,a ,,mod]n ,,zoroa/rian4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,zoroa/rian4 #ajjj copies pr9t$1 ,febru>y1 #ahhh4 #ajjj 0 0 ,m>*1 #ahhi4 #ajjj 0 0 ,m>*1 #ahij4 #ajjj 0 0 ,june1 #ahij4 #ajjj 0 0 ,m>*1 #ahia4 #ajjj 0 0 ,june1 #ahib4 #ajjj 0 0 ,febru>y1 #ahic4 #ajjj 0 0 ,novemb]1 #ahic4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,zoroa/rian ,,by ,s4 ,,la+1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,mod]n ,,?\ght10 8,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,future10 8,,human ,,orig9s40 ,eigh? ,?\s&4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 ,,ld4 #ahic4 ,,*>les ,,dick5s ,,& ,,evans1 ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,press4 ,,preface ,,to ,,new ,,edition4 ,f "s ( ! criticisms on ! ,fir/ ,edition ( ?is "w ,i fe> t ! di/9ction ,i endeav\r$ to draw betwe5 ! use ( ! t]m 8pol>ity0 9 ! inorganic & 9 ! spiritual worlds has n be5 made suffici5tly cle>4 ,i /at$ 9 ! ,introduction 8,t :ile ! pr9ciple ( pol>ity p]vades bo? worlds1 ,i am f> f assum+ t ! laws "u :i* x acts are id5tical2 & t virtue & vice1 pa9 & pleasure1 are products ( ! same ma!matical laws z regulate ! attractions & repulsions ( molecules & atoms40 ,b ?is w>n+ has be5 app>5tly ov]look$ by "s read]s :o h assum$ t in/ead ( analogy ,i meant id5tity1 & t x 0 a mi/ake to use ! same ^w 8pol>ity0 = ph5om5a s ess5tially di/9ct z ^? ( ! mat]ial & ! spiritual worlds4 ,?us my 8guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d10 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 = ^: au?ority ,i h ! highe/ respect1 obs]v$ 9 a rec5t article1 t he _h long ago acquir$ a habit1 if he came across ! ^w pol>ity appli$ to any?+ b magnetism & electricity1 ( ?r[+ d[n ! book & read+ no f>!r4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i felt a little disconc]t$ :5 ,i read ?is passage2 b ,i 0 soon consol$1 =1 9 a mon? or two aft]w>ds1 ,i came across ano!r passage 9 ! same ,review :i* said1 8,h[ev] revolt+ may be ! accumulation ( mis]y at ! negative pole ( ,society1 9 contra/ ) t ( mon/r\s weal? at ! positive pole1 ?is /ate ( ?+s mu/ abide & gr[ cont9u\sly worse1 z long z ,i/> 7! dual ,goddess ( ! ,babylonians7 holds h] way un*eck$40 ,surely1 ,i ?\ght1 "h is a case 9 :i* ! ,pr(essor mu/ h ?r[n d[n ! ,review :5 he came to ^! words3 b :5 ,i came to ! end1 ,i f\nd t x 0 n ! ,review1 b ! p51 :i* mu/ h be5 ?r[n d[n1 = ! article is sign$ 8,t4 ,huxley40 ,c !re be a m conclusive pro( t !re are a va/ v>iety ( facts outside ( magnetism & electricity1 connect$ by an und]ly+ idea1 :i* inevitably sugge/s analogy to !m1 & :i* c be mo/ conv5i5tly express$ by ! ^w 8pol>ity08 ,words aft] all are only co9s to facilitate ! int]*ange ( ideas1 & ! be/ ^w is t :i* s]ves ! purpose mo/ cle>ly & concisely4 ,?us in/ead ( us+ a waggon load ( copp]1 or ! v]biage ( a conveyanc]'s de$1 to express ! ideas compris$ 9 su* words z 8!ism10 8pan!ism10 or 8agno/icism10 we co9 !m = g5]al use1 z ,huxley did ! ^w 8agno/icism10 9 ord] to convey our mean+4 ,pol>ity is su* a ^w4 ,x sums up :at ,em]son says 9 8 ,essay on ,comp5sation3 8,pol>ity1 or action & reaction1 we meet 9 e "p ( ,nature2 9 d>kness & light2 9 ! ebb & fl[ ( wat]s2 9 male & female2 9 ! inspiration & expiration ( plants & animals2 9 ! undulations ( fluids & ( s\nd2 9 ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal gravity2 9 electricity1 galvanism1 & *emical aff9ity4 ,sup]9duce ,magnetism at "o end ( a ne$le1 ! opposite ,magnetism takes place at ! o!r end4 ,if ! ,s\? attracts1 ! ,nor? repels4 ,an inevitable dualism besets nature1 s t ea* ?+ is a half1 & sugge/s ano!r to make x :ole3 z _s1 matt]2 man1 woman2 odd1 ev52 subjective1 objective2 91 out2 upp]1 "u2 motion1 re/2 yea1 nay40 ,^!1 by :atev] "n we l to call !m1 are facts & n fancies1 & facts :i* ent] l>gely into all que/ions1 :e!r ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 religion1 or practical policy4 ,e "o :o wi%es to keep at all abrea/ ) mod]n culture1 ought to h "s g5]al k ( ! ideas & pr9ciples :i* und]lie !m & :i* are embrac$ 9 ! compreh5sive ^w 8pol>ity40 ,my object 9 ?is book has be5 to assi/ ! read]1 :o is n a speciali/1 9 arriv+ at "s g5]al und]/&+ ( ! subjects treat$ (1 & ,i may hope1 9 awak5+ su* an int]e/ 9 !m z may induce him to prosecute fur!r rese>*es4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 ?is1 my object w h be5 atta9$4 ,,preface4 ,! reception giv5 to my =m] "w1 on #8,mod]n ,sci5ce & ,mod]n ,?\ght1' has induc$ me to write ?is fur!r "o4 ,i ref] n s mu* to ! reviews ( pr(essional critics1 ?\gh z a rule no?+ c\ld be m c\rte\s & c&id1 b r to ! lett]s ,i h receiv$ f read]s ( v>i\s age1 sex1 & condition1 say+ t ,i _h assi/$ !m 9 und]/&+ mu* int]e/+ matt] :i* _h previ\sly be5 a seal$ book to !m4 ,if ,i am good = any?+1 x is = a c]ta9 faculty ( lucid cond5sation1 & ,i h ?\ght t ,i might apply ?is to "s ( ! less-kn[n bran*es ( mod]n sci5ce1 su* z ! new *emi/ry & physiology1 z well z1 9 my fir/ "w1 to ! m famili> subjects ( a/ronomy & geology2 :ile at ! same "t ,i might ext5d x to "s ( ! m obvi\s problems ( religion1 morals1 metaphysics1 & practical life1 :i* =ce !mselves1 m & m e day1 on ! att5tion ( intellig5t ?9k]s4 ,z 9 ! =m] "w ! sci5tific speculations 7 l9k$ toge!r by ! lead+ idea ( ! univ]sality ( law1 s1 9 ?is1 unity is giv5 to !m by ! all-p]vad+ pr9ciple ( pol>ity1 :i* manife/s itself ev]y:]e z ! fundam5tal condition ( ! mat]ial & spiritual univ]se4 ,= ! sci5tific portion ( ! "w ,i am indebt$ to ! mo/ approv$ au?orities1 su* z ,d>w91 ,huxley1 ,haeckel1 & ,pr(essor ,cooke's volume on ! ,new ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,= ! religi\s & philosophical speculations ,i am myself responsible2 =1 al?\gh ,i h d]iv$ ! greate/ possible pleasure & pr(it f ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s writ+s1 ,i _h arriv$ at my pr9cipal conclusions indep5d5tly be=e ,i _h read any ( 8 works4 ,i c only hope t ,i may h succe$$ 9 pres5t+ a good _m ab/ruse que/ions 9 a popul> =m1 intelligible to ! av]age m9d ( ord9>y read]s1 & calculat$1 if x tea*es no?+ else1 to tea* !m a practical philosophy :i* inculcates tol]ance & *>ity1 & assi/s !m 9 f9d+ ,s]mons 9 /ones & good 9 ev]y?+4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,exp]im5t ) magnet--,pr9ciple ( pol>ity--,applies univ]sally--,analogies 9 spiritual _w--,zoroa/rian religion--,*anges 9 mod]n environm5t--,require correspond+ *anges 9 religions & philosophies #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pol>ity ,,9 ,,matt]--,,molecules ,,& ,,atoms4 ,matt] consi/s ( molecules--,nature ( molecules--,laws ( _! action 9 gases--,law ( ,avogadro--,molecules compos$ ( atoms--,prov$ by composition ( wat]--,comb9ations ( atoms--,elem5t>y sub/ances--,qualities ( matt] dep5d on atoms--,dim5sions & velocities ( molecules & atoms--,^! are asc]ta9$ facts1 n !ories #i ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,e!r4 ,e!r prov$ by light--,light-waves--,ela/icity ( e!r--,its univ]sal diffusion--,influ5ces molecules & atoms--,is influ5c$ by !m--,successive ord]s ( ! inf9itely small--,illu/rat$ by ! diff]5tial & integral calculus--,explanation ( ?is calculus--,!ory ( vortex r+s #ba ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,en]gy4 ,en]gy ( motion & ( position--,en]gy c be trans=m$1 n creat$ or de/roy$--,n creat$ by free-w--,cons]vation ( me*anical p[]--,conv]tibility ( heat & "w--,nature ( heat--,! /eam-eng9e--,diff]5t =ms ( en]gy--,gravity--,molecul> en]gy--,*emical en]gy--,dynamite--,*emical aff9ities--,electricity--,produc$ by friction--,by ! voltaic batt]y--,electric curr5ts--,arc light--,induction--,magnetism--,! magnetic ne$le--,! electric telegraph--,! telephone--,dynamo-electric eng9e--,accumulator #cf ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pol>ity ,,9 ,,matt]4 ,ultimate elem5ts ( univ]se--,built up by pol>ity--,exp]im5t ) magnet--,*emical aff9ity--,atomic poles--,alkalies & acids--,quantival5ce--,atomicity--,isom] ism--,*emical /ability--,!rmo*emi/ry--,def9ition ( atoms--,all matt] built up by pol> =ces #fe ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pol>ity ,,9 ,,life4 ,contra/ ( liv+ & dead--,eat+ & be+ eat5--,trace matt] upw>ds & life d[nw>ds--,colloids--,cells--,protoplasm- -,mon]a--,composition ( protoplasm--,ess5tial qualities ( life--,nutrition & s5sation--,motion--,reproduction--,spont ane\s g5]ation--,organic comp\nds--,pol> conditions ( life #gf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,primitive ,,pol>ities--,,plant ,,& ,,animal4 ,contra/ 9 develop$ life--,plants produc]s1 animals consum]s--,diff]5ces disappe> 9 simple =ms--,zoophytes-- ,proti/a--,nummulites--,corals--,fungi-- ,li*5s--,insectivor\s plants--,geological succession--,prim>y p]iod1 ,alg & ,f]ns--,second>y p]iod1 ,gymnosp]ms--,t]ti>y & rec5t1 ,angiosp]ms--,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons--,p>allel evolution ( animal life--,prim>y1 proti/a1 mollusca1 & fi%--,second>y1 reptiles--,t]ti>y & rec5t1 mammals #ib ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,primitive ,,pol>ities--,,pol>ity ,,( ,,sex4 ,sexual g5]ation--,base ( anci5t cosmogonies--,propagation non-sexual 9 simpl] =ms--,amba & cells--,g]ms & buds--,anemones--,worms--,spores--,orig9 ( sex--,ov>y & male organ--,h]maphrodites--,p>!nog5esis--,be es & insects--,man & woman--,*>act]s ( ea* sex--,woman's position--,improv$ by civilisation--,*ri/ianity ! fem99e pole--,monogamy ! law ( nature--,tone respect+ wom5 te/ ( "*--,wom5 9 lit]ature--,9 society--,attraction & repulsion ( sexes--,l attracts unlike--,ideal m>riage--,woman's rights & mod]n legislation #ajb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,primitive ,,pol>ities--,,h]$ity ,,& ,,v>iation4 ,h]$ity 9 simple =ms ( life--,9 m complex organisms--,pang5esis--,v>ieties h[ produc$--,fix$ by law ( survival ( ! fitte/--,dr4 ,temple's view--,examples3 triton1 axolotl--,v>iations 9 individuals & species--,liz>ds into birds--,r+$ snakes--,e*idna #aag ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,kn[able ,,& ,,unkn[able--,,bra9 ,,& ,,?\ght4 ,basis ( k--,p]ception--,con/itution ( bra9--,:ite & grey matt]--,av]age size & weight ( bra9s--,european1 negro1 & ape--,me*anism ( p]ception--,s5sory & motor n]ves--,sep>ate areas ( bra9--,s5sory & motor c5tres--,abnormal /ates ( bra9--,hypnotism--,somnambulism--,trance --,?\ght-read+-- ,spiritualism--,reflex action--,ideas h[ =m$--,numb] & space--,creation unkn[able--,conceptions bas$ on p]ceptions--,metaphysics--,desc>tes1 ,kant1 ,b]keley--,an?ropomorphism--,laws ( nature #abe ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,religions ,,& ,,philosophies4 ,religions1 #8work+ hypo!ses'--,newman's illative s5se--,orig9s ( religions--,gho/s & spirits--,feti%es--,nature-wor%ip--,sol> my?s--,planets--,evolution ( nature-wor%ip--,poly!ism1 pan!ism1 & !ism--,evolution ( mono!ism 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--,evolution ( morality--,natural law & miracle--,evid5ce = miracles--,insuffici5cy ( evid5ce--,abs5ce ( intellig5t design--,agno/icism--,orig9 ( evil--,c only be expla9$ by pol>ity--,optimism & pessimism--,jesus1 ! ,*ri/ian ,ormuzd--,*ri/ianity )\t miracles #adf ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,morals4 ,*ri/ianity bas$ on morals--,orig9 ( morality--,trac$ 9 ,judaism--,orig9ates 9 evolution--,in/ance ( murd]--,fre$om ( w--,w susp5d$ 9 c]ta9 /ates ( bra9--,hypnotism--,me*anical !ory--,pre-e/abli%$ h>mony--,human & animal consci5ce--,analysis ( w--,expla9$ by pol>ity--,practical conclusion #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,zoroa/rianism4 ,zoroa/] an hi/orical p]son--,! ,p>sees--,iranian bran* ( ,aryan family--,zoroa/] a religi\s re=m]--,sc5e at ,balkh--,conv]sion ( ,gu%tasp--,doctr9es ( ! #8excell5t religion'--,mono!ism--,pol>ity--,dr4 ,haug's description--,ormuzd & ,ahriman--,anquetil du ,p]ron--,approximation to mod]n ?\ght--,abs5ce ( miracles--,code ( morals--,its compreh5siv5ess--,& lib]ality--,special rites--,fire-wor%ip--,disposal ( dead--,practical results--,! ,p>sees ( ,bombay--,_! probity1 ent]prise1 respect = wom5--,zeal = education--,philan?ropy & public _s--,/ati/ics--,dea? & bir? rates #aig ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,wor%ip4 ,byron's l9es--,c>negie's description--,p>see nature-wor%ip--,engli% ,sunday--,! s]mon--,appeals to reason misplac$--,music bett] ?an words--,! ,mass--,zoroa/rianism br+s religion into daily life--,sanitation--,zoroa/rian pray]--,religion ( ! future--,s]mons 9 /ones & good 9 ev]y?+ #bai ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,practical ,,pol>ities4 ,fable ( ! %ield--,progress & cons]vatism--,engli% & ,fr5* colonisation--,law-abid+ness--,iri% l& "q--,true cons]vative legislation--,ultra-cons]vatism--,law & education--,patriotism--,j+oism & p>o*ialism--,true /atesman%ip--,free trade & protection--,capital & lab\r--,egoism & altruism--,socialism & laissez faire--,contracts--,rights & duties ( l&lords--,george's !ory--,/ate int]f]5ce--,railways--,po/ ,(fice--,telegraphs--,national def5ce--,conclud+ rem>ks #bbg ,a ,,mod]n ,,zoroa/rian4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,exp]im5t ) magnet--,pr9ciple ( pol>ity--,applies univ]sally--,analogies 9 spiritual _w--,zoroa/rian religion--,*anges 9 mod]n environm5t--,require correspond+ *anges 9 religions & philosophies4 ,scatt] a heap ( iron fil+s on a plate ( glass2 br+ ne> x a magnet1 & tap ! glass g5tly1 & y w see ! fil+s arrange !mselves 9 regul> =ms4 ,if "o pole only ( ! magnet is br\ght ne> ! glass ! fil+s arrange !mselves 9 l9es radiat+ f t pole4 ,next lay ! b>-magnet on ! glass s t ! fil+s are influ5c$ by bo? poles2 !y w arrange !mselves into a s]ies ( regul> curves4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,*aos ( a confus$ heap ( in]t matt] has become a ,cosmos ( h>moni\s arrangem5t assum+ def9ite =m 9 ob$i5ce to law4 ,z ! old say+ has x1 t #8e road leads to ,rome1' s ?is simple exp]im5t leads up to a pr9ciple :i* und]lies all exi/5ce kn[able to human faculty--t ( ,pol>ity4 ,:y d ! iron fil+s arrange !mselves 9 regul> curves8 ,because !y are magnetis$ by ! influ5ce ( ! l>g] magnet1 & ea* little p>ticle ( iron is conv]t$ into a little magnet ) two opposite poles attract+ & repell+4 ,illu/ration ,:at is a magnet8 ,x is a special manife/ation ( ! m g5]al pr9ciple ( pol>ity1 by :i* en]gy1 :5 x passes f ! passive or neutralis$ into ! active /ate1 does s "u ! condition ( develop+ opposite & conflict+ en]gies3 no action )\t reaction1 no positive )\t a negative1 &1 z we see x 9 ! simple/ =m 9 our magnets1 no ,nor? ,pole )\t a ,s\? ,pole--l ev] repell+ l & attract+ unlike4 ,! magnet1 aga91 may be consid]$ z a special =m ( electricity1 = if we s5d an electric curr5t ?r\gh a coil ( copp] wire encircl+ a b> ( s(t iron1 ! b> is at once conv]t$ into a magnet2 s t a magnet may be consid]$ z ! summ+ up1 at two opposite extremities or poles1 ( ! attractive & repulsive effects ( electric curr5ts circulat+ r\nd x4 ,b ?is electricity is itself subject to ! law ( pol>ity1 :e!r develop$ by *emical action 9 ! =m ( a curr5t or electricity 9 motion1 or by friction 9 ! =m ( /atical electricity ( small quantity b high t5sion4 ,9 all cases a positive implies a negative2 9 all1 l repels l & attracts unlike4 ,conv]sely1 z pol>ity produces def9ite /ructure1 s def9ite /ructure ev]y:]e implies pol>ity4 ,! same pr9ciple prevails n only ?r\gh\t ! inorganic or _w ( matt]1 b ?r\gh\t ! organic or _w ( life1 & specially ?r\gh\t its highe/ manife/ations 9 human life & "*1 & 9 ! highe/ products ( its evolution1 9 societies1 religions1 & philosophies4 ,to %[ ?is by "s famili> & /rik+ examples is ! ma9 object ( ?is book4 ,b "h let me int]pose a ^w ( caution4 ,i mu/ avoid ! error :i* vitiates ,pr(essor ,drummond's int]e/+ "w on #8,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w1' ( conf\nd+ analogy & id5tity4 ,because ! pr9ciple ( pol>ity p]vades alike ! natural & spiritual worlds1 ,i am f> f assum+ t ! laws "u :i* x acts are id5tical2 & t virtue & vice1 pa9 & pleasure1 ugl9ess & beauty1 are products ( ! same ma!matical *anges ( sign & inv]se squ>es or cubes ( di/ances1 z regulate ! attractions & repulsions ( molecules & atoms4 ,all ,i say is1 t ! same p]vad+ pr9ciple may be trac$ :]ev] human ?\ght & human k ext5d2 t x is app>5tly1 = "s reason unkn[n to u1 ! ess5tial condition ( all exi/5ce )9 ! sph]e ( t ?\ght & t k2 & t :at lies beyond x is ! great unkn[n1 beh9d ! imp5etrable veil :i* x is n giv5 to mortals to uplift4 ,9 l mann]1 if ,i call myself #8a mod]n ,zoroa/rian1' x is n t ,i wi% or expect to tea* a new religion or revive an old "o1 to see ,*ri/ian *ur*es d$icat$ to ,ormuzd1 or "r rev]5d bi%ops ex*ang+ ! apron & %ovel-hat = ! mitre & fl[+ robes ( ! anci5t ,magi2 b simply ?is4 ,all religions ,i take to be #8work+ hypo!ses1' by :i* successive ages & races ( m5 try to satisfy ! aspirations & h>monise ! k :i* 9 ! c\rse ( evolution h come to be1 = ! "t1 _! spiritual equipm5t4 ,! be/ pro( ( any religion is1 t x exi/s--i4e4 t x is "p ( ! same evolution1 & t on ! :ole x works well1 i4e4 is 9 tol]able h>mony ) its environm5t4 ,:5 t environm5t *anges1 :5 l(ti] views ( morality prevail1 :5 k is increas$ & ! doma9 ( sci5ce ev]y:]e ext5ds its fronti]1 religions mu/ *ange ) x if !y are to rema9 good work+1 & n become unworkable & unbelievable hypo!ses4 ,n[ ( all ! religi\s hypo!ses :i* rema9 workable 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human k1 t seems to me ! be/ :i* frankly recognises ! exi/5ce ( ?is dual law1 or law ( pol>ity1 z ! fundam5tal condition ( ! univ]se1 &1 p]sonify+ ! good pr9ciple "u ! "n ( ,ormuzd1 & ! evil "o "u t ( ,ahriman1 looks ) e>ne/ b sil5t & unspok5 rev]5ce on ! great unkn[n beyond1 :i* may1 9 "s way incompreh5sible to mortals1 reconcile ! two opposites1 & give ! f9al victory to ! good4 ,oh6 yet we hope t someh[ good ,w be ! f9al goal ( ill4 ,s s+s ! poet ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 s1 if we und]/& 8 doctr9e rightly1 taught ! ,bactrian sage1 ,zoroa/]1 "s =ty c5turies e>li]4 ,?is1 & ?is alone1 seems to me to af=d a work+ hypo!sis :i* is bas$ on fact1 c be br\ght into h>mony ) ! exi/+ environm5t1 & embraces1 9 a wid] syn!sis1 all t is good 9 o!r philosophies & religions4 ,:5 ,i talk ( our new environm5t1 x requires "o :o1 l ! au?or1 has liv$ m ?an ! ,scriptural ?reescore & t5 ye>s1 & has1 s to speak1 "o foot on ! pa/ & "o on ! pres5t1 to realise h[ enorm\s is ! *ange :i* a s+le g5]ation has made 9 ! :ole spiritual surr\nd+s ( a civilis$ man ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t at ,cambridge1 little m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 ,a/ronomy 0 ! only bran* ( natural sci5ce :i* c\ld be said to be def9itely br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( natural law4 ,& t only z reg>ds ! law ( gravity1 & ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 = little or no?+ 0 kn[n z to _! con/itution4 ,geology 0 j beg9n+ ! s]ies ( conque/s by :i* "t & ! ord] & succession ( life on ! e>? h be5 annex$ by sci5ce z completely z space by a/ronomy2 & !ories ( cataclysms1 univ]sal deluges1 & special rec5t creations ( animals & man1 /ill held _! gr\nd1 & 7 quot$ z pro(s ( a univ]se ma9ta9$ by con/ant sup]natural int]f]5ce4 ,& :5 ,i say t space _h be5 annex$ to sci5ce by a/ronomy1 x 0 really only t half ( space :i* ext5ds f ! /&po9t ( ! human s5ses 9 ! direction ( ! inf9itely great4 ,! o!r equally important half :i* ext5ds d[nw>ds to ! inf9itely small 0 unkn[n1 or ! subject only ( ! vague/ conjectures4 ,*emi/ry 01 to a great ext5t1 an empirical sci5ce1 & molecules & atoms 7 at be/ guesses at tru?1 or r conv5i5t ma!matical ab/ractions ) no m actual reality ?an ! symbols ( ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,! real causes & laws ( heat1 light1 & electricity1 7 z little kn[n z ^? ( molecul> action & ( *emical aff9ity4 ,! great laws ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 ! correlation ( =ces1 & ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 7 unkn[n1 or only j beg9n+ to be =e%ad[$4 ,z reg>ds life1 protoplasm 0 a ^w unhe>d (2 sci5tific biology1 zoology1 & botany 7 9 _! infancy2 & ! gradual build+ up ( all liv+ matt] f a speck ( protoplasm1 ?r\gh a primitive cell1 0 n ev5 suspect$4 ,above all1 ! works ( ,d>w9 _h n be5 publi%$1 & evolution _h n become ! g5]al law ( mod]n ?\ght2 nor _h ! discov]y ( ! antiquity ( man1 & ( 8 sl[ developm5t upw>ds f ! rude/ orig9s1 %att]$ into fragm5ts e/abli%$ beliefs z to 8 rec5t miracul\s creation4 ,sci5ce & miracle h be5 fight+ out _! battle dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s along ! :ole l9e1 & sci5ce has be5 at e po9t victori\s4 ,miracle1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* our fa!rs believ$ 9 x1 has be5 n only repuls$1 b annihilat$ s completely1 t really little rema9s b to bury ! dead4 ,! result ( ^! discov]ies has be5 to make a great] *ange 9 ! spiritual environm5t ( a s+le g5]ation ?an w\ld be made 9 _! physical environm5t if ! glacial p]iod sudd5ly return$ & buri$ ,nor!rn ,europe "u pol> ice4 ,! *ange is c]ta9ly great] 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ?an x _h be5 9 ! previ\s five hundr$1 & 9 _m respects great] ?an 9 ! previ\s five ?\s&4 ,x may be suffici5t to glance %ortly at ! equally great correspond+ *anges :i* ?is p]iod has witness$ 9 ! practical conditions ( life & ( society4 ,if a/ronomy & geology h ext5d$ ! dom9ion ( ! m9d ov] space & "t1 /eam]s1 railways1 & ! electric telegraph h ga9$ ! ma/]y ov] !m = practical purposes4 ,comm]ce & emigration h assum$ int]national proportions1 & ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & ,am]ica are ne>] to u1 & connect$ ) u by clos] ties1 ?an ,scotl& 0 to ,engl& 9 my s*oolboy days4 ,education & a *eap press h ev5 9 a great] degree revolutionis$ society1 & k1 rea*+ ! masses1 has c>ri$ ) x p[]1 s t democracy & free-?\ght are1 :e!r = good or evil1 ev]y:]e 9 ! asc5dant1 & old privileges & traditions are ev]y:]e decay+4 ,) su* a great *ange ( environm5t x is evid5t t _m ( ! old cre$s1 in/itutions1 & o!r organisms1 adapt$ to old conditions1 mu/ h become z obsolete z a s*oolboy's jacket w\ld be z ! com=table habilim5t ( a gr[n-up man4 ,b z a lob/] :i* has ca/ its %ell does n feel at ease until x has gr[n a new "o1 s ?9k+ m5 ( ! pres5t day are driv5 to devise1 to a great ext5t ea* = !mselves1 "s l>g] !ory :i* may s]ve !m z a #8work+ hypo!sis' ) :i* to g ?r\gh life1 & br+ ! in]adicable aspirations & emotions ( _! nature into "s tol]able h>mony ) exi/+ facts4 ,to me1 z "o ( ^? ?9k+ units1 ?is !ory1 ( :at = want ( a bett] "n ,i call #8,zoroa/rianism1' has approv$ itself z a good work+ !ory1 :i* reconciles m intellectual & moral difficulties1 & af=ds a bett] guide 9 conduct & practical life ?an any o!r2 &1 9 a ^w1 enables me to r$uce my own individual ,*aos into "s sort ( an intelligible & ord]$ ,cosmos4 ,i feel mov$1 !re=e1 to prea* ?r\gh ! press my little s]mon ^u x1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :om x may conc]n1 feel+ assur$ t ! process ( evolution1 by :i* ,! old ord] *anges1 giv+ place to new1 c be/ be assi/$ by ! hone/ & unbiass$ expression ( ! results ( individual ?