,,bad ,,drains2                         
,,and                             ,,how 
,,to ,,test ,,them3                     
,,with   ,,notes ,,on ,,the             
,,ventilation ,,of ,,sewers1 ,,drains1  
,,and ,,sanitary ,,fittings1 ,,and      
,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,transmission ,,of
 ,,zymotic ,,disease4                   
,,by                               ,r4  
,,harris ,,reeves4    ,illustration     
,e4  ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1 ,,strand1    
,,london4                          ,,new
 ,,york3 #ce1 ,,murray ,,street4        
#ahhe4                                  
,,introduction4      ,the impetus given 
to improvements in sanitary matters by  
the conferences  held during last year  
at the ,health ,exhibition1 as well as  
the desire  shown by engineers and      
others to improve the sanitary condition
 of  towns1 has induced me to publish   
the following system of detecting       
defects in drainage and sanitary        
fittings4    ,it must be admitted that  
grave errors have been committed by     

engineers1  architects1 and builders1   
both in planning the fittings of houses 
and in  laying drains to the main       
sewers1 during the last twenty years4   
,these  errors have been found to have  
produced serious effects on the public  
health4 ,they have also been the means  
of establishing throughout the  country 
a number of ,sanitary ,protection       
,societies4    ,these institutions have 
been the means of saving many useful    
lives1 but  ,i trust that the day is not
 far distant when these societies will  
cease  to exist1 and such terms as      
8scientific plumbers0 and 8sanitary     
arrangements carried out on the most    
scientific principles0 will be a  thing 
of the past4    ,to my mind it is a     
national disgrace to know that in this  
nineteenth  century architects and      
builders fixed fittings to houses1 and  
laid  drains from houses to sewers1     
which affected the health of the        
occupants  to such an extent that it was
 necessary to establish insurance       

offices  to protect persons from being  
killed by workmen or their employers4   
,what  a page for future historians6    
,the work or purpose of drains and      
sanitary fittings is to carry off by    
water the soil and dirt from our houses1
 and it is lamentable to think  that    
this cannot be done without injury to   
life4    ,what should we say if the same
 precautions were necessary to test or  
examine the work of other professions or
 trades8    ,to many the system         
described in these pages may appear new1
 but it is by  no means so1 as it was   
discovered and used by me in #ahhj1 and 
was then  the means of finding out      
serious defects in a supposed perfect   
drainage  system4    ,from that time up 
to the present it has proved of         
considerable value in  determining any  
defect in the construction of drains and
 fittings4 ,with  the detector and      
anemometer ,i have been enabled to      
discover the cause of  so many failures 
in sewer ventilation1 and to trace the  

origin and  transmission of many cases  
of zymotic disease4    ,the object of   
this work is to place the same knowledge
 in the hands of  every person connected
 with sanitary work4     ,may1 #ahhe4   
,,contents4                             
,,page            ,,bad ,,drains1 ,,and 
,,how ,,to ,,test ,,them                
#a              ,,sewer ,,ventilation   
#cb              ,,the ,,origin ,,and   
,,transmission ,,of ,,zymotic ,,disease 
#ef                                     
,,bad ,,drains2                         
,,and                             ,,how 
,,to ,,test ,,them4      8,bad ,drains40
 ,how often has this term been used     
during the last few  years8 ,by the     
medical profession alone1 thousands of  
cases have been  attributed to this     
cause4 ,to the honour and credit of that
 profession  its members have thought   
out and worked out the cause of         
innumerable  cases of disease under     
their charge1 and rightly fixed their   
origin to  be due to 8bad drains40      

,in many cases it has been but a        
fashionable term to describe cases which
  had the appearance of gas poisoning1  
but did not owe their origin to  drains2
 but rather to the heated and impure    
atmosphere of rooms1 late  hours1 and   
the sudden change from heat to cold4 ,if
 there have been a few  hundred cases   
where 8bad drains0 were supposed to have
 caused the  illness and such was not   
the case1 there have been thousands of  
others  where the disease originated    
from them1 but was taken as a matter of 
course1 or as one of the frailties of   
the human frame1 when undoubtedly  the  
cause was 8bad drains40    ,it is a most
 remarkable thing1 that whilst on the   
one hand we have the  medical profession
 energetically working to find out      
defects in the  planning of drains and  
sanitary fittings1 and writing articles 
on them1  we have on the other hand     
surveyors and others who have treated   
the  matter as a doctor's fad4          
,during the last five years scarcely a  

medical conference has been held        
without the question of 8bad drains0    
forming one of the principal  subjects  
discussed4 ,medical officers of health  
have made stirring  speeches and reports
 to ,local ,boards2 but where is the    
surveyor who has  had the energy to do  
the same unless it has been actually    
forced upon  him8 ,it is a curious but  
noteworthy fact1 that nearly the whole  
of the  evils of badly constructed      
drains1 and the principal improvements  
in  them1 have been forced on surveyors1
 builders1 and plumbers by the  medical 
profession and the public4    ,the      
reticence shown by surveyors in dealing 
with 8bad drains0 may be  attributed to 
their unwillingness to acknowledge the  
errors and defects  in works already    
executed4 ,these works were1 at the     
time1 executed  according to the        
theories adopted by the most eminent    
engineers in the  profession1 and it    
would be considered unprofessional to   
admit errors4    ,there is scarcely a   

district 7excepting where drains have   
been laid  within the last three years7 
where the branch drains are trapped into
  the main sewers with an efficient     
water-seal4 ,surveyors feel that to     
acknowledge this would be tantamount to 
acknowledging a want of  professional   
knowledge or neglect of duty on their   
part4    ,now1 strictly speaking1 this  
could not be the case1 and a surveyor   
7placed in such a position where he     
knows that there are defects in his     
drainage system1 and probably these     
errors were made by himself17 could  say
 that these now known defects were not  
previously known by the most  eminent   
engineers1 and especially with regard to
 sewer-gas1 its  treatment1 and action  
on the public health4 ,boldly facing the
 matter and  advocating that the        
drainage under his charge should be so  
perfected  that no medical man could    
point to it as being detrimental to     
health1 if  it entailed an unusual      
expenditure1 coming from the surveyor he

 would  carry the ,board with him1 and  
in doing so would make his position at  
the  ,board doubly secure4    ,to prove 
this we have only to refer to reports   
made by engineers during  the last      
fifteen years on drainage schemes1      
compare the results of the  theories    
laid down1 and note the instances in    
which they have failed1  especially     
those in connection with sewage farms   
and the ventilation of  sewers4    ,i   
will quote a few extracts from these    
reports3--    8,no injury to health can 
possibly take place from gas issuing    
from  properly constructed gratings     
fixed in the middle of the road1 and if 
one is a nuisance1 dig down and put in  
others until the nuisance is  removed40 
,this has certainly not been the case4  
,you may dig as many holes as you  like1
 and put in as many gratings1 yet some  
will be injurious to health4    ,in     
describing sewage farms1 they were      
described as being 7if adopted7  the    
means of securing a large revenue to the

 ,local ,board by the  excellent crops  
grown1 one engineer stating that persons
 could walk  through them with as much  
pleasure as through a flower or kitchen 
garden2 but practical experience has    
proved this to be incorrect3 and        
although these statements were made in  
good faith1 they have not been          
realised4    ,you may regulate the      
irrigation of a sewage farm to such a   
nicety that  no odour from the sewage is
 perceptible in the district2 yet the   
atmosphere will contain poisons which   
will have a very detrimental  effect on 
the health of those living there4       
,for a few years after sewage farms have
 been laid out1 they pay1 and you  get  
good crops from them1 but after that the
 ground becomes so soured  that the farm
 is almost useless4    ,in face of these
 facts no surveyor should hesitate to   
bring forward  known improvements to his
 ,board4    ,many owners of property    
have recognised the importance of       
adopting the  best sanitary measures for

 their houses1 although in some cases it
 is  only a plea to let or sell their   
property4 ,as an instance of this1 some 
time ago ,i was in search of a house in 
the suburbs1 and met with one  described
 as standing on good gravelly soil1 with
 good drainage and  perfect sanitary    
arrangements4 ,the builder and owner    
took me over the  house1 and on reaching
 the kitchen pointed out with some      
degree of pride  that the sink was cut  
off from the drains1 and stated that the
 drains  were constructed on the most   
8scientific principles40    ,now        
although scientific plumbers have done  
good work in making our  dwellings more 
healthy1 they have in many cases        
overdone the matter4 ,the  fact of their
 displaying conspicuously1 on signs and 
billheads1  8,sanitary work executed on 
the most scientific principles10 is not 
always a guarantee that a healthy house 
can be received from their  hands4      
,in the house above referred to1        
everything to the eye appeared sound and

  good1 but on the house being occupied1
 a disagreeable odour was noticed  in   
the kitchen1 and in some of the lower   
rooms4 ,the sink-pipe1 which was        
pointed out by the builder as being 8cut
 off10 ran from the sink trough  without
 a trap or water-seal of any kind1 and  
through this pipe1 when  the doors were 
shut1 the air was supplied to the       
building at the rate of  #ahj feet per  
minute4 ,the back of the ,w4,c4 was     
ventilated from the  outside to give    
free ventilation to the space under the 
seat1 and  through the ventilators      
7which were working as inlets7 the air  
came into  the house1 which supplied the
 bedrooms1 passing over the pan1 between
 it  and the seat4    ,the above is an  
illustration of a house where the       
sanitary arrangements  were supposed to 
be on the most scientific principles6   
,fresh air being  supplied to bedrooms  
by passing over the closet-pan1 and in  
the kitchen  and rooms below by passing 
through a #b-;inch sink-pipe4 ,this is  

one of  the many cases that may be      
mentioned to show the necessity of      
testing  any system of drainage and     
sanitary fittings4    ,this is not an   
unusual occurrence1 as thousands of     
similar cases exist1  where the         
principal air supply passes over        
sanitary fittings or through  apertures 
which bring it in contact more or less  
with decomposed matter4  ,in a building 
where a number of fireplaces exist1 a   
constant current of  air is passing in  
from the outside1 which after mixing    
with the air in  the building escapes up
 the chimney4 ,an ordinary chimney      
extracts from  the room from #fj to #abj
 cubic feet of air per minute1 thus in a
  ten-roomed house you have going out of
 the chimneys at least #ajjj cubic  feet
 of air per minute4 ,when the house is  
closed this large volume of  air is     
drawn into it through apertures offering
 the least resistance1  whether it be   
ventilators in the w4c41 kitchen sinks1 
or drains in the  basement 7which traps 

may have been siphoned71 over sanitary  
pipes or  through doors and windows4    
,whichever point offers the least       
resistance1  there the supply to feed   
the chimneys will come4    ,the         
injurious effects on the health of      
persons who occupy buildings that  take 
in their air supply through unclean     
apertures are too well known to  those  
medical men and others who have had     
experience in sanitary  matters1 and it 
can be only estimated by results4 ,i    
could enumerate  cases where the health 
of the inmates and the death-rate were  
conclusive  evidence to prove the       
disastrous effects produced by air being
 supplied  through such inlets4 ,one    
case in particular1 which consisted of  
eight  blocks of buildings planned      
exactly alike4 ,the drains were cut off 
on  the outside at the foot of all      
soil-pipes1 and a second disconnection  
about #ej feet from the building4 ,in   
one building the basement was  drained  
into the branch drain with a trap in the

 inside1 and from the  quantity of water
 and soil which flowed through this     
branch drain the  basement trap was     
constantly being siphoned1 leaving a    
#f-;inch air supply  into the building  
through #ej feet of drain4 ,this1       
combined with #bjj feet  per minute     
through the ,w4,c41 had the effect of   
causing an unusual  depression of       
spirits in the occupants of this        
building1 and more deaths  occurred in  
this one block than in the whole of the 
others4    ,it does not require a large 
amount of scientific knowledge to ensure
 a  healthy building4 ,what is required 
is sound pipes1 the area of them in     
proportion to the work they have to do1 
tight joints1 and a knowledge of        
ventilation4 ,nothing must be left to   
theory4 ,a pipe either leaks and  lets  
out the soil1 or it is sound4 ,if it is 
sound1 sewage matter can be  carried    
through it anywhere without the         
slightest injury to health or           
unpleasantness of any kind4 ,pipes can  

be ventilated without traps being       
siphoned1 and the gases from sewers and 
soil-pipes treated so as to  ensure     
healthy buildings at a moderate cost4   
,as a rule1 the first intimation of any 
defect in the drainage system of  a town
 or the sanitary fittings of a building 
is given by the medical  officer of     
health or the medical attendant of the  
family1 whose  attention has been       
forcibly drawn to it by the serious     
illness of the  inmates4    ,it is no   
unusual occurrence1 that after the      
medical officer1 surveyor1  and         
inspector of nuisances have made a      
minute inspection of a building1  they  
leave it without discovering defects    
which exist in pipes carefully  cased   
over1 or in the sanitary fittings4      
,to detect the manner in which poisons  
from drains are thrown into a  building 
and inhaled by the occupants1 is        
oftentimes not an easy matter4  ,in many
 cases the drains have been so cut about
 and additions made to  them1 that to   

trace defects or even the number of     
drains which are  attached to the branch
 drains or sewers1 a considerable amount
 of  excavating is necessary4    ,the   
system described in these pages is      
intended to prevent in a measure  this  
excavating1 and to enable a person above
 the ground to determine  the number1   
capacity1 and state of the drains       
underneath the surface1 as  well as to  
more readily discover any imperfections 
in soil-pipes and  sanitary fittings4   
,when sewers are laid to a town or      
district1 it is the practice of the     
authorities to let the work by tender1  
the lowest tender being  oftentimes     
accepted2 consequently it is in the     
interest of the  contractor to get the  
work done as quickly and cheaply as     
possible4    ,it is impossible for the  
engineer1 or clerk of works1 to see the 
whole  of the work done1 and the result 
is that a large quantity of bricks      
which form the sewer are not properly   
bedded4 ,liquid sewage finds its  way   

through the joints of the brickwork and 
percolates through the soil1  in some   
cases to a very considerable distance1  
contaminating the water  it mixes with  
on its course1 and oftentimes it forms a
 putrid mass under  the basement of     
buildings which happen to be of a lower 
level than the  sewers4 ,to prevent     
this1 a clause should be inserted in the
 contract  that each length of drain or 
sewer should be tested by atmospheric   
pressure1 say #e lb4 to a square inch4  
,the top of the sewer should be as tight
 as the bottom to prevent any gas       
escaping through the sandy soil or      
rubble which may be filled in around    
the sewers or drains4    ,leaky sewers  
and badly-jointed pipes under the soil  
should never be  allowed1 yet the danger
 is not so great in them as in those    
pipes laid  above the ground4 ,joints to
 these pipes so often leak that without 
testing them thoroughly when laid1 one  
leaky joint would cause an  unpleasant  
odour in a building for years without   

its source being  discovered4 ,the      
reason of this is1 that the current of  
air passes  through buildings in a      
thousand different ways4 ,i have known a
 sickly  odour to come from a cupboard  
on the first floor of the wing of a     
building some #fj feet from any         
soil-pipe or grating2 one case in       
particular1 that of a nursery cupboard4 
,this occurred through a leaky          
soil-pipe from the closet in the        
basement of the building4    ,from the  
planning of the building the chimney    
near the cupboard had the  greatest     
draught of air in the house1 and the air
 which supplied this  chimney came      
principally from the basement4 ,the     
sewer gas from the leaky  joint1 being  
of a heavier gravity than the atmosphere
 of the house1 was  carried along the   
floor unobserved to this particular     
room1 filling at  night1 when the fire  
was not burning1 this cupboard1 which   
contained  linen1 and this held the     
impurities given off from the leaky     

joint in  the pipe4    ,many cases of a 
similar nature could be mentioned1 where
 families will  never recover the loss  
sustained by them through similar leaky 
joints in  the soil-pipes4              
,insufficient fall to sewers does not   
often occur in those laid under the     
supervision of engineers1 but it is in  
the branch drains connected to  them    
where so many blunders are made4        
,oftentimes one part of a drain is  laid
 almost level1 whilst another part is   
laid with a steep gradient4  ,this      
facilitates the choking of drains1 and  
the siphoning of traps4    ,some persons
 lay drains from houses to the main     
sewer or to branch  drains which are    
altogether out of proportion to the work
 they have to  do4    ,the smaller the  
drain is kept the better1 but the       
diameter should be  regulated according 
to the quantity of water and soil       
flowing into it1  taking into           
consideration the possibility of        
additional inlets being  added4    ,the 

best plan is to collect the number of   
inlets or supplies to the  drain1       
compare them with the gradient to which 
they are laid1 and put in  a drain      
which1 if all the inlets are supplying  
water at the same time1  would not fill 
more than nine-tenths of its area4      
,in some cases ,i have seen a #i-;inch  
drain laid from a house having only  two
 closets1 sink and bath outlet attached4
 ,if the whole of these were  used at   
the same time1 the area of the flow into
 the drain would only be  #gfif inches1 
but in the #i-;inch drain the area would
 be #fcfag inches1  or nearly nine times
 the size required to carry off the     
water and soil4    ,the whole space not 
occupied by water and soil is filled    
with gas1 which  extracts poisons from  
sewage and distributes them at outlets  
according  to the displacement caused by
 the water and soil entering and flowing
  through the drain4    ,architects and 
builders laying drains to houses or     
buildings should  discard the theories  

of any persons who do not keep to this  
rule3 that  the smaller the drain is1   
the better1 providing it does not fill2 
and  the least quantity of gas there is 
in the drain1 the less dangerous will   
be the poison in the gas when discharged
 through openings or gratings4  ,the    
reason of this is1 that in a small drain
 only a small quantity of  the sewage is
 exposed to the action of the gas in    
transit2 whereas in a  large drain the  
greater portion of the sewage is        
exposed1 thus  increasing its           
decomposition4    ,when storm water from
 houses or land enters drains1 great    
care should be  taken to form openings  
or inlets near where drains are likely  
to fill1  as the injurious effects of   
trap siphoning are of serious           
consequence to  health4    ,in many     
cases the construction of new drains and
 sewers in a district  have been simply 
a waste of money as regards improving   
the health of the  inhabitants1 and     
numerous cases of zymotic disease1 and  

in some cases an  epidemic has occurred 
where previously such diseases were     
almost  unknown4 ,this is caused        
principally by connecting old drains    
7some of  which are disused ones and    
connected with old cesspits7 to the new 
drains leading to the sewers4    ,in    
cesspits and old drains the soil and    
putrid matter have been for  years      
allowed to accumulate1 and the poison   
from such matter1 when  distributed into
 the open air through gratings in the   
new sewers or into  houses1 is1 when    
inhaled into the system1 the cause of   
these zymotic  outbreaks4 ,in tracing   
these old drains and in preventing      
stagnant gases  from remaining in any   
portion of the drain1 the engineer or   
architect  cannot pay too much          
attention1 as confined gases when       
charged with  poisons from putrid matter
 are the principal factors in producing 
disease4    ,many persons place a       
well-constructed trap at the inlet1 and 
another  some distance along the drain1 

say at the end of a building or grounds1
  without any ventilation between the   
two traps4 ,in fact this used to be a   
common occurrence2 but it should never  
be done4 ,if the drain should be a      
#f-;inch one1 and the traps #ej feet    
apart1 the amount of gas between the    
two traps would average #i cubic feet1  
and this gas would in the ordinary      
working of the drain remain for years1  
getting more poisonous the longer  it   
remained undisturbed4 ,the owner of the 
house1 knowing that he had a  good      
trapped drain connected to sewers1 would
 feel himself safe1 and  naturally think
 his house healthy4 ,far better for him 
if the house were  drained into a       
ventilated cesspit1 as when the gases in
 the drain became  released1 which may  
occur by the siphoning of the traps at  
the  house-connection1 the danger would 
be equal to the emptying of a disused   
cesspit1 and carrying the contents      
through the house4 ,the more a person   
tests the working of gas in sewers or   

