,,manual ,,( ,,p>liam5t>y ,,practice4 ,,rules ,,( ,,proce$+ ,,& ,,debate ,,9 ,,delib]ative ,,assemblies4 ,,by ,,lu!r ,s4 ,,cu%+4 ,,revis$ ,,by ,,frances ,p4 ,,sullivan4 ,copyright1 #ahhg1 ,,by ,m4 ,j4 ,,iv]s ,,co4 ,,new ,,york3 ,m4 ,j4 ,,iv]s ,,co4 #cgi ,pe>l ,/reet ,,au?or',s ,,/atem5t4 ,! foll[+ treatise =ms a "p only ( a mu* l>g] & m compreh5sive "w1 cov]+ ! :ole gr\nd ( p>liam5t>y law & practice1 :i* ! au?or has = "s "t be5 engag$ 9 prep>+2 & :i* x is 8 int5tion to complete & publi%1 z soon z possible4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ?is little "w has be5 compil$1 *iefly f ! l>g]1 at ! reque/ ( ! publi%]s1 & to supply a want :i* 0 suppos$ to exi/ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,! treatise1 n[ pres5t$ to ! public1 is int5d$ z a ,manual = ,delib]ative ,assemblies ( e description1 b m especially = ^? :i* are n legislative 9 _! "*2 ?\gh ) ! exception ( ! pr9cipal po9ts1 9 :i* legislative bodies diff] f o!rs1 namely1 ! sev]al diff]5t /ages or read+s ( a bill1 & conf]5ces & am5dm5ts betwe5 ! two bran*es1 ?is "w w be f\nd equally useful 9 legislative assemblies z 9 o!rs4 ,! only "w :i* has hi!rto be5 9 g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry1 relat+ to ! proce$+s ( legislative assemblies1 is ! compilation orig9ally prep>$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 :5 vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! use ( ! body ov] :i* he presid$1 & :i* is famili>ly kn[n z ,jeff]son's ,manual4 ,?is "w1 hav+ be5 ext5sively us$ 9 our legislative bodies1 &1 9 "s ,/ates1 expressly sanction$ by law1 may be said to =m1 z x 71 ! basis ( ! common p>liam5t>y law ( ?is c\ntry4 ,reg>d+ x 9 t light1 ! au?or ( ! foll[+ treatise has consid]$ ! pr9ciples & rules laid d[n by ,mr4 ,jeff]son 7& :i* h be5 adopt$ by him *iefly f ! elaborate "w ( ,mr4 ,hatsell7 z ! e/abli%$ rules on ?is subject1 & has accord+ly made !m ! basis ( ! pres5t compilation1 ) an occasional rem>k1 9 a note1 by way ( explanation or sugge/ion1 :5ev] he deem$ x necess>y4 ,memb]s ( legislative bodies1 :o may h occasion to make use ( ?is "w1 w d well to be> 9 m9d1 t x conta9s only :at may be call$ ! common p>liam5t>y law2 :i*1 9 e legislative assembly1 is m or less modifi$ or controll$ by special rules4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,bo/on1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahdd4 ,,publi%]',s ,,rem>ks4 ,?is edition ( ,cu%+'s ,manual ( ,p>liam5t>y ,practice has annotations1 etc41 n to be f\nd 9 any o!r edition ( ! ,manual4 ,! old edition ( c\rse c\ld n be improv$ ^u1 b !re 7 sev]al passages 9 :i* ! mean+ c\ld be br\ght out pla9] by notes illu/rat+ !m4 ,?is has be5 done1 & ! read] w f9d t ! notes w assi/ him mat]ially4 ,9 addition ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 add$1 & z n a few ref]5ces are made to x 9 ! ,manual1 x w be f\nd to be an addition to ! book n to be despis$4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #i ,,*apt] ,i4--,( ,c]ta9 ,prelim9>y ,matt]s #bj ,sect4 ,i4 ,quorum #bj ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,rules & ,ord]s #bb ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,"t ( ,meet+ #bc ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,pr9ciple ( ,decision #bd ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,( ! ,(fic]s #be ,sect4 ,i4 ,! ,presid+ ,(fic] #bf ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,! ,record+ ,(fic] #bh ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,( ! ,rights & ,duties ( ,memb]s #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,( ! ,introduction ( ,bus9ess #cd ,,*apt] ,v4--,( ,motions 9 ,g5]al #db ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,( ,motions ,to ,suppress #de ,sect4 ,i4 ,previ\s ,"q #df ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,indef9ite ,po/ponem5t #ej ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,( ,motions ,to ,po/pone #ea ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,( ,motions ,to ,commit #eb ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,( ,motions to ,am5d #ed ,sect4 ,i4 ,division ( a ,"q #ee ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,fill+ ,blanks #eg ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,addition--,sep>ation--,transposition #fj ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,modification1 etc41 by ! ,mov] #fa ,sect4 ,v4 ,g5]al ,rules relat+ to ,am5dm5ts #fb ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,am5dm5ts1 by /rik+ out #fe ,sect4 ,,vii4 ,am5dm5ts1 by ins]t+ #fi ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,am5dm5ts1 by /rik+ out & ins]t+ #ga ,sect4 ,,ix4 ,am5dm5ts1 *ang+ ! nature ( a "q #gd ,,*apt] ,x4--,( ! ,ord] & ,succession ( ,que/ions #gi ,sect4 ,i4 ,privileg$ ,que/ions #hj ,adj\rnm5t #ha ,que/ions ( ,privilege #hb ,ord]s ( ! ,day #hc ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,incid5tal ,que/ions #hf ,que/ions ( ,ord] #hf ,read+ ( ,pap]s #hh ,)drawal ( a ,motion #ia ,susp5sion ( a ,rule #ia ,am5dm5t ( ,am5dm5ts #ib ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,subsidi>y ,que/ions #ic ,lie on ! ,table #ie ,previ\s ,"q #if ,po/ponem5t #ig ,commitm5t #ih ,am5dm5t #ii ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,( ! ,ord] ( ,proce$+ #aja ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,( ,ord] 9 ,debate #ajh ,sect4 ,i4 ,z to ! ,mann] ( ,speak+ #aji ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,z to ! ,matt] 9 ,speak+ #aab ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,z to ,times ( ,speak+ #aae ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,z to ,/opp+ ,debate #aag ,sect4 ,v4 ,z to ,decorum 9 ,debate #aai ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,z to ,disord]ly ,words #abj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,( ! ,"q #abd ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,( ,reconsid]ation #ace ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,( ,committees #ach ,sect4 ,i4 ,_! ,nature & ,functions #ach ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,_! ,appo9tm5t #ada ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,_! ,organization1 etc4 #ade ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,_! ,report #aej ,sect4 ,v4 ,committee ( ! ,:ole #aee ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks #afa ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #afe ,,p>liam5t>y ,,practice4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,! purposes1 :atev] !y may be1 = :i* a delib]ative assembly ( any k9d is con/itut$1 c only be effect$ by asc]ta9+ ! s5se or w ( ! assembly1 9 ref]5ce to ! sev]al subjects submitt$ to x1 & by embody+ t s5se or w 9 an intelligible1 au!ntic1 & au?oritative =m4 ,to d ?is1 x is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! assembly %\ld be prop]ly con/itut$ & organiz$2 &1 secondly1 t x %\ld conduct its proce$+s accord+ to c]ta9 rules1 & agreeably to c]ta9 =ms1 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! be/ adapt$ to ! purpose4 #b4 ,"s delib]ative assemblies1 especially ^? :i* consi/ ( p]man5tly e/abli%$ bodies1 su* z municipal & o!r corporations1 are usually con/itut$ & organiz$1 at lea/1 9 "p1 9 virtue ( c]ta9 legal provisions2 :ile o!rs1 ( an occasional or tempor>y "*1 su* z conv5tions & political meet+s1 con/itute & organize !mselves on _! assembl+ toge!r = ! purposes ( _! appo9tm5t4 #c4 ,! mo/ usual & conv5i5t mode ( organiz+ a delib]ative assembly is ! foll[+3--,! memb]s be+ assembl$ toge!r1 9 ! place1 & at ! "t appo9t$ = _! meet+1 "o ( !m address+ himself to ! o!rs1 reque/s !m to come to ord]2 ! memb]s !reupon seat+ !mselves1 & giv+ _! att5tion to him1 he sugge/s ! propriety & necessity ( _! be+ organiz$1 be=e proce$+ to bus9ess1 & reque/s ! memb]s to nom9ate "s p]son to act z *airman ( ! meet+2 a "n or names be+ !reupon m5tion$1 he decl>es t su* a p]son 7^: "n 0 fir/ he>d by him7 is nom9at$ = *airman1 & puts a "q t ! p]son s nam$ be reque/$ to take ! *air4 ,if ?is "q %\ld be decid$ 9 ! negative1 ano!r nom9ation is !n to be call$ =1 & a "q put ^u ! "n m5tion$ 7be+ t ( "s o!r p]son7 z be=e1 & s on until a *oice is effect$4 ,:5 a *airman is elect$1 he takes ! *air1 & proce$s 9 ! same mann] to complete ! organization ( ! assembly1 by ! *oice ( a secret>y & su* o!r (fic]s1 if any1 z may be deem$ necess>y4 #d4 ,an organization1 ?us effect$1 may be1 & frequ5tly is1 suffici5t = all ! purposes ( ! meet+2 b if1 = any reason1 x is desir$ to h a great] numb] ( (fic]s1 or to h !m select$ ) m delib]ation1 x is ! practice to organize tempor>ily1 9 ! mann] above m5tion$1 & !n to ref] ! subject ( a p]man5t organization1 & ! selection ( p]sons to be nom9at$ = ! sev]al (fices1 to a committee2 ^u ^: report1 ! meet+ proce$s to organize itself1 con=mably !reto1 or 9 su* o!r mann] z x ?9ks prop]4 8,9 ,congress1 & all ! l[] h\ses ( ! ,/ate legislatures1 & a few ( ! ,/ate s5ates1 ! presid+ (fic] is call$ ! ,speak]2 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate & a numb] ( ,/ate s5ates ! "n ,presid5t is us$40--,ed4 #e4 ,! presid+ (fic] is usually d5om9at$ ! presid5t1 & ! record+ (fic]1 ! secret>y2 ?\gh1 sometimes1 ^! (fic]s are designat$1 respectively1 z ! *airman & cl]k4 ,x is n unusual1 besides a presid5t1 to h "o or m vice-presid5ts2 :o take ! *air1 occasionally1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! presid5t f ! assembly1 or :5 he )draws f ! *air to take "p 9 ! proce$+s z a memb]2 b :o1 at o!r times1 ?\gh occupy+ seats ) ! presid5t1 act m]ely z memb]s4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case1 also1 t sev]al p]sons are appo9t$ secret>ies1 9 :i* case1 ! fir/ nam$ is consid]$ z ! pr9cipal (fic]4 ,all ! (fic]s are1 ord9>ily1 memb]s ( ! assembly#a2 &1 z su*1 entitl$ to p>ticipate 9 ! proce$+s2 except t ! presid+ (fic] does n usually engage 9 ! debate1 & votes only :5 ! assembly is equally divid$4 #f4 ,9 all delib]ative assemblies1 ! memb]s ( :i* are *os5 or appo9t$ to repres5t o!rs1 x is necess>y1 be=e proce$+ to bus9ess1 to asc]ta9 :o are duly elect$ & return$ z memb]s2 9 ord] n only t no p]son may be admitt$ to p>ticipate 9 ! proce$+s :o is n regul>ly au?oriz$ to d s1 b also t a li/ ( ! memb]s may be made = ! use ( ! assembly & its (fic]s4 #g4 ,! prop] "t = ?is inve/igation is aft] ! tempor>y & be=e ! p]man5t organization2 or1 :5 ! assembly is p]man5tly organiz$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be=e x proce$s to ! transaction ( any o!r bus9ess2 & ! mo/ conv5i5t mode ( conduct+ x is by ! appo9tm5t ( a committee1 to receive & report ^u ! cr$5tials ( ! memb]s4 ,! same committee may also be *>g$ ) ! inve/igation ( rival claims1 :]e any su* are pres5t$4 #h4 ,:5 a "q arises1 involv+ ! "r ( a memb] to 8 seat1 su* memb] is entitl$ to be he>d on ! "q1 & he is !n to )draw f ! assembly until x is decid$2 b if1 by ! indulg5ce ( ! assembly1 he rema9s 9 8 place1 dur+ ! discussion1 he ought nei!r to take any fur!r "p 9 x1 nor to vote :5 ! "q is propos$2 x be+ a fundam5tal rule ( all delib]ative assemblies1 t ^? memb]s1 ^: rights z su* are n yet set aside1 con/itute a judicial tribunal to decide ^u ! cases ( ^? ^: rights ( memb]%ip are call$ 9 "q4 ,c>e %\ld always be tak51 !re=e1 9 ! selection ( ! (fic]s1 & 9 ! appo9tm5t ( committees1 to "n only ^? p]sons ^: rights z memb]s are n object$ to4 #i4 ,! place :]e an assembly is held be+ 9 its possession1 & rightfully appropriat$ to its use1 no p]son is entitl$ to be pres5t !re91 b by ! cons5t ( ! assembly2 &1 consequ5tly1 if any p]son refuse to )draw1 :5 ord]$ to d s1 or conduct himself 9 a disord]ly or improp] mann]1 ! assembly may unque/ionably employ suffici5t =ce to remove su* p]son f ! meet+4 #aj4 ,e delib]ative assembly1 by ! m]e fact ( its be+ assembl$ & con/itut$1 does !reby necess>ily adopt & become subject to ^? rules & =ms ( proce$+1 )\t :i* x w\ld be impossible = x to accompli% ! purposes ( its creation4 ,x is p]fectly compet5t1 h[ev]1 = e su* body--& :]e ! bus9ess is ( consid]able int]e/ & importance1 or likely to require "s "t = its accompli%m5t1 x is n unusual--to adopt also c]ta9 special rules = ! regulation ( its proce$+s4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 ^! latt] sup]s$e ! ord9>y p>liam5t>y rules1 9 ref]5ce to all po9ts to :i* !y relate2 or add to !m 9 ^? p>ticul>s 9 ref]5ce to :i* !re is no p>liam5t>y rule2 leav+ :at may be call$ ! common p>liam5t>y law 9 full =ce 9 all o!r respects4 #aa4 ,! rules ( p>liam5t>y proce$+s 9 ?is c\ntry are d]iv$ f1 & ess5tially ! same )1 ^? ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t2 ?\gh1 9 ord] to adapt ^! rules to ! circum/ances & wants ( our legislative assemblies1 !y h1 9 "s few respects1 be5 *ang$1--9 o!rs1 diff]5tly appli$1--& 9 o!rs1 aga91 ext5d$ beyond _! orig9al int5tion4 ,to ^! rules1 ea* legislative assembly is accu/om$ to add a code ( its own1 by :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! =m]1 its proce$+s are regulat$4 ,! rules1 ?us adopt$ by ! sev]al legislative assemblies1 hav+ be5 r5ew$ 9 successive legislatures1--) su* ext5sions1 modifications & additions z h be5 f "t to "t1 ?\ght necess>y1--! result is1 t a sy/em ( p>liam5t>y rules has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ea* ,/ate1 diff]5t 9 "s p>ticul>s f ^? ( e o!r ,/ate1 b yet f\nd$ 9 & embrac+ all ! ess5tial rules ( ! common p>liam5t>y law4 #ab4 ,! rules ( proce$+1 9 ea* ,/ate1 be+ ( c\rse be/ kn[n by ! citiz5s ( t ,/ate1 x has sometimes happ5$ 9 delib]ative assemblies1 t ! proce$+s h be5 conduct$ n m]ely accord+ to ! g5]al p>liam5t>y law1 b also 9 con=mity ) ! peculi> sy/em ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! assembly 0 sitt+1 or ( ^: citiz5s x 0 compos$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is errone\s2 z no occasional assembly c ev] be subject to any o!r rules1 ?an ^? :i* are ( g5]al application1 or :i* x specially adopts = its own gov]nm5t2 & ! rules adopt$ & practis$ ^u by a legislative assembly d n !reby acquire ! "* ( g5]al laws4 #ac4 ,! judgm5t1 op9ion1 s5se1 or w ( a delib]ate assembly is express$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject1 ei!r by a resolution1 ord]1 or vote4 ,:5 x comm&s1 x is by an ord]2 b facts1 pr9ciples1 its own op9ions1 or purposes1 are mo/ prop]ly express$ 9 ! =m ( a resolution2 ! t]m vote may be appli$ to ! result ( e "q decid$ by ! assembly4 ,9 :atev] =m1 h[ev]1 a "q is propos$1 or by :atev] "n x may be call$1 ! mode ( proce$+ is ! same4 #ad4 ,! judgm5t or w ( any numb] ( p]sons1 consid]$ z an aggregate body1 is t :i* is evid5c$ by ! cons5t or agreem5t ( ! great] numb] ( !m2 & ! only mode by :i* ?is c be asc]ta9$1 9 ref]5ce to any p>ticul> subject1 is = "s "o ( !m to beg9 by submitt+ to ! o!rs a proposition1 express$ 9 su* a =m ( words1 t1 if ass5t$ to by ! requisite numb]1 x w purport to express ! judgm5t or w ( ! assembly4 ,?is proposition w !n =m a basis = ! fur!r proce$+s ( ! assembly2 to be ass5t$ to1 reject$1 or modifi$1 accord+ z x expresses or n1 or may be made to express ! s5se ( a majority ( ! memb]s4 ,! diff]5t proce$+s :i* take place1 f ! fir/ submission ( a proposition1 ?r\gh all ! *anges x may und]go1 until ! f9al decision ( ! assembly ^u x1 con/itute ! subject ( ! rules ( debate & proce$+ 9 delib]ative assemblies4 #ae4 ,if ! proce$+s ( a delib]ative assembly 7 conf9$ to ! mak+ ( propositions by ! individual memb]s1 & _! acceptance or rejection by ! votes ( ! assembly1 !re w\ld be v little occasion = rules 9 su* a body4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,! functions ( ! memb]s are n limit$ to giv+ an affirmative or negative to su* que/ions z are propos$ to !m4 ,:5 a proposition is made1 if x be n agre$ to or reject$ at once1 ! assembly may be unwill+ to consid] & act ^u x at all2 or x may wi% to po/pone ! consid]ation ( ! subject to a future "t2 or x may be will+ to adopt ! proposition ) c]ta9 modifications2 or1 la/ly1 approv+ ! subject-matt]1 b f9d+ x pres5t$ 9 s crude1 imp]fect1 or objectionable a =m1 t x _c 9 t /ate be consid]$ at all1 ! assembly may desire to h ! proposition fur!r exam9$ & dige/$1 be=e be+ pres5t$4 ,9 ord] to enable ! assembly to take :i*ev] ( ! c\rses above indicat$ x may ?9k prop]1 & !n to dispose ( e proposition 9 a suitable mann]1 c]ta9 motions or =ms ( "q h be5 inv5t$1 :i* are p]fectly adapt$ = ! purpose1 & are 9 common use 9 all delib]ative assemblies4 #a4 ,9 legislative bodies1 ! cl]k is seldom or nev] a memb]2 &1 9 "s1 ! presid+ (fic] is n a memb]2 z1 = example1 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,s5ate ( ,new ,york1 & 9 "s o!r ,/ate s5ates4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,prelim9>y ,,matt]s4 #af4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! subject ( ! =ms & rules ( proce$+1 9 ! transaction ( bus9ess1 x w be conv5i5t to consid] c]ta9 matt]s ( a prelim9>y nature1 :i* are m or less ess5tial to ! regul>ity1 dispat*1 & effici5cy ( ! proce$+s4 ,section ,i4 ,quorum4#b #ag4 ,9 all c\ncils1 & o!r collective bodies ( ! same k9d1 x is necess>y1 t a c]ta9 numb]1 call$ a quorum1 ( ! memb]s1 %\ld meet & be pres5t1 9 ord] to ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,?is regulation has be5 deem$ ess5tial to secure fairness ( proce$+s2 & to prev5t matt]s f be+ conclud$ 9 a ha/y mann]1 or agre$ to by s small a numb] ( ! memb]s1 z n to comm& a due & prop] respect4 #ah4 ,! numb] necess>y to con/itute a quorum ( any assembly may be fix$ by law1 z is ! case ) mo/ ( our legislative assemblies2 or by usage1 z 9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons2 or x may be fix$ by ! assembly itself2 b if no rule is e/abli%$ on ! subject1 9 any ( ^! ways1 a majority ( ! memb]s compos+ ! assembly is ! requisite numb]4 #ai4 ,no bus9ess c regul>ly be ent]$ ^u until a quorum is pres5t2 nor c any bus9ess be regul>ly proce$$ ) :5 x appe>s t ! memb]s pres5t are r$uc$ bel[ t numb]2 consequ5tly1 ! presid+ (fic] ought n to take ! *air until ! prop] numb] is asc]ta9$ to be pres5t2 & if1 at any "t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s1 notice is tak5 t a quorum is n pres5t1 &1 ^u ! memb]s be+ c\nt$ by ! presid+ (fic]1 su* appe>s to be ! fact1 ! assembly mu/ be imm$iately adj\rn$4#c ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,rules & ,ord]s4 #bj4 ,e delib]ative assembly1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 is1 by ! fact alone ( its exi/5ce1 subject to ^? rules ( proce$+1 )\t :i* x c\ld n accompli% ! purposes ( its creation4 ,x may also provide rules = itself1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a g5]al code e/abli%$ be=eh&1 or by ! adoption1 f "t to "t1 dur+ its sitt+1 ( su* special rules z x may f9d necess>y4 #ba4 ,:5 a code ( rules is adopt$ be=eh&1 x is usual also to provide !re9 z to ! mode 9 :i* !y may be am5d$1 repeal$1 or disp5s$ )4 ,:]e !re is no su* provision1 x w be compet5t = ! assembly to act at any "t1 & 9 ! usual mann]1 ^u que/ions ( am5dm5t or repeal2 b 9 ref]5ce to disp5s+ ) a rule1 or susp5d+ x1 9 a p>ticul> case1 if !re is no express provision on ! subject1 x seems t x c only be done by g5]al cons5t4#d #bb4 ,:5 any ( ! rules1 adopt$ by ! assembly1 or 9 =ce1 relative to its mann] ( proce$+1 is disreg>d$ or infr+$1 e memb] has ! "r to take notice !re( & to require t ! presid+ (fic]1 or any o!r ^: duty x is1 %all c>ry su* rule into execution2 &1 9 t case1 ! rule mu/ be en=c$1 at once1 )\t debate or delay4 ,x is !n too late to alt]1 repeal1 or susp5d ! rule2 s long z any "o memb] insi/s ^u its execution1 x mu/ be en=c$4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,"t ( ,meet+4 #bc4 ,e assembly1 :i* is n likely to f9i% its bus9ess at "o sitt+1 w f9d x conv5i5t to come to "s ord] or resolution be=eh&1 z to ! "t ( reassembl+1 aft] an adj\rnm5t2 x be+ g5]ally emb>rass+ to fix ^u ! h\r = ?is purpose1 at ! "t :5 ! sitt+ is ab\t to close1 & 9 connection ) ! motion to adj\rn4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,pr9ciple ( ,decision4 #bd4 ,! pr9ciple1 ^u :i* ! decisions ( all aggregate bodies1 su* z c\ncils1 corporations1 & delib]ative assemblies1 are made1 is t ( ! majority ( votes or suffrages2 & ?is rule holds n only 9 ref]5ce to que/ions & subjects1 :i* admit only ( an affirmative on "o side1 & a negative on ! o!r1 b also 9 ref]5ce to elections 9 :i* m ?an two p]sons may receive ! suffrages4 #be4 ,b ?is rule may be controll$ by a special rule 9 ref]5ce to "s p>ticul> subject or "q2 by :i* any less numb] ?an a majority may be admitt$1 or any great] numb] requir$ to express ! w ( ! assembly4 ,?us1 x is frequ5tly provid$1 9 legislative assemblies1 t "o ?ird or "o f\r? only ( ! memb]s %all be suffici5t to require ! tak+ ( a "q by yeas & nays1#e &1 on ! o!r h&1 t no alt]ation %all take place 9 any ( ! rules & ord]s1 )\t ! cons5t ( at lea/ two ?irds1 or ev5 a l>g] numb]4 #b4 8,! t]m quorum 7lit]ally1 ( :om7 is "o ( ! words us$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,lat9 =m ( ! commission to ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,! "p ( ! docum5t :]e9 ! ^w occurs reads ?us3 #8,we h assign$ y1 & e two or m ( y1 quorum aliquem ve/rum1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 unum esse volumus4--i4e4 ( :om we w t any ( y ,a1 ,b or ,c1 etc41 %all be "o4' ,?is made x necess>y t c]ta9 individuals1 :o1 9 ! language ( ! commission1 7 said to be ( ! quorum1 %\ld be pres5t dur+ ! transaction ( bus9ess40--,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 ,i4 #ceb4 #c4 8,"s legislative bodies h by law giv5 a small] numb] ?an a quorum ! p[] to compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s40--,ed4 #d4 8,a motion to susp5d ! rules is n debatable40--,ed4 #e4 8,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! numb] ( memb]s compet5t to dem& t a "q be tak5 by yeas & nays1 is decid$ = ,congress & = ,/ate legislatures by con/itutional provision4 ,9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! numb] is "o fif?2 "s ( ! ,/ate con/itutions give ?is p[] to "o fif?1 "s to ?ree memb]s2 "s to two1 & "s to "o40--,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,(fic]s4 #bf4 ,! usual & necess>y (fic]s ( a delib]ative assembly are ^? already m5tion$1 namely1 a presid+1 & a record+1 (fic]2 bo? ( :om are elect$ or appo9t$ by ! assembly itself1 & removable at its pleasure4 ,^! (fic]s are always to be elect$ by absolute majorities1 ev5 9 ^? ,/ates 9 :i* elections are usually effect$ by a plurality1 = ! reason1 t1 be+ removable at ! pleasure ( ! assembly1 if any numb] %ort ( a majority 7 to elect1 a p]son elect$ by any su* less numb] w\ld n be able to reta9 8 (fice = a mom5t2 inasmu* z he might be in/antly remov$ !refrom1 on a "q made = t purpose1 by ! votes ( ^? :o _h vot$ = o!r p]sons on ! election2 & x is ess5tial to ! due & satisfactory p]=mance ( ! functions ( ^! (fic]s1 t !y %\ld possess ! confid5ce ( ! assembly1 :i* !y _c be said to d1 unless !y h ! suffrages ( at lea/ a majority4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,! ,presid+ ,(fic]4 #bg4 ,! pr9cipal duties ( ?is (fic] are ! foll[+3-- ,to op5 ! sitt+1 at ! "t to :i* ! assembly is adj\rn$1 by tak+ ! *air & call+ ! memb]s to ord]2 ,to ann\nce ! bus9ess be=e ! assembly 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x is to be act$ ^u2 ,to receive & submit1 9 ! prop] mann]1 all motions & propositions pres5t$ by ! memb]s2 ,to put to vote all que/ions1 :i* are regul>ly mov$1 or necess>ily arise 9 ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s1 & to ann\nce ! result2 ,to re/ra9 ! memb]s1 :5 engag$ 9 debate1 )9 ! rules ( ord]2 ,to en=ce on all occasions ! obs]vance ( ord] & decorum among ! memb]s2 ,to receive all messages & o!r communications & ann\nce !m to ! assembly2 ,to au!nticate1 by 8 signature1 :5 necess>y1 all ! acts1 ord]s1 & proce$+s ( ! assembly2 ,to in=m ! assembly1 :5 necess>y1 or :5 ref]r$ to = ! purpose1 9 a po9t ( ord] or practice2 ,to "n ! memb]s 7:5 direct$ to d s 9 a p>ticul> case1 or :5 x is made a "p ( 8 g5]al duty by a rule17 :o are to s]ve on committees2 &1 9 g5]al1 ,to repres5t & /& = ! assembly1 decl>+ its w1 &1 9 all ?+s1 obey+ implicitly its comm&s4 #bh4 ,if ! assembly is organiz$ by ! *oice ( a presid5t1 & vice-presid5ts1 x is ! duty ( "o ( ! latt] to take ! *air1 9 case ( ! abs5ce ( ! presid5t f ! assembly1 or ( 8 )draw+ f ! *air = ! purpose ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! proce$+s4 #bi4 ,:]e b "o presid+ (fic] is appo9t$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 8 place c only be suppli$1 9 case ( 8 abs5ce1 by ! appo9tm5t ( a presid5t or *airman pro tempore2 &1 9 ! *oice ( ?is (fic]1 :o ought to be elect$ be=e any o!r bus9ess is done1 x is ! duty ( ! secret>y to conduct ! proce$+s4 #cj4 ,! presid+ (fic] may read sitt+1 b %\ld rise to /ate a motion1 or put a "q to ! assembly4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,! ,record+ ,(fic]4 #ca4 ,! pr9cipal duties ( ?is (fic] consi/s 9 tak+ notes ( all ! proce$+s & 9 mak+ true entries 9 8 j\rnal ( all 8! ?+s done & pa/0 9 ! assembly2 b he is n1 9 g5]al1 requir$ to take m9utes ( 8p>ticul> m5's spee*es10 or to make entries ( ?+s m]ely propos$ or mov$1 )\t com+ to a vote4 ,he is to ent] :at is done & pa/1 b n :at is said or mov$4 ,?is is ! rule 9 legislative assemblies4 ,9 o!rs1 ?\gh ! _s ( ! rule ought to be obs]v$1 x is g5]ally expect$ ( ! secret>y1 t 8 record %all be bo? a j\rnal & 9 "s sort a report ( ! proce$+s4 #cb4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! secret>y to read all pap]s1 etc41 :i* may be ord]$ to be read2 to call ! roll ( ! assembly1 & take note ( ^? :o are abs5t1 :5 a call is ord]$2 to call ! roll & note ! answ]s ( ! memb]s1 :5 a "q is tak5 by yeas & nays2 to notify committees ( _! appo9tm5t & ( ! bus9ess ref]r$ to !m2 & to au!nticate by 8 signature 7sometimes alone & sometimes 9 conjunction ) ! presid5t7 all ! acts1 ord]s1 & proce$+s ( ! assembly4 #cc4 ,! cl]k is also *>g$ ) ! cu/ody ( all ! pap]s & docum5ts ( e description1 belong+ to ! assembly1 z well z ! j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 & is to let none ( !m be tak5 f ! table by any memb] or o!r p]son1 )\t ! leave or ord] ( ! assembly4 #cd4 ,:5 b a s+le secret>y or cl]k is appo9t$1 8 place c only be suppli$1 dur+ 8 abs5ce1 by ! appo9tm5t ( "s "o to act pro tempore4 ,:5 sev]al p]sons are appo9t$1 ?is inconv5i5ce is n likely to occur4 #ce4 ,! cl]k %\ld /& :ile read+ or call+ ! assembly4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,memb]s4 #cf4 ,! rights & duties ( ! memb]s ( a delib]ative assembly1 z reg>ds "o ano!r1 are f\nd$ 9 & d]iv$ f ! pr9ciple ( _! absolute equality among !mselves4 ,e memb]1 h[ev] humble he may be1 has ! same "r ) e o!r1 to submit 8 propositions to ! assembly1--to expla9 & recomm5d !m 9 discussion1--& to h !m pati5tly exam9$ & delib]ately decid$ ^u by ! assembly2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! duty ( e "o s to conduct himself1 bo? 9 debate & 9 8 g5]al deportm5t 9 ! assembly1 z n to ob/ruct any o!r memb]1 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 equal rights4 ,! rights & duties ( ! memb]s require to be expla9$ only 9 ref]5ce to words spok5 9 debate 7:e!r spok5 ( a memb] or o!rwise7 & to g5]al deportm5t4 ,! fir/ w be mo/ conv5i5tly notic$ 9 ! *apt] on debate2 ! o!r w be consid]$ 9 ?is place4 #cg4 ,! obs]vance ( decorum1 by ! memb]s ( a delib]ative assembly1 is n only due to !mselves & to "o ano!r1 z g5tlem5 assembl$ toge!r to delib]ate on matt]s ( common importance & int]e/1 b is also ess5tial to ! regul> & satisfactory proce$+ ( su* an assembly4 ,! rules on ?is subject1 ?\gh g5]ally laid d[n ) ref]5ce to decorum 9 debate1 are equally applicable :e!r ! assembly be at ! "t engag$ 9 debate or n2 &1 !re=e1 x may be /at$1 g5]ally1 t no memb] is to di/urb ano!r1 or ! assembly itself1 by hiss+1 c\gh+1 or spitt+2 by speak+ or :isp]+ to o!r memb]s2 by /&+ up to ! int]ruption ( o!rs2 by pass+ betwe5 ! presid+ (fic] & a memb] speak+2 go+ across ! assembly room1 or walk+ up & d[n 9 x2 tak+ books or pap]s f ! table1 or writ+ !re4 #ch4 ,all ^! brea*es ( decorum are d\btless aggravat$ by be+ committ$ :ile ! assembly is engag$ 9 debate1 ?