\ght & exp]i5ce on ! "p ( any "o ( ^? units ^: aggregates =m ! complicat$ organisms ( religions & philosophies1 ( societies & ( humanity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pol>ity ,,9 ,,matt]--,,molecules ,,& ,,atoms4 ,matt] consi/s ( molecules--,nature ( molecules--,laws ( _! action 9 gases--,law ( ,avogadro--,molecules compos$ ( atoms--,prov$ by composition ( wat]--,comb9ations ( atoms--,elem5t>y sub/ances--,qualities ( matt] dep5d on atoms--,dim5sions & velocities ( molecules & atoms--,^! are asc]ta9$ facts1 n !ories4 ,if 9 build+ a h\se t is to /& :5 ! ra9s fall & ! w9ds bl[1 x is requisite to g d[n to ! solid rock = a f\ndation1 s mu* ! m is x necess>y 9 build+ up a !ory to beg9 at ! beg9n+ & give x a solid gr\ndwork4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! fallacies curr5t 9 ! _w arise f ! ha/e ) :i* p ru% to conclusions on insuffici5t premises4 ,take1 = in/ance1 any ( ! political que/ions ( ! day1 su* z ! ,iri% "q3 h[ _m ( ^? :o express confid5t op9ions1 & get angry & excit$ on "o side or ! o!r1 c\ld answ] any ( ! prelim9>y que/ions :i* are ! indisp5sable conditions ( any rational judgm5t8 ,h[ _m m>ks w\ld !y get = an exam9ation pap] :i* ask$ :at 0 ! population ( ,irel&2 :at proportion ( t population 0 agricultural2 :at proportion ( t agricultural population consi/$ ( hold]s ( small t5em5ts2 :at 0 ! scale ( r5ts comp>$ ) t = small hold+s 9 o!r c\ntries2 h[ mu* ( t r5t 0 levi$ on !m = _! own improvem5ts2 & o!r simil> que/ions :i* lie at ! root ( ! matt]8 ,9 h[ _m cases w\ld x be f\nd t ! :ole sup]/ructure ( _! confid5t & passionate !ories ab\t ! ,iri% difficulty 0 bas$ on no m solid f\ndation ?an _! l or dislike ( a p>ticul> /atesman or ( a p>ticul> p>ty8 ,i propose !re=e to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 &1 tak+ ! simple/ case1 t ( dead or inorganic matt]1 %[ h[ ! mat]ial univ]se is built up by ! op]ation ( ! all-p]vad+ law ( pol>ity4 ,:at does matt] consi/ (8 ,( molecules1 & molecules are made up ( atoms1 & ^! are held toge!r or p>t$1 & built up into ! v>i\s =ms ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 prim>ily by pol> =ces4 ,let me endeav\r to make ?is intelligible to ! intellig5t b unsci5tific read]4 ,suppose ! ,pyramid ( ,*eops %[n = ! fir/ "t to a giant ^: eye 0 on su* a scale t he c\ld j disc]n x z a sep>ate object4 ,he might make all sorts ( +5i\s conjectures z to its nature1 b if microscopes _h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,giant-l& & he look$ ?r\gh "o1 he w\ld f9d t x 0 built up1 lay] by lay]1 on a regul> plan & 9 det]m9ate l9es & angles1 by molecules1 or :at seem$ to him almo/ inf9itely small masses1 ( squ>$ /one4 ,= pyramid write cry/al1 & we may see by ! human s5se1 aid$ by human in/rum5ts & human reason1 a simil> /ructure built up 9 ! same way by m9ute p>ticles4 ,or aga91 divide & subdivide our iron fil+s until we rea* ! limit ( possible me*anical division disc]nible by ! microscope2 ea* "o rema9s ess5tially a b> ( iron1 z capable ( be+ magnetis$1 & %[+ ! same qualities & behavi\r "u *emical te/s z ! orig9al b> ( iron f :i* ! fil+s 7 tak54 ,?is c>ries u a long way d[n t[>ds ! inf9itely small1 = me*anical division & microscopic visibility c be c>ri$ d[n to magnitudes :i* are ( ! ord] ( #a_/ajjjjj? ( an in*4 ,b ?is is only ! fir/ /ep2 to und]/& our molecules we mu/ asc]ta9 :e!r !y are inf9itely divisible1 & :e!r !y are cont9u\s1 exp&+ by be+ spread out ?9n] & ?9n] l gold-beat]'s sk93 or are !y sep>ate bodies ) int]vals betwe5 !m1 l little planets =m+ "o sol> sy/em & revolv+ 9 space by fix$ laws4 ,anci5t sci5ce guess$ at ! =m] solution & embodi$ x 9 ! maxim #8t nature abhors a vacuum'3 mod]n sci5ce proves ! latt]4 ,9 ! fir/ place bodies comb9e only 9 fix$ proportions1 :i* is a necess>y consequ5ce if !y consi/ ( def9ite indivisible p>ticles1 b inconceivable if ! sub/ance ( ea* is indef9itely divisible4 ,?us wat] is =m$ 9 "o way & "o only3 by unit+ "o volume or molecule ( oxyg5 ) two ( hydrog51 & any excess ( "o or ! o!r is left out & rema9s uncomb9$4 ,b if ! molecules c\ld be divid$ into halves1 qu>t]s1 & s on indef9itely1 !re c be no reason :y _! union %\ld take place always 9 ?is "o proportion & ?is only4 ,a /ill m conclusive pro( is furni%$ by ! behavi\r ( sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 ! =m ( gases4 ,if a j> is fill$ ) "o gas1 a second & ?ird gas c be p\r$ into x z readily z into a vacuum1 ! result be+ t ! pressure on ! sides ( ! j> is exactly equal to ! sum ( ! sep>ate pressures ( ea* sep>ate gas4 ,?is evid5tly means t ! fir/ gas does n occupy ! :ole space1 b t its p>ticles are l a battalion ( soldi]s 9 loose skirmi%+ ord]1 ) su* int]vals betwe5 ea* unit t a second & ?ird battalion c be m>*$ 9 & plac$ on ! same gr\nd1 )\t di/urb+ ! =mation1 & ) ! result only ( increas+ ! int5sity ( ! fire4 ,n[ gas is matt] z mu* z solids or liquids1 & 9 ! famili> in/ance ( wat] we see t x is m]ely a "q ( m or less heat :e!r ! same matt] exi/s z ice1 wat]1 or /eam4 ,! numb] & nature ( ! molecules is n *ang$1 only 9 ! "o case !y are close to "o ano!r & solidly l9k$ toge!r2 9 ! o!r1 fur!r remov$ & free to move ab\t "o ano!r1 ?\gh /ill held toge!r z a mass by _! mutual attractions2 & 9 ! ?ird1 /ill fur!r ap>t1 s t _! mutual attraction is lo/ & !y d>t ab\t1 ea* ) its own prop] motion1 bomb>d+ ! surface :i* conta9s !m1 & by ! resultant ( _! impacts produc+ pressure4 ,9 ?is latt] & simpl] =m ( gas ! foll[+ laws are f\nd to prevail univ]sally = all sub/ances4 ,"u l conditions volumes v>y directly z ! temp]ature & inv]sely z ! pressure4 ,t is to say1 ! pressure :i* conta9s !m rema9+ ! same1 equal volumes ( air1 /eam1 or any o!r sub/ance 9 ! /ate ( gas1 exp& into twice ! volume if ! temp]ature is d\bl$1 ?ree times if x is tripl$1 & s on2 contract+ 9 ! same way if ! temp]ature is l[]$4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! temp]ature rema9s con/ant1 ! volume is r$uc$ to "o half or "o ?ird1 if ! pressure is d\bl$ or tripl$4 ,f ^! laws ! fur!r gr& g5]alisation has be5 arriv$ at1 t all sub/ances exi/+ 9 ! =m ( gas conta9 ! same numb] ( molecules 9 ! same volume4 ,?is1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,law ( ,avogadro1 f ! ,italian *emi/ by :om x 0 fir/ discov]$1 is ! fundam5tal law ( mod]n *emi/ry1 & ! key to all c]ta9 & sci5tific k ( ! con/itution ( matt] & ( ! doma9 ( ! inf9itely small1 j z mu* z ! law ( gravity is to action ( matt] 9 ! mass1 & ! result+ conditions & motions ( me*anics & a/ronomy4 ,?is conclusion obvi\sly foll[s f x1 t diff]5ce ( weight 9 diff]5t sub/ances arises n f "o hav+ m molecules 9 ! same volume ?an ano!r1 b f ! molecules !mselves be+ heavi]4 ,if we weigh a gallon or litre ( hydrog5 gas1 :i* is ! lighte/ kn[n sub/ance1 & !n weigh+ an equal volume ( oxyg5 gas f9d t x is sixte5 times heavi]1 we "k = c]ta9 t ! molecule or ultimate p>ticle ( oxyg5 is sixte5 times heavi] ?an t ( hydrog54 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is way ! molecules ( all simple sub/ances :i* c exi/ 9 ! =m ( pure gas c be weigh$1 & _! weight express$ 9 t]ms ( ! unit :i* is g5]ally adopt$1 t ( ! molecule ( ! lighte/ kn[n sub/ance1 hydrog54 ,b sci5ce1 n cont5t ) ?is a*ievem5t1 wants to "k n ! relative weight only1 b ! absolute dim5sions1 qualities1 & motions ( ^! little bodies2 & :e!r1 al?\gh !y _c be divid$ fur!r by me*anical means1 & :ile reta9+ ! qualities ( ! sub/ances !y build up1 !y are really ultimate & indivisible p>ticles or !mselves composites4 ,*emi/ry & electricity give a ready answ] to ?is latt] "q4 ,molecules are composites ( /ill small] bodies1 & to get back to ! ultimate p>ticle we mu/ g to atoms4 ,all *emical *anges resolve !mselves into ! break+ up ( molecules & re>rangem5t ( _! con/itu5t atoms4 ,if ! opposite poles ( a voltaic batt]y are ins]t$ 9 a vessel conta9+ wat]1 molecules ( wat] are brok5 up1 bubbles ( gas rise at ea* pole1 & if ^! are collect$1 ! gas at ! positive pole is f\nd to be oxyg51 & t at ! negative pole hydrog54 ,no?+ has be5 add$ or tak5 away1 = ! weight ( ! two gases evolv$ exactly equals t ( ! wat] :i* has disappe>$4 ,b ! molecules ( ! wat] h be5 brok5 up1 & _! con/itu5ts reappe> 9 totally diff]5t =ms1 = no?+ c well be m unlike wat] ?an ea* ( ! two gases ( :i* x is compos$4 ,t x is compos$ ( !m c be v]ifi$ by ! rev]se exp]im5t ( mix+ ! two gases toge!r 9 ! same proportion ( two volumes ( hydrog5 to "o ( oxyg5 z 0 produc$ by ! decomposition ( wat]1 pass+ an electric sp>k ?r\gh ! vessel conta9+ ! mixture1 :5 ) a l\d explosion ! gases reunite1 & wat] is =m$ 9 precisely ! same quantity z produc$ ! volumes ( gas by its decomposition4 ,c ! ultimate p>ticles ( ^! gases be fur!r subdivid$2 c !y1 l ^? ( wat]1 be brok5 up & reappe> 9 new =ms8 ,no2 !re is no kn[n process by :i* an atom ( oxyg5 c be made any?+ b oxyg51 or an atom ( hydrog5 any?+ b hydrog54 ,! only ?+ :i* is comp\nd 9 ! composition ( oxyg5 is t its molecules consi/ ( two atoms l9k$ toge!r4 ,?is appe>s f ! fact t :ile ! weight ( oxyg51 & !re=e t ( its molecules1 is sixte5 times great] ?an t ( an equal volume ( hydrog51 & !re=e ( hydrog5 molecules1 x comb9es ) x 9 ! proportion n ( sixte51 b ( eight to "o4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! molecule 7 id5tical ) ! atom ( oxyg51 we mu/ admit t ! atom c\ld be halv$1 :i* is contr>y to its def9ition z ! ultimate indivisible p>ticle ( ! sub/ance oxyg54 ,b if ! oxyg5 molecule consi/s ( two l9k$ atoms1 ,o--,o1 & ! hydrog5 molecule equally ( two1 ,h--,h1 z c be prov$ by o!r consid]ations1 ev]y?+ is expla9$ by assum+ t ! molecule ( wat] consi/s ( two atoms ( hydrog5 l9k$ to "o ( oxyg51 or ,h,o1 & t :5 ?is molecule is brok5 up by electricity1 its con/itu5ts resolve !mselves into atoms1 :i* recomb9e s z to =m twice z _m molecules ( hydrog51 ,h--,h1 z ( oxyg51 ,o1--i4e4 into two volumes ( hydrog5 gas to "o ( oxyg54 ,tak+ ! s+le hydrog5 atom z ! unit ( weight z be+ ! lighte/ kn[n pond]able body1 & call+ ?is weight a microcri?1 or /&>d ( ! smalle/ ( ?is ord] ( excessively small weights1 ?is is equival5t to say+ t ! weight ( an oxyg5 atom is equal to #af microcri?s1 & z wat] is compos$ ( "o su* atom plus two ( hydrog51 ! weight ( its molecule ought to be #af #b #ah1 :i* is 9 fact ! exact ratio 9 :i* ! weight ( a volume ( /eam1 or wat] 9 ! =m ( gas1 is heavi] ?an an equal volume ( hydrog54 ,?is key unlocks ! :ole secret ( ! *emical *anges & comb9ations by :i* matt] assumes all ! v>i\s =ms kn[n to u 9 ! univ]se4 ,?us oxyg5 ent]s into a great v>iety ( comb9ations =m+ diff]5t sub/ances1 b always 9 ! proportion :i* is ei!r #af1 or "s multiple ( #af1 su* z #cb1 #dh1 #fd4 ,t is1 ei!r #a1 #b1 #c1 or #d atoms ( oxyg5 unite ) o!r atoms to =m ! molecules f :i* ^! o!r sub/ances are made4 ,"o atom ( oxyg5 weigh+ #af microcri?s comb9es1 z we h se51 ) two atoms ( hydrog5 weigh+ #b1 to =m a molecule ( wat] weigh+ #ah mc4 ,9 l mann] "o atom ( oxyg51 #af mc41 comb9es ) "o ( c>bon1 :i* weighs #ab mc41 to =m a molecule ( c>bonic oxide weigh+ #bh mc42 & two ( oxyg51 #cb mc41 ) "o ( c>bon1 #ab mc41 to =m a molecule ( c>bonic dioxide weigh+ #dd mc4 ,! same applies to all elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,?us hydrog51 two atoms ( :i* comb9e ) "o ( oxyg5 to =m wat]1 comb9es "o atom to "o ) *lor9e to =m ! molecule ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* weighs #cfe mc41 be+ ! unit$ weights ( "o atom ( *lor9e1 #cee mc41 & "o ( hydrog51 #a mc4 ,^!1 ) hundr$s ( simil> in/ances1 are ! results n ( !ories z to molecules & atoms1 b ( actual facts1 asc]ta9$ by innum]able exp]im5ts made indep5d5tly by c>eful obs]v]s ov] long p]iods ( ye>s1 _m ( !m dat+ back to ! lab\rs ( ! al*emi/s ( ! middle ages 9 pursuit ( gold4 ,! atomic !ory is ! *ild & n ! p>5t ( ! facts1 & is inde$ no?+ b ! summ>y ( ! va/ v>iety ( exp]im5ts :i* l$ up to x1 z ,newton's law ( gravity is ( ! facts kn[n to u ) reg>d to ! attractions & motions ( matt] 9 ! mass4 ,b z ,newton's law enables u to pr$ict new facts1 to calculate eclipses & ! return ( comets be=eh&1 & to compile nautical almanacs2 s ! new *emi/ry1 bas$ on ! atomic !ory1 af=ds ! same conclusive pro( ( its tru? by enabl+ u 9 _m cases to pr$ict ph5om5a :i* are subsequ5tly v]ifi$ by exp]im5t1 & to inf] be=eh& :at comb9ations are possible1 & :at w be _! nature4 ,! actual exi/5ce1 !re=e1 ( molecules & atoms is z well-asc]ta9$ a fact1 z t ( cwts4 & lbs41 or ( planets & />s1 ( sol> sy/ems & nebul4 ,! rese>*es ( *emi/s h succe$$ 9 discov]+ ab\t #gj sub/ances1 ( :i* ! same may be said z ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 into :i* wat] is decompos$1 viz4 t !y _c be decompos$ by any kn[n process1 & mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z ultimate & elem5t>y4 ,_! atoms diff] widely 9 size & weight3 t ( m]cury1 = in/ance1 be+ #bjj times heavi] ?an t ( hydrog51 & ! weights v>y+ f #a mc4 = ! hydrog5 atom1 up to #bdj = t ( uranium4 ,:5 we call !m elem5t>y sub/ances1 we m]ely mean t we "k no means ( decompos+ !m4 ,x is possible t all ( !m may be comp\nds :i* we _c take to pieces ( "s sub/ratum ( uni=m matt]1 & x is rem>kable t ! weight ( ne>ly all ( ^! elem5t>y atoms is "s simple multiple ( t ( hydrog51 po9t+ to _! be+ all comb9ations ( "o common sub/ratum ( matt]2 b ?is is m]ely conjecture1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we mu/ assume ^! #ff or #ga ultimate p>ticles or atoms to be ! indivisible units out ( :i* all ! complicat$ puzzle ( ! mat]ial univ]se is put toge!r4 ,!y are n all equally important to u4 ,( ! #ga elem5t>y sub/ances enum]at$ 9 *emical treatises1 #e are d\btful1 & #cj to #ce ( ! rema9d] are ei!r kn[n only to *emi/s 9 m9ute quantities1 or exi/ 9 nature 9 small quantities1 hav+ no v mat]ial be>+ ^u man's relation to matt]4 ,! mo/ important are oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon4 ,oxyg5 dilut$ by nitrog5 gives u ! air we brea!1 comb9$ ) hydrog5 ! wat] we dr9k1 & ) metals & o!r primitive bases ! solid e>? on :i* we tread4 ,c>bon aga9 is ! great basis ( organis$ matt] & life1 to :i* x leads up by a v>iety ( complex comb9ations ) oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog54 ,! qualities & relations ( elem5t>y atoms af=d a subject ( great int]e/1 b ( su* va/ ext5t t ^? :o wi% to und]/& x mu/ be ref]r$ to pr(ess$ works on mod]n *emi/ry4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x is suffici5t to say t ! foll[+ conclusions are firmly e/abli%$4 ,all ! v>i\s =ms ( matt] are compos$ ( comb9ations ( primitive atoms :i* =m molecules1 ! molecules be+ nei!r m nor less ?an v small pieces ( ord9>y matt]4 ,! qualities ( ?is matt]1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ( its molecules1 dep5d p>tly on ! qualities ( ! atoms1 :i* are some?+ q di/9ct f ^? ( ! molecules1 & p>tly on _! mode ( aggregation into molecules1 affect+ ! =m1 size1 /ability1 & o!r attributes ( ! molecule4 ,all matt]1 d[n to ! smalle/ atom1 has def9ite weight & is inde/ructible4 ,no man by tak+ ?\ght c add ! million? ( a milligramme to ! weight ( any sub/ance1 or make x ei!r m or less ?an ! sum ( ! weights ( its compon5t factors1 any m ?an he c add a cubit to 8 /ature4 ,:5 ,%elley sang ( ! cl\d1 ,i *ange1 b ,i _c die1 he enunciat$ a sci5tific axiom ( ! fir/ importance4 ,creation1 9 ! s5se ( mak+ some?+ out ( no?+1 is a ?+ absolutely unkn[n & unkn[able to u4 ,if we say we make a %ip or a /eam-eng9e1 we simply mean t we trans=m exi/+ matt] & exi/+ en]gies into new comb9ations1 :i* give results conv5i5t = our purpose4 ,s if we talk ( mak+ a _w1 our idea really is t if our p[]s & k 7 indef9itely increas$ we might be able1 giv5 ! atoms & en]gies ) _! laws ( exi/5ce1 to put !m toge!r s z to produce ! desir$ results4 ,b h[ ! atoms & _! inh]5t laws got !re is a "q z to :i* k1 or ev5 conceivability1 is impossible1 = x altoge!r transc5ds human exp]i5ce4 ,be=e f9ally tak+ leave ( atoms x may be well to /ate %ortly t sci5ce1 n cont5t ) hav+ prov$ _! exi/5ce & weigh$ !m 9 t]ms ( ! lighte/ elem5t1 ! hydrog5 atom1 has attempt$1 n )\t success1 to solve ! m difficult problem ( _! real dim5sions1 int]vals1 & velocities4 ,?is problem has be5 attack$ by ,clausius1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & o!rs1 f v>i\s sides3 f a comp>ison ) ! wave-l5g?s ( light2 ) ! t5uity ( ! ?9ne/ films ( soap-bubbles j be=e !y bur/1 & :5 !y are presumably r$uc$ to a s+le lay] ( molecules2 & f ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 involv+ ! dim5sions1 pa?s1 & velocities ( ela/ic bodies1 con/antly collid+1 & by _! impacts produc+ ! result+ pressure on ! conf9+ surface4 ,all ^! me?ods involve su* ref9$ ma!matical calculations t x is impossible to expla9 !m popul>ly1 b !y all lead to ne>ly id5tical results1 :i* involve figures s m>vell\s z to be almo/ incompreh5sible4 ,= in/ance1 a cubic c5timetre ( air is calculat$ to conta9 #ba trillions ( molecules--i4e4 #ba times ! cube ( a million1 or #ba foll[$ by #ah ciph]s2 ! av]age di/ance betwe5 ea* molecule equals #ie million?s ( a millimetre1 :i* is ab\t #be times small] ?an ! smalle/ magnitude visible "u a microscope2 ! av]age velocity ( ea* molecule is #ddg metres p] second2 & ! av]age numb] ( impacts receiv$ by ea* molecule 9 a second is #d1gjj millions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,e!r4 ,e!r prov$ by light--,light-waves--,ela/icity ( e!r--,its univ]sal diffusion--,influ5ces molecules & atoms--,is influ5c$ by !m--,successive ord]s ( ! inf9itely small--,illu/rat$ by ! diff]5tial & integral calculus--,explanation ( ?is calculus--,!ory ( vortex r+s4 ,p]haps ! be/ way to convey "s idea ( ?is ord] ( magnitudes to ! ord9>y read] is to quote ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's illu/ration1 t if we c\ld suppose a cubic in* ( wat] magnifi$ to ! size ( ! e>?--i4e4 to a sph]e #bd1jjj miles 9 circumf]5ce--! dim5sions ( its ultimate p>ticles1 magnifi$ on ! same scale1 or1 z he expresses x1 its degree ( co>se-gra9$ness1 w\ld be some?+ betwe5 ! size ( rifle-bullets & cricket-balls4 ,extraord9>y z ^! dim5sions are1 !y are n m s ?an ^? at ! opposite extremity ( ! scale1 :]e ! di/ance ( />s & nebul has to be measur$ by ! numb] ( ?\s& ye>s _! light1 travell+ at ! rate ( #aib1jjj miles p] second1 takes to rea* u4 ,inf9itely small1 h[ev]1 z ^? dim5sions appe> to our orig9al conceptions d]iv$ f our natural s5ses1 !y are c]ta9 & asc]ta9$ facts1 if n z to ! precise figures1 yet beyond all d\bt z to ! ord]s ( magnitude4 ,9 deal+ ) !m also we are to a great ext5t on famili> gr\nd4 ,molecules are no?+ m nor less ?an small pieces ( ord9>y matt]2 & atoms are also matt]1 = !y obey ! law ( gravity1 h def9ite weights1 & build up molecules z surely z molecules build up ord9>y matt]1 & z squ>$ /ones build up pyramids4 ,b to und]/& ! con/itution ( ! mat]ial univ]se we mu/ g a /ep fur!r1 "p f ! famili> _w ( s5se1 & deal ) an all-p]vad+ m$ium1 :i* is at ! same "t matt] & n matt]1 :i* lies outside ! laws ( gravity1 & yet obeys o!r laws intelligible & calculable by u2 ( :i* x may be said we "k x & we "k x n4 ,we call x ,e!r4 ,e!r is a m$ium assum$ z a necess>y consequ5ce f ! ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 & electricity--prim>ily f ^? ( light4 ,respect+ light two facts are kn[n to u ) absolute c]ta9ty4 #a/4 ,x trav]ses space at ! rate ( #aib1jjj miles p] second4 #bnd4 ,x is propagat$ n by p>ticles actually travell+ at ?is rate1 b1 l s\nd ?r\gh air1 by ! transmission ( waves4 ,! fir/ fact is kn[n f ! diff]5ce ( "t at :i* eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites are se5 accord+ z ! e>? is at ! po9t ( its orbit ne>e/ to or f>!/ f ,jupit]--i4e4 f ! "t light takes to trav]se ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* is ab\t #ahj millions ( miles2 & ?is velocity ( light is confirm$ by direct exp]im5ts1 z by not+ ! diff]5ce ( "t betwe5 see+ ! fla% & he>+ ! s\nd ( a gun1 :i* gives ! velocity ( light comp>$ ) ! kn[n velocity ( s\nd4 ,! second fact is equally c]ta9 f ! ph5om5a ( :at are call$ int]f]5ces1 :5 ! cre/ ( "o wave j ov]takes ! holl[ ( a prec$+ "o1 s t1 if ! two waves are ( equal magnitude1 ! oscillations exactly neutralise "o ano!r1 & two lights produce d>kness4 ,?is is %[n 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 & = all ! diff]5t col\rs dep5d+ on diff]5t waves into :i* :ite light is analys$ :5 pass$ ?r\gh a prism4 ,x is a c]ta9 result ( wave-motion1 & ( wave-motion only1 & !re=e we "k )\t a d\bt t light is propagat$ by waves4 ,b waves imply a m$ium ?r\gh :i* wave=ms are transmitt$1 = waves are no?+ b ! rhy?mic motion ( some?+ :i* rises & falls1 or oscillates symmetrically ab\t a mean position ( re/1 sl[ly or quickly accord+ to ! less or great] ela/icity ( ! m$ium4 ,! waves :i* run along a l>ge & slack wire are l>ge & sl[1 ^? along a small & tightly /ret*$ wire are small & quick2 & f ! data we possess z to light1 its velocity ( transmission1 its refraction :5 its waves pass f "o m$ium into ano!r ( diff]5t d5sity1 & f ! di/ance betwe5 ! waves z %[n by int]f]5ce1 x is easy to calculate ! l5g?s & vibratory p]iods ( ! waves1 & ! ela/icity ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* su* waves are transmitt$4 ,! figures at :i* we arrive are truly extraord9>y4 ,! dim5sions & rates ( oscillations ( ! waves :i* produce ! diff]5t col\rs ( visible light h be5 measur$ & calculat$ ) ! greate/ accuracy1 & !y are z foll[s3 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,light-,,waves4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,col\rs ,no4 ( waves 9,no4 ( oscillations 9 "o in* "o second ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,r$ #ci1jjj #dgg1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,orange #db1jjj #ejf1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,yell[ #dd1jjj #ece1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,gre5 #dg1jjj #egg1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,blue #ea1jjj #fbb1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,indigo #ed1jjj #feh1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,violet #eg1jjj #fii1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! ela/icity ( ?is wond]ful m$ium is ev5 m extraord9>y4 ,! rapidity ) :i* wave-motion is transmitt$ dep5ds1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 on ! ela/icity ( ! m$ium1 :i* is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity ) :i* a wave travels ?r\gh x4 ,z ! velocity ( ! s\nd-wave 9 air is ab\t #a1ajj feet 9 a second1 & t ( ! light-wave ab\t #aib1jjj miles 9 ! same "t1 x foll[s t ! velocity ( ! latt] is ab\t a million times great] ?an t ( ! =m]1 & if ! d5sity ( e!r 7 ! same z t ( air1 its ela/icity mu/ be ab\t a million million times great]4 ,b ! ela/icity is ! same ?+ z ! p[] ( resi/+ compression1 :i* 9 ! case ( air we "k to be ab\t #ae p\nds to ! squ>e in*2 s t ! e!r1 if equally d5se1 w\ld balance a pressure ( #ae million million p\nds to ! squ>e in*--t is1 x w\ld require a pressure ( ab\t #gej millions ( tons to ! squ>e in* to cond5se e!r to ! d5sity ( air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its d5sity1 if any1 mu/ be s inf9itesimally small t ! e>? mov+ ?r\gh x 9 its orbit ) a velocity ( #a1ajj miles a m9ute suff]s no p]ceptible ret>dation4 ,consid] :at ?is means4 ,air bl[+ at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r is a hurricane uproot+ trees & levell+ h\ses4 ,if e!r 7 z d5se z air ! resi/ance to ! e>? 