drains the more he will find that       
branch drains from their construction   
supply the poisons which render  the    
gases in the sewers themselves so       
noxious4    ,in #ahhj1 whilst engaged in
 tracing the course of an outbreak of   
typhoid1  ,i made a series of           
experiments with a view to trace the    
source from  which the disease emanated1
 and every experiment proved that the   
origin  of the disease lay in the gases 
which were in contact with putrid sewage
  matter1 existing in old drains and    
cesspits attached to the sewers as  well
 as in the gases which were confined    
between traps4 ,the distribution  of the
 disease was due to the imperfect       
construction of the sewers1  drains1 and
 sanitary fittings4    ,the most        
successful experiment1 and the one from 
which the greatest  result was obtained1
 and which ,i have ever since most      
successfully used1  was in determining  
the state1 size1 and condition of the   
drains  underground1 and also that of   

the house or buildings1 by measuring by 
compression the gas contained in the    
sewer or sanitary fittings4 ,the        
principal cause of its distribution was 
the compression of the gas  between the 
water-traps1 the siphoning of           
house-traps leaving at times a  free    
passage for the gas to enter the house4 
,the amount of compression or           
displacement necessary to force the gas 
in  bulk through the traps has been     
accurately measured1 to know what       
quantity of liquid was required to be   
thrown into a drain or sewer of  any    
size to force the gas in bulk through   
the water-trap4 ,the lifting  power of  
the gas on the water by compression was 
found to be #a_/cjj part  of its bulk4  
,thus1 if a drain perfectly sound1 and  
sealed with a  water-seal each end1 held
 #cjj feet of gas1 #a cubic foot of     
water thrown  into the drain would force
 the gas in bulk through the water-seal4
    ,it became evident1 that if both    
ends of any drain were sealed with a    

water-trap or otherwise for testing1 the
 capacity of the drain or leaks  of any 
kind could be determined without        
excavating4    ,as it was inconvenient  
to watch the working of the drain       
through the  traps1 ,i constructed an   
instrument called a detector#a to       
observe the  working of the atmosphere  
in the drain4 ,this instrument1 or a    
gas-pressure gauge1 when attached to the
 drain1 will denote by the  rising of   
the liquid the amount of compression in 
the drain4 ,this1 when  compared with   
the quantity of water thrown into it1   
will give the size  and capacity of the 
drain1 and will also indicate any       
siphoning of traps  or leaks which exist
 in any of the sanitary fittings of the 
house4    ,footnote #a3      ,this      
instrument with instructions as to      
reagents can be obtained from    ,e4    
,cetti1 ,meteorological ,instrument     
,maker1 #cf1 ,brooke ,street1 ,holborn1 
price #abs4 #h;d4 ,it is cheaper and    
more convenient than the                

pressure-gauge1 and registers any       
pressure during the testing of          
drains4    ,the following table will    
show the amount of gas in every #ajj    
feet of  circular pipe or drain1 from #d
 to #cj inches in diameter1 also the    
amount  of water thrown into a trap to  
produce the necessary pressure of gas to
  lift the liquid #a inch in the        
detector or pressure gauge3 the quantity
  being as near as possible #c ozs4 of  
water to #a cubic foot of gas space4    
,illustration3 ,plate #a4               
,diameter of   ,cubic ,contents of      
,amount of ,water ,area of ,pipe #agbh  
,circular ,pipe or  ,gas in each #ajj to
 produce #a inch  #a cubic foot4        
,drain4       feet length of  rise of   
,liquid in                      ,drain  
,pipe or      ,detector4                
,sewer4                                 
ins4           cub4 ft4     gals4 pts4  
ozs4                    #d              
#h-abee_/agbh    #j     #a     #g       
#abeff                   #f             

#ai-ajif_/agbh    #j     #d     #j      
#bhbgd                   #i             
#dd-cjh_/agbh    #a     #a     #b       
#fcfag                  #ab             
#gh-icb_/agbh    #b     #j     #e       
#aacjig                  #ae            
#abb-abdb_/agbh    #c     #a     #f     
#agfgae                  #ah            
#agf-abcd_/agbh    #d     #e     #j     
#beddfi                  #ai            
#aif-aedf_/agbh    #e     #a     #a     
#bhcebi                  #bj            
#bah-bhh_/agbh    #e     #e     #g      
#cadafj                  #ba            
#bdj-iac_/agbh    #f     #b     #a      
#cdfcfa                  #bb            
#bfc-afie_/agbh    #f     #g     #j     
#chjacc                  #bc            
#bhh-iag_/agbh    #g     #d     #b      
#daedgf                  #bd            
#cad-bgf_/agbh    #h     #a     #f      
#debcij                  #be            
#cdj-aecj_/agbh    #h     #g     #j     
#dijhge                  #bf            
#cfh-abab_/agbh    #i     #d    #ac     

#ecjicj                  #bg            
#cig-ajfc_/agbh   #aj     #b    #ad     
#egbeef                  #bh            
#dbg-aadg_/agbh   #aa     #a    #ab     
#faegec                  #bi            
#deh-abja_/agbh   #aa     #g     #h     
#ffjeba                  #cj            
#dij-aeab_/agbh   #ab     #f     #i     
#gjfhfj       ,the method of testing    
drains and fittings by compression of   
gas is as  follows3--,when the drainage 
plan of a building exists1 the work of  
testing by compression of gas in the    
drain will be a very simple matter4     
,plate #a shows the drains as laid to a 
semidetached villa1 with two  inlets    
from sinks marked #a1 one from bath     
overflow marked #b1 and two  from the   
soil-pipes of closets in the basement   
and first-floor marked #c4  ,the drain  
from ,a to ,b is a #f-;inch stoneware   
pipe1 and its length is #ajj  feet4 ,the
 amount of gas in it would be           
#ai-ajif_/agbh cubic feet4 ,the  branch 
drains from the other inlets are #d     

inches in diameter1 and the  collected  
lengths are #ej feet1 and the quantity  
of gas in them would be  #d-fbg_/agbh   
cubic feet1 giving a total in the whole 
of the drain of  nearly #bd cubic feet4 
,if the indiarubber pipe to the detector
 or pressure gauge is placed in  either 
of the traps marked #a1 and the glass   
tube filled with liquid up  to the data 
line1 #e pints of water poured into     
either of the traps  marked #a1 will    
produce a rise of #a inch in the liquid 
of the detector1  that is if all the    
drains are clear and joints tight1 the  
drains being  stopped off for testing at
 ,a4    ,should a trap be fixed anywhere
 between ,a and ,b a lesser quantity    
will  be required to lift the liquid1   
and the position of the trap can be     
determined by comparing the exact       
quantity of water used with the         
capacity or quantity of gas in the      
drain4    ,if a trap should be fixed or 
a stoppage formed in any part of the    
drain  ,a ,b1 the flushing of a closet  

or sink would1 by the compression of the
  gas1 force it in bulk through the     
weakest trap1 or the one having the     
least dip or seal4 ,the quantity which  
would pass through would depend on  the 
amount of water used in the flushing and
 the fall of the drain4    ,the drains  
to the building having been tested1 and 
their defects  ascertained1 it will be  
necessary now to test the soil-pipe4    
,on this plan it is fixed on the outside
 of the house1 having a trap with  an   
open grating just beyond the basement   
closet1 and a ventilating pipe  carried 
above the eaves of the roof4 ,whether   
the soil-pipe be fixed  inside or       
outside of the building it should be    
perfectly gas-tight1 and  in this       
testing a person cannot be too          
particular4    ,in testing the soil-pipe
 shown on plan1 the easiest method is to
 put the  detector or pressure-gauge at 
the grating of the trap #c1 placing the 
indiarubber tube over the grating1 and  
making a tight joint with clay4  ,then  

close the top of the ventilating pipe   
and pour water in the top  closet1 when1
 if the joints are tight1 the liquid in 
the detector will  rise suddenly1 and   
then lower itself as the water leaves   
the trap1  indicating that the soil-pipe
 is tight1 but if it is not tight1 no   
rising of the liquid will take place4   
,should there be no trap at the  bottom 
of the soil-pipe1 it will be necessary  
to excavate down to the  drain to take  
out a length of pipe1 to seal the mouth 
of the drain with  clay for testing4 ,if
 there should be leaky joints or holes  
in the  soil-pipe1 a little sulphur     
burnt in the pipe1 or a little pungent  
essence thrown into it1 will clearly    
denote where the leaks are4    ,having  
tested the soil-pipe and proved it      
tight1 or effectually stopped  all leaks
 as the case may be1 no gas can be given
 off in these drains or  fittings except
 through the ventilators 7under ordinary
 circumstances7  as no trap has been    
siphoned in the testing4    ,as before  

stated1 the ventilating pipe runs to the
 top of the building  of the same       
diameter as the soil-pipe1 in fact this 
is a plan of drains  to a house recently
 built in the suburbs of ,london1 and   
the planning of  them would be          
considered perfect by many sanitary men1
 but before we  testify them as perfect1
 let us carefully analyse the working of
 the  ventilation4    ,the ventilating  
pipe being carried above the roof is    
strictly in  accordance with the        
bye-laws of the ,local ,board1 although 
it spoils the  appearance of the house4 
,one reason why it was put there is to  
prevent  the siphoning of the closet    
trap1 and its height is to carry out the
  recommendations of medical writers in 
the ,lancet who have so often  insisted 
that these tall pipes1 carried some feet
 away from chimneys or  bedroom windows1
 were necessary4    ,let us test this   
theory4    ,we will flush the closet by 
throwing down slops and giving the      
closet  the regular flush1 carefully    

testing what takes place4 ,the result is
  that the soil-pipe1 instead of        
carrying off the odours from the top1   
only forms an air inlet1 and #b cubic   
feet of air has been sucked in at  the  
top of the pipe1 and the same quantity  
of gas discharged through the  grating4 
,as this grating on the plan is only #b 
feet from the passage  door which leads 
into the kitchen1 the least that occurs 
is that a  portion enters the house1 and
 the cook has a slight headache when    
preparing the meals for the day4    ,to 
be more certain of this let us test the 
working of the ventilation by  a dozen  
flushings of the closets1 and the same  
results are obtained by  measurement1   
#bg cubic feet of air entered the top of
 the pipe1 and has  been driven out at  
the grating below4 ,this proves that it 
is unnecessary  to spoil the appearance 
of our houses by the erection of these  
pipes1 or  of carrying them above the   
soil-pipe or closet level4    ,it would 
not be consistent for me here to state  

how these unsightly  pipes could be     
avoided1 but ,i am confident that ere   
long they will  become obsolete1        
although they have been erected by      
thousands in various  parts of the      
country4    ,we will now test the       
working of the ventilation in drains ,a 
,b1 and those  in branch drains to traps
 marked ,i4 ,as they are clear1 we find 
that the  gases in them are not so      
poisonous as in the sewers to which they
 are  connected4    ,a manhole grating  
exists in the sewer some #dj yards from 
the back of the  building1 and through  
this grating the gas which is driven by 
the  flushing escapes1 and its density  
depends on the nature of the soil       
passing in the sewer4 ,its density is   
lessened by diffusion1 or the  mixing of
 the gas which takes place at the       
grating1 but the time it  takes for the 
gas which is in the drain near the traps
 ,i1 to mix with  the fresh air at the  
grating in the street is a problem that 
,i will  leave others to solve4 ,we are 

certain that no gas in bulk can pass    
through the trap under ordinary         
circumstances4    ,we can now certify   
that the drains are tight1 well trapped 
and  ventilated1 they are laid strictly 
in accordance with the bye-laws of  the 
,local ,board1 and we can quote that    
similar plans were exhibited last  year 
at the ,health ,exhibition1 as models   
for country architects and  builders to 
copy2 and ninety-nine out of every      
hundred sanitary  inspectors would sign 
the certificate that the sanitary       
arrangements  were carefully tested1 and
 found perfect4    ,illustration3 ,plate
 #b4    ,experience in working the      
detector will not allow me to do this4  
,although for months not the slightest  
particle of sewer gas has entered  the  
building1 until one evening about eight 
o'clock a sickly smell is  observed in  
the kitchen1 and this is attributed to a
 change in the  weather1 heavy rain     
having fallen during the day1 and no    
notice was  taken of it before retiring 

to rest4 ,in the morning the house is   
unbearable4 ,the inspector of nuisances 
is sent for1 who cannot detect  anything
 wrong in the drains4 ,the surveyor to  
the ,local ,board visits the  house with
 the same result1 and it is not until   
the middle of the day  before the       
nuisance has abated1 its cause still a  
mystery to the  sanitary officials and  
to the owner of the house1 who is a     
medical man  of great experience in     
sanitary matters1 and a sanitary writer4
    ,now what really did occur was this4
 ,the sewer at the back nearly filled   
with water and soil caused by the heavy 
rains1 and when this was rising1  about 
#b cubic feet of gas was forced from the
 drain ,b through the  grating at the   
bottom of the soil-pipe4 ,the junction  
where the drain at  ,a joined the sewer 
was made as usual about two-thirds the  
height of the  sewer1 consequently the  
drain from ,a to ,b filled some #bj feet
 during the  storm4 ,when the storm     
abated1 the water leaving the drain at  

,a sucked  the trap at the bottom of the
 soil-pipe #c4 ,the seal being gone1 the
 gas  from the sewer at once came       
through the trap1 the current being     
estimated at from #hj to #bjj feet per  
minute2 so that the quantity of gas     
given off at the trap1 which is #b feet 
from the door1 would be about  #bjjj    
cubic feet from the time the trap was   
sucked until it was filled  again by the
 flushing of the closet4    ,this is by 
no means an exceptional occurrence1 two 
similar cases  occurred in the suburbs  
last year4 ,in one case the owner of the
 house  was seriously ill for several   
days1 and was for some weeks obliged to 
neglect his business and seek a change  
of air4 ,in the other case the  daughter
 was taken ill with a zymotic disease   
which nearly cost her her  life1 and it 
was months before she regained her      
strength4    ,the easiest method of     
preventing this siphoning of the traps  
is to fix a  small mica valve at the    
most convenient part of the drain       

between ,a and  ,b1 fixing it above the 
ground4 ,you can also prevent it as well
 as the  gas coming near the house by   
putting in a trap at ,a and having an   
open  grating between ,a and ,b4 ,this  
would not prevent the #bjjj cubic feet  
of  gas before referred to from escaping
 from the drains1 but would cause it  to
 be discharged some distance from the   
house4 ,you would also have about  #bc  
cubic feet of gas in the drain always   
mixing with the atmosphere of  the      
garden at this point when the traps are 
full and tight4    ,plate #b shows the  
plan and drains of a hospital which ,i  
tested by this  system in #ahhj4 ,as it 
was an old building the testing was     
somewhat  different to that described in
 ,plate #a4    ,illustration3 ,plate #c4
    ,for years a sickly smell was       
observed in the ward1 and more          
especially  when the heating apparatus  
was at work1 and it was thought to arise
 from  the number of bad cases in the   
ward4 ,a good system of ventilation was 

adopted by the introduction of fresh air
 through flues which ran under  the     
floor to the whole length of the        
building1 and in winter the air was     
warmed by passing over hot-water pipes  
in the flues1 and was distributed  at   
various parts of the ward through open  
gratings in the floor1 with a  good     
extraction in the roof1 which was open  
to the ward1 but ceiled over  the       
rafters4    ,double the amount of fresh 
air was admitted1 warmed1 and extracted1
 with  a view to improve the atmosphere 
of the building1 but with no better     
results4 ,i then decided to test the    
drains which were shown on the plan  of 
the building as on ,plate #b1 the drain 
marked ,a ,b being tested first  by     
stopping it off and fixing the detector 
at ,b4 ,this being a #i-;inch  drain    
pipe and the length #acj feet1 gave     
#eg-fjj_/agbh cubic feet as the         
contents of gas in it4 ,adding #f cubic 
feet for the branch drain at ,c1  making
 a total of #fc-fjj_/agbh cubic feet4   

,the amount of water required to be     
thrown into the trap ,a would be #a     
gal4 #e pts4 #c ozs4 to produce the     
necessary pressure of gas in the drain  
to lift the liquid #a inch in the       
detector4 ,instead of taking #a gal4 #e 
pts4 #c ozs41 it took #g gals4 #f pts4  
#i ozs41 giving an additional #bcg      
cubic feet of gas space to be somewhere 
attached to the drain4 ,this  could not 
be leaks1 if it had been the liquid in  
the detector would not  have risen at   
all4    ,the ground was opened at ,d1   
the drain sealed1 and the detector      
fixed1  and the total quantity of gas in
 the drain by measurement from the seal 
to trap ,a was found to be #df cubic    
feet1 and by testing this was found  to 
be correct1 consequently the additional 
gas space was between ,b and  ,d4    ,i 
particularly noticed that the gases in  
these drains were more  poisonous than  
they should have been1 considering the  
nature of the  sewage flowing through   
them1 and by using a reagent as a liquid

 in the  detector1 its discoloration    
indicated that the gas was in contact   
with a  large quantity of putrid matter 
which was of a different character to   
that of the sewage flowing in the drain4
    ,a drain searcher1 or pointed rod   
was used1 and after driving it into the 
ground a few times1 it struck the large 
cesspit ,e1 and by the sound  given it  
was clear that a drain was underneath1  
when1 on excavating1 the  old cesspit   
and drains shown on ,plate #c were      
discovered1 containing more  than #fj   
cubic yards of black putrid sewage4     
,the junction at ,f was cut off and the 
drain made good1 when a second  testing 
by fixing the detector at ,b gave the   
quantity of gas in the  drain to be     
#fc-fjj_/agbh cubic feet4    ,the       
cleaning out of #fj cubic yards of      
sewage and the removal of the old       
drains did not in the slightest degree  
diminish the nuisance inside the        
building1 consequently the #ae-;inch    
drain on the opposite side of the       

building was stopped off at ,g and ,h1  
and in testing the detector was  placed 
at ,g4 ,this length of drain being #adj 
feet contained #age-ajih_/agbh  cubic   
feet of gas1 and #d gals4 #d pts4 #h    
ozs4 of water thrown into the  trap ,h  
should have lifted the liquid to the    
usual height in the  detector4 ,this and
 a similar quantity of water did not    
indicate any  compression1 but the      
discoloration of the reagent in the     
detector was  much quicker than on the  
drain which was first tested4    ,the   
drain was then opened at ,i1 dividing it
 into two sections1 that from  ,g to ,i 
containing #ic cubic feet4 ,testing this
 by #b gals4 #c pts4 #f ozs4  of water  
gave the exact rise in the detector1    
consequently the leaks and  bad gas must
 be in the section from ,i to ,h4 ,this 
was tested by a fresh  reagent in the   
detector1 when the speedy discoloration 
of the liquid  indicated that the source
 of the poison was very near4    ,by a  
few piercings of the ground at ,k1 by   

the iron rod or searcher1 the  drain was
 found1 and by following the old drain  
the two cesspits and  additional drains 
shown in ,plate #c were discovered1 and 
about #aej loads  of old putrid sewage  
had to be excavated and cleared away4   
,the leaks  which prevented the rise of 
the liquid in the detector were in the  
crown  of the old sewage tank ,m1 and   
the hot-water pipes of the heating      
apparatus running in an air-shaft just  
over it1 the heat extracted the  poisons
 from the sewage and distributed them   
into the ward4    ,the connections at ,k
 and ,n having been stopped up1 the     
drain from ,i ,h  was again tested1 when
 it gave #cf cubic feet more gas space  
than there  should have been in the     
drain4 ,a few piercings of the soil at  
,o led to  the excavating of those old  
drains which are shown attached1 and    
these  being excavated and cleared away1
 and the connections to drains ,k1 ,n1  
and ,o being stopped1 the drain was     
again tested from ,i to ,h1 when        

