect to human health1 as carbon is one of the most anti-putrescent of bodies1 and while floating in the atmosphere over everything1 arrest and destroy noxious and miasmatic vapours4 ,perfect freedom from smoke would1 if accomplished1 only increase the evil arising from the purely gaseous results of combustion4 ,he proposed a system of atmospheric or gaseous sewage1 and the complete removal of all their gases to a safe distance from our towns4 ,he would combine this gaseous sewage in such a form with town drainage as would bring all the liquid sewage into contact with the gases from our furnaces and house fires1 the liquid sewage being kept from all surface drainage4 ,the same liquid and ftid mass of sewage he would concentrate in an innoxious form1 to be converted1 in a convenient place1 where it might with perfect safety be manufactured into manure more valuable than the richest guano4 ,for effecting this all the gases from our coal combustion would have to be conveyed along the same tunnel with the sewage to centralizing conduits converging to a point1 where an immense chimney1 #fjj ft4 high1 should be erected1 to discharge these gases into the atmosphere1 the ascensive power being obtained either from the retained heat of the gases1 which would probably be found quite sufficient1 or if not1 artificial heat could then be applied to effect the object4 ,the chimney should be of the internal diameter of #ajj ft4 at the top1 and #adj ft4 external diameter at the bottom4 ,this would take the smoke from #ejj chimneys and every particle of foul emanation from the sewer1 and every leak or opening to the upward air from these sewers would not then emit foul gases1 but draw in fresh air with a pressure or suction of three and a half pounds per foot1 and with a velocity of #dj feet per second4 ,this gentleman says3 8,it is idle to talk of trapping1 and thus confining gases evolved under ground2 exit they must and will have1 and when you imagine you have secured them in one place1 you will find them pouring out in another40 ,he makes this plain by an illustration4 ,he took an old-fashioned detached house2 after entering into possession he found frequently very disagreeable smells1 especially after rain1 a change of wind1 or a fall of the barometer2 it may be remarked here that it was not necessary to take an old-fashioned house to find out this2 in more modern built houses in ,london1 after a fall in the barometer or rain1 such a thing is repeatedly occurring4 ,mr4 ,spence1 to cure the evil in his old mansion1 exhausted all the remedies which the philosophy of ,london schemes acknowledges2 he trapped all the exits from the sewer with the most approved patent girds2 all slopstone pipes were cut and water-luted4 ,but this was of no use1 the smell came through the very walls and floors1 and one bedroom on the first floor1 which showed no connexion with the sewer1 was quite uninhabitable4 ,he adopted a plan which succeeded3 a branch from the main sewer was brought right under the kitchen grate1 from that a pipe of cast iron1 four inches in diameter1 was carried up through the brickwork1 and the open top projected into the chimney a yard and a half behind the kitchen fire1 above the fire4 ,when this fire was again lighted1 in a few hours the house was perfectly sweet1 and the distant bedroom1 uninhabitable before1 has been slept in ever since4 ,when this nuisance occurs in a ,london house the only remedy is to open the doors and windows to get rid of it1 as we are not allowed to meddle with the sewers4 ,disagreeable effluvia in dwellings often occur1 and baffle every endeavour to trace from where they proceed2 in every case it is from choked-up drains or the sewer1 and the decomposition of animal and vegetable matter therein retained4 ,as for ,mr4 ,spence's scheme1 its grandeur almost stops its execution4 ,it is well known that in all large manufactories1 and in gas works1 a tall chimney serves to draw out the smoke from the numerous fires1 and it forms a smoke-outlet for them all4 ,in most of these places the fuel is used up so completely that it is only the gases of combustion that are drawn away4 ,mr4 ,spence's scheme has been successfully tried in its application to private residences1 and also on a large scale to the new ,assize ,courts in ,manchester4 ,it was adopted by one of the architects in the competitive designs for the ,new ,law ,courts in ,london4 ,if these tall shafts and furnaces were applied in ,london1 it may be questioned whether the smoke in cooling would not deposit the soot in the sewer1 and this must be removed1 if not run off by water4 ,the flues connecting the house fires with the sewer would be partly horizontal1 and these would certainly fill with soot1 and no machines we have at present in use could clean out these flues from above4 ,the operation must be performed from within the sewer1 and then these flues being unsupplied with drain-eyes at their entrance to the sewer1 would form so many open channels for the passage of the sewer gases into the houses4 ,this would be the case in a very great degree where there were no fires in the stoves and their register doors were open4 ,it would require an immense consumption of fuel in the high stalks to cause a current to prevent it1 and the furnaces must be close together to lessen the cooling effects of cold currents of air from flues not in use4 ,as to the mere ventilation of the sewer itself1 it could easily be effected by single drain pipes #f inches in diameter1 placed at intervals1 from the sewer to the ash-pit of any neighbouring furnace4 ,it would be probably to the advantage of the furnace itself1 as even the tall stalks must sometimes make black smoke4 ,a legislative enactment should require their owners to let them perform this service4 ,it might require strong furnaces and plenty of them to effect it4 ,a suggestion for getting rid of that 8monster nuisance1 ,london smoke0 was made known in the ,builder about #ahei1 by ,messrs4 ,bruce ,neil4 ,it is thus described3 8,the plan consists in placing small tanks containing water over the chimney 7the chimney-pots being fixed inside the tanks1 and made of a spiral and bent form74 ,the chill of the water gradually condenses the smoke1 which becomes decomposed and destroyed1 being precipitated at the bottom of the tank in the form of mineral tar4 ,the water is turned on and off daily4 ,it will be here observed that in the event of a fire in the chimney the flames cannot spread1 as they are immediately quenched by the water in the tank4 ,according to ,mr4 ,bruce ,neil's calculation1 the smoke of #hj tons of coal1 if collected1 will yield upwards of #bh barrels of tar1 of #b cwt4 each4 ,he proposes that the ,legislature1 or the ,society of ,arts1 should offer a premium to the person who will undertake to rid us of this monster nuisance and convert the smoke into tar1 so as to make it applicable to commercial purposes4 ,in the adoption of the above plan a slight alteration in the mode of ventilating our apartments is all that is required1 he tells us4 ,as to the possibility of converting smoke into tar by such means as are above described1 some doubts might be expressed if it could really be done2 the remedy would be worse even than the disease1 every household using yearly #bj tons of coal would have in that time to remove #g barrels or #ag cwt4 of tar from their roof4 ,the ,builder1 in publishing this suggestion1 did not give any diagram or sketch showing how the process was to be effected4 ,mr4 ,bruce ,neil no doubt made one1 as he speaks of the alteration required in the ventilation of our apartments2 a drawing would at least have explained how the water was to collect the soot1 and how it was to have access to the flue in case of its being on fire4 ,the suggestion of collecting soot at the chimney-top by means of water was a valuable one1 and there is no doubt it could be done to some extent1 but not by encircling the pots with cold water1 which would chill the smoke and prevent the soot from rising4 ,a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,water chimney-vase for collecting soot4 ,half elevation4 ,half section4 design is here given1 fig4 #bc1 to show how it could be effected4 ,it will be seen that the chimney-pot or funnel has a zinc cover carried by stout ironwork surrounding it2 a is the water1 b the pipe to convey it away2 it would be self-acting1 and being washed by every shower would not be likely to get out of order4 ,the rain-water must be looked for as to supply--to pay for high service for the roof of our houses to the water companies would not do4 ,our climate is more damp than cold1 and a considerable quantity of rain falls on our roofs4 ,the zinc cover is spread out1 so as to retain as large a portion as possible of the rain-fall4 ,in winter1 when there is most smoke1 there is most water1 with little or no evaporation4 ,a pool of water could be thus collected1 and the smoke projected over it would lose some portion of its soot1 which could be floated away by the pipe into a receptacle provided for it in the back yard4 ,the water might be sent into the drain and the soot left2 or it could be sent into the drain as well4 ,the arrows in the diagram show the direction of the smoke1 and the cover is so spread out and curved as to render it unlikely for any violent wind to flow out both water and soot into the street beneath4 ,certainly coal smoke is a great nuisance2 it is yearly pointed out as such by our paper the ,times1 in one1 probably two1 very excellently written leaders4 ,even the youngest member of the press1 the ,echo1 in one of the common ,london fogs occurring in ,april1 #ahfh1 thus remarks3 8,the most sad and remarkable circumstance about the fog of yesterday was that the newspapers and people in the streets spoke of it as a #8visitation1' as a #8gigantic pall1' as if1 indeed1 the black darkness was something as strange and unaccountable as a fall of frogs or fishes from the sky4 ,of course it was nothing but our own familiar coal smoke which stopped the way of the sunlight4 ,it is most lamentable that ,londoners are becoming so used to this filthy nuisance that nothing more than a passing exclamation is uttered when it is forced down upon them in such volumes as to produce almost the darkness of midnight at midday4 ,if #8cleanliness is next to godliness1' then the people of ,london must have been yesterday the most ungodly people in the world1 for nothing would remain clean which was exposed to the fog of that morning4 ,a plague of locusts would not create more terror and sense of ruin in any foreign capital1 where every article of dress and furniture and house decoration1 both external and internal1 would have been regarded as spoiled by the loss of freshness4 ,but ,london received its coat of dirt yesterday1 and to-day only wonders with the remark #8how dark it was6' ,will nothing move us to abate the nuisance8 ,is there no hope but that distant one of the exhaustion of our coal-beds8 ,must we inhale coal-blacks1 and always contemplate dirty houses and grimy furniture8 ,is it not possible by smoke sewers1 or some contrivance or machinery1 to relieve us of this plague80 ,it is very possible it could be done with the greatest ease1 but at some first expense2 and in some generation or other it will be written that it found ,london foul and left it sweet1 and there will be a time when this will be appreciated2 and the man who gives the city the pure atmosphere of a small country town will receive all due honour and acknowledgment1 that is1 when he is in his grave and securely buried4 ,the public have so long been accustomed to be choked with smoke1 and their health affected by deleterious gases1 that they look upon the proposal of any scheme to secure pure air as the hallucinations of dreamy philosophers or inexperienced ,utopians4 ,none of our present flues can1 in the very slightest degree1 stop these aqueous vapours from ascending into the atmosphere1 neither can they effect any purification of the smoke1 or retain the blacks for any useful purpose2 and it is of no use disguising the fact that any contrivance or appliance1 to effect either of these most desirable objects1 must consist of an additional construction to the flue1 which will be attended with additional expense1 and require extra attention4 ,therefore any such appliance1 if introduced1 should be effectual1 and repay such additional cost to its owner1 by a saving1 or at least a more economical use of fuel4 ,the appliance to the flue the author has to recommend1 he considers will not only cause an economical use of the fuel by not permitting the present waste of heat1 but it will purify the smoke1 and retain the blacks for any useful object to which they can be applied4 ,the principle of the best-constructed flue at present is to get rid of all vapour1 smoke1 and soot as soon as possible1 without the slightest consideration for the people outside4 ,that the smoke should not return to annoy the occupants within the house is the aim of the constructors1 and to secure this1 the waste of heat in the chimney1 and the consequent waste of fuel1 is considered of no importance1 for is it not the hot smoke that carries up the soot and ventilates the apartment8 ,this operation of the flue could be taken advantage of4 ,in the construction of chimney-flues in a wall they are often turned at an angle to the right or left to pass an obstruction1 such as a fireplace or timber placed within or against the wall4 ,a flue could easily be taken out of the wall and returned1 and if the part so taken out was formed in cast iron with a small cistern of water at top1 it would become a warm-water pedestal1 and could moderately warm or air an apartment in which it was placed2 the author calls this the flue pedestal1 and it is represented in the following cut4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,the flue pedestal4 ,it is about three feet six in height1 not much higher than a small cabinet4 ,the door could open1 and a small tap supplying warm water for domestic use would be seen4 ,thus the upper rooms of a house could be warmed or aired by the fires below in perfect safety1 and the present waste of heat in the flues prevented4 ,this would be economical1 as in most cases no fires would be necessary in the upper rooms4 ,the flue thus brought out in iron could contain a fine spray of water1 that would draw up the smoke1 and take down its vapours and soot at the same time into the sewer4 ,fig4 #be shows a section of the flue thus brought out4 ,the wall is two bricks thick1 the flue a1 is #i inches in diameter1 d is the cast-iron flue1 and another1 e1 shaped like a funnel1 is placed behind it1 to collect the soot and water1 and pass it off through the pipe h4 ,the cistern is partly within the walls and partly covering the two flues4 ,it is not necessary that the water in the cistern should supply the spray3 that might be done by a separate pipe with a tap to turn off and on as desirable2 b is the moveable pedestal covering the whole4 ,the adaptation of this simple contrivance to any kind of domestic chimney-flue is not a very difficult operation4 ,it is only necessary to take out the brickwork in front of a flue of a height of #d to #e feet1 and then introduce the iron flue1 gathering up the brickwork beneath it2 the section1 fig4 #be1 supposes the iron flues to be in an external wall2 should it be required in a party wall the soot goes off at g g1 to be conveyed outside the building in the nearest way2 doors are provided for the purpose of sweeping2 any down ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,section of the flue pedestal4 draught of air in the chimney might expend itself in the soot flue1 and the smoke having passed the spray could not return4 ,the spray of water should be equal to the whole width of the flue1 and proportioned in strength to the work it has to do2 the smoke from a whole group of flues might be conducted to one powerful spray1 one upper flue or chimney would then suffice for the roof1 while the soot and flues in any number might be formed into one before passing to the sewer4 ,the pipe h1 shown in fig4 #be1 would not form an open communication with the sewer2 it would be supplied with a flap-cover or drain-eye1 like the common house drain at its extremity4 ,this would open only when sufficient water and soot was behind it1 and close when it was passed4 ,it would not require sweeping1 the water keeping it clear4 ,it should have another kind of drain-eye to that at present in use1 the lid1 or flap of which is hinged from the top1 the soot floating on the surface of the water1 would require the flap to open from below4 ,fig4 #bf shows the kind of drain-eye that would be required4 ,if it was not for the difficulty of the present form of drain-eye to our houses1 the soot flue might discharge its contents into the house drains at once1 below the trappings2 there is probably no absolute necessity at all for drain-eyes at the termination of house drains1 their use is to make precaution doubly sure1 to prevent the rising of the gases from the sewer1 and to keep out the rats1 to prevent them1 by getting through the traps1 from entering the house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,drain-eye4 ,experiments were made with a shower of water in ,mr4 ,cubitt's descending flue4 ,it will be seen by inspecting the figures #a to #h that these flues could easily be formed into one1 and taken into the drain2 the experiment did not succeed1 as none will1 that brings heavy smoke in opposition to a water-fall4 ,the smoke must go with the current or water-shower1 and not against it4 ,the flue pedestal1 with its water-spray1 is the whole of the contrivance by which the author believes the smoke of the domestic hearth could be got rid of1 or rendered inoffensive4 ,what the action of the water would be on the gases that escape from the fuel he cannot say1 but he presumes it could not be other than beneficial4 ,he experimented on the subject a few years ago1 and had a stove and flue erected about ten feet in height2 the lower part of the stove was of brick1 the upper part with the cistern of zinc4 ,the coal fire was lighted1 and as soon as black smoke appeared at