9 pass+ ?r\gh x w\ld be #fjj times t ( go+ dead to w9dw>d 9 a tropical hurricane4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact !re is no s5sible resi/ance1 = ! e>? & heav5ly bodies move 9 _! calculat$ pa?s accord+ to ! law ( gravity exactly z !y w\ld d if !y 7 mov+ 9 a vacuum4 ,ev5 ! comets1 :i* consi/ ( su* excessively r>e matt] t :5 "o ( !m got entangl$ among ! satellites ( ,jupit] x did n affect _! movem5ts1 are n ret>d$ by ! e!r1 or s slightly1 t any ret>dation 9 ! case ( "o or two ( !m is suspect$ r ?an prov$4 ,b1 if ! e!r has no weight1 h[ c we call x mat]ial1 weight be+1 z we h se51 ! inv>iable te/ & measure ( all matt] d[n to ! m9ute/ atom8 ,& yet h[ c we d5y its exi/5ce :5 x is demon/rably necess>y to acc\nt = und\bt$ facts reveal$ to u e day by ! prism1 ! spectroscope1 electricity1 & *emical action1 & d$uctions f ^! facts bas$ on ! /rict laws ( ma!matical calculation8 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ! e!r is n bas$ only on ! ph5om5a ( light3 x is an equally necess>y po/ulate to expla9 ^? ( heat1 electricity1 & *emical action4 ,we mu/ conceive ( our atoms & molecules z =m+ sy/ems & p]=m+ _! movem5ts1 n 9 vacuo1 b 9 an all-p]vad+ m$ium ( ?is e!r1 to :i* !y imp>t1 & f :i* !y receive1 impulses4 ,^! impulses are excessively m9ute1 & :5 !y occur 9 irregul> ord] !y produce no appreciable effect2 b :5 ! vibrations ( ! e!r keep "t ) ^? ( ! atoms1 ! multitude ( small effects becomes summ$ up into "o consid]able en\gh to produce great *anges4 ,j s a rhy?mic succession ( t9y ripples may set a heavy buoy oscillat+1 & ! footfalls ( a regim5t ( soldi]s m>*+ ov] a susp5sion-bridge may make x sw+ until x breaks d[n1 :ile a confus$ mob c\ld trav]se x 9 safety4 ,! latt] af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* molecul> /ructures may be brok5 d[n1 & _! atoms set free to ent] into o!r comb9ations1 by ! action ( heat1 light1 or *emical rays beyond ! visible end ( ! spectrum4 ,conv]sely ! ph5om5a ( ! spectroscope all dep5d on ! fact t ! vibrations ( atoms & molecules c propagate waves ?r\gh ! e!r1 z well z absorb e!r-waves into _! own motions1 & ?us give spectra di/+ui%$ by bright or d>k l9es peculi> to ea* sub/ance1 by :i* x c be id5tifi$4 ,:atev] e!r may be1 ?is mu* is c]ta9 ab\t x3 x p]vades all space4 ,t x ext5ds to ! b\nd>ies ( ! inf9itely great we "k f ! fact t light rea*es u f ! remote/ />s & nebul1 & t 9 ?is light ! spectroscope enables u to detect waves propagat$ & absorb$ by ! v same vibrations ( ! same famili> atoms at ^! enorm\s di/ances z at ! e>?'s surface4 ,gl[+ hydrog51 = in/ance1 is a pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! sun's atmosph]e & ( ^? di/ant suns we call />s1 & x affects ! e!r & is affect$ by x exactly 9 ! same mann] z ! hydrog5 burn+ 9 an ord9>y gas-lamp4 ,9 ! direction also ( ! inf9itely small1 e!r p]meates ! app>5tly solid /ructure ( cry/als1 ^: molecules p]=m _! limit$ & rigidly def9ite movem5ts 9 an atmosph]e ( x1 z is %[n by ! fact t 9 s _m cases light & heat p5etrate ?r\gh !m4 ,a :ole s]ies ( rem>kable ph5om5a arise f ! mann] 9 :i* ! vibrations ( e!r :i* cause light are affect$ by ! /ructure ( ! molecules ( cry/als ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !y are :at is call$ pol>is$1 or s affect$ t :ile !y pass freely if ! cry/al is held 9 "o direction1 !y are /opp$ if x is turn$ r\nd ?r\gh an angle ( #ij to its =m] position1 s t "o & ! same cry/al may be alt]nately transp>5t & non-transp>5t4 ,x w\ld seem z if its /ructure 7 l t ( wood1 gra9$1 & m easy to p5etrate if cut ) ! gra9 ?an aga9/ x1 s t :5 a ray ( light attempt$ to p5etrate1 its vibrations 7 resolv$ into two1 "o ) ! gra9 :i* got ?r\gh1 ! o!r aga9/ x :i* 0 suppress$2 s t ! em]g+ ray1 :i* ent]$ ) a circul> vibration1 got out ) only "o rectil9e> vibration p>allel to ! diamet] :i* co9cid$ ) ! gra94 ,o!r cry/als ( m complicat$ /ructure affect transmitt$ light 9 a m complex way1 develop+ a d\ble pol>ity v simil> to t induc$ 9 ! iron fil+s :5 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! two poles ( ! magnet4 ,) ?is pol>is$ light ! mo/ beautiful col\r$ r+s c be produc$ f ! waves ( ! diff]5t col\rs into :i* ! :ite light has be5 analys$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! cry/al1 :i* alt]nately fla% out & disappe> z ! cry/al is turn$ r\nd its axis1 & :i* pres5t a rem>kable analogy to ! curves into :i* ! iron fil+s =m !mselves "u ! s+le or d\ble poles ( ! magnet4 ,! importance ( ?is w appe> aft]w>ds1 b = ! pres5t x is suffici5t to %[ t ! waves ( e!r :i* cause light really p5etrate ?r\gh ! molecules ( cry/als1 b 9 do+ s may be affect$ by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r+s ,,( ,,pol>is$ ,,light1 ,,uniaxial ,,cry/als4 ,,r+s ,,( ,,pol>is$ ,,light1 ,,biaxial ,,cry/als4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! excessively small magnitudes x may assi/ ! read] :o has "s acqua9tance ) ma!matics 9 =m+ "s conception ( !m1 to ref] to t ref9em5t ( calculation1 ! diff]5tial & integral calculus4 ,& ev5 ! non-ma!matical read] may f9d x wor? :ile to give a little att5tion 9 ord] to ga9 "s idea ( ?is celebrat$ calculus :i* 0 ! key by :i* ,newton & 8 successors unlock$ ! my/]ies ( ! heav5s4 ,! fir/ r\gh idea ( x is ga9$ by consid]+ :at w\ld happ5 if1 9 a calculation involv+ hundr$s ( miles1 we neglect$ in*es4 ,suppose we _h a block ( l& to measure1 #cjj miles long & #bjj wide2 z !re are1 say1 #e1jjj feet 9 a mile1 & ! error f omitt+ in*es c\ld n exce$ a foot1 ! utmo/ error 9 ! measurem5t ( l5g? c\ld n exce$ #a_/aejjjjj?1 & 9 wid? #a_/ajjjjjj? "p ( ! correct am\nt4 ,9 ! area ( #cjj #bjj #fj1jjj squ>e miles1 ! limit ( error w\ld1 by add+ or omitt+ ! rectangle =m$ by multiply+ toge!r ^! two small errors1 n exce$ #a_/aejjjjj #a_/ajjjjjj #a_/aejjjjjjjjjjj? "p4 ,x is evid5t t ! fir/ error is an excessively small "p ( ! true figure1 & ! second error a /ill m excessively small "p ( ! fir/ error4 ,b1 z we are deal+ ) ab/ract numb]s1 we c j z readily conceive our initial error to be ! #a_/ajj? or #a_/ajjj? ( an in*1 z "o in*2 &1 9 fact1 dim9i% x until x becomes an inf9itesimally small or evanesc5t quantity4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 x is evid5t t we %all make ! second error su* a /ill m inf9itesimally small fraction ( ! fir/ t x may be consid]$ z altoge!r disappe>+4 ,! fir/ error is call$ a diff]5tial ( ! fir/ ord] & d5ot$ by d1 ! second a diff]5tial ( ! second ord] d5ot$ by d4 ,?us if we call ! base ( our rectangle x & its height y1 ! area w be xy4 ,let u suppose x to receive ! addition ( a v small increm5t dx1 & y ! correspond+ increm5t dy1 :at w be ! correspond+ increm5t ( ! area1 or d4xy8 ,cle>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old area xy & ! new area 7x dx7 multipli$ by 7y dy74 ,?is multiplication gives x dx y dy ------------ xy ydx xdy dx4dy ------------------------------ xy xdy ydx dx4dy ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & xy is xdy ydx dx4dy4 ,b dx4dy is1 z we h se51 a diff]5tial ( ! second ord] & may be neglect$4 ,!re=e dxy xdy ydx4 ,9 l mann] dx 7x dx7-x #bxdx dx1 :i* la/ t]m may be neglect$1 & dx #bxdx4 ,9 ?is way ! diff]5tials ( all mann] ( functions & equations ( symbols repres5t+ dim5sions & motions may be f\nd4 ,conv]sely ! :oles may be consid]$ z made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( ^! inf9itely small p>ts1 & f\nd f !m by summ+ up or integrat+ ! diff]5tials4 ,?us if we _h ! equation xdy ydx #bzdz we "k t ! left-h& side is ! diff]5tial ( xy1 & !re=e t by integrat+ x we %all get xy2 :ile ! "r side is ! diff]5tial ( z :i* we %all get by integrat+ x4 ,! relation express$ !re=e is t xy z1 or1 9 o!r words1 t a rectangle ^: sides are x & y exactly equals a squ>e ^: side is z4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! use ( ?is device 9 assi/+ calculation w be app>5t if we take ! case ( an area b\nd$ by a curv$ l9e4 ,we _c directly calculate ?is area1 b we c easily tell t ( a rectangle4 ,n[ x is evid5t t if we inscribe rectangles 9 ?is area ,,abc1 ! m rectangles we inscribe ! less w be ! error 9 tak+ _! sum z equal to ! curv$ area4 ,?is is app>5t if we comp>e fig4 #b ) fig4 #c4 ,suppose we take a po9t ,p on ! curve1 call ,,bn x & ,,pn y1 & suppose ,nn to be dx1 ! diff]5tially small increm5t ( x1 & pq dy ! correspond+ small increm5t ( y4 ,! area ( ! rectangle ,pqn,n ,,pn ,nn ydx1 & diff]s f ! true curvil9e> area ,ppn,n by less ?an ! little rectangle ( ,pq pq or ( dx4dy4 ,b1 z we h se51 if we pu% our division to ! fir/ inf9itesimal ord]1 or make ,nn & pq diff]5tials ( x & y1 dx4dy may be neglect$--i4e4 multiply ! numb] ( rectangles indef9itely1 & ! sum ( _! areas w diff] f ! true area inclos$ by ! curve by an error :i* is evanesc5t4 ,if !n x & y are connect$ by "s fix$ law1 z mu/ be ! case if ! extremity ( y traces out "s regul> curve1 ! relation betwe5 !m may be express$ by an equation1 :i* w rema9 "o h[ev] (t5 x may be diff]5tiat$ or aga9 integrat$1 & :atev] modifications or trans=mations x may receive by ma!matical processes :i* d n alt] ! ess5tial equality ( ! two sides connect$ by ! symbol ( equality 4 ,?us by diff]5tiat+ & ca/+ (f z evanesc5t all diff]5tials ( a l[] ord] ?an t :i* we are work+ )1 we may arrive at =ms ( :i* we "k ! integrals1 & by integrat+ get back to ! results 9 ord9>y numb]s1 :i* we 7 9 se>* ( b c\ld n atta9 directly4 ,! same ?+ w apply if our symbols are m num]\s1 & if !y express relations ( motion z well z ( space1 or1 9 fact1 any relations :i* are gov]n$ by fix$ laws expressible by equations4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 convey+ to ! read]s any idea ( ?is celebrat$ calculus1 !y w p]ceive :at an analogy x pres5ts to ! idea ( mod]n physical & *emical sci5ce1 t ( molecules1 atoms1 & e!r1 =m+ diff]5tials ( successive ord]s ( ! inf9itely small4 ,x is c]ta9ly mo/ rem>kable t :ile ! =m] 0 a purely intellectual idea bas$ on ma!matical ab/ractions1 & :i* 0 inv5t$ & work$ z an in/rum5t = solv+ ! mo/ intricate a/ronomical problems = ne>ly two c5turies1 )\t a suspicion t x repres5t$ any objective reality3 ! latt] idea1 bas$ on actual exp]im5t1 seems to %[ t diff]5tials & integrals h _! real c\nt]p>t 9 nature & repres5t fundam5tal facts 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,^? :o are ( a my/ic or metaphysical turn ( m9d may disc]n 9 ?is1 argum5ts = matt] & laws ( matt] be+ aft] all only manife/ations ( "o univ]sal1 all-p]vad+ m9d2 b 9 foll[+ su* speculations we %\ld be des]t+ ! solid e>? = cl\dl&1 & pass+ ! limit ( positive k into ! region :]e reflections ( our own hopes1 fe>s1 religi\s feel+s1 & poetical s5tim5ts =m & dissolve !mselves aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! great unkn[n4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re=e1 ,i conf9e myself to po9t+ out h[ ^! und\bt$ tru?s ( ma!matical sci5ce1 :i* h v]ifi$ !mselves 9 ! practical =m ( enabl+ u to pr$ict eclipses & con/ruct nautical almanacs1 correspond ) & ?r[ light ^u ! equally c]ta9 facts ( ?is succession ( inf9itely small quantities ( successive ord]s 9 ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,an attempt has rec5tly be5 made1 bas$ on ab/ruse ma!matical calculations1 to c>ry our k ( ! con/itution ( matt] "o /ep fur!r back1 & id5tify atoms ) e!r4 ,?is is attempt$ by ! vortex !ory ( ,helmholz1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 & ,pr(essor ,tait4 ,x is s+ul> h[ "s ( ! ultimate facts discov]$ by ! ref9em5ts ( sci5ce correspond ) "s ( ! mo/ trivial amusem5ts4 ,?us ! bl[+ ( soap-bubbles gives ! be/ clue to ! movem5t ( waves ( light1 & ?r\gh !m to ! dim5sions ( molecules & atoms2 & ! collision ( billi>d-balls1 knock$ ab\t at r&om1 to ! movem5ts ( ^? m9ute bodies1 & ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,9 ! case ( ! vortex !ory ! idea is giv5 by ! r+s ( smoke :i* c]ta9 adroit smok]s amuse !mselves by puff+ into ! air4 ,^! r+s float = a consid]able "t1 reta9+ _! circul> =m1 & %[+ _! ela/icity by oscillat+ ab\t x & return+ to x if _! =m is alt]$1 & by reb\nd+ & vibrat+ en]getically1 j z two solid ela/ic bodies w\ld d1 if two r+s come into collision4 ,if we try to cut !m 9 two1 !y rec$e be=e ! knife1 or b5d r\nd x1 return+1 :5 ! ext]nal =ce is remov$1 to _! orig9al =m )\t ! loss ( a s+le p>ticle1 & pres]v+ _! own individuality ?r\gh e *ange ( =m & ( velocity4 ,?is p]si/5ce ( =m !y owe to ! fact t _! p>ticles are revolv+ 9 small circles at "r angles to ! axis or circumf]5ce ( ! l>g] circle :i* =ms ! r+2 motion ?us giv+ !m /ability1 v mu* z 9 ! famili> in/ance ( ! bicycle4 ,!y bur/ at la/ because !y are =m$ & rotate 9 ! air1 :i* is a resi/+ m$ium2 b ma!matical calculation %[s t 9 a p]fect fluid free f all friction ^! vortex r+s w\ld be indivisible & inde/ructible3 9 o!r words1 !y w\ld be atoms4 ,! vortex !ory assumes1 !re=e1 t ! univ]se consi/s ( "o uni=m prim>y sub/ance1 a fluid :i* fills all space1 & t :at we call matt] consi/s ( portions ( ?is fluid :i* h become animat$ ) vortex motion4 ,! innum]able atoms :i* =m molecules1 & ?r\gh molecules all ! div]sifi$ =ms ( matt] ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 are !re=e simply s _m vortex r+s1 ea* p]fectly limit$1 di/9ct1 & inde/ructible1 bo? z to its =m1 mass1 & mode ( motion4 ,!y _c *ange or disappe>1 nor c !y be =m$ spontane\sly4 ,^? ( ! same k9d are con/itut$ aft] ! same fa%ion1 & !re=e are end[$ ) ! same prop]ties4 ,! !ory is a plausible "o1 & ! reputation ( its au?ors mu/ comm& = x respectful consid]ation2 b x is z yet a long way f be+ an e/abli%$ !ory :i* c be accept$ z a true repres5tation ( facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is bas$ solely on ma!matical !ory1 & n1 z 9 ! case ( atoms & light-waves1 ^u actual facts ( weight & measurem5t te/$ by exp]im5t1 & to :i* ma!matical reason+ af=ds only an aid & supplem5t4 ,no "o has prov$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a m$ium or ( su* vortex r+s1 mu* less weigh$ or measur$ !m4 ,moreov] ! !ory is op5 to "s v obvi\s objections4 ,h[ c aggregations ( impond]able matt] acquire weight1 & become subject to ! law ( gravity1 :i*1 z we h se51 is "o ( ! ess5tial & p]man5t qualities ( atoms8 ,if a cubic million? ( a millimetre ( e!r =m$ into a big vortex r+ (1 say1 an atom ( m]cury1 has a weight equal to #bjj times t ( an atom ( hydrog51 :i* itself has a def9ite weight1 :y has x no weight 9 its orig9al =m8 ,& if x _h weight1 h[ev] small1 h[ c\ld ! enorm\s mass ( e!r fill+ all space produce no p]ceptible effect on bodies1 ev5 ( att5uat$ cometic vap\r1 revolv+ ?r\gh x ) imm5se velocities8 ,aga91 h[ c\ld ^! innum]able vortex r+s be =m$ out ( ! e!r )\t di/urb+ ! uni=mity & cont9uity ( ! m$ium1 :i* are ess5tial = ! propagation ( ! light-waves ?r\gh x8 ,& h[ c\ld ! motions requisite to =m ! vortex r+s be impress$ on !m de novo consi/5tly ) ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy8 ,en]gy c no m be creat$ out ( no?+ ?an matt]1 by any process kn[n 9 nature or conceivable by ! human intellect2 & to assume x is simply a m ref9$ mann] ( fall+ back on ! sup]natural1 :i* is itself only a m ref9$ mann] ( say+ t we "k no?+4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re=e1 we mu/ be cont5t ) atoms & e!r z ! ultimate t]ms ( our k ( ! mat]ial or quasi-mat]ial compon5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,en]gy4 ,en]gy ( motion & ( position--,en]gy c be trans=m$1 n creat$ or de/roy$--,n creat$ by free w--,cons]vation ( me*anical p[]--,conv]tibility ( heat & "w--,nature ( heat--,! /eam-eng9e--,diff]5t =ms ( en]gy--,gravity--,molecul> en]gy--,*emical en]gy--,dynamite--,*emical aff9ities--,electricity--,produc$ by friction--,by ! voltaic batt]y--,electric curr5ts--,arc light--,induction--,magnetism--,! magnetic ne$le--,! electric telegraph--,! telephone--,dynamo-electric eng9e--,accumulator4 ,^? ultimate elem5ts1 h[ev]1 atoms & e!r1 only give u :at may be call$ ! dead half ( ! univ]se1 :i* c\ld n exi/ )\t ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! animat+ pr9ciple ( =ce or en]gy4 ,en]gy is ! t]m g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! language ( sci5ce1 = =ce is apt to be associat$ ) human ef=t & ) actual motion produc$1 :ile en]gy is a compreh5sive t]m1 embrac+ :atev] produces or is capable ( produc+ motion4 ,?us1 if we b5d a cross-b[1 ! =ce ) :i* x is b5t may ei!r reappe> at once 9 ! flight ( ! arr[1 if we let g ! /r+2 or x may rema9 /or$ up1 if we fix ! /r+ 9 ! not*1 ready to reappe> :5 we pull ! trigg]4 ,9 ! =m] case x is call$ en]gy ( motion1 9 ! latt] en]gy ( position4 ,x is important to realise ?is di/9ction cle>ly1 = _m ( ! ord]$ & h>moni\s arrangem5ts ( ! univ]se dep5d on ! pol>ity1 or conflict ) alt]nate victories & defeats1 betwe5 ^? two =ms ( en]gy4 ,illu/ration ,?us if ,a ,b is a p5dulum susp5d$ at ! po9t ,a1 if we move x f its position ( re/ ,a ,c to ,a ,b & hold x !re1 its :ole en]gy is t ( position4 ,if we let x g x sw+s backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! positions ,a ,b & ,a ,d1 & b = ! resi/ance ( ! air & ! friction at ! po9t ( susp5sion1 x w\ld s sw+ = ev]4 ,b 9 ?us sw++ :at happ5s8 ,f ,a ,b to ,a ,c en]gy ( motion keeps ga9+ on en]gy ( position1 until :5 ! p5dulum rea*es ,c1 x has annihilat$ x4 ,en]gy ( position has entirely disappe>$1 & ! :ole orig9al =ce exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! p5dulum to ,a ,b exactly reappe>s 9 ! =ce or mom5tum ( ! p5dulum at its l[e/ po9t4 ,b is ?is victory f9al8 ,by no means2 en]gy ( position hav+ t\*$ bottom1 ga!rs1 l ,antu1 fre% vig\r = ! conte/1 & f ! position ,a ,c upw>ds x ga9s gr\nd on its adv]s>y until :5 ! p5dulum rea*es ,a ,d x is 9 its turn completely victori\s4 ,! same alt]nation betwe5 en]gy ( motion & ( position takes place 9 all rhy?mical movem5ts su* z waves1 :i*1 :e!r 9 wat]1 air1 or e!r1 are propagat$1 z 9 ! case ( ! p5dulum1 by p>ticles =c$ out ( _! position ( re/ & oscillat+ betwe5 ! two en]gies4 ,illu/ration ,?us if waves run along an ela/ic wire ,a ,b1 ! p>ticle ,p1 :i* has be5 =c$ into ! position p1 oscillates backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 p & q1 beg9n+ ) no?+ b en]gy ( position at p1 los+ x all = en]gy ( motion at ,p1 & rega9+ x at q4 ,all wave-motions !re=e--t is to say1 all s\nd1 light1 & heat--dep5d on ?is primitive pol>ity4 ,if we h got ?is def9ition ( ! two =ms ( en]gy cle>ly into our heads1 we %all be ! bett] prep>$ = ?is fur!r g5]alisation--! gr&e/1 p]haps1 9 ! :ole range ( mod]n sci5ce--t en]gy1 l matt]1 is inde/ructible1 & c only be trans=m$1 b nev] creat$ or annihilat$4 ,?is is at fir/ sight a m difficult proposition to e/abli% 9 ! case ( en]gy ?an 9 t ( matt]4 ,9 ! latt] case we h no?+ 9 our exp]i5ce t c lead u to suppose t we h ev] creat$ some?+ out ( no?+2 b 9 ! =m]1 our fir/ impression und\bt$ly is t we d create =ce4 ,if ,i ?r[ a /one at a bird ,i h an in/9ctive impression t ! =ce :i* projects ! /one is ! creation ( my own consci\s w2 t ,i _h ! *oice ei!r to ?r[ or n to ?r[2 & t if ,i _h decid$ n to ?r[1 ! impell+ =ce w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,b1 if we look m closely at ! matt]1 x is n really s4 ,! *a9 ( ev5ts is ?is3 ! fir/ impulse proce$s f ! visual rays1 :i*1 conc5trat$ by ! l5s ( ! eye on ! ret9a1 give an image ( ! bird2 ?is s5ds vibrations along ! optic n]ve to ! bra91 sett+ 9 motion c]ta9 molecules ( t organ2 ^! aga9 s5d vibrations along o!r n]ves to c]ta9 muscles ( ! arm & h&1 :i* contract1 & by do+ s give out ! en]gy ( movem5t :i* ?r[s ! /one4 ,all ?is process is /rictly me*anical2 ! eye acts precisely l a cam]a obscura 9 =m+ ! image2 ! n]ve-vibrations1 ?\gh n id5tical ) ^? ( ! wires ( an electric telegraph1 are ( ! same nature1 _! velocity c be measur$1 & _! pres5ce detect$ by ! galvanomet]2 ! en]gy ( ! muscle is /or$ !re by ! sl[ combu/ion ( ! food we h eat51 9 ! oxyg5 ( ! air we h brea!d4 ,take any ( ^! conditions away1 & no ef=t ( ! w c produce ! result4 ,if ! n]ve is p>alys$1 or ! muscle1 f prolong$ />vation1 has no en]gy left1 ! /one w n be ?r[n1 h[ev] mu* we may desire to kill ! bird4 ,aga91 precisely ! same circle ( ev5ts takes place 9 num]\s in/ances )\t any int]v5tion ( ?is additional factor ( consci\s w4 ,we brea! me*anically1 ! muscles ( ! *e/ caus+ x to rise & fall l ! waves ( ! ocean1 )\t any delib]ate int5tion ( tak+ air into ! lungs & exhal+ x4 ,nay m1 !re are in/ances ( :at 0 at fir/ accompani$ by ! s5sation ( consci\s w1 ceas+ to be s :5 ! molecul> movem5ts _h made *annels = !mselves1 z :5 a piano-play]1 :o _h le>n$ 8 notes ) difficulty1 ends by play+ a complicat$ piece automatically4 ,! case ( animals also raises ano!r difficulty4 ,suppose a retriev] dog sees 8 ma/] %oot at & miss a h>e3 %all he obey ! prompt+s ( 8 animal in/9ct & give *ase1 or ^? ( 8 high] moral nature :i* tell him t x is wrong to d s )\t ! ^w ( comm&8 ,x is h>d to see h[ ?is diff]s f ! case ( a man resi/+ or yield+ to temptation2 & h[1 if we assign consci\s w to ! man1 we c d5y x to ! dog4 ,reason+ f ^! premises1 "s philosoph]s h come to ! conclusion t man & all animals are b me*anical automata1 clev]ly con/ruct$ to "w 9 a c]ta9 way fitt+ 9 ) ! equally preorda9$ c\rse ( outw>d ph5om5a2 & t ! s5sation ( w is m]ely an illusion aris+ z a la/ ref9em5t 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! ma*9]y4 ,b "h comes 9 t pr9ciple ( duality or pol>ity1 by :i* a proposition may be at once true & untrue1 & two contradictory opposites exi/ toge!r4 ,no am\nt ( philosophical reason+ c make u believe t we are altoge!r ma*9es & n free ag5ts2 x runs (f u l wat] f a duck's back1 & leaves u 9 pres5ce ( ! intuitive conviction t to a great ext5t ,man is man & ma/] ( 8 fate4 ,if ?is be an illusion1 :y n ev]y?+--evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 exp]im5t1 natural law1 sci5ce1 z well z morality & religion8 ,to pursue ?is f>!r w\ld lead u f> a/ray into ! mi/y realm ( metaphysics1 & ,i ref] to x only z %[+ t ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 /&+ z x does 9 app>5t contradiction to our natural impressions1 requires a full] demon/ration ?an ! k9dr$ pr9ciple ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! case ( ord9>y me*anical p[] x _h be5 long kn[n t ! int]v5tion ( ma*9]y did n create =ce1 b only trans=m$ x4 ,if a weight ( #a lb41 ,a1 j balances a weight ( #b lb41 ,b1 by aid ( a pulley1 & by ! addition ( a m9ute fraction1 su* z a gra91 raises x #a foot1 x w be inv>iably f\nd t ,a has desc5d$ #b feet4 ,9 o!r words1 #a lb4 work+ ?r\gh #b feet does exactly ! same "w z #b lbs4 work+ ?r\gh #a foot4 ,& :atev] may be ! int]v5+ ma*9]y ! same ?+ holds good1 & ! "w put 9 at "o end comes out1 nei!r m nor less1 at ! o!r1 except = a m9ute loss due to friction & resi/ance ( air4 ,if a =ce equal to #a lb4 is made1 by multiply+ ! int]m$iate ma*9]y1 to raise a ton a foot f ! gr\nd1 exactly z mu* =ce mu/ h be5 ex]t$ z if ! ton _h be5 divid$ into #b1bdj p>ts ( #a lb4 ea*1 & ea* "p sep>ately lift$4 ,b al?\gh en]gy _c be creat$1 at fir/ sight x seems z if x might be de/roy$1 z :5 ! ton falls to ! gr\nd & seems to h lo/ all its en]gy1 :e!r ( motion or ( position4 ,b "h sci5ce /eps 9 & %[s u t x is n de/roy$1 b simply trans=m$ into ano!r sort ( motion1 :i* we call heat4 ,"s connection betwe5 me*anical "w & heat _h long be5 kn[n1 z 9 ! famili> exp]im5t ( rubb+ our h&s toge!r to w>m !m2 & ! practice kn[n to mo/ primitive races ( obta9+ fire by twirl+ a /ick rapidly 9 a hole drill$ 9 a block ( wood2 a practice describ$ by ! old ,sanskrit ^w #8praman?a1' :i* means an in/rum5t = obta9+ fire by pressure or friction1 & :i*1 translat$ into ,greek1 has be5 immortalis$ by ! leg5d ( ,prome!us4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = rec5t ye>s1 & = an ,engli% philosoph]1 ,dr4 ,j\le1 to give sci5tific precision & g5]ality to ?is idea1 by actually measur+ ! am\nt ( heat produc$ by a giv5 am\nt ( "w1 & %[+ t !y 7 9 all cases conv]tible t]ms1 s mu* heat = s mu* "w1 & s mu* "w = s mu* heat4 ,he did ?is by measur+ accurately by a !rmomet] ! heat add$ to a giv5 am\nt ( wat] by ! "w done by a set ( paddles revolv+ 9 x1 set 9 rapid motion by a kn[n weight desc5d+ ?r\gh a kn[n space4 ,! unit ( "w be+ tak5 z t suffici5t to raise #a kilogramme ?r\gh #a metre1 & t ( heat z t requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o kilogramme ( wat] by #a ,c5tigrade1 ! relation betwe5 !m1 z f\nd by a va/ numb] ( c>eful exp]im5ts1 is t ( #dbd to #a4 ,t is1 "o unit ( heat is equal to #dbd units ( "w4 ,9 ?is1 & all cases requir+ sci5tific precision1 x is bett] to use ! units ( ! metrical sy/em ?an our clumsy ,engli% /&>ds2 b x may be suffici5t = ! ord9>y read] to take ! metre1 :i* is ab\t #cicg in*es1 z practically a y>d1 & ! kilogramme1 :i* is #ae1dcb ,engli% gra9s1 z practically equal to #b lbs4 ,?is is suffici5t to %[ ! mu* great] en]gy ( ! invisible =ces :i* act at m9ute di/ances1 ?an t ( gravity & o!r =ces :i* d appreciable me*anical "w1 ! en]gy ( a weight fall+ f a height ( m ?an #a1cjj feet be+ only suffici5t to heat its own weight by #a4 ,?is pro( ( ! conv]tibility ( "w into heat gives mu* great] precision to our ideas respect+ ! real nature ( heat & its k9dr$ molecul> & atomic en]gies4 ,heat is cle>ly n a mat]ial sub/ance1 = a body does n ga9 weight by becom+ hott]4 ,9 ! case ( all pond]able matt] d[n to ! atoms1 :i* are only ( ! size ( cricket-balls comp>$ to t ( ! e>?1 any comb9ation :i* adds matt] adds weight1 & ! weight ( ! product exactly equals ! sum ( ! weights ( ! sep>ate factors :i* h unit$ to =m x4 ,?us1 if iron is burnt 9 oxyg5 gas1 ! product1 oxide ( iron or ru/1 weighs m ?an ! orig9al iron by j z mu* z ! weight ( ! oxyg5 :i* has be5 consum$4 ,b heat1 light1 & electricity add no?+ to ! weight ( a body :5 !y are add$ to x1 & take no?+ away :5 !y are subtract$4 ,! inf]5ce is unavoidable t heat1 l light1 is n pond]able matt]1 b an en]gy transmitt$ by waves ( ! impond]able m$ium kn[n z e!r4 ,?is is confirm$ by f9d+ t :5 a ray f ! sun is analys$ by pass+ ?r\gh a refract+ prism1 "o "p ( ! spectrum %[s light ( v>i\s col\rs1 :ile ano!r gives heat4 ,! hotte/ "p ( ! spectrum lies 9 ! r$ & beyond x1 %[+ t ! heat-waves are long]1 & _! oscillations sl[]1 ?an ^? ( light4 ,heat-waves also may be made to int]f]e1 & to become pol>is$1 9 a mann] analog\s to ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ^? ( light4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t heat1 l light1 is an en]gy or mode ( motion1 transmitt$ by waves ( an impond]able e!r1 & t x acts on ! molecules & atoms ( matt] by ! accumulat$ successive impulses ( ^? waves on ! molecules & atoms :i* are float+ 9 x1 or r :i* are revolv+ 9 x1 9 def9ite gr\ps & fix$ orbits1 l m9iature sol> sy/ems or />ry univ]ses4 ,we c n[ see h[ heat p]=ms "w1 & :y "w c be trans=m$ into x4 ,heat p]=ms "w 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 x exp&s bodies--t is1 x draws _! molecules f>!r ap>t aga9/ ! =ce ( cohesion :i* b9ds !m toge!r or keeps !m mov+ 9 def9ite orbits at def9ite di/ances4 ,x is z if x increas$ ! velocity1 & !re=e ! c5trifugal =ce ( a sy/em ( planets1 & s caus$ !m to revolve 9 wid] orbits4 ,! expansion ( m]cury 9 a !rmomet] af=ds a famili> in/ance ( ?is effect ( heat & ! readie/ measure ( its am\nt4 ,secondly1 x increases ! en]gy ( ! molecul> motions1 s t !y d>t ab\t1 collide1 & vibrate ) great] =ce4 ,?us1 z heat increases1 evaporation increases1 = molecules on ! surface are project$ ) s mu* =ce z to get beyond ! sph]e ( ! cohesive attraction :i* b9ds !m to ! sy/em1 & !y d>t (f l comets into space4 ,f9ally1 z heat increases1 & m & m "w is done1 aga9/ ! c5tripetal =ce ( cohesion1 mo/ sub/ances1 & d\btless all if we c\ld get heat en\gh1 are conv]t$ f solids into fluids1 & ultimately into gases1 9 :i* latt] /ate ! molecules h got altoge!r beyond ! sph]e ( _! mutual attraction1 & t5d to d>t (f indef9itely 9 ! direction ( _! own prop] c5trifugal motions1 unless conf9$1 9 :i* case !y d>t ab\t1 collide1 reb\nd1 & ex]cise pressure on ! conta9+ surface4 ,conv]sely1 if heat exp&s bodies1 x is giv5 out :5 !y contract4 ,?us ! enorm\s quantity ( heat p\r$ out = millions ( ye>s by ! sun1 is probably ow+ ma9ly to ! me*anical =ce ( contraction ( ! orig9al cosmic matt] cond5s+ ab\t ! sol> nucleus4 ,aga91 :5 gases sudd5ly exp&1 _! temp]ature falls1 :i* is ! pr9ciple by :i* artificial ice is procur$1 & froz5 beef & mutton are br\ght f ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 produc+1 su* are ! complicat$ relations ( mod]n society1 agricultural depression1 fall ( r5ts1 & a s]i\s aggravation ( ! ,iri% "q4 ,z an example ( ! conv]se proposition ( ! trans=mation ( heat into me*anical "w1 ! /eam-eng9e af=ds ! apte/ illu/ration4 ,! orig9al p[] came f ! sun millions ( ye>s ago1 & did "w by enabl+ ! leaves ( plants to ov]come ! /rong mutual aff9ity ( c>bon & oxyg5 9 ! c>bonic dioxide 9 ! air1 & /ore up ! c>bon 9 ! plant1 :]e x rema9$ s9ce ! coal era 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( position4 ,by light+ ! coal1 or 9 o!r words sep>at+ its molecules m widely by heat1 we enable !m to ex]t once m _! natural aff9ity = oxyg51 & burn1 t is recomb9e into c>bonic dioxide4 ,! heat ?us produc$ turns wat] into /eam1 :i* passes ?r\gh a cyl9d]1 ei!r into a cond5s] if ! /eam is at l[ pressure1 or into ! out] air if x has be5 sup]heat$ & br\ght to a high] pressure ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! pressure or ela/icity ( ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 & ( ! same /eam :5 x is cond5s$ or lib]at$1 is available = do+ "w1 &1 be+ admitt$ & releas$ alt]nately at ! two ends ( ! cyl9d]1 drives a pi/on up & d[n1 :i*1 by means ( cranks & %afts1 turns a :eel or does :atev] "w is requir$ ( x4 ,9 do+ ?is1 heat disappe>s1 be+ conv]t$ into "w1 & ! am\nt ( heat w\ld exactly equal t into :i* ! "w w\ld be conv]t$ accord+ to ,j\le's law1 if x c\ld all be utilis$ )\t ! loss necess>ily incurr$ by friction1 radiation1 & ! /ill m important absorption ( lat5t heat requir$ to conv]t wat] at boil+-po9t into vap\r ( ! same temp]ature4 ,?is latt] is n really an annihilation ( ! heat1 b its conv]sion into "w done 9 sep>at+ ! molecules aga9/ ! =ce ( cohesion4 ,! :ole heat1 !re=e1 is trans=m$ into "w1 ma9ly molecul> "w 9 te>+ molecules asund]1 & ! residue into me*anical "w turn+ sp9dles & driv+ locomotives & /eamboats4 ,! int]m$iate ma*9]y "h1 includ+ ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 is m]ely ! means ( apply+ ! orig9al en]gy 9 ! p>ticul> way we desire4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is ! trans=mation ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat into "w by pass+1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( heat1 f a hott] to a cold] body4 ,! la/ condition is indisp5sable1 = ! nature ( heat is to seek an equilibrium by pass+ f hot to cold1 & no "w c be got out ( x 9 ! rev]se way4 ,on ! contr>y1 "w mu/ be exp5d$ & turn$ into heat to re/ore ! temp]ature :i* has run d[n4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( wat]1 :i*1 if rais$ by evaporation or /or$ up 9 res]voirs at a level above ! sea1 c be made to turn a :eel :ile x is runn+ d[n2 b :5 x has all run d[n to ! sea level1 c d no m "w1 & c only be pump$ up aga9 to a high] level by ! exp5diture ( fre% "w4 ,ow+ to ?is t5d5cy ( heat we c see t1 al?