\gh equally contr>y to ! rules ( propriety1 "u any o!r circum/ances4 ,assaults1 by "o memb] ^u ano!r1--?reats1--*all5ges1--affrays1 etc41 are also high brea*es ( decorum4 #ci4 ,x is also a brea* ( decorum = a memb] to come into ! assembly room ) 8 head cov]$1 or to remove f "o place to ano!r ) 8 hat on1 or to put 8 hat on 9 com+ 9 or remov+1 or until he has tak5 8 seat2 &1 9 _m assemblies1 especially ^? :i* consi/ ( a small numb] ( memb]s1 x is n ! cu/om to h ! head cov]$ at all4 #dj4 ,9 all in/ances ( irregul> & disord]ly deportm5t x is compet5t = e memb]1 & is ! special duty ( ! presid+ (fic]1 to compla9 to ! assembly1 or to take notice ( ! (f5ce1 & call ! att5tion ( ! assembly to x4 ,:5 a compla9t ( ?is k9d is made by ! presid+ (fic]1 he is said to "n ! memb] (f5d+2 t is1 he decl>es to ! assembly1 t su* a memb]1 call+ him by "n1 is guilty ( c]ta9 irregul> or improp] conduct4 ,! memb]1 :o is ?us *>g$ ) an (f5ce aga9/ ! assembly1 is entitl$ to be he>d 9 8 place 9 exculpation1 & is !n to )draw4 ,be+ )drawn1 ! presid+ (fic] /ates ! (f5ce committ$1 & ! assembly proce$s to consid] ( ! degree & am\nt ( puni%m5t to be inflict$4 ,! assembly may all[ ! memb] compla9$ ( to rema91 :5 he (f]s to )draw2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x may require him to )draw1 if he d n (f] to d s ( 8 own accord4 ,! proce$+s are simil>1 :5 ! compla9t is made by a memb]1 except t ! (f5ce is /at$ by su* memb]1 in/ead ( be+ /at$ by ! presid+ (fic]4 #da4 ,no memb] ought to be pres5t 9 ! assembly1 :5 any matt] ( bus9ess conc]n+ himself is debat+2 nor1 if pres5t1 by ! indulg5ce ( ! assembly1 ought he to vote on any su* "q4 ,:e!r ! matt] 9 "q conc]n 8 private int]e/1 or relate to 8 conduct z a memb]1--z = a brea* ( ord]1 or1 = matt] aris+ 9 debate1--z soon z x is fairly be=e ! assembly1 ! memb] is to be he>d 9 exculpation & !n to )draw1 until ! matt] is settl$4 ,if1 not)/&+1 a memb] %\ld rema9 9 ! assembly & vote1 8 vote may & ought to be disall[$2 x be+ contr>y1 n only to ! laws ( dec5cy1 b to ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! social compact1 t a man %\ld sit & act z a judge 9 8 own case4 #db4 ,! only puni%m5ts1 :i* c be inflict$ ^u its memb]s by a delib]ative assembly ( ! k9d n[ "u consid]ation1 consi/ ( reprim&+1--exclusion f ! assembly1--a prohibition to speak or vote1 = a specifi$ "t1--& expulsion2 to :i* are to be add$ su* o!r =ms ( puni%m5t1 z by apology1 begg+ p>don1 etc41 z ! assembly may see fit to impose1 & to require ! (f5d] to submit to1 on pa9 ( expulsion4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,bus9ess4 #dc4 ,! proce$+s ( a delib]ative assembly1 9 ref]5ce to any p>ticul> subject1 are ord9>ily set 9 motion1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by "s "o ( ! memb]s ei!r pres5t+ a communication f p]sons n memb]s1 or himself submitt+ a proposition to ! assembly4 #dd4 ,communications made to ! assembly are ( two k9ds1 namely1 ^? :i* are m]ely = its in=mation 9 matt]s ( fact1 & ^? :i* conta9 a reque/ = "s action on ! "p ( ! assembly1 ei!r ( a g5]al nature1 or = ! b5efit ( an individual4 ,! latt] only1 z !y alone con/itute a f\ndation = future proce$+s1 require to be notic$4 #de4 ,propositions made by memb]s are drawn up & introduc$1 by motion1 9 ! =m :i* !y are int5d$ by ! mov] to be>1 z ord]s1 resolutions1 or votes1 if !y %\ld be adopt$ by ! assembly4 ,^! propositions1 ( :atev] nature !y may be1 are usually d5om9at$ motions1 until !y are adopt$2 !y !n take ! "n :i* prop]ly belongs to !m4 #df4 ,:5 a memb] has occasion to make any communication :atev] to ! assembly1--:e!r to pres5t a petition or o!r pap]1 or to make or second a motion ( any k9d1 or m]ely to make a v]bal /atem5t1--z well z :5 "o desires to address ! assembly 9 debate1 he mu/ 9 ! fir/ place1 z ! expression is1 8obta9 ! floor0 = ! purpose he has 9 view4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 he mu/ rise 9 8 place1#f &1 /&+ uncov]$1 address himself to ! presid+ (fic]1 by 8 title2 ! latt]1 on he>+ himself ?us address$1 calls to ! memb] by 8 "n2 & ! memb] may !n1 b n be=e1 proce$ ) 8 bus9ess4 #dg4 ,if two or m memb]s rise & address !mselves to ! presid+ (fic]1 at ! same "t1 or ne>ly s1 he %\ld give ! floor to ! memb]1 ^: voice he fir/ he>d4 ,if 8 decision %\ld n be satisfactory1 any memb] may call x 9 "q1 say+ t 9 8 op9ion su* a memb] 7n ! "o nam$7 0 fir/ up1 & h ! s5se ( ! assembly tak5 !reon1 z to :i* ( ! memb]s %\ld be he>d4 ,9 ?is case1 ! "q %\ld be fir/ tak5 ^u ! "n ( ! memb] ann\nc$ by ! presid+ (fic]2 &1 if ?is "q %\ld be decid$ 9 ! negative1 !n ^u ! "n ( ! memb] = :om ! floor 0 claim$ 9 opposition to him4 #dh4 ,! mode ( proce$+ ^u su* communications f p]sons n memb]s1 z are above allud$ to1 may be expla9$ by t adopt$ on ! pres5tation ( a petition1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! repres5tative ( ! :ole class to :i* x belongs4 #di4 ,a petition1 9 ord] to be receiv$1 %\ld be subscrib$ by ! petition] himself1 ) 8 own h&1 ei!r by "n or m>k1 except 9 case ( inability f sickness1 or because ! petition] is att5d+ 9 p]son2 & %\ld be pres5t$ or (f]$1 n by ! petition] himself1 b by "s memb] to :om x is intru/$ = t purpose4 #ej4 ,! memb]1 :o pres5ts a petition1 %\ld previ\sly h in=m$ himself ( its cont5ts1 s z to be able to /ate ! sub/ance ( x1 on (f]+ x to ! assembly1 & also to be prep>$ to say1 if any "q %\ld be made1 t 9 8 judgm5t x is c\*$ 9 prop] language1 & conta9s no?+ int5tionally disrespectful to ! assembly4 #ea4 ,be+ ?us prep>$1 ! memb] rises 9 8 place1 ) ! petition 9 8 h&1 & in=ms ! assembly t he has a c]ta9 petition1 /at+ ! sub/ance ( x1 :i* he !reupon pres5ts or (f]s to ! assembly1 &1 at ! same "t1 moves 7:i*1 h[ev]1 may be done by any o!r memb]7 t x be receiv$2 ! motion be+ second$1 ! "q is put :e!r ! assembly w receive ! petition or n4 ,?is is ! regul> c\rse ( proce$+2 b1 9 practice !re is seldom any "q made on receiv+ a petition2 ! presid+ (fic] usually tak+ x = grant$1 t !re is no objection to ! reception1 unless x be /at$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any objection is made to a petition1 be=e x has be5 o!rwise dispos$ (1 ! presid+ (fic] ought to retrace 8 /eps & require a motion ( reception to be regul>ly made & second$4 #eb4 ,if ! "q ( reception is det]m9$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! petition is br\ght up to ! table by ! memb] pres5t+ x2 & is !re read z ( c\rse by ! cl]k4 ,x is !n regul>ly be=e ! assembly1 to be dealt ) z x ?9ks prop]2 ! usual c\rse be+ ei!r to proce$ to consid] ! subject ( x imm$iately1 or to assign "s future "t = its consid]ation1 or to ord] x to lie on ! table = ! exam9ation & consid]ation ( ! memb]s individually4 #ec4 ,:5ev] a memb] introduces a proposition ( 8 own1 = ! consid]ation ( ! assembly1 he puts x into ! =m he desires x %\ld h1 & !n moves t x be adopt$ z ! resolution1 ord]1 or vote ( ! assembly4 ,if ?is proposition s f> meets ! approbation ( o!r memb]s1 t "o ( !m rises 9 8 place & seconds x1 x may !n be put to ! "q2 & ! result1 :e!r affirmative or negative1 becomes ! judgm5t ( ! assembly4 #ed4 ,a motion mu/ be submitt$ 9 writ+2 o!rwise ! presid+ (fic] w be ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to receive x2 he may d s1 h[ev]1 if he pleases1 & is will+ to take ! tr\ble himself to r$uce x to writ+4 ,?is rule ext5ds only to pr9cipal motions1 :i*1 :5 adopt$1 become ! act & express ! s5se ( ! assembly2 b n to subsidi>y or incid5tal motions#g :i* m]ely enable ! assembly to dispose ( ! =m] 9 ! mann] x desires1 & :i* are always 9 ! same =m4 ,9 ! case ( a motion to am5d1 :i* is a subsidi>y motion1 ! rule admits ( an exception1 s f> z reg>ds ! ins]tion ( additional words1 :i*1 z well z ! pr9cipal motion1 mu/ be 9 writ+4 #ee4 ,a motion mu/ also be second$1 t is1 approv$ by "s "o memb]1 at lea/1 express+ 8 approval by ris+ & say+1 t he seconds ! motion2 & if a motion be n second$1 no notice :atev] is to be tak5 ( x by ! presid+ (fic]2 ?\gh1 9 practice1 v _m motions1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* occur 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( bus9ess1 are admitt$ )\t be+ second$4 ,?is rule applies z well to subsidi>y z pr9cipal motions4 ,! second+ ( a motion seems to be requir$1 on ! gr\nd1 t ! "t ( ! assembly ought n to be tak5 up by a "q1 :i*1 = any?+ t appe>s1 has no "o 9 its favor b ! mov]4 ,!re are "s app>5t exceptions to ?is rule1 :i* w be /at$ h]eaft]1 9 ^? cases1 9 :i* "o memb] alone has ! "r ( in/itut+ or giv+ direction to a p>ticul> proce$+2 & an actual exception is sometimes made by a special rule1 requir+ c]ta9 motions to be second$ by m ?an "o memb]4 #ef4 ,:5 a motion has be5 made & second$1 x is !n to be /at$ by ! presid+ (fic] to ! assembly1 & ?us becomes a "q = its decision2 &1 until s /at$1 x is n 9 ord] = any o!r motion to be made1#h or = any memb] to speak to x2 b1 :5 mov$1 second$1 & /at$ f ! *air1 a motion is 9 ! possession ( ! assembly1 & _c be )drawn by ! mov]1 b by special leave ( ! assembly1 :i* mu/ be obta9$ by a motion made & second$ z 9 o!r cases4 #eg4 ,:5 a motion is regul>ly be=e ! assembly1 x is ! duty ( ! presid+ (fic] to /ate x if x be n 9 writ+1 or to cause x to be read1 if x be1 z (t5 z any memb] desires to h x /at$ or read = 8 in=mation4 #eh4 ,:5 a motion or proposition is regul>ly be=e ! assembly1 no o!r motion c be receiv$1 unless x be "o :i* is previ\s 9 its nature to ! "q "u consid]ation1 & consequ5tly entitl$ to take its place = ! "t be+1 & be fir/ decid$4 #f4 ,9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,massa*usetts1 :]e ea* memb]'s seat is regul>ly assign$ to him1 & numb]$1 x has be5 f\nd useful1 9 decid+ ^u ! claims ( sev]al competitors = ! floor1 to pref] "o :o rises 9 8 place1 to a memb] :o addresses ! speak] f ! area1 ! passageways1 or ! seat ( any o!r memb]4 #g4 ,su* z1 to adj\rn1--lie on ! table1--= ! previ\s "q1--= po/ponem5t1--commitm5t1 etc4 #h4 8,a memb] c make b "o motion at a "t4 ,! contr>y has be5 all[$ 9 ,congress1 & has gr[n to be a common usage2 e4g41 z1 :5 a memb] makes a motion1 & !n moves 9 ! same brea? t 8 own motion be laid on ! table4 ,?is is a great abuse2 & ! bad example ( ,congress %\ld n be foll[$ by o!r assemblies4 ,9 su* a case1 ! presid+ (fic] %\ld ent]ta9 ! =m] motion1 & treat ! latt] z if x _h n be5 made40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,motions ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #ei4 ,:5 a proposition is made to a delib]ative assembly1 = its adoption1 ! proposition may be 9 su* a =m z to be put to ! "q1 & ! assembly may be 9 su* a /ate z to be will+ to come to a decision ^u x1 at once2 & :5 ?is is ! case1 no?+ m c be necess>y ?an to take ! votes ( ! memb]s1 & asc]ta9 ! result4 ,b a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s may & commonly does exi/2 ! assembly may pref] "s o!r c\rse ( proce$+ to an imm$iate decision ( ! "q 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$2 &1 z x is prop]1 t e p>liam5t>y body %\ld h ! means ( fitly dispos+ ( e proposition :i* may be made to x1 c]ta9 =ms ( "q h f "t to "t be5 inv5t$1 & are n[ 9 g5]al use1 = t purpose4 ,^! =ms ( "q may prop]ly be call$ subsidi>y1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m f ! pr9cipal motion or "q to :i* !y relate4 #fj4 ,! diff]5t /ates ( m9d1 9 :i* a proposition may be receiv$ by a delib]ative assembly1 & ! correspond+ =ms ( proce$+1 or subsidi>y motions1 to :i* !y give rise1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! s5se ( ! assembly1 are ! foll[+3 ,fir/4 ,! assembly may look ^u ! proposition z useless or inexp$i5t2 & may !re=e desire to suppress x1 ei!r = a "t1 or altoge!r4 ,! subsidi>y motions1 = ?is purpose1 are ! previ\s "q1 & indef9ite po/ponem5t4 ,second4 ,! assembly may be will+ to ent]ta9 & consid] ( a proposition1 b n at ! "t :5 x is made2 ei!r because m in=mation is want$ by ! memb]s individually2 or because !y desire fur!r "t = reflection & exam9ation3 or because ! assembly is !n occupi$ ) "s o!r matt]1 :i* has m press+ claims ^u its pres5t att5tion4 ,! usual motions1 "u su* circum/ances1 are po/ponem5t to "s future day or "t1 & to lie on ! table4 ,?ird4 ,! subject-matt] ( a proposition may be reg>d$ ) favor1 b ! =m 9 :i* x is introduc$ may be s defective1 t a m c>eful & delib]ate consid]ation1 ?an c conv5i5tly be giv5 to x 9 ! assembly itself1 may be necess>y to put x into a satisfactory =m4 ,9 ?is case1 x is mo/ prop] to ref] ! proposition to a committee4 ,f\r?4 ,! proposition may be acceptable1 & ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$ s f> satisfactory1 t ! assembly may be will+ to consid] & act ^u x1 ) su* alt]ations & am5dm5ts z may be ?\ght prop]4 ,! motion adapt$ to ?is case is to am5d4 #fa4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! subsidi>y motions above specifi$ are ! only ones t h at any "t be5 adopt$ or us$2 or t x is n compet5t to a delib]ative assembly to frame new motions at pleasure2 b ^! are ! =ms 9 mo/ common use1 & are entirely suffici5t = all practical purposes4#i ,nei!r is x to be suppos$1 t ^! motions are always appli$ /rictly to ! cases to :i* !y mo/ appropriately belong2 sev]al ( !m are frequ5tly us$ to effect purposes1 = :i* o!rs w\ld be m prop]4 ,^! misapplications w be tak5 notice (1 "u ! heads ( ! sev]al motions4 #i4 ,x is usual 9 legislative assemblies1 to provide by a special rule1 bo? z to ! p>ticul> motions to be us$1 & ! ord] 9 :i* !y may be made4 ,?us1 ! rule 9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,congress 7:i* is also adopt$ 9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,massa*usetts71 is1 t1 8:5 a "q is "u debate1 no motion %all be receiv$1 b to adj\rn1 to lie on ! table1 = ! previ\s "q1 to po/pone to a day c]ta91 to commit1 to am5d1 to po/pone indef9itely1 :i* sev]al motions %all h prec$5ce 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$40 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,motions ,,to ,,suppress4 #fb4 ,:5 a proposition is mov$1 :i* x is suppos$ may be reg>d$ by ! assembly z useless or inexp$i5t1 & :i* x may !re=e be desir\s to get rid (1 su* proposition may be suppress$ = a "t by means ( ! previ\s "q1 or altoge!r by a motion = indef9ite po/ponem5t4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,previ\s ,"q4 #fc4 ,! orig9al & prop] p>liam5t>y use ( ! previ\s "q be+1 z above /at$1 ! suppression ( a ma9 "q1 x seems prop] to consid] x z "o ( ! subsidi>y motions1 = t purpose2 al?\gh1 9 ?is c\ntry1 x has be5 p]v]t$ to a :olly diff]5t use1 namely1 ! suppression ( debate4 ,?is consid]ation1 9 connection ) ! difficulty ( ! subject1 & ! importance ( a correct und]/&+ ( x1 makes x prop] to devote m room to ! previ\s "q1 ?an ne$s to be giv5 to mo/ ( ! o!r subsidi>y motions4 ,x w fir/ be consid]$ accord+ to its orig9al use & int5tion3 &1 aft]w>ds1 z us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #fd4 ,!re are sev]al motions1 :i* give rise to que/ions previ\s 9 _! nature to o!r que/ions to :i* !y relate2 b ! t]m previ\s has be5 appli$ exclusively to a motion d5om9at$ ! previ\s "q1 :i* has = its object ! suppression ( a pr9cipal motion or "q4 ,?is motion 0 introduc$ into ! h\se ( commons 9 ,engl&1 m ?an two c5turies ago1 = ! purpose ( suppress+ subjects ( a delicate nature1 relat+ to high p]sonages1 or ! discussion ( :i* might call =? obs]vations ( an injuri\s t5d5cy4 ,:5 fir/ made use (1 ! =m ( ! motion 01 %all ! ma9 "q be put8 & ! effect ( a decision ( x 9 ! negative 0 to suppress ! ma9 "q = ! :ole session4 ,! =m ( x 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ to t :i* x has at pres5t1 namely1 %all ! ma9 "q be n[ put8 & ! effect ( a negative decision ( x n[ is to suppress ! ma9 "q = ! residue ( ! day only4 ,! op]ation ( ?is motion1 9 suppress+ ! "q to :i* x is appli$1 results f ! pr9ciple1 t no fur!r consid]ation or discussion c regul>ly be _h ( a subject1 :i* x has be5 decid$ %all n be put to ! "q2 &1 !re=e1 :5 on ! motion ( ! previ\s "q1 x has be5 decid$1 t ! pr9cipal "q %all n n[ be put1 t "q is dispos$ ( = ! day1 & _c be r5ew$ until ! next or "s succe$+ day4 ,?is is ! purpose = :i* ! previ\s "q 0 orig9ally inv5t$1 & = :i* x is /ill us$ 9 ! ,briti% p>liam5t4 #fe4 ,b ! previ\s "q may be decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 z well z ! negative1 t is1 t ! ma9 "q %all n[ be put2 9 :i* case1 t "q is to be put imm$iately1 )\t any fur!r debate1 & 9 ! =m 9 :i* x !n exi/s4 ,?is op]ation ( ! previ\s "q1 :5 decid$ affirmatively1 has l$ to ! use ( x = ! purpose ( suppress+ debate on a pr9cipal "q1 & com+ to a vote ^u x imm$iately2 & ?is is ord9>ily ! only object ( ! previ\s "q z made use ( 9 ! legislative assemblies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#aj ,! op]ation ( a negative decision is diff]5t 9 diff]5t assemblies2 9 "s1 z1 = example1 9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,congress1 x op]ates to dispose ( ! pr9cipal or ma9 "q by suppress+ or remov+ x f be=e ! h\se = ! day2 b 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,massa*usetts1 & ! h\se ( assembly ( ,new ,york 79 ! =m] by usage only1 & 9 ! latt] by a rule71 ! effect ( a negative decision ( ! previ\s "q is to leave ! ma9 "q "u debate = ! residue ( ! sitt+1 unless soon] dispos$ ( by tak+ ! "q1 or 9 "s o!r mann]4 #ff4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! previ\s "q is us$ only = suppress+ a ma9 "q2 ! object ( ! mov] is to obta9 a decision ( x 9 ! negative2 & ! effect ( su* a decision1 ?\gh 9 /rictness only to suppress ! "q = ! day1 is1 practically & by p>liam5t>y usage1 to dispose ( ! subject altoge!r4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! previ\s "q is us$ *iefly = suppress+ debate on a ma9 "q2 ! object ( ! mov] is to obta9 a decision ( x 9 ! affirmative2 & ! effect ( a decision ! o!r way1 ?\gh 9 "s assemblies op]at+ te*nically to suppress ! ma9 "q = ! day only1 is1 9 g5]al1 m]ely to susp5d ! tak+ ( ! "q = t day2 ei!r leav+ ! debate to g on dur+ ! residue ( ! day1 or ! subject to be r5ew$ on ! next or "s o!r day4 ,! op]ation ( an affirmative decision is ! same1 9 bo? c\ntries1 namely1 ! putt+ ( ! ma9 "q imm$iately1 & )\t fur!r debate1 delay1 or consid]ation4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,indef9ite ,po/ponem5t4 #fg4 ,9 ord] to suppress a "q altoge!r1 )\t com+ to a direct vote ^u x1 9 su* a mann] t x _c be r5ew$1 ! prop] motion is = indef9ite po/ponem5t2 t is1 a po/ponem5t or adj\rnm5t ( ! "q1 )\t fix+ any day = resum+ x4 ,! effect ( ?is motion1 if decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 is to qua% ! proposition entirely2 z an indef9ite adj\rnm5t is equival5t to a dissolution1 or ! cont9uance ( a suit1 )\t day1 is a discont9uance ( x4 ,a negative decision has no effect :atev]4#aa #aj4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son 7,manual1 xxxiv47 consid]s ?is ext5sion ( ! previ\s "q z an abuse4 ,he is ( op9ion t 8its uses w\ld be z well answ]$ by o!r m simple p>liam5t>y =ms1 & !re=e x %\ld n be favor$1 b re/rict$ )9 z n>r[ limits z possible40 ,not)/&+ ?is sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ! previ\s "q1 z above /at$1 has become s firmly e/abli%$1 t x _c n[ be di/urb$ or unsettl$4 #aa4 8,! motion to indef9itely po/pone _c be am5d$4 ,:5 a motion to indef9itely po/pone prevails1 ! proposition s po/pon$ con n be r5ew$ dur+ ! session40--,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,motions ,,to ,,po/pone4 #fh4 ,if ! assembly is will+ to ent]ta9 consid] a "q1 b n at ! "t :5 x is mov$1 ! prop] c\rse is ei!r to po/pone ! subject to ano!r day1 or to ord] x to lie on ! table4 #fi4 ,:5 ! memb]s individually want m in=mation ?an !y possess1 at ! "t a "q is mov$1 or desire fur!r "t = reflection & exam9ation1 ! prop] motion is1 to po/pone ! subject to su* future day z w answ] ! views ( ! assembly4 #gj4 ,?is motion is sometimes us$ improp]ly1 to get rid ( a proposition altoge!r1 z w\ld be done by an indef9ite po/ponem5t4 ,?is is effect$ by fix+ ^u a day1 :i*1 accord+ to ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 w n arrive until aft] ! assembly has be5 br\ght to a close4 ,b a motion1 word$ 9 ?is mann]1 is precisely equival5t to a motion = indef9ite po/ponem5t1 & %\ld be s consid]$ & treat$4 #ga4 ,if ! assembly has some?+ else be=e x1 :i* claims its pres5t att5tion1 & is !re=e desir\s to po/pone a p>ticul> proposition1 until t subject is dispos$ (1 su* po/ponem5t may be effect$ by means ( a motion t ! matt] 9 "q lie on ! table4 ,if ?is motion prevails1 ! subject s dispos$ ( may be tak5 up1 at any "t aft]w>ds1 & consid]$1 :5 x may suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! assembly4 #gb4 ,?is motion is also sometimes made use ( = ! f9al disposition ( a subject2 & x always has t effect1 :5 no motion is aft]w>ds made to take x up4#ab #ab4 8,?is motion 7i4e41 to lie on ! table7 is n debatable1 & is n subject to am5dm5t40--,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,motions ,,to ,,commit4 #gc4 ,! ?ird case = ! use ( a subsidi>y motion1 z already /at$1 occurs1 :5 ! subject-matt] ( a proposition is reg>d$ ) favor1 b ! =m 9 :i* x is introduc$ is s defective1 t a m c>eful & delib]ate consid]ation is necess>y1 ?an c conv5i5tly be giv5 to x 9 ! assembly itself1 9 ord] to put x into a satisfactory =m4 ,! c\rse ( proce$+ !n is1 to ref] ! subject to a committee2 :i* is call$ a commitm5t1 or1 if ! subject has already be5 9 ! h&s ( a committee1 a recommitm5t4 #gd4 ,if !re is a /&+ committee ( ! assembly1 ^: functions embrace ! subject 9 "q1 ! motion %\ld be to ref] x to t committee2 if !re is no su* committee1 !n ! motion %\ld be to ref] to a select committee4 ,if x is a matt] ( d\bt1 :e!r a p>ticul> /&+ committee is appropriate or n1 & propositions are made = a ref]5ce to t committee1 & also = a ref]5ce to a select committee1 ! =m] proposition %\ld be fir/ put to ! "q4 #ge4 ,:5 a subject is ref]r$ or recommitt$1 ! committee may be in/ruct$ or ord]$ by ! assembly1 z to any "p or ! :ole ( ! duties assign$ !m2 or ! subject may be left ) !m )\t in/ructions4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! in/ructions mu/ be obey$1 ( c\rse2 9 ! latt]1 ! committee h full p[] ov] ! matt]1 & may report ^u x1 9 any mann] !y please1 provid$ !y keep )9 ! recogniz$ =ms ( p>liam5t>y proce$+s4 #gf4 ,a "p only ( a subject may be committ$1 )\t ! residue2 or diff]5t p>ts may be committ$ to diff]5t committees4 #gg4 ,a commitm5t ) in/ructions is sometimes made use (1 z a conv5i5t mode ( procur+ fur!r in=mation1 &1 at ! same "t1 ( po/pon+ ! consid]ation ( a subject to a future ?\gh unc]ta9 day4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,motions ,,to ,,am5d4 #gh4 ,! la/ case1 = ! introduction ( subsidi>y motions1 is :5 ! assembly is satisfi$ ) ! subject-matt] ( a proposition1 b n ) ! =m ( x1 or ) all its diff]5t p>ts1 or desires to make "s addition to x4 ,! c\rse ( proce$+ !n is1 to br+ ! proposition into ! prop] =m1 & make its details satisfactory1 by means ( am5dm5ts1 or ( c]ta9 proce$+s ( a simil> "*1 & hav+ ! same g5]al purpose 9 view4 ,! latt] w be fir/ consid]$4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,division ( a ,"q4 #gi4 ,:5 a proposition or motion is complicat$1 t is1 compos$ ( two or m p>ts1 :i* are s f> indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 z to be susceptible ( division into sev]al que/ions1 & x is suppos$ t ! assembly may approve ( "s b n ( all ^! p>ts1 x is a comp5di\s mode ( am5dm5t to divide ! motion into sep>ate que/ions1 to be sep>ately vot$ ^u & decid$ by ! assembly4 ,?is division may take place by ! ord] ( ! assembly1 on a motion regul>ly made & second$ = ! purpose4 #hj4 ,:5 a motion is ?us divid$1 x becomes a s]ies ( que/ions1 to be consid]$ & treat$ ea* by itself1 z an indep5d5t proposition1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y /&2 & :5 !y h all be5 gone ?r\gh ) & decid$1 ! result w be ! same1 z if motions to am5d by /rik+ out ! sev]al p>ts _h be5 made & put to ! "q4 ,:5 a motion = a division is made1 ! mov] ought to specify 9 8 motion ! mann] 9 :i* he proposes to make ! division2 & ?is motion1 l e o!r ( ! nature ( an am5dm5t1 is itself susceptible ( am5dm5t4 #ha4 ,x is sometimes ass]t$1 t x is ! "r ( e individual memb] to h a complicat$ "q 7provid$ x is susceptible ( division7 divid$ into its sev]al p>ts1 & a "q put sep>ately on ea*1 on 8 m]e dem&1 & )\t any motion or any vote ( ! assembly = t purpose4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake2 !re is no su* rule ( p>liam5t>y proce$+2 a complicat$ "q c only be sep>at$ by mov+ am5dm5ts to x 9 ! usual mann]1 or by mov+ = a division ( x 9 ! mann] above /at$4 #hb4 ,x is n unusual1 h[ev]1 = a delib]ative assembly to h a rule provid+ = ! division ( a complicat$ "q 7provid$ x is susceptible ( division7 into its sev]al p>ts1 ^u ! dem& ( a memb]4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x is = ! presid+ (fic] 7subject ( c\rse to ! revision ( ! assembly7 to decide1 :5 ! division ( a motion is dem&$1 fir/1 :e!r ! proposition is susceptible ( division1 &1 secondly1 into h[ _m & :at p>ts x may be divid$4 #hc4 ,a proposition1 9 ord] to be divisible1 mu/ compreh5d po9ts s di/9ct & entire1 t1 if "o or m ( !m be tak5 away1 ! o!rs may /& entire & by !mselves2 b a qualify+ p>agraph1 z1 = example1 an exception or a proviso1 if sep>at$ f ! g5]al ass]tion or /atem5t to :i* x belongs1 does n conta9 an entire po9t or proposition4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,fill+ ,blanks4 #hd4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t a proposition is introduc$ ) blanks purposely left by ! mov] to be fill$ by ! assembly1 ei!r ) times & numb]s1 or ) provisions analog\s to ^? ( ! proposition itself4 ,9 ! latt] case1 blanks are fill$ 9 ! same way1 t o!r am5dm5ts by ! ins]tion ( words are made4 ,9 ! =m]1 propositions to fill blanks are n consid]$ z am5dm5ts to ! "q1 b z orig9al motions1 to be made & decid$ be=e ! pr9cipal "q4 #he4 ,:5 a blank is left to be fill$ ) a "t or numb]1 motions may be made = t purpose1 & ! "q tak5 on ea* by itself1 & be=e ano!r is made2 or sev]al motions may be made & p5d+ be=e any ( !m are put to ! "q4 ,?is la/ mode ( proce$+1 :i* is ! mo/ usual z well z conv5i5t1 requires t ! sev]al propositions %\ld be arrang$1 & ! "q tak5 on !m1 9 su* ord] z w ! soone/ & ) ! mo/ c]ta9ty enable ! assembly to come to an agreem5t4 #hf4 ,9 det]m9+ ^u ! ord] to be adopt$1 ! object is n to beg9 at t extreme1 :i* & m be+ )9 e man's wi%1 no "o c vote aga9/ x1 &1 yet1 if x %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! affirmative1 e "q = m w\ld be preclud$2 b1 at t extreme1 :i* w be likely to unite ! fewe/1 & !n to advance or rec$e1 until a numb] or "t is rea*$1 :i* w unite a majority4 #hg4 ,h5ce1 :5 sev]al diff]5t propositions are made = fill+ blanks ) a "t or numb]1 ! rule is1 t if ! l>g] compreh5ds ! less]1 z 9 a "q to :at day a po/ponem5t %all take place1--! numb] ( :i* a committee %all consi/1--! am\nt ( a f9e to be impos$1--! t]m ( an imprisonm5t1--! t]m ( irr$eemability ( a loan1--or ! t]m9us 9 quem 9 any o!r case1 ! "q mu/ beg9 a maximo1 & be fir/ tak5 ^u ! greate/ or f>!/1 & s on to ! lea/ or ne>e/1 until ! assembly comes to a vote3 ,b1 if ! less] includes ! great]1 z 9 que/ions on ! limitation ( ! rate ( int]e/1--on ! am\nt ( a tax1--on :at day ! session ( a legislative assembly %all be clos$1 by adj\rnm5t1--on :at day ! next session %all comm5ce1--or ! t]m9us a quo 9 any o!r case1 ! "q mu/ beg9 a m9imo1 & be fir/ tak5 on ! lea/ or ne>e/1 & s on to ! greate/ or mo/ remote1 until ! assembly comes to a vote4#ac ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,addition1--,sep>ation1 ,transposition4 #hh4 ,:5 ! matt]s conta9$ 9 two sep>ate propositions might be bett] put into "o1 ! mode ( proce$+ is to reject "o ( !m1 & !n to incorporate ! sub/ance ( x ) ! o!r by way ( am5dm5t4 ,a bett] mode1 h[ev]1 if ! bus9ess ( ! assembly w admit ( its be+ adopt$1 is to ref] bo? propositions to a committee1 ) in/ructions to incorporate !m toge!r 9 "o4 #hi4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! matt] ( "o proposition w\ld be m prop]ly di/ribut$ into two1 any "p ( x may be /ruck out by way ( am5dm5t1 & put into ! =m ( a new & di/9ct proposition4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 ! =m] case1 a bett] mode w\ld g5]ally be to ref] ! subject to a committee4 #ij4 ,9 l mann]1 if a p>agraph or section requires to be transpos$1 a "q mu/ be put on /rik+ x out :]e x /&s1 & ano!r = ins]t+ x 9 ! place desir$4 #ia4 ,! numb]s prefix$ to ! sev]al sections1 p>agraphs1 or resolutions1 :i* con/itute a proposition1 are m]ely m>g9al indications1 & no "p ( ! text ( ! proposition itself2 &1 if necess>y1 !y may be alt]$ or regulat$ by ! cl]k1 )\t any vote or ord] ( ! assembly4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,modification or ,am5dm5t by ! ,mov]4 #ib4 ,! mov] ( a proposition is sometimes all[$ to modify x1 aft] x has be5 /at$ z a "q by ! presid+ (fic]2 b1 z ?is is equival5t to a )drawal ( ! motion1 9 ord] to sub/itute ano!r 9 its place2 &1 s9ce1 z has already be5 se51 a motion regul>ly made1 second$1 & propos$1 _c be )drawn )\t leave2 x is cle>1 t ! practice allud$ to re/s only ^u g5]al cons5t2 &1 t1 if object$ to1 ! mov] ( a proposition mu/ obta9 ! p]mission ( ! assembly1 by a motion & "q1 = ! purpose1 9 ord] to enable him to modify 8 proposition4 #ic4 ,s1 too1 :5 an am5dm5t has be5 regul>ly mov$ & second$1 x is sometimes ! practice = ! mov] ( ! proposition to :i* x relates to signify 8 cons5t to x1 & = ! am5dm5t to be !reupon made1 )\t any "q be+ tak5 ^u x by ! assembly4 ,z ?is proce$+1 h[ev]1 is ess5tially ! same ) t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 x1 ( c\rse1 re/s ^u ! same f\ndation1 & is subject to ! same rule4 ,sect4 ,v4 ,g5]al ,rules relat+ to ,am5dm5ts4 #id4 ,all am5dm5ts1 ( :i* a proposition is susceptible1 s f> z =m is conc]n$1 may be effect$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways1 namely1 ei!r by ins]t+ or add+ c]ta9 words2 or by /rik+ out c]ta9 words2 or by /rik+ out c]ta9 words1 & ins]t+ or add+ o!rs4 ,^! sev]al =ms ( am5dm5t are subject to c]ta9 g5]al rules1 :i*1 be+ equally applicable to !m all1 require to be /at$ be=eh&4 #ie4 ,fir/ ,rule4 ,:5 a proposition consi/s ( sev]al sections1 p>agraphs1 or resolutions1 ! natural ord] ( consid]+ & am5d+ x is to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & to proce$ ?r\gh x 9 c\rse by p>agraphs2 & :5 a latt] "p has be5 am5d$1 x is n 9 ord] to recur back1 & make any alt]ation or am5dm5t ( a =m] "p4 #if4 ,second ,rule4 ,e am5dm5t1 :i* c be propos$1 :e!r by /rik+ out1 or ins]t+1 or /rik+ out & ins]t+1 is itself susceptible ( am5dm5t2 b1 !re c be no am5dm5t ( an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t3 ?is w\ld be su* a pil+ ( que/ions "o ^u ano!r1 z w\ld lead to great emb>rassm5t2 & z ! l9e mu/ be drawn some:]e1 x has be5 fix$ by usage aft] ! am5dm5t to ! am5dm5t4 ,! object1 :i* is propos$ to be effect$ by su* a proce$+1 mu/ be s\ght by reject+ ! am5dm5t to ! am5dm5t1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is propos$1 & !n mov+ x aga9 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is wi%$ to be am5d$1 9 :i* x is only an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t2 & 9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 he :o desires to am5d an am5dm5t %\ld give notice1 t1 if reject$1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$1 he %all move x aga9 9 ! =m 9 :i* he desires to h x adopt$4 #ig4 ,?us1 if a proposition consi/s ( ,a ,b1 & x is propos$ to am5d by ins]t+ ,c ,d1 x may be mov$ to am5d ! am5dm5t by ins]t+ ,e ,f2 b x _c be mov$ to am5d ?is am5dm5t1 z1 = example1 by ins]t+ ,g4 ,! only mode1 by :i* ?is c be rea*$1 is to reject ! am5dm5t 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$1 namely1 to ins]t ,e ,f1 & to move x 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is desir$ to be am5d$1 namely1 to ins]t ,e ,g ,f4 #ih4 ,?ird ,rule4 ,:atev] is agre$ to by ! assembly1 on a vote1 ei!r adopt+ or reject+ a propos$ am5dm5t1 _c be aft]w>ds alt]$ or am5d$4 #ii4 ,?us1 if a proposition consi/s ( ,a ,b1 & x is mov$ to ins]t ,c2 if ! am5dm5t prevail1 ,c _c be aft]w>ds am5d$1 because x has be5 agre$ to 9 t =m2 &1 s1 if x is mov$ to /rike out ,b1 & ! am5dm5t is reject$1 ,b _c aft]w>ds be am5d$1 because a vote aga9/ /rik+ x out is equival5t to a vote agree+ to x z x /&s4 #ajj4 ,f\r? ,rule4 ,:atev] is disagre$ to by ! assembly1 on a vote1 _c be aft]w>ds mov$ aga94 ,?is rule is ! conv]se ( ! prec$+1 & may be illu/rat$ 9 ! same mann]4 #aja4 ,?us1 if x is mov$ to am5d ,a ,b by ins]t+ ,c1 & ! am5dm5t is