,illustration3 ,,price ,,fifty ,,cents4 ,,haney',s ,,art ,,of ,,training ,,animals4 ,,jesse ,,haney ,,co41 ,,publishers1 ,no4 #aai ,,nassau ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,siege--,,performed ,,by ,,dog ,,and ,,monkey ,,actors ,,haney',s ,,art ,,of ,,training ,,animals4 ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,,for ,,amateur ,,or ,,professional ,,trainers4 ,,giving ,,full ,,instructions ,,for ,breaking1 ,taming and ,teaching all kinds of ,animals ,,including ,,an ,,improved ,,method ,,of ,,horse ,,breaking1 ,,management ,,of ,,farm ,,animals1 ,,training ,,of ,,sporting ,,dogs2 ,,serpent ,,charming1 ,,care ,,and ,,tuition ,,of ,,talking1 ,,singing ,,and ,,performing ,,birds2 ,,and ,,detailed ,,instructions ,,for ,,teaching ,,all ,,circus ,,tricks1 ,,and ,,many ,,other ,,wonderful ,,feats4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,over ,,sixty ,,engravings4 ,new ,york3 ,,jesse ,,haney ,,co41 ,,publishers1 ,,office ,,of ,,haney',s ,,journal1 ,,no4 #aai ,,nassau ,,street4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress in the year #ahfi1 by ,,jesse ,,haney ,,co41 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states1 for the ,southern ,district of ,new ,york4 ,haney's ,art of ,training ,animals4 ,electrotyped by ,smith ,mc,dougal1 #hb and #hd ,beekman ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents ,,preface4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory--,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,training4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,horse ,,taming ,,and ,,horse ,,training--,,horse ,,management--,,whip ,,training--,,curing ,,bad ,,habits1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,english ,,system ,,of ,,training ,,hunters4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,tricks ,,of ,,performing ,,horses1 ,,and ,,how ,,they ,,are ,,taught4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,theatrical ,,horses ,,and ,,the ,,horse ,,drama4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,breaking ,,and ,,training ,,mules--,,performing ,,and 8,,comic0 ,,mules4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,some ,,hints ,,for ,,farmers--,,management ,,and ,,training ,,of ,,animals ,,on ,,the ,,farm--,,some ,,evils ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,remedy ,,them--,,good ,,training ,,vs4 ,,bad4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,dogs ,,in ,,general--,,watch ,,dogs--,,the ,,shepherd',s ,,dog4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,sporting ,,dogs ,,and ,,their ,,management ,,and ,,training4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,ordinary ,,tricks ,,performed ,,by ,,dogs4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,wonderful ,,feats ,,performed ,,by ,,dogs--,,most ,,celebrated ,,dogs ,,of ,,the ,,world--,,learning ,,the ,,alphabet--,,to ,,play ,,cards ,,and ,,dominoes--,,to ,,select ,,any ,,article ,,desired ,,and ,,put ,,it ,,anywhere ,,directed4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,taming ,,and ,,training ,,elephants--,,capture ,,and ,,treatment--,,elephants ,,as ,,laborers ,,and ,,as ,,circus ,,performers4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,lions1 ,,tigers1 ,,leopards ,,and ,,panthers4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,taming ,,wild ,,animals ,,in ,,general--,,squirrels--,,bears--,,buffa loes--,,wolves--,,hyenas--,,rhinoceroses -- ,,hippopotami--,,crocodiles--,,alligator s4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,education ,,of ,,cats ,,and ,,goats4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,educated ,,hogs ,,and ,,their ,,training4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,performing ,,monkeys--,,monkey ,,equestrians--,,the 8,,wonderful ,,cynocephalus0--,,monkey ,,actors1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,rats--,,mice--,,frogs--,,toads--,,flea s1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 8,,happy ,,families0--,,enemies ,,by ,,nature ,,made ,,friends ,,by ,,art4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,educated ,,seals--,,tame ,,fish1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,taming ,,birds4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,song ,,birds--,,their ,,management ,,and ,,tuition4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,talking ,,birds ,,and ,,their ,,training4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,performing ,,birds--,,their ,,tricks ,,and ,,their ,,training4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,snake ,,charming ,,and ,,snake ,,charmer4 ,,preface4 ,the intention of the present volume is to initiate the reader into all the mysteries and secrets of the 8,art of ,training ,animals10 and to give full and clear explanations of1 and instructions in1 every branch of that art4 ,it is believed that the reader will find it acceptable whether he desires using its instructions practically either for profit or as an agreeable recreation1 or as merely a curiosity to know how the feats herein described are taught4 ,this is believed to be the first and only attempt made to treat this subject fully and systematically4 ,fragmentary articles have occasionally appeared1 and some works1 treating of one or another of the various animals1 have given a few brief though interesting paragraphs touching their educatability or sagacity4 ,even combined these form but a comparatively meager collection1 and the volume herewith presented has the essential part of all this as well as a very large amount of matter which is entirely new4 ,the aim has been to make the book as complete as possible1 and to do this the author has profited by the experience and writings of others wherever they could be made available4 ,he has1 however1 striven in all such cases to give full credit4 ,as far as it was possible to communicate with the parties in question1 their consent was explicitly obtained1 and in no case to the best of his knowledge 7certainly not intentionally7 has any material been used contrary to the wishes of its owner1 or without due acknowledgment1 and he would respectfully ask any who may desire to make use of any part of his own labors to a reasonable extent1 the same courtesy of full credit to ,haney's ,art of ,training ,animals4 ,to many gentlemen in the profession we are indebted for details of their experience1 and material of various kinds4 ,much of information relating to birds is derived from the works of the celebrated ,german fancier ,bechstein2 while to ,mons4 ,emil de ,tarade is due a portion of that about the ,french dogs4 ,to ,mr4 ,robert ,jennings1 whose works on the horse1 as well as on cattle1 are deservedly popular1 we are also indebted2 also to ,mr4 ,smith of the ,new ,york ,courier4 ,while attempting to give plain practical instruction in the art we profess to teach1 we have also designed to make a readable book1 and it is hoped that its perusal may prove pleasant as well as profitable4 ,that money can be made by training animals1 is unquestionably true--even a boy can make his pets more valuable by teaching them a few simple tricks4 ,in conclusion we may add that to amateurs interested in the subject1 a visit to either of the really fine collections of trained and wild animals of ,van ,amburgh or 8,yankee0 ,robinson1 will prove most thoroughly enjoyable4 ,to the proprietors of both of these establishments we are indebted for valuable assistance4 ,,art ,,of ,,training ,,animals4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory--,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,training4 ,dr4 ,kemp thus concisely and clearly stages the difference between instinct and reason3 8,in the former there is an irresistible impulse to go through a certain series of motions after a certain fashion1 without knowing why they are performed1 or what their result will be4 ,in the latter the actions depend upon previous mental judgments1 are performed or not at will1 and the end of them is early anticipated and defined40 ,we believe the evidence is too strong to be doubted that many animals do perceive the relation between cause and effect1 and that many of their actions1 especially when the animals are surrounded by the unnatural circumstances of a state of domestication1 must be ascribed to the reasoning power4 ,there was a dog who lived in a strict monastery where the monks dined alone1 and who1 instead of asking for their meals1 obtained them by knocking at the buttery door1 the cook answering by opening the door and pushing the allowance through4 ,the dog observed this proceeding and accordingly knocked at the door and laid in wait until the meal was placed outside1 and the door shut1 when he ran off with it4 ,this he repeated a number of times4 ,the contrast between instinct and reason is displayed in the coursing of hares4 ,if an old and a young grayhound be employed we have examples of both instinct and reason4 ,the young one instinctively pursues his game1 following every turn and winding1 while the old dog1 reasoning from past experience1 knows that the hare will double1 and accordingly does not exactly follow her1 but goes across4 ,a similar example is afforded by the dogs employed in hunting the deer in ,south ,america4 ,the newly imported dog1 in approaching the deer1 flies at it in front and is often injured by the concussion4 ,the native dogs have learned to avoid this danger and they invariably keep from the front1 and attack from the side or rear4 ,instances might be multiplied indefinitely1 but our object is only to show the distinction made between reason and instinct2 those who desire to investigate the subject more thoroughly can do so through works specially devoted to natural history4 ,no doubt any observing person can recall instances in his own experience with animals1 where their actions showed evidence of a greater or less degree of reasoning power4 ,an action may be partly instinctive and partly the result of reasoning1 but a purely instinctive action never changes except under the influence of reason4 ,a hen sits on her eggs from an instinctive impulse to do so4 ,if chalk ones be substituted for the real eggs she tends them with equal care and will not desert them any sooner than she would the others4 ,and yet in other matters perhaps hens have reasoning powers4 ,without the possession of these powers we believe no education of animals would be possible2 and we farther believe that the capacity for learning is in exact proportion to the ability to reason4 ,a horse or dog can be readily taught things which a hog can never learn1 and in the lower scales of animal life all attempts at education become failures4 ,under the tuition of man the reasoning powers are undoubtedly developed to an extent to which they would never attain in a state of nature1 and by judicious and persistent teaching numerous animals have been educated to an almost startling degree4 ,how this has been done we shall show as we proceed4 ,not only does the amount of reason vary with different species but with different individuals of the same species1 and much of the trainer's success will depend on the judicious selection of his pupil4 ,professional trainers take the utmost pains in this selection1 and they usually consider that the descendants of an educated animal have1 by inheritance1 a greater aptitude for learning than others4 ,the young trainer must not fall into the mistaken notion that mere quickness in picking up a trick is the best quality in an animal4 ,there may be such a thing as learning a lesson too rapidly1 and what is learned with but slight effort is sometimes forgotten with equal readiness4 ,another thing1 too much should not be expected of one pupil4 ,public exhibitors are able to show a large array of tricks because of the number of animals they have1 each1 as a rule1 knowing a comparatively few of these tricks1 or1 in the case of some of the 8sensation0 tricks1 perhaps only one4 ,still any animal of ordinary capacity ought1 with proper tuition1 to be able to learn a sufficient variety to satisfy a reasonable trainer4 ,judicious management on the part of the exhibitor will often make a variety of tricks out of a single one which the animal has been taught2 an example of this is afforded by the 8educated hog40 ,the first essential for success in training animals is patience4 ,at first many lessons may be given without the slightest apparent impression being made upon the mind of the pupil and an uncommon degree of patience and good temper is required to bear up against such discouraging results4 ,by-and-by1 however1 the pupil will suddenly appear to realize what is required of him1 and will perform his task with surprising accuracy at the very moment his teacher is about to give up in despair4 ,then each successive lesson is learned with greater ease and rapidity than the preceding one2 the weariness and disappointment of the trainer is changed to pleasure at his success1 and even the animal appears to sympathize with his master's joy1 and to take pride in his performance4 ,as it is impossible to explain to an animal what is required of him he can be taught an action only by its constant repetition until he becomes familiar with it4 ,when he knows what you want him to do he will in almost all cases comply with your wishes promptly and cheerfully4 ,for this reason punishments seldom do any good1 unless the animal is willful1 which is rare4 ,on the contrary they1 as a general rule1 interfere with the success of the lessons4 ,if the pupil is in constant fear of blows his attention will be diverted from the lesson1 he will dread making any attempt to obey for fear of failure1 and he will have a sneaking look which will detract materially from the appearance of his performance4 ,this is the case with the animals instructed by a trainer of this city who 8trains his horses with a club10 the animals never appearing as well as those taught by more gentle means4 ,but for a rare natural talent this man's success would have been utterly defeated by his brutality4 ,he is the only one we know of in the profession who does not base his tuition on kindness to the pupil4 ,a sharp word or a slight tap with a small switch will as effectually show your displeasure as the most severe blows4 ,it is both cruel and unwise to inflict needless pain4 ,all trainers make use of various little tit-bits as rewards for successful performance of tricks4 ,these serve as a powerful incentive to the animal as well as to show him when he has done right4 ,withholding the accustomed reward when he fails or but imperfectly performs his duty is much more effective than any corporeal punishment4 ,the repetition of the lesson until the animal will himself perform the required action1 and the bestowal of these rewards whenever he obeys your order1 is really the main secret of training4 ,of course there are many important details in the practical application1 and many clever devices resorted to by trainers to increase the effectiveness of tricks1 as well as skillful combinations of simple tricks to produce elaborate and astonishing feats4 ,these we shall fully explain in their proper places4 ,to certain scents has sometimes been ascribed a mysterious influence upon animals1 rendering them docile and subservient to the human will4 ,to the use of these many persons imagine trainers owe their success4 ,though some scents are relished by certain animals1 we doubt whether1 as a rule1 they have so great a fondness for them as has been asserted4 ,certainly there is no general use of them in the profession1 though they may have been sold to the credulous by ignorant or unprincipled persons1 for this purpose4 ,cats are fond of catnip1 and we know of instances where kittens1 displaying a violent resistance to being carried in a basket1 have been quieted by being given some leaves of this herb4 ,animals no doubt receive pleasure from the gratification of their sense of smell1 but there is about as much reason in conquering an unruly school-boy by giving him a sniff of cologne water1 as in taming a colt by causing him to smell that or any other perfume4 ,to the oil of rhodium is most frequently ascribed the greatest and most general influence over the animal kingdom1 almost all animals1 according to this theory being powerfully affected by it4 ,this is the 8horse taming secret0 sometimes sold for considerable sums4 ,there is no good reason to believe it has any important influence over either the disposition or actions of any animal4 ,the horse taming powders1 composed of 8a horse's corn grated1 some hairs from a black cat's tail10 and like absurd ingredients1 are too nonsensical to deserve serious notice1 though once a staple part of the veterinary art1 and still1 possibly1 believed in by a few persons4 ,to a certain extent many animals are able to understand the meaning of words4 ,that is1 if any particular word of command be used in instructing an animal to do a particular act he will learn to associate that word with the action1 and be able to distinguish between a variety of words and apply each to the act associated with it1 without confusing them4 ,in training animals it is important that each word of command should be used only in its proper place4 ,the common habit ignorant drivers have of using the words 8back10 8whoa10 and others indiscriminately is absurd1 and it is not wonderful that their horses sometimes fail to understand them4 ,a story is told of a farmer who had recently purchased a new yoke of oxen1 and was driving them in a cart4 ,slipping from his seat he fell before one of the wheels and very naturally got run over4 8,back6 back60 he cried to the oxen1 meaning for them to stop1 but1 like many another man1 using words which meant something else4 ,the oxen happened to be better linguists1 or else had been accustomed to obey literally1 and in this case did so by backing as ordered1 running over the man for the second time4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,horse ,,taming ,,and ,,horse ,,training--,,horse ,,management--,,whip ,,training--,,curing ,,bad ,,habits1 ,,etc4 ,some few persons imagine that to possess a proper mastery over their horses1 they must maintain their authority by brute force4 ,this is a great mistake4 ,more work1 within the limit of safety1 can be got out of a horse by kindness than by cruelty1 and as far as managing a horse is concerned the chief point is to teach him confidence in you4 ,if he believes you to be his friend he will not only strive to please you1 but will have less fear of strange objects which otherwise might startle him and render him refractory4 ,the ,rareys--there are two or three of them--taught the world a most important lesson when they taught it the 8power of kindness0 and 8self-control0 in the management of horses1 donkeys1 zebras1 and other animals4 ,how often do we see inconsiderate parents fly into a passion and1 without reason or religion1 thrash the object of their displeasure4 ,so of brutal1 heartless drivers1 when the 8blinded0 horses chance to misstep1 get off the track1 stumble1 or in the wrong place4 ,by their actions it would appear that they expected a horse or an ass to reason quite as well as themselves4 ,employers may not look for the same talent in their apprentices as in their foreman4 ,teachers may expect every little urchin to be self-regulating and to mind his books2 but this it is his duty to teach him to do1 and he should be all patience1 all kindness1 affection1 perseverance1 if he would produce the best results4 ,the same spirit is required to subdue and manage a horse4 ,if you say you are not equal to the task2 if you say your child1 your horse1 or your ox knows more than you1 is your master1 then you are not the one to manage him1 and you should resign in favor of one who is superior to child1 horse1 or ox4 ,a weak man in intellect may indeed be outwitted by a sagacious child or horse4 ,there is no disguising the fact that viciousness is innate with some horses4 ,but far more so with some1 nay1 most1 men1 from whom they get it4 ,it is no doubt sometimes hereditary1 and follows some of the best strains of blood we have4 ,that viciousness should accompany a highly nervous organization is not to be wondered at4 ,hence it causes no surprise when we find such dispositions among the finely organized thoroughbreds--animals of a most sensitive and nervous organization--from which the common expression 8thin skinned10 as applied to a too sensitive man1 is obviously derived4 ,the treatment horses receive1 and the moral atmosphere in which they are thrown1 have a much greater influence than most horsemen are generally inclined to admit4 ,the pinching1 tickling1 rough1 boisterous stable boy who annoys a spirited horse for the sake of enjoying his futile1 though almost frantic kicks and leers1 is affecting the disposition of the horse and his descendants for generations to come1 besides putting in jeopardy the lives and limbs of those who are brought in contact with the horse so tampered with4 ,a horse is surely influenced by the character of the men with whom he associates4 ,sometimes1 however1 it is necessary to conquer a bad tempered horse1 and if possible to secure a radical conversion or change of character which shall be lasting4 ,no timorous man need undertake this task2 he will only make matters worse4 ,a horse tamer should be calm1 cool1 brave1 and fearless--the horse will know it2 he should be quiet1 for then the horse will be put off his guard2 he should be firm and give the brute no advantage1 but crowd him up to doing something1 and that1 invariably1 what the tamer wants him to do4 ,thus any ordinary horse will soon give up and own man his master4 ,the kindest treatment and even petting must always follow yielding2 and if possible to help it1 the horse should never be frightened by any treatment1 and above all things he should never be angered by petty torture4 ,his own contrariness should appear to him to be the cause of all his trouble1 and man his best friend4 ,this principle is at the foundation of ,rarey's successful practice4 ,,powell',s ,,management ,,of ,,wild ,,horses4 ,place your horse in a small yard1 or in a stable or room4 ,if in a stable or room1 it ought to be large1 in order to give him some exercise with the halter before you lead him out4 ,if the horse belongs to that class which appears only to fear man1 you must introduce yourself gently into the stable1 room1 or yard1 where the horse is4 ,he will naturally run from you1 and frequently turn his head from you2 for you must walk about extremely slow and softly1 so that he can see you whenever he turns his head toward you1 which he never fails to do in a short time1 say in a quarter or half an hour4 ,i never knew one to be much longer without turning toward me4 ,at the very moment he turns his head1 hold out your hand toward him1 and stand perfectly still1 keeping your eyes upon the horse1 watching his motions1 if he makes any4 ,if the horse does not stir for ten or fifteen minutes1 advance as slowly as possible1 and without making the least noise1 always holding out your left hand1 without any other ingredient in it than what nature put in it4 ,i have made use of certain ingredients before people1 such as the sweat under my arm1 etc41 to disguise the real secret and many believed that the docility to which the horse arrived in so short a time was owing to these ingredients2 but you see from this explanation that they were of no use whatever4 ,the implicit faith placed in these ingredients1 though innocent of themselves1 becomes 8faith without works40 ,and thus men always remained in doubt concerning the secret4 ,if the horse makes the least motion when you advance toward him1 stop1 and remain perfectly still until he is quiet4 ,remain a few moments in this condition1 and then advance again in the same slow and almost imperceptible manner4 ,take notice1 if the horse stirs1 stop1 without changing your position4 ,it is very uncommon for the horse to stir more than once after you begin to advance1 yet there are exceptions4 ,he generally keeps his eyes steadfast on you1 until you get near enough to touch him on the forehead4 ,when you are thus near to him1 raise your hand slowly and by degrees1 and let it come in contact with that part just above the nostrils as lightly as possible4 ,if the horse flinches 7as many will17 repeat with great rapidity these light strokes upon the forehead1 going a little farther up toward his ears by degrees1 and descending with the same rapidity until he will let you handle his forehead all over4 ,now let the strokes be repeated with more force all over his forehead1 descending by lighter strokes to each side of his head1 until you can handle that part with equal facility4 ,then touch in the same light manner1 making your hands and fingers play around the lower part of the horse's ears1 coming down now and then to his forehead1 which may be looked upon as the helm that governs all the rest4 ,having succeeded in handling his ears1 advance toward the neck with the same precaution1 and in the same manner2 observing always to augment the force of the strokes whenever the horse will permit it4 ,perform the same on both sides of the neck1 until he lets you take it in your arms without flinching4 ,proceed in the same progressive manner to the sides1 and then to the back of the horse4 ,every time the horse shows any nervousness1 return immediately to the forehead1 as the true standard1 patting him with your hands1 and thence rapidly to where you had already arrived1 always gaining ground a considerable distance farther on every time this happens4 ,the head1 ears1 neck1 and body being thus gentled1 proceed from the back to the root of the tail4 ,this must be managed with dexterity1 as a horse is never to be depended on that is skittish about the tail4 ,let your hand fall lightly and rapidly on that part next to the body a minute or two1 and then you will begin to give it a slight pull upward every quarter of a minute4 ,at the same time you continue this handling of him1 augment the force of the strokes as well as the raising of the tail1 until you can raise it and handle it with the greatest ease1 which commonly happens in a quarter of an hour in most horses1 in others almost immediately1 and in some much longer4 ,it now remains to handle all his legs2 from the tail come back again to the head1 handle it well1 as likewise the ears1 breast1 neck1 etc41 speaking now and then to the horse4 ,begin by degrees to descend to the legs1 always ascending and descending1 gaining ground every time you descend1 until you get to his feet4 ,talk to the horse while thus taming him2 let him hear the sound of your voice1 which at the beginning of the operation is not quite so necessary1 but which ,i have always done in making him lift up his feet4 8,hold up your foot10 you will say2 at the same time lifting his foot with your hand4 ,he soon becomes familiar with the sounds1 and will hold up his foot at command4 ,then proceed to the hind feet and go on in the same manner2 and in a short time the horse will let you lift them1 and even take them up in your arms4 ,all this operation is no magnetism1 or galvanism2 it is merely taking away the fear a horse generally has of a man1 and familiarizing the animal with his master4 ,as the horse doubtless experiences a certain pleasure from this handling1 he will soon become gentle under it1 and show a very marked attachment to his keeper4 ,,managing ,,horses ,,by ,,kindness4 ,a lady visiting ,egypt some years ago1 gave in one of her letters to her friends at home1 an instance of the power of gentleness in controlling even the most spirited of horses4 ,she gives the following description of her experience with the ,arabian horses3 8,i fear you may deem me rather boastful of my horsemanship when ,i tell you that the two ,arab horses which threw their cavaliers did not throw me4 ,the cause of the exception was not in me or my skill2 it was the very remarkable predilection these intelligent animals feel toward individuals of the weaker sex4 ,let the wildest and fiercest ,arabian be mounted by a woman1 and you will see him suddenly grow mild and gentle as a lamb4 ,i have had plenty of opportunities to make the experiment1 and in my own stables there is a beautiful gray ,arabian which nobody but myself dares to ride4 ,he knows me1 anticipates my wishes1 and judiciously calculates the degree of fatigue ,i can bear without inconvenience4 ,it is curious to see how he can manage to quicken his pace without shaking me1 and the different sorts of steps he has invented to realize those contradictory purposes4 ,horses being as liable to forgetfulness as other organized beings1 my incomparable gray would allow his natural ambition to overcome his gallantry1 and if another horse threatened to pass him1 would start off with the speed of the whirlwind4 ,woe to me if1 under these circumstances1 ,i were to trust to the strength of my arm or the power of the bridle6 ,i knew my gallant charger better4 ,leaving my hand quite loose1 and abandoning all thoughts of compulsion1 ,i would take to persuasion2 pat him on the neck2 call him by his name2 beg him to be quiet and deserve the piece of sugar waiting for him at home4 ,never did these gentle means fail4 ,instantly he would slacken his pace1 prick up his ears as if fully comprehending his error1 and come back to a soft amble1 gently neighing as if to crave pardon for his momentary offense40 ,this power of women over the ,arabian horses is partly due1 no doubt1 to the fact that when still a colt he is reared in the back part of the tent1 the movable harem of the ,arab4 ,he is constantly petted1 and it is the women who see that he is supplied with food1 and tenderly cared for4 ,it is the attachment which is by these means awakened in the horse that leads him to so cheerfully yield obedience to the female voice4 ,deservedly high as may stand the ,arabian horse for docility and sagacity1 it should not be forgotten that1 in the absence of all other amusements1 the education of the foal becomes a pleasure as well as a business2 it thus becomes attached to its biped companions1 and takes a pride in enacting all that is required of him4 ,if his rider falls1 the horse will stand by and neigh for assistance2 if he lies down to sleep1 the horse will watch over him and give notice of the approach of man or beast4 ,similar anecdotes are related of all horses kindly treated1 no matter where may be their home4 ,we heard of one who had a drunken master1 and this horse surpassed the ,arab example even in intelligence1 for he would modify his gait so as to keep his reeling rider from falling off2 and if this catastrophe did happen1 the horse would stand for hours1 regardless of food or drink1 and with anger and determination attack man or beast that would approach too near4 ,,to ,,cure ,a ,,stubborn ,,disposition4 ,if your horse1 instead of being wild1 seems to be of a stubborn or mulish disposition2 if he lays back his ears as you approach him1 or turns his heels to kick you1 he has not the regard or fear of man that he should have to enable you to handle him quickly and easily2 and it might be well to give him a few sharp cuts with the whip1 about the legs1 pretty close to the body4 ,it will crack keenly as it plies around his legs1 and the crack of the whip will affect him as much as the stroke2 besides one sharp cut about his legs will affect him more than two or three over his back1 the skin on the inner part of his legs or about his flank being thinner1 more tender1 than on his back4 ,but do not whip him much--just enough to frighten him2 it is not because we want to hurt the horse that we whip him--we only do it to frighten vice and stubbornness out of him4 ,but whatever you do1 do quickly1 sharply1 and with a good deal of fire1 but always without anger4 ,if you are going to frighten him at all1 you must do it at once4 ,never go into a pitched battle with your horse1 and whip him until he is mad and will fight you2 it would be better not to touch him at all1 for you will establish1 instead of fear and respect1 feelings of resentment1 hatred1 and ill-will4 ,it will do him no good1 but harm1 to strike him1 unless you can frighten him2 but if you can succeed in frightening him1 you can whip him without making him mad2 for fear and anger never exist together in the horse1 and as soon as one is visible1 you will find that the other has disappeared4 ,as soon as you have frightened him1 so that he will stand up straight and pay some attention to you1 approach him again1 and caress him a good deal more than you whipped him2 thus you will excite the two controlling passions of his nature1 love and fear2 he will love and fear you too2 and1 as soon as he learns what you require1 will obey quickly4 ,the stubbornness once broken down1 there is seldom any farther trouble of that score1 if the horse be afterward managed with judgment and kindness4 ,he will appreciate your kindness and become desirous of pleasing you4 ,,the ,,cord ,,and ,,line ,,webbing4 ,one of the main appliances used by horse tamers is a three or four ply cord or rope1 one of cotton being the best1 such as is used by the ,indians for subduing their horses4 ,this cord is a powerful instrument for either good or evil1 as it is properly or improperly used4 ,it may be prepared by any one in the manner shown in the engraving3 ,illustration3 ,,looping ,,the ,,cord4 ,a knot is to be tied in each end1 then make a loop by doubling the cord and passing the knot through as represented above4 ,be careful to make the loops at such a distance from the knot as will allow the cord to pass around the neck at one end1 and the lower jaw at the other1 passing the knot through the loop from the opposite side of the loop to where it passed through in making the lap4 ,the necessity for this will be seen on applying the cord4 ,the object is to obtain steady pressure upon the lower jaw1 as well as friction in the mouth4 ,in addition to the cord a piece of worsted webbing1 such as is used for driving lines should be prepared in the following manner3 ,divide it into two parts1 one piece being of sufficient length to girt the body4 ,make a loop in one end large enough for the other end to pass through1 so as1 when adjusted it is sufficiently long to tie4 ,these pieces of webbing will be useful in carrying out future directions4 ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,stop4 ,the word 8whoa0 should be used only to stop a horse when he is in motion4 ,never use it when you approach a horse standing quietly4 ,horses soon learn to distinguish any word often addressed to them1 and they should learn to associate it with some definite and exact duty which you wish them to perform4 ,if any word of command is used indiscriminately1 or out of its proper place1 the animal becomes confused and loses the association between the word and the object desired4 ,to teach a horse the meaning of the word 8whoa10 the arrangement shown in the accompanying illustration may be used4 ,put the large web1 previously described1 around his near fore foot1 pass it under the girth2 and as the animal walks along1 pull up the foot1 saying at the same instant1 8,whoa40 ,he will be brought to a stop1 and by repeating the lesson he will soon raise the foot and stop even though the web is not pulled upon4 ,illustration3 8,,whoa40 ,illustration3 ,,teaching ,,the ,,horse ,,to ,,back4 ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,back4 ,put the cord upon the horse1 using the small loop2 draw it with a steady pull2 this brings the horse's nose toward his body4 ,keep a firm hold upon the cord until he steps back a little1 using at the same time the word 8back40 ,then caress him2 by doing so you show him that he has done exactly as you wished him to1 and the caresses should be repeated every time he obeys4 ,the utmost gentleness must be observed in order not to excite him1 and the lesson should not be long enough to tire him4 ,five to ten minutes being the best length1 repeated at intervals of a few hours4 ,as soon as he understands what you desire he will probably back promptly at command4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,follow ,,you4 ,the directions make simple what have hitherto been among the mysteries of the circus4 ,turn the horse into a large stable or shed1 where there is no chance to get out1 with a halter or bridle on4 ,go to him and gentle him a little1 take hold of his halter1 and turn him toward you1 at the same time touching him lightly over the hips with a long whip4 ,lead him the length of the stable1 rubbing him on the neck1 saying in a steady tone of voice1 8,come along1 boy60 or use his name instead of 8boy10 if you choose4 ,every time you turn1 touch him slightly with the whip1 to make him step up close to you1 and then caress him with your hand4 ,he will soon learn to hurry up to escape the whip and be caressed1 and you can make him follow you around without taking hold of the halter4 ,if he should stop and turn from you1 give him a few sharp cuts about the hind legs1 and he will soon turn his head toward you1 when you must always caress him4 ,a few lessons of this kind will make him run after you1 when he sees the motion of the whip--in twenty or thirty minutes he will follow you about the stable4 ,after you have given him two or three lessons in the stable1 take him out into a small field and train him2 and thence you can take him into the road and make him follow you anywhere1 and run after you4 ,,to ,,stand ,,without ,,holding4 ,to make a horse stand without holding1 after you have him well broken to follow you1 place him in the center of the stable--begin at his head to caress him1 gradually working backward4 ,if he moves give him a cut with the whip1 and put him back to the same spot from which he started4 ,if he stands1 caress him as before1 and continue gentling him in this way until you can get round him without making him move4 ,keep walking around him1 increasing your pace1 and only touch him occasionally4 ,enlarge your circle as you walk around1 and if he then moves1 give him another cut with the whip1 and put him back to his place4 ,if he stands1 go to him frequently and caress him1 and then walk around him again4 ,do not keep him in one position too long at a time1 but make him come to you occasionally1 and follow you around the stable4 ,then make him stand in another place1 and proceed as before4 ,you should not train your horse more than half an hour at a time4 ,,whip ,,training4 ,so accustomed are we to the use of bit and reins for driving that we have got to consider them absolutely requisite for guiding a horse4 ,horses however may1 if properly taught1 be driven without either bit or reins1 merely by signals with the whip4 ,probably the simplest and most concise directions for whip training are given by ,mr4 ,jennings in his valuable work on training horses4 ,mr4 ,jennings says3 8,to train a horse thoroughly to drive without bit or line1 under the whip1 requires from four to six weeks' time2 it requires also a man of strong nerve and self-control to be a successful trainer in this particular branch4 ,whip training illustrates the beauty and power of our system of horse training4 ,such a feat as driving a horse without bit or line cannot be accomplished by any other system known to man4 ,having selected a horse with a moderate share of intelligence1 the next thing is to secure a suitable place for training4 ,an enclosure twenty-five or thirty feet square is required4 ,if you have it smaller1 and your horse should be disposed to kick1 you would be in danger2 if larger it gives the animal too much room to get away from the whip4 ,it is better that you go in with the horse alone1 as then the animal will have no other object to take his attention4 ,turn him loose without bridle or halter in the enclosure2 take your position in the centre1 holding in your right hand a straight whip nine or ten feet long2 you crack the whip as you take your position2 this alarms the horse and causes him to run into one corner of the enclosure2 crack it several times that he may learn that you do not intend to hurt him2 now commence tapping him lightly upon the near shoulder1 but not to hurt him2 if a nervy fellow he is all excitement for a few minutes2 continue the tapping until he turns his head toward you1 which he will do in a short time4 ,the moment he turns it1 however slight it may be1 cease the whipping2 as soon as he turns it away again repeat the tapping with the whip2 in a few minutes he again turns his head toward you2 stop the motion of the whip2 as he turns away repeat the whip tapping as before2 in a very short time he turns around so that you can approach him2 now gently caress him2 move away and again approach him2 should he turn away repeat the whipping1 by this means you teach him to come to you on the near side4 ,after he has learned this thoroughly1 which requires about one week's training1 half an hour each day1 then proceed in the same manner upon the off side2 as soon as he obeys the motion of the whip upon this side1 take your position behind him1 and turn him by the motion of the whip to the right or to the left2 as soon as he performs nicely1 put the harness upon him1 take the lines behind him1 and1 as you give him the word to go forward1 throw the whip down by his right side without touching him1 at the same time have the long web around the near fore foot1 and give it to an assistant2 you want him to stop1 give him the word #8,whoa1' at the same time your assistant pulls up the foot1 turn the whip in a horizontal position above your head--in this way you teach him that the whip in that position means #8,whoa4' ,by repeating these motions1 he learns in about four weeks to turn to the right whenever the whip is thrown toward the right shoulder2 to the left when thrown toward the left shoulder2 to go ahead when thrown down by the right side2 and to stop when held in a horizontal position4 ,you now want to teach him to back2 having previously instructed him according to our rule1 put the cord1 using the small loop1 in his mouth2 take the cord in your hand with the reins1 pull upon the reins and say #8,back1' at the same time keep the whip directly over the animal's back1 giving it an upward and downward motion1 or you may tap him gently upon the back with the whip--this is best done in a sulky4 ,if he starts forward1 set him back by pulling quickly upon the cord2 repeat the operation until he will go back by the motion of the whip alone4 ,should he make repeated efforts to go forward1 bring the whip quickly once or twice down over his nose1 he will not then repeat the operation very often2 with this training1 it is necessary to use an open bridle1 so that the animal will see the motion of the whip2 you are now prepared to hook him up for the first drive4 ,take an assistant with you2 have the foot strap or long web secured upon the near fore foot2 give it in charge of your assistant2 let the lines lie over the dash1 as a matter of precaution4 ,now commence operations with the whip2 if the animal acts promptly1 remove the foot web and begin again1 having the lines over the dash as before2 drive the animal in this way at least two or three weeks before removing the bit from the mouth4 ,your horse is now safe to drive under the whip40 ,the large and noble looking horses which draw the trucks of the safe manufacturers in this city1 are hitched in single file1 only the rear one having reins attached4 ,sometimes six or eight horses will be required to draw the ponderous load1 and the coolness and dexterity with which they wend their way through the confused mass of vehicles in the crowded streets is a truly remarkable sight4 ,without any guidance the leader will press onward through the mass1 deftly avoiding collisions and entanglement4 ,changes of route1 stoppages1 etc41 are effected by such orders as 8,whoa10 8,gee10 8,haw10 which the leader promptly and intelligently obeys4 ,,to ,,cure ,,balky ,,horses4 ,from the number of 8infallible recipes0 given in the papers for curing balky horses we should judge a little light on the subject is called for by horsemen4 ,the various remedies which different correspondents describe as having proved effective in their own experience would form a curious collection1 though some of them betray a remarkable lack of real knowledge about the matter4 ,one genius has discovered that stuffing a horse's mouth and nostrils with road dust is highly successful4 ,another humane individual deeply deplores the barbarous practice of whacking balky horses over the head and legs1 and suggests that there should be substituted a system of steady1 but not very severe1 pounding in one spot with a 8smooth club10 until 8the pain grows intolerable and he starts nervously forward40 ,one hero1 whose valor deserves to be chronicled for the admiration of future ages1 thus modestly relates his experience with 8one of the perverse animals10 as he calls his horse3 8,the first work ,i did with him after he came into my possession was to draw a load of hay from the meadow4 ,he started a few rods and then stood still1 and no amount of urging that ,i could command would induce him to budge an inch4 ,i took the pitchfork and sat down on the fore end of the load and began to prick him about the root of his tail1 inserting the tines just through the skin4 ,he kicked1 but the load of hay was a complete protection4 ,i kept on1 moderately and persistently pricking for about five minutes1 when he started for the barn4 ,he never attempted to balk but once after1 when the mere sight of the pitchfork was sufficient to make him draw40 ,in ,cecil county1 ,maryland1 a farmer resorted to a rather novel expedient for getting some 8go0 out of a balky horse4 ,having loaded his wagon rather heavily with wheat1 the horses were either unable or refused to draw it4 ,after trying for some time to put them in motion1 he set fire to a sheaf of wheat1 and applied the flame to one of the horses4 ,the horse1 not relishing the application1 by a well directed kick deposited the blazing sheaf in the load of wheat4 ,this becoming ignited1 was entirely consumed1 together with the wagon4 ,one of the horses1 also1 narrowly escaped perishing in the conflagration4 ,many of the cases of 8balkiness0 are nothing but want of power to perform the task assigned2 a necessary pause from temporary exhaustion4 ,a driver who understands his business will give his team a breathing spell occasionally while pulling a heavy load4 ,another thing1 if you find your team becoming exhausted and about to give out1 it is well to stop them of your own accord2 and it is well1 too1 to give them a few moments rest before encountering a peculiarly difficult part of the route4 ,if you have balky horses1 it is your own fault1 and not the horse's1 for if they do not pull true there is some cause for it1 and if you will remove the cause the effect will cease4 ,when your horse balks he is excited and does not know what you want him to do4 ,for instance1 a young horse that has never been 8set0 in a gully with a load before1 is whipped by his owner or driver because he does not draw the load out4 ,the animal is willing to do what he can1 but he does not know how to draw out the load4 ,he tries and finds that it does not move1 not knowing that a steadier and stronger pull would do it1 and when the lash comes down upon him and he hears the yells of his driver he is frightened1 and jumps and rears through fear rather than ugliness or balkiness4 ,no better way could possibly be devised to make a horse balky than to beat him under such circumstances4 ,when he gets a little excited1 stop him five or ten minutes1 let him become calm2 go to the balky horse1 pat him and speak gently to him1 and as soon as he is over his excitement1 he will1 in nine cases out of ten1 pull at the word4 ,after you have gentled him a while1 and his excitement has cooled down1 take him by the bits2 turn him each way a few minutes as far as you can2 gentle him a little2 unrein him2 then step before the balky horse1 and let the other start first1 then you can take them anywhere you wish4 ,a balky horse is always high spirited and starts quick2 half the pull is out before the other starts2 by standing before him the other starts first4 ,by close application to this rule1 you can make any balky horse pull4 ,if a horse has been badly spoiled you should hitch him to the empty wagon1 and pull it around a while on level ground2 then put on a little load and increase it gradually1 caressing as before1 and in a short1 time you can have a good work horse4 ,you might as well attempt to make a horse move a three story building and draw it off1 as to get out of a slough with a heavy load1 when the animal has never been taught by degrees to draw a load out of such places4 ,it is true that it is bad policy to unhitch a horse from a load under such circumstances1 but it is far worse to beat him an hour and then have to do it4 ,our way of teaching colts is as follows3 ,we put on light loads1 after they are well broken to a harness1 and go into bad places where it requires hard pulling by degrees2 and the animal learns how to draw the load out4 ,he reasons as a man does1 thus3 8,i have been here before and got out1 and ,i can do it again10 and out he goes4 ,we add to the load one or two hundred pounds1 and go through the same process1 then wait a day or two and try him again1 taking care that we require nothing to be done extra except with a lighter load4 ,this is teaching a horse to have confidence in himself1 which is the basis of all good draught horses4 ,a ,scotch paper describes a curious case of horse management1 and though the same treatment has been equally successful in other instances we are inclined to believe the true secret lies partly in gentling the animal while the preparations are being made4 ,the fact related is curious and may be useful1 so we reproduce it3 8,on ,saturday last a groom1 mounted on a high mettled hunter1 entered the ,high street of ,coldstream1 and1 when opposite ,sir ,john ,majoribank's monument1 the horse began to plunge and rear to a fearful extent1 swerving to the right and then to the left1 but go forward he would not1 nor could all the exertions of the groom overcome his obstinacy4 ,the street was filled with people expecting to see the animal destroy himself on the spikes of the iron railing around the monument1 when ,mr4 ,mc,dougal1 saddler1 walked up to the groom1 and said3 #8,i think1 my man1 you are not taking the proper method to make the horse go2 allow me to show you a trick worth knowing4' #8,well1' says the groom1 #8if you can make him go1 it's more than ,i can2' when ,mr4 ,mc,dougal took a piece of whipcord1 which he tied with a firm knot on the end of the animal's ear1 which he bent gently down1 fastening the end of the string to the check buckle of the bridle1 which done1 he patted the horse's neck once or twice1 and said1 #8,now1 let me see you go quietly home like a good horse1' and1 astonishing to relate1 it moved off as gently as if nothing had happened4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougal says he has seen1 in ,london1 horses which no manner of force could make go1 while this mild treatment was always successful40 ,,how ,,to ,,prevent ,,harnessed ,,horses ,,from ,,running ,,away4 ,for the following useful suggestion we are indebted to ,mr4 ,robert ,mc,clure3 8,it has often occurred to our mind1 on account of the many and destructive runaways of horses harnessed to sleighs1 that have taken place in this city and its neighborhood the present winter1 that some mode of training might be adopted for family or carriage horses1 which would entirely prevent or at least mitigate the violence and excitement of horses that may take fright4 ,a good plan1 based upon our knowledge and observation of the excitability and nervous temperament of horses disposed to take fright1 would be to harness them with strong harness to an old but stout carriage a few times before the sleighing season1 and have them taken slowly out of the city to a country road1 not too hard for the horses' feet1 and drive them at a full run or gallop for a few rods at a time4 ,repeating this several times during the drive will so accustom the horses to the excitement of a run in harness and the rattle of a carriage behind them1 that it will become familiar1 and when occasions arise1 as they sometime will in all large cities1 to start them to run1 they can be at once brought up and kept under complete control4 ,the training to an occasional run has familiarized such horses with the excitement2 but conversely1 once let a team not used to it in harness1 get a start and run1 the excitement every moment becomes greater1 takes the place of animal instinct1 and all control of them is lost--till brought up against some obstacle1 with a general smash of all surroundings1 and perhaps the loss of valuable and useful life4 ,whether the horse be hurt or not1 they are forever of no value for family purposes1 and the groom or coachman not unfrequently loses both situation and character as a driver4 ,to familiarize your horse to an occasional run in harness will do them no harm2 and our word for it1 much good will be done1 and safety insured40 ,,how ,,to ,,instantly ,,stop ,,runaway ,,horses4 ,when a ,canadian family party1 traveling in winter over ice covered rivers and swamps1 is so unlucky as to cross a place where the horse sinks1 they save him from drowning1 and themselves from the danger of sharing the same fate1 by pulling a rope so arranged that it chokes him4 ,the water being thus prevented from entering his gullet or windpipe1 he floats on the surface1 and it only requires a long and firm pull to bring him to solid ground1 when the rope being relaxed he quickly recovers his wind and is ready once more to start on his journey4 ,perhaps profiting by this example1 a similar means has been adopted with success for stopping runaway and subduing infuriated horses whether in riding or driving4 ,it consists of a rein composed partly of thread-covered cat-gut1 and partly of common leather1 one end of which is attached to the bridle at the top of the horse's head1 while the other rests at the pummel of the saddle1 or on the coach box1 as the case may be4 ,running upon the cat-gut part by means of loops1 is a short cross piece of cat-gut which rests against the windpipe of the animal1 ready to be pulled up against it by taking hold of the nearer end of the rein4 ,a quick and firm pull1 to stop the breathing of the animal1 is all that is necessary to bring him to an instantaneous pause4 ,he may be in a state of panic1 running off with the bit between his teeth in spite of every ordinary means of checking him3 but no sooner does he feel the stricture on his breathing than he is conscious of being outwitted and nonplussed and becomes instantly as quiet as a lamb2 at the same time he keeps quite firm upon his legs--the check not being by any means calculated to bring him down4 ,on the contrary1 from the position in which it places the horse1 his shoulders being brought up1 and being pressed back upon his haunches1 the check is1 indeed1 calculated to keep him up4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,english ,,system ,,of ,,training ,,hunters4 ,owing to difference in customs of the two nations1 such horses as the ,english hunters are not the most desirable for use in this country1 and the system of training adopted to suit the animals to the requirements of ,english gentlemen1 are seldom called into requisition here4 ,still1 as we desire our work to be as complete as possible1 and as the method of training is interesting1 though it may prove useful to but few of our readers1 we introduce it4 ,we take this spirited description from 8,a ,holiday on ,horseback10 from the pen of an ,english writer whose name is not given3 8,a light built1 gaylooking thoroughbred was passing into a paddock for a lesson in jumping over a swivel bush hurdle4 ,without spur or whip1 the rider--the horsebreaker's son--rode the mare steadily at the fence1 and she went over without touching a top twig1 clearing nine yards in the leap4 #8,the great thing1 sir1 is to bring them into workmanlike ways2 not to be fussy and flurried at their fence1 so as to take off at the right spot4' ,then he went on to inform us that hunters should be carefully handled at a very early age1 if they are intended to become temperate and handy4 ,they may be ridden gently by a light weight with good hands1 at three years old1 over small fences4 ,at four they ought to be shown hounds1 but they should only be allowed to follow them at a distance1 after the fences are broken down1 for if you put them to large leaps at that age they are apt to get alarmed and never make steady fencers afterward4 ,above all things1 avoid getting them into boggy ditches1 or riding them at brooks2 but they should be practiced at leaping small ditches1 if possible1 with water in them1 the rider facing them at a brisk gallop1 for this gives a horse confidence and courage4 ,the old custom of teaching colts to leap1 standing1 over a bar is now obsolete1 and they are taught to become timber jumpers simply by taking timber as it comes across the country--the present rate of hounds gives no time for standing leaps4 ,the circular bar1 however1 is not a bad thing if in a good place and well managed4 ,every description of fence that your hunter is likely to meet with should be placed within a prescribed circle on soft ground1 the man who holds him standing on a stage in the center4 ,another man1 following the colt with a whip1 obliges him to clear his fences at a certain pace1 and in a very short time a good tempered colt will go at his jumps with pleasure4 8,here let me observe--for the conversation had ended--that no matter how carefully a hunter may have been trained1 until you taste and try him in the field1 it is hard to say whether the right stuff be in him4 ,the best judges are often deceived by outsides and school performances4 ,a few general rules may1 however1 be given1 which will be found of certain application4 ,in a hilly country1 for instance1 nothing has a chance against a pure thoroughbred4 ,lengthy horses always make the best jumpers1 if they have good hind quarters1 good loins and good courage4 ,extraordinary things have been done by such horses4 ,in #ahbi ,dick ,christian jumped thirty-three feet on ,king of the ,valley2 and ,captain ,littler's horse1 ,chandler1 cleared thirty-nine feet over a brook at ,leamington4 ,the most dangerous of all horses in the field is a star gazer4 ,a hunter should carry his head low1 as by so doing he is less liable to fall1 and gives his rider a firmer seat4 ,all wild horses lower their crests in leaping4 ,it is1 however1 the peculiar excellence of going well through dirt which decides the real value of a horse for our best hunting counties4 ,to find out this quality he must be ridden fair and straight4 ,if he flinch on soft ground he is of no use4 ,no matter how wide a horse may be1 if he is not deep in the girth he cannot carry weight1 and is very seldom a good winded horse1 even under a light man4 ,one of the best things that can be said of a hunter is1 that at first sight he appears two inches lower than he really is4 ,short legged horses leap better and safer than long legged cattle1 and go faster and farther under hard riders4 ,horses with straight hind legs never can have good mouths4 ,he should have well placed hind legs with wide hips1 well spread gaskins1 as much as possible of the vis a lergo1 well knit joints1 short cannon bone1 oblique pasterns and largish feet4 ,the bone of a hunter's hock cannot be too long4 ,these are the points for strength and bottom4 8#8,handsome is as handsome does1' and an old whip once said to a nobleman who remarked that his staunch old horse who had carried him through so many troubles had an awkward head3 #8,never mind his 'ed1 my lord2 ,i ain't a going to ride on his 'ed4' ,indeed1 what is called the perfect model horse is by no means the best4 ,a horse's constitution may be too good4 ,horses of a very hard nature1 and very closely ribbed up1 are large feeders1 with great barrels1 and do not make brilliant hunters4 ,they require so much work to keep them in place and wind that their legs suffer1 and often give way when their constitution is in its prime4 ,horses with moderate carcasses last much longer1 and1 provided they are good feeders1 are usually bright and lasting enough1 if otherwise well shaped4 ,finally1 a hunter should be well seasoned4 ,few five year old horses are fit to carry a gentleman across country2 for they cannot be sufficiently experienced to take a straight line4 ,about fifteen hands two inches is the best hight for a hunter4 ,his action should be smooth1 or it cannot last4 ,the movement of the fore legs should be round1 not high2 the horse should be quick on his legs as well as fast40 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,tricks ,,of ,,performing ,,horses1 ,,and ,,how ,,they ,,are ,,taught4 ,horses may be taught many amusing tricks1 some of which are really wonderful4 ,for teaching horses tricks the implements known as the ,rarey straps are requisite1 to teach the animal to lie down1 etc4 ,the piebald or spotted horses are generally supposed by trainers to be more tractable as well as to possess more talent than others4 ,,the ,,short ,,and ,,long ,,straps4 ,a common breaching strap is used to strap up the foot4 ,for using1 open the loop1 keeping the buckle on the outside1 put the loop over foot1 then raise foot and pass the strap around the fore-arm from the inside1 and buckle it tight2 this holds the foot up firmly4 ,the long strap is the one which buckles around the foot4 ,to a ring in this is buckled another strap seven or eight feet long4 ,this is attached to the right foot and passes under the girth1 or over the back4 ,its use is to raise the foot when you wish to bring the horse upon his knees4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,short ,,and ,,the ,,long ,,straps4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,short ,,strap ,,in ,,use4 ,illustration3 ,,teaching ,,the ,,horse ,,to ,,lie ,,down4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,application ,,of ,,both ,,straps4 ,bend his left fore leg and slip a loop over it1 so that he cannot get it down4 ,then put a surcingle around his body1 and fasten one end of the long strap around the other fore leg1 just above the hoof4 ,place the other end under the surcingle1 so as to keep the strap in the right direction2 take a short hold of it with your right hand2 stand on the left side of the horse1 grasp the bit in your left hand1 pull steadily on the strap with your right2 bear against his shoulder till you cause him to move4 ,as soon as he lifts his weight1 your pulling will raise the other foot1 and he will come on his knees4 ,keep the strap tight in your hand1 so that he cannot straighten his leg if he rises up4 ,hold him in this position1 and turn his head toward you2 bear against his side with your shoulder1 not hard1 but with a steady1 equal pressure1 and in about ten minutes he will lie down4 ,as soon as he lies down he will be completely conquered1 and you can handle him as you please4 ,take off the straps1 and straighten out his legs2 rub him lightly about the face and neck with your hand the way the hair lies2 handle all his legs1 and after he has lain ten or twenty minutes1 let him get up again4 ,after resting him a short time1 make him lie down as before4 ,repeat the operation three or four times1 which will be sufficient for one lesson4 ,give him two lessons a day1 and when you have given him four lessons1 he will lie down on your taking hold of one foot4 ,as soon as he is well broken to lie down in this way1 tap him on the opposite leg with a whip when you take hold of his foot1 and in a few days he will lie down from the mere motion of the whip4 ,illustration3 ,,bringing ,,the ,,horse ,,to ,,his ,,knees4 ,illustration3 ,,preparing ,,to ,,lie ,,down4 ,use great gentleness during the operation4 ,compel the horse to comply with your wishes1 but do not frighten or excite him4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,horse ,,lying ,,down4 ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,sit ,,up4 ,a common winding-up of the 8grand entree0 which usually commences the performances at most circuses1 is for the horses of all the riders to lie down at the word of command1 and at another command1 to sit up on their haunches4 ,the lying down part we have already explained2 the getting up is taught by ,jennings as follows3 8,lay the animal down as previously directed1 having a collar upon him2 place a hobble or strap1 with a ring in it1 around each hind foot2 take a pair of ordinary driving lines1 pass the buckle end through the collar back to the ring in the hobble1 and buckle them2 pull the feet up toward the shoulders1 and carry the lines back to the hind quarters1 hold them firmly in one hand1 or give them to an assistant4 ,have a bridle with a long rein upon the animal2 take the rein in your hand1 stand upon the tail1 and pull upon the bridle rein1 keeping the lines firm at the same time2 this brings him up in front1 and prevents his getting his hind feet back far enough to rise upon them1 they being drawn forward and securely held by the lines40 ,,kicking ,,at ,,word ,,of ,,command4 ,jennings gives the following instructions for teaching horses a very common trick performed at circus exhibitions3 8,care must be taken in teaching this trick1 that you have a horse not predisposed to vicious propensities1 or you may make a confirmed kicker2 and then you will have the habit to break-up4 ,a horse of a mild disposition may be taught to perform thus without the risk of his becoming a kicker4 ,i have taught one of my ponies to kick when ,i desire him to do so1 and he cannot be made to kick unless the whip is used lightly upon his hind parts4 ,having selected your animal1 take a pin in your right hand1 prick the near hind leg with it and say1 #8,kick with the left foot2' the animal soon learns to obey4 ,then proceed with the opposite leg in the same manner4 ,after the horse will kick1 with either foot1 by a motion of the hand without pricking him you will stand off a short distance1 with a long whip in your hand2 touch the near hind foot and say1 #8,kick with the left foot2' then proceed in the same manner with the right foot4 ,by proceeding thus once a day the animal will soon learn to do his part very nicely40 ,,talking ,,horses4 ,if neatly managed one of the most 8taking0 performances of the 8arena0 is the answering of questions by the horse4 ,yankee ,robinson has a very fine animal1 who replies to his master's interrogations with much seeming judiciousness4 ,horses may be taught to shake and nod their heads as negative or affirmative replies1 in either of two ways4 ,the first method of training is this3 ,take your position at the horse's head with a pin in your hand4 ,gently prick the animal's breast4 ,the horse bobs his head1 just as he would had a fly alighted on the spot4 ,repeat the operation several times1 each time caressing him1 and perhaps rewarding him with a bit of apple occasionally4 ,he will soon learn to nod his head on merely having the hand pointed toward his breast1 or he may be trained to do the same by a motion of the foot4 ,to teach the horse to shake his head it is only necessary to prick him slightly anywhere along the mane or over the withers4 ,after a little teaching he will do so on your raising your hand to your head1 a motion whose connection with the horse's action will scarcely be suspected by the audience4 ,the second method is by pricking his breast at the same moment that you say 8yes10 or any other particular word2 and by pricking his withers at the same time you say the word 8no40 ,he will soon learn to make the desired motion on hearing the word1 even though no motion whatever is made4 ,when exhibiting1 the questions should be asked first1 and immediately after the signal given to the horse4 ,he1 of course1 knows nothing of the question1 but obeys a definite command1 just as he would if ordered to 8back0 or 8whoa40 ,madame ,tournaire1 who performed her horse by the first method1 had a way of coquettishly toying with her whip1 and would give the horse the requisite signals by what the public imagined to be a mere display of feminine grace4 ,where the horse obeys a word1 that word must be incorporated into the question asked1 in such a way as to attract his attention4 ,if used too near the commencement of the sentence he will reply before the question is out of your mouth4 ,it is not necessary to use the exact word that he 8works0 by1 provided it sounds to him like it2 thus1 ,yankee ,robinson says to his horse during the performance1 8,i guess you're as handsome a fellow as these ladies and gentlemen ever saw--don't you guess so80 ,the horse nods his head at the emphasized word 8guess10 supposing it to be his command 8yes40 ,the next question1 perhaps1 is1 8,but others know the most80 ,in this case the horse1 not being posted on ,webster1 and being guided by the sound1 gives his head a negative shake1 considering 8no0 and 8know0 synonymous4 ,illustration3 ,,performing ,,ponies4 ,,teaching ,,horses ,,to ,,jump4 ,colts should not be trained in jumping until at least four years old4 ,until this age the muscles and sinews are too pliable1 and there is danger of the animal being strained4 ,it is better never to urge a horse to attempt a leap which he cannot readily accomplish1 for severe injury might result from his striking his feet1 besides any failure to perform the leap will discourage him4 ,the bar should at first be placed very low and only raised very gradually4 ,about knee high or less will do to commence with4 ,commence the instructions by letting one man lead the colt1 while another man follows with a whip4 ,the former walks over the bar encouraging the colt with his voice to follow4 ,the man with the whip is only to prevent the horse backing1 the whip should never be applied unless the animal is positively restive4 ,with a little coaxing he will soon go over1 and having once done so1 he will readily repeat it4 ,a few pieces of apple may be advantageously used to induce him to leap the bar1 and to reward him for doing so4 ,by using the word 8hip0 or any other as he jumps1 he may be taught to make the leap on hearing it4 ,this is the common method for horses in the ring4 ,the first lesson should be confined to the standing or walking leap1 and if the horse is led half a dozen times over in the manner described this will suffice for the first day4 ,the next day he may be trotted up to it1 or more lessons may be devoted to teaching him to leap at command4 ,with each succeeding lesson the bar may be raised until it is as high as the horse's breast1 but beyond this there is no necessity with common animals intended merely for private riding4 ,neither should the horse be wearied and disgusted with too long lessons4 ,when perfect in his lessons a boy may be placed upon his back to ride him over4 ,the boy must be a good rider1 for should the horse stop suddenly at the bar and throw his rider the maneuver will be repeated4 ,a sack containing a couple of bushels of corn is sometimes used instead of the boy1 but the boy is better4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,stand ,,erect4 ,illustration3 ,,standing ,,erect4 ,to make a horse stand upon his hind feet it is only necessary to compel him to rear up1 and then to keep him in that position by gently striking him with the whip either under the fore-arm or under the chin4 ,at first it will be necessary to allow him to resume his natural position after standing erect for a moment or two1 but in a little while he will learn to keep his balance for a considerable time4 ,care should be taken not to excite or keep him in the erect position too long at first4 ,there is also some danger of his falling over backward if too urgently pressed4 ,ponies may be placed upon their hind feet by lifting them up by the reins1 taking hold under the chin close to the bit4 ,by giving the command1 8,erect up10 when teaching the animal to take the required position1 he may be taught to do so at this command1 or he will soon learn to stand up by merely being tapped lightly under the chin4 ,now give him a few pieces of apple1 and by holding out pieces of apple or other 8horse0 dainties1 you may teach him to follow you walking erect4 ,,to 8,,pirouette40 8,pirouetting0 consists merely in the horse turning around while standing erect upon his hind feet4 ,he may be taught to do this very easily1 either by coaxing him to turn by the use of pieces of apple1 or by gentle taps upon the cheek4 ,he soon learns to turn at a circular sweep of the whip or at the command to 8,pirouette40 ,this action is the same as is made use of when a horse is supposed to 8waltz40 ,,the ,,pedestal4 ,illustration3 ,,pedestal ,,trick4 ,one of the most common tricks displayed in circuses1 and one which is usually hailed with applause1 is what is termed the 8pedestal0 trick4 ,a stout platform is used1 to which is attached a wooden 8drum0 some two feet in hight1 out of which projects a wooden rod or post at a slight angle4 ,the horse first steps upon the platform1 then places one fore foot upon the drum1 and lastly places his other fore foot upon the point of the projecting post4 ,in this position a handsome animal forms a really beautiful picture1 and the effect is sometimes enhanced by having a number of men raise the platform upon their shoulders1 and bear the horse1 high up above the heads of the spectators1 like some equestrian statue1 around the ring4 ,to teach this trick some patience is necessary but the method is quite simple4 ,the horse is first led upon the platform several times1 being allowed to remain a moment or more each time4 ,he will soon understand when brought into the vicinity of the platform that he is to take his position upon it4 ,now compel him to raise his foot1 and as he attempts to put it down again1 guide it with your hand to the required position upon the drum4 ,after a few times he will place it upon the drum of his own accord on being made to raise it4 ,then in the same manner make him raise the other foot and place it upon the post4 ,this is the most difficult part of the performance on account of the post presenting only a slight foothold1 and the horse having only limited power to guide his foot to this position2 it is also quite difficult to make the hoof retain its hold even after the right position is gained4 ,after the horse thoroughly understands what is wanted of him he will go through the performance without prompting1 for the sight of the platform suggests to him the desired actions4 ,the 8carrying around0 part is1 of course1 strictly a ring performance which few persons would care to undertake for private amusement1 but if the horse is gentle and has been taught to have entire confidence in his master1 and to obey him implicitly1 there is little difficulty in this part of the exhibition if done with care4 ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,kiss4 ,give the horse a few pieces of apple from your hand1 then place a piece between your teeth1 letting it project so that the horse can readily seize it4 ,when he has become used to taking the apple in this way1 say1 8,kiss10 or 8,kiss me10 to him each time before putting the apple in your mouth1 and he will by and by put his mouth to your lips at this command4 ,in every case he should be rewarded by a piece of apple1 for1 to him1 8kiss me0 means apple1 and if he is deceived in getting it he will not so readily obey4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,fetch ,,and ,,carry4 ,for this purpose a small basket or some light article which he can easily seize with his mouth1 should be used4 ,place the handle in his mouth and shut his mouth upon it4 ,should he drop it when you remove your hand1 speak sharply to him1 and replace it in his mouth4 ,when he retains it you are to let it remain a few moments1 then remove it1 pat him1 speak encouragingly to him1 and reward him4 ,in a short time offer it to him again saying1 8,take it10 and he will probably do so2 if not place it his mouth and repeat the course already described4 ,when he has learned to take the basket on its being offered1 let him follow you around with it in his mouth2 then let some one else give it to him while you stand at a distance2 now call him toward you and reward him for bringing it to you4 ,he will thus learn in a short time to bring you any article given him4 ,after this1 place the basket upon the ground1 call his attention to it1 order him to 8take it10 and he probably will obey1 if not1 place it in his mouth and repeat the instruction until he will pick it up from the ground4 ,then a handkerchief or other article may be substituted for the basket1 which articles he will soon understand are to be picked up also4 ,he will soon learn to pick up anything you may drop in his presence1 or to seize hold of any article that may be offered him1 and this latter act may be applied to many tricks1 as hereafter described4 ,,finding ,a ,,hidden ,,handkerchief4 ,having taught the horse to pick up any article dropped in his presence1 take a handkerchief and cover it partially with loose earth1 leaving it sufficiently exposed for him to readily seize it4 ,repeat the operation1 each time covering the handkerchief more and more completely until it is entirely concealed4 ,he will by this means be led to look for it even when it is entirely covered up4 ,an assistant may now hold his hands over the horse's eyes while the handkerchief is being concealed4 ,before an audience this adds to the credit of the performance1 but as the handkerchief is hidden in nearly the same place1 the horse knows where to look for it and will soon unearth it4 ,even when hidden at the option of the spectator it is easy to indicate to the horse where to look1 by a signal1 or his sense of smell will lead him to the spot4 ,oil of rhodium is said by some to be employed in this trick1 to guide the animal to the hidden article4 ,this may be true in some cases but the horse can so easily be taught to accomplish the thing desired without its use that we doubt its being used to any considerable extent4 ,another plan adopted for teaching this trick is the following3 ,spread on the sawdust a white cloth containing a liberal supply of oats1 lead the animal around the ring and let him take some of the oats4 ,this is lesson first2 its object being to fix in the horse's mind a connection between the cloth and the oats4 ,the march around the circle being once or twice repeated1 he stops at the handkerchief as a matter of course4 ,by dint of practice1 say in a couple of weeks1 he will learn to stop as readily in a trot or a gallop as in a walk4 ,after a time the handkerchief must be doubled over and tied in a knot2 the animal shakes it to get at the grain1 but not succeeding1 lifts it from the ground1 which is just the thing wanted4 ,when the horse has done this a few times1 and finds that though he can shake nothing out he will receive a handful of oats as a reward1 he may be trusted to perform in public4 ,,to ,,select ,a ,,chosen ,,card4 ,in performing this trick in public one of the audience is allowed to choose a card from the pack1 and this card1 with several others is thrown on the ground4 ,the horse is then asked by his master to select the chosen card from among them1 and to give it to the person who chose it4 ,this sounds like quite a difficult feat1 especially1 as is usually the case1 if he has had his eyes blindfolded while the selection of the card was being made4 ,having taught the horse to find and pick up the handkerchief it is very easy to substitute any other article in its place4 ,if a card should be substituted it would be picked up just as anything else would be4 ,the main difficulty is to teach the horse to pick the one desired from among the others1 and that one only4 ,to do this1 spread half a dozen cards upon the ground at intervals of about ten feet4 ,let the horse go to one end of this line of cards4 ,he will naturally stop at the first one he comes to1 and1 if left to himself1 will pick it up4 ,instead of allowing him to do this1 start him ahead with the voice using the term 8,get up10 or any other which he has been taught means 8go ahead40 ,do this until he reaches the card which you desire him to pick up1 at this you must remain silent unless he is about to pass it by like the former ones1 in which case you say 8,whoa10 and keep him standing before it until he picks it up4 ,when he does this1 reward him and speak encouragingly to him1 that he may know he has done what you wished4 ,if you make a practice of speaking to him when he stops at the wrong cards1 and of keeping silent when he reaches the right one he will soon come to understand that 8silence gives consent10 and that that is the proper card to select4 ,the order in which the chosen card is placed in the row should be varied so that the horse may not learn to select the card by its position instead of obeying your signal4 ,this enables you to let your auditors place the cards in any position or order their fancy may dictate without interfering at all with the successful 8working0 of the horse4 ,after he has learned to select the desired card without hesitation1 he must be so taught that he will hand it to the person who may have selected it1 when he comes to perform in public4 ,to teach him this1 have an assistant stationed at some distance from you1 and when the horse comes to you with the card1 instead of taking it from him as you have been accustomed to do1 turn his head in the direction of your assistant and start him up4 ,he will go to the assistant if the latter holds out his hand1 and1 perhaps1 whistles to him4 ,pretty soon the whistling may be dispensed with1 and he will carry the card in any direction indicated in search of some one to receive it4 ,when he comes to perform in the ring he will go around the edge looking for somebody to whom he may relinquish the card4 ,the proper person will probably hold out his hand to take it1 but a hundred others will quite as certainly do the same thing4 ,now if the horse selects the right person in spite of the other claimants to lead him astray1 a round of applause is pretty sure to crown his success4 ,to insure this he should be taught to relinquish the card at some particular signal given by the trainer4 ,a cough will answer1 or any word which can be incorporated into a sentence addressed to him1 without being detected by the audience4 ,we have given sufficient instruction on this point in preceding pages1 we believe1 to enable the trainer to use his own discretion as to the manner of associating the signal with the giving-up of the card1 in the horse's mind4 ,,to ,,fire ,,off ,a ,,pistol4 ,illustration3 ,,firing ,,off ,,the ,,pistol4 ,in performing this trick the pistol 7unloaded7 should be firmly secured to a post or some other convenient support1 as high as the horse can conveniently reach4 ,to the trigger attach a small wisp of hay by a string1 so arranged that by pulling at the hay the pistol will go off4 ,lead the horse up to this1 that the savory morsel may attract his attention4 ,he will probably pull at the hay1 and in his efforts to get it1 will pull the trigger4 ,let him eat the hay1 and repeat the operation several times1 patting and speaking kindly to him each time4 ,now attach a piece of rag to the trigger instead of the hay2 show it to him and induce him to take hold of it4 ,every time he pulls at it1 and makes the hammer click1 reward him with a piece of apple4 ,when he has become used to pulling the rag when it is shown him1 the pistol may be capped4 ,the explosion of the cap may startle him somewhat at first2 but gentle treatment and a little encouragement will soon banish his fears1 especially if the noise of the explosion be only slight1 which would be desirable4 ,when he will snap caps without hesitation a small charge of powder may be tried4 ,a heavy charge only makes a nuisance of the trick1 and should only be used when displaying before an audience2 even then the desirableness of such a proceeding is very questionable4 ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,dance4 ,a horse may be taught to dance thus3 ,fasten the animal with two side-reins between the posts supporting the leaping bar4 ,take a whip1 and1 as the music plays1 gently touch him with it1 using the 8jik1 jik10 of the groom as you go on4 ,the horse being tied to the posts can move neither backward nor forward1 but he will be induced to lift his legs and thereby gain the rudimentary movement of his lesson4 ,after a while the teacher must mount on his back2 the horse being fastened by the side reins4 ,just when he is to raise his leg1 a gentle pull must be given to the rein at the proper side to help the movement4 ,in course of time the reins must be loosened1 and the horse1 if tolerably ready1 will soon learn to mark time1 quick or slow1 in answer merely to a slight jerk of the bridle4 ,the rider must then dismount1 and coming before the horse1 teach him to dance1 or keep time1 with a wave of the hand1 or by a pat on the foot which he is wanted to lift4 ,it may be remarked here that1 though the dancing horses at the circuses appear to keep time with the music of the band1 it is really1 in most cases1 the band that accommodates its music to the movements of the horse4 ,,to ,,eat ,,at ,,table4 ,an amusing scene often enacted in the ring is to have a horse seated on his haunches before a table1 while the clown obsequiously serves him4 ,a bell is attached to the table1 so arranged that the horse can ring it by pulling at a bit of rag1 and as the horse is almost continually ringing the bell1 and the clown makes apparently frantic efforts to answer this summons each time1 while bringing in plates1 etc41 a vast amount of laughter is usually created4 ,the same instructions which we have given in previous pages relative to sitting down1 firing off the pistol1 etc41 will apply to this trick4 ,it is usual1 when the table is finally set1 for the clown to seat himself opposite the horse and pretend to share his meal4 ,as the food commonly consists of hay pies1 with brown paper crusts1 the actual eating1 we presume1 is generally confined to the horse1 but the fun is much increased by the clown taking a huge mouthful of hay1 as though intensely hungry1 and the horse then snatching it from his mouth1 and devouring it himself4 ,this latter feat is a mere modification of the kissing trick1 where he takes the piece of apple from the trainer's mouth4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,equestrian ,,epicure4 ,,to ,,turn ,a ,,hand ,,organ4 ,this feat may be easily accomplished by the application of the plan already described1 which we may term the 8pistol principle40 ,after the horse has learned to take hold readily of anything offered to him1 which knowledge he will have acquired if he has already learned to perform the tricks heretofore mentioned1 the only additional instruction necessary will be to initiate him into the mysteries of turning the handle4 ,when he has taken hold of the handle1 gently move his head so as to produce the desired motion4 ,if1 when you let go of his head1 he ceases the motion1 speak sharply to him and put his head again in motion4 ,with almost any horse a few lessons1 and judicious rewards when he does what is required1 will accomplish the object1 and he will soon both be able and willing to grind out ,old ,dog ,tray1 or ,norma1 if not in exact time at least with as much correctness as many performers on this instrument4 ,some time since there was a horse connected with ,franconi's circus in ,paris1 whose education had progressed finely until the organ was reached1 as it was in due course of time2 this appeared to be the stumbling block in his progress4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hand ,,organ ,,performance4 ,it seems that the horse in question had already1 under the lessons of his master1 developed an unusual degree of intelligence1 his eyes in particular becoming so full of expression that one could hardly doubt that he understood very much of what was said to him4 ,his master had great hopes of him2 he had been in training only a year1 and he had already learned to lie down and get up as ordered1 to enact the dead horse1 to fire a pistol1 and to give whichever of his fore hoofs was asked for4 ,at length the professor began the task of teaching this promising pupil to turn a barrel organ2 but either this particular species of exercise was repugnant to his tastes1 or the sound of the organ was disagreeable to his ears4 ,certain it was that the animal1 usually so docile1 was resolute in his refusal to touch the handle of the barrel organ4 ,his preceptor labored at this point for a month without being able to vanquish the repugnance of the horse for the object so constantly presented to his attention4 ,coaxing1 caresses1 and the whip were employed in turn1 and equally without success4 ,on these occasions the horse's eyes expressed as clearly as though he had spoken it in so many words the absolute determination not to touch the handle of the organ4 ,the trainer1 though naturally of a violent temper1 was always patient and gentle with his equine pupil4 ,whenever he felt that the obstinacy of the horse was on the point of getting the better of his apparent calmness1 he would leave the stable to give vent to his irritation out of the sight or hearing of the animal4 ,to those who prophesied that the horse would never turn the handle of the organ1 he replied1 8,he shall turn or die40 ,at length1 perceiving that he made no progress in the work of vanquishing the animal's obstinacy1 he caused the windows of the stable to be stuffed with hay and then boarded over1 so that not a ray of light was visible1 and a couple of men1 hired for the purpose1 beat a drum incessantly beside the animal's stall1 relieving one another at stated intervals4 ,the struggle was continued for four days and nights1 during which the professor returned to the charge once every hour1 presenting the handle of the organ to his refractory pupil1 renewing his command to the latter to take hold of it4 ,the neighborhood was beginning to threaten the trainer with a summons before the police court1 to answer to the charge of disturbing its slumbers with the perpetual beating of the horrible drum1 which the unfortunate horse1 comprehending at last that there was no other chance of deliverance left to him1 suddenly seized the handle of the organ with his teeth and turned with all the little strength that was left to him4 ,daylight was at once restored to the stable1 the drummers were dismissed1 all possible caresses and the finest oats were lavished on the now docile scholar1 who never forgot the terrible lesson of his four days struggle1 but1 whatever may have been the sentiments with which he regarded the operation1 never failed vigorously to turn the handle of the barrel organ whenever the word of command was given4 ,,to ,,feign ,,lameness4 ,to teach a horse this trick requires a greater decree of labor and perseverance than is necessary to instruct him in almost any other4 ,so wearisome is the task1 and so long is the time required in its accomplishment1 that in ordinary cases it is not worth attempting4 ,we propose1 however1 in this little work to tell all that there is to be told about our subject1 even though most of our readers should find many things impracticable in their own cases2 and it is well worth while to explain all these matters though it be only to gratify the curiosity which is very naturally felt4 ,an uninitiated person would probably be entirely at a loss how to set about accomplishing this feat1 and it is doubtful whether he would succeed in discovering the secret of it without assistance4 ,the mystery is not such a very great matter after all1 and may be disclosed in a few words4 ,if you observe a really lame horse--if you haven't any in your neighborhood just visit ,new ,york and you will find some beautiful specimens of the article--you will perceive that there is a constant jerking or bobbing of his head1 caused by his lowering it as he treads upon the lame foot and raising it as he raises the foot again4 ,now the appearance of lameness is caused just as much by the motion of the head as anything else1 and a really sound horse1 if he bobbed his head as he lowered and raised a particular foot1 would appear lame2 in fact he would actually go lame with this foot because the motion of his head would compel him to tread more lightly on that than he did on the others1 exactly as in the case of the bona fide lameness4 ,this is the secret1 and the trainer's efforts are directed to producing this motion of the head4 ,to make a horse bob his head is a trifling matter1 but to make him do so every time he treads on one particular foot1 and to do so at the right moment1 without hesitation or mistake1 requires many weary lessons1 and a stock of patience equal to that popularly supposed to have been possessed by the ancient ,job4 ,commence by taking the horse by the bridle1 close to his mouth1 and walking him very slowly4 ,watch the foot with which you desire him to go lame1 and each time that it comes that foot's turn to step1 press the horse's head gently upward as he raises his foot1 and downward as he again places it on the ground4 ,let your motions be simultaneous with the movement of the foot1 proceeding so slowly that there is no danger of becoming confused4 ,by-and-by you may release your hold of the bridle and make the motion with your hand1 which he will soon obey4 ,you may then accompany the motion by any sound or word of command1 and he will learn finally to make the motion on hearing this sound4 ,a correspondent of an ,english journal lately described a pony in his possession who in some way had picked up a knowledge of this trick and applied it very acutely to his own advantage4 ,the gentleman thus describes the proceedings of the animal3 8,whenever the pony had been turned out to graze and was afterward brought up to be hitched into the carriage1 it invariably turned lame after going a few yards--so lame in fact that ,i frequently turned back1 being ashamed to drive an animal in such apparent pain2 ,i say apparent1 because no sooner had the pony been relieved of its harness than it used to canter around4 ,the same pony when brought from the stable would go perfectly well as long as it wished1 but when ,i drove it in any direction contrary to its inclination it became lame immediately2 as soon as its head was turned homeward the lameness entirely disappeared40 ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,walk ,,over ,,you4 ,this trick is sometimes exhibited by persons desirous of displaying either their own courage or the docility of their horses4 ,there is a natural aversion felt by horses1 and indeed by most animals1 to treading on a living object4 ,few horses will1 of their own accord1 unless they are under excitement1 trample upon a child who may chance to be in the way4 ,many instances are related of horses lifting infants from their pathway and gently putting them down on one side1 where they were out of danger4 ,it is therefore pretty safe to allow your horse to step over you1 while you lie upon the ground4 ,to insure against accidents1 however1 a little preliminary training is advisable4 ,first1 let an assistant lead the horse over your legs while you are seated upon the ground with those members extended4 ,then1 after a few repetitions1 lie down at full length and let the assistant lead the horse over you in various directions4 ,very soon the horse may be entrusted to walk over you1 merely guided by the snapping of your fingers in the direction you desire him to go4 ,,ordinary ,,circus ,,horses4 ,the common horses ridden by circus performers require some training before they are available in the 8circle10 though it is slight compared with the instructions of the 8trick0 horses4 ,the main thing is to break them to trot evenly and steadily around the ring4 ,they may be taught this in an open field by attaching a line to the nose piece of the halter1 which line the trainer holds in his left hand while in his right he has a long whip4 ,starting the horse1 the trainer turns slowly as the horse goes around2 the line keeps the horse from going away from the trainer in any direction and so forces him to go in a circle2 the whip is used to keep him at the proper distance from the man1 and so preserve always the same sized circle4 ,the whip should be held on a level with the horse's shoulder and should be moved so as to accompany him around4 ,subsequently the line may be removed and the horse will still follow the circle pointed out by the whip1 and increase or abate his speed to correspond with its movements4 ,the horse is then ready for the rehearsals of the rider1 and soon learns to preserve his pace unbroken1 regardless of the movements of the man upon his back4 ,illustration3 ,,breaking ,,horse ,,for ,,the 8,,circle40 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,theatrical ,,horses ,,and ,,the ,,horse ,,drama4 ,the exact date at which horses were introduced upon the stage we are unable to state4 ,it is the custom with many writers to trace everything back to the ancient ,greeks or ,romans and build up their subject from this classic foundation2 perhaps we might be able to do likewise were we to try1 but we prefer to be excused4 ,certain it is that for many years such dramas as ,mazeppa1 ,herne the ,hunter1 ,putnam1 and others of a certain kind have maintained a steady popularity4 ,at first the characters of the heroes in these pieces were performed by males1 and their popularity depended upon the beauty and spirit of the horse1 the daring of the rider1 and the general excellence of the drama--combats1 processions1 and startling effects being always taking ingredients4 ,by-and-by1 however1 an adventurous rider of the other sex entered the lists in competition with the gentlemen4 ,her success inspired others to follow her example1 until a dozen or more actresses were found performing the various rles of the 8horse drama40 ,in all these pieces the principal attraction1 next to the lady rider1 is the performance of the horse1 which1 with very little variation1 is generally the same in all4 ,at the back of the stage1 crossing and re-crossing it1 and rising higher and higher at quite a steep inclination1 is a plank gangway1 some two or three feet wide4 ,this is technically termed the 8run10 and is supported by stout scaffolding1 which is hidden by the scenery4 ,at each turn1 which is concealed by the 8wings10 is a sort of platform to enable the horse to turn and to get a fair position for making the next rush across4 ,the scenery is usually painted to represent mountains1 and the canvas which conceals the run is painted to resemble rocks4 ,ravines and other results of the skillful scene painter's talents often add to the seeming danger of the pass4 ,usually a series of different plays are produced during the engagement of the horse and rider1 and the same run serves to represent the mountains of ,tartary in ,mazeppa1 the ,yankee hills in ,putnam1 or the natural elevations of any other portion of the world in which the scenes of any particular play may chance to be located4 ,at the proper moment the horse dashes over precipices1 rushing torrents1 or fearful mountain gorges1 7all canvas of course71 with his rider astride his back1 or strapped upon the 8untamed steed10 as the stage business may require4 ,to enable the horse to climb or descend the run without slipping1 small pieces of sharpened steel are screwed into his shoes previous to his coming upon the stage4 ,when it is a man who is strapped upon the horse he is usually merely secured by the waist1 he holding the girth firmly with his hands4 ,when a woman performs the part it is customary to secure her ankles as well1 mainly for the purpose of keeping her on top of the horse should he by any accident fall4 ,in playing ,mazeppa the rider is utterly helpless1 and without this precaution serious and even fatal injuries might be received4 ,the gentlemen consider their muscle sufficient to enable them to dispense with this care4 ,some years ago a popular equestrian actress while performing in a western city met with a fearful accident from having one of her feet free in order that she might tickle the horse with her spur1 to make him prance and curvette before the audience4 ,on leaving the stage the horse stumbled over some stray scenery or other obstacle1 and fell4 ,had the rider been lashed according to custom on top of the horse the only danger would have been the risk of striking against some projection1 for the horse could not fall upon his back4 ,as it was1 her leg slipped under the horse as he fell1 and his weight coming suddenly upon it1 the thigh was broken4 ,it is said that as she was conveyed to the boat the horse followed with every appearance of sorrow1 whinnying softly1 as though striving to express his sympathy4 ,many months after the accident1 when the rider mounted him for practice previous to resuming her profession1 an eye-witness related that it was really wonderful to see how gentle were all the horse's movements1 and how1 of his own accord1 he would check himself whenever his motion extorted the slightest cry of pain1 almost suppressed though it was1 from his rider4 ,in these plays very little training is required by the horse4 ,after the ordinary breaking he is frequently exercised in going over the run4 ,owing to the restricted space it is very difficult for the horse to display any degree of speed1 and as this is the main thing to be accomplished1 he is therefore taught to start instantly at a rate which an ordinary horse could not by any means attain within the prescribed limits4 ,we have seen ,mazeppa played where the stage was so small that while the horse's tail was against the wall of the theater his nose was barely prevented protruding beyond the scenes1 previous to his starting to rush before the audience1 from an imaginary journey of some score of miles4 ,when he did come before the public it was difficult for them to see the whole of him at one time even with the scenes run back as far as possible4 ,how the poor animal managed to travel over the diminutive run which was provided we cannot imagine1 and yet the sight from the body of the theater was quite respectable4 ,after ascending the run the horse and rider must remain high up in the lofty region of the 8floats0 until a change of scene permits them to descend unobserved1 or the play requires their descent in public4 ,a perilous1 and consequently attractive1 feat has been introduced into this play by one or two unusually reckless and daring riders1 consisting of an extension of the run around the gallery of the theatre4 ,over this narrow road above the heads of the spectators1 some hundred feet or more from the ground1 amid the glare or the lights1 the banging of the orchestra1 and the thunders of the multitude1 dashes the horse1 bearing in triumph 8the sensation rider of the world40 ,a single misstep1 the displacement of a single plank in that frail support1 and horse and rider would lie a mangled mass below4 ,and this is the very reason the house is jammed with eager throngs--not that they wish the rider to meet the horrible death thus courted night after night1 but it is certainly this possibility which renders the performance so attractive4 ,playing ,mazeppa is not always the hight of felicity4 ,there is a story told of a horse who probably never had the honor of figuring on either posters or play bills1 which we think may be appropriately recorded here4 ,a traveler on a dark night presented himself at the door of a country inn1 and demanded lodging4 ,the landlord1 after some general remarks1 suddenly turned pale and asked his guest by what road he had come4 ,upon being informed he almost fainted with terror4 ,on examination in the morning it was found that the horse ridden by the traveler had walked with safety the string piece of a long bridge1 and maintained his footing on the single extended timber1 scarcely a foot wide4 ,the planks of the bridge had been torn up for repairs the day previous2 a misstep of the sure footed animal would have precipitated himself and rider into a chasm a hundred feet below4 ,in ,mazeppa and similar plays the horse is 8worked0 by his trainer or master who comes on the stage attired as one of the retinue or attendants4 ,in other pieces the rider himself manages the horse4 ,these horses are seldom used for any other purpose1 as ordinary riding or driving would make their mouths hard and render them less easily controlled upon the stage4 ,in the summer their shoes are taken off and they are allowed a holiday in the country pastures4 ,mr4 ,collins1 an actor of considerable celebrity who played successfully all the range of equestrian characters1 and who trained several of the most popular 8star0 horses1 had a magnificent stallion of large size which was probably the handsomest horse in the profession4 ,he was a trifle too large to display his speed to the best advantage in the theater1 but on the road1 where ,mr4 ,c4 occasionally displayed his points1 there were few animals who could contest the palm with him for speed4 ,he was a fiery fellow1 and if annoyed would bite his tormentor fiercely1 and few cared to excite his anger4 ,this was made a 8point0 of on the stage1 ,mr4 ,c4 plaguing him a little unnoticed by the public1 and the spirit the horse displayed always 8took0 with the audience4 ,mr4 ,c41 however1 found it necessary to keep out of reach of the animal's teeth1 or even his influence over the horse might not have preserved him from an uncomfortable nip4 ,years ago when horse dramas reigned in the ,broadway theaters1 as well as in the less aristocratic locality of the ,bowery1 an enterprising manager determined to bring out ,herne the ,hunter1 8in the highest style of the art40 ,a number of horses1 circus men and innumerable supernumeraries were engaged1 and the piece produced under the most horse-piece-cious circumstances4 ,the eventful night arrived1 the house was crammed4 ,the play progressed1 people came on and off the stage1 talked1 raced1 shouted1 went through traps1 climbed canvas rocks1 and indulged in all the customary motions of a grand 8spectacle40 ,there has always been a natural feud between actors and circus folks4 ,the ring people despise those who can only 8cackle10 7flash term for talk71 while the stage fellows say that folks who travel on their shape1 and have no brains to back them up1 are contemptible4 ,in those days there was even less good feeling between the two professions than at present4 ,the supes aspiring to the dignity of 8the stage0 were more intense in their antipathy to the riders than were the actors themselves1 and being always ready for a lark1 some of them procured a lot of a peculiar kind of tinder which is readily lighted and could be surreptitiously blown into a horse's nostrils without the culprit being detected4 ,suddenly in the midst of the performance the horses became restive1 and in a moment became unmanageable4 ,some reared and kicked1 some broke through the stage1 while others1 trampling the foot lights under foot1 plunged into the orchestra4 ,all was confusion4 ,an actor advances to the foot lights and assures the audience that they need feel no alarm--nothing of importance is amiss--it is 8all right40 ,at this very moment two horses are murdering their riders in the orchestra4 ,one of the men1 literally impaled upon the spikes around the railing1 presents a sickening1 horrifying1 spectacle as he writhes in his death agony4 ,of course the play was not concluded2 the audience departed shocked at the awful sight they had witnessed1 and the supes1 who had intended no farther harm than a little amusement at the expense of the circus men1 now bitterly repented their thoughtless folly4 ,they did what they could to atone for trick by making up a purse for the benefit of the families of the principal victims of the unfortunate affair1 but the horse drama had received its death blow on ,broadway4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,breaking ,,and ,,training ,,mules--,,performing ,,and 8,,comic0 ,,mules4 ,mules appear fated to labor under an unfavorable and unenviable reputation4 ,not only has that rather objectionable quality of stubbornness been supposed to exist in their disposition to such an undue degree as to give rise to the saying1 8as stubborn as a mule10 but this general reputation for intelligence is by no means first rate4 ,that the mule is by nature inclined to be rather stubborn is undoubtedly true1 but it is very questionable whether the wonderful displays of this quality sometimes met with1 are not actually as much due to the very measures adopted to overcome the fault as to the natural disposition of the animal4 ,with proper treatment and a little judicious training the objectionable features in a mule's disposition might be easily remedied4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,lazy ,,cure ,,for ,,laziness4 ,there is a clever invention attributed to a certain lazy ,hindoo1 for overcoming the proverbial laziness of the mule4 ,it appears that the man was employed to oversee a mule working one of those primitive mills in use to this day in ,india4 ,the man seems to have been slightly inclined toward laziness himself1 and was anxious to contrive some plan which would enable him to keep the mule in motion and monopolize all the indolence himself4 ,this he at last accomplished with the aid of a clever device1 shown in the accompanying illustration1 which explains itself4 ,we give it as a curiosity in the 8art of training animals10 without vouching for its strict fidelity to the truth4 ,the following instructions are given by ,mr4 ,riley1 an experienced authority1 for breaking mules3 8,in breaking the mule1 most persons are apt to get out of patience with him4 ,i have got out of patience with him myself4 ,but patience is the great essential in breaking2 and in the use of it you will find that you get along much better4 ,the mule is an unnatural animal1 and hence more timid of man than the horse2 and yet he is tractable and capable of being taught to understand what you want him to do4 ,and when he understands what you want1 and has gained your confidence1 you will1 if you treat him kindly1 have little trouble in making him perform his duty4 8,in commencing to break the mule1 take hold of him gently1 talk to him kindly4 ,don't spring at him1 as if he were a tiger you were in dread of4 ,don't yell at him2 don't jerk him2 don't strike him with a club1 as is often done2 don't get excited at his jumping and kicking4 ,approach and handle him the same as you would an animal already broken1 and through kindness you will1 in less than a week1 have your mule more tractable1 better broken1 and kinder than you would in a month1 had you used the whip4 ,mules1 with very few exceptions1 are born kickers4 ,breed them as carefully as you will1 the moment they are able to stand up1 and you put your hand on them1 they will kick4 ,it is1 indeed1 their natural means of defense1 and they resort to it through the force of instinct4 ,in commencing to break them1 then1 kicking is the first thing to guard against and overcome4 ,the young mule kicks because he is afraid of a man4 ,he has seen those entrusted with their care beat and abuse the older ones1 and he very naturally fears the same treatment as soon as a man approaches him4 ,most persons entrusted with the care of these young and green mules have not had experience enough with them to know that this defect of kicking is soonest remedied by kind treatment4 ,careful study of the animal's nature1 and long experience with the animal have taught me that1 in breaking the mule1 whipping and harsh treatment almost invariably make him a worse kicker4 ,they certainly make him more timid and afraid of you4 ,and just as long as you fight a mule and keep him afraid of you1 just so long will you be in danger of his kicking you4 ,you must convince him through kindness that you are not going to hurt or punish him4 ,and the sooner you do this1 the sooner you are out of danger from his feet40 ,,performing ,,mules4 ,illustration3 ,a 8,,comic0 ,,mule4 ,chief among circus attractions1 especially in the eyes of the boys1 are the trick or 8comic0 mules4 ,a couple of these animals are attached to nearly every troupe1 and quite a variety of tricks are performed by them4 ,the performance usually the most eagerly looked forward to1 is that reserved for the final part of the exhibition4 ,the regular performances being concluded1 one of the mules is retained in the ring and the ring-master invites some boy present among the audience to come forward and take a ride--if he can4 ,there are generally plenty of eager respondents to this invitation1 one of whom is permitted to enter the ring4 ,the ring-master leads the mule up to the boy as though to assist him in mounting4 ,if the boy is 8green0 he will probably be somewhat astonished1 as soon as the mule is brought near him1 at having the pit of his stomach made a target for the reception of the said mule's heels4 ,if he has already seen a similar performance he will have anticipated this little episode1 which can always be calculated upon without fear of disappointment4 ,after many struggles the boy perhaps succeeds in mounting the mule and then an amusing contest ensues between them--the boy's efforts being directed to maintain his hold1 and the mule's to dislodge him4 ,running at full speed1 the animal tries to throw his rider by stopping suddenly1 and if successful in this attempt1 the boy is either thrown head first among his companions1 or1 if he lands in the ring1 is chased out by the mule4 ,it is rarely that any one succeeds in maintaining his hold for more than a few minutes1 unless he is a capital rider1 in which case he may be able to master the animal2 should this result be at all likely1 the ring-master will1 on some pretext1 interfere and select some less expert rider from the audience4 ,finally an attach of the circus1 disguised as a countryman1 volunteers to ride the mule1 and after considerable caricature riding1 and ridiculous posturing1 he concludes the performance4 ,sometimes to enhance the interest in the affair a reward of five dollars is offered to any one who will ride the mule three times around the ring4 ,this was usually done by ,dan ----1 a prominent circus manager4 ,we were present on one occasion when a big burly 8rough0 entered the ring at ,dan's general invitation1 to compete for the prize4 ,the mule was particularly spunky but he was finally forced to succumb1 and notwithstanding all ,dan's attempts to balk the rider1 the mule was ridden the requisite number of times around the ring4 ,lest any of our readers should be led to cherish the delusion that they might thus earn a reward for displaying their mule breaking abilities1 we may mention that1 in this case at least1 the rider did not receive the money4 ,the showman assured him that the offer was only in fun and declined to hand over the amount4 ,the rough thereupon 8pitched in0 and administered a thrashing to the showman before he could be prevented4 ,a general fight was only averted by the exertions of the police4 ,we believe ,dan1 while he remained in that locality1 did not repeat his offer4 ,very little special instruction is required for 8comic mules40 ,the kicking part of the performance may be taught according to the instructions given for teaching horses the same act4 ,the mule is allowed with strangers to give full vent to all the natural viciousness of his nature1 and is encouraged therein4 ,toward his trainer1 and those connected with the establishment1 such conduct is not allowed4 ,he soon learns from experience that the worst conduct toward boys in the ring is meritorious1 and being annoyed by their persistent efforts to ride him1 he resorts to every possible device1 without requiring any instruction1 to get rid of his tormentors4 ,another humorous scene sometimes enacted by the mules is a prize fight1 the principals being rigged up in costume and furnished with boxing gloves1 while two small donkeys are made to seat themselves and hold sponges1 as though personating the seconds4 ,sometimes this latter character is assumed by the clown and ring-master1 though it makes little difference4 ,the actions of the mules have a very slight resemblance to a combat and the costumes make them look funny and satisfy the audience4 ,the training required is merely to make them stand erect4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,asinine ,,prize ,,fight4 ,mules1 though possessing less intelligence than horses1 may be taught many of the tricks which the latter perform1 and the same instructions will suffice for training them4 ,the sure-footedness of mules has enabled trainers to teach them1 in several cases1 a very effective and showy trick--that of walking over a number of empty bottles placed upright on a floor or platform4 ,this feat is always highly successful wherever performed1 and it is really an excellent one4 ,the bottles used are large1 stout porter bottles1 which will readily sustain a great weight if placed directly on top4 ,to teach the trick the bottles are at first secured in a platform composed of a double thickness of planks1 in the upper one of which holes are cut4 ,in these holes the bottles are placed2 the bottoms resting on the lower layer of planks1 while the upper one holds them securely in place4 ,before teaching this trick the animal is usually taught the ordinary pedestal trick1 as explained in a preceding chapter1 as a preparatory lesson4 ,he will then more readily acquire the bottle feat4 ,he is first made to place one fore foot on top of a bottle's neck1 then the other fore foot on another4 ,then the first foot is tapped with the whip to make him raise it and advance it to the succeeding bottle2 as he does this his hind foot is struck gently to force him to place it on the vacated bottle4 ,six or eight bottles are sufficient to commence with1 additions being made as the animal becomes proficient4 ,when the trick is learned it is unnecessary to secure the bottles in any way2 if the mule places his foot squarely on the top1 as he should be made to do1 there is no danger of either breaking or upsetting them4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,porter ,,bottle ,,feat4 ,there is a trick related of a couple of ,english costermongers1 or perambulating vegetable dealers1 which is amusing if not of practical value4 ,these two worthies were in the habit of passing their donkey through a ,devonshire toll gate1 on their return trip1 free of charge1 by making him walk through on his hind legs1 arm in arm with them1 and taking advantage of the twilight to represent him as a friend slightly under the influence of liquor6 ,at the south1 where mules are almost universally used for many purposes for which horses are used at the north1 the negroes are in the habit of directing their movements in many cases entirely by the voice4 ,the animals of that section being as a rule more gently treated1 are of a better disposition than their northern brethren4 ,the course of training practiced by their stable masters is by no means systematic1 but the animals manage by some means to learn to understand and obey the far from lucid commands4 ,we have often been surprised to see how readily the mules would detect the meaning of what1 to our ears1 was entirely unintelligible4 ,probably practice had taught them what was required just as the mules which convey travelers through the wild mountain passes of ,spain are reported to stop immediately upon hearing the hail of any of the banditti who infest those regions--habitual experience of the customs of those gentry having taught them to come to a stand still4 ,there is an amusing1 though1 possibly1 not strictly authentic1 story told in connection with the performance of the pantomime of ,humpty ,dumpty1 some years ago1 in this city4 ,in this spectacle a small mule was made to appear quite comically by the dexterity of his heels4 ,during the season the regular animal fell ill1 and an amateur was substituted4 ,when one of the characters touched the new mule to make him kick1 he began in admirable style4 ,he kicked off the fellow and kicked him twice before he touched the boards4 ,then he ran toward several of the other dramatis person1 and kicked them4 ,every movable object on the stage1 animate or inanimate1 he kicked off4 ,next he