the chimney-top1 the water-valve was lifted and about #af fine jets of water were sprayed against a piece of loose perforated zinc1 suspended in the flue2 this zinc is shown in fig4 #be2 in the second flue e 7it should have been marked f1 but by a mistake in the cutting it is made d71 the smoke had to pass through under this perforated zinc to get to the chimney above4 ,on the instant the water was applied1 the smoke appeared at the chimney-top of a light colour1 and it came out of the soot receptacle1 placed a little height above the ground1 nearly as much as it did at top1 and of a similar light vapourish character1,h a sure sign that it was drawn down by the current of water4 ,soot in large quantities was soon seen in the receptacle2 the author has not ascertained the quantity of soot which would be obtained by this process from a ton of coals1 but he believes it would be very considerable1 possibly two sacks or more4 ,as clean unmixed soot is worth in ,london #bs4 #f;d4 per sack1 if this soot were retained it would pay for the extra expense of the water1 and the retaining of it1 and to carry off the water would be an easy operation4 ,the 8blacks0 are good things at present in their wrong place2 they could in the way proposed be very easily got rid of1 and if it were possible to cut into all the chimneys of ,london and apply the remedy1 the whole of the soot1 which at present escapes into the atmosphere1 might be caught and passed into the drains2 it would there probably fully deodorize them4 ,it is certainly not possible1 from the herculean nature of the task1 to disturb the whole of the chimneys of ,london1 but the worst only might be operated upon1 such as the chief kitchen flues of the great establishments1 which are continually sending out black smoke4 ,among the chief offenders are our bakers1 nearly twenty of them being fined weekly for this by the magistrates1 and for fires occurring in their chimneys4 ,it appears that the ,smoke ,nuisance ,act bears hardly upon them2 the smoke-consuming apparatus forced upon them by the ,act has utterly failed in its purpose1 and it is impossible for them to comply with the requirements of the ,act1 and carry on their business in a satisfactory manner either to themselves or the public4 ,they have applied to the ,home ,secretary for relief1 and a bill to repeal so much of the ,act #af and #ag ,vict4 that relates to bakehouses has been in contemplation4 ,there would be no difficulty in placing a flue pedestal in their flues at any height above their oven fires2 it would not only relieve their neighbours from the annoyance of black smoke from their chimneys1 but it would secure the chimneys themselves from taking fire4 ,the water need only be turned on when required1 when black smoke was being made1 and if they chose to collect the soot the expense of the operation would be trifling1 if anything1 beyond the first expense of the flue pedestal1 in the end4 ,in large country houses the flue pedestal would warm the upper rooms or passages1 and cause a more equal temperature in the building2 this1 together with the practicability of collecting the soot for agricultural purposes1 might be an inducement to its introduction4 ,water could be lifted to the roof of a country mansion by that ingenious contrivance the hydraulic ram1 and passed off to its original source when done with1 the soot being left behind4 ,the beautiful self-acting machine1 known as ,gwynne and ,co4's improved hydraulic ram1 is peculiarly adapted for raising or lifting water to any required elevation4 ,it is necessary to have a fall of water to work it1 and the greater the height of the fall1 the more effective will be the machine4 ,in favourable cases it will raise water thirty times higher than the fall working it4 ,the greater the height of the lift1 of course the less will be the quantity raised in a given time4 ,this machine can be made to deliver comparatively large quantities of water1 either in tanks on the roofs of houses1 or in farmyards for filling ponds4 ,it will work day and night without any attendance or expense after it is once fixed4 ,two or more rams may be used to force through the same pipe1 or rising main4 ,where a continuous stream of water to work the machine cannot be obtained1 a spring1 or even rainfall1 or drainage may be stored up in a reservoir or dam1 and made to work the ram4 ,the expense of these machines is not excessive1 as the following table will show3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,diameter of,diameter of ,approximate ,number of ,price of ,ram1 complete1 ,feed ,pipe4 ,delivery ,gallons of ,water raisedwith all the accessories1 ,pipe4 in a day of #bd hours4 but exclusive of ,pipes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,inches4 ,inches4 #b #a #hjj to #aaej #ab #c #b #cjjj to #djjj #bd #d #b #djjj to #ejjj #cd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a small room or enclosure must be erected to contain the machine4 ,the question of how far the removal of smoke from the atmosphere would affect the various gases of combustion floating therein is a question for the chemist4 ,the plan that has been here proposed is founded on the supposition that ,nature's law1 relative to the diffusion of gases1 permits only carbonic acid gas1 the chief product of combustion1 to remain in the proportion of #a in #bjjj4 ,the introduction of so much water in the sewer1 where its presence already is considered an injury to the sewage1 is an objection1 but the present system of drainage requires a plentiful supply of water1 to prevent stoppages or choking4 ,should the dry earth system ever be generally introduced1 the present sewers would serve to remove liquid sewage and all products of combustion4 ,the operation of the sewer in any way in receiving this smoke and soot1 would permit the full and cheering light of the sun to shine alike in country and town4 ,,design ,no4 #cf4 ,a ,,lecture ,,hall1 ,,or ,,literary ,,institution4 ,illustration3 ,elevation4 ,this design was made to refront an old chapel in the country which had been purchased for the purpose of forming a ,literary ,institute4 ,the interior ,illustration3 ,tablet in front4 was one large room1 the lecturer's table at the back1 a recess and fireplace behind1 a large gallery in front1 under which were formed two small rooms1 with a ,illustration3 ,elevation of entrance-door4 passage from the grand entrance between4 ,the entrance-door with a bust of ,socrates over it1 under the arch1 was made large1 to give an important character to the front4 ,a section of the niche over the doorway is given1 some details of the angle rustication1 together with an elevation of the entrance-door4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #cg4 ,,encaustic ,,tiles4 ,a slight digression from the subject-matter of the preceding pages may serve to break monotony1 and introduce to the notice of the reader an ornamental object--the encaustic tile4 ,they are ,illustration3 ,design for a floor encaustic tile4 now of universal use1 both for floor and wall decoration1 and have become general favourites for such purposes4 ,a few suggestions1 therefore1 for the purpose of making them more artistic and pleasing will not be out of place4 ,the present patterns are almost entirely of a conventional kind1 or according to strict geometric forms4 ,the same pattern is repeated all over the surface1 without variation1 and however excellent the pattern may be1 it is designed on the same principle as that of a printed wall paper4 ,the design just given puts all geometric forms aside1 and introduces a free-hand treatment1 allowing the pattern to be varied on every surface laid down4 ,illustration3 ,design for wall encaustic tile4 ,the first tile shows eight points in which the stem of the pattern 7suppose that of a flower design7 meets in them all4 ,the second tile shows the stem2 the third and fourth the flower pattern varied4 ,one tile might have more flowers than leaves1 another all leaves or buds1 and as all the tiles would fall in their right places1 they depend only on the care of the workmen who place them2 the pattern might be varied according to the number of tiles of different pattern4 ,for wall linings a trellis work might be shown on the tile1 having a blue ground2 some tiles might be without either leaves1 stems1 or flowers1 and the design would show a flowered trellis against the sky4 ,the figure given on page #dfa shows this4 ,these tiles are beginning to be used on columns4 ,some good examples are to be seen in the ,south ,kensington ,museum ,galleries4 ,in columns with trellis work a white marble ground with leaves and roses twined round it naturally1 would look a great deal better than formal lines of stiff ornaments4 ,some of our latest ,gothic architects who were at the same time artists1 did not trouble themselves to draw out according to rule the geometric lines for the foliation of their ,gothic windows4 ,they knew the principles thoroughly1 but merely made the vertical lines correct1 and then sketched in the foliation with a free hand4 ,this gave an outline greatly superior to the usual stiff conventional forms4 ,some examples of this may be seen in one of the author's books1 now in the ,fine ,art ,library of the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 in which the free-hand designs 7rubbings7 are placed by the side of the same patterns drawn out geometrically4 ,the vignette shows foreign cut-wood patterns for roof ornament2 the section the method of forming the zinc gutter4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ch4--,,restoration ,,of ,,castle ,,gunnarstrop1 ,,sweden4 ,illustration ,it has been remarked in the ,introduction1 that the localities in which a residence can be placed greatly affect their picturesque appearance4 ,the north and west ,highlands of ,scotland1 in our own country1 and a similar class of scenery in ,sweden and ,norway1 greatly aid by their natural beauties the best effects of the architect1 and generally in northern ,europe1 including ,denmark with the above-named countries1 those accessories can be largely taken advantage of4 ,an instance of this can be found in the design now under consideration4 ,in this castle the gables are carried up to a greater height1 and made more ornamental and of greater importance than with us4 ,in the year #aheb the author was making a design for a villa for the ,count de ,bark1 a ,swedish nobleman4 ,it was to be erected on the heights bordering the ,sound near ,copenhagen1 and was seen from the sea in passing1 peering above the trees4 ,the upper part of the villa was made as picturesque as possible1 with a tower1 battlements1 and turrets4 ,the lower part of the building was very plain1 and the plan merely contained a few living rooms and servants' apartments2 it was much unlike our style1 and is therefore not given here3 only the view from the vignette is afforded in this description4 ,the ,count's uncle occupied the old castle1 the ,vrams ,gunnarstrop in ,sweden1 then very much out of repair and unfitted for the requirements of modern domestic life4 ,it was planned originally on a grand scale2 the fronts had high triangular gables in steps1 and decorated with cut granite ornaments1 but the whole was ,illustration3 ,the one-pair plan4 very plain4 ,the north front was in two floors1 and the angle towers of the building had only two floors4 ,the portions between one storey--that of the ground floor--thus had to be raised4 ,the ground floor was given to the servants1 and the southern portion of the building was to remain for a time in its then existing state4 ,the plan shows a1 the grand staircase1 adorned with columns supporting the upper landing4 ,it was #bg ft4 in length by #bf ft4 in width1 and led up to an ante-room b1 in the centre of the building1 #bf ft4 in length by #ab ft4 in breadth4 ,it opened into the first and second drawing-rooms1 c and d3 one #cj ft4 in length1 the other #dj ft41 and both of a width of #bf ft4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view of the ,count de ,bark's villa4 ,the dining-room e1 entered from the chief drawing-room1 was #dj ft4 in length1 with a width of #bb ft42 f shows the gallery or library filled with book-cases1 and leading to the day-room h2 the chief bedroom is shown at i adjoining1 k is the lady's dressing-room1 l the gentleman's dressing-room and bath2 m is the nursery1 with a servants' staircase and closet adjoining2 g is the servants' serving-place at the entrance of dining-room4 ,the light portions of the plan show the additions made2 the black1 the old portions of the castle4 ,the two towers contained staircases to the attics which were formed in the high roofs4 ,the principal elevation faced the west4 ,the perspective view of this front is given4 ,its length is #acj ft41 and the height of the principal entrance from the ground to the top of the gable is #fj ft4 ,the south and west sides were of an equally picturesque character1 but neither had any central gable4 ,the south had triple dormer windows joined in the centre with one dormer window at each side4 ,the two towers were seen rising above the roof1 and a wide terrace with open stone ,elizabethan balustrading extending the entire front1 with steps down to the garden in the centre below4 ,the terrace was #acj ft4 in length4 ,the west side had the two gables1 one at each end1 with three tall dormer windows in the roof2 these were connected by wood balustrading1 and a window with three lights was placed below each4 ,the granite-stone ornaments in the old fronts were replaced in the new fronts4 ,the vignette gives a view of a small garden fountain1 designed from one in the old garden at ,blickling in ,norfolk4 ,the plinth is hexangular in plan1 with the scrolls projecting on the three sides4 ,to the top of the jet its height is about #i feet4 ,illustration ,,design ,no4 #ci4 ,,summer ,,villa ,,for ,,the ,,count ,,kinski1 ,,at ,,teplitz4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view of ,count ,kinski's summer villa4 ,this villa was designed about the year #aheb1 for an ,austrian nobleman1 who wished to have a villa in the ,english ,elizabethan character4 ,the plan was arranged after his own figured sketches1 and it is given here as showing the requirements considered desirable for such a building in a summer place of ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 retirement1 or palace for a foreign nobleman's occupation4 ,the porch was approached on four sides by flights of steps #ab ft4 #f in4 in diameter2 it opened into a hall b1 #bj ft4 in length by #ad ft4 in width4 ,the drawing-room c1 of noble size1 with two bay windows1 was #cf ft4 in length by #bb in width4 ,the dining-room d1 in the opposite side of the hall1 was #bh ft4 in length by #ah ft4 in width4 ,the butler's pantry k1 and the servants' offices and kitchen g1 with a large store-closet h1 and scullery i1 adjoined4 ,a bread-room is shown at j1 l is the servants' hall1 m a china-closet1 n a store-room1 and o the servants' staircase1 q q are the servants' entrances1 and r r the closets4 ,illustration3 ,one-pair plan4 ,returning to the principal portion of the building1 the chief staircase1 v1 opens from the entrance hall1 e e e are nurseries1 and f is the library4 ,on the first floor1 a is the balcony over the porch2 this was to be used for smoking1 c41 b is the best bed-chamber1 and c the boudoir to the same1 d is the second best bedchamber1 and e its boudoir1 f is the third best bedchamber1 and g its boudoir1 h is a bedroom without any boudoir1 i is the housekeeper's bedroom1 k k k the men's sleeping room1 i housemaid's closet1 j j closets1 l l linen-closets1 m a closet or bath-room1 n the principal staircase1 and o the servants' staircase4 ,the attic plan was devoted to the sleeping rooms1 b b b1 of the female servants4 ,here plans are made ,illustration3 ,attic plan4 7the building being so large7 on a smaller scale than the other plans in this volume4 ,the perspective view merely exhibits the common forms of ,elizabethan character4 ,the tower which formed the entrance was #gj ft4 in height from the foundation to the top of its roof1 the height of the ground-floor rooms was #ad ft4 #c in4 ,they had rich plaster friezes1 and the staircase had carved oak ,elizabethan balustrading4 ,the second-floor rooms were #ab ft4 #c in4 in height1 and were very plain in character4 ,the upper floor of the tower was open1 but could be closed by sashes2 this was intended for a smoking retreat4 ,a small detail of one of the gabled windows in front is given below4 ,altogether1 the design had a most picturesque effect1 and its style met with approval4 ,it combined utility with elegance1 ,illustration3 ,gable window4 and completely answered the objects for which it was constructed4 ,another villa was designed for an ,austrian nobleman1 the ,prince ,clary3 a view of it is given in the first illustration of this volume1 through the window of the architect's study4 ,it was intended as a summer retreat for the ,prince and his friends when engaged in a fishing-excursion on the noble river the ,elbe1 on the banks of which it was placed4 ,it contained a large centre dining-room1 #dh ft4 by #bb1 with a saloon or drawing-room1 #dj ft4 by #bj ft41 and extensive accommodation for the kitchen and servants' departments4 ,the upper storey contained #ad best bedrooms1 each with an ante or dressing-room1 besides bath-room and the sleeping apartments for the domestics4 ,,design ,no4 #dj4 ,,harrington ,,house1 ,,queen',s ,,palace ,,gardens4 ,illustration3 ,perspective view of exterior4 ,this building1 with which the present collection of designs closes1 is probably the most unpicturesque example in the volume4 ,its exterior has been frequently criticised2 whatever its merits or demerits may be1 it certainly is wholly unlike1 while at the same time it is not inferior1 to the strange style at present so popular with the younger branch of architectural professors1 which appears to be a ,illustration3 ,elevation of principal staircase4 mixture of the ,byzantine and ,romanesque styles1 joined with the ,roman ,gothic4 ,some call it the ,missal style1 others the ,northern ,italian4 ,the sole recommendation of it is that it comes more