compression in the detector took place  
in comparison to the exact  quantity of 
gas that should be by measurement in the
 drain4    ,in describing the method of 
testing drains as shown on ,plates #a1  
#b1 and  #c1 nothing has been mentioned 
as to the level to which branch drains  
to  houses should be laid1 or the method
 of testing them to ascertain their     
fall4    ,the fall given to branch      
drains should not be less than #a in    
#ajj1 but #a  in #hj is far preferable1 
and if the drains are laid to this      
level1 water  will flow easily through  
them1 but should any part be laid out of
 a  level the water would lay in them   
and thus give a less quantity of gas4   
,then when tested by compression to the 
capacity of the drain the lesser        
quantity would denote the nature of the 
dip4    ,when a plan of drains exists1  
as in the two cases shown on ,plates #a1
 #b1  and #c1 the difficulty of testing 
them and proving their defects will not 
be as great as when no plan has been    

made4 ,if no plan has been made or  no  
record kept of them1 it is best to make 
a rough plan of the building1  fixing   
the positions of all inlets1 their sizes
 and lengths1 of branches  to the drains
 on the premises1 and also to lay down  
on the plan the  length and size of this
 drain to where it reaches the extent of
 the  property or joins the main sewer1 
opening the ground for testing in a     
similar manner to that described in     
,plate #a4    ,in testing pipes or      
sanitary fittings of any kind1 leaks can
 be easily  found by attaching the      
detector or pressure gauge to the most  
convenient  part of the pipe or fitting1
 and when everything is sound care      
should be  taken to flush all inlets at 
the same time1 to ascertain whether the 
rush of water has any effect on the     
traps or water-seal4 ,if the  vibration 
in the detector or pressure gauge       
exceeds #b_/ajths of an inch1  a freer  
gas space must be provided1 or the      
action of the water checked  in some    

manner4 ,pipes1 whether sanitary or     
otherwise1 can be tested as  to         
tightness in a similar manner4    ,some 
modification may be necessary in testing
 large sewers or the drains  of a       
district1 but if the testing is         
performed in a similar manner to  that  
adopted in the above case the condition 
of the drains and fittings  can be      
accurately ascertained4 ,the least      
pressure or suction on the  traps of    
drains or fittings will be shown by the 
vibration of the liquid  in the detector
 or pressure gauge when the water passes
 through the  pipes with flushing4      
,the term 8bad drains0 is not           
exclusively confined to those drains    
that  have leaky joints1 or have an     
insufficient fall1 or traps which siphon
  during the passage of the water1 but  
may also be applied to systems of       
sewers in general4 ,there are two points
 in almost every system of  drainage    
that call for some improvement4 ,the    
first is having the inlets  at junctions

 where small drains join sewers at the  
side of the sewers4  ,thousands of traps
 are being continually siphoned by this 
cause as soon  as the water fills the   
sewer above the inlet of the branch     
drain1 as  this1 when filled with water 
only a short distance1 forces gas       
through  the weakest trap1 and on the   
water and soil lowering itself in the   
sewer1 this water acts exactly as the   
plunger of a pump and draws the  water  
out of the weakest trap4 ,this is often 
the one in the area or  basement of the 
building1 and to avoid this all inlets  
at junctions  should enter the top of   
the sewers1 not for the soil to drop    
down so as  to cause the sewers to silt1
 but in an oblique direction with the   
sewage  flow4 ,the second point is in   
the ventilation of sewers1 which is not 
an  easy subject to handle4             
,,sewer ,,ventilation4      ,the        
question of ventilation is a very       
difficult one1 whether it is in         
connection with sewers or buildings4    

,the ventilation of buildings has       
received more attention than that of    
sewers1 excepting within the last three 
years4    ,in the ventilation of        
buildings we have the work and          
experience of ,mr4  ,haden1 ,captain    
,galton1 ,dr4 ,parkes1 ,messrs4         
,howarth1 ,tobin1 ,boyle1  ,banner1 and 
others1 who have not only made the      
ventilation of buildings  their         
principal study1 but have also spent    
large sums of money in  carrying out    
experiments with a view of getting a    
system of ventilation  applicable to any
 building4 ,i have no doubt that each of
 the above  authorities in house        
ventilation would candidly admit that   
some of the  most favourable experiments
 they had made1 and from which at the   
time  they expected the greatest        
results1 had1 when they had been        
practically  applied in different       
localities and under different          
circumstances1  proved their worst      
failures in providing a regular supply  

of fresh air  to and the extraction of  
foul air from any building4    ,if in   
the ventilation of buildings so many    
failures to get a perfect and  universal
 system can be recorded1 it is quite    
natural that the same will  be the case 
in the ventilation of sewers4    ,the   
most eminent engineers of the present   
day will admit that vast  improvements  
must be made in sewer ventilation before
 they can say of a  district where a    
quantity of drains are laid and a large 
bulk of sewage  matter is carried       
through them1 that the atmosphere of    
that district is  as pure as that of one
 where no drains are laid or where no   
sewage  matter can be found4    ,it was 
not until #ahdj that the question of    
sewer ventilation received  very much   
attention1 and it is in the reports to  
the ,city ,commissioners  of ,sewers and
 to the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works  
that the earliest  results are recorded4
    ,the report of ,colonel ,hayward to 
the ,city ,commissioners of ,sewers1    

dated  #ahth ,march1 #aheh1 contains    
some of the earliest and most valuable  
information as to sewer ventilation4    
,in that report it is stated that1      
previous to #ahcj1 8the sewers were     
ventilated by the gulleys1 which were   
large open shafts or shoots  connected  
with the sewers without traps of any    
description3 they were  connected with  
gratings of large size1 the bars of     
which were farther  apart than those at 
present in use2 there were no           
ventilating shafts  rising to the centre
 of carriageways1 nor were there any    
side entrances  by which access to the  
sewers could be had4 ,whatever          
ventilation took  place therefore was   
effected by the gulleys1 and if a sewer 
required to  be cleansed or examined the
 mode adopted was to open holes in the  
centre  of carriageways down to what are
 technically called manholes1 or working
  shafts1 and perform these operations  
from these apertures1 the shafts  being 
left open a sufficient length of time to

 ensure ventilation before  the men     
descended1 and if there was fear of an  
accumulation of gas or  mephitic vapour1
 which sometimes was the case near the  
heads of sewers1  but at few other      
points in them40    ,complaints of the  
effluvium from these gulleys were made  
before the year  #ahcj1 and are stated  
to have grown louder and stronger after 
that date4    ,here we have the first   
experience and results of free and open 
ventilation to sewers4 ,as regards the  
number of these gulleys in  proportion  
to the sewers we have no evidence in    
these reports1 but  judging from their  
being specified as large open shafts1   
the area for  the inlet and outlet of   
air to the sewers would be if anything  
greater  than that of the present day4  
,yet this report states that the ill    
odours  which escaped from the gulleys1 
although they might not be pestilential1
  became more repulsively offensive1 and
 the attention of the  ,commissioners of
 ,sewers was drawn to the evil1 and it  

was felt that some  remedy or palliative
 ought to be devised4    ,the means     
taken to obviate this evil may be termed
 the first experiment  in sewer         
ventilation4    8,a gulley trap was     
devised and fixed in the ,pavement1     
,finsbury1 in #ahcd1  and in #ahdj nine 
hundred of the gulleys had been trapped 
with a view to  remedy the evil1 with   
the following results4    8,it became   
apparent even before that number was    
fixed1 that the sewers  were becoming   
dangerous to workmen to enter1 and the  
gases generated  found vent by the house
 drains 7then generally untrapped7 into 
dwellings40    ,it is quite evident that
 the compression of gases which takes   
place in  the sewers by the rising and  
falling of the liquid and sewage flowing
 in  them was not then known1 or this   
experiment by closing the gulleys and   
ventilating the sewers through the house
 traps would not have been  attempted4  
,at any rate the first experiment in    
sewer ventilation in the ,city cannot   

be said to have been a successful one1  
as it left matters worse than  before4  
8,to obviate this1 ventilating shafts   
connecting directly with small iron     
gratings in the centre of the           
carriageways were formed3 this mode of  
ventilating was also first adopted in   
the ,city1 and the system of  trapping  
7with numerous modifications in manner7 
and ventilating the  sewers in the      
centre of the carriageways spread       
through the length of  the metropolis40 
,can it be said that this alteration was
 an improvement in sewer  ventilation8  
,the noxious or pestilential vapours    
that were so repulsive in #ahdj when    
escaping through the gulleys were not   
rendered less poisonous by being  given 
off in the middle of the road or        
carriageways1 but the constant  passing 
of carriages over the gratings had the  
effect of mixing the  gases of the sewer
 more quickly with the atmosphere of the
 street4 ,thus  their noxious qualities 
were not so much observed1 but the      

effect of  these gases on the public    
health by this arrangement has not been 
as  satisfactory as many imagine4       
,when the carriage traffic is suspended 
during the night1 the effluvium  from   
these gratings is now similar to that   
experienced from the shoots  or gulley  
shafts in #ahcj4 ,this opinion is formed
 by comparing the report  with testings 
taken at the gratings last year4    ,the
 last improvement suggested to give a   
better system of sewer  ventilation in  
the ,city is the erection of shafts at  
the sides of the  buildings where       
possible4 ,a resolution was passed last 
year by the ,city  ,commissioners of    
,sewers to erect these shafts where     
practicable4 ,the  effect of this       
alteration will be to remove the        
nuisance from the street  and carry it  
to a higher level4 ,if it is intended to
 work these shafts  in conjunction with 
the open gratings1 the effect will be   
that in some  streets the whole of the  
gas from the sewers adjoining will be   

pouring  out of one shaft4 ,in the      
summer time its density will be         
increased by  the friction in the       
shafts1 and the high temperature of the 
atmosphere  will cause a more rapid     
decomposition in the sewage4    ,in low 
buildings or warehouses there is nothing
 to prevent the poisons  from the sewers
 from being conveyed down the chimneys  
into the  buildings1 and the employs    
taking a zymotic disease whilst engaged 
in  their work and at night taking it to
 various parts of the suburbs4    ,it is
 better to let the gas escape at a low  
level1 where it could be  purified when 
it is a nuisance1 and especially in the 
case of an  epidemic1 than discharge gas
 with a greater density at a higher     
level4    ,the ,general ,board of       
,health in #ahdh issued the following   
minutes of  information with reference  
to sewers and house drains--    8,make  
proper provision for the ventilation of 
sewers and drains in such  a manner that
 there may be a free current of air in  

them in the  direction of the sewage    
flow40    ,it was also recommended 8that
 the stack pipes should be connected    
with  the sewers without the            
intervention of traps1 in order to      
assist the  ventilation1 and there      
should be no trap between the trap at   
the inlet  and the sewer40    ,this     
system was found far worse than the open
 gulleys or shoots in the  ,city in     
#ahcj1 as at ,croydon 7which was one of 
the first towns to carry  out works of  
sewage under the ,general ,board of     
,health7 no sooner had the  sewers been 
in use before an outbreak of fever took 
place4    ,dr4 ,niell ,arnott and ,mr4  
,t4 ,page1 ,c4,e41 were appointed by the
 ,home  ,secretary to report on the     
outbreak at ,croydon1 and ,mr4 ,page in 
his  report states--    8,whenever a    
water-closet even with the best form of 
siphon trap is  introduced into a house1
 it will be well to provide an escape   
into the  open air4 ,when several       
soil-pans or sinks from the apartments  

of a large  house are discharged into a 
common soil-pipe or vertical main1 the  
main  should be continued up to the roof
 and to the open air1 and if            
practicable it should be carried near   
the chimney4 ,pipe sewers must also     
have ample ventilation provided at all  
available points4 ,if the air is        
confined it is most dangerous when it   
breaks forth1 which sooner or  later it 
will do1 such evils would have been     
avoided40    ,it is quite evident by    
these remarks that the system of        
ventilating the  ,city sewers in #ahcj  
was more perfect than at ,croydon1 and  
had ,mr4 ,page  tested the sewers and   
sanitary fittings by the compression of 
gases in  them1 he would have found that
 the action of the water in the pipe    
prevented the gas from being confined4  
,in #aheh1 ,mr4 ,goldsworthy ,gurney    
made experiments in the neighbourhood of
  the ,house of ,commons by connecting a
 number of the sewers near with the     
furnace of the clock-tower1 and this was

 reported on by ,sir ,joseph            
,bazalgette as follows3--    8,i find   
that the furnace of the clock-tower of  
the ,house of ,parliament  was supposed 
to have been connected with the         
adjoining district to the  extent of    
about a quarter of a square mile1 and   
with about #f miles of  sewers1 but that
 the ventilation had in reality been    
intercepted by a  flap so that the      
benefit supposed to be derived therefrom
 was purely  imaginary4 ,having come to 
that conclusion1 the next thing ,i      
directed my  attention to was1 supposing
 the whole of the air extracted by that 
furnace was produced from the sewers1   
and supposing that all the  intermediate
 channels could be stopped1 and that it 
could be directed  from the most remote 
ends of each of the sewers1 and         
distributed over  those sewers with the 
most perfect theoretical accuracy1 so as
 to have  uniform currents passing      
through each of the sewers towards that 
chimney1 still the effect on those      

sewers would be nothing1 and the way  in
 which ,i prove my statement is this3   
the total area of the #f miles of       
sewers now connected with the furnace is
 #gac feet1 the total area of the       
channel through which the air has to be 
brought from them is #h feet1  that is  
about the ninetieth part of #gac2 the   
air was passing at the rate  of #edb    
feet per minute through the #h feet     
area4 ,therefore1 if ,i could  divide   
that over the whole district1 the       
velocity in all those sewers  would be  
#f feet per minute or  of a mile per    
hour4 ,but we have shown  already that  
there exist in the sewers from other    
causes velocities  amounting to #ajj    
feet per minute and upwards2 and #f feet
 per minute is  practically speaking    
stagnation and not ventilation40        
,this experiment was undoubtedly one    
that if it had been continued  7instead 
of being abandoned71 and the errors     
corrected1 would have led  to a more    
practical result4 ,the area of the air  

space to the furnace was  #h feet1 and  
the current #edb feet1 or equal to #f   
miles an hour4 ,if this  current had    
been the same in the sewers as in the   
channel1 the suction  produced on the   
water-traps of the small drains attached
 would lift the  water in each trap a   
little more than #c inches4 ,but as the 
ordinary trap  has only an average      
#b-;inch dip1 the weakest would have    
been at once  sucked and the experiment 
a failure4 ,had the dips of the traps   
been #d  inches1 the drains would have  
remained sealed except at the intended  
inlets4 ,the air being supplied at the  
ends would have gone through the  sewers
 without breaking the water-seal1       
providing that the air space  between   
the crown of the sewer and the sewage   
was not in any way  blocked4 ,if the    
current in the sewers had been less than
 #bjj feet per  minute1 the ordinary    
trap would have effectually sealed the  
various  inlets4    ,had the average    
area of gas space above the sewage been 

#h feet1 the  whole of the #f miles of  
sewers would have been emptied of its   
gas and  supplied with fresh air in     
about an hour4 ,the different areas     
should not  have been considered1 but   
the total quantity of gas taken4    ,the
 velocities of #ajj feet here mentioned1
 is accounted for as follows4  ,should  
the sewage in any part of the sewers    
lower itself1 causing an  additional gas
 space in that part of the sewer1 the   
rush of gas in the  sewer to fill the   
space would cause this #ajj feet per    
minute current4    ,these hitherto      
unaccountable currents in sewers and    
drains are produced  by the variation of
 the gas space above the sewage1 the    
result of water  being thrown in at the 
various inlets4    ,the gases of a sewer
 may be passing backward and forward in 
currents  varying from #ajj to #cjj feet
 per minute1 and not any ventilation    
would  take place except at the         
gratings1 and this would be very little 
indeed  when the gas in the sewer was of

 a heavier gravity than the atmosphere4 
,speaking on the same subject1 ,colonel 
,haywood says1 8a down draught so       
complete as to be superior to the       
diffusive power of the gases1 you       
cannot start with a velocity of less    
than #b miles an hour1 and suppose  the 
whole district has been so arranged as  
to have a sufficient  exhaustive power1 
the mere opening of a water-closet1 or  
the enlarging  or the putting in of a   
new drain into a sewer1 or the making of
 a hole a  foot square1 or a servant    
taking up a bell trap in a sink1 or a   
sewer-man lifting a side entrance       
covering1 would very much destroy the   
power of the furnace1 and unless you had
 a gigantic power sufficient to  guard  
against these casualties the system     
could only be a failure40    ,what is   
here meant is1 suppose that if the whole
 of the #f miles of  sewers were emptied
 of their gas at a velocity of #b miles 
an hour1 the  poisons from the sewage   
would not be noticeable or injurious in 

the  atmosphere of the drain4 ,if each  
inlet to the sewer was trapped1 the     
opening of a water-closet or the opening
 of a bell trap in the sink  would not  
have affected the #b miles an hour      
current in the sewers4    ,had the      
currents in the sewers near the furnace 
of the clock-tower been  kept at #b     
miles an hour1 the traps being tight1   
and attention been paid  to the         
compression of the gases in the sewers  
by the water entering  them1 the        
experiment would have been in a measure 
a successful one4    ,from #ahee to     
#ahgb1 ,sir ,r4 ,rawlinson1 ,c4,b41 ,dr4
 ,a4 ,miller1 and ,sir ,joseph          
,bazalgette were carrying out           
experiments with charcoal trays and     
screens1 and a committee of the         
,metropolitan ,board of ,works in their 
report1 say3--    8,the results were    
sufficiently favourable to warrant the  
use of charcoal  ventilators in         
connection with such air-shafts as were 
sources of  annoyance and complaint1 but

 their adoption had also the effect of  
diminishing the upward current of foul  
air through the shafts and of  confining
 it to the sewers1 thereby endangering  
the safety of the men  working in them1 
so that it is necessary that such       
ventilators should be  cautiously and   
not generally applied40    ,these       
experiments in sewer ventilation were   
the most valuable of any yet  made to   
solve the question1 but their failure   
could be attributed to the  following   
results4    ,the working of charcoal in 
the extraction of poisons given off from
  sewage in its transit through the     
sewers1 and which poisons become mixed  
with the gas1 and the placing of        
charcoal in layers or baskets so that   
the gas should pass through the         
interstices of the charcoal1 is without 
a doubt the best method of dealing with 
charcoal as an agent in  arresting or   
picking up the poisons from putrid      
matter which is  contained in the gas4  
,but the obstacle this gives to the     

supply or  exhaust of air to the sewer  
is greater than the power of the        
water-trap3  consequently traps are     
sucked or forced1 and the inlet of fresh
 air  takes place through them into the 
sewers4    ,the gas from the sewer      
escapes through the weakest trap into   
the house1  thus nullifying the effects 
of the charcoal trays and rendering them
  almost useless4 ,the passing of the   
gas over the tray would prevent this1   
but experiments prove that charcoal has 
not the power to attract and  retain the
 poisons from the sewage1 and which is  
retained in the gas4  ,thus these       
poisons pass over the charcoal through  
the grating into the  street4    ,these 
experiments prove that if the poisons   
from the gas are extracted  at the      
outlets1 and the drains into sewers     
trapped with a water-seal1  and the     
siphoning or forcing of traps are       
prevented1 sewers can be  ventilated    
without being a nuisance or prejudicial 
to health4 ,but it  must be borne in    