reject$1 ,c _c be mov$ aga92 or1 if x is mov$ to am5d ,a ,b by /rik+ out ,b1 & ! am5dm5t prevails1 ,b _c be re/or$2 because1 9 ! fir/ case1 ,c1 &1 9 ! o!r1 ,b1 h be5 disagre$ to by a vote4 #ajb4 ,fif? ,rule4 ,! inconsi/5cy or incompatibility ( a propos$ am5dm5t ) "o :i* has already be5 adopt$1 is a fit gr\nd = its rejection by ! assembly1 b n = ! suppression ( x by ! presid+ (fic]1 z aga9/ ord]2 =1 if que/ions ( ?is nature 7 all[$ to be br\ght )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! presid+ (fic]1 z matt]s ( ord]1 he might usurp a negative on important modifications1 & suppress or emb>rass in/ead ( subs]v+ ! w ( ! assembly4 ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,am5dm5ts by /rik+ out4 #ajc4 ,if an am5dm5t is propos$ by /rik+ out a p>ticul> p>agraph or c]ta9 words1 & ! am5dm5t is reject$1 x _c be aga9 mov$ to /rike out ! same words or a "p ( !m2 b x may be mov$ to /rike out ! same words ) o!rs1 or to /rike out a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs1 provid$ ! coh]5ce to be /ruck out be s sub/antial1 z to make ^!1 9 fact1 diff]5t propositions f ! =m]4 #ajd4 ,?us1 if a proposition consi/ ( ,a ,b ,c ,d1 & x is mov$ to /rike out ,b ,c2 if ?is am5dm5t is reject$1 x _c be mov$ aga92 b x may be mov$ to /rike out ,a ,b1 or ,a ,b ,c1 or ,b ,c ,d or ,c ,d4 #aje4 ,if an am5dm5t by /rik+ out is agre$ to1 x _c be aft]w>ds mov$ to ins]t ! same words /ruck out or a "p ( !m2 b x may be mov$ to ins]t ! same words ) o!rs1 or a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs1 provid$ ! coh]5ce to be ins]t$ make ^! propositions sub/antially diff]5t f ! fir/4 #ajf4 ,?us1 if ! proposition ,a ,b ,c ,d is am5d$ by /rik+ out ,b ,c1 x _c be mov$ to ins]t ,b ,c aga92 b x may be mov$ to ins]t ,b ,c ) o!r words1 or ,b ) o!rs or ,c ) o!rs4 #ajg4 ,:5 x is propos$ to am5d by /rik+ out a p>ticul> p>agraph1 x may be mov$ to am5d ?is am5dm5t1 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 namely1 ei!r by /rik+ out a "p only ( ! p>agraph1 or by ins]t+ or add+ words1 or by /rik+ out & ins]t+4 #ajh4 ,?us1 if x is mov$ to am5d ! proposition ,a ,b ,c ,d1 by /rik+ out ,b ,c1 x may be mov$ to am5d ?is am5dm5t by /rik+ out ,b only or ,c only1 or by ins]t+ ,e1 or by /rik+ out ,b or ,c1 & ins]t+ ,e4 #aji4 ,9 ! case ( a propos$ am5dm5t by /rik+ out1 ! effect ( vot+ ^u x1 :e!r x be decid$ 9 ! affirmative or negative accord+ to ! ?ird & f\r? rules above m5tion$1 r5d]s x necess>y = ^? :o desire to reta9 ! p>agraph to am5d x1 if any am5dm5t is necess>y1 be=e ! vote is tak5 on /rik+ out2 z1 if /ruck out1 x _c be re/or$1 &1 if reta9$1 x _c be am5d$4 #aaj4 ,z an am5dm5t mu/ necess>ily be put to ! "q be=e ! pr9cipal motion2 s ! "q mu/ be put on an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t be=e x is put on ! am5dm5t2 b1 z ?is is ! extreme limit to :i* motions may be put ^u "o ano!r1 !re c be no prec$5ce ( "o ov] ano!r among am5dm5ts to am5dm5ts2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y c only be mov$1 "o at a "t1 or1 at all ev5ts1 mu/ be put to ! "q 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are mov$4 #aaa4 ,:5 a motion = /rik+ out words is put to ! "q1 ! p>liam5t>y =m always is1 :e!r ! words %all /& z "p ( ! pr9cipal motion1 & n :e!r !y %all be /ruck out4 ,! reason = ?is =m ( /at+ ! "q probably is1 t ! "q may be tak5 9 ! same mann] on a "p z on ! :ole ( ! pr9cipal motion2 :i* w\ld n be ! case1 if ! "q 0 /at$ on /rik+ out2 inasmu* z ! "q on ! pr9cipal motion1 :5 x comes to be /at$1 w be on agree+ to x1 & n on /rik+ out or reject+ x4 ,besides1 z an equal division ( ! assembly w\ld produce a diff]5t decision ( ! "q1 accord+ to ! mann] ( /at+ x1 x might happ51 if ! "q on ! am5dm5t 0 /at$ on /rik+ out1 t ! same "q w\ld be decid$ bo? affirmatively & negatively by ! same vote4#ad #aab4 ,on a motion to am5d by /rik+ out c]ta9 words1 ! mann] ( /at+ ! "q is1 fir/ to read ! passage propos$ to be am5d$1 z x /&s2 !n ! words propos$ to be /ruck out2 &1 la/ly1 ! :ole passage z x w /& if ! am5dm5t is adopt$4 ,sect4 ,,vii4 ,am5dm5ts by ins]t+4 #aac4 ,if an am5dm5t is propos$ by ins]t+ or add+ a p>agraph or words1 & ! am5dm5t is reject$1 x _c be mov$ aga9 to ins]t ! same words or a "p ( !m2 b x may be mov$ to ins]t ! same words ) o!rs1 or a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs1 provid$ ! coh]5ce really make !m diff]5t propositions4 #aad4 ,?us1 if x is mov$ to am5d ! proposition ,a ,b by ins]t+ ,c ,d1 & ! am5dm5t is reject$1 ,c ,d _c be aga9 mov$2 b x may be mov$ to ins]t ,c ,e1 or ,d ,e1 or ,c ,d ,e4 #aae4 ,if x is propos$ to am5d by ins]t+ a p>agraph1 & ! am5dm5t prevails1 x _c be aft]w>ds mov$ to /rike out ! same words or a "p ( !m2 b x may be mov$ to /rike out ! same words ) o!rs1#ae or a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs1 provid$ ! coh]5ce be su* z to make ^! propositions really diff]5t f ! fir/4 #aaf4 ,?us1 if 9 ! example above suppos$ ! am5dm5t prevails1 & ,c ,d is ins]t$ x _c be aft]w>ds mov$ to /rike out ,c ,d1 b x may be mov$ to /rike out ,a ,c or ,a ,c ,d1 or ,d ,b1 or ,c ,d ,b4 #aag4 ,:5 x is propos$ to am5d by ins]t+ a p>agraph1 ?is am5dm5t may be am5d$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 namely1 ei!r by /rik+ out a "p ( ! p>agraph2 or by ins]t+ some?+ into x2 or by /rik+ out & ins]t+4 #aah4 ,?us1 if x is propos$ to am5d ,a ,b by ins]t+ ,c ,d1 ?is am5dm5t may be am5d$ ei!r by /rik+ out ,c or ,d1 or ins]t+ ,e1 or by /rik+ out ,c or ,d & ins]t+ ,e4 #aai4 ,:5 x is propos$ to am5d by ins]t+ a p>agraph1 ^? :o are 9 favor ( ! am5dm5t %\ld am5d x1 if necess>y1 be=e ! "q is tak52 because if x is reject$1 x _c be mov$ aga91 &1 if receiv$1 x _c be am5d$4 #abj4 ,!re is no prec$5ce ( "o ov] ano!r 9 am5dm5ts to am5dm5ts by ins]t+1 any m ?an 9 am5dm5ts to am5dm5ts by /rik+ out4 #aba4 ,on a motion to am5d by ins]t+ a p>agraph1 ! mann] ( /at+ ! "q is1 fir/1 to read ! passage to be am5d$1 z x /&s2 !n ! words propos$ to be ins]t$2 & la/ly1 ! :ole passage z x w /& if ! am5dm5t prevails4 ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,am5dm5ts by /rik+ out & ins]t+4 #abb4 ,! ?ird =m ( am5d+ a proposition1 namely1 by /rik+ out c]ta9 words & ins]t+ o!rs 9 _! place1 is1 9 fact1 a comb9ation ( ! o!r two =ms2 & may accord+ly be divid$ into ^? two =ms1 ei!r by a vote ( ! assembly1 or on ! dem& ( a memb]1 "u a special rule to t effect4#af #abc4 ,if ! motion is divid$1 ! "q is fir/ to be tak5 on /rik+ out2 & if t is decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 !n1 on ins]t+2 b if ! =m] is decid$ 9 ! negative1 ! latt] falls1 ( c\rse4 ,on a division1 ! proce$+s are ! same1 9 ref]5ce to ea* bran* ( ! "q1 beg9n+ ) ! /rik+ out1 z if ea* bran* _h be5 mov$ by itself4 #abd4 ,if ! motion to /rike out & ins]t is put to ! "q undivid$1 & is decid$ 9 ! negative1 ! same motion _c be made aga92 b1 x may be mov$ to /rike out ! same words1 &1 #a1 ins]t no?+2 #b1 ins]t o!r words2 #c1 ins]t ! same words ) o!rs2 #d1 ins]t a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs2 #e1 /rike out ! same words ) o!rs1 & ins]t ! same2 #f1 /rike out a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs1 & ins]t ! same2 #g1 /rike out o!r words & ins]t ! same2 &1 #h1 ins]t ! same words1 )\t /rik+ out any?+4 #abe4 ,if ! motion to /rike out & ins]t is decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 x _c be !n mov$ to ins]t ! words /ruck out or a "p ( !m1 or to /rike out ! words ins]t$1 or a "p ( !m2 b1 x may be mov$1 #a1 to ins]t ! same words ) o!rs2 #b1 to ins]t a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs2 #c1 to /rike out ! same words ) o!rs2 or1 #d1 to /rike out a "p ( ! same words ) o!rs4 #abf4 ,:5 x is propos$ to am5d by /rik+ out & ins]t+1 ?is am5dm5t may be am5d$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways 9 ! p>agraph propos$ to be /ruck out1 & also 9 ! p>agraph propos$ to be ins]t$1 namely1 by1 /rik+ out1 or ins]t+1 or /rik+ out & ins]t+4 ,& ^? :o are 9 favor ( ei!r p>agraph mu/ am5d x1 be=e ! "q is tak51 = ! reasons already /at$1 namely1 t1 if decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! "p /ruck out _c be re/or$1 nor c ! "p ins]t$ be am5d$2 &1 if decid$ 9 ! negative1 ! "p propos$ to be /ruck out _c be am5d$1 nor c ! p>agraph propos$ to be ins]t$ be mov$ aga94 #abg4 ,on a motion to am5d1 by /rik+ out c]ta9 words & ins]t+ o!rs1 ! mann] ( /at+ ! "q is fir/ to read ! :ole passage to be am5d$1 z x /&s2 !n ! words propos$ to be /ruck out2 next ^? to be ins]t$2 &1 la/ly1 ! :ole passage z x w /& :5 am5d$4 ,sect4 ,,ix4 ,am5dm5ts *ang+ ! ,nature ( a ,"q4 #abh4 ,! t]m am5dm5t is 9 /rictness applicable only to ^? *anges ( a proposition1 by :i* x is improv$1 t is1 r5d]$ m effectual = ! purpose :i* x has 9 view1 or made to express m cle>ly & def9itely ! s5se :i* x is int5d$ to express4 ,h5ce x seems prop]1 t ^? only %\ld und]take to am5d a proposition1 :o are fri5dly to x2 b ?is is by no means ! rule2 :5 a proposition is regul>ly mov$ & second$1 x is 9 ! possession ( ! assembly1 & _c be )drawn b by its leave2 x has !n become ! basis ( ! future proce$+s ( ! assembly1 & may be put into any %ape1 & turn$ to any purpose1 t ! assembly may ?9k prop]4 #abi4 ,x is consequ5tly all[able to am5d a proposition 9 su* a mann] z entirely to alt] its nature1 & to make x be> a s5se diff]5t f :at x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be>2 s t ! fri5ds ( x1 z x 0 fir/ introduc$1 may !mselves be =c$ to vote aga9/ x1 9 its am5d$ =m4 #acj4 ,?is mode ( proce$+ is sometimes adopt$ = ! purpose ( defeat+ a proposition1 by compell+ its orig9al fri5ds to unite ) ^? :o are oppos$ to x1 9 vot+ = its rejection4 ,?us1 9 ! ,briti% ,h\ses ( ,commons1 ,jan4 #bi1 #agfe1 a resolution be+ mov$1 8,t a g5]al w>rant = appreh5d+ ! au?ors1 pr9t]s1 or publi%]s ( a libel1 toge!r ) _! pap]s1 is n w>rant$ by law1 & is an high violation ( ! lib]ty ( ! subject30--x 0 mov$ to am5d ?is motion by prefix+ ! foll[+ p>agraph1 namely3 8,t 9 ! p>ticul> case ( libels1 x is prop] & necess>y to fix1 by a vote ( ?is h\se only1 :at ought to be deem$ ! law 9 respect ( g5]al w>rants2 &1 = t purpose1 at ! "t :5 ! det]m9ation ( ! legality ( su* w>rants1 9 ! in/ance ( a mo/ s$iti\s & treasonable libel1 is actually dep5d+ be=e ! c\rts ( law1 = ?is h\se to decl>e0--t a g5]al w>rant = appreh5d+ ! au?ors1 pr9t]s1 or publi%]s ( a libel toge!r ) _! pap]s1 is n w>rant$ by law1 & is an high violation ( ! lib]ty ( ! subject4 ,! am5dm5t 0 adopt$1 aft] a long debate1 & !n ! resolution z am5d$ 0 imm$iately reject$ )\t a division4#ag #aca4 ,b sometimes ! nature ( a proposition is *ang$ by means ( am5dm5ts1 ) a view to its adoption 9 a s5se ! v opposite ( :at x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be>4 ,! foll[+ is a /rik+ example ( ?is mode ( proce$+4 ,9 ! h\se ( commons1 ,april #aj1 #agdd1 a resolution 0 mov$1 decl>+1 8,t ! issu+ & pay+ to ! ,duke ( ,aremb]g ! sum ( =ty ?\s& p\nds1 /]l+1 to put ! ,au/rian troops 9 motion 9 ! ye> #agdb1 0 a dang]\s misapplication ( public money1 & de/ructive ( ! rights ( p>liam5t40 ,! object ( ?is resolution 0 to c5sure ! conduct ( ! m9i/]s2 & ! fri5ds ( ! m9i/ry1 be+ 9 a majority1 might h vot$ directly1 ^u ! motion & reject$ x4 ,b !y pref]r$ to turn x into a resolution approv+ ( ! conduct ( m9i/]s on ! occasion ref]r$ to2 & x 0 accord+ly mov$ to am5d1 by leav+ out ! words 8a dang]\s misapplication10 etc41 to ! end ( ! motion1 & ins]t+ in/ead !re( ! words1 8necess>y = putt+ ! said troops 9 motion1 & ( great consequ5ce to ! common cause40 ,! am5dm5t be+ adopt$1 x 0 resolv$ 7rev]s+ ! orig9al proposition7 8,t ! issu+ & pay+ to ! ,duke ( ,aremb]g ! sum ( =ty ?\s& p\nds1 to put ! ,au/rian troops 9 motion1 9 ! ye> #agdb1 0 necess>y = putt+ ! said troops 9 motion1 & ( great consequ5ce to ! common cause40 #acb4 ,x is a mode ( defeat+ a proposition1 some:at simil> to t above m5tion$1 to c>ry out or ext5d ! pr9ciple ( x1 by means ( am5dm5ts1 s z to %[ ! inconv5i5ce1 absurdity1 or dang] ( its adoption1 ) su* evid5t cle>ness1 t x becomes impossible = ! assembly to agree to x4 ,?us1 a motion hav+ be5 made 9 ! h\se ( commons1 8= copies ( all ! lett]s writt5 by ! lords ( ! admiralty to a c]ta9 (fic] 9 ! navy10 x 0 mov$ to am5d ! motion by add+ ^! words3--8:i* lett]s may conta9 ord]s1 or be relative to ord]s1 n execut$1 & /ill subsi/+40 ,?is am5dm5t be+ adopt$1 ! motion z am5d$ 0 unanim\sly reject$4 #acc4 ,x w be se51 f ! =ego+ examples1 t z ! mov] ( a proposition is "u no re/riction z to embrac+ incongru\s matt]s "u ! same motion2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! assembly may engraft ^u a motion1 by way ( am5dm5t1 matt] :i* is n only incongru\s )1 b entirely oppos$ to1 ! motion z orig9ally introduc$2 &1 9 legislative assemblies1 x is n unusual to am5d a bill by /rik+ out all aft] ! enact+ clause1 & ins]t+ an entirely new bill2 or to am5d a resolution by /rik+ out all aft] ! words 8,resolv$ t10 & ins]t+ a proposition ( a :olly diff]5t t5or4 #ac4 ,! above is ! rule z laid d[n by ,mr4 ,jeff]son 7 #cc71 & holds :]e x is n sup]s$$ by a special rule1 :i* is g5]ally ! case 9 our legislative assemblies2 z1 = example1 9 ! s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! rule is1 t 9 fill+ blanks1 ! ,,l>ge/ sum & ,,longe/ "t %all be fir/ put4 ,9 ! h\se ( commons1 9 ,engl&1 ! rule e/abli%$ by usage is1 t ! ,,smalle/ sum & ! ,,longe/ "t %all be fir/ put4 #ad4 ,! common1 if n ! only1 mode ( /at+ ! "q1 9 ! legislative assemblies ( ?is c\ntry1 is on 8/rik+ out40 #ae4 ,?is is ! common case ( /rik+ out a p>agraph1 aft] x has be5 am5d$ by ins]t+ words4 #af4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son 7 xxxv47 says1 8! "q1 if desir$1 is !n to be divid$10 etc42 b1 z he makes no exception ( a motion to /rike out & ins]t1 :5 treat+ ( ! subject ( division1 & does n "h /ate x z an exception1 he und\bt$ly supposes ! division 9 ?is case to be made 9 ! regul> & usual mann]4 #ag4 ,?is mode ( defeat+ a measure1 h[ev]1 is n always successful4 ,9 #aghj1 ,mr4 ,dunn+ hav+ made a motion1 9 ! h\se ( commons 8t1 9 ! op9ion ( ?is h\se1 ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n has increas$1 is increas+1 & ought to be dim9i%$10 ,dundas1 "l-advocate ( ,scotl&1 9 ord] to defeat ! motion1 propos$ to am5d1 by ins]t+1 aft] ! words1 ,,9 ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,?is ,,h\se1 ! words ,,x ,,is ,,n[ ,,necess>y ,,to ,,decl>e ,,t1 ,,etc4 ,b ?is am5dm5t1 in/ead ( intimidat+ ! fri5ds ( ! orig9al motion 0 at once adopt$ by !m1 & ! resolution pass$ z am5d$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,& ,,succession ,,( ,,que/ions4 #acd4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 t1 :5 a proposition is regul>ly be=e a delib]ative assembly1 = its consid]ation1 no o!r proposition or motion c regul>ly be made or arise1 s z to take ! place ( ! =m]1 & be fir/ act$ ^u1 unless x be ei!r1 fir/1 a privileg$ "q2 secondly1 a subsidi>y "q2 or1 ?irdly1 an incid5tal "q or motion4 #ace4 ,all ^! motions take ! place ( ! pr9cipal motion1 or ma9 "q1 z x is usually call$1 & are to be fir/ put to ! "q2 &1 among !mselves1 also1 !re are "s1 :i*1 9 l mann]1 take ! place ( all ! o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! que/ions m]ely sup]s$e ! pr9cipal "q1 until !y h be5 decid$2 &1 :5 decid$1 :e!r affirmatively or negatively1 leave t "q z be=e4 ,o!rs ( !m also sup]s$e ! pr9cipal "q1 until !y are decid$2 &1 :5 decid$ "o way1 dispose ( ! pr9cipal "q2 b1 if decid$ ! o!r way1 leave x z be=e4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,privileg$ ,que/ions4 #acf4 ,!re are c]ta9 motions or que/ions1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior importance attribut$ to !m1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( a vote ( ! assembly1 or 9 !mselves consid]$1 or ( ! necessity ( ! proce$+s to :i* !y lead1 are entitl$ to take ! place ( any o!r subject or proposition1 :i* may !n be "u consid]ation1 & to be fir/ act$ ^u & decid$ by ! assembly4 ,^! are call$ privileg$ que/ions1 because !y are entitl$ to prec$5ce ov] o!r que/ions1 ?\gh !y are ( diff]5t degrees among !mselves4 ,que/ions ( ?is nature are ( ?ree k9ds1 namely1 fir/1 motions to adj\rn2 secondly1 motions or que/ions relat+ to ! rights & privileges ( ! assembly1 or ( its memb]s individually2 &1 ?irdly1 motions = ! ord]s ( ! day4 ,adj\rnm5t4 #acg4 ,a motion to adj\rn takes ! place ( all o!r que/ions :atsoev]2#ah =1 o!rwise1 ! assembly might be kept sitt+ aga9/ its w1 & = an indef9ite "t2 b1 9 ord] to entitle ?is motion to prec$5ce1 x mu/ be simply to 8adj\rn10 )\t ! addition ( any p>ticul> day or "t4 ,&1 z ! object ( ?is motion1 :5 made 9 ! mid/ ( "s o!r proce$+1 & ) a view to sup]s$e a "q already propos$1 is simply to break up ! sitt+1 x does n admit ( any am5dm5t by ! addition ( a p>ticul> day1 or 9 any o!r mann]2 ?\gh1 if a motion to adj\rn is made1 :5 no o!r bus9ess is be=e ! assembly1 x may be am5d$ l o!r que/ions4 #ach4 ,a motion to adj\rn is m]ely 8t ?is assembly d n[ adj\rn20 &1 if x is c>ri$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! assembly is adj\rn$ to ! next sitt+ day2 unless x has previ\sly come to a resolution1 t1 on ris+1 x w adj\rn to a p>ticul> day2 9 :i* case1 x is adj\rn$ to t day4 #aci4 ,an adj\rnm5t )\t day1 t is1 )\t any "t be+ fix$ = reassembl+1 w\ld1 9 ! case ( any o!r ?an a legislative assembly1 be equival5t to a dissolution4#ai #adj4 ,:5 a "q is int]rupt$ by an adj\rnm5t1 be=e any vote or "q has be5 tak5 ^u x1 x is !reby remov$ f be=e ! assembly1 & w n /& be=e x1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 z its next meet+1 b mu/ be br\ght =w>d 9 ! usual way4 ,que/ions ( ,privilege4 #ada4 ,! que/ions1 next 9 relative importance1 & :i* sup]s$e all o!rs = ! "t be+ except t ( adj\rnm5t1 are ^? :i* conc]n ! rights & privileges ( ! assembly1 or ( its individual memb]s2 z1 = example1 :5 ! proce$+s ( ! assembly are di/urb$ or int]rupt$1 :e!r by /rang]s or memb]s2 or :]e a qu>rel arises betwe5 two memb]s2 &1 9 ^! cases1 ! matt] ( privilege sup]s$es ! "q p5d+ at ! "t1 toge!r ) all subsidi>y & incid5tal ones1 & mu/ be fir/ dispos$ (4 ,:5 settl$1 ! "q int]rupt$ by x is to be resum$1 at ! po9t :]e x 0 susp5d$4 ,ord]s ( ! ,day4 #adb4 ,:5 ! consid]ation ( a subject has be5 assign$ = a p>ticul> day1 by an ord] ( ! assembly1 ! matt] s assign$ is call$ ! ord] ( ! day = t day4 ,if1 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess1 z commonly happ5s 9 legislative assemblies1 !re are sev]al subjects assign$ = ! same day1 !y are call$ ! ord]s ( ! day4 #adc4 ,a "q1 :i* is ?us made ! subject ( an ord] = its consid]ation on a p>ticul> day1 is !reby made a privileg$ "q = t day2 ! ord] be+ a repeal1 z to ?is special case1 ( ! g5]al rule z to bus9ess4 ,if1 !re=e1 any o!r proposition 7) ! exception ( ! two prec$+#bj7 is mov$ or arises1 on ! day assign$ = ! consid]ation ( a p>ticul> subject1 a motion = ! ord] ( ! day w sup]s$e ! "q fir/ made1 toge!r ) all subsidi>y & incid5tal que/ions connect$ ) x1 & mu/ be fir/ put & decid$2 = if ! debate or consid]ation ( t subject 7 all[$ to proce$1 x might cont9ue ?r\gh ! day & ?us defeat ! ord]4 #add4 ,b ?is motion1 to entitle x to prec$5ce1 mu/ be = ! ord]s g5]ally1 if !re is m ?an "o1 & n = any p>ticul> "o2 &1 if decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 t is1 t ! assembly w n[ proce$ to ! ord]s ( ! day1 !y mu/ !n be read & gone ?r\gh )1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y /&2 priority ( ord] be+ consid]$ to give priority ( "r4 #ade4 ,if ! consid]ation ( a subject is assign$ = a p>ticul> h\r on ! day nam$1 a motion to proce$ to x is n a privileg$ motion1 until t h\r has arriv$2 b1 if no h\r is fix$1 ! ord] is = ! entire day & e "p ( x4 #adf4 ,:]e !re are sev]al ord]s ( ! day1 & "o ( !m is fix$ = a p>ticul> h\r1 if ! ord]s are tak5 up be=e t h\r1 !y are to be proce$$ ) z !y /&1 until t h\r1 & !n ! subject assign$ = t h\r is ! next 9 ord]2 b1 if ! ord]s are tak5 up at t "t or aft]w>ds1 t p>ticul> subject mu/ be consid]$ z ! fir/ 9 ord]4 #adg4 ,if ! motion = ! ord]s ( ! day is decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! orig9al "q is remov$ f be=e ! assembly1 9 ! same mann] z if x _h be5 int]rupt$ by an adj\rnm5t1 & does n /& be=e ! assembly1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 at its next meet+1 b mu/ be r5ew$ 9 ! usual way4 #adh4 ,if ! motion is decid$ 9 ! negative1 ! vote ( ! assembly is a dis*>ge ( ! ord]s1 s f> z !y int]f]e ) ! consid]ation ( ! subject !n be=e x1 & entitles t subject to be fir/ dispos$ (4 #adi4 ,ord]s ( ! day1 unless proce$$ 9 & dispos$ ( on ! day assign$1 fall1 ( c\rse1 & mu/ be r5ew$ = "s o!r day4 ,x may be provid$1 h[ev]1 by a special rule1 z 9 ! legislative assemblies ( ,massa*usetts1 t ! ord]s = a p>ticul> day %all hold = e succe$+ day1 until dispos$ (4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,incid5tal ,que/ions4 #aej4 ,incid5tal que/ions are su* z arise out ( o!r que/ions1 & are consequ5tly to be decid$ be=e ! que/ions :i* give rise to !m4 ,( ?is nature are1 fir/1 que/ions ( ord]2 second1 motions = ! read+ ( pap]s1 etc42 ?ird1 leave to )draw a motion2 f\r?1 susp5sion ( a rule3 &1 fif?1 am5dm5t ( an am5dm5t4 ,que/ions ( ,ord]4 #aea4 ,x is ! duty ( ! presid+ (fic] ( a delib]ative assembly1 to en=ce ! rules & ord]s ( ! body ov] :i* he presides1 9 all its proce$+s2 & ?is )\t "q1 debate1 or delay1 9 all cases1 9 :i* ! brea* ( ord]1 or ! dep>ture f rule1 is manife/4 ,x is also ! "r ( e memb]1 tak+ notice ( ! brea* ( a rule1 to insi/ ^u ! en=cem5t ( x 9 ! same mann]4 #aeb4 ,b1 ?\gh no "q c be made1 z to ! en=cem5t ( ! rules1 :5 !re is a brea* or manife/ dep>ture f !m1 s long z any memb] insi/s ^u _! en=cem5t2 yet que/ions may & d frequ5tly arise1 z to ! fact ( !re be+ a brea* ( ord]1 or a violation ( ! rules 9 a p>ticul> proce$+2 & ^! que/ions mu/ be decid$ be=e a case c arise = ! en=cem5t ( ! rules4 ,que/ions ( ?is k9d are d5om9at$ que/ions ( ord]4 #aec4 ,:5 any "q ( ?is nature arises1 9 ! c\rse ( any o!r proce$+1 x necess>ily sup]s$es ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! subject out ( :i* x arises1 until t "q is dispos$ (2 !n ! orig9al motion or proce$+ revives1 & resumes its =m] position1 unless x has be5 itself dispos$ ( by ! "q ( ord]4 #aed4 ,:5 a "q ( ord] is rais$1 z x may be by any "o memb]1 x is n /at$ f ! *air1 & decid$ by ! assembly1 l o!r que/ions2 b is decid$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ! presid+ (fic]1 )\t any previ\s debate or discussion by ! assembly4 ,if ! decision ( ! presid+ (fic]1 is n satisfactory1 any "o memb] may object to x1 & h ! "q decid$ by ! assembly4 ,?is is call$ appeal+ f ! decision ( ! *air4 ,! "q is !n /at$ by ! presid+ (fic] on ! appeal1 namely3 %all ! decision ( ! *air /& z ! decision ( ! assembly8 & x is !reupon debat$ & decid$ by ! assembly1 9 ! same mann] z any o!r "q2 except t ! presid+ (fic] is all[$ to take a "p 9 ! debate1 :i*2 on ord9>y occasions1 he is prohibit$ f do+4 ,read+ ,pap]s4 #aee4 ,x is1 = obvi\s reasons1 a g5]al rule1 t1 :]e pap]s are laid be=e a delib]ative assembly1 = its action1 e memb] has a "r to h !m once read at ! table1 be=e he c be compell$ to vote on !m2 &1 consequ5tly1 :5 ! read+ ( any pap]1 relative to a "q be=e ! assembly1 is call$ = "u ?is rule1 no "q ne$ be made z to ! read+2 ! pap] is read by ! cl]k1 "u ! direction ( ! presid+ (fic]1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 #aef4 ,b1 ) ! exception ( pap]s com+ "u ?is rule1 x is n ! "r ( any memb] to read himself1 or to h read1 any pap]1 book1 or docum5t :atev]1 )\t ! leave ( ! assembly1 ^u a motion made & a "q put = ! purpose4 ,! delay & int]ruption1 :i* w\ld o!rwise ensue f read+ e pap] t might be call$ =1 %[ ! absolute necessity ( re/rict+ ! rule )9 ! n>r[e/ possible limits1 consi/5tly ) p]mitt+ e memb] to h z mu* in=mation z possible1 on ! subjects 9 ref]5ce to :i* he is ab\t to vote4 #aeg4 ,:51 !re=e1 a memb] desires t any pap]1 book1 or docum5t1 on ! table1 :e!r pr9t$ or writt5 7except z above m5tion$7 %\ld be read = 8 own in=mation1 or t ( ! assembly2 or desires to read any su* pap]1 book1 or docum5t1 9 8 place1 9 ! c\rse ( a debate1 or o!rwise2 or ev5 to read 8 own spee* :i* he has prep>$ be=eh& & committ$ to writ+2 9 all ^! cases1 if any objection is made1 he mu/ obta9 leave ( ! assembly1 = ! read+1 by a motion & vote = ! purpose4 #aeh4 ,:5 ! read+ ( a pap] is evid5tly = in=mation1 & n = delay1 x is ! usual practice = ! presid+ (fic] to all[ ( x1 unless objection is made1 9 :i* case leave mu/ be ask$2 & ?is is seldom refus$1 :]e !re is no int5tional or gross abuse ( ! "t & pati5ce ( ! assembly4 #aei4 ,x is n n[ ! practice1 z x once 01 9 legislative assemblies1 to read all pap]s t are pres5t$1 especially :5 !y are ref]r$ to committees imm$iately on _! pres5tation2 ?\gh ! "r ( e memb] to insi/ ^u "o read+ is /ill admitt$4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 ) ! am\nt ( bus9ess done by legislative bodies1 at ! pres5t day1 to devote mu* ( _! "t to ! read+ ( pap]s4 #afj4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( a debate or o!r proce$+1 ! read+ ( a pap] is call$ =1 & a "q is made ^u x1 ?is "q is incid5tal to ! =m]1 & mu/ be fir/ decid$4 ,)drawal ( a ,motion4 #afa4 ,a motion1 :5 regul>ly made1 second$1 & propos$ f ! *air1 is !n 9 ! possession ( ! assembly1 & _c be )drawn by ! mov]1 or directly dispos$ ( 9 any mann]1 b by a vote2 h5ce1 if ! mov] ( a "q wi%es to modify x1 or to sub/itute a diff]5t "o 9 its place1 he mu/ obta9 ! leave ( ! assembly = t purpose2 :i* leave c only be _h1 if objection is made1 by a motion#ba & "q 9 ! usual mode ( proce$+4 #afb4 ,if ?is motion is decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! motion to :i* x relates is !reby remov$ f be=e ! assembly1 z if x _h nev] be5 mov$2 if 9 ! negative1 ! bus9ess proce$s z be=e4 ,susp5sion ( a ,rule4 #afc4 ,:5 any contemplat$ motion or proce$+ is r5d]$ impracticable1 by reason ( ! exi/5ce ( "s special rule by :i* x is prohibit$1 x has become an e/abli%$ practice 9 ?is c\ntry1 to susp5d or disp5se ) ! rule1 = ! purpose ( admitt+ ! proce$+ or motion :i* is desir$4 ,?is c only be done by a motion & "q2 &1 :]e ?is c\rse is tak5 9 ord] to a motion hav+ ref]5ce to a proposition !n "u consid]ation1 a motion to susp5d ! rule sup]s$es ! orig9al "q = ! "t be+1 & is fir/ to be decid$4#bb #afd4 ,x is usual1 9 ! code ( rules adopt$ by delib]ative assemblies1 & especially legislative bodies1 to provide t a c]ta9 numb] exce$+ a majority1 z two ?irds or ?ree f\r?s1 %all be compet5t to ! susp5sion ( a rule 9 a p>ticul> case2 :]e ?is is n provid$1 !re seems to be no o!r mode ( susp5d+ or disp5s+ ) a rule ?an by g5]al cons5t4 ,am5dm5t ( ,am5dm5ts4 #afe4 ,9 treat+ ( am5dm5ts1 x has already be5 se51 t x is all[able to am5d a propos$ am5dm5t2 & t ! "q on su* sub-am5dm5t mu/ necess>ily be put & decid$ be=e putt+ ! "q on ! am5dm5t4 ,! =m] is incid5tal to ! latt]1 & sup]s$es x = ! "t be+4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,subsidi>y ,que/ions4 #aff4 ,subsidi>y1 or second>y1 que/ions or motions1 z has already be5 /at$1 are ^? :i* relate to a pr9cipal motion1 & are made use ( to enable ! assembly to dispose ( x 9 ! mo/ appropriate mann]4 ,^! motions h ! effect to sup]s$e1 &1 9 "s cases1 :5 decid$ "o way1 to dispose (1 ! pr9cipal "q4 ,!y are also ( diff]5t degrees among !mselves1 &1 accord+ to _! sev]al natures1 sup]s$e1 & sometimes dispose (1 "o ano!r4 #afg4 ,! subsidi>y motions 9 common use are ! foll[+1 namely3--lie on ! table1--! previ\s "q1--po/ponem5t1 ei!r indef9ite or to a day c]ta91--commitm5t1--&1 am5dm5t4 #afh4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 ) c]ta9 exceptions :i* w be imm$iately m5tion$1 t subsidi>y motions _c be appli$ to "o ano!r2 z = example1 suppose a motion to po/pone1 commit or am5d a pr9cipal "q1 x _c be mov$ to suppress ! motion to po/pone1 etc41 by putt+ a previ\s "q on x2 or1 suppose ! previ\s "q is mov$1 or a commitm5t1 or am5dm5t1 ( a ma9 "q1 x _c be mov$ to po/pone ! previ\s "q1 or ! motion = commitm5t or am5dm5t4 ,! reasons = ?is rule are3 #a4 ,x w\ld be absurd to sep>ate ! app5dage f its pr9cipal2 #b4 ,x w\ld be a pil+ ( que/ions "o on ano!r1 :i*1 to avoid emb>rassm5t1 is n all[$2 & #c1 ,! same result may be rea*$ m simply by vot+ aga9/ ! motion :i* x is attempt$ to dispose ( by ano!r second>y motion4 #afi4 ,! exceptions to ! rule above /at$ are1 t motions to po/pone 7ei!r to a day c]ta9 or indef9itely71 to commit1 or to am5d1 a pr9cipal "q1 may be am5d$1 = ! reason1 t ! useful "* ( am5dm5t gives x a privilege ( atta*+ itself to a second>y & privileg$ motion2 t is1 a subsidi>y motion to c>ry out & improve ano!r may be appli$ to t o!r1 b a subsidi>y motion to dispose ( or suppress ano!r is n admissible4 ,h5ce1 ! subsidi>y motions above m5tion$ may be am5d$4 #agj4 ,a previ\s "q1 h[ev]1 _c be am5d$2 ! nature ( x n admitt+ ( any *ange4 ,p>liam5t>y usage has fix$ its =m to be1 %all ! ma9 "q be n[ put8 t is at ?is in/ant2 &1 z ! pres5t in/ant is b "o1 x _c admit ( any modifications2 & to *ange x to ! next day or any o!r mom5t is )\t example or utility4 ,= ! same reasons1 also1 t ! =m ( x is fix$ by p>liam5t>y usage1 & is already z simple z x c be1 a motion to lie on ! table _c be am5d$4 ,lie on ! ,table4 #aga4 ,?is motion is usually resort$ to1 :5 ! assembly has some?+ else be=e x1 :i* claims its pres5t att5tion1 & !re=e desires to lay aside a proposition = a %ort b indef9ite "t1 res]v+ to itself ! p[] to take x up :5 conv5i5t4 ,?is motion takes prec$5ce ( & sup]s$es all ! o!r subsidi>y motions4 #agb4 ,if decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! pr9cipal motion1 toge!r ) all ! o!r motions1 subsidi>y & incid5tal1 connect$ ) x1 is remov$ f be=e ! assembly1 until x is aga9 tak5 up2 :i* x may be1 by motion & vote1 at any "t1 :5 ! assembly pleases4 #agc4 ,if decid$ 9 ! negative1 ! bus9ess proce$s 9 ! same mann] z if ! motion _h nev] be5 made4 ,previ\s ,"q4 #agd4 ,?is motion has already be5 describ$ 7#fc71 & ! nature & effect ( x fully /at$4 ,x /&s 9 an equal degree ) all ! o!r subsidi>y motions1 except ! motion to lie on ! table2 &1 consequ5tly1 if fir/ mov$1 is n subject to be sup]s$$ by a motion to po/pone1 commit or am5d4 #age4 ,if ! previ\s "q is mov$ be=e ! o!rs above m5tion$1 & put to ! "q1 x has ! effect to prev5t ^? motions f be+ made at all2 =1 if decid$ affirmatively1 to wit1 t ! ma9 "q %all n[ be put1 x w\ld ( c\rse be contr>y to ! decision ( ! assembly1 & !re=e aga9/ ord]1 to po/pone1 commit1 or am5d2 & if decid$ negatively1 to wit1 t ! ma9 "q %all n n[ be put1 ?is takes ! ma9 "q out ( ! possession ( ! assembly1 = ! day1 s t !re is !n no?