,illu/ration3 ,cov] picture3 ,view ( ,burke ,m\nta9 7c5t]1 backgr\nd74 ,picture tak5 t[>d ! nor!a/ f ,/ate ,r\te #aad1 ab\t #e miles s\? ( ,ea/ ,burke4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,d>l+ ,,/ate ,,p>k ,by ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,,v]mont ,,geological ,,survey ,*>les ,g4 ,doll1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,=e/s ,,& ,,p>ks ,rob]t ,b4 ,williams1 ,commission] ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,wat] ,,res\rces #aifg ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,map %[+ ! location ( ,burke ,m\nta9 7,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k71 & m\nta9 peaks :i* c be se5 f ! summit ( ,burke ,m\nta94 ,jay ,peak #ci ,,miles #chfa ,gore ,mtn4 #be ,,miles #cccj ,monadnock ,mtn4 #bi ,,miles #cadj ,hay/ack ,mtn4 #ce ,,miles #cbbc ,belvid]e ,mtn4 #cd ,,miles #ccfj ,will\ghby ,lake #ae ,,miles ,bold ,mtn4 #ae ,,miles #ccae ,m\nt ,mansfield #dd ,,miles #dcic ,/one ,mtn4 #aa ,,miles #bgec ,m\nt ,wa%+ton #ce ,,miles #fbhh ,camels ,hump #ej ,,miles #djhe ,m\nt ,ascutney #hj ,,miles #cadd ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,d>l+ ,,/ate ,,p>k ,by ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,,introduction ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k1 locat$ 9 nor!a/]n ,v]mont 7see map1 8,burke ,m\nta910 ,fig4 #a71 (f]s out/&+ opportunities to ! camp]1 picnick]1 hik]1 view-seek] & w9t] sportsman4 ,on a cle> day ! top ( ,burke ,m\nta9 (f]s a mo/ spectacul> view ( nor!a/]n ,v]mont & su* di/ant po9ts z ,m\nt ,ascutney 7locat$ on ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 "s #hj miles z ! cr[ flies1 to ! s\?74 ,o!r prom95t peaks t may be se5 are ,camels ,hump 7#ej miles s\?we/71 ,m\nt ,mansfield 7#dd miles we/71 ,jay ,peak 7#ci miles nor?we/71 & ,m\nt ,wa%+ton 7! highe/ ,peak 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & ! nor!a/1 :i* is locat$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire "s #dg miles s\!a/ ( ,burke ,m\nta974 ,= ! travel]1 ! view f ,burke ,m\nta9 reveals 8:]e he has be50 & :]e he might 8next g40 ,see ,figure #a = ! location ( po9ts :i* c be se5 f ! ov]looks atop ,burke ,m\nta94 ,bo? ! pr(essional & amateur naturali/ w f9d ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k extremely int]e/+4 ,?is pamphlet is devot$ prim>ily to ! geology ( ! p>k1 b ! fauna & flora ( ?is area pres5t ! visitor ) days ( int]e/+ /udies4 ,x is hop$ t 9 ! ne> future pamphlets describ+ ^! aspects ( ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k w be publi%$4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,p>k ,be=e discuss+ ! m detail$ aspects ( ! geology ( ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k1 c]ta9 basic geologic concepts mu/ be expla9$4 ,b1 ev5 be=e su* a discussion1 x might be be/ to cl>ify ! position ( geology among ! _m o!r1 & (t5times int]relat$1 sci5ces4 ,! basic reason = ! sci5ce ( geology might be said to be tw(old2 "o is economic1 ! o!r relat$ to ,man's basic curiosity4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! geologi/ ?r\gh ! use ( 8 k ( ! e>?'s rocks1 locates ^? indisp5sable m9]als & fuels )\t :i* our advanc$ society & te*nology c\ld n exi/4 ,9 ! second1 ! geologi/ tries to unlock ! _m my/]ies )9 ! e>?'s cru/ m]ely to satisfy a ?ir/ = k & to pass su* k on to 8 fell[ man4 ,^! two basic reasons complem5t ea* o!r & all[ cont9u$ advancem5ts 9 geology1 bo? z a pure sci5ce & z a prim>y economic aid