mind that the instant the current of air
 in sewers1  drains1 soil-pipes1 or     
sanitary fittings exceeds a velocity of 
#c miles  an hour1 even if they have    
open ends1 no trap with a #b-;inch seal 
is safe  from being siphoned4    ,many  
surveyors state that sewer gas is       
uncontrollable4 ,this is an error4  ,the
 gases of a sewer are as controllable as
 the atmosphere of a room4 ,it  is the  
compression of the gas caused by an     
increase of water in the  drain1 and the
 temperature of the atmosphere on the   
surface of the  ground at the various   
points where the gratings are fixed1    
which makes  the currents of gas in     
drains so uncertain4 ,the sudden        
lowering of the  sewage in a drain will 
stop the nearest gratings or shaft from 
working  as inlets4    ,what led        
engineers to form this opinion was the  
failure of experiments  with motive     
power to get certain results in         
ventilating sewers1 the same  as in a   
building4 ,it is impossible to get      

ventilation to sewers through  open     
gratings except the inlets from the     
house drains are sealed with a          
water-seal4    ,the unsatisfactory      
results obtained from many experiments  
in sewer  ventilation have not been the 
fault of the plan or the appliances     
used1  but arose from the wretched      
manner in which house drains have been  
connected to the sewers4    ,i shall    
never forget the testing of some sewers 
with a view of improving  the           
ventilation of them4 ,they were public  
sewers and almost new ones1  and as far 
as the sewers themselves were concerned 
you could not have  had better1 both as 
regards a good fall and tight joints4   
,but the manner  in which the           
connections were made to them was       
something astonishing4  ,untrapped      
gulleys at the sides of the streets1    
drains from the sewers  into the        
kitchens of houses without a single     
trap4 ,in some cases two or  more traps 
were fixed according to the whim of the 

owner of the house4  ,rain-water pipes  
from the flats of windows on the ground 
floor were  connected to sewers without 
traps1 closets with no ventilating      
pipes1  and a dozen other imperfections 
were found on the branch drains and     
fittings4    ,before completing the     
tests of these drains and fittings1 ,i  
suggested  that all faults and errors   
found in connection with the branch     
drains  should at once be remedied1 and 
each drain be connected to the sewer    
with a trap1 or else it would be of     
little use to improve the  ventilation  
of the sewers4 ,i was quietly informed  
that this could not  for one moment be  
entertained1 as where these evils were  
the worst was  on property belonging to 
members of the ,local ,board1 and any   
attempt to  pass a resolution to compel 
this to be done would be futile1 and the
  necessity of doing it attributed to   
the zeal of local sanitarians4    ,i am 
glad to say that cases like this are    
exceptional1 but there are  many towns  

where similar evils will remain until an
 epidemic breaks out  and the           
authorities are compelled to have them  
remedied4 ,the amount of  air passing   
through the sewer is no indication of   
the ventilation or the  amount of air   
that is being admitted1 or the quantity 
of gas charged  with poisons that is    
given off4 ,i have tested the gas in a  
sewer and at  the ventilating shafts1   
and have repeatedly found the gas in the
 sewer  flowing at a high velocity      
whilst the air in the open ventilating  
shaft  was perfectly stagnant4    ,i    
have not been able to make experiments  
to know how long gas will  remain in a  
sewer1 but from observations of its     
gravity and working in  different       
localities ,i believe that the poisons  
from sewage matter are  retained in the 
lower strata of the air of sewers in    
some cases for  months1 and when open   
gratings are only #ej yards apart4 ,the 
quantity of  air taken in at the        
gratings at this time is a little more  

than the  displacement caused by the    
water1 and when gases are released to   
any  extent it is through atmospheric   
influences4    ,if you measure the      
amount of air going in and out of say   
twenty open  gratings in the same       
locality1 the small quantity would      
astonish those  who had not previously  
tested it4    ,repeatedly has it been   
written and said that if you put a shaft
 or  grating at the top of a hill1 or   
sewer1 it will take off the impure gas  
of a district1 but ,i have had men      
working for days at the top of a sewer  
#aej and #bjj feet higher than the      
lowest grating1 and no trap             
intervening1 yet during this time not a 
particle of gas left the drain  at this 
the highest opening1 but at times a good
 inlet current would  take place down   
the drain4    ,i find that one of the   
most fatal mistakes to make in sewer    
ventilation  is to introduce a large    
quantity of fresh air into a sewer at a 
high  temperature4 ,an atmosphere at    

from #ij to #ajj thrown into a sewer    
will  rapidly decompose sewage matter   
and produce results exactly opposite to 
that intended4 ,it is when the hot      
atmosphere of a summer's day comes in   
contact with the sewage in the sewers   
that the worst poisons are  generated   
and given off1 and the gases which come 
from the gratings are  the most noxious4
 ,this rapid decomposition is more      
particularly felt in  the suburbs1 where
 the drains are of stoneware and the    
sewage has to be  carried through them  
for a considerable distance4    ,common 
sense teaches us that all matter of a   
nature like that passing  through sewers
 will decompose more rapidly and reach a
 higher state of  putrefaction in an    
atmosphere of a high temperature1 even  
above ground1  than in any other        
condition4 ,experiments confirm this to 
be the case  whether it be applied to   
matter in sewers1 vaults1 or tanks4 ,the
 best  experiments that ,i have made in 
sewer ventilation is in keeping the     

temperature as low as possible1         
admitting into the sewer sufficient air 
to prevent any action taking place on   
the water-seal1 and what gas came  out  
of the sewer by compression to purify it
 at the gratings1 extracting  the       
poisons that it had taken up from the   
sewage4    ,many gases which are found  
in sewers have an affinity to water1 and
 will  make their way to the water-seal 
and become absorbed in the water of the 
trap to some extent1 but not to the     
extent many persons imagine1 or to      
become detrimental to health4    ,when a
 disinfectant having a greater          
attractive power than the water is  used
 in connection with the ventilation1    
this attraction to the  water-seal will 
not take place4    ,if necessary1 in hot
 weather or in large sewers1 or those of
 an easy  gradient1 cold air of a very  
low temperature could be introduced1    
which  would prevent decomposition      
taking place to any extent during the   
transit of the sewage4 ,if the whole    

area of a system of sewers was  charged 
four times a day with air at a          
temperature of #cj we should have  no   
complaints of sewer gas4    ,the details
 of such plans would be out of place    
here as they are the  subject matter of 
several patents1 but sewage can be      
carried through  districts without its  
gases being injurious to health or      
without sewage  being subjected to rapid
 decomposition almost as easily as meat 
is now  transmitted from ,new ,zealand  
to ,england without any decomposition   
taking  place during its transit4       
,before leaving the question of sewer   
ventilation it will be well to note  the
 results obtained by the valuable       
experiments ,i have quoted1 and  which  
have been made from time to time by the 
,city ,commissioners and the            
,metropolitan ,board of ,works4 ,one    
cause of the failure of these           
experiments has been conclusively proved
 to be due to the wretched  condition of
 branch drains and house connections    

attached to the sewers  on which the    
experiments were made1 and these are in 
a measure out of  the control of the    
officers of these ,boards2 and until a  
proper survey  of branch drains and     
house connections has been made1 and    
traps placed  in proper positions1 the  
ventilation of these sewers will be     
almost as  imperfect as in #ahcj4       
,the sanitary survey which is now being 
made in this country by the ,local      
,government ,board will fail in one of  
its most important objects unless  it   
insists on every surveyor knowing the   
condition of drains under the  surface  
of the ground4 ,a cursory glance at the 
plans of a district1 or a  surface      
sanitary survey will not do very much in
 arresting zymotic  disease1 and the    
staff stated to be employed on this     
survey is totally  inadequate for the   
work4    ,to successfully deal with     
sewer ventilation it should be divided  
into  two sections3 7a7 ,that of the    
sewers and branch drains which are      

directly under the control of the       
officers of the various ,boards1 7b7    
,those drains immediately attached to   
houses1 including the soil-pipes4       
,the necessity for ventilating a sewer  
is1 that in an unventilated sewer  or   
drain the instant a compression of the  
air in a sewer1 between the  sewage and 
crown of the sewer1 takes place to      
#a_/cjj part of its bulk1  gas is forced
 through the weakest trap according to  
the displacement of  water1 and as the  
water is lowering in the drain fresh air
 will be  admitted into the drain       
through this trap4 ,thus if a drain or  
sewer is  not ventilated it will        
ventilate itself4    ,should a sewer be 
ventilated with open gratings in the    
centre of the  roads1 the placing of    
gratings at a moderate distance apart   
would  diffuse the gas equally in a flat
 district if the temperature on the     
surface of the ground at each grating   
were the same1 but the variation  of the
 temperature in streets is such that the

 heat of the street at one  grating will
 be a sufficient motive power to extract
 the gas from many  sewers through this 
one grating1 the others only forming    
inlets while  the increased heat lasts4 
,in hilly districts1 where the drains   
are of necessity of a steep  gradient1  
the quick flow of the sewage will cause 
the gas to pass more  rapidly when much 
sewage is flowing in the drain1 the     
worst gas coming  out at the lowest     
grating1 generally a grating before a   
junction1 or  where two drains meet of  
different gradients3 but when scarcely  
any  sewage is flowing1 the gas will    
flow to the highest grating4 ,thus1 in  
putting gratings on steep gradients 7if 
no method of purifying the gas  is      
used71 the gratings should not be placed
 in regular distances apart1  but where 
the gas can be discharged in the most   
open space4    ,in hot weather1 although
 ten times the amount of air passes     
through  sewers of steep gradient than  
in a flat district1 the gases from      

sewers  on a steep gradient are far the 
most noxious4 ,if open gratings only are
  used on a system of sewers1 the gas   
but not the sewage should be trapped    
off into districts1 not only as the     
means of preventing the gas rushing  in 
volumes to certain points1 but for      
preventing germs of disease  travelling 
in the gas of a sewer from an unhealthy 
to a healthy  district1 which is the    
case under the present system1 by       
leaving sewers  for miles without any   
gas check4    ,we have in sewers and    
drains a power created by the influx of 
the sewage  which is greater than any   
mechanical means that can be used in the
  ventilation of them1 and it is to get 
the best method of applying this  power 
that sanitary engineers must direct     
their attention4    ,the difficulties   
that are met with in ventilating sewers 
with open  gratings are so great1 that  
,i am convinced that as soon as         
engineers  study the question more      
fully1 the system will be abandoned4    

,the method of carrying off the soil by 
water through sewers has proved a  good 
and convenient one1 and scarcely any    
defect can be found in any  drainage    
scheme except that of the ventilation1  
which is at present one  that is        
condemned by the inhabitants of most    
towns as a nuisance1  especially in hot 
weather1 and by the medical profession  
as being most  prejudicial to health4   
,as a remedy for this1 we must profit by
 the experience of the early            
experiments ,i have quoted1 which points
 conclusively to the fact that if  we   
extract from the gas 7which by          
compression must of necessity leave  the
 sewers at openings7 the noxious and    
disease-producing poisons  contained in 
it1 at the gratings1 and by those means 
prevent a rapid  decomposition of the   
sewage taking place1 and without putting
 any undue  pressure on the water-seals 
to houses1 we have overcome the greatest
  difficulty in the work4    ,in old    
drains or sewers it will be the work of 

some time for the  surveyor to know that
 each drain from the house to the main  
sewer is  trapped with a good           
water-seal1 yet this is the most        
important factor in  providing good     
ventilation4    ,some persons have      
hastily condemned the water-trap1 having
 found out  that they have been siphoned
 by the transit of the sewage4 ,this is 
a  mistake4 ,a properly constructed     
water-seal or trap that clears itself at
  each flushing is the best seal for    
sewer gas4 ,it will not keep out gas  if
 it is forced in bulk by excessive      
pressure1 any more than coal gas  can be
 kept out of houses if a greater        
pressure is put on at the works  than   
the resistance of the trap in the       
chandelier4 ,in manufacturing gas1      
either experimentally or otherwise1     
water is the seal always used1 but  we  
do not attach anything to break that    
seal when dealing with gas for          
illuminating purposes1 the same as is   
done in many cases with sewers4         

,where new drains are laid1 no          
difficulty in getting a good seal to    
branch drains need be experienced1 and  
no drain from the house to sewers       
should be laid without its being        
completely disconnected or cut off as   
near the soil-pipe as possible4    ,in  
dealing with the ventilation of         
soil-pipes or vertical drains1 many     
improvements can in future be made4 ,the
 idea of carrying tall  ventilating     
pipes to the tops of houses was to carry
 off gas that was  forced in bulk       
through the trap at the bottom of the   
soil-pipe from the  sewer1 but in       
well-laid drains this should never      
occur4 ,if the drain be  disconnected it
 would leave at the point of            
disconnection4    ,the velocity of the  
water rushing down the pipe1 as proved  
in the  previous chapter on drain       
testing1 carries the gas out at the     
bottom of  the pipe1 the top of the pipe
 forming the inlet when odours are given
  off from the passing soil1 but as soon

 as the flushing is over a return       
current takes place and fresh air       
ascends the pipe4    ,if you do not use 
any method of purifying the gas which   
escapes through  the pipe1 the best plan
 is to have the pipe as open as possible
 at the  top and bottom1 and at all     
bends1 for ventilation4 ,these openings 
need  only be just above the level of   
the water flow to prevent splashing1 and
  by following this rule those unsightly
 pipes 7which give buildings more  the  
appearance of a distillery or chemical  
works rather than a  dwelling-house or  
home7 can be avoided and erected so as  
to form one of  the ornaments in the    
architecture of the building4    ,there 
is at present too much theory in sewer  
ventilation1 without paying  any        
attention to results gained1 or to the  
laws which control the  atmosphere and  
its action on sewage matter4            
,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,transmission ,,of
 ,,zymotic ,,disease4      ,whilst      
making experiments and taking           

observations five years ago1 to  trace  
the origin and transmission of some     
cases of zymotic disease1 ,i  formed an 
opinion that the theory as regards the  
transmission of zymotic  disease by     
contagion was to a certain extent an    
erroneous one4    ,i mentioned this to  
some of my medical acquaintances at the 
time1 but as  it was so opposite to the 
prevailing ideas1 ,i was advised not to 
publish  or hold out such opinions1 as  
they were contrary to the theories      
accepted by the medical profession4     
,now that these theories have been      
severely shaken1 and in many cases      
reversed by medical men themselves1     
during the past year1 ,i shall plead  no
 excuse1 but insert them for the        
guidance of those engaged in sanitary   
work4    ,the source of zymotic diseases
 may be traced to persons inhaling or   
taking into the system poisons from     
putrid sewage matter1 and those  poisons
 are conveyed into the body1 either in  
the food they eat1 the  water they      

drink1 or the air they breathe4 ,whether
 they are organic or  inorganic1 they   
poison the blood1 which becomes more or 
less diseased1  according to their      
density or vitality1 or whether each of 
the zymotic  diseases is produced by    
distinct organic germs grown and        
developed from  putrid matter under     
different atmospheric influences1 it    
matters not to  my mind in proving the  
true method by which zymotic diseases   
are  transmitted4    ,on the origin or  
source from which these diseases are    
produced1 ,i do not  think there are two
 opinions1 viz4 that of poisons from    
putrid matter1  and the question to be  
solved is in what manner these poisons  
are  conveyed into the system4 ,to do   
this it will be necessary to quote some 
cases of zymotic disease and the        
circumstances which surrounded them4    
,in a small district1 a girl thirteen   
years of age was taken with  diphtheria1
 and in two days after the younger      
brother was taken and the  other        

children appeared sickly4 ,from         
investigation it was certain that  the  
poison had not been conveyed into the   
system by food or water4 ,the  children 
generally took their meals in the       
kitchen1 the door of which  opened into 
the yard1 which was about #aj feet long 
by #h feet wide1 in  the corner of which
 was the ,w4,c4 ,i tested the atmosphere
 entering the  room at the bottom of the
 doorway1 and found that it contained   
poisonous  matter1 and on testing the   
closet and drains ,i found a hole #c    
inches by   inch in the closet trap4    
,here was the source of poison which    
produced  the disease4 ,the gas in the  
drain was confined between two traps and
 in  contact with putrid sewage matter1 
and when it was removed no poison  from 
any other source could be detected4 ,the
 first child that was taken  ill died1  
but the other recovered4    ,now it is  
quite evident that the second child did 
not take the disease  from the first1 as
 it had not time to develop4 ,the       

atmosphere of the  room and the breath  
of the child were not as poisonous as   
the atmosphere  of the kitchen in a line
 between the kitchen fire and the door1 
and it  was on this line both children  
sat at their meals1 and thus inhaled the
  poison with their food4 ,had the gases
 in the other drains of the  district   
been of the same density as in this one1
 and similar leaks  existed in the      
sanitary fittings1 diphtheria would have
 spread1 and by  the popular theory its 
transmission would have been attributed 
to  contagion from this family1 which in
 face of the above facts would have     
been incorrect4    ,another case4 ,in a 
large town diphtheria broke out1 and    
some hundreds  were attacked and over   
two hundred died4 ,the source of the    
disease was  not in the food or water1  
and the only disease-producing poison   
that  could be found was in the gas     
issuing from the sewer gratings and     
sanitary fittings4 ,schools were closed 
and the usual remedies used to  prevent 

contagion1 but all to no purpose4 ,the  
sewers being of an easy  gradient had   
silted1 forming at intervals masses of  
putrid matter1 and  in the best houses1 
where the disease was most prevalent1   
poisons from  the sewers were laid on to
 them by the badly-constructed drains   
and  sanitary fittings4 ,the authorities
 at last took the matter vigorously in  
hand1 cleansed and sweetened the sewers 
as much as possible1 and then  the      
disease abated and died out4 ,had       
contagion been the means by which  the  
disease was transmitted1 it would have  
continued as it existed in  the town    
under almost every kind of atmospheric  
temperature4    ,here we have evidence  
showing that putrid matter did exist    
from which  poisons were given off and  
their mode of transit into the body1 but
 not  the slightest evidence to prove   
the poison passed direct from one person
  to another4    ,these poisons in the  
gas can be destroyed by washing the gas 
in a  chemical solution on leaving the  

grating1 and since this has been done   
medical men have cured the disease by   
washing the throat in a similar         
solution4    ,numbers of typhoid cases  
could be mentioned where poisons from   
putrid  matter were conveyed into the   
system by water1 milk1 and impure food1 
but ,i have never heard of a case where 
the poison was detected leaving  one    
person for another4    ,if in #ahhc a   
person had stated that cholera was not  
contagious1 they  would have been       
ridiculed1 yet the principal physician  
and those in  charge of the cholera     
hospitals of ,paris last year1 certified
 to the  representative of one of our   
daily papers that cholera was not       
contagious4 ,the cholera epidemic of    
last year proves that cholera  poisons  
are produced by heat and atmospheric    
influences on putrid  matter1 and       
circumstances favour the theory that    
they are inorganic1 and  when inhaled   
into the system poison the organisms of 
the blood to such  an extent as to      

produce the disease4 ,cases of cholera  
broke out in  different parts of the    
,continent at the same date1 clearly    
showing that  contagion had nothing to  
do with producing or transmitting the   
disease4  ,in ,england our ports were   
jealously watched to prevent any case   
from  being landed4 ,had a case been    
landed1 the excreta from that one case  
might1 when mixed with the sewage of a  
large town1 have been the means  of     
spreading the disease through the whole 
district1 as miles of sewers  are so    
laid that poisons in the gases can be   
effectually distributed  through the    
district in a very short time4 ,open    
ventilation to sewers  would greatly    
assist this1 and especially when the    
gases in the drains  and the fresh air  
admitted into them were of a high       
temperature4 ,it is  very improbable    
that cases if imported would break out  
in two towns at  the same time1 or that 
the poison could be conveyed in the     
atmosphere  which divides us from the   