+ be=e x to po/pone1 commit1 or am5d4#bc ,po/ponem5t4 #agf4 ,! motion to po/pone is ei!r indef9ite1 or to a day c]ta92 &1 9 bo? ^! =ms1 maybe am5d$2 9 ! =m]1 by mak+ x to a day c]ta91--9 ! latt]1 by sub/itut+ "o day = ano!r4 ,b1 9 ! latt] case1 propositions to sub/itute diff]5t days = t orig9ally nam$1 be> m resemblance to propositions = fill+ blanks1 ?an !y d to am5dm5ts1 & %\ld be consid]$ & treat$ accord+ly4 #agg4 ,if1 !re=e1 a motion is made = an indef9ite po/ponem5t1 x may be mov$ to am5d ! motion1 by mak+ x to a day c]ta94 ,if any o!r day is desir$1 x may be mov$ z an am5dm5t to ! am5dm5t2 or x may be mov$ z an indep5d5t motion1 :5 ! am5dm5t has be5 reject$4 #agh4 ,if a motion is made = a po/ponem5t to a day c]ta91 x may be am5d$ by ! sub/itution ( a diff]5t day2 b 9 ?is case1 a m simple & effectual mode ( proce$+ is to consid] ! day z a blank1 to be fill$ 9 ! usual mann]1 beg9n+ ) ! longe/ "t4 #agi4 ,?is motion /&s 9 ! same degree ) motions = ! previ\s "q1--to commit1--& to am5d2 &1 if fir/ made1 is n susceptible ( be+ sup]s$$ by !m4 #ahj4 ,if a motion = po/ponem5t is decid$ affirmatively1 ! proposition to :i* x is appli$ is remov$ f be=e ! assembly1 ) all its app5dages & incid5ts1 & consequ5tly !re is no gr\nd = ei!r ( ! o!r subsidi>y motions2 if decid$ negatively1 t ! proposition %all n be po/pon$1 t "q may !n be suppress$ by ! previ\s "q1 or committ$1 or am5d$4 ,commitm5t4 #aha4 ,a motion to commit1 or recommit 7:i* is ! t]m us$ :5 ! proposition has already be5 once committ$71 may be am5d$1 by ! sub/itution ( "o k9d ( committee = ano!r1 or be enl>g+ or dim9i%+ ! numb] ( ! memb]s ( ! committee1 z orig9ally propos$1 or by in/ructions to ! committee4 #ahb4 ,?is motion /&s 9 ! same degree ) ! previ\s "q & po/ponem5t--&1 if fir/ made1 is n sup]s$$ by !m--b x takes prec$5ce ( a motion to am5d4 #ahc4 ,if decid$ affirmatively1 ! proposition is remov$ f be=e ! assembly2 &1 consequ5tly1 !re is no gr\nd = ! previ\s "q1 or = po/ponem5t1 or am5dm5t2 if negatively1 to wit1 t ! pr9cipal "q %all n be committ$1 t "q may !n be suppress$ by ! previ\s "q1 or po/pon$1 or am5d$4 ,am5dm5t4 #ahd4 ,a motion to am5d1 z has be5 se51 may be itself am5d$4 ,x /&s 9 ! same degree only ) ! previ\s "q & indef9ite po/ponem5t1 & nei!r1 if fir/ mov$1 is sup]s$$ by ! o!r4 #ahe4 ,b ?is motion is liable to be sup]s$$ by a motion to po/pone to a day c]ta92 s t am5dm5t & po/ponem5t compet+1 ! latt] is to be fir/ put4 ,! reason is1 t a "q = am5dm5t is n suppress$ by po/pon+ or adj\rn+ ! pr9cipal "q1 b rema9s be=e ! assembly1 :5ev] ! ma9 "q is resum$2 = o!rwise1 x might happ51 t ! occasion = o!r urg5t bus9ess might g by & be lo/ by l5g? ( debate on ! am5dm5t1 if ! assembly _h no p[] to po/pone ! :ole subject4 #ahf4 ,a motion to am5d may also be sup]s$$ by a motion to commit2 s t ! latt]1 ?\gh subsequ5tly mov$1 is to be fir/ put2 because1 89 tru?1 x facilitates & befri5ds ! motion to am5d40 #ahg4 ,! effect ( bo? a negative & an affirmative decision ( am5dm5ts has already be5 consid]$ 7#id to #abg74 #ah4 ,x is commonly said1 t a motion to adj\rn is always 9 ord]1 b ?is is n precisely true4 ,! "q ( adj\rnm5t may be mov$ repeat$ly on ! same day2 yet1 9 /rictness1 n )\t "s int]m$iate "q be+ propos$1 aft] "o motion to adj\rn is dispos$ (1 & be=e ! next motion is made = adj\rn+2 z1 = example1 an am5dm5t to a p5d+ "q1 or = ! read+ ( "s pap]4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t1 until "s o!r proce$+ has int]v5$1 ! "q already decid$ is ! same z t newly mov$4 #ai4 ,x is q common1 :5 ! bus9ess ( a delib]ative assembly has be5 br\ght to a close1 to adj\rn ! assembly )\t day4 ,a bett] =m is to dissolve x2 z an adj\rnm5t )\t day1 if we reg>d ! etymology ( ! ^w adj\rn1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 #bj4 8,a motion to adj\rn & a "q ( privilege1 take prec$5ce ( a motion = ! ord]s ( ! day40--,ed4 #ba4 8,?is motion is n debatable40--,ed4 #bb4 8,a motion to susp5d ! rules is n debatable40--,ed4 #bc4 ,9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,massa*usetts1 z ! effect ( a negative decision ( ! previ\s "q is n to remove ! pr9cipal "q f be=e ! h\se1 t "q is /ill op5 to po/ponem5t1 commitm5t1 or am5dm5t1 not)/&+ su* negative decision4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,proce$+4 #ahh4 ,:5 sev]al subjects are be=e ! assembly2 t is1 on ! table = consid]ation 7= !re c be b a s+le subject "u consid]ation at ! same "t71 & no priority has be5 giv5 to any "o ov] ano!r1 ! presid+ (fic] is n precisely b\nd to any ord]1 z to :at matt]s %all be fir/ tak5 up2 b is left to 8 own discretion1 unless ! assembly on a "q decide to take up a p>ticul> subject4 #ahi4 ,a settl$ ord] ( bus9ess1 h[ev]1 :]e ! proce$+s ( an assembly are likely to la/ a consid]able "t1 & ! matt]s be=e x are some:at num]\s1 is useful if n necess>y = ! gov]nm5t ( ! presid+ (fic]1 & to re/ra9 individual memb]s f call+ up favorite measures1 or matt]s "u _! special *>ge1 out ( _! j "t4 ,x is also desirable1 = direct+ ! discretion ( ! assembly1 :5 a motion is made to take up a p>ticul> matt] to ! prejudice ( o!rs1 :i* are ( "r entitl$ to be fir/ att5d$ to1 9 ! g5]al ord] ( bus9ess4 #aij4 ,! ord] ( bus9ess may be e/abli%$ 9 virtue ( "s g5]al rule1 or by special ord]s relat+ to ea* p>ticul> subject1 & mu/1 ( c\rse1 necess>ily dep5d ^u ! nature & am\nt ( ! matt]s be=e ! assembly4 #aia4 ,! natural ord]1 9 consid]+ & am5d+ any pap]1 :i* consi/s ( sev]al di/9ct propositions1 is1 to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & proce$ ?r\gh x by p>agraphs2 & ?is ord] ( proce$+1 if /rictly adh]$ to1 z x %\ld always be 9 num]\s assemblies1 w\ld prev5t any am5dm5t 9 a =m] "p1 f be+ admissible1 aft] a latt] "p _h be5 am5d$2 b ?is rule does n seem to be s ess5tial to be obs]v$ 9 small] bodies1 9 :i* x may (t5 be advantage\s to all[ ( go+ f "o "p ( a pap] to ano!r1 = ! purpose ( am5dm5ts4 #aib4 ,to ?is natural ord] ( beg9n+ at ! beg9n+1 !re is "o exception accord+ to p>liam5t>y usage1 :]e a resolution or s]ies ( resolutions1 or o!r pap]1 has a preamble or title1 9 :i* case1 ! preamble or title is po/pon$1 until ! residue ( ! pap] is gone ?r\gh )4 #aic4 ,9 consid]+ a proposition consi/+ ( sev]al p>agraphs1 ! c\rse is1 = ! :ole pap] to be read entirely ?r\gh1 9 ! fir/ place by ! cl]k2 !n a second "t1 by ! presid+ (fic]1 by p>agraphs2 paus+ at ! end ( ea*1 & putt+ que/ions = am5d+1 if am5dm5ts are propos$2 &1 :5 ! :ole pap] has be5 gone ?r\gh )1 9 ?is mann]1 ! presid+ (fic] puts ! f9al "q on agree+ to or adopt+ ! :ole pap]1 z am5d$ or unam5d$4 #aid4 ,:5 a pap] :i* has be5 ref]r$ to a committee1 & report$ back to ! assembly1 is tak5 up = consid]ation1 ! am5dm5ts only are fir/ read1 9 c\rse1 by ! cl]k4 ,! presid+ (fic] !n reads ! fir/1 & puts x to ! "q1 & s on until ! :ole are adopt$ or reject$1 be=e any o!r am5dm5t is admitt$1 ) ! exception ( an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t4 ,:5 ! am5dm5ts report$ by ! committee h be5 ?us dispos$ (1 ! presid+ (fic] pauses1 & gives "t = am5dm5ts to be propos$ 9 ! assembly to ! body ( ! pap] 7:i* he also does1 if ! pap] has be5 report$ )\t am5dm5ts1 putt+ no que/ions b on am5dm5ts propos$72 & :5 ?r\gh ! :ole1 he puts ! "q on agree+ to or adopt+ ! pap]1 z ! resolution1 ord]1 etc41 ( ! assembly4 #aie4 ,! f9al "q is sometimes /at$ m]ely on ! acceptance ( ! report1 b a bett] =m is on agree+ ) ! committee 9 ! resolution1 ord]1 or :atev] else ! conclusion ( ! report may be1 z am5d$1 or )\t am5dm5t1 & ! resolution or ord] is !n to be ent]$ 9 ! j\rnal z ! resolution1 etc41 ( ! assembly1 & n z ! report ( ! committee accept$4 #aif4 ,:5 ! pap] ref]r$ to a committee is report$ back1 z am5d$1 9 a new draft 7:i* may be & (t5 is done1 :]e ! am5dm5ts are num]\s & comp>atively unimportant71 ! new draft is to be consid]$1 z an am5dm5t1 & is to be fir/ am5d$1 if necess>y1 & !n put to ! "q z an am5dm5t report$ by ! committee2 or1 ! c\rse may be1 fir/ to accept ! new draft1 z a sub/itute = ! orig9al pap]1 & !n to treat x z su*4 #aig4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t1 besides a pr9cipal "q1 !re are sev]al o!rs connect$ ) x1 p5d+ at ! same "t1 :i* are to be tak5 9 _! ord]2 z1 = example1 suppose1 fir/1 a pr9cipal motion2 second1 a motion to am5d2 ?ird1 a motion to commit2 f\r?1 ! prec$+ motions be+ p5d+1 a "q ( ord] arises 9 ! debate1 :i* gives occasion1 fif?1 to a "q ( privilege1 & ?is leads1 six?1 to a subsidi>y motion1 z1 to lie on ! table4 ,! regul> c\rse ( proce$+ requires ! motion to lie on ! table to be fir/ put2 if ?is is negativ$1 ! "q ( privilege is !n settl$2 aft] t comes ! "q ( ord]2 !n ! "q ( commitm5t2 if t is negativ$1 ! "q ( am5dm5t is tak52 &1 la/ly1 ! ma9 "q4 ,?is example w suffici5tly illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* que/ions may gr[ out ( "o ano!r1 & 9 :at ord] !y are to be decid$4#bd #aih4 ,:5 a motion is made & second$1 x is ! duty ( ! presid+ (fic] to propose x to ! assembly2 until ?is is done1 x is n a "q be=e ! assembly1 to be act$ ^u or consid]$ 9 any mann]2 & consequ5tly x is n !n 9 ord] = any memb] to rise ei!r to debate x1 or to make any motion 9 relation to x :atev]4 #aii4 ,x is !re=e a mo/ unp>liam5t>y & abusive proce$+ to all[ a pr9cipal motion & a subsidi>y "o relat+ to x to be propos$ & /at$ toge!r1 & to be put to ! "q 9 _! ord]2 z is done1 :5 a memb] moves a pr9cipal "q1 a resolution1 = example1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! previ\s "q1 or t ! resolution lie on ! table4 ,9 su* a case1 ! presid+ (fic] %\ld take no notice :atev] ( ! subsidi>y motion1 b %\ld propose ! pr9cipal "o by itself 9 ! usual mann]1 be=e all[+ any o!r to be made4 ,o!r memb]s1 !n1 w\ld n be depriv$ ( _! rights ( debate1 etc41 9 relation to ! subject mov$4 #bjj4 ,:5 a memb] has obta9$ ! floor1 he _c be cut (f f address+ ! assembly1 on ! "q be=e x2 nor1 :5 speak+1 c he be int]rupt$ 9 8 spee*1 by any o!r memb] ris+ & mov+ an adj\rnm5t1 or = ! ord]s ( ! day1 or by mak+ any o!r privileg$ motion ( ! same k9d2 x be+ a g5]al rule1 t a memb] 9 possession ( ! floor1 or proce$+ ) 8 spee*1 _c be tak5 d[n or int]rupt$1 b by a call to ord]2 & ! "q ( ord] be+ decid$1 he is /ill to be he>d ?r\gh4 ,a call = an adj\rnm5t1 or = ! ord]s ( ! day1 or = ! "q1 by g5tlem5 9 _! seats1 is n a motion2 z no motion c be made1 )\t ris+ & address+ ! *air1 & be+ call$ to by ! presid+ (fic]4 ,su* calls = ! "q are !mselves brea*es ( ord]1 :i*1 ?\gh ! memb] :o has ris5 may respect !m1 z an expression ( ! impati5ce ( ! assembly at fur!r debate1 d n prev5t him f go+ on if he pleases4 #bd4 ,! ord] ( motions1 = ! disposal ( any "q1 is usually fix$ by a special rule1 9 legislative assemblies4 ,see note to p>agraph #fa4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,( ,,ord] ,,9 ,,debate4 #bja4 ,debate 9 a delib]ative assembly mu/ be di/+ui%$ f =5sic debate1 or t :i* takes place be=e a judicial tribunal2 ! =m] be+1 9 !ory1 at lea/1 m ! expression ( individual op9ions among ! memb]s ( ! same body2 ! latt] m a conte/ = victory1 betwe5 ! disputants1 be=e a di/9ct & indep5d5t body2 ! =m] n admitt+ ( replies2 ! latt] reg>d+ reply z ! "r ( "o ( ! p>ties4#be #bjb4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 9 all delib]ative assemblies1 t ! presid+ (fic] %all n p>ticipate 9 ! debate1 or o!r proce$+s1 9 any o!r capacity ?an z su* (fic]4 ,he is only all[$1 !re=e1 to /ate matt]s ( fact )9 8 k2 to in=m ! assembly on po9ts ( ord] or ! c\rse ( proce$+1 :5 call$ ^u = t purpose1 or :5 he f9ds x necess>y to d s2 & on appeals f 8 decision on que/ions ( ord]1 to address ! assembly 9 debate4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,z to ! ,mann] ( ,speak+4 #bjc4 ,:5 a memb] desires to address ! assembly1 on any subject be=e x 7z well z to make a motion71 he is to rise & /& up 9 8 place1 uncov]$1 & to address himself n to ! assembly1 or any p>ticul> memb]1 b to ! presid+ (fic]1 :o1 on he>+ him1 calls to him by 8 "n1 t ! assembly may take notice :o x is t speaks1 & give _! att5tion accord+ly4 ,if any "q arises1 z to :o %all be entitl$ to ! floor1 :]e sev]al memb]s rise at or ne>ly at ! same "t1 x is decid$ 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7#dg71 z to obta9+ ! floor to make a motion4 #bjd4 ,x is cu/om>y1 inde$1 = ! presid+ (fic]1 aft] a motion has be5 made1 second$1 & propos$1 to give ! floor to ! mov]1#bf 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 if he rises to speak2 or1 on resum+ a debate1 aft] an adj\rnm5t1 to give ! floor1 if he desires x1 to ! mov] ( ! adj\rnm5t1 9 pref]5ce to o!r memb]s2 or1 :]e two or m memb]s claim ! floor1 to pref] him :o is oppos$ to ! measure 9 "q2 b1 9 all ^! cases1 ! det]m9ation ( ! presid+ (fic] may be ov]rul$ by ! assembly4 #bje4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght1 t1 :5 a memb]1 9 ! c\rse ( debate1 breaks (f 8 spee*1 & gives up ! floor to ano!r = a p>ticul> purpose1 he is entitl$ to x aga91 z ( "r1 :5 t purpose is accompli%$2 b1 ?\gh ?is is g5]ally conc$$1 yet1 :5 a memb] gives up ! floor = "o purpose1 he does s = all2 & x is n possible = ! presid+ (fic] to take notice ( & en=ce agreem5ts ( ?is nature betwe5 memb]s4 #bjf4 ,no p]son1 9 speak+1 is to m5tion a memb] !n pres5t by 8 "n2 b to describe him by 8 seat 9 ! assembly1 or z ! memb] :o spoke la/1 or la/ b "o1 or on ! o!r side ( ! "q1 or by "s o!r equival5t expression4 ,! purpose ( ?is rule is to gu>d z mu* z possible aga9/ ! excitem5t ( all p]sonal feel+1 ei!r ( favor or ( ho/ility1 by sep>at+1 z x 71 ! (ficial f ! p]sonal "* ( ea* memb]1 & hav+ reg>d to ! =m] only 9 ! debate4 #bjg4 ,if ! presid+ (fic] rises up to speak1 any o!r memb]1 :o may h ris5 = ! same purpose1 ought to sit d[n1 9 ord] t ! =m] may be fir/ he>d2 b ?is rule does n au?orize ! presid+ (fic] to int]rupt a memb]1 :il/ speak+1 or to cut (f "o to :om he has giv5 ! floor2 he mu/ wait l o!r memb]s until su* memb] has done speak+4 #bjh4 ,a memb]1 :il/ speak+1 mu/ rema9 /&+ 9 8 place1 uncov]$2 &1 :5 he has f9i%$ 8 spee*1 he ought to resume 8 seat2 b if unable to /& )\t pa9 or inconv5i5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( age1 sickness1 or o!r infirmity1 he may be indulg$ to speak sitt+4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,z to ! ,matt] 9 ,speak+4 #bji4 ,e "q1 t c be made 9 a delib]ative assembly1 is susceptible ( be+ debat$1#bg accord+ to its nature2 t is1 e memb] has ! "r ( express+ 8 op9ion ^u x4 ,h5ce1 x is a g5]al rule1 & ! pr9cipal "o relat+ to ?is matt]1 t1 9 debate1 ^? :o speak are to conf9e !mselves to ! "q1 & n to speak imp]t95tly1 or beside ! subject4 ,s long z a memb] has ! floor1 & keeps )9 ! rule1 he may speak = z long a "t z he pleases2 ?\gh1 if an un9t]e/+ speak] trespasses too mu* ^u ! "t & pati5ce ( ! assembly1 ! memb]s seldom fail to %[ _! dissatisfaction 9 "s way or o!r1 :i* induces him to br+ 8 rem>ks to a close4 #baj4 ,x is also a rule1 t no p]son1 9 speak+1 is to use indec5t language aga9/ ! proce$+s ( ! assembly1 or to reflect ^u any ( its prior det]m9ations1 unless he means to conclude 8 rem>ks ) a motion to resc9d su* det]m9ation2 b :ile a proposition "u consid]ation is /ill p5d+1 & n adopt$1 ?\gh x may h be5 report$ by a committee1 reflections on x are no reflections on ! assembly4 ,! rule applies equally to ! proce$+s ( committees2 :i* are1 inde$1 ! proce$+s ( ! assembly4 #baa4 ,ano!r rule 9 speak+ is1 t no memb] is at lib]ty to digress f ! matt] ( ! "q1 to fall ^u ! p]son ( ano!r1 & to speak revil+1 nipp+1 or unmann]ly words ( or to him4 ,! nature or consequ5ces ( a measure may be reprobat$ 9 /rong t]ms2 b to arraign ! motives ( ^? :o advocate x1 is a p]sonality & aga9/ ord]4 #bab4 ,x is v (t5 an extremely difficult & delicate matt] to decide :e!r ! rem>ks ( a memb] are p]t95t or relevant to ! "q2 b x w1 9 g5]al1 be safe = ! presid+ (fic] to consid] !m s1 unless !y v cle>ly reflect1 9 an improp] mann]1 ei!r ^u ! p]son or motives ( a memb]1 or ^u ! proce$+s ( ! assembly2 or ! memb] speak+ digresses f or manife/ly mi/akes ! "q4 #bac4 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ! consid]ation ( a subject1 t1 :il/ ! g5]al "q rema9s ! same1 ! p>ticul> "q be=e ! assembly is con/antly *ang+2 ?us1 :ile1 = example1 ! g5]al "q is on ! adoption ( a s]ies ( resolutions1 ! p>ticul> "q may1 at "o mom5t1 be on an am5dm5t2 at ano!r on po/ponem5t2 &1 aga91 on ! previ\s "q4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! p>ticul> "q sup]s$es1 = ! "t1 ! ma9 "q2 & ^? :o speak to x mu/ conf9e _! rem>ks accord+ly4 ,! en=cem5t ( ord]1 9 ?is respect1 requires ! close/ att5tion on ! "p ( ! presid+ (fic]4 #bad4 ,:5 a memb] is int]rupt$ by ! presid+ (fic]1 or call$ to ord] by a memb]1#bh = irrelevancy or dep>t+ f ! "q1 a "q may be made z to :e!r he %all be all[$ to proce$ 9 8 rem>ks1 9 ! mann] he 0 speak+ :5 he 0 int]rupt$2 b1 if no "q is made1 or if "o is made & decid$ 9 ! negative1 he is /ill to be all[$ to proce$ 9 ord]1 t is1 ab&on+ ! objectionable c\rse ( rem>k4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,z to ,times ( speak+4 #bae4 ,! g5]al rule1 9 all delib]ative assemblies1 unless x is o!rwise specially provid$1 is1 t no memb] %all speak m ?an once to ! same "q2#bi al?\gh ! debate on t "q may be adj\rn$ & cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al days2 &1 al?\gh a memb]1 :o desires to speak a second "t1 has1 9 ! c\rse ( ! debate1 *ang$ 8 op9ion4 #baf4 ,?is rule ref]s to ! same "q1 te*nically consid]$2 =1 if a resolution is mov$ & debat$1 & !n ref]r$ to a committee1 ^? :o speak on ! introduction ( ! motion may speak aga9 on ! "q pres5t$ by ! report ( ! committee1 ?\gh x is sub/antially ! same "q ) ! =m]2 &1 s1 memb]s1 :o h spok5 on ! pr9cipal or ma9 "q1 may speak aga9 on all ! subsidi>y or incid5tal que/ions aris+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! debate4 #bag4 ,! rule1 z to speak+ b once on a "q1 if /rictly en=c$1 w prev5t a memb] f speak+ a second "t )\t ! g5]al cons5t ( ! assembly1 s long z !re is any o!r memb] :o himself desires to speak2 b1 :5 all :o desire to speak h spok51 a memb] may speak a second "t by leave ( ! assembly4 #bah4 ,a memb] may also be p]mitt$ to speak a second "t1 9 ! same debate1 9 ord] to cle> a matt] ( fact2 or m]ely to expla9 himself 9 "s mat]ial "p ( 8 spee*2 or to ! ord]s ( ! assembly1 if !y be transgress$ 7al?\gh no "q may be made71 b c>efully keep+ )9 t l9e & n fall+ into ! matt] itself4 #bai4 ,x is sometimes suppos$1 t1 because a memb] has a "r to expla9 himself1 he !re=e has a "r to int]rupt ano!r memb] :il/ speak+1 9 ord] to make ! explanation3 b ?is is a mi/ake2 he %\ld wait until ! memb] speak+ has f9i%$2 & if a memb]1 on be+ reque/$1 yields ! floor = an explanation1 he rel9qui%es x altoge!r4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,z to /opp+ ,debate4 #bbj4 ,! only mode 9 use1 9 ?is c\ntry1 until rec5tly1 = ! purpose ( putt+ an end to an unpr(itable or tiresome debate1 0 by mov+ ! previ\s "q2 ! effect ( :i* motion1 z already expla9$1 if decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 is to require ! ma9 or pr9cipal "q to be imm$iately tak54 ,:5 ?is "q is mov$1 !re=e1 x necess>ily susp5ds all fur!r consid]ation ( ! ma9 "q1 & precludes all fur!r debate or am5dm5t ( x2 ?\gh1 z has be5 se51 x /&s 9 ! same degree ) po/ponem5t1 am5dm5t1 & commitm5t2 &1 unless 9 virtue ( a special rule1 _c be mov$ :ile ei!r ( ^? motions is p5d+4 #bba4 ,! o!r mode ( putt+ an end to debate1 :i* has rec5tly be5 introduc$ into use1 is = ! assembly to adopt be=eh& a special ord] 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> subject1 t1 at su* a "t specifi$1 all debate ^u x %all cease1 & all motions or que/ions p5d+ 9 relation to x %all be decid$4 #bbb4 ,ano!r rule1 :i* has lately be5 introduc$ = ! purpose ( %ort5+ r ?an /opp+ debate1 is1 t no memb] %all be p]mitt$ to speak m ?an a c]ta9 specifi$ "t on any "q2 s t1 :5 ! "t allott$ has expir$1 ! presid+ (fic] ann\nces ! fact1 & ! memb] speak+ resumes 8 seat4#cj ,sect4 ,v4 ,z to ,decorum 9 ,debate4 #bbc4 ,e memb] hav+ ! "r to be he>d1 e o!r memb] is b\nd to conduct himself 9 su* a mann]1 t ?is "r may be effectual4 ,h5ce1 x is a rule ( ord]1 z well z ( dec5cy1 t no memb] is to di/urb ano!r 9 8 spee* by hiss+1 c\gh+1 spitt+2 by speak+1 or :isp]+2 by pass+ betwe5 ! presid+ (fic] & ! memb] speak+2 by go+ across ! assembly-room1 or walk+ up & d[n 9 x2 or by any o!r disord]ly deportm5t1 :i* t5ds to di/urb or disconc]t a memb] :o is speak+4 #bbd4 ,b1 if a memb] speak+ f9ds1 t he is n reg>d$ ) t respectful att5tion1 :i* 8 equal "r dem&s1--t x is n ! incl9ation ( ! assembly to he> him1--& t by conv]sation or any o!r noise !y endeavor to dr[n 8 voice1--x is 8 mo/ prud5t c\rse to submit himself to ! pleasure ( ! assembly1 & to sit d[n2 = x sc>cely ev] happ5s1 t ! memb]s ( ! assembly are guilty ( ?is piece ( ill-mann]s1 )\t "s excuse or provocation1 or t !y are s :olly inatt5tive to "o1 :o says any?+ wor? _! he>+4 #bbe4 ,x is ! duty ( ! presid+ (fic]1 9 su* a case1 to endeavor to r$uce ! assembly to ord] & decorum2 b1 if 8 repeat$ calls to ord]1 & 8 appeals to ! good s5se & dec5cy ( ! memb]s1 prove ineffectual1 x !n becomes 8 duty to call by "n any memb] :o ob/9ately p]si/s 9 irregul>ity2 :]eupon ! assembly may require su* memb] to )draw2 :o is !n to be he>d1 if he desires x1 9 exculpation1 & to )draw2 !n ! presid+ (fic] /ates ! (f5ce committ$1 & ! assembly consid]s ( ! k9d & degree ( puni%m5t to be inflict$4 #bbf4 ,if1 on repeat$ trials1 ! presid+ (fic] f9ds t ! assembly w n support him 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority1 he w !n be ju/ifi$1 b n till !n1 9 p]mitt+1 )\t c5sure1 e k9d ( disord]4 ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,z to ,disord]ly ,words4 #bbg4 ,if a memb]1 9 speak+1 makes use ( language1 :i* is p]sonally (f5sive to ano!r1 or insult+ to ! assembly1 & ! memb] (f5d$1 or any o!r1 ?9ks prop] to compla9 ( x to ! assembly1 ! c\rse ( proce$+s is z foll[s3 #bbh4 ,! memb] speak+ is imm$iately int]rupt$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee*1 by ano!r or sev]al memb]s ris+ & call+ to ord]2 &1 ! memb]1 :o objects or compla9s ( ! words1 is !n call$ ^u by ! presid+ (fic] to /ate ! words :i* he compla9s (1 repeat+ !m exactly z he conceives !m to h be5 spok51 9 ord] t !y may be r$uc$ to writ+ by ! cl]k2 or ! memb] compla9+1 )\t be+ s call$ ^u1 may proce$ at once to /ate ! words ei!r v]bally or 9 writ+1 & desire t ! cl]k may take !m d[n at ! table4 ,! presid+ (fic] may !n direct ! cl]k to take !m d[n2 b if he sees ! objection to be a trivial "o1 & ?9ks !re is no f\ndation = _! be+ ?\ght disord]ly1 he w prud5tly delay giv+ any su* directions1 9 ord] n unnecess>ily to int]rupt ! proce$+s2 ?\gh if ! memb]s g5]ally seem to be 9 favor ( hav+ ! words tak5 d[n1 by call+ out to t effect1 or by a vote1 :i* ! assembly may d\btless pass1 ! presid+ (fic] %\ld c]ta9ly ord] ! cl]k to take !m d[n1 9 ! =m & mann] 9 :i* !y are /at$ by ! memb] :o objects4 #bbi4 ,! words object$ to be+ ?us writt5 d[n1 & =m+ a "p ( ! m9utes 9 ! cl]k's book1 !y are next to be read to ! memb] :o 0 speak+1 :o may d5y t ^? are ! words :i* he spoke1 9 :i* case1 ! assembly mu/ decide by a "q1 :e!r !y are ! words or n4#ca ,if he does n d5y t he spoke ^? words1 or :5 ! assembly has itself det]m9$ :at ! words are1 !n ! memb] may ei!r ju/ify !m1 or expla9 ! s5se 9 :i* he us$ !m1 s z to remove ! objection ( _! be+ disord]ly2 or he may make an apology = !m4 #bcj4 ,if ! ju/ification1 or explanation1 or apology1 ( ! memb]1 is ?\ght suffici5t by ! assembly1 no fur!r proce$+ is necess>y2 ! memb] may resume & g on ) 8 spee*1 ! assembly be+ presum$1 unless "s fur!r motion is made1 to be satisfi$2 b if any two memb]s 7"o to make & ! o!r to second ! motion7 ?9k x necess>y to /ate a "q1 s z to take ! s5se ( ! assembly ^u ! words1 & :e!r ! memb] 9 us+ !m has be5 guilty ( any (f5ce t[>ds ! assembly1 ! memb] mu/ )draw be=e t "q is /at$2 & !n ! s5se ( ! assembly mu/ be tak51 & su* fur!r proce$+s _h 9 relation to puni%+ ! memb]1 z may be ?\ght necess>y & prop]4 #bca4 ,! above is ! c\rse ( proce$+ e/abli%$ by ! writ]s ( greate/ au?ority1#cb & ought inv>iably to be pursu$2 x might h[ev] be improv$1 by ! memb] :o objects to words writ+ !m d[n at once1 & !reupon mov+ t !y be made a "p ( ! m9utes2 by :i* means1 ! presid+ (fic] w\ld be reliev$ f ! responsibility ( det]m9+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ^u ! "* ( ! words4 #bcb4 ,if (f5sive words are n tak5 notice ( at ! "t !y are spok51#cc b ! memb] is all[$ to f9i% 8 spee*1 & !n any o!r p]son speaks1 or any o!r matt] ( bus9ess int]v5es1 be=e notice is tak5 ( ! words :i* gave (f5ce1 ! words are n to be writt5 d[n1 or ! memb] us+ !m c5sur$4 ,?is rule is e/abli%$ = ! common security ( all ! memb]s2 & to prev5t ! mi/akes :i* mu/ necess>ily happ51 if words compla9$ ( are n imm$iately r$uc$ to writ+4 #be4 ,an exception to ?is rule is sometimes made 9 favor ( ! mov] ( a "q1 :o is all[$1 at ! close ( ! debate1 to reply to ! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ 8 motion2 b ?is is a matt] ( favor & indulg5ce1 & n ( "r4 #bf4 ,sometimes a memb]1 in/ead ( propos+ 8 motion1 at fir/1 proce$s ) 8 spee*2 b 9 su* a case1 he is liable to be tak5 d[n to ord]1 unless he /ates t he int5ds to conclude ) a motion1 & in=ms ! assembly :at t motion is1 & !n he may be all[$ to proce$4 #bg4 ,9 legislative bodies1 x is usual to provide1 t c]ta9 que/ions z1 = example1 to adj\rn1 to lie on ! table1 = ! previ\s "q1 or1 z to ! ord] ( bus9ess1 %all be decid$ )\t debate4 #bh4 8,9 ! latt] ev5t1 ! memb] w rise1 & address+ himself to ! presid+ (fic]1 w say1 #8,i rise to a po9t ( ord]4' ,:5 reque/$ by ! *air to /ate x1 he w specify ! ?+ he objects to4 ,if ! *air rules t ! memb] is out ( ord] 9 8 rem>ks1 & no appeal is tak5 f ! decision1 he w ab&on ! l9e ( rem>k condemn$1 &1 if p]mitt$1 proce$ 9 ord]4 8,%\ld an appeal be tak51 x w be decid$ )\t debate40--,ed4 #bi4 ,! mov] & second]1 if !y d n speak to ! "q1 at ! "t :5 ! motion is made & second$1 h ! same "r ) o!r memb]s to address ! assembly4 #cj4 8,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,engl&1 ev] s9ce ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t>y ,p>ty prov$ /rong en\gh to combat ) ! ,opposition by ob/ruct+ all bills 9 ! endeavor to procure #8,home ,rule' = ,irel& !re has be5 no?+ b turmoil ov] e bill propos$2 to /op ?is ! #8,gov]nm5t ,p>ty' pass$ a rule :i* 0 appli$ :5ev] ob/ruction or debate 0 c>ri$ too f>2 ?is 0 call$ #8,cloture4' ,x is us$ z a #8gag' law1 z :5 #8,cloture' is mov$ e ?+ or motion is subord9at$ to ! motion 9 favor ( :i* #8,cloture' 0 appli$40--,ed4 --,also see note on page #afc4 #ca4 ,! words1 z writt5 d[n1 may be am5d$1 s z to con=m to :at ! assembly ?9ks to be ! tru?4 #cb4 ,mr4 ,hatsell1 9 ,engl&1 & ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 9 ?is c\ntry4 #cc4 ,mr4 ,jeff]son 7 #ag7 lays x d[n1 t 8disord]ly words are n to be notic$ till ! memb] has f9i%$ 8 spee*40 ,b 9 ?is1 he is contradict$ by ,hatsell1 z well z by ! g5]al practice ( legislative bodies4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,"q4 #bcc4 ,:5 any proposition is made to a delib]ative assembly1 x is call$ a motion2 :5 x is /at$ or prop\nd$ to ! assembly1 = _! acceptance or rejection1 x is d5om9at$ a "q2 &1 :5 adopt$1 x becomes ! ord]1 resolution1 or vote1 ( ! assembly4 #bcd4 ,all ! proce$+s1 :i* h ?us f> be5 consid]$1 h only _h = _! object to br+ a proposition into a =m to be put to ! "q2 t is1 to be adopt$ z ! s5se1 w1 or judgm5t1 ( ! assembly1 or to be reject$2 accord+ z su* proposition may be f\nd to unite 9 its favor1 or to fail ( unit+ a majority ( ! memb]s4 #bce4 ,:5 any proposition1 :e!r pr9cipal1 subsidi>y1 or incid5tal1 or ( :atev] nature x may be1 is made1 second$1 & /at$1 if no alt]ation is propos$1--or if x admits ( none1 or if x is am5d$1--& ! debate ^u x1 if any1 appe>s to be br\ght to a close1 ! presid+ (fic] !n inquires1 :e!r ! assembly is ready = ! "q8 &1 if no p]son rises1 ! "q is !n /at$1 & ! votes ( ! assembly tak5 ^u x4 #bcf4 ,! "q is n always /at$ to ! assembly1 9 ! precise =m 9 :i* x arises or is introduc$2 ?us1 = example1 :5 a memb] pres5ts a petition1 or ! *airman ( a committee (f]s a report1 ! "q :i* arises1 if no motion is made1 is1 ,%all ! petition or ! report be receiv$8 &1 s1 :5 ! previ\s "q is mov$1 x is /at$ 9 ?is =m1 ,%all ! ma9 "q be n[ put8--! "q be+ /at$1 9 all cases1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x w appe> on ! j\rnal1 if x passes 9 ! affirmative4 #bcg4 ,9 matt]s ( trifl+ importance1 or :i* are g5]ally ( c\rse1 su* z receiv+ petitions & reports1 )draw+ motions1 read+ pap]s1 etc41 ! presid+ (fic] mo/ commonly supposes or takes = grant$ ! cons5t ( ! assembly1 :]e no objection is express$1 & does n g ?r\gh ! =mality ( tak+ ! "q by a vote4 ,b if1 aft] a vote has be5 tak5 9 ?is in=mal way & decl>$1 any memb] rises to object1 ! presid+ (fic] %\ld consid] e ?+ t has pass$ z no?+1 &1 at once1 g back & pursue ! regul> c\rse ( proce$+4 ,?us1 if a petition is receiv$1 )\t a "q1 & ! cl]k is proce$+ to read x1 9 ! usual ord] ( bus9ess1 if any "o rises to object1 x w be ! safe/ & mo/ prop] c\rse1 = ! presid+ (fic] to require a motion = receiv+ x to be regul>ly made & second$4 #bch4 ,! "q be+ /at$ by ! presid+ (fic]1 he fir/ puts x 9 ! affirmative1 namely3 ,z _m z are ( op9ion t--repeat+ ! words ( ! "q1--say aye2 &1 imm$iately1 all ! memb]s :o are ( t op9ion answ] aye2 ! presid+ (fic] !n puts ! "q negatively3 ,z _m z are ( a diff]5t op9ion say no2 &1 !reupon1 all ! memb]s :o are ( t op9ion answ] no4 ,! presid+ (fic] judges by 8 e> :i* side has 8! m voices10 & decides accord+ly1 t ! ayes h x1 or ! noes h x1 z ! case may be4 ,if ! presid+ (fic] is d\btful z to ! majority ( voices1 he may put ! "q a second "t1 & if he is /ill unable to decide1 or1 if1 hav+ decid$ accord+ to 8 judgm5t1 any memb] rises & decl>es t he believes ! ayes or ! noes 7:i*ev] x may be7 h x1 contr>y to ! decl>ation ( ! presid+ (fic]1#cd !n ! presid+ (fic] directs ! assembly to divide1 9 ord] t ! memb]s on ! "o side & ! o!r may be c\nt$4 #bci4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any new motion %\ld be made1 aft] ! presid+ (fic]'s decl>ation1 or1 if a memb]1 :o 0 n 9 ! assembly-room :5 ! "q 0 tak51 %\ld come 91 x w !n be too late to contradict ! presid+ (fic]1 & h ! assembly divid$4 #bdj4 ,! above is ! p>liam5t>y =m ( tak+ a "q1 & is 9 g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry2 b1 9 "s ( our legislative assemblies1 & especially 9 ^? ( ! ,new ,engl& /ates1 ! suffrages are giv5 by ! memb]s hold+ up _! "r h&s1 fir/ ^? 