began on the scenery4 ,he kicked down a whole forest1 three good sized cottages1 a picturesque cascade1 a granite prison1 a robber's cave1 a royal palace1 the ,rialto and ,vesuvius in eruption1 and was about to attack the grand transformation scene from ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 when a rope was thrown around his neck1 and he was dragged off by the whole strength of the company1 assisted by all the able bodied supernumeraries4 ,the audience1 many of whom supposed the obstreperous mule part of the performance1 were delighted at his energy1 and demanded with deafening plaudits1 a repetition of the scene4 ,the uproar was so great that the manager came out and said that an intermission of fifteen minutes would be given to enable some of the actors to recover the breath that the active mule had kicked out of them1 and pledged his honor that the brute should never make another appearance on the ,olympic stage4 ,at this the audience roared louder than ever1 and for nearly half an hour the performance was suspended by the universal guffaw4 ,every night afterward while the piece ran1 the kicking mule was called for1 and the manager of the theater it is said1 in consequence1 had to insert an advertisement in the daily papers1 stating that the animal was mysteriously knocked in the head the same night of his highly successful dbt4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,some ,,hints ,,for ,,farmers--,,management ,,and ,,training ,,of ,,animals ,,on ,,the ,,farm--,,some ,,evils ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,remedy ,,them--,,good ,,training ,,vs4 ,,bad4 ,farmers would find it of great advantage to pay more attention to the education of their domestic animals4 ,many things may be taught them without any appreciable trouble1 which will prove not only convenient1 but profitable in the saving of time and labor that may be effected4 ,for instance1 any animal on the farm may be taught to come on being called1 instead of requiring to be hunted for and chased home whenever wanted4 ,all that is necessary is to give him some dainty as a reward1 each time1 and the thing will be accomplished almost before you are aware of it4 ,by giving each animal a particular name and calling him by that1 you teach each individual to come to you when wanted1 and if you reward only the one you call1 the others will soon learn to come only when desired4 ,this custom is observed with the sheep in ,greece2 the shepherd has only to call any one he wants1 and the animal will instantly leave its pasturage and its companions and run to the hand of the shepherd1 with every token of pleasure4 ,those which have not learned their name are called 8wild10 while the others are termed 8tame40 ,animals cannot associate with man without learning something4 ,many of those habits and tricks which farmers deplore in their stock1 are due to the unintentional training that has been given the animals4 ,if your stock run from you1 appear to dread your presence and can never be made to stand quietly1 perhaps this state of things may be accounted for if you reply candidly to the question whether they have not been accustomed to tormenting or annoyance1 and so taught to be wild4 ,no wonder there is complaint of cows being unquiet1 when the habit is so general of pelting them with stones1 or punching them with sticks1 while driving home to milk4 ,how often instead of attempting to teach the animals proper behavior do we see an apparently contrary course adopted8 ,the 8,american ,stock ,journal0 has some sensible remarks on this subject3 8,we find many persons1 when turning stock into or out of pasture1 instead of letting down all the bars1 leaving two or three of the lower rails in their place2 and then1 by shouting or beating1 perhaps1 force the animals to leap over4 ,this is capital training1 the results of which are seen in the after disposition of animals to try their powers of jumping where a top rail happens to be off1 and this accomplished1 to set all fences at defiance1 and make a descent upon the corn or grain field1 as their inclination1 ability or hunger may prompt them4 ,another good lesson is to open a gate but a little way1 and then1 as in the case of the bars1 force the cattle forward1 and by threats and blows compel them to pass through it4 ,the result of this teaching is shown in the determined spirit manifested by some cattle to make a forcible entry into the stable1 yards1 fields1 or in fact1 to almost every place where a gate or door may1 by accident1 be left slightly open4 ,a western farmer says he makes it a rule whenever cattle are made to pass a fence1 whether through bars or #8slipgap1' to leave one rail for them to pass under4 ,this gives them a downward tendency1 and lessens their inclination to jump or look upward1 as they are sure to do when a lazy attendant throws down a part of the rails1 and makes them vault the rest4 ,cattle may be taught to go over any fence by the careful training they often get for this end1 performed as follows3 ,first1 starve them or give them poor feed1 which will make them light and restless4 ,as soon as they go over the lowest part of the fence after better provender1 make them jump back again1 and put on one more rail1 saying1 #8,i guess that will keep them out4' ,next day1 7of course they will be in mischief again7 repeat the process1 adding another rail2 in a short time they will take care of themselves1 and harvest the crops without charge40 ,that gentleness and good treatment will subdue even naturally unamiable dispositions in animals1 is shown by the example of the bulls intended for the bull fights at ,havre during the marine exhibition in #ahfh4 ,the bulls1 selected for their ferocity on the plains of the ,guadalquiver1 were so kindly treated by the railway servants during their journey across ,spain and ,france1 that1 on arriving at their destination1 they had become perfectly tame and could not be induced to fight4 ,the sight-seers were obliged to solace themselves with a regatta in lieu of their anticipated combat4 ,it may be interesting here to refer briefly to the proper management of bulls4 ,there has been some discussion as to whether or not it is advisable to use bulls for purposes of draught4 ,the advocates of the plan consider that a bull should do some labor and that exercise would be beneficial4 ,the opponents say that the main object of keeping bulls is to breed1 and that exhaustive labor would impair the vigor of the descendants4 ,though the latter is probably the true case bulls should be exercised in the open air if it is desired to keep them in health and vigor4 ,they should always have a ring inserted through the nose that they may be held in control1 but they should never be tied up by anything attached to this ring4 ,always use a rope tied around the horns2 a sudden jerk is very apt to tear the ring from the nose4 ,never fool with bulls1 and beware of trusting yourself in their power4 ,they are subject to sudden fits of fierceness1 when any defenceless person is liable to be horribly destroyed4 ,one of the most important duties on the farm is the breaking of steers4 ,it is best to begin with them as calves1 and let the boys play with them1 and drive them tied or yoked together1 taking care they are not abused4 ,when a pair of old steers are to be put together and broken to the yoke1 or a pair of bulls1 as not unfrequently happens1 it is usually best to yoke them1 and tie their tails together1 in an extempore stall1 in a well fenced yard1 and then turn them loose in the yard1 which should not be large enough for them to run in and get under much headway4 ,if the tails are not tied together they will frequently turn the yoke1 which is a very bad habit4 ,after half a day's association1 the lesson of 8gee up60 and 8whoa60 may be inculcated--and when well learned1 probably the next day1 8haw0 and 8gee40 ,the daily lesson should be given after they have stood yoked a while4 ,they should not be taken from the yard until they have become used to the yoke1 and are no longer wild and scary1 as they are apt to be at first4 ,each day all previous lessons should be repeated4 ,put them before an ox-sled or a pair of cart wheels at first1 rather than to a stone boat1 as they are apt to step on the chain1 and that frightens them4 ,all treatment should be firm but mild1 and no superfluous words should be employed4 ,as regards training heifers1 a ,pennsylvania farmer who has trained and milked heifers for more than fifty years1 and never has any trouble about their jumping1 kicking1 or running1 gives the following as his secret3 8,when ,i intend to raise a heifer calf for a milch cow1 ,i always raise it by hand1 and when feeding1 frequently handle it by rubbing it gently over the head and neck until it becomes tame and gentle4 ,the rubbing is begun at the first feeding with milk1 and continued until ,i quit feeding it2 ,i never afterward have any trouble about milking them40 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,dogs ,,in ,,general--,,watch ,,dogs--,,the ,,shepherd',s ,,dog4 ,among all the animals the dog seems preminently intended by nature for the companion and friend of man4 ,even the instinctive passions all animals have for their own kind appear to be in a measure sacrificed to human influence1 for the dogs often care more for the society of man than for that of their own kind4 ,not only is the dog a trusty and valuable friend and associate of man1 but the companionship between the human and the canine races developes in the latter many of those noble qualities not possessed under other circumstances4 ,the ,turks look upon the dog with abhorrence1 and almost universally in the ,east he is an outcast from human society4 ,the consequence is that all his good qualities are lost2 he is no longer the faithful companion1 ready to defend his master with his life1 but on the contrary1 he is deceitful1 bloodthirsty1 and as unlike the more favored dog of other countries as it is possible to imagine4 ,,watch ,,dogs4 ,many kinds of dogs are used as watch dogs1 and where all that is required of them is a notification of nightly intruders1 and the awakening of the household1 perhaps the species used is of comparatively little consequence4 ,where the dog is intended to act as a defender as well as a sentinel1 strength and courage are important requisites4 ,with many the bull dog is a favorite for this purpose4 ,though the least intelligent of his species his unflinching and unconquerable courage renders him a terrible opponent4 ,so utterly without intellect is his courage1 however1 that no consideration of his foe's powers deters him from attacking the most formidable thing that gives offense4 ,striking examples of this quality are displayed in ,england in what are termed 8bull baits10 exhibitions whose cruelty and brutality are scarcely excelled in the customs of any other country4 ,in these bull baits the dog1 while fastened to the nose of some unfortunate bull1 has had one leg after another cut off with a knife to test his courage4 ,so persistent is the dog in maintaining his hold that the most frightful mutilation will not compel him to relinquish it until his strength is exhausted from loss of blood2 he has been known to die from this inhuman hacking with his death grip firmly holding the bull4 ,probably the best watch dog is the mastiff4 ,capable of great attachment to his master1 he unites strength with intelligence1 and1 while implacable toward intruders1 toward members of his master's family he is docile and gentle4 ,his hearing is remarkably acute1 for he can detect the difference between a familiar and a strange footstep1 however light it may be4 ,,the ,,shepherd',s ,,dog4 ,the rapid increase in the importance of sheep husbandry in this country will soon direct attention to the value of proper dogs for assisting in their management and protection4 ,there are several different breeds used for this purpose1 varying in different countries with their several local requirements4 ,in ,spain the ,pyrenean1 or ,st4 ,bernard's dogs1 are found valuable to accompany the large merino flocks on their annual migrations to the mountains1 as a protection against the wolves infesting the ,pyrenees4 ,in ,spain1 too1 the mastiff is highly prized1 an improved1 large breed1 with strong feet1 short hair and slightly pointed nose1 being much in use4 ,a gentleman of ,delaware gave1 some years ago1 the following account of a shepherd's dog of the ,spanish breed in his possession3 8,the dog is three times as large as the shepherd's dog described by ,buffon1 but is endowed with the same good qualities3 immense strength and great mildness in his usual deportment1 though ferocious toward other dogs4 ,i can say1 without exaggeration1 that at least twenty dogs have been killed in my barnyard1 or on my farm1 by my dog ,montague4 ,his dimensions are three feet eleven inches from his eyes to the root of his tail1 and two feet eight inches high over the shoulders4 ,he is a fine animal1 entirely white4 ,i prefer that color in recollection of the story of old ,jacob4 ,in fact1 ,i had formerly a black dog1 and many of my lambs were born black4 ,since ,i have had ,montague and his mother ,i have very few black lambs4 ,the natural instinct of this animal is to guard your sheep against wolves and dogs4 ,no other training is required1 but to keep them constantly with your flock1 the moment they are from the litter1 until they are grown40 ,what is commonly known as the shepherd's dog is a smaller breed1 seldom more than two feet high4 ,those in ,france are usually black with white touches on breast1 face1 legs1 etc42 with sharp head and nose1 and with a countenance full of alertness and intelligence4 ,in ,great ,britain1 particularly in ,scotland1 the colors of the shepherd's dog are more mixed with shades of red and brown2 or black dogs with sharp ears1 turning down at the tips4 ,the ,scotch breed1 or colley1 is a light and active one1 probably the best adapted for those portions of our own country where there is no danger from wild animals4 ,it is pretty extensively diffused in the ,united ,states and ,british ,america1 and is very useful to the farmer1 shepherd or drover4 ,illustration3 ,,scotch ,,colley1 ,,or ,,shepherd',s ,,dog4 ,the ,mexican shepherd's dog is doubtless a descendant of the ,spanish ones introduced at the time of the conquest1 and is a marvel of fidelity and intelligence4 ,in training these dogs the method is to select from a multitude of pups a few of the healthiest and finest looking1 and to put them to a sucking ewe1 first depriving her of her own lamb4 ,by force1 as well as from a natural desire she has to be relieved of the contents of her udder1 she soon learns to look upon the little interlopers with all the affection she would manifest for her own natural offspring4 ,for the first few days the pups are kept in the hut1 the ewe suckling them morning and evening only2 but gradually1 as she becomes accustomed to their sight1 she is allowed to run in a small enclosure with them1 until she becomes so perfectly familiar with their appearance as to take entire charge of them4 ,after this they are folded with the whole flock for a fortnight or so2 they then run about during the day with the flock1 which after a while becomes so accustomed to them1 as to be able to distinguish them from other dogs--even from those of the same litter which have not been nursed among them4 ,the shepherds usually allow the slut to keep one of a litter for her own particular benefit2 the balance are generally destroyed4 ,after the pups are weaned1 they never leave the particular drove among which they have been reared4 ,not even the voice of their master can entice them beyond sight of their flock2 nor can hunger or thirst4 ,a remarkable example of the intelligence of these dogs is displayed when two flocks approach within a few yards of each other2 their respective protectors will place themselves in the space between them1 and as is very naturally the case1 if any adventurous sheep should endeavor to cross over to visit her neighbors1 her dog protector kindly but firmly leads her back1 and as it sometimes happens1 it may make a rush and succeed in joining the other flock1 the dogs under whose charge they are go over and bring them all out1 but strange to say1 under such circumstances they are never opposed by the other dogs4 ,they approach the strange sheep only to prevent their own from leaving the flock1 though they offer no assistance in expelling the other sheep4 ,but they never permit sheep not under canine protection1 nor dogs not in charge of sheep1 to approach them4 ,even the same dogs which are so freely permitted to enter their flocks in search of their own are driven away with ignominy if they presume to approach them without that laudable object in view4 ,the ,english sheep dog1 or drover's dog1 is a tailless animal1 larger1 coarser1 and stronger than the colley4 ,it is very easily trained and is very well adapted for working among cattle1 keeping the herd from straggling when on the road or the prairie1 and acting as an aid to the farmer in the management of his flocks and herds4 ,one of this breed was used by an ,american farmer to drive home his cows4 ,it was only necessary to tell him it was time to bring the cows1 and he would scour the farm and bring them from all parts safely into the yard4 ,on the prairies such dogs would be of great use4 ,a careful1 well tempered shepherd never allows his dog to harass or worry the sheep4 ,he walks his regular rounds quietly1 the dog following at his heels1 appearing to take no notice of the sheep1 and they almost unconscious of his presence4 ,should anything occur in which the aid of the dog is needed1 he is at hand to perform the will of his master4 ,if the sheep break through a fence into forbidden ground1 one word from the shepherd is enough1 the dog drives them back without causing much alarm4 ,if a sheep breaks away from the flock1 the dog is not allowed to bite it2 he is taught to run before it and bark1 in order to drive it back to its place4 ,a dog which has been properly trained will be continually on the look out for stray sheep1 and will1 of his own accord1 visit those parts of the pastures where the fences are weakest1 and where ditches or ravines exist1 into which the sheep may be in danger of falling4 ,heavy sheep1 with large fleeces1 will sometimes lie on their backs for a whole day or night1 being unable to get up4 ,when in this position1 instances have occurred of their eyes being picked out either by ravens or carrion crows4 ,they are all subject to the attacks of dogs and foxes4 ,a well trained shepherd's dog will find sheep that are in this position1 and attract attention to them4 ,well trained dogs will not annoy ewes with lambs1 nor show any signs of irritation when assaulted by the ewe for the protection of her young4 ,they keep at a respectable distance from quarrelsome rams1 not considering it to be any part of their business to fight with them4 ,they are very watchful at night1 especially during the lambing season1 guarding the lambs from the attacks of foxes and dogs and all other intruders4 ,in training a young shepherd's dog1 the services of a well trained1 experienced dog will be almost indispensable4 ,the ardent temperament of the young dog must be subdued1 and there is no better mode of doing so than by compelling him to accompany a well trained dog and imitate his actions4 ,a long line in the hands of the trainer1 attached to a collar or belt on the neck of the young dog is generally necessary in the training process4 ,with the aid of this contrivance the dog may be perfectly subdued1 and made to obey all the commands of the trainer4 ,he can be taught to 8go away10 8come back10 8come in front10 8come behind10 8bark10 8lie down10 8be quiet10 8get over the fence10 8slop them10 8bring them back10 and every other evolution in the field exercise of the sheep dog4 ,the training should commence when the pup is five or six months old4 ,the older the animal is1 the more difficult will it be to train him4 ,the shepherd's dog of any of the breeds we have mentioned1 has a natural inclination for working among sheep1 but he may be spoiled by improper management1 and then he becomes an enemy to the flock instead of a protector4 ,a cross between the mastiff1 bull dog or cur1 and the shepherd's dog1 produces a mongrel which has an insatiate thirst for the blood of the sheep1 and can scarcely be restrained from destroying them4 ,the shepherd's dog should be full blood1 anything less is worse than useless4 ,dogs even of the best breeds may be spoiled by neglect or mismanagement in the training4 ,the shepherd must himself treat the sheep with gentleness if he desires the dog to do so2 the dog will act as his master does4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,sporting ,,dogs ,,and ,,their ,,management ,,and ,,training4 ,the pointer and the setter are the two universally recognized dogs for hunting game birds4 ,as to which of the two is the better variety authorities differ1 and much depends upon circumstances4 ,for hot climates the pointer has more endurance than the setter1 but he is also more tender and would suffer in a cold climate4 ,pointers do not require so careful training1 and with sportsmen who are1 as is the case with many1 loose in their manner of training1 a pointer will be a passably well behaved dog where1 with the same laxity1 a setter would be utterly worthless4 ,as the value of a dog in hunting depends in such a great degree upon his proper understanding of the work in hand1 and his prompt and faithful execution of the duties incumbent upon him1 too much pains cannot be taken with his training4 ,,preliminary ,,training4 ,the education of sporting dogs should begin in earliest puppyhood4 ,unless they are early taught obedience1 it will be difficult to overcome this neglect by after training4 ,his first lesson may be given with the aid of a piece of beef placed before him on a plate4 ,naturally he will evince an eagerness to obtain it4 ,prevent his doing so1 by gently tapping him upon the head1 at the same time cry1 8toho60 ,by repeating this word each time you check his eagerness1 he is taught to associate the slap with the word and to stop when the word is used4 ,this makes the 8point40 ,in a few moments after you must cry1 8hie on10 and allow him to seize the meat4 8,steady0 is the next lesson1 and consists in allowing him slowly to approach the plate as you keep repeating the word at short intervals4 ,when near the plate cry1 8toho10 and never allow him to reach the meat until you give the command1 8hie on60 ,when you wish him to break his point but not to 8pitch in0 to the meat1 the command1 8close on0 should be used4 ,before he reaches the plate1 cry1 8toho10 and then1 8hie on20 when he has pointed1 by 8close on0 he must understand that he is to move cautiously1 and this he is taught by the oft repeated command of 8steady40 ,all these commands may be taught with patience1 and patience is absolutely necessary4 ,no harshness should be used1 and no new lesson should be attempted until the old one is fully mastered4 ,you should always feed the dog yourself4 ,when the preceding lessons are thoroughly acquired1 8charge0 may be taught4 ,gently force him down as you give the command1 extend his fore paws and gently place his head between them4 ,each time he moves1 tap him lightly and repeat the command4 ,no more force should be used than is absolutely requisite4 ,practice him frequently by crying1 8charge--charge10 with your hand upraised1 and forcing him into the desired position4 ,to make him rise1 you should cry1 8hie up10 and gently raise him4 ,repeat these instructions until they are fully understood and readily obeyed1 doing a little each day1 but doing that thoroughly4 ,to retrieve is the next lesson to be taught4 ,an old glove or other soft substance should be used1 and after allowing the pup to play with it1 toss it from you and he will rush to get it4 ,call him to you after he has got it1 and take it from him1 rewarding him with caresses and kind words4 ,repeat this plan using the command1 8hie fetch10 when you wish him to go1 and 8come in10 when you wish him to return4 ,by using the command1 8come in10 on all occasions when he is a little distance from you--when you call him to feed him--etc41 he will learn to obey it4 ,hooper in his excellent work#a gives the following directions for teaching a dog to retrieve3 8,begin by placing your glove within his mouth1 making him retain it2 if he rejects it1 replace it1 gently correcting him1 crying1 #8fetch6 fetch6' ,after he understands the meaning of the word fetch you may let him accompany you in a walk1 in some quiet place4 ,whenever he drops the glove you must gently and encouragingly replace it1 crying1 #8fetch6 fetch6' ,if he rejects it the lash must be used1 but sparingly4 ,if you study the disposition of your dog and manage properly1 he will soon perfectly understand you1 and gaily and happily gambol alongside of you1 seldom dropping his charge1 and if he should1 he will only need the words1 #8hie fetch6 fetch6' to make him bound back with eagerness to regain the lost glove4 ,you may now take the glove1 cast it from you1 and tell him to #8hie1 fetch6' ,he will immediately return with the glove4 ,you may now let him see you drop the glove1 walk off thirty or forty yards1 wave your hand in the direction of the glove1 and cry1 #8hie1 fetch6' ,he will of course regain the glove4 ,after practising him at this often1 you may drop the glove unobserved by him4 ,he will soon follow your track for a considerable distance for a lost article1 by receiving the command1 #8hie1 fetch6' ,you may now give the glove to another person to hide1 first permitting the dog to see it in his possession1 and he will be almost certain to find it1 if it is at all accessible4 ,in your first lessons be careful to place the glove where your dog will be certain to find it--not too far off40 ,footnote #a3 ,,dog ,,and ,,gun4--,price thirty cents1 post paid4 ,an interesting and useful work for every amateur sportsman4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,setter4 ,he should also be taught to follow closely on at the sportsman's heel when they are out together2 this may be done by saying1 8back1 back60 and striking him gently with the whip when he attempts to press forward4 ,any hunting dog may be taught to retrieve notwithstanding the complaints some sportsmen make to the contrary4 ,great patience is required to teach the dog1 but the result of careful training amply compensates for the trouble4 ,hooper recommends that1 after the dog has learned the preceding lessons1 he be made to practice them often1 playing with a ball4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,the ,,field4 ,after the dog has been thoroughly drilled in the preliminary exercises we have described1 it will be necessary to teach him their practical application4 ,much of the future value and usefulness of the dog depends upon his first day's shooting and the manner in which he is initiated into the sport4 ,we again avail ourselves of ,mr4 ,hooper's instructions for managing him the first day he is taken out3 8,when you observe ,dash more excited than usual1 you may reasonably expect a bevy near4 ,they will not probably be far off1 as he has not become accustomed to the familiar and welcome scent that will enable him to wind them at a distance4 ,now comes the trying hour for master and pupil4 ,the former should be perfectly cool1 and should consider the killing of game a secondary affair--let him give his attention to ,dash4 ,the dog seems too eager for the scent--you cry #8steady6 steady6'--if he is apparently near the game1 and you are afraid he will flush1 you cry #8toho6' ,you approach and find the quail do not raise--you tell him to close on1 which he does by moving rather rapidly--you check him by crying #8steady6 steady6' he points1 #8toho6' ,you now approach and flush the bevy2 be sure you bring down one bird1 and it will be well that you only fire one barrel1 that you may have more time to look after ,dash1 who of course scampers after the whirring bevy4 ,you immediately cry #8toho6 come in6'--on1 on he goes2 in his wild excitement he disregards your will entirely4 ,you now use your whistle4 ,by this time the birds are out of sight 7but you1 of course1 have marked them71 and he is running helter skelter4 ,you must soon get hold of his collar1 drag him rather roughly back to where he pointed--lashing him slightly--and make him #8charge1' and keep his position until you reload2 after which you will take him to where your bird has fallen--indicate the place with your hand1 crying #8hie1 fetch6 fetch6 fetch6' ,from his previous lessons he will know that you wish him to look for something1 and his nose will soon tell him what it is4 ,do not let him mouth or toy with it1 or he will soon get in the habit of roughly mouthing your game1 than which ,i scarcely know a worse habit4 8,you may now rest for a short time1 that the bevy may get over their fright2 after which they will be more easily found1 for if they have been very much frightened1 they will not give out sufficient odor to enable your pupil to point well1 and he may consequently flush them1 thereby doing great harm4 ,you cannot do better than to spend your time in repeating your house training with the dead quail3 casting it from you1 telling him to #8close on6 steady6 charge6 hie on6 fetch6' ,cast it some distance unobserved--waft your hand in the proper direction1 and tell him #8hie1 fetch6 fetch6 fetch6' ,after a short time has elapsed1 you may take ,dash to where you have marked the birds4 ,when near the birds1 keep ,dash near you1 that he may be the more easily controlled4 ,if he seem too eager he only needs the command of #8steady6' to control him4 ,let the command be in rather an undertone--never get into the snobbish habit of bawling at your dog4 ,apart from its being an ungentlemanly habit1 it frightens the quail more or less1 and they will not lie so well to the dog4 ,ha6 but ,dash has come down to a point most beautifully1 #8toho6' ,you carefully approach1 flush and shoot the bird1 and immediately give your attention to the dog1 crying #8charge6' in a strong and emphatic tone2 if he breaks1 get hold of his collar as soon as possible and lash him1 and at the same time drag him to his #8point' and make him #8charge' and keep his position until you reload4 ,you then cry #8hie up1' make friends with him1 and cast him off--he soon points again4 ,you manage to get very near the dog1 and when you fire1 immediately cry #8charge6' and it would be well to accompany #8the word with a blow1' at this juncture4 ,you make him charge1 reload1 cry #8hie up1' indicate the point where the bird has fallen1 and command him to #8hie fetch6' ,you cast him off again1 and always manage to control him after you fire--never1 never suffering him to break shot without feeling the lash4 ,remember this is the most critical time for yourself and dog4 ,never suffer yourself to become excited2 do not for some time fire more than one barrel1 that you may sooner give your attention to ,dash1 and you will accomplish much if you can be near enough to ,dash to give him the lash as he first springs from the point1 at the same time crying #8charge6' ,if you do not suffer yourself to become excited1 and lose sight of your dog after your shot1 you will soon have him drop at the report of the gun2 but rest assured1 if you let him have his own way a few times1 in your eagerness to secure game1 you will rue it for many a day to come4 ,you cannot have this fact too strongly impressed upon yourself4 ,if you control him from the first1 your object will be attained4 ,if ,dash evinces unusual perverseness in this1 it will be well to make him #8charge' while on a #8point4' ,even should he see a dead bird fall1 he should not retrieve without permission40 ,it is a maxim in hunting never to allow a dog to run ahead of another in a point1 but either to make him back1 or come in to heel4 ,besides the danger of flushing your game1 it would be permitting an unfair advantage to be taken of the dog doing his duty in the lead1 of both which a dog of nice sensibility will show himself to be conscious4 ,it happened1 some years since1 that a party was out1 near ,old ,point ,comfort in ,virginia1 with a fine pointer belonging to ,mr4 ,a----4 ,a small terrier had accompanied them1 and whenever the pointer would take his stand1 the terrier would rush by him1 and put up the birds4 ,repeating this vexatious1 ungentlemanly conduct several times1 the pointer was seen to grow impatient4 ,at last having found another bevy1 as the terrier attempted to pass him1 the pointer seized him1 and placing his fore paws on him1 held him fast1 growling to keep him quiet1 and maintaining his point until the sportsmen came up4 ,,water ,,dogs4 ,the ,newfoundland is unquestionably the water dog par excellence1 and probably the best individuals of the variety are the celebrated dogs used for duck shooting on the margin of ,chesapeake ,bay and commonly called the ,chesapeake ,bay ,water ,dog4 ,these animals being derived from ancestors of pure breed1 and the constant training from generation to generation having caused the transmission of their excellent qualities in increased measure to each successive generation1 are probably unrivalled by any other in their particular forte4 ,owing to thoughtless and injudicious mixing of breeds a true ,newfoundland is rarely seen4 ,although the purer the breed the better water dog he will be1 yet many dogs of mixed breeds possessing considerable ,newfoundland blood1 make excellent dogs for ordinary aquatic sporting4 ,on breeding the water dog little need be said1 for1 like ,dogberry's reading and writing1 his education 8comes by nature40 ,in his infancy he may be taught to bring a glove and lay it down at your feet as he should do2 and1 by practice1 the comprehension and fulfillment of his various duties will soon follow4 ,he will be found1 with judicious encouragement and exercise of authority1 more docile than a child4 ,they have been known at four months old to fetch a duck1 but lest the constitution be impaired1 they should not be put too early at hard service4 8,canton10 a celebrated ,newfoundland1 owned by ,dr4 ,stewart1 of ,sparrow's ,point--a great sportsman in his day--was noted for a number of remarkable feats in securing 8canvas backs0 on the ,chesapeake4 ,she surpassed her species generally in unrivalled devotion to the water1 and to the sport of ducking1 as carried on by the doctor's colored man1 ,varnell1 with his murderous swivel gun4 ,her patience and endurance were almost incredible4 ,she was the heroine of many desperate encounters with wounded swans1 often pursuing them for miles1 and many were her exploits among rotten and floating ice1 in pursuit of wounded ducks1 sometimes1 in fogs and darkness4 ,on one occasion she brought out twenty-two or twenty-three ducks1 all killed or wounded by ,varnell at a single shot4 ,a good deal of time was lost in pursuing these wounded ducks1 and at the close of this pursuit1 it being then dark1 ,varnell gave up the slut as lost1 so many hours had she been engaged in bringing out her game2 but after ,varnell had sorrowfully turned his face homeward1 she overtook him with one or two ducks in her mouth2 and the old doctor stated that he remembered ,varnell saying that at one time1 when she was most fatigued1 she climbed on a cake of floating ice1 and after resting herself on it1 renewed the pursuit of the ducks4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,ordinary ,,tricks ,,performed ,,by ,,dogs4 ,every dog who has the good or ill fortune to be a member of civilized society is usually fated to undergo a more or less systematic education 8in the way he should go40 ,this education may be either in the primitive style illustrated by the administration of a vigorous kick accompanying the command 8get out10 to teach the dog to leave you1 or the more elaborate training which culminates in the production of a canine prodigy4 ,the capacity for education in dogs varies much with different varieties1 and even with individuals of the same variety4 ,while some are taught with the greatest difficulty1 others display a wonderful aptitude for learning1 and acquire a proficiency which is often really surprising4 ,whether it is proposed to educate the animal as much as his capacity will admit of1 or merely to teach him the things necessary for common convenience1 the first thing is ,,to ,,teach ,,him ,,his ,,name4 ,if a dog has any particular name by which he is usually addressed1 he will in time learn to answer to it4 ,with a little system1 however1 he will learn much sooner than otherwise1 and where there are several dogs it is a good plan to make each know his own distinctive title thoroughly1 and to respond promptly to it4 ,this will render your intercourse with1 and your management of them1 both easier and pleasanter4 ,it may be accomplished by a very simple process4 ,when you feed them1 call each one by name to his food4 ,if any of the others come forward1 send them back4 ,by dividing the food into small morsels and calling each dog in turn to receive his piece1 always insisting that he and no other shall receive it1 considerable of a lesson may be derived from each meal4 ,when convenient take them out to walk1 being careful to provide yourself with a few crackers or a piece of bread4 ,allow the dogs to ramble about at their pleasure1 and whenever you choose call some particular one by his name2 when he comes to you reward him with a piece of cracker4 ,by-and-by call some other one1 and continue the plan at your discretion4 ,at the end of ten or a dozen lessons they will have pretty well learned their names1 and come at your call4 ,if you have only one dog1 the plan would be about the same4 ,,to ,,leap4 ,this is very a simple trick and easily taught4 ,a line or pole may be extended from any convenient supports1 just so high that the dog cannot step over4 ,take your station on one side of this barrier with a supply of bread or cracker4 ,by the offer of a small piece induce him to approach as near as possible to the line or pole1 keeping the tid-bit close to his nose1 but raised a trifle above it4 ,now1 with a sudden movement1 extend your hand beyond the barrier1 crying at the same moment1 8hip10 or any other quick1 inspiring exclamation4 ,eager to get the tempting morsel he will leap over1 and the same proceeding may be repeated once or twice1 when he should be rewarded with the bait he has been striving for4 ,after a few repetitions he will probably leap over at a motion of the hand and the word of command4 ,he should always be rewarded for obeying1 and it is well to have a light switch with which to give him a gentle cut should he attempt to run under1 which he should never be permitted to do4 ,the hight of the barrier may be increased gradually from day to day1 taking care never to over-task his powers4 ,with practice many dogs acquire the ability of making very creditable leaps4 ,we had an old dog who had been attached to a circus in his youth1 and had been rather 8fast0 in his proclivities4 ,not being content to settle down to the quiet peacefulness of a back-yard existence1 which he probably considered rather slow1 he was in the habit of leaping over a fence at least ten feet high and plentifully studded with spikes1 that he might indulge in a nightly canine spree with other festive dogs of his acquaintance4 ,when the dog leaps readily over a bar1 a hoop may be held in the hand and the same system pursued4 ,the hoop may be gradually lessened in size until the dog finally leaps through one hardly bigger around than his own body1 but to do this the trainer must display some skill in conforming the motions of the hoop to those of the dog as he passes through4 ,,to ,,walk ,,erect4 ,illustration3 ,,walking ,,erect4 ,hold a bone or other like temptation a little above the dog's nose1 but not so high as to lead him to jump to get it4 ,as he reaches for it raise it so as to induce him to rise up on his hind feet1 saying as you do so1 8up1 up60 ,when he reaches the proper stand-point1 let him remain there a moment or two and then let him have the bone4 ,soon he will stand up on your merely holding your hand in the position described and saying1 8up1 up40 ,then he may be taught to walk in this position by slowly moving the bone or your hand slightly in advance4 ,these exercises should not be tediously prolonged1 especially at first1 for the position is an unnatural and very fatiguing one to the animal4 ,after he thoroughly understands what is required of him you may check any attempt he may make to regain his natural position before you are willing1 by a gentle tap under the chin or under the fore paws4 ,,to ,,dance4 ,a dog is generally considered sufficiently accomplished in this 8graceful and agreeable art0 when he has learned to hop around on his hind legs1 and to keep turning completely around at short intervals4 ,there are several modes of arriving at this result1 the most simple of which is1 probably1 to take a long switch1 after the dog has learned to stand erect1 and to this switch attach a piece of meat4 ,with this you can trace out in the air1 in tempting proximity to his nose1 the figures you wish him to take1 and you may depend upon his instinct leading him to follow the motions of the switch4 ,this may seem rather an absurd plan for initiating your pupil into the mysteries of the ball-room1 but it is nevertheless one of the most effective that can be devised4 ,the dog should be rewarded with the meat after he has danced enough to fairly earn it1 and after a few lessons the switch may be used without any bait attached4 ,he will at first follow its motions in the hope that there is something attached1 and if he be rewarded for doing so1 he will soon comprehend that following the switch means meat by-and-by4 ,if he is dressed up in feminine apparel1 as is generally done at public exhibitions1 the absurd figure he cuts1 and the ridiculous caricature of a lady 8tripping the light fantastic toe0 which he presents1 is extremely laughable4 ,,to ,,jump ,,rope4 ,after the dog has learned to leap at your command a light rope may be substituted for the pole1 one end of the rope being attached to some stationary object while the other end is held in your hand4 ,exercise the dog a few times at leaping the rope while it is without motion1 and near the ground1 using the command 8hip10 or whatever one he has been trained to leap with1 each time4 ,then give the rope a slight motion and at the proper moment give the dog the usual command and he will obey it4 ,by increasing the motion very gradually he will1 after many lessons1 be able to jump rope very creditably4 ,he may be taught either to jump while standing on his full complement of legs1 or in the perpendicular fashion4 ,,to ,,sit ,,and ,,lie ,,down4 ,it is one thing to have your dog do a thing at his own convenience and of his own free will1 and quite another thing to have him perform the same action at your desire1 especially if he had a little rather not do it4 ,this applies particularly to sitting or lying down1 for it usually happens that when you desire him to do so he feels least inclined2 but it is the trainer's business to bend the animal's will to his own1 and in this case it may be done thus3 ,taking your position with the dog in front of you1 raise one hand over his head and make a motion with it as though about to strike him on the top of his head with your palm2 as you do so repeat the word 8down0 distinctly and commandingly1 with each motion of the hand4 ,this should not be done as a menace1 but to indicate your wishes4 ,while you do this1 press firmly with your other hand upon his back1 just over the hips1--this pressure will assist in making him take the desired position4 ,when he has done so he should be patted and made to understand that he has done right4 ,repeat until he obeys the command readily1 and then teach him to lie down1 which consists in forcing him into a recumbent posture1 as you command him to 8lie down60 ,,to ,,beg4 ,after the dog has learned to stand erect he may easily be taught to beg4 ,all that is requisite is to press him down in the desired position2 if he attempts to leave it a gentle tap on the head with the switch will be sufficient to control him4 ,he may1 if preferred1 be taught to beg without learning to stand erect2 in this case he may be made to sit down and then1 pressing his haunches down to prevent his rising to his feet1 tap him under the chin till he takes the right position4 ,repetition is of course necessary until he learns what is desired1 and each time you place him in position it is well to say 8beg0 two or three times so he may associate the word with the act4 ,dogs1 like many of the human race1 after they have 8got the hang of it10 will beg persistently for the sake of an occasional trifling reward4 ,,to ,,give ,,his ,,paw4 ,there is scarcely a boy's pet dog who has not acquired this very simple trick1 though his master probably would not recollect how it was taught4 ,perhaps it was the dog's sociable feelings that led him to perform the kindly ceremony of 8shaking hands10 or perhaps it was due to the instinctive good breeding which is sometimes accredited to some people--and why not also to some dogs8 ,whether politeness is a grace which adorns the canine character1 however1 is a question we hardly feel prepared to discuss1 and it is much more probable that ,master ,harry1 7or ,james1 or whatever his name may be71 with no special thought in regard to the matter1 hit upon the secret which underlies all animal training--compelling obedience to a command until the command is obeyed without compulsion4 ,what was more natural for our friend ,harry1 when he first gave the momentous command of 8paw10 and ,carlo utterly in the dark as to its signification1 taking no notice of it--than to grip ,carlo's fore 8limb0 and give it a shake8 ,nothing in the world more natural4 ,this is probably repeated at odd times until ,carlo learns to give his paw when ,harry says 8paw10 or holds out his paw4 ,if the same paw is always given1 as it will be if during the training that one be always taken1 the dog may be taught to offer the other one when you ask for the 8other paw10 by merely taking it a few times when you make the request4 ,by using 8paw0 for one and 8other paw0 for the other--8paw0 first--the dog will seldom get them confused4 ,it is preferable and makes the performance seem better1 while it is really no more difficult1 if the words 8right0 and 8left0 are used in connection with the commands4 ,it is just as easy for a dog to learn the difference between 8right paw0 and 8left paw10 as between 8paw0 and 8other paw40 ,it is well to lay extra stress upon 8right0 and 8left0 while training1 and these words should be pronounced very distinctly4 ,should the dog offer the wrong paw merely repeat your former command until he changes it1 then take it in your hand1 call him 8good dog10 and pat his head to let him know he has done right4 ,a little boy of our acquaintance had a very handsome ,newfoundland dog1 and having often heard the family physician desire members of the family to let him feel their pulse1 he thought it would be a capital idea1 and having coaxed the cook to give him some choice bits of beef-steak1 he commenced practice4 8,let me feel your pulse1 ,bruno10 says he1 and taking ,bruno's paw in his fingers he imitated the doctor with a comical childish assumption of professional gravity4 ,he scarcely intended1 when he commenced1 to make ,bruno offer his pulse for examination at his desire1 but ,bruno was an intelligent dog and the beef-steak was very good1 and before long he would stick his paw out as nicely as could be desired4 ,our little friend1 delighted with the result of his efforts1 lost no opportunity of showing off ,bruno's accomplishment1 and the dog was continually holding out his 8pulse0 for the examination of visitors4 ,the doctor calling some time after was somewhat amused at our little friend's request to ,bruno to 8let the doctor feel your pulse10 and ,bruno's ready compliance therewith4 ,we had a half-grown puppy of one of the larger breeds some years since1 which by constant training became so used to offering his paw that he would do so to visitors or others without being ordered to4 ,one day a strange cat intruded upon the premises1 and puppy made a rush at it with every token of hostility4 ,when near it1 however1 habit appeared to gain a mastery1 for he held out his paw as usual4 ,the cat being irritated by his previous threatening aspect merely struck at him with her claws1 inflicting quite a severe scratch1 whereupon puppy1 perceiving politeness to be at a discount1 pitched in and routed the enemy gallantly4 ,,to ,,sneeze4 ,on a recent visit to a friend we came across a dog who would sneeze in a most natural manner whenever his master said1 8,sneeze1 ,zip40 ,this being the only example of a dog performing this trick which we had ever seen we desired our friend to give us some particulars of the manner of teaching the trick1 which he obligingly did1 to this effect3 8,one afternoon1 having nothing more important to do1 ,i was amusing myself by bothering ,zip with a long feather which ,i poked in his face1 to induce him to snap at it4 ,while doing this ,i by chance tickled his nose1 he immediately commenced sneezing4 ,once commenced1 it seemed as though he would never stop1 and ,i said1 rather sarcastically1 #8,sneeze1 ,zip4' ,i don't suppose my words had any effect1 but he certainly did sneeze2 this gave me the idea of teaching him to repeat it at my bidding4 ,armed with my feather ,i commenced operations2 tickling his nose gently each time ,i repeated the command4 ,he didn't like the feather very well1 and by-and-by1 as though his imagination foreshadowed its effects1 he would sneeze on having it pointed in close proximity to his nose4 ,at odd times when ,i had a little idle time on my hands1 ,i repeated the exercise1 and the dog in a few weeks would sneeze very creditably when ,i commanded4 ,i was in the habit of rewarding every first rate sneeze with a butter cracker1 of which ,zip was very fond4 ,zip has since had the reputation of suffering from severe colds in the head40 ,this was the only special accomplishment which ,zip possessed1 and whether this was the result of peculiarly sensitive olfactory organs or his master's training we are unable to say4 ,of the merits of the latter we are not prepared to speak1 having never given the system an actual trial1 but we should imagine that such a course might succeed4 ,,to ,,speak ,,for ,,it4 ,this may be taught either in connection with the preceding trick1 as a portion of it1 or by itself4 ,if the former1 it is better to let the dog thoroughly master the first part1 begging1 before it is attempted to teach him to 8speak for it40 ,take a piece of some article of food which he is fond of1 and allowing him to see it1 command him to 8speak for it60 ,of course he will not understand what you mean1 and will probably only gaze wistfully at the morsel4 ,by-and-by he will grow impatient and give vent to a sharp bark4 ,the moment he has done this give him the article1 for although he has not understood you he has done what you desired1 and by rewarding him he learns that this is the case4 ,practice him a little at some of his old tricks with another reward at hand to encourage him4 ,should he try the experiment of barking while thus engaged no notice should be taken of it1 for it is not desired that he should bark except he be told to1 and his doing so in other cases should never be rewarded4 ,when you wish it1 repeat the command of 8speak for it10 and when he obeys reward him4 ,if at first he does not show an inclination to bark he may be stimulated to do so by your giving a 8bow-wow0 yourself in as doggish a manner as you are able4 ,this encroachment on his language will generally have the desired effect1 for few dogs can resist replying to this act which they no doubt deem an impertinent meddling with their 8mother tongue40 ,,to ,,fetch ,,and ,,carry4 ,illustration3 ,,dog ,,taught ,,to ,,carry ,,basket4 ,this accomplishment may often be put to great practical use1 and it is an excellent plan to teach all dogs1 which are large enough to be of any service in this manner1 to carry baskets or parcels when accompanying their masters4 ,the mode of training is very simple1 consisting of merely placing the article in the dog's mouth1 and when he lets go of it give him a slight box on the ear and replace the article in his mouth4 ,whatever is given him to carry should be of such a form as to be grasped easily by him without hurting his mouth or teeth4 ,the weight should at first be very light and never more than he can easily carry4 ,most dogs will take a real pleasure in carrying articles in this manner1 and they seem to feel the responsibility attached to their duty1 for they will carry their own or their master's dinner without attempting to appropriate any portion of it until the proper time when their share shall be given them4 ,in teaching dogs to carry food1 however1 it is necessary to take a little special pains to overcome their instinctive inclinations to eat it4 ,a good plan is to place the article in a covered basket which they cannot open1 and when the dog has learned to carry an ordinary parcel give him this4 ,if he attempts to get at the food1 which he readily detects by his sense of smell1 box his ears4 ,by-and-by reward him with the food1 and then try him with a basket from which he can abstract the contents2 if he tries to do so punish him slightly1 never permitting him to steal the food4 ,if a dog ever deserves a reward for well doing he certainly does in this case1 for it is too bad to tantalize him with the smell of some dainty and then not to let him finally have something for his good conduct4 ,to make a dog carry articles from one person to another it is only necessary for two persons to take their position at some distance from one another4 ,one gives the dog some article saying1 8go1 sir10 at the same time4 ,as the first says this let the other person call or whistle to the dog4 ,now let this one give the dog some thing and let the other one call him1 and so on back and forth until he will go from one to the other at the command1 8go1 sir40 ,the distance between the parties may be increased from time to time1 and the trick may be varied by one of them hiding himself1 this will teach the dog to hunt for the person to whom he is to deliver the article1 which will prove useful when you by-and-by desire to send him on an actual errand to a distance4 ,the extent to which any dog may be educated in this matter depends very much upon his natural intelligence and the skill and perseverance of his teacher4 ,many anecdotes are told of dogs going on errands4 ,in some cases they go to the post-office for letters1 in other cases to the store for groceries1 etc41 and we recollect several instances cited where dogs would1 on being given a piece of money1 go to the baker's and purchase cake on their own account4 ,the baker1 in one of these instances1 is said to have one day palmed a stale bun upon a dog who had been in the habit of coming to him regularly with pennies1 and the animal1 to show he was not to be imposed upon1 transferred his custom to a rival establishment4 ,in none of these accounts have we ever seen any mention of the dogs having been subjected to any special training1 and it is more than likely that they never were4 ,animals1 like men1 are creatures of habit4 ,if a man becomes accustomed to a certain routine it is difficult for him to change4 ,many merchants1 retired from business1 continue to pay a daily visit to their old offices1 their brokers or lawyers1 just because not to do so would make them uncomfortable and restless4 ,so a dog who has become used to accompanying his master on any regular round of duties will often show that he understands where it is they are going by running ahead and stopping at the accustomed place4 ,we call to mind a dog belonging to a gentleman residing some miles from this city1 who will serve as an example of what we have stated1 though probably all of our readers are familiar with instances equally1 if not more1 remarkable4 ,the gentleman was accustomed to walk from his residence some half mile to take the morning train for the city1 and to return by a particular train in the evening4 ,the dog accompanied him to the cars in the morning1 and would again meet him on the arrival of the train at night4 ,it took him some weeks to learn when to expect his master1 but after that he never made any mistakes4 ,a writer in one of the magazines mentions a poodle who was in the habit of going to church with his master and sitting with him in the pew during the whole service4 ,sometimes his owner did not come1 but the poodle was always promptly in his place1 remaining during the service and departing with the rest of the congregation4 ,one ,sunday the dam at the head of a lake in the neighborhood gave way1 and the whole road was inundated4 ,the attendance at church that morning was therefore restricted to a few individuals who came from near by4 ,but by the time the clergyman had commenced1 he saw our friend the poodle coming slowly up the aisle dripping with water1 having been obliged to swim a quarter of a mile to get there4 ,it is not very difficult to teach a dog to go on errands4 ,suppose you wish him to go to market for you of a morning2 take him with you regularly for a few mornings1 letting him carry the basket4 ,in a few days he will understand when you start where it is you propose to go1 and will1 perhaps1 run on ahead and arrive there some minutes before you4 ,it would be well on all occasions before starting to give the command1 8,go to market10 which will accustom him to it4 ,we do not vouch for the truth of the story of the dog who1 on being given--when purchasing one time on his own account1 with money given him for that purpose--a piece of meat inferior to what he considered his due1 went and brought a policeman4 ,,to ,,bring ,,his ,,tail ,,in ,,his ,,mouth4 ,the dog having been taught to fetch and carry1 an amusing application of this knowledge can be made by having him bring his own tail in his mouth4 ,this trick is exceedingly funny and is always hailed with roars of laughter4 ,the feat is rather difficult for while his tail is in his mouth1 the dog can only advance in something like crab fashion1 or sideways1 with an almost irresistible tendency to go around in a circle without getting ahead any4 ,to attain success in teaching this trick the dog must be gifted with a good deal of tail1 and the trainer with a good deal of patience4 ,dogs will in play grasp their tails1 and most persons have noticed while frolicking with a dog that if the dog's tail be taken hold of with one's hand1 the dog will attempt to seize the hand with his mouth1 and if his tail be now dexterously placed in his way1 he will seize that4 ,this perhaps first suggested the idea of the trick1 and this is the initial step of the training4 ,when the dog takes hold of his tail praise him1 and after he has held it a little while bid him 8let go10 and reward him4 ,should he relinquish his hold before you order him to1 speak sharply to him and commence again4 ,when he has learned to retain hold of his tail until ordered to relinquish it1 the more difficult part of his lesson may be taught--the bringing it to the trainer4 ,the trainer at first takes his place a few feet from the dog in the direction in which the dog can most easily advance1 and calls the dog2 should he let go his tail to come1 he is to be scolded1 and the tail replaced in his mouth4 ,when he comes without letting go1 he should be rewarded4 ,gradually the distance he is required to come may be increased1 but it would be cruel to make this distance more than half a dozen yards4 ,when the tail is placed in his mouth it is well to say1 8,bring me your tail10 to accustom him to the order4 ,by-and-by when you give this order merely hold his tail for him to grasp1 and at last let him seize it without any assistance from you4 ,,the ,,rolling ,,ball4 ,there are several modifications of this trick1 or rather there are several feats all performed with