expensive to carry out than any other4 ,this house has at least the reputation of being a very comfortable one1 and as more than usually adapted to receive large assemblies and fashionable parties4 ,indeed the noble ,earl who erected it was so pleased with it1 that on entering1 on its completion1 he addressed the following note to the author3-- ,h4 ,h41 ,kensington ,palace ,gardens1 #ca ,may1 #ahed4 ,my dear ,sir1-- ,i take this opportunity of expressing to you my thanks for having constructed a house1 in my humble judgment1 without a fault4 ,believe me most sincerely yours1 7,signed7 ,,harrington4 ,to ,c4 ,j4 ,richardson1 ,esq4 ,and after having resided in it nine months1 he again wrote as follows3-- ,h4 ,h41 ,palace ,gardens1 ,kensington1 #bnd ,february1 #ahee4 ,my dear ,sir1-- ,i pray you to accept my cordial thanks for your most able architectural skill in the construction of my house4 ,i have lived in it one season1 and have not discovered in it a single fault4 ,believe me most truly yours1 7,signed7 ,,harrington4 ,to ,c4 ,j4 ,richardson1 ,esq4 ,the site upon which the house stands was taken by the ,earl from the ,commissioners of ,her ,majesty's ,illustration3 ,ground plan4 ,woods and ,forests1 and it certainly is1 or was1 one of the best sites for building in the metropolis4 ,it adjoins ,kensington ,gardens1 looking on the old winter garden of ,queen ,anne4 ,agreeable and admirable a ,illustration3 ,one-pair plan of staircase4 site for building as this was1 in #ahec1 it remained for some time utterly neglected4 ,the first speculator had been ruined1 and only one or two of his houses 7one erected by ,mr4 ,owen ,jones1 the architect7 were ,illustration3 ,ground-floor plan4 standing in the road4 ,soon after the ,earl of ,harrington acquired the land1 and erected this building1 the whole of the road1 on each side1 was covered with first-class mansions4 ,the terms of the agreement were1 that the ,earl should take plot ,no4 #i and the northern portion of plot ,no4 #aj1 having a frontage of #aif ft4 to the ,queen's ,road1 and a depth of about #bfj ft41 for a period of #ia years1 from the #eth ,july1 #ahea1 at a peppercorn rent for the first year1 of #gcl4 #ajs4 for the second year1 and of #adgl4 a year for the remainder of the term1 also a rent of #es4 a year in lieu of land-tax for every year except the first4 ,the ,earl was to expend a sum of not less than #fjjjl4 in erecting upon the ground a dwelling-house of the first-class style of building4 ,the house was to be insured in the sum of #fjjjl41 and the ,earl was to pay jointly1 with the adjacent occupiers1 the expense of lighting and keeping up the road1 which was a private one1 and to pay the gatekeepers at the lodge4 ,the rest of the covenants of the agreement were such as are usually found in such documents4 ,the house was1 until the present year1 the only ,gothic one in the district1 the ,earl insisting upon having this1 his favourite style1 admitted4 ,it stands in the centre of the road at the highest level1 and is well up out of the ground4 ,the principal floor is #g ft4 above the outside road of approach1 and #ad ft4 above the level of the public road4 ,the whole of the walls stand on a basement of concrete1 and the lower flooring is #e ft4 above the level of the foundations4 ,the basement story is #ad ft4 in height1 and of entirely fireproof construction4 ,the best rooms on the ground-floor are #ag ft4 #f in4 in height1 the secondary rooms are #ae ft4 high4 ,all the principal staircases are of stone2 the ground plan on page #dgi shows the ,illustration3 ,section of principal staircase4 entrance hall1 a1 approached by #ab steps2 it is #cj ft4 in length1 by #ba ft4 in width2 b is the principal staircase1 situated on one side of the saloon in the centre of the building2 the latter is #da ft4 long by #ba ft4 wide4 ,the dining-room e1 and the library c1 on each side of the hall1 are respectively #cj ft4 by #bb ft4 ,the great room1 with the bay window1 entered from the saloon1 is the picture gallery f4 ,this room is #da ft4 long by #cj ft4 wide1 without the bay4 ,the drawing-rooms d1 d1 on each side1 are each #be ft4 by #bj ft42 g1 the conservatory1 measures #dj ft4 by #ba ft42 this1 with the two drawing-rooms and the picture gallery1 can in less than half an hour be thrown into one by the removal of the large folding-doors in the picture ,illustration3 ,ornament for stairs4 gallery1 which can be taken away1 frames complete1 by simply removing a few screws4 ,a length of drawing-room is then gained of #abe ft4 ,the principal staircase is shown in elevation on page #dgg2 the plans are here given to a larger scale4 ,the lower plan shows a portion of the first flight and the servants' passage1 a1 under the first landing2 b is their staircase down to the basement1 this should have been shown on the left-hand side4 ,it is the footman's staircase1 adapted for him to ascend and ,illustration3 ,iron railing on staircase4 descend readily from or to the basement1 and the passage a permits him to enter either side of the house without being seen4 ,the upper plan shows the two flights1 right and left1 rising from the principal landing4 ,each of these has #bb steps4 ,three more in the centre lead up to the gallery round the saloon2 the section of the staircase1 given on p4 #dhb1 clearly shows this arrangement4 ,the staircase front is in ,bath stone4 ,the only ornaments are the decorated corbels supporting the small angular projections or buttresses necessary to receive the iron standards of the railing above4 ,one of the corbels and a panel of the iron railing is given4 ,this is carried up the stairs on both sides and round the gallery1 and is richly coloured and gilt4 ,the only remaining portions of the ground plan to be described are the secondary rooms4 ,a side entrance is at j1 and the waiting room1 i1 is also at the side2 h is the servants' staircase1 going from the basement to the attic4 ,on the other side of the building o is the ,earl's dressing-room1 with a study or writing room by its side4 ,this has a lift1 n1 from the kitchen1 enabling it to be used as a serving room4 ,the picture gallery has a flight of steps descending to a large ornamented garden at the back of the house1 n n is the stable yard1 and k k k rooms over the stable4 ,the section through the complete building1 given on page #dhf1 shows the general character of the interior4 ,the rooms are wholly without ornament2 all have plain cornices formed of running ,gothic mouldings4 ,the ,illustration only decorated portion is the saloon 7inf471 the coved ceiling of which has the shields of painted and gilt coats of arms of family connexions1 together with ,illustration mottoes and monograms4 ,the skylight is filled with richly coloured embossed glass1 every pane having a shield of arms1 its ceiling being panelled with painted enrichments on a blue ground4 ,a view of the saloon is given on p4 #dhg2 it contains in the centre a statue ,illustration3 ,half-section of roof of conservatory4 by ,theed1 of ,lady ,chandos ,pole1 the eldest daughter of the ,earl4 ,the statues are shown in the plan by the letters m m4 ,the ground floor is supplied with warm-water pipes2 these are shown by the dotted lines4 ,they are sunk in the brickwork forming the substructure of the flooring1 and covered with open ornamental ironwork4 ,the hall has two warm-water pedestals4 ,the whole of the rooms and conservatory are so warmed4 ,the latter part of the interior resembles in some respects a small chapel4 ,a half-section of a portion ,illustration3 ,plan of one-pair4 of its roof is given on p4 #dhh2 it measures #bb ft4 from the floor to the collar-beam4 ,the corbels1 from which the roof springs1 are decorated with shields of arms1 surrounded by a garland of strawberry leaves4 ,in the plan of the one-pair floor a is the boudoir or morning room2 b b b are bedrooms2 c c c dressing-rooms1 and d is the bath-room4 ,the gallery is shown as completely going round the saloon2 its ceiling is of ground glass arranged in panels1 each of which is ,illustration moveable1 with a skylight over the whole4 ,there is plenty of light therefore afforded for the paintings with which the walls are covered4 ,the small attic plan shows these skylights on three sides only1 likewise the sleeping-rooms b b1 and the housemaid's closet c4 ,under this plan is that of the upper room in the tower with its two slate cisterns1 each capable of containing #hjj gallons of water4 ,they are supported by strong trussed girders fixed in the walls4 ,this upper room is approached by a ,illustration3 ,staircase to lower rooms4 cottage staircase1 the plan of which1 with its #bb risers1 is shown in cut on p4 #dij4 ,it enables the room to be approached without any structural appearance being seen from without4 ,a half elevation of the exterior1 and another of its section is given above4 ,it is well supplied with light4 ,illustration3 ,basement plan4 ,illustration3 ,elevation of bay window4 ,illustration3 ,section4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 ,the building contains upwards of forty rooms2 the basement is very large1 and contains considerable accommodation4 ,the mere enumeration of these would require every letter in the alphabet to point them out in an engraving1 but as it is desirable to show how closely a large establishment of servants can be packed together1 the basement plan is given4 a is the kitchen1 b the scullery1 and c the larder4 ,the kitchen is provided with a lift f1 and a small service window2 d is the pastry-room1 and e the still-room1 with the lift2 g is the dairy1 h the washhouse1 i the laundry1 j the butler's pantry1 k the steward's room with its strong closet2 l is the housekeeper's1 with the cook's room between it and the still-room1 m is the servants' hall1 n the men's sleeping room2 o o are wine-cellars1 p the butler's wine-cellar1 q the footman's stairs under the principal staircase1 r the warm-water furnace1 by the steward's room1 placed at the back of his strong closet2 s is the stable1 containing eight stalls1 one loose box1 and a harness-room2 t t t are cart-sheds1 u is the cowhouse1 v the dung-pit1 w the coach-house1 x x two of the three coal-cellars1 y the dust-pit1 and z z z are the closets4 ,the carriage-road to the side entrance is formed over the cart-sheds and coal-cellars4 ,these are arched over in brick and covered with a thick layer of ,brown's metallic lava1 and are provided with proper drainage4 ,the boot-cleaning place and that for lamps are between the coach-house and the cart-sheds4 ,the exterior of the building has been censured on account of the ,gothic outline being too flat1 the roofs too low1 and all the windows having common sash ,illustration frames4 ,with regard to the latter1 it may be considered very probable that if the ,gothic race of architects had continued with us to the present day1 they would have adopted plate glass for their windows1 and put aside their lead-lights and small panes of common glass4 ,one of the greatest improvements that could be made in our cathedrals1 not excepting even ,st4 ,paul's1 would be the reglazing the windows in the modern style4 ,illustration3 ,half-elevation and section of bell-turret4 ,as a specimen of the architectural style of the building1 the centre bay-window of the principal front is given1 with its section and plan4 ,it is #i ft4 #f in4 across1 and #ba ft4 #d in4 high1 and stands directly over the chief entrance4 ,the construction of a projecting bay-window coming over an archway requires a short description4 ,the three diagrams on page #die show the manner in which such windows are corbelled out4 ,the upper ,illustration3 ,plan of turret4 one is a plan of the bottom stone course1 immediately over the key-stone of the arch2 it shows also the centre stone of the second course upon it4 ,the middle diagram shows the two courses from the back4 ,it will be seen that the middle stone of the first course does not bear upon the arch1 but is supported by the two end stones let into the wall4 ,the last diagram is a plan of the upper course at top4 ,slate dowels were used1 and an iron bar1 shown in plan under elevation a1 #c in4 by in41 was placed across the course tailing into the walls on each side2 and two bars p p1 each #b by in4 and #ab ft4 in length1 tied it to the flooring of the room4 ,this is shown likewise in the plan1 the dotted lines dividing the length of flooring2 d is the upper course of stones1 and c one of the principal beams of the floor4 ,illustration3 ,balustrading on top of building4 ,the bell-turret stands #bj ft4 above the roof4 ,this is carved in oak2 an elevation1 section1 and plan is given4 ,only those parts of the building are intended to be here illustrated which have some peculiarity of design or construction4 ,a building of this size would require about #aej working drawings to be made for it1 and a considerable number to be given to show its construction4 ,it was completed in about two years1 at an expense of #ad1hadl42 but this did not include the price of the warming apparatus1 nor that of the lightning conductor fixed to the bell-turret4 ,illustration3 ,front4 ,side4 ,pedestal to steps4 ,whatever opinions may be expressed in regard to the architectural details of this erection1 the author at least can plead1 as its owner stated in the letters1 copies of which have been given1 that the essentials of a house1 convenience1 comfort1 and complete suitability for all domestic purposes1 were accomplished4 ,these objects being attained1 any real or imaginary faults perceived by professional critics may be palliated if not forgotten4 ,,index4 ,,page ,introduction1 #c-dh 8,albert ,hall of ,arts01 #aca ,architectural history1 #af ,architectural orders1 #bj et seq4 ,architecture and gardening1 #df1 #cab ,architecture1 ,english1 #be ,architecture1 ,grecian1 c41 #aa ,architecture1 ,mexican1 c41 #bf ,architecture1 origin of1 #h ,architecture1 principles of1 #bg ,architecture1 ,roman1 #bc ,architecture1 ,suburban1 #bi ,architectural symmetry1 c41 #ca ,arnott's1 ,dr41 system of warming1 #ceg ,arnott's ventilator1 #dad ,aspect of a house1 #cf ,asphalte as a paving1 #bce ,atmosphere1 the1 and smoke1 #dca ,bacon1 ,lord1 on house construction1 #bef ,balconet1 an iron1 #cca ,balconet1 design for a1 #abc ,balusters for a staircase1 #bgg ,balustrade1 a garden1 #cfc et seq4 ,balustrade1 ,elizabethan1 #aha ,balustrade for a staircase1 #bhb ,balustrades1 stone1 #bdg ,balustrading1 cut wood1 #bgi ,balustrading1 designs for iron1 c41 #bii ,balustrading1 house and garden1 #bjd et seq4 ,barge-board1 #bdg ,bath-house1 design for a1 #bad ,bower1 garden1 rooms1 #bdb ,boyd's flue1 #dad ,bricks1 ventilating1 #aeg1 #agj ,buildings1 foundation of1 #aea ,carving by machinery1 #bgh ,casements1 iron1 #bbj ,castle1 ,gunnarstrop1 ,sweden1 #dfd ,ceiling1 a dining-room1 #bhh ,ceiling and cornices1 #dd ,ceiling1 drawing-room and library1 #bij1 #bia ,ceiling for a drawing-room1 #aff ,ceiling for a hall1 #bhf ,ceiling1 ornament for a1 #fa ,ceilings1 ornamental1 various1 #cac et seq4 ,ceilings1 plaster ornament for1 #afa ,chalk concrete1 #hc ,chapel1 design for a ,roman ,catholic1 #baj ,cheshire wooden houses1 #bcc ,chimney-piece1 ancient1 at ,enfield1 #bbh ,chimney-pieces1 designs for1 #hj1 #ha1 #cai ,chimney-pot1 ornamented1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #dbc ,chimney stack1 ancient1 #gd ,churches1 concrete1 #if ,clunch1 #bdf ,concrete as a foundation1 #aeb ,concrete1 chalk1 #hc ,concrete churches1 #if ,concrete construction1 #hb ,concrete cottages1 #hc ,concrete1 nature1 cost1 c41 of1 #ia ,concrete1 remarks on1 #ic ,concrete sewers1 #if ,concrete walls1 #ib ,construction1 fire-proof1 #aef ,construction1 concrete1 #hb ,corbels1 #agb ,corbel1 ,french cut-wood1 #djc ,corbels1 ragstone1 #cib ,cornice and ceiling1 #dd ,cornice1 design for a plaster drawing-room1 #aja ,cornice for a drawing-room1 #aff ,cottage1 design for a picturesque1 #fb ,cottage1 double1 design for a1 #ff1 #gb ,cottage1 gardener's1 #ej ,cottages1 ,hampshire1 ,kentish1 c41 #hh et seq4 ,cottage or lodge1 design for a small1 #eh ,cottage or lodge1 design for a huntsman's1 #gh ,country house1 design for a small1 #agd ,country villa1 design for a1 #ahb ,cubitt's flues1 #djg ,dab houses1 #bea ,damp walls1 #aeb ,damp1 wash to prevent1 in walls1 #aei ,deals1 stained1 #de ,decoration external and internal1 #db ,denley's flue1 #dac ,door1 entrance for a hall1 #deh ,door ornaments1 #fi ,doric order1 #bj ,drain-eye1 #dej ,egyptian architecture1 #ai ,elizabethan balustrades1 #aha ,elizabethan villa1 #bhj ,encaustic tiles1 #dfj ,english architecture1 #be ,escutcheon1 design of an1 #fi ,escutcheon1 key1 #agb ,finials1 #aji ,finials1 roof1 #hj ,fireplace for a hall1 #bhd ,fireplace1 the1 #djd ,fire-proof construction1 #aef ,fire-proofing1 #aeh ,flue construction1 #dje et seq4 ,flue pedestal1 the1 #ddf ,flues1 ,cubitt's1 #djg ,flues1 various1 #dje et seq4 ,fogs1 ,london1 and smoke1 #ddc ,foundations1 concrete1 #aeb ,foundations of buildings1 #aea ,fountain1 an ancient nymph's1 #dg ,fountain1 garden1 #di ,fountain1 garden1 design for a1 #dfi ,fountains1 various designs for1 #cjg ,french villas1 roofs1 zinc work1 c41 #bgc ,frieze1 external1 #agc ,frieze for dining and drawing-room1 #agh ,frieze1 plaster1 for a drawing-room1 #fe ,gable1 ornamental1 #agj1 #bbj1 #cjj ,gardens1 ancient1 #cab ,gardens and architecture1 #de ,garden1 architectural1 #cac ,garden bower rooms1 #bdb ,gardener's cottage1 #ej ,garden fountain1 #di ,garden gate1 a1 #bjd ,garden gate1 design for a1 #ie ,garden1 gate to a flower1 #bfe ,garden or summer villa1 #cjb ,garden summer house1 #bfb ,garden steps1 #aig ,garden seat1 design for a1 #cfa ,garden1 vignette plan of an ,old ,english1 #aai ,gate1 a garden1 #bfe ,gates1 iron1 in ,hyde ,park1 #abh ,gate lodge1 ,hyde ,park1 #abe ,gates1 ,park1 #adi ,gates of ,london ,parks1 #aci ,gothic1 modern1 #bd ,gothic screen1 #bje ,gothic style1 #aj ,gothic window1 #bjd ,grecian architecture1 #aa ,gunnarstrop castle1 ,sweden1 #dfd ,half-,timbered houses1 #bdh ,hall ceiling1 #bhf ,hall fireplace1 #bhd ,hall1 lecture1 design for a1 #def 8,hall of ,arts and ,sciences10 ,kensington1 #acc ,hall stove1 #bhe ,hall1 stove for entrance of a1 #abj ,hampshire cottages1 #hh ,handle1 