9 ! affirmative1 & !n ^? 9 ! negative1 ( ! "q4 ,if ! presid+ (fic] _c det]m9e1 by ! %[ ( h&s1 :i* side has ! majority1 he may call ^u ! memb]s to vote aga91 & if he is /ill 9 d\bt1 or if 8 decl>ation is que/ion$1 a division takes place4 ,:5 ! "q is tak5 9 ?is mann]1 ! presid+ (fic] directs ! memb]s1 fir/ on ! affirmative side1 & !n on ! negative1 to manife/ _! op9ion by hold+ up ! "r h&4 #bda4 ,:5 a division ( ! assembly takes place1 ! presid+ (fic] sometimes directs ! memb]s to range !mselves on diff]5t sides ( ! assembly-room1 & ei!r c\nts !m himself1 or !y are c\nt$ by tell]s appo9t$ by him = ! purpose1 or by monitors p]man5tly appo9t$ = t & o!r purposes2 or ! memb]s rise 9 _! seats1 fir/ on ! affirmative & !n on ! negative1 & 7/&+ uncov]$7 are c\nt$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! memb]s are c\nt$ by ! presid+ (fic]1 he ann\nces ! numb]s & decl>es ! result4 ,:5 !y are c\nt$ by tell]s or monitors1 ! tell]s mu/ fir/ agree among !mselves1 & !n ! "o :o has told = ! majority reports ! numb]s to ! presid+ (fic]1 :o1 !reupon1 decl>es ! result4 #bdb4 ,! be/ mode ( divid+ an assembly1 t is at all num]\s1 is = ! presid+ (fic] to appo9t tell]s = ea* division or section ( ! assembly-room1 & !n to require ! memb]s1 fir/ ^? 9 ! affirmative1 & !n ^? 9 ! negative1 to rise1 /& uncov]$1 & be c\nt$2 ?is be+ done1 on ea* side1 ! tell]s ( ! sev]al divisions make _! returns1 & ! presid+ (fic] decl>es ! result4 #bdc4 ,if ! memb]s are equally divid$1 ! presid+ (fic] may1 if he pleases1 give ! ca/+ vote2 or1 if he *ooses1 he may refra9 f vot+1 9 :i* case1 ! motion does n prevail1 & ! decision is 9 ! negative4 #bdd4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 t e memb]1 :o is 9 ! assembly-room at ! "t :5 ! "q is /at$1 has n only ! "r b is b\nd to vote2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t no memb] c vote1 :o 0 n 9 ! room at t "t4 #bde4 ,! only o!r =m ( tak+ ! "q1 :i* requires to be describ$1 is "o 9 g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry1 by means ( :i* ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ on ! "o side & on ! o!r are asc]ta9$ & ent]$ 9 ! j\rnal ( ! assembly4 ,?is mode1 :i* is peculi> to ! legislative bodies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is call$ tak+ ! que/ions by yeas & nays4 ,9 ord] to take a "q 9 ?is mann]1 x is /at$ on bo? sides at once1 namely3 ,z _m z are or op9ion1 t1 etc41 w :5 _! names are call$1 answ] yes2 & ,z _m z are ( a diff]5t op9ion w1 :5 _! names are call$1 answ] no2 ! roll ( ! assembly is !n call$ ov] by ! cl]k1 & ea* memb]1 z 8 "n is call$1 rises 9 8 place1 & answ]s yes or no1 & ! cl]k notes ! answ] z ! roll is call$4 ,:5 ! roll has be5 gone ?r\gh ! cl]k reads ov] fir/ ! names ( ^? :o h answ]$ 9 ! affirmative & !n ! names ( ^? :o h answ]$ 9 ! negative1 9 ord] t if he has made any mi/ake 9 not+ ! answ]1 or if any memb] has made a mi/ake 9 8 answ]1 ! mi/ake ( ei!r may be correct$4 ,! names hav+ be5 ?us read ov]1 & ! mi/akes1 if any1 correct$1 ! cl]k c\nts ! numb]s on ea* side1 & reports !m to ! presid+ (fic]1 :o decl>es ! result to ! assembly4 #bdf4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode practis$ 9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives ( ,massa*usetts1 7:i* is by f> ! mo/ num]\s ( all ! legislative bodies 9 ?is c\ntry17 ( tak+ a "q by yeas & nays4 ,! names ( ! memb]s be+ pr9t$ on a %eet1 ! cl]k calls !m 9 _! ord]2 & z ea* "o answ]s1 ! cl]k 7respond+ to ! memb]1 at ! same "t7 places a figure 9 p5cil1 express+ ! numb] ( ! answ]1 at ! left or "r ( ! "n1 accord+ z ! answ] is yes or no2 s t ! la/ figure or numb]1 on ea* side1 %[s ! numb] ( ! answ]s on t side2 & ! two la/ numb]s or figures repres5t ! respective numb]s ( ! affirmatives & negatives on ! division4 ,?us1 at ! left h& ( ! "n ( ! memb] :o fir/ answ]s yes1 ! cl]k places a figure #a2 at ! "r h& ( ! fir/ memb] :o answ]s no1 he also places a figure #a2 ! second memb] t answ]s yes is m>k$ #b2 & s on to ! end ( ! li/2 ! side ( ! "n1 on :i* ! figure is plac$1 d5ot+ :e!r ! answ] is yes or no1 & ! figure d5ot+ ! numb] ( ! answ] on t side4 ,! affirmatives & negatives are !n read sep>ately1 if necess>y1 ?\gh ?is is usually omitt$1 & ! cl]k is !n prep>$1 by means ( ! la/ figure on ea* side1 to give ! numb]s to ! speak] to be ann\nc$ to ! h\se4 ,! names & answ]s are aft]w>ds record$ on ! j\rnal4 #bdg4 ,9 any ( ! modes ( tak+ a "q1 9 :i* x is fir/ put on "o side1 & !n on ! o!r1 x is no full "q1 until ! negative z well z ! affirmative has be5 put4 ,consequ5tly1 until ! negative has be5 put1 x is 9 ord] = any memb]1 9 ! same mann] z if ! division _h n comm5c$1 to rise & speak1 make motions = am5dm5t1 or o!rwise1 & ?us r5ew ! debate2 & ?is1 :e!r su* memb] 0 9 ! assembly-room or n1 :5 ! "q 0 put & p>tly tak54 ,9 su* a case1 ! "q mu/ be put ov] aga9 on ! affirmative z well z ! negative side2 = ! reason1 t memb]s :o 7 n 9 ! assembly-room1 :5 ! "q 0 fir/ put1 may h s9ce come 91 & also t "s ( ^? :o vot$1 may h s9ce *ang$ _! m9ds4 ,:5 a "q is tak5 by yeas & nays1 & ! negative z well z ! affirmative ( ! "q is /at$1 & ! vot+ on ea* side beg9s & proce$s at ! same "t1 ! "q _c be op5$ & ! debate r5ew$1 aft] ! vot+ has comm5c$4 #bdh4 ,if any "q arises1 9 a po9t ( ord]1 z1 = example1 z to ! "r or ! duty ( a memb] to vote1 dur+ a division1 ! presid+ (fic] mu/ decide x p]emptorily1 subject to ! revision & correction ( ! assembly1 aft] ! division is ov]4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 !re c be no debate1 ?\gh ! presid+ (fic] may if he pleases receive ! assi/ance ( memb]s ) _! advice1 :i* !y are to give sitt+1 9 ord] to avoid ev5 ! appe>ance ( a debate2 b ?is c only be ) ! leave ( ! presid+ (fic]1 z o!rwise ! division might be prolong$ to an inconv5i5t l5g?2 nor c any "q be tak51 = o!rwise !re might be division ^u division )\t end4 #bdi4 ,:51 f c\nt+ ! assembly on a division1 x appe>s t !re is n a quorum pres5t1 !re is no decision2 b ! matt] 9 "q cont9ues 9 ! same /ate1 9 :i* x 0 be=e ! division2 &1 :5 aft]w>ds resum$1 :e!r on ! same or on "s future day1 x mu/ be tak5 up at t precise po9t4 #cd4 ,! mo/ common expression is3 8,i d\bt ! vote10 or1 8t vote is d\bt$40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,reconsid]ation4 #bej4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( p>liam5t>y law1 ^u :i* _m ( ! rules & proce$+s previ\sly /at$ are f\nd$1 t :5 a "q has once be5 put to a delib]ative assembly1 & decid$1 :e!r 9 ! affirmative or negative1 t decision is ! judgm5t ( ! assembly1 & _c be aga9 br\ght into "q4 #bea4 ,?is pr9ciple holds equally1 al?\gh ! "q propos$ is n ! id5tical "q :i* has already be5 decid$1 b only its equival5t2 z1 = example1 :]e ! negative ( "o "q am\nts to ! affirmative ( ! o!r1 & leaves no o!r alt]native1 ^! que/ions are ! equival5ts ( "o ano!r1 & a decision ( ! "o necess>ily concludes ! o!r4 #beb4 ,a common application ( ! rule z to equival5t que/ions occurs 9 ! case ( an am5dm5t propos$ by /rik+ out words2 9 :i* x is ! inv>iable practice to consid] ! negative ( /rik+ out z equival5t to ! affirmative ( agree+2 s t to put a "q on agree+1 aft] a "q on /rik+ out its negativ$1 w\ld be1 9 effect1 to put ! same "q twice ov]4 #bec4 ,! pr9ciple above /at$ does n apply s z to prev5t putt+ ! same "q 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( any proce$+2 z1 = example1 9 legislative bodies1 ! diff]5t /ages ( a bill2 s1 9 consid]+ reports ( committees1 que/ions already tak5 & decid$1 be=e ! subject 0 ref]r$1 may be aga9 propos$2 &1 9 l mann]1 ord]s ( ! assembly1 & in/ructions or ref]5ces to committees1 may be dis*>g$ or resc9d$4 #bed4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( ?is rule1 :i* is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 all its /rictness 9 ! ,briti% p>liam5t 7?\gh div]s exp$i5ts are !re resort$ to to c\nt]act or evade x71#ce has l$ to ! introduction into ! p>liam5t>y practice ( ?is c\ntry ( ! motion = reconsid]ation2 :i*1 :ile x recognizes & upholds ! rule 9 all its anci5t /rictness1 yet all[s a delib]ative assembly1 = suffici5t reasons1 to relieve itself f ! emb>rassm5t & inconv5i5ce1 :i* w\ld occasionally result f a /rict en=cem5t ( ! rule 9 a p>ticul> case4 #bee4 ,x has n[ come to be a common practice 9 all our delib]ative assemblies1 & may consequ5tly be consid]$ z a pr9ciple ( ! common p>liam5t>y law ( ?is c\ntry1 to reconsid] a vote already pass$1 :e!r affirmatively or negatively4 #bef4 ,= ?is purpose1 a motion is made & second$1 9 ! usual mann]1 t su* a vote be reconsid]$2 &1 if ?is motion prevails1 ! matt] /&s be=e ! assembly 9 precisely ! same /ate & condition1 & ! same que/ions are to be put 9 relation to x1 z if ! vote reconsid]$ _h nev] be5 pass$4 ,?us1 if an am5dm5t by ins]t+ words is mov$ & reject$1 ! same am5dm5t _c be mov$ aga92 b1 ! assembly may reconsid] ! vote by :i* x 0 reject$1 & !n ! "q w recur on ! am5dm5t1 precisely z if ! =m] vote _h nev] be5 pass$4 #beg4 ,x is usual 9 legislative bodies1 to regulate by a special rule ! "t1 mann]1 & by :om1 a motion to reconsid] may be made2 ?us1 = example1 t x %all be made only on ! same or a succe$+ day1--by a memb] :o vot$ ) ! majority1--or at a "t :5 !re are z _m memb]s pres5t z !re 7 :5 ! vote 0 pass$2 b1 :]e !re is no special rule on ! subject1 a motion to reconsid] mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! same light z any o!r motion1 & z subject to no o!r rules4 #ce4 8,! ,engli% ,p>liam5t rigidly ma9ta9s ! pr9ciple t :5 a subject has be5 once decid$1 ei!r 9 ! affirmative or negative1 x is to rema9 p]man5tly z ! judgm5t ( ! h\se4 ,to rem$y ! inconv5i5ces t sometimes occur1 x resorts to v>i\s exp$i5ts2 z1 by pass+ an explanatory act1 or an act to rectify mi/akes 9 an act1 etc40--,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,( ,,committees4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,_! ,nature & ,functions4 #beh4 ,x is usual 9 all delib]ative assemblies1 to take ! prelim9>y 7sometimes1 also1 ! int]m$iate7 measures1 & to prep>e matt]s to be act$ ^u1 9 ! assembly1 by means ( committees1 compos$ ei!r ( memb]s specially select$ = ! p>ticul> occasion1 or appo9t$ be=eh& = all matt]s ( ! same nature4 #bei4 ,committees ( ! fir/ k9d are usually call$ select1 ! o!rs /&+2 ?\gh ! =m] appellation belongs ) equal propriety to bo?1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m f ano!r =m ( committee1 con/itut$ ei!r = a p>ticul> occasion1 or = all cases ( a c]ta9 k9d1 :i* is compos$ ( all ! memb]s ( ! assembly1 & !re=e d5om9at$ a committee ( ! :ole4 #bfj4 ,! advantages ( proce$+ 9 ?is mode are manifold4 ,x enables a delib]ative assembly to d _m ?+s1 :i*1 f its numb]s1 x w\ld be o!rwise be unable to d2--to accompli% a mu* great] quantity ( bus9ess1 by divid+ x among ! memb]s1 ?an c\ld possibly be accompli%$1 if ! :ole body 7 oblig$ to devote itself to ea* p>ticul> subject2--& to act 9 ! prelim9>y & prep>atory /eps1 ) a great] degree ( fre$om1 ?an is compatible ) ! =ms ( proce$+ usually obs]v$ 9 full assembly4 #bfa4 ,committees are appo9t$ to consid] a p>ticul> subject1 ei!r at l>ge or "u special in/ructions3 to obta9 in=mation 9 ref]5ce to a matt] be=e ! assembly1 ei!r by p]sonal inquiry & inspection1 or by ! exam9ation ( witnesses2 & to dige/ & put into ! prop] =m1 = ! adoption ( ! assembly1 all resolutions1 votes1 ord]s1 & o!r pap]s1 ) :i* !y may be *>g$4 ,committees are commonly said to be ! 8eyes & e>s0 ( ! assembly2 x is equally true1 t1 = c]ta9 purposes1 !y are also its 8head & h&s40 #bfb4 ,! p[]s & functions ( committees dep5d *iefly ^u ! g5]al au?ority & p>ticul> in/ructions giv5 !m by ! assembly1 at ! "t ( _! appo9tm5t2 b !y may also be1 & v (t5 are1 fur!r in/ruct$1 :il/ !y are 9 ! ex]cise ( _! functions2 &1 sometimes1 x ev5 happ5s1 t ^! additional in/ructions :olly *ange ! nature ( a committee1 by *>g+ x ) inquiries q diff]5t f ^? = :i* x 0 orig9ally e/abli%$4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,_! ,appo9tm5t4 #bfc4 ,9 ! mann] ( appo9t+ committees1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 /&+ & o!r select committees1 z to ! mode ( select+ ! memb]s to compose !m2 &1 9 ref]5ce to committees ( ! :ole1 z !re is no selection ( memb]s1 !y are appo9t$ simply by ! ord] ( ! assembly4 #bfd4 ,9 ! appo9tm5t ( select committees1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to fix ^u ! numb]4 ,?is is usually effect$ 9 ! same mann] t blanks are fill$1 namely1 by memb]s propos+1 )\t ! =mality ( a motion1 su* memb]s z !y please1 :i* are !n sep>ately put to ! "q1 beg9n+ ) ! l>ge/ & go+ regul>ly ?r\gh to ! smalle/1 until ! assembly comes to a vote4 #bfe4 ,! numb] be+ settl$1 !re are ?ree modes ( select+ ! memb]s1 to wit1 by ! appo9tm5t ( ! presid+ (fic]1--by ballot1--& by nom9ation & vote ( ! assembly2 ! fir/1 sometimes 9 virtue ( a /&+ rule1 sometimes 9 pursuance ( a vote ( ! assembly 9 a p>ticul> case2 ! second always 9 pursuance ( a vote2 ! la/ is ! usual c\rse :]e no vote is tak54 #bff4 ,9 delib]ative assemblies1 ^: sitt+s are ( consid]able l5g?1 z legislative bodies1 x is usual to provide by a /&+ rule1 t1 unless o!rwise ord]$ 9 a p>ticul> case1 all committees %all be nam$ by ! presid+ (fic]4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 :5ev] a committee is ord]$1 & ! numb] settl$1 ! presid+ (fic] at once names ! memb]s to compose x4 ,sometimes1 also1 ! rule fixes ! numb]1 ( :i*1 unless o!rwise ord]$1 committees %all consi/4 ,?is mode ( appo9t+ a committee is frequ5tly resort$ to1 :]e !re is no rule on ! subject4 #bfg4 ,:5 a committee is ord]$ to be appo9t$ by ballot1 ! memb]s are *os5 by ! assembly1 ei!r s+ly or altoge!r1 z may be ord]$1 9 ! same mann] t o!r elections are made2 &1 9 su* elections1 z 9 o!r cases ( ! election ( ! (fic]s ( ! assembly1 a majority ( all ! votes giv5 9 is necess>y to a *oice4 #bfh4 ,:5 a committee is direct$ to be appo9t$ by nom9ation & vote1 ! names ( ! memb]s propos$ are put to ! "q s+ly1 & approv$ or reject$ by ! assembly1 by a vote tak5 9 ! usual mann]4 ,if ! nom9ation is direct$ to be made by ! presid+ (fic]1 he may propose ! names 9 ! same mann]1 or all at once2 ! =m] mode be+ ! mo/ direct & simple2 ! latt] enabl+ ! assembly to vote m und]/&+ly ^u ! sev]al names propos$4 ,:5 ! nom9ation is direct$ to be made at l>ge1 ! presid+ (fic] calls ^u ! assembly to nom9ate1 & names be+ m5tion$ accord+ly1 he puts to vote ! fir/ "n he he>s4 #bfi4 ,x is also a comp5di\s mode ( appo9t+ a committee1 to revive "o :i* has already dis*>g$ itself by a report2 or by *>g+ a committee appo9t$ = "o purpose ) "s additional duty1 ( ! same or a diff]5t "*4 #bgj4 ,9 reg>d to ! appo9tm5t ( committees1 s f> z ! selection ( ! memb]s is conc]n$1 x is a g5]al rule 9 legislative bodies1 :5 a bill is to be ref]r$1 t none :o speak directly aga9/ ! body ( x are to be ( ! committee1 = ! reason1 t he :o w\ld totally de/roy w n am5d2 b t1 = ! opposite reason1 ^? :o only take exceptions to "s p>ticul>s 9 ! bill are to be ( ! committee4 ,?is rule supposes ! purpose ( ! commitm5t to be1 n ! consid]ation ( ! g5]al m]its ( ! bill1 b ! am5dm5t ( x 9 its p>ticul> provisions1 s z to make x acceptable to ! assembly4 #bga4 ,?is rule1 ( c\rse1 is only = ! guidance ( ! presid+ (fic]1 & ! memb]s1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! discretion2 z ! assembly may refuse to excuse f s]v+1 or may itself appo9t1 on a committee1 p]sons :o are oppos$ to ! subject ref]r$4 ,x is cu/om>y1 h[ev]1 9 all delib]ative assemblies1 to con/itute a committee ( su* p]sons 7! mov] & second] ( a measure be+ ( c\rse appo9t$71 a majority ( :om1 at lea/1 are favorably incl9$ to ! measure propos$4#cf #bgb4 ,:5 a committee has be5 appo9t$1 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> subject1 x is ! duty ( ! secret>y ( ! assembly to make out a li/ ( ! memb]s1 toge!r ) a c]tifi$ copy ( ! au?ority or in/ructions "u :i* !y are to act1 & to give ! pap]s to ! memb] fir/ nam$ on ! li/ ( ! committee1 if conv5i5t1 b1 o!rwise1 to any o!r memb] ( ! committee4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,_! ,organization & ,mann] ( ,proce$+4 #bgc4 ,! p]son fir/ nam$ on a committee acts z its *airman1 or presid+ (fic]1 s f> z relates to ! prelim9>y /eps to be tak51 & is usually p]mitt$ to d s1 ?r\gh ! :ole proce$+s2 b ?is is a matt] ( c\rtesy2 e committee hav+ a "r to elect its own *airman1 :o presides ov] x1 & makes ! report ( its proce$+s to ! assembly4 #bgd4 ,a committee is prop]ly to receive directions f ! assembly1 z to ! "t & place ( its meet+1 & _c regul>ly sit at any o!r "t or place2 & x may be ord]$ to sit imm$iately1 :il/ ! assembly is sitt+1 & make its report =?)4 #bge4 ,:5 no directions are giv51 a committee may select its own "t & place ( meet+2 b1 )\t a special ord] to t effect1 x is n at lib]ty to sit :il/ ! assembly sits2 &1 if a committee is sitt+1 :5 ! assembly comes to ord] aft] an adj\rnm5t1 x is ! duty ( ! *airman to rise1 in/antly1 on be+ c]tifi$ ( x1 &1 ) ! o!r memb]s1 to att5d ! s]vice ( ! assembly4 #bgf4 ,9 reg>d to its =ms ( proce$+1 a committee is ess5tially a m9iature assembly2--x c only act :5 regul>ly assembl$ toge!r1 z a committee1 & n by sep>ate consultation & cons5t ( ! memb]s2 no?+ be+ ! agreem5t or report ( a committee1 b :at is agre$ to 9 t mann]2--a vote tak5 9 committee is z b9d+ z a vote ( ! assembly2--a majority ( ! memb]s is necess>y to con/itute a quorum = bus9ess1 unless a l>g] or small] numb] has be5 fix$ by ! assembly itself2--& a committee has full p[] ov] :atev] may be committ$ to x1 except t x is n at lib]ty to *ange ! title or subject4 #bgg4 ,a committee1 :i* is "u no directions z to ! "t & place ( meet+1 may meet :5 & :]e x pleases1 & adjo9 itself f day to day1 or o!rwise1 until x has gone ?r\gh ) ! bus9ess committ$ to x2 b1 if x is ord]$ to meet at a p>ticul> "t1 & x fails ( do+ s1 = any cause1 ! committee is clos$1 & _c act )\t be+ newly direct$ to sit4 #bgh4 ,disord]ly words spok5 9 a committee mu/ be writt5 d[n 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! assembly2 b ! committee1 z su*1 c d no?+ m ?an report !m to ! assembly = its animadv]sion2 nei!r c a committee puni% disord]ly conduct ( any o!r k9d1 b mu/ report x to ! assembly4 #bgi4 ,:5 any pap] is be=e a committee :e!r select or ( ! :ole1 x may ei!r h orig9at$ ) ! committee1 or h be5 ref]r$ to !m2 &1 9 ei!r case1 :5 ! pap] comes to be consid]$1 ! c\rse is = x to be fir/ read entirely ?r\gh1 by ! cl]k ( ! committee1 if !re is "o1 o!rwise by ! *airman2 & !n to be read ?r\gh aga9 by p>agraphs by ! *airman1 paus+ at ! end ( ea* p>agraph1 & putt+ que/ions = am5d+1 ei!r by /rik+ out or ins]t+1 if propos$4 ,?is is ! natural ord] ( proce$+ 9 consid]+ & am5d+ any pap]1 & is to be /rictly adh]$ to 9 ! assembly2 b ! same /rictness does n seem necess>y 9 a committee4 #bhj4 ,if ! pap] be=e a committee is "o :i* has orig9at$ ) ! committee1 que/ions are put on am5dm5ts propos$1 b n on agree+ to ! sev]al p>agraphs ( :i* x is compos$1 sep>ately1 z !y are gone ?r\gh )2 ?is be+ res]v$ = ! close1 :5 a "q is to be put on ! :ole1 = agree+ to ! pap]1 z am5d$1 or unam5d$4 #bha4 ,if ! pap] be "o1 :i* has be5 ref]r$ to ! committee1 !y proce$ z 9 ! o!r case to put que/ions ( am5dm5t1 if propos$1 b no f9al "q on ! :ole2 because all ! p>ts ( ! pap]1 hav+ be5 pass$ ^u if n adopt$ by ! assembly z ! basis ( its action1 /&1 ( c\rse1 unless alt]$ or /ruck out by a vote ( ! assembly4 ,& ev5 if ! committee are oppos$ to ! :ole pap]1 & are ( op9ion1 t x _c be made good by am5dm5ts1 !y h no au?ority to reject x2 !y mu/ report x back to ! assembly1 )\t am5dm5ts1 7specially /at+ _! objections1 if !y ?9k prop]17 & !re make _! opposition z individual memb]s4#cg #bhb4 ,9 ! case ( a pap] orig9at+ ) a committee1 !y may erase or int]l9e x z mu* z !y please2 ?\gh1 :5 f9ally agre$ to1 x ought to be report$ 9 a cle> draft1 fairly writt51 )\t erasure or int]l9eation4 #bhc4 ,b1 9 ! case ( a pap] ref]r$ to a committee1 !y are n at lib]ty to erase1 int]l9e1 blot1 disfigure1 or te> x1 9 any mann]2 b !y mu/1 9 a sep>ate pap]1 set d[n ! am5dm5ts !y h agre$ to report1 /at+ ! words :i* are to be ins]t$ or omitt$1 & ! place :]e ! am5dm5ts are to be made1 by ref]5ces to ! p>agraph or section1 l9e1 & ^w4 #bhd4 ,if ! am5dm5ts agre$ to are v num]\s & m9ute1 ! committee may report !m altoge!r1 9 ! =m ( a new & am5d$ draft4 #bhe4 ,:5 a committee has gone ?r\gh ! pap]1 or agre$ ^u a report on ! subject1 :i* has be5 ref]r$ to !m1 x is !n mov$ by "s memb]1 & !reupon vot$1 t ! committee rise1 & t ! *airman1 or "s o!r memb]1 make _! report to ! assembly4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,_! ,report4 #bhf4 ,:5 ! report ( a committee is to be made1 ! *airman1 or memb] appo9t$ to make ! report1 /&+ 9 8 place1 in=ms ! assembly1 t ! committee1 to :om 0 ref]r$ su* a subject or pap]1 h1 accord+ to ord]1 _h ! same "u consid]ation1 & h direct$ him to make a report !reon1 or to report ! same ) sundry am5dm5ts1 or )\t am5dm5t1 z ! case may be1 :i* he is ready to d1 :5 ! assembly %all please2 & he or any o!r memb] may !n move t ! report be n[ receiv$4 ,on ?is motion be+ made1 ! "q is put :e!r ! assembly w receive ! report at t "t2 & a vote passes1 accord+ly1 ei!r to receive x !n1 or fix+ ^u "s future "t = its reception4 #bhg4 ,at ! "t1 :51 by ! ord] ( ! assembly1 ! report is to be receiv$1 ! *airman reads x 9 8 place1 & !n deliv]s x1 toge!r ) all ! pap]s1 connect$ ) x1 to ! cl]k at ! table2 :]e x is aga9 read1 & !n lies on ! table1 until ! "t assign$1 or until x suits ! conv5i5ce ( ! assembly1 to take x up = consid]ation4 #bhh4 ,if ! report ( ! committee is ( a pap] ) am5dm5ts1 ! *airman reads ! am5dm5ts ) ! coh]5ce 9 ! pap]1 :atev] x may be1 & op5s ! alt]ations1 & ! reasons ( ! committee = ! am5dm5ts1 until he has gone ?r\gh ! :ole2 &1 :5 ! report is read at ! cl]k's table1 ! am5dm5ts only are read )\t ! coh]5ce4 #bhi4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! =mality ( a motion & vote on ! reception ( a report is usually disp5s$ )2 ?\gh1 if any objection is made1 or if ! presid+ (fic] sees any in=mality 9 ! report1 he %\ld decl9e receiv+ x )\t a motion & vote2 & a report1 if ( any consid]able l5g?1 is seldom read1 ei!r by ! *airman 9 8 place1 or by ! cl]k at ! table1 until x is tak5 up = consid]ation4 ,9 legislative assemblies1 ! pr9t+ ( reports g5]ally r5d]s ! read+ ( !m unnecess>y4 #bij4 ,! report ( a committee be+ made & receiv$1 ! committee is dissolv$1 & c act no m )\t a new p[]2 b _! au?ority may be reviv$ by a vote1 & ! same matt] recommitt$ to !m4 ,if a report1 :5 (f]$ to ! assembly1 is n receiv$1 ! committee is n !reby dis*>g$1 b may be ord]$ to sit aga91 & a "t & place appo9t$ accord+ly4 #bia4 ,:5 a subject or pap] has be5 once committ$1 & a report made ^u x1 x may be recommitt$ ei!r to ! same or a diff]5t committee2 & if a report is recommitt$1 be=e x has be5 agre$ to by ! assembly1 :at has h]et(ore pass$ 9 ! committee is ( no validity2 ! :ole "q be+ aga9 be=e ! committee1 z if no?+ _h pass$ !re 9 relation to x4 #bib4 ,! report ( a committee may be made 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 namely3 fir/1 x may conta9 m]ely a /atem5t ( facts1 reason+1 or op9ion1 9 relation to ! subject ( x1 )\t any specific conclusion2 or1 second1 a /atem5t ( facts1 reason+1 or op9ion1 conclud+ ) a resolution1 or s]ies ( resolutions1 or "s o!r specific proposition2 or1 ?ird1 x may consi/ m]ely ( su* resolutions1 or propositions1 )\t any introductory "p4 #bic4 ,! fir/ "q1 on a report1 is1 9 /rictness1 on receiv+ x2 ?\gh 9 practice1 ?is "q is seldom or nev] made2 ! cons5t ( ! assembly1 especially 9 respect to ! report ( a committee ( ! :ole1 be+ g5]ally presum$1 unless objection is made4 ,:5 a report is receiv$1 :e!r by g5]al cons5t1 or ^u a "q & vote1 ! committee is dis*>g$1 & ! report becomes ! basis ( ! future proce$+s ( ! assembly1 on ! subject to :i* x relates4 #bid4 ,at ! "t assign$ = ! consid]ation ( a report1 x may be treat$ & dispos$ ( precisely l any o!r proposition 7#ei to #gg72 & may be am5d$1 9 ! same mann] 7#gh to #acc71 bo? 9 ! prelim9>y /atem5t1 reason+1 or op9ion1 if x conta9 any1 & 9 ! resolutions1 or o!r propositions ) :i* x concludes2 s if x consi/ m]ely ( a /atem5t1 etc41 )\t resolutions1 or ( resolutions1 etc41 )\t any introductory "p4 #bie4 ,! f9al "q on a report1 :atev] =m x may h1 is usually /at$ on its acceptance2 &1 :5 accept$1 ! :ole report is adopt$ by ! assembly1 & becomes ! /atem5t1 reason+1 op9ion1 resolution1 or o!r act1 z ! case may be1 ( ! assembly2 ! do+s ( a committee1 :5 agre$ to1 adopt$1 or accept$1 becom+ ! acts ( ! assembly1 9 ! same mann] z if done orig9ally by ! assembly itself1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a committee4 #bif4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 h[ev]1 & 9 /rict] accordance ) p>liam5t>y rules1 to /ate ! f9al "q on a report1 accord+ to ! =m ( x4 ,if ! report conta9 m]ely a /atem5t ( facts1 reason+1 or op9ion1 ! "q %\ld be on acceptance2 if x also conclude ) resolutions1 or o!r specific propositions1 ( any k9d1--! introductory "p be+ consequ5tly m]g$ 9 ! conclusion1--! "q %\ld be on agree+ to ! resolutions1 or on adopt+ ! ord]1 or o!r proposition1 or on pass+ or com+ to ! vote1 recomm5d$ by ! committee2 & ! same %\ld be ! =m ( ! "q :5 ! report consi/s m]ely ( resolutions1 etc41 )\t any introductory "p4 ,sect4 ,v4 ,committee ( ! ,:ole4 #big4 ,:5 a subject has be5 ord]$ to be ref]r$ to a committee ( ! :ole1 ! =m ( go+ f ! assembly into committee1 is1 = ! presid+ (fic]1 at ! "t appo9t$ = ! committee to sit1 on motion made & second$ = ! purpose1 to put ! "q t ! assembly d n[ resolve itself into a committee ( ! :ole1 to take "u consid]ation su* a matt]1 nam+ x4 ,if ?is "q is det]m9$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! result is decl>$ by ! presid+ (fic]1 :o1 nam+ "s memb] to act z *airman ( ! committee1 !n leaves ! *air1 & takes a seat else:]e1 l any o!r memb]2 & ! p]son appo9t$ *airman seats himself 7n 9 ! *air ( ! assembly b7 at ! cl]k's table4#ch #bih4 ,! *airman nam$ by ! presid+ (fic] is g5]ally acquiesc$ 9 by ! committee2 ?\gh1 l all o!r committees1 a committee ( ! :ole h a "r to elect a *airman = !mselves1 "s memb]1 by g5]al cons5t1 putt+ ! "q4 #bii4 ,! same numb] ( memb]s is necess>y to con/itute a quorum ( a committee ( ! :ole1 z ( ! assembly2 & if ! memb]s pres5t fall bel[ a quorum1 at any "t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s1 ! *airman1 on a motion & "q1 rises1--! presid+ (fic] !reupon resumes ! *air1--& ! *airman in=ms ! assembly 7he c make no o!r report7 ( ! cause ( ! dissolution ( ! committee4 #cjj4 ,:5 ! assembly is 9 committee ( ! :ole1 x is ! duty ( ! presid+ (fic] to rema9 9 ! assembly-room1 9 ord] to be at h& to resume ! *air1 9 case ! committee %\ld be brok5 up by "s disord]1 or = want ( a quorum1 or %\ld rise1 ei!r to report progress1 or to make _! f9al report ^u ! matt] committ$ to !m4 #cja4 ,! cl]k ( ! assembly does n act z cl]k ( ! committee 7?is is ! duty ( ! assi/ant cl]k 9 legislative bodies71 or record 9 8 j\rnal any ( ! proce$+s or votes ( ! committee1 b only _! report z made to ! assembly4 #cjb4 ,! proce$+s 9 a committee ( ! :ole1 ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 simil> to ^? 9 ! assembly itself1 & 9 o!r committees1 are yet diff]5t 9 "s respects1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ! foll[+3-- #cjc4 ,fir/4 ,! previ\s "q _c be mov$ 9 a committee ( ! :ole4 ,! only means ( avoid+ an improp] discussion is1 to move t ! committee rise2 &1 if x is appreh5d$1 t ! same discussion w be attempt$ on return+ aga9 into committee1 ! assembly c dis*>ge ! committee1 & proce$ itself ) ! bus9ess1 keep+ d[n any improp] discussion by means ( ! previ\s "q4#ci #cjd4 ,second4 ,a committee ( ! :ole _c adj\rn1 l o!r committees1 to "s o!r "t or place1 = ! purpose ( go+ on ) & complet+ ! consid]ation ( ! subject ref]r$ to !m2 b if _! bus9ess is unf9i%$1 at ! usual "t = ! assembly to adj\rn1 or1 = any o!r reason1 !y wi% to proce$ no fur!r at a p>ticul> "t1 ! =m ( proce$+ is1 = "s memb] to move t ! committee rise1--report progress1--& ask leave to sit aga92 &1 if ?is motion prevails1 ! *airman rises1--! presid+ (fic] resumes ! *air ( ! assembly1--& ! *airman ( ! committee in=ms him t ! committee ( ! :ole h1 accord+ to ord]1 _h "u _! consid]ation su* a matt]1 & h made "s progress !re92#dj b1 n hav+ _h "t to g ?r\gh ) ! same1 h direct$ him to ask leave = ! committee to sit aga94 ,! presid+ (fic] !reupon puts a "q on giv+ ! committee leave to sit aga91 & also on ! "t :51 ! assembly w aga9 resolve itself into a committee4 ,if leave to sit aga9 is n grant$1 ! committee is ( c\rse dissolv$4 #cje4 ,?ird4 ,9 a committee ( ! :ole1 e memb] may speak z (t5 z he pleases1 provid$ he c\ld obta9 ! floor2 :]eas 9 ! assembly itself1 no memb] c speak m ?an once4 #cjf4 ,f\r?4 ,a committee ( ! :ole _c ref] any matt] to ano!r committee2 b o!r committees may & d frequ5tly ex]cise _! functions1 & exp$ite _! bus9ess by means ( sub-committees ( _! own memb]s4 #cjg4 ,fif?4 ,9 a committee ( ! :ole1 ! presid+ (fic] ( ! assembly has a "r to take a "p 9 ! debate & proce$+s1 9 ! same mann] z any o!r memb]4 #cjh4 ,six?4 ,a committee ( ! :ole1 l a select committee1 has no au?ority to puni% a brea* ( ord] :e!r ( a memb]1 or /rang]2 b c only rise & report ! matt] to ! assembly1 :o may proce$ to puni% ! (f5d]4 ,disord]ly words mu/ be writt5 d[n 9 committee1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! assembly1 & report$ to ! assembly = _! animadv]sion4 #cji4 ,! =ego+ are ! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 proce$+s 9 ! assembly & 9 committees ( ! :ole2 9 mo/ o!r respects !y are precisely simil>4 ,x is sometimes said1 t 9 a committee ( ! :ole1 x is n necess>y t a motion %\ld be second$4 ,!re is no f\ndation1 h[ev]1 ei!r 9 reason or p>liam5t>y usage1 = ?is op9ion4 #caj4 ,:5 a committee ( ! :ole h gone ?r\gh ) ! matt] ref]r$ to !m1 a memb] moves t ! committee rise1 & t ! *airman 7or "s o!r memb]7 report _! proce$+s to ! assembly2 :i* be+ resolv$1 ! *airman rises & goes to 8 place1--! presid+ (fic] resumes ! *air ( ! assembly1--& ! *airman in=ms him1 t ! committee h gone ?r\gh ) ! bus9ess ref]r$ to !m1 & t he is ready to make _! report1 :5 ! assembly %all ?9k prop] to receive x4 ,! "t = receiv+ ! report is !n agre$ ^u2 &1 at ! "t appo9t$1 x is made & receiv$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( any o!r committee 7#bhf74 #caa4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t ! =mality ( a motion & "q z to ! "t ( receiv+ a report is disp5s$ )4 ,if ! assembly are ready to receive x1 at ! "t1 !y cry out1 8n[1 n[10 :]eupon ! *airman proce$s2 if n !n ready1 "s o!r "t is m5tion$1 z 8to-morr[10 or 8,monday10 & t "t is fix$ by g5]al cons5t4 ,b1 :5 x is n ! g5]al s5se ( ! assembly to receive ! report at ! "t1 x is bett] to agree ^u & fix ! "t by a motion & "q4#da #cf4 8,9 !ory1 ! majority ( ! committee %\ld be ( ! fri5ds ( ! measure ref]r$4 ,b z a g5]al rule x w be f\nd t1 :i*ev] political p>ty is 9 ! asc5dant1 t p>ty has a majority on ! committee1 z !y w !n be able to control ! committee's work+s1 etc40--,ed4 #cg4 ,?is rule is n applicable1 ( c\rse1 to ^? cases 9 :i* ! ,,subject1 z well z ! ,,=m ,,or ,,details ( a pap]1 is ref]r$ to ! committee4 #ch4 ,jeff]son says he w sit at ! cl]k's table4 ,mell says1 8,! *airman ?us designat$ w take ! ,presid5t's *air40--,ed4 #ci4 ,if ! object be to /op debate1 t c only be effect$1 9 ! same mann]1 unless !re is a special rule1 z to ! "t ( speak+1 or to tak+ a subject out ( committee4 #dj4 ,if x is a second "t1 ! expression is1 8"s fur!r progress10 etc4 #da4 8,am5dm5ts propos$ by ! committee may be am5d$ or reject$ by ! assembly1 & matt]s /rick5 out by ! committee may be re/or$ by ! assembly40--,ed4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 #cab4 ,9 br++ ?is treatise to a close1 x w n be deem$ out ( place1 to make a sugge/ion or two = ! b5efit ( ^? p]sons1 :o may be call$ ^u to act z presid+ (fic]s1 = ! fir/ "t4 #cac4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! duty ( a presid+ (fic] is1 to give ! close/ att5tion to ! proce$+s ( ! assembly1 &1 especially1 to :at is said by e memb] :o speaks4 ,)\t ! fir/1 confusion w be almo/ c]ta9 to occur2 wa/+ ! "t1 p]haps di/urb+ ! h>mony1 ( ! assembly4 ,! latt] is n m]ely a dec5t manife/ation ( respect = ^? :o h elevat$ him to an honorable /ation2 b x t5ds greatly to enc\rage timid or diffid5t memb]s1 & to secure !m a pati5t & att5tive he>+2 & x (t5 enables ! presid+ (fic]1 by a timely int]f]5ce1 to *eck (f5sive language1 9 season to prev5t sc5es ( tumult & disord]1 su* z h sometimes disgrac$ our legislative halls4 #cad4 ,x %\ld be con/antly kept 9 m9d by a presid+ (fic]1 t1 9 a delib]ative assembly1 !re c regul>ly be b "o ?+ done or do+1 at ! same "t4 ,?is caution he w f9d p>ticul>ly useful to him1 :5ev] a qu>rel arises betwe5 two memb]s1 9 consequ5ce ( words spok5 9 debate4 ,9 su* a case1 he w d well to require t ! regul> c\rse ( proce$+ %all be /rictly pursu$2 & w take c>e to re/ra9 memb]s f int]f]+ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,9 g5]al1 ! solemnity & delib]ation1 ) :i* ?is mode is att5d$1 w d mu* to allay heat & excitem5t1 & to re/ore h>mony & ord] to ! assembly4 #cae4 ,a presid+ (fic] w (t5 f9d himself emb>rass$1 by ! difficulty1 z well z ! delicacy1 ( decid+ po9ts ( ord]1 or giv+ directions z to ! mann] ( proce$+4 ,9 su* cases1 x w be useful = him to recollect1 t-- ,! great purpose ( all rules & =ms1 is to subs]ve ! w ( ! assembly r ?an to re/ra9 x2 to facilitate1 & n to ob/ruct1 ! expression ( _! delib]ate s5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note3 ,! s-call$ 8cloture0 has ! same end z ! ,am]ican previ\s "q2 x is int5d$ to cut debate %ort4 ,! ,engli% previ\s "q works to cont9ue debate1 & a new s*eme _h to be devis$ 9 #ahhb4 ,!n x 0 t ! ,fr5* cloture 0 adopt$ & naturaliz$4 ,"u ! ,cloture act ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se or ! ,*airman ( ,committee may say :5 he ?9ks ! subject be=e ! ,h\se or ! ,committee has be5 suffici5tly discuss$1 & if a motion be made 8,t ! "q be n[ put10 he %all put ! "q4 ,if #bjj memb]s are 9 favor ( putt+ ! "q1 or if less ?an #dj oppose x & m ?an #ajj are 9 favor1 he %all put ! "q on ! pr9cipal "q be=e ! ,h\se or ! committee at once4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 a memb] reports a bill f 8 committee he moves t ! previ\s "q be put at ! end ( "o h\r2 debate is !re=e limit$ to "o h\r4 ,9 ,engl&1 a memb]1 call+ up a bill = its second read+1 moves ! previ\s "q1 & votes aga9/ 8 motion4 ,if ! previ\s "q %\ld be ord]$1 he w\ld feel griev\sly disgu/$--s w\ld ! ,am]ican ,congressman1 if ! previ\s "q %\ld n be ord]$4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,preamble4 ,we1 ! ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to =m a m p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,article ,i4 ,,! ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4 ,section ,i4--,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,section ,,ii4--#a4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all be compos$ ( memb]s *os5 e second ye> by ! p ( ! sev]al ,/ates2 & ! electors 9 ea* ,/ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! ,/ate legislature4 #b4 ,no p]son %all be a repres5tative :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 & be5 sev5 ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t ,/ate 9 :i* he %all be *os54 #c4 ,repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole numb] ( free p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n tax$1 ?ree fif?s ( all o!r p]sons4 ,! actual enum]ation %all be made )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & )9 e subsequ5t t]m ( t5 ye>s1 9 su* mann] z !y %all by law direct4 ,! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e ?irty ?\s&1 b ea* ,/ate %all h at lea/ "o repres5tative2 & until su* enum]ation %all be made1 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire %all be entitl$ to *oose ?ree2 ,massa*usetts1 eight2 ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations1 "o2 ,connecticut1 five2 ,new ,york1 six2 ,new ,j]sey1 f\r2 ,p5nsylvania1 eight2 ,delaw>e1 "o2 ,m>yl&1 six2 ,virg9ia1 t52 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 five2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 five2 & ,georgia1 ?ree4 #d4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! repres5tation f any ,/ate1 ! executive au?ority !re( %all issue writs ( election to fill su* vacancies4 #e4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose _! ,speak] & o!r (fic]s1 & %all h ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t4 ,section ,,iii4--#a4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two ,s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 *os5 by ! legislature !re( = six ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator %all h "o vote4 #b4 ,imm$iately aft] !y %all be assembl$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ election1 !y %all be divid$ z equally z may be into ?ree classes4 ,! seats ( ! ,s5ators ( ! fir/ class %all be vacat$ at ! expiration ( ! second ye>1 ( ! second class at ! expiration ( ! f\r? ye>1 & ( ! ?ird class at ! expiration ( ! six? ye>1 s t "o ?ird may be *os5 e second ye>2 & if vacancies happ51 by resignation or o!rwise1 dur+ ! recess ( ! legislature ( any ,/ate1 ! executive !re( may make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! next meet+ ( ! legislature1 :i* %all !n fill su* vacancies4 #c4 ,no p]son %all be a ,s5ator :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 & be5 n9e ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t ,/ate = :i* he %all be *os54 #d4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b %all h no vote unless !y be equally divid$4 #e4 ,! ,s5ate %all *oose _! o!r (fic]s1 & also a ,presid5t pro tempore 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,vice ,presid5t1 or :5 he %all ex]cise ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,! ,s5ate %all h ! sole p[] to try all impea*m5ts4 ,:5 sitt+ = t purpose1 !y %all be on oa? or affirmation4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice %all preside3 & no p]son %all be convict$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( two ?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t4 #g4 ,judgm5t 9 cases ( impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to removal f (fice1 & disqualification to hold & enjoy any (fice ( honor1 tru/1 or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ! p>ty convict$ %all nev]!less be liable & subject to indictm5t1 trial1 judgm5t1 & puni%m5t1 accord+ to law4 ,section ,,iv4--#a4 ,! times1 places1 & mann] ( hold+ elections = ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives %all be prescrib$ 9 ea* ,/ate by ! legislature !re(2 b ! ,congress may at any "t1 by law1 make or alt] su* regulations1 except z to ! places ( *oos+ ,s5ators4 #b4 ,! ,congress %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ye>2 & su* meet+ %all be on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 unless !y %all by law appo9t a diff]5t day4 ,section ,v4--#a4 ,ea* h\se %all be ! judge ( ! elections1 returns1 & qualifications ( its own memb]s1 & a majority ( ea* %all con/itute a quorum to d bus9ess2 b a small] numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & may be au?oriz$ to compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s1 9 su* mann] & "u su* p5alties z ea* h\se may provide4 #b4 ,ea* h\se may det]m9e ! rules ( its proce$+s1 puni% its memb]s = disord]ly behavior1 & ) ! concurr5ce ( two ?irds1 expel a memb]4 #c4 ,ea* h\se %all keep a j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 & f "t to "t publi% ! same1 except+ su* p>ts z may 9 _! judgm5t require secrecy2 & ! yeas & nays ( ! memb]s ( ei!r h\se on any "q %all1 at ! desire ( "o fif? ( ^? pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 #d4 ,nei!r h\se1 dur+ ! session ( ,congress1 %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r place ?an t 9 :i* ! two h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,section ,,vi4--#a4 ,! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives %all receive a comp5sation = _! s]vices1 to be asc]ta9$ by law1 & paid out ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y %all1 9 all cases1 except treason1 felony1 & brea* ( ! peace1 be privileg$ f arre/ dur+ _! att5dance at ! session ( _! respective h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same2 & = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 #b4 ,no ,s5ator or ,repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! "t = :i* he 0 elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil (fice "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or ! emolum5ts :]e( %all h be5 increas$1 dur+ su* "t2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a memb] ( ei!r h\se dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,section ,,vii4--#a4 ,all bills = rais+ rev5ue %all orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur ) am5dm5ts1 z on o!r bills4 #b4 ,e bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate1 %all1 be=e x become a law1 be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 if he approve1 he %all sign x2 b if n1 he %all return x1 ) 8 objections1 to t h\se 9 :i* x %all h orig9at$2 :o %all ent] ! objections at l>ge on _! j\rnal1 & proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if aft] su* reconsid]ation1 two ?irds ( t h\se %all agree to pass ! bill1 x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! objections1 to ! o!r h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be reconsid]$2 & if approv$ by two ?irds ( t h\se1 x %all become a law4 ,b 9 all su* cases ! votes ( bo? h\ses %all be det]m9$ by yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! p]sons vot+ = & aga9/ ! bill %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se respectively4 ,if any bill %all n be return$ by ! ,presid5t )9 t5 days 7,sundays except$7 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 ! same %all be a law 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless ! ,congress by _! adj\rnm5t prev5t its return1 9 :i* case x %all n be a law4 #c4 ,e ord]1 resolution1 or vote1 to :i* ! concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except on a "q ( adj\rnm5t71 %all be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & be=e ! same %all take effect1 %all be approv$ by him2 or be+ disapprov$ by him1 %all be re-pass$ by two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 accord+ to ! rules & limitations prescrib$ 9 ! case ( a bill4 ,section ,,viii4--,! ,congress %all h p[]-- #a4 ,to lay & collect taxes1 duties1 impo/s1 & excises2 to pay ! debts1 & provide = ! common def5ce & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b all duties1 impo/s1 & excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 #b4 ,to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 #c4 ,to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes3 #d4 ,to e/abli% a uni=m rule ( naturalization1 & uni=m laws on ! subject ( bankruptcies ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 #e4 ,to co9 money1 regulate ! value !re( & ( =eign co91 & to fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures3 #f4 ,to provide = ! puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ ! securities & curr5t co9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 #g4 ,to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/-roads3 #h4 ,to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts1 by secur+ = limit$ times1 to au?ors & inv5tors1 ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies3 #i4 ,to con/itute tribunals inf]ior to ! ,supreme ,c\rt3 #aj4 ,to def9e & puni% piracies & felonies committ$ on ! high seas1 & (f5ces aga9/ ! law ( nations3 #aa4 ,to decl>e w>1 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 & make rules conc]n+ captures on l& & wat]3 #ab4 ,to raise & support armies2 b no appropriation ( money to t use %all be = a long] t]m ?an two ye>s3 #ac4 ,to provide & ma9ta9 a navy3 #ad4 ,to make rules = ! gov]nm5t & regulation ( ! l& & naval =ces3 #ae4 ,to provide = call+ =? ! militia to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrections1 & repel invasions3 #af4 ,to provide = organiz+1 arm+1 & discipl9+ ! militia1 & = gov]n+ su* p>ts ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 res]v+ to ! ,/ates respectively ! appo9tm5t ( ! (fic]s & ! au?ority ( tra9+ ! militia accord+ to ! discipl9e prescrib$ by ,congress3 #ag4 ,to ex]cise exclusive legislation 9 all cases :atsoev]1 ov] su* di/rict 7n exce$+ t5 miles squ>e7 z may1 by cession ( p>ticul> ,/ates1 & ! acceptance ( ,congress1 become ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & to ex]cise l au?ority ov] all places pur*as$ by ! cons5t ( ! legislature ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! same %all be1 = ! erection ( =ts1 magaz9es1 ars5als1 docky>ds1 & o!r ne$ful build+s3--& #ah4 ,to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s1 & all o!r p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any dep>tm5t or (fic] !re(4 ,section ,,ix4--#a4 ,! immigration or importation ( su* p]sons z any ( ! ,/ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by ! ,congress prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight2 b a tax or duty may be impos$ on su* importation n exce$+ t5 doll>s = ea* p]son4 #b4 ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$1 unless :51 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion1 ! public safety may require x4 #c4 ,no bill ( atta9d] or ex po/ facto law %all be pass$4 #d4 ,no capitation or o!r direct tax %all be laid1 unless 9 proportion to ! c5sus or enum]ation h]e9be=e direct$ to be tak54 #e4 ,no tax or duty %all be laid on articles export$ f any ,/ate4 ,no pref]5ce %all be giv5 by any regulation ( comm]ce or rev5ue to ! ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? ( ano!r3 nor %all vessels b\nd to or f "o ,/ate be oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay duties 9 ano!r4 #f4 ,no money %all be drawn f ! treasury1 b 9 consequ5ce ( appropriations made by law2 & a regul> /atem5t & acc\nt ( ! receipts & exp5ditures ( all public money %all be publi%$ f "t to "t4 #g4 ,no title ( nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 & no p]son hold+ any (fice ( pr(it or tru/ "u !m1 %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 accept ( any pres5t1 emolum5t1 (fice1 or title1 ( any k9d :atev]1 f any k+1 pr9ce1 or =eign /ate4 ,section ,x4--#a4 ,no ,/ate %all ent] into any treaty1 alliance1 or conf$]ation2 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal2 co9 money2 emit bills ( cr$it2 make any ?+ b gold & silv] co9 a t5d] 9 paym5t ( debts2 pass any bill ( atta9d]1 ex po/ facto law1 or law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts2 or grant any title ( nobility4 #b4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 lay any impo/s or duties on imports or exports1 except :at may be absolutely necess>y = execut+ its inspection laws3 & ! net produce ( all duties & impo/s laid by any ,/ate on imports or exports1 %all be = ! use ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & all su* laws %all be subject to ! revision & control ( ,congress4 #c4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 lay any duty on tonnage1 keep troops or %ips ( w> 9 "t ( peace1 ent] into any agreem5t or compact ) ano!r ,/ate1 or ) a =eign p[]1 or engage 9 w>1 unless actually invad$1 or 9 su* imm95t dang] z w n admit ( delay4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,! ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,section ,i4--#a4 ,! executive p[] %all be ve/$ 9 a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,he %all hold 8 (fice dur+ ! t]m ( f\r ye>s2 &1 toge!r ) ! ,vice-,presid5t1 *os5 = ! same t]m1 be elect$ z foll[s3 #b4 ,ea* ,/ate %all appo9t1 9 su* mann] z ! legislature !re( may direct1 a numb] ( electors equal to ! :ole numb] ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives to :i* ! ,/ate may be entitl$ 9 ,congress3 b no ,s5ator or ,repres5tative1 or p]son hold+ an (fice ( tru/ or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be appo9t$ an elector4 #c4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective ,/ates1 & vote by ballot = two p]sons1 ( :om "o at lea/ %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same ,/ate ) !mselves4 ,& !y %all make a li/ ( all ! p]sons vot$ =1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*2 :i* li/ !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be ,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if !re be m ?an "o :o h su* a majority1 & h an equal numb] ( votes1 !n ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all imm$iately *oose1 by ballot1 "o ( !m = ,presid5t2 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n1 f ! five highe/ on ! li/1 ! said ,h\se %all1 9 l mann]1 *oose a ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by ,/ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* ,/ate hav+ "o vote3 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two ?irds ( ! ,/ates1 & a majority ( all ! ,/ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,9 e case aft] ! *oice ( ! ,presid5t1 ! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes ( ! electors %all be ,vice-,presid5t4 ,b if !re %\ld rema9 two or m :o h equal votes1 ! ,s5ate %all *oose f !m1 by ballot ! ,vice-,presid5t4 #d4 ,! ,congress may det]m9e ! "t ( *oos+ ! electors1 & ! day on :i* !y %all give _! votes1 :i* day %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,no p]son except a natural born citiz51 or a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be eligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t3 nei!r %all any p]son be eligible to t (fice :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & be5 f\rte5 ye>s a resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,9 case ( ! removal ( ! ,presid5t f (fice1 or ( 8 dea?1 resignation1 or inability to dis*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( ! said (fice1 ! same %all devolve on ! ,vice-,presid5t2 & ! ,congress may1 by law1 provide = ! case ( removal1 dea?1 resignation1 or inability1 bo? ( ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 decl>+ :at (fic] %all !n act z ,presid5t2 & su* (fic] %all act accord+ly1 until ! disability be remov$1 or a ,presid5t %all be elect$4 #g4 ,! ,presid5t %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = 8 s]vices a comp5sation1 :i* %all nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$ dur+ ! p]iod = :i* he %all h be5 elect$2 & he %all n receive )9 t p]iod any o!r emolum5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any ( !m4 #h4 ,be=e he ent]s on ! execution ( 8 (fice1 he %all take ! foll[+ oa? or affirmation3 8,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w fai?fully execute ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 & w1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 pres]ve1 protect1 & def5d ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,section ,,ii4--#a4 ,! ,presid5t %all be ,comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army & navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! militia ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 :5 call$ into ! actual s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he may require ! op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal (fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive dep>tm5ts1 ^u any subject relat+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices2 & he %all h p[] to grant reprieves & p>dons = (f5ces aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t4 #b4 ,he %all h p[]1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 to make treaties1 provid$ two ?irds ( ! ,s5ators pres5t concur2 & he %all nom9ate1 &1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 %all appo9t ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^: appo9tm5ts are n h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 & :i* %all be e/abli%$ by law4 ,b ! ,congress may1 by law1 ve/ ! appo9tm5t ( su* inf]ior (fic]s z !y ?9k prop]1 9 ! ,presid5t alone1 9 ! c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! heads ( dep>tm5ts4 #c4 ,! ,presid5t %all h p[] to fill up all vacancies t may happ5 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,s5ate1 by grant+ commissions1 :i* %all expire at ! end ( _! next session4 ,section ,,iii4--#a4 ,he %all1 f "t to "t1 give to ,congress in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5d to _! consid]ation su* measures z he %all judge necess>y & exp$i5t4 ,he may1 on extraord9>y occasions1 conv5e bo? h\ses1 or ei!r ( !m2 & 9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 ) respect to ! "t ( adj\rnm5t1 he may adj\rn !m to su* "t z he %all ?9k prop]4 ,he %all receive ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s4 ,he %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$2 & %all commission all (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,slates4 ,section ,,iv4--,! ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 & all civil (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f (fice on impea*m5t =1 & conviction (1 treason1 brib]y1 or o!r high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,! ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4 ,section ,i4--,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ve/$ 9 "o ,supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 su* inf]ior c\rts z ,congress may1 f "t to "t1 orda9 & e/abli%4 ,! judges1 bo? ( ! supreme & inf]ior c\rts1 %all hold _! (fices dur+ good behavior2 & %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = _! s]vices a comp5sation1 :i* %all n be dim9i%$ dur+ _! cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,section ,,ii4--#a4 ,! judicial p[] %all ext5d to all cases 9 law & equity aris+ "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u _! au?ority2 to all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s1 & consuls2 to all cases ( admiralty & m>itime jurisdiction2 to controv]sies to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a p>ty2 to controv]sies betwe5 two or m ,/ates2 betwe5 a ,/ate & citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate2 betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t ,/ates2 betwe5 citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate claim+ l&s "u grants ( diff]5t ,/ates2 & betwe5 a ,/ate1 or ! citiz5s !re(1 & =eign /ates1 citiz5s1 or subjects4 #b4 ,9 all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s1 & consuls1 & ^? 9 :i* a ,/ate %all be a p>ty1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h orig9al jurisdiction4 ,9 all ! o!r cases be=e m5tion$1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h appellate jurisdiction1 bo? z to law & fact1 ) su* exceptions & "u su* regulations z ,congress %all make4 #c4 ,! trial ( all crimes1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury1 & su* trial %all be held 9 ! ,/ate :]e ! said crimes %all h be5 committ$2 b :5 n committ$ )9 any ,/ate1 ! trial %all be at su* place or places z ,congress may by law h direct$4 ,section ,,iii4--#a4 ,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all consi/ only 9 levy+ w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,no p]son %all be convict$ ( treason1 unless on ! te/imony ( two witnesses to ! same ov]t act1 or on confession 9 op5 c\rt4 #b4 ,congress %all h p[] to decl>e ! puni%m5t ( treason2 b no atta9d] ( treason %all "w corruption ( blood1 or =feiture1 except dur+ ! life ( ! p]son atta9t$4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,provisions4 ,section ,i4--,full fai? & cr$it %all be giv5 9 ea* ,/ate to ! public acts1 records1 & judicial proce$+s ( e o!r ,/ate2 & ,congress may1 by g5]al laws1 prescribe ! mann] 9 :i* su* acts1 records1 & proce$+s %all be prov$1 & ! effect !re(4 ,section ,,ii4--#a4 ,! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all ! privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates4 #b4 ,a p]son *>g$ 9 any ,/ate ) treason1 felony1 or o!r crime1 :o %all flee f ju/ice1 & be f\nd 9 ano!r ,/ate1 %all1 on dem& ( ! executive au?ority ( ! ,/ate f :i* he fl$1 be deliv]$ up1 to be remov$ to ! ,/ate hav+ jurisdiction ( ! crime4 #c4 ,no p]son held to s]vice or labor 9 "o ,/ate1 "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all1 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor2 b %all be deliv]$ up on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due4 ,section ,,iii4--#a4 ,new ,/ates may be admitt$ by ,congress into ?is ,union2 b no new ,/ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( any o!r ,/ate1 nor any ,/ate be =m$ by ! junction ( two or m ,/ates1 or p>ts ( ,/ates1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! legislatures ( ! ,/ates conc]n$1 z well z ( ,congress4 #b4 ,congress %all h p[] to dispose (1 & make all ne$ful rules & regulations respect+ ! t]ritory or o!r prop]ty belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution %all be s con/ru$ z to prejudice any claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( any p>ticul> ,/ate4 ,section ,,iv4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e ,/ate 9 ?is ,union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/ invasion3 &1 on application ( ! legislature1 or ( ! executive 7:5 ! legislature _c be conv5$71 aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce4 ,,article ,v4 ,! ,congress1 :5ev] two ?irds ( bo? h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution2 or1 on ! application ( ! legislatures ( two ?irds ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all call a conv5tion = propos+ am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9 ei!r case1 %all be valid1 to all int5ts & purposes1 z p>ts ( ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ,congress2 provid$ t no am5dm5t :i* may be made prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight %all 9 any mann] affect ! fir/ & f\r? clauses 9 ! n9? section ( ! fir/ article2 & t no ,/ate1 )\t its cons5t1 %all be depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,,article ,,vi4 #a4 ,all debts contract$1 & engagem5ts ent]$ into1 be=e ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be z valid aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,con/itution z "u ! ,conf$]ation4 #b4 ,?is ,con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 & all treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e ,/ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any ,/ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 #c4 ,! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives be=e m5tion$1 & ! memb]s ( ! sev]al ,/ate legislatures1 & all executive & judicial (fic]s1 bo? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all be b\nd by oa? or affirmation to support ?is ,con/itution2 b no religi\s te/ %all ev] be requir$ z a qualification to any (fice or public tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,! ratification ( ! conv5tions ( n9e ,/ates %all be suffici5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,con/itution betwe5 ! ,/ates s ratify+ ! same4 ,done 9 conv5tion by ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! ,/ates pres5t1 ! sev5te5? day ( ,septemb]1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty-sev51 & ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! twelf?4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto subscrib$ our names4 ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,presid5t1 & ,deputy f ,virg9ia4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,article ,i4--,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(2 or abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble1 & to petition ! gov]nm5t = a r$ress ( grievances4 ,article ,,ii4--,a well-regulat$ militia be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free ,/ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,article ,,iii4--,no soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]2 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law4 ,article ,,iv4--,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n be violat$2 & no w>rants %all issue b ^u probable cause1 support$ by oa? or affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4 ,article ,v4--,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital or o!rwise infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury1 except 9 cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 ! militia1 :5 9 actual s]vice 9 "t ( w> or public dang]2 nor %all any p]son be subject = ! same (f5ce to be put twice 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2 nor %all be compell$ 9 any crim9al case to be witness aga9/ himself2 nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation4 ,article ,,vi4--,9 all crim9al prosecutions ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r to a spe$y & public trial1 by an imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* di/rict %all h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law2 & to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2 to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2 to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor2 & to h ! assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5ce4 ,article ,,vii4--,9 suits at common law1 :]e ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$2 & no fact tri$ by a jury %all be o!rwise re-exam9$ 9 any c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an accord+ to ! rules ( ! common law4 ,article ,,viii4--,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 ,article ,,ix4--,! enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 ,article ,x4--,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p4 ,article ,,xi4--,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d to any suit 9 law or equity1 comm5c$ or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate1 or by citiz5s or subjects ( any =eign /ate4 ,article ,,xii4--#a4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective ,/ates1 & vote by ballot = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at lea/1 %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same ,/ate ) !mselves4 ,!y %all "n 9 _! ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & 9 di/9ct ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,vice-,presid5t2 & !y %all make di/9ct li/s ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,vice-,presid5t1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*2 :i* li/s !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = ,presid5t %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$3 & if no p]son h su* majority1 !n f ! p]sons hav+ ! highe/ numb]s1 n exce$+ ?ree1 on ! li/ ( ^? vot$ = z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose imm$iately1 by ballot1 ! ,presid5t4 ,b1 9 *oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by ,/ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* ,/ate hav+ "o vote3 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two ?irds ( ! ,/ates1 & a majority ( all ! ,/ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,& if ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all n *oose a ,presid5t1 :5ev] ! "r ( *oice %all devolve ^u !m1 be=e ! f\r? day ( ,m>* next foll[+1 !n ! ,vice-,presid5t %all act z ,presid5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! dea? or o!r con/itutional disability ( ! ,presid5t4 #b4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes z ,vice-,presid5t %all be ! ,vice-,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n f ! two highe/ numb]s on ! li/ ! ,s5ate %all *oose ! ,vice-,presid5t4 ,a quorum = ! purpose %all consi/ ( two ?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( ,s5ators1 & a majority ( ! :ole numb] %all be necess>y to a *oice4 #c4 ,b no p]son con/itutionally ineligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t %all be eligible to t ( ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,article ,,xiii4--,section ,i4--,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime1 :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 ,section ,,ii4--,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is ,article by appropriate legislation4 ,article ,,xiv4--,section ,i4--,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws4 ,section ,,ii4--,repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 c\nt+ ! :ole numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* ,/ate1 exclud+ ,indians n tax$4 ,b :5 ! "r to vote at any election = ! *oice ( electors = ,presid5t or ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 ! executive & judicial (fic]s ( a ,/ate1 or ! memb]s ( ! legislature !re(1 is d5i$ to any ( ! male inhabitants ( su* ,/ate1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any way abridg$1 except = p>ticipation 9 rebellion or o!r crime1 ! basis ( repres5tation !re9 %all be r$uc$ 9 ! proportion :i* ! numb] ( su* male citiz5s %all be> to ! :ole numb] ( male citiz5s tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 su* ,/ate4 ,section ,,iii4--,no p]son %all be a ,s5ator or ,repres5tative 9 ,congress1 or elector ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 or hold any (fice1 civil or milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u any ,/ate1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly tak5 an oa? z a memb] ( ,congress1 or z an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb] ( any ,/ate legislature1 or z an executive or judicial (fic] ( any ,/ate1 to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9 insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! same1 or giv5 aid or com=t to ! enemies !re(4 ,b ,congress may1 by a vote ( two ?irds ( ea* h\se1 remove su* disability4 ,section ,,iv4--,! validity ( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ = paym5t ( p5sions & b\nties = s]vices 9 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion1 %all n be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor any ,/ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or emancipation ( any slave2 b all su* debts1 obligations1 & claims %all be held illegal & void4 ,section ,v4--,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce1 by appropriate legislation1 ! provisions ( ?is ,article4 ,article ,,xv4--,section ,i4--,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any ,/ate on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,section ,,ii4--,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is ,article by appropriate legislation4 ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce4 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts1 x becomes necess>y = "o p to dissolve ! political b&s :i* h connect$ !m ) ano!r1 & to assume1 among ! p[]s ( ! e>?1 ! sep>ate & equal /ation to :i* ! laws ( ,nature & ,nature's ,god entitle !m1 a dec5t respect to ! op9ions ( mank9d requires t !y %\ld decl>e ! causes :i* impel !m to ! sep>ation4 ,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t2 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 inali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,t to secure ^! rights1 gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$2 t :5ev] any =m ( gov]nm5t becomes de/ructive ( ^! ends1 x is ! "r ( ! p to alt] or to aboli% x1 & to in/itute a new gov]nm5t1 lay+ its f\ndation on su* pr9ciples1 & organiz+ its p[]s 9 su* =m z to !m %all seem mo/ likely to effect _! safety & happ9ess4 ,prud5ce1 inde$1 w dictate t gov]nm5ts long e/abli%$ %\ld n be *ang$ = light & transi5t causes2 & accord+ly all exp]i5ce ha? %[n t mank9d are m dispos$ to suff]1 :ile evils are suff]able1 ?an to "r !mselves1 by aboli%+ ! =ms to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,b :5 a long tra9 ( abuses & usurpations1 pursu+ inv>iably ! same object1 ev9ces a design to r$uce !m "u absolute despotism1 x is _! "r1 x is _! duty1 to ?r[ (f su* gov]nm5t1 & to provide new gu>ds = _! future security4 ,su* has be5 ! pati5t suff]ance ( ^! colonies1 & su* is n[ ! necessity :i* con/ra9s !m to alt] _! =m] sy/ems ( gov]nm5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pres5t k+ ( ,great ,brita9 is a hi/ory ( repeat$ injuries & usurpations1 all hav+ 9 direct object ! e/abli%m5t ( an absolute tyranny ov] ^! ,/ates4 ,to prove ?is1 let facts be submitt$ to a c&id _w3 ,he has refus$ 8 ass5t to laws ! mo/ :olesome & necess>y = ! public good4 ,he has =bidd5 8 gov]nors to pass laws ( imm$iate & press+ importance1 unless susp5d$ 9 _! op]ation till 8 ass5t %\ld be obta9$2 & :5 s susp5d$ he has utt]ly neglect$ to att5d to !m4 ,he has refus$ to pass o!r laws = ! accommodation ( l>ge di/ricts ( p1 unless ^? p w\ld rel9qui% ! "r ( repres5tation 9 ! legislature--a "r ine/imable to !m1 & =midable to tyrants only4 ,he has call$ toge!r legislative bodies at places unusual1 uncom=table1 & di/ant f ! repository ( ! public records1 = ! sole purpose ( fatigu+ !m into compliance ) 8 measures4 ,he has dissolv$ repres5tative h\ses repeat$ly = oppos+1 ) manly firmness1 8 invasions on ! rights ( ! p4 ,he has refus$ = a long "t aft] su* dissolution to cause o!rs to be elect$2 :]eby ! legislative p[]s1 incapable ( annihilation1 h return$ to ! p at l>ge = _! ex]cise1 ! ,/ate rema9+1 9 ! mean "t1 expos$ to all ! dang]s ( invasion f )\t & convulsions )94 ,he has endeavor$ to prev5t ! population ( ^! ,/ates2 = t purpose ob/ruct+ ! laws ( naturalization ( =eign]s2 refus+ to pass o!rs to enc\rage _! migration hi!r1 & rais+ ! conditions ( new appropriations ( l&s4 ,he has ob/ruct$ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by refus+ 8 ass5t to laws = e/abli%+ judici>y p[]s4 ,he has made judges dep5d5t on 8 w alone = ! t5ure ( _! (fices & ! am\nt ( paym5t ( _! sal>ies4 ,he has erect$ a multitude ( new (fices1 & s5t hi!r sw>ms ( (fic]s to h>ass our p1 & eat out _! sub/ance4 ,he has kept among u1 9 times ( peace1 /&+ armies1 )\t ! cons5t ( our legislatures4 ,he has affect$ to r5d] ! milit>y indep5d5t ( & sup]ior to ! civil p[]4 ,he has comb9$ ) o!rs to subject u to a jurisdiction =eign to our ,con/itution1 & unackn[l$g$ by our laws2 giv+ 8 ass5t to _! acts ( pret5d$ legislation3 ,= qu>t]+ l>ge bodies ( arm$ troops among u3 ,= protect+ !m by a mock trial f puni%m5t = any murd]s :i* !y %\ld commit on ! inhabitants ( ^! ,/ates3 ,= cutt+ (f our trade ) all p>ts ( ! _w3 ,= impos+ taxes on u )\t our cons5t3 ,= depriv+ u1 9 _m cases1 ( ! b5efits ( trial by jury3 ,= transport+ u beyond seas to be tri$ = pret5d$ (f5ces3 ,= aboli%+ ! free sy/em ( ,engli% laws 9 a neighbor+ prov9ce1 e/abli%+ !re9 an arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 & enl>g+ its b\nd>ies1 s z to r5d] x at once an example & fit in/rum5t = introduc+ ! same absolute rule into ^! colonies3 ,= tak+ away1 our *>t]s1 aboli%+ our mo/ valuable laws1 & alt]+1 fundam5tally1 ! =ms ( our gov]nm5t3 ,= susp5d+ our own legislatures1 & decl>+ !mselves inve/$ ) p[] to legislate = u 9 all cases :atsoev]4 ,he has abdicat$ gov]nm5t "h by decl>+ u out ( 8 protection1 & wag+ w> aga9/ u4 ,he has plund]$ our seas1 ravag$ our coa/s1 burnt our t[ns1 & de/roy$ ! lives ( our p4 ,he is at ?is "t transport+ l>ge armies ( =eign m]c5>ies to complete ! works ( dea?1 desolation1 & tyranny already begun1 ) circum/ances ( cruelty & p]fidy sc>cely p>allel$ 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s ages1 & totally unwor?y ! head ( a civiliz$ nation4 ,he has con/ra9$ our fell[-citiz5s1 tak5 captive on ! high seas1 to be> arms aga9/ _! c\ntry1 to become ! execution]s ( _! fri5ds & bre?r51 or to fall !mselves by _! h&s4 ,he has excit$ dome/ic insurrections among u1 & has endeavor$ to br+ on ! inhabitants ( our fronti]s ! m]ciless ,indian savages1 ^: kn[n rule ( w>f>e is an undi/+ui%$ de/ruction ( all ages1 sexes1 & conditions4 ,9 e /age ( ^! oppressions we h petition$ = r$ress 9 ! mo/ humble t]ms2 our repeat$ petitions h be5 answ]$ only by repeat$ injury4 ,a pr9ce ^: "* is ?us m>k$ by e act :i* may def9e a tyrant is unfit to be ! rul] ( a free p4 ,nor h we be5 want+ 9 att5tions to our ,briti% bre?r54 ,we h w>n$ !m1 f "t to "t1 ( attempts by _! legislature to ext5d an unw>rantable jurisdiction ov] u4 ,we h rem9d$ !m ( ! circum/ances ( our emigration & settlem5t "h4 ,we h appeal$ to _! native ju/ice & magnanimity1 & we h conjur$ !m by ! ties ( our common k9dr$ to disav[ ^! usurpations1 :i* w\ld inevitably int]rupt our connections & correspond5ce4 ,!y1 too1 h be5 deaf to ! voice ( ju/ice & consangu9ity4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 acquiesce 9 ! necessity :i* d5\nces our sep>ation1 & hold !m1 z we hold ! re/ ( mank9d1 enemies 9 w>1 9 peace fri5ds4 ,we1 !re=e1 ! repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,g5]al ,congress assembl$1 appeal+ to ! ,supreme ,judge ( ! _w = ! rectitude ( our int5tions1 d1 9 ! "n & by ! au?ority ( ! good p ( ^! colonies1 solemnly publi% & decl>e t ^! ,unit$ ,colonies are1 & ( "r ought to be1 free & indep5d5t ,/ates2 t !y are absolv$ f all allegiance to ! ,briti% cr[n1 & t all political connection betwe5 !m & ! ,/ate ( ,great ,brita9 is1 & ought to be1 totally dissolv$2 & t1 z free & indep5d5t ,/ates1 !y h full p[] to levy w>1 conclude peace1 contract alliances1 e/abli% comm]ce1 & to d all o!r acts & ?+s :i* indep5d5t ,/ates may ( "r d4 ,& = ! support ( ?is decl>ation1 ) a firm reliance on ! protection ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 we mutually pl$ge to ea* o!r our lives1 our =tunes1 & our sacr$ honor4 ,,index4 ,! figures ref] to ! numb]s ( ! p>agraphs4 ,acceptance by ! mak] ( a motion1 ( an am5dm5t1 #ib1 #ic4 ,addition ( propositions1 h[ effect$1 #hh4 ,adj\rnm5t1 )\t day1 equival5t to a dissolution1 #aci4 effect (1 on bus9ess "u consid]ation1 #adj4 motion =1 takes prec$5ce ( all o!r motions1 #acg4 :5 x may be am5d$1 #acg4 =m (1 #ach1 #bjj4 ,am5dm5t1 purposes ( motions =1 #fj1 #gh4 ord] ( proce$+ 91 #ie1 #aia4 acceptance ( by mov] ( proposition1 #ib1 #ic4 ( am5dm5ts by /rik+ out & ins]t+1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ( am5dm5t1 to be put be=e ! orig9al am5dm5t1 #aaj4 ( an am5dm5t to an am5dm5t1 n all[$1 #if4 object ( su* motion1 h[ atta9$1 #if1 #ig4 _c be made to :at has be5 agre$ to on a "q1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja4 inconsi/5cy (1 ) "o already adopt$1 #ajb4 may %[ ! absurdity ( ! orig9al object ( ! proposition1 #acb4 may *ange ! object1 #abh1 #abi1 #acc4 or may defeat ! object1 #acj1 #aca4 by addition1 #hh4 by sep>ation1 #hi4 by transposition1 #ij4 by /rik+ out1 #id1 #ajc to #aab4 by ins]t+ or add+1 #id1 #aac to #aba4 by /rik+ out & ins]t+1 #id1 #abb to #abg4 motion =1 by /rik+ out & ins]t+1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #abb4 may be divid$1 #abb4 may be am5d$1 #abf4 mann] ( /at+ "q on1 #aab1 #aba1 #abg4 prec$5ce ( "q on1 #abc4 to /rike out1 decid$ 9 ! negative1 equival5t to ! affirmative ( agree+1 #ih1 #ajj1 #beb4 if pass$ may n be r5ew$1 #ajc to #ajf1 #aac to #aaf1 #aai1 #abd1 #abe4 /&s 9 ! same degree ) ! previ\s "q1 & indef9ite po/ponem5t1 #ahd4 sup]s$$ by a motion to po/pone to a day or to commit1 #ahe4 may be am5d$1 #if1 #ajg1 #aag1 #abf1 #ahd4 effect ( vote on1 #id to #abg1 #ahg4 to be put be=e ! orig9al motion1 #aaj1 #abj4 ,apology1 #db4 ,assembly1 ,delib]ative1 purposes (1 h[ effect$1 #a4 h[ organiz$1 #b1 #c4 judgm5t (1 h[ express$1 #ac4 ,assembl+1 "t (1 to be fix$ be=eh&1 #bc4 place (1 9 possession ( assembly1 #i4 ,au!ntication ( acts1 etc41 ( a delib]ative assembly1 #bg1 #cb4 ,blanks1 fill+ (1 #hd4 ) times or numb]s1 rule =1 #he1 #hf1 #hg4 ,see ,prec$5ce4 ,*airman1 prelim9>y election (1 #c4 ,see ,presid+ ,(fic]4 ,cl]k1 #e4 ,see ,record+ ,(fic]4 ,committees1 objects & advantages (1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfa4 :o to compose1 #beh1 #bgj4 usually ^? favorable to ! propos$ measure1 #bga4 mode ( appo9tm5t (1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi4 :5 by ! presid+ (fic]1 "u a /&+ rule1 #bff4 h[ notifi$ ( _! appo9tm5t1 #cb1 #bgb4 :5 & :]e to sit1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgg4 select1 #bei4 h[ appo9t$1 #bfd to #bfi4 /&+1 #bei4 :at to be ref]r$ to1 #gd4 in/ructions to1 #fe1 #gf1 #gg1 #bfb4 li/ (1 etc41 giv5 by ! cl]k to ! memb] fir/ appo9t$1 #bgb4 p]son fir/ appo9t$ on1 acts z *airman by c\rtesy1 #bgc4 proce$ l o!r assemblies1 #bgf1 #bgi4 may proce$ by sub-committees1 #cjf4 mode ( proce$+ on a pap] :i* has be5 ref]r$ to !m1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc4 mode ( proce$+ on a pap] orig9at+ 9 ! committee1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb4 mann] ( clos+ session (1 #bhe4 report (1 h[ made1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bib4 =m ( report (1 #bhf1 #bib4 mode ( proce$+ on report (1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif4 acceptance ( report (1 #bie4 =m ( /at+ que/ions on report (1 #bie1 #bif4 ,see ,report4 ,committee ( ! ,:ole1 ( :om compos$1 #bei4 h[ con/itut$1 #big4 :at a quorum (1 #bii4 :o presides ov]1 #big1 #bih4 :o is cl]k (1 #cja4 proce$+ (1 simil> to ^? ( ! assembly itself1 #cjb1 #cji4 mode ( proce$+ if "o session does n complete ! bus9ess1 #cjd4 :o may speak 91 & h[ (t51 #cje4 _c ref] any matt] to ano!r committee1 #cjf4 _c puni% = brea*es ( ord]1 #cjh4 disord]ly words 91 h[ notic$1 #cjh4 diff]5ces betwe5 & o!r committees1 #cjb to #cjh4 presid+ (fic] ( assembly to rema9 9 ! room1 dur+ ! session (1 #cjj4 ,see ,reports1 ,disord]ly ,words4 ,commitm5t1 def9ition & purposes (1 #gc4 :5 a prop] c\rse1 #fj4 :at may be committ$1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 effect ( a vote on a motion =1 #ahc4 motion =1 may be am5d$1 #aha4 sup]s$es a motion to am5d1 #ahe4 is ( ! same degree ) motions = ! previ\s "q & po/ponem5t1 #ahb4 ,see ,committees4 ,communications to ! assembly1 h[ made1 #dd1 #df1 #dh1 #di4 ,cons5t ( ! assembly1 9 :at cases1 & h[ f>1 to be presum$ by ! presid+ (fic]1 #ce1 #bcg1 #bic4 ,conte/$ ,elections1 #g4 ,see ,returns4 ,cr$5tials ( memb]s1 #g4 ,debate1 prop] "* (1 #bja4 %\ld be conf9$ to ! "q1 #bji4 usual mode ( putt+ an end to1 #bbj1 #bba4 ( %ort5+1 #bbb4 ,see ,speak+4 ,decorum1 ,brea*es (1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #bbc1 #bbd4 h[ to be notic$1 #dj4 rem$y =1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf4 h[ a memb] is to proce$ to exculpate himself f a *>ge (1 #dj4 ,see ,disord]ly ,words1 ,ord]4 ,disord]ly ,words1 cause ( proce$+s1 :5 spok51 #bbg to #bca4 to be writt5 d[n by ! cl]k1 z spok51 #bbh1 #bbi4 memb]s n to be c5sur$ =1 unless compla9$ ( at ! "t1 #bcb4 spok5 9 a committee dur+ its session1 #bgh4 9 committee ( ! :ole to be writt5 d[n1 & report$ to ! assembly1 #cjh4 ,disord]ly ,conduct1 #i1 #cg to #dj1 #cac4 ,division ( a "q1 #gi to #hc1 #abb1 #abc4 effect (1 #hj4 motion =1 h[ made1 #hj4 "r to dem&1 #ha1 #hb4 :5 x may take place1 #hc4 ,see ,"q4 ,elections & ,returns1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,expulsion1 #db4 ,floor1 h[ to obta91 #df4 :o has a "r to1 #dg1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje4 memb] 9 possession (1 to be int]rupt$ only by a call to ord]1 #bjj4 :5 usually all[$ to ! mov] ( a motion1 #bjd4 :5 "o rel9qui%es1 = "o purpose1 he does s = all purposes1 #bje1 #bai4 ,=ms ( proce$+1 #aj1 #ei1 #cae4 ,see ,ord]1 ,rules4 ,incid5tal ,que/ions1 #aej to #afe4 que/ions ( ord]1 #aea to #aed4 read+ pap]s1 #aee to #afj4 )drawal ( a motion1 #afa1 #afb4 susp5sion ( a rule1 #afc1 #afd4 am5dm5t ( am5dm5ts1 #afe4 ,see ,"q4 ,introduction ( bus9ess1 h[ accompli%$1 #dc4 ,see ,rules4 ,j\rnal ( a delib]ate assembly1 :at & h[ kept1 #cb1 #cc4 ,judgm5t ( an aggregate body1 h[ evid5c$1 #ad4 ,lie on ! ,table1 purpose ( motion =1 #fj1 #ga1 #gb4 ,motion =1 _c be am5d$1 #agj4 :5 to be resort$ to1 #aga4 effect ( vote on1 #ga1 #gb1 #agb1 #agc4 takes prec$5ce ( all o!r subsidi>y motions1 #aga4 ,li/ ( memb]s1 #f4 ,ma9 ,"q1 #fc1 #fd1 #ace1 #bac4 ,majority1 decision by1 on que/ions & elections1 #bd4 ,memb]s1 rights & duties (1 #cf4 puni%m5ts (1 #db4 n to be pres5t at debates on matt]s conc]n+ !mselves1 #da1 #bbe1 #bcj4 proce$+s on qu>rels betwe51 caution relat+ to1 #cad4 ,memb]%ip1 rights (1 h[ decid$1 #h4 ,modification ( a motion by ! mov]1 #ib4 ,motion1 def9ition (1 #de1 #ei1 #bcc4 to be 9 writ+1 #ed4 to be second$1 #ec to #ee4 h[ second$1 #ee4 :5 9 ord]1 #bdg4 subsidi>y1 ne$ n be 9 writ+1 #ed4 b mu/ be second$1 #ee4 to suppress a proposition1 #fb4 to be /at$ or read = ! in=mation ( any memb]1 #eg4 c be )drawn only by leave1 #ef1 #ib4 :5 be=e ! assembly1 none o!r c be receiv$1 except privileg$ motions1 #eh4 is n be=e ! assembly1 until /at$ by its presid+ (fic]1 #aih4 n 9 ord] unless ! mak] be call$ to by ! presid+ (fic]1 #bjj4 by "o seat$1 or n address+ ! *air1 n to be receiv$1 #bjj4 pr9cipal & subsidi>y1 _c be made toge!r1 #aii4 ,nam+ a memb]1 :at1 #dj1 #bbe4 ,numb]s prefix$ to p>agraphs ( a proposition1 n a "p ( x1 #ia4 ,(fic]s ( an assembly1 titles (1 #e4 :o are1 usually1 #bf4 h[ appo9t$1 & removable1 #bf4 a majority1 necess>y to elect1 #bf4 :5 n memb]s ( ! assembly1 #e4 pro tempore1 :5 to be *os51 #bi4 ,see ,presid+ ,(fic]1 ,record+ ,(fic]4 ,ord] ( a delib]ative assembly1 :at1 #ac4 ( bus9ess1 #ahh to #bjj4 h[ e/abli%$1 #aij4 que/ions (1 :at1 #aeb4 h[ decid$1 #aed1 #bdh4 =m (1 on appeal1 #aed4 no debate ^u1 all[$ dur+ divisions1 #bdh4 rules (1 to be en=c$ )\t delay1 #aea4 call to1 effect (1 #bad4 :o may make1 #aea4 int]rupts ! bus9ess "u consid]ation1 #aec4 ,see ,disord]ly ,conduct1 ,disord]ly ,words4 ,ord]s ( ! ,day1 def9ition (1 #adb4 motion =1 a privileg$ "q = ! day1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adf4 motion =1 g5]ally sup]s$es o!r propositions1 #adc1 #add4 be+ tak5 up1 ! bus9ess int]rupt$ !reby is susp5d$1 #adg4 fall1 if n tak5 up on ! day fix$1 #adi4 unless by special rule1 #adi4 ,organization1 necessity =1 #a4 usual mode (1 #c4 on report ( a committee1 #d4 ,pap]s & ,docum5ts1 9 ^: cu/ody1 #cc4 ,p>liam5t>y ,law1 common1 :at1 #f1 #aj4 ,see ,rules4 ,p>liam5t>y ,rules1 :5ce d]iv$1 #aa4 9 ea* ,/ate1 h[ =m$1 #aa4 ,see ,rules4 ,petitions1 requisites to1 #di4 to be (f]$ by memb]s1 #di1 #ej4 mode ( (f]+1 #ea4 to be read by ! cl]k1 if receiv$1 #eb4 regul> & usual action on pres5t+1 #ea1 #eb4 cont5ts (1 to be kn[n by memb] pres5t+1 #ej4 to be 9 respectful language1 #ej4 ,po/ponem5t1 effect ( vote on motion =1 #ahj4 motion =1 may be am5d$1 #agf4 h[ am5d$1 #agg1 #agh4 sup]s$es a motion to am5d1 #ahe4 is n sup]s$$ by a motion to commit or to am5d1 #agi4 is ( ! same degree ) a motion = ! previ\s "q1 #agi4 indef9ite1 purpose ( motion =1 #fj1 #fg4 effect ( vote on motion =1 #fg4 to a day c]ta91 purpose ( motion =1 #fh1 #fi4 an improp] use (1 #gj4 ,p[] ( assembly to eject /rang]s1 #i4 ,preamble1 or title1 usually consid]$ aft] ! pap] is gone ?r\gh )1 #aib4 ,prec$5ce ( motions1 #aga1 #agd1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #aig1 #bbj4 ( que/ions1 #abc1 #acd1 #ace1 #aec4 z to ref]5ce to a committee1 #gd4 on motions to fill blanks1 #he1 #hf1 #hg4 que/ions ( privilege take prec$5ce ( all motions b = adj\rnm5t1 #ada4 ,presid5t1 #e4 ,see ,presid+ ,(fic]4 ,presid+ ,(fic]1 duties (1 #bg1 #cj1 #dj1 #bbe1 #cac1 #cad4 to be fir/ he>d on que/ions ( ord]1 #bjg4 h[ f> memb] ( an assembly1 #e4 n usually to take "p 9 debate1 #e1 #bjb4 b 9 committees ( ! :ole1 #cjg4 or on po9t ( ord]1 #aed4 to give a ca/+ vote1 #e1 #bdc4 effect ( n giv+ ca/+ vote1 #bdc4 may n int]rupt "o speak+1 b to call to ord]1 #bjg4 may n decide ^u inconsi/5cy ( a propos$ am5dm5t ) "o already adopt$1 #ajb4 ,previ\s ,"q1 motion =1 purpose (1 #fj4 =m (1 #fd1 #agj4 orig9al use (1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe4 pres5t use (1 #fe1 #ff1 #bbj4 use ( 9 ,engl&1 #ff4 _c be am5d$1 #agj4 effect ( vote on1 #fd1 #ff1 #age4 effect ( negative decision (1 #fe4 _c be made 9 committee ( ! :ole1 #cjc4 /&s 9 same degree ) o!r subsidi>y motions1 except to lie on ! table1 #agd4 ,privileg$ ,que/ions1 #acf to #adi4 adj\rnm5t1 #acg to #adj4 que/ions ( privilege1 #ada4 ord]s ( ! day1 #adb to #adi4 take prec$5ce ( all motions b = adj\rnm5ts1 #ada4 :5 settl$1 bus9ess !reby int]rupt$ to be resum$1 #ada4 ,proce$+s1 h[ set 9 motion1 #dc4 ,puni%m5t ( memb]s1 #da1 #db4 a "q (1 p5d+1 ! memb] to )draw1 #bcj4 ,qu>rel betwe5 memb]s1 #ch1 #cad4 ,see ,disord]ly ,words4 ,"q1 def9ition (1 #bcc4 =ms (1 9 use1 #ae1 #fj1 #fa4 :5 to be put1 #bce4 mode ( putt+1 #bcf4 on a s]ies ( propositions1 #aic4 on am5dm5ts report$ by a committee1 #aid4 mode ( tak+1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde4 :5 & h[ decision ( may be que/ion$1 #bch1 #bci4 all ! memb]s 9 ! room :5 a "q is put are b\nd to vote ^u x1 #bdd4 memb]s n 9 ! room1 _c vote on1 #bdd4 :5 tak5 by yeas & nays1 #bde4 mode ( tak+1 9 ,massa*usetts1 #bdf4 :5 & h[ to be divid$1 #gi4 h[ tak5 :5 divid$1 #hj4 motion to divide1 may be am5d$1 #hj4 :at may be divid$1 #hc4 :o may divide1 #ha1 #abb4 usually regulat$ by rule1 #hb4 incid5tal1 def9$ & enum]at$1 #aej to #afe4 subsidi>y1 or second>y1 def9$ & enum]at$1 #aff to #agj4 privileg$1 def9$ & enum]at$1 #acf4 ,see ,incid5tal ,que/ions1 ,privileg$ ,que/ions1 ,subsidi>y ,que/ions4 ,quorum1 necessity =1 #ag1 #ai4 :at con/itutes1 #af4 effect ( want (1 on p5d+ "q1 #bdi4 necess>y on a division ( ! assembly1 #bdi4 want (1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #ai4 consequ5ces ( want (1 #ai1 #bdi4 ,read+ ( ,pap]s by ! cl]k1 #aee4 by memb]s n all[$1 )\t leave obta9$ by motion & vote1 #aeg1 #aeh4 :5 to be omitt$1 #aei4 :5 necess>y1 if call$ =1 #aee4 "q on1 to be fir/ decid$1 #afj4 ,reception1 "q (1 on petition1 #ea4 on report1 #bhf1 #bic4 ,recommitm5t1 :at1 #gc1 #bij1 #bia4 ,reconsid]ation1 g5]al pr9ciple relat+ to1 #bej to #bec4 motion =1 all[$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 #bed1 #bee4 effect (1 #bef4 usually regulat$ by rule1 #beg4 ,record+ ,(fic]1 duties (1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce4 h[ 8 abs5ce is to be suppli$1 #cd4 h[ elect$1 #c1 #d4 prec$5ce (1 if m ?an "o1 #e4 pap]s & docum5ts to be 9 8 *>ge1 #cc4 ,recurr5ce ( ,bus9ess1 :5 int]rupt$ by want ( quorum1 #bdi4 by motion = ! previ\s "q1 #ff4 = indef9ite po/ponem5t1 #fg4 to lie on ! table1 #ga1 #gb4 = adj\rnm5t1 #adj4 = ! ord]s ( ! day1 #adg1 #adh4 by a "q ( privilege1 #ada4 by a "q ( ord]1 #aec1 #bcj4 by a call ( a memb] to ord]1 #bjj1 #bad4 ,reports ( ,committees1 h[ made & receiv$1 #bhf to #bhi4 h[ treat$ & dispos$ (1 #bib to #bif4 ( a pap] ) am5dm5ts1 #bhh4 action ^u1 #aid1 #aie1 #bib to #bif4 :5 a new draft ( a pap]1 #aif4 acceptance (1 #bie1 #bif4 ( committees ( ! :ole1 #caj4 :5 to be receiv$1 #caa4 ,reprim&1 #db4 ,see ,puni%m5t4 ,resolution1 :at1 #ac1 #bcc4 ,returns1 #f4 "t = inve/igat+1 #g4 mode ( inve/igat+1 #g4 :o to be on ! inve/igat+ committee1 #h4 :o to be he>d on a "q on1 #h4 ,roll1 call+ (1 #cb1 #ce1 #bde4 ,rules ( debate & proce$+1 subject (1 #ad1 #ae4 g5]al purpose (1 #cae4 :at are necess>ily adopt$ by assembly1 #aj1 #bj4 ! same 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&1 #aa4 usage does n give !m ! "* ( g5]al laws1 #ab4 to be en=c$ )\t delay or debate1 #bb1 #aea1 #aeb4 :o may notice an infr+em5t (1 #bb4 special1 ea* assembly may adopt1 #aj1 #bj4 sup]s$e ord9>y p>liam5t>y rules1 #aj4 usually provide = _! own am5dm5t1 #ba4 may be susp5d$ on motion1 #ba1 #afc1 #afd4 motion to susp5d1 sup]s$es ! orig9al "q1 #afc4 susp5d$ only by g5]al cons5t1 #ba1 #afd4 usually provide = _! own susp5sion1 #afd4 may det]m9e ! numb] necess>y to express ! w ( ! assembly1 #be4 ,see ,read+ ( ,pap]s1 ,speak+4 ,second>y ,que/ions1 #aff4 ,see ,subsidi>y ,que/ions4 ,second+ ( motions1 #ee1 #cji4 ,secret>y1 #e4 ,see ,record+ ,(fic]4 ,sep>ation ( propositions1 h[ effect$1 #hi4 ,speak+1 rules z to mann] (1 #bjc to #bjh4 z to matt] 91 #bji to #bad4 z to times (1 #bae to #bai4 memb]1 to /& uncov]$1 #bjc1 #bjh4 n to make p]sonal rem>ks1 #baa4 n to m5tion names ( memb]s1 #bjf4 n to reflect on ! assembly1 or on its prior det]m9ations1 #baj4 conf9$ to ! subject1 #bji1 #bac4 n to be int]rupt$1 #bai4 to speak b once on ! same "q1 #bae1 #baf1 except by leave1 #bag4 or to expla9 himself 9 matt] ( fact1 #bah4 ,see ,debate1 ,presid+ ,(fic]4 ,spee*1 read+ (1 by memb]1 #aeg4 ,subsidi>y ,que/ions1 #aff to #ahg4 nature & effect (1 #aff4 enum]ation (1 #afg4 _c be appli$ to "o ano!r1 #afh4 exceptions to ?is rule1 #afi4 lie on ! table1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc4 am5dm5t1 #ahd to #ahg4 previ\s "q1 #agd1 #age4 po/ponem5t1 #agf to #ahj4 commitm5t1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,susp5sion ( a rule1 #ba1 #afc1 #afd4 ,see ,rules4 ,transposition ( proposition1 h[ effect$1 #ij4 ,vice-,presid5t1 duties (1 #e1 #bh4 ,see ,(fic]s4 ,vote1 :at1 #ac1 #bcc4 ,vot+1 "r & duty (1 #da1 #bdd4 prohibition f1 #db4 ,see ,memb]s4 ,w ( assembly1 majority necess>y to express1 #bd4 special rule may det]m9e :at proportion may express1 #be4 ,)drawal ( motion c be only by leave1 #afa4 effect ( vote ^u motion = leave =1 #afb4 ,yeas & ,nays1 h[ tak51 #cb1 #bde4 9 ,massa*usetts1 #bdf4 :at numb] ( memb]s may require1 #be4 =m ( putt+ "q1 #bde4 ,,wa%+ton',s ,,f>ewell ,,address4 ,fri5ds & ,fell[-,citiz5s3 ,! p]iod = a new election ( a citiz5 to adm9i/] ! executive gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ n f> di/ant1 & ! "t actually arriv$ :5 y\r ?