\gh matt] & en]gy are to all appe>ance inde/ructible1 ! pres5t con/itution ( ! univ]se is n et]nal4 ,! animat+ en]gy ( heat is always t5d+ to oblit]ate diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 & br+ all en]gy d[n to "o uni=m dead level ( a common av]age1 9 :i* no fur!r life1 "w1 or motion are possible4 ,=tunately ?is consummation is f> (f1 & = _m t5s or hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ! inhabitants ( ?is t9y planet may feel fairly secure1 & ne$ n1 l ! late ,dr4 ,cumm+1 ( mill5>ian celebrity1 introduce breaks 9 ! leases ( _! h\ses to provide aga9/ ! cont+5cy ( ! _w com+ to an end at an e>ly date4 ,dismiss+1 !n1 to ! remote future any speculations z to ! failure ( ?is ess5tial elem5t ( active en]gy1 let u r consid] ! v>i\s protean =ms 9 :i* x %[s itself4 #a4 ,! en]gy ( visible motion1 :i*1 z we h se51 may be trans=m$ into an equival5t am\nt ( en]gy ( position4 #b4 ,molecul> en]gy1 :i* causes ! cohesive attraction1 repulsion1 & o!r prop] motions ( ^! m9ute & invisible p>ticles ( matt]4 #c4 ,en]gy ( heat & light1 :i* are transmitt$ by waves ( ! assum$ impond]able m$ium call$ e!r4 #d4 ,en]gy ( *emical action1 by :i* ! small ultimate p>ticles ( pond]able matt]1 call$ atoms1 sep>ate & comb9e into ! v>i\s comb9ations ( molecules con/itut+ visible matt]1 9 ob$i5ce to c]ta9 aff9ities1 or inh]5t attractions & repulsions4 #e4 ,electrical en]gy1 :i* includes magnetism z a special in/ance4 ,all ^! =ms ( en]gy may exi/1 z 9 ! case ( visible en]gy1 ei!r z en]gies ( motion or ( position1 & ! actual con/itution ( ! univ]se is due 9 a great measure to ! alt]nation ( ^! two en]gies4 ,?us all wave-motion1 :e!r x be ( ! waves ( ! sea gr9d+ d[n a rocky coa/1 ( ! air transmitt+ s\nd1 or ( e!r transmitt+ light & heat1 are in/ances ( en]gies ( motion & ( position1 conflict+ ) "o ano!r & alt]nately ga9+ ! victory4 ,s also a p\nd ( gunp[d] or dynamite has an imm5se en]gy ( position1 :i*1 :5 its atoms are let loose f _! mutual un/able connection by heat or p]cussion1 manife/s itself 9 an enorm\s en]gy ( motion1 :i* is m or less de/ructive accord+ to ! rapidity ) :i* ! atoms ru% into new comb9ations4 ,let u consid] ^! diff]5t en]gies a little m 9 detail4 ,! en]gy ( visible motion is manife/$ pr9cipally by ! law ( gravity1 "u :i* all matt] attracts o!r matt] directly z ! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,x is a univ]sal & uni=m law ( matt]1 & c be trac$ )\t *ange or v>iation f ! m9ute/ atom up to ! remote/ d\ble />4 ,! en]gy ( liv+ =ce might1 at fir/ sight1 be consid]$ z ano!r ( ! commone/ causes ( visible motion2 b1 :5 closely analys$1 x w be f\nd t :at appe>s z su* is only ! result ( molecul> en]gy ( position /or$ up 9 ! liv+ body by *emical *anges dur+ ! sl[ combu/ion ( food1 & t no?+ has be5 add$ by any hypo!tical vital =ce4 ,! consci\s w seems to act 9 ^? cases simply z ! signalman :o %[s a :ite flag may act on a tra9 :i* has be5 /&+ on ! l9e wait+ = x4 ,! en]gy :i* moves ! tra9 is due entirely to ! diff]5ce ( heat1 :i* has be5 develop$ by ! combu/ion ( coal1 betwe5 ! /eam 9 ! boil] & ! /eam :5 all[$ to escape into ! air2 & ?is en]gy came orig9ally f ! sun1 ^: rays enabl$ ! leaves ( gr[+ plants to decompose c>bonic dioxide & /ore up ! c>bon 9 ! coal4 ,( ?is =ce ( gravity caus+ visible motion we may say t x is comp>atively a v weak =ce1 :i* acts uni=mly ov] all di/ances great or small4 ,molecul> en]gies1 on ! o!r h&1 act ) va/ly great] =ce1 b at v small di/ances1 & appe> sometimes z attractive & sometimes z repulsive =ces4 ,?us solid bodies are held toge!r by a =ce ( cohesion :i* is v p[]ful1 b acts only at v small di/ances1 z we may see if we break a piece ( glass & try to m5d x by press+ ! brok5 edges toge!r4 ,we _c br+ !m ne> en\gh to br+ ! molecul> attraction aga9 into play & make ! brok5 glass solid4 ,b ! same glass acts ) repell5t en]gy if ano!r solid tries to p5etrate x1 s t we c walk on a glass floor )\t s9k+ into x4 ,heat also1 by increas+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! molecules1 fir/ weak5s ! cohesive =ce s t ! solid becomes fluid1 & f9ally ov]comes x altoge!r1 s t x passes into ! /ate ( gas 9 :i* ! c5tripetal attraction ( ! molecules is ext+ui%$1 & !y t5d to rec$e fur!r & fur!r f ea* o!r "u ! c5trifugal =ce ( _! own prop] velocities4 ,! great en]gy ( molecul> =ces w be app>5t f ! fact t a b> ( iron1 9 cool+ #aj ,c5tigrade1 contracts ) a =ce equal to a ton = ea* squ>e in* ( section1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! tubul> bridge across ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 :]e space has to be all[$ = ! free contraction & expansion ( ! iron "u *anges ( temp]ature4 ,*emical en]gy1 or ! mutual attractions & repulsions ( atoms1 is ev5 m p[]ful ?an t ( molecules4 ,x displays itself 9 _! elective aff9ities1 or :at may be call$ ! likes & dislikes1 or loves & hatr$s1 ( ^! ultimate p>ticles4 ,p]haps ! be/ illu/ration w be af=d$ by t #8late/ res\rce ( civilisation1' dynamite4 ,?is sub/ance1 or to give x its sci5tific "n1 nitro-glyc]9e1 is compos$ ( molecules ea* ( :i* is a complex comb9ation ( n9e atoms ( oxyg51 five ( hydrog51 ?ree ( nitrog51 & ?ree ( c>bon4 ,( ^!1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 h a /rong aff9ity = "o ano!r1 z is se5 by _! ru%+ toge!r :5ev] !y get ! *ance1 & by _! union =m+ ! v /able comp\nd1 wat]4 ,oxyg5 & c>bon h also a v /rong aff9ity1 & readily =m ! /able product c>bonic dioxide gas4 ,nitrog51 on ! o!r h&1 is a v in]t sub/ance2 its molecule consi/s ( two atoms ( itself :i* are b\nd toge!r by a /rong aff9ity1 & c only be coax$ ) difficulty into comb9ations ) o!r elem5ts1 =m+ comp\nds :i* are1 z x 71 artificial /ructures1 & v un/able4 ,we see ?is 9 ! air1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 b n 9 *emical comb9ation1 ! oxyg5 be+ simply dilut$ by ! nitrog51 z :isky is ) wat]1 ) ! same object ( dilut+ ! too p[]ful oxyg5 or too pot5t alcohol1 & enabl+ ! air-brea!r or :isky-dr9k] to take !m into ! sy/em )\t burn+ up ! tissues too rapidly4 ,if nitrog5 _h m aff9ity = oxyg5 x w\ld comb9e *emically ) x1 & we %\ld live 9 an atmosph]e ( nitr\s oxide1 or laugh+ gas4 ,! molecule1 !re=e1 ( nitro-glyc]9e resembles a h\se ( c>ds1 s nicely balanc$ t x w j /&1 b w fall to pieces at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,:5 ?is is suppli$ by a slight p]cussion ! molecule falls to pieces & is resolv$ into its con/itu5t atoms1 :i* ru% toge!r 9 accordance ) _! natural aff9ities1 =m+ an imm5se volume ( gas1 p>tly ( wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam :]e oxyg5 has comb9$ ) hydrog51 & p>tly ( c>bonic dioxide :]e x has comb9$ ) c>bon1 leav+ ! nitrog5 atoms to pair (f1 & rev]t to _! orig9al =m ( two-atom molecules ( nitrog5 gas4 ,x is z if ill-assort$ c\ples1 :o _h be5 unit$ by matrimonial bonds ti$ by ! manuvres ( ,belgravian mo!rs1 f\nd !mselves sudd5ly fre$ by a decree ( divorce a v9culo matrimonii1 & ru%$ impetu\sly into ea* o!r's arms1 accord+ to ! laws ( _! respective aff9ities4 ,s /rik+ is ! similitude t "o ( ,goe!'s be/-kn[n novels1 ! #8,wahlv]w&s*aft51' takes its title f ! human play ( ^! *emical reactions4 ,! enorm\s en]gy develop$ :5 ^! atomic =ces are let loose & a va/ volume ( gas almo/ in/antane\sly creat$1 is atte/$ by ! de/ructive =ce by :i* ! h>de/ rocks are %att]$ to pieces & ! /ronge/ build+s ov]?r[n4 ,^! loves & hatr$s1 or1 z !y are t]m$1 *emical aff9ities & repulsions ( ! atoms1 are ! pr9cipal means by :i* ! mat]ial /ructure ( ! univ]se is built up f ! orig9al elem5ts4 ,! e>?1 or solid cru/ ( ! planet we inhabit1 consi/s ma9ly ( oxidis$ bases1 & is due to ! aff9ity ( oxyg5 = silicon1 calcium1 alum9ium1 iron1 & o!r prim>y elem5ts ( :at are call$ metals4 ,?is aff9ity enables !m to make /able comp\nds1 :i*1 "u ! exi/+ conditions ( temp]ature & o!rwise1 hold toge!r & are n readily decompos$4 ,wat] 9 l mann]1 9 all its =ms ( waves1 seas1 lakes1 riv]s1 cl\ds1 & invisible vap\r1 is due to ! aff9ity betwe5 oxyg5 & hydrog5 =m+ a /able comp\nd4 ,salt aga9 is ow+ to ! aff9ity ( *lor9e = sodium1 & s = ne>ly all ! v>i\s products ) :i* we are famili>1 oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 ! air we brea! be+ almo/ ! only elem5ts :i* exi/ 9 _! prim>y & uncomb9$ /ate 9 any consid]able quantities1 & =m an ess5tial "p ( ! conditions :i* r5d] our planet a habitable abode = man & o!r =ms ( life4 ,we %all see pres5tly some?+ m ( ! nature ( ^! aff9ities1 & ! laws by :i* !y act2 b be=e ent]+ on ?is bran* ( ! subject we mu/ consid] ! rema9+ =m 9 :i* ! "o inde/ructible en]gy ( ! univ]se manife/s itself1 viz4 t ( electricity4 ,electricity is ! mo/ subtle & ! lea/ und]/ood ( ^! =ms4 ,9 its simple/ =m x appe>s z ! result ( friction betwe5 dissimil> sub/ances4 ,?us if we rub a glass rod ) a piece ( silk1 tak+ c>e t bo? are w>m & dry1 we f9d t ! glass has acquir$ ! prop]ty ( attract+ light bodies1 su* z little bits ( pap]1 or balls ( eld]-pi?4 ,o!r sub/ances1 su* z seal+-wax & amb]1 h ! same prop]ty4 ,pursu+ our rese>* fur!r we f9d t ?is influ5ce is n1 l t ( gravity1 uni=m & always act+ 9 ! same direction1 b ( two k9ds1 equal & opposite4 ,if we t\* ! pi?-ball by ! excit$ glass rod1 x w aft] contact be repell$2 b if we br+ ! ball :i* has be5 excit$ by contact ) ! glass )9 ! influ5ce ( a /ick ( seal+-wax :i* has be5 excit$ by rubb+ x ) w>m dry flannel1 ! ball in/ead ( be+ repell$ is attract$4 ,conv]sely1 if ! pi?-ball has be5 fir/ t\*$ by excit$ seal+-wax1 x w aft]w>ds be repell$ by excit$ seal+-wax & attract$ by excit$ glass4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t !re are two opposite electricities1 & t bodies *>g$ ) simil> electricities repel1 & ) unlike electricities attract1 "o ano!r4 ,= conv5i5ce1 "o ( ^! electricities1 t develop$ 9 glass1 is call$ positive1 & ! o!r negative2 & x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r1 & t :5ev] "o electricity is produc$1 j z mu* is produc$ ( an opposite description4 ,if positive electricity is produc$ 9 glass by rubb+ x ) silk1 j z mu* negative electricity is produc$ ^u ! silk4 ,ano!r prim>y fact is t "s sub/ances are able to c>ry away & diffuse or neutralise ?is peculi> influ5ce call$ electricity1 :ile o!rs are unable to d s & reta9 x4 ,! =m] are call$ conductors1 ! latt] non-conductors4 ,?us1 glass is an insulator or non-conductor1 :ile metal is a conductor ( electricity2 & ! reason :y ! sub/ances rubb$ toge!r1 z glass & silk1 mu/ be dry is t wat]1 9 all its =ms1 is a conductor :i* c>ries away ! electricity z fa/ z x is produc$4 ,^! facts h giv5 rise to a !ory--:i* is aft] all n s mu* an explanation z a conv5i5t mode ( express+ ! facts--( ! exi/5ce ( two opposite electric fluids1 :i*1 9 ! ord9>y or unexcit$ body1 are comb9$ & neutralise "o ano!r1 b are sep>at$ by friction1 & fl[ 9 opposite directions1 accumulat+ at opposite poles1 or1 x may be1 "o be+ accumulat$ at "o pole1 :ile ! o!r is diffus$ ?r\gh "s conduct+ m$ium & lo/ sight (4 ,! active electricity1 be x positive or negative1 ?us accumulat$ at "o pole1 & reta9$ !re by ! sub/ance 9 contact ) x be+ a non-conductor1 di/urbs by its influ5ce ! electrical equilibrium ( any body br\ght ne> to x1 sep>ates its two fluids1 & attracts ! "o opposite to itself4 ,?is attraction draws ! light body t[>ds x until contact ensues1 :5 ! electric fluid ( ! excit$ body fl[s into ! small] "o1 s t its opposite electricity is expell$1 & x is 9 ! same condition z its excit]1 & !re=e liable to be repell$ by a simil> excit]1 or attract$ by an opposite "o :i* =m]ly repell$ x4 ,x is evid5t1 )\t go+ fur!r1 t !re is a great analogy betwe5 electrical en]gy & ^? ( heat & ( *emical aff9ity4 ,! same me*anical "w--viz4 friction--:i* g5]ates heat1 g5]ates electricity4 ,! *ief diff]5ce seems to be t friction may be trans=m$ into heat :5 ! same sub/ances are rubb$ toge!r1 z 9 ! case ( obta9+ fire by ! friction ( wood2 b electricity c only be obta9$ by friction betwe5 dissimil> sub/ances4 ,?us no electricity is obta9$ by rubb+ glass ^u glass1 or silk ^u silk1 or ^u glass cov]$ ) silk1 ?\gh a slight diff]5ce ( texture is sometimes suffici5t to sep>ate ! electric fluids4 ,?us if two pieces ( ! same silk ribbon are rubb$ toge!r1 l5g?ways1 no electricity is produc$1 b if crossways1 "o is positively1 & ! o!r negatively1 electrifi$4 ,9 ?is respect ! analogy is evid5t to *emical aff9ity1 :i*1 9 l mann]1 only acts betwe5 dissimil> bodies4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to c>ry ! pro( ( ! id5tity ( ^! =ms ( en]gy beyond ! sph]e ( vague analogy1 we mu/ foll[ up electricity f> beyond ! simple manife/ations ( ! glass rod & seal+-wax1 & pursue x to its orig91 9 ! trans=mations ( *emical action & me*anical "w1 9 ! voltaic batt]y1 ! electric telegraph1 ! telephone1 & ! dynamo4 ,! voltaic batt]y1 9 its simple/ =m1 is a tr\gh conta9+ an acid liquid 9 :i* pairs ( plates ( diff]5t metals are imm]s$4 ,x is evid5t t if ! action ( ! acid on ea* metal 7 precisely ! same1 equal quantities ( ea* w\ld be dissolv$ 9 ! acid1 & ! equilibrium ( *emical en]gies w\ld n be affect$4 ,b1 ! action be+ diff]5t1 ?is equilibrium is di/urb$1 & if ! sum ( ^! di/urbances = a numb] ( sep>ate pairs ( plates c be accumulat$1 x w become consid]able4 ,?is is done by connect+ ! plates ( ! same metal 9 ea* cell by a metallic wire cov]$ by "s non-conduct+ sub/ance4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two wires1 "o to ! "r h&1 ! o!r to ! left1 ! loose extremities ( :i* are call$ ! poles ( ! batt]y4 ,if we te/ ^! poles z we did ! glass rod & /ick ( seal+-wax1 we f9d t "o pole is *>g$ ) positive & ! o!r ) negative electricity4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *emical en]gy1 ^: equilibrium 0 di/urb$ by ! unequal action ( ! acid on ! plates ( diff]5t metals1 has be5 trans=m$ into electrical en]gy manife/+ itself1 z x always does1 "u ! condition ( two equal & opposite pol>ities4 ,if we connect ^! two poles ) "o ano!r ! two electricities ru% toge!r & unite1 & !re is e/abli%$ :at is call$ an electrical curr5t circulat+ r\nd ! batt]y4 ,z ! *emical action ( ! acid on ! metals is n mom5t>y b cont9u\s1 ! acid tak+ up molecule aft] molecule ( ! metal1 s also ! curr5t is cont9u\s4 ,:5 we call x a curr5t1 ! t]m is us$ = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 = z ! curr5t1 z we %all pres5tly see1 w fl[ along ! wire or o!r conduct+ sub/ance = imm5se di/ances1 z across ! ,atlantic1 ) a velocity ( _m ?\s&s ( miles p] second1 we c1 no m ?an 9 ! case ( light1 figure x to ourselves z an actual transf] ( mat]ial p>ticles swept along z by a riv] runn+ ) ?is enorm\s velocity1 b necess>ily z a transmission ( "s =m ( motion travell+ by waves or tremors ?r\gh ! all-p]vad+ e!r 9 :i* ! atoms ( ! conduct+ wire are float+4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! effect ( ^! electric curr5ts is v v>i$ & v en]getic4 ,x c produce int5se heat1 = if1 in/ead ( unit+ ! two poles1 we connect !m by a ?9 plat9um wire1 x w1 9 a few seconds1 become heat$ to r$ness4 ,if ! connect+ wire is ?ick]1 heat w equally be g5]at$ b less int5se1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! analogy to ! curr5t :i* ru%es ) m impetuosity ?r\gh a n>r[ ?an ?r\gh a wide *annel4 ,if ! poles are tipp$ ) a solid sub/ance l c>bon1 ^: p>ticles rema9 solid "u great heat1 :5 !y are br\ght ne>ly toge!r int5se light is produc$ & ! c>bon sl[ly burns away4 ,?is produces :at is call$ ! arc light1 :i* gives su* a /rong illum9at+ p[] & is com+ into g5]al use = light+ up l>ge spaces4 ,ano!r trans=mation is back aga9 into *emical en]gy1 :i* is %[n by ! p[] ( ! electric curr5t to decompose comp\nd sub/ances4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! poles ( a batt]y are plung$ into a vessel conta9+ wat]1 ! molecules ( ! wat] w be decompos$ & bubbles ( oxyg5 gas w rise f ! positive1 & ( hydrog5 f ! negative1 pole4 ,ano!r effect ( electrical curr5ts is t ( attraction & repulsion on "o ano!r4 ,if two p>allel wires1 free to move1 c>ry curr5ts fl[+ 9 ! same direction z f positive to negative1 or vice v]s1 !y w attract "o ano!r2 if 9 opposite directions1 !y w repel4 ,electrical curr5ts also "w by way ( induction1 t is1 !y di/urb ! electrical equilibrium ( bodies br\ght )9 _! influ5ce & induce curr5ts 9 !m4 ,?us1 if we h two circul> coils ( insulat$ wire plac$ ne> ea* o!r1 "o on ! "r h&1 ! o!r on ! left1 & connect ! extremities ( ! "r-h& coil ) ! poles ( a batt]y1 :5 ! connection is fir/ made & ! curr5t beg9s to fl[1 a mom5t>y curr5t 9 ! opposite direction w pass ?r\gh ! left-h& coil4 ,?is w cease1 & z long z ! curr5t cont9ues to fl[ ?r\gh ! "r-h& coil !re w be no curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r2 b if we break ! contact betwe5 ! "r-h& coil & ! batt]y1 !re w be aga9 a mom5t>y curr5t ?r\gh ! left-h& coil1 b ?is "t 9 ! same direction z ! o!r4 ,! same effect w be produc$ if1 in/ead ( mak+ & break+ contact 9 ! "r-h& coil1 we keep ! curr5t con/antly fl[+ ?r\gh x1 & make ! "r-h& coil alt]nately approa* & rec$e f ! o!r coil4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ! "r-h& coil approa*es1 x induces an opposite curr5t 9 ! left-h& "o2 & :5 x rec$es1 "o 9 ! same direction z t ( ! prim>y4 ,^! ph5om5a ( induction prep>e u to und]/& ! nature ( magnets1 & ! magnetic effects produc$ by electrical curr5ts4 ,if an insulat$ wire is wrapp$ r\nd a cyl9d] ( s(t or unmagnetic iron1 & a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! wire1 ! cyl9d] is conv]t$ into a magnet & becomes able to su/a9 weights4 ,if ! curr5t ceases1 ! cyl9d] is no long] a magnet1 & drops ! weight4 ,a magnet is !re=e evid5tly a sub/ance 9 :i* electric curr5ts are circulat+ at "r angles to its axis1 & a p]man5t magnet is "o 9 :i* su* curr5ts p]man5tly circulate f ! con/itution ( ! body )\t be+ suppli$ f )\t4 ,! e>? is su* a magnet1 & also iron & o!r sub/ances1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 x is easy to see :y an electrical curr5t deflects ! magnetic ne$le4 ,if su* a ne$le is susp5d$ freely ne> a wire p>allel ) x1 on a curr5t be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! wire x mu/ attract if simil>1 or repel if dissimil>1 ! curr5ts :i* are circulat+ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! ne$le1 & ?us t5d to make ! ne$le sw+ into a position at "r angles ) ! wire s t its curr5ts may be p>allel to t ( ! ne$le4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! ne$le 9 its ord9>y condition po9ts to ! nor? & s\?1 or r to ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?1 because its curr5ts are influ5c$ by ! e>? curr5ts :i* circulate p>allel to ! magnetic equator4 ,! deviation ( ! ne$le f ?is direction1 caus$ by any o!r curr5t1 l t pass$ along ! wire1 w dep5d on ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 :i* may be measur$ by ! am\nt ( deflection ( ! ne$le4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! ne$le deflects1 viz4 :e!r ! nor? pole sw+s to ! "r or to ! left1 w dep5d on ! direction ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! direction ( ! circul> curr5ts :i* =m a magnet is su* t if y look t[>ds ! nor? pole ( a freely susp5d$ cyl9drical magnet--i4e4 if y /& on ! nor? ( x & look s\?w>ds--! positive curr5t w asc5d on y\r "r h&1 or on ! we/ side1 & desc5d on ! ea/4 ,x foll[s t unlike poles mu/ necess>ily attract1 & l poles repel "o ano!r1 = 9 ! =m] case ! circul> curr5ts :i* face ea* o!r are go+ 9 ! same1 & 9 ! latt] 9 opposite directions4 ,! read] is n[ 9 a position to und]/& ! pr9ciple ( ! electric telegraph1 t wond]ful inv5tion :i* has revolutionis$ human int]c\rse &1 to a great ext5t1 annihilat$ space & "t4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! discov]y made by ,o]/$1 a ,dani% savant1 t ! effect ( an electric curr5t 0 to make a magnet sw+ r\nd1 9 ! endeav\r to place itself at "r angles to x4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( insulat$ copp] wire is su* t x practically makes no diff]5ce :e!r "o ( ! wires connect$ ) ! pole ( a batt]y is two feet or #b1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 & ! e>?1 be+ a conduct+ m$ium1 supplies an equal ext5sion f ! o!r pole1 s t a clos$ electric circuit may be e/abli%$ across ! ,atlantic z easily z )9 ! walls ( a laboratory4 ,if1 !re=e1 a magnetic ne$le is susp5d$ at ! ,am]ican end1 x w respond to e electrical curr5t1 & to any int]ruption1 r5ewal1 or rev]sal ( t curr5t e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ne$le may ?us be made to sw+ to ! "r or left1 by =m+ or rev]s+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! wire2 & x w return to its position :5ev] ! curr5t is int]rupt$1 & repeat its movem5t :5ev] ! curr5t is r5ew$4 ,9 fact x may be made to move l ! arm ( ! old-fa%ion$ telegraph1 or ( a railway signal4 ,x only rema9s to h a ma*9e by :i* ! op]ator c =m & int]rupt curr5ts rapidly1 & a code by :i* c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! ne$le /& = c]ta9 lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & y h ! electric telegraph4 ,!re are _m +5i\s applications ( ! ma*9]y1 b 9 pr9ciple !y all resolve !mselves into trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,*emical en]gy is trans=m$ into electric en]gy1 & t aga9 into me*anical "w 9 mov+ ! ne$le4 ,! telephone is ano!r in/ance ( simil> trans=mations4 ,"h spok5 words create vibrations ( ! air1 :i* cause correspond+ vibrations 9 a ?9 plate or disc ( metal at "o end1 :i* are convey$ by int]m$iate ma*9]y to a simil> disc at ! o!r end1 ^: vibrations cause simil> vibrations 9 ! air1 reproduc+ ! spok5 words at a di/ance :i* may be a great _m miles f ! speak]4 ,! great inv5tions ( mod]n sci5ce :i* h s revolutionis$ society are all in/ances ( ! laws ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,man makes ! p[]s ( nature available = 8 purposes by trans=m+ !m backw>ds & =w>ds1 n[ into "o1 n[ into ano!r =m ( en]gy1 z requir$ = ! result he wi%es to atta94 ,he wants me*anical p[] to pump wat] or drive a locomotive or /eamboat3 he gets x f ! /eam-eng9e1 by trans=m+ ! en]gy ( heat 9 coal1 :i* came ages ago f ! en]gy ( *emical action produc$ by ! sun's rays 9 ! gre5 leaves ( gr[+ plants4 ,he wants to s5d messages 9 a few seconds across ! ,atlantic3 he does x by trans=m+ *emical en]gy into electricity 9 a voltaic batt]y1 s5d+ its vibrations along a conduct+ wire1 & conv]t+ x at ! f> end into me*anical p[]1 mak+ a magnetic ne$le turn on its axis & give signals4 ,if1 in/ead ( s5d+ a message1 he wants to hold a conv]sation at a di/ance1 he inv5ts ! telephone1 by :i* s\nd-vibrations ( air are trans=m$ into vibrations ( a disc1 !n into electric curr5ts1 !n into vibrations ( a di/ant disc1 & f9ally back aga9 to