this instrument--a globe of wood or other material some two feet in diameter4 ,one of these feats consists in the dog standing with his hind feet upon the ground1 and resting his paws on the ball1 pushing it forward1 or up and down an inclined plane4 ,this is easily taught1 and the only difficult part of the performance is the descent of the inclined plane1 where the ball is apt to roll away from the animal4 ,to teach this trick it is only requisite to place the dog's paws upon the ball and set it slowly in motion2 as you do this tap his hind legs gently from behind to urge him to step forward4 ,it may be necessary to hold him in position by the nape of the neck at first1 but he should very soon learn to retain his position without this aid4 ,when he rolls the ball readily upon a level1 substitute a wide plank very slightly inclined1 up which he should be required to roll the ball4 ,increase the inclination of the plank slightly with each lesson1 but the descent should only be attempted after he has been thoroughly drilled in the preceding exercises4 ,it will be necessary to commence with a very slight inclination and to promptly stop the ball should the dog begin to lose control of it4 ,the width of the plank may be decreased eventually to some ten or twelve inches4 ,to stand entirely upon the ball while it is in motion1 and to propel it backward and forward1 and up and down the inclined plane1 starting and stopping it as well as guiding its motions in the desired direction--is a more difficult feat4 ,in this the dog must be practiced in standing upon the ball while it has no motion2 in several lessons in this just the barest possible motion is to be given to the ball while a slight hold upon the dog's neck keeps him in position4 ,the motion may be slowly increased with each lesson1 but the ball must for many lessons be held firmly with the hand to prevent it becoming unmanageable4 ,when the dog becomes able to maintain his position he may be required to manage the ball without any assistance4 ,in all cases where he gets down from the ball1 accidentally or willfully1 he should be spoken to sharply1 but the trainer should be equally prompt to praise and reward success4 ,,to ,,walk ,,on ,,stilts4 ,the stilts used in this trick are about twelve or fifteen inches in length1 made to fasten to the leg just below the knee joint1 with tape or thin flexible leather straps4 ,when four are used there is no particular training required to make the dog walk upon them2 it being only necessary to put him 8on his pins0 again whenever he upsets4 ,the tumble is sufficient punishment for his failures4 ,walking man fashion on only two stilts is a much more difficult task1 though it has been accomplished in some cases4 ,the dog should be first thoroughly taught the walking erect trick1 then stilts may be put on his hind legs4 ,a cord attached to his collar and held in the trainer's hand will aid in maintaining the dog's balance until he becomes accustomed to his novel position4 ,of course the dog cannot raise himself upon the stilts1 but must be placed erect by the trainer4 ,the farther training is similar to that described for teaching him to walk erect4 ,a story is told of a dog who actually found a wooden leg of practical use2 one having been furnished him by a whimsical surgeon who had amputated an injured limb for him4 ,,to ,,go ,,up ,,and ,,down ,a ,,ladder4 ,illustration3 ,,climbing ,,the ,,ladder4 ,in teaching this trick two ladders should be provided about six feet in length and joined together at the top ends so as to form an angle when the other ends are placed on the ground4 ,the bars of these ladders should be flat and sufficiently near together to enable the dog easily to step from one round to another4 ,standing at the side of this ladder with a switch in your right hand you whistle to the dog1 or call him by name1 and tap the first round of the ladder with your switch to indicate he is to step upon it4 ,when he places his fore paws on this round1 tap the next in the same manner1 saying1 8,go on10 to him4 ,if he does not obey strike his hind legs lightly from behind1 while you encourage him with your voice and snap your fingers in front of him to urge him forward4 ,a tid-bit of some kind held in tempting proximity to his nose may have an encouraging effect4 ,after ascending one ladder he should be made to go down the other4 ,he will be inclined to jump to the ground in preference to descending step by step2 should he do this he must be punished and made to commence over again4 ,when on the ladder if he hesitates about proceeding gently tap the toes of the foot he should next advance4 ,when two dogs have been taught to go over the ladders a race may be arranged1 the dog who first goes three times over to be rewarded4 ,the dogs will soon understand that when they are both ordered to go over1 speed is expected2 the dainty given to the winner will be an incentive to exertion4 ,by making one dog go up to where the ladders join1 turning half around and forming an arch of his body1 the other dog can go over the ladders1 passing beneath the belly of the 8arch40 ,this is a very trifling feat but it generally pleases an audience4 ,the ladder climbing forms really the principal part of the celebrated siege scene1 performed by dogs and monkeys4 ,this scene1 we believe1 was first enacted in ,london in the year #agec1 by a troupe of dogs and monkeys which acquired considerable celebrity by their performances4 ,they were owned by a lady1 who had also taught them1 and went by the name of ,mrs4 ,midnight's ,animal ,commedians4 ,a small stage was specially fitted up for their performances1 furnished with scenery1 decorations1 etc41 and to these adjuncts was no doubt due much of the success of the troupe4 ,the performance was much like modern ones2 the tricks are all included in this chapter and the one on monkeys2 the famous siege being only a clever combination of the different tricks4 ,each animal was taught a particular part and merely obeyed the signals of the exhibition4 ,,to ,,stand ,,on ,,his ,,head ,,and ,,to ,,walk ,,on ,,his ,,fore ,,legs4 ,illustration3 ,,walking ,,on ,,fore ,,legs4 ,the term 8standing on the head0 is applied to a 8wrong end up0 position though the animal is actually supported by his fore paws1 his head not necessarily touching the ground4 ,to teach the trick1 provide yourself with a switch twenty inches in length1 and moderately stout4 ,this switch1 held in your right hand1 you place under the dog's belly1 and while you raise up his hind quarters with it1 you place your left hand on his head to keep him from moving away1 and to make him retain his reversed position4 ,as the dog rises into position the switch should be gradually carried along until it supports his hind feet4 ,this is the process for the first few lessons1 until the dog understands what is required2 after that it is better merely to tap his ankles from in front with your switch1 giving at the same time whatever order you have accustomed him to in teaching the trick4 ,he should eventually take the position without any hint or help from the switch4 ,when the preceeding trick is thoroughly mastered1 the walking part may be easily added4 ,taking your position a little in front of your pupil when he is in his upside-down position1 you encourage him to come to you4 ,at the same time you must keep your switch in handy proximity to his toes1 which you tap lightly on any signs of his relinquishing his position4 ,by-and-by he may be made to walk quite a distance4 ,,to 8,,sing40 ,when a dog howls in time1 we think it fair to call his performance 8singing40 ,dogs may be taught to do this2 at least they have been1 and it is reasonable to presume it may be done again4 ,in only one case of this kind do we know positively the mode of tuition1 but it was probably pretty much the same in all cases4 ,this consisted in keeping the dog without food until his appetite was quite sharp4 ,when food was shown him1 he naturally whined for it4 ,now1 a dog may be made to whine1 howl1 or bark1 if you make any of those noises yourself2 almost any dog will imitate you1 and not only that1 but the pitch and style of noise he makes will be somewhat regulated by that made by you4 ,the hungry dog is in prime mental condition for this exercise1 and if rewarded when he hits pretty near upon the right degree of noise1 he will learn to follow your tones quite accurately4 ,if exercised in a regular scale1 or in a simple tune1 he will by-and-by go through it without requiring your prompting1 with sufficient accuracy to be recognized--if the hearers know beforehand what melody to expect4 ,it is not pretended1 of course1 that dogs trained as above described1 do anything but repeat a series of noises mechanically in a prescribed rotation4 ,we find recorded1 however1 one instance of a dog learning to discriminate between the different notes1 and to detect false ones in a musical performance4 ,the story seems improbable1 but may be true2 however1 it is worth telling3 8,frederick ,schwartz1 a merchant retired from business in ,darmstadt1 occupied his leisure hours1 which were many1 almost exclusively with music4 ,his passion for the art acquired such an intensity that he required every one about him to fall in with his musical predilections by either vocal or instrumental coperation4 ,poodle1 the dog1 was the only one unable to render any musical assistance4 ,as worthy ,herr ,schwartz felt the utter impossibility of making ,poodle afford any practical aid1 he determined to train him to fill the office of critic in his own harmonious community4 ,he succeeded1 too1 by an ingenious method4 ,whenever a note out of tune proceeded from a voice or an instrument2 every time that a musical fault was committed by any member of the family--and such faults were committed purposely--the rod was applied to ,poodle's back1 and he naturally began to bark and howl4 ,he was exactly in the position of the whipping boy1 who pursued his studies with the royal prince4 ,whenever the prince made a grammatical blunder1 the whipping boy had to smart for it4 ,before long1 simple threats were substituted for smitings of his 7,poodle's7 back2 afterward a look sufficed to set the creature barking2 and little by little ,poodle familiarized himself with wrong notes and other musical atrocities1 until at last a mistake could not be committed without his rebuking it either by a bark or a growl4 ,he thus became1 as far as music was concerned1 the most impartial judge1 the most conscientious critic in the whole grand duchy of ,hesse ,darmstadt4 8,unfortunately1 his appreciation of musical art was completely and solely negative4 ,he bestowed no praise1 but only blame4 ,sing with expression1 perform with talent1 the dog would remain impassive and cold2 but at the slightest incorrectness of intonation he ground his teeth1 lashed his tail1 growled1 yelped1 and barked aloud4 ,so long as he flourished--and he may flourish still--not a concert or an opera was rehearsed in ,darmstadt without inviting ,herr ,frederick ,schwartz and his dog--but more especially the dog4 ,if the prima donna made the slightest slip1 the dog looked at his master with an air of disapprobation4 ,if the hautboys came in too late1 ,poodle pricked up his ears2 if the clarionet hurried the movement1 ,poodle fidgeted on his bench2 if the kettle-drummer broke the time1 ,poodle uttered audible murmurs4 ,in fact1 no piece was considered properly executed unless the canine connoisseur remained quiet on his seat4 8,nor must it be supposed that ,poodle's instinct was limited to forming a judgment of the execution only4 ,his intelligence1 trained by hearing classical works1 seemed to have penetrated some of the secrets of composition4 ,an abrupt modulation1 a false resolution1 would produce symptoms of doubt on ,poodle's muzzle2 consecutive fifths made him shudder1 and a halting melody set his teeth on edge4 ,sometimes ,herr ,schwartz and his intimate friends1 in the privacy of a snug little quartette party1 would amuse themselves by producing discordant sounds1 for the sake of tormenting the sensitive animal4 ,on such occasions ,poodle lost all self-command3 his hair stood on end1 his eyes became bloodshot1 and frightful howlings answered to the discord produced by the fiddles of the mystificators4 ,moreover1 they were obliged to keep within certain bounds4 ,poodle possessed only a limited stock of forbearance4 ,if the cacophony was too intense or too prolonged1 ,poodle1 carrying out his sense of duty1 upset everything4 ,music-stands1 music-stools1 and instruments1 were strewed in confusion about the room40 ,,the ,,lump ,,of ,,sugar ,,trick4 ,this consists in placing a lump of sugar on the dog's nose1 and having him toss it up and catch it in his mouth4 ,it is not essential that sugar should be used2 any other dainty will do as well1 indeed a piece of meat will answer better in teaching the trick4 ,in teaching1 hold your switch under the dog's chin1 and tap him whenever he tries to lower his head to let the meat drop4 ,if he does not presently jerk his head up1 and so throw the morsel into the air1 you should strike him under the chin a pretty smart rap to make him do so4 ,when it leaves his nose there will be no instruction required to make him seize it promptly before it has a chance to reach the ground2 should it1 however1 touch the ground1 it is well to take it from him1 and make him toss it again4 ,,to ,,feign ,,death4 ,a dog may be placed on his back or in almost any other posture1 and by speaking sharply to him and threatening him with your forefinger1 you can prevent his changing his position4 ,in this manner the trick of feigning death is taught4 ,if a special word of command be used when placing him1 he will learn to take the position on hearing that command4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,wonderful ,,feats ,,performed ,,by ,,dogs--,,most ,,celebrated ,,dogs ,,of ,,the ,,world--,,learning ,,the ,,alphabet--,,to ,,play ,,cards ,,and ,,dominoes--,,to ,,select ,,any ,,article ,,desired ,,and ,,put ,,it ,,anywhere ,,directed4 ,our last chapter gave a wide range of tricks performed by dogs1 most of which can be taught by the amateur trainer4 ,there is another class of tricks1 requiring great intelligence on the part of the dog1 and rare skill and patience on the part of the trainer1 for their successful mastery4 ,though these may be beyond the abilities of ordinary dogs and ordinary trainers--for such feats are very rare1 even in public exhibitions1 and when performed1 are looked upon almost as miracles--they cannot fail to prove interesting to our readers1 and it is barely possible that some reader of this book may yet astonish the world with some equally proficient animal1 to rival those whose deeds are herein recorded4 ,the ,french trainers have probably brought the education of the dog to a point achieved in no other country1 and several of these canine celebrities have become subjects of history4 ,emil de ,tarade gives a very interesting account of two of these1 the principal part of which account we translate1 as follows3 8,in #ahdj ,i was acquainted with ,m4 ,leonard1 of ,lisle1 7an inspector of the revenue7 who possessed two well taught dogs4 ,braque and ,philax1 as they were named1 were two grayhounds1 with large brown ears4 ,their eyes alone would tell you how much intelligence had been developed in these interesting animals4 ,words were fixed in their memory with a positive meaning4 ,these dogs knew as well as we do the meaning of #8above1' #8below1' #8before1' #8behind1' etc4 ,they made a proper application of the name of a color1 of a number up to a certain point2 knew what was meant by #8parlor1' #8corridor1' #8stairs2' knew the furniture1 utensils1 small objects of the pocket and toilet2 and when one bade these dogs perform in the absence of their master1 one was seized with astonishment and admiration4 8,if you said to one3 #8,go sit down in front of the lady in the rose-colored dress1' the dog went immediately to seek the lady so designated1 seated himself upon his haunches1 wagging his tail1 and regarding the lady with a very expressive look4 #8,ask the lady for her thimble4' ,the lady offered successively her handkerchief1 gloves1 etc41 but the animal did not move4 ,as soon as she presented the thimble1 he ran off1 making a thousand gambols at having obtained it4 ,after this he passed gravely about the room1 as if to say3 #8,what shall ,i do with it8' ,on saying to him3 #8,go to the sofa in front of the fireplace--there is a hat upon it--put the thimble in the hat1 and carry it to the lady in blue1' the dog would strictly carry out the order4 8,placing a piece of meat on a piece of bread1 and putting the whole into a corner of the room1 you might say to either of these dogs3 #8,seek it6 ,seize it6' ,the animal would run toward the object in question1 but on nearing it1 he would face about1 seat himself before you with a pleasant air1 as if to say3 #8,i only eat what my master gives me--is ,mons4 ,leonard present8' ,the latter would say3 #8,leave the meat--put it on the ground--eat the bread4' ,the order would be executed4 8,both these dogs knew how to play dominoes1 and this is the method in which it was done3 ,one dog was made to seat himself upon a chair before a table on which were placed the dominoes1 and opposite a human player4 ,it was necessary to give the dog only four dominoes1 which were laid out in a row1 the faces toward him4 ,if he had a double six he played it at once1 placing it in the middle of the table4 ,if he had not1 he waited for his opponent to play4 ,then1 if he had a domino proper to play1 he did not fail to do it1 though he never adjusted it nicely--contenting himself with placing it at the end to which it belonged4 ,if you attempted to cheat1 by placing a two1 for instance1 where a six belonged1 he contented himself 7if it was a lady7 with returning the wrong domino2 but if it was a gentleman1 he accompanied the correction with a growl1 as if to say3 #8,do not revoke1 sir4' ,these feats were performed by these dogs either in the presence or absence of their master4 8,one day1 walking in the country1 ,i asked ,m4 ,leonard to order the dogs to go over a fence right and left4 ,he did so by command only1 ,philax going over on our left1 and ,braque on the right1 as they were ordered4 ,then he ordered them to kiss each other2 they pushed muzzle to muzzle in quite an amusing way4 ,another thing1 the dogs were frequently sent to the butcher1 baker1 or grocer1 with a basket and written message1 and on these occasions it was only necessary to say3 #8,go to the butcher6' #8,go to the baker6' or1 #8,go to the grocer6' and the command was always obeyed without fail4 ,on these occasions1 one would carry the basket1 and the other would act as guard4 8,one may see from this that if the grayhound1 the least intelligent of his kind1 is capable of such instruction1 all dogs are capable of being taught to do things which seem apparently impossible40 ,still another ,french celebrity of the canine kind is described by a writer in ,le ,siecle1 a ,paris journal4 ,mlle4 ,bianca1 as she was called1 one of the pug breed1 created quite a sensation among amusement seekers at the time she was exhibited1 and her wonderful feats were witnessed by large audiences4 ,we did not see her performance1 but have been assured by persons who did1 that the following1 though perhaps a little highly colored--as is the habit of most ,french writers--is yet substantially an accurate description of the dog's feats4 ,le ,siecle's reporter says3 8,as most of the ,parisian papers have mentioned this little phenomenon1 who reminds the public of the genius of the illustrious ,munito1 ,i1 in turn1 wished to make ,mlle4 ,bianca's acquaintance4 ,she did me the honor to accord a private audience to me1 for which ,i am extremely grateful4 ,to see artists on the theater of their exploits is doubtless very agreeable1 but to be introduced into their intimate circle of friendship1 is still more precious4 ,if these lines should fall under ,mlle4 ,bianca's eyes--as it is not improbable1 for artists generally do not disdain to read newspapers where their merits are vaunted--she may see that1 though ,i am only a man1 may hert is no stranger to every sentiment of gratitude4 ,let me say1 in the first place1 in praise of my heroine1 that her modesty exceeds even that of male and female literary people1 who are1 as everybody knows1 a most modest race4 ,vanity1 that horrible fault which some observers have insisted they were able to detect in some men and women--fortunately extremely rare--is no canine vice2 and great as are ,mlle4 ,bianca's talents1 she remains what nature made her--simple and good natured1 and as sprightly as beautiful4 8,she reads fluently1 writes in her way1 corrects faults of orthography1 takes part in a game of ecarte1 forms a bouquet by the names of flowers or their colors1 and barks1 or at least is familiar with1 nineteen languages4 ,even if we admit the natural affection which ,mlle4 ,bianca's professor has for his excellent pupil has betrayed him into exaggerating the talents of ,mlle4 ,bianca some fifteen more tongues than she really possesses1 nevertheless she will still be a most distinguished polyglotist4 ,this ,i can affirm4 ,i gave her the ,english word #8,god' to translate into ,latin4 ,she instantly1 and without hesitation1 composed the word #8,deus4' ,this is her modus operandi3 ,she is placed on a table sufficiently large to allow her to move easily in every direction4 ,she is in the center of the table4 ,all around her are small bits of pasteboard1 bearing each a letter of the alphabet4 ,when a spectator gives a word1 or asks for a translation1 ,mlle4 ,bianca seems to think a moment1 half closes her eyes1 like a poet hunting for a rhyme1 and moves around the table1 taking pasteboard1 letter after letter1 until she completes the word4 ,she does this quietly1 easily1 without ever being betrayed into hurry4 ,the word formed1 she gravely takes her seat and gives one bark1 as a printer places a period at the end of a sentence4 ,she plays cards1 and forms nosegays in the same way4 ,while this intellectual animal is at work1 her master stands motionless1 some three or four paces from the table1 but does not say a word4 ,he sometimes disappears entirely behind a door1 and ,mlle4 ,bianca works wonders as effectually as when he is present4 ,i said to her tutor3 #8,so your dog really reads and understands what is said to her8' 8#8,how can you doubt it1 as you see she does so as well when ,i am absent as when ,i am by her side8' 8#8,she really is the worthy peer of ,munito1 the ,newton of the canine race4' 8#8,munito6' quickly exclaimed ,mlle4 ,bianca's tutor1 his lip curling with contempt as he spoke4 #8,munito was a miserable humbug2 one of those dogs who abuse the public credulity4' 8#8,what8 ,munito a humbug8 ,you astound me6' 8#8,yes1 sir2 and were ,munito here1 ,i should tell him so to his face4 ,impostors and dogs of real talents should not be confounded4 ,munito did not know ,b from a bull's foot1 while ,bianca has learned by rule4 ,what she knows1 she knows thoroughly4' 8#8,is it possible ,munito knew nothing1 and merely concerted with his master to appear learned8' 8#8,you have hit the nail on the head4' 8#8,do you mean to tell me there are pseudo savants among dogs8 ,i thought men had a monopoly of that plague4' 8#8,dogs don't escape it4' 8#8,good heavens6 can a fellow trust neither man nor dog8 ,do enter into particulars2 and since ,i am doomed1 it seems1 to lose one more illusion1 let the loss1 at least1 turn to the profit of my knowledge4' 8#8,i1 too1 was a dupe to ,munito's merits2 but one fine morning the scales fell from my eyes1 and ,i discovered the truth4 ,like my ,bianca--forgive me the odious comparison1 dear6--,munito stood in the center of a circle formed of bits of pasteboard bearing letters1 or figures1 or colors4 ,i grant you1 ,munito had a good deal of brains2 he was no fool1 ,i admit1 and his ear was exquisitely delicate4 ,had he been trained by a good method1 he would have attained high rank2 but his master1 who was an ,italian1 preferred turning his delicacy of hearing to profit1 rather than bringing him up by rule4' 8#8,ah6 ,munito was no classic4 ,but1 pray tell me1 did he then belong to the romantic school8' 8#8,not a bit more than he belonged to the classical school4 ,all his talents lay in obeying his master's signals4 ,munito walked gravely around the table1 assuming the airs of a member of the ,french academy2 but incapable as he was of reading or distinguishing colors1 he never stopped to pick up the bit of pasteboard except when his master gave him the signal4 ,munito's master stood with his hand in his breeches pocket4 ,he would snap a finger nail or a tooth pick1 and this click1 though so slight as to escape the attention of the spectators1 was caught by the dog's ear1 and who instantly received the reward of his criminal comedy4 ,he was given a bonbon4 ,do you know of what that so-called bonbon was made8 ',twas nothing but bread and meat hashed fine and rolled in the shape of a ball2 but there was no more sugar in it than there is in a black draught4 ,such cheating really deserves the brand of history4 ,if you think ,i speak harshly of ,munito1 my excuse is1 he is dead4 ,we owe nothing but truth to dead dogs as well as dead men4'0 ,the reader will perceive that1 for the best results1 a systematic course of education is necessary rather than the teaching of a mere trick1 to be performed at a recognized signal from the trainer4 ,presuming that the dog has been taught to fetch and carry1 as described in the preceding chapter1 and may thereby be considered to be well up in the rudiments of canine education1 the following1 which may be termed the 8classical0 course1 would be the system of instruction--it is1 indeed1 the same as was pursued with ,braque and ,philax3 ,having taught your dog the meaning of the words1 8go fetch it10 8bring it10 8drop it10 8bring it back10 you will next teach him the names of different articles4 ,let us first take a handkerchief1 and placing it upon the ground1 order him to 8bring the handkerchief10 until the name is impressed on his memory4 ,now we will add a glove1 and direct the dog to 8bring the glove40 ,should he bring the handkerchief instead1 we scold him1 but should he bring the glove1 we reward him4 ,when he has thoroughly learned to distinguish these articles by name1 a key may be added1 and the same method of teaching continued4 ,one by one other articles may be added1 until the number is sufficiently large to make the trick entertaining4 ,when he has been exercised in picking out on command the desired article from those-placed on the ground1 hide one of them1 and1 calling the hidden article by name1 order him to bring it4 ,if1 after examining the objects before him1 he shows by his distressed looks that he knows the article required is not among the others1 you may be assured he has thoroughly acquired his lesson4 ,if he brings a wrong article1 it is certain that either he is careless1 or not sufficiently drilled4 ,differences of color come next4 ,take1 for example1 a red1 white1 or blue handkerchief1 and placing it on the ground1 direct the dog to bring it1 calling it by color as well as name4 ,at first he will bring it1 because he knows what the word 8handkerchief0 means1 and without giving consideration to the color2 but when you add a handkerchief of a different color1 still ordering him to bring the former one1 he will remember the new word and its application to the right handkerchief4 ,supposing you have commenced with the red one1 and have added the white1 should he bring the white1 you say sternly1 8,no6 the red handkerchief10 making him replace the white1 and bring the red4 ,now repeat the lesson1 calling at will for first one and then the other1 until he makes no mistakes4 ,then add the blue handkerchief1 and repeat the lesson4 ,gloves of various colors may then be added1 one by one1 in all cases naming the color as well as the article when directing him to bring it4 ,the number of objects may be increased to whatever extent the patience of the trainer and the capacity of the pupil will admit of4 ,after that it will be found convenient to teach him the names of the more common articles of furniture4 ,pointing to a table1 you will say to him3 8,go to the table40 ,the motion of your hand will probably direct him to the designated spot2 and by repeating the lesson1 he will learn to associate the name of 8table0 with that article4 ,of course1 8chair10 8sofa10 and other objects may be added as he progresses4 ,then he may be taught to distinguish between the meanings of such words as 8on10 8under10 etc4 ,this is done by emphasizing the prepositions as3 8,put the glove on the chair20 8,put the handkerchief under the table10 etc41 in each case repeating the order until he obeys correctly4 ,if all preceding lessons have been thorough1 he will readily comprehend all of the order but the new part1 and as his attention will only be required by that1 he will soon learn it4 ,then the titles of individuals1 as 8lady10 8gentleman10 and 8child10 may be taught in the same manner1 reproving his failures and rewarding his successful attempts4 ,to secure a valuable dog against accidental or malicious injury from poisonous or improper food1 it is well to accustom him to take his food from the hand of his master1 or some other trustworthy person1 and never to eat anything unless it be so given4 ,this is the foundation of several tricks spoken of in a preceding page4 ,after the dog's intelligence has been so cultivated that he quickly understands your wishes1 and has become accustomed to rendering implicit obedience thereto1 place within his reach a piece of meat1 or a saucer of milk1 and order him not to touch it4 ,then retire to a short distance1 but be ready to check any attempt to seize the food1 by repeating the command1 8,don't touch it10 and by force if necessary4 ,do not tantalize him too long1 but soon give him some tid-bit as a reward for his self-control1 and repeat the lesson4 ,by-and-by he may be left alone1 at first only for a few minutes1 then for a longer and longer time4 ,it is possible--and1 indeed1 it is the common method--to teach a dog to pick out any desired letters from a number of printed cards1 in obedience to signals given by the exhibitor4 ,this method of training is essentially the same as that adopted with the 8educated hog20 so it is unnecessary to describe it here4 ,but dogs1 as in the case of those described in the preceding pages1 may be taught to know the letters1 and to recognize them when named2 so that the performance can be conducted more openly1 and without risk of the clap-trap of signals being detected4 ,but how is this to be taught8 ,why1 very much as a child is taught--by constant drilling until the name and looks of each letter are perfectly associated together4 ,pieces of pasteboard should be provided1 on each of which one letter is marked large and plain4 ,placing the ,a and ,b cards side by side1 tell the dog to bring you the ,a4 ,if he brings the ,b1 scold him2 make him return it to its place1 and again order him to bring the ,a4 ,as soon as he does so1 pat him1 speak encouragingly to him1 and repeat the lesson1 not calling the letters in any regular rotation1 but at random4 ,add letter by letter each day as the dog learns thoroughly those already given him1 until he can select without hesitation any letter of the alphabet that may be called for4 ,he may then be made to spell words by your calling the letters composing them4 ,if thoroughly trained1 he will bring the proper letters when shown a card on which the word you desire him to spell is printed4 ,of course1 only capitals should be used in these exercises1 for otherwise the labor of teaching would be doubled1 besides confusing the dog between capitals and small letters1 without gaining anything4 ,on the same principle the dog may be taught what1 with a little license1 may be called playing cards4 ,pieces of pasteboard several times the size of ordinary playing cards should be provided1 one side of each being printed to represent one card4 ,as with the letters1 these cards are to be placed on the floor1 at first only two1 then three1 increasing the number as the dog learns those already shown him4 ,suppose the ace of clubs and the ace of hearts be used to commence with3 direct the dog to bring the ace of clubs2 if he does so1 reward him1 but if he brings the heart1 scold him1 and order him to return it2 again directing him to bring the ace of clubs4 ,so on with each lesson until he can distinguish between all the cards1 and bring any one desired4 ,after this1 cards a little smaller may be substituted for those at first used1 and then smaller and smaller ones until the customary playing cards are used4 ,we give this feat on the authority of ,m4 de ,tarade1 never having personally seen it performed1 but it is really not so difficult as might at first be imagined2 the dog1 even to know the whole pack1 needing only to learn the thirteen values of the cards1 and to then distinguish between the four suits4#b ,footnote #b3 ,even this would be a greater feat of intelligence than we have ever seen exhibited by a dog1 and we are inclined to think there was some aid afforded in this case of the ,french dogs1 by arranging the cards systematically1 or by some other means4 ,it is harder to count 7or to distinguish between7 the number of dots1 than to distinguish between a blue handkerchief and a red stocking4 ,the dog who is described as playing dominoes1 it should be remembered1 used only four pieces at one time4 ,possibly the dog recognized the cards by the general appearance of each1 not the number of spots thereon4 ,the 8playing0 part consists in the trainer directing the dog to bring the particular card required2 wherever it is pretended that the dog of his own accord selects the proper card for taking a trick1 there is really deception2 the dog in such a case must be secretly directed by signals which he has been taught to obey4 ,to teach a dog to play dominoes1 provide some pieces of board or thick card1 some eight or ten inches long1 on which paint conspicuously in black the required dots4 ,having provided two sets in this manner1 spread one set upon the floor1 and taking in your hand the blank domino of the other set1 you say3 8,bring the white40 ,being familiar1 from his previous training1 with the color1 he will doubtless select the correct domino4 ,then you show him the one spot1 directing him to 8bring the one40 ,should he hesitate1 repeat the command1 showing him the spot on the domino in your hand4 ,as soon as he has learned this difference1 cease your instruction for the day1 as it is unwise to attempt to go too fast4 ,on the next day the two1 three1 and four may be included in the lesson2 and so on each day1 adding two or three1 until the whole are learned4 ,having learned so much1 the dog is prepared to play a game of dominoes1 for the game consists merely in matching certain pieces4 ,munito1 the dog to whom reference is made in a preceding page1 was a ,french poodle1 very handsome1 with a fine silky1 white1 woolly coat1 half shaved4 ,a gentleman who saw him exhibited in ,piccadilly1 ,london1 nearly fifty years ago1 thus describes his performance1 disclosing at the same time the secrets thereof3 8,he performed many curious feats1 answering questions1 telling the hour of the day1 the day of the week1 or date of the month1 and picking out any cards called for from a pack spread on the ground4 ,at the corner of the room was a screen1 behind which the dog and his master disappeared between each feat for a short time4 ,we watched him narrowly2 but it was not until after our second visit that the mystery was solved4 ,there were packs of ordinary cards1 and other cards with figures1 and others with single letters4 ,one of the spectators was requested to name a card--say the queen of clubs--the pack was spread on the floor in a circle1 faces upward4 ,munito went around the circle1 came to the queen of clubs1 pounced upon it1 and brought it in his mouth to his master4 ,the same process was repeated with the cards with figures1 when he brought the exact numbers which answered the questions put as to dates1 or days1 or hours2 in the same way with the letter cards1 when he picked out the necessary letters to spell any short word called for1 always making a full circle of the whole of the cards for each letter1 or for each number1 and never taking up two letters or two numbers consecutively1 though they might chance to lie close together4 ,this fact we made out at the first visit1 but nothing more4 ,on the second occasion we watched more narrowly1 and with that object took a side seat1 so that we had a partial view behind the screen4 ,we then noticed that between each feat the master gave the dog some small bits of some sort of food1 and that there was a faint smell of aniseed from that corner of the room4 ,we noticed that the dog1 as he passed around the circle of cards1 with his nose down1 and his eyes directed to the ground1 never pounced on the right card as his eyes covered it1 but turned back and picked it out4 ,it was clear that he chose it by the smell1 and not by the sense of sight4 ,we recalled that1 each time before the dog began his circuit1 the master arranged and settled the cards1 and we then found that he pressed the fleshy part of his thumb on the particular card the dog was to draw1 which thumb he previously put into his waistcoat pocket for an instant2 and as he passed close to us1 his waistcoat had an aniseed scent40 ,dogs have been made to take part in stage representations1 their performances being but applications of simple tricks taught in our tenth chapter4 ,the good dog who recognizes the murderer of his master and seizes him by the throat2 the other good dog who prevents an assassination by flying at the would-be assassin1 and having a scuffle2 and the still other good dog who rescues the child from drowning1 or some other impending danger1 are all 8worked0 by signals1 or obey understood commands--the actor's 8cue0 serving as well as any other word4 ,an amusing story is told of an accident which befell a penurious manager of a minor play-house1 in endeavoring to avoid an engagement with the owner of the wonderful dogs1 when their services and not his were to constitute the principal attraction4 ,the owner persisted2 it must be his dogs and himself1 or no dogs at all2 the sagacious animals would perform their marvels with no one else4 ,the huckstering manager doubted this1 and craved permission to try whether1 by running across the room1 and using the words repeated by the owner in the play1 one of the animals would not seize him by the coat collar as well1 without doing him any injury4 ,the master consented1 but the experiment failed entirely4 ,the dog remained doggedly motionless4 8,it strikes me10 said the disappointed manager1 8that if you were to say1 #8,go1 sir6' in a harsh tone1 when ,i repeat the words1 that he would at once perform the feat40 8,very well1 sir10 replied the owner1 8we will try the experiment1 if you wish it40 ,the preliminaries were again gone through with2 and the master said1 8,go1 sir60 ,the gigantic dog did go with a vengeance4 ,he dashed off like an arrow2 seized the manager by the nape of his neck1 threw him violently on the floor1 and giving two or three tremendous growls1 seemed on the point of making mince-meat of his prey1 who1 petrified with fright1 was glad enough to be rescued1 and to permit the master to perform with his dogs1 and on his own terms4 ,he never was quite satisfied1 however1 that there was not some peculiarity in the 8,go1 sir10 used on that particular occasion4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,taming ,,and ,,training ,,elephants--,,capture ,,and ,,treatment--,,elephants ,,as ,,laborers ,,and ,,as ,,circus ,,performers4 ,in telling how elephants are trained1 so interwoven is our subject with that of the capture of the animals1 that perhaps our best plan will be to take a hint from ,mrs4 ,glass's recipe for cooking the hare1 viz41 catch him first--and commence with the capture of the animals4 ,although authentic instances are on record of elephants breeding in captivity1 it is of very rare occurrence1 so that1 practically1 it may be said that the entire supply of domesticated elephants has been obtained by conversion from a wild state4 ,the device of taking them in pitfalls still prevails in ,india1 but this is a laborious operation1 often unsuccessful1 owing to the caution of the animal2 besides this1 if caught1 the great weight of the elephant1 and the inability of his legs to withstand any severe direct shock1 too frequently cause so much injury to the game as to render this mode of capture unprofitable4 ,a writer on ,ceylon1 nearly two hundred years ago1 describes another method which is still practiced4 ,describing the captures of elephants for the stud of the king of ,kandy1 he says3 8,after discovering the retreat of such as have tusks1 unto these they drive some she elephants1 which they bring with them for the purpose1 which1 when once the males have got a sight of they will never leave1 but follow them wheresoever they go2 and the females are so used to it1 that they will do whatsoever1 either by word or beck1 their keepers bid them4 ,and so they delude them along through towns and countries1 and through the streets of the city1 even to the very gates of the king's palace1 where sometimes they seize them by snares1 and sometimes by driving them into a kind of pound1 they catch them40 ,throughout the ,china-,indian peninsula the natives use female elephants in approaching males detached from the herd1 or selected as desired captives on account of their beauty--the capture being effected by casting a noose over the foot of the victim4 ,probably1 however1 the ,moormen of ,ceylon are unexcelled in daring or adroitness in this vocation4 ,so fearless are these professional catchers1 or panickeas as they are termed1 that two will1 without aid or attendants1 attempt the capture of the largest sized elephant4 ,their only weapon is a flexible rope of deer's or buffalo's hide4 ,stealing behind the animal when at rest1 or stealthily following in his footsteps if in motion1 they attach this rope to his hind legs4 ,when at rest the elephant has a habit of swinging his hind feet1 which aids the catchers in slipping the noose over the leg4 ,should the noosing be effected in open ground where there is no tree to which to secure the prize1 one man allows himself to be pursued by the enraged elephant1 and thus entices him to a more favorable locality1 where the other man seizes the trailing rope and winds it around some convenient tree4 ,the animal now turns upon his new assailant1 but the first provokes him with gesticulations and taunting shouts of 8dah6 dah60 of which word the animal has a remarkable dislike4 ,meanwhile1 the man's comrade has secured the first noose1 entangles one foot after the other until all are secured1 and the capture complete4 ,then a shelter of branches is put up for the men1 and day and night they remain encamped before their prisoner4 ,the elephant1 in a few days at the farthest1 becomes submissive1 subdued by exhaustion and hunger1 the terror of the fire which he dreads1 and the smoke which he detests4 ,then an abundance of plantains and other dainties are given him1 he is supplied with plenty of water1 of which he is very fond1 and gradually he becomes reconciled to his keepers1 and finally they venture to start with their huge prisoner for their own village1 generally many miles away1 with forests and jungles intervening4 ,still too morose to permit his captors to ride him1 and too powerful to be led or driven1 this forced march taxes the ingenuity of the hunters to the utmost4 ,alternately vexing and eluding him1 they keep his attention constantly attracted1 and so induce him to move in the desired direction4 ,the rope with which the capture was effected is of some assistance1 besides being used to tie up the animal at night1 and this is never removed from his leg until he is sufficiently tame to be entrusted with partial liberty4 ,illustration3 ,,ground ,,plan ,,of ,a ,,corral4 ,illustration3 ,,method ,,of ,,fencing ,a ,,corral4 ,frequently a whole herd1 numbering from thirty to one hundred individuals1 is captured at once1 but in this case a different plan from the foregoing is adopted4 ,the custom in ,bengal is to construct a strong enclosure 7called a keddah7 in the heart of the forest1 formed of the trunks of trees firmly secured by transverse beams and buttresses1 and leaving a gate for the entrance of the elephants4 ,a second enclosure1 opening from the first1 contains water 7if possible a rivulet27 this again communicates with a third1 which terminates in a funnel-shaped passage1 too narrow to admit of an elephant turning1 and within this the captives being driven in line1 are secured with ropes introduced from the outside1 and led away in custody of tamed ones trained for the purpose4 ,the keddah being prepared1 the first operation is to drive the elephants toward it1 for which purpose vast bodies of men fetch a compass in the forest around the haunts of the herds1 contracting it by degrees till they complete the enclosure of a certain area1 round which they kindle fires1 and cut footpaths through the jungle1 to enable the watchers to communicate and combine4 ,all this is performed in cautious silence and by slow approaches1 to avoid alarming the herd4 ,a fresh circle nearer to the keddah is then formed in the same way1 and into this the elephants are admitted from the first one1 the hunters following from behind1 and lighting new fires around the newly enclosed space4 ,day after day the process is repeated2 till the drove having been brought sufficiently close to make the final rush1 the whole party close in from all sides1 and with drums1 guns1 shouts1 and flambeaux1 force the terrified animals to enter the fatal enclosure1 when the passage is barred behind them1 and retreat rendered impossible4 ,their efforts to escape are repressed by the crowd1 who drive them back from the stockade with spears and flaming torches2 and at last compel them to pass on into the second enclosure4 ,here they are detained for a short time1 and their feverish exhaustion relieved by free access to water--until at last1 being tempted by food1 or otherwise induced to trust themselves in the narrow outlet1 they are one after another made fast by ropes1 passed in through the palisade1 and picketed in the adjoining woods to enter on their course of systematic training4 ,these arrangements vary in different districts of ,bengal2 and the method adopted in ,ceylon differs in many essential particulars from them all2 the keddah1 or1 as it is here called1 the corral or korahl 7from the ,portuguese curral1 a 8cattle-pen107 consists of but one enclosure instead of three4 ,a stream or watering place is not uniformly enclosed within it1 because1 although water is indispensable after the long thirst and exhaustion of the captives1 it has been found that a pond or rivulet within the corral itself adds to the difficulty of leading them out1 and increases their reluctance to leave it2 besides which1 the smaller ones are often smothered by the others in their eagerness to crowd into the water4 ,the funnel-shaped outlet is also dispensed with1 as the animals are liable to bruise and injure themselves within the narrow stockade2 and should one of them die in it1 as is too often the case in the midst of the struggle1 the difficulty of removing so great a carcass is extreme4 ,the noosing and securing them1 therefore1 takes place in ,ceylon within the area of the first enclosure into which they enter1 and the dexterity and daring displayed in this portion of the work far surpasses that of merely attaching the rope through the openings of the paling1 as in an ,indian keddah1 and affords a much more exciting sport4 ,in ,ceylon1 in former times1 the work connected with these hunts was performed by forced labor extorted from the natives by their sovereigns as a part of the feudal service termed 8rajakarya10 and this labor was in succession demanded by the ,portuguese1 ,dutch and ,english1 as the island passed successively into their possession4 ,since the abolition of this compulsory duty1 there has been no difficulty in securing all required assistance voluntarily4 ,from fifteen hundred to two thousand men are required to construct the corral1 drive in the elephants1 maintain the cordon of watch-fires and watchers1 and attend to other duties4 ,many weeks are occupied in putting up the stockades1 cutting paths through the jungle1 and surrounding and driving in the elephants4 ,illustration3 ,,position ,,often ,,taken ,,in ,,attempting ,,to ,,break ,,the ,,rope4 ,in selecting the scene for an elephant hunt a position is chosen which lies on some old and frequented route of the animals1 in their periodical migrations in search of forage and water2 and the vicinity of a stream is indispensable1 not only for the supply of the elephants during the time spent in inducing them to approach the enclosure1 but to enable them to bathe and cool themselves throughout the process of training after capture4 ,in constructing the corral itself1 care is taken to avoid disturbing the trees or the brushwood within the included space1 and especially on the side by which the elephants are to approach1 where it is essential to conceal the stockade as much as possible by the density of the foliage4 ,the trees used in the structure are from ten to twelve inches in diameter2 and are sunk about three feet in the earth1 so as to leave a length of from twelve to fifteen feet above ground2 with spaces between each stanchion sufficiently wide to permit a man to glide through4 ,the uprights are made fast by transverse beams1 to which they are lashed securely by ratans and flexible climbing plants1 or as they are called1 8jungle ropes10 and the whole is steadied by means of forked supports which grasp the tie beams1 and prevent the work from being driven outward by the rush of the wild elephants4 ,the space enclosed varies1 but #ejj feet in length by #bej wide is a fair average4 ,at one end an entrance is left open1 fitted with sliding bars1 so prepared as to be capable of being instantly shut2 and from each angle of the end by which the elephants were to approach1 two lines of the same strong fencing were continued1 and cautiously concealed by the trees1 so that the animals would be prevented from making their escape at the sides while being forced forward to the entrance of the corral4 ,the corral being prepared1 the beaters address themselves to driving in the elephants4 ,for this purpose it is often necessary to make a circuit of many miles in order to surround a sufficient number1 and the caution to be observed involves patience and delay2 as it is essential to avoid alarming the animals1 who might otherwise escape4 ,their disposition being essentially peaceful1 and their only impulse to browse in solitude and security1 they withdraw instinctively before the slightest intrusion1 and advantage is taken of this timidity and love of seclusion to cause only just such an amount of disturbance as will induce them to retire slowly in the direction which it is desired they should take4 ,several herds are by this means concentrated within such an area as will admit of their being completely surrounded by the watchers2 and day after day1 by slow degrees1 they are moved gradually onward toward the immediate confines of the corral4 ,when their suspicions become awakened and they exhibit restlessness and alarm1 bolder measures are adopted for preventing their escape4 ,fires are kept burning at ten paces apart1 night and day1 along the circumference of the area within which they are detained4 ,at last the elephants are forced onward so close to the enclosure1 that the investing cordon is united at either end with the wings of the corral1 the whole forming a circuit of about two miles1 within which the herd is detained to await the signal for the final drive4 ,suddenly the signal is given1 and the silence is broken by shouts from the guard1 the banging of drums and tom-toms1 and the discharge of muskets4 ,amid this noise the elephants are driven forward to and through the gate1 which is instantly closed to cut off their retreat4 ,in a moment more they rush wildly about the enclosure1 trampling the brushwood beneath their ponderous tread1 and charge against the palisades1 screaming with rage at each unsuccessful effort4 ,by degrees their efforts slacken1 and in about an hour the whole herd1 exhausted and stupified1 stand motionless4 ,illustration3 ,,securing ,,captured ,,elephants ,,with ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,,the ,,tame ,,ones4 ,the next operation is to introduce the tame elephants into the corral to aid in securing the captives4 ,cautiously the bars which secure the entrance are let down1 and the trained elephants1 each mounted by its mahout and one attendant1 enter the corral4 ,around the elephant's neck is a strong collar composed of ropes of coconut fiber1 from which hangs on either side cords of elk's hide prepared with a ready noose4 ,gradually each trained animal approaches one of the wild ones1 until being sufficiently near1 the nooser watching his opportunity1 slips the noose over one of its legs4 ,immediately the tame elephant retires with its riders1 drawing the rope tight1 and hauling the captive toward some large tree4 ,in this the other tame animals lend assistance1 pushing with their heads and shoulders4 ,the first tame one now winds the rope around the tree1 and the others crowd up to the wild animal1 and keep him in position while his other legs are being secured4 ,the tame elephants in all these proceedings appear to feel a sportsman's interest1 and are as eager to secure the victim as are their human assistants4 ,of their own accord they will perform any act which reason would naturally suggest for overcoming any difficulty that arises1 or which seems necessary under any given circumstances4 ,thus ,major ,skinner relates an instance where a wild elephant raised with her trunk the rope which had been attached to her foot1 succeeded in carrying it to her mouth1 and would have bitten it through and escaped1 but was prevented by a tame elephant placing his foot on the rope1 and pressing it downward out of her jaws4 ,on another occasion1 the same authority says a tame animal watched her opportunity1 and placed her foot under that of the wild one as he raised it1 so as to prevent his replacing it upon the ground1 enabling the nooser to attach the rope4 ,in all this though the tame elephants bend all their energies to securing the captives1 and seem to really enjoy what is going on1 they show no malignity1 carefully avoid doing any injury to the prisoners1 and even when it is necessary in binding new animals to walk over those already secured--usually sprawling on the ground struggling to get free--they take the utmost pains not to tread on them4 ,when first secured1 the elephant struggles fiercely to break his bonds1 writhing in a manner one would think impossible for so bulky and unwieldly an animal4 ,failing in this1 he seems to give way to despair1 and utters the most pitiable moans4 ,food is now placed within their reach1 which at first they spurn indignantly1 the older ones frequently trampling it under foot4 ,the milder ones1 as they become composed1 allow themselves to be tempted by the delicacies before them1 and commence listlessly chewing the juicy morsels4 ,the mellow notes of a kandyan flute sometimes aid in soothing and composing the captives4 ,it may be remarked that elephants are greatly influenced by music1 being soothed and quieted by soft plaintive melodies1 while it is also recorded that in the old wars in which they were used1 their courage in battle was excited by the martial strains4 ,the last operation of the corral is to slacken the ropes and march each captive elephant down to the river between two tame ones4 ,both of the tame elephants are furnished with strong collars1 and a similar collar is formed on the neck of the wild one1 who stands between them1 by successive coils of coconut2 then these collars are connected1 and the prisoner made secure between his guards4 ,then the nooses which have confined his feet are removed1 and the three animals march to the river1 where they are allowed to bathe4 ,after the bath the captive elephant is made fast to some tree in the forest1 keepers are assigned to him1 as well as a retinue of leaf-cutters1 whose duty it is to keep him supplied with such food as he most relishes4 ,these arrangements being made1 he is left to the care of his new masters1 who will see that he is trained up in the way he should go4 ,,the ,,way ,,that ,,elephants ,,are ,,trained4 ,it is a very general impression that the training of these huge and powerful animals is a work of great difficulty and tediousness4 ,this is a mistake4 ,elephants are naturally of a mild and docile nature1 although hunters and travelers1 to add luster to their own exploits1 have represented them otherwise4 ,even the notorious 8rogues0#c are not such wholly bad fellows as has been asserted by some of these writers1 and the ,mayne ,reid style of natural history must be taken with considerable allowance4 ,in their wild state it is very seldom that they attack any person or animal1 unless provoked or assailed1 and even when some heroic hunter sneaks up to shoot them unawares1 or from some secure position peppers them with his rifle1 the animals usually appear only anxious to escape from their aggressor4#d ,footnote #c3 ,most readers are familiar with the term 8rogue0 as applied to elephants1 but probably some are not aware of its exact meaning4 ,a herd of elephants is a family1 and not a group collected by accident or attachment4 ,the usual number of individuals in a herd is from ten to twenty1 though the latter number is sometimes exceeded4 ,in their visits to water-courses and migrations1 alliances are formed between members of different herds1 thus introducing new blood into the family4 ,if an individual becomes separated from his herd1 however1 he is not permitted to introduce himself into another4 ,he may browse in their vicinity1 or resort to the same stream to bathe or drink1 but farther than this no acquaintance is allowed4 ,an elephant who has lost his herd1 and is by this habit of exclusiveness made an outcast1 is a 8rogue10 and this ban under which he suffers tends to excite that moroseness and savageness for which rogues are noted4 ,another conjecture is1 that as rogues are almost always males1 the death or capture of particular females has led them to leave their herds to seek new alliances4 ,a tame elephant escaping from captivity1 unable to find his former companions1 becomes of necessity a rogue4 ,footnote #d3 ,we could never experience any other feelings than disgust at the cruelty1 and pity for the animals1 at reading the sickening details with which1 with a slaughter-house gusto1 certain heroes have graced the narratives of their exploits4 ,gordon ,cummings gives an account of his pursuit of a wounded elephant which he had lamed by lodging a ball in its shoulder blade4 ,it limped slowly toward a tree1 against which it leaned itself in helpless agony1 whilst its pursuer seated himself in front of it1 in safety1 to boil his coffee1 and observe its sufferings4 ,the story is continued as follows3 8,having admired him for a considerable time1 ,i resolved to make experiments on vulnerable points2 and approaching very near ,i fired several bullets at different parts of his enormous skull4 ,he only acknowledged the shots by a salaam-like movement of his trunk1 with the point of which he gently touched the wounds with a striking and peculiar action4 ,surprised and shocked at finding that ,i was only prolonging the sufferings of the noble beast1 which bore its trials with such dignified composure1 ,i resolved to finish the proceeding with all possible despatch1 and accordingly opened fire upon him from the left side1 aiming at the shoulder4 ,i first fired six shots with the two-grooved rifle1 which must have eventually proved mortal4 ,after which ,i fired six shots at the