\ghts mu/ be employ$ 9 designat+ ! p]son :o is to be clo!d ) t important tru/1 x appe>s to me prop]1 especially z x may conduce to a m di/9ct expression ( ! public voice1 t ,i %\ld n[ apprise y ( ! resolution ,i h =m$1 to decl9e be+ consid]$ among ! numb] ( ^? out ( :om ! *oice is to be made4 ,i beg y at ! same "t to d me ! ju/ice to be assur$1 t ?is resolution has n be5 tak51 )\t a /rict reg>d to all ! consid]ations app]ta9+ to ! relation :i* b9ds a dutiful citiz5 to 8 c\ntry2 & t 9 )draw+ ! t5d] ( s]vice1 :i* sil5ce 9 my situation might imply1 ,i am influ5c$ by no dim9ution ( zeal = y\r future int]e/2 no defici5cy ( grateful respect = y\r pa/ k9dness2 b am support$ by a full conviction1 t ! /ep is compatible ) bo?4 ,! acceptance (1 & cont9uance hi!rto 91 ! (fice to :i* y\r suffrages h twice call$ me1 h be5 a uni=m sacrifice ( incl9ation to ! op9ion ( duty1 & to a def]5ce = :at appe>$ to be y\r desire4 ,i con/antly hop$ t x w\ld h be5 mu* e>li] 9 my p[]1 consi/5tly ) motives :i* ,i 0 n at lib]ty to disreg>d1 to return to t retirem5t f :i* ,i _h be5 reluctantly drawn4 ,! /r5g? ( my incl9ation to d ?is1 previ\s to ! la/ election1 _h ev5 l$ to ! prep>ation ( an address to decl>e x to y2 b mature reflection on ! !n p]plex$ & critical po/ure ( our affairs ) =eign nations1 & ! unanim\s advice ( p]sons entitl$ to my confid5ce1 impell$ me to ab&on ! idea4 ,i rejoice t ! /ate ( y\r conc]ns1 ext]nal z well z int]nal1 no long] r5d]s ! pursuit ( incl9ation incompatible ) ! s5tim5t ( duty or propriety2 & am p]suad$1 :atev] p>tiality may be reta9$ = my s]vices1 t 9 ! pres5t circum/ances ( our c\ntry1 y w n disapprove ( my det]m9ation to retire4 ,! impressions ) :i* ,i fir/ und]took ! ardu\s tru/ 7 expla9$ on ! prop] occasion4 ,9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is tru/ ,i w only say t ,i h1 ) good int5tions1 contribut$ t[>d ! organization & adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t ! be/ ex]tions ( :i* a v fallible judgm5t 0 capable4 ,n unconsci\s1 9 ! outset1 ( ! inf]iority ( my qualifications1 exp]i5ce 9 my own eyes1 p]haps /ill m 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 has /r5g!n$ ! motives to diffid5ce ( myself2 & e day ! increas+ weight ( ye>s admoni%es me m & m1 t ! %ade ( retirem5t is z necess>y to me z x w be welcome4 ,satisfi$ t if any circum/ances h giv5 peculi> value to my s]vices1 !y 7 tempor>y1 ,i h ! consolation to believe1 t :ile *oice & prud5ce invite me to quit ! political sc5e1 patriotism does n =bid x4 ,9 look+ =w>d to ! mom5t :i* is to t]m9ate ! c>e] ( my political life1 my feel+s d n p]mit me to susp5d ! deep ackn[l$gm5t ( t debt ( gratitude :i* ,i owe to my belov$ c\ntry1 = ! _m honors x has conf]r$ ^u me2 /ill m = ! /eadfa/ confid5ce ) :i* x has support$ me2 & = ! opportunities ,i h !nce enjoy$ ( manife/+ my inviolable atta*m5t1 by s]vices fai?ful & p]sev]+1 ?\gh 9 usefulness unequal to my zeal4 ,if b5efits h result$ to our c\ntry f ^! s]vices1 let x always be rememb]$ to y\r praise1 & z an in/ructive example 9 our annals1 t "u circum/ances 9 :i* ! passions agitat$ 9 e direction1 7 liable to mislead--amid/ appe>ances sometimes dubi\s--vicissitudes ( =tune (t5 disc\rag+--9 situations 9 :i* n unfrequ5tly want ( success has c\nt5anc$ ! _s ( criticism--! con/ancy ( y\r support 0 ! ess5tial prop ( ! ef=ts & a gu>antee ( ! plans by :i* !y 7 effect$4 ,pr(\ndly p5etrat$ ) ?is idea1 ,i %all c>ry x ) me to my grave1 z a /rong incitem5t to unceas+ wi%es1 t ,heav5 may cont9ue to y ! *oice/ tok5s ( its b5efic5ce--t y\r union & bro!rly affection may be p]petual--t ! free con/itution :i* is ! "w ( y\r h&s1 may be sacr$ly ma9ta9$--t its adm9i/ration 9 e dep>tm5t may be /amp$ ) wisdom & virtue--t1 9 f9e1 ! happ9ess ( ! p ( ^! ,/ates1 "u ! auspices ( lib]ty1 may be made complete1 by s c>eful a pres]vation & s prud5t a use ( ?is bless+1 z w acquire to !m ! glory ( recomm5d+ x to ! applause1 ! affection1 & ! adoption ( e nation :i* is yet a /rang] to x4 ,"h1 p]haps1 ,i ought to /op4 ,b a solicitude = y\r welf>e1 :i* c n end b ) my life1 & ! appreh5sion ( dang] natural to t solicitude1 urge me1 on an occasion l ! pres5t1 to (f] to y\r solemn contemplation1 & to recomm5d to y\r frequ5t view1 "s s5tim5ts1 :i* are ! result ( mu* reflection1 ( no inconsid]able obs]vation1 & :i* appe> to me all-important to ! p]man5cy ( y\r felicity z a p4 ,^! w be (f]$ to y ) ! m fre$om1 z y c only see 9 !m ! dis9t]e/$ w>n+ ( a p>t+ fri5d1 :o c possibly h no p]sonal motive to bias 8 c\nsel4 ,nor c ,i =get z an enc\ragem5t to x y\r indulg5t reception ( my s5tim5ts on a =m] & n dissimil> occasion4 ,int]wov5 z is ! love ( lib]ty ) e ligam5t ( y\r he>ts1 no recomm5dation ( m9e is necess>y to =tify or confirm ! atta*m5t4 ,! unity ( gov]nm5t1 :i* con/itutes y "o p1 is also n[ de> to y4 ,x is ju/ly s2 = x is a ma9 pill> 9 ! edifice ( y\r real indep5d5ce2 ! support ( y\r tranquillity at home2 y\r peace abroad2 ( y\r safety1 ( y\r prosp]ity2 ( t v lib]ty :i* y s highly prize4 ,b z x is easy to =esee1 t f diff]5t causes & f diff]5t qu>t]s1 mu* pa9s w be tak51 _m artifices employ$ to weak5 9 y\r m9ds ! conviction ( ?is tru?2 z ?is is ! po9t 9 y\r political =tress aga9/ :i* ! batt]ies ( int]nal & ext]nal enemies w be mo/ con/antly & actively 7?\gh (t5 cov]tly & insidi\sly7 direct$1 x is ( inf9ite mom5t t y %\ld prop]ly e/imate ! imm5se value ( y\r national union1 to y\r collective & individual happ9ess2 t y %\ld *]i% a cordial1 habitual1 & immovable atta*m5t to x2 accu/om y\rself to ?9k & speak ( x z ( ! palladium ( y\r political safety & prosp]ity2 wat*+ = its pres]vation ) jeal\s anxiety2 disc\nt5anc+ :atev] may sugge/ ev5 a suspicion t x c 9 any ev5t be ab&on$2 & indignantly fr[n+ ^u ! fir/ dawn+ ( e attempt to ali5ate any portion ( our c\ntry f ! re/1 or to enfeeble ! sacr$ ties :i* n[ l9k toge!r ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,= ?is y h e inducem5t ( sympa?y & int]e/4 ,citiz5s by bir? or *oice ( a common c\ntry1 t c\ntry has a "r to conc5trate y\r affections4 ,! "n ( ,,am]ican1 :i* belongs to y 9 y\r national capacity1 mu/ always exalt ! j pride ( patriotism1 m ?an any appellation d]iv$ f local discrim9ations4 ,) slight %ades ( diff]5ce1 y h ! same religion1 mann]s1 habits1 & political pr9ciples4 ,y h 9 a common cause f\ght & triumph$ toge!r2 ! indep5d5ce & lib]ty y possess are ! "w ( jo9t c\ncils & jo9t ef=ts--( common dang]s1 suff]+s1 & successes4 ,b ^! consid]ations1 h[ev] p[]fully !y address !mselves to y\r s5sibility1 are greatly outweigh$ by ^? :i* apply m imm$iately to y\r int]e/4 ,"h e portion ( our c\ntry f9ds ! mo/ comm&+ motives = c>efully gu>d+ & pres]v+ ! union ( ! :ole4 ,! nor?1 9 an unre/ra9$ int]c\rse ) ! s\?1 protect$ by ! equal laws ( a common gov]nm5t1 f9ds 9 ! productions ( ! latt]1 great additional res\rces ( m>itime & comm]cial ent]prise1 & preci\s mat]ials ( manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,! s\?1 9 ! same int]c\rse1 b5efit+ by ! ag5cy ( ! nor?1 sees its agriculture gr[ & its comm]ce exp&4 ,turn+ p>tly into its own *annels ! seam5 ( ! nor?1 x f9ds its p>ticul> navigation invigorat$--& :ile x contributes1 9 diff]5t ways1 to n\ri% & increase ! g5]al mass ( ! national navigation1 x looks =w>d to ! protection ( a m>itime /r5g?1 to :i* itself is equally adapt$4 ,! ea/1 9 l int]c\rse ) ! we/1 already f9ds1 & 9 ! progressive improvem5t ( int]ior communications1 by l& & wat]1 w m & m f9d a valuable v5t = ! commodities :i* x br+s f abroad1 or manufactures at home4 ,! we/ d]ives f ! ea/ supplies requisite to its gr[? & com=t--&1 :at is ( p]haps /ill great] consequ5ce1 x mu/ ( necessity owe ! secure enjoym5t ( indisp5sable outlets = its own productions1 to ! weight1 influ5ce1 & ! future m>itime /r5g? ( ! ,atlantic side ( ! union1 direct$ by an indissoluble community ( int]e/ z "o nation4 ,any o!r t5ure by :i* ! we/ c hold ?is ess5tial advantage1 :e!r d]iv$ f its own sep>ate /r5g?1 or f an apo/ate & unnatural connection ) any =eign p[]1 mu/ be intr9sically prec>i\s4 ,:ile !n e "p ( our c\ntry ?us feels an imm$iate & p>ticul> int]e/ 9 union1 all ! p>ts comb9$ c n fail to f9d 9 ! unit$ mass ( means & ef=ts1 great] /r5g?1 great] res\rces1 proportionately great] security f ext]nal dang]1 a less frequ5t int]ruption ( _! peace by =eign nations2 &1 :at is ( ine/imable value1 !y mu/ d]ive f union an exemption f ^? broils & w>s betwe5 !mselves1 :i* s frequ5tly afflict neighbor+ c\ntries n ti$ toge!r by ! same gov]nm5t :i* _! own rival%ips alone w\ld be suffici5t to produce2 b :i* opposite =eign alliances1 atta*m5ts1 & intrigues w\ld /imulate & imbitt]4 ,h5ce1 likewise1 !y w avoid ! necessity ( ^? ov]-gr[n milit>y e/abli%m5ts1 :i*1 "u any =m ( gov]nm5t1 are inauspici\s to lib]ty1 & :i* are to be reg>d$ z p>ticul>ly ho/ile to republican lib]ty4 ,9 ?is s5se x is t y\r union ought to be consid]$ z a ma9 prop ( y\r lib]ty1 & t ! love ( ! "o ought to ende> to y ! pres]vation ( ! o!r4 ,^! consid]ations speak a p]suasive language to e reflect+ & virtu\s m9d1 & exhibit ! cont9uance ( ! union z a prim>y object ( patriotic desire4 ,is !re a d\bt :e!r a common gov]nm5t c embrace s l>ge a sph]e8 ,let exp]i5ce solve x4 ,to li/5 to m]e speculation 9 su* a case 7 crim9al4 ,we are au?oriz$ to hope t a prop] organization ( ! :ole1 ) ! auxili>y ag5cy ( gov]nm5ts = ! respective subdivisions1 w af=d a happy issue to ! exp]im5t4 ,x is well wor? a fair & full exp]im5t4 ,) su* p[]ful & obvi\s motives to union affect+ all p>ts ( our c\ntry1 :ile exp]i5ce %all n h demon/rat$ its impracticability1 !re w always be reason to di/ru/ ! patriotism ( ^? :o1 9 any qu>t]1 may endeavor to weak5 its b&s4 ,9 contemplat+ ! causes :i* may di/urb our union1 x occurs z matt] ( s]i\s conc]n1 t any gr\nd %\ld h be5 furni%$ = *>act]iz+ p>ties by geographical discrim9ations--,nor!rn & ,s\!rn--,atlantic & ,we/]n2 :5ce design+ m5 may endeavor to excite a belief t !re is real diff]5ce ( local int]e/s & views4 ,"o ( ! exp$i5ts ( p>ty to acquire influ5ce1 )9 p>ticul> di/ricts1 is to misrepres5t ! op9ions & aims ( o!r di/ricts4 ,y c n %ield y\rselves too mu* aga9/ ! jeal\sies & he>t-burn+s :i* spr+ f ^! misrepres5tations2 !y t5d to r5d] ali5 to ea* o!r ^? :o ought to be b\nd toge!r by frat]nal affection4 ,! inhabitants ( our we/]n c\ntry h lately _h a useful lesson on ?is head4 ,!y h se51 9 ! negotiation by ! executive1 & 9 ! unanim\s ratification by ! s5ate1 ( ! treaty ) ,spa91 & 9 ! univ]sal satisfaction at t ev5t ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a decisive pro( h[ unf\nd$ 7 ! suspicion propagat$ among !m ( a policy 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates unfri5dly to _! int]e/s 9 reg>d to ! ,mississippi4 ,!y h be5 witnesses to ! =mation ( two treaties--t ) ,great ,brita9 & t ) ,spa9--:i* secure to !m ev]y?+ !y c\ld desire 9 respect to our =eign relations t[>d confirm+ _! prosp]ity4 ,w x n be _! wisdom to rely = ! pres]vation ( ^! advantages on ! union by :i* !y 7 procur$8 ,w !y n h5ce=? be deaf to ^? advis]s1 if su* !re are1 :o w\ld sev] !m f _! bre?r5 & connect !m ) ali5s8 ,to ! efficacy & p]man5cy ( y\r union1 a gov]nm5t = ! :ole is indisp5sable4 ,no alliances1 h[ev] /rict1 betwe5 ! p>ts c be an adequate sub/itute2 !y mu/ inevitably exp]i5ce ! infractions & int]ruptions :i* all alliances 9 all times h exp]i5c$4 ,s5sible ( ?is mom5t\s tru?1 y h improv$ ^u y\r fir/ essay1 by ! adoption ( a con/itution ( gov]nm5t bett] calculat$ ?an y\r =m]1 = an intimate union1 & = ! efficaci\s managem5t ( y\r common conc]ns4 ,?is gov]nm5t--! (fspr+ ( y\r own *oice1 un9flu5c$ & unaw$1 adopt$ ^u full inve/igation & mature delib]ation1 completely free 9 its pr9ciples1 9 ! di/ribution ( its p[]s unit+ security ) en]gy1 & conta9+ )9 itself a provision = its own am5dm5ts--has a j claim to y\r confid5ce & y\r support4 ,respect = its au?ority1 compliance ) its laws1 acquiesc5ce 9 its measures1 are duties enjo9$ by ! fundam5tal maxims ( true lib]ty4 ,! basis ( our political sy/ems is ! "r ( ! p to make & to alt] _! con/itutions ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! con/itution :i* at any "t exi/s1 until *ang$ by an explicit & au!ntic act ( ! :ole p1 is sacr$ly obligatory ^u all4 ,! v idea ( ! p[] & ! "r ( ! p to e/abli% a gov]nm5t1 presupposes ! duty ( e individual to obey ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t4 ,all ob/ructions to ! execution ( ! laws1 all comb9ations & associations1 "u :atev] plausible "*1 ) ! real design to direct1 control1 c\nt]act1 or awe ! regul> delib]ations & actions ( ! con/itut$ au?orities1 are de/ructive ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & ( fatal t5d5cy4 ,!y s]ve to organize faction1 to give x an artificial & extraord9>y =ce1 to put 9 ! place ( ! delegat$ w ( ! nation ! w ( a p>ty1 (t5 a small b artful & ent]pris+ m9ority ( ! community2 &1 accord+ to ! alt]nate triumphs ( diff]5t p>ties1 to make ! public adm9i/ration ! mirror ( ! ill-conc]t$ & incongru\s projects ( faction1 r ?an ! organ ( consi/5t & :olesome plans1 dige/$ by common c\ncils1 & modifi$ by mutual int]e/s4 ,h[ev] comb9ations or associations ( ! above description may n[ & !n answ] popul> ends1 !y are likely1 9 ! c\rse ( "t & ?+s1 to become pot5t eng9es1 by :i* cunn+1 ambiti\s1 & unpr9cipl$ m51 w be enabl$ to subv]t ! p[] ( ! p1 & to usurp = !mselves ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 de/roy+ aft]w>d ! v eng9es :i* h lift$ !m to unju/ dom9ion4 ,t[>ds ! pres]vation ( y\r gov]nm5t1 & ! p]man5cy ( y\r pres5t happy /ate1 x is requisite n only t y /eadily disc\nt5ance irregul> oppositions to its ackn[l$g$ au?ority1 b also t y resi/ ) c>e ! _s ( innovation ^u its pr9ciples1 h[ev] speci\s ! pretexts4 ,"o me?od ( assault may be to effect 9 ! =ms ( ! con/itution alt]ations :i* w impair ! en]gy ( ! sy/em1 & ?us to und]m9e :at c n be directly ov]?r[n4 ,9 all ! *anges to :i* y may be invit$1 rememb] t "t & habit are at lea/ z necess>y to fix ! true "* ( gov]nm5ts z ( o!r human in/itutions--t exp]i5ce is ! sure/ /&>d by :i* to te/ ! real t5d5cy ( ! exi/+ con/itution ( a c\ntry--t facility 9 *anges ^u ! cr$it ( a m]e hypo!sis & op9ion1 exposes to p]petual *ange f ! endless v>iety ( hypo!sis & op9ion2 & rememb] especially t = ! effici5t managem5t ( y\r common int]e/s1 9 a c\ntry s ext5sive z ours1 a gov]nm5t ( z mu* vigor z is consi/5t ) ! p]fect security ( lib]ty1 is indisp5sable4 ,lib]ty itself w f9d 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 ) p[]s prop]ly di/ribut$ & adju/$1 its sure/ gu>dian4 ,x is1 inde$1 little else ?an a "n1 :]e ! gov]nm5t is too feeble to )/& ! ent]prises ( faction1 to conf9e ea* memb] ( ! society )9 ! limits prescrib$ by ! laws1 & to ma9ta9 all 9 ! secure & tranquil enjoym5t ( ! rights ( p]son & prop]ty4 ,i h already intimat$ to y ! dang] ( p>ties 9 ! /ate1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ces to ! f\nd+ ( !m on geographical discrim9ations4 ,let me n[ take a m compreh5sive view1 & w>n y 9 ! mo/ solemn mann] aga9/ ! baneful effects ( ! _s ( p>ty1 g5]ally4 ,?is _s1 un=tunately1 is insep>able f our nature1 hav+ its root 9 ! /ronge/ passions ( ! human m9d4 ,x exi/s "u diff]5t %apes 9 all gov]nm5ts1 m or less /ifl$ or controll$ or repress$2 b 9 ^? ( ! popul> =m1 x is se5 9 its greate/ rankness1 & is truly _! wor/ enemy4 ,! alt]nate dom9ation ( "o faction ov] ano!r1 %>p5$ by ! _s ( rev5ge1 natural to p>ty diss5sion1 :i* 9 diff]5t ages & c\ntries has p]petrat$ ! mo/ horrid enormities1 is itself a frightful despotism4 ,b ?is leads at l5g? to a m =mal & p]man5t despotism4 ,! disord]s & mis]ies :i* result1 gradually incl9e ! m9ds ( m5 to seek security & repose 9 ! absolute p[] ( an individual3 & soon] or lat] ! *ief ( "s prevail+ faction1 m able or m =tunate ?an 8 competitors1 turns ?is disposition to ! purposes ( 8 own elevation1 on ! ru9s ( public lib]ty4 ,)\t look+ =w>d to an extremity ( ?is k9d 7:i* nev]!less ought n to be entirely out ( sight71 ! common & cont9ual mis*iefs ( ! _s ( p>ty1 are suffici5t to make x ! int]e/ & duty ( a wise p to disc\rage & re/ra9 x4 ,x s]ves always to di/ract ! public c\ncils1 & enfeeble ! public adm9i/ration4 ,x agitates ! community ) ill-f\nd$ jeal\sies & false al>ms2 k9dles ! animosity ( "o "p aga9/ ano!r2 fom5ts occasional riot & insurrection4 ,x op5s ! door to =eign influ5ce & corruption1 :i* f9d a facilitat$ access to ! gov]nm5t itself ?r\gh ! *annels ( p>ty passions4 ,?us ! policy & ! w ( "o c\ntry are subject$ to ! policy & w ( ano!r4 ,!re is an op9ion t p>ties 9 free c\ntries are useful *ecks ^u ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 & s]ve to keep alive ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,?is1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 is probably true2 & 9 gov]nm5ts ( a mon>*ical ca/1 patriotism may look ) indulg5ce1 if n ) favor1 ^u ! _s ( p>ty4 ,b 9 ^? ( ! popul> "*1 9 gov]nm5ts purely elective1 x is a _s n to be enc\rag$4 ,f _! natural t5d5cy x is c]ta9 !re w always be en\gh ( t _s = e salut>y purpose4 ,& !re be+ con/ant dang] ( excess1 ! ef=t ought to be1 by =ce ( public op9ion1 to mitigate & assuage x4 ,a fire n to be qu5*$1 x dem&s a uni=m vigilance to prev5t its bur/+ into a flame1 le/1 in/ead ( w>m+1 x %\ld consume4 ,x is important1 likewise1 t ! habits ( ?9k+ 9 a free c\ntry %\ld inspire caution 9 ^? intru/$ ) its adm9i/ration1 to conf9e !mselves )9 _! respective con/itutional sph]es1 avoid+ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( "o dep>tm5t to encroa* ^u ano!r4 ,! _s ( ! encroa*m5t t5ds to consolidate ! p[]s ( all ! dep>tm5ts 9 "o1 & ?us to create1 :atev] ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 a real despotism4 ,a j e/imate ( t love ( p[]1 & pron5ess to abuse x1 :i* pr$om9ate 9 ! human he>t1 is suffici5t to satisfy u ( ! tru? ( ?is position4 ,! necessity ( reciprocal *ecks 9 ! ex]cise ( ! political p[]1 by divid+ & di/ribut+ x into diff]5t deposit>ies1 & con/itut+ ea* ! gu>dian ( ! public weal aga9/ invasions by ! o!rs1 has be5 ev9c$ by exp]im5ts anci5t & mod]n2 "s ( !m 9 our c\ntry1 & "u our own eyes4 ,to pres]ve !m mu/ be z necess>y z to in/itute !m4 ,if1 9 ! op9ion ( ! p1 ! di/ribution or modification ( ! con/itutional p[]s be1 9 any p>ticul>1 wrong1 let x be correct$ by an am5dm5t 9 ! way :i* ! con/itution designates2 b let !re be no *ange by usurpation2 = ?\gh ?is1 9 "o in/ance1 may be ! in/rum5t ( good1 x is ! cu/om>y weapon by :i* free gov]nm5ts are de/roy$4 ,! prec$5t mu/ always greatly ov]balance1 9 p]man5t evil1 any p>tial or transi5t b5efit :i* ! use c at any "t yield4 ,( all ! dispositions & habits :i* lead to political prosp]ity1 religion & morality are indisp5sable supports4 ,9 va9 w\ld t man claim ! tribute ( patriotism1 :o w\ld labor to subv]t ^! great pill>s ( human happ9ess1 ^! firme/ props ( ! duties ( m5 & citiz5s4 ,! m]e politician1 equally ) ! pi\s man1 ought to respect & to *]i% !m4 ,a volume c\ld n trace all _! connections ) private & public felicity4 ,let x simply be ask$ :]e is ! security = prop]ty1 = reputation1 = life1 if ! s5se ( religi\s obligation des]t ! oa?s :i* are ! in/rum5ts ( inve/igation 9 c\rts ( ju/ice8 ,& let u ) caution indulge ! supposition t morality c be ma9ta9$ )\t religion4 ,:atev] may be conc$$ ( ! influ5ce ( ref9$ education on m9ds ( peculi> /ructure1 reason & exp]i5ce bo? =bid u to expect t national morality c prevail 9 exclusion ( religi\s pr9ciple4 ,x is sub/antially true t virtue or morality is a necess>y spr+ ( popul> gov]nm5t4 ,! rule inde$ ext5ds ) m or less =ce to e species ( free gov]nm5t4 ,:o t is a s9c]e fri5d to x c look ) indiff]5ce ^u attempts to %ake ! f\ndation ( ! fabric8 ,promote1 !n1 z an object ( prim>y importance1 in/itutions = ! g5]al diffusion ( k4 ,9 proportion z ! /ructure ( a gov]nm5t gives =ce to public op9ion1 x is ess5tial t public op9ion %\ld be enlight5$4 ,z a v important s\rce ( /r5g? & security1 *]i% public cr$it4 ,"o me?od ( pres]v+ x is to use x z sp>+ly z possible1 avoid+ occasions ( exp5se1 by cultivat+ peace1 b rememb]+ also t timely disbursem5ts1 to prep>e = dang]s1 frequ5tly prev5t mu* great] disbursem5ts1 to repel x2 avoid+ likewise ! accumulation ( debt1 n only by %unn+ occasions ( exp5se1 b by vigor\s ex]tions 9 "t ( peace to dis*>ge ! debts :i* unavoidable w>s may h occasion$1 n ung5]\sly ?r[+ ^u po/]ity ! burd5 :i* we ourselves ought to be>4 ,! execution ( ^! maxims belongs to y\r repres5tatives1 b x is necess>y t public op9ion %\ld co-op]ate4 ,to facilitate to !m ! p]=mance ( _! duty1 x is ess5tial t y %\ld practically be> 9 m9d t t[>d ! paym5t ( debts !re mu/ be rev5ue2 t to h rev5ue !re mu/ be taxes2 & no taxes c be devis$ :i* are n m or less inconv5i5t & unpleasant2 t ! intr9sic emb>rassm5t insep>able f ! selection ( ! prop] objects 7:i* is always a *oice ( difficulties7 ought to be a decisive motive = a c&id con/ruction ( ! conduct ( ! gov]nm5t 9 mak+ x1 & = a _s ( acquiesc5ce 9 ! measures = obta9+ rev5ue :i* ! public exig5cies may at any "t dictate4 ,obs]ve good fai? & ju/ice t[>d all nations2 cultivate peace & h>mony ) all4 ,religion & morality enjo9 ?is conduct2 & c x be t good policy does n equally enjo9 x8 ,x w be wor?y ( a free1 enlight5$1 & 7at no di/ant p]iod7 a great nation1 to give to mank9d ! magnanim\s & novel example ( a p always guid$ by an exalt$ ju/ice & b5evol5ce4 ,:o c d\bt t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t & ?+s1 ! fruits ( su* a plan w\ld ri*ly repay any tempor>y advantages :i* might be lo/ by a /eady adh]5ce to x8 ,c x be t ,provid5ce has n connect$ ! p]man5t felicity ( a nation ) virtue8 ,! exp]im5t1 at lea/1 is recomm5d$ by e s5tim5t :i* ennobles human nature4 ,alas6 is x r5d]$ impossible by its vices8 ,9 ! execution ( su* a plan1 no?+ is m ess5tial ?an t p]man5t1 invet]ate antipa?ies aga9/ p>ticul> nations1 & passionate atta*m5ts = o!rs1 %\ld be exclud$2 & t1 9 ! place ( !m1 j & amicable feel+s t[>ds all %\ld be cultivat$4 ,! nation :i* indulges t[>ds ano!r an habitual hatr$1 or an habitual fondness1 is 9 "s degree a slave4 ,x is a slave to its animosity or to its affection1 ei!r ( :i* is suffici5t to lead x a/ray f its duty & its int]e/4 ,antipa?y 9 "o nation aga9/ ano!r disposes ea* m readily to (f] insult & injury1 to lay hold ( slight causes ( umbrage1 & to be haughty & intractable :5 accid5tal or trifl+ occasions ( dispute occur4 ,h5ce1 frequ5t collisions1 ob/9ate1 env5om$ & bloody conte/s4 ,! nation1 prompt$ by ill-w & res5tm5t1 sometimes impels to w> ! gov]nm5t1 contr>y to ! be/ calculations ( policy4 ,! gov]nm5t sometimes p>ticipates 9 ! national prop5sity1 & adopts1 ?r\gh passion1 :at reason w\ld reject2 at o!r times x makes ! animosity ( ! nation subs]vi5t to projects ( ho/ility1 in/igat$ by pride1 ambition1 & o!r s9i/] & p]nici\s motives4 ,! peace (t51 sometimes p]haps ! lib]ty ( nations1 has be5 ! victim4 ,s1 likewise1 a passionate atta*m5t ( "o nation = ano!r produces a v>iety ( evils4 ,sympa?y = ! favorite nation1 facilitat+ ! illusion ( an imag9>y common int]e/1 9 cases :]e no real common int]e/ exi/s1 & infus+ into "o ! enmities ( ! o!r1 betrays ! =m] into a p>ticipation 9 ! qu>rels & w>s ( ! latt] )\t adequate inducem5t or ju/ification4 ,x leads also to concessions to ! favorite nation1 ( privileges d5i$ to o!rs1 :i* is apt d\bly to injure ! nation mak+ ! concessions by unnecess>ily p>t+ ) :at ought to h be5 reta9$1 & by excit+ jeal\sy1 ill-w1 & a disposition to retaliate 9 ! p>ties f :om equal privileges are )held2 & x gives to ambiti\s1 corrupt$ or delud$ citiz5s 7:o devote !mselves to ! favorite nation7 facility to betray1 or sacrifice ! int]e/s ( _! own c\ntry1 )\t odium1 sometimes ev5 ) popul>ity1 gild+ ) ! appe>ances ( a virtu\s s5se ( obligation a comm5dable def]5ce = public op9ion1 or a laudable zeal = public good1 ! base or fooli% compliances ( ambition1 corruption1 or infatuation4 ,z av5ues to =eign influ5ce 9 innum]able ways1 su* atta*m5ts are p>ticul>ly al>m+ to ! truly enlight5$ & indep5d5t patriot4 ,h[ _m opportunities d !y af=d to tamp] ) dome/ic factions1 to practice ! arts ( s$uction1 to mislead public op9ion1 to influ5ce or awe ! public c\ncils2 su* an atta*m5t ( a small or weak1 t[>d a great & p[]ful nation1 dooms ! =m] to be ! satellite ( ! latt]4 ,aga9/ ! insidi\s wiles ( =eign influ5ce 7,i conjure y to believe me1 fell[-citiz5s71 ! jeal\sy ( a free p ought to be con/antly awake2 s9ce hi/ory & exp]i5ce prove t =eign influ5ce is "o ( ! mo/ baneful foes ( republican gov]nm5t4 ,b t jeal\sy1 to be useful1 mu/ be imp>tial1 else x becomes ! in/rum5t ( ! v influ5ce to be avoid$1 in/ead ( a def5se aga9/ x4 ,excessive p>tiality = "o =eign nation & excessive dislike ( ano!r1 cause ^? :om !y actuate to see dang] only on "o side1 & s]ve to veil & ev5 second ! arts ( influ5ce on ! o!r4 ,real patriots1 :o may resi/ ! intrigues ( ! favorite1 are liable to become suspect$ & odi\s1 :ile its tools & dupes usurp ! applause & confid5ce ( ! p to surr5d] _! int]e/s4 ,! great rule ( conduct = u 9 reg>d to =eign nations is1 9 ext5d+ our comm]cial relations1 to h ) !m z little political connection z possible4 ,s f> z we h already =m$ engagem5ts1 let !m be fulfill$ ) p]fect good fai?4 ,"h let u /op4 ,europe has a set ( prim>y int]e/s :i* to u h none1 or a v remote relation4 ,h5ce1 %e mu/ be engag$ 9 frequ5t controv]sies1 ! causes ( :i* are ess5tially =eign to our conc]ns4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 x mu/ be unwise 9 u to implicate ourselves1 by artificial ties1 9 ! ord9>y vicissitudes ( h] politics1 or ! ord9>y comb9ations & collisions ( h] fri5d%ips or h] enmities4 ,our deta*$ & di/ant situation invites & enables u to pursue a diff]5t c\rse4 ,if we rema9 "o p1 "u an effici5t gov]nm5t1 ! p]iod is n f> (f :5 we may defy mat]ial injury f ext]nal annoyance2 :5 we may take su* an attitude z w cause ! neutrality1 we may at any "t resolve ^u1 to be scrupul\sly respect$2 :5 bellig]5t nations1 "u ! impossibility ( mak+ acquisitions ^u u1 w n lightly haz>d ! giv+ u provocation2 :5 we may *oose peace or w>1 z our int]e/1 guid$ by ju/ice1 %all c\nsel4 ,:y =ego ! advantages ( s peculi> a situation8 ,:y quit our own to /& ^u =eign gr\nd8 ,:y1 by int]weav+ our de/9y ) t ( any "p ( ,europe1 entangle our peace & prosp]ity 9 ! toils ( ,european ambition1 rival%ip1 int]e/1 humor1 or caprice8 ,x is our true policy to /e] cle> ( p]man5t alliances ) any portion ( ! =eign _w1 s f>1 ,i mean1 z we are n[ at lib]ty to d x2 = let me n be und]/ood z capable ( patroniz+ infidelity to exi/+ engagem5ts4 ,i hold ! maxim no less applicable to public ?an to private affairs1 t hone/y is always ! be/ policy4 ,i repeat x1 !re=e1 let ^? engagem5ts be obs]v$ 9 _! g5u9e s5se3 b1 9 my op9ion1 x is unnecess>y1 & w\ld be unwise to ext5d !m4 ,tak+ c>e always to keep ourselves1 by suitable e/abli%m5ts1 on a respectable def5sive po/ure1 we may safely tru/ to tempor>y alliances = extraord9>y em]g5cies4 ,h>mony & a lib]al int]c\rse ) all nations are recomm5d$ by policy1 humanity1 & int]e/4 ,b ev5 our comm]cial policy %\ld hold an equal & imp>tial h&1 nei!r seek+ nor grant+ exclusive favors or pref]5ces1 consult+ ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 diffus+ & div]sify+1 by g5tle means1 ! /reams ( comm]ce1 b =c+ no?+2 e/abli%+1 ) ! p[]s s dispos$1 9 ord] to give trade a /aple c\rse1 to def9e ! rights ( our m]*ants1 & to enable gov]nm5t to support !m1 conv5tional rules ( int]c\rse1 ! be/ t pres5t circum/ances & mutual op9ion w p]mit1 b tempor>y1 & liable to be1 f "t to "t1 ab&on$ or v>i$1 z exp]i5ce & circum/ances %all dictate2 con/antly keep+ 9 view1 t x is folly 9 "o nation to look = dis9t]e/$ favors f ano!r2 t x mu/ pay1 ) a portion ( its indep5d5ce1 = :atev] x may accept "u t "*2 t by su* acceptance x may place itself 9 ! condition ( hav+ giv5 equival5ts = nom9al favors1 & yet ( be+ reproa*$ ) +ratitude = n giv+ m4 ,!re c be no great] error ?an to expect or calculate ^u real favors f nation to nation4 ,x is an illusion :i* exp]i5ce mu/ cure1 :i* a j pride ought to disc>d4 ,9 (f]+ to y1 my c\ntrym51 ^! c\nsels ( an old & affectionate fri5d1 ,i d>e n hope !y w make ! /rong & la/+ impression ,i c\ld wi%2 t !y w control ! usual curr5t ( ! passions1 or prev5t our nation f runn+ ! c\rse :i* has hi!rto m>k$ ! de/9y ( nations2 b1 if ,i may ev5 flatt] myself t !y may be productive ( "s p>tial b5efit1 "s occasional good2 t !y may n[ & !n recur to mod]ate ! fury ( p>ty _s2 to w>n aga9/ ! mis*iefs ( =eign intrigue2 to gu>d aga9/ ! impo/ures ( pret5d$ patriotism2 ?is hope w be a full recomp5se = ! solicitude = y\r welf>e by :i* !y h be5 dictat$4 ,h[ f>1 9 ! dis*>ge ( my (ficial duties1 ,i h be5 guid$ by ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 del9eat$1 ! public records & o!r evid5ces ( my conduct mu/ witness to y & to ! _w4 ,to myself ! assurance ( my own consci5ce is1 t ,i h at lea/ believ$ myself to be guid$ by !m4 ,9 relation to ! /ill subsi/+ w> 9 ,europe1 my proclamation ( ! #bb;d ( ,april1 #agic1 is ! index to my plan4 ,sanction$ by y\r approv+ voice1 & by t ( y\r repres5tatives 9 bo? h\ses ( ,congress1 ! _s ( t measure has cont9ually gov]n$ me1 un9flu5c$ by any attempts to det] or div]t me f x4 ,aft] delib]ate exam9ation1 ) ! aid ( ! be/ lights ,i c\ld obta91 ,i 0 well satisfi$ t our c\ntry1 "u all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 _h a "r to take--& 0 b\nd 9 duty & int]e/ to take--a neutral position4 ,hav+ tak5 x1 ,i det]m9$1 z f> z %\ld dep5d on me1 to ma9ta9 x ) mod]ation1 p]sev]ance1 & firmness4 ,! consid]ations :i* respect ! "r to hold ?is conduct1 x is n necess>y on ?is occasion to detail4 ,i w only obs]ve t1 accord+ to my und]/&+ ( ! matt]1 t "r1 s f> f be+ d5i$ by any ( ! bellig]5t p[]s1 has be5 virtually admitt$ by all4 ,! duty ( hold+ a neutral conduct may be inf]r$1 )\t any?+ m1 f ! obligation :i* ju/ice & humanity impose on e nation1 9 cases 9 :i* x is free to act1 to ma9ta9 inviolate ! relations ( peace & amity t[>d o!r nations4 ,! inducem5t ( int]e/s = obs]v+ t conduct w be/ be ref]r$ to y\r own reflections & exp]i5ce4 ,) me1 a pr$om9ant motive has be5 to endeavor to ga9 "t to our c\ntry to settle & mature its yet rec5t in/itutions1 & to progress1 )\t int]ruption1 to t degree ( /r5g? & consi/5cy :i* is necess>y to give x1 humanly speak+1 ! comm& ( its own =tunes4 ,?\gh 9 review+ ! incid5ts ( my adm9i/ration1 ,i am unconsci\s ( int5tional error1 ,i am1 nev]!less1 too s5sible ( my defects n to ?9k x probable t ,i may h committ$ _m errors4 ,:atev] !y may be1 ,i f]v5tly besee* ! ,almighty to av]t or mitigate ! evils to :i* !y may t5d4 ,i %all also c>ry ) me ! hope t my c\ntry w nev] cease to view !m ) indulg5ce2 & t aft] =ty-five ye>s ( my life d$icat$ to its s]vice ) an upright zeal1 ! faults ( incompet5t abilities w be consign$ to oblivion1 z myself mu/ soon be to ! mansions ( re/4 ,rely+ on its k9dness 9 ?is z 9 o!r ?+s1 & actuat$ by t f]v5t love t[>ds x1 :i* is s natural to a man :o views 9 x ! native soil ( himself & 8 prog5itors = sev]al g5]ations1 ,i anticipate ) phas+ expectation t retreat 9 :i* ,i promise myself to realize1 )\t alloy1 ! sweet enjoym5t ( p>tak+ 9 ! mid/ ( my fell[-citiz5s1 ! b5ign influ5ce ( good laws "u a free gov]nm5t--! ev] favorite object ( my he>t1 & ! happy rew>d1 z ,i tru/1 ( our mutual c>es1 labors1 & dang]s4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,septemb] #ag1 #agif4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,unequivocal typographical & p>agraph numb]+ errors h be5 correct$4