spok5 words4 ,or1 if he wants light1 he turns electricity into x by tipp+ ! poles ( 8 batt]y ) c>bon & br++ !m close toge!r4 ,! late/ inv5tions ( electrical sci5ce--! dynamo & ! accumulator--af=d rem>kable in/ances ( ?is conv]tibility ( "o primitive en]gy into diff]5t =ms4 ,9 ! in/ance j quot$ ( obta9+ light f electricity by ! voltaic batt]y1 ! co/ has hi!rto prov$ an ob/acle to its adoption4 ,! electrical en]gy is all obta9$ f ! trans=mation ( ! heat produc$ 9 ! cells by ! *emical action on ! metal us$1 :i* is commonly z9c4 ,n[1 ! heat ( comb9ation ( z9c ) oxyg5 is only ab\t "o-six? ( t ( coal1 :ile ! co/ ( z9c is ab\t tw5ty times z great4 ,!oretically1 !re=e1 en]gy got by burn+ z9c co/s #abj times z mu* z t got by burn+ coal4 ,practically ! diff]5ce is n ne>ly s great1 = !re is v little loss ( en]gy 9 ! batt]y by ! process ( conv]sion1 :ile ! be/ /eam-eng9e _c conv]t into "w z mu* z tw5ty p] c5t1 ( ! heat en]gy 9 ! coal consum$4 ,/ill1 aft] mak+ e all[ance1 ! co/ ( en]gy f z9c rema9s "s tw5ty times z great z f coal1 s t unless "s process is f\nd = obta9+ back ! z9c z a residual product1 !re is no prospect ( ?is =m ( electricity be+ g5]ally available = light or = me*anical p[]4 ,! dynamo is an in/rum5t inv5t$ = ! me*anical g5]ation ( electricity by tak+ advantage ( ! pr9ciple t electrical en]gy is produc$ by mov+ magnets ne> coils ( wire1 or coils ( wire ne> magnets4 ,a curr5t is ?us />t$ by induction1 &1 once />t$1 ! me*anical p[] ex]t$ 9 mak+ ! magnet or coils revolve is cont9ually conv]t$ into electricity until ! accumulat$ electrical en]gy becomes v p[]ful4 ,! orig9al en]gy comes ( c\rse f ! coal burn$ 9 ! /eam-eng9e :i* makes ! magnet or coils revolve4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t z ! dynamo g5]ates an electric curr5t if made to revolve1 conv]sely x may be made to revolve itself if an electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh x f an ext]ior s\rce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 available n only z a s\rce ( light 9 ! =m] case1 b z a direct s\rce ( me*anical p[] 9 ! latt]4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t electric eng9es are con/ruct$ & electric railways are work$4 ,"h also x is a "q ( co/ & conv5i5ce1 = y c only get electricity en\gh ei!r to light a /reet or to drive an eng9e1 by an orig9al /eam-eng9e or o!r motive p[] to "w ! dynamo1 & a sy/em ( conduct+ wires to convey ! electricity to ! place :]e ! light or p[] is want$4 ,:]e ! motive p[] is suppli$ by nature1 z 9 ! case ( tidal or riv] curr5ts or wat]falls1 x is q possible t p[] may be obta9$ 9 ?is way to compete ) t obta9$ directly f ! /eam-eng9e2 b !re are z yet consid]able practical difficulties to be ov]come 9 ! transmission ( any l>ge am\nt ( en]gy = long di/ances4 ,to ov]come "s ( ^! difficulties ! accumulator has be5 inv5t$1 :i* af=ds yet ano!r rem>kable in/ance ( ! trans=mation ( en]gy4 ,x consi/s ( two lead plates imm]s$ 9 acidulat$ wat]4 ,:5 a /rong electrical curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! wat]1 x decomposes x1 ! oxyg5 go+ to "o lead plate & ! hydrog5 to ! o!r4 ,! oxyg5 attacks ! lead plate to :i* x goes1 =m+ p]oxide ( lead2 :ile ! hydrog5 r$uces any oxide 9 ! o!r plate1 produc+ pure lead1 & leav+ a film ( surplus hydrog5 on ! surface4 ,! *>g+ curr5t is !n rev]s$1 s t ! latt] plate is n[ attack$ & ! =m] "o r$uc$1 :5 ! curr5t is aga9 rev]s$4 ,by cont9u+ ?is process ! surfaces ( bo? lead plates become por\s1 s t !y pres5t a l>ge surface1 & c !re=e hold a great deal ( p]oxide ( lead4 ,! *>g+ curr5t be+ n[ brok51 ! oxyg5 :i* has be5 =cibly sep>at$ f ! liquid seeks to recomb9e ) hydrog52 & if ! two lead plates are jo9$ by a wire1 ?is ef=t ( ! oxyg5 g5]ates an electrical curr5t 9 ! opposite direction to ! orig9al "o1 :i* is ! curr5t utilis$4 ,electricity is ?us /or$ up 9 a portable box1 :]e x c be kept till want$1 :5 x is drawn out by connect+ ! plates1 & z a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy has be5 accumulat$ ! curr5t :i* is produc$ la/s = a consid]able "t4 ,un=tunately accumulators are bulky1 heavy1 & exp5sive1 & ne>ly half ! en]gy ( ! orig9al *>g+ curr5t is lo/ 9 obta9+ ! rev]s$ or work+ curr5t4 ,!y are !re=e n z yet adapt$ = g5]al use1 ?\gh p]fectly capable ( supply+ ei!r light or motive p[]1 = bo? :i* purposes !y h be5 successfully appli$ 9 special cases4 ,! future bo? ( electric p[] & electric light+ is n[ r$uc$ entirely to a "q ( co/2 & ?\gh x is h>d to beat gas & ! /eam-eng9e1 ) *eap coal1 & air & wat] = no?+1 x is possible t by us+ natural s\rces ( p[] to move dynamos1 & by obta9+ z9c back z a residual product 9 batt]ies1 electricity may 9 c]ta9 cases c>ry ! day4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pol>ity ,,9 ,,matt]4 ,ultimate elem5ts ( univ]se--,built up by pol>ity--,exp]im5t ) magnet--,*emical aff9ity--,atomic poles--,alkalies & acids--,quantival5ce--,atomicity--,isom] ism--,*emical /ability--,!rmo*emi/ry--,def9ition ( atoms--,all matt] built up by pol> =ces4 ,i almo/ fe> t by ?is "t "s ( my read]s may ?9k t ,i h s$uc$ !m "u false pret5ces to read long *apt]s ( dry sci5ce1 :5 !y _h be5 l$ f ! introduction to anticipate discussions on ! m imm$iately int]e/+ topics ( morals1 religions1 & philosophies4 ,my excuse mu/ be t ^! sci5tific subjects are really ( extreme int]e/ 9 !mselves & indisp5sable z a solid basis = ! sup]/ructure to be rais$ on !m4 ,h[ c ,i attempt to %[ t ! law ( pol>ity ext5ds to ! m complex problems ( human ?\ght & life1 if ,i fail 9 e/abli%+ its application to ! simpl] case ( inorganic =ce & matt]8 ,x mu/ be recollect$ also t among ! primitive pol>ities is t ( au?or & read]4 ,x is my "p to endeav\r to pres5t ! lead+ facts & laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se 9 su* pla9 & popul> language t ! ord9>y read] :o has nei!r "t nor faculty = special /udies may appreh5d !m cle>ly )\t excessive ef=t1 or extraord9>y intellig5ce4 ,b x is ! read]'s "p to supply a fair av]age am\nt ( att5tion1 & above all to feel an int]e/ 9 int]e/+ matt]s4 ,clev]ness & curiosity are v mu* conv]tible t]ms1 & ! cle>e/ exposition is ?r[n away on ! torpid m9d :i* views ! m>vell\s univ]se 9 :i* he has ! privilege to live1 ) ! /upid apa?y ( ! savage1 tak+ ?+s z !y come )\t c>+ to "k any?+ ab\t !m4 ,= ! read]'s "p ( ! "w ,i am n responsible2 b = my own ,i am1 & ,i proce$ !re=e to give 9 my own way1 & ) ! be/ faculty t is 9 me1 a cle> summ>y ( su* ( ! fundam5tal facts & laws ( nature z seem necess>y = ! "w ,i h und]tak54 ,f ! prec$+ *apt]s we are n[ able to realise :at are ! ultimate elem5ts ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & x rema9s to %[ h[ !y are put toge!r4 ,! elem5ts are e!r1 en]gy1 & matt]4 ,fir/1 e!r3 a univ]sal1 all-p]vad+ m$ium1 impond]able or inf9itely light1 & almo/ inf9itely ela/ic1 9 :i* all matt]1 f suns & planets d[n to molecules & atoms1 float z 9 a b\ndless ocean1 & ^: tremors or vibrations1 propagat$ z waves1 transport ! diff]5t =ms ( en]gy1 light1 heat1 & electricity1 across space4 ,secondly1 en]gy3 a primitive1 inde/ructible some?+1 :i* causes motion & manife/s itself "u its _m div]sifi$ =ms1 su* z gravity1 me*anical "w1 molecul> & atomic =ces1 light1 heat1 electricity1 & magnetism1 all ( :i* are m]ely ,protean trans=mations ( ! "o fundam5tal en]gy1 & conv]tible into ea* o!r4 ,?irdly1 matt]3 ! ultimate elem5ts ( ?is are atoms1 :i* comb9$ =m molecules1 or little pieces ( ord9>y matt] ) all its qualities1 :i* are ! bricks us$ 9 build+ all ! v>i$ /ructures ( ! organic & inorganic worlds4 ,( ^! atoms "s sev5ty h nev] yet be5 divid$1 & !re=e1 al?\gh we may suspect t !y are m]ely comb9ations or trans=mations ( "o orig9al matt]1 we mu/ be cont5t = ! pres5t to consid] !m z elem5t>y4 ,9 l mann] we may suspect t matt] is 9 reality only ano!r =m ( en]gy1 & t ! impression ( solidity is giv5 by ! action ( a repell5t =ce :i* is v en]getic at %ort di/ances4 ,if ?is 7 e/abli%$ we might look =w>d to ! g5]alisation t en]gy 0 ! "o reality ( nature2 b = ! pres5t x is a m]e speculation1 & we mu/ be cont5t ) ov] sev5ty elem5t>y atoms z ultimate facts4 ,9 any case ?is mu* is c]ta91 t matt]1 l en]gy1 is inde/ructible4 ,we h absolutely no exp]i5ce ( ei!r ( !m be+ creat$ or annihilat$4 ,nay1 m1 we h no faculties to enable u ev5 to conceive h[ some?+ c be made out ( no?+1 & all we "k1 or c ev] "k1 ab\t ^! primitive con/itu5ts ( ! univ]se is ( _! laws ( exi/5ce1 _! evolutions & _! trans=mations4 ,m9ute z ! atoms & molecules are1 we mu/ conceive ( !m n z /ation>y & indissolubly connect$1 b r z little sol> sy/ems 9 :i* revolv+ atoms =m ! molecule1 & revolv+ molecules =m ! matt]1 held toge!r z sep>ate sy/ems by _! prop] en]gies & motions1 until "s sup]ior =ce intrud+ breaks up ! sy/em & sets its compon5ts free to =m new comb9ations4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple :i* ?us =ms1 un-=ms1 & re-=ms ! v>i\s comb9ations ( atomic & molecul> sy/ems by :i* ! _w is built up f its con/itu5t elem5ts8 ,x is pol>ity4 ,z ,i began ) ! illu/ration ( ! magnet introduc+ ord] & h>mony into ! confus$ mass ( iron fil+s1 let me take ?is o!r illu/ration f ! same s\rce4 ,if we place an iron b> 9 contact ) ! pole ( a magnet1 ! b> becomes itself a magnet ) opposite poles to ! orig9al "o1 s t z opposite poles attract1 ! iron b> adh]es to x4 ,br+ a lump ( nickel 9 contact ) ! fur!r end or free pole ( ! iron b>1 & ! nickel also w be magnetis$ & adh]e4 ,let ! lump ( nickel be z l>ge z ! pole ( ! iron b> is able to support1 & n[ br+ a lump ( s(t iron ne> ?is pole4 ,x w drop ! nickel & take ! iron4 ,?is is exactly simil> to ^? cases ( *emical aff9ity 9 :i* a molecule drops "o ( its factors & takes on ano!r to :i* its attraction is /rong]4 ,if iron ru/s 9 wat] x is because ! oxyg5 atom drops hydrog5 to take iron j z ! magnet dropp$ nickel4 ,! pol>ity ( *emical elem5ts is atte/$ by ! fact t :5 comp\nds are decompos$ by ! electric curr5t1 ! diff]5t elem5t>y sub/ances appe> at diff]5t poles ( ! batt]y4 ,?us1 oxyg51 *lor9e1 & non-metallic sub/ances appe> at ! positive pole2 :ile hydrog51 potassium1 & metals g5]ally1 appe> at ! negative "o4 ,! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t ! atoms _h 9 ea* case an opposite pol>ity to t ( ! poles to :i* !y 7 attract$4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! fact t ! radicals1 i4e4 ! elem5t>y atoms or gr\ps ( atoms :i* h opposite pol>ities1 comb9e readily2 :ile ^? :i* h ! same pol>ity1 z two metals1 h b slight aff9ity = ea* o!r4 ,l !re=e attracts unlike1 z 9 all cases ( pol>ity1 & ! great] ! degree ( unlik5ess ! /rong] is ! attraction4 ,?us1 ! radicals ( all alkalies are electro-positive1 & appe> at ! negative pole ( a batt]y2 :ile ^? ( acids are all electro-negative1 & ! high] ea* /&s 9 its respective scale ( pol>ity ! m /rongly does x %[ ! peculi> qualities ( acid or alkali & ! m eag]ly does x comb9e ) its opposite4 ,acids & alkalies are1 9 fact1 all memb]s ( ! same class ( comp\nds call$ hydrates1 because a s+le atom ( hydrog5 is a common feature 9 _! composition4 ,?is atom is c\pl$ ) a s+le atom ( oxyg51 :i* may be conceiv$ ( z ! c5tral magnet hold+ ! hydrog5 atom at "o pole1 :ile at ! o!r x holds ei!r a s+le atom ( "s metallic elem5t1 su* z potassium or sodium1 or a gr\p consi/+ ( su* an elem5t toge!r ) atoms ( oxyg51 s con/itut$ z to pres5t a s+le pole to ! attraction ( ! c5tral oxyg5 atom4 ,?us1 if ,k /&s = kali or potassium1 ,n = nitrog51 ,o = oxyg51 & ,h = hydrog51 we may h ! comp\nds ,h--,o--,k & ,o _/ ,h--,o--,n 4 ,o ,! =m] is ! molecule ( potassic hydrate1 :i* is ! mo/ cau/ic or /ronge/ ( alkalies2 ! latt]1 t ( nitric acid1 ! mo/ corrosive or p[]ful ( acids4 ,^! are ! extremes ( ! s]ies1 ( :i* !re are _m int]m$iate memb]s1 all be+ m or less alkal9e1 t is cau/ic & turn+ litmus-pap] blue1 :5 ! ?ird elem5t is a simple metallic atom2 & acid1 corrosive1 & turn+ litmus-pap] r$1 :5 x is a comp\nd radical ( a gr\p ( metallic & oxyg5 atoms4 ,?is %[s to :at an ext5t :ole classes ( sub/ances may h a g5]al resemblance 9 _! con/itution1 & yet diff] mo/ widely 9 _! qualities by ! sub/itution ( "o elem5t = ano!r4 ,^! special qualities may be made to dim9i% & f9ally disappe> by mix+ ! two opposite sub/ances1 or1 z x is call$1 neutralis+ an acid by an alkali or an alkali by an acid4 ,?us1 if hydro*loric acid1 ,h,cl1 be p\r$ into a solution ( sodic-hydrate1 ,na--,o--,h1 ! alkal9e qualities ( ! latt] dim9i% & f9ally disappe>1 ! result ( ! neutral solution be+ wat]1 ,h--,o--,h1 & sodic-*loride1 or common salt1 ,na--,cl4 ,x is evid5t t ?is result has be5 produc$ by ! hydrog5 atom 9 ,h--,cl & ! sodium atom 9 ,na--,o--,h *ang+ places1 ! =m] pref]r+ to unite ) oxyg5 to =m wat]1 :ile ! displac$ sodium atom f9ds a refuge ) *lor9e4 ,! oxyg5 atom has dropp$ sodium & tak5 hydrog51 j z ! magnet dropp$ nickel & took iron4 ,?is pol>ity ( *emical elem5ts manife/s itself 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 "s cases x appe>s l t ( a magnet1 9 :i* !re are two opposite poles1 & two only1 "o at ea* end4 ,?us oxyg5 7,o7 is bipol>1 & its atom holds toge!r two atoms ( hydrog5 7,h7 9 =m+ ! molecule ( wat]1 :i* may be repres5t$ z ,h-,o-,h1 :i* is equival5t to ,illu/ration4 ,o!rs aga91 l hydrog5 & *lor9e1 seem to h only a s+le pole1 z 9 ! case ( electricity 9 an excit$ glass rod1 & h to create = !mselves ! opposite pole1 :i* is ! indisp5sable condition ( all pol>ity1 by induction 9 ano!r body4 ,?us1 muriatic or hydro*loric acid is =m$ by ! union ( a s+le atom ( *lor9e1 :i* is /rongly negative1 ) a s+le atom ( hydrog51 9 :i* x appe>s to h induc$ a positive pole3 ?\gh ! comb9ation is n a v /able "o1 = if an elem5t ) a /rong] positive pole ( its own is pres5t$ to ! *lor9e1 x drops ! hydrog51 j z ! magnet drops ! nickel4 ,o!r atoms are multipol>1 & seem z if made up ( m ?an "o magnet1 or r z if ! atom _h regul> %ape l a triangle1 squ>e1 or p5tagon1 & ea* angle 0 a pole1 ?us enabl+ x to unite ) ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or m atoms ( o!r sub/ances4 ,?us1 "o atom ( nitrog5 unites ) ?ree ( hydrog51 "o ( c>bon ) f\r ( hydrog51 & s on4 ,e sub/ance has1 !re=e1 :at is call$ its #8quantival5ce1' or p[] ( unit+ ) x a great] or less quantity ( o!r atoms1 & conv]sely t ( replac+ 9 comb9ations o!r atoms1 or gr\ps ( atoms1 ! sum ( ^: quantival5ce equals its own4 ,?us1 "o atom ( c>bon1 :i* has f\r poles1 comb9es ) f\r atoms ( hydrog5 or *lor9e1 :i* is unipol>1 b ) only two ( oxyg51 :i* are bipol>2 :ile ! oxyg5 atom comb9es ) two ( hydrog51 & t ( *lor9e ) "o atom only ( hydrog54 ,! analogy betwe5 ! s+le atomic & electrical poles on ! "o h&1 & ! dual & magnetic poles on ! o!r1 w be evid5t if we consid] :at occurs if a pi?-ball1 electrifi$ positively1 is br\ght ne> a simil> ball electrifi$ negatively4 ,!y attract ea* o!r1 & ! "o becomes ! pole ( ! o!r2 b if sep>at$1 ea* c>ries ) x its own electrical *>ge4 ,b ! sep>ate balls or poles1 ?\gh no long] influ5c+ ea* o!r1 are n isolat$1 = ea* draws by induction an electrical *>ge opposite to its own to ! extremity ( ! ne>e/ conductor1 & ?us creates = itself a new or second pole4 ,pol>ity1 9 fact1 involves opposition ( relations1 or two poles1 & electrical only diff]s f magnetic pol>ity 9 ! fact t 9 ! latt] ! two poles are 9 ! same body1 :ile 9 ! =m] !y are 9 sep>ate bodies4 ,= pi?-balls read atoms1 & we h an explanation ( ! unival5t atoms l ^? ( *lor9e & sodium :i* act z s+le poles2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t su* atoms are nev] f\nd isolat$1 b are always associat$ 9 a molecule ) at lea/ "o o!r atom :i* =ms ! opposite pole ( ! molecul> sy/em4 ,bival5t or magnetic atoms1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* h two poles1 l ^? ( m]cury & z9c1 may con/itute a complete pol> sy/em & be f\nd isolat$1 & =m ! class ( molecules :i* consi/ ( s+le atoms4 ,?is conception ( ! pol>ity ( atoms enables u to und]/& ! way 9 :i* ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances exi/+ 9 ! _w is built up f a comp>atively few simple elem5ts4 ,atoms & radicals1 :i* are multipol>1 c attract & =m molecules ) z _m o!r atoms or radicals z !y h poles4 ,?is is call$ _! degree ( atomicity1 :i* is ! same z _! quantival5ce2 & ea* ( ^! atoms or radicals may be replac$ by "s o!r atom or radical1 :i* pres5ts to any pole a m p[]ful pol>ity4 ,?us1 comp\nds may be built up ( great & v>i$ complexity1 = ! quality ( any comp\nd may be greatly alt]$ by any "o ( ! sub/itutions at any "o ( ! poles4 ,& ! molecules1 or small specim5s ( matt]1 may be ?us built up into v complex aggregations ( atoms1 "s s+le molecules conta9+ m ?an a hundr$ atoms4 ,?us1 c>bon has f\r poles1 or is quadrival5t1 & its atoms possess ! p[] ( comb9+ among !mselves to an almo/ indef9ite ext5t & =m+ gr\ps ( great /ability4 ,?us1 c>bon radicals may be =m$ 9 v great numb]1 ea* af=d+ a nucleus ^u :i* comp\nd radicals may be built up1 s t c>bon has be5 aptly call$ ! skeleton ( almo/ all ! v>i$ comp\nds ( ! m complex =ms ( inorganic matt] z well z ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( organic life4 ,nor is ?is all1 = ! qualities ( sub/ances dep5d n only on ! qualities ( _! con/itu5t elem5ts1 b also on ! mann] 9 :i* ^! elem5ts are gr\p$4 ,two sub/ances may h exactly ! same *emical composition & yet be v diff]5t4 ,we may suppose t ! same elem5ts affect u diff]5tly accord+ z !y are gr\p$4 ,?us1 ! same bricks may be built up ei!r into a cube or pyramid1 :i* =ms are extremely /able & c only be tak5 9 pieces brick by brick2 or into a ,go?ic ar*1 :i* all tumbles to pieces if a s+le brick =m+ ! key/one is displac$4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 butyric acid1 :i* gives ! (f5sive od\r to rancid butt]1 has exactly ! same composition z acetic e!r1 :i* gives ! flav\r to a ripe apple4 ,!y consi/ ( ! same numb] ( atoms ( ! same elem5ts--c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5--unit$ 9 ! same proportions4 ,?is applies to a numb] ( sub/ances1 & is call$ ,isom]ism1 or =mation ( diff]5t :oles f ! same p>ts4 ,! pr9ciple ( pol>ity1 !re=e1 aid$ by ! subsidi>y conditions ( quantival5ce1 atomicity1 & isom]ism1 gives ! clue to ! con/ruction ( ! inorganic _w out ( "s sev5ty elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,( ! sub/ances ?us =m$1 :e!r ( molecules or ( comb9ations ( molecules1 "s are /able & "s un/able4 ,z a rule ! simpl] comb9ations are ! mo/ /able1 & in/ability increases ) complexity4 ,?us ! diamond1 :i* is m]ely a cry/al ( pure c>bon1 is v h>d & inde/ructible2 :ile dynamite1 or nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* is a v complex comp\nd1 explodes at a t\*4 ,! /ability ( a sub/ance dep5ds p>tly on ! /able /ructure ( its compon5t elem5ts1 & p>tly on _! mutual aff9ity be+ /rong en\gh to keep !m toge!r 9 pres5ce ( ! attractions ( o!r outside elem5ts1 :i*1 9 ! case ( mo/ natural sub/ances at ! surface ( ! e>?1 consi/ pr9cipally ( air & wat]4 ,?us1 ! rocks1 e>?s1 metallic oxides1 wat]1 c>bonic dioxide1 & nitrog5 are extremely /able1 & resi/ decomposition1 or *emical union ) o!r sub/ances1 ) great en]gy4 ,) reg>d to all sub/ances ?is law holds good1 t ! t5d5cy is to fall back f a less /able to a m /able condition1 & t su* a fall+ back is always att5d$ ) an evolution ( heat2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 heat is always absorb$ & disappe>s :5ev] ! elem5ts ( a m /able sub/ance are made to ent] into a less /able condition4 ,?us1 :5 wood burns1 !re is a fall+ back f a sub/ance un/able1 on acc\nt ( its aff9ity = ! oxyg5 9 ! air1 into ! /able products1 c>bonic dioxide & wat]1 & ! heat evolv$ is ! effect ( ?is fall4 ,z ! t5d5cy ( all *anges is t[>ds /ability we arrive at ! foll[+ law1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t g5]alisations ( mod]n *emi/ry3 ,9 all cases ( *emical *ange ! t5d5cy is to ^? products ^: =mation w det]m9e ! greate/ evolution ( heat4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n imply t ! t5d5cy may n be ov]come & un/able products =m$1 = j z a weight may be lift$ aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity1 s may ! *emical t5d5cy be ov]come by a suffici5t en]gy act+ aga9/ x4 ,heat is ! pr9cipal means ( supply+ ?is en]gy1 & by increas+ x suffici5tly n only are molecules drawn ap>t & mo/ solids conv]t$ into fluids & f9ally into gases1 b !re is reason to believe t at extremely high temp]atures1 su* z may prevail 9 ! sun1 all matt] w\ld be resolv$ into isolat$ or dissociat$ atoms4 ,?us1 wat] at a temp]ature ( #a1bjj is resolv$ into a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 atoms no long] *emically unit$ into wat]-molecules2 & iod9e-vap\r1 :i* bel[ #gjj degrees consi/s ( molecules ( two atoms1 above t temp]ature consi/s ( s+le atoms only4 ,! subject might be pursu$ fur!r1 b en\gh has be5 said = ! pres5t purpose to %[ t ! univ]se consi/s ( atoms :i* are end[$ ) pol>ity1 & t z dim9i%$ temp]ature all[s ^! atoms to come clos] toge!r & =m comp\nds1 matt] 9 all its =ms is built up by ! action ( pol> =ces4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pol>ity ,,9 ,,life4 ,contra/ ( liv+ & dead--,eat+ & be+ eat5--,trace matt] upw>ds & life d[nw>ds--,colloids--,cells--,protoplasm- -,mon]a--,composition ( protoplasm--,ess5tial qualities ( life--,nutrition & s5sation--,motion--,reproduction--,spont ane\s g5]ation--,organic comp\nds--,pol> conditions ( life4 ,pol>ity hav+ be5 e/abli%$ z ! univ]sal law ( ! inorganic _w1 we h n[ to pass to ! organic1 or _w ( life4 ,at fir/ sight !re seems to be a great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead :i* no bridge c span4 ,b fir/ impressions are v apt to deceive u1 & :5 ?+s are trac$ up to _! orig9s we (t5 f9d !m gett+ ne>] & ne>] until x is difficult to say :]e "o beg9s & ! o!r ends4 ,take = in/ance su* an anti!sis z #8eat+ or be+ eat54' ,if a hunt] meets a grizzly be> 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 "o w\ld say t no di/9ction c be %>p] ?an :e!r ! be> eats ! man1 or ! man ! be>4 ,9 ! "o case !re is a man1 & 9 ! o!r a be>1 less 9 ! _w4 ,b look ?r\gh a microscope at a glass ( wat]1 & y may see two specks ( jelly-l sub/ance swimm+ 9 x4 ,!y are liv+ creatures1 = !y eat & gr[1 & ?ru/ out & retract processes ( _! =mless mass1 :i* s]ve z tempor>y legs & arms = seiz+ food & = volunt>y motion4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ea* :at may be call$ /rictly individual amb1 =m+ sep>ate units ( ! animat$ creation z mu* z ! man & ! be>4 ,b if ! two happ5 to come 9 contact1 :at happ5s8 ,! two slimy masses involve "o ano!r & coalesce1 & ! result+ amba swims away m]rily z two g5tlem5 roll$ into "o4 ,n[ 9 8 case :at became ( _! individualities3 did amba ,a eat amba ,b1 or vice v]s1 & is ! result+ amba a survival ( ,a or ( ,b1 or ( bo? or nei!r ( !m8 ,& :at becomes ( ! anti!sis ( #8eat+ or be+ eat5' :i* 0 s cle> & di/9ct 9 ! highly specialis$ =ms ( life1 & is s evanesc5t 9 ! simpl] =ms8 ,?is illu/ration may s]ve to tea* u h[ necess>y x is to trace ?