,continent4    ,fortunately1 when the   
continental outbreak was known1 the     
authorities in  the metropolis and other
 towns used disinfectants on all known  
putrid  matter1 and especially at the   
sewer gratings4 ,this was an expensive  
process1 but it had the effect of       
preventing the atmospheric influences   
7which were similar to those on the     
,continent7 from developing the  poison 
to a vitality necessary to give the     
disease4    ,it would be an excellent   
preventive if the authorities of towns  
would  thoroughly examine every part of 
their districts1 and know for a         
certainty whether in their sewers1      
cesspits1 vaults1 or dust-bins there    
existed putrid matter1 or gases from    
them similar to those which  produced   
the disease on the ,continent4 ,the     
expense of such an  examination and for 
remedying the evils cannot be an excuse 
for not  doing this work1 as the        
monetary loss experienced by the        
residents of  those continental towns   

and cities by the outbreak was enormous4
 ,what  the loss would be to the        
residents of the metropolis if a cholera
  epidemic were to occur1 it is         
difficult to imagine1 and yet in many of
  the districts cholera-producing       
elements exist from which in all        
probability the heat and atmospheric    
influences experienced during  several  
weeks of excessive dry weather during   
the summer months will  produce poisons 
of a similar vitality to those produced 
on the ,continent  during the past year4
    ,previous to the cholera epidemic1  
small-pox was very prevalent in         
,london1 and ,i very carefully noted the
 cases as they were reported1 and       
visited the districts where the disease 
was most prevalent1 for the  purpose of 
testing the nature of the gases in the  
sewers1 and observing  how the sewers   
and sanitary fittings were constructed4 
,in many of these districts1 and        
especially those of ,homerton1 ,hackney1
  ,bow1 and ,bromley1 the drains are so 

laid and the fittings so constructed    
that a supply of sewer gas is pumped    
into the houses1 and it is  impossible  
for persons to live in the houses of    
these districts without  inhaling gases 
that have been for a long time in       
contact with sewage  matter4    ,whether
 the small-pox poison is an organic one 
7which ,i believe it is71  and is       
produced from a collection of matter in 
a high state of  decomposition1 with or 
without being mixed with the excreta of 
persons  suffering from the disease1 or 
whether it is of an inorganic nature1   
the  poison is derived from this source 
rather than from the impurities  thrown 
off through the skin of persons         
suffering from the disease4 ,as a  proof
 of this1 as soon as the cholera broke  
out last year on the  ,continent1 almost
 every gulley and grating in the        
metropolis where sewer  gas passes was  
charged more or less with a             
disinfectant1 which minimised  the      
poison in the gas4 ,the result was that 

small-pox abated in an  epidemic form   
although the temperature of the         
atmosphere increased4    ,the           
disinfectants so placed could not1      
naturally1 affect the gas in  branch    
drains to houses1 or putrid matter in   
various parts of the  sewers1 or if it  
had1 judging from its beneficial effects
 at the  outlets1 small-pox would have  
disappeared4    ,if contagion were the  
means by which this disease was         
distributed1  disinfectants at sewer    
gratings would not have prevented the   
disease  continuing in an epidemic form4
    ,take the adjoining districts of    
,fulham and ,putney4 ,during the        
epidemic1  the gases from the sewer     
gratings in the ,fulham district were   
more dense  than those at ,putney4      
,fulham had many cases of small-pox1 but
 ,putney  none1 although persons from   
each district were in daily contact with
  each other2 but the houses were not   
connected by the same system of  sewers4
    ,it must not be thought that ,i wish

 to advance the theories of the         
anti-vaccinationist4 ,i have had my     
children vaccinated because it is the   
law1 and in the opinion of medical men a
 preventive against the disease1  but   
viewing the change of medical opinion   
with reference to cholera  during last  
year1 and comparing tests and           
observations that have been  made1 they 
will soon be convinced that vaccination 
is a futile remedy to  use with a view  
of stamping out the disease4    ,at     
present the question is 7with medical   
men7 one of theory1 but ere  long ,i am 
certain that they will take a more      
practical view of the case  and         
definitely fix the origin of this       
disease and its distribution4           
,previous to vaccination being          
introduced1 putrid matter in vaults1    
cesspits1 and drains was allowed to     
reach a higher state of  putrefaction1  
and thus the poisons from them became   
more virulent and  produced the disease 
of a more virulent type4    ,if modern  

systems of drainage and sanitary        
arrangements were the means  of         
preventing this high state of           
putrefaction1 and of reducing the       
disease to a milder form1 perfecting    
these arrangements should be the  means 
of stamping it out altogether and       
rendering vaccination useless4          
,unless it can be proved that poisons   
given off through the skin and from  the
 lungs of persons suffering from the    
disease are as virulent as those  from  
putrid matter alone1 or from the excreta
 from those suffering from  the disease1
 the theory of contagion#b cannot be    
entertained4    ,footnote #b3      ,the 
word contagion as here used is not      
intended to apply to cases    where     
persons not affected sleep in the same  
bed1 or wear the same    clothes1 or    
handle things from1 or persons suffering
 from this    disease1 as this would be 
inoculation4    ,many medical men will  
say that the facts to prove that        
small-pox is  transmitted by contagion  

are so positive that there is no chance 
of  disputing them4    ,let us examine  
two cases to support this theory4       
,small-pox is prevalent1 say1 in the    
north of ,london2 a man is in  business 
there from seven to eight hours each    
day1 but his home is in  the ,s4,w4     
district4 ,he is taken ill1 and remains 
at home1 calling in his  medical        
attendant1 who on his second visit      
pronounces it a case of  small-pox1 and 
orders his removal to the hospital4 ,in 
a few days other  members of the family 
are taken and removed1 and similar cases
 occur in  the neighbourhood4    ,the   
theory of the medical man would be that 
his first patient had  contracted his   
disease in his place of business in the 
,n4,w4 district and  had conveyed it to 
the ,s4,w4 district1 distributing it in 
the  neighbourhood in which he lived4   
,this is only theory1 and the only thing
  the medical man has to rely on to     
prove his case is1 that the man first   
taken was engaged three-fourths of each 

day where small-pox was  prevalent4     
,against this theory1 assume that the   
disease originated by  the whole of     
these persons inhaling poisons from     
putrid matter in their  own locality or 
at their own doors1 or in their homes1  
but that the  atmospheric influences to 
develop the poison was a few days longer
  completing its work in the ,s4,w4     
district than in the north4 ,then test  
the sanitary conditions of both         
localities1 and you will find similar   
matter producing poisons4 ,these are    
facts that will support this view of    
the case1 as well as the following      
evidence which cannot be  contradicted4 
,when sewage matter is allowed to remain
 in bulk  undisturbed1 and in connection
 with a system of sewers1 it forms      
retorts  for the generation of these    
poisons1 and they are conveyed for miles
 in  drains by atmospheric and other    
influences2 and where these people lived
  the gases would probably be discharged
 with a greater facility than at  any   

other point4    ,take another case4 ,a  
man leaves ,london for the country1 and 
a day or two  after his arrival he is   
taken ill with small-pox4 ,there is no  
system of  drains to the house in which 
he is located4 ,people living in this   
and  other houses are affected with the 
disease1 and the medical officer of     
health in his report states that the    
disease was conveyed from ,london to    
the district by this man4 ,he was       
certainly the first one affected1 and   
at first sight this case appears to be  
conclusive in favour of  contagion1 for 
if he did not contract the disease in   
,london and bring it  into the country  
how was it that he was first affected8  
,it is certain that putrid matter from  
which the poisons are derived  exists in
 villages similar to that in towns1     
consequently the poisons  are there1 and
 medical men agree that when a person   
leaves one locality  for another1 for   
what is commonly called a change of air1
 the system  undergoes a change4 ,this  

change had such an effect on the system 
of this  man that the poison from the   
putrid matter of the village had a      
greater  effect on him and poisoned the 
blood more quickly1 than on those who   
were inhaling the poison during its     
various stages of development3 but  when
 it was fully developed by atmospheric  
influences the disease  appeared in     
those other persons who were in contact 
with the poison4    ,the action of sewer
 poison on the system is similar to that
 experienced  by persons taking cold4   
,persons occupied in rooms which have an
 equal  temperature1 or are not         
subjected to cold chilly winds1 take    
colds and  contract all sorts of        
complaints on being exposed to currents 
of cold  air even for a short time4 ,the
 draught from a window only1 when a cold
  stream of air is playing upon it1 will
 do this3 the blood is chilled1  hence  
the cold1 fever1 or one of the many     
complaints follow2 but on  persons used 
to exposure it has no effect4 ,in the   

same way sewer poisons  act on those who
 suddenly inhale them1 only the blood   
becomes poisoned  instead of chilled2   
but on those who are in constant contact
 with them  they have not such an       
effect1 yet on these persons the effect 
of them  can be traced4    ,the medical 
profession have hitherto placed too much
 reliance on  isolation as the sole     
means of stamping out this disease4     
,the ,metropolitan ,asylums ,board have 
had ample means at their disposal  since
 #ahfg to test the soundness of this    
theory1 yet after spending  something   
like #dhj1jjjl4 per annum1 small-pox has
 increased #ajj per  cent4 since that   
date6 ,this fact alone is sufficient    
evidence to prove  that other means than
 those of isolation must be used to     
effectually  stamp out this disease4    
,it is of little use to have elaborate  
arrangements in hospitals and  camps to 
minimise the effects on persons who have
 taken the disease1 and  at the same    
time allow the source from which it     

emanates to remain  undisturbed4 ,i     
admit that it is a question too         
complicated to be  exhaustively dealt   
with in a work on the testing of drains 
and sanitary  fittings1 but it is       
inserted to show what a power those who 
are engaged  in designing or executing  
sanitary works hold for good or evil in 
affecting the health of the community4  
,experience proves that ninety-nine     
zymotic cases out of every hundred  are 
caused through imperfect sanitary works 
and appliances4       ,,london3         
,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and 
,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street  
,,and                                   
,,charing ,,cross4                      
,,books ,,relating                      
,,to                                    
,,applied ,,science                     
,,published ,,by                        
,e4  ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1                    
,,london3 #abe1 ,,strand4               
,,new ,,york3 #ce1 ,,murray ,,street4   
,a ,pocket-,book for ,chemists1         

,chemical ,manufacturers1               
,metallurgists1      ,dyers1            
,distillers1 ,brewers1 ,sugar ,refiners1
 ,photographers1 ,students1      etc41  
etc4 ,by ,,thomas ,,bayley1 ,assoc4     
,r4,c4 ,sc4 ,ireland1 ,analytical       
and ,consulting ,chemist and ,assayer4  
,third edition1 with additions1         
#dcg pp41 royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1
 #es4                                   
,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents3      ,atomic
 ,weights and ,factors--,useful         
,data--,chemical                        
,calculations--,rules for ,indirect     
,analysis--,weights and                 
,measures--,thermometers and            
,barometers--,chemical                  
,physics--,boiling    ,points1          
etc4--,solubility of                    
,substances--,methods of ,obtaining     
,specific ,gravity--,conversion of      
,hydrometers--,strength of ,solutions   
by ,specific ,gravity--,analysis--,gas  
,analysis--,water                       
,analysis--,qualitative ,analysis and   

,reactions--,volumetric                 
,analysis--,manipulation--,mineralogy--,
assaying--,alcohol--,beer--,sugar--,misc
ellaneous    ,technological matter      
relating to ,potash1 ,soda1 ,sulphuric  
,acid1    ,chlorine1 ,tar ,products1    
,petroleum1 ,milk1 ,tallow1             
,photography1    ,prices1 ,wages1       
,appendix1 etc41 etc4      ,the         
,mechanician3 ,a ,treatise on the       
,construction and ,manipulation of      
,tools1 for the use and instruction of  
,young ,engineers and ,scientific       
,amateurs1 comprising the ,arts of      
,blacksmithing and ,forging2 the        
,construction and ,manufacture of ,hand 
,tools1 and the various ,methods      of
 ,using and ,grinding them2 the         
,construction of ,machine ,tools1 and   
how to work them2 ,machine ,fitting and 
,erection2 description of ,hand      and
 ,machine ,processes2 ,turning and      
,screw ,cutting2 principles of          
,constructing and details of ,making and
 ,erecting ,steam ,engines1 and      the

 various details of setting out work1   
etc41 etc4 ,by ,,cameron      ,,knight1 
,engineer4 ,containing #aadg            
illustrations1 and #cig pages of        
letter-press4 ,third edition1 #dto1     
cloth1 #ahs4      ,on ,designing ,belt  
,gearing4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,cowling ,,welch1
 ,mem4 ,inst4 ,mech4      ,engineers1   
,author of #8,designing ,valve          
,gearing4' ,fcap4 #hvo1 sewed1          
#f;d4      ,a ,handbook of ,formul1     
,tables1 and ,memoranda1 for            
,architectural      ,surveyors and      
others engaged in ,building4 ,by ,j4 ,t4
 ,,hurst1 ,c4,e4      ,thirteenth       
edition1 royal #cbmo1 roan1 #es4        
8,it is no disparagement to the many    
excellent publications we refer    to1  
to say that in our opinion this little  
pocket-book of ,hurst's is    the very  
best of them all1 without any exception4
 ,it would be    useless to attempt a   
recapitulation of the contents1 for it  
appears    to contain almost everything 
that anyone connected with building     

could require1 and1 best of all1 made up
 in a compact form for    carrying in   
the pocket1 measuring only #e in4 by #c 
in41 and about     in4 thick1 in a limp 
cover4 ,we congratulate the author on   
the    success of his laborious and     
practically compiled little book1 which 
has received unqualified and deserved   
praise from every professional    person
 to whom we have shown it40--,the       
,dublin ,builder4      ,tabulated       
,weights of ,angle1 ,tee1 ,bulb1 ,round1
 ,square1 and ,flat ,iron      and      
,steel1 and other information for the   
use of ,naval ,architects      and      
,shipbuilders4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,jordan1    
,m4,i4,n4,a4 ,fourth edition1 #cbmo1    
cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4      ,quantity        
,surveying4 ,by ,j4 ,,leaning4 ,with #db
 illustrations1 crown #hvo1      cloth1 
#is4                                    
,,contents3     ,a complete ,explanation
 of the ,london ,practice4     ,general 
,instructions4     ,order of ,taking    
,off4     ,modes of ,measurement of the 

various ,trades4     ,use and ,waste4   
,ventilation and ,warming4     ,credits1
 with various ,examples of ,treatment4  
,abbreviations4     ,squaring the       
,dimensions4     ,abstracting1 with     
,examples in illustration of each       
,trade4     ,billing4     ,examples of  
,preambles to each ,trade4     ,form for
 a ,bill of ,quantities4     ,form for a
 ,bill of ,credits4     ,form for a     
,bill for ,alternative ,estimate4       
,restorations and ,repairs1 and ,form of
 ,bill4     ,variations before          
,acceptance of ,tender4     ,errors in a
 ,builder's ,estimate4     ,schedule of 
,prices4     ,form of ,schedule of      
,prices4     ,analysis of ,schedule of  
,prices4     ,adjustment of ,accounts4  
,form of a ,bill of ,variations4        
,remarks on ,specifications4     ,prices
 and ,valuation of ,work1 with ,examples
 and ,remarks upon each      ,trade4    
,the ,law as it affects ,quantity       
,surveyors1 with ,law ,reports4         
,taking ,off after the ,old ,method4    

,northern ,practice4     ,the ,general  
,statement of the ,methods recommended  
by the ,manchester      ,society of     
,architects for taking ,quantities4     
,examples of ,collections4     ,examples
 of 8,taking ,off0 in each ,trade4      
,remarks on the ,past and ,present      
,methods of ,estimating4      ,a        
,practical ,treatise on ,heat1 as       
applied to the ,useful ,arts2 for the   
,use of ,engineers1 ,architects1 c4 ,by 
,,thomas ,,box4 ,with #ad plates4       
,third edition1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #abs4
 #f;d4      ,a ,descriptive ,treatise on
 ,mathematical ,drawing ,instruments3   
their      construction1 uses1          
qualities1 selection1 preservation1 and 
suggestions for improvements1 with hints
 upon ,drawing and ,colouring4      ,by 
,w4 ,f4 ,,stanley1 ,m4,r4,i4 ,fifth     
edition1 with numerous                  
illustrations1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #es4  
,spons' ,architects' and ,builders'     
,pocket-,book of ,prices and            
,memoranda4 ,edited by ,w4 ,,young1     

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#f;d42 or cloth1 red edges1 #cs4 #f;d4  
,published annually4      ,eleventh     
edition4 ,now ready4      ,long-,span   
,railway ,bridges1 comprising           
,investigations of the      ,comparative
 ,theoretical and ,practical ,advantages
 of the various      adopted or proposed
 ,type ,systems of ,construction1 with  
numerous      ,formul and ,tables giving
 the weight of ,iron or ,steel required 
in      ,bridges from #cjj feet to the  
limiting ,spans2 to which are added     
similar ,investigations and ,tables     
relating to ,short-span ,railway        
,bridges4 ,second and revised edition4  
,by ,b4 ,,baker1 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4  
,plates1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #es4        
,elementary ,theory and ,calculation of 
,iron ,bridges and ,roofs4 ,by          
,,august ,,ritter1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor  
at the ,polytechnic ,school at          
,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,translated from the 
third ,german edition1 by ,h4 ,r4       
,,sankey1 ,capt4 ,r4,e4 ,with #ejj      

illustrations1 #hvo1 cloth1 #aes4       
,the ,builders ,clerk3 a ,guide to the  
,management of a ,builder's             
,business4 ,by ,,thomas ,,bales4 ,fcap4 
#hvo1 cloth1 #as4 #f;d4      ,the       
,elementary ,principles of ,carpentry4  
,by ,,thomas ,,tredgold4 ,revised       
from the original edition1 and partly   
rewritten1 by ,,john ,,thomas           
,,hurst4 ,contained in #eag pages of    
letter-press1 and illustrated with      
#dh plates and #aej wood engravings4    
,third edition1 crown #hvo1 cloth1      
#ahs4      ,section ,i4 ,on the         
,equality and ,distribution of          
,forces--,section ,,ii4    ,resistance  
of ,timber--,section ,,iii4             
,construction of ,floors--,section ,,iv4
    ,construction of ,roofs--,section   
,v4 ,construction of ,domes and         
,cupolas--,section ,,vi4 ,construction  
of ,partitions--,section ,,vii4         
,scaffolds1 ,staging1 and               
,gantries--,section ,,viii4             
,construction of    ,centres for        

,bridges--,section ,,ix4 ,coffer-dams1  
,shoring1 and    ,strutting--,section   
,x4 ,wooden ,bridges and                
,viaducts--,section ,,xi4 ,joints1      
,straps1 and other ,fastenings--,section
 ,,xii4 ,timber4      ,our ,factories1  
,workshops1 and ,warehouses3 their      
,sanitary and      ,fire-,resisting     
,arrangements4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,thwaite1   
,assoc4 ,mem4 ,inst4      ,c4,e4 ,with  
#ahc wood engravings1 crown #hvo1 cloth1
 #is4      ,gold3 ,its ,occurrence and  
,extraction1 embracing the ,geographical
 and      ,geological ,distribution and 
the ,mineralogical ,characters of       
,gold-bearing rocks2 the peculiar       
features and modes of working           
,shallow ,placers1 ,rivers1 and ,deep   
,leads2 ,hydraulicking2 the             
,reduction and ,separation of           
,auriferous ,quartz2 the treatment of   
complex ,auriferous ores containing     
other metals2 a ,bibliography of        
the subject and a ,glossary of          
,technical and ,foreign ,terms4 ,by     