same part with the ,dutch six-pounder4 ,large tears now trickled from his eyes1 which he slowly shut and opened1 his colossal frame shivered convulsively1 and falling on his side1 he expired40 ,in another place1 after detailing the manner in which he assailed a poor animal1 he says3 8,i was loading and firing as fast as could be1 sometimes at the head1 sometimes behind the shoulder1 until my elephant's forequarter was a mass of gore3 notwithstanding which he continued to hold on1 leaving the grass and branches of the forest scarlet in his wake4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having fired thirty-five rounds with my two-grooved rifle1 ,i opened upon him with the ,dutch six-pounder1 and when forty bullets perforated his hide1 he began for the first time to evince signs of a dilapidated constitution40 ,the disgusting description is closed thus3 8,throughout the charge he repeatedly cooled his person with large quantities of water1 which he ejected from his trunk over his sides and back1 and just as the pangs of death came over him1 he stood trembling violently beside a thorn tree1 and kept pouring water into his bloody mouth until he died1 when he pitched heavily forward with the whole weight of his fore-quarters resting on the points of his tusks4 ,the strain was fair1 and the tusks did not yield2 but the portion of his head in which the tusks were imbedded1 extending a long way above the eye1 yielded and burst with a muffled crash40 8,sport0 is noble1 but a butcher is not necessarily a sportsman1 and a useless destruction of life1 where no more danger is incurred than in a butcher's shambles1 is not an absolute proof of courage or heroism1 and the 8noble hunters0 have not the butcher's excuse for the bloodshed4 ,whatever of heroism there is in these encounters1 we cannot help thinking1 is displayed by the elephants1 and not by their aggressors4 ,for a hunter to put such achievements as we have just quoted on record merely displays the egotism and cruelty of the man4 ,the training is simple1 and the intelligence and obedience of the pupil are developed with remarkable rapidity4 ,for the first three days1 or until they will eat freely1 which they seldom do in a shorter time1 the newly captured elephants are allowed to remain perfectly quiet2 and if practicable1 a tame elephant is tied near them to give the wild ones confidence4 ,where many elephants are being trained at once1 it is customary to put each new captive between the stalls of half-tamed ones1 thereby inducing it to more readily take to its food4 ,the next stage of the training process is commenced by placing a tame elephant on each side of the pupil1 with the 8cooroowe vidahn10 or head of the stables1 standing in front1 holding a long stick with a sharp iron point4 ,two men are then stationed one on either side1 each holding an iron instrument furnished with both a sharp point and a hook4 ,this is called a 8hendoo0 in ,ceylon1 and a 8hawkus0 in ,bengal1 and is the principal weapon used in guiding and controlling elephants1 as it has been from very ancient times4 ,this instrument is held toward the animal's trunk1 while one or two assistants rub their hands over his back1 keeping up while doing so a soothing and plaintive chant1 interspersed with endearing epithets1 such as1 8ho6 my son10 or 8ho6 my father10 or 8my mother10 as may be applicable to the age and sex of the captive4 ,at first the elephant is furious1 and strikes in all directions with his trunk2 but the men in front receiving these blows on the points of their weapons1 the extremity of the trunk becomes so sore that the animal curls it up close1 and seldom afterward attempts to use it offensively4 ,the first dread of man's power being thus established1 the process of taking him to bathe between two tame elephants is greatly facilitated1 and by lengthening the neck rope1 and drawing the feet together as close as possible1 the process of laying him down in the water is finally accomplished by the keepers pressing the sharp points of their hendoos over the backbone4 ,illustration3 ,,medal ,,of ,,numidia1 ,,giving ,a ,,representation ,,of ,,an ,,ancient ,,hendoo4 ,for many days the roaring and resistance which attend the operation are considerable1 and it often requires the sagacious interference of the tame elephants to control the refractory wild ones4 ,it soon1 however1 becomes practicable to leave the latter alone1 only taking them to and from the stall by the aid of a decoy4 ,this step lasts1 under ordinary treatment1 for about three weeks1 when an elephant may be taken alone with his legs hobbled1 and a man walking backward in front with the point of the hendoo always presented to the elephant's head1 and a keeper with an iron crook at each ear4 ,on getting into the water1 the fear of being pricked on his tender back induces him to lie down immediately on the crook being held over him in terrorem4 ,once this point has been achieved1 the farther process of taming is dependent upon the disposition of the creature4 ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,hendoo4 ,the greatest care is requisite1 and daily medicines are applied to heal the fearful wounds on the legs which even the softest ropes occasion4 ,this is the great difficulty of training2 for the wounds fester grievously1 and months and sometimes years will elapse before an elephant will allow his feet to be touched without indications of alarm and anger4 ,the observation has been frequently made that the elephants most vicious and troublesome to tame1 and the most worthless when tamed1 are those distinguished by a thin trunk and flabby pendulous ears4 ,the period of tuition does not appear to be influenced by the size or strength of the animals3 some of the smallest give the greatest amount of trouble2 whereas1 in the instance of the two largest that have been taken in ,ceylon within the last thirty years1 both were docile in a remarkable degree4 ,one in particular1 fed from the hand the first night it was secured1 and in a very few days evinced pleasure on being patted on the head4 ,the males are generally more unmanageable than the females1 and in both an inclination to lie down to rest is regarded as a favorable symptom of approaching tractability1 some of the most resolute having been known to stand for months together1 even during sleep4 ,those which are the most obstinate and violent at first are the soonest and most effectually subdued1 and generally prove permanently docile and submissive4 ,but those which are sullen or morose1 although they may not provoke chastisement by their viciousness1 are always slower in being trained1 and are rarely to be trusted in after life4 ,but whatever may be his natural gentleness and docility1 the temper of an elephant is seldom to be implicitly relied on in a state of captivity and coercion4 ,the most amenable are subject to occasional fits of stubbornness2 and even after years of submission1 irritability and resentment will sometimes unaccountably manifest themselves4 ,it may be that the restraints and severer discipline of training have not been entirely forgotten2 or that incidents which in ordinary health would be productive of no demonstration whatever1 may lead1 in moments of temporary illness1 to fretfulness and anger4 ,in his native country the first employment to which an elephant is put is treading clay in a brick-field1 or to draw a wagon in double harness with a tame elephant4 ,after this he is promoted to moving heavy stones or other material1 or in piling lumber4 ,in these occupations he has an opportunity to display that natural sagacity for which he is noted4 ,it is only necessary to make him understand the object desired to be accomplished1 and he will himself devise means to attain that result4 ,in the detail of the work it is seldom necessary to prompt him1 and he will even resent an attempt to compel him to adopt a different plan from the one he has selected4 ,his trunk is the instrument on which he principally relies for moving timber and masses of rock2 his tusks1 if he possess them1 are also of service4 ,most persons entertain an exaggerated opinion of the elephant's strength4 ,it is currently believed that with but slight exertion he can uproot forest trees1 and is in the habit of doing so as a species of mild recreation4 ,it is true he is of considerable service in clearing paths through the jungle1 but the removal of even a small tree is a matter of both time and labor4 ,another common error is the assumption that elephants are so thoroughly creatures of habit1 that their movements are purely mechanical1 and that any deviation from accustomed ways is excessively annoying and disconcerting to them4 ,the best informed authorities assert that changes of treatment1 or of hours of occupation1 are as easily made as with a horse4 ,still another mistake1 derived no doubt from the intelligence and earnestness he displays in work1 is the idea that he actually enjoys his labor1 and will perform his task as faithfully in the absence of his keeper as when he is present4 ,the elephant1 however1 loves his ease1 and unless his attendant has a watchful eye upon him1 he will1 on completing the task immediately in hand1 stroll off to browse1 or to enjoy the luxury of blowing dust over his back4 ,the impulse of obedience is very strikingly manifested in the patience with which1 at the command of his keeper1 he will swallow the nauseating medicines of the native elephant doctors4 ,the fortitude with which he submits to excruciating surgical operations for the relief of ulcers1 would indicate that he comprehends in a measure the purpose of them4 ,obedience to his keeper's orders is not in all cases proof of a perception of the object to be attained by compliance4 ,this is shown in the touching incident which took place at the slaughter of the elephant at ,exeter1 ,england1 when after receiving fully one hundred and twenty balls in various parts of his body1 and these proving ineffectual to end his existence1 he turned his face to his assailants on hearing the voice of his keeper1 and kneeled down at the accustomed word of command1 so as to bring his forehead within view of the rifles4 ,the affection for his keeper is a great incentive to obedience on the part of the elephant1 but although this attachment is often great1 there is not that unwillingness to transfer his affection and obedience to a new keeper1 which has been very frequently asserted4 ,if treated with equal kindness he will obey readily and acquire an affection for a new attendant as soon as he becomes familiar with his voice4 ,he no doubt often remembers an old friend and many of the anecdotes told of elephants recognizing an old keeper from whom they have long been parted1 and being rejoiced thereat1 are doubtless true4 ,founded on very good authority is the story of an animal of particularly stubborn disposition who1 on the death of his keeper1 refused to obey any other1 until some attendants bethought them of a boy some twelve years old in a distant village where the elephant had been formerly picketed1 and to whom it had displayed considerable attachment4 ,the child was sent for1 and on his arrival was immediately recognized with many manifestations of pleasure and to him the elephant yielded obedience1 until by degrees he became reconciled to a new keeper4 ,,how 8,,hunting ,,elephants0 ,,are ,,trained4 ,probably all readers are familiar with the fact that1 in their native countries1 elephants are not only used to aid in the capture of their own species1 but also in the pursuit of various wild beasts of the jungle4 ,in tiger hunting especially is this the case1 and this sport furnishes one of the chief and most exciting amusements of the ,english troops in ,india4 ,in this sport the elephant is rather an unwilling participant4 ,in his wild state there is no occasion for any conflict between himself and other dwellers of the forest4 ,living entirely on vegetable food1 and so under no necessity of preying upon other animals2 too peaceful to molest others1 and too powerful to be molested by them1 in a state of nature each seems anxious to avoid rather than to provoke any encounter4 ,should a tiger and an elephant meet in the jungle each would probably be only anxious to get out of the other's way as quickly as possible4 ,the principal difficulty in training elephants for hunting is to overcome the excessive antipathy1 and even dread1 they entertain toward tigers4 ,to accomplish this a tiger's skin is stuffed and placed partially concealed among the undergrowth skirting some road4 ,along the road the elephant is then conducted2 always observant1 he quickly detects the unwelcome neighbor and considerable urging is required to induce him to pass it4 ,after passing it several times he becomes more indifferent to its presence and may be gradually induced to approach it4 ,then he is made to turn it over and get thoroughly familiar with it2 this accustoms him to the tiger in a state of quietude4 ,then the stuffed figure is thrown toward him and he is taught to receive it upon his tusks4 ,the next lesson may be to drive his tusks into the body4 ,the last operation is to teach the elephant to allow the stuffed tiger to be placed upon his back2 this is the most difficult part of all4 ,when the elephant is properly trained and ready for service the hunter takes his place in the howdah--a sort of box-seat fastened on the animal's back--while the mahout sits astride the neck4 ,behind the hunter1 in the howdah1 rides the shikaree1 or native gun carrier1 whose duty it is to 8play second fiddle0 in the expedition4 ,a number of natives are also usually employed as 8beaters0 to start the game4 ,these men go on foot1 seeking safety1 in case of danger1 by climbing trees or by being lifted up by the elephant upon his back4 ,the elephants are now formed in line and the jungle beaten1 in all parts if a small one1 or if very extensive in those portions only which appear most likely to contain game4 ,as soon as a tiger is started the line advances upon him1 each hunter watching for an opportunity to fire as his elephant charges4 ,notwithstanding the most careful training instinct often proves an overmatch for the elephant's education and1 he takes to flight in spite of all the driver's efforts to prevent him4 ,one hunter relates an incident of his elephant being seized with a panic and dumping hunter1 driver and all upon his back1 into the very midst of a number of tigers which the party were in pursuit of4 ,in taking a dead tiger home the elephant lies on his side until the body is fastened to him1 and then rises with it4 ,the liability to be seized with a panic at trifling circumstances is probably due in a measure to the elephant's limited range of vision1 the short neck preventing his looking much above the level of his head4 ,an anecdote illustrative of this is told by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,tennent3 8,in #ahda an officer was chased by an elephant that he had slightly wounded4 ,seizing him near the dry bed of a river1 the animal had his fore foot already raised to crush him2 but its forehead being touched at the same instant by the tendrils of a climbing plant which had suspended itself from the branches above1 it suddenly turned and fled1 leaving him bodily hurt1 but with no limbs broken40 ,elephants seldom use their tusks as weapons unless they have been trained to do so2 their vertical position1 and the structure of the neck preventing their being effective unless the object of attack being directly below them4 ,the stories told of the execution of criminals by elephants when ,ceylon was under the rule of native kings1 generally describe the elephant as killing the victim by running its tusks through his body4 ,an eye-witness of one of these executions1 however1 says the animal never used his tusks at all1 but placed his foot upon the prostrate man and tore off his limbs in succession by a sudden movement of the trunk4 ,hunters have frequently described their escape from elephants when the latter might easily have killed them by a thrust of their tusks1 but apparently did not even know how to use them for that purpose4 ,the elephant's dependence is really upon his trunk and his ponderous feet4 ,it is related that in an encounter between two elephants1 one a tusker and the other without tusks1 the latter proved the victor1 breaking off one of the former's tusks with his trunk4 ,,performing ,,elephants4 ,from very early times elephants have not only been used in war1 in industrial pursuits1 and to add to the pomp and display of powerful rulers1 but ages ago they were made to amuse the multitude by performances not very dissimilar to those witnessed in our modern circuses4 ,an old ,roman writer describes a number of elephants exhibited in ,rome by a nephew of the emperor ,tiberius1 who were taught 8to twist their limbs and to bend them like a stage dancer10--,roman stage dancers could not have been remarkable for grace or agility we should fancy--8the whole troop came forward from this and that side of the theater1 and divided themselves into parties2 they advanced walking with a mincing gait1 and exhibiting in their whole bodies and persons the manners of a beau1 clothed in the flowery dresses of dancers2 and on the ballet master giving a signal with his voice they fell into line and went round in a circle1 and if it were necessary to display they did so4 ,they ornamented the floor of the stage by throwing flowers upon it1 and beat a measure with their feet and keep time together40 ,another feature of the entertainment was a banquet prepared for the elephants2 8tables were placed then of sweet smelling wood and ivory very superb10 with goblets 8very expensive1 and bowls of gold and silver40 ,when all was ready the banqueters came forward1 six male and an equal number of female elephants2 the former had on a male dress and the latter a female2 and on the signal being given they stretched forward their trunks in a subdued manner1 and took their food in great moderation4 ,the last exploit of these animals related by an old ,roman was writing on tablets with their trunks1 8neither looking awry or turning aside4 ,the hand1 however1 of the teacher was placed so as to be a guide in the formation of the letters2 and while it was writing the animal kept its eye fixed down in an accomplished and scholarlike manner40 ,illustration3 ,,performing ,,elephant4 ,in addition to the training elephants receive immediately after their capture1 and which we have described1 very little instruction is required to prepare them for those performances which delight circus-goers4 ,the performances in question consist usually of lying down1 walking on their legs1 standing on the head1 walking up an inclined plane formed of a narrow plank1 standing on a pedestal1 holding a rope for a dancer or acrobat to perform upon1 and similar feats4 ,these are nearly all but modifications of his labors when a captive in his native country4 ,holding a line for a gymnast is not very different to the elephant from doing the same thing to draw a load or raise a weight4 ,in compelling the elephant to perform these acts advantage is taken of the fact that the feet of the elephant are peculiarly sensitive and he dreads any injury to them4 ,while a spear held at his head will cause him little uneasiness1 if the same be directed toward his feet it will cause him to display evident symptoms of anxiety4 ,so by threatened attacks he may be induced to move in any desired direction4 ,by tapping them gently from below he may be made to raise them2 and by persevering he is made to raise both hind feet--lowering his head as a natural result of this rear movement--and thus is accomplished the feat of standing on his head4 ,in the pedestal performance the pedestal is comparatively low1 and with the upper surface of just sufficient area to accommodate the elephants four feet1 placed close together4 ,he is first made to place one fore foot upon this1 then the other1 and then in succession the two hind feet4 ,the trainer must be watchful and prevent the elephant's very natural attempt to replace his fore feet on the ground when he places his hind one on the pedestal4 ,this is done by striking his toes whenever he makes the attempt4 ,illustration3 ,,performing ,,elephant4 ,the delicacy of touch possessed by the elephant's trunk enables him to use it for many purposes with as much dexterity as a human being would his hands4 ,thus he easily performs the amusing trick of opening and drinking a bottle of soda water2 holding the bottle with his feet while he removes the cork with his trunk and then lifting the bottle in his trunk and pouring the contents down his throat4 ,similar tricks are readily acquired by the elephant without any particular training1 all that is necessary in the soda-water trick is to let him know there is something in the bottle and his ingenuity may be depended upon to get at the contents4 ,we some years ago witnessed a novel feat at a circus4 ,a small table was brought into the ring and the clown seated himself on one side of it4 ,on the other side the elephant who had been performing squatted on his haunches4 ,the 8supes0 then brought in plates of apples1 bread1 etc41 and arranged them on the table4 ,a large two-pronged fork was now handed to the elephant1 and with this he dexterously 8speared0 his provender and conveyed it to his mouth4 ,this appeared quite wonderful1 and was hailed with rounds of applause1 but it was a trick very easily taught4 ,the animal had been first given apples on a fork1 and not being allowed to eat them except on taking them off the fork with his mouth he soon learned to do so4 ,then he was given the fork1 and the apples placed before him1 his trunk was guided by his trainer's hand to strike the fork into the apple and then he was allowed to carry it to his mouth4 ,if the apples be good ones he will soon learn to do all this without prompting1 and will very willingly perform the trick for the sake of the 8perquisites40 ,we do not imagine that many of our readers will have occasion to train an elephant2 still there is often an opportunity afforded at traveling exhibitions1 should you desire it1 to make an elephant go through a little performance for you1 such as picking up your hat1 catching apples or nuts thrown him1 etc4 ,a judicious outlay in ginger-bread and like delicacies will induce his elephantship to be quite obliging1 and if your stock of edibles be purchased at the stand in the tent1 probably the proprietors will offer no objection to your feeding their elephant with them4 ,speaking of amateur elephant exhibitors recalls an adventure of our own youthful days4 ,visiting a menagerie early one afternoon when comparatively few visitors were present1 and anxious to 8show of0 before some less venturesome youths1 we had1 at the expense of all our pocket money1 caused one of the elephants to pick up our cap when thrown down and hand it back to us1 to insert his trunk in our pockets after cake1 and finally1 as a crowning feat1 to take bits of cake from between our lips4 ,had we been contented with these achievements our performance would have been a triumph2 but1 alas1 our ambition was not satisfied1 and we thought it would be a still greater display to make the elephant take the cake from the inside of our mouth4 ,so a piece was a placed therein and the mouth held invitingly open4 ,mr4 ,elephant unhesitatingly inserted his proboscis1 but unfortunately our supply of cake had been well nigh exhausted1 and the piece used for the experiment was very small1 so either from inability to find it1 a mistake in the article1 or as a punishment for reducing the rations1 he got hold of our tongue1 and the first thing we knew he was attempting to pull it out4 ,luckily his keeper came to our rescue at this critical moment1 and we retired uninjured but rather crestfallen4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,lions1 ,,tigers1 ,,leopards ,,and ,,panthers4 ,unquestionably the lion in his native wilds1 with his appetite keen from forced fasts1 is a fierce and formidable adversary to meet with1 and well worthy the title of 8king of beasts40 ,but it is well established by travelers and hunters that when his appetite is satisfied he will seldom attack a man unprovoked1 often passing harmlessly by2 and will even permit his best relished prey1 the antelope1 to come to his neighborhood for water1 without molestation4 ,he is comparatively gentle in a state of captivity1 more to be depended upon1 and less treacherous1 than the tiger1 and has been preferred to the tiger by tamers in all ages4 ,when taken young he is tamed with little difficulty1 and1 while a cub1 may be handled and caressed like a great kitten4 ,as he grows larger he becomes so rough in his play that he is liable unintentionally to inflict injury4 ,hunters who capture a family of cubs generally sell them to individuals who make a business of buying up young animals in their native countries1 to be forwarded to correspondents in various parts of the world4 ,this is the way in which nearly all the wild animals on exhibition are procured4 ,when an animal 8on the road0--which is the technical term for moving with a traveling exhibition--is so unmindful of the interests of his owners as to die1 the showman telegraphs to a dealer in wild animals1 and often within twenty-four hours another is on his way to supply the vacant place4 ,sometimes1 if the dead animal has acquired a reputation1 the new one assumes his name as well as his duties1 and the public never suspects there has been any change4 ,until bought by the exhibitor lions are considered merely as articles of merchandise1 to be kept in good condition1 and1 when ordered1 to be packed and forwarded with due care and despatch4 ,the dealer in wild animals does nothing in respect to taming them1 though a second-hand animal which has been tamed sometimes comes into his hands4 ,if it is desired to tame a lion for the exhibition of the 8lion king0 he is bought when young2 if merely for ordinary exhibition this is not essential4 ,the taming is accomplished mainly by mild measures4 ,the young lion is regularly and plentifully fed1 his food being given to him by the tamer4 ,as we before remarked a cub may be handled with as much freedom as a kitten1 and if this be kept up regularly1 the animal becomes so accustomed to it as not to resent it when he grows older4 ,besides1 all animals of the cat kind are fond of having their heads scratched and their fur stroked1 and even such a trifling matter as this aids the tamer in soothing and gaining the good will of the animal4 ,being fed immediately after these familiarities the lion soon hails them with pleasure1 as the precursor of his meal4 ,any misbehavior1 such as scratching1 biting1 or defiance of the tamer is punished with a blow from the butt of a heavy whip1 and in extreme cases by the deprivation of his supper4 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,lion ,,king0 ,,performing4 ,it is sometimes necessary to reduce an old lion to submission or to inspire with more awe one which does not entertain sufficient respect for the tamer4 ,the animal is usually well fed2 this dulls his anger at the tamer's intrusion1 as well as makes his resistance more easily overcome4 ,armed with a club1 the tamer enters the cage1 and standing in such a position as to prevent the lion approaching from the rear1 he waits the animal's onset4 ,this is always a ticklish position1 requiring a cool head and steady nerves1 but the captive animal with a full stomach is not like a wild one ravenous for food1 and he is pretty sure to submit sooner or later4 ,watching the animal's eye steadily1 the tamer can ordinarily detect his intention to spring1 and be prepared to receive him with a blow from the club4 ,this he repeats at each approach of the animal until the latter slinks to the farther end of the cage and ceases his attacks4 ,this is enough for one lesson2 the next day the animal will probably only gaze sullenly on the tamer upon his entering the cage4 ,as he becomes accustomed to the man's presence he will permit him to handle him1 but these are not the ones in whose mouths the tamer places his head4 ,to place your head in the mouth of a lion who bears you ill-will is a dangerous proceeding1 and there is a probability that he would seize such a favorable opportunity to pay off old scores4 ,burning torches and heated irons are sometimes resorted to as aids in subduing unamiable and obstinate animals4 ,these are used more frequently for tigers than for lions4 ,more reliance may be placed upon a lion's affection than a tiger's2 the tiger must be made to fear the tamer so much that he will not dare to commit any overt act4 ,the training of an animal of course adds very greatly to his value1 therefore great pains are taken with the lion's education4 ,the lion1 if gentle means have been adopted1 often becomes attached to the tamer1 and will go through his performance with even a sort of pleasure4 ,this performance usually consists in the 8lion king0 entering the cage1 caressing the lions1 and then proceeding to show the audience what he dares to do with the animals4 ,opening the mouth1 showing the teeth and tongue1 pulling out claws1 and the more startling feat of putting his head in the lion's mouth1 are the customary performances4 ,taking the lion by the tail is a familiarity occasionally1 though seldom1 indulged in4 ,when the man places his head in the lion's mouth it will be noticed that he holds the jaws with his hands4 ,this is generally1 but erroneously1 supposed to be done to prevent the animal closing his mouth2 should he feel so inclined1 the man's strength would avail but little against the powerful muscles of the animal's jaws2 his real object in holding the jaws is to prevent the exceedingly rough tongue of the lion coming in contact with and lacerating his face4 ,when this feat is performed in private it is usual to protect the face with a sort of hood of stout cloth4 ,most of the injuries1 to lion tamers1 which occur in the performance of this feat1 we believe to be purely accidental4 ,an incipient cough1 a tickling in the throat or some other trifle is liable to cause a spasmodic closing of the jaws1 and the crushing of the tamer's head before he or the lion has any idea of what is going to happen4 ,some lions will permit strangers to enter their cages in company with the tamer4 ,some will even permit little familiarities from visitors under the protection of the tamer4 ,nero1 a lion of peculiarly gentle disposition belonging to a menagerie traveling in ,scotland1 seemed even pleased to receive visits from persons whom his master saw fit to introduce into his cage1 and would treat them very graciously4 ,when last in ,edinburgh a nightly exhibition was given of visitors riding and sitting on his back1 ,nero the while preserving a look of magnanimous composure1 only slowly looking around at the entrance of a new visitor4 ,another lion1 in ,amsterdam1 would jump through a hoop and barrel2 then through the same covered with paper2 and finally through hoop and barrel with the paper set on fire4 ,this last part he evidently disliked1 but with some coaxing would do it4 ,when given meat in public he would show his forbearance by allowing some of it to be taken from him1 submitting with only a short clutch and a growl2 but his countenance lost its serene expression1 and he would probably not long have submitted to this tampering4 ,a keeper of wild beasts in ,new ,york had provided himself with a fur cap on the approach of winter4 ,the novelty of this costume attracted the attention of the lion who made a sudden grab at it1 as the man passed the cage1 and pulled it off his head4 ,as soon1 however1 as he discovered it was the keeper's he relinquished the cap and laid down meekly on the bottom of his cage4 ,the same animal hearing a noise under his cage put his paw through the bars and hauled up the keeper1 who was cleaning beneath4 ,seeing it was his master he had thus ill-used1 he immediately laid down upon his back in an attitude of complete submission4 ,the temper of the female is generally milder than that of the male previous to her having young4 ,no sooner1 however1 does she become a mother than the ferocity of her disposition becomes ten-fold more vigorous1 and though she will sometimes permit the keeper to enter the cage and attend to her wants1 too near an approach1 or any interference with the cubs would prove extremely dangerous4 ,when disturbed by visitors the lioness displays great anxiety for her young1 carrying the cubs in her mouth1 apparently desirous of hiding them4 ,this anxiety begins to diminish when the young ones reach the age of about five months4 ,lions are quite frequently born in captivity1 but few of these reach maturity1 many dying at the time of shedding their milk teeth4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lioness ,,and ,,the ,,dog4 ,there was at one time in the ,jardin des ,plantes1 ,paris1 a lioness which permitted a dog to live in her den1 and to which she became strongly attached4 ,the dog was equally fond of her1 gamboling with and caressing her in the highest possible spirit4 ,the lioness was most attentive to all his wants1 and when the keeper let the little creature out for exercise she seemed exceedingly unhappy till he returned4 ,a lioness kept in the ,tower of ,london in #aggc had for a considerable time been so attached to a little dog who was kept in her den that she would not eat till the dog was first satisfied4 ,when the lioness was near her time of whelping1 it was thought advisable to take the dog away2 but shortly after1 when the keepers were cleaning the den1 the dog by some means got into it and approached the lioness with his wonted fondness1 while she was playing with her cubs4 ,she made a sudden spring at him1 and seizing the poor little animal in her mouth1 seemed on the point of tearing him to pieces2 then1 as if suddenly recollecting her former kindness1 she carried him to the door of the den and allowed him to be taken out unharmed4 ,one of the most interesting cages in the ,zoological ,garden1 ,london1 is that containing a family party consisting of a mastiff with a lion and his mate4 ,they were brought up together from cubhood1 and agree marvelously well1 though the dog would prove little more than a mouthful for either of his noble companions4 ,visitors express much sympathy for him1 and fancy that the lion is only saving him up1 as the giant did ,jack1 for a future feast4 ,but this sympathy seems uncalled for1 as ,lion 7so the dog is named7 has always maintained the ascendancy he assumed as a pup1 and any rough handling on the part of his huge playfellows is immediately resented by his flying at their noses4 ,although the dog is allowed to come out of the den every morning1 he shows a great disinclination to leave his old friends4 ,it is1 however1 thought advisable to separate them at feeding time4 ,the taming of wild beasts has not been confined to modern times4 ,in the palmy days of the ,roman empire they were trained and led in the triumphal processions so common at the time when ,rome was almost master of the world4 ,lions were even made1 occasionally1 to draw the chariots of some victorious general1 symbolical of his prowess4 ,for many generations1 various powerful ,indian sovereigns have had beasts of prey tamed and kept near the throne on state occasions4 ,more frequently1 however1 they were employed in the execution of criminals or persons who had offended the despot4 ,king ,theodore of ,abyssinia possessed quite a number of tamed lions4 ,of his four special favorites1 one named ,kuara was the most docile and intelligent4 ,when the king received an embassy he gave audience to the messengers surrounded by a court of lions instead of a crowd of courtiers and a guard of soldiers4 ,the couguar1 or ,american lion1 is one of the gentlest of the species1 easily tamed1 becoming harmless and even affectionate1 even toward comparative strangers4 ,this animal is frequently met with in menageries1 his docility and the ease with which he may be taught to leap and climb1 rendering him a favorite for these collections4 ,he is much pleased with the society of those persons to whom he is accustomed2 lies down on his back between their feet1 toys with their garments1 and acts very much like a playful kitten4 ,he has a great predilection for water1 and1 if provided with a tub of that liquid1 will jump in1 souse around in it1 and jump out again highly delighted4 ,tigers being more treacherous and less influenced by kind treatment than lions1 tamers generally prefer to have as little to do with as possible4 ,this rule1 however1 is not without an exception2 the natives of ,india tame tigers more frequently than lions1 and the tame tigers of the fakirs1 the celebrated 8royal tigers10 natives of ,hindoostan1 naturally the most powerful and ferocious in the world1 exhibit great gentleness and confidence--attributable doubtless to the ample way in which they are fed4 ,in this country tigers are principally kept merely as objects of curiosity and few efforts are made to tame them4 ,when taming is deemed desirable1 resort is generally had to intimidation4 ,an old tiger can seldom be subdued except by brute force2 a crowbar is more effective with him than kindness1 though when once rendered tractable1 kindness succeeds severity in his treatment4 ,tigers are not1 however1 entirely destitute of affection1 and this is sometimes manifested toward the person who has reared them4 ,an example of this kind1 a tigress in the town of ,london1 may be familiar to the reader4 ,this animal on its arrival in ,london grew very irascible and dangerous1 from the annoyance of visitors and the bustle on the ,thames4 ,after she had been here some time her old keeper visited the tower and desired to enter the cage4 ,so sulky and savage had the beast become that the superintendent feared to grant this request1 but was finally prevailed on to do so4 ,no sooner1 however1 did the animal catch sight of her old friend than she exhibited the utmost joy and on his entering her cage1 fawned upon and caressed him1 showing extravagant signs of pleasure1 and at his departure cried and whined for the remainder of the day4 ,the cowardice of the tiger is well known4 ,this characteristic is illustrated in the contests between buffaloes and tigers exhibited in ,india4 ,the tiger seems to menace the spectators1 swelling his fur1 displaying his teeth1 and occasionally snarling and lashing his sides with his tail4 ,as soon as the buffalo enters the enclosure1 the tiger 8sinks into the most contemptible despondency1 sneaking along under the palisade1 crouching and turning on his back1 to avoid the buffalo's charge4 ,he tries every device his situation will admit1 and often suffers himself to be gored1 or to be lifted from his pusillanimous attitude by the buffalo's horn before he can be induced to act on the defensive4 ,when1 however1 he really does summon up courage to oppose his antagonist1 he displays wonderful vigor and activity1 although he is generally conquered40 ,perhaps the cowardice of the tiger in the above instance is due to the consciousness of his inability to cope successfully with his adversary1 and may be a specimen of 8discretion being the better part of valor10 but the following incident related of a tiger kept at the ,british residency in ,calcutta1 gives an amusing example of absurd terror from a most insignificant cause3 8,what annoyed him far more than our poking him up with a stick1 or tantalizing him with shins of beef or legs of mutton1 was introducing a mouse into his cage4 ,no fine lady ever exhibited more terror at the sight of a spider than this magnificent royal tiger betrayed on seeing a mouse4 ,our mischievous plan was to tie the little animal by a string to the end of a long pole1 and thrust it close to the tiger's nose4 ,the moment he saw it he leaped to the opposite side2 and1 when the mouse was made to run near him1 he jammed himself into a corner1 and stood trembling and roaring in such an ecstasy of fear that we were always obliged to desist in pity to the poor brute4 ,sometimes we insisted on his passing over the spot where the unconscious little mouse ran backward and forward4 ,for a long time1 however1 we could not get him to move1 till1 at length1 ,i believe1 by the help of a squib1 we obliged him to start2 but1 instead of pacing leisurely across his den1 or making a detour to avoid the object of his alarm1 he generally took a kind of flying leap1 so high as nearly to bring his back in contact with the roof of his cage40 ,tigers will not submit like lions to the intrusion of idle strangers into the cages1 but any professional trainer can ordinarily enter the cage and exhibit any properly broken tigers without special risk4 ,there are men ready to accept engagements for performing with animals whom they may never have seen before the day of exhibition2 fear being the controlling influence with the beasts1 it is only requisite that the man shall show no timidity1 and compel obedience by whatever severity may be necessary4 ,the statement that belladonna or the leaves of datura stramonium are put in the food of tigers to act on their nervous system and create hallucination and terror1 is1 we believe1 unfounded2 no hallucination equals the simple reality of a heavy iron bar4 ,the tiger's cage is not altogether without its dangers4 ,a story told of ,tom ,nathan1 once well known in connection with circus exhibitions1 gives one illustration of the feelings attendant upon non-success4 ,he began public life as a clown4 ,in his later years his hair was snowy white1 but he relates that it became so1 not in consequence of his years1 but from an alarming accident which befell him during his career in the sawdust4 ,there was a tiger in the show with which he was connected1 and the man who bearded the tiger in his den having1 on one occasion1 struck for higher wages1 ,nathan volunteered to take his place4 ,boldly he entered the cage1 but as soon as he did so1 the animal resented the intrusion and seized him by the fleshy part of the body immediately below the small of the back4 ,the fear of being chewed1 the pain of the laceration of his flesh1 and disappointed ambition combined1 blanched his hair in a moment4 ,he went into the cage a fair haired youth1 and was taken out1 as soon as he could be secured1 a white headed old man4 ,the following is a bit of experience1 related to an ,english correspondent1 by an old ,english tamer named ,norwood1 long employed by ,jamrach1 an extensive animal owner of ,london3 8,whenever ,i 'ave a few words with ,mr4 ,jamrach1 which ,i had a few not many weeks ago1 ,i takes to the show business1 and am allers ready to go in4 ,this 'ere scar10 7baring an arm and showing a deep flesh wound1 recently cicatrized7 8,i got on the ,kingsland road1 on the #bjth of this month4 ,a ,bengal tiger it was1 and ,i was a-performing with the same beast as was at the ,crystal ,palace a short time arterwards4 ,me and ,mr4 ,jamrach 'ad 'ad a few words1 we 'ad1 and ,i took up with the performing1 which ,i'd been accustomed to4 ,well1 ,i see the tiger for the first time at four in the arternoon2 and ,i goes into her den1 and puts her through her anky-panky at eight4 ,as a matter o'course ,i 'ad to giv' her the whip a bit1 and she not knowing my voice1 don't you see1 got fidgety and didn't like it4 ,to make matters worse moresumever1 this tiger bein' fond of jumpin'1 they went and shortened the cage1 so that when ,i giv' the word she fell short of her reg'lar jump1 and came upon me4 ,i don't believe she meant mischief2 ,i only fancy she got timid like1 and not being accustomed to what she 'ad under 'er1 she makes a grab and does wot you see4 ,the company got scared like2 the ladies screamed1 and the performance was stopped for a time4 ,what did ,i do8--why1 directly they came in with iron bars and made her loose her hold1 ,i jest giv' her the whip agen1 and made her go through the jump till she got more satisfied like2 but she was timid1 very timid1 to the last1 and tore off the flesh right to the elbow here4 ,no1 sir1 ,i never stopped the performance after the first time1 though ,i was being mauled above a bit1 while the people was a clapping their 'ands1 and 'ollering #8angcore1' ,it don't do with beasts to let 'em think you're uneasy1 so each time she tore me with her claws1 ,i just giv' her the whip1 till she saw it wouldn' do40 ,leopards and panthers1 although sometimes confounded even by naturalists1 are strictly different animals1 though so near alike that any statements in regard to the training of one will be equally applicable to the other4 ,they are both quite common in menageries1 and are often among the dwellers in the 8den of beasts40 ,leopards--and what we say of the leopard's character or training applies equally to the panther--are of a comparatively gentle disposition1 and1 unless hungry or annoyed1 are generally harmless4 ,even in a wild state a person may come across them without being harmed1 though it is said they are more dreaded at the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 than the lion1 for they steal silently and treacherously upon their prey while he gives warning of his approach by terrific roarings4 ,illustrative of the leopard's peaceful disposition an amusing story is told of a ,cape farmer who once surprised a group of seven leopards reposing on a clump of scattered rocks4 ,in the excitement of the moment1 with scarcely a thought as to the probable consequences1 he fired his single-barreled gun at them4 ,instead of returning this attack1 the leopards seemed more surprised than angry at the report of the gun1 and instead of turning their attention to the imprudent intruder some of them leaped on their hind legs1 and pawed the air as if trying to catch the bullet which had gone whistling by their ears4 ,the leopard is tamed easily1 and is usually the animal selected to perform the leaping and similar feats which form a prominent portion of the 8lion king's0 exhibition4 ,care is taken to select an individual who shows an inclination and aptness for these exercises4 ,in this case the training is a mere trifle2 the tamer corners the leopard up in one end of the cage1 and holding his whip in a horizontal position close to the floor1 he gently stirs the animal with his foot1 giving at the same time the command1 8up60 or 8hi60 ,to escape the annoyance the leopard will spring over the whip1 and the lesson is repeated until he does so promptly1 on its being placed in position and the order given4 ,then the tamer may raise one of his legs and hold the whip at its side1 and the leopard will leap over the leg4 ,the same plan may be adopted with other articles such as poles1 banners1 etc41 or even the trainer's own head4 ,jumping through a hoop is the next lesson2 the hoop to be held in one hand while the other hand holds the whip1 with which the lower part of the hoop is to be tapped when the command 8up60 or 8hi60 is given4 ,the hoop is at first held low down and close to the animal1 but it may be gradually elevated as the lessons continue until the leap is as high as the cage will permit4 ,covering the hoop with paper adds a little to the attractiveness of this feat1 and1 of course1 the leopard experiences no difficulty in going through a single thickness of paper4 ,it is a harder task to induce the animal to jump through a hoop in which a number of small lights are arranged so as to form a fiery circle4 ,the animal's natural dread of fire makes him dislike anything of which fire forms a part1 but if the hoop be at first of large size and the lights few1 he will1 if perseveringly urged1 by-and-by venture4 ,experiencing no harm he will gradually become bolder1 and the size of the hoop may be decreased and the lights increased until a wreath of fire is formed barely large enough for him to pass through2 the rapidity of his passage will prevent his being hurt by the flames4 ,a similar mode is adopted for teaching lions1 though they are less frequently taught these tricks4 ,the large cage in which the tamer's public exhibitions take place is divided into several compartments by iron gates2 each animal has his allotted division and the gates prevent any intrusion by the other animals4 ,it is only when the tamer is in the cage that these-gates are opened2 then they swing back against the sides1 forming one large cage4 ,the animals are very jealous of any encroachment of the others1 upon their accustomed space1 and the tamer must be watchful to prevent quarrels when they are thus all thrown together4 ,it is easier to make the beasts submit to a man's presence than to the presence of one another4 ,it is seldom that the tamer is assailed1 but many a time has one of the animals been killed during these performances1 without the spectators having any suspicion of the fact4 ,a sudden bite at the back of the neck crushes the spine and the victim sinks upon the floor without a sound1 dead4 ,the audience suppose he has lain down because his part of the performance is over--and so it is4 ,wild animals kept in confinement are subject to spells of sulkiness1 at which times their management requires great judgment and care on the part of the tamer4 ,these sulky moods are premonitions to the tamer of danger1 and he makes it a point whenever passing the cages to glance at the animals' eyes to detect any suspicious looks4 ,it is during these fits that most of the casualties occur4 ,women have in several instances ventured to assume the rle of 8lion queens40 ,some years ago one of these was traveling with a show2 through the country1 whose husband1 we have been told1 had been a lion tamer1 and had been killed by one of the animals4 ,before his death this man had sometimes allowed his wife to enter the cage with him1 thus accustoming the animals to her presence--though with no thought1 probably1 of her ever performing them professionally4 ,exactly how it came about we cannot tell1 but probably she saw no other means of support2 at any rate1 in the very cage in which her husband met his death she set out to win her daily bread4 ,we cannot vouch for the story2 we cannot now even recall the name of our informant2 but for all that it may be true4 ,we only remember that she was harsher toward her animals than are most masculine members of the profession1 and it is possible she was meting out to them a sort of 8poetic justice0 for the murder of her husband4 ,children have at times been introduced into these cages to make the exhibition appeal more strongly to the sympathies of the audience4 ,the public always flock to see these scenes1 however they may cry out against the barbarity of exposing a child to the danger of being torn to pieces by wild beasts4 ,in one or two cases a little girl has entered the cage entirely alone and performed the animals2 but animals are often more tractable with children than with grown persons1 as probably many of our readers have witnessed in the case of savage dogs4 ,mrs4 ,bowdich says of a panther kept at ,cape ,coast1 ,africa1 as the pet of an officer1 that he was particularly gentle with children1 lying by them as they slept4 ,even the infant shared his caresses without the slightest attempt on the animal's part to injure the child4 ,besides this docility with children the tamer is always near at hand1 sometimes in the guise of an attendant1 keeping a watchful eye upon the animals1 and ready to lend prompt assistance should it be required4 ,in ,persia the leopard is trained to hunt gazelles just as a falcon will hunt herons4 ,the huntsman provides the leopard with a hood1 which can be drawn over his face and mouth1 and seats him on his saddle-bow4 ,the moment a deer or gazelle is sighted the leopard's head is uncovered1 and he is let down from the horse4 ,in one or two bounds1 according to the distance1 the leopard springs upon the back of his prey and seizing it by the neck brings it to the ground4 ,the huntsman then comes up1 and after caressing the leopard1 who has already begun to feast upon the prey1 he gives him a piece of meat to divert his attention1 and slipping on the hood restores him to his place upon the saddle-bow4 ,when the leopard fails to bring down the prey1 which rarely happens1 he hides himself and lies down1 and can only be prevailed on to renew the chase by repeated caresses4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,taming ,,wild ,,animals ,,in ,,general--,,squirrels--,,bears--,,buffa loes--,,wolves--,,hyenas-- ,,rhinoceroses--,,hippopotami--,,crocodi les--,,alligators4 ,all our present domestic animals having sprung from wild stock1 it is not very remarkable that many other animals now found in a state of nature1 may be rendered equally gentle and obedient under proper treatment4 ,as the taming of these animals answers no purpose save the gratification of public curiosity1 the number is comparatively small1 for as soon as a tame bear or buffalo ceases to be a novelty the most profitable thing for his owner to do is to chop him up into steaks4 ,whatever may be the ferocity of an animal that has reached maturity1 this characteristic is almost wholly lacking in his infancy1 consequently most of the tamed animals have been captured young1 and accustomed for the principal part of their lifetime to captivity4 ,all wild animals when captured1 after they have reached an adult age1 display at first a passionate resistance to confinement and all efforts to soothe them4 ,while this lasts it is usual to keep them without food4 ,the exhaustion induced by this deprivation greatly aids in quelling their rage1 besides teaching them the hopelessness of resistance4 ,with cubs this is scarcely ever necessary2 though they sometimes display anger1 they are so easily overpowered or restrained from mischief1 that it is hardly worth while needlessly to make them suffer hunger4 ,as soon as the old ones become quiet they are fed by the tamer1 who thus lays the foundation of their future good will4 ,animals in menageries are1 as a rule1 fed one full meal each day1 with the exception of ,sunday1 on which day they get nothing to eat4 ,this fast is intended to keep them in health1 and to rest their digestive organs1 and is nothing to animals who can go for days or even weeks without food if necessary4 ,small animals1 such as squirrels1 etc41 may be tamed without difficulty1 even if captured when arrived at a considerable age4 ,gentle treatment1 the avoidance of any teasing or aggravating1 and a gradual increase of the tamer's familiarity with the captive1 will be all that is requisite in most cases4 ,when tamed1 the animals may be taught tricks of various kinds in the same manner that we have elsewhere described for teaching the same performances to other animals4 ,a squirrel1 if captured when moderately young1 can be tamed in a couple of days by merely carrying him in your pocket4 ,the warmth of the pocket will be pleasant to him1 and by giving him a nut occasionally you will convince him that you mean well toward him1 and so gain his confidence4 ,at first1 care must be taken to prevent his escape1 but by-and-by he may be allowed to come out and go in at his pleasure1 and he will run about your lap with the greatest familiarity4 ,with flying squirrels this method of training is particularly successful4 ,squirrels and many of the small wild animals can be made tame by any boy who is willing to devote sufficient time and patience to the object4 ,in some cases it is not necessary to capture the animal4 ,we have known instances of animals1 particularly squirrels1 being made so tame that they would of their own accord come to the tamer on hearing his voice4 ,there was no great mystery in their docility2 food had been at first placed in places frequented by them1 the person so placing it retiring to a distance4 ,by-and-by the animal would come and eat the food1 perhaps glancing suspiciously at the distant figure1 but if the person made no motion to startle him1 he would continue his meal4 ,this placing of food would require long continuance1 the person each time remaining a little nearer than before1 until1 in time1 the animal would have no fear even in his immediate vicinity4 ,then bits of food may be gently dropped down for him1 and if the tamer stands quietly they will probably be picked up4 ,then the tamer may step backward and again drop a morsel2 the animal will advance to get it1 and at last he may even become so familiar as to eat from the hand4 ,a squirrel who has been so far tamed may then easily be taught to climb over the tamer's person by enticing him forward with some dainty4 ,we have seen a squirrel induced to go through quite a variety of little performances1 standing erect1 leaping1 and climbing wherever desired1 lured on by a kernel of corn at the end of a piece of string4 ,of the larger animals1 bears have always been favorite subjects with trainers4 ,considerable difficulty and danger is encountered in securing the cubs1 owing to the ferocity and courage with which the mother bear defends her young4 ,the old bear is in most cases killed before the capture of the young ones can be accomplished4 ,during the infancy of the cubs the old he-bear ungallantly deserts the partner of his bosom1 and takes up his quarters at a distance1 to avoid annoyance by the cries of his progeny2 so the hunter often escapes trouble with the head of the family4 ,bears are born blind1 like puppies1 and remain so for about eight or nine days4 ,with care they can be raised even if taken when only four or five days old4 ,the black bear attains his full size when eight or nine years old4 ,bears like many other animals have been called upon to lend their aid in theatrical displays4 ,a frightful scene occurred some twenty years ago at the theater of ,czerny1 in ,bohemia1 during the performance of a melo-drama1 called the 8,bear of the ,mountains10 the principal performer in which was a bruin of such wonderful docility and dramatic talent1 that for a long succession of nights he attracted overflowing audiences4 ,on this occasion1 however1 something had put this star out of humor1 and he was observed to be wanting in those brilliant displays of the histrionic art which had previously overwhelmed him with applause4 ,in the third act1 instead of coming down the mountains by a winding path1 with the slow and solemn step1 as set down in the prompter's book1 he alighted on the stage at one bound4 ,on his return behind the scenes he received reproofs1 which1 instead of improving1 made his temper still more sullen2 and it was with difficulty he could be prevailed on to go through his part4 ,in the last scene he was induced to commence a waltz with a young and beautiful peasant girl1 and seemed to take so much enjoyment in the dance1 that the whole audience were raised from their seats1 and1 standing on the benches1 drowned the sounds of a powerful orchestra with their acclamations of praise and delight4 ,in a moment1 however1 the joyous spectacle was changed into one of horror2 a piercing shriek was heard above all the combination of noises2 the stage was one moment in the utmost confusion1 and the next was clear of every performer except the bear1 who appeared with his muzzle1 unfastened1 and hanging around his neck2 and after making a wide display of his tremendous gullet1 leaped into the orchestra1 which1 as may be easily imagined1 was as vacant as the stage4 ,the flight of the audience was equally as quick1 but the consequences more serious4 ,numbers were severely crushed and bruised in the struggle at the doors1 and several were dreadfully injured by being thrown down and trampled upon4 ,after a pause1 a platoon of soldiers went into the pit with fixed bayonets and loaded barrels1 and ordered to bring out the cause of all the evil1 dead or alive2 but they found him1 like other great actors who have performed their parts and become exhausted by their exertions1 taking his repose on one of the benches1 and incapable or unwilling to make any resistance4 ,the performances of bears consist almost entirely of natural actions1 such as walking erect1 climbing1 leaping1 and the like4 ,these are arranged to form a variety of feats2 that of a bear riding around the ring1 in a gig drawn by a pony1 is very simple1 the bear being only required to set erect1 and hold the reins in his paws4 ,carrying