design for a door1 #fi ,harrington estate1 the1 #acf ,harrington ,house1 ,queen's ,palace ,gardens1 #dgf ,houses1 foundations of1 #aea ,haum as a building material1 #bdi ,hiort's flue1 #dab ,hot-water apparatus1 #cdi ,house1 a bachelor's1 #dja ,house1 a garden summer1 #bfb ,houses1 aspect of1 #cf ,houses1 dab and wattle1 #bea ,house construction1 ,lord ,bacon on1 #bef ,house1 design for a small country1 #agd ,houses1 heating of1 #cd ,houses in ,kent1 #bdi ,houses1 noggin1 c41 #bdi ,houses1 post-and-pan1 #beb ,houses1 site1 c4 of1 #cea ,houses1 warming of1 #cea ,hyde ,park1 ,queen's ,gate1 entrance to1 #aci ,hyde ,park ,corner ,gate1 #adj ,ice-house1 design for a1 #cgj ,kensington ,gardens1 #adj ,kent ragstone1 #agf ,kentish cottages1 #ia ,kentish village houses1 #bdi ,key escutcheons1 #agb ,knocker1 #agb ,library1 elevation of a small1 #bjj ,literary ,institution1 design for a1 #def ,lodge1 a park1 #ajb ,lodge and gateway1 design for1 #aab ,lodges of ,london ,parks1 #adb ,lodge or cottage1 a huntsman's1 #gh ,lodge or cottage1 design for a small1 #ef ,lodge1 park entrance1 #ajd ,lodge1 ,queen's ,gate1 ,hyde ,park1 #abe ,machine-carving1 #bgh ,mantel-pieces1 #dd ,maisonette1 a ,french1 #bfh ,meat-jack1 design for a1 #bfg ,moule's earth system1 #bda ,moon's flue1 #dab ,mud walls1 #ij ,noggin houses1 #bdi ,orders of architecture1 #bj et seq4 ,origin of architecture1 #h ,paper hangings1 #db ,parge-boards1 #bdg ,pargetting1 c41 #bdh ,park1 entrance lodge and gateway1 #aab ,park lodge1 design for a1 #ii ,park lodge entrance1 #ajd ,parks1 history of the ,london1 #aci ,parks1 the ,royal1 #aci ,pedestals1 ornamental1 #cbf ,pedestal1 the flue1 #ddf ,pendants1 c41 #bhi ,perkins' hot-water apparatus1 #cej ,picturesque cottage1 design for a1 #fb ,picturesque defined1 #e ,pipes1 elevation of ,elizabethan lead-water1 #ee ,plaster frieze for a drawing-room1 #fe ,plaster ornament for a ceiling1 #afa ,porch1 design for an entrance1 #bbe ,portico1 elevation of1 #ahj ,post-and-pan houses1 #beb ,pots1 ornamental chimney1 #dbc ,prevention of damp1 #aea ,queen ,anne's garden1 #adj ,queen's ,gate1 iron-work of1 #adc ,queen's ,gate ,lodge1 #abe1 #adb ,ragstone1 ,kentish1 #agf ,railing1 ,french1 in iron1 #aij ,railing1 park1 #adg ,railing1 ornamental1 #ha ,riding-house and stabling1 #chi ,reading-room1 design for a1 #bjh ,rectory1 design for a small country1 #afb ,retreat1 a small country1 #bfh ,roman ,architecture1 #bc ,roman ,temple1 #e ,roof1 ,french style of1 #bge ,roofs1 iron1 #cdh ,roof ornaments1 design for wood1 #dfc ,rose ,hill ,villa1 #hb ,rotunda at ,bank of ,england1 #aeh ,rushton ,hall1 #bhc ,schools1 design for1 #bjh ,school1 design for a village ,sunday1 #gj ,school1 village1 #bjh ,screen1 ,gothic1 #bje ,screen1 hall1 #bjf ,sculptor's villa1 #cch ,serpentine1 the1 #adj ,sewers1 a receptacle for soot1 #dch ,sewer gases in houses1 #dcf ,sewers1 concrete1 #if ,situation of a house1 #ch ,smith's1 ,seth1 flue1 #dab ,smoke ,nuisance ,act1 #deb ,smoke ,prevention1 #dje ,smoke purified1 by a spray of water1 from soot1 #dda ,smoky chimneys1 #dbg ,soot and the sewers1 #dcf ,soot1 prevention of1 #dbh ,soot1 removal of1 from smoke1 #dcc ,soot1 value of1 #dea ,spiral staircase1 #fa ,stabling and riding-houses1 #chi ,stack flues1 #dag ,stair1 best proportions of a1 #bca ,staircase balustrade1 #bgg1 #bhb ,staircases1 construction of1 #aid ,staircase railing1 ,french1 in iron1 #aij ,staircase1 spiral1 #fa ,steps1 garden1 #aig ,stone balustrades1 #agc ,stove1 design for an entrance hall1 #abj ,stove for a hall1 #bhe ,styles of architecture1 #aj ,style1 ,gothic1 #aj ,summer house1 or garden1 #bfb ,summer or garden villa1 #cjb ,summer room1 design for a1 #bad ,sunday school1 village1 design for a1 #gj ,tall-boys1 #daf ,taste in architecture1 #ae ,terrace1 ironwork1 #big ,tiles1 design for ornamental1 #ahi ,tiles1 encaustic1 #dfj ,tiles1 ornamental1 #ahg ,turn-buckle1 #bba ,ventilation1 general principles of1 #cb ,ventilation1 #daa ,verandahs1 #cge ,verge-board1 #bdg ,villa1 a sculptor's1 #cch ,villa1 design for a country1 #ahb ,villa1 design for a small country1 #bbb ,villa1 double suburban1 #aib ,villa1 ,elizabethan1 #bhj ,villa1 ,french1 #bfh ,villa1 old ,english wooden1 #bcb ,villa1 suburban1 design for a1 #chb ,villa1 suburban1 design for a1 #cgc ,villa1 summer or garden1 #cjb ,villa1 summer1 for ,count ,kinski1 #dgj ,village schools1 #bjh ,wainscoting1 #bhe ,walls1 concrete1 #ib ,walls1 damp1 #aeb ,walls1 how to cure damp1 #afj ,warming houses1 #cd1 #cea ,water1 for removing soot from smoke1 #ddj ,wattle houses1 #bea ,weathercock1 design for a1 #bfa1 #cha ,window1 design for a decorated1 #ccf ,window1 ,gothic1 #bjd ,window1 ironwork for1 #big ,wooden villa1 old ,english1 #bcb ,wood-noggin houses1 #bdi ,woodwork1 ,french1 pine1 #ahf ,woodwork1 ,french1 #bge ,zinc1 ,french ornamental work in1 #bgd ,,the ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,post-,office ,orders payable at ,piccadilly ,circus4 ,,november1 #ahgd4 ,illustration ,a ,list of ,books ,,published ,,by ,,chatto ,,windus1 #gd #ge1 ,,piccadilly1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,illustration ,,sumptuous ,,gift-,,book4 ,,the ,,turner ,,gallery3 ,a ,series of ,sixty ,engravings1 ,from the ,principal ,works of ,,joseph ,,mallord ,,william ,,turner4 ,with a ,memoir and ,illustrative ,text ,by ,,ralph ,,nicholson ,,wornum1 ,,keeper ,,and ,,secretary1 ,,national ,,gallery4 ,handsomely half-bound1 ,india ,proofs1 ,royal folio1 #aj2 ,,large ,,paper copies1 ,artists' ,india ,proofs1 ,elephant folio1 #bj4 ,a ,descriptive ,pamphlet will be sent upon application4 #gd #ge1 ,,piccadilly1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,the ,,national ,,gallery3 ,a ,selection from its ,pictures1 ,by ,,claude1 ,,rembrandt1 ,,cuyp1 ,sir ,,david ,,wilkie1 ,,correggio1 ,,gainsborough1 ,,canaletti1 ,,vandyck1 ,,paul ,,veronese1 ,,caracci1 ,,rubens1 ,n4 and ,g4 ,,poussin1 and other great ,masters4 ,engraved by ,,george ,,doo1 ,,john ,,burnet1 ,,william ,,finden1 ,,john and ,,henry ,,le ,,keux1 ,,john ,,pye1 ,,walter ,,bromley1 and others4 ,with descriptive ,text4 ,a ,,new ,,edition1 from the ,original ,plates1 in columbier #dto1 cloth extra1 full gilt and gilt edges1 #dbs4 ,,the ,,famous ,,fraser ,,portraits4 ,,maclise',s ,,gallery ,,of ,,illustrious ,,literary ,,characters4 ,with ,notes by the late ,,william ,,maginn1 ,,ll4,d4 ,edited1 with copious ,notes1 by ,,william ,,bates1 ,b4,a4 ,the volume contains #hc ,,splendid ,,and ,,most ,,characteristic ,,portraits1 now first issued in a complete form4 ,in demy #dto1 over #djj pages1 cloth gilt and gilt edges1 #cas4 #f;d4 8,most interesting40--,saturday ,review4 8,not possible to imagine a more elegant addition to a drawing-room table40--,fun4 8,one of the most interesting volumes of this year's literature40--,times4 8,deserves a place on every drawing-room table1 and may not unfitly be removed from the drawing-room to the library40--,spectator4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,james ,,gillray1 ,,the ,,caricaturist4 ,with the ,story of his ,life and ,times1 and full and ,anecdotal ,descriptions of his ,engravings4 ,edited by ,,thomas ,,wright1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,illustrated with #hc full-page ,plates1 and very numerous ,wood ,engravings4 ,demy #dto1 #fjj pages1 cloth extra1 #cas4 #f;d4 8,high as the expectations excited by this description in the ,introduction may be1 they will not be disappointed4 ,with rare exception1 no source of information has been neglected by the editor1 and the most inquisitive or exacting reader will find ready gathered to his hand1 without the trouble of reference1 almost every scrap of narrative1 anecdote1 gossip1 scandal1 or epigram1 in poetry or prose1 that he can possibly require for the elucidation of the caricatures40--,quarterly ,review4 8,the publishers have done good service in bringing so much that is full of humour and of historical interest within the reach of a large class40--,saturday ,review4 8,one of the most amusing and valuable illustrations of the social and polished life of that generation which it is possible to conceive40--,spectator4 ,,new ,,series ,,of ,,beautiful ,,pictures4 ,including ,examples by ,,armytage1 ,,faed1 ,,goodall1 ,,hemsley1 ,,horsley1 ,,marks1 ,,nicholls1 ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,,pickersgill1 ,g4 ,,smith1 ,,marcus ,,stone1 ,,solomon1 ,,straight1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,ward1 ,,warren2 all engraved in the highest style of ,art1 with ,notices of the ,artists and of their ,pictures by ,,sydney ,,armytage1 ,m4,a4 ,imp4 #dto1 cloth extra1 gilt1 and gilt edges1 #bas4 ,,beautiful ,,pictures ,,by ,,british ,,artists3 ,a ,gathering of ,favourites from our ,picture ,galleries1 #ahjj-ahgj4 ,including examples by ,,wilkie1 ,,constable1 ,,turner1 ,,mulready1 ,,landseer1 ,,maclise1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,ward1 ,,frith1 ,sir ,,john ,,gilbert1 ,,leslie1 ,,ansdell1 ,,marcus ,,stone1 ,,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,,faed1 ,,eyre ,,crowe1 ,,gavin1 ,o',,neil1 and ,,madox ,,brown4 ,engraved on ,steel in the highest style of ,art4 ,edited1 with ,notices of the ,artists1 by ,,sydney ,,armytage1 ,m4,a4 ,imperial #dto1 cloth extra1 gilt and gilt edges1 #bas4 ,,tom ,,hood',s ,,new ,,story ,,for ,,children4 ,from ,nowhere to the ,north ,pole2 ,a ,noah's ,arkological ,narrative4 ,by ,,tom ,,hood4 ,with #be ,illustrations by ,w4 ,,brunton and ,e4 ,c4 ,,barnes4 ,sq4 crown #hvo1 in a handsome and specially-designed binding1 gilt edges1 #fs4 ,,new ,,book ,,by ,,mr4 ,,walter ,,thornbury4 ,on the ,slopes of ,parnassus4 ,illustrated by ,j4 ,e4 ,,millais1 ,,john ,,tenniel1 ,f4 ,,sandys1 ,,fred4 ,,walker1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,pinwell1 ,j4 ,d4 ,,houghton1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,poynter1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,marks1 ,j4 ,,whistler1 and others4 ,handsomely printed1 crown #dto1 cloth extra1 gilt and gilt edges1 #bas4 ,in preparation4 ,,new ,,grotesque ,,gift-,,book4 ,a ,,rare ,,and ,,choice ,,collection ,,of ,queens and ,kings1 and other ,things3 ,the ,pictures1 ,poetry1 and strange but veritable ,histories designed and written by the ,,princess ,,hesse-,,schwarzbourg4 ,the whole imprinted in gold and many colours by the ,brothers ,,dalziel1 at the ,camden ,press4 ,imp4 #dto1 cloth gilt and gilt edges1 price ,one ,guinea4 sop's ,fables1 translated into ,human ,nature by ,c4 ,h4 ,,bennett4 ,descriptive ,text4 ,entirely ,new ,edit4 ,cr4 #dto1 #bd ,plates1 beautifully printed in colours1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #fs4 ,,companion ,,to ,,the 8,,history ,,of ,,signboards40 ,advertising1 ,a ,history of1 from the ,earliest ,times4 ,illustrated by ,anecdotes1 ,curious ,specimens1 ,biographical ,notes1 and ,examples of ,successful ,advertisers4 ,by ,,henry ,,sampson4 ,crown #hvo1 with ,coloured ,frontispiece and numerous ,illustrations1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,amusing ,poetry4 ,a ,selection of ,humorous ,verse from all the ,best ,writers4 ,edited1 with a ,preface1 by ,shirley ,brooks4 ,a ,new ,edition1 in fcap4 #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 and gilt edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,anacreon4 ,translated by ,,thomas ,,moore1 and ,illustrated by the ,exquisite ,designs of ,,girodet4 ,bound in ,etruscan gold and blue1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,army ,lists of the ,roundheads and ,cavaliers in the ,civil ,war1 #afdb4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,corrected and considerably ,enlarged4 ,edited1 with ,notes and full ,index1 by ,,edward ,,peacock1 ,f4,s4,a4 #dto1 hf4-,roxburghe1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,uniform ,,with ,,mr4 ,,ruskin',s ,,edition ,,of 8,,grimm40 ,bechstein's ,as ,pretty as ,seven1 and other ,popular ,german ,stories4 ,collected by ,,ludwig ,,bechstein4 ,with ,additional ,tales by the ,brothers ,,grimm4 #ajj ,illusts4 by ,,richter4 ,small #dto1 green and gold1 #fs4 #f;d42 gilt edges1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration ,artemus ,ward1 ,complete4 ,the ,works of ,,charles ,,farrer ,,browne1 better known as ,,artemus ,,ward1 now first collected4 ,crown #hvo1 with fine ,portrait1 facsimile of handwriting1 c41 #edj pages1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,artemus ,ward's ,lecture at the ,egyptian ,hall1 with the ,panorama4 ,edited by ,t4 ,w4 ,,robertson and ,e4 ,p4 ,,hingston4 #dto1 green and gold1 ,,tinted ,,illust41 #fs4 ,boccaccio's ,decameron2 or1 ,ten ,days' ,entertainment4 ,now fully translated into ,english1 with ,introduction by ,,thomas ,,wright1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with ,portrait after ,,raphael1 and ,,stothard',s ,ten ,copper-plates4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,booksellers1 ,a ,history of4 ,full ,accounts of the ,great ,publishing ,houses and their ,founders1 both in ,london and the ,provinces1 the ,history of their ,rise and ,progress1 and of their greatest ,works4 ,by ,,harry ,,curwen4 ,crown #hvo1 over #ejj pages1 with frontispiece and numerous ,portraits and ,illustrations1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,headpiece ,,used ,,by ,,william ,,caxton4 8,in these days1 ten ordinary ,histories of ,kings and ,courtiers were well exchanged against the tenth part of one good ,history of ,booksellers40--,,thomas ,,carlyle4 8,this stout little book is unquestionably amusing4 ,ill-starred1 indeed1 must be the reader who1 opening it anywhere1 lights upon six consecutive pages within the entire compass of which some good anecdote or smart repartee is not to be found40--,saturday ,review4 8,mr4 ,curwen has produced an interesting work40--,daily ,news4 8,the #8,history of ,booksellers' will not merely repay perusal1 but ought to have a permanent place on library shelves40--,court ,circular4 ,book of ,hall-,marks2 or1 ,manual of ,reference for the ,goldsmith and ,silversmith4 ,by ,,alfred ,,lutschaunig1 ,manager of the ,liverpool ,assay ,office4 ,crown #hvo1 with #df ,plates of the ,hall-,marks of the different ,assay ,towns of the ,united ,kingdom1 as now stamped on ,plate and ,jewellery1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,this work gives practical methods for testing the quality of gold and silver4 ,it was compiled by the author for his own use1 and as a ,supplement to 8,chaffers40 ,boudoir ,ballads3 ,vers de ,socit4 ,by ,j4 ,,ashby ,,sterry4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 and gilt edges1 #fs4 ,in preparation4 ,bret ,harte's ,complete ,works1 in ,prose and ,poetry4 ,now ,first ,collected4 ,with ,introductory ,essay by ,j4 ,m4 ,,bellew1 ,portrait of the ,author1 and #ej ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #fej pages1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,brewster's 7,sir ,david7 ,more ,worlds than ,one1 the ,creed of the ,philosopher and the ,hope of the ,christian4 ,a ,,new ,,edition1 in small crown #hvo1 cloth1 extra gilt1 with full-page ,astronomical ,plates1 uniform with ,faraday's 8,chemical ,history of a ,candle40 #ds4 #f;d4 ,brewster's 7,sir ,d47 ,martyrs of ,science4 ,,new ,,edition1 small cr4 #hvo1 cloth1 extra gilt1 with full-page ,portraits1 uniform with ,faraday's 8,various ,forces of ,nature40 #ds4 #f;d4 ,bright's 7,rt4 ,hon4 ,j41 ,m4,p47 ,speeches on ,public ,affairs of the last ,twenty ,years4 ,collated with the best ,public ,reports4 ,royal #afmo1 #cgj pages1 cloth extra1 #as4 ,,colman',s ,,humorous ,,works4 ,broad ,grins4 ,my ,nightgown and ,slippers1 and other ,humorous ,works1 ,prose and ,poetical1 of ,,george ,,colman the ,younger4 ,now first collected1 with ,life and ,anecdotes of the ,author1 by ,,george ,b4 ,,buckstone4 ,with ,frontispiece by ,,hogarth4 ,crown #hvo1 #ejj pp41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,broadstone ,hall1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,windus4 ,with #dj ,illustrations by ,,alfred ,,concanen4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #es4 ,,new ,,book ,,for ,,boys4 ,conquest of the ,sea3 ,a ,history of ,divers and ,diving1 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,present ,day4 ,by ,,henry ,,siebe4 ,profusely ,illustrated with fine ,wood ,engravings4 ,small crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #ds4 #f;d4 8,we have perused this volume1 full of quaint information1 with delight4 ,mr4 ,siebe has bestowed much pains on his work2 he writes with enthusiasm and fulness of knowledge40--,echo4 8,really interesting alike to youths and to grown-up people40--,scotsman4 8,equally interesting to the general and to the scientific reader40--,morning ,advertiser4 ,,miss ,,braddon',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,lost for ,love3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,braddon1 ,author of 8,lady ,audley's ,secret10 c4 ,now ready1 in #c vols41 crown #hvo1 at all ,libraries1 and at the ,booksellers4 8,one of the best novels lately produced4 ,in several important respects1 it appears to us1 ,miss ,braddon's recent works deserve the highest commendation40--,illustrated ,london ,news4 8,we may confidently predict for it a warm welcome from ,miss ,braddon's numerous admirers40--,graphic4 8#8,lost for ,love' must be placed high among ,miss ,braddon's novels4 ,it has a quiet power1 which makes it attractive in a high degree40--,scotsman4 8,unaffected1 simple1 and easily written1 it will disappoint ,miss ,braddon's early admirers1 and please that which we hope is a wider public40--,athenum4 ,byron's 7,lord7 ,letters and ,journals1 with ,notices of his ,life4 ,by ,,thomas ,,moore4 ,a ,reprint of the ,original ,edition1 newly revised1 complete in a thick volume of #ajfj pp41 with ,twelve full-page ,plates4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,we have read this book with the greatest pleasure4 ,considered merely as a composition1 it deserves to be classed among the best specimens of ,english prose which our age has produced4 ,it contains1 indeed1 no single passage equal to two or three which we could select from the ,life of ,sheridan2 but1 as a whole1 it is immeasurably superior to that work4 ,the style