to ! nation4 ,z f\nd 9 mo/ sph]es ( pres5t-day sci5tific endeavor1 ! geologi/ relies heavily on o!r relat$ sci5ces = insight into problems at h&4 ,a basic k1 & (t5times an advanc$ k1 ( physics1 *emi/ry1 ma!matics & zoology1 to "n only "s1 are ne$$ be=e ! geologi/ c approa* _m ( 8 own problems4 ,x might be obvi\s to y by n[1 b a geologi/ w be c]ta9ly includ$ 9 ! fir/ sci5tific p>ty to j\rney to ! moon & planets4 ,)9 ! g5]al sci5ce ( geology are sev]al bran*es1 to "n only a few2 paleontology1 s$im5tology1 m9]alogy1 petrology1 /ratigraphy1 petroleum geology1 & /ructural geology4 ,ea* ( ^! bran*es or specialty-areas contributes basic data = ! ov]all int]pretation ( ! pa/ geologic hi/ory ( any giv5 geographic area4 ,! hi/orical geologi/ takes all ^! clues & attempts to fit ! pieces ( in=mation toge!r into a picture ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,! concept ( ,geologic ,"t mu/ be und]/ood be=e ! hi/ory ( ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k c be unravel$4 ,usually we ?9k ( "t 9 t]ms ( m9utes1 h\rs1 days1 weeks1 mon?s & ye>s4 ,! geologi/ ?9ks & talks 9 t]ms ( millions or ev5 billions ( ye>s4 ,"t units z %ort z hundr$s ( ye>s are impossible to di/+ui% 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 x is realiz$ t ! e>? is probably #d to #f billion 7#d1jjj to #f1jjj million7 ye>s old1 & ! record ( ^! ye>s is incomplete1 x is easy to und]/& :y ! geologi/ speaks 9 t]ms ( millions ( ye>s in/ead ( ye>s4 ,) mod]n me?ods ( radioactive dat+ ! geologi/ hopes = f9] "t def9itions 9 ! future4 ,9 %ort !n1 ! geologi/ int]prets & puts ord] into millions ( ye>s ( hi/ory :i* c only be 8read0 z record$ 9 ! rocks b5ea? our v feet4 ,( c\rse1 j look+ at ! rocks does n magically op5 ! book ( geologic hi/ory4 ,?is pamphlet is design$ to %>p5 y\r p[]s ( obs]vation & to help y 9 y\r int]pretation ( ^! obs]vations4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,?9-section ( granite f ,burke ,m\nta94 ,! ma9 m9]als se5 9 ?is photograph are feldsp> 7light gray c5t] "r1 m>k$ ) 8,f072 qu>tz 7:iti%1 m>k$ ) 8,q072 biotite 7light gray1 speckl$ appe>ance1 m>k$ ) 8,b074 ,note ! int]lock+ nature ( ! m9]als :i* make up ?is rock4 ,magnifi$ #ae times1 "u cross$ nicols4 ,,! ,,rocks ,,& ,,_! ,,hi/ory ,! mo/ conspicu\s rock f\nd 9 ! p>k is granite4#a ,along ! road :i* w9ds to ! summit ( ,burke ,m\nta9 y w see sev]al outcrops ( ! :ite or p9ki% biotite granite 7,fig4 #d74 ,?is granite is well display$ 9 ! summit p>k+ area & along ! trail to ! obs]vation t[] 7,figs4 #c & #e74 ,a walk d[n ! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail also %[s an abundance ( granite outcrops 7,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,speckl$ granite ) inclusion ( metamorphic rock4 ,black specks 9 granite are flakes ( black biotite mica4 ,metamorphic inclusion1 locat$ j above ! hamm] head %[s "s reaction ) ! invad+ granite4 ,pieces ( metamorphic rock 7 und]m9$ by & dropp$ into ! granite z x work$ its way upw>d into ^! rocks4 ,picture tak5 a few y>ds we/ ( ! t[] on top ( ,burke ,mt4 ,:ile look+ at "s ( ! above-m5tion$ photographs1 a second family ( rocks is discov]$ 7,figs4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h2 also1 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #af74 ,9 _m places ^! rocks h a lay]$ or b&$ appe>ance & 9 o!r places l>ge la?-l cry/als are common 9 "s ( ! lay]s4 ,9 "s areas ^! rocks are v het]og5e\s 9 appe>ance & display di/ort$ lay]s & pr(use developm5t ( la?