articles1 as when acting waiter1 is natural4 ,standing on their heads and turning somersaults are probably feats not commonly indulged in in a state of freedom2 they are taught by rapping the hind legs until the animals take the desired position or make the desired turn-over4 ,the most pretentious bear show within our knowledge was that of 8,old ,grizzly ,adams10 a hunter who managed to collect quite a number and variety of bears1 which were exhibited some years ago4 ,laughing1 crying1 singing1 and other bears were advertised as belonging to this collection2 but the laughing1 crying and singing were the mere natural voices of the bears1 and all so nearly alike that only a vivid imagination enabled the hearer to distinguish between the laughing1 crying1 and singing4 ,some gaudy costumes tickled with their ridiculousness the fancy of the audience1 and the exhibition gave very fair satisfaction4 ,illustration3 ,,dancing ,,bears ,,in ,,costume4 ,little bears are intensely amusing1 and they display a great fondness for romping and playing4 ,we have known of hunters bringing cubs home1 and adopting them1 as it were1 into their families1 the bears becoming exceedingly familiar1 sleeping with the children1 and eating from their bowls of bread and milk1 climbing into the hunter's lap and licking his face1 and1 in fact1 making themselves perfectly at home4 ,as they grow old1 however1 they are liable to become enraged at teasing or other provocation and to be dangerous4 ,bears sometimes acquire a fondness for liquor1 and this article is in some cases used by trainers as an inducement or reward for performing4 ,cake1 candy1 and like treats are also powerful incentives with bears4 ,a writer in one of the magazines describes a huge bear whose acquaintance he made in ,new ,orleans1 belonging to a ,spaniard who kept a public house in the vicinity of that city4 ,this bear had contracted so great a liking for whiskey and sugar1 that he became troublesome unless he had his liquor and his spree1 and no one could mistake the cause of his conduct when 8fuddled40 ,he rolled from side to side1 leered ridiculously and smiled foolishly1 and was loving and savage by turns4 ,he would wrap his great paw around the tumbler containing 8the poison10 go through the ceremony of touching glasses with the gentleman who paid for the treat1 and then pour the contents down his capacious throat with a gusto that made old topers 8love that animal like one of themselves40 ,illustration3 ,,performing ,,bears4 ,illustration3 ,,bear ,,and ,,pony ,,act4 ,buffaloes have also been drafted into the service of the circus1 but their performances are in no way remarkable--except1 perhaps1 for the very absence of anything remarkable4 ,the fierce monster who1 with steaming nostrils and flaming eyes1 is represented on the circus posters as recklessly dashing over palisade-like fences1 is usually found in sober fact to be a dejected looking animal of very moderate proportions1 requiring vigorous punching to induce him to trot around the ring and leap the low 8hurdles0 the 8general utility0 men hold for him4 ,his greatest aim in life appears to be to avoid hurting his shins while going over these barriers4 ,buffalo training is nothing but reducing the animal to submission1 which a few applications of the horse taming straps will usually accomplish4 ,then he is driven around the ring until he learns to keep up a steady trot1 after which the hurdles are placed in his way and he made to leap over1 by the trainer's assistants standing so as to cut off his retreat1 and the trainer goading him forward4 ,in obstinate cases a ring is attached to the animal's nose in the same manner as with bulls4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ideal ,,buffalo ,,of ,,the ,,posters4 ,there are occasional examples recorded of the taming of wolves and hyenas4 ,a story1 we believe well authenticated1 of a pet wolf1 is related by ,m4 ,frederick ,cuvier1 and shows that even animals not usually considered affectionate1 are not without gratitude to their benefactors1 nor insensible of kind treatment4 ,the wolf1 who is the hero of this story1 had been brought up like a dog1 and became familiar with every one he was in the habit of seeing4 ,he would follow his master1 seemed to suffer from his absence1 evinced entire submission1 and differed not in manners from the tamest domestic dog4 ,the master being obliged to travel1 made a present of him to the ,royal ,menagerie at ,paris4 ,here1 shut up in his compartment1 the animal remained for several weeks moody and discontented1 and almost without eating4 ,he gradually however1 recovered1 attached himself to his keeper1 and seemed to have forgotten all his old affection4 ,his master returned after an absence of eighteen months4 ,at the very first word which he pronounced1 the wolf1 who did not see him in the crowd1 instantly recognized him1 and testified his joy by his antics and his cries4 ,being set at liberty1 he overwhelmed his old friend with caresses1 just as the most attached dog would have done after a separation of a few days4 ,unhappily1 his master was obliged to leave him a second time1 and this absence was again to the poor wolf the cause of profound regret1 but time allayed his grief4 ,three years elapsed1 and the wolf was living very comfortably with a young dog that had been given him as a companion4 ,after this space of time1 sufficient to make any dog forget his master1 the gentleman returned again4 ,it was evening1 and all was shut up1 and the eyes of the animal could be of no use to him1 but the voice of his beloved master was not yet effaced from his memory2 the moment he heard it he knew it1 and answered by cries expressive of the most impatient desire1 and on the obstacle which separated them being removed1 his cries redoubled4 ,the animal rushed forward1 placed his fore feet on the shoulders of his friend1 licked every part of his face1 and threatened with his teeth those very keepers to whom he had so recently testified the warmest affection4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,real ,,buffalo ,,of ,,the ,,ring4 ,a ,french nobleman was some years ago famous for having several tame wolves2 his method of taming being to confine each animal in a kennel by himself until he became docile4 ,the wolves were never struck1 but if when1 little by little1 they had become accustomed to the tamer's presence1 they made any attempt to bite1 they were seized by the neck and a rough stick or knotty cane rubbed hard over their gums1 which gave them a great disinclination to ever again use their teeth in an offensive manner4 ,the rhinoceros is frequently tamed in the east1 the plan being to confine the animal in a pen built around a small pond of water1 and to keep him without food until reduced by hunger4 ,food is eventually supplied1 and withheld again whenever any symptoms of fierceness are manifested4 ,those in captivity have been captured1 in most cases1 when young4 ,as early as #afhe a live specimen was carried to ,england from the ,east ,indies1 while a few years later another was exhibited extensively in ,europe4 ,since then others of the species have been brought to ,europe and ,america4 ,their behavior is very like a huge docile pig1 and they obey some simple orders of their keepers1 such as walking around the room on command and exhibiting themselves to spectators1 opening and shutting their mouths as directed1 and the like4 ,one of these animals1 still young1 habitually indicated a very mild disposition1 being very obedient to his keeper1 whose caresses he received with much satisfaction4 ,he was subject1 however1 to violent fits of passion1 and at such times it was dangerous to approach him4 ,he then made prodigious efforts to break his chains and escape from his bondage2 but the offer of bread and fruits seldom failed to soothe his most terrible convulsions4 ,those persons found the most favor with him who ministered the most to his gormandizing appetites2 and1 when they appeared1 he exhibited his satisfaction by opening his mouth and extending to them his long upper lip4 ,the narrow limits of the cage in which he was shut up did not allow him to manifest much intelligence4 ,the object of the keeper was to make him forget his strength1 or forego its exercise2 hence1 nothing calculated to awaken his consciousness of power was required of him4 ,to open his mouth1 to move his head to the right or left1 or to lift his leg were the usual acts by which he was required to testify his obedience4 ,his strength1 and the fear that in one of his passions he might break his cage1 insured to him the most mild and soothing treatment1 and he was scrupulously rewarded for the least thing he was required to do4 ,the distinction he made of persons1 and the great attention he paid to everything which passed around1 demonstrated that1 in more favorable circumstances1 his intelligence might have been more strikingly manifested4 ,akin to the rhinoceros is the hippopotamus1 a very fine specimen of which was exhibited in this country some years since1 and realized for his ,arab keeper quite a handsome sum1 the ,arab bringing him here on speculation and hiring him out to museum and circus managers4 ,between ,hamet1 the keeper1 and ,obaysch1 the hippopotamus1 considerable affection existed1 probably even more on the animal's part than on the man's4 ,side by side they slept in ,cairo1 and during the first week of their voyage to ,southampton4 ,but as the weather grew warmer1 and ,obaysch larger and larger--he was quite young when captured and grew with the rapidity of all members of the swinish race--,hamet had a hammock slung from the beams immediately over the place where he had been accustomed to sleep2 just over1 in fact1 his side of the bed1 his position being raised some two or three feet4 ,assuring ,obaysch1 not only by words but by extending one arm over the side so as to touch him1 ,hamet got into his hammock and fell asleep1 when he was suddenly awakened by a jerk and a hoist1 only to find himself close by the side of his 8compagnon du voyage40 ,another experiment at separate sleeping was attended by the same successful movements on the part of ,obaysch1 and1 till they arrived at ,southampton1 ,hamet desisted from any farther trial1 as he avoided in all ways any irritation of the animal4 ,on the voyage to this country he slept with his huge charge1 who at sea especially1 seemed more content1 and to feel safer1 when his keeper was at his side4 ,another anecdote is related of this huge beast3 ,one morning during the voyage1 ,hamet1 from some cause or other1 absented himself from ,obaysch a little longer than usual1 when he ran through his octave of cries1 from the most plaintive to the most violent1 and then was profoundly silent4 8,hamet10 says the narrator1 8thought his freedom was achieved1 and then1 with the air of an emancipated serf1 he opened his wicket1 and condescended to return to his tyrant--tyrant no longer1 as he hoped4 ,hippo awaited him with a twinkle of his infant eye--that curious1 prominent1 versatile eye1 which looks everywhere at once--as he floated in the tank1 so as to command the interior of his home4 ,hamet1 in his great fidelity1 used to keep part of his wardrobe in an angle of the roof1 for convenience of making his toilet without annoying his charge by unnecessary absence4 ,the bundle in which these choice vestments were secured had been pushed down by the revengeful infant1 rubbed open with his blunt nose during that ominous silence1 and finally left in such a state1 that neither ,hamet1 nor any other being1 ,mohammedan or ,christian1 could ever don them again4 ,hamet is a well-conducted ,mussulman1 and not given to indulging in profane language1 but he addressed ,hippo in terms of the strongest reprehension4 ,hippo twinkled his eye and shook his head1 blew a little trumpet through his nostrils1 and smiled in triumphant malevolence40 ,nothing among modern shows can compare with the old amphitheatrical exhibitions of the ,romans4 ,for these1 large numbers of animals were collected from the shores of ,africa and ,india2 in the contests of the arena they were slaughtered by wholesale4 ,eutropius states1 and his assertion is corroborated by other writers1 that #e1jjj wild beasts of all kinds were slain at the dedication of the amphitheater of ,titus4 ,pompey1 at the opening of his theater1 exhibited a variety of games and battles with wild beasts in which #ejj lions were killed in five days2 and in another exhibition the tragedy consisted in 8the massacre of #ajj lions and an equal number of lionesses1 #bjj leopards1 and #cjj bears40 ,even if public taste at the present day would tolerate such butchery1 it would be rather too expensive with lions costing from #b1jjj to #d1jjj each4 ,in those days1 of course1 the cost was much less2 in fact1 the price of wild beasts in this country is usually ten times their price in their native regions4 ,this profit is necessary to cover the great cost of transportation1 feeding and the risks of death or accidents on the passage4 ,insurance companies consider them too risky to insure4 ,prices1 however1 fluctuate greatly1 according to the demand1 and an animal worth to-day #a1jjj may be worth only #bjj next month1 though he be in equally good condition4 ,in the days when 8ordeals0 were used to prove the guilt or innocence of accused persons1 the ,brahmin priests of ,hindoostan made use of crocodiles for this purpose4 ,the accused was compelled to swim across a river infested with these animals and his fate decided the question of his guilt or innocence4 ,there is good reason to believe that there was trickery in these tests2 that crocodiles were tamed and kept in one part of the river while those of the other portions of the stream remained in their savage state4 ,the ,brahmins could thus predetermine the fate of the persons submitting to the ordeal1 and doubtless had those whom they desired to favor cross among the tame animals1 while others whom they feared or hated were placed at the mercy of the wild ones4 ,tame crocodiles are by no means rarities2 the ,egyptian priests after rendering them docile1 placed bracelets upon their forefeet1 and hung rings and precious stones in the opercula of their ears1 which were bored for the purpose1 and then presented them for adoration of the people4 ,the means used in taming the crocodile seem to have been principally kind treatment and tempting food4 ,this plan is pursued even to the present day in ,egypt1 ,india1 and other countries4 ,several individual cases are on record giving details of the taming process4 ,mr4 ,laing saw at the house of the king of the ,soulimas--a negro race occupying the country near the river ,joliba1 on the coast of ,sierra ,leone--a tamed crocodile as gentle as a dog2 but this animal was confined a prisoner in a pond in the palace4 ,the ,scheik of ,suakem--a seaport in ,nubia1 on the west coast of the ,red ,sea--having caught a young crocodile1 tamed it1 and kept it in a pond near the sea4 ,the animal grew very large1 but did not lose his docility4 ,the prince placed himself upon the animal's back1 and was carried a distance of more than three hundred steps4 ,in the island of ,sumatra1 in the year #ahbc1 an immense crocodile established himself at the mouth of the ,beanjang2 he had chased away all the other crocodiles and devoured all of them who ventured to return4 ,the inhabitants rendered him divine homage1 and respectfully supplied him with food4 8,pass10 said they to the ,english missionaries who relate the fact1 and who were afraid to approach the formidable creature2 8pass on1 our god is merciful40 ,in fact he peacefully regarded the ,europeans and their boat1 without giving any signs either of anger1 fear1 or a desire to attack them4 ,the following account is given of a tame crocodile1 in a private letter1 quoted in a review of the ,erptologie ,gnrale1 and affords corroborative proof of the foregoing statements4 ,the writer1 having ridden a considerable distance to a village about eight miles from ,kurachee1 in ,scinde1 and feeling thirsty1 went to a pool to procure some water4 8,when ,i got to the edge10 says he1 8the guide who was with me pointed out something in the water1 which ,i had myself taken to be the stump of a tree2 and although ,i had my glasses on1 ,i looked at it for some time before ,i found that ,i was standing within three feet of an immense alligator4 ,i then perceived that the swamp was crowded with them1 although they were all lying in the mud so perfectly motionless that a hundred people might have passed without observing them4 ,the guide laughed at the start ,i gave1 and told me that they were quite harmless1 having been tamed by a saint1 a man of great piety1 whose tomb was to be seen on a hill close by2 and that they continued to obey the orders of a number of fakirs1 who lived around the tomb4 ,i proceeded to the village immediately1 and got some of the fakirs to come down to the water with a sheep4 ,one of them then went close to the water with a long stick1 with which he struck the ground1 and called to the alligators1 which immediately came crawling out of the water1 great and small together1 and lay down on the bank all around him4 ,the sheep was then killed and quartered2 and while this was going on1 the reptiles continued crawling until they had made a complete ring around us4 ,the fakir kept walking about within the circle1 and if any one attempted to encroach1 he rapped it unmercifully on the snout with his stick1 and drove it backward4 ,not one of them attempted to touch him1 although they showed rows of teeth that seemed able to snap him in two at a bite4 ,the quarters of the sheep were then thrown to them1 and the scene that followed was so indescribable that ,i shall not attempt it2 but ,i think that if you will turn to ,milton1 and read his account of the transformation of ,satan and his crew in ,pandemonium1 you may form some faint idea #8how dreadful was the din4' ,in what manner these monsters were first tamed ,i cannot say4 ,the natives1 of course1 ascribe it to the piety of the saint1 who is called ,miegger ,pier1 or ,saint ,crocodile40 ,the alligators of this country1 though seldom tamed even for public exhibition1 might readily be1 as they do not differ in any important respect from the crocodiles4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,education ,,of ,,cats ,,and ,,goats4 ,cats do not appear to be favorite subjects of the trainer's art1 and it is rare that they are met with among performing animals4 ,perhaps their sly1 treacherous nature inspires a prejudice1 or perhaps their capacity for learning is underrated4 ,certainly with proper and patient training they may be taught nearly all of the simpler tricks performed by dogs1 and some which dogs cannot1 from lack of equal agility4 ,that cats possess considerable intelligence is shown by the many well authenticated stories related of them4 ,a specimen is that told by ,mr4 ,crouch1 of a cat who learned to unlock a door of her own accord4 8,there was10 writes this gentleman1 8within my knowledge1 in the house of my parentage1 a small cupboard in which were kept milk1 butter1 and other requisites for the tea table1 and the door was confined by a lock1 which from age and frequent use could easily be made to open4 ,to save trouble the key was always kept in the lock1 in which it revolved on a very slight impulse4 ,it was often a subject of remark1 that the door of this cupboard was found wide open1 and the milk or butter greatly diminished without any imaginable reason1 and notwithstanding the persuasion that the door had certainly been regularly locked4 ,on watching carefully1 the cat was seen to seat herself on the table1 and by repeated pulling on the side of the bow of the key1 it was at last made to turn1 when a slight pull of the door caused it to move on its hinges4 ,it had proved a fortunate discovery for puss1 for a long time before she was taken in the act40 ,cats may easily be taught to jump through hoops1 climb poles1 fetch and carry1 and many similar performances1 by adopting pretty nearly the same means as for instructing dogs4 ,as cats are passionately fond of fish1 this article will be found a valuable incentive to induce them to comply with your wishes4 ,a small morsel should be given as a reward for each instance of obedience1 while refractory conduct may be punished by a slight box on the ear4 ,cats may be taught to turn the handles of little organs--either real or mere silent imitations--or music boxes1 to turn a little spinning-wheel1 to pull a bell-rope1 to fire a pistol and a multitude of similar tricks4 ,these are all1 indeed1 but modifications of one another4 ,to instruct the cat1 it is well to commence by teaching her to give her paw1 like a dog4 ,when this is learned1 place the paw on the handle of the organ1 which may have a loop of tape or ribbon attached to keep the paw in place1 and give it a few turns4 ,let go1 but continue the circular movement of your hand near her paw1 as an encouragement for her to move her paw in the same manner4 ,should she not do so after a few moments1 take hold of her paw again and repeat the movement as before4 ,as soon as she turns the handle even in the slightest degree without your holding her paw1 reward her4 ,it will not be long before she makes a more perceptible turn1 and will be more prompt to do so4 ,eventually she need only to be shown the organ to understand what is desired of her4 ,when she turns the organ satisfactorily other articles may be substituted1 such as a miniature model of a spinning-wheel1 and a single lesson will be sufficient to show her that her duties are the same as with the organ4 ,to ring a bell1 a pulling instead of a circular movement is required1 but this is easier to teach4 ,a bit of cloth may be attached to the string communicating with the bell1 to afford the cat something convenient to seize hold of4 ,it will be easy to induce her to seize it by holding it near her1 or by aggravating her a little with it4 ,when she does so1 and causes the bell to ring1 reward her4 ,she will soon learn that the ringing of the bell is a signal for her to be fed1 and that pulling the string causes that signal4 ,should you wish her to ring the bell only when ordered to do so1 you should call her away1 after she fully understands pulling the string1 and then order her to 8ring the bell40 ,if necessary1 take hold of the string to show your meaning4 ,when she has pulled it1 reward her1 call her away again1 repeat the order1 and so on until she understands your command4 ,should she ring then without orders1 call her away and wait a few minutes before you again order her to ring4 ,firing off a pistol may follow this1 taught in the same way1 a piece of cloth being attached to the trigger1 and the pistol being secured in a stationary position4 ,merely snapping the trigger will do at first1 then caps may be used1 and finally powder4 ,a story is recorded of ,cecco d',ascoli and ,dante on the subject of natural and acquired genius4 ,cecco maintained that nature was more potent than art1 while ,dante asserted the contrary4 ,to prove his principle1 the great ,italian bard referred to his cat1 whom1 by repeated practice1 he had taught to hold a candle in her paw while he supped or read4 ,cecco desired to witness the experiment and came not unprepared for his purpose4 ,when ,dante's cat was performing her part1 ,cecco lifted up the lid of a pot which he had filled with mice4 ,the creature of art instantly showed the weakness of a talent merely acquired1 and dropping the candle1 immediately flew on the mice with all her instinctive propensity4 ,dante was himself disconcerted1 and it was adjudged that the advocate for the occult principle of native faculties had gained the cause4 ,to make a cat a good ratter she must not be handled by children1 or any other person2 must be fed rather sparingly at regular times1 and as much as possible on fresh meat1 and usually by the same person4 ,she will soon become accustomed to such circumstances1 will answer the call of this person who can change her about to different parts of the house1 as a night in the cellar1 and so on4 ,when treated in this way she will become shy and wild1 but will soon be a terror to rats4 ,valmont de ,bomare saw at the fair of ,st4 ,germain cats turned musicians2 their performance being announced as the 8mewing concert40 ,in the center was an ape beating time1 and some cats were arranged on each side of him1 with music before them on the stalls4 ,at a signal from the ape1 they regulated their mewing to sad or lively strains4 ,mons4 ,bisset having procured three kittens1 commenced their education1 with his usual patience4 ,he at length taught these miniature tigers to strike their paws in such directions on the dulcimer as to produce several regular tunes1 having music-books before them1 and squalling at the same time in different keys or tones1 first1 second1 and third1 by way of concert4 ,he was afterward induced to make a public exhibition of his animals1 and the well known 8cats' opera0 in which they performed1 was advertised in the ,haymarket theater4 ,his horse1 dog and monkeys1 together with these cats1 went through their parts with uncommon applause to crowded houses2 and in a few days ,bisset found himself possessed of nearly a thousand pounds to reward his ingenuity and perseverance4 ,illustration3 ,,goat ,,trick ,,of ,,hindoo ,,jugglers4 ,another story of a cat we cannot refrain from giving3 ,a lady who had a tame bird was in the habit of letting it out every day1 and had taught a favorite cat not to touch it2 but one morning as it was picking up crumbs from the carpet1 the cat seized it on a sudden and jumped with it in her mouth upon the table4 ,the lady was much alarmed for the safety of her favorite1 but on turning about1 instantly discovered the cause4 ,the door had been left open1 and a strange cat had just come into the room4 ,after the lady had turned the strange cat out1 her own cat came down from her place of safety1 and dropped the bird1 without doing it any injury4 ,goats may be taught many tricks heretofore described4 ,it is best to commence their instruction when they are quite young1 as when older they are apt to develop an obstinate disposition1 besides not being so apt pupils as when young4 ,goats not being very fastidious as to what they eat--asparagus or brown paper being devoured with about the same apparent relish--almost anything in the shape of fruit1 vegetables1 or bread1 will do as a reward for good conduct4 ,harshness seems only to arouse their obstinacy or increase their stupidity1 and we doubt whether it ever does any good4 ,if we did not really believe severity would only defeat the aims of the trainer1 we should almost be tempted to leave goats to take their own chances for kind treatment2 for ever since a venerable specimen of the animal butted us1 in our youth1 down a steep bank1 merely because in stooping to pick up something1 we furnished a temptation too strong for him to resist1 we have felt an unconquerable prejudice against the whole tribe4 ,but after all the trainer will find bribes better than blows4 ,many of the common tricks taught horses and dogs can be taught goats4 ,as we have fully described the methods of teaching those animals it would be merely repetition to give minute details here2 the method is substantially the same with goats as with horses or dogs1 for the same tricks4 ,the ,hindoo jugglers use the goat in dexterous feats of balancing4 ,the sure-footedness of the animal enables him to stand on the end of a section of bamboo cane whose surface barely affords room for his four feet4 ,sometimes this stick is placed upright1 the lower end being secured in the ground4 ,at other times the bamboo stick1 with the goat standing on its end1 is balanced on the hand1 chin or nose of the juggler4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,educated ,,hogs ,,and ,,their ,,training4 ,hogs are not very intellectual animals1 but1 fortunately for the trainer1 what they lack in intelligence is made up in appetite1 and by appealing to their stomachs their education is accomplished4 8,learned pigs0 and 8educated hogs0 are more common in ,england than in this country1 though1 probably1 like the opera1 they will in time become an acclimated institution4 ,we had the pleasure of seeing the performance of quite an excellent artist in the pork line1 who was traveling through the eastern states under the title of 8,wicked ,will10 as a side show to a circus4 ,will traveled in a cage very similar to those used in menageries1 except that it was smaller4 ,this cage at the exhibitions was placed upon a platform with the grated part facing toward the audience4 ,it was rather higher than was necessary to accommodate the hog1 the upper part containing a number of compartments about six inches in depth1 in which were kept corn1 curry-combs1 and other toilet articles4 ,the exhibitor lifts the lid which covers these receptacles1 takes a few grains of corn in his hand and drops them quietly on the carpet2 then he opens a door at one of the small ends of the cage and ,will emerges1 grunting and sniffing around4 ,the cage door is now shut1 and while ,will hunts for kernels of corn that have been scattered around1 the exhibitor gives a little dose of natural history1 hog characteristics1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,educated ,,hog4 ,the performance commences by the exhibitor placing ten cards1 on which the numerals from one to naught are printed1 in regular order across the front of the platform4 ,then he asks ,will a number of questions1 such as the number of days in a week1 in a month1 in a year--it is of no consequence what1 so long as the answers can be given in numbers4 ,the hog goes slowly from card to card1 with his nose down1 commencing at the figure #a4 ,when he comes to the right number he takes it in his mouth and brings it to his master4 8,now10 says the exhibitor1 8if any lady or gentleman will tell the hog the year they were born in1 he'll tell them their age40 ,somebody in the crowd gives the date of his birth1 and at his master's command ,will selects the figures showing the man's age4 ,this is repeated a number of times for different individuals1 to the wonder of the crowd4 ,then a watch is borrowed and the hog tells1 in the same manner1 the hour and minutes4 ,a suit of thirteen cards are substituted for the numbers1 and the hog selects them as required to reply to various questions4 ,after these have served their turn they are replaced by a number of cards on each of which is printed a single word in large type4 ,then the exhibitor continues in something like this manner3 8,now1 ,will1 ,i suppose you are very much obliged to these ladies and gentlemen for their attendance this evening2 ,will selects cards1 on which is printed ,yes2 and now1 ,will1 ,i want you to tell these ladies and gentlemen what day this is hog dues so2 and what are you going to give the ladies that come to see you8 ,kiss4 ,well1 that's very gallant6 ,and what reward do you want for amusing these people8 ,corn4 ,and what induces me to exhibit you8 ,money4 ,so you think ,i am fond of money1 do you8 ,yes4 ,and ,i wonder if there is anything else ,i'm fond of8 ,rum4 ,and what happens when ,i get a little too much of that article8 ,drunk40 ,and so on with a multitude of other questions which would be tiresome to repeat1 but which it is quite amusing to see the hog answer4 ,the card in each case would be brought to the exhibitor1 who in all cases where the correct card was selected1 dropped a few kernels of corn as a reward4 ,occasionally a wrong one would be brought1 in which case a sly kick1 or hit on the nose1 was administered4 ,sometimes the hog seemed in doubt and would pick up a card and replace it1 taking another2 once or twice he stopped midway between two cards1 turning his nose first toward one and then toward the other1 squealing dismally1 a very picture of perplexity4 ,he had sense enough to know what he would get in case of a mistake4 ,his mistakes1 however1 were very few4 ,the whole performance really consists in the hog selecting the card under the direction of his master4 ,if the latter be watched narrowly1 it will be seen that he changes his position from time to time1 as the hog passes from one card to another4 ,if the hog stops before he reaches the proper card the trainer moves his foot in the direction in which the hog should go2 if he passes it the foot is moved in the other direction4 ,when no movement is made the hog knows he is before the right card and picks it up4 ,when the hog becomes confused and frightened this movement of the foot is quite obvious to a close observer1 for at such times the hog does not so readily take the cue4 ,this signaling is the secret of the performance2 but before the hog can understand these signals1 or will pick up the cards1 a regular system of training must be pursued4 ,the pig--for the education begins when the animal is young--is first taught to come to the trainer when called4 ,this is readily done by rewarding him when he obeys and thrashing him when he fails to do so4 ,he is then taught to pick up articles in pretty much the same manner as in teaching dogs1 and which we have already fully described4 ,during the lessons the pig is rewarded with corn for obeying1 and he is also fed immediately after his lesson1 being kept a trifle hungry at other times4 ,at first an ear of corn may be used in teaching him to pick up articles4 ,he will naturally pick this up when placed on the ground4 ,instead of letting him keep it1 however1 call him to you1 and on taking it away recompense him with some kernels of corn4 ,he will soon learn that it pays better to bring you the ear over and over again1 and be rewarded each time1 than keep it himself4 ,then a cob without corn may be substituted4 ,by-and-by cobs may be arranged in a row some foot or two apart1 and the pig required to bring some one of them you have in mind4 ,this is the difficult part2 the pig will be inclined to pick up whichever comes handiest4 ,this must be prevented by gently hitting his snout1 and ordering him to 8go on40 ,always start him at the left of the line2 you will be able thus to guide him better than when he goes hap-hazard4 ,keep on his left side1 moving your foot toward him to keep him moving in the direction of the desired article4 ,avoid coming between him and the article4 ,when he comes to it make no movement4 ,if he picks it up1 call him to you1 take it from his mouth1 reward him with corn1 apple1 or some other dainty1 and replace the article in the row4 ,if1 however1 he passes by it1 change your position to his right side1 and move your foot to urge him back4 ,these movements of the foot1 during tuition1 are1 of course1 more vigorous than those used at public exhibitions4 ,at first they merely threaten him and drive him in the required direction1 but by-and-by he learns to observe them and to understand and profit by them4 ,it is possible sometimes during the lessons to help the pig's selection by pointing out the card or article1 but this is not desirable1 as it is of course unavailable in public1 and the trainer must compel the animal to do his duty so soon as he is out of the 8rudiments10 with no more help than can be used in public4 ,pigs are very fond of having their backs scratched1 and this will often attach them to their instructor1 make them more docile1 and consequently more easily instructed4 ,they are not very apt pupils1 and though they may be taught several tricks performed by dogs1 it is very seldom their education extends beyond what we have described4 ,we have known an exhibitor advertise a hog who would 8go through the multiplication table10 but this proved to be a catch2 a hoop being covered with paper on which the multiplication table was printed1 the hog was made to jump through it4 ,the humor of the 8sell0 saved the exhibitor from the indignation his deception might otherwise have aroused4 ,in ,holland1 quite a number of years ago1 a hog ran a race against a fast trotting horse4 ,the training adopted to prepare the hog for this novel contest was a good illustration of 8educating through the stomach10 and the performance sufficiently curious1 we think1 to warrant insertion here4 ,somewhat condensed the story is substantially this3 ,a member of a sporting club at the ,hague was bragging of the speed of a certain horse possessed by him4 ,another member asserted that he had a hog which he should not fear to match against him1 and this proposal1 though at first laughed at as a jest1 ended in a match of six ,english miles1 for one thousand guilders2 fourteen days being allowed the owner of ,nero1 the hog1 for training2 and the horse to carry two persons4 ,the course selected was the avenue leading from the ,hague to the sea shore at ,scheveningen2 the hour1 eleven o'clock4 ,the first day's training consisted in giving ,nero nothing to eat4 ,on the second day1 at eleven o'clock1 his master appeared1 and fastening a rope securely to one of ,nero's hind trotters1 drove him1 with many a kick and forcible persuasion all the way over the course of ,scheveningen4 ,here ,nero received two herrings1 which he ravenously devoured4 ,it is said that hogs--or at least ,dutch hogs--prefer fish to any other food4 ,on this scanty meal ,nero had to tramp home4 ,the third day the hog was ravenous1 but had to bide his time till1 at eleven o'clock1 his master presented himself for another trip to the course4 ,after a liberal and energetic application to the booted foot1 and a little loud and angry discussion between the two parties1 they arrived at their journey's end1 where ,nero was regaled with three herrings1 being one extra1 which he dispatched voraciously in double quick time1 looking for more1 but in vain4 ,he was then1 with much coaxing and kicking1 persuaded to resume the return trip homeward1 and which was safely accomplished1 although not without considerable opposition1 accompanied by vigorous squealing and determined grunting on the part of ,nero4 ,on the fourth day1 when his master presented himself1 ,nero seemed to understand somewhat the object of his calling2 he walked off1 not only without compulsion1 but with considerable alacrity1 at a good round pace to get to his journey's end1 where his master regaled him not alone with his coveted dinner of three herrings1 but1 as a reward1 yet another herring extra4 ,on the fifth day ,nero was fully up to the game1 and his master experienced considerable difficulty to keep up with him4 ,at ,scheveningen the usual allowance--now of four herrings--was placed at his disposal1 and disposed of by him in short meter4 ,on the days following1 and up to the time of the race1 his master had no farther difficulty with ,nero1 but to keep up with him1 ,nero invariably taking the lead1 although on the return trips the same difficulties always recurred4 ,a vigorous application of boots was in such cases the only convincing argument with ,nero1 who never could see the point nor comprehend the necessity1 of this back-track movement1 and ever obstreperously squealed or grunted his objections4 ,on the ninth day ,nero had become perfectly trained1 and having grown extremely thin upon his scanty meals1 he now ran like a race-horse1 invariably distancing his master1 who followed with a fast trotting horse in harness4 ,both exercise and spare diet were1 however1 strictly adhered to up to the day preceding the one on which the race was to come off4 ,on that1 the thirteenth day1 as on the first day1 poor ,nero was again starved4 ,at the usual hour of eleven his master appeared1 but ,nero was doomed to disappointment--no trot1 no herrings on that day4 ,with eager eye and impatient grunt he signified his desire to be released from his pen2 but1 alas1 it was not to be4 ,on the fourteenth day both horse and hog appeared at the starting post1 eager for the race4 ,it was a beautiful day1 and the road was lined the entire distance1 on both sides1 with anxious and delighted spectators eager to see the sport4 ,punctually at eleven o'clock1 at tap of drum off they started1 amidst the shouts and hurrahs of the multitude4 ,the first two miles were closely contested--it was emphatically a neck and neck race2 but ,nero1 light as feather1 and having in his mind's eye1 probably1 his delectable meal1 now fairly flew over the course1 gradually leaving the horse behind1 keeping the lead the entire distance4 ,amidst shouts and hurrahs1 the waving of handkerchiefs1 and the wildest excitement1 he reached the winning post1 beating the horse by half a mile1 and winning the race triumphantly4 ,for this extraordinary performance1 ,nero was rewarded with a pailful of herrings1 which1 having feasted upon to his heart's content1 he waddled back to the ,hague1 in the care of his master1 8the admired of all admirers40 ,his master1 pocketing the purse of one thousand guilders1 generously spent one hundred guilders for ,nero's portrait1 which is now preserved at the sportsman's club at the ,hague4 ,it is said that hogs may be taught to destroy thistles4 ,the tuition consists only in trampling them down1 mashing the buds1 and sprinkling salt thereon4 ,the hogs eat these at first on account of the salt1 but in so doing they acquire a relish for the thistles themselves1 and this taste once acquired the thistles are eagerly sought for and devoured4 ,it is claimed that one hog that has been taught in this way will teach all others in the drove4 ,possibly seeing him eat they imagine they are losing a treat and so eat too4 ,if this statement proves true1 the hint may be useful to farmers4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,performing ,,monkeys--,,monkey ,,equestrians--,,the 8,,wonderful ,,cynocephalus0--,,monkey ,,actors1 ,,etc4 ,in training performing monkeys the instructor is greatly aided by that imitative faculty which is a characteristic of the whole monkey family4 ,the intense passion a monkey has for mimicking the actions of persons is well known1 and to such an excessive degree is this passion sometimes possessed that several instances are on record of their cutting their own throats while attempting to shave themselves1 having observed some man performing that operation4 ,it is this imitative instinct which is taken advantage of in preparing monkeys for public exhibition4 ,indeed1 their instruction consists mainly in the teacher performing the act himself1 for the monkey to copy4 ,this is the case with such tricks as taking off the hat1 fencing with a little tin sword1 sweeping with a little broom1 and the like4 ,during his instruction the pupil has a small leather belt around his body1 to which is attached a cord several yards in length1 which the trainer holds4 ,the first thing taught is usually standing on the hind legs2 this is done by holding the cord taut and the gentle application of a switch under the chin4 ,this is not a natural position1 still the animal can maintain it with comparative ease4 ,walking the tight rope is also easily accomplished1 and furnished with a light balancing pole1 he will go back and forth under the guidance of the 8leading string0 before mentioned4 ,jumping barriers or leaping through hoops held in the trainer's hand1 is taught by jerking the string and giving the monkey a slight cut with the whip4 ,hoops covered with tissue paper1 or balloons1 as they are technically called1 may be substituted for the open ones after a few lessons1 and add to the attractiveness of the performance4 ,dressed in male or female apparel1 the monkey's naturally comical appearance is greatly hightened4 ,thus1 one may be dressed to represent a lady of fashion1 while another personates her footman1 who1 dressed in gorgeous livery1 supports her train4 ,this is elaborated into quite a little scene at some exhibitions4 ,a little barouche1 drawn by a team of dogs1 is driven on the stage1 a monkey driving while a monkey footman sits solemn and erect upon his perch behind4 ,a monkey lady and gentleman are seated inside1 she with a fan and parasol1 and he with a stovepipe hat4 ,around the stage several times the equipage is driven1 until by-and-by one of the wheels comes off and a sudden stop results4 ,down the footman comes1 opens the carriage door1 assists gentleman to hand out lady--who has fainted in gentleman's arms just as she ought under these trying circumstances1 and in a style that would do credit to any belle in a similar accident at ,central ,park--gets chair from side of stage for her to sit in1 while gentleman fans her till she gradually recovers4 ,coachman meantime gets down and goes after the lost wheel1 which he rolls to the vehicle and places therein2 then mounting his box1 drives off1 for repairs it is presumed4 ,by this time the lady has recovered1 takes the arm of her escort and follows after the carriage1 while the footman brings up the rear1 carrying the chair4 ,illustration3 ,,monkey 8,,musicians40 ,this is apparently quite a complicated performance1 but is not particularly difficult4 ,each performer is taught what he is to do1 the most intelligent monkey being generally assigned the footman's character4 ,the dogs are taught to run around until the wheel comes off2 this is their signal to stop4 ,in teaching the monkeys their parts a portion only of the scene is taught at first2 thus some days may be consumed in merely making the actors occupy their appointed positions properly--such slight improprieties as the footman jumping down upon the heads of the lady and gentleman1 or the gentleman pulling the driver off his seat by the tail1 or the lady banging her cavalier over the head with her parasol1 and like exhibitions of playfulness1 being checked by applications of the whip4 ,gradually the 8business0 of the scene is built up--each lesson including all performed up to that time and a little in advance2 nuts1 bread and an occasional bit of candy1 being the rewards for success1 and whip for failure therein4 ,each monkey knowing his name1 and being called upon by name when his turn comes1 he by-and-by learns the proper time to perform his assigned work without any prompting4 ,the equestrian performances on pony or dog-back1 styled 8steeple chases10 and like tricks usually exhibited1 scarcely require notice here4 ,however amusing they may be it can hardly be said that the monkey's part of the exhibition requires much of either intelligence or training1 as he is usually strapped upon his steed and cannot very well help staying there4 ,sometimes1 however1 instead of tying the monkey in the saddle1 a perch is erected on the fore part of the saddle1 to which he clings frantically as the dog or pony rushes around the ring4 ,this is no great improvement upon the strap1 and the only training the monkey gets is a cut from the whip whenever he permits himself to be dislodged4 ,for a trainer to break a monkey so as to ride a horse1 carry a miniature flag1 and hold on by the reins1 is commonly considered a remarkable achievement4 ,occasionally though a monkey rider has been exhibited who has really performed in a manner not merely absurd4 ,the most notable example of this kind was a huge ape of the cynocephalus or dog face family1 exhibited in the winter of #ahfg-h at ,lent's ,new ,york ,circus1 under the title of the 8,wonderful ,cynocephalus40 ,monsieur ,olivier1 a ,french circus manager1 had taken a troupe to ,india on speculation a short time previous to the ,sepoy mutiny1 on the breaking out of which his company disbanded1 many joining the ,english troops4 ,the manager then wandered in search of an opening for professional speculation1 and while so doing attempted the training of several varieties of the monkey tribe4 ,his success was by no means encouraging until1 after years of failure1 he came across the individual who is the subject of this sketch4 ,the ,cynocephalus was captured in ,zanzibar1 on the east cost of ,africa1 and from the first exhibited unusual intelligence1 and after many months of patient training he was prepared to shine among equestrian stars4 ,his dbt was made at the ,cirque ,napoleon1 where he immediately achieved celebrity4 ,his performances afterward repeated in ,new ,york were equally successful1 and a brilliant career was anticipated for him4 ,preparations had been made for his exhibition throughout the country1 with the circus to which he was attached1 but a week or two previous to starting on the summer tour the ,cynocephalus was attacked with inflammation of the bowels1 and though he rallied1 and hopes were entertained of his recovery1 he died some days before the time appointed for the start4 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,wonderful ,,cynocephalus40 ,of his achievements in the ring it is only necessary to say that he went through all the feats usually displayed by a circus-rider1 jumping upon the horse1 standing on one leg1 then holding the other in his hand1 then standing on his head1 following this by somersaults1 and finishing off with the customary vaulting through balloons and over banners4 ,there was all the while a gravity of demeanor and seriousness of countenance contrasting favorably with the self-satisfied smirks and meaningless grins of his human compeers4 ,as regards his tuition1 each act had been taught separately1 the ape with a cord attached to a collar around his neck and the other end held by his master1 being placed in the required position1 the horse was then started1 and in each instance where the ape quitted his position before the horse was stopped1 a cut from the whip was administered2 every time the ape retained the position till the horse had gone a certain number of times around the circle1 he was rewarded with a sweetmeat4 ,each time a change of position was to be made1 which was always after a particular number of 8rounds10 the horse was stopped and the ape made to take the new posture4 ,these attitudes followed one another in regular sequence1 and soon a mere change in the music was substituted for the stoppage each time the horse had been around the customary number of times4 ,a hint from the whip was sufficient to remind the ape that he was to make a change4 ,the banner and balloon tricks were readily taught by making him first leap them1 when offered1 while the horse was standing still1 and afterward when in motion4 ,the system of reward or punishment for success or failure was always kept up1 and in his public performances a close observer would have noticed at any failure a frightened look from the ape and a sly cut of the whip1 while after each successful feat a little sweetmeat was received from the pocket of the ring-master4 ,a very popular scene at exhibitions of performing animals is that in which a number of monkeys are seated around a table1 spread for a feast4 ,two or three monkeys personate waiters and bring in1 first candles1 and then in succession the various courses1 really consisting of things suited to monkey stomachs1 but considered by theatrical license to be the customary viands of a grand feast4 ,bottles of water-wine conclude the repast4 ,this is actually one of the simplest things for the trainer to accomplish4 ,the guests being tied in their high chairs1 their little bibs pinned around their necks1 the only farther trouble with them is to keep them from fighting or stealing each other's rations4 ,the waiters bringing in the things1 especially the lighted candles1 look very pretty and very intelligent4 ,this part is taught by having two strings attached to the monkey4 ,the end of one of these strings is held by the trainer1 the end of the other by an assistant off the stage4 ,the assistant places an article in the monkey's paw and slacks up his line1 while the trainer hauls in on his1 and by this very simple arrangement1 first one and then the other hauling1 the monkey learns to make the passage to and from the stage4 ,should he drop his load before reaching the person to whom he is traveling1 a long whip-lash reminds him of his mistake1 and the article is replaced in his hand1 or he kept by it until he picks it up4 ,it doesn't take long to teach him that when he is given an article by one of his 8workers0 he is to take it to the other1 and then the strings may be dispensed with1 though a fine but strong twine is sometimes used even in public exhibitions1 and we recall one occasion at a ,new ,york theater where the waiter got the twine entangled in some impediment and was held midway till released by the exhibitor4 ,though the twine could not be seen by the audience1 the cause of the difficulty was too obvious to be mistaken1 and some rather sarcastic applause was bestowed4 ,on another occasion1 in a neighboring city1 we witnessed a squabble among the monkey guests1 a general clawing and biting1 ending with the upsetting of the chairs and the scampering off of the monkeys with chairs 8hitched on behind40 ,the 8drill exercise10 performed with a little musket1 which the monkey fires off at the close1 is a common but always popular exhibition4 ,any one who has seen a green recruit 8put through0 by the drill-sergeant can form a pretty correct idea of the method of training pursued in the case of the monkey4 ,the instructor takes the required positions himself1 using his whip in lieu of a musket1 giving the word of command as he does so4 ,until the monkey understands these orders the trainer places his musket in the right position for him whenever he fails to do it himself4 ,in case of willful disobedience or obstinacy1 the whip is restored to its primary use1 while good conduct is rewarded with equal promptness4 ,sham fights are sometimes arranged for a number of monkeys4 ,in this performance each monkey is taught his particular part1 and rehearses it with the trainer till thoroughly familiar with it2 then each monkey rehearses with the one with whom he is to act1 until1 as all become perfect in their parts1 the whole act together4 ,in rehearsing the monkeys perform each action at the word of command1 being called by name4 ,the mimicry natural in monkeys has here to be checked1 otherwise the performance would be thrown into confusion by each copying the other's acts4 ,the monkeys are1 therefore1 punished for any movement without orders1 or for responding when another's name is called4 ,to be trained successfully1 monkeys must be taken when young1 and the degree of docility and intelligence varies greatly with different species4 ,the entellus monkey1 a slender and graceful native of the ,indian ,archipelago1 whose light fur makes a strong contrast with its black face and extremities1 exhibits great gentleness and playfulness when young1 but these traits change1 as it becomes older1 to distrust and listless apathy1 and1 finally1 it becomes as mischievous as others who have never displayed any particular indications of good temper4 ,some varieties seem to possess the ability to actually plan and carry out quite complicated operations1 which1 in a state of nature1 are as remarkable as any of their performances in captivity4 ,the mottled baboons display this in their robberies of the orchards of their native country4 ,a part enter the enclosure1 while one is set to watch1 and the remainder of the party form a line outside the fence1 reaching from their companions within to their rendezvous in the neighboring woods4 ,the plunderers in the orchard throw the fruit to the first member of this line1 who throws it to the next1 and so it is passed along until it reaches headquarters1 where it is safely concealed4 ,all the time this is being done the utmost silence is maintained1 and their sentinel keeps a sharp lookout4 ,should any one approach he gives a loud cry1 at which signal the whole company scamper off1 though always taking a load of fruit in their retreat1 if possible1 in their mouths1 under their arms1 and in their hands4 ,if hotly pursued this is dropped piecemeal1 but only when absolutely necessary to enable them to escape4 ,as the disposition varies with different species1 so also must the system of training4 ,while one will require considerable severity1 another can be made to perform only by being well treated and liberally rewarded4 ,once at the old ,broadway theater1 in ,new ,york1 a very celebrated monkey stopped in the middle of a tight-rope performance and refused to continue4 ,his master threatened1 scolded1 and finally flogged him very thoroughly1 but he only jabbered and howled1 and could not be made to finish his performance2 his master ending by taking him in his arms and carrying him off the stage4 ,many monkeys have a great liking for strong drink1 and this weakness is frequently taken advantage of by other trainers to induce them to perform2 a bribe of a little liquor often proving a more powerful incentive than anything else4 ,a mandril1 who1 at one time1 created considerable excitement in ,london1 where he was exhibited under the title of 8,happy ,jerry10 was a remarkable example of monkey devotedness to the rosy god4 ,gin and water was his besetting weakness1 and to obtain it he would make any sacrifice or perform anything within the bounds of possibility4 ,in some instances sugar brandy-drops are used in public exhibitions as rewards1 though this is done sparingly4 ,besides these weaknesses of appetite1 to which their trainers appeal1 monkeys have a fondness for petting4 ,jardine mentions one of the shooloch species who was particularly pleased with caresses4 ,he would lie down and allow his head to be combed and the long hair of his arms to be brushed1 and seemed delighted with the tickling sensation produced by the brush on his belly and legs4 ,turning from side to side1 he would first hold out one limb and then the other4 ,illustration3 ,,baboon ,,finding ,,water ,,roots4 ,it is rare that any of the monkey tribe have been made available for any really useful purpose4 ,occasionally1 we believe1 they have been made to turn spits1 and one case is recorded of a monkey on shipboard who was taught to wash dishes and perform several other of the minor duties of the culinary department1 under the supervision of the cook4 ,among the ,kaffirs of ,africa a particular species of baboon1 the chacma1 is trained for a somewhat novel purpose4 ,these chacmas will eat anything a man will1 and torment the natives grievously by pillaging their gardens4 ,the tables are1 however1 in some cases turned1 and the chacmas made to provide food for the ,kaffirs instead of deriving it from them4 ,the ordinary food of the chacma is a plant called babiana1 from the use which the baboons make of it4 ,it is a subterranean root1 which has the property of being always full of watery juice in the driest weather1 so that it is of incalculable value to travelers who have not a large supply of water with them1 or who find that the regular fountains are dried up4 ,many ,kaffirs have tame chacmas which they have captured when very young1 and which have scarcely seen any of their own kind4 ,these animals are very useful to the ,kaffirs1 for if they come upon a plant or a fruit which they do not know they offer it to the baboon1 and if he eats it they know that it is suitable for human consumption4 ,on their journeys the same animal is very useful in discovering water1 or1 at all events1 the babiana roots1 which supply a modicum of moisture to the system1 and serve to support life until water is reached4 ,under these circumstances1 the baboon takes the lead of the party1 being attached to a long rope1 and allowed to run about as he likes4 ,when he comes to a root of babiana he is held back until the precious vegetable can be taken entire out of the ground1 but1 in order to stimulate the animal to farther exertions1 he is allowed to eat a root now and then4 ,the search for water is conducted in a similar manner4 ,the wretched baboon is intentionally kept without drink until he is half mad with thirst1 and he is then led by a cord as before mentioned4 ,he proceeds with great caution1 standing occasionally on his hind legs to sniff the breeze1 and looking at and smelling every tuft of grass4 ,by what signs the animal is guided no one can even conjecture2 but if water is in the neighborhood the baboon is sure to find it4 ,so1 although this animal is an inveterate foe of the field and garden1 he is not without his uses to man when his energies are rightly directed4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,rats--,,mice--,,frogs--,,toads--,,flea s1 ,,etc4 ,rats