is agreeable1 clear1 and manly1 and1 when it rises into eloquence1 rises without effort or ostentation4 ,nor is the matter inferior to the manner4 ,it would be difficult to name a book which exhibits more kindness1 fairness1 and modesty4 ,it has evidently been written1 not for the purpose of showing--what1 however1 it often shows--how well its author can write1 but for the purpose of vindicating1 as far as truth will permit1 the memory of a celebrated man who can no longer vindicate himself4 ,mr4 ,moore never thrusts himself between ,lord ,byron and the public4 ,with the strongest temptations to egotism1 he has said no more about himself than the subject absolutely required4 ,a great part1 indeed the greater part1 of these volumes consists of extracts from the ,letters and ,journals of ,lord ,byron2 and it is difficult to speak too highly of the skill which has been shown in the selection and arrangement4444 ,it is impossible1 on a general survey1 to deny that the task has been executed with great judgment and great humanity4 ,when we consider the life which ,lord ,byron had led1 his petulance1 his irritability1 and his communicativeness1 we cannot but admire the dexterity with which ,mr4 ,moore has contrived to exhibit so much of the character and opinions of his friend1 with so little pain to the feelings of the living40--,,lord ,,macaulay1 in the ,edinburgh ,review4 ,carols of ,cockayne3 ,vers de ,socit descriptive of ,london ,life4 ,by ,,henry ,s4 ,,leigh4 ,third ,edition4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,,alfred ,,concanen4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #es4 ,carlyle 7,t47 on the ,choice of ,books4 ,with ,new ,life and ,anecdotes4 ,brown cloth1 ,,uniform ,,with ,,the #bs4 ,,edition ,,of ,,his ,,works1 #as4 #f;d4 ,celebrated ,claimants1 ,ancient and ,modern4 ,being the ,histories of all the most celebrated ,pretenders and ,claimants from ,,perkin ,,warbeck to ,,arthur ,,orton4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cej pages1 illustrated boards1 price #bs4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkie ,,collins',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,the ,law and the ,lady3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,wilkie ,,collins1 ,author of 8,the ,woman in ,white40 #c vols41 crown #hvo1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,shortly4 ,christmas ,carols and ,ballads4 ,selected and ,edited by ,,joshua ,,sylvester4 ,a ,new ,edition1 beautifully printed and bound in cloth1 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,cruikshank's ,comic ,almanack4 ,complete in ,,two ,,series3 the ,,first from #ahce to #ahdc2 the ,,second from #ahdd to #ahec4 ,a ,gathering of the ,,best ,,humour of ,,thackeray1 ,,hood1 ,,mayhew1 ,,albert ,,smith1 ,a',,beckett1 ,,robert ,,brough1 c4 ,with #b1jjj ,woodcuts and ,steel ,engravings by ,,cruikshank1 ,,hine1 ,,landells1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth gilt1 two very thick volumes1 #aes42 or1 separately1 #gs4 #f;d4 per volume4 ,the 8,comic ,almanacks0 of ,george ,cruikshank have long been regarded by admirers of this inimitable artist as among his finest1 most characteristic productions4 ,extending over a period of nineteen years1 from #ahce to #ahec1 inclusive1 they embrace the best period of his artistic career1 and show the varied excellences of his marvellous power4 ,the late ,mr4 ,tilt1 of ,fleet ,street1 first conceived the idea of the 8,comic ,almanack0 and at various times there were engaged upon it such writers as ,,thackeray1 ,,albert ,,smith1 the ,brothers ,,mayhew1 the late ,,robert ,,brough1 ,,gilbert ,a',,beckett1 and1 it has been asserted1 ,,tom ,,hood the elder4 ,,thackeray',s stories of 8,stubbs' ,calendar2 or1 ,the ,fatal ,boots0 which subsequently appeared as 8,stubbs' ,diary20 and 8,barber ,cox2 or1 ,the ,cutting of his ,comb10 formed the leading attractions in the numbers for #ahci and #ahdf4 ,,the ,,best ,,guide ,,to ,,heraldry4 ,illustration ,cussans' ,handbook of ,heraldry2 with ,instructions for ,tracing ,pedigrees and ,deciphering ,ancient ,,mss42 also1 ,rules for the ,appointment of ,liveries1 c41 c4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,cussans4 ,illustrated with #cfj ,plates and ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt and emblazoned1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,this volume1 beautifully printed on toned paper1 contains not only the ordinary matter to be found in the best books on the science of ,armory1 but several other subjects hitherto unnoticed4 ,amongst these may be mentioned3--#a4 ,,directions ,,for ,,tracing ,,pedigrees4 #b4 ,,deciphering ,,ancient ,,mss41 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,alphabets ,,and ,,facsimiles4 #c4 ,,the ,,appointment ,,of ,,liveries4 #d4 ,,continental ,,and ,,american ,,heraldry1 ,c4 ,,new ,,and ,,important ,,work4 ,cyclopdia of ,costume2 or1 ,a ,dictionary of ,dress1 ,regal1 ,ecclesiastical1 ,civil1 and ,military1 from the ,earliest ,period in ,england to the reign of ,george the ,third4 ,including ,notices of ,contemporaneous ,fashions on the ,continent1 and preceded by a ,general ,history of the ,costume of the ,principal ,countries of ,europe4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,planch1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,somerset ,herald4 ,illustration ,this work will be published in ,twenty-four ,monthly ,parts1 quarto1 at ,five ,shillings1 profusely illustrated by ,plates and ,wood ,engravings2 with each ,part will also be issued a splendid ,coloured ,plate1 from an original ,painting or ,illumination1 of ,royal and ,noble ,personages1 and ,national ,costume1 both foreign and domestic4 ,the ,first ,part is just ready4 ,in collecting materials for a ,history of ,costume of more importance than the little handbook which has met with so much favour as an elementary work1 ,i was not only made aware of my own deficiencies1 but surprised to find how much more vague are the explanations1 and contradictory the statements1 of our best authorities1 than they appeared to me1 when1 in the plenitude of my ignorance1 ,i rushed upon almost untrodden ground1 and felt bewildered by the mass of unsifted evidence and unhesitating assertion which met my eyes at every turn4 ,during the forty years which have elapsed since the publication of the first edition of my 8,history of ,british ,costume0 in the 8,library of ,entertaining ,knowledge10 archological investigation has received such an impetus by the establishment of metropolitan and provincial peripatetic antiquarian societies1 that a flood of light has been poured upon us1 by which we are enabled to re-examine our opinions and discover reasons to doubt1 if we cannot find facts to authenticate4 ,that the former greatly preponderate is a grievous acknowledgment to make after assiduously devoting the leisure of half my life to the pursuit of information on this1 to me1 most fascinating subject4 ,it is some consolation1 however1 to feel that where ,i cannot instruct1 ,i shall certainly not mislead1 and that the reader will find1 under each head1 all that is known to1 or suggested by1 the most competent writers ,i am acquainted with1 either here or on the ,continent4 ,that this work appears in a glossarial form arises from the desire of many artists1 who have expressed to me the difficulty they constantly meet with in their endeavours to ascertain the complete form of a garment1 or the exact mode of fastening a piece of armour1 or buckling of a belt1 from their study of a sepulchral effigy or a figure in an illumination2 the attitude of the personages represented1 or the disposition of other portions of their attire1 effectually preventing the requisite examination4 ,the books supplying any such information are very few1 and the best confined to armour or ecclesiastical costume4 ,the only ,english publication of the kind required1 that ,i am aware of1 is the late ,mr4 ,fairholt's 8,costume in ,england0 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahdf71 the last two hundred pages of which contain a glossary1 the most valuable portion whereof are the quotations from old plays1 medival romances1 and satirical ballads1 containing allusions to various articles of attire in fashion at the time of their composition4 ,twenty-eight years have expired since that book appeared1 and it has been thought that a more comprehensive work on the subject than has yet issued from the ,english press1 combining the pith of the information of many costly foreign publications1 and1 in its illustrations1 keeping in view the special requirement of the artist1 to which ,i have alluded1 would be1 in these days of educational progress and critical inquiry1 a welcome addition to the library of an ,english gentleman ,j4 ,r4 ,,planch4 ,cussans' ,history of ,hertfordshire4 ,a ,county ,history1 got up in a very superior manner1 and ranging with the finest works of its class4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,cussans4 ,illustrated with full-page ,plates on ,copper and ,stone1 and a profusion of small ,woodcuts4 ,parts ,i4 to ,,viii4 are now ready1 price #bas4 each4 ,an entirely new ,history of this important ,county1 great attention being given to all matters pertaining to ,family ,history4 ,dickens' ,life and ,speeches4 ,by ,,theodore ,,taylor4 ,in ,one ,volume1 #afmo1 cloth extra1 #bs4 #f;d4 8,,don ,,quixote0 ,,in ,,the ,,original ,,spanish4 ,el ,ingenioso ,hidalgo ,don ,quijote de la ,mancha4 ,nueva ,edicion1 corregida y revisada4 ,por ,,miguel ,,de ,,cervantes ,,saavedra4 ,complete in one volume1 post #hvo1 nearly #gjj pages1 cloth extra1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,gil ,,blas ,,in ,,spanish4 ,historia de ,gil ,blas de ,santillana4 ,por ,,le ,,sage4 ,traducida al ,castellano por el ,,padre ,,isla4 ,nueva ,edicion1 corregida y revisada4 ,complete in ,one ,volume4 ,post #hvo1 cloth extra1 nearly #fjj pages1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,earthward ,pilgrimage1 from the ,next ,world to that which now is4 ,by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,crown #hvo1 beautifully printed and bound1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,ellis's 7,mrs47 ,mothers of ,great ,men4 ,a ,new ,edition1 with ,illustrations by ,,valentine ,w4 ,,bromley4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth gilt1 over #ejj pages1 #fs4 8,mrs4 ,ellis believes1 as most of us do1 that the character of the mother goes a long way2 and1 in illustration of this doctrine1 she has given us several lives written in her charming1 yet earnest1 style4 ,we especially commend the life of ,byron's and ,napoleon's mothers4444 ,the volume has some solid merits40--,echo4 8,this is a book which ought to be in the libraries of all who interest themselves in the education of women40--,victoria ,magazine4 8,an extremely agreeable and readable book1 444 and its value is not a little enhanced by ,mr4 ,bromley's illustrations40--,illustrated ,dramatic ,news4 ,emanuel on ,diamonds and ,precious ,stones2 ,their ,history1 ,value1 and ,properties2 with ,simple ,tests for ascertaining their ,reality4 ,by ,,harry ,,emanuel1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with numerous ,illustrations1 ,tinted and ,plain4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #fs4 ,edgar ,allan ,poe's ,prose and ,poetical ,works2 including ,additional ,tales and his fine ,critical ,essays4 ,with a ,translation of ,,charles ,,baudelaire',s 8,essay40 #gej pages1 crown #hvo1 fine ,portrait and ,illustrations1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,poe',s ,,cottage ,,at ,,fordham4 ,english ,surnames3 ,their ,sources and ,significations4 ,by ,,charles ,,wareing ,,bardsley1 ,m4,a4 ,,second ,,edition1 revised throughout1 considerably enlarged1 and partially re-written4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #is4 8,mr4 ,bardsley has faithfully consulted the original medival documents and works from which the origin and development of surnames can alone be satisfactorily traced4 ,he has furnished a valuable contribution to the literature of surnames1 and we hope to hear more of him in this field40--,times4 8,mr4 ,bardsley's volume is a very good specimen of the work which the nineteenth century can turn out4 ,he has evidently bestowed a great deal of attention1 not only upon surnames1 but upon philology in general4 ,the book is a mine of information40--,westminster ,review4 8,we welcome this book as an important addition to our knowledge of an important and interesting subject40--,athenum4 ,englishman's ,house 7,the73 ,a ,practical ,guide to all interested in ,selecting or ,building a ,house4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,richardson1 ,architect1 ,author of 8,old ,english ,mansions10 c4 ,third ,edition4 ,with nearly #fjj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration ,this ,work might not inappropriately termed 8,a ,book of ,houses40 ,it gives every variety of house1 from a workman's cottage to a nobleman's palace4 ,the book is intended to supply a want long felt1 viz41 a plain1 non-technical account of every style of house1 with the cost and manner of building4 ,faraday's ,chemical ,history of a ,candle4 ,lectures delivered to a ,juvenile ,audience4 ,a ,new ,edition1 edited by ,w4 ,,crookes1 ,esq41 ,f4,c4,s41 c4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 with all the ,original ,illustrations1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,faraday's ,various ,forces of ,nature4 ,a ,new ,edition1 edited by ,w4 ,,crookes1 ,esq41 ,f4,c4,s41 c4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 with all the ,original ,illustrations1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,father ,,prout',s ,,remains4 ,final ,reliques of ,father ,prout4 ,collected and ,edited1 from ,,mss4 supplied by the ,family of the ,rev4 ,,francis ,,mahoney1 by ,,blanchard ,,jerrold4 ,in preparation4 ,finish to ,life in and out of ,london2 or1 ,the ,final ,adventures of ,tom1 ,jerry1 and ,logic4 ,by ,,pierce ,,egan4 ,royal #hvo1 cloth extra1 with ,spirited ,coloured ,illustrations by ,,cruikshank1 #bas4 ,flagellation and the ,flagellants4--,a ,history of the ,rod in all ,countries1 from the ,earliest ,period to the ,present ,time4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,,cooper1 ,b4,a4 ,third ,edition1 revised and corrected1 with numerous ,illustrations4 ,thick crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,fools' ,paradise2 with the ,many ,wonderful ,adventures there1 as seen in the strange1 surprising ,peep-,show of ,professor ,wolley ,cobble4 ,crown #dto1 with nearly #cej very funny ,coloured ,pictures1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,professor',s ,,leetle ,,music ,,lesson4 ,,ruskin ,,and ,,cruikshank4 ,german ,popular ,stories4 ,collected by the ,brothers ,,grimm1 and ,translated by ,,edgar ,,taylor4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,,john ,,ruskin4 ,with #bb ,illustrations after the inimitable designs of ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,both ,series complete4 ,square crown #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d42 gilt leaves1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,the illustrations of this volume 444 are of quite sterling and admirable art1 in a class precisely parallel in elevation to the character of the tales which they illustrate2 and the original etchings1 as ,i have before said in the ,appendix to my #8,elements of ,drawing1' were unrivalled in masterfulness of touch since ,rembrandt 7in some qualities of delineation1 unrivalled even by him74444 ,to make somewhat enlarged copies of them1 looking at them through a magnifying glass1 and never putting two lines where ,cruikshank has put only one1 would be an exercise in decision and severe drawing which would leave afterwards little to be learnt in schools40--,extract from ,introduction by ,,john ,,ruskin4 ,golden ,treasury of ,thought4 ,the ,best ,encyclopdia of ,quotations and ,elegant ,extracts1 from ,writers of all ,times and all ,countries1 ever formed4 ,selected and ,edited by ,,theodore ,,taylor4 ,crown #hvo1 very handsomely bound1 cloth gilt1 and gilt edges1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,genial ,showman2 or1 ,show ,life in the ,new ,world4 ,adventures with ,artemus ,ward1 and the ,story of his ,life4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,hingston4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 ,illustrated by ,,brunton1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,golden ,,library4 ,square #afmo 7,tauchnitz size71 cloth1 extra gilt1 price #bs4 per vol4 ,clerical ,anecdotes3 ,the ,humours and ,eccentricities of 8the ,cloth40 ,holmes's ,autocrat of the ,breakfast ,table4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,george ,,augustus ,,sala4 ,holmes's ,professor at the ,breakfast ,table4 ,with the ,,story ,,of ,,iris4 ,hood's ,whims and ,oddities4 ,both ,series complete in ,one ,volume1 with all the original ,illustrations4 ,lamb's ,essays of ,elia4 ,both ,series complete in ,one ,volume4 ,leigh ,hunt's ,essays3 ,a ,tale for a ,chimney ,corner1 and other ,pieces4 ,with ,portrait1 and ,introduction by ,,edmund ,,ollier4 ,shelley's ,early ,poems3 ,queen ,mab1 c4 ,reprinted from the ,author's ,original ,editions4 ,with ,essay by ,,leigh ,,hunt4 7,first ,series of his ,works47 ,shelley's ,later ,poems3 ,laon and ,cythna1 the ,cenci1 and other ,pieces4 ,reprinted from the ,author's ,original ,editions4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay4 7,second ,series of his ,works47 ,shelley's ,miscellaneous ,poems and ,prose ,works4 ,the ,third and ,fourth ,series4 ,these ,two ,volumes will include the ,posthumous ,poems1 published by ,mrs4 ,,shelley in #ahbd2 the ,shelley ,papers1 published in #ahcc2 the ,six ,weeks' ,tour 7#ahaf72 the ,notes to 8,queen ,mab10 c42 the ,marlow and ,dublin ,pamphlets2 8,the ,wandering ,jew10 a ,poem2 and the two ,novels1 8,zastrozzi0 and 8,st4 ,irvyne40 ,the three last now first included in any edition of ,shelley4 ,great ,cond 7,the71 and the ,period of the ,fronde3 ,an ,historical ,sketch4 ,by ,,walter ,,fitzpatrick4 ,second ,edition1 in #b vols4 #hvo1 cloth extra1 #aes4 ,greenwood's 7,james7 ,wilds of ,london3 ,being ,descriptive ,sketches1 from the ,personal ,observations and ,experiences of the ,writer1 of ,remarkable ,scenes1 ,people1 and ,places in ,london4 ,by ,,james ,,greenwood1 the 8,lambeth ,casual40 ,with ,twelve full-page ,illustrations by ,,alfred ,,concanen4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,hall's 7,mrs4 ,s4 ,c47 ,sketches of ,irish ,character4 8,,wooing ,,and ,,wedding10 8,,jack ,,the ,,shrimp10 8,,peter ,,the ,,prophet10 8,,good ,,and ,,bad ,,spirits10 8,,mabel ,o',,neil',s ,,curse10 c41 c4 ,with numerous ,illustrations on ,steel and ,wood1 by ,,daniel ,,maclise1 ,r4,a41 ,sir ,,john ,,gilbert1 ,w4 ,,harvey1 and ,g4 ,,cruikshank4 #hvo1 pp4 #dej1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration 8,the ,irish sketches of this lady resemble ,miss ,mitford's beautiful ,english ,sketches in #8,our ,village1' but they are far more vigorous and picturesque and bright40--,blackwood's ,magazine4 ,,the ,,most ,,complete ,,hogarth ,,ever ,,published4 ,hogarth's ,works3 with ,life and ,anecdotal ,descriptions of the ,pictures1 by ,,john ,,ireland and ,,john ,,nichols4 ,the ,work includes #afj ,engravings1 reduced in exact facsimile of the ,original ,plates1 specimens of which have now become very scarce4 ,the whole in ,three ,series1 #hvo1 cloth1 gilt1 #bbs4 #f;d42 or1 separately1 #gs4 #f;d4 per volume4 ,each ,series is ,complete in itself4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,talking ,,hand4 8,will be a great boon to authors and artists as well as amateurs4444 ,very cheap and very complete40--,standard4 8,for all practical purposes the three handsome volumes comprising this edition are equal to a collection of ,hogarthian prints4 ,we are quite sure that any one who adds this work to his library will be amply repaid by the inexhaustible charms of its facsimile prints40--,birmingham ,daily ,mail4 8,the plates are reduced in size1 but yet truthfully reproduced4 ,the best and cheapest edition of ,hogarth's complete works yet brought forward40--,building ,news4 8,three very interesting volumes1 important and valuable additions to the library4 ,the edition is thoroughly well brought out1 and carefully printed on fine paper40--,art ,journal4 ,hogarth's ,five ,days' ,frolic2 or1 ,peregrinations by ,land and ,water4 ,illustrated with ,tinted ,drawings1 made by ,,hogarth and ,,scott during the ,journey4 #dto1 beautifully printed1 cloth1 extra gilt1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a graphic and most extraordinary picture of the hearty ,english times in which these merry artists lived4 ,hogg's ,jacobite ,relics of ,scotland3 ,being the ,songs1 ,airs1 and ,legends of the ,adherents to the ,house of ,stuart4 ,collected and ,illustrated by ,,james ,,hogg4 ,in #b vols4 ,vol4 ,i41 a ,facsimile of the original ,edition2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 the original ,edition4 #hvo1 cloth1 #bhs4 ,haunted2 or1 ,tales of the ,weird and ,wonderful4 ,a new and entirely original series of ,,ghost ,,stories1 by ,,francis ,e4 ,,stainforth4 ,post #hvo1 illust4 bds41 #bs4 ,nearly ready4 ,hawthorne's ,english and ,american ,note ,books4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,royal #afmo1 paper cover1 #as42 in cloth1 #as4 #f;d4 ,hone's ,scrap-,books3 ,the ,miscellaneous ,writings of ,,william ,,hone1 ,author of 8,the ,table-,book10 8,every-,day ,book10 and the 8,year ,book30 being a ,supplementary ,volume to those works4 ,now first collected4 ,with ,notes1 ,portraits1 and numerous ,illustrations of curious and eccentric objects4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra4 ,preparing4 ,,mr4 ,,horne',s ,,epic4 ,orion3 ,an ,epic ,poem1 in ,three ,books4 ,by ,,richard ,,hengist ,,horne4 ,with ,photographic ,portrait-,frontispiece4 ,,tenth ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 8,orion will be admitted1 by every man of genius1 to be one of the noblest1 if not the very noblest poetical work of the age4 ,its defects are trivial and conventional1 its beauties intrinsic and supreme4--,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe4 ,hunt's 7,robert7 ,drolls of ,old ,cornwall2 or1 ,,popular ,,romances ,,of ,,the ,,west ,,of ,,england4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration 8,mr4 ,hunt's charming book of the ,drolls and ,stories of the ,west of ,england40--,saturday ,review4 ,irish ,guide4--,how to ,spend a ,month in ,ireland4 ,being a complete ,guide to the ,country1 with an ,appendix containing information as to the ,fares between the ,principal ,towns in ,england and ,ireland1 and as to ,tourist ,arrangements for the ,season4 ,with a ,map and #hj ,illustrations4 ,by ,sir ,,cusack ,p4 ,,roney4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,riddell4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,jennings' 7,hargrave7 ,one of the ,thirty4 ,with curious ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,illustration ,jennings' 7,hargrave7 ,the ,rosicrucians3 ,their ,rites and ,mysteries4 ,with ,chapters on the ,ancient ,fire and ,serpent ,worshippers and ,explanations of ,mystic ,symbols in ,monuments and ,talismans of ,primeval ,philosophers4 ,crown #hvo1 #cjj ,illustrations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,jerrold's 7,blanchard7 ,cent4 per ,cent4 ,a ,story ,written on a ,bill ,stamp4 ,a ,new ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 illustrated boards1 #bs4 ,,new ,,work ,,by ,,douglas ,,jerrold4 ,jerrold's 7,douglas7 ,the ,barber's ,chair1 and ,the ,hedgehog ,letters4 ,now first collected4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by his ,son1 ,,blanchard ,,jerrold4 ,crown #hvo1 with ,steel ,plate ,portrait from his ,bust1 engraved by ,w4 ,h4 ,,mote1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,no library is complete without ,douglas ,jerrold's ,works2 ergo1 no library is complete without the ,barber's ,chair4' ,a delightful volume2 the papers are most amusing2 they abound with sly touches of sarcasm2 they are full of playful wit and fancy40--,pictorial ,world4 8,an amusing volume1 full of ,douglas ,jerrold's well-known sharpness and repartee40--,daily ,news4 8,better fitted than any other of his productions to give an idea of ,douglas ,jerrold's amazing wit2 the #8,barber's ,chair' may be presumed to give as near an approach as is possible in print to the wit of ,jerrold's conversation40--,examiner4 ,jerrold's 7,douglas7 ,brownrigg ,papers3 ,the ,actress at the ,duke's2 ,baron von ,boots2 ,christopher ,snubb2 ,the ,tutor ,fiend and his ,three ,pupils2 ,papers of a ,gentleman at ,arms1 c4 ,by ,,douglas ,,jerrold4 ,edited by his ,son1 ,,blanchard ,,jerrold4 ,post #hvo1 illustrated boards1 #bs4 ,kalendars of ,gwynedd4 ,compiled by ,,edward ,,breese1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with ,notes by ,,william ,,watkin ,,edward ,,wynne1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,demy #dto1 cloth extra1 #bhs4 ,lamb's 7,charles7 ,complete ,works1 in ,prose and ,verse1 including the two ,series of ,elia1 with the cancelled passages restored1 as first printed in the 8,london ,magazine10 together with 8,satan in ,search of a ,wife10 and other ,poems and ,humorous ,pieces1 now first collected4 ,illustrated with ,two ,portraits4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,lamb 7,mary ,charles73 ,their ,poems1 ,letters1 and ,remains4 ,now first collected1 with ,reminiscences and ,notes1 by ,w4 ,,carew ,,hazlitt4 ,with ,,hancock',s ,portrait of the ,essayist1 ,facsimiles of the ,title-pages of the rare ,first ,editions of ,lamb's and ,coleridge's ,works1 ,facsimile of a ,page of the ,original ,,ms4 of the 8,essay on ,roast ,pig10 and numerous ,illustrations of ,lamb's ,favourite ,haunts4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #ajs4 #f;d42 ,,large-,,paper ,,copies #bas4 ,illustration3 ,,rosamund ,,gray',s ,,cottage4 8,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt has published a very pretty and interesting little volume4 ,it has many pictorial illustrations1 which were supplied by ,mr4 ,camden ,hotten2 and1 above all1 it contains a facsimile of the first page of ,elia on #8,roast ,pig4' ,it is well got up1 and has a good portrait of ,elia4 ,there are also some letters and poems of ,mary ,lamb which are not easily accessible elsewhere40--,westminster ,review4 8,must be consulted by all future biographers of the ,lambs40--,daily ,news4 8,tells us a good deal that is interesting and something that is fairly new40--,graphic4 8,very many passages will delight those fond of literary trifles2 hardly any portion will fail to have its interest for lovers of ,charles ,lamb and his sister40--,standard4 8,mr4 ,hazlitt's work is very important and valuable1 and all lovers of ,elia will thank him for what he has done40--,sunday ,times4 8,will be joyfully received by all ,lambites40--,globe4 ,lee 7,general ,edward73 ,his ,life and ,campaigns4 ,by his ,nephew1 ,,edward ,,lee ,,childe4 ,with ,portrait and ,plans4 #a vol4 ,crown #hvo4 ,in preparation4 ,life in ,london2 or1 ,the ,day and ,night ,scenes of ,jerry ,hawthorn and ,corinthian ,tom4 ,,with ,,the ,,whole ,,of ,,cruikshank',s ,,very ,,droll ,,illustrations1 in ,colours1 after the ,originals4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,literary ,scraps4 ,a ,folio ,scrap-,book of #cdj columns1 with guards1 for the reception of ,cuttings from ,newspapers1 ,extracts1 ,miscellanea1 c4 ,in folio1 half-roan1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,little ,london ,directory of #afgg4 ,the ,oldest ,printed ,list of the ,merchants and ,bankers of ,london4 ,reprinted from the ,rare ,original1 with an ,introduction by ,,john ,,camden ,,hotten4 #afmo1 binding after the original1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,longfellow's ,prose ,works1 complete1 including 8,outre-,mer10 8,hyperion10 8,kavanagh10 8,drift-wood10 8,on the ,poets and ,poetry of ,europe40 ,with ,portrait and ,illustrations by ,,bromley4 #hjj pages1 crown #hvo1 cloth gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration ,the reader will find the present edition of ,longfellow's ,prose ,writings by far the most complete ever issued in this country4 8,outre-,mer0 contains two additional chapters1 restored front the first edition2 while 8,the ,poets and ,poetry of ,europe0 and the little collection of ,sketches entitled 8,driftwood0 are now first introduced to the ,english public4 ,linton's 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,lynn7 ,true ,history of ,joshua ,davidson1 ,christian and ,communist4 ,,sixth ,,edition1 with a ,new ,preface4 ,small crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #ds4 #f;d4 8,in a short and vigorous preface1 ,mrs4 ,linton defends1 in certain points1 her notion of the logical outcome of ,christianity as embodied in this attempt to conceive how ,christ would have acted1 with whom ,he would have fraternised1 and who would have declined to receive ,him1 had ,he appeared in the present generation40--,examiner4 ,,mrs4 ,,lynn ,,linton',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,patricia ,kemball3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,e4 ,,lynn ,,linton1 ,author of 8,lizzie ,lorton of ,greyrigg10 c4 ,in ,three ,vols41 crown #hvo1 price #cas4 #f;d4 ,on ,nov4 #ae4 ,lost ,beauties of the ,english ,language4 ,an ,appeal to ,authors1 ,poets1 ,clergymen1 and ,public ,speakers4 ,by ,,charles ,,mackay1 ,,ll4,d4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,madre ,natura versus ,the ,moloch of ,fashion4 ,a ,social ,essay4 ,by ,,luke ,,limner4 ,with #cb ,illustrations by the ,author4 ,,fourth ,,edition1 revised1 corrected1 and enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra gilt1 red edges1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,illustration 8,bravo1 ,luke ,limner6 ,in this treatise1 aptly and ably illustrated1 the well-known artist scathingly exposes the evils of the present fashions--more especially of tight-lacing4 ,girls should be made to learn it by heart1 and act on its precepts40--,fun4 8,agreeably written and amusingly illustrated4 ,common sense and erudition are brought to bear on the subjects discussed in it40--,lancet4 8,a fanciful little volume4 ,a thing to read1 and in parts very amusing40--,judy4 8,luke ,limner's amusing and instructive book is calculated to do not a little good40--,echo4 ,magna ,charta4 ,an exact ,facsimile of the ,original ,document1 preserved in the ,british ,museum1 very carefully drawn1 and printed on fine plate paper1 nearly #c feet long by #b feet wide1 with the ,arms and ,seals of the ,barons elaborately emblazoned in ,gold and ,colours4 ,a4,d4 #abae4 ,price #es42 or1 handsomely framed and glazed1 in carved oak1 of an antique pattern1 #bbs4 #f;d4 ,a full ,translation1 with ,notes1 printed on a large sheet1 price #f;d4 ,,author',s ,,corrected ,,edition4 ,mark ,twain's ,choice ,works4 ,revised and ,corrected throughout by the ,author4 ,with ,life1 ,portrait1 and numerous ,illustrations4 #gjj pages1 cloth extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,mark ,twain's ,pleasure ,trip on the ,continent of ,europe1 ,with ,frontispiece4 #ejj pages1 illustrated boards1 #bs42 or cloth extra1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,marston's 7,dr4 ,westland7 ,poetical and ,dramatic ,works4 ,a ,new and ,collected ,edition is now in preparation4 ,,mr4 ,,philip ,,marston',s ,,poems4 ,song ,tide1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,,philip ,,bourke ,,marston4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #hs4 8,this is a first work of extraordinary performance and of still more extraordinary promise4 ,the youngest school of ,english poetry has received an important accession to its ranks in ,philip ,bourke ,marston40--,examiner4 8,mr4 ,marston has fairly established his claim to be heard as a poet4444 ,his present volume is well worthy of careful perusal1 as the utterance of a poetic1 cultivated mind40--,standard4 8,we have spoken plainly of some defects in the poetry before us1 but we have read much of it with interest1 and even admiration40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,all in ,all3 ,poems and ,sonnets4 ,by ,,philip ,,bourke ,,marston4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #hs4 ,mayhew's ,london ,characters3 ,illustrations of the ,humour1 ,pathos1 and ,peculiarities of ,london ,life4 ,by ,,henry ,,mayhew1 ,author of 8,london ,labour and the ,london ,poor10 and other ,writers4 ,with nearly #ajj graphic ,illustrations by ,w4 ,s4 ,,gilbert1 and others4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #fs4 8,well fulfils the promise of its title4444 ,the book is an eminently interesting one1 and will probably attract many readers40--,court ,circular4 ,memorials of ,manchester ,streets4 ,by ,,richard ,,wright ,,procter4 ,with an ,appendix1 containing 8,the ,chetham ,library10 by ,,james ,,crossley1 ,f4,s4,a42 and 8,old ,manchester and its ,worthies10 by ,,james ,,croston1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,demy #hvo1 cloth extra1 with ,photographic ,frontispiece and numerous ,illustrations1 #aes4 ,monumental ,inscriptions of the ,west ,indies1 from the ,earliest ,date1 with ,genealogical and ,historical ,annotations1 c41 from ,original1 ,local1 and other ,sources4 ,illustrative of the ,histories and ,genealogies of the ,seventeenth ,century1 the ,calendars of ,state ,papers1 ,peerages1 and ,baronetages4 ,with ,engravings of the ,arms of the principal ,families4 ,chiefly collected on the spot by the ,author1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,lawrence-,,archer4 ,demy #dto1 cloth extra1 #dbs4 ,nearly ready4 ,muses of ,mayfair3 ,vers de ,socit of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,the best ,society ,verses of the most important ,writers of the last #hj years1 including ,,tennyson1 ,,browning1 ,,swinburne1 ,,rossetti1 ,,jean ,,ingelow1 ,,locker1 ,,ingoldsby1 ,,hood1 ,,lytton1 ,c4 ,s4 ,c41 ,,landor1 ,,henry ,s4 ,,leigh1 and very many others4 ,edited by ,h4 ,,cholmondeley-,,pennell1 ,author of 8,puck on ,pegasus40 ,beautifully printed1 cloth extra gilt1 gilt edges1 uniform with 8,the ,golden ,treasury of ,thought10 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,mr4 ,o',,shaughnessy',s ,,poems4 ,music and ,moonlight3 ,poems and ,songs4 ,by ,,arthur ,o',,shaughnessy1 ,author of 8,an ,epic of ,women40 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,it is difficult to say which is more exquisite1 the technical perfection of structure and melody1 or the delicate pathos of thought4 ,mr4 ,o',shaughnessy will enrich our literature with some of the very best songs written in our generation40--,academy4 ,an ,epic of ,women1 and other ,poems4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth extra1 #fs4 8,of the formal art of poetry he is in many senses quite a master2 his metres are not only good1--they are his own1 and often of an invention most felicitous as well as careful40--,academy4 ,lays of ,france4 7,founded on the 8,lays of ,marie407 ,,second ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,as we have before remarked in noticing an earlier volume of his1 this modern votary of ,marie has1 in imaginative power1 keen intuition1 and ear1 a genuine claim to be writing poetry1 as things go now4444 ,and ,mr4 ,o',s4 is also an accomplished master in those peculiar turns of rhythm which are designed to reproduce the manner of the medival originals40--,saturday ,review4 ,mystery of the ,good ,old ,cause3 ,sarcastic ,notices of those ,members of the ,long ,parliament that held ,places1 both ,civil and ,military1 contrary to the ,self-denying ,ordinance of ,april #c1 #afde2 with the ,sums of ,money and ,lands they divided among themselves4 ,small #dto1 half-morocco1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 the ,man of ,his ,time2 from ,caricatures4 ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,napoleon ,,iii41 as told by ,j4 ,m4 ,,haswell4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,same ,,story1 as told by the ,,popular ,,caricatures of the past ,thirty-five ,years4 ,crown #hvo1 with ,coloured ,frontispiece and over #ajj ,caricatures1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,original ,lists of ,persons of ,quality2 ,emigrants2 ,religious ,exiles2 ,political ,rebels2 ,serving ,men ,sold for a ,term of ,years2 ,apprentices2 ,children ,stolen2 ,maidens ,pressed2 and others who went from ,great ,britain to the ,american ,plantations1 #afjj-agjj4 ,with their ,ages1 the ,localities where they formerly ,lived in the ,mother ,country1 ,names of the ,ships in which they embarked1 and other interesting particulars4 ,from ,,mss4 preserved in the ,state ,paper ,department of ,her ,majesty's ,public ,record ,office1 ,england4 ,edited by ,,john ,,camden ,,hotten4 ,a very handsome volume1 crown #dto1 cloth gilt1 #gjj pages1 #chs4 ,a few ,large ,paper copies have been printed1 price #fjs4 ,,the ,,old ,,dramatists4 ,ben ,jonson's ,works4 ,with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 and a ,biographical ,memoir by ,,william ,,gifford4 ,edited by ,lieut4-,col4 ,,francis ,,cunningham4 ,complete in #c vols41 crown #hvo1 cloth extra gilt1 with ,portrait1 price #fs4 each4 ,george ,chapman's ,plays1 ,complete1 from the ,original ,quartos1 including those ,plays in which he was only partly concerned4 ,edited by ,,richard ,,herne ,,shepherd4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra gilt1 with ,portrait ,frontispiece1 price #fs4 ,george ,chapman's ,poems and ,minor ,translations4 ,complete1 including some ,pieces now first printed4 ,with an ,essay on the ,dramatic and ,poetical ,works of ,,george ,,chapman1 by ,,algernon ,,charles ,,swinburne4 ,crown #hvo1 with ,frontispiece1 cloth extra1 #fs4 ,george ,chapman's ,translations of ,homer's ,iliad and ,odyssey4 ,edited by ,,richard ,,herne ,,shepherd4 ,in one volume1 crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #fs4 ,christopher ,marlowe's ,works2 ,including his ,translations4 ,edited1 with ,notes and ,introduction1 by ,lieut4-,col4 ,f4 ,,cunningham4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra gilt1 with ,portrait1 price #fs4 ,philip ,massinger's ,plays4 ,from the ,text of ,,wm4 ,,gifford4 ,with the addition of the ,tragedy of 8,believe as ,you ,list40 ,edited by ,lieut4-,col4 ,,francis ,,cunningham4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra gilt1 with ,portrait1 price #fs4 ,,old ,,books--,,facsimile ,,reprints4 ,rump 7,the72 or1 ,an ,exact ,collection of the choicest ,,poems ,,and ,,songs relating to the late ,times1 and continued by the most eminent ,wits2 from ,anno #afci to #affa4 ,a ,facsimile ,reprint of the rare ,original ,edition 7,london1 #affb71 with ,frontispiece and ,engraved ,title-page4 ,in #b vols41 large fcap4 #hvo1 printed on antique laid paper1 and bound in antique boards1 #ags4 #f;d4 ,d',urfey's 78,tom07 ,wit and ,mirth2 or1 ,,pills ,,to ,,purge ,,melancholy3 ,being a ,collection of the best ,merry ,ballads and ,songs1 ,old and ,new4 ,fitted to all ,humours1 having each their proper ,tune for either ,voice or ,instrument3 most of the ,songs being new set4 ,london3 ,printed by ,w4 ,pearson1 for ,j4 ,tonson1 at ,shakespeare's ,head1 over-against ,catherine ,street in the ,strand1 #agai4 ,an exact reprint4 ,in #f vols41 large fcap4 #hvo1 antique boards1 edges uncut1 beautifully printed on laid paper1 made expressly for the work1 #c #cs4 ,musarum ,delici2 or1 ,the ,muses' ,recreation1 #afef2 ,wit ,restor'd1 #afeh2 and ,wit's ,recreations1 #afdj4 ,the whole compared with the originals2 with all the ,wood ,engravings1 ,plates1 ,memoirs1 and ,notes4 ,a ,new ,edition1 in #b vols41 post #hvo1 beautifully printed on antique laid paper1 and bound in antique boards1 #bas4 ,english ,rogue 7,the71 described in the ,life of ,,meriton ,,latroon1 and other ,extravagants1 comprehending the most ,eminent ,cheats of both ,sexes4 ,by ,,richard ,,head and ,,francis ,,kirkman4 ,a ,facsimile ,reprint of the rare ,original ,edition 7#affe-afgb71 with ,frontispiece1 ,facsimiles of the #ab copper plates1 and ,portraits of the ,authors4 ,in #d volumes1 large foolscap #hvo1 beautifully printed on antique laid paper1 made expressly1 and bound in antique boards1 #cfs4 ,ireland ,forgeries4--,confessions of ,,william-,,henry ,,ireland4 ,containing the ,particulars of his ,fabrication of the ,shakspeare ,manuscripts2 together with ,anecdotes and ,opinions 7hitherto unpublished7 of many ,distinguished ,persons in the ,literary1 ,political1 and ,theatrical ,world4 ,a ,facsimile ,reprint from the ,original ,edition1 with several additional ,facsimiles4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 printed on antique laid paper1 and bound in antique boards1 #ajs4 #f;d42 a few ,large ,paper copies1 at #bas4 ,grose's ,dictionary of the ,vulgar ,tongue4 #aghe4 ,an unmutilated ,reprint of the ,first ,edition4 ,quarto1 bound in half-,roxburghe1 gilt top1 price #hs4 ,joe ,miller's ,jests2 the politest ,repartees1 most elegant ,bon-,mots1 and most pleasing short ,stories in the ,english ,language4 ,london3 printed by ,t4 ,read1 #agci4 ,a ,facsimile of the ,original ,edition4 #hvo1 half-morocco1 #is4 #f;d4 ,old ,prose ,stories whence ,,tennyson',s 8,idylls of the ,king0 were taken4 ,by ,b4 ,m4 ,,ranking4 ,royal #afmo1 paper cover1 #as42 cloth extra1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,old ,,shekarry',s ,,works4 ,forest and ,field3 ,life and ,adventure in ,wild ,africa4 ,by the ,,old ,,shekarry4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations1 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #fs4 ,wrinkles2 or1 ,hints to ,sportsmen and ,travellers upon ,dress1 ,equipment1 ,armament1 and ,camp ,life4 ,by the ,,old ,,shekarry4 ,a ,new ,edition1 with ,illustrations4 ,small crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #fs4 ,,ouida',s ,,novels4 ,uniform ,edition1 each ,complete in ,one ,volume1 crown #hvo1 red cloth extra1 price #es4 each4 ,folle ,farine4 ,idalia3 ,a ,romance4 ,chandos3 ,a ,novel4 ,under ,two ,flags4 ,cecil ,castlemaine's ,gage4 ,tricotrin3 ,the ,story of a ,waif and ,stray4 ,pascarl3 ,only a ,story4 ,held ,in ,bondage2 or1 ,granville de ,vigne4 ,puck3 ,his ,vicissitudes1 ,adventures1 c4 ,a ,dog of ,flanders1 and other ,stories4 ,strathmore2 or1 ,wrought by his ,own ,hand4 ,two ,little ,wooden ,shoes4 ,parochial ,history of the ,county of ,cornwall4 ,compiled from the best ,authorities1 and corrected and improved from actual ,survey4 #d vols4 #dto1 cloth extra1 #c #cs4 the set2 or1 separately1 the first three volumes1 #afs4 each2 the fourth volume1 #ahs4 ,plain ,english4 ,by ,,john ,,hollingshead1 of the ,gaiety ,theatre4 ,crown #hvo1 illust4 cover1 #as4 ,preparing4 ,private ,book of ,useful ,alloys and ,memoranda for ,goldsmiths and ,jewellers4 ,by ,,james ,e4 ,,collins1 ,c4,e4 ,royal #afmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,seventh ,,edition ,,of ,puck on ,pegasus4 ,by ,h4 ,,cholmondeley-,,pennell4 ,profusely illustrated by the late ,,john ,,leech1 ,h4 ,k4 ,,browne1 ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,,john ,,millais1 ,,john ,,tenniel1 ,,richard ,,doyle1 ,miss ,,ellen ,,edwards1 and other artists4 ,a ,new ,edition 7the ,,seventh71 crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 price #es42 or gilt edges1 #fs4 8,the book is clever and amusing01 vigorous and healthy40--,saturday ,review4 8,the epigrammatic drollery of ,mr4 ,cholmondeley-,pennell's #8,puck on ,pegasus' is well known to many of our readers4444 ,the present 7the sixth7 is a superb and handsomely printed and illustrated edition of the book40--,times4 8,specially fit for reading in the family circle40--,observer4 8,,an ,,awfully ,,jolly ,,book ,,for ,,parties40 ,puniana3 ,thoughts ,wise and ,otherwise4 ,by the ,hon4 ,,hugh ,,rowley4 ,best ,book of ,riddles and ,puns ever formed4 ,with nearly #ajj exquisitely ,fanciful ,drawings4 ,contains nearly #cjjj of the best ,riddles1 and #aj1jjj most outrageous ,puns1 and is one of the most ,popular ,books ever issued4 ,new ,edition1 small quarto1 green and gold1 gilt edges1 price #fs4 ,illustration 8,enormous burlesque--unapproachable and pre-eminent4 ,we think this very queer volume will be a favourite4 ,we should suggest that1 to a dull person desirous to get credit with the young holiday people1 it would be good policy to invest in the book1 and dole it out by instalments40--,saturday ,review4 ,also1 ,more ,puniana4 ,by the ,hon4 ,,hugh ,,rowley4 ,containing nearly #ajj beautifully executed ,drawings1 and a splendid ,collection of ,riddles and ,puns1 rivalling those in the ,first ,volume4 ,small #dto1 green and gold1 gilt edges1 uniform with the ,first ,series1 price #fs4 ,,companion ,,to 8,,cussans' ,,heraldry40 ,pursuivant of ,arms 7,the72 or1 ,heraldry founded upon ,facts4 ,a ,popular ,guide to the ,science of ,heraldry4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,planch1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,somerset ,herald4 ,to which are added1 ,essays on the ,,badges ,,of ,,the ,,houses ,,of ,,lancaster ,,and ,,york4 ,a ,new ,edition1 enlarged and revised by the ,author1 illustrated with ,coloured ,frontispiece1 five full-page ,plates1 and about #bjj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 beautifully bound in cloth1 with ,emblematic ,design1 extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration ,,important ,,to ,,all ,,interested ,,in ,,mines4 ,practical ,assayer3 ,a ,guide to ,miners and ,explorers4 ,by ,,oliver ,,north4 ,with ,tables and ,illustrative ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,this book gives directions1 in the simplest form1 for assaying bullion and the baser metals by the cheapest1 quickest1 and best methods4 ,those interested in mining property will be enabled1 by following its instructions1 to form a tolerably correct idea of the value of ores1 without previous knowledge of assaying2 while to the young man seeking his fortune in mining countries it is indispensable4 8,likely to prove extremely useful4 ,the instructions are clear and precise40--,chemist and ,druggist4 8,we cordially recommend this compact little volume to all engaged in mining enterprize1 and especially to explorers40--,monetary and ,mining ,review4 8,an admirable little volume40--,mining ,journal4 ,,gustave ,,dor',s ,,designs4 ,rabelais' ,works4 ,faithfully translated from the ,french1 with variorum ,notes1 and numerous characteristic ,illustrations by ,,gustave ,,dor4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gjj pages4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,uniform ,,with 8,,wonderful ,,characters40 ,remarkable ,trials and ,notorious ,characters4 ,from 8,half-,hanged ,smith10 #agjj1 to ,oxford1 who shot at the ,queen1 #ahdj4 ,by ,captain ,l4 ,,benson4 ,with spirited full-page ,engravings by ,,phiz4 #hvo1 #eej pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,rochefoucauld's ,reflections and ,moral ,maxims4 ,with ,introductory ,essay by ,,sainte-,,beuve1 and ,explanatory ,notes4 ,cloth extra1 #as4 #f;d4 ,reminiscences of the late ,thomas ,assheton ,smith1 ,esq42 or1 ,the ,pursuits of an ,english ,country ,gentleman4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,,eardley ,,wilmot1 ,bart4 ,a ,new and ,revised ,edition1 with ,steel-plate ,portrait1 and plain and coloured ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,roll of ,battle ,abbey2 or1 ,a ,list of the ,principal ,warriors who came over from ,normandy with ,william the ,conqueror1 and ,settled in this ,country1 ,a4,d4 #ajff-g4 ,carefully drawn1 and printed on fine plate paper1 nearly three feet by two feet1 with the ,arms of the principal ,barons elaborately emblazoned in ,gold and ,colours4 ,price #es42 or1 handsomely framed in carved oak of an antique pattern1 #bbs4 #f;d4 ,roll of ,caerlaverock1 the ,oldest ,heraldic ,roll2 including the ,original ,anglo-,norman ,poem1 and an ,english ,translation of the ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum4 ,by ,,thomas ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 ,the ,arms emblazoned in ,gold and ,colours4 ,in #dto1 very handsomely printed1 extra gold cloth1 #abs4 ,roman ,catholics in the ,county of ,york in #afjd4 ,transcribed from the ,original ,,ms4 in the ,bodleian ,library1 and ,edited1 with ,genealogical ,notes1 by ,,edward ,,peacock1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,editor of 8,army ,lists of the ,roundheads and ,cavaliers1 #afdb40 ,small #dto1 handsomely printed and bound1 #aes4 ,genealogists and ,antiquaries will find much new and curious matter in this work4 ,an elaborate ,index refers to every name in the volume1 among which will be found many of the highest local interest4 ,ross's 7,chas4 ,h47 ,story of a ,honeymoon4 ,a ,new ,edition of this charmingly humorous book1 with numerous ,illustrations by the ,author4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 illustrated boards1 #bs4 ,school ,life at ,winchester ,college2 or1 ,the ,reminiscences of a ,winchester ,junior4 ,by the ,author of 8,the ,log of the ,water ,lily20 and 8,the ,water ,lily on the ,danube40 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 ,,coloured ,,plates1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,schopenhauer's ,the ,world ,considered as ,will and ,imagination4 ,translated by ,dr4 ,,franz ,h,,ffer1 ,author of 8,richard ,wagner and the ,music of the ,future40 ,in preparation4 ,,the 8,,secret ,,out0 ,,series4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 profusely ,illustrated1 price #ds4 #f;d4 per ,vol4 ,art of ,amusing4 ,a ,collection of ,graceful ,arts1 ,games1 ,tricks1 ,puzzles1 and ,charades1 intended to ,amuse ,everybody4 ,by ,,frank ,,bellew4 ,with nearly #cjj ,illustrations4 ,hanky-,panky4 ,a ,wonderful ,book of ,very ,easy ,tricks1 ,very ,difficult ,tricks1 ,white ,magic1 ,sleight of ,hand2 in fact1 all those startling ,deceptions which the ,great ,wizards call 8,hanky-,panky40 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,cremer4 ,with nearly #bjj ,illustrations4 ,magician's ,own ,book4 ,ample ,instruction for ,performances with ,cups and ,balls1 ,eggs1 ,hats1 ,handkerchiefs1 c4 ,all from ,actual ,experience4 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,cremer4 ,with #bjj ,illustrations4 ,magic ,no ,mystery4 ,a ,splendid ,collection of ,tricks with ,cards1 ,dice1 ,balls1 c41 with fully descriptive working ,directions4 ,with very numerous ,illustrations4 ,nearly ready4 ,merry ,circle 7,the71 and ,how the ,visitors were entertained during ,twelve ,pleasant ,evenings4 ,a ,book of ,new ,intellectual ,games and ,amusements4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,,clara ,,bellew4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,secret ,out2 or1 ,one ,thousand ,tricks with ,cards1 and other ,recreations2 with ,entertaining ,experiments in ,drawing ,room or 8,white ,magic40 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,cremer4 ,with #cjj ,engravings4 ,shelley's ,early ,life4 ,from ,original ,sources4 ,with ,curious ,incidents1 ,letters1 and ,writings1 now ,first ,published or ,collected4 ,by ,,denis ,,florence ,,mac-,,carthy4 ,crown #hvo1 with ,illustrations1 #ddj pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,sheridan's ,complete ,works1 with ,life and ,anecdotes4 ,including his ,dramatic ,writings1 printed from the ,original ,editions1 his ,works in ,prose and ,poetry1 ,translations1 ,speeches1 ,jokes1 ,puns1 c42 with a ,collection of ,sheridaniana4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth gilt1 with #aj beautifully executed ,portraits and ,scenes from his ,plays1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,signboards3 ,their ,history4 ,with ,anecdotes of ,famous ,taverns and ,remarkable ,characters4 ,by ,,jacob ,,larwood and ,,john ,,camden ,,hotten4 ,,seventh ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,help ,,me ,,through ,,this ,,world6 8,it is not fair on the part of a reviewer to pick out the plums of an author's book1 thus filching away his cream1 and leaving little but skim-milk remaining2 but1 even if we were ever so maliciously inclined1 we could not in the present instance pick out all ,messrs4 ,larwood and ,hotten's plums1 because the good things are so numerous as to defy the most wholesale depredation10--,the ,times4 ,nearly #ajj most curious illustrations on #8wood are given1 showing the signs which were formerly hung from taverns1 c4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,colloquialisms4 ,the ,slang ,dictionary3 ,etymological1 ,historical1 and ,anecdotal4 ,an ,,entirely ,,new ,,edition1 revised throughout1 and considerably ,enlarged1 containing upwards of a thousand more words than the last edition4 ,crown #hvo1 with ,curious ,illustrations1 cloth extra1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,wedge ,,and ,,the ,,wooden ,,spoon4 8,peculiarly a book which #8no gentleman's library should be without1' while to costermongers and thieves it is absolutely indispensable40--,dispatch4 8,interesting and curious4 ,contains as many as it was possible to collect of all the words and phrases of modern slang in use at the present time40--,public ,opinion4 8,in every way a great improvement on the edition of #ahfd4 ,its uses as a dictionary of the very vulgar tongue do not require to be explained40--,notes and ,queries4 8,compiled with most exacting care1 and based on the best authorities40--,standard4 8,in #8,the ,slang ,dictionary' we have not only a book that reflects credit upon the philologist2 it is also a volume that will repay1 at any time1 a dip into its humorous pages40--,figaro4 ,,west-,,end ,,life ,,and ,,doings4 ,story of the ,london ,parks4 ,by ,,jacob ,,larwood4 ,with numerous ,illustrations1 ,coloured and ,plain4 ,in ,one thick ,volume1 crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a most interesting work1 giving a complete ,history of these favourite out-of-door resorts1 from the earliest period to the present time4 ,a ,,keepsake ,,for ,,smokers4 ,smoker's ,text-,book4 ,by ,j4 ,,hamer1 ,f4,r4,s4,l4 ,exquisitely printed from 8silver-faced0 type1 cloth1 very neat1 gilt edges1 #bs4 #f;d41 post free4 ,,charming ,,new ,,travel-,,book4 ,illustration3 8,it may be we shall touch the happy isles40 ,summer ,cruising in the ,south ,seas1 ,by ,,charles ,,warren ,,stoddard4 ,with ,twenty-five ,engravings on ,wood1 drawn by ,,wallis ,,mackay4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,this is a very amusing book1 and full of