-l cry/als 7,figs4 #ab & #ac74 ,^! rocks belong to ! second major family ( rocks1 ! ,metamorphic rocks4 ,! metamorphic rocks#b se5 9 ! p>k 7 orig9ally s$im5t>y#c rocks4 ,^! rocks belong to ! ,gile ,m\nta9 ,=mation#d :i* 0 deposit$ dur+ ! ,devonian ,p]iod "s #cjj million ye>s ago 7see ,geologic ,"t ,scale#e1 ,fig4 #ad74 ,s mu* = ! two major families ( rocks pres5t 9 ! p>k1 ! igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 & h[ to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,let u assume t y c n[ di/+ui% betwe5 ! granite & ! metamorphic rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,outcrop ( biotite granite locat$ on ! summit road betwe5 ! second & ?ird turns f ! summit ( ,burke ,m\nta9 & on ! "r side ( ! road if desc5d+4 ,note ! 8%eet+ /ructure0 or flat jo9t surface :i* slopes or dips into ! road4 ,?is flat break 9 ! rock 0 probably caus$ by ! release 9 pressure ( ! ov]ly+ glacial ice :5 x melt$ f ?is region4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,ea/ side ( p>k+ area1 summit ( ,burke ,m\nta94 ,outcrop ( granite ) _m metamorphic rock inclusions 7hamm]1 c5t] ( picture1 re/s on l>ge inclusion74 ,lay]+ or b&+ 9 ! inclusions is almo/ v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,outcrop locat$ ab\t midway d[n ! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail4 ,alt]nat+ metamorphic qu>tzite & phyllite invad$ by light] color$ & speckl$ biotite granite4 ,note h[ ! granite cross-cuts ! lay]$ or b&$ metamorphic rocks4 ,?is cross-cutt+ po9ts out ! fact t ! lay]+ or b&+ 0 pres5t prior to ! invasion ( ! granite4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,outcrop locat$ ab\t midway d[n ! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail4 ,metamorphic qu>tzite & phyllite 7d>k] color7 & invad+ biotite granite 7light speckl$ appe>ance74 ,"h ! granite has a m or less con=mable relation%ip to ! lay]s or b&s 9 ! metamorphic rock4 ,comp>e ?is relation%ip ) ! cross-cutt+ relation%ip 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,= scale1 ! h&le ( ! geologic hamm] or pick is ab\t #ab in*es long4 ,n[1 :at is ! relation%ip ( "o to ! o!r8 ,t is1 :]e y c see bo? ( ^! rock types expos$ toge!r 9 "o outcrop1 c y describe ! physical contact ( "o ) ! o!r8 ,= in/ance1 look at ,figure #f1 :i* 0 tak5 ab\t midway d[n ! ,be> ,d5 ,trail1 "h y see ! granite 7! :ite speckl$ igne\s rock :i* cuts horizontally across ! picture7 cutt+ across ! di/9ctly lay]$ or b&$ metamorphic rocks4 ,! granite is said to h a cross-cutt+ relation%ip to ! metamorphic rocks4 ,9 "s outcrops ! granite is m or less p>allel to ! lay]s ( metamorphic rock 7,fig4 #g74 ,"h1 ! granite is said to h a con=mable relation%ip ) ! metamorphic rocks4 ,/ill ano!r relation%ip betwe5 ! granite & ! metamorphic rock is se5 9 ,figure #h4 ,"h1 blocks ( metamorphic rocks are inclos$ by granite4 ,^! inclos$ blocks are call$ inclusions & are pieces ( invad$ rock :i* fell into or 7 encircl$ by ! invad+ granite4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,inclusion ( lay]$ or b&$ metamorphic rock 7hamm] is re/+ on ?is inclusion7 9 light] color$ biotite granite z se5 along ! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail4 ,! metamorphic rocks 7 invad$ & und]m9$ by ! granitic rocks1 ) ! result t pieces ( ! metamorphic rock 7 surr\nd$ by granite4 ,= scale1 ! h&le ( ! geologic hamm] or pick is ab\t #ab in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4 ,picture tak5 along ! ,burke ,m\nta9 summit road ( typical ,gile ,m\nta9 metamorphic rock4 ,"h ! rocks dip almo/ v]tically4 ,= ^? m advanc$ 9 geology1 note ! pill[-l segm5ts or b\d9age /ructure ab\t "o foot to ! left ( ! *isel po9t ( ! hamm]4 ,?is /ructure is due to a /ret*+ ( ! rock4 ,= scale1 ! hamm] h&le is ab\t #ab in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4 ,b&$ or lay]$ metamorphic rocks ) int]-squeez$ granite 7light] color$ mat]ial74 ,?is outcrop is locat$ on ea/ side ( ! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail & q close to ! ,burke ,m\nta9 summit road4 ,! hamm] h&le1 c5t] ( picture1 is ab\t "o foot long4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4 ,picture tak5 only a few y>ds f ! ,burke ,m\nta9 obs]vation t[]1 along ! pa? to ! summit p>k+ lot1 look+ nor?we/4 ,"h y see metamorphic rocks 7qu>tzite & phyllite7 ) "s int]-squeez$ granite4 ,note h[ ! ne>ly v]tical metamorphic rock lay]s b5d or 8wrap-ar\nd0 to ! "r4 ,! highly resi/ant int]-squeez$ granite actually holds ,burke ,m\nta9 up1 or to be m sci5tific1 x prev5ts ^! rocks f be+ worn d[n z fa/ z ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,= scale1 see ! clip bo>d 9 ! c5t] ( ! picture4 ,f ^! relation%ips1 :at c be said ab\t ! relative ages ( ! two rock types8 ,:i* is ! old]1 or fir/ =m$8 ,:i* is ! la/ =m$8 ,if y /udy ! above relation%ips = a m9ute or s1 x w become obvi\s t ! lay]$ rock _h to be =m$ prior to ! emplacem5t ( ! granite4 ,"s ( ! m9]als n[ se5 9 ! lay]$ or b&$ metamorphic rocks 7 =m$ at ! "t ( granite intrusion1 b ! basic 8/uff0 or p>tially metamorphos$ s$im5t>y rock 0 pres5t be=e ! granite ent]$ ! area f b5ea?4 ,s1 ! k ( ! two rock types pres5t & an und]/&+ ( _! relation%ip to "o ano!r tells u a /ory ( at lea/ two ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 ! p>k area hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4 ,outcrop on s\? ,look\t1 summit ( ,burke ,m\nta94 ,di/ort$ lay]s ( ,gile ,m\nta9 metamorphic rock4 ,la?-l cry/als develop$ along "s ( ^! lay]s dur+ ! second p]iod ( metamorphism1 t is1 :5 ! granite invad$ ! metamorphic rocks4 ,= scale1 ! hamm] h&le is ab\t "o foot long4 ,c we f9d o!r facts 9 ^! rocks :i* might add to ! above-m5tion$ ev5ts8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is1 yes6 ,! types ( m9]als f\nd 9 ! metamorphic rocks c\pl$ ) ! inh]it$ lay]$ /ructure s common 9 ^! rocks1 tells u t !y 7 once s$im5t>y rocks4 ,!re is o!r evid5ce :i* indicates t ^! s$im5t>y rocks 7 slightly metamorphos$ & fold$ prior to ! invasion ( ! granite4 ,add$ in=mation indicates t ^! same rocks 7 subject$ to increas+ temp]atures ) ! invasion ( ! granite & ano!r metamorphic m9]al *ange took place4 ,?us f>1 ! rocks h told u ab\t f\r di/9ct ev5ts2 ! deposition & h>d5+ ( ! ,gile ,m\nta9 ,=mation ( s$im5t>y rocks1 ! fir/ p]iod ( wide-spread metamorphism1 accompani$ by broad fold+1 ! invasion ( ! granite1 & a second phase ( metamorphism ) ! increas$ temp]atures produc$ by ?is invasion 7see cross-sections illu/rat+ ! geologic hi/ory ( ! p>k area1 ,fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4 ,photograph ( ! outcrop b5ea? ! obs]vation t[]1 summit ( ,burke ,m\nta94 ,note ! het]og5e\s appe>ance ( ! granite-infiltrat$ metamorphic rock4 ,"h ! metamorphic rock approa*es granite itself 9 composition & if ! process _h progress$ a bit m1 x w\ld be said to be granitiz$ rock4 ,l>ge la?