generally are not favorites4 ,there seems to be born in the human race a natural antipathy to these animals1 and the preference with most persons would be rather to exterminate them than to attempt to tame them4 ,still rats may be tamed1 though it must be confessed they are rather unattractive subjects1 their odor being disgusting and their bite poisonous1 probably from particles of putrid flesh adhering to their teeth--in many recorded cases fatally so4 ,probably most readers have heard the story of the ,frenchman1 we forget his name1 who was doomed to expiate some political offense in a dungeon cell2 and how1 to relieve the dreary loneliness and torturing monotony of his solitary existence1 he strove to win the confidence of a rat which stole timidly forth from some crevice to pick up the crumbs dropped by the prisoner from his frugal meals4 ,by slow degrees he labored to achieve his purpose1 dropping a few crumbs on the floor and waiting motionless till the animal had come from his retreat and taken them2 then1 as the rat's timidity gave way under the influence of this kindness1 the man enticed him to eat from his hand1 to climb up his leg into his lap1 and by-and-by to permit himself to be handled1 until at last the rat would nestle in the man's bosom1 come at his call1 and in many ways display his affections for his master4 ,mice are less ferocious than rats1 more easily managed1 and also make better performers1 if it is desired to teach them tricks4 ,the process of training is the same with both4 ,in securing your captive1 a trap which does it no injury should be used4 ,to say nothing of the cruelty1 an animal that is partially disabled or suffering pain1 is not in a condition to learn well4 ,the best traps are those in which wires are so arranged as to permit an easy entrance while they present an array of sharp points to prevent an exit4 ,the first thing after the capture is to tie a piece of fine but strong twine to the captive's tail4 ,this may be done without removing from the trap1 or a wire or tin cage2 he should be kept until so far tamed that he will not attempt to gnaw the string and escape when taken from his prison4 ,during this time he should be well treated1 supplied with food and water1 and in no way irritated or alarmed4 ,at the end of a day or so he may be allowed to come out upon a table1 while the string which retains him is held securely4 ,he will1 probably1 run around to examine the locality and then make an attempt to escape4 ,at this point he must be gently but firmly drawn back1 and we would advise that the first lesson consist merely in teaching him the uselessness of these attempts4 ,at the next lesson a light wand1 of willow or other wood1 about twenty inches long1 should be provided4 ,shortening the confining string so as to have your animal 8well in hand10 you make him travel back and forth across the table in a straight line several times1 guiding him by placing your wand in his way whenever he swerves from the correct course4 ,then make him go in a circle1 then along a piece of board1 or books laid on an edge1 and any other convenient exercises to habituate him to follow your guidance4 ,remember1 in doing this1 that your object is to teach him--not to torment him4 ,this wand is the real key to the performances of rats and mice4 ,though1 these animals1 doubtless1 possess considerable sagacity1 nearly all the tricks we have ever seen them perform have been mere obedience to the guidance of the exhibitor2 so that when your pupil will go in the desired direction at the slightest hint with your wand1 the main part of his training is accomplished1 and you have only to arrange various little tricks in which the obedience will come in play4 ,by placing an obstacle in his way of such a shape as he cannot readily climb over1 and urging him forward1 he may be taught to leap2 soon little hoops of wire or wood may be held for him to jump through1 and these may be raised gradually with successive lessons until he will spring a considerable distance into the air to go through them4 ,during all the time of training it should be your object to tame your pupil and inspire him with confidence in you2 this will enable you eventually to remove the string which secures him1 and so add to the credit of your exhibition4 ,he should also be accustomed to take food from your hand or from the point of a bit of stick4 ,this will serve as the foundation of many amusing tricks4 ,thus a small piece of cheese may be placed on the end of a string or wire so arranged that the removal of the cheese will cause a little bell to ring or produce some other pleasing effect4 ,after the first few lessons with this arrangement1 in which the mouse will have become accustomed to securing his food in this way1 the cheese may be simply rubbed on sufficiently to induce him to bite at it4 ,he should at first be guided up to it with the wand and tapped gently under his chin to induce him to rise and seize it4 ,a variation of this is the trick of carrying articles in his mouth4 ,first give him some article thoroughly smeared with cheese2 the desire to secure the cheese will make him take it2 then by urging and guiding him with your wand you can make him carry it about2 being loth to relinquish the cheese1 he will retain the whole4 ,the amount of this bait used may be gradually diminished4 ,by-and-by he may be made to convey little articles to and fro between two persons seated at opposite sides of the table4 ,to do this1 as well as for general convenience1 it is well to accustom your pupil to come to you at some particular sound4 ,this may be either the snapping of the finger nails or some slight noise of the mouth4 ,it is easily done by making the noise1 and1 at the same time1 pulling him toward you by the string attached to his tail4 ,when he reaches you reward him with a morsel of cheese or bread1 and repeat from day to day until he will come upon hearing the call4 ,rats or mice may be used as motive powers to operate little models of machinery4 ,this requires no training1 as they are merely placed in a tread-mill contrivance1 and being kept there their weight causes the works to move and compels the animal to keep up the motion4 ,illustration3 ,,rat ,,as ,a ,,motive ,,power4 ,a little performance1 a la ,blondin1 may be arranged for your mouse by stretching a piece of wire sufficiently stout to afford him a firm foothold1 from two posts1 about a foot in hight1 fastened into a board4 ,the ends of the wire may be at an angle1 and also be secured to the board4 ,being guided by your wand up the slanting wire upon the main one1 the dexterity with which he will run about upon it is quite surprising4 ,if he has been already taught to hold things in his mouth he may be given a piece of wood1 about the thickness of an ordinary friction match and twice its length1 to represent a balancing pole1 and this may be adorned at each end by a balancing flag or bit of ribbon4 ,the real 8balancer10 however1 is the animal's tail1 which he will wriggle from side to side to preserve his equilibrium4 ,in the summer of #ahfg one of the most attractive of the outdoor shows exhibited in ,paris was that of 8the man of rats10 well known to the inhabitants of the ,quartier ,mont ,parnasse1 where he has held his headquarters for the last thirty years4 ,the name of this ,rarey of the rat race is ,antoine ,leonard4 ,if the former succeeded in breaking in the worst tempered brute ever created1 ,leonard in three weeks certainly accomplished the difficult task of cultivating habits of obedience in the biggest rats that ever ran4 ,his favorite scenes of action are some cross alleys in the #adth and #aeth ,arondissement4 ,his sole theater is a sort of perch which he sticks into the ground1 and then he takes his corps de ballet out of his pocket4 ,at his word of command the rats run up and down the perch1 hang on three legs1 then on two1 stand on their heads1 and in fact go through a series of gymnastic exercises that would put ,blondin himself to the blush4 ,his crack actor is a gray rat that he has had in his troupe for eleven years4 ,this old fellow not only obeys ,leonard1 but is personally attached to him4 ,it is a most curious sight to see ,leonard put him on the ground1 and then walk away4 ,the creature runs after him1 and invariably catches him however many turns he may make to avoid him4 ,an ,englishman offered fifty francs for him about two years ago1 but ,leonard would not separate from his old and attached friend4 ,some time ago1 in passing through ,beekman street1 in this city1 our attention was attracted by quite a large crowd gazing intensely at the telegraph wires which pass through the street4 ,following the example of the rest1 we at last discerned1 high up on the topmost wire1 a mouse1 that was running along evidently in search of some safe descent from his novel position4 ,it seems that some boy had caught him1 and the fact that the wires in that vicinity pass close to the windows of the buildings1 had1 doubtless1 suggested the idea of placing him thereon4 ,whether the mouse would have persevered and traveled on to ,albany1 thus furnishing an example of sending articles by telegraph1 it is impossible to say1 for some person at a window within reach of the wire1 by vigorous shaking1 succeeded in dislodging him1 and he fell to the ground among a crowd of boys who were eagerly waiting to receive him4 ,in the scramble that followed he was captured1 and borne off in triumph by a newsboy4 ,a shrewd dodge is related by a ,new ,york paper of a certain saloon keeper1 who has been greatly annoyed by persons who sit about in chairs to sleep off the effects of bad whiskey4 ,he has caught and tamed several rats1 and trained them to run across the floor4 ,a sitter wakes up and sees the rats running1 and calls attention to the fact1 when he is told there are no rats there4 ,this frightens the man1 who thinks he has got the tremens1 and he quickly disappears from the saloon4 ,frogs are made pets of in some countries4 ,in ,vienna may be seen gilt cages containing small frogs of a pretty green color1 which are kept in drawing rooms1 and amuse by their gambols4 ,curious stories are told of the domestication of the tree-frog1 which is a native of warm countries4 ,it is said of ,dr4 ,townson1 that he had two pet frogs of this variety4 ,he kept them in a window1 and appropriated to their use a bowl of water1 in which they lived4 ,they grew quite tame2 and to two which he had in his possession for a considerable time1 and were particular favorites1 the doctor gave the names of ,damon and ,musidora4 ,in the evening they seldom failed to go into the water1 unless the weather was cold and damp2 in which case they would sometimes abstain from entering it for a couple of days4 ,when they came out of the water1 if a few drops were thrown upon the board1 they always applied their bodies as close to it as they could2 and from this absorption through the skin1 though they were flaccid before1 they soon again appeared plump4 ,a tree-frog1 that had not been in the water during the night1 was weighed and then immersed2 after it had remained half an hour in the bowl1 it came out1 and was found to have absorbed nearly half its own weight of water4 ,from other experiments1 it was discovered that these animals frequently absorbed nearly their whole weight of water1 and that1 as was clearly proved1 by the under surface only of the body4 ,they will even absorb water from wetted blotting-paper4 ,sometimes they will eject water with considerable force from their bodies1 to the quantity of a fourth part or more of their weight4 ,before the flies had disappeared in the autumn1 the doctor collected for his favorite tree-frog1 ,musidora1 a great quantity as winter provision4 ,when he laid any of them before her she took no notice of them1 but the moment he moved them with his breath she sprang upon and ate them4 ,once1 when flies were scarce1 the doctor cut some flesh of a tortoise into small pieces1 and moved them by the same means2 she seized them1 but the instant afterward rejected them from her tongue4 ,after he had obtained her confidence she ate from his fingers dead as well as living flies4 ,frogs will leap at the moving of any small object2 and1 like toads1 they will also become sufficiently familiar to sit on the hand1 and submit to be carried from one side of a room to the other1 to catch flies as they settle on the wall4 ,this gentleman1 accordingly1 made them his guards for keeping the flies from his dessert of fruit1 and they performed their task highly to his satisfaction4 ,another1 yet more remarkable frog1 is told of by a ,virginia gentleman3 8,concerning this frog10 says he1 8it has lived many years with us and is a great favorite1 and the greatest curiosity is its becoming so remarkably tame4 ,it had frequented our door steps before our hall door some years before my acquaintance commenced with it4 ,my father had admitted it for years on account of its size and color1 and he visited it every evening1 when it would come forth at his summons1 and by constant feeding he brought it to be so tame that it would come to him and look up as if expecting to be taken up and brought to the table and fed on insects of all sorts4 ,on presenting living insects it fixes its eyes intently and remains motionless for a while as if preparing for a strike1 which is an instantaneous throwing of its tongue to a great distance1 upon which the insect sticks fast to the tip by a glutinous matter4 ,i can't say how long my father had been acquainted with it2 from my earliest recollection he spoke of it as #8,old ,tom1' #8the old frog4' ,i have known it for a great number of years--,i can answer for fifty-seven years4 ,it makes its appearance 7always a welcome visitor7 with warm weather and remains with us till fall1 appearing morning and evening to our great amusement1 having been trained to do many things1 such as leaping1 turning somersaults holding alternately by its feet and hands to a small rope1 swinging and whirling1 after the manner of a slack rope performer1 marching erect oh its hind legs1 and at the word of command going through the manual exercise4 ,it seems perfectly good natured1 and never shows temper1 but is dreadfully afraid of a cat1 on whose approach it will often leap four feet from the floor1 with the utmost precision1 plump into the mouth of a large stone water pitcher1 and thus secure a safe retreat4 ,yet it is in no wise alarmed or disturbed by the presence of dogs1 of which we have many about the premises4 ,they all seem to regard it as one of the household and a #8privileged character4'0 ,were not this story apparently well attested we might doubt some of the details1 as our own experience has shown that1 while frogs are easily tamed1 and may be taught quite readily to perform such simple feats as leaping1 clinging to a string while swinging1 and the like1 they yet seem to possess no aptitude for learning any more elaborate feats4 ,some of our readers may1 perhaps1 be as successful as this gentleman was1 and in that case we should be pleased to have them let us know of it4 ,it may easily be imagined that the capture and training of fleas would require a patience almost rivaling ,job's1 and a skill which1 in its particular way1 might almost be called a triumph of genius4 ,yet that has been done1 and some years ago a man gave exhibitions of what he termed 8educated fleas10 which were quite popular and successful4 ,this man was a ,german1 who1 at the time we speak of1 was somewhat more than sixty years of age1 and had been1 with true ,teutonic steadfastness1 about twenty years engaged in his strange vocation4 ,fortunately he was endowed with a sharp pair of eyes1 which not only enabled him to keep track of his little performers1 over three score in number1 but also to make the minute 8properties0 used in the exhibition4 ,this 8artist in fleas0 took considerable pains to secure choice specimens for his collection1 and had arrangements whereby they were forwarded to him by mail1 carefully packed in cotton1 from localities noted for their superior breeds4 ,when not in use the fleas are packed away in pill-boxes between layers of cotton4 ,they are fed twice each day2 the manner of feeding being to allow each to suck one drop of blood from the trainer's bare arm4 ,this would be an ordeal few of our readers would probably care to submit to1 but the hero of the sixty fleas had become so accustomed to it that he didn't mind it in the least1 and1 for aught we know1 rather enjoyed it4 ,the intelligence of fleas is not of a very high order1 and their 8education0 is really very limited2 the seeming marvels they perform being mainly clever management on the part of their exhibitor4 ,when first received they are secured with a halter of the finest imaginable silk to prevent escape4 ,the first thing they are taught is not to jump4 ,for this purpose the end of the halter is secured to a pin in the table1 and each jump naturally results in the prisoner being upset with a sudden jerk1 with1 no doubt1 a rather unpleasant sensation about the neck4 ,sometimes a sharp pressure upon certain muscles is resorted to for checking this jumping propensity4 ,being well fed and well treated1 when it behaves itself1 even a flea will become tame4 ,punishment1 too1 for rebellious conduct is also practiced4 ,as fleas are not well adapted for being flogged a new device is resorted to1 a piece of burning charcoal1 or heated wire1 is held over them until they are subdued4 ,the usual performances consist in little coaches being drawn about by fleas harnessed up1 while others of the troupe personate riders1 coachmen and footmen4 ,then there is the ball-room scene1 where fleas waltz around to the imaginary music of an orchestra of fleas1 furnished with minute imitations of various instruments4 ,there are also quite a variety of other tricks1 but they are all pretty much the same in principle4 ,the main secret in these performances is a piece of very thin wire1 some ten or so inches in length1 which the exhibitor holds in his hand during the entertainment4 ,the end of this wire is greased with butter1 which appears to possess a strong influence upon the fleas1 for they will eagerly follow the wire in whatever direction it is moved4 ,the audience1 ignorant of this fact1 attach no importance to the exhibitor's directing with it the movement of his performers1 and may even consider their following it a proof of superior training4 ,by this means the fleas may easily be made to go through the desired movements4 ,where the fleas occupy a stationary position a trick is resorted to which if on a large scale would be clumsy1 but which in this instance defies the sharpest eyes to detect4 ,the insects are fastened in their positions4 ,aided by the costumes with which they are encumbered1 this is not difficult to accomplish4 ,natural movements are also made to pass for seemingly wonderful effects4 ,thus the performance of the musicians is nothing but the customary wriggling of the fleas4 ,any insect in a confined position will seize hold of a light article whether it be shaped like a fiddle or not1 and twirl it about4 ,with the fleas it is impossible for the spectator to distinguish exactly what the motion is--it is so rapid and everything is so small--and imagination makes up for a good many deficiencies4 ,we have seen boys amusing themselves impaling a fly1 belly upward1 upon the point of a pin1 the head of which was inserted in a cork standard1 and giving him a little dumb-bell composed of pieces of cork connected by a piece of hog's bristle4 ,the fly would grasp this in his agony1 and his convulsive movements would have a very exact resemblance to a dumb-bell performance1 and be irresistibly ludicrous1 however much one might sympathise with the victim's suffering4 ,it almost rivaled the professor and his fleas4 ,once upon a time this troupe of fleas were exhibited at ,berlin before the king and queen4 ,the professor was suddenly seen to exhibit signs of great consternation4 8,what is the matter1 ,herr ,professor80 inquired his majesty1 on seeing that the performance had come to a stand still4 8,sire1 ,i perceive that one of my very1 best performers1 the great ,napoleon1 has got loose and disappeared40 8,let search be made at once for the great ,napoleon10 replied the king1 good humoredly4 8,ladies and gentlemen1 let the ,herr ,professor have your best help in recapturing the great ,napoleon4 ,in what direction1 ,herr ,professor1 do you imagine the runaway to have gone80 8,if ,i may venture1 sire1 to reply frankly10 returned that personage1 8,i suspect the great ,napoleon to have secreted himself about the person of her serene highness1 the ,princess ,f----40 ,the 8highness0 thus named1 feeling anything but 8serene0 at the thought of affording quarters to such an intruder1 made a hasty retirement to her own apartments1 whence1 after a brief retirement with her cameriste1 she smilingly returned to the royal presence1 bringing some object held delicately between her thumb and finger1 which she cautiously made over to the professor4 8,alas6 sire10 exclaimed the latter1 after a moment's glance at what he thought was his discovered treasure1 8this is a wild flea and not the great ,napoleon60 ,and the exhibition was brought to an ignominious conclusion4 ,we once heard of a performance somewhat akin to our professor's4 ,at a certain boarding school that we attended years ago1 we noticed our room-mate one morning examining the bed in a manner to indicate beyond doubt that he was in search of an insect which is not usually a subject of conversation in polite society4 ,fortunately for the credit of the school he found none4 ,in answer to our expression of surprise at his evident disappointment at there being none1 he explained that he wanted to show us a splendid trick he had invented at home2 and he went on to describe how he had often amused himself by gluing one end of a string to the back of an unfortunate bug1 while to the other end was hitched a miniature model of a cart1 made of paper4 ,this1 he said1 was capital sport1 especially when he made two of these teams race1 and pricked the steeds with a needle to make them lively4 ,this is the only example of bed-bug training we are able to record4 ,a very useful thing for farmers is the power of handling bees without liability to be stung4 ,many persons imagine this to be some gift or mysterious influence possessed by the successful operator1 while others suppose it to be derived from some wonderful secret possessed by him4 ,though this 8secret0 is really quite a simple matter1 the fact that a speculator has been selling it to bee keepers at the modest price of ten dollars1 shows that it is an interesting subject1 and we propose to give it to the reader without exacting any fee4 ,let us suppose you have a particularly irritable colony in one of the modern hives1 from which you desire to obtain the honey4 ,the treatment must vary a trifle according to the particular design and arrangement of the hive1 but the following directions1 with very slight modifications1 will answer for all4 ,first confine the bees in the hive1 and rap on the side of it with the palms of your hands or a small stick4 ,the first efforts of the bees will be to escape from the hive2 finding this impossible they will rush to their stores and fill themselves with honey4 ,should the rapping prove insufficient to frighten them and cause them to fill themselves with honey1 smoke from rotten wood1 which is the best1 cotton rags1 or tobacco1 may be made to enter the hive which will have the desired effect4 ,bees will never sting of their own accord when gorged with food1 and in this condition may be handled with impunity4 ,when swarming1 or out of the hive for any reason1 they may be 8tamed0 by placing water well sweetened with sugar within their reach4 ,bees can never resist the temptation and after they have gorged themselves with this preparation they are as harmless as when their sacks are filled with honey4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 8,,happy ,,families0--,,enemies ,,by ,,nature ,,made ,,friends ,,by ,,art4 ,one of the most entertaining and popular features of ,barnum's ,museum1 during the many years of its existence1 was that miscellaneous collection of minor birds1 beasts1 and reptiles1 denominated the ,happy ,family4 ,here in a huge cage are mingled many varieties of the animal kingdom which are1 in a state of nature1 deadly enemies to one another4 ,exhibitions of this kind are very rare in this country1 though more common in ,europe4 ,probably the first one ever seen here was that imported by ,barnum in #ahdg1 and which was the foundation of the present collection2 though1 like the boy's jack-knife which first had a new blade and then a new handle1 and then a new blade again1 it would be difficult to find any of the original importation in the collection of the present day4 ,it seems that ,barnum1 at about the date we have mentioned1 was in ,scotland 8working0 ,tom ,thumb1 who was then on a grand exhibition tour4 ,in the neighborhood of ,edinburgh he accidentally stumbled across the ,happy ,family1 which was then1 though an excellent collection of animals1 a rather one-horse affair as an exhibition by itself4 ,the shrewd showman1 ever on the lookout for novelties or curiosities1 genuine or otherwise1 fancied he saw a good speculation and bought the whole concern for #b1ejj1 and brought it in triumph to his museum in ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,happy ,,family0 ,,at ,,barnum',s ,,old ,,museum4 ,curious and wonderful as this peaceable living together of animals of such diverse natures appears1 there is really very little mystery in it4 ,many persons1 noticing the sleepy and listless appearance of most of the animals1 have quite naturally come to the conclusion that they were under the influence of some drug1 which stupified them and rendered them harmless4 ,we believe that in no case is this the fact1 because it is not necessary4 ,the main secret is to feed the animals to satiety2 never allowing them to feel the pangs of hunger1 the great incentive for preying upon other animals is taken away4 ,animals1 unlike men1 will never eat unless they are really hungry4 ,we have frequently observed boa constrictors at public exhibitions1 in whose cages rabbits or pigeons had been placed to gratify the public with the sight of the huge snake swallowing his food alive4 ,unless the snake is hungry the miserable little victims remain for days cooped up with the hideous monsters without the latter taking the slightest notice of them4 ,it is a well known fact that cats which are fed plentifully cease to be good mousers1 however excellent in that respect they have previously been1 and will permit a house to be overrun with these pests without molesting them4 ,besides the plentiful feeding there is one other thing requisite to make the animals live together peaceably4 ,many animals have an instinctive desire to worry or kill others which are smaller or weaker than themselves4 ,between many particular animals a kind of natural antipathy exists4 ,so natural does it seem that a dog should torment a cat that 8a cat and dog life0 has become typical of a very uncomfortable state of existence4 ,there is on the part of all animals a feeling of suspicion and antagonism toward strange animals1 even if they are of their own species4 ,we are almost every day witnesses of exhibitions on a smaller scale almost as wonderful as the ,happy ,family1 were it not that their frequency renders them common place4 ,in thousands of households cats and dogs live together1 not only without quarreling but on really friendly terms4 ,frequently have we seen cats and dogs feeding from the same dish1 and recollect one instance where a diminutive kitten1 in the innocence of feline infancy1 seized upon one end of a bone which a monstrous watch dog was busily gnawing1 without being molested by the dog4 ,it is just as natural for cats to devour birds as for any beast or bird of prey to devour its victims1 and yet we have been familiar with more than one instance of canary birds being allowed to fly around a room in which was the household cat1 without the cat showing the least disposition to attack them4 ,had a strange bird came within her reach we doubt not that same cat would have indulged in a feast at his expense without hesitation4 ,city dogs would make sad havoc among the inhabitants of any poultry yard if allowed admission therein1 but let any one of those same dogs become a resident on a farm1 let him understand that chickens and turkeys are sacred from his touch and he will soon walk among them as unconsciously as though there were no such things in existence4 ,an instance is on record of a cat who had been deprived of her kittens1 capturing a brood of young rats and suckling them with all the tenderness of a mother4 ,in this case1 however1 it would appear that affection for the baby rats was not the motive for this strange act1 for as soon as the cat was eased of the inconvenience of her milk1 she disposed of her adopted family in a pleasant and effective manner--she ate them up4 ,in preparing animals for ,happy ,families it is usual to keep them in small cages1 in the vicinity of each other4 ,occasionally two animals of different dispositions are placed together1 the keeper preventing any fighting and punishing any symptoms of it4 ,when the keeper thinks they may be safely left together he retires to a short distance to wait results4 ,on the least sign of a quarrel he is down upon them1 poking and punching and stirring them up generally4 ,if they show no disposition to quarrel they are treated kindly1 fed plentifully and permitted to enjoy themselves as much as their restricted quarters will permit4 ,when an animal has thus learned to keep within the bounds of politeness and good breeding he is introduced into the large cage with the grand collection4 ,in this large cage the principal disturbing elements are the monkeys1 who frequently obstinately insist upon not being happy1 and slinging the mice around by their tails1 pulling out the birds' feathers and other little acts of playfulness4 ,the stout wire very soon reduces them to quietness1 and it very seldom happens that any serious disturbance occurs4 ,doves and vultures roost calmly side by side1 mice nestle confidingly in the cat's soft1 warm fur1 and so natural does it all seem1 that1 for a moment one scarcely realizes of what incongruous elements the whole is made up4 ,the origin of this novel idea of the ,happy ,family was probably this3 ,francesco ,michelo was the only son of a carpenter who resided in ,tempio1 a town in the island of ,sardinia4 ,he had two sisters younger than himself1 and he had only attained his tenth year when a fire reduced his father's house to ruins1 and at the same time caused the death of the carpenter himself4 ,the family were thus reduced to beggary1 and the boy in order to provide for the necessities of his mother and sisters took up the occupation of catching birds for sale4 ,constructing a cage of considerable dimensions from laths he proceeded to the woods to secure the nests of young birds4 ,being active and industrious he succeeded tolerably well1 but the prices he obtained were not adequate to the maintenance of the family4 ,in this dilemma the boy conceived a new and original method for increasing his income2 necessity is the mother of invention1 and he meditated no less a project than to train a young ,angora cat to live harmlessly in the midst of his favorite songsters4 ,such is the force of habit1 such the power of education1 that by slow degrees he taught the martial enemy of his winged pets to live1 to eat1 to drink1 and to sleep in the midst of his little charges without once attempting to devour or injure them4 ,the cat1 whom he called ,bianca1 suffered the little birds to play all manner of tricks with her2 and never did she extend her talons or harm them in any way4 ,he went even farther1 and taught the cat and the birds to play a kind of game1 in which each had to learn its own part4 ,puss was instructed to curl herself into a circle1 with her head between her paws1 as though asleep4 ,the cage was then opened and the birds rushed out upon her and endeavored to awaken her with repeated strokes of their beaks2 then dividing into two parties they attacked her head and her whiskers1 without the gentle animal appearing to take the least notice of their gambols4 ,at other times she would seat herself in the middle of the cage1 and begin to smooth her fur2 the birds would then settle upon her back1 or sit like a crown upon her head1 chirruping and singing as if in all the security of a shady wood4 ,the sight of a sleek and beautiful cat seated calmly in the midst of a cage of birds was so new and unexpected that when ,francesco produced them at the fair of ,sussari he was surrounded instantly by a crowd of admiring spectators4 ,their astonishment scarcely knew bounds when they heard him call each feathered favorite by its name1 and saw it fly toward him with alacrity1 till all were perched on his head1 his arms1 and his fingers4 ,delighted with his ingenuity the spectators rewarded him liberally1 and the boy returned joyfully to his home with sufficient money to last the family many months4 ,not only do animals sometimes lose many of their natural characteristics by association with human beings or with other animals1 but they even in some cases have been known to acquire the habits of animals of an entirely different species from themselves4 ,one of the most remarkable instances of this was observed by ,la ,malle4 ,this gentleman had a kitten which had attained the age of six months when his live stock was increased by the arrival of a terrier pup1 ,fox1 that was only two months old4 ,the dog and the cat were brought up together1 and for two years ,fox had no association with other dogs1 but received all his education from the three daughters of the porter1 and from the cat4 ,the two animals were continually together and acquired a great affection for one another2 the cat1 however1 as the senior taking the lead4 ,soon ,fox began to bound like a cat1 and to roll a mouse or a ball with his fore paws after the feline fashion4 ,he also licked his paw and rubbed it over his ear as he saw the cat do2 nevertheless1 owing to his native instinct1 if a strange cat came into the garden he chased it away4 ,la ,malle brought a strange dog into the house1 who manifested the utmost contempt and indignation for all ,fox's habits4 ,m4 ,andouin1 too1 had a dog which acquired all the habits of a cat4 ,it has probably been remarked also1 by most readers1 that domestic animals almost always imbibe something of the disposition of their masters or mistresses4 ,thus1 a plodding easygoing man will have a horse of much the same characteristics if it has been long in his service1 whatever may have been the horse's original disposition4 ,many similar instances will no doubt suggest themselves to the reader4 ,it would seem that even mankind is not exempt from this influence1 and that when men have not the energy or mental force to exert this molding power over the minds of their brute companions1 the animals will exert it over them4 ,at the risk of wandering from our subject it may interest some to have attention called to the testimony to this assertion1 afforded by all uncivilized countries4 ,dr4 ,virey1 who has given considerable attention to this rather queer subject1 remarks3 8,behold those men who pass their lives among animals1 as cowherds1 shepherds1 swineherds1 grooms1 and poachers1 they always acquire something of the nature of the animals with which they associate4 ,it is thus that man becomes heavy and rude with the ox1 filthy and a glutton with the pig1 simple with the sheep1 courageous and an adept hunter with the dog4 ,in like manner the ,arab is sober with his camel1 the ,tartar rough and blunt as his horses1 the ,laplander timid as his reindeer1 the mountaineer active as the goat1 the ,hindoo somber as his elephant1 because it is man's fate to take the nature of his animals when he cannot form their nature to his40 ,without recommending the adoption of this writer's opinions entirely1 for much that he has stated is no doubt due to climate and local causes1 his theory is worthy of consideration by those who have a fancy for this kind of speculation4 ,a correspondent of the ,agriculturist relates an amusing instance of a sort of 8happy family0 originated by the animals themselves3 8,about a month since two cats had a #8family' within a few days of each other4 ,all the kittens were drowned except two of each set1 which with their respective mammas were snugly settled in a couple of boxes in the same room4 ,on the following day both families entire--or rather what remained of them--were found coiled up together in the same box4 ,they were not disturbed and thenceforward the two mothers ceased to recognize any difference between the two pairs of kittens4 ,they would alternately nurse the whole lot1 or both affectionately entwined together divide this #8labor of love' just as the kittens1 lying snugly between them1 would happen to turn to the one or the other4 ,but this is not all4 ,eddie brought a couple of young squirrels from the woods1 which soon became very gentle4 ,in less than two days both were found in the box among the cats and kittens1 drawing from either or both the maternal fonts1 upon a like footing of equality and community with that previously enjoyed by the kittens4 ,the old cats seemed to acquiesce fully in the arrangement1 and so it proceeded for a couple of weeks1 until one of the squirrels was accidentally killed4 ,the other having the freedom of the house is now a romping playmate of both cats and kittens1 who continue uniformly to treat him as #8one of the family4'0 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,educated ,,seals--,,tame ,,fish1 ,,etc4 ,at the ,zoological ,gardens in ,london1 and at several places on the continent1 seals have been exhibited which had been taught to perform a number of tricks4 ,the first 8learned seal0 which appeared in this country was one exhibited first at ,barnum's old ,museum1 on the corner of ,broadway and ,ann street1 and afterward in various parts of the country4 ,ned1 as he was called1 was quite a philosopher in his way1 and submitted gracefully to the change from his secluded haunts on the icy shores of ,greenland1 to the excitements of a public life4 ,seals are naturally docile and intelligent1 but skill in grinding a hand organ is scarcely a gift which comes by nature1 and even in the case of ,ned it was necessary to stimulate his musical taste before he became an adept on that instrument4 ,this stimulus was the same as that to which we owe the curb-stone performances of modern ,romans--hunger4 ,he had before this learned of his own accord to come up out of the water on the appearance of his keeper4 ,he was kept in a large tank1 or box1 one half of which held the water1 while the other half was floored over forming a platform on which he was exhibited4 ,from this platform an inclined plane1 formed of planks1 led down into the water4 ,around the edge of the tank and platform a wooden railing extended1 and in one corner of this enclosure was kept a tin box containing the fish with which the seal was fed4 ,when the seal was first exhibited his keeper was in the habit of taking a fish from this box at each half-hourly exhibition1 and tossing it to the seal who would come partly out of the water and open his mouth to catch it when he saw it in the keeper's hand4 ,this box had a lid to prevent ,ned helping himself1 and the seal soon learned that the noise of opening the box was followed by his getting a fish2 so before long it was only necessary to tap on the lid to make him come up on the platform4 ,there was one trick which ,ned invented himself1 and used to perform to his own great satisfaction4 ,he always liked to be able to see his keeper1 but visitors often crowded around the tank so much as to obstruct his view4 ,when this happened1 ,ned had a way of beating vigorously about in the water and splashing the offending spectators so that they were glad to withdraw to a more respectful distance4 ,this afforded considerable fun to the attachs of the museum1 who had discovered ,ned's little game1 while1 we believe1 visitors never suspected that their ducking was anything more than mere accident4 ,the first feat he was taught was to sit up on his hind quarters4 ,this was easily accomplished by holding a fish in the air as an encouragement for the seal to keep an erect position4 ,more difficulty was experienced in teaching him to play the organ4 ,day after day his paw was placed on the handle1 while the trainer industriously turned the crank and held ,ned's paw in position at the same time4 ,ever and anon the man would remove his hand to see if the seal continued the motion1 but down would flop ,ned's paw and he would gaze vacantly at the instrument without the least apparent consciousness of what was to be done4 ,but by-and-by there was a little hesitation in the paw and it did not drop quite so promptly on the trainer's hand being removed4 ,then ,ned got a little fish4 ,the next time the paw lingered quite perceptibly on the handle1 and there was just the faintest movement toward turning the crank4 ,then ,ned got a bigger fish1 which he undoubtedly relished exceedingly1 for all this time he had been on short allowance4 ,so it went on1 the seal grinding a few notes1 increasing their number each time and being rewarded with fish1 until he had learned to roll out the full supply of tunes the instrument afforded1 though his 8time0 would have puzzled a musician1 his efforts being to grind at the greatest possible speed1 and we feel safe in asserting that his 8,old ,hundred0 was the fastest thing on record4 ,after every exhibition he was rewarded with fish4 ,illustration3 ,,ned1 ,,the 8,,learned ,,seal40 ,quite a number of instances are recorded where seals have been tamed without any design of public exhibition4 ,a writer in the ,london ,field gives some curious details of his own experiment4 ,he says3 8,when a boy1 ,i was presented by some fishermen with one apparently not more than a fortnight old1 which in a few weeks became perfectly tame and domesticated1 would follow me about1 eat from my hand1 and showed unmistakable signs of recognition and attachment whenever ,i approached4 ,it was fond of heat1 and would lie for hours at the kitchen fire1 raising its head to look at every new comer1 but never attempting to bite1 and would nestle close to the dogs1 who soon became quite reconciled to their new friend4 ,unfortunately the winter after ,i obtained it was unusually rough and stormy4 ,upon that wild coast boats could seldom put to sea1 and the supply of fish became scanty and precarious4 ,we were obliged to substitute milk in its place1 of which the seal consumed large quantities1 and as the scarcity of other food still continued1 it was determined1 in a family council1 that it should be consigned to its own element1 to shift for itself4 ,accompanied by a clergyman1 who took a great interest in my pet1 ,i rowed out for a couple of miles to sea1 and dropped it quietly overboard4 ,very much to our astonishment1 however1 we found that it was not so easy to shake it off4 ,fast as we pulled away it swam still faster after the boat1 crying all the time so loudly that it might easily have been heard a mile away1 and so pitifully that we were obliged to take it in again and bring it home40 ,a somewhat similar story is told in ,maxwell's ,wild ,sports of the ,west1 where may be found a very interesting and touching narrative of a tamed seal1 which lived for several years with a family1 and which1 although it was repeatedly taken out to sea in a boat and thrown overboard1 always found its way back again to the house which it loved1 even contriving to creep through an open window and to gain access to the warm fireside4 ,in the ,jardin des ,plantes1 in ,paris1 there was1 for some time1 a specimen of the marbled seal4 ,two little dogs1 in the same enclosure1 amused themselves by mounting on its back1 barking1 and even biting it--all of which the seal took in good part4 ,sometimes it would pat them with its paw2 but this seemed intended more to encourage than to repress their gambols4 ,in cold weather1 they warmed one another by huddling together4 ,if the dogs snatched a fish from the seal's mouth1 it bore the loss patiently2 but it generally had a fight with another seal1 the sharer of its mess1 until the weaker one sounded a retreat4 ,some few years ago a 8talking fish0 was profitably exhibited in ,london and the principal provincial towns1 at a shilling a head4 ,the fish was a species of seal1 and the 8talking0 consisted of a free translation of its natural cry into the words ma-ma1 or pa-pa1 according to the fancy of the showman or spectator4 ,gold and silver fish are frequently kept as ornaments in glass globes or aquaria2 those vessels which present the largest surface to the air being preferable4 ,fish kept in the flask shaped1 or narrow mouth globes1 so often used by thoughtless persons1 can never be kept healthy1 and their spasmodic efforts to get breath are a sufficient indication of their sufferings4 ,these fishes may be easily tamed4 ,gentleness is the all-essential requisite4 ,they can be taught to eat from their owner's hand by first dropping morsels of food in the water while your finger is placed on the outside as near it as possible4 ,for a little while they will be afraid to approach the food1 restrained by the sight of the finger1 but by-and-by they will approach and seize it4 ,after they have ceased to fear your fingers on the outside1 attach a bit of the food to your finger and cautiously insert it in the water2 if hungry they will presently muster courage to come and take it1 and in due time will take their food in that manner as a matter of course4 ,if fed at stated hours they will learn to distinguish the approach of the customary feeding time and will signify the fact by floating up to the surface shaking their fins1 and sticking their heads out of the water4 ,in this same manner they recognize their master or mistress and express their pleasure at his or her approach4 ,a lady writer thus describes some fish kept in her family as pets3 8,they knew a wonderful deal more did these little fishes4 ,they would come to the top of the water to be fed and take their food from my fingers4 ,when they wanted fresh water they could call for it by making an odd1 clicking noise4 ,they would remain perfectly still while being talked to1 and wink with evident satisfaction at the compliments lavished upon them4 ,when1 after a prolonged absence1 their lawful owners returned to them1 these little fishes would wriggle about and indulge in wonderful demonstrations of joy and welcome4 ,oh1 the learned seal was nothing in comparison to them40 ,it is not alone gold and silver fish that admit of being tamed4 ,a correspondent writing from ,franklin1 ,indiana1 says of the fishes in a pond on his grounds that they will approach on hearing his whistle1 eat from his hands1 and allow him to take them from the water4 ,a little girl in one of the ,new ,england states rendered some trout1 which inhabited a brook near her father's house1 so exceedingly tame1 that1 when feeding them1 she was obliged to check the impetuosity of the more voracious ones by a little stick armed at the point with a needle4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,vallandigham1 of ,ohio1 is our authority for the following story3 8,while upon the ,island of ,bermuda1 in traveling from one portion of the island to the other1 ,i passed by a stone enclosure1 perhaps a hundred feet in diameter4 ,the islands are coral in their formation4 ,there was a pool of water full of fish inside the enclosure4 ,i paid an ,english shilling for admission inside1 where ,i saw perhaps a hundred fish1 thoroughly tamed1 each one having a name1 and each one answering to the name by which he was called4 ,one of them1 ,i recollect1 was called ,dick4 ,i spoke to him as ,i would to a dog1 and he came and lifted up his head and allowed me to rub his back1 just as you would a cat4 ,now1 as ,i told you1 if any body else had told me that ,i wouldn't have believed it4 ,but it is nevertheless true4 ,there is just such a pool there1 and they are so intelligent that they recognize their names40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hippocampus4 ,possibly some of our readers remember the queer little fishes ,barnum exhibited some years ago1 and which he called 8seahorses0 on account of the great resemblance of the heads to those of miniature horses4 ,these were labeled as coming from the ,gulf of ,mexico1 though in reality caught in ,new ,york ,bay4 ,they were what are known to naturalists as the short-nosed hippocampus1 and being peculiar we give an illustration which will convey a better idea of their appearance than any mere description4 ,they are commonly about five inches in length1 and are to be found on many parts of our coast4 ,when swimming about they maintain a vertical position1 but the tail is ready to grasp whatever it meets in the water1 and this is the means by which the creature appears to obtain rest4 ,the tail will quickly entwine in any direction around weeds1 or other supports2 and when fixed the animal watches the surrounding objects intently and darts at his prey with great dexterity4 ,they raise themselves to higher positions on their supports by the aid of the hinder part of their cheeks1 or chins1 when the tail entwines itself afresh4 ,we do not think those at the museum performed in public but their keeper to while away leisure time made them very tame and taught them several little tricks1 among others to perch in a row on his finger4 ,the four little fellows1 each only about four inches in length1 presented a most comical appearance4 ,the system of training in this case was very similar to that which we have described as having been practiced in the case of the 8learned seal40 ,we cannot say that we ever had any personal experience with oysters in the capacity of pupils1 but in at least one case has a bivalve been made subject to the tamer's art4 ,in an ,english paper of #ahdj we find a curious account of a gentleman at ,christ ,church1 ,salisbury1 ,england1 who kept a pet oyster of the largest and finest breed then known4 ,it was fed on oat meal1 for which it regularly opened its shell1 and was occasionally treated to a dip in its native element2 but the most extraordinary trait in the history of this amphibious was that it proved itself an excellent mouser1 having killed at least five mice1 by crushing the heads of such as1 tempted by the luscious meal1 had the temerity to intrude their noses within its bivalvular clutches4 ,on one occasion two of these little intruders suffered together4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,taming ,,birds4 ,although birds are naturally of a timid disposition1 very easily alarmed1 and from their delicate structure unable to endure any but the most gentle handling1 they may be made very tame and become quite attached to their trainer4 ,we propose to tell our readers how to tame their birds1 but to make these instructions successful they must be carried out with the greatest gentleness and patience4 ,the utmost pains should be observed not to frighten the bird1 as a single fright may render him so shy as to defeat all your efforts to gain his confidence4 ,the following plan is the simplest and most uniformly successful that we have seen tried3 ,the trainer opens the door of the cage and teases the bird gently with a soft feather4 ,this he does till the bird pecks at the feather1 then at his finger1 and at last comes out of the cage and perches upon his hand4 ,he then smooths his feathers down1 caresses it1 and offers it some favorite article of food1 which it soon learns to take from his hand4 ,he then begins to accustom the bird to a particular call or whistle2 carries it upon his hand or shoulder from room to room1 in which all the windows are carefully closed1 lets it fly and calls it back4 ,as soon as the bird becomes obedient to the call in the presence of other persons and animals1 the same experiment is cautiously repeated in the open air1 till at last it is rewarded with complete success4 ,this process is well suited for nearly all young cage birds1 especially linnets1 bullfinches1 and canaries1 but it is dangerous to take these tame birds into the open air during pairing time1 as they are liable to be enticed by the cries of wild birds4 ,birds that are caught in winter often take to the cage more kindly than would be expected1 but after their capture some days should be allowed them to become accustomed to their new situation1 before expecting them to respond to your kindness4 ,newly caught birds should be put into a quiet place1 shaded with a green woolen cover1 so that the innate may not see persons moving about the room1 and it should be supplied with abundance of whatever is supposed to be its favorite food4 ,hemp seed generally fulfills this requirement4 ,it is an immense advantage to have a large cage made like the 8trap0 or store cages in which canaries are generally sold4 ,the wooden bars are less liable to hurt new comers than those made of wire4 ,whatever the cage1 the food and the shading are essential points2 and the bird will often become familiar with his mistress' voice before the cover is removed1 and he able to see her4 ,after the first day or two do not leave the seed tin always in the cage1 but take it away after each meal for a little while1 taking the opportunity of having a talk with the bird when you give it back1 and gradually bring the cage a little nearer to you as it gets more tame4 ,the water1 of course1 is always in the cage1 and this must not be understood to imply a starving system1 the only object in taking away the seed is to obtain the chance to talk with him and make friends when you bring it back4 ,a single bird in a cage tames more quickly than when there are two or three4 ,a ,new ,york paper1 speaking about the importation of canary birds from ,germany1 says the following sight was seen in ,florence1 ,italy1 in #ahfa1 by a lady and gentleman belonging in ,new ,york4 ,in walking in the principal street they overtook a man with a long whip in his hand1 which he was moving from one side to the other in what they thought a strange manner4 ,when they came up with him they found he was driving a flock of canary birds1 as in ,england they drive a flock of turkeys4 ,a carriage came along1 and the man waved his whip in a peculiar manner1 when the little birds all went to the sidewalk until the carriage passed1 when they took the street again4 ,a woman wanted to buy one1 when the man sprinkled some canary seed at his feet and half a dozen of them came to him1 when he took one up in his hand and delivered it to the woman1 who paid him one franc4 ,the man then went on again4 ,elihu ,burritt1 the learned blacksmith1 gives an account of ,mr4 ,fox1 of ,tregedna1 near ,falmouth1 ,england1 who1 by persevering kindness1 has won the affection of a large number of birds--so much so that they fly to meet him when he calls them1 and hop about him1 eating the crumbs with which his pockets are well filled4 ,when digging in his garden if is no common sight to see little birds hopping on the handle of the spade or rake used by the gentleman1 thus showing their confidence in him4 ,sometimes they enter his bedroom early in the morning1 through the window1 and in their way call out1 8,it is time to get up40 ,on ,sunday1 when ,mr4 ,fox goes to his place of worship1 some of the birds are frequently seen to accompany him along the road chirping and singing all the way4 ,the following is a new and approved method where it is desired to tame birds in a very short time1 and is applicable to all kinds of cage birds1 proving efficacious in one or two hours3 ,a portion--larger or smaller in proportion to the wildness of the bird--is cut off from the inner plume of the pen feathers1 so that the bird cannot hurt itself if it attempts to leave the hand1 and the external appearance of the wing is not impaired4 ,the nostrils of the bird are then touched with bergamot or any other odorous oil1 by which it is for the time so stupified as to perch quietly on the finger or to hop from one finger to another4 ,it may attempt to fly away once or twice1 but this is not often repeated1 especially if the experiment be conducted in a dark place--for example1 behind a curtain1 which offers the further advantage that if the bird fall it is not likely to hurt itself4 ,as soon as it sits quietly on any one finger another must be placed in such a position as to cause the bird to step upon it4 ,as soon as it is accustomed to hop quietly from one finger to another the main difficulty is overcome1 for if when the bird is gradually aroused from its state of stupefaction it perceives that its teacher does not use it roughly1 it may by degrees be taught to manifest perfect obedience to his commands4 ,to teach it to eat from its master's mouth it should be kept in the cage without food for some time4 ,if it be then taken upon the finger and its favorite food be presented to it on the outstretched tongue hunger will soon teach it to feed4 ,a story is told of a favorite magpie that had been accustomed to receive dainty bits from the mouth of its mistress4 ,one day it perched as usual on her shoulder and inserted its beak between her lips1 not1 as it proved1 to receive1 for as one good turn deserves another1 the grateful bird dropped an immense fat green caterpillar into the lady's mouth4 ,birds tamed by the preceding process may be taught to sing while perched upon the hand4 ,to effect this it is only necessary to coax them by chirping to them and using encouraging tones4 ,the chaffinch may be made to sing by whistling 8yach6 yach60 and stroking it on the neck2 and the bullfinch by speaking to it in a friendly manner1 accompanied by a backward and forward motion of the hand4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,song ,,birds--,,their ,,management ,,and ,,tuition4 ,what is called the song of birds is always expressive either of love or happiness2 thus the nightingale sings only during the pairing season1 and the period of incubation1 and becomes silent as soon as required to feed its young2 while on the contrary the canary and others sing except when dejected by molting4 ,the males are usually the best singers1 in fact the females of several varieties have hardly what could be called a song4 ,female canaries1 bullfinches1 robins1 and some others may be made to sing to a considerable extent by keeping them in cages by themselves and paying attention to their food and management4 ,all birds should be kept clean1 their cages washed out often enough to prevent the accumulation of filth1 a supply of sea or river sand furnished1 and also fresh water for bathing and drinking4 ,the food of each species varies1 but the following will be found adapted to nearly all cage birds3 8,,universal ,,pastes40--,number ,one4--,thoroughly soak in cold water a well baked stale loaf of wheaten bread2 press the water out and pour milk over the bread1 sufficient to moisten thoroughly2 then mix with it two-thirds of its own weight of barley or wheat meal1 ground fine and sifted4 ,number ,two4--,grate a carrot and mix it with a moderate sized slice of bread which has been thoroughly soaked in water and the water carefully pressed out4 ,while mixing add two handfuls of the above mentioned barley or wheat meal4 ,the whole is then to be pounded in a mortar4 ,the above quantities are sufficient for quite a number of birds and must be reduced to suit requirements1 as no more than one day's supply should be prepared at one time4 ,careful washing of all utensils employed is of course essential to prevent sourness4 ,canaries should be furnished with a mixture of canary1 summer rape1 and crushed hemp seed4 ,goldfinches like poppy seed1 with the addition occasionally of a little crushed hemp seed4 ,they also eat thistle seed4 ,linnets and bullfinches rape seed alone4 ,a little green food1 as chick-weed1 lettuce1 cabbage or water-cress1 is desirable about once a week4 ,quails are