that quiet humour for which the ,americans are so famous4 ,we have not space to enumerate all the picturesque descriptions1 the poetical thoughts1 which have so charmed us in this volume2 but we recommend our readers to go to the ,south ,seas with ,mr4 ,stoddard in his prettily illustrated and amusingly written little book40--,vanity ,fair4 8,mr4 ,stoddard's book is delightful reading1 and in ,mr4 ,wallis ,mackay he has found a most congenial and poetical illustrator40--,bookseller4 8,a remarkable book1 which has a certain wild picturesqueness40--,standard4 8,the author's experiences are very amusingly related1 and1 in parts1 with much freshness and originality40--,judy4 8,mr4 ,stoddard is a humourist2 #8,summer ,cruising' has a good deal of undeniable amusement40--,nation4 ,syntax's 7,dr47 ,three ,tours4 ,with the whole of ,,rowlandson',s very droll full-page ,illustrations1 in ,colours1 after the ,original ,drawings4 ,comprising the well-known ,,tours--#a4 ,,in ,,search ,,of ,,the ,,picturesque4 #b4 ,,in ,,search ,,of ,,consolation4 #c4 ,,in ,,search ,,of ,a ,,wife4 ,the ,three ,series ,complete1 with a ,life of the ,author by ,,john ,,camden ,,hotten4 ,medium #hvo1 cloth extra1 gilt1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,theseus3 ,a ,greek ,fairy ,legend4 ,illustrated1 in a series of ,designs in ,gold and ,sepia1 by ,,john ,,moyr ,,smith4 ,with descriptive text4 ,oblong folio1 price #g,s4 #f;d4 ,theodore ,hook's ,choice ,humorous ,works1 with his ,ludicrous ,adventures1 ,bons-mots1 ,puns1 and ,hoaxes4 ,with a new ,life of the ,author1 ,,portraits1 ,,facsimiles1 and ,,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #fjj pages1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,theodore ,,hook',s ,,house1 ,,near ,,putney 8,as a wit and humourist of the highest order his name will be preserved4 ,his political songs and jeux d'esprit1 when the hour comes for collecting them1 will form a volume of sterling and lasting attraction60--,j4 ,g4 ,,lockhart4 ,,mr4 ,,swinburne',s ,,works4 ,,second ,,edition ,,now ,,ready ,,of ,bothwell3 ,a ,tragedy4 ,by ,,algernon ,,charles ,,swinburne4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 pp4 #edj1 #abs4 #f;d4 8,mr4 ,swinburne's most prejudiced critic cannot1 we think1 deny that #8,bothwell' is a poem of a very high character4 ,every line bears traces of power1 individuality1 and vivid imagination4 ,the versification1 while characteristically supple and melodious1 also attains1 in spite of some affectations1 to a sustained strength and dignity of a remarkable kind4 ,mr4 ,swinburne is not only a master of the music of language1 but he has that indescribable touch which discloses the true poet--the touch that lifts from off the ground40--,saturday ,review4 8,it is not too much to say that1 should he never write anything more1 the poet has by this work firmly established his position1 and given us a poem upon which his fame may safely rest4 ,he no longer indulges in that frequent alliteration1 or that oppressive wealth of imagery and colour1 which gave rhythm and splendour to some of his works1 but would have been out of place in a grand historical poem2 we have now a fair opportunity of judging what the poet can do when deprived of such adventitious aid1--and the verdict is1 that he must henceforth rank amongst the first of ,british authors40--,graphic4 8,the whole drama flames and rings with high passions and great deeds4 ,the imagination is splendid2 the style large and imperial2 the insight into character keen2 the blank verse varied1 sensitive1 flexible1 alive4 ,mr4 ,swinburne has once more proved his right to occupy a seat among the lofty singers of our land40--,daily ,news4 8,a really grand1 statuesque dramatic work4444 ,the reader will here find ,mr4 ,swinburne at his very best1 if manliness1 dignity1 and fulness of style are superior to mere pleasant singing and alliterative lyrics40--,standard4 8,splendid pictures1 subtle analyses of passion1 and wonderful studies of character will repay him who attains the end4444 ,in this huge volume are many fine and some unsurpassable things4 ,subtlest traits of character abound1 and descriptive passages of singular delicacy40--,athenum4 8,there can be no doubt of the dramatic force of the poem4 ,it is severely simple in its diction1 and never dull2 there are innumerable fine touches on almost every page40--,scotsman4 8#8,bothwell' shows us ,mr4 ,swinburne at a point immeasurably superior to any that he has yet achieved4 ,it will confirm and increase the reputation which his daring genius has already won4 ,he has handled a difficult subject with a mastery of art which is a true intellectual triumph40--,hour4 ,chastelard3 ,a ,tragedy4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #gs4 ,poems and ,ballads4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #is4 ,notes on 8,poems and ,ballads10 and on the ,reviews of them4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 ,songs before ,sunrise4 ,post #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,atalanta in ,calydon4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,the ,queen ,mother and ,rosamond4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #es4 ,a ,song of ,italy4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,ode on the ,proclamation of the ,french ,republic4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 ,under the ,microscope4 ,post #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,william ,blake3 ,a ,critical ,essay4 ,with facsimile ,paintings1 ,coloured by ,hand1 after the ,drawings by ,blake and his ,wife4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 ,,the ,,thackeray ,,sketch-,,book4 ,,thackerayana4 ,notes and ,anecdotes1 ,illustrated by about ,six ,hundred ,sketches by ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray1 depicting ,humorous ,incidents in his ,school-life1 and ,favourite ,scenes and ,characters in the books of his every-day reading1 ,,now ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,time ,,published1 from the ,original ,drawings made on the margins of his books1 c4 ,large post #hvo1 cloth extra gilt1 gilt top1 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,illustration 8,it is ,thackeray's aim to represent life as it is actually and historically--men and women as they are1 in those situations in which they are usually placed1 with that mixture of good and evil1 of strength and foible1 which is to be found in their characters1 and liable only to those incidents which are of ordinary occurrence4 ,he will have no faultless characters1 no demi-gods1--nothing but men and brethren40--,,david ,,masson4 ,timbs' ,clubs and ,club ,life in ,london4 ,with ,,anecdotes of its ,,famous ,,coffee ,,houses1 ,,hostelries1 and ,,taverns4 ,by ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,new ,edition1 with ,,numerous ,,illustrations1 drawn expressly4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #fjj pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,subscription ,,room ,,at ,,brookes',s4 ,a ,companion to 8,the ,history of ,sign-,boards40 ,it abounds in quaint stories of the ,blue ,stocking1 ,kit-,kat1 ,beef ,steak1 ,robin ,hood1 ,mohocks1 ,scriblerus1 ,one o',clock1 the ,civil1 and hundreds of other ,clubs2 together with ,tom's1 ,dick's1 ,button's1 ,ned's1 ,will's1 and the famous ,coffee ,houses of the last century4 8,the book supplies a much-felt want4 ,the club is the avenue to general society at the present day1 and ,mr4 ,timbs gives the entre to the club4 ,the scholar and antiquary will also find the work a repertory of information on many disputed points of literary interest1 and especially respecting various well-known anecdotes1 the value of which only increases with the lapse of time40--,morning ,post4 ,timbs' ,english ,eccentrics and ,eccentricities4 ,stories of ,wealth and ,fashion1 ,delusions1 ,impostures and ,fanatic ,missions1 ,strange ,sights and ,sporting ,scenes1 ,eccentric ,artists1 ,theatrical ,folks1 ,men of ,letters1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,an entirely ,new ,edition1 with about #ej ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #fjj pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,taylor's ,history of ,playing ,cards4 ,with ,sixty curious ,illustrations4 #eej pp41 crown #hvo1 cloth1 extra gilt1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration ,ancient and ,modern ,games1 ,conjuring1 ,fortune-,telling1 and ,card ,sharping1 ,gambling and ,calculation1 ,cartomancy1 ,old ,gaming-,houses1 ,card ,revels and ,blind ,hookey1 ,picquet and ,vingt-et-un1 ,whist and ,cribbage1 ,tricks1 c4 ,vagabondiana2 or1 ,anecdotes of ,mendicant ,wanderers through the ,streets of ,london2 with ,portraits of the most remarkable1 drawn from the ,life by ,,john ,,thomas ,,smith1 late ,keeper of the ,prints in the ,british ,museum4 ,with ,introduction by ,,francis ,,douce1 and descriptive text4 ,reprinted from the original1 with the ,woodcuts1 and the #cb ,plates1 from the original ,coppers1 in crown #dto1 half ,roxburghe1 price #abs4 #f;d4 8,,les ,,mis,,rables40 ,complete in ,three ,parts4 ,victor ,hugo's ,fantine4 ,now first published in an ,english ,translation1 complete and unabridged1 with the exception of a few advisable omissions4 ,post #hvo1 illustrated boards1 #bs4 8,this work has something more than the beauties of an exquisite style or the word-compelling power of a literary ,zeus to recommend it to the tender care of a distant posterity3 in dealing with all the emotions1 passions1 doubts1 fears1 which go to make up our common humanity1 ,m4 ,victor ,hugo has stamped upon every page the ,hall-mark of genius and the loving patience and conscientious labour of a true artist4 ,but the merits of #8,les ,misrables' do not merely consist in the conception of it as a whole2 it abounds1 page after page1 with details of unequalled beauty40--,quarterly ,review4 ,victor ,hugo's ,cosette and ,marius4 ,translated into ,english1 complete1 uniform with 8,fantine40 ,post #hvo1 illustrated boards1 #bs4 ,victor ,hugo's ,saint ,denis and ,jean ,valjean4 ,translated into ,english1 complete1 uniform with the above4 ,post #hvo1 illustrated boards1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,vyner's ,notitia ,venatica3 ,a ,treatise on ,fox-,hunting1 the ,general ,management of ,hounds1 and the ,diseases of ,dogs2 ,distemper and ,rabies2 ,kennel ,lameness1 c4 ,sixth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,by ,,robert ,c4 ,,vyner4 ,,with ,,spirited ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colours1 ,,by ,,alken1 ,,of ,,memorable ,,fox-,,hunting ,,scenes4 ,royal #hvo1 cloth extra1 #bas4 ,an entirely new edition of the best work on ,fox-,hunting4 ,walt ,whitman's ,leaves of ,grass4 ,the ,complete ,work1 precisely as issued by the ,author in ,washington4 ,a thick volume1 #hvo1 green cloth1 price #is4 8,whitman is a poet who bears and needs to be read as a whole1 and then the volume and torrent of his power carry the disfigurements along with it and away4 ,he is really a fine fellow40--,chambers's ,journal4 ,walton and ,cotton1 ,illustrated4--,the ,complete ,angler2 or1 the ,contemplative ,man's ,recreation2 being a ,discourse of ,rivers1 ,fish-ponds1 ,fish and ,fishing1 written by ,,izaak ,,walton2 and ,instructions how to ,angle for a ,trout or ,grayling in a clear ,stream1 by ,,charles ,,cotton4 ,with ,original ,memoirs and ,notes by ,sir ,,harris ,,nicolas1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,with the whole #fa ,illustrations1 precisely as in the royal #hvo two-volume ,edition issued by ,pickering4 ,a ,new ,edition1 complete in ,one ,volume1 large crown #hvo1 with the ,illustrations from the original plates1 printed on full pages1 separately from the text1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,warrant to ,execute ,charles ,i4 ,an exact ,facsimile of this important ,document1 with the ,fifty-nine ,signatures of the ,regicides1 and corresponding ,seals1 admirably executed on paper made to imitate the original document1 #bb in4 by #ad in4 ,price #bs42 or1 handsomely framed and glazed in carved oak of antique pattern1 #ads4 #f;d4 ,warrant to ,execute ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 ,the ,exact ,facsimile of this important ,document1 including the ,signature of ,queen ,elizabeth and ,facsimile of the ,great ,seal1 on tinted paper1 made to imitate the ,original ,,ms4 ,price #bs42 or1 handsomely framed and glazed in carved oak of antique pattern1 #ads4 #f;d4 ,waterford ,roll 7,the74--,illuminated ,charter-,roll of ,waterford1 ,temp4 ,richard ,,ii4 ,amongst the ,corporation ,muniments of the ,city of ,waterford is preserved an ancient ,illuminated ,roll1 of great interest and beauty1 comprising all the early ,charters and ,grants to the ,city of ,waterford1 from the time of ,henry ,,ii4 to ,richard ,,ii4 ,a full-length ,portrait of each ,king1 #8whose ,charter is given--including ,edward ,,iii41 when young1 and again at an advanced age--adorns the margin4 ,these ,portraits1 with the exception of four which are smaller1 and on one sheet of vellum1 vary from eight to nine inches in length--some in armour2 and some in robes of state4 ,in addition to these are ,portraits of an ,archbishop in full canonicals1 of a ,chancellor1 and of many of the chief ,burgesses of the ,city of ,waterford1 as well as singularly curious ,portraits of the ,mayors of ,dublin1 ,waterford1 ,limerick1 and ,cork1 figured for the most part in the quaint bipartite costume of the ,second ,richard's reign1 though partaking of many of the peculiarities of that of ,edward ,,iii4 ,altogether this ancient work of art is unique of its kind in ,ireland1 and deserves to be rescued from oblivion1 by the publication of the unedited ,charters1 and of fac-similes of all the ,illuminations4 ,the production of such a work would throw much light on the question of the art and social habits of the ,anglo-,norman settlers in ,ireland at the close of the fourteenth century4 ,the ,charters are1 many of them1 highly important from an historic point of view4 ,the ,illuminations have been accurately traced and coloured for the work from a copy carefully made1 by permission of the ,mayor and ,corporation of ,waterford1 by the late ,george ,v4 ,du ,noyer1 ,esq41 ,m4,r4,i4,a42 and those ,charters which have not already appeared in print will be edited by the ,rev4 ,james ,graves1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,hon4 ,secretary ,kilkenny and ,south-,east of ,ireland ,archological ,society4 ,the ,work will be brought out in the best manner1 with embossed cover and characteristic title-page2 and it will be put to press as soon as #bej subscribers are obtained4 ,the price1 in imperial #dto1 is #bjs4 to subscribers1 or #cjs4 to non-subscribers4 ,wonderful ,characters3 ,memoirs and ,anecdotes of ,remarkable and ,eccentric ,persons of ,every ,age and ,nation4 ,from the text of ,,henry ,,wilson and ,,james ,,caulfield4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 with ,sixty-one full-page ,engravings of ,extraordinary ,persons1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,there are so many curious matters discussed in this volume1 that any person who takes it up will not readily lay it down until he has read it through4 ,the ,introduction is almost entirely devoted to a consideration of ,pig-,faced ,ladies1 and the various stories concerning them4 ,wright's 7,andrew7 ,court-,hand ,restored2 or1 ,student's ,assistant in ,reading ,old ,deeds1 ,charters1 ,records1 c4 ,half ,morocco1 a ,new ,edition1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the best guide to the reading of old ,records1 c4 ,wright's ,caricature ,history of the ,georges 7,house of ,hanover74 ,with #djj ,pictures1 ,caricatures1 ,squibs1 ,broadsides1 ,window ,pictures1 c4 ,by ,,thomas ,,wright1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration 8,a set of caricatures such as we have in ,mr4 ,wright's volume brings the surface of the age before us with a vividness that no prose writer1 even of the highest power1 could emulate4 ,macaulay's most brilliant sentence is weak by the side of the little woodcut from ,gillray1 which gives us ,burke and ,fox40--,saturday ,review4 8,a more amusing work of its kind was never issued40--,art ,journal4 8,it is emphatically one of the liveliest of books1 as also one of the most interesting4 ,it has the twofold merit of being at once amusing and edifying40--,morning ,post4 ,yankee ,drolleries4 ,edited by ,g4 ,a4 ,,sala4 ,containing ,,artemus ,,ward',s ,,book2 ,,biglow ,,papers2 ,,orpheus ,c4 ,,kerr2 ,,jack ,,downing2 and ,,nasby ,,papers4 #gjj pp41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,more ,yankee ,drolleries4 ,containing ,,artemus ,,ward',s ,,travels2 ,,hans ,,breitmann2 ,,professor ,,at ,,breakfast ,,table2 ,,biglow ,,papers1 ,part ,,ii42 and ,,josh ,,billings2 with ,introduction by ,g4 ,a4 ,,sala4 #gjj pp41 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,third ,supply of ,yankee ,drolleries4 ,containing ,,artemus ,,ward',s ,,fenians2 ,,autocrat ,,of ,,breakfast ,,table2 ,,bret ,,harte',s ,,stories2 ,,innocents ,,abroad2 and ,,new ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress2 with an ,introduction by ,g4 ,a4 ,,sala4 #gjj pp41 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 #gd #ge1 ,,piccadilly1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,now ,sir ,william ,fothergill ,cooke--,october1 #ahfi4 ,b ,first illustrated by the author in his work1 8,architectural ,remains of the ,reigns of ,elizabeth and ,james ,i40 ,c ,the garden entrance to the ancient palace of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 alla ,trinita de' ,monti4 ,the architecture of ,annibale ,lippi4 ,d ,this subject is fully treated and illustrated with plates in the ,author's treatise on 8,the ,warming and ,ventilation ,buildings10 published in #ahcg and #ahef4 ,e 8,cheap ,ice ,well40 7,atchley ,co47 ,f 8,plan for ,purifying the ,atmosphere of ,towns40 7,hamilton1 ,adams1 ,co47 ,g 8,coke1 ,smoke1 and ,sewage40 7,cave and ,sever1 ,manchester47 ,h ,a print of the stove is given in the author's pamphlet entitled 8,the ,smoke ,nuisance1 and its ,remedy2 with ,remarks on ,liquid ,fuel40 ,price #as4 7,atchley ,co47