,,alfred      ,g4 ,,lock1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4  
,with numerous illustrations and maps1  
#abej pp41      super-royal #hvo1 cloth1
 #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4      ,a ,practical    
,treatise on ,coal ,mining4 ,by ,,george
 ,g4 ,,andr1 ,f4,g4,s41      ,assoc4    
,inst4 ,c4,e41 ,member of the ,society  
of ,engineers4 ,with #hb                
lithographic plates4 #b vols41 royal    
#dto1 cloth1 #cl4 #abs4      ,iron      
,roofs3 ,examples of ,design1           
,description4 ,illustrated with #fd     
,working ,drawings of ,executed ,roofs4 
,by ,,arthur ,t4 ,,walmisley1 ,assoc4   
,mem4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,imp4 #dto1         
half-morocco1 #b #abs4 #f;d4      ,a    
,history of ,electric ,telegraphy1 to   
the ,year #ahcg4 ,chiefly compiled      
from ,original ,sources1 and hitherto   
,unpublished ,documents1 by ,j4 ,j4     
,,fahie1 ,mem4 ,soc4 of ,tel4           
,engineers1 and of the ,international   
,society      of ,electricians1 ,paris4 
,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #is4      ,spons'   
,information for ,colonial ,engineers4  

,edited by ,j4 ,t4 ,,hurst4      ,demy  
#hvo1 sewed4          ,no4 #a1 ,ceylon4 
,by ,,abraham ,,deane1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4
                                        
,,contents3      ,introductory          
,remarks--,natural                      
,productions--,architecture and         
,engineering--,topography1 ,trade1 and  
,natural ,history--,principal           
,stations--,weights and ,measures1 etc41
 etc4          ,no4 #b4 ,southern       
,africa1 including the ,cape ,colony1   
,natal1 and the          ,dutch         
,republics4 ,by ,,henry ,,hall1         
,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,i4 ,with ,map4  
#cs4 #f;d4                              
,,contents3      ,general ,description  
of ,south ,africa--,physical ,geography 
with    reference to ,engineering       
,operations--,notes on ,labour and      
,material in    ,cape                   
,colony--,geological ,notes on ,rock    
,formation in ,south                    
,africa--,engineering ,instruments for  
,use in ,south ,africa--,principal      

,public ,works in ,cape ,colony3        
,railways1 ,mountain ,roads and ,passes1
    ,harbour ,works1 ,bridges1 ,gas     
,works1 ,irrigation and ,water ,supply1 
,lighthouses1 ,drainage and ,sanitary   
,engineering1 ,public ,buildings1       
,mines--,table of ,woods in ,south      
,africa--,animals used for ,draught     
,purposes--,statistical ,notes--,table  
of ,distances--,rates of ,carriage1     
etc4          ,no4 #c4 ,india4 ,by ,f4  
,c4 ,,danvers1 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4    
,with ,map4 #ds4          #f;d4         
,,contents3      ,physical ,geography of
 ,india--,building                      
,materials--,roads--,railways--,bridges-
-,irrigation--,river                    
,works--,harbours--,lighthouse          
,buildings--,native ,labour--,the       
,principal    ,trees of                 
,india--,money--,weights and            
,measures--,glossary of ,indian ,terms1 
etc4      ,a ,practical ,treatise on    
,casting and ,founding1 including       
descriptions      of the modern         

machinery employed in the art4 ,by ,n4  
,e4 ,,spretson1      ,engineer4 ,third  
edition1 with #hb plates drawn to scale1
 #dab pp41      demy #hvo1 cloth1 #ahs4 
,steam ,heating for ,buildings2 or1     
,hints to ,steam ,fitters1 being a      
description of ,steam ,heating          
,apparatus for ,warming and ,ventilating
      ,private ,houses and ,large       
,buildings1 with remarks on ,steam1     
,water1      and ,air in their relation 
to ,heating4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,baldwin4     
,with many      illustrations4 ,fourth  
edition1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4 
,the ,depreciation of ,factories and    
their ,valuation4 ,by ,,ewing           
,,matheson1 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 #hvo1     
cloth1 #fs4      ,a ,handbook of        
,electrical ,testing4 ,by ,h4 ,r4       
,,kempe1 ,m4,s4,t4,e4 ,third            
edition1 revised and enlarged1 crown    
#hvo1 cloth1 #aes4      ,gas ,works3    
their ,arrangement1 ,construction1      
,plant1 and ,machinery4 ,by      ,f4    
,,colyer1 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,with #ca   

folding plates1 #hvo1 cloth1      #bds4 
,the ,clerk of ,works3 a ,vade-,mecum   
for all engaged in the                  
,superintendence of ,building           
,operations4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,hoskins1     
,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4      ,third edition1    
fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 #as4 #f;d4           
,american ,foundry ,practice3 ,treating 
of ,loam1 ,dry ,sand1 and ,green        
,sand ,moulding1 and containing a       
,practical ,treatise upon the           
,management of ,cupolas1 and the        
,melting of ,iron4 ,by ,t4 ,d4 ,,west1  
,practical ,iron ,moulder and ,foundry  
,foreman4 ,second edition1 with         
numerous illustrations1 crown #hvo1     
cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4      ,the            
,maintenance of ,macadamised ,roads4 ,by
 ,t4 ,,codrington1 ,m4,i4,c4,e1         
,f4,g4,s41 ,general ,superintendent of  
,county ,roads for ,south ,wales4 #hvo1 
cloth1 #fs4      ,hydraulic ,steam and  
,hand ,power ,lifting and ,pressing     
,machinery4 ,by      ,,frederick        
,,colyer1 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,inst4 

,m4,e4 ,with #gc plates1      #hvo1     
cloth1 #ahs4      ,pumps and ,pumping   
,machinery4 ,by ,f4 ,,colyer1           
,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,with        
#bc folding plates1 #hvo1 cloth1 #abs4  
#f;d4      ,the ,municipal and ,sanitary
 ,engineer's ,handbook4 ,by ,h4 ,,percy 
,,boulnois1 ,mem4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41        
,borough ,engineer1 ,portsmouth4 ,with  
numerous illustrations1 demy #hvo1      
cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4                      
,,contents3      ,the ,appointment and  
,duties of the ,town                    
,surveyor--,traffic--,macadamised       
,roadways--,steam ,rolling--,road ,metal
 and ,breaking--,pitched                
,pavements--,asphalte--,wood            
,pavements--,footpaths--,kerbs and      
,gutters--,street      ,naming and      
,numbering--,street                     
,lighting--,sewerage--,ventilation of   
,sewers--,disposal of ,sewage--,house   
,drainage--,disinfection--,gas and      
,water      ,companies1 c41 ,breaking up
 ,streets--,improvement of ,private     

,streets--,borrowing ,powers--,artizans'
 and ,labourers' ,dwellings--,public    
,conveniences--,scavenging1 including   
,street ,cleansing--,watering and the   
,removing of ,snow--,planting ,street   
,trees--,deposit of ,plans--,dangerous  
,buildings--,hoardings--,obstructions--,
improving ,street ,lines--,cellar       
,openings--,public ,pleasure            
,grounds--,cemeteries--,mortuaries--,cat
tle and      ,ordinary ,markets--,public
 ,slaughter-houses1 etc4--,giving       
numerous ,forms      of ,notices1       
,specifications1 and ,general           
,information upon these and      other  
subjects of great importance to         
,municipal ,engineers and others        
engaged in ,sanitary ,work4      ,tables
 of the ,principal ,speeds occurring in 
,mechanical ,engineering1      expressed
 in metres in a second4 ,by ,p4         
,,keerayeff1 ,chief ,mechanic of        
the ,obouchoff ,steel ,works1 ,st4      
,petersburg2 translated by ,,sergius    
,,kern1 ,m4,e4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sewed1 #f;d4

      ,a ,treatise on the ,origin1      
,progress1 ,prevention1 and ,cure of    
,dry ,rot      in ,timber2 with ,remarks
 on the ,means of ,preserving ,wood from
      ,destruction by ,sea-,worms1      
,beetles1 ,ants1 etc4 ,by ,,thomas      
,,allen      ,,britton1 late ,surveyor  
to the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works1  
etc41      etc4 ,with #aj plates1 crown 
#hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4      ,metrical  
,tables4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,molesworth1      
,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cbmo1 cloth1 #as4         
#f;d4                                   
,,contents3      ,general--,linear      
,measures--,square ,measures--,cubic    
,measures--,measures of                 
,capacity--,weights--,combinations--,the
rmometers4      ,elements of            
,construction for ,electro-,magnets4 ,by
 ,count ,,th4 ,,du      ,,moncel1 ,mem4 
de l',institut de ,france4 ,translated  
from the ,french by      ,c4 ,j4        
,,wharton4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #ds4     
#f;d4      ,electro-,telegraphy4 ,by    
,,frederick ,s4 ,,beechey1 ,telegraph   

,engineer4 ,a      ,book for ,beginners4
 ,illustrated4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sewed1 #f;d4
      ,handrailing3 by the ,square ,cut4
 ,by ,,john ,,jones1 ,staircase         
,builder4      ,fourth edition1 with    
seven plates1 #hvo1 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4   
,handrailing3 by the ,square ,cut4 ,by  
,,john ,,jones1 ,staircase ,builder4    
,part ,second1 with eight plates1 #hvo1 
cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4      ,practical       
,electrical ,units ,popularly           
,explained1 with numerous               
illustrations and ,remarks4 ,by ,,james 
,,swinburne1 late of ,j4 ,w4 ,swan      
and ,co41 ,paris1 late of ,brush-,swan  
,electric ,light ,company1 ,u4,s4,a4    
#ahmo1 cloth1 #as4 #f;d4      ,philipp  
,reis1 ,inventor of the ,telephone3 ,a  
,biographical ,sketch4 ,with            
,documentary ,testimony1 ,translations  
of the ,original ,papers of the         
,inventor1 c4 ,by ,,silvanus ,p4        
,,thompson1 ,b4,a41 ,dr4 ,sc41          
,professor of      ,experimental        
,physics in ,university ,college1       

,bristol4 ,with      illustrations1     
#hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4      ,a         
,treatise on the ,use of ,belting for   
the ,transmission of ,power4 ,by        
,j4 ,h4 ,,cooper4 ,second edition1      
illustrated1 #hvo1 cloth1 #aes4      ,a 
,pocket-,book of ,useful ,formul and    
,memoranda for ,civil and               
,mechanical ,engineers4 ,by ,,guilford  
,l4 ,,molesworth1 ,mem4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41  
,consulting ,engineer to the ,government
 of ,india for ,state ,railways4        
,with numerous illustrations1 #gdd pp41 
,twenty-first edition1      revised and 
enlarged1 #cbmo1 roan1 #fs4             
,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents3             
,surveying1 ,levelling1 etc4--,strength 
and ,weight of                          
,materials--,earthwork1 ,brickwork1     
,masonry1 ,arches1 etc4--,struts1       
,columns1 ,beams1 and                   
,trusses--,flooring1 ,roofing1 and ,roof
    ,trusses--,girders1 ,bridges1       
etc4--,railways and ,roads--,hydraulic  
,formul--,canals1 ,sewers1 ,waterworks1 

,docks--,irrigation and                 
,breakwaters--,gas1 ,ventilation1 and   
,warming--,heat1 ,light1 ,colour1    and
 ,sound--,gravity3 ,centres1 ,forces1   
and ,powers--,millwork1 ,teeth    of    
,wheels1 ,shafting1 etc4--,workshop     
,recipes--,sundry    ,machinery--,animal
 ,power--,steam and the ,steam          
,engine--,water-power1    ,water-wheels1
 ,turbines1 etc4--,wind and             
,windmills--,steam    ,navigation1 ,ship
 ,building1 ,tonnage1 etc4--,gunnery1   
,projectiles1    etc4--,weights1        
,measures1 and ,money--,trigonometry1   
,conic ,sections1    and                
,curves--,telegraphy--,mensuration--,tab
les of ,areas and    ,circumference1 and
 ,arcs of ,circles--,logarithms1 ,square
 and ,cube    ,roots1                   
,powers--,reciprocals1 etc4--,useful    
,numbers--,differential and    ,integral
 ,calculus--,algebraic                  
,signs--,telegraphic ,construction and  
,formul4      ,spons' ,tables and       
,memoranda for ,engineers2 selected and 

arranged by      ,j4 ,t4 ,,hurst1       
,c4,e41 ,author of #8,architectural     
,surveyors' ,handbook1'      #8,hurst's 
,tredgold's ,carpentry1' etc4 ,fifth    
edition1 #fdmo1 roan1 gilt      edges1  
#as42 or in cloth case1 #as4 #f;d4      
,this work is printed in a pearl type1  
and is so small1 measuring    only #b   
in4 by #a in4 by  in4 thick1 that it may
 be easily carried    in the waistcoat  
pocket4      8,it is certainly an       
extremely rare thing for a reviewer to  
be called    upon to notice a volume    
measuring but #b in4 by #a in41 yet     
these    dimensions faithfully represent
 the size of the handy little book      
before us4 ,the volume--which contains  
#aah printed pages1 besides a    few    
blank pages for memoranda--is1 in fact1 
a true pocket-book1    adapted for being
 carried in the waistcoat pocket1 and   
containing a    far greater amount and  
variety of information than most people 
would    imagine could be compressed    
into so small a space4444 ,the little   

volume has been compiled with           
considerable care and judgment1 and we  
can cordially recommend it to our       
readers as a useful little pocket       
companion40--,engineering4      ,a      
,practical ,treatise on ,natural and    
,artificial ,concrete1 its              
,varieties and ,constructive            
,adaptations4 ,by ,,henry ,,reid1       
,author of      the #8,science and ,art 
of the ,manufacture of ,portland        
,cement4' ,new      ,edition1 with #ei  
woodcuts and #e plates1 #hvo1 cloth1    
#aes4      ,hydrodynamics3 ,treatise    
relative to the ,testing of             
,water-,wheels and      ,machinery1 with
 various other matters pertaining to    
,hydrodynamics4      ,by ,,james        
,,emerson4 ,with numerous illustrations1
 #cfj pp4 ,third      edition1 crown    
#hvo1 cloth1 #ds4 #f;d4                 
,electricity as a ,motive ,power4 ,by   
,count ,,th4 ,,du ,,moncel1 ,membre de  
l',institut de ,france1 and ,,frank     
,,geraldy1 ,ingnieur des ,ponts et      

,chausses4 ,translated and ,edited1 with
 ,additions1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,,wharton1      
,assoc4 ,soc4 ,tel4 ,eng4 and ,elec4    
,with #aac engravings and diagrams1     
crown #hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4           
,hints on ,architectural                
,draughtsmanship4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,tuxford 
,,hallatt4      ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 #as4
 #f;d4      ,treatise on ,valve-,gears1 
with special consideration of the       
,link-,motions of ,locomotive ,engines4 
,by ,dr4 ,,gustav ,,zeuner1 ,professor  
of ,applied ,mechanics at the           
,confederated ,polytechnikum of ,zurich4
      ,translated from the ,fourth      
,german ,edition1 by ,professor ,j4 ,f4 
,,klein1      ,lehigh ,university1      
,bethlehem1 ,pa4 ,illustrated1 #hvo1    
cloth1 #abs4      #f;d4      ,the       
,french-,polisher's ,manual4 ,by a      
,french-,polisher2 containing           
,timber ,staining1 ,washing1 ,matching1 
,improving1 ,painting1 ,imitations1     
,directions for ,staining1 ,sizing1     
,embodying1 ,smoothing1 ,spirit         

,varnishing1 ,french-,polishing1        
,directions for ,repolishing4 ,third    
edition1 royal #cbmo1 sewed1 #f;d4      
,hops1 their ,cultivation1 ,commerce1   
and ,uses in various ,countries4 ,by    
,p4 ,l4 ,,simmonds4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 
#ds4 #f;d4      ,a ,practical ,treatise 
on the ,manufacture and ,distribution of
 ,coal      ,gas4 ,by ,,william         
,,richards4 ,demy #dto1 with numerous   
wood engravings      and #bi plates1    
cloth1 #bhs4                            
,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents3             
,introduction--,history of ,gas         
,lighting--,chemistry of ,gas           
,manufacture1    by ,lewis ,thompson1   
,esq41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4--,coal1 with        
,analyses1 by ,j4    ,paterson1 ,lewis  
,thompson1 and ,g4 ,r4 ,hislop1         
,esqrs4--,retorts1 ,iron and            
,clay--,retort ,setting--,hydraulic     
,main--,condensers--,exhausters--,washer
s and                                   
,scrubbers--,purifiers--,purification--,
history of ,gas ,holder--,tanks1        

,brick and ,stone1 ,composite1          
,concrete1 ,cast-iron1 ,compound        
,annular                                
,wrought-iron--,specifications--,gas    
,holders--,station                      
,meter--,governor--,distribution--,mains
--,gas ,mathematics1 or ,formul for     
the ,distribution of ,gas1 by ,lewis    
,thompson1 ,esq4--,services--,consumers'
                                        
,meters--,regulators--,burners--,fitting
s--,photometer--,carburization of       
,gas--,air ,gas and ,water              
,gas--,composition of ,coal ,gas1 by    
,lewis    ,thompson1 ,esq4--,analyses of
 ,gas--,influence of ,atmospheric       
,pressure and    ,temperature on        
,gas--,residual                         
,products--,appendix--,description of   
,retort    ,settings1 ,buildings1 etc41 
etc4      ,practical ,geometry1         
,perspective1 and ,engineering ,drawing2
 a ,course      of ,descriptive         
,geometry adapted to the ,requirements  
of the      ,engineering ,draughtsman1  

including the determination of cast     
shadows      and ,isometric ,projection1
 each chapter being followed by numerous
      examples2 to which are added rules
 for ,shading1 ,shade-lining1 etc41     
together with practical instructions as 
to the ,lining1 ,colouring1             
,printing1 and general treatment of     
,engineering ,drawings1 with a          
chapter on drawing ,instruments4 ,by    
,,george ,s4 ,,clarke1 ,capt4 ,r4,e4    
,second edition1 with #ba plates4 #b    
vols41 cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4      ,the     
,elements of ,graphic ,statics4 ,by     
,professor ,,karl ,,von ,,ott1          
translated from the ,german by ,g4 ,s4  
,,clarke1 ,capt4 ,r4,e41 ,instructor    
in ,mechanical ,drawing1 ,royal ,indian 
,engineering ,college4 ,with #ic        
illustrations1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #es4  
,the ,principles of ,graphic ,statics4  
,by ,,george ,,sydenham ,,clarke1 ,capt4
      ,royal ,engineers4 ,with #aab     
illustrations4 #dto1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4 
,dynamo-,electric ,machinery3 ,a ,manual

 for ,students of                       
,electro-technics4 ,by ,,silvanus ,p4   
,,thompson1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,professor 
of      ,experimental ,physics in       
,university ,college1 ,bristol1 etc41   
etc4      ,illustrated1 #hvo1 cloth1    
#abs4 #f;d4      ,the ,new ,formula for 
,mean ,velocity of ,discharge of ,rivers
 and ,canals4      ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,kutter4
 ,translated from articles in the       
#8,cultur-,ingnieur1'      by ,,lowis   
,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 
#hvo1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4      ,practical
 ,hydraulics2 a ,series of ,rules and   
,tables for the use of      ,engineers1 
etc41 etc4 ,by ,,thomas ,,box4 ,fifth   
edition1 numerous      plates1 post     
#hvo1 cloth1 #es4      ,a ,practical    
,treatise on the ,construction of       
,horizontal and ,vertical               
,waterwheels1 specially designed for the
 use of operative mechanics4      ,by   
,,william ,,cullen1 ,millwright and     
,engineer4 ,with #aa plates4 ,second    
edition1 revised and enlarged1 small    