fond of bread crumbs and wheat4 ,larks prefer barley meal mixed with finely cut cabbage1 or poppy seed and crumbs of bread1 and oats in winter4 ,varying the food of song birds has a tendency to make them sing4 ,the very common practice of giving pet birds cake1 sweetmeats1 or sugar1 is unadvisable2 they prefer more simple food1 and their health and musical qualities are impaired by this kindly meant but really unkind practice4 ,a bit of cuttle fish bone is the best dainty4 ,too much hemp seed is injurious to all birds in confinement1 often producing blindness1 less of voice1 and pulmonary disease4 ,the songs of cage birds are of two kinds1 the natural and the artificial4 ,the natural song is peculiar in each species4 ,the artificial is that which the bird acquires by association with other birds1 or which is purposely taught it4 ,a bird is said to 8warble0 or 8quaver0 when it always repeats the passages or single notes of its song in precisely the same order4 ,it 8sings0 when it utters the chirping or twittering interspersed with distinct notes without observing any regular succession4 ,it 8whistles0 or 8pipes0 when its song consists of distinct round flute-like notes4 ,birds to sing well must enjoy good health1 be well fed and be placed in a bright1 cheerful1 situation4 ,the glaring rays of a hot sun can1 however1 be endured by but few birds4 ,birds are naturally endowed with a spirit of rivalry1 and if placed where they can hear the song of other birds1 will often sing better than they otherwise would4 ,varying their food slightly will often encourage them to sing4 ,a ,german writer gives the following rules for canaries by which a good singer may be secured3 8,the first and chief thing is that while young the bird should hear none but a good song1 and so not be tempted to intermix the notes of other birds with his own4 ,care must be taken to attain this object1 not only at first1 but at the first and second molting seasons1 as the bird is then obliged to re-learn his song1 and might introduce into it some foreign admixture4 ,it should also be noted whether the bird prefers to sing alone or in company4 ,many birds are so self-willed as never to sing except they can display their vocal powers alone1 while the song of others is always soft and low except when excited to rivalry by hearing the performance of a neighbor4 ,another very important particular to be attended to not only in the case of canaries but of all cage birds1 is to give them their allotted portion of food every day1 for if too much be given them at once they pick out the best at first and leave the rest for another day1 which impairs their vocal powers40 ,the canary is a very imitative bird1 indeed its song is mainly artificial1 being derived from the birds with which it has associated1 many of the original stock of the ,canary ,isles not singing at all4 ,this fact renders its tuition comparatively easy4 ,if several notes are repeated in succession on any instrument1 and this is continued perseveringly1 the bird will gradually try to copy them1 and will finally succeed if both teacher and pupil possess the requisite talent4 ,canaries are capable of learning two or more distinct tunes4 ,the tunes must be taught bit by bit and each piece thoroughly mastered before advancing farther4 ,a flute is the best musical instrument to use4 ,if desired that the bird should learn the song of another bird1 a good singer of that variety may be placed near its cage4 ,the weavers of ,cheshire1 ,england1 are noted for possessing canaries of rare musical ability1 who are the descendants of birds originally taught by a nightingale2 the young birds of each successive generation learning the song of their parents4 ,loss of voice1 which in the male is sometimes the consequence of molting1 may be cured by feeding with a little lettuce seed4 ,some years ago1 for several days a pure canary attracted considerable attention while hanging in the publication office of the ,new ,york ,tribune1 on account of his singing ,hail ,columbia1 and other patriotic airs1 without mistake or loss of a single note4 ,if it is desired to teach a canary to whistle1 it should be removed from its companion when about two weeks old1 at which time it will be able to feed and also to begin to twitter4 ,the pupil is put in a small cage1 which should be at first covered with a linen cloth1 and afterward with something thicker4 ,a short air should then be either whistled or played on a flute or bird organ within its hearing1 five or six times a day1 especially in the morning and evening1 and repeated on each occasion half a dozen times4 ,in from two to six months1 according to the memory and docility of the bird1 it will have acquired its lesson perfectly4 ,unless this training is commenced when the bird is very young it is likely to mar its performance by intermixing parts it has learned from the parent bird4 ,though the natural song of the bullfinch1 including both sexes1 is harsh and disagreeable1 very much like the creaking of a door or wheelbarrow1 they may be taught to whistle many airs and songs in a soft1 pure1 flute-like tone1 and are capable of remembering two or three different tunes4 ,they are best instructed by means of a flute or by the whistling of the teacher4 ,slow learners do not1 during the molting season1 lose so quickly what they have acquired as those who learn more readily4 ,the bullfinch will also learn the songs of other birds1 but usually this is not considered desirable4 ,in ,germany great attention is paid to the training of these birds1 which is made a regular profession4 ,we are indebted to ,dr4 ,stanley for the following description of the mode pursued3 8,no school can be more diligently attended by its master1 and no scholars more effectually trained to their own calling1 than a seminary of bullfinches4 ,as a general rule they are formed into classes of about six in each1 and kept in a dark room1 where food and music are administered at the same time1 so that when the meal is ended if the birds feel inclined to tune up1 they are naturally inclined to copy the rounds which are so familiar to them4 ,as soon as they begin to imitate a few notes the light is admitted into the room1 which still farther exhilarates their spirits1 and inclines them to sing4 ,in some establishments the starving system is adopted and the birds are not allowed food or light until they sing4 ,when they have been under this course of instruction in classes for some time1 they are committed singly to the care of boys whose sole business is to go on with their education4 ,each boy assiduously plays his organ#e from morning till night for the instruction of the bird committed to his care1 while the class teacher goes his regular rounds1 superintending the progress of his feathered pupils1 and scolding or rewarding them in a manner which they perfectly understand1 and strictly in accordance with the attention or the disregard they have shown to the instructions of the monitor4 ,this round of teaching goes on unintermittingly for no less a period than nine months1 by which time the bird has acquired firmness1 and is less likely to forget or spoil the air by leaving out passages1 or giving them in the wrong place4 ,at the time of molting the best instructed birds are liable to lose the recollection of their tunes1 and therefore require to have them frequently repeated at that time1 otherwise all the previous labor will have been thrown away40 ,footnote #e3 ,a small barrel organ1 called a bird organ1 made for this purpose4 ,the goldfinch is a handsome1 lively bird1 uttering his sonorous song at all periods except when molting4 ,it consists1 in addition to several intricate and twittering notes1 of certain tones which resemble those of the harp1 and it is valued in proportion to the number of times the syllable 8fink0 recurs4 ,the goldfinch may also be taught to whistle certain airs and to repeat the song of other birds1 though in this respect it is not so docile as the canary4 ,ducks are not commonly numbered among song birds1 but a ,french paper1 ,la ,france ,chorale1 gravely relates that an old trumpeter living in the department of the ,meuse1 knowing that it was possible to teach speech and music to parrots1 starlings1 blackbirds1 magpies1 and others of the feathered tribe1 operated lately on a duck in his court4 ,he obtained his pupil when a duckling1 adopting it1 and set about its education4 ,in a secluded corner he would sing to it an air a hundred times over1 till the intelligent biped had grasped the melody4 ,soon the interesting creature commenced to quack little tunes1 and at the end of six months could correctly repeat a considerable portion of the 8,femme a ,barbe40 ,the owner of the feathered songster is going to ,paris to exhibit his bird4 ,mocking birds are valued highly for their power of acquiring the notes of almost every other bird1 imitating various sounds and even learning to talk4 ,they should be taken when very young2 birds old enough to be caught in traps either never sing at all1 or only in an inferior manner4 ,their tuition consists merely in giving them the opportunity to hear whatever it is desired to have them learned4 ,they usually begin to sing when two months old1 and some bird fanciers think they improve in strength and fullness of tone when kept some years4 ,it is less difficult to keep mocking birds than is generally supposed4 ,a correspondent of ,haney's ,journal gives the following as the best method of capturing and rearing these birds3 8,take the trouble about the first of ,may to take a tramp through the woods and along the hedges until you find a nest1 and be sure it is the right kind4 ,do not touch the nest1 but visit it every few days1 and when the young are hatched and can open their eyes and mouths1 take the nest and birds home with you and set them in a cage4 ,you then prepare some corn meal very soft1 by scalding1 and feed them every half hour by putting it in their mouths2 when hungry they will open their mouths and cry if you approach them1 then is the time to feed them2 when they become strong enough to hop about the cage you may then put water and the meal in the cage and they will soon learn to feed themselves4 ,the cage should be cleaned out at least every other morning1 and fresh dry clean sand put on the floor4 ,the regular feed of the birds should be corn meal and hard boiled eggs mashed together with a little water2 scalded fresh beef is very fine for them1 also a few polk berries occasionally1 all kinds of fruits1 bread that is not #8short1' meat not salt2 never give them anything sweet4 ,i nearly lost a fine bird by allowing it to get some sour molasses4 ,the best medicine for the mocking bird is two or three spiders4 ,be sure to put a pan of fresh water in the cage every day1 and as he is a great washer and invariably sings better if you give him plenty of water and spiders4 ,the bird should never be let out of the cage1 and he then does not know what liberty is4 ,i now have one five years old1 who will not come out of the cage if the door be left open all day2 he can not be bought for #ajj4 ,he has been reared according to the above method1 and1 besides this1 ,i guarantee it to be the easiest and unsurpassed4 ,so soon as they are old enough those which do not sing should be turned out that they may gain their living before the winter comes on4 ,never keep two in one cage after they commence to sing2 they will fight until one dies4 ,summary3 plenty of water1 clean cage1 no sweet or salt food1 fresh meats1 flies1 grasshoppers and house spiders as medicine2 polk berries as a cathartic2 don't expect them to sing during molting period40 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,talking ,,birds ,,and ,,their ,,training4 ,many of the larger beaked birds may be taught to speak words or even sentences1 or will learn them of their own accord from overhearing them4 ,this power is principally possessed by the even tailed parrots1 in which the tongue is large1 broad1 and fleshy at the tip4 ,their articulation does not possess that accuracy and exactness of modulation characteristic of the human voice1 but to a certain extent this is mimicked4 ,usually there is a harshness and crudeness in their speech1 though in this respect they greatly vary4 ,all birds possessing the power of learning to talk are gifted with a great imitative faculty1 and therein lies the secret of their tuition4 ,parrots will often pick up words1 or odds and ends of sentences1 but usually it is desired that they shall learn some particular phrases1 to suit the fancy of their owner4 ,in this case a little drilling is required4 ,the trainer should take the bird alone where there will be nothing to distract his attention2 caress and pet him a little1 then repeat the word in a distinct tone1 and repeat at intervals of a few moments4 ,soon the parrot will attempt to repeat the word2 caress him and reward him with a bit of cracker4 ,repeat this until he has learned the word thoroughly2 when he has done so an alteration may be made in the method of training4 ,on all occasions when he desires anything1 make him repeat his lesson before his wishes are gratified4 ,gradually his lesson may be increased in length1 new words or phrases being added4 ,a lady relative of the writer possessed1 some years ago1 a parrot which was always anxious to be allowed to come from the hall1 where he was usually kept1 into the sitting room4 ,before he was permitted to enter he was always made to repeat a long string of nonsense1 something like the following3 8,pretty little1 darling1 sweet1 beautiful1 adorable ,polly wants to come in40 ,this task he was rather inclined to shirk1 and would commence with3 8,pretty ,polly wants to come in10 in hopes that would suffice4 ,the door remaining closed1 however1 he would in a minute or two commence with3 8,pretty little ,polly wants to come in10 and so on1 each time going away back to the commencement1 and each time adding one of the previously omitted words until the whole were given and the door opened to admit him4 ,usually there is no sense in a parrot's expression2 he 8,polly wants a cracker0 on all occasions1 however inappropriate4 ,he may be taught to use his language in a manner which is almost startling to one uninitiated into the secret of the matter1 so apparently is it the action of reasoning powers4 ,we have shown above how the bird can be taught to repeat any required set of words 7within reasonable limits7 to accomplish a desired result4 ,the bird knows nothing about any meaning to these words1 he only knows that by making certain sounds he receives a reward4 ,ordinarily a parrot will persistently assert that 8,polly wants a cracker0 when ,polly doesn't want anything of the kind1 but does want a drink of water4 ,the owner does not take the parrot's statement as the expression of the actual want expressed1 but merely that the bird wants something4 ,the parrot consequently uses any phrase he has learned to express any desire4 ,he is capable of associating certain phrases with certain results1 without knowing anything of the meaning of the phrase4 ,thus1 if he be taught the phrases3 8,polly wants a cracker10 and 8,polly wants a drink10 he will be just as apt to express either one by either phrase as he will to do so correctly2 but if he receives cracker only when he asks for it1 and a drink only when he asks for that1 he will learn to associate the different sounds with the different results4 ,this may be extended beyond this simple illustration as much as individual ability is capable of4 ,a story is told of a dweller in some eastern country who trained a parrot for sale4 ,the bird's education comprised only one phrase3 8,there can be no doubt of that60 ,to market the parrot was taken1 and exposed for sale4 ,attracted by his beautiful plumage a certain rich man inquired the price4 8,one hundred sequins10 replied the owner4 8,is he really worth all that80 inquired the customer2 whereupon the bird exclaims1 8,there can be no doubt of that40 ,charmed by the appropriateness of the reply the man buys the bird and takes him home in triumph1 which triumph is changed to a disgust when the limited powers of his prize are discovered4 ,enraged at having paid so extravagant a price for so poor a talker the man one day exclaimed in the presence of the bird3 8,what a fool ,i was to buy such a stupid thing60 ,again the parrot's single sentence comes in quite appropriate as he repeats1 8,there can be no doubt of that60 ,a bird show was held at a museum in ,new ,york several years since1 to which a parrot was sent that had been taught to repeat the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,this was advertised extensively1 and hundreds of persons went to hear the wonder1 but to their disappointment and the vexation of the owner1 ,poll would not utter a word during the exhibition1 although fully able to do what had been expected4 ,after the show1 the parrot was taken home1 and upon reaching its place it exclaimed--probably an accustomed phrase--8,i suppose ,i can talk now10 and became as voluble as ever4 ,the bird's silence was not remarkable1 as song birds will seldom sing freely for some time after being taken to a new place2 the speech on going home certainly seemed to indicate intelligence4 ,a gentleman had taught his parrot to say1 8,get your gun1 ,john10 which was well remembered one night by the bird1 for burglars entered the house1 and ,poll1 hearing a noise1 screamed out at the top of her voice1 8,get your gun1 ,john10 awakening her owner1 and at the same time putting the robbers to flight4 ,an ,englishman describing another wonderful parrot hanging in a cage from the window of a house which he often passed1 said3 8,it cries #8,stop thief' so naturally that every time ,i hear it ,i always stop40 ,it is very essential that the trainer should be on good terms with the parrot1 in order to secure success1 as they will not readily learn for one for whom they entertain any dislike4 ,under favorable circumstances not only do they copy the words of their trainer but even his peculiarities of voice4 ,buffon mentions a gray parrot which was taught to speak by a sailor during a voyage from ,guinea1 and acquired so exactly his harsh voice and cough as to be frequently mistaken for him4 ,it was afterward instructed by a young man1 and although it then heard no voice but that of its new teacher1 the former lessons were never forgotten1 and it often amused the bystanders by suddenly passing from a soft and agreeable voice to its old hoarse sea tone4 ,not only do parrots learn to imitate the human voice but also that of animals4 ,this is more difficult to teach owing to the difficulty of securing the sounds for the bird to copy4 ,a bird of good powers will usually pick up this knowledge if it has an opportunity of frequently hearing the animals4 ,the blue and yellow macaw1 though it does not readily learn words 7except 8,jacob107 seems to have a talent for imitating the bleating of sheep1 the mewing of cats1 and the barking of dogs1 with great exactness4 ,it not only has the power of learning but often shows a desire to do so4 ,it continually repeats the syllables which it has heard1 and in order not to be misled in memory1 endeavors to cry down all sounds which disturb it4 ,so deep an impression do its lessons make that sometimes it dreams aloud4 ,when young its memory is so good as to retain whole verses and sentences4 ,rhodiginus mentions a gray parrot which could repeat the ,apostles' ,creed without a slip1 and was on that account bought by a cardinal for a hundred crowns4 ,in ,scotland a species of parrot is employed to call the names of the stations on the railway4 ,each bird is taught the name of the station at which it is placed1 and this name it shouts on the approach of the train4 ,several birds besides parrots possess the power of talking4 ,magpies are taught in ,germany to imitate not only the human voice but many striking sounds4 ,they are taken from the nest when quite young1 otherwise this cannot be accomplished4 ,a clergyman in ,paris is said to have had two sparrows which were able to repeat the fourth1 fifth1 sixth1 and seventh commandments4 ,it produced a highly comic effect when1 in their quarrels over their food1 one of them would gravely admonish the other--8,thou shalt not steal40 ,ravens often talk with considerable fluency4 ,in ,thugaingia the traveler on entering an inn is frequently saluted with the appellations1 8thief1 rascal10 uttered by one of these birds4 ,some trainers with a view to facilitate the utterance of articulate sounds1 are accustomed to cut what is called the string of the tongue1 an operation which certainly attains its end in some measure1 though ravens often speak on which it has not been performed4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,performing ,,birds--,,their ,,tricks ,,and ,,their ,,training4 ,birds may be taught a number of amusing feats1 although some we shall explain require so much time1 labor1 and skill1 as to render them rather more difficult than most amateurs will care to undertake1 but there are many which any suitable bird may be taught1 with reasonable pains4 ,a person with a faculty for invention can arrange various little mechanical contrivances in the cages of his birds1 more or less elaborate according to the skill and fancy of the inventor4 ,a very neat arrangement consists of an inclined plane outside the cage upon which a little wagon may run1 or a little tray slide1 containing bird seed4 ,to this vessel is attached one end of a string1 the other end leading up the plane and being secured inside the cage4 ,this is so arranged that when the string is pulled the vessel is drawn up to an opening in the cage sufficiently large for the bird to secure the seed1 but not large enough to permit his escape4 ,to teach the bird to draw this vessel up he must be kept without food until he becomes quite hungry4 ,when hungry he will peck at anything in his cage4 ,the string should be so arranged that he can seize it without trouble1 and the apparatus should work smoothly and require little strength4 ,the seed vessel should be in sight of the bird so that he may be tempted by the seed4 ,at first he will peck at the string as he would at anything else1 and will naturally pull it without any idea of the result4 ,when he sees this result almost every bird will persevere until he brings his 8commissary department0 within his reach1 and instinct will teach him to retain it in place and prevent its sliding back by placing his foot on the string while he eats4 ,houdin1 the ,french conjuror1 when a youth1 was employed as errand boy in a lawyer's office4 ,in this office was a large cage of birds1 the care of which was one of his duties4 ,this afforded him an opportunity for exercising that talent which he in after years applied so successfully to the manufacture of automata and conjuring apparatus4 ,he thus describes his labors3 8,i began by setting up in this cage a number of mechanical tricks ,i had invented at college under similar circumstances4 ,i gradually added fresh ones and ended by making the cage a work of art and curiosity1 affording considerable attraction to our visitors4 ,at one spot was a perch near which the sugar and seed-glass displayed their attractions1 but no sooner had the innocent canary placed its foot on the fatal perch than a circular cage encompassed it1 and it was kept a prisoner until another bird1 perching on an adjoining piece of wood set loose a spring which delivered the captive4 ,at another place were baths and pumps2 further on was a small trough1 so arranged that the nearer the bird seemed to draw to it the further off it really was4 ,lastly1 each denizen of the cage was obliged to earn its food by drawing forward with its beak small pasteboard carts40 ,we have known the following arrangement to be used for bullfinches1 which might be applied to other birds3 ,the apparatus for drawing up its food and water consisted of a band of soft leather one-sixth of an inch in breadth1 in which were pierced four holes1 through which the feet and wings of the bird were put1 and the ends united to a ring on the belly4 ,to this ring was attached a small chain fastened at the other end to the seed and water vessel4 ,when the bird is hungry it pulls the chain up a little way with his beak1 puts his foot on it to retain the length already gained1 then pulls again1 and so continues4 ,sometimes the two vessels are attached to a pulley in such a manner that when one descends the other rises1 so that the bird has to pull up each as he wants it4 ,canaries may be taught to come and go at command4 ,to accomplish this the cage should be provided with doors which open only inward1 and which close of themselves4 ,when the male and female have been paired the former is let fly in some garden where there are trees2 the cage is then hung outside the window1 that his mate may lure him back4 ,this is repeated five or six days1 always letting the male go again without touching him1 so he may not be terrified4 ,after a time the female too may be set at liberty1 the door of the cage being left permanently open that they may go and return at will4 ,the ,european sparrow1 which is becoming acclimated here1 and will no doubt soon become as common here as there1 is often taught to leave home and return at call4 ,all that is necessary is to keep it a month in a large cage at the window1 plentifully supplied with good food1 such as millet1 bread1 etc4 ,winter is the best time for this purpose4 ,an inmate of the ,htel des ,invalides1 at ,paris1 is said to have made a sparrow so tame as to leave it perfectly at liberty without any fear of losing it4 ,it was ornamented with a small bell fastened by a ribbon around its neck4 ,it would not allow itself to be touched by any one but its owner1 and was so fond of him that it could not be induced to leave him when at last he became bed-ridden4 ,on one occasion it was caught and deprived of its bell4 ,it was1 however1 melancholy and refused to eat until another bell had been provided4 ,it is said that crushed hemp seed fed to linnets takes away their love of liberty1 and that it may be used advantageously when it is desired to teach them to come in through the open window without danger of their flying away4 ,it is advised that they should be confined in a large cage placed in a window looking into a garden1 for a considerable time before they are allowed to go out4 ,robins are often permitted to go away during the summer1 and instances are often reported of their returning to take up winter quarters in the warm dwelling-house4 ,illustration3 ,,tamed ,,birds ,,performing ,,various ,,feats4 ,several individuals have made a regular profession of exhibiting performing birds4 ,uniting a peculiar skill and an exhaustless patience1 these men labor ceaselessly in instructing their charges1 and the result is that the birds learn to perform many surprising tricks4 ,they are even taught to perform little dramatic scenes together2 representing1 for instance1 the trial1 condemnation and execution of a spy1 in which the characters are all maintained by birds1 and the action of the scene very cleverly represented4 ,there is however a little trickery in this1 the birds1 although apparently acting without human agency1 are in reality constantly under the direction of their trainer1 who is usually concealed from the audience4 ,each bird is carefully instructed in his particular duties1 and performs his part at certain signals or particular commands4 ,while performing1 the trainer carefully 8works0 the performers1 keeps them up to their duties1 and thus makes everything pass off smoothly in its regular order4 ,the method of training is merely an elaboration of what we have already given4 ,the birds are first made perfectly tame1 and then gradually encouraged to perform such little tricks as jumping over the trainer's finger1 seizing articles presented to them with their beak or claw1 and other trifles4 ,by-and-by the bird will wheel a little pasteboard wheelbarrow with the aid of a string attached to the handles1 which he takes in his beak4 ,another bird is taught to take things in his claw by first having articles of food presented to him which he is only allowed to have when he takes them in that manner4 ,then some other article is offered him and when he takes that in like manner he is rewarded4 ,when he will take an article at the command of the trainer all that is required for his performance is that the article desired should be offered him2 thus the bird will take a miniature basket1 gun1 or any other article with equal readiness4 ,a small lighted candle may even be used if managed carefully4 ,when a bird has learned to pull a string1 or seize with his beak what is presented to his notice1 this accomplishment may be applied to many tricks1 apparently very different4 ,he may be made to fire off a pistol by pulling a string attached to the trigger2 to draw a little bucket from a diminutive well2 to ring bells2 and an almost unlimited number of like actions4 ,walking on a tight rope1 or wire1 and carrying a little flag is readily accomplished after the foregoing training4 ,the bird is either lifted or guided upon the rope1 and the flag then given him4 ,many tricks consist in the bird merely retaining a position given him1 as in a little swing1 cradle or at a little table4 ,a very tame bird may be placed in an upright ring1 around the margin of which are candles or jets of fire4 ,there was a sparrow at one exhibition which performed the seemingly wonderful feat of selecting from a shuffled pack1 a card previously chosen by any of the audience4 ,a dirty pack of cards was handed to one of the company1 who selected a card1 and gave it back to the exhibitor1 who shuffled the pack after replacing the card2 he then put the pack upright in a kind of card-case1 which so held them as to leave about half an inch above the brim4 ,the ,java sparrow hopped on one of the cards1 and finally drew the identical one that had been drawn4 ,the explanation became easy on examining the cards4 ,at one end1 each card had a thin layer of sweet-wafer paste2 the selected card was taken by the exhibitor and placed in the pack2 all the rest of the cards had the paste end downward1 while the card alone was placed back in the pack with the opposite end upward4 ,and the bird naturally looked at the end4 ,the greatest humbug in ,vienna is a school of trained goldfinches1 which a woman has taught to draw numbers from a bowl1 without1 however1 selecting any particular one1 but merely taking them hap-hazard4 ,all the superstitious lottery ticket buyers go thither for an augury1 and the owner of the finches is reaping a rich harvest4 ,in a work entitled ,pratt's ,gleanings1 for many years out of print1 and now almost out of existence1 we find the following description of an exhibition given by a bird tamer at a fair in the town of ,cleves3 8,the canary was produced1 and the owner harangued him in the following manner1 placing him upon his forefinger3 #8,bijou1 jewel1 you are now in the presence of persons of great sagacity and honor2 take heed you do not disappoint the expectations they have conceived of you from the world's report4 ,you have got laurels2 beware1 then1 of erring4' 8,all this time the bird seemed to listen1 and indeed placed himself in the true attitude of attention1 by sloping his head to the ear of the man1 and then distinctly nodding twice when his master left off speaking4 8#8,that's good1' said the master1 pulling off his hat to the bird4 #8,now1 then1 let us see if you are a canary of honor4 ,give us a tune4' ,the canary sang4 8#8,pshaw6 that's too harsh2 'tis the note of a raven1 with a hoarseness upon him2 something pathetic4' ,the canary whistled as if his little throat was changed to a lute4 8#8,faster1' says the man--#8slower--very well--what a plague is this foot about1 and this little head8 ,no wonder you are out1 ,mr4 ,bijou1 when you forget your time4 ,that's a jewel--bravo6 bravo6 my little man6' 8,all that he was ordered or reminded of did he do to admiration4 ,his head and foot beat time--humored the variations of both tone and movement4 8#8,bravo6 bravo6' re-echoed from all parts of the room4 ,the musicians declared the canary was a greater master of music than any of their band4 8#8,and do you not show your sense of this civility1 sir8' cried the bird catcher with an angry air4 ,the canary bowed most respectfully1 to the delight of the company4 8,his next achievement was that of going through the martial exercise with a straw gun1 after which1 #8,my poor ,bijou1' says the owner1 #8thou hast had hard work and must be a little weary2 a few performances more and thou shalt repose4 ,show the ladies how to make a curtsey4' ,the bird here crossed his taper legs and sank and rose with an ease and grace that would have put half the belles to the blush4 8#8,that will do1 my bird2 and now a bow1 head and foot corresponding4' ,here the striplings for ten miles around ,london might have blushed also4 8#8,let us finish with a hornpipe1 my brave little fellow2 that's it1 keep it up1 keep it up4' 8,the activity1 glee1 spirit1 and accuracy with which this last order was obeyed1 wound up the applause to the highest pitch of admiration4 ,bijou himself seemed to feel the sacred thirst of fame1 and shook his little plumes and carolled an 8,io paean0 that sounded like the conscious notes of victory40 ,a curious trick is performed by a particular kind of pigeon1 quite common in ,india4 ,these birds are called 8tumbling pigeons0 from their peculiarity which consists of tumbling on the ground1 instead of in the air4 ,when required to tumble they are taken in the hand1 and the head slightly rubbed or 8filliped0 with the finger1 and then they are put on the ground1 when they continue to tumble until taken up4 ,they are not left on the ground until their tumblings are completed1 being invariably taken up after they have tumbled about a dozen times2 probably they would injure or exhaust themselves1 if left longer4 ,the pigeons are always white1 and though their wings are long and pointed1 they seem to have small powers of flight4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,snake ,,charming ,,and ,,snake ,,charmer4 ,on the subject of snake charming1 a wide diversity of opinion seems to exist4 ,while it is vouched for by many apparently creditable and honest citizens1 that the exhibitions of the ,east ,indian snake charmers show that they really do possess some mysterious power over the reptiles to which they owe their safety in freely handling the most venomous serpents1 on the other hand1 persons apparently qualified to express an opinion1 declare the whole system of snake charming to be but some clever impositions4 ,there is said to exist a species of snake of large size1 and so closely resembling the deadly cobra1 as to be easily mistaken for it by ordinary observers1 but which is perfectly harmless4 ,may not this be used in some of these performances8 ,again1 snakes of really poisonous species appear1 on good authority1 in many instances1 to have been tampered with by the charmers by having their fangs removed1 or by being made to strike them into cloth or other substances until the present supply of poison was exhausted4 ,where this has been done1 and new fangs have grown1 or more poison secreted1 numerous charmers have lost their lives by their ignorance or carelessness of the fact4 ,an officer in a ,french regiment stationed in ,africa1 relates that what were represented by an ,arab juggler to be scorpions1 were actually nothing but harmless lizards1 and that the man's feat of thrusting his naked hand into the bag containing them was no feat at all4 ,upon the officer offering to do the same act1 the juggler slunk away4 ,music is often referred to as a probable secret of snake charming4 ,this may be1 in a small measure1 the case1 as snakes appear to like music4 ,a story is told by the ,gipps ,land 7,australia7 ,guardian1 which may be entirely true1 or1 probably1 founded on truth3 8,we have all heard of the charms of music10 says the paper1 8and many have1 no doubt1 been treated to stories which described its influence when brought to bear upon snakes2 but we are informed of an occurrence during the past season which surpasses all that we heard before4 ,when ,mr4 ,s---- was one day coming from ,traralgon towards ,rosedale1 he was indulging himself in whistling a melodious air1 while his horse was taking it easy at a walk4 ,at no great distance in front he espied a good sized snake1 with its head elevated about twelve inches from the ground1 as if listening to the tune of the equestrian4 ,upon seeing it ,mr4 ,s---- was about to dismount to arm himself with a weapon to dispatch it1 but presently he bethought himself that it might be under the influence of his sweet notes1 and accordingly resolved to discover4 ,he1 keeping in his saddle1 continued as before1 and when he neared the admiring reptile it set its sinuous form in motion1 and moved along rapidly till it got a considerable way ahead of the pipes4 ,then it halted1 and again raised the region of its intellect to sip in the strains of the harmony in its rear4 ,after a repetition of this scene for several times ,mr4 ,s---- determined on pushing his experiment further1 and for this purpose set out in a slow trot1 when1 to his astonishment1 the snake went double quick1 still keeping ahead of the music1 and regulating its pace by ,mr4 ,s----'s pace1 #8pulled up' whenever he pulled up4 ,at length ,mr4 ,s---- ceased his melody1 and the snake1 finding that the strain was ended1 wound its way off into the forest4 ,we may as well add that the tune which is reported to have thus charmed was no other than #8,patrick's ,day1' whistled by a son of the sod40 ,illustration3 ,,snake ,,charmer ,,performing4 ,the fact that many spectators of the exhibitions of the snake charmer failed to detect any deception does not prove that there was no deception4 ,while the detection of imposition by others1 in similar performances1 would seem to argue the probable existence of it in the other cases4 ,even poisonous snakes can1 by kindness and ample food1 undoubtedly be rendered sufficiently tame to permit handling1 and where charmers pretend to operate on strange serpents1 it is suspected that the reptiles used are really tame ones1 surreptitiously introduced beforehand into the places whence the charmer proposes to bring them forth by his charms4 ,one case is recorded where a strange snake happened to be in the place so chosen2 he destroyed the tame snake1 and1 on emerging1 being mistaken by the charmer for his own snake1 struck his fangs into the man when he attempted his usual jugglery with it1 causing his speedy death4 ,that dexterity and coolness enable men who1 in eastern countries1 make a profession of capturing dangerous snakes1 which often intrude into dwellings1 to capture these reptiles seems unquestionable2 but the familiarities described by travelers1 we believe to be attempted only with snakes which the performer has tamed and trained1 or else rendered harmless1 for the purpose4 ,we will1 however1 give the opponents of this theory a chance to be heard1 and so present a splendid account1 which is given by an ,english officer in ,india1 of the capture1 by one of their professional snake catchers1 of a cobra which had found its way into the room of a sick fellow-officer1 and was discovered by the narrator on paying his friend a visit4 ,after the alarm had been given1 the usual confusion outside the door1 and the various expedients proposed for expelling the unwelcome 8squatter10 the narrative goes on to describe the arrival and doings of the snake catcher3 8,he came1 a tall1 muscular native1 a slip of cloth around the waist1 his hair long and matted1 except on the centre of his head1 which was shaved close in a circle1 and a turban covering it1 bearing over his shoulders two baskets and a musical instrument made out of a gourd1 with a single bamboo pipe coming from its upper end1 and two smaller ones from its lower1 like a flute1 whilst the breath is blown through the upper and single one4 ,before he was allowed to enter the room he was searched1 and his baskets and instruments taken from him4 ,nothing could have been concealed1 for his clothing was reduced to its minimum1 and he carried a short iron rod4 8,he was shown a hole in which we supposed the snake to be1 for the reptile had disappeared4 ,he lay down on the floor1 and placing his face close to the hole1 exclaimed1 #8,burra sap2 sabit babut burra4' 7,big snake1 your honor1 very big47 ,without any more preparation1 he commenced digging around the hole1 and removed some of the brickwork4 ,in a few minutes he showed the tail of the reptile1 and with sundry incantations in ,hindostanee and curious contortions of his body1 seized hold of the tail1 and gradually drew forth the snake4 ,it proved to be a fine specimen of the cobra--a black1 shining1 wriggling1 hissing1 deadly cobra1 about five feet long1 at the thickest part eight inches round1 with a hood measuring1 when extended1 five inches across4 ,the reptile he handled freely1 whilst it was hissing and darting its tongue out every second4 ,taking it in the yard or #8compound1' he released it4 ,the brute wriggled itself toward him1 and when within a foot or so reared itself up1 spread out the enormous hood1 and prepared itself to strike at its captor4 ,but the charmer was not to be wounded4 ,he seized his primitive instrument1 and commenced very slowly to produce low and soft tones1 very harmonious1 but unconnected4 ,the snake seemed astonished2 his hood gradually collapsed1 his head and about a foot of his body that was raised from the ground commenced to sway from side to side in perfect harmony with the music1 and slower and quicker as the time was decreased or increased4 ,as the man played louder1 the snake got more excited1 until the rapid and unusual movements had quite exhausted it1 and it subsided4 8,again the charmer seized it1 and quick as lightning ran his hand up its body1 holding it firmly by the throat4 ,by pressing on its back the cobra's mouth opened1 and he disclosed the fangs1 poison bags1 and apparatus complete1 thus proving beyond a doubt that it was not a trained or tame reptile he had been treating like a plaything4 ,doubts still arose in my mind1 however1 about the genuineness of the performance1 for ,i could not bring myself to believe that a man would willingly place himself in such close proximity to certain death4 8,a fowl was obtained and placed about a foot from the reptile1 which was again set free4 ,with the same movements it raised itself a foot from the ground1 spread out its hood1 and with a loud hiss1 apparently of satisfaction1 darted upon and seized the fowl by the back of the neck4 ,hanging there for a few seconds it let go its hold1 and the man at the same instant seized it1 as he had formerly done1 by the head4 ,the fowl almost instantaneously became drowsy1 its head falling forward1 and the beak striking with considerable force into the ground4 ,the convulsive movement lasted ten seconds1 and then the bird lay down as if completely comatose and powerless4 ,in fifteen seconds it gave a sudden start and fell back quite dead4 8,as no deception could have been practised in this instance1 ,i was most anxious to see the reptile killed2 but the charmer said he would not have it destroyed2 that if it were injured the power he had over snakes would be interfered with1 and the next one would no doubt bite and kill him4 ,he accounted for his easy capture by saying this was a great holiday for the snakes1 and that they had been enjoying themselves4 #8,this one1' said he1 #8is not living in this house4 ,he has come from his home visiting1 and has lost his way4 ,on this account he got down a wrong hole1 and ,i was enabled to pull him out4 ,nasty neighbors1 and abominable visitors1 these cobras6 ,i will take this snake home1 and feed him and make him tame4' 8,however1 we insisted upon having the animal made harmless1 or comparatively so1 and directed the man to remove the fangs4 ,this he agreed to do1 and performed it in this manner--a piece of wood was cut an inch square1 and held by the charmer to the head of the snake4 ,the reptile seized it as he had done the fowl1 and with a dexterous twist of the hand1 the most primitive performance of dentistry was accomplished4 ,the four fangs sticking into the wood were extracted by the roots and given to me4 ,i have them now1 and look upon them as more suicidally pleasant than a pint of prussic acid or a cask of white arsenic4 8,another fowl was brought and attacked by the snake as before1 but without any effect2 it shook itself1 rustled its feathers1 and walked away consequentially4 ,it is alive still1 unless some enterprising culinary agent has converted it into curry or devil4 ,so it was proved beyond any doubt that an ,indian snake charmer was not a humbug and a swindler1 as many suppose1 but a strong-minded1 quick-eyed1 active1 courageous man4 ,the cool determination and heroism of the charmer in the present instance was rewarded by the sum of two rupees 7two shillings1 sterling71 and he left the compound with an extra snake in his basket1 thankful to the preservers of his children1 as he styled us1 and to whom1 he said1 he owed his life and existence40 ,the snakes used in performances at circus or 8side shows0 in this country are not poisonous1 though their bite causes a painful wound1 which it is very difficult to heal4 ,the snakes are fed to satiety1 and the only thing necessary to constitute a 8snake charmer0 of this kind is the overcoming of the natural repugnance to these reptiles4 ,what was exhibited as a wonderful example of affection between a child and a snake some years ago1 was a hideous humbug4 ,the story told by the exhibitors of the little girl meeting the snake1 sharing her bread and milk with it1 and becoming violently attached to it 7which attachment was claimed to be returned71 before the child's parents knew of it at all1 and how these strong friends refused to be parted1 was a tissue of lies4 ,the snake had been caught and tamed1 and the little girl then compelled by her unnatural parents to fondle the repulsive thing1 from which she instinctively shrunk1 and these stories were started in the papers about this wonderful 8love40 ,when curiosity had been aroused1 public exhibitions were given1 but we believe the enterprises proved a deserved failure1 as few persons could endure to witness this outrage on nature1 though many1 doubtless1 believed the story told4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,end4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,select ,,list ,,of ,,trade ,,manuals1 ,,useful ,,handbooks ,,and ,,valuable ,,miscellaneous ,,works4 ,,published ,,and ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,jesse ,,haney ,,co41 #aai ,,nassau ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,any of these popular and valuable works mailed post paid to any address on receipt of advertised price4 ,it is better1 however1 to order of local booksellers1 who will generally be glad to obtain any work desired even if they haven't it in stock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,carpenter's ,manual4--,instructs in the use of tools and the various operations of the trade4 ,a very complete and explicit work4 #ej cts4 ,painter's ,manual4--,a complete practical guide to house and sign painting1 graining1 varnishing1 polishing1 kalsomining1 papering1 lettering1 staining1 gilding1 glazing1 silvering1 analysis of colors1 harmony1 contrast1 c4 #ej cts4 ,watchmaker's and ,jeweler's ,manual4--,gives latest and most approved secrets of the trade1 embracing watch and clock cleaning and repairing1 tempering in all its grades1 making tools1 compounding metals1 alloys1 soldering1 plating1 c41 with plain instructions for beginners4 ,greatly enlarged edition4 #ej cts4 ,book of ,alphabets4--,for ,painters1 ,draughtsmen1 ,designers1 c4 ,including all standard styles and many new and popular ones4 ,among others1 ,german1 ,french1 ,old ,english1 c4 ,a very handy book4 #ej cts4 ,book of ,scrolls and ,ornaments4--,for ,carriage1 ,fresco and other ,painters4 ,this book is now used in many prominent car shops and for ornamental work generally4 ,while comprehensive enough for elaborate work1 it also enables average skill to produce effective results4 #a4 ,horse ,shoer's ,manual4--,includes preparation of foot1 choice of shoes and their preparation1 fitting1 filing1 nails and nailing1 shoeing with leather1 cutting1 removing1 c4 ,also ,youatt's ,treatise on ,diseases of ,horses' ,feet4 #be cts4 ,soap-,maker's ,manual4--,plain and practical guide for the manufacture of plain and fancy soaps1 washing fluids1 medicinal soaps1 etc41 for families and manufacturers4 ,has best ,american1 ,english1 ,french and ,german formulas4 #be cts4 ,taxidermist's ,manual4--,a complete and practical guide to collecting1 preparing1 preserving and mounting animals1 birds1 reptiles1 insects1 c4 ,new and revised ,american edition1 with many fine engravings4 #ej cts4 ,rapid ,reckoning4--,system of famous 8,lightning ,calculator10 whose exhibitions seemed almost miraculous2 any can learn and apply2 valuable to clerks1 bookkeepers1 teachers and all business men4 #be cts4 ,guide to ,authorship4--,a complete1 practical instructor in all kinds of literary work1 and all business connected therewith4 ,useful to professionals1 and invaluable to inexperienced writers desirous of getting into print4 ,also includes editing1 proof reading1 copyrights1 value and disposal of ,mss41 c4 #ej cts4 ,art of ,training ,animals4--,a complete guide for amateur or professional trainers1 giving all the secrets and mysteries of the craft1 and showing how all circus tricks1 and all feats of all performing animals--from elephants to fleas--are accomplished4 ,it also has an improved system of horse and colt breaking1 breaking and training sporting dogs1 care and tuition of song1 talking and performing birds1 snake charming1 bee taming1 and many other things1 making a large1 handsome volume of over #bjj pages1 and over #fj illustrations4 #ej cts4 ,secrets ,worth ,knowing4--,a guide to the manufacture of hundreds of useful and salable articles1 including patent medicines1 perfumery1 toilet and dental articles1 and many others easily made at trifling cost and selling readily at large profit4 #be cts4 ,phonographic ,handbook4--,for self-instruction in the modern improved system1 used by practical reporters in the courts of law and on the newspapers4 ,it unites simplicity with thoroughness4 #be cts4 ,,select ,,list ,,of ,,valuable ,,books4 ,bad ,memory ,made ,good and ,good ,made ,better4--,shows how a wonderful power of memory may be acquired by a simple art1 readily learned1 and enables its possessor to achieve feats incomprehensible to those ignorant of the secret4 ,it will be of great assistance to teachers1 pupils and professional men generally4 ,clergymen and speakers will save much time by its chapter on ,speaking without ,notes1 as will students preparing for examination4 #ae cts4 ,handbook of ,ventriloquism4--,a practical self-instructor1 with examples for practice and exhibition4 #ae cts4 ,slow ,horses ,made ,fast and ,fast ,horses ,made ,faster4--,system of increasing speed to which ,dexter owes his supremacy1 with much useful information for all horsemen4 ,endorsed by ,robert ,bonner1 ,esq4 #ej cts4 ,self ,cure of ,stammering4--,not an advertising pamphlet but a concise and plain exposure of the most approved and successful methods of ,self ,treatments1 with exposure of empirical and dangerous devices4 #be cts4 ,impromptu ,speaker4--,this is not a collection of set speeches1 but guides the speaker in making his own4 #be cts4 ,hunter's and ,trapper's ,practical ,guide4--,this book gives in compact form information otherwise obtainable only at ten times its cost1 about care and use of arms2 ammunition2 making and using baits of all kinds2 making and using traps1 snares and nets2 poisons2 exposure of 8charms0 sold at high prices2 bird-lime2 preserving1 stretching1 dressing1 tanning and dyeing skins and furs2 fishing1 c4 ,illustrated with #ej engravings4 #bj cts4 ,manual of ,hair ,ornaments4--,for ,jewelry or ,souvenirs4 ,with over #hj illustrative diagrams4 #ej cts4 ,tricks on ,travelers4--,a little work exposing frauds practiced on travelers1 and other information useful to strangers in great cities4 ,illustrated4 #ae cts4 ,houdin the ,conjuror4--,his wonderful1 amusing and curious adventures1 his marvelous feats1 his startling magical contests with the famous ,arabian jugglers1 and other interesting matter4 ,more fascinating than any fiction4 ,complete in one large double column octavo volume4 ,liberally illustrated4 #ej cts4 ,home ,recreations1 or ,how to ,amuse the ,young ,folks4--,designed to afford fresh and agreeable entertainment for juvenile parties1 holidays1 and the home circle4 ,illustrated4 #be cts4 ,spirit ,mysteries ,exposed4--,a complete exposition for all the marvelous feats of the 8spirit rappers0 and 8mediums10 ,davenports1 ,hume1 c41 so fully laid bare that any one can perform4 ,illustrated4 #ae cts4 ,self ,cure of ,debility4--,consumption1 ,dyspepsia1 ,nervousness1 c4--,advertises no doctor or medicine1 but gives plain instructions for self cure by simple means within reach of all which will cost nothing1 and are the surest1 safest and quickest methods of cure4 ,dangers of advertised modes of treatment1 quack nostrums1 c41 are pointed out4 #ge cts4 ,employment ,seeker's ,guide4--,gives advantages and objections of different trades and professions2 how to succeed in business2 how to get good situations1 new openings1 and much valuable practical information4 #be cts4 ,detectives' ,club4--,a most interesting book of detective life and adventure4 ,curious1 amusing and thrilling4 ,large illustrated volume4 #be cts4 ,rogues and ,rogueries of ,new ,york4--,exposes all frauds and swindles of the great cities1 from confidence operators to quack doctors1 and swindles and humbugs by mail4 ,illustrated1 #be cts4 ,common ,sense ,cook ,book4--,a large and excellent collection of approved cooking and domestic recipes4 #be cts4 ,fun ,everlasting4--,collection of capital stories1 comic yarns1 jokes1 c41 with over #ajj side splitting pictures4 #ae cts4 ,for sale by booksellers generally1 who will be glad to take orders even if they have not the book in stock1 or will be mailed1 postage paid to any address on receipt of marked price4 ,direct plainly to ,,jesse ,,haney ,,co41 #aai ,nassau ,street1 7,p4,o4 ,box #gai17 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bej ,,of ,,advertised ,for #ej ,cents4 ,,information ,by means of circulars and newspaper advertisements a thriving business is done in selling recipes1 rights to make or use wonderful discoveries1 and various secrets1 c4 ,some of them are good1 some worthless1 some fraudulent4 ,many invest a few shillings or dollars out of mere curiosity or in hopes of money making or gaining knowledge4 ,we have collected at cost of over #bej all the prominent of these advertised things4 ,their sellers we find have no exclusive right to them1 so we propose to give our #bej worth to the public in a neat little book which we call the ,,book ,,of ,,advertised ,,wonders4 ,this gives the good1 bad and indifferent1 but with comments explaining the real character of each4 ,the following list will give an idea of the contents3 ,it tells you how to make vinegar in ten hours from molasses1 sorghum cider1 c4 without drugs or chemicals2 ,american gin without any distillation at #af cts4 per pint2 ,premium mead2 ,ale without malt or hops2 ,cure for asthma2 ,imitation cognac brandy equal to finest ,french genuine2 ,glycerine cement2 ,chinese art of dwarfing trees2 ,how to raise the vinegar plant2 ,bee-keeper's secret for securing fertilization of young queens by any drones desired2 ,how to secure nearly double the usual product in artificial fish raising2 ,chemical paint1 durable and odorless1 of any color1 without oil2 ,great water-proof varnish for boots and shoes2 ,kapnophyte1 the new departure in fertilizers2 ,great art of chemicalizing manure2 ,great vegetable remedy for burns1 scalds4 c42 ,food for mocking birds2 ,death to the cotton worm2 ,india-rubber cement1 ,pound of butter from a pint of ,milk2 ,ottawa beer2 ,artifinol rubber from milkweed4 ,nickel plating without a battery2 ,art of saw-filing2 ,remedy for love of strong drink2 ,hunter's secrets and private guide to trappers2 8,mad-stones10 how to find1 how to prepare and how to use the great natural remedy for bites of poisonous or rabid animals2 ,seltzer aperient2 ,excelsior axle grease2 ,art of sharpening saws2 ,magical ,british washing powder2 ,printer's indispensable1 improving and drying inks of all kinds and colors--greatest help to good printing ever invented2 ,imperial fly paper1 or 8catch 'em alive oh60 ,soluble blues1 or liquid bluing2 ,english harness blacking2 ,preserving grapes in their natural condition all winter2 ,how to make brandy from shavings2 ,apple butter without apples2 ,old orchards made new1 ,kainite1 or tree medicine2 ,safety gunpowder2 #ajj pounds of soap for one dollar4 ,how to keep apples fresh and sound all winter2 ,tyler's permeating powder2 ,how to restore vitality of seeds2 ,hunter's secret2 ,how to make honey from tomatoes2 ,chinese art of catching fish2 ,infallible remedy for potato rot2 ,liquid black lead polish2 8,all farmers and horse owners02 ,barrel of soft soap for #ge cts42 ,dead shot for rose slugs2 ,scrofula ointment2 ,rat killing without traps or poison2 ,baking powder2 ,maple sugar without maple trees4 ,fifty methods of making money2 ,fire-proof paint2 ,premium black writing ink2 ,maic copying2 ,vegetable salve2 ,counterfeit detector2 ,art of painting on glass2 ,celebrated chemical compound2 ,hunter's secret2 ,soft soap2 ,starch polish2 ,cider better than from apples and not intoxicating2 ,rheumatic liniment2 ,magnetic ointment2 ,indian pills2 ,red ink2 ,blue ink2 ,indelible ink1 without preparation2 ,luminous ink2 ,red ruling ink2 ,yellow ink2 ,invisible ink2 ,water-proof ,composition2 ,gunpowder2 ,shaving soap2 ,hard solder2 ,soft solder2 ,silver plating fluid2 ,great pain extractor2 ,matches2 ,horse taming2 ,oil-paste blacking2 ,metals preserved from rust2 ,sealing wax2 ,cologne water2 ,hair restorative2 ,curling liquid for the hair2 ,excelsior hair oil2 ,celebrated tooth powder2 ,cough syrup2 ,universal liniment2 ,brick paint2 ,wood paint2 ,best varnish2 ,leather varnish1 ,almond soap2 ,fancy soap2 ,non-explosive burning fluid2 ,florida water2 ,macassar oil2 ,lavender perfumed water2 ,buffalo oil4 ,sun-light oil2 ,corassa compound2 ,inman's cure for nervous weakness1 c42 ,clover vinegar2 ,curing pork without brine2 ,sure and safe remedy for warts2 ,electric blacking2 ,how to add #ej per cent4 to yield of grain at trifling labor and expense2 ,hardening gloss for printer's inks2 ,whiskers in six weeks2 ,beautiful art of transferring any kind of pictures to glass2 ,great ,american washing fluid2 ,liebig's great fertilizer2 ,gilding without a battery2 ,water witching1 or art of finding hidden water1 oil or other valuable fluids beneath the ground1 with the forked switch2 ,yeast from grape leaves2 ,how to soften hard water2 ,butter without milk or cream--artificial butter which cannot be told from genuine2 ,chinese cure for neuralgia2 ,pain paint2 ,artificial fruit syrups for soda water and a secret for adding largely to profits2 ,meat preserving in hot weather2 ,bordeaux wine imitation2 ,art of waterproofing cloth2 ,phycometic fascination1 or art of soul charming2 ,colored fires for theatrical and other purposes2 ,boiler incrustation preventive2 ,vegetable cure for hydrophobia2 ,egg preserving secret2 ,laundry secrets2 ,art of pickling meat in one day4 #ajj pages4 ,price ,fifty ,cents4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,moved advertisements on the cover p4 #b to just before the cover p4 #c #b4 ,table of ,contents added by transcriber4 #c4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #d4 ,anachronistic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #e4 ,footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers4 #f4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #g4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4