-l cry/als are v prom95t 9 ! rocks ( ?is outcrop4 ,! f\r ev5ts :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph took place hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ago4 ,:at has happ5$ 9 ! p>k s9ce ^! ev5ts8 ,take a look at ,figure #ae1 :i* 0 tak5 along ! road to ! summit ( ,burke ,m\nta9 7com+ d[n f ! summit1 ?is outcrop is locat$ on y\r "r1 midway betwe5 ! second & ?ird turns 9 ! road74 ,"h ! granite exhibits l9e> scrat*es or /riations :i* tr5d ab\t #dj degrees ea/ ( s\? 7g5]al direction 9 :i* ! hamm] h&le po9ts74 ,aga91 j d[n ! road f ! midway picnic & camp+ area1 & on y\r "r1 /riations c be se54 ,"h !y tr5d ab\t #de degrees ea/ ( s\? or approximately 9 ! same direction z ! fir/ s]ies ( /riations m5tion$4 ,^! scrat*es or /riations occur 9 _m places ?r\gh\t ! p>k1 & 9 mo/ cases _! ori5tation is ab\t ! same4 ,:at caus$ ^! num]\s /riations8 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4 ,geologic ,"t ,scale4 ,! ma9 ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k geologic ev5ts are not$ on ! "r1 opposite ! approximate geologic "t :5 ea* occurr$4 ,,eras ,,p]iods--,,ye>s ,,ago ,,d>l+ ,,/ate ,,p>k ,,ev5ts ,,epo*s ,,c5ozoic ,,c5ozoic ,,glacial ,,/riations--8,,%eet+ ,,/ructure0 ,plei/oc5e ,plioc5e ,,erosion1 ,,jo9t+ ,mioc5e ,oligoc5e ,eoc5e ,paleoc5e #gj ,,million ,,mesozoic ,,cretace\s ,,jurassic ,,triassic #bjj ,,million ,,paleozoic ,,p]mian ,,p5nsylvanian ,,mississippian ,,erosion1 ,,jo9t+ ,invasion ( ,granite ) second /age ( metamorphism4 ,,devonian ,regional fold+ & fir/ episode ( metamorphism4 ,,silurian ,deposition ( ! ,gile ,m\nta9 ,=mation4 #cfj ,,million ,,no ,,record ,,9 ,,p>k ,,ordovician ,,cambrian #eej ,,million ,,precambrian ,,"t----,,orig9 ,,( ,,e>?1 #d ,,to #e ,,billion ,,ye>s ,,ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4 ,glacial /riations or scrat*es on outcrop midway betwe5 ! second & ?ird turns 9 ! road d[n f ! summit area ( ,burke ,m\nta94 ,/riations tr5d ab\t #dj degrees ea/ ( s\? or 9 approximately ! same direction t ! hamm] h&le is po9t+4 ,hamm] h&le is ab\t "o foot long4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4 ,midway betwe5 ! second & ?ird turns1 desc5d+ on ! ,burke ,m\nta9 summit road4 ,metamorphic qu>tzite & phyllite %[+ at lea/ two prom95t jo9ts4 ,lay]s are v]tical & p>allel to ! front jo9t 7"o :i* hamm] h&le t\*es74 ,= ! m advanc$ /ud5t ( geology1 note ! l9eations p>allel to ! hamm] h&le & on ! front surface4 ,= scale1 hamm] h&le is ab\t "o foot long4 ,s9ce !y are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! rocks = u to see1 !y mu/ h be5 =m$ q rec5tly1 t is1 geologically speak+4 ,:at c expla9 ^! /riations & _! common ori5tation8 ,did y ev] he> ab\t ! ,great ,ice ,age1 or ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*8 ,less ?an "o million ye>s ago1 9 fact1 "s #ab1jjj ye>s ago1 an ice %eet _m ?\s&s ( feet ?ick rode ov] ,burke ,m\nta9 9 a s\!a/w>d direction4 ,! _m b\ld]s froz5 to ! und]side ( ! ice %eet t5d$ to scrat* ! rocks ov] :i* !y rode4 ,! scrat*es or /riations se5 9 ! p>k rocks 7 caus$ by ^! atta*$ b\ld]s4 ,! ice %eet also pluck$ & r\nd$ ,burke ,m\nta9 into ! %ape x possesses today4 ,a look at ,figure #d %[s /ill ano!r ev5t :i* occurr$ dur+ rec5t geological "t4 ,! prom95t smoo? fracture-surface se5 to slope or dip t[>d ! road is call$ 8%eet+ /ructure0 :i* has its orig9 9 po/-glacial "t4 ,x is ?