#dto1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4      ,tin3     
,describing the ,chief ,methods of      
,mining1 ,dressing and ,smelting      it
 abroad2 with ,notes upon ,arsenic1     
,bismuth and ,wolfram4 ,by ,,arthur     
,g4 ,,charleton1 ,mem4 ,american ,inst4 
of ,mining ,engineers4 ,with            
plates1 #hvo1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4        
,perspective1 ,explained and            
,illustrated4 ,by ,g4 ,s4 ,,clarke1     
,capt4 ,r4,e4      ,with illustrations1 
#hvo1 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4      ,the       
,essential ,elements of ,practical      
,mechanics2 based on the ,principle     
of ,work1 designed for ,engineering     
,students4 ,by ,,oliver ,,byrne1        
formerly ,professor of ,mathematics1    
,college for ,civil ,engineers4         
,third edition1 with #adh wood          
engravings1 post #hvo1 cloth1 #gs4      
#f;d4                                   
,,contents3      ,chap4 #a4 ,how ,work  
is ,measured by a ,unit1 both with and  
without    reference to a ,unit of      
,time--,chap4 #b4 ,the ,work of ,living 

,agents1 the    ,influence of ,friction1
 and introduces one of the most         
beautiful ,laws    of ,motion--,chap4   
#c4 ,the principles expounded in the    
first and second    chapters are applied
 to the ,motion of ,bodies--,chap4 #d4  
,the    ,transmission of ,work by simple
 ,machines--,chap4 #e4 ,useful          
,propositions    and ,rules4      ,the  
,practical ,millwright and ,engineer's  
,ready ,reckoner2 or ,tables      for   
finding the diameter and power of       
cog-wheels1 diameter1 weight1      and  
power of shafts1 diameter and strength  
of bolts1 etc4 ,by ,,thomas             
,,dixon4 ,fourth edition1 #abmo1 cloth1 
#cs4      ,breweries and ,maltings3     
their ,arrangement1 ,construction1      
,machinery1      and ,plant4 ,by ,g4    
,,scamell1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,second      
edition1 revised1      enlarged1 and    
partly rewritten4 ,by ,f4 ,,colyer1     
,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4      ,with   
#bj plates1 #hvo1 cloth1 #ahs4      ,a  
,practical ,treatise on the ,manufacture

 of ,starch1 ,glucose1                  
,starch-,sugar1 and ,dextrine1 based on 
the ,german of ,l4 ,von ,wagner1        
,professor in the ,royal ,technical     
,school1 ,buda ,pesth1 and other        
authorities4 ,by ,,julius ,,frankel2    
edited by ,,robert ,,hutter1 proprietor 
of the ,philadelphia ,starch ,works4    
,with #eh illustrations1 #cdd pp41      
#hvo1 cloth1 #ahs4      ,a ,practical   
,treatise on ,mill-gearing1 ,wheels1    
,shafts1 ,riggers1 etc42      for the   
use of ,engineers4 ,by ,,thomas ,,box4  
,third edition1 with #aa      plates4   
,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4          
,mining ,machinery3 a ,descriptive      
,treatise on the ,machinery1 ,tools1    
and other ,appliances used in ,mining4  
,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,andr1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4  
,inst4 ,c4,e41 ,mem4 of the ,society of 
,engineers4 ,royal #dto1 uniform        
with the ,author's ,treatise on ,coal   
,mining1 containing #ahb plates1        
accurately drawn to scale1 with         
descriptive text1 in #b vols41 cloth1   

#cl4 #abs4                              
,,contents3      ,machinery for         
,prospecting1 ,excavating1 ,hauling1 and
                                        
,hoisting--,ventilation--,pumping--,trea
tment of ,mineral ,products1            
including ,gold and ,silver1 ,copper1   
,tin1 and ,lead1 ,iron1 ,coal1          
,sulphur1 ,china ,clay1 ,brick ,earth1  
etc4      ,tables for ,setting out      
,curves for ,railways1 ,canals1 ,roads1 
etc41      varying from a radius of five
 chains to three miles4 ,by ,a4         
,,kennedy      and ,r4 ,w4 ,,hackwood4  
,illustrated1 #cbmo1 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4  
,the ,science and ,art of the           
,manufacture of ,portland ,cement1 with 
observations on some of its constructive
 applications4 ,with #ff                
illustrations4 ,by ,,henry ,,reid1      
,c4,e41 ,author of #8,a ,practical      
,treatise      on ,concrete1' etc41 etc4
 #hvo1 cloth1 #ahs4      ,the           
,draughtsman's ,handbook of ,plan and   
,map ,drawing2 including                

instructions for the preparation of     
,engineering1 ,architectural1 and       
,mechanical ,drawings4 ,with numerous   
illustrations in the text1 and      #cc 
plates 7#ae printed in colours74 ,by ,g4
 ,g4 ,,andr1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4         
,inst4 ,c4,e4 #dto1 cloth1 #is4         
,,contents3      ,the ,drawing ,office  
and its ,furnishings--,geometrical      
,problems--,lines1    ,dots1 and their  
,combinations--,colours1 ,shading1      
,lettering1 ,bordering1    and ,north   
,points--,scales--,plotting--,civil     
,engineers' and ,surveyors'             
,plans--,map ,drawing--,mechanical and  
,architectural ,drawing--,copying and   
,reducing ,trigonometrical ,formul1     
etc41 etc4      ,the ,boiler-maker's and
 ,iron ,ship-builder's ,companion1      
comprising a      series of original and
 carefully calculated tables1 of the    
utmost      utility to persons          
interested in the iron trades4 ,by      
,,james ,,foden1      author of         
#8,mechanical ,tables1' etc4 ,second    

edition revised1 with                   
illustrations1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #es4  
,rock ,blasting3 a ,practical ,treatise 
on the means employed in      ,blasting 
,rocks for ,industrial ,purposes4 ,by   
,g4 ,g4 ,,andr1 ,f4,g4,s41      ,assoc4 
,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,with #ef illustrations   
and #ab plates1 #hvo1 cloth1      #ajs4 
#f;d4      ,painting and ,painters'     
,manual3 a ,book of ,facts for ,painters
 and      those who ,use or ,deal in    
,paint ,materials4 ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,,condit 
and ,j4      ,,scheller4 ,illustrated1  
#hvo1 cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4      ,a        
,treatise on ,ropemaking as practised in
 public and private      ,rope-yards1   
with a ,description of the ,manufacture1
 ,rules1 ,tables of      ,weights1 etc41
 adapted to the ,trade1 ,shipping1      
,mining1 ,railways1      ,builders1 etc4
 ,by ,r4 ,,chapman1 formerly foreman to 
,messrs4 ,huddart      and ,co41        
,limehouse1 and late ,master ,ropemaker 
to ,h4,m4 ,dockyard1      ,deptford4    
,second edition1 #abmo1 cloth1 #cs4     

,laxton's ,builders' and ,contractors   
,tables2 for the use of ,engineers1     
,architects1 ,surveyors1 ,builders1     
,land ,agents1 and others4              
,bricklayer1 containing #bb tables1 with
 nearly #cj1jjj calculations4      #dto1
 cloth1 #es4      ,laxton's ,builders'  
and ,contractors' ,tables4 ,excavator1  
,earth1 ,land1      ,water1 and ,gas1   
containing #ec tables1 with nearly      
#bd1jjj      calculations4 #dto1 cloth1 
#es4      ,sanitary ,engineering3 a     
,guide to the ,construction of ,works of
      ,sewerage and ,house ,drainage1   
with ,tables for facilitating the       
calculations of the ,engineer4 ,by      
,,baldwin ,,latham1 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,inst4  
,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,m4,s41           
,past-,president of the ,society of     
,engineers4      ,second edition1 with  
numerous plates and woodcuts1 #hvo1     
cloth1      #al4 #ajs4      ,screw      
,cutting ,tables for ,engineers and     
,machinists1 giving the values      of  
the different trains of ,wheels required

 to produce ,screws of any      pitch1  
calculated by ,lord ,lindsay1 ,m4,p41   
,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 etc4           
,cloth1 oblong1 #bs4      ,screw        
,cutting ,tables1 for the use of        
,mechanical ,engineers1 showing      the
 proper arrangement of ,wheels for      
cutting the ,threads of ,screws      of 
any required pitch1 with a ,table for   
making the ,universal      ,gas-pipe    
,threads and ,taps4 ,by ,w4 ,a4         
,,martin1 ,engineer4 ,second            
edition1 oblong1 cloth1 #as41 or sewed1 
#f;d4      ,a ,treatise on a ,practical 
,method of ,designing ,slide-,valve     
,gears by      ,simple ,geometrical     
,construction1 based upon the principles
      enunciated in ,euclid's ,elements1
 and comprising the various forms of    
,plain ,slide-,valve and ,expansion     
,gearing2 together with ,stephenson's1  
,gooch's1 and ,allan's ,link-,motions1  
as applied either to reversing or       
to variable expansion combinations4 ,by 
,,edward ,j4 ,,cowling ,,welch4         

,memb4 ,inst4 ,mechanical ,engineers4   
,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #fs4      ,cleaning 
and ,scouring3 a ,manual for ,dyers1    
,laundresses1 and for      ,domestic    
,use4 ,by ,s4 ,,christopher4 #ahmo1     
sewed1 #f;d4      ,a ,handbook of ,house
 ,sanitation2 for the use of all persons
 seeking a      ,healthy ,home4 ,a      
reprint of those portions of ,mr4       
,bailey-,denton's      ,lectures on     
,sanitary ,engineering1 given before the
 ,school of      ,military ,engineering1
 which related to the 8,dwelling10      
enlarged and      revised by his ,son1  
,e4 ,f4 ,,bailey-,,denton1 ,c4,e41      
,b4,a4 ,with #adj      illustrations1   
#hvo1 cloth1 #hs4 #f;d4      ,a         
,glossary of ,terms used in ,coal       
,mining4 ,by ,,william ,,stukeley       
,,gresley1 ,assoc4 ,mem4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 
,f4,g4,s41 ,member of the ,north of     
,england ,institute of ,mining          
,engineers4 ,illustrated with numerous  
woodcuts and diagrams1 crown #hvo1      
cloth1 #es4      ,a ,pocket-,book for   

,boiler ,makers and ,steam ,users1      
comprising a      variety of useful     
information for ,employer and ,workman1 
,government      ,inspectors1 ,board of 
,trade ,surveyors1 ,engineers in charge 
of ,works      and ,slips1 ,foremen of  
,manufactories1 and the general         
,steam-using      ,public4 ,by ,,maurice
 ,,john ,,sexton4 ,second edition1 royal
 #cbmo1 roan1      gilt edges1 #es4     
,the ,strains upon ,bridge ,girders and 
,roof ,trusses1 including the           
,warren1 ,lattice1 ,trellis1 ,bowstring1
 and other ,forms of ,girders1 the      
,curved ,roof1 and ,simple and ,compound
 ,trusses4 ,by ,,thos4 ,,cargill1       
,c4,e4,b4,a4,t41 ,c4,d41 ,assoc4 ,inst4 
,c4,e41 ,member of the ,society of      
,engineers4 ,with #fd illustrations1    
drawn and worked out to scale1          
#hvo1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4      ,a        
,practical ,treatise on the ,steam      
,engine1 containing ,plans and          
,arrangements of ,details for ,fixed    
,steam ,engines1 with ,essays on the    

,principles involved in ,design and     
,construction4 ,by ,,arthur ,,rigg1     
,engineer1 ,member of the ,society of   
,engineers and of the ,royal            
,institution of ,great ,britain4 ,demy  
#dto1 copiously illustrated with        
woodcuts and #if plates1 in one ,volume1
 half-bound morocco1 #bl4      #bs42 or 
cheaper edition1 cloth1 #bes4      ,this
 work is not1 in any sense1 an          
elementary treatise1 or history    of   
the steam engine1 but is intended to    
describe examples of ,fixed    ,steam   
,engines without entering into the wide 
domain of locomotive or    marine       
practice4 ,to this end illustrations    
will be given of the most    recent     
arrangements of ,horizontal1 ,vertical1 
,beam1 ,pumping1 ,winding1    ,portable1
 ,semi-portable1 ,corliss1 ,allen1      
,compound1 and other similar            
,engines1 by the most eminent ,firms in 
,great ,britain and ,america4 ,the      
laws relating to the action and         
precautions to be observed in the       

construction of the various details1    
such as ,cylinders1 ,pistons1           
,piston-rods1 ,connecting-rods1         
,cross-heads1 ,motion-blocks1           
,eccentrics1 ,simple1 ,expansion1       
,balanced1 and ,equilibrium             
,slide-valves1 and ,valve-gearing will  
be minutely dealt with4 ,in this        
connection will be found articles upon  
the ,velocity of ,reciprocating         
,parts and the ,mode of ,applying the   
,indicator1 ,heat and ,expansion of     
,steam ,governors1 and the like4 ,it is 
the writer's desire to draw             
illustrations from every possible       
source1 and give only those rules       
that present practice deems correct4    
,barlow's ,tables of ,squares1 ,cubes1  
,square ,roots1 ,cube ,roots1           
,reciprocals of all ,integer ,numbers up
 to #aj1jjj4 ,post #hvo1 cloth1         
#fs4      ,camus 7,m47 ,treatise on the 
,teeth of ,wheels1 demonstrating the    
best      forms which can be given to   
them for the purposes of ,machinery1    

such      as ,mill-work and ,clock-work1
 and the art of finding their numbers4  
,translated from the ,french1 with      
details of the present practice of      
,millwrights1 ,engine ,makers1 and other
 ,machinists1 by ,,isaac ,,hawkins4     
,third edition1 with #ah plates1 #hvo1  
cloth1 #es4      ,a ,practical ,treatise
 on the ,science of ,land and           
,engineering      ,surveying1           
,levelling1 ,estimating ,quantities1    
etc41 with a general      description of
 the several ,instruments required for  
,surveying1      ,levelling1 ,plotting1 
etc4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,merrett4 ,third      
edition1 #da      plates with           
illustrations and tables1 royal #hvo1   
cloth1 #abs4      #f;d4                 
,,principal ,,contents3      ,part #a4  
,introduction and the ,principles of    
,geometry4 ,part    #b4 ,land           
,surveying2 comprising ,general         
,observations--,the    ,chain--,offsets 
,surveying by the ,chain                
only--,surveying ,hilly    ,ground--,to 

,survey an ,estate or ,parish by the    
,chain only--,surveying    with the     
,theodolite--,mining and ,town          
,surveying--,railroad                   
,surveying--,mapping--,division and     
,laying out of ,land--,observations     
on ,enclosures--,plane ,trigonometry4   
,part #c4 ,levelling--,simple    and    
,compound ,levelling--,the ,level       
,book--,parliamentary ,plan    and      
,section--,levelling with a             
,theodolite--,gradients--,wooden        
,curves--,to ,lay out a ,railway        
,curve--,setting out ,widths4    ,part  
#d4 ,calculating ,quantities generally  
for ,estimates--,cuttings    and        
,embankments--,tunnels--,brickwork--,iro
nwork--,timber ,measuring4    ,part #e4 
,description and ,use of ,instruments in
 ,surveying    and ,plotting--,the      
,improved ,dumpy ,level--,troughton's   
,level--,the    ,prismatic              
,compass--,proportional ,compass--,box  
,sextant--,vernier--,pantagraph--,merret
t's ,improved ,quadrant--,improved      

,computation ,scale--,the ,diagonal     
,scale--,straight ,edge and ,sector4    
,part    #f4 ,logarithms of             
,numbers--,logarithmic ,sines and       
,co-,sines1 ,tangents    and            
,co-,tangents--,natural ,sines and      
,co-,sines--,tables for ,earthwork1 for 
,setting out ,curves1 and for various   
,calculations1 etc41 etc41 etc4         
,saws3 the ,history1 ,development1      
,action1 ,classification1 and           
,comparison of ,saws of all kinds4 ,by  
,,robert ,,grimshaw4 ,with #bbj         
illustrations1 #dto1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4 
,a ,supplement to the above2 containing 
additional practical matter1      more  
especially relating to the forms of ,saw
 ,teeth for special      material and   
conditions1 and to the behaviour of     
,saws under      particular conditions4 
,with #abj illustrations1 cloth1 #is4   
,a ,guide for the ,electric ,testing of 
,telegraph ,cables4 ,by ,capt4 ,v4      
,,hoski,r1 ,royal ,danish ,engineers4   
,with illustrations1 second             

edition1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #ds4 #f;d4  
,laying and ,repairing ,electric        
,telegraph ,cables4 ,by ,capt4 ,v4      
,,hoski,r1      ,royal ,danish          
,engineers4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #cs4    
#f;d4      ,a ,pocket-,book of          
,practical ,rules for the ,proportions  
of ,modern      ,engines and ,boilers   
for ,land and ,marine purposes4 ,by ,n4 
,p4 ,,burgh4      ,seventh edition1     
royal #cbmo1 roan1 #ds4 #f;d4      ,the 
,assayer's ,manual3 an ,abridged        
,treatise on the ,docimastic            
,examination of ,ores and ,furnace and  
other ,artificial ,products4 ,by        
,,bruno ,,kerl4 ,translated by ,w4 ,t4  
,,brannt4 ,with #fe illustrations1      
#hvo1 cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4      ,the      
,steam ,engine considered as a ,heat    
,engine3 a ,treatise on the      ,theory
 of the ,steam ,engine1 illustrated by  
,diagrams1 ,tables1 and      ,examples  
from ,practice4 ,by ,,jas4 ,h4          
,,cotterill1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41         
,professor of ,applied ,mechanics in the

 ,royal ,naval ,college4 #hvo1          
cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4      ,electricity3   
its ,theory1 ,sources1 and              
,applications4 ,by ,j4 ,t4              
,,sprague1 ,m4,s4,t4,e4 ,second edition1
 revised and enlarged1 with             
numerous illustrations1 crown #hvo1     
cloth1 #aes4      ,the ,practice of     
,hand ,turning in ,wood1 ,ivory1 ,shell1
 etc41 with      ,instructions for      
,turning such ,work in ,metal as may be 
required in      the ,practice of       
,turning in ,wood1 ,ivory1 etc42 also an
 ,appendix on      ,ornamental ,turning4
 7,a book for beginners47 ,by ,,francis 
,,campin4 ,third      edition1 with wood
 engravings1 crown #hvo1 cloth1 #fs4    
,,contents3      ,on ,lathes--,turning  
,tools--,turning                        
,wood--,drilling--,screw                
,cutting--,miscellaneous ,apparatus and 
,processes--,turning ,particular        
,forms--,staining--,polishing--,spinning
 ,metals--,materials--,ornamental       
,turning1 etc4      ,health and ,comfort

 in ,house ,building1 or ,ventilation   
with ,warm ,air by      ,self-,acting   
,suction ,power1 with ,review of the    
mode of ,calculating      the ,draught  
in ,hot-,air ,flues1 and with some      
actual ,experiments4 ,by      ,j4       
,,drysdale1 ,m4,d41 and ,j4 ,w4         
,,hayward1 ,m4,d4 ,second edition1 with 
,supplement1 with plates1 demy #hvo1    
cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4      ,treatise on     
,watchwork1 ,past and ,present4 ,by the 
,rev4 ,h4 ,l4      ,,nelthropp1 ,m4,a41 
,f4,s4,a4 ,with #cb illustrations1 crown
 #hvo1 cloth1      #fs4 #f;d4           
,,contents3      ,definitions of ,words 
and ,terms used in                      
,watchwork--,tools--,time--,historical  
,summary--,on ,calculations of the      
,numbers for ,wheels and ,pinions2 their
 ,proportional ,sizes1 ,trains1         
etc4--,of ,dial ,wheels1 or ,motion     
,work--,length of ,time of ,going       
without    ,winding up--,the            
,verge--,the ,horizontal--,the          
,duplex--,the ,lever--,the              