+s up to _! orig9s1 be=e express+ too tr5*ant & confid5t op9ions z to _! nature & relations4 ,9 ! case ( ! organic & inorganic worlds ! prop] c\rse obvi\sly is1 n to draw conclusions f extreme & highly specialis$ in/ances1 b to foll[ life d[nw>ds to its simple/ & mo/ primitive =m1 & matt] upw>ds to ! =m :i* approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ?is =m ( life4 ,foll[+ matt] upw>ds1 we f9d a regul> progression f ! simple to ! complex4 ,take ! diamond1 :i* is "o ( ! simple/ ( sub/ances1 be+ m]ely ! cry/allis$ =m ( a s+le ultimate elem5t1 c>bon4 ,x is extremely h>d & extremely /able4 ,asc5d+ to comp\nds ( two1 ?ree1 or m elem5ts1 we get sub/ances :i* are m complex & less /able2 & at la/ we arrive at comb9ations :i* involve _m elem5ts & are extremely complex4 ,among ^! latt] sub/ances are "s1 call$ colloids1 :i* are nei!r solid1 l cry/als1 nor fluid1 l liquids1 b 9 an int]m$iate /ate1 l jelly or ! :ite ( an egg1 9 :i* ! molecules h great mobility & are at a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 s t wat] c p5etrate _! mass4 ,^! colloids are = ! mo/ "p v complicat$ comp\nds ( v>i\s elem5ts bas$ on a nucleus ( c>bon1 :i*1 f its atom hav+ f\r poles ) /rong mutual attractions1 is em95tly qualifi$ = =m+ :at may be call$ ! inn] skeleton ( ^! complex comb9ations4 ,colloids ( ?is description =m ! la/ /age ( ! asc5d+ l9e f inorganic matt] to organic life4 ,next let u trace life d[nw>ds t[>ds matt]4 ,!re is a con/ant succession f ! m to ! less complex & diff]5tiat$3 f man1 ?r\gh mammals1 reptiles1 fi%es1 & a long *a9 ( m simple =ms1 until at its end we come to ! two la/ l9ks1 :i* are ! same = all animals1 all plants1 & all =ms ( animat$ exi/5ce4 ,! la/ l9k b "o is ! cell1 ! la/ ( all is protoplasm4 ,protoplasm1 or1 z ,huxley calls x1 #8! physical basis ( life1' is a col\rless jelly-l sub/ance1 absolutely homog5e\s1 )\t p>ts or /ructure1 9 fact a m]e microscopic speck ( jelly4 ,! cell is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! specialisation ( protoplasm1 ! out] lay] ( :i*1 9 contact ) ! surr\nd+ environm5t1 becom+ h>d5$ s z to =m an enclos+ cell-wall1 :ile a portion ( ! enclos$ protoplasm cond5ses into a nucleus1 9 :i* a fur!r cond5sation makes :at is call$ ! nucleolus or second small] nucleus4 ,?is con/itutes ! nucleat$ cell1 ^: repeat$ subdivision into o!r simil> cells 9 geometrical progression furni%es ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* all ! v>i$ /ructures ( ! _w ( life are built up4 ,plants & animals1 bones1 muscles1 & organs ( s5se1 are all compos$ ( modifi$ cells1 h>d5$1 flatt5$1 or o!rwise alt]$1 z ! case may require4 ,if we trace life up to its orig9 9 ! individual in/ead ( 9 ! species1 we arrive at ! same result4 ,all plants & animals1 :e!r ( ! l[e/ or highe/ =ms1 fi%1 reptile1 bird1 mammal1 man1 beg9 _! individual exi/5ce z a speck ( protoplasm1 pass+ into a nucleat$ cell1 :i* conta9s 9 x ! :ole pr9ciple ( its subsequ5t evolution into ! mature & complet$ =m4 ,protoplasm is1 !re=e1 evid5tly ! ne>e/ approa* ( life to matt]2 & if life ev] orig9at$ f atomic & molecul> comb9ations1 x 0 9 ?is =m4 ,to suppose t any m complex =m ( life1 h[ev] humble1 c\ld orig9ate f *emical comb9ations1 w\ld be a violation ( ! law ( evolution1 :i* %[s a uni=m developm5t f ! simple to ! complex1 & nev] a sudd5 jump pass+ at a b\nd ov] int]m$iate grades4 ,to und]/& life1 !re=e1 we mu/ und]/& protoplasm2 = protoplasm1 closely z x approximates to colloid matt]1 is ?or\ghly alive4 ,a :ole family1 ! ,mon]a1 consi/ simply ( a liv+ globule ( jelly1 :i* has n ev5 begun to be diff]5tiat$4 ,e molecule1 z 9 a cry/al1 is ( homog5e\s *emical composition & an epitome ( ! :ole mass4 ,!re are no special p>ts1 no organs told (f = p>ticul> functions1 & yet all life-functions--nutrition1 reproduction1 s5sation1 & movem5t--are p]=m$1 b ea* by ! :ole body4 ,! jelly-speck becomes a m\? to swall[1 & turn+ inside out1 a /oma* to dige/4 ,x %oots out tongues ( jelly to move & feel )1 & pres5tly )draws !m4 ,) ^! attributes x is impossible to d5y to protoplasm ! full attributes ( life1 or to d\bt t1 l ! atom 9 ! mat]ial _w1 x is ! prim>y elem5t ( organic or liv+ exi/5ce4 ,giv5 ! atom1 we c trace up1 /ep by /ep1 ! :ole evolution ( matt]2 s giv5 ! protoplasm1 we c trace up ! evolution ( life by progressive /ages to its highe/ developm5t--man4 ,to und]/& life1 !re=e1 we mu/ beg9 by try+ to und]/& protoplasm4 ,:at is protoplasm8 ,9 its sub/ance x is a nitrog5\s c>bon comp\nd1 diff]+ only f o!r simil> comp\nds ( ! album9\s family ( colloid by ! extremely complex composition ( its atoms4 ,x consi/s ( five elem5ts1 & its av]age composition is said by *emi/s to be #ebee p] c5t4 c>bon1 #babc oxyg51 #aeag nitrog51 #fg hydrog51 #ab sulphur4 ,its peculi> qualities1 !re=e1 includ+ life1 are n ! result ( any new & peculi> atom add$ to ! kn[n *emical comp\nds ( ! same family1 b ( ! mann] ( gr\p+ & motions ( ^! well-kn[n mat]ial elem5ts4 ,x has 9 a rem>kable degree ! faculty ( absorb+ wat]1 s t its molecules seem to float 9 x 9 a condition ( semi-fluid aggregation1 :i* seems to be necess>y = ! complex molecul> movem5ts :i* are ! cause or accompanim5t ( life4 ,?us1 _m se$s & animalcul1 if p]fectly dry1 may rema9 app>5tly z dead & z un*ang+ z cry/als1 = ye>s1 or ev51 z 9 ! case ( ! mummy :eat1 = c5turies1 to revive into life :5 moi/5$4 ,b 9 addition to ^? mat]ial qualities 9 :i* protoplasm seems to diff] only f a :ole gr\p ( simil> comp\nds ( ! type ( glyc]9e1 by ! great] complexity & mobility ( its molecules1 x has develop$ ! new & peculi> elem5t :i* is call$ life4 ,life 9 its ess5ce is manife/$ by ! faculties ( nutrition1 s5sation1 movem5t1 & reproduction4 ,z reg>ds nutrition !re is ?is ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ matt]4 ,! latt]1 if x fe$s & gr[s at all1 does s only by tak+ on fre% molecules ( its own sub/ance on its out] surface1 z 9 ! case ( a small nucleus-cry/al ( ice 9 freez+ wat]4 ,if x fe$s on =eign matt] & ?r\gh\t its mass1 x does s only 9 ! way ( *emical comb9ation1 =m+ a new product4 ,liv+ matt]1 on ! o!r h&1 fe$s int]nally1 & works up =eign sub/ances1 by ! process we call dige/ion1 into molecules l its own1 :i* x assimilates1 reject+ z wa/e any surplus or =eign matt] :i* x _c incorporate4 ,x ?us gr[s & decays z assimilation or wa/e prepond]ates1 rema9+ always itself4 ,! di/9ction w be cle> if we consid] :at happ5s :5 wat] ru/s iron4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! iron may be said to eat ! oxyg51 reject ! hydrog51 & gr[1 or increase 9 weight by :at x fe$s on2 b ! result is n a bigg] piece ( iron1 b a new sub/ance1 ru/1 or oxide ( iron4 ,t liv+ matt] %\ld fe$ int]nally is n s wond]ful1 = its semi-fluid condition may well enable =eign molecules to p5etrate its mass & come 9 contact ) its own int]ior molecules2 b x is an exp]i5ce diff]5t f any?+ kn[n 9 ! inorganic _w t x %\ld be able to manufacture molecules ( protoplasm l its own out ( ^! =eign molecules1 & ?us gr[ by assimilation4 ,= in/ance1 :5 amb1 bact]ia1 & o!r l[ organisms live & multiply 9 *emical solutions :i* conta9 no protoplasm1 b only inorganic comp\nds conta9+ ! requisite atoms = mak+ protoplasm1 or :5 a plant n only *emically decomposes c>bonic dioxide1 exhal+ ! oxyg5 & deposit+ ! c>bon 9 its /em & leaves1 b also f ?is & o!r elem5ts drawn f ! soil or air manufactures ! liv+ protoplasm :i* c\rses ?r\gh its *annels1 ! result is t life has manufactur$ life out ( non-liv+ mat]ials4 ,if we take s5sation1 ?is1 9 its la/ analysis1 is *ange1 or molecul> motion1 induc$ 9 a body by ! action ( its environm5t4 ,"h !re is a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ matt]1 = ! latt] does respond to *anges 9 ! surr\nd+ environm5t1 z 9 ! case ( heat1 electricity1 & o!rwise2 b liv+ matt] is f> m s5sitive1 ! *anges are f> m frequ5t & complex1 & 9 c]ta9 cases !y are accompani$ by a s5sation ( :at is call$ consci\sness1 :i* 9 ! high] organisms rises into a p]ception ( volunt>y ef=t or free-w z a factor 9 ! trans=mation ( en]gies4 ,?us x happ5s t 9 ! case ( dead matt] ! *anges produc$ by a *ange ( conditions foll[ fix$ laws & c be pr$ict$ & calculat$1 :ile ^? ( liv+ matt] are app>5tly unc]ta9 & caprici\s4 ,we c tell h[ mu* an iron b> w exp& ) heat2 b we _c say :e!r1 if a p>ticle ( food is br\ght )9 rea* ( an amba1 x w or w n %oot out a f+] to seize x4 ,if ! amba is hungry x probably w2 if x is enjoy+ a sie/a aft] a full meal1 x probably w n4 ,! case ( s5sation includes t ( motion1 :i* is aft] all only s5sation appli$ 9 ! lib]ation ( en]gy ( position :i* has by "s *emical process become /or$ up1 ei!r 9 ! liv+ mass1 or 9 "s special organ ( x1 su* z muscle4 ,iron1 = in/ance1 moves :5 x exp&s by heat or is attract$ by a magnet2 b x moves1 l ! planets1 by fix$ & calculable laws3 :ile liv+ matt] moves1 z might be expect$ f ! v>iable "* ( its s5sation1 9 a mann] :i* (t5 _c be calculat$4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 ( reflex or involunt>y motion1 :]e1 ev5 9 ! highe/ liv+ organisms1 s5sation & motion seem to foll[ *ange ( environm5t1 9 a fix$ & inv>iable sequ5ce1 z 9 %r9k+ f pa91 t\*+ or galvanis+ a n]ve2 & x may be t ! app>5t spontane\sness & v>iability ( liv+ motion is only ! result ( ! almo/ inf9itely great] complexity & mobility ( ! elem5ts ( liv+ matt]4 ,reproduction rema9s1 :i* is ! faculty mo/ *>act]i/ic ( life1 & :i* di/+ui%es mo/ %>ply ! organic f ! inorganic _w4 ,9 ! inorganic !re is no kn[n process by :i* dead matt] reproduces itself1 z ! cell does :5 x contracts 9 ! middle & splits up into two cells1 :i* 9 _! turn propagate an endless numb] ( simil> cells1 increas+ 9 geometrical progression until !y supply ! raw mat]ial f :i* all ! c\ntless v>ieties ( liv+ organisms are built up1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 repeat ! process & reproduce !mselves 9 (fspr+4 ,?is is ! real my/]y ( life2 we c p>tly see or suspect h[ its o!r faculties might arise f an ext5sion ( ! kn[n qualities & laws ( matt] & ( en]gy2 b we c disc]n no analogy betwe5 ! non-reproductive nitrog5\s c>bon comp\nd1 :i* makes s ne> an approa* to protoplasm 9 its *emical composition1 & ! reproductive protoplasm1 :i* is f]tile1 increases & multiplies1 & repl5i%es ! e>?4 ,c ! gap be bridg$ ov]3 c protoplasm be manufactur$ out ( *emical elem5ts8 ,x is done e day by plants :i* make protoplasm out ( inorganic elem5ts1 & by ! l[e/ =ms ( life :i* live & multiply 9 *emical solutions4 ,x is done also 9 ! life-hi/ory ( all individuals ^: primitive cell or ovum makes ?\s&s or millions ( o!r cells1 ea* conta9+ )9 its enclos+ membrane z mu* protoplasm z !re 0 9 ! unit f :i* !y />t$4 ,b 9 all ^! in/ances !re 0 ! liv+ pr9ciple to />t )1 exi/+ 9 ! primitive speck ( protoplasm1 f :i* ! re/ 7 develop$4 ,c ?is primitive speck be creat$2 or1 9 o!r words1 c protoplasm be artificially manufactur$ by *emical processes8 ,! answ] mu/ be1 ,no2 n by any process n[ kn[n4 ,! simil>ity ( *emical composition1 & ! increas+ conviction ( ! univ]sality ( natural law & ( evolution1 h l$ to a v g5]al belief t su* a spontane\s g5]ation ( life mu/ be possible1 & num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made to produce x4 ,= a "t ! balance seem$ to be v ev5ly held betwe5 ! support]s & oppon5ts ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,9 fact1 />t+ f ! assumption1 :i* at fir/ 0 common to bo? sides1 t heat equal to ! boil+ po9t ( wat] de/roy$ all life organisms1 spontane\s g5]ation _h ! be/ ( x3 = x 0 cle>ly prov$ t liv+ organisms did appe> 9 infusions conta9$ 9 vessels :i* _h be5 h]metically seal$1 aft] be+ subject$ to ?is1 or ev5 a high] degree ( heat4 ,b subsequ5t & m c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t ! g]ms or spores ( bact]ia & o!r animalcul1 :i* are g5]ally float+ 9 ! air1 c1 :5 dry1 )/& a great] degree ( heat1 & t :5 ! exp]im5ts are made 9 optically pure air no life ev] appe>s & ! infusions nev] putrefy4 ,on que/ions ( ?is sort all :o are n !mselves exp]t exp]im5tali/s mu/ be guid$ by au?ority1 & we may be cont5t to accept ! dictum ( ,huxley t biog5esis1 or all life f previ\s life1 0 #8victori\s along ! :ole l9e4' ,b 9 do+ s we mu/ accept ,huxley's caution1 #8t ) organic *emi/ry1 molecul> physics1 & physiology yet 9 _! infancy1 & e day mak+ prodigi\s /rides1 x w\ld be ! height ( presumption = any man to say t ! conditions "u :i* matt] assumes ! qualities call$ vital1 may n "s day be artificially br\ght toge!r4' ,& fur!r1 #8t z a matt] n ( pro( b ( probability1 if x 7 giv5 me to look beyond ! abyss ( geologically record$ "t1 to ! /ill m remote p]iod :5 ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh *emical & physical conditions :i* x c nev] see aga91 ,i %\ld expect to be a witness ( ! evolution ( liv+ protoplasms f non-liv+ matt]4' ,su* is ! cauti\s c&\r ) :i* sci5tific m5 approa* problems ^u :i* !ologians dogmatise ) ! un]r+ intrepidity ( ignorance4 ,9 ! meantime :at may be said z to ,huxley's res]vations is ?is3 ,a consid]able /ep has be5 made 9 ! direction indicat$1 by ! success ( rec5t *emi/ry 9 =m+ artificially :at are call$ organic comp\nds1 t is1 sub/ances :i* 7 previ\sly kn[n only z products ( animal or vegetable secretions4 ,urea1 = in/ance1 ! base ( uric acid1 ) :i* s _m are un=tunately famili> 9 ! =m ( g\t2 indigot9e1 ! pr9ciple ( ! blue col\r+ matt] ( ! indigo plant2 & aliz>9e1 t ( madd]2 are all n[ produc$ artificially1 & h ev5 become important articles ( comm]ce4 ,if *emi/s c make ! indigot9e1 :i* ! gr[+ plant elaborates at ! same "t z x elaborates protoplasm1 may we n hope "s day to make ! latt] z well z ! =m] product8 ,n[ organic comp\nds ( ?is class are be+ =m$ artificially e day1 & x is said t *emi/s h already succe$$ 9 produc+ sev]al hundr$s4 ,b ev5 if ?is expectation is nev] fulfill$1 we may fall back on ,huxley's second res]vation ( ! enorm\s diff]5ce ( *emical & physical conditions 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! e>?'s life f any?+ n[ kn[n4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! e>?'s temp]ature :5 x fir/ />t$ on its c>e] z an indep5d5t planet 0 some?+ l #c1jjj1jjj ,fahr5heit4 ,at ?is heat probably all atoms w\ld be dissociat$2 b z ! temp]ature dim9i%$ !y w\ld come clos] toge!r1 b /ill ) a great deal ( motion1 & mak+ wide excursions1 :i* might br+ _m diff]5t atoms toge!r 9 complex ?\gh un/able comb9ations4 ,moreov]1 c>bon1 :i* is ! basis ( all su* comb9ations ( ! class ( protoplasm1 0 f> m abundant 9 ^? e>ly days 9 ! =m ( c>bonic dioxide gas1 be=e ! enorm\s am\nt ( vegetable matt] 9 ! =m ( coal & o!rwise1 _h be5 subtract$ f x4 ,9 any case ! fir/ protoplasm mu/ be extremely anci5t1 = ! rema9s ( sea-we$s are f\nd 9 ! olde/ /rata1 & vegetation ( any sort implies ! manufacture ( protoplasm f inorganic matt]4 ,! passage f ! organic into ! inorganic _w is be/ trac$ by foll[+ ! l9e ( ,pa/eur's rese>*es on f]m5ts4 ,h[ does ! _w escape be+ *ok$ up by ! accumulation ( dead organic matt] ?r\gh\t innum]able ages8 ,by :at are call$ f]m5ts1 induc+ processes ( f]m5tation & putrefaction1 by :i* ! c\rse ( life is rev]s$1 & ! organic elem5ts are tak5 to pieces & re/or$ to ! inorganic _w4 ,pa/eur prov$1 9 opposition to ! !ories ( ,liebig & o!r old] *emi/s1 t ?is 0 n done directly by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 b ?r\gh ! int]m$iate ag5cy ( liv+ microbes1 ^: spores1 float+ 9 ! air1 took up _! abode & multipli$ :]ev] !y f\nd an appropriate habitation4 ,giv5 an air purifi$ f g]ms1 or a temp]ature l[ en\gh to prev5t !m f g]m9at+1 & putrescible sub/ances w\ld keep sweet = ev]4 ,! practical realisation ( ?is is se5 9 ! enorm\s comm]ce 9 cann$ meats & fruits1 & 9 ! imports ( froz5 beef & mutton1 caus+ a fall ( r5ts & mu* lam5tation among ,briti% l&lords & f>m]s4 ,b !n ! "q 0 ask$1 ,h[ are y\r microscopic organisms dispos$ (8 ,:at are ! f]m5ts ( y\r f]m5ts8 ,= ev5 microscopic bact]ia & vibrios w\ld1 9 "t1 *oke up ! _w by _! residue if n got rid (4 ,pa/eur answ]$ t ! f]m5ts are de/roy$ by a new s]ies ( organisms--a]obes--liv+ 9 ! air1 & ^! by o!r a]obes 9 succession until ! ultimate products are oxidis$4 #8,?us1 9 ! de/ruction ( :at has liv$1 all is r$uc$ to ! simultane\s action ( ! ?ree great natural ph5om5a--f]m5tation1 putrefaction1 & sl[ combu/ion4 ,a liv+ be+1 animal or vegetable1 or ! dbris ( ei!r1 hav+ j di$1 is expos$ to ! air4 ,! life t has ab&on$ x is succe$$ by life "u o!r =ms4 ,9 ! sup]ficial p>ts1 accessible to ! air1 ! g]ms ( ! inf9itely little a]obes fl\ri% & multiply4 ,! c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog5 ( ! organic matt] are trans=m$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & "u ! vital activity ( ! a]obes1 into c>bonic acid1 ! vap\r ( wat]1 & ammonia4 ,! combu/ion cont9ues z long z organic matt] & air are pres5t toge!r4 ,at ! same "t ! sup]ficial combu/ion is go+ on1 f]m5tation & putrefaction are p]=m+ _! "w 9 ! mid/ ( ! mass by means ( ! develop$ g]ms ( ! orig9al microbes1 :i*1 note1 d n ne$ oxyg5 to live1 b :i* oxyg5 causes to p]i%4 ,gradually ! ph5om5a ( de/ruction are at la/ accompli%$ ?r\gh ! "w ( lat5t f]m5tation & sl[ combu/ion4' ,?is seems a complete demon/ration ( ! passage ( ! organic into ! inorganic _w 9 ! way ( analysis1 or tak+ ! puzzle to pieces4 ,9 ! opposite way ( syn!sis1 or putt+ x toge!r1 ! ne>e/ approa* yet made has be5 9 ! manufacture ( ^? organic comp\nds already ref]r$ to1 su* z urea1 aliz>9e1 indigot9e & o!r products :i* _h hi!rto only be5 kn[n z products ( animal or vegetable life4 ,( ^! a va/ numb] h be5 already =m$ f inorganic elem5ts by *emical processes1 & almo/ e day ann\nces "s fre% discov]y4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is unsafe to affirm ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 t ! problem has be5 solv$ & t life has ev] be5 made 9 a laboratory2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t !re is any su* great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! organic & ! inorganic1 t we c assume a break requir+ second>y sup]natural int]f]5ce to surm\nt x1 & ignore ! good old maxim t #8,natura nihil facit p] saltum4' ,positive pro( is want+1 b ! probabilities po9t "h1 z !y d ev]y:]e else ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 to ! tru? ( ! !ory ( #8orig9al impress' z oppos$ to t ( #8second>y int]f]5ce4' ,x rema9s to %[ h[ ! fundam5tal law ( pol>ity affects ! m complex relations ( life & ( its v>i\s comb9ations4 ,& "h x is important to be> 9 m9d t z ! factors ( ! problem become m intricate & complex1 s also d ! laws :i* regulate _! exi/5ce & action4 ,pol>ity is no long] a simple "q ( attraction & repulsion at ! two ends ( a magnet or at ! opposite poles ( an atom4 ,x appe>s r z a g5]al law "u :i* z ! simple & absolute becomes diff]5tiat$ by evolution into ! complex & manifold1 x does s "u ! condition ( develop+ contra/s4 ,= e plus !re is a m9us1 = e l an unlike2 "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r2 &1 al?\gh app>5tly antagoni/ic1 h>moni\s ord] is only possible by _! co-exi/5ce & mutual balance4 ,?is is s important t x may be well to make ! idea cle>] by an illu/ration4 ,! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun 9 its annual orbit "u ! influ5ce ( two =ces3 ! c5tripetal1 or =ce ( gravity t5d+ to draw x t[>ds ! sun2 & ! c5trifugal1 t5d+ to make x d>t away into inf9ite space4 ,dur+ half ! orbit ! c5tripetal seems to be ga9+ gr\nd on ! c5trifugal1 & ! e>? is approa*+ ne>] to ! sun4 ,if ?is cont9u$ x w\ld revolve ev] ne>] & soon fall into x2 b ! c5trifugal =ce is gradually recruit+ its /r5g? f ! increas$ velocity ( ! e>?1 until x fir/ equals ! c5tripetal1 & f9ally out/rips x1 & = ! rema9+ half ( ! orbit x is con/antly ga9+ gr\nd4 ,if ?is w5t on1 ! e>? w\ld fly (f into ! *illy regions ( out] space2 b ! c5tripetal =ce 9 its turn rega9s ! asc5d5cy2 & ?us by ! balance ( ! two =ces our planet describes ! beautiful ellipse1 its h>moni\s orbit z a habitable globe2 :ile comets 9 :i* "o or ! o!r =ce unduly prepond]ates = long p]iods are alt]nately drawn into fi]y proximity to ! sun1 & s5t c>e]+ ?r\gh regions void ( heat4 ,comp>e ?is passage f ,h]b]t ,sp5c]3 #8,z f antagoni/ physical =ces1 z f antagoni/ emotions 9 ea* man1 s f ! antagoni/ social t5d5cies man's emotions create1 !re always results n a m$ium /ate1 b a rhy?m betwe5 opposite /ates4 ,! "o =ce or t5d5cy is n cont9u\sly c\nt]balanc$ by ! o!r =ce or t5d5cy2 b n[ ! "o greatly prepond]ates1 & pres5tly by reaction !re comes a prepond]ance ( ! o!r4' ,& aga93 #8,!re is n[h]e a balanc$ judgm5t & a balanc$ action1 b always a cancell+ ( "o ano!r by opposite errors4 ,m5 pair (f 9 insane p>ties1 z ,em]son puts x4' ,! read] w n[ beg9 to und]/& ! s5se 9 :i* pol>ity applies to ^! complex conditions ( an advanc$ evolution4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 f ?is digression to ! po9t at :i* x began1 viz4 ! orig9 ( life1 we h to %[ h[ ! law ( pol>ity prevails 9 ! organic z well z 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! mat]ial to :i* all life is atta*$1 f ! speck ( protoplasm to ! bra9 ( man1 is /rictly a *emical product ( atoms & molecules b\nd toge!r by ! same pol> laws z ^? ( inorganic matt]4 ,9 l mann] all ! ess5tial processes by :i* life lives1 moves1 & has its be+1 are equally me*anical & *emical4 ,if ! bra91 receiv+ a telegram f )\t ?r\gh ! optic n]ve1 s5ds a reply along ano!r n]ve :i* lib]ates en]gy /or$ up 9 a muscle & produces motion1 ! messages are receiv$ & transmitt$ l ^? s5t by a voltaic batt]y along ! wires ( a telegraph1 & ! en]gy is /or$ up by ! sl[ combu/ion ( food 9 oxyg51 j z t ( ! /eam-eng9e is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( coal4 ,all ?is is me*anical1 inorganic1 & !re=e pol>4 ,b :5 we come to ! conditions ( life prop]1 we f9d ! influ5ce ( pol>ity ma9ly 9 ?is3 t z x develops f simpl] into m complex =ms1 x does s "u ! law ( develop+ contra/s or opposite pol>ities1 :i* are necess>y complem5ts ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce4 ,?us1 z we asc5d 9 ! scale ( life1 we f9d two primitive pol>ities develop$3 t ( plant & animal1 & t ( male & female4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,primitive ,,pol>ities--,,plant ,,& ,,animal4 ,contra/ 9 develop$ life--,plants produc]s1 animals consum]s--,diff]5ces disappe> 9 simple =ms--,zoophytes--,proti/a--,nummulites-- ,corals--,fungi--,li*5s--,insectivor\s plants--,geological succession--,prim>y p]iod1 ,alg & ,f]ns--,second>y p]iod1 ,gymnosp]ms--,t]ti>y & rec5t1 ,angiosp]ms--,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons--,p>allel evolution ( animal life--,prim>y1 proti/a1 mollusca1 & fi%--,second>y1 reptiles--,t]ti>y & rec5t1 mammals4 ,animals or plants8 ,judg+ by fir/ impressions1 no?+ c be m di/9ct4 ,no "o1 :e!r sci5tific or unsci5tific1 c\ld mi/ake an oak tree = an ox4 ,to ! unsci5tific obs]v] ! tree diff]s 9 hav+ no p[] ( free movem5t1 & app>5tly no s5sation or consci\sness2 9 fact1 h>dly any ( ! attributes ( life4 ,! sci5tific obs]v] sees /ill m fundam5tal diff]5ces1 9 ! fact t ! plant fe$s on inorganic +r$i5ts1 out ( :i* x manufactures liv+ matt]1 or protoplasm2 :ile ! animal c only provide itself ) protoplasm f t already manufactur$ by ! plant4 ,! ox1 :o lives on grass1 c\ld n live on :at ! grass ?rives on1 viz4 c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog54 ,! contra/ is s /rik+ t ! vegetable _w has be5 call$ ! produc]1 & ! animal _w ! consum]1 ( nature4 ,aga91 ! plant d]ives ! mat]ial framework ( its /ructure f ! air1 by brea?+ 9 ?r\gh its leaves ! c>bonic dioxide pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 decompos+ x1 fix+ ! c>bon 9 its roots1 /em1 & bran*es1 & exhal+ ! oxyg54 ,! animal exactly rev]ses ! process1 inhal+ ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 comb9+ x ) ! c>bon ( its food1 & exhal+ c>bonic dioxide4 ,?us1 a complete pol>ity is e/abli%$1 z we see 9 ! aqu>ium1 :]e plant & animal life balance ea* o!r1 & ! opposites live & ?rive1 :]e ! exi/5ce ( ei!r w\ld be impossible )\t ! o!r4 ,%>p1 h[ev]1 z ! contra/ appe>s to be 9 ! m specialis$ & develop$ specim5s ( ! two worlds1 we h "h ano!r in/ance ( ! difficulty ( tru/+ to fir/ impressions1 & h to modify our conceptions greatly1 if we trace animal & vegetable life up to _! simple/ =ms & e>lie/ orig9s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* individual vegetable or animal beg9s its exi/5ce f a simple piece ( pure protoplasm4 ,?is develops 9 ! same way into a nucleat$ cell1 by ^: repeat$ subdivision ! raw mat]ial is provid$ = bo? /ructures alike4 ,! *ief diff]5ce at ?is e>ly /age is t ! animal cells rema9 s(t & nak$1 :ile ^? ( vegetables secrete a comp>atively solid cell-wall1 :i* makes !m less mobile & pla/ic4 ,?is gives great] rigidity to ! frame & tissues ( ! plant1 & prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! f9] organs ( s5sation & o!r vital processes1 :i* *>act]ise ! animal4 ,b ?is is a diff]5ce ( developm5t only1 & ! orig9ation ( ! future life f ! speck ( protoplasm is ! same 9 bo? worlds4 ,if1 in/ead ( look+ at ! orig9 ( individuals1 we trace back ! v>i\s =ms ( animal & vegetable life f ! m complex to ! simpl] =ms1 we f9d ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! two disappe>+1 until at la/ we arrive at a vani%+ po9t :]e x is impossible to say :e!r ! organism is an animal or a plant4 ,a :ole family1 compris+ sponges1 corals1 & jelly-fi%1 are call$ ,zoophytes1 or plant-animals1 f ! difficulty ( assign+ !m to "o k+dom or ! o!r4 ,on ! :ole !y r m resemble animals1 & are g5]ally class$ ) !m1 ?\gh !y lack _m ( _! mo/ ess5tial qualities1 & 9 =m (t5 be> a close resemblance to plants4 ,b :5 we desc5d a /ep l[] 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce we come to a l>ge family--! ,proti/a--( :i* x is impossible to say t !y are ei!r plants or animals4 ,9 fact1 sci5tific obs]v]s h class$ !m sometimes z belong+ to "o & sometimes to ! o!r k+dom2 & x 0 an organism ( ?is class1 look+ at :i* ?r\gh a microscope ,huxley pron\nc$ x to be probably a plant1 :ile ,tyndall exclaim$ t he w\ld z soon call a %eep a vegetable4 ,!y are mo/ly microscopic1 & are ! fir/ /ep 9 organis$ developm5t f ! ,mon]a1 :i* are m]e specks ( homog5e\s protoplasm4 ,small z !y are !y h play$ an important "p 9 ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 = ! little slimy mass ( aggregat$ cells has 9 _m in/ances ! p[] ( secret+ a solid skeleton1 or a m9ute & delicate envelope or %ell1 ! petrifi$ rema9s ( :i* =m entire m\nta9s4 ,?us ! nummulitic lime/one1 :i* =ms high ranges on ! ,alps & ,himalayas1 & ( :i* ! ,pyramids are built1 consi/s ( ! petrifi$ skeletons ( a species ( ,radiol>ia1 or _m-*amb]$ %ells1 =m+ ! complicat$ & elegant mansion ) _m rooms & passages1 ( ! =mless1 slimy mass :i* con/itutes ! liv+ organism4 ,*alk also1 & ! *alk-l =mation :i* is accumulat+ at ! bottom ( deep oceans1 are ! results ( ! long-cont9u$ fall ( ! microscopic sn[drift ( %ells ( ! ,globig5]a & o!r proti/ic =ms swimm+ 9 ! sea2 & 9 a high] /age ( developm5t ! skeletons ( corals1 "o ( ! family ( ,zoophytes or plant-animals1 =m ! coral reefs & isl&s s num]\s 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 & are ! basis ( ! va/ masses ( corall9e lime/one deposit$ 9 ! coal era & o!r pa/ geological p]iods4 ,z developm5t proce$s ! di/9ction betwe5 plants & animals becomes m app>5t1 ?\gh ev5 "h ! simple/ & e>lie/ =ms (t5 %[ signs ( a common orig9 by int]*ang+ "s ( ! fundam5tal attributes ( ! two k+doms4 ,?us1 ! ess5tial condition ( plant exi/5ce is to live on inorganic food1 :i* !y manufacture into protoplasm1 by work+ up simple comb9ations into o!rs m complicat$4 ,_! diet consi/s ( wat]1 c>bonic dioxide1 & ammonia2 !y take 9 c>bonic dioxide & give out oxyg51 :ile animals d exactly ! rev]se4 ,b ! fungi live1 l animals1 ^u organic food consi/+ ( complicat$ comb9ations ( c>bon1 :i* !y assimilate2 &1 l animals1 !y inhale oxyg5 & give out c>bonic dioxide4 ,li*5s af=d a v curi\s in/ance ( ! association ( vegetable & animal functions 9 ! same plant4 ,!y are really =m$ ( two di/9ct organisms3 a body :i* is a l[ =m ( ,alga or sea-we$1 & a p>asitic =m ( fungus1 :i* lives ^u x4 ,! =m] has a plant life1 liv+ on inorganic matt] & =m+ ! gre5 cells1 or *lorophyll1 :i* are ! ess5tial prop]ty ( plants1 enabl+ !m "u ! action ( ! sun's rays to decompose c>bonic dioxide2 :ile ! p>asite lives l an animal on ! =m$ protoplasm ( ! p>5t /em1 =m+ ?reads ( col\rless cells :i* envelop & int]lace ) ! orig9al li*5 ( :i* !y con/itute ! pr9cipal mass1 z 9 a tree ov]gr[n ) ivy4 ,ev5 9 exi/+ & highly develop$ plants we f9d "s curi\s in/ances ( rev]sion t[>ds animal life4 ,c]ta9 plants1 = in/ance1 l ! ,diona or ,v5us' fly-trap1 f9d+ x difficult to obta9 ! requisite supply ( nitrog5\s food 9 a fluid /ate f ! arid or m>%y soil 9 :i* !y gr[1 h acquir$ a habit ( supply+ ! defici5cy by tak+ to an animal diet & eat+ flies4 ,conjo9$ ) ?is is a m highly develop$ s5sitiv5ess1 & p[] ( :at appe>s to be volunt>y motion1 & a faculty ( secret+ a sort ( ga/ric juice 9 :i* ! flies are dige/$4 ,! fundam5tal prop]ty also ( decompos+ c>bonic dioxide & exhal+ oxyg5 dep5ds on light /imulat+ a peculi> *emical action ( ! *lorophyll1 & at night leaves brea! l lungs1 exhal+ n oxyg51 b ! c>bonic dioxide4 ,! records ( geology1 imp]fect z !y are1 %[ a cont9u$ progression f ^! simple & neutral organisms to high] & m diff]5tiat$ =ms1 bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable worlds4 ,^! records are imp]fect because ! s(t bodies ( ! simpl] & = ! mo/ "p microscopic =ms ( protoplasm & cell life are n capable ( be+ pres]v$ 9 petrifactions1 & x is only :5 !y happ5 to h secret$ %ells or skeletons t we h a *ance ( id5tify+ !m4 ,/ill we h a suffici5t numb] ( rema9s 9 ! diff]5t geological /rata to enable u to trace developm5t4 ,?us1 9 ! vegetable _w1 9 ! e>lie/ /rata1 ! ,laur5tian1 ,cambrian1 & ,silurian1 =m+ ! primordial p]iod1 :i* =ms a ?ickness ( "s #gj1jjj feet ( ! e>?'s cru/--or m ?an t ( ! :ole ( ! subsequ5t /rata1 ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 ,t]ti>y1 & ,quat]n>y1 tak5 toge!r--we f9d only vegetable rema9s ( ! l[e/ gr\p ( plants1 t ( ! ,tangles or ,alg1 :i* live 9 wat]4 ,=e/s ( ^! sea-we$s1 l ^? ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 9 "s ( :i* s+le tangles /ream to ! l5g? ( sixty feet1 & float+ masses1 l ^? ( ! ,s>gasso ,sea1 appe> to h con/itut$ ! sole vegetation ( ^! primval p]iods4 ,! ,prim>y epo*1 :i* comes next1 comprises ! ,devonian or ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,coal sy/em1 & ! ,p]mian1 ! av]age ?ickness ( ! ?ree toge!r am\nt+ to ab\t #db1jjj feet4 ,9 ^! ! family ( ,f]ns pr$om9ates1 ! rema9s ( :i* con/itute ! bulk ( ! l>ge /rata ( coal1 =m+ 9 mod]n times our great res\rce = obta9+ ! en]gy :i*1 9 a trans=m$ %ape1 does s mu* ( our "w4 ,p9es beg9 to appe>1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 9 ?is epo*4 ,! ,second>y epo* comprises ! ,triassic1 ! ,jurassic1 & ! ,cretace\s or ,*alk =mation1 ! av]age ?ickness ( ! ?ree am\nt+ to ab\t #ae1jjj feet4 ,9 ?is era a high] species ( vegetation pr$om9ates1 t ( ! ,gymnosp]ms1 or plants hav+ nak$ se$s1 ( :i* ! p9es1 or ,conif]1 & ! palm-f]ns1 or ,cycade1 are ! two pr9cipal classes4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! =m] epo*1 traces ( ! approa*+ high] organisation 9 ! =m ( leaf-be>+ trees began to appe> t[>ds its close4 ,! ,t]ti>y p]iod ext5ds f ! end ( ! ,*alk to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,quat]n>y or mod]n p]iod4 ,x is divid$ into ! ,eoc5e or old]1 ! ,mioc5e or middle1 & ! ,plioc5e or newe/ ,t]ti>y sy/em2 ?\gh ! division is some:at arbitr>y1 dep5d+ on ! numb] ( exi/+ species1 mo/ly ( %ellfi%1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ea*4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! ?ree toge!r is ab\t #c1jjj feet4 ,9 ?is =mation a /ill high] class ( vegetation ( ! same ord] z t n[ exi/+1 :i* made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,*alk p]iod1 has become pr$om9ant4 ,x is t ( ,angiosp]ms1 or plants ) cov]$ se$s1 =m+ leafy =e/s ( true trees4 ,?is gr\p is divid$ into ! two classes ( monocotyl$ons or s+le-se$-lob$ plants1 & dicotyl$ons or plants ) d\ble se$-lobes4 ,! monocotyl$ons spr+ f a s+le g]m leaf1 & are ( simpl] organisation ?an ! o!r class4 ,!y comprise ! grasses1 ru%es1 lilies1 irids1 or*ids1 sea-grasses1 & a numb] ( aquatic plants1 & 9 _! highe/ =m develop into ! tree-l families ( ! palms & bananas4 ,! dicotyl$ons include all =ms ( leaf-be>+ =e/ trees1 almo/ all fruits & fl[]s1 9 fact by f> ! great] "p ( ! vegetable _w famili> to man1 z com+ into imm$iate relation ) x1 except 9 ! case ( ! cultivat$ plants1 :i* are developm5ts ( ! monocotyl$on grasses4 ,we see1 !re=e1 9 ! geological record a confirmation ( ! evolution ov] imm5se p]iods ( "t ( ! m complex & p]fect f ! simple & primitive4 ,if we turn to ! same geological record to trace ! developm5t ( animal life1 we f9d x runn+ a p>allel c\rse ) t ( plants4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n fossil1 ! ,eozoon ,canadi5se1 f ! ,l[] ,laur5tian1 is t ( ! *amb]$ %ell ( a proti/a ( ! class ( ,rhizopods1 ^: s(t body consi/s ( m]e protoplasm :i* has n yet diff]5tiat$ into cells4 ,z we asc5d ! scale ( ! primordial era1 traces ( m>9e life ( ! l[] organisms beg9 to appe>1 until 9 ! ,silurian !y become v abundant1 consi/+ h[ev] ma9ly ( mollusca & cru/acea1 & 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian we f9d ! fir/ traces ( fi%es4 ,9 ! ,prim>y era ! ,devonian & ,p]mian =mations are *>act]is$ by a great abundance ( fi%es1 ( ! antique type1 :i* has no true bony skeleton1 b is clo!d 9 an arm\r ( enamell$ scales1 & ^: tail1 in/ead ( be+ bi-lob$ or =k$1 has "o lobe only--a type ( :i* ! /urgeon & g>pike are ! ne>e/ surviv+ repres5tatives4 ,9 ! ,coal =mation are f\nd ! fir/ rema9s ( l& animals 9 ! =m ( insects & a scorpion1 & a few traces ( v]tebrate amphibi\s animals & reptiles2 :ile high] up 9 ! ,p]mian are f\nd a few m highly develop$ reptiles1 "s ( :i* approximate to ! exi/+ crocodile4 ,/ill fi%es greatly pr$om9ate1 s t ! :ole ,prim>y p]iod may be call$ ! age ( fi%es1 z truly z1 look+ at its flora1 x may be call$ ! age ( f]ns4 ,9 ! ,second>y p]iod reptiles pr$om9ate1 & are develop$ into a great v>iety ( /range & colossal =ms4 ,! fir/ birds appe>1 be+ obvi\sly develop$ f "s ( ! =ms ( fly+ liz>ds1 & hav+ _m reptilian *>act]s4 ,mammals also put 9 a fir/ feeble appe>ance1 9 ! =m ( small1 m>supial1 insectivor\s creatures4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod ! class ( mammals greatly pr$om9ates ov] all o!r v]tebrate animals1 & we c see ! pr9cipal types sl[ly develop+ & diff]5tiat+ into ^? at pres5t exi/+4 ,! human type appe>s pla9ly 9 ! middle ,mioc5e1 9 ! =m ( a l>ge an?ropoid ape1 ! ,dryopi!cus1 & und\bt$ human rema9s are f\nd 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,quat]n>y1 if n1 z _m di/+ui%$ geologi/s believe1 9 ! ,plioc5e & ev5 9 ! ,mioc5e ages4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 !re seems to be a complete p>allelism betwe5 ! evolution ( animal & vegetable life f ! e>lie/ to ! late/1 & f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex =ms4 ,^! facts po9t /rongly to a process ( evolution by :i* ! animal & vegetable worlds1 />t+ f a common orig9 9 protoplasm1 ! l[e/ & simple/ =m ( liv+ matt]1 h gradually advanc$ /ep by /ep1 along div]g+ l9es1 until we h at la/ arriv$ at ! %>p anti!sis ( ! ox & ! oak tree4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ?is evolution has gone on "u :at ,i h call$ ! g5]alis$ law ( pol>ity1 by :i* contra/s are produc$ ( app>5tly opposite & antagoni/ic qualities1 :i* h[ev] are indisp5sable = ea* o!r's exi/5ce4 ,?us animals c\ld n exi/ )\t plants to "w up ! crude inorganic mat]ials into ! complex & mobile molecules ( protoplasm1 :i* are alone suit$ = assimilation by ! m delicate & complex organisation ( animal life4 ,plants1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld n exi/ )\t a supply ( ! c>bonic dioxide1 :i* is _! pr9cipal food1 & :i* animals are cont9ually p\r+ into ! air f ! combu/ion ( _! c>bonis$ food 9 oxyg51 :i* supplies !m ) heat & en]gy4 ,?us nature is "o huge aqu>ium1 9 :i* animal & vegetable life balance ea* o!r by _! contra/$ & supplem5tal action1 &1 z 9 ! inorganic _w1 h>moni\s exi/5ce becomes possible by ?is due balance ( oppos+ factors4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,primitive ,,pol>ities--,,pol>ity ,,( ,,sex4 ,sexual g5]ation--,base ( anci5t cosmogonies--,propagation non-sexual 9 simpl] =ms--,amba & cells--,g]ms & buds--,anemones--,worms--,spores--,orig9 ( sex--,ov>y & male organ--,h]maphrodites--,p>!nog5esis--,be es & insects--,man & woman--,*>act]s ( ea* sex--,woman's position--,improv$ by civilisation--,*ri/ianity ! fem99e pole--,monogamy ! law ( nature--,tone respect+ wom5 te/ ( "*--,wom5 9 lit]ature--,9 society--,attraction & repulsion ( sexes--,l attracts unlike--,ideal m>riage--,woman's rights & mod]n legislation4 #8,male & female creat$ ,he !m4' ,at fir/ sight ?is di/9ction ( sex appe>s z fundam5tal z t ( plant & animal4 ,mank9d1 & all ! high] =ms ( life ) :i* mank9d has relations1 c only propagate _! species 9 "o way3 by ! co-op]ation ( two individuals ( ! species1 :o are ess5tially l & yet unlike1 possess+ attributes :i* are complem5t>y ( "o ano!r1 & ^: union is requisite to orig9ate a new liv+ unit--9 o!r words1 by sexual propagation4 ,s c]ta9 does ?is appe> t all anci5t religions & philosophies beg9 by assum+ a male & female pr9ciple = _! gods1 or fir/ guesses at ! unkn[n fir/ causes ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,?us ,ouranos & ,gaia1 ,heav5 & ,e>?2 ,phbus & ,artemis1 ! ,sun & ,moon3 are all figur$ by ! primitive imag9ation z male & female2 & ! ,_s ( ,god brood+ ov] ,*aos & produc+ ! _w1 is only a lat] edition1 revis$ accord+ to mono!i/ic ideas1 ( ! f> old] ,*aldean leg5d :i* describes ! creation ( ,cosmos out ( ,*aos by ! co-op]ation ( great gods1 male & female4 ,ev5 9 lat] & m advanc$ religions1 traces ( ?is in]adicable t5d5cy to assume diff]5ce ( sex z ! indisp5sable condition ( ! creation ( new exi/5ce are f\nd to l+] & crop up 9 cases :]e !y are altoge!r inapplicable4 ,?us1 9 ! or?odox ,*ri/ian cre$ we are taught to repeat #8begott51 n made1' a phrase :i* is absolute nons5se1 or non-s5se--t is1 an in/ance ( us+ words l c\nt]feit notes1 :i* h no solid value ( an idea beh9d !m4 ,= #8begott5' is a v def9ite t]m1 :i* implies ! conjunction ( two opposite sexes to produce a new individual4 ,unless two deities are assum$ ( diff]5t sexes ! /atem5t has no possible mean+4 ,x is a curi\s in/ance ( atavism1 or ! way 9 :i* ! qualities & ideas ( remote ance/ors sometimes crop up 9 _! po/]ity4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 makes sad havoc ) ?is impression ( sexual g5]ation be+ ! orig9al & only mode ( reproduction1 & ! microscope & dissect+ knife ( ! naturali/ introduce u to new & altoge!r unsuspect$ worlds ( life4 ,by f> ! l>g] proportion ( liv+ =ms1 9 numb] at any rate1 if n 9 size1 h come into exi/5ce )\t ! aid ( sexual propagation4 ,:5 we beg9 at ! beg9n+1 or ) ^? ,mon]a :i* are simple specks ( homog5e\s protoplasm1 we f9d !m multiply+ by self-division4 ,amba ,a1 :5 x outgr[s its natural size1 contracts 9 ! middle & splits into two ,amb1 ,b & ,c1 :i* are exactly l "o ano!r & l ! orig9al ,a4 ,9 fact ,b conta9s "o half ( its p>5t ,a1 & ,c ! o!r half4 ,!y ea* gr[ to ! size ( ! orig9al ,a1 & !n repeat ! process ( splitt+ & duplicat+ !mselves4 ,! next e>lie/ /age 9 ! evolution ( liv+ matt]1 ! nucleat$ cell1 does exactly ! same ?+4 ,! nucleus splits into two1 ea* ( :i* becomes a new nucleus = ! protoplasmic matt] ( ! orig9al cell1 & ei!r multiply )9 x1 or bur/ ! old cell-wall & become two new cells resembl+ ! fir/4 ,! next /age 9 advance is t ( propagation by g]ms or buds1 9 :i* ! organism does n divide into two equal p>ts1 b a small portion ( x swells out at its surface1 & f9ally p>ts company & />ts on a sep>ate exi/5ce :i* gr[s to ! size ( ! p>5t by its inh]5t faculty ( manufactur+ fre% protoplasm f surr\nd+ inorganic mat]ials4 ,?is process may be witness$ any day 9 an aqu>ium conta9+ specim5s ( ! sea-anemone1 :]e ! m9ute new anemones may be se5 9 e =m1 bo? be=e & aft] !y h p>t$ f ! p>5t body4 ,x rema9s "o ( ! pr9cipal modes ( propagation ( ! vegetable _w1 :]e plants are multipli$ f buds ev5 aft] !y h develop$ ! high] mode ( sexual propagation by se$s4 ,9 "s ( ! l[e/ animals1 su* z worms1 ! buds are r$uc$ to a small aggregation ( cells1 :i* =m !mselves into di/9ct individuals inside ! body ( ! p>5t1 & sep>ate f x :5 !y h atta9$ a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,advanc+ /ill fur!r on ! road t[>ds sexual reproduction1 we f9d ^! g]m-buds r$uc$ to spores1 or s+le cells1 :i* are emitt$ f ! p>5t1 & aft]w>ds multiply by division until !y =m a _m-cell$ organism1 :i* has ! h]$it>y qualities ( ! orig9al "o4 ,?is is ! g5]al =m ( propagation ( ! l[] plants1 su* z alg1 mosses1 & f]ns1 & also ( a numb] ( ! l[] =ms ( animal-l microscopic organisms1 su* z bact]ia1 ^: spores1 float+ 9 ! air 9 enorm\s quantities1 & multiply+ :5 !y f9d a fit soil ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 9 a few days deva/ate ! potato crop ( a :ole di/rict or br+ ab\t an epidemic ( sc>let-fev] or *ol]a4 ,!y h _! use h[ev] 9 creation1 & _! action is b5efic5t z well z ! rev]se1 = !y are ! pr9cipal cause ( putrefaction1 ! process by :i* ! dead organic matt]1 :i*1 if n remov$1 w\ld *oke up ! _w1 is resolv$ into ! inorganic elem5ts f :i* x sprang1 & r5d]$ available = fre% comb9ations4 ,we are n[ at ! ?re%old ( t sy/em ( sexual propagation :i* has become ! rule 9 all ! high] families ( animals & 9 _m plants4 ,x may be conceiv$ z orig9at+ 9 ! amalgamation ( "s g]m-cell or spore ) ! orig9al cell :i* 0 ab\t to develop into a g]m-bud )9 ! body ( "s individual1 & by ! union ( ! two produc+ a new & m vigor\s orig9at+ cell :i* modifi$ ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! g]m-bud & ( its result+ organism4 ,?is organism1 hav+ advantages 9 ! /ruggle = life1 e/abli%$ itself p]man5tly ) ev] new developm5ts 9 ! same direction1 :i* w\ld be fix$ & ext5d$ 9 its desc5dants by h]$ity1 & special organs develop$ to meet ! alt]$ conditions4 ,?us at l5g? ! di/9ction w\ld be firmly e/abli%$ ( a female organ or ov>y conta9+ ! egg or primitive cell f :i* ! new be+ 0 to be develop$1 & a male organ supply+ ! f]tilis+ spore or cell1 :i* 0 necess>y to />t ! egg 9 ! evolution>y process by :i* x develop$ into ! g]m ( an (fspr+ comb9+ qualities ( ! two p>5ts4 ,?is is confirm$ by a /udy ( embryology1 :i* %[s t 9 ! human & high] animal species ! di/9ction ( sex is n develop$ until a consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! gr[? ( ! embryo4 ,x is only h[ev] 9 ! high] & m specialis$ families t we f9d ?is mode ( propagation by two di/9ct individuals ( diff]5t sexes firmly e/abli%$4 ,9 ! great majority ( plants1 & 9 "s ( ! l[] families ( animals--= in/ance1 snails & e>?-worms--! male & female organs are develop$ )9 ! same be+1 & !y are :at is call$ h]maphrodites4 ,?us1 9 mo/ ( ! fl[]+ plants ! same blossom conta9s bo? ! /am5s & an!r1 :i* are ! male organ1 & ! /yle & g]m1 :i* are ! female4 ,ano!r transition =m is ,p>!nog5esis1 or virg9al reproduction1 9 :i* g]m-cells1 app>5tly simil> 9 all respects to egg-cells1 develop !mselves into new individuals )\t any fructify+ elem5t4 ,?is is f\nd to be ! case ) _m species ( insects1 & ) ?is curi\s result1 t ^? same g]m-cells are (t5 capable ( be+ fructifi$1 & 9 t case produce v diff]5t individuals4 ,?us1 among ! common bees1 male bees or drones arise f ! non-fructifi$ eggs ( ! que5 bee1 :ile females are produc$ if ! egg has be5 fructifi$4 ,9 ! high] families h[ev] ( animal life ! di/9ction ( sex 9 diff]5t individuals has become ! univ]sal rule1 & x produces a pol>ity or contra/ :i* becomes ev] m conspicu\s z we rise 9 ! scale ( creation1 until x atta9s its highe/ developm5t 9 ! highe/ /age hi!rto rea*$1 t ( civilis$ man & woman4 ,bo? physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics dep5d ma9ly on ! fact t ! ov>y or egg-produc+ organ is develop$ 9 ! female1 & ?us ! :ole "w ( reproduction is ?r[n on h]4 ,to p]=m ?is a l>ge portion ( ! vital en]gy is requir$1 :i* 9 ! male is available = l>g] & m prolong$ gr[? ( organs1 su* z ! bra91 /ature1 & limbs1 by :i* a m p[]ful grasp is atta9$ ( ! outw>d environm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! female comes soon] to maturity & is weak] ?an ! male4 ,%e is also animat$ by a mu* /rong] love = ! (fspr+1 :i* is "p ( h] own body1 dur+ ! p]iod ( infancy2 & ?us1 9 addition to ! physical attributes1 su* z lacteal gl&s & l>g] brea/s1 %e inh]its qualities ( s(tness1 amiability1 & devotion1 :i* fit h] = ! (fice ( nurse4 ,h] physical weakness1 aga91 has made h]1 = untold ages1 & ev5 n[ 9 all ! less advanc$ communities1 & too (t5 ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$1 ! slave ( ! /rong] male4 ,%e has ?us inh]it$ _m ( ! m5tal qualities :i* are ess5tial to su* a /ate3 ! desire to propitiate by pleas+ & mak+ h]self attractive2 ! g5tl5ess & submissiv5ess :i* %r9k f a conte/ ( brute =ce 9 :i* %e is sure to be defeat$2 ! cl++ to a /rong] nature = support1 :i* 9 extreme cases leads to bl9d admiration ( p[] & ! spaniel-l atta*m5t to a ma/] :e!r des]v+ ( x or n4 ,z civilisation h[ev] advances1 & z intellectual & moral qualities ga9 asc5d5cy ov] brute /r5g? & animal in/9cts1 ! condition ( woman improves1 & x comes m & m to be recognis$ t %e is n made to be man's slave or play?+1 b has h] own p]sonality & "*1 :i*1 if 9 "s respects inf]ior1 are 9 o!rs bett] ?an ^? ( ! male half ( creation4 ,t5nyson1 ! great poet ( mod]n ?\ght1 :o sums up s _m ( ! ideas & t5d5cies ( ! age 9 concise & vigor\s v]se1 writes3-- ,= woman is n undevelop$ man1 ,nor yet man's opposite4 ,n opposite1 yet diff]5t1 s t ! "o supplem5ts :at is want+ to ! o!r1 & ! h>moni\s union ( ! two makes ideal p]fection4 ,x is ! glory ( ,european civilisation to h done s mu* to develop ?is idea ( ! equality ( ! sexes1 & to h gone s f> t[>ds emancipat+ ! weak] half ( ! human species f ! tyranny ( ! /rong] half4 ,x w\ld be unfair to omit m5tion ( ! great "p :i* ,*ri/ianity has _h 9 ?is good "w2 n only by direct precept & recognition ( religi\s equality1 b ev5 m by ! embodim5t1 z its ideal1 ( ! fem99e virtues ( g5tl5ess1 humility1 resignation1 self-devotion1 & *>ity4 ,ideal ,*ri/ianity is1 9 fact1 :at may be call$ ! fem99e pole ( conduct & morality1 z oppos$ to ! mascul9e "o ( c\rage1 h>dihood1 en]gy1 & self-reliance4 ,_m ( ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity are unworkable1 & h to be sil5tly dropp$ 9 practice4 ,x w\ld n answ] ei!r = individuals or nations #8:5 smitt5 on "o *eek to turn ! o!r4' ,:5 an appeal is made to fact to decide :e!r x is a "r rule to live z ! sp>r[s d1 tak+ no ?\ght = ! morr[1 ! v]dict ( fact is 9 fav\r ( =esight & frugality4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has /at$ ?is pol>ity v /rongly z t ( ! religion ( amity & ! religion ( enmity2 b ,i ?9k he /ates ! case too adv]sely = ! latt]1 = ! qualities :i* make m5 & nations good fight]s & victori\s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 are 9 _! way j z ess5tial z ! g5tl] virtues1 & bo? alike become defects :5 pu%$ to ! #8falsehood ( extremes4' ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 :atev] may become ( its dogmas1 ought always to be reg>d$ ) affection & respect = ! humanis+ effect x has produc$1 especially 9 improv+ ! condition ( ! female half ( creation4 ,?is improvem5t 9 ! condition ( wom5 has br\ght ab\t a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! male sex1 = ! pol>ity betwe5 ! two has come to be ! mo/ intimate & f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( mod]n life4 ,take ! lit]ature ( ! novel & play1 :i* aim at hold+ up ! mirror to human nature & contempor>y mann]s1 & y w f9d t !y ne>ly all turn ^u love4 ,! ^w #8immorality' has come to signify ! "o p>ticul> brea* ( ! laws ( morality :i* arises f ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,9 provid+ = ! bir? ( ne>ly equal numb]s ( ea* sex1 nature cle>ly e/abli%es monogamy1 or union ( s+le pairs1 z ! condition ( ?+s mo/ 9 accordance ) natural laws4 ,! family also1 ! fir/ g]m ( civilisation1 is impossible1 or c only exi/ 9 a v imp]fect & half-develop$ /ate1 )\t ?is p]man5t union ( a s+le husb& & wife4 ,violations ( ?is law lead to su* disa/r\s consequ5ces to individuals1 & are s det]iorat+ to nations1 t !y are prop]ly consid]$ z ! #8immorality' p> excell5ce1 & condemn$ by all "r-m9d$ op9ion4 ,& yet to obs]ve ?is law is a con/ant lesson 9 self-control = a great "p ( ! life3 a lesson ( ! utmo/ value1 = x is a virtue :i* is at ! root ( all o!r virtues4 ,& x is =m$ & becomes habitual & easy by practice1 = j z ! muscles ( ! ballet-danc]'s leg or blacksmi?'s arm acquire /r5g? & ela/icity by use1 s d ! f9] fibres ( ! bra9 improve by ex]cise & become s(t & flabby by disuse1 s t ef=t 9 ! =m] case is a pleasure & 9 ! latt] a pa94 ,= ?is reason *a/e nations are g5]ally /rong & conqu]+ nations2 dissolute ,imp]ial ,rome w5t d[n be=e ! ,go?s & ,g]mans1 & polygam\s ,turkey p]i%es ( dry rot 9 ! mid/ ( ! progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,inde$1 !re is no bett] te/ ( ! position :i* ei!r an individual1 a class1 or a nation hold 9 ! scale ( civilisation1 ?an ! tone :i* prevails among ! m5 ) reg>d to wom54 ,:]ev] ,turki% ideas prevail1 we may be sure t :atev] may be ! outw>d v>ni% ( mann] !re is ess5tial snobbi%ness4 ,up & d[n ,along ! scale ( life1 ?r\gh all1 ,to him :o we>s ! gold5 ball1 ,by bir? a k+1 at he>t a cl[n ,on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] wom5 are reg>d$ ) a *ivalr\s respect & rev]5ce1 ! he>t ( a true g5tleman beats1 ?\gh x be "u ! r\gh ext]ior ( "o ( ,bret ,h>te's c[-boys or ,cali=nian m9]s4 ,no?+ 9 fact gives "o m hope 9 ! progress ( human society ?an to f9d t 9 ! free/ c\ntries1 & ^? f>!/ advanc$ t[>ds mod]n ideas & democratic in/itutions1 ! tone ) reg>d to wom5 %[s ! greate/ improvem5t4 ,!re is a regul> cresc5do scale ( progress f ,turkey to ,am]ica4 ,i d n ref] s mu* to ! fact t 9 ! new] colonies & c\ntries wom5 c travel unprotect$ )\t fe> ( insult or injury1 z to ! almo/ in/9ctive recognition ( _! equal rights z intellig5t & moral be+s :o h a p]sonality & "* ( _! own1 :i* places !m on ! same plat=m z m5 ?\gh on opposite sides ( x4 ,to und]/& rightly ! real _s ( an age or c\ntry1 x is n en\gh to /udy dry /ati/ics or hi/ory 9 ! =m ( records ( w>s & political *anges4 ,we mu/ /udy ! works ( ! be/ poets1 noveli/s1 & dramati/s1 :o seek to embody types & to hold up ! mirror to contempor>y ideas & mann]s4 ,a c>eful p]usal ( su* works z ^? ( ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 ,trollope1 & ,george ,eliot at home1 & ( ,bret ,h>te1 ,h[ells1 ,james1 & ,mrs4 ,burnett 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w give a tru] insight into ! inn] life ( ! c\ntry & p]iod ?an any numb] ( blue-books or consul> returns4 ,!y %[ :at ! writ]s ( ! greate/ g5ius1 t is1 ( ! greate/ insight1 see z types ( ! actual ideas & *>act]s surr\nd+ !m2 & ! fact ( _! works be+ popul> %[s t ! types are recognis$ z true4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t ! ,engli% lit]ature ( fiction & its late/ developm5t1 t ( ! ,am]ican noveli/s1 %[ an ev]-increas+ recognition ( ! female individual z an equal unit ) ! male 9 ! con/itution ( mod]n society4 ,^? de> #8s*ool m>ms' ( ,bret ,h>te's & ,w5dell ,holmes'1 :o c>e] s joy\sly ?r\gh m9+ camps1 receiv+ c\rtesy & radiat+ civilis+ influ5ces among ! r\gh inhabitants2 or t\* ! he>ts & ?r[ a mell[ light ov] ! autumn days ( middle-ag$ pr(essors & philosoph]s1 are f> remov$ f ! slaves ( prehi/oric savages or ! inmates ( a ,turki% h>em4 ,s also 9 ! m complex relations ( a m cr[d$ civilisation1 9 ! circles ( ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,york1 & ,bo/on1 ! ideal ,am]ican woman is always depict$ z bright1 intellig5t1 & indep5d5t1 ) a "* & p]sonality ( h] own1 & ! suspicion nev] seems to ent] ! au?or's head t %e is 9 any respect inf]ior to ! male *>act]s ) :om %e is associat$4 ,! same may be said to a great ext5t ( ,engli% lit]ature f ! "t ( ,%akespe>e d[nw>ds4 ,no bett] portrait ?an ,portia 0 ev] drawn ( ! ,p]fect woman1 nobly plann$ ,to soo!1 to com=t1 & comm&2 ,& yet a _s /ill1 & bright ,) some?+ ( an angel light4 ,& 9 ! long gall]y ( good & loveable wom51 f ,rosal9d & ,imog5e d[n to ,lucy ,rob]ts & ,laura ,p5d5nis1 we h n "o :o is a m]e non-entity or *ild ( passionate impulse4 ,nor is ! recognition ( woman's equality less m>k$ 9 ! bad *>act]s4 ,lady ,macbe? is ( a /rong] nature ?an ,macbe?2 ,becky ,%>p m clev] & full ( res\rces ?an ! m5 ) :om %e plays l puppets2 ,maggie ,tulliv]1 ) all h] wild /ruggles ) h]self & h] surr\nd+s1 has f> m 9 h] ?an h] bro!r ,tom4 ,comp>e ^! *>act]s ) ^? ( ! s*ool ( mod]n ,fr5* novels1 :i* turn ma9ly on adult]y & s$uction1 committ$ = ! mo/ "p n 9 any :irlw9d ( irresi/ible passion1 b to gratify "s pass+ caprice or vanity1 & x is easy to see h[ wide is ! gulf :i* sep>ates ! ideals & moral atmosph]e ( ! two c\ntries4 ,x is n !re=e f any wi% to indulge 9 :at ,h]b]t ,sp5c] calls ! #8unpatriotic bias1' & depreciate my own c\ntry1 t ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! y\ng] ,engli%-speak+ communities are some:at 9 advance ( ourselves 9 ?is matt] ( ! relations ( ! sexes1 b simply because ,i ?9k t ! feel+ is !re m widespread & univ]sal4 ,we h 9 ,engli% society two /rata 9 :i* wom5 are /ill consid]$ z inf]ior be+s to m53 a l[] "o1 :]e bett] ideas h n yet p]meat$ ! d5se mass ( ignorance & brutality2 & a high] "o1 :]e among a c]ta9 portion1 let u hope a small "o1 ( ! gild$ y\? & upp] t51 luxury & idl5ess h blunt$ ! f9] susceptibilities1 & creat$ :at may be mo/ aptly call$ a ,turki% tone ab\t wom54 ,!re are _m ( ?is class1 & un=tunately (t5 9 high places1 :]e _! example does widespread mis*ief1 ^: ideal might be summ$ up 9 ! words ( ! ,iri% ballad3-- ,i am "o ( ! ould sort ( ,bradies1 ,my turn does n lie to h>d "w2 ,b ,i'm fond ( my pipe & ! ladies1 ,& ,i'd make a mo/ illigant ,turk4 ,& mo/ #8illigant ,turks' !y make1 ?\gh f> worse ?an real ,turks :o are born & br\ght up 9 ! ideas & surr\nd+s ( a l[] civilisation2 :ile ! tone ( our ,engli% ,turks is f> m nause\s & disgu/+1 z d5ot+ innate selfi%ness1 s5suality1 & vulg>ity4 ,( ^! two classes !re seem to be few] 9 ! new] ,engli% communities2 & if !y exi/1 !y are 9 su* a small m9ority t !y conceal _! exi/5ce1 & pay ! homage ( vice to virtue :i* is call$ hypocrisy4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! m sci5tific aspects ( ! "q1 ! pol>ity ( sex displays itself z conspicu\sly z t ( ! magnet 9 ! fundam5tal law ( repulsion ( l = l1 & attraction ( l = unlike4 ,9 ea* case !re mu/ be an id5tity ( ess5ce develop+ itself 9 opposite directions4 ,?us1 atoms attract or repel atoms1 b n molecules2 = if !y seem to d s1 x is only 9 cases 9 :i* ! molecule conta9s "s atom ^: atomicity or pol> p[] has n be5 fully satisfi$4 ,s curr5ts ( air or wat] d n affect electric curr5ts4 ,b giv5 ! id5tity ( sub/ance1 its diff]5tiation takes place "u an ev]-increas+ progression ( pol>ity ( aff9ities & repulsions4 ,a ,g]man naturali/1 ,brahm1 discuss+ ! "q :y birds s+1 says1 #8! male f9ds 9 ! female ^? desirable & attractive qualities :i* are want+ 9 himself4 ,he seeks ! opposite to himself ) ! =ce ( a *emical elem5t4' ,?is is equally true ( ! male & female ( ! human species4 ,a mascul9e woman & effem9ate man are equally unattractive1 & if ! qualities are pu%$ to an extreme ext5t1 ! individuals become mon/rosities1 &1 in/ead ( attract+1 excite vehem5t disgu/ & repulsion4 ,?is1 :i* is true physically1 is equally true ( moral & intellectual *>act]i/ics4 ,ea* seeks1 9 ! happy m>riage or p]fect ideal union1 ! qualities :i* are mo/ defici5t 9 !mselves3 ! woman1 /r5g?1 active c\rage1 & ! h>d] qualities2 ! man1 g5tl5ess1 amiability1 & ! s(t] virtues4 ,9 ea* individual1 z 9 ea* union ( individuals1 h>mony & p]fection dep5d on ! due balance ( ! opposite qualities1 & ! #8falsehood ( extremes' leads up to *aos & insanity4 ,! man 9 :om /r5g? & h>dihood are n temp]$ by g5tl5ess & affection becomes brutal & tyrannical2 :ile ! woman :o has no /r5g? ( "* becomes silly & frivol\s4 ,m>riage1 h[ev]1 involves ! highe/ ideal1 = ! well-assort$ union ( ! two 9 "o gives a m complete h>mony & reconciliation ( opposites ?an c be atta9$ by ! s+le individual1 :o mu/ always rema9 m or less )9 ! sph]e ( ! pol>ity ( 8 or h] respective sex4 ,b "h also ! same law ( pol>ity op]ates1 = z happy m>riage af=ds ! highe/ ideal1 s d unhappy & ill-assort$ unions involve ! greate/ mis]y & mo/ complete %ipwreck ( life4 ,especially to ! woman1 = ! man has o!r pursuits & occupations1 & c to a great ext5t )draw himself f dome/ic tr\bles2 :ile ! woman has no def5ce aga9/ ! co>s5ess1 selfi%ness1 & vulg>ity ( ! p>tn] to :om %e is ti$1 & :o may make h] life a p]petual purgatory1 & drag all h] f9] intellectual & moral nature d[n to a l[] level4 ,=tunately extreme cases are r>e1 &1 ?\gh ! ideal ( a p]fect union may seldom be atta9$ to1 ! great majority ( m>ri$ c\ples manage to jog on toge!r1 & br+ up families 9 comp>ative com=t & respectability4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases ! weak] p>ty does n get fair play1 & ! laws :i* are ! result ( c5turies ( male legislation are (t5 too oblivi\s ( ! maxim t :at is #8sauce = goose is sauce = g&]4' ,improvem5t1 h[ev]1 is com+ f ! gr[? ( ! m heal?y public op9ion :i* /igmatises any invasion ( woman's real rights1 & any attempt on ! "p ( h] natural protector to bully & tyrannise1 z utt]ly disgraceful2 & ! waves ( ?is public op9ion are sl[ly b surely sapp+ ! cliffs ( legal cons]vatism1 & =c+ ! intr5*m5ts ( /olid inju/ice beh9d erm9e robes1 horsehair wigs1 & obsolete ,acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,primitive ,,pol>ities--,,h]$ity ,,& ,,v>iation4 ,h]$ity 9 simple =ms ( life--,9 m complex organisms--,pang5esis--,v>ieties h[ produc$--,fix$ by law ( survival ( ! fitte/--,dr4 ,temple's view--,examples3 triton1 axolotl--,v>iations 9 individuals & species--,liz>ds into birds--,r+$ snakes--,e*idna4 ,z ! e>? is kept 9 an orbit1 :i* makes life possible by ! balance ( ! antagoni/ c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 s is t life evolv$ & ma9ta9$ by ! balance ( ! two conflict+ =ces ( h]$ity & v>iation4 ,h]$ity1 or ! pr9ciple :i* makes (fspr+s resemble _! p>5tal organisms1 may be consid]$ z ! c5tripetal =ce :i* gives /ability to species2 :ile v>iation is l ! c5trifugal =ce :i* t5ds to make !m develop into new =ms1 & prev5ts organic matt] f rema9+ ev] consolidat$ into "o uni=m mass4 ,z reg>ds h]$ity1 ! consid]ations :i* h be5 advanc$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 on ! orig9 ( sex1 w enable ! read] to und]/& ! pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$4 ,:5 a mon]on1 or liv+ piece ( pure protoplasm1 or its successor ! nucleat$ cell1 propagates itself by simple division into two equal p>ts1 x is obvi\s t ea* half mu/1 9 its atomic con/itution & motions1 exactly resemble ! orig9al4 ,if amba ,a divides into amb ,b & ,c1 bo? ,b & ,c are exact facsimiles ( ,a & ( "o ano!r1 & s are ! prog5y ( ,b & ,c ?r\gh any numb] ( g5]ations4 ,!y mu/ rema9 id5tical repetitions ( ! p>5t =m1 unless "s ( !m %\ld happ5 to be modifi$ by diff]5t actions ( _! surr\nd+ environm5t1 p[]ful en\gh to affect ! orig9al organisation4 ,9 propagation by g]ms or buds1 ! same ?+ mu/ hold true1 only1 z ! (fspr+ c>ries ) x n ! half1 b only a small portion ( ! p>5tal organism1 its impress w be less p[]ful1 & ! new organism w m readily be affect$ by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,:5 we come to propagation by spores or s+le cells1 & /ill m to sexual propagation by ! union ( s+le cells ( two prog5itors1 x becomes m difficult to see h[ ! type ( ! two p>5ts1 & ( a long l9e ( prec$+ ance/ors1 c be ma9ta9$ s p]fectly4 ,( ! fact t x is ma9ta9$ !re c be no d\bt4 ,n only d species bre$ true & rema9 sub/antially ! same = imm5se p]iods1 b ! *>act]s ( individual p>5ts & _! ance/ors repeat !mselves1 to a great ext5t1 9 _! (fspr+4 ,?us ! cross betwe5 ! :ite & black v>ieties ( ! human species p]petuates itself to su* an ext5t1 t a s+le cross ( black blood leaves traces = a numb] ( g5]ations4 ,9 ! ,spani% ,am]ican ,/ates & ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e ! di/9ction is closely obs]v$1 ! t]m #8octoroon' is well kn[n1 z appli$ to ,creoles :o h sev5-eigh?s ( :ite to "o-eigh? ( black blood 9 _! composition4 ,9 ! case ( :at is call$ #8atavism1' ?is recurr5ce to ! *>act]s ( ance/ors is c>ri$ to a mu* fur!r ext5t4 ,9 bre$+ animals1 x is n uncommon to f9d ! peculi> features ( g5]ations ( ance/ors long s9ce ext9ct cropp+ up occasionally 9 individuals4 ,?us1 /ripes l ^? ( ! ass along ! back & d[n ! %\ld]s1 occasionally appe> on horses ^: imm$iate ance/ors = _m g5]ations back %[$ no?+ ( ! sort2 & ev5 /ripes across ! legs l ^? ( ! zebra occur q unexpect$ly1 & te/ify to ! common desc5t ( ! v>i\s species ( ! horse tribe f a /rip$ ance/or4 ,h[ ^! ance/ral peculi>ities c be transmitt$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 ea* individual ( :i* orig9at$ f a s+le microscopic cell :i* _h be5 fructifi$ by ano!r cell1 is "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( nature4 ,x may assi/ u 9 =m+ "s idea ( ! possibility ( a solution to rememb] :at has be5 prov$ z to ! dim5sions ( atoms4 ,_! ord] ( magnitude is t ( a cricket-ball to ! e>?4 ,9 a s+le microscopic cell1 !re=e1 !re may be myriads ( su* atoms circl+ r\nd "o ano!r & =m+ inf9itesimal sol> sy/ems1 ( inf9ite complexity & v>iety4 ,d>w9's !ory ( #8,pang5esis' supposes t "s ( ! actual id5tical atoms :i* =m$ "p ( ance/ral bodies are ?us transmitt$ ?r\gh _! desc5dants = g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 s t we are lit]ally #8fle% ( ! fle%' ( ! primval creature :o 0 develop$ into man 9 ! lat] t]ti>y or e>ly glacial p]iod4 ,haeckel1 m plausibly1 sugge/s t n ! id5tical atoms1 b _! peculi> motions & mode ( aggregation h be5 ?us transmitt$3 a mode ( transmission :i*1 ) 8 prevail+ t5d5cy to inv5t long & le>n$ names = ev]y?+1 he calls ! #8,p]ig5esis ( pla/ids4' ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ^! mu/ be tak5 n z solutions ( ! problem1 b z guesses at ! tru? :i* %[ t its solution is n impossible4 ,! opposite pr9ciple to h]$ity1 t ( v>iation1 is equally important & univ]sal4 ,x is app>5t 9 ! fact1 t al?\gh e individual ( e species reproduces qualities ( p>5ts & ance/ors1 no two individuals d s 9 precisely ! same mann]2 no two are exactly alike4 ,?is diff]5ce1 or individuality1 becomes m m>k$ z ! organism is high]4 ,?us1 %eep & h\nds diff] f "o ano!r by slight diff]5ces :i* require ! practis$ eye ( ! %eph]d or huntsman to detect2 :ile human be+s are s unlike1 t ( ! _m millions exi/+ 9 ea* g5]ation no two exactly resemble "o ano!r4 ,! reason ( ?is is app>5t if we consid] t ! high] ! organism ! m complex does x become1 & ! less ! *ance ( ! :ole complicat$ relations ( p>5t & ance/ral organisms be+ transmitt$ by s+le cells s solidly & completely z to ov]p[] & rema9 un9flu5c$ by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,v>iation evid5tly dep5ds ma9ly on ! v>y+ influ5ces ( environm5t4 ,if ! ext]ior lay] ( molecules ( a lump ( protoplasm become diff]5tiat$ f ! int]ior ones & =m a cell-wall1 x is because !y are 9 m imm$iate contact ) ! air or o!r surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,int]nal *anges dep5d on conditions su* z temp]ature & nutrition4 ,9 ! case ( cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals we c see mo/ cle>ly h[ v>ieties are produc$ by adaptation to *anges ( environm5t4 ,^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 w\ld n proce$ v f>1 7 x n = ! int]action ( ! oppos+ =ces ( v>iation & h]$ity1 by :i* latt] ! v>iations appe>+ 9 individuals are fix$ & accumulat$ 9 desc5dants1 until !y become wide & p]man5t div]g5cies4 ,?is is done 9 ! case ( cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals by man's artificial selection 9 pair+ individuals :o %[ ! same v>iations2 & 9 nature by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 giv+ victory & survival to ^? =ms1 & 9 ! long run to ^? =ms only1 ^: v>iations1 slight z !y may be 9 ea* g5]ation1 t5d to br+ individuals into bett] adaptation to _! environm5t4 ,x is ! great glory ( ,d>w9 to h e/abli%$ ?is firmly by an imm5se numb] ( int]e/+ & exhau/ive in/ances1 & ?us plac$ evolution1 or a sci5tific explanation ( ! developm5t & laws ( life1 on a solid basis4 ,e day fre% discov]ies & exp]im5ts confirm ?is great pr9ciple1 & x has almo/ pass$ into ! same phase z ,newton's law ( gravity1 z a fundam5tal law accept$ z axiomatic by all m5 ( sci5ce1 & z ! basis ( mod]n ?\ght1 to :i* all religions & philosophies h to con=m1 accept$ by ne>ly all mod]n ?9k]s4 ,i may "h quote a passage f an em95t ,anglican div9e1 ,dr4 ,temple1 = ! d\ble purpose ( %[+ h[ univ]sal has become ! acceptance ( ?is ,d>w9ian view ( evolution among intellig5t m52 & h[ little t]rible are its consequ5ces1 ev5 to ^? :o look at ! facts ( ! univ]se ?r\gh a !ological m$ium & reta9 _! belief 9 accept$ cre$s4 #8,x seems 9 itself some?+ m maje/ic1 m befitt+ ( ,him to :om a ?\s& ye>s are z "o day1 & "o day z a ?\s& ye>s1 ?us to impress ,8 w once = all on ?is creation1 & provide = all its c\ntless v>ieties by ?is "o orig9al impress1 ?an by special acts ( creation to be p]petually modify+ :at ,he _h previ\sly made4'#a #a ,dr4 ,temple1 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,sci5tific m5 w\ld be cont5t to accept ?is /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,temple's almo/ 9 8 own words1 except t !y might consid] 8 def9ition ( ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause z some:at too absolute & confid5t4 ,hav+ _h to deal s mu* ) actual facts & accurate k1 !y are apt to be m mode/ 9 ass]tion ?an ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ !ologian1 ^: /udies h la9 r 9 ! direction ( phrases & ideas1 :i*1 f _! v nature1 are m vague & indef9ite1 & p]haps r guesses & aspirations aft] tru?1 ?an pro(s ( x4 ,9 any case !re is ! au?ority ( a le>n$ & lib]al-m9d$ bi%op = ! position t ! sci5tific way ( look+ at ! univ]se is n necess>ily pr(ane or irreligi\s4 ,to return to v>iation3 ! in/ances ( ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 alone or 9 conjunction ) t ( h]$ity1 9 work+ out ! evolution ( species1 are exce$+ly num]\s & int]e/+4 ,^? :o wi% to und]/& ! subject ?or\ghly mu/ /udy ! works ( ,d>w91 ,haeckel1 ,huxley1 & o!r mod]n writ]s2 b = my pres5t purpose x w be suffici5t to ref] to a few ( ! mo/ m>k$ in/ances :i* may assi/ ! read] 9 compreh5d+ h[ ! gradual evolution ( life & creation ( new species may h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,!re is an amphibi\s animal1 call$ ! triton or wat]-salam&]1 ak9 to ! frog1 ^: normal c\rse is to beg9 life liv+ 9 ! wat] & brea?+ by gills1 & end x on l& ) gills metamorphos$ into lungs4 ,if !y are %ut up 9 wat] & kept 9 a tank !y nev] lose _! gills1 b cont9ue ?r\gh life 9 ! l[] /age ( developm5t1 & reproduce !mselves 9 o!r tritons ) gills4 ,conv]sely ! axolotl1 a peculi> gill$ salam&] f ! ,lake ( ,mexico1 has its normal c\rse to live1 die1 & propagate its species 9 wat]1 brea?+ by gills2 b if an axolotl happ5s to /ray f ! wat] & take to liv+ on dry l&1 ! gills are modifi$ into lungs & ! animal ga9s a place 9 ! class 9 ! s*ool ( developm5t4 ,?is fits 9 rem>kably ) ! fact t ! embryo ( all v]tebrate mammals1 includ+ man1 passes ?r\gh ! gill$ /age be=e arriv+ at ! developm5t ( lungs1 :i* assi/s u 9 und]/&+ two facts ( prim>y importance 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,fir/1 h[ t]re/rial life may h aris5 f aquatic life by adaptation to alt]$ conditions4 ,secondly1 h[ ! evolution ( ! embryo sums up 9 ! individual1 9 ! p]iod ( a few days or mon?s1 ! v>i\s /ages ( evolutions :i* x has tak5 millions ( ye>s to accompli% 9 ! species4 ,z a p>allel to ! trans=mation ( gills into lungs1 & ( an aquatic into a l& animal1 if we turn to ! geological records ( ! ,second>y p]iod we may trace ! trans=mation ( a wat] into an air population1 ( sea-liz>ds into fly+-liz>ds1 & ( fly+-liz>ds into birds4 ,! #8,hesp]ornis' is an actual specim5 ( ! transition1 be+ a fea!r$ liz>d1 or r w+$ & fea!r$ creature :i* is half liz>d & half bird4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! great *ange ( functions :i* may be produc$ by a *ange ( outw>d conditions is af=d$ by ! common r+$ snake1 :i* 9 its natural /ate lays eggs :i* take ?ree weeks to hat*2 b if conf9$ 9 a cage 9 :i* no s& is /rew$ x hat*es ! eggs )9 its own body1 & f ovip>\s becomes vivip>\s4 ,?is may help u to und]/& h[ ! l[e/ ord] ( mammals1 :i*1 l ! ,au/ralian e*idna or duck-bill$ mole1 lay eggs1 may h develop$1 fir/ into m>supial1 & f9ally into plac5tal mammals4 ,^! examples may assi/ ! read] 9 und]/&+ h[ ! inf9ite div]sities ( liv+ species may h be5 develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution f simple orig9s1 j z ! inorganic _w 0 f atoms1 by ! action & reaction ( primitive pol> =ces betwe5 ! organism & its environm5t1 & betwe5 h]$ity & v>iation4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,kn[able ,,& ,,unkn[able--,,bra9 ,,& ,,?\ght4 ,basis ( k--,p]ception--,con/itution ( bra9--,:ite & grey matt]--,av]age size & weight ( bra9s--,european1 negro1 & ape--,me*anism ( p]ception--,s5sory & motor n]ves--,sep>ate areas ( bra9--,s5sory & motor c5tres--,abnormal /ates ( bra9--,hypnotism--,somnambulism--,trance --,?\ght-read+--,spiritualism--,reflex action--,ideas h[ =m$--,numb] & space--,creation unkn[able--,conceptions bas$ on p]ceptions--,metaphysics--,desc>tes1 ,kant1 ,b]keley--,an?ropomorphism--,laws ( nature4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! high] subjects ( religions & philosophies1 x is well to arrive at "s precise idea ( ! limits ( human k1 & ( ! b\nd>y l9e :i* sep>ates ! kn[able f ! unkn[able4 ,! ultimate basis ( all k is p]ception4 ,)\t an environm5t to create impressions1 & an organ to receive !m1 we %\ld "k absolutely no?+4 ,:at is ! environm5t & :at ! organ ( human k8 ,! environm5t is ! :ole surr\nd+ univ]se1 or1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ! motions1 or *anges ( motion1 by :i* ! objects 9 t univ]se make impressions on ! recipi5t organ4 ,! organ is ! grey matt] ( t l>ge n]v\s agglom]ation1 ! bra94 ,b "h ,i mu/ at ! outset make two res]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i d n def9e h[ ^! impressions are made4 ,9 all ord9>y cases !y are made ?r\gh ! *annels ( ! s5ses2 b x is possible t 9 c]ta9 exceptional cases vibrations 9 ! bra91 caus+ p]ceptions1 may be convey$ to x ?r\gh ! n]ves 9 o!r ways4 ,9 somnambulism1 = in/ance1 x seems to be an asc]ta9$ fact t a somnambuli/ ) clos$ eyes securely b&ag$ c walk 9 ! d>k & avoid ob/acles z well z if guid$ by ! sight 9 full daylight4 ,!re is a great deal ( evid5ce also t 9 artificial somnambulism1 o!rwise call$ mesm]ism or hypnotism1 & also 9 :at is call$ ?\ght-read+1 p]ceptions may be convey$ f "o bra9 to ano!r o!rwise ?an by ! usual me?ods ( spee* or writ+4 ,b ^! ph5om5a1 h[ev] f> !y may be ext5d$1 d n affect ! position t impressions on ! bra9 are ! ess5tial condition ( ?\ght4 ,if ! grey matt] ( ! bra9 is defici5t or diseas$ ! m9d is affect$1 & beyond a c]ta9 po9t becomes ext9ct4 ,! second & m important res]vation is1 t al?\gh m9d & all its qualities are ?us indissolubly connect$ ) matt]1 x by no means foll[s t !y are matt] or m]e qualities ( x4 ,9 ! case ( ! atoms & en]gies1 we "k absolutely no?+ ( _! real ess5ce1 & _c =m ev5 a conception ( :at !y are1 h[ !y came !re1 or :at w become ( !m4 ,x is ! same ) m9d1 s\l1 or self3 we feel an in/9ctive c]ta9ty ( _! exi/5ce1 z we d ( t ( matt]2 & we c trace _! laws & manife/ations "u ! conditions 9 :i* !y are kn[n to u1 viz4 ^? ( association ) matt] & motion 9 ! bra94 ,b ( _! real ess5ce or exi/5ce we "k no?+1 & x is z unsci5tific to affirm z to d5y4 ,directly we pass beyond ! b\nd>y ( su* k z really c be kn[n by human faculty1 & /& face to face ) ! my/]y ( ! ,great ,unkn[n1 we c only b[ our heads ) rev]5ce & say ) ! poet1 ,behold1 ,i "k n any?+4 ,i hope ?us to /e] safely betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis--betwe5 ! arid rocks ( mat]ialism & ! :irl+ eddies ( spiritualism4 ,mat]iali/ & spirituali/ seem to me v l two m5 disput+ z to ! exi/5ce ( life 9 ! sun4 #8,no1' argues ! =m]2 #8= ! kn[n conditions !re are totally inconsi/5t ) any life we c conceive4' #8,yes1' says ! o!r2 #8= ! belief fits 9 ) _m ?+s :i* ,i e>ne/ly wi% to believe respect+ a ,supreme ,be+ & a future exi/5ce4' ,to ! fir/ ,i say1 ignorance is n evid5ce2 to ! second1 wi%es are n pro(s4 ,= myself1 :ile n qu>rell+ ) ^? m fav\r$ mortals :o h1 or fancy !y h1 sup]ior k1 ,i c only say t ,i really "k no?+2 & ?is be+ ! case1 ,i see no use 9 say+ t ,i "k1 & ?9k x bo? m tru?ful & m mode/ to confess ! limitation ( my faculties4 ,) ?is caution ,i return to ! field ( positive k4 ,! bra91 sp9al m>r[1 & n]ves consi/ ( two sub/ances3 "o :ite1 :i* con/itutes ! great mass consi/+ ( tubes or fibres2 ! o!r grey1 :i* is an aggregation ( m9ute cells1 s m9ute t x has be5 comput$ t !re are sev]al millions ( !m 9 a space no l>g] ?an a sixp5ce4 ,! bulk ( ?is grey n]ve-tissue is f\nd 9 ! high] animals1 & especially 9 man1 9 ! outside r9d :i* cov]s ! bra91 & its am\nt is greatly increas$ by ! convolutions ( t organ giv+ a great] ext5t ( cov]+ surface4 ,9 fact ! convolutions ( ! av]age human bra9 give z mu* grey matt] 9 a head ( av]age size1 z w\ld be giv5 by a head ( f\r times ! size if ! bra9 7 a plane surface4 ,! ext5t ( ! convolutions is1 !re=e1 a sure sign ( ! ext5t ( intellect4 ,!y are m num]\s & deep] 9 ! ,european ?an 9 ! negro2 9 ! negro ?an 9 ! *impanzee2 9 ! an?ropoid ape ?an 9 ! monkey or lemur4 ,?is grey n]ve-tissue is ! organ by :i* impressions f )\t are turn$ into p]ceptions1 volitions1 & evolutions ( n]ve =ce4 ,! :ite matt] is simply ! m$ium ( transmission1 or we may say ! telegraph wires by :i* ! impressions are convey$ to ! head (fice & ! answ]s s5t4 ,! cell-tissue ( ! grey matt] is ?us emphatically ! organ ( ! m9d4 ,9 fact1 if x did n s\nd too mat]iali/ic1 we might call ?\ght a secretion ( ! grey matt]1 only 9 say+ s we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is only a mode ( express+ ! fact t ! two inv>iably g toge!r2 & t if we say ) ! ,g]man philosoph] #8,ohne ,phosphor ke9 ,g$ank1' x does n mean t ?\ght & phosphorus are id5tical1 b simply t ! condition on :i* ?\ght dep5ds is t ( ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial organ ( :i* phosphorus is an +r$i5t4 ,t ?is grey n]ve-tissue is really ! organ ( ?\ght has be5 firmly e/abli%$ by num]\s exp]im5ts bo? 9 man & ! l[] animals4 ,injuries to x1 or diseases 9 x1 inv>iably affect :at is call$ ! m9d2 :ile consid]able portions ( ! :ite matt] may be remov$ )\t affect+ ! ?9k+ & p]ceptive p[]s4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( x is indisp5sable = ! exi/5ce ( intellect2 ! m !re is ( x z ! bra9 increases 9 size & ! convolutions become deep]1 ! great] is ! intellect2 :5 ^! fall bel[ c]ta9 dim5sions intellect is ext+ui%$ & we h idiocy4 ,! av]age bra9 ( ! male :ite ,european weighs #di ounces1 ( ! negro a little "u #dg4 ,! maximum bra9s :i* h be5 accurately weigh$ & measur$1 are ^? ( ,cuvi] & ,daniel ,web/]1 ! weight ( ! =m] be+ #fd ounces1 & ! capacity ( ! latt] be+ #abb cubic in*es2 :ile ! av]age capacity ( ! ,teutonic race1 includ+ ,engli%1 ,g]mans1 & ,am]icans1 is #ib in*es1 ( ! negro #hc1 & ( ! ,au/ralian & ,hott5tot #ge4 ,! bra9 ( ! idiot seldom weighs ov] #bc ounces1 & ! m9imum weight consi/5t ) a fair degree ( intellig5ce is ab\t #cd ounces4 ,! me*anism by :i* correspond5ce is kept up betwe5 ! liv+ individual & ! surr\nd+ univ]se is v simple--9 reality1 z simple z t ( any ord9>y electric circuit4 ,9 ! mo/ complex case1 t ( man1 !re are a numb] ( n]ve-end+s1 or small lumps ( protoplasm1 emb$d$ 9 ! tissues all ov] ! body1 or highly specialis$ & gr\p$ toge!r 9 sep>ate organs su* z ! eye & e>1 f :i* a n]ve-fibre leads direct to ! bra91 or to ! sp9al cord & s up to ! bra94 ,^! n]ve-end+s receive ! diff]5t vibrations by :i* outw>d en]gy pres5ts itself1 :i* propagate a curr5t or succession ( vibrations ( n]ve-en]gy along ! n]ve-fibre4 ,?is n]ve-fibre is a r\nd ?read ( protoplasm cov]$ by a :ite %ea? ( fatty matt] :i* insulates x l ! wire ( a subm>9e telegraph coat$ ) gutta-p]*a4 ,?is n]ve-wire leads up to a n]ve-c5tre1 consi/+ ( two corpuscles ( protoplasm3 ! fir/ or s5sory1 a small] "o1 :i* is connect$ by bran*es ) ! second1 a mu* l>g] "o1 call$ ! motor1 f :i* a mu* l>g] n]ve-fibre or wire proce$s1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a mass ( protoplasm firmly atta*$ to a muscle4 ,?us1 a s5sation is propagat$ along ! s5sory n]ve to ! s5sory n]ve-c5tre1 :5ce x is transmitt$ to ! motor-c5tre1 :i* acts z an accumulator ( /or$-up en]gy1 a l>ge fl[ ( :i* is s5t ?r\gh ! l>ge conductor ( ! motor-n]ve to ! muscle1 :i* x causes to contract & ?us produces motion4 ,x is ?us t ! simpl] involunt>y actions are produc$ by a process :i* is purely me*anical4 ,9 ! m complex cases1 9 :i* consci\sness & w are involv$1 ! process is ess5tially ! same1 ?\gh m complicat$4 ,! message is transmitt$ to ! bra91 :]e x is receiv$ by a clu/] ( small s5sory cells or n]ve-c5tres