\ght by _m geologi/s t ^! flat surfaces or jo9ts#f1 :i* are g5]ally p>allel to ! gr\nd surface1 7 =m$ ) ! release ( ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ glacial ice :5 ! glaci] retreat$ nor?w>d4 ,s1 "h we h evid5ce display$ 9 ! rocks :i* tells ( /ill ano!r ev5t 9 ! p>k's hi/ory4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h1 :ile /ill on ! subject ( jo9ts1 t o!r jo9ts d occur 9 ! p>k rocks4 ,figure #af %[s jo9ts :i* 7 =m$ e>li] ?an ! 8%eet+0 & :i* are n p>allel to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! jo9ts 7 probably =m$ z a result ( ! removal ( ! ov]ly+ rocks ?r\gh erosion1 ?us releas+ long-cont9u$ pressures produc$ by ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ rocks1 & movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,we n[ h ! /ory ( two ma9 episodes 9 ! p>k's geological hi/ory2 "o took place _m millions ( ye>s ago1 ! o!r )9 ! la/ #ab1jjj ye>s4 ,:at happ5$ betwe5 ^! two rock-docum5t$ episodes8 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4 ,geologic cross-sections illu/rat+ ! geologic hi/ory ( ,d>l+ ,/ate p>k4 7,= explanation ( cross-sections see top ( page #ai47 #a4 ,deposition & h>d5+ ( ! ,gile ,m\nta9 ,=mation4 ,at ?is /age ! lay]s ( rock 7 m or less horizontal4 #b4 ,! horizontal & p>allel lay]s ( ! ,gile ,m\nta9 ,=mation 7 g5tly & broadly fold$ & regionally metamorphos$4 ,?is is ! fir/ /age ( metamorphism 9 ! p>k area4 #c4 ,invasion by granite4 ,?is invasion 0 accompani$ by local metamorphism ( ! invad$ rocks4 ,?is is ! second /age ( metamorphism 9 ! p>k area4 ,note ! inclusions ( fir/ /age metamorphos$ ,gile ,m\nta9 rocks 9 ! granite4 #d4 ,_m millions ( ye>s ( erosion took place1 ! =ces ( nature f9ally expos+ ! granitic rocks at ! surface ( ! e>?4 #e4 ,cont9u$ erosion caus$ ! metamorphically re5=c$ ,gile ,m\nta9 rocks to we> d[n m sl[ly ?an ! surr\nd+ weak] rocks4 ,= ?is reason1 ^! /r5g!n$ rocks /& high] ?an ! weak] rocks4 #f4 ,less ?an "o million ye>s ago ! glaci]s advanc$ ov] ! p>k area4 ,! glacial ice pluck$ & scrat*$ 7/riat$7 ! und]ly+ rocks z x sl[ly advanc$ s\?w>d4 ,dur+ ! retreat 7nor?w>d7 c]ta9 deposits 7 left4 ,pres5t-day ,burke ,m\nta9 is mu* ! same z x 0 :5 ! glaci]s left1 b1 "s add$ erosion has tak5 place &1 because ( uplift1 ! ,m\nta9 /&s a bit high] ?an x did "s #aj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,"s soil1 mu* ( :i* 0 remov$ by ! glaci]s1 has s9ce =m$ on ! m\nta94 ,!re are no rocks pres5t 9 ! p>k :i* 7 deposit$ dur+ ?is int]val ( "t1 !re=e1 no rock record4 ,if no rocks repres5t+ ?is "t int]val are pres5t1 "o ( two reasons mu/ be responsible4 ,ei!r ! p>k area 0 und]go+ active erosion 7we>+ d[n7 dur+ ?is p]iod1 or s$im5ts 7 deposit$ dur+ "p or all ( ?is "t int]val & subsequ5tly completely remov$ by erosion4 ,mo/ probably1 ! int]v5+ "t f\nd ! p>k area above ! depositional environm5t ( ! sea1 :5 its rocks 7 be+ worn away by ! erosional =ces ( nature4 ,aga91 see ,figure #ag = a diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! geologic hi/ory ( ! p>k4 ,,:y ,,is ,,!re ,a ,,burke ,,m\nta98 ,granite is a v resi/ant rock1 t is1 x we>s away v sl[ly "u ! =ces ( nature4 ,! granite is worn d[n m sl[ly ?an ! metamorphic rocks :i* x has intrud$4 ,! granite has be5 squeez$ betwe5 & across ! lay]s 7b&s7 ( ! metamorphic rocks 7previ\sly s$im5t>y rocks7 n[ f\nd on ,burke ,m\nta94 ,9 a v true s5se1 ! granite =ms a skeleton framework = ! metamorphic rocks ( ,burke ,m\nta94 ,9 o!r words1 x holds ^! metamorphic rocks up above ! surr\nd+ area ( metamorphic rocks4 ,,hikes ,,to ,,take ,a v int]e/+ hike1 bo? geologically & = nature hunt+ 9 g5]al1 is ! old fire road :i* beg9s j above ! old ,c4,c4,c4 camp & ! pres5t ,bell ,g>d5s4 ,?is trail cuts (f to ! "r1 if asc5d+ ! summit road1 & runs completely ar\nd ! m\nta94 ,%ortly aft] ! fire trail int]sects ! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail1 & on ! left1 granite ) obvi\s drill holes is se5 7,fig4 #ah74 ,mo/ ( ! granite us$ z curb /ones1 culv]t head]s1 & isl&s along ! p>k summit road 0 obta9$ f ^! small qu>ries4 ,a few miles walk along ?is trail proves q rew>d+ to ! adv5tur]2 an old lean-to demon/rates :at a be> c d :ile %>p5+ 8 claws4 ,! ,devil's ,d5 ,trail leads d[n ! ea/ side ( ,burke ,m\nta9 f ! obs]vation t[] at ! summit4 ,?is trail is r poorly m>k$ pa/ a c]ta9 po9t1 b if y wi% to /rike (f on y\r own & see "s wond]ful c\ntry1 a hike d[n ?is trail ) a sw+ to ! nor? w br+ y back to ! summit road4 ,! sev]al ski trails on ,burke ,m\nta9 are all walkable dur+ ! summ]1 b !y w n appe> z smoo? z :5 cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! trip d[n w take consid]ably long] on foot ?an on 8bo>ds40 ,! ,be> ,d5 ,ski ,trail is especially good = geological sightsee+4 ,,ne>by ,,areas ,,to ,,visit ,:ile at ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k a visit to ,lake ,will\ghby is well wor? ! trip 7,figs4 #ai1 #bj74 ,a glance at ,figure #a w %[ y its g5]al location4 ,once y visit ?is lake1 y might ask 8:y s beautiful a ,lake ,will\ghby80 ,!re is /ill "s "q z to ! orig9 ( ! lake bas91 b a comb9ation ( ori5t$ jo9ts & rec5t glacial movem5t seems to fit ! picture4 ,deep] & fa/] wea!r+ along p>allel jo9ts toge!r ) glacial movem5t & sc\r 9 ! same direction z ! jo9ts probably dug ! elongat$ tr5* :i*1 :5 fill$ ) wat]1 became ,lake ,will\ghby4 ,x is hop$ t ?is pamphlet has giv5 y ! desire to enl>ge y\r k ( ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,geology is all ar\nd y :]ev] y might travel & a k ( geology w op5 new roads ev5 :ile travel+ old ones4 ,"h's luck to y 9 y\r travels2 try to see :at y look at4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4 ,geologic map ( ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k4 ,granite-,metamorphics ,obs]vation ,t[] ,burke ,summit ,rd4 ,be> ,d5 ,trail ,fire ,trail ,p>k ,b\nd>y ,cont\r ,l9e ,dip & ,/rike3 ,b$ ,dip & ,/rike3 ,b$8 ,dip & ,/rike3 ,jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4 ,view ( ,lake ,will\ghby1 se5 f its nor? %ore4 ,m\nt ,pisgah on ! left1 ,m\nt ,hor on ! "r4 ,! ,lake ,will\ghby tr\gh 0 produc$ by pref]5tial erosion ( a jo9t sy/em acc5tuat$ by glacial movem5t & erosion 9 ! same g5]al direction4 ,! lake bottom opposite ,m\nt ,pisgah is #baj feet deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4 ,nor?we/ ,view f ! ,burke ,m\nta9 summit road4 ,picture tak5 j above ! old ,c4,c4,c4 ,camp & ! pres5t location ( ! ,bell ,g>d5s4 ,note ,lake ,will\ghby tr\gh 9 ! di/ance4 ,m\nt ,pisgah is on ! "r & ,m\nt ,hor on ! left4 ,lake ,will\ghby lies 9 ?is tr\gh4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,leet1 ,l4 ,don & ,judson1 ,s41 #aife1 ,physical ,geology1 #crd ,edition1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is is a />t] = ! geology /ud5t4 ,dunb>1 ,c4 ,o41 #aiei1 ,hi/orical ,geology1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,also a beg9n+ book1 read aft] above book4 ,d5nis1 ,john ,g41 #aief1 ,! ,geology ( ! ,lyndonville ,area1 ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #h4 ,?is is = ! m advanc$ /ud5t & relates ! geology ( ! area adjac5t to ,burke ,m\nta9 & ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k4 ,jacobs1 ,elbridge ,c41 #aida-db1 ,! ,great ,ice ,age 9 ,v]mont1 ,report ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,vol4 #bc2 pp4 #bg-dg4 ,/ew>t1 ,david ,p41 #aifa1 ,! ,glacial ,geology ( ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ai4 ,woodl&1 ,b4 ,g41 #aifc1 ,a ,petrographic /udy ( ,!rmally ,metamorphos$ ,pelitic rocks 9 ! ,burke ,area1 ,nor!a/]n ,v]mont1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 volume #bfa1 pages #ced-cge4 ,= ! advanc$ /ud5t4 ,woodl&1 ,b4 ,g41 #aife1 ,! ,geology ( ! ,burke ,quadrangle1 ,v]mont1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh4 ,?is is a compreh5sive /udy ( ! ,burke ,m\nta9 area & a mu/ = ^? int]e/$ 9 ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k4 ,footnotes #a,! granite f\nd 9 ,d>l+ ,/ate ,p>k is :ite or p9ki% 9 color & mo/ times is speckl$ ) %9y black mica flakes4 ,on close inspection1 gra9s ( smoky to cle> color are se5 )9 ! rock4 ,! :ite & p9k gra9s are ! m9]al1 feldsp>2 ! %9y black flakes1 biotite mica2 ! smoky to cle> gra9s1 qu>tz or silica4 ,a magnifi$ picture ( a slice ( granite 7see ,fig4 #b7 %[s ! individual m9]al gra9s & _! int]lock+ nature ) ea* o!r4 ,granite belongs to a major family ( rocks1 t]m$ ,igne\s rocks4 ,igne\s rocks are =m$ ?r\gh ! h>d5+ or li?ification ( molt5 rock-mat]ial :5 subject$ to ! cool] temp]atures at or ne> ! e>?'s surface4 ,! molt5 rock mat]ial =m$ at "s dep? b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e temp]atures 7 _m hundr$s ( degrees hott] ?an at ! surface4 #b,metamorphic rocks are ei!r s$im5t>y 7?is1 a ?ird major family ( rocks :i* is *>act]iz$ by a lay]$ appe>ance t has be5 reta9$ by _m ( ! alt]$ p>k rocks7 or igne\s rocks 7! granite7 :i* h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( pressure1 heat1 & *emically active fluids1 (t5times result+ 9 *emical & /ructural *anges4 ,mo/ ( ! metamorphic rocks se5 9 ! p>k are ei!r s*i/1 phyllite1 slate or qu>tzite4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! m advanc$ /ud5t1 ! rocks ( ! p>k area are consid]$ a granite-hornfels complex 7see ,b]tram ,g4 ,woodl&'s pap] ( #aifc1 8,a ,petrographic /udy ( ,!rmally ,metamorphos$ ,pelitic rocks 9 ! ,burke ,area1 ,nor!a/]n ,v]mont10 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 volume #bfa1 pages #ced to #cge74 #c,s$im5t>y or lay]$ rocks1 ! ?ird major rock family1 are compos$ ( pieces1 gra9s & o!r mat]ials f old] metamorphic1 igne\s & s$im5t>y rocks4 ,^! fragm5ts h be5 c>ri$ by riv]s & /reams to "s re/+ place at ! bottom ( a sea1 lake1 or /ream *annel4 ,?is mud1 s& & gravel1 "u ! weight ( /eadily increas+ ov]burd51 & ! pres5ce ( cem5t+ mat]ials1 sl[ly h>d5$ into rock :i* we n[ call lime/one %ale1 s&/one1 & conglom]ate4 #d;,a geologic =mation consi/s ( a sequ5ce ( rock lay]s :i* 7 deposit$ "u ess5tially ! same conditions1 or a s]ies ( alt]nat+ conditions1 & :i* c be easily di/+ui%$ & mapp$ z a unit by geologi/s 9 ! field4 #e;,geologic "t is divid$ into f\r ,eras :i* are designat$ f olde/ to y\nge/3 ,precambrian1 ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic4 ,ea* ( ^! ,eras is divid$ into geologic p]iods ( "t4 ,! ,devonian ,p]iod is 9 ab\t ! middle ( ! ,paleozoic ,era & began "s #ccj million ye>s ago & end$ approximately #bij million ye>s ago 7see ,geologic ,"t ,scale1 ,fig4 #ad74 #f;,a jo9t is a break 9 a rock mass :i* int]rupts its physical cont9uity4 ,a gr\p ( m or less p>allel jo9ts is kn[n z a jo9t set4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4