,chronometer--,repeating                
,watches--,keyless ,watches--,the       
,pendulum1 or    ,spiral                
,spring--,compensation--,jewelling of   
,pivot                                  
,holes--,clerkenwell--,fallacies of the 
,trade--,incapacity of ,workmen--,how   
to ,choose and ,use a ,watch1 etc4      
,notes in ,mechanical ,engineering4     
,compiled principally for the use of    
the ,students attending the ,classes on 
this subject at the ,city of            
,london ,college4 ,by ,,henry ,,adams1  
,mem4 ,inst4 ,m4,e41 ,mem4 ,inst4       
,c4,e41      ,mem4 ,soc4 of ,engineers4 
,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4          
,algebra ,self-,taught4 ,by ,w4 ,p4     
,,higgs1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41     
,assoc4      ,inst4 ,c4,e41 ,author of  
#8,a ,handbook of the ,differential     
,calculus1'      etc4 ,second edition1  
crown #hvo1 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4           
,,contents3      ,symbols and the ,signs
 of ,operation--,the ,equation and the  
,unknown ,quantity--,positive and       

,negative                               
,quantities--,multiplication--,involutio
n--,exponents--,negative                
,exponents--,roots1 and the ,use of     
,exponents as                           
,logarithms--,logarithms--,tables of    
,logarithms and ,proportionate          
,parts--,transformation of ,system of   
,logarithms--,common ,uses of    ,common
 ,logarithms--,compound ,multiplication 
and the ,binomial                       
,theorem--,division1 ,fractions1 and    
,ratio--,continued    ,proportion--,the 
,series and the ,summation of the       
,series--,limit of    ,series--,square  
and ,cube ,roots--,equations--,list of  
,formul1 etc4      ,spons' ,dictionary  
of ,engineering1 ,civil1 ,mechanical1   
,military1 and      ,naval2 with        
technical terms in ,french1 ,german1    
,italian1 and      ,spanish1 #cajj pp41 
and nearly #hjjj engravings1 in         
super-royal #hvo1      in #h divisions1 
#el4 #hs4 ,complete in #c vols41 cloth1 
#el4 #es4      ,bound in a superior     

manner1 half-morocco1 top edge gilt1 #c 
vols41      #fl4 #abs4       ,in        
super-royal #hvo1 #aafh pp41 with #bdjj 
illustrations1 in #c ,divisions1        
cloth1 price #acs4 #f;d4 each2 or #a    
vol41 cloth1 #bl42 or                   
half-morocco1 #bl4 #hs4                 
,a ,,supplement                         
,,to                       ,,spons'     
,,dictionary ,,of ,,engineering4        
,,edited ,,by ,,ernest ,,spon1 ,,memb4  
,,soc4 ,,engineers4     ,abacus1        
,counters1 ,speed ,indicators1 and      
,slide ,rule4     ,agricultural         
,implements and ,machinery4     ,air    
,compressors4     ,animal ,charcoal     
,machinery4     ,antimony4     ,axles   
and ,axle-boxes4     ,barn ,machinery4  
,belts and ,belting4     ,blasting4     
,boilers4     ,brakes4     ,brick       
,machinery4     ,bridges4     ,cages for
 ,mines4     ,calculus1 ,differential   
and ,integral4     ,canals4             
,carpentry4     ,cast ,iron4            
,cement1 ,concrete1 ,limes1 and ,mortar4

     ,chimney ,shafts4     ,coal        
,cleansing and ,washing4     ,coal      
,mining4     ,coal ,cutting ,machines4  
,coke ,ovens4 ,copper4     ,docks4      
,drainage4     ,dredging ,machinery4    
,dynamo-,electric and ,magneto-,electric
 ,machines4     ,dynamometers4          
,electrical ,engineering1 ,telegraphy1  
,electric ,lighting and its practical   
details1 ,telephones     ,engines1      
,varieties of4     ,explosives4 ,fans4  
,founding1 ,moulding and the practical  
work of the ,foundry4     ,gas1         
,manufacture of4     ,hammers1 ,steam   
and other ,power4     ,heat4 ,horse     
,power4     ,hydraulics4                
,hydro-geology4     ,indicators4 ,iron4 
,lifts1 ,hoists1 and ,elevators4        
,lighthouses1 ,buoys1 and ,beacons4     
,machine ,tools4     ,materials of      
,construction4     ,meters4     ,ores1  
,machinery and ,processes employed to   
,dress4     ,piers4     ,pile ,driving4 
,pneumatic ,transmission4     ,pumps4   
,pyrometers4     ,road ,locomotives4    

,rock ,drills4     ,rolling ,stock4     
,sanitary ,engineering4     ,shafting4  
,steel4     ,steam ,navvy4     ,stone   
,machinery4     ,tramways4     ,well    
,sinking4                               
,,now ,,complete4     ,with nearly #aejj
 illustrations1 in super-royal #hvo1 in 
#e ,divisions1      cloth4              
,divisions #a to #d1 #acs4 #f;d4 each2  
,division #e1 #ags4 #f;d42 or #b        
vols41 cloth1 #c #ajs4                  
,,spons' ,,encyclop,,dia                
,,of ,,the            ,,industrial      
,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,and           
,,commercial ,,products4                
,,edited ,,by ,c4 ,g4 ,,warnford ,,lock1
 ,f4,l4,s4    ,among the more important 
of the subjects treated of1 are the     
following3--     ,acids1 #bjg pp4 #bbj  
figs4   ,alcohol1 #bc pp4 #af figs4     
,alcoholic ,liquors1 #ac pp4            
,alkalies1 #hi pp4 #gh figs4   ,alloys4 
,alum4   ,asphalt4 ,assaying4           
,beverages1 #hi pp4 #bi figs4   ,blacks4
   ,bleaching ,powder1 #ae pp4          

,bleaching1 #ea pp4 #dh figs4           
,candles1 #ah pp4 #i figs4   ,carbon    
,bisulphide4   ,celluloid1 #i pp4       
,cements4 ,clay4   ,coal-tar ,products1 
#dd pp4 #ad figs4   ,cocoa1 #h pp4      
,coffee1 #cb pp4 #ac figs4   ,cork1 #h  
pp4 #ag figs4   ,cotton ,manufactures1  
#fb pp4 #eg figs4     ,drugs1 #ch pp4   
,dyeing and ,calico ,printing1 #bh pp4  
#i figs4   ,dyestuffs1 #af pp4          
,electro-,metallurgy1 #ac pp4           
,explosives1 #bb pp4 #cc figs4          
,feathers4   ,fibrous ,substances1 #ib  
pp4 #gi figs4   ,floor-cloth1 #af pp4   
#ba figs4   ,food ,preservation1 #h pp4 
,fruit1 #h pp4   ,fur1 #e pp4     ,gas1 
,coal1 #h pp4   ,gems4   ,glass1 #de pp4
 #gg figs4   ,graphite1 #g pp4          
,hair1 #g pp4   ,hair ,manufactures4    
,hats1 #bf pp4 #bf figs4   ,honey4      
,hops4   ,horn4     ,ice1 #aj pp4 #ad   
figs4   ,indiarubber ,manufactures1 #bc 
pp4 #ag figs4   ,ink1 #ag pp4   ,ivory4 
,jute ,manufactures1 #aa pp41 #aa figs4 
,knitted ,fabrics--,hosiery1 #ae pp4 #ac

 figs4     ,lace1 #ac pp4 #i figs4      
,leather1 #bh pp4 #ca figs4   ,linen    
,manufactures1 #af pp4 #f figs4         
,manures1 #ba pp4 #cj figs4   ,matches1 
#ag pp4 #ch figs4   ,mordants1 #ac pp4  
,narcotics1 #dg pp4   ,nuts1 #aj pp4    
,oils and ,fatty ,substances1 #abe pp4  
,paint4   ,paper1 #bf pp4 #bc figs4     
,paraffin1 #h pp4 #f figs4   ,pearl and 
,coral1 #h pp4   ,perfumes1 #aj pp4     
,photography1 #ac pp4 #bj figs4         
,pigments1 #i pp4 #f figs4   ,pottery1  
#df pp4 #eg figs4   ,printing and       
,engraving1 #bj pp4 #h figs4     ,rags4 
,resinous and ,gummy ,substances1 #ge   
pp4 #af figs4   ,rope1 #af pp4 #ag figs4
     ,salt1 #ca pp4 #bc figs4   ,silk1  
#h pp4   ,silk ,manufactures1 #i pp4 #aa
 figs4   ,skins1 #e pp4   ,small ,wares1
 #d pp4   ,soap and ,glycerine1 #ci pp4 
#de figs4   ,spices1 #af pp4   ,sponge1 
#e pp4   ,starch1 #i pp4 #aj figs4      
,sugar1 #aee pp4 #acd figs4   ,sulphur4 
,tannin1 #ah pp4   ,tea1 #ab pp4        
,timber1 #ac pp4     ,varnish1 #ae pp4  

,vinegar1 #e pp4     ,wax1 #e pp4       
,wool1 #b pp4   ,woollen ,manufactures1 
#eh pp4 #ci figs4                       
,crown #hvo1 cloth1 with illustrations1 
#es4                                    
,,workshop ,,receipts1                  
,,first ,,series4                       
,,by ,,ernest ,,spon4                   
,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents4             
,bookbinding4   ,bronzes and ,bronzing4 
,candles4   ,cement4   ,cleaning4       
,colourwashing4   ,concretes4           
,dipping ,acids4   ,drawing ,office     
,details4   ,drying ,oils4   ,dynamite4 
,electro-,metallurgy--7,cleaning1       
,dipping1 ,scratch-brushing1 ,batteries1
      ,baths1 and ,deposits of every    
description74   ,enamels4   ,engraving  
on ,wood1 ,copper1 ,gold1 ,silver1      
,steel1 and ,stone4   ,etching and ,aqua
 ,tint4     ,firework                   
,making--7,rockets1 ,stars1 ,rains1     
,gerbes1 ,jets1 ,tourbillons1           
,candles1 ,fires1 ,lances1 ,lights1     
,wheels1 ,fire-balloons1 and minor      

,fireworks74   ,fluxes4   ,foundry      
,mixtures4   ,freezing4   ,fulminates4  
,furniture ,creams1 ,oils1 ,polishes1   
,lacquers1 and ,pastes4     ,gilding4   
,glass ,cutting1 ,cleaning1 ,frosting1  
,drilling1 ,darkening1 ,bending1        
,staining1 and ,painting4   ,glass      
,making4   ,glues4   ,gold4   ,graining4
   ,gums4   ,gun ,cotton4   ,gunpowder4 
,horn ,working4     ,indiarubber4       
,japans1 ,japanning1 and kindred        
processes4     ,lacquers4   ,lathing4   
,lubricants4     ,marble ,working4      
,matches4   ,mortars4                   
,nitro-,glycerine4     ,oils4           
,paper4   ,paper ,hanging4   ,painting  
in ,oils1 in ,water ,colours1 as well as
 ,fresco1 ,house1      ,transparency1   
,sign1 and ,carriage ,painting4         
,photography4   ,plastering4            
,polishes4   ,pottery--7,clays1 ,bodies1
 ,glazes1 ,colours1 ,oils1 ,stains1     
,fluxes1 ,enamels1      and ,lustres74  
,scouring4   ,silvering4   ,soap4       
,solders4     ,tanning4   ,taxidermy4   

,tempering ,metals4   ,treating ,horn1  
,mother-o'-,pearl1 and like substances4 
,varnishes1 ,manufacture and ,use of4   
,veneering4     ,washing4               
,waterproofing4   ,welding4    ,besides 
,receipts relating to the lesser        
,technological matters and  processes   
such as the manufacture and use of      
,stencil ,plates1 ,blacking1  ,crayons1 
,paste ,putty1 ,wax1 ,size1 ,alloys1    
,catgut1 ,tunbridge ,ware1 ,picture     
,frame and ,architectural ,mouldings1   
,compos1 ,cameos1 and others too        
numerous to mention4                    
,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #dhe pages1 with    
illustrations1 #es4                     
,,workshop ,,receipts1                  
,,second ,,series4                      
,,by ,,robert ,,haldane4                
,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents4             
,acidimetry and ,alkalimetry4           
,albumen4   ,alcohol4   ,alkaloids4     
,baking-powders4   ,bitters4            
,bleaching4   ,boiler ,incrustations4   
,cements and ,lutes4   ,cleansing4      

,confectionery4   ,copying4             
,disinfectants4   ,dyeing1 ,staining1   
and ,colouring4   ,essences4            
,extracts4   ,fireproofing4   ,gelatine1
 ,glue1 and ,size4   ,glycerine4   ,gut4
   ,hydrogen peroxide4   ,ink4          
,iodine4   ,iodoform4   ,isinglass4     
,ivory substitutes4   ,leather4         
,luminous bodies4   ,magnesia4          
,matches4   ,paper4   ,parchment4       
,perchloric acid4   ,potassium oxalate4 
,preserving4    ,pigments1 ,paint1 and  
,painting3 embracing the preparation of 
,pigments1 including alumina lakes1     
blacks 7animal1 bone1 ,frankfort1       
ivory1 lamp1 sight1 soot71 blues        
7antimony1 ,antwerp1 cobalt1 cruleum1   
,egyptian1 manganate1 ,paris1 ,pligot1  
,prussian1 smalt1 ultramarine71  browns 
7bistre1 hinau1 sepia1 sienna1 umber1   
,vandyke71 greens 7baryta1  ,brighton1  
,brunswick1 chrome1 cobalt1 ,douglas1   
emerald1 manganese1 mitis1  mountain1   
,prussian1 sap1 ,scheele's1             
,schweinfurth1 titanium1 verdigris1     

zinc71 reds 7,brazilwood lake1          
carminated lake1 carmine1 ,cassius      
purple1  cobalt pink1 cochineal lake1   
colcothar1 ,indian red1 madder lake1 red
  chalk1 red lead1 vermilion71 whites   
7alum1 baryta1 ,chinese1 lead  sulphate1
 white lead--by ,american1 ,dutch1      
,french1 ,german1 ,kremnitz1 and        
,pattinson processes1 precautions in    
making1 and composition of  commercial  
samples--whiting1 ,wilkinson's white1   
zinc white71 yellows  7chrome1 gamboge1 
,naples1 orpiment1 realgar1 yellow      
lakes72 ,paint  7vehicles1 testing oils1
 driers1 grinding1 storing1 applying1   
priming1  drying1 filling1 coats1       
brushes1 surface1 water-colours1        
removing smell1  discoloration2         
miscellaneous paints--cement paint for  
carton-pierre1  copper paint1 gold      
paint1 iron paint1 lime paints1         
silicated paints1  steatite paint1      
transparent paints1 tungsten paints1    
window paint1 zinc  paints72 ,painting  
7general instructions1 proportions of   

ingredients1  measuring paint work2     
carriage painting--priming paint1 best  
putty1  finishing colour1 cause of      
cracking1 mixing the paints1 oils1      
driers1  and colours1 varnishing1       
importance of washing vehicles1         
re-varnishing1  how to dry paint2       
woodwork painting74                     
,,just ,,published4             ,crown  
#hvo1 cloth1 #dhj pages1 with #ahc      
illustrations1 #es4                     
,,workshop ,,receipts1                  
,,third ,,series4                       
,,by ,c4 ,g4 ,,warnford ,,lock4         
,uniform with the ,first and ,second    
,series4                                
,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents4     ,alloys4
   ,aluminium4   ,antimony4   ,barium4  
,beryllium4   ,bismuth4   ,cadmium4     
,csium4   ,calcium4   ,cerium4          
,chromium4   ,cobalt4   ,copper4        
,didymium4   ,electrics4   ,enamels and 
,glazes4   ,erbium4   ,gallium4         
,glass4   ,gold4   ,indium4   ,iridium4 
,iron and ,steel4   ,lacquers and       

,lacquering4   ,lanthanum4   ,lead4     
,lithium4   ,lubricants4   ,magnesium4  
,manganese4   ,mercury4   ,mica4        
,molybdenum4   ,nickel4   ,niobium4     
,osmium4   ,palladium4   ,platinum4     
,potassium4   ,rhodium4   ,rubidium4    
,ruthenium4   ,selenium4   ,silver4     
,slag4   ,sodium4   ,strontium4         
,tantalum4   ,terbium4   ,thallium4     
,thorium4   ,tin4   ,titanium4          
,tungsten4   ,uranium4   ,vanadium4     
,yttrium4   ,zinc4   ,zirconium4        
,aluminium4                             
,,just ,,published4            ,in demy 
#hvo1 cloth1 #fjj pages1 and #adbj      
,illustrations1 #fs4                    
,,spons'                                
,,mechanic',s ,,own ,,book2             
,a ,,manual ,,for ,,handicraftsmen ,,and
 ,,amateurs4                            
,,contents4    ,mechanical              
,drawing--,casting and ,founding in     
,iron1 ,brass1 ,bronze1 and  other      
,alloys--,forging and ,finishing        
,iron--,sheet-metal                     

,working--,soldering1  ,brazing1 and    
,burning--,carpentry and ,joinery1      
embracing descriptions of  some #djj    
,woods1 over #bjj ,illustrations of     
,tools and their uses1  ,explanations   
7with ,diagrams7 of #aaf joints and     
hinges1 and ,details of  ,construction  
of ,workshop appliances1 rough          
furniture4 ,garden and ,yard            
,erections1 and ,house                  
,building--,cabinet-,making and         
,veneering--,carving and                
,fretcutting--,upholstery--,painting1   
,graining1 and ,marbling--,staining     
,furniture1 ,woods1 ,floors1 and        
,fittings--,gilding1 dead and bright1 on
  various grounds--,polishing ,marble1  
,metals1 and                            
,wood--,varnishing--,mechanical         
movements1 illustrating contrivances for
 transmitting motion--,turning in  ,wood
 and ,metals--,masonry1 embracing       
,stonework1 ,brickwork1 ,terracotta1 and
  ,concrete--,roofing with ,thatch1     
,tiles1 ,slates1 ,felt1 ,zinc1          

c4--,glazing  with and without putty1   
and lead glazing--,plastering and       
,whitewashing--,paper-hanging--,gas-fitt
ing--,bell-hanging1 ordinary and        
electric                                
,systems--,lighting--,warming--,ventilat
ing--,roads1 ,pavements1 and            
,bridges--,hedges1 ,ditches1 and        
,drains--,water ,supply and             
,sanitation--,hints on  ,house          
,construction suited to new countries4  
,london3 ,e4  ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1     
,strand4                        ,new    
,york3 #ce1 ,murray ,street4            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,transcriber',s ,,notes       #a4      
,silently corrected typographical errors
 and variations in spelling4   #b4      
,anachronistic1 non-standard1 and       
uncertain spellings retained as         
printed4   #c4 ,footnotes have been     
re-indexed using numbers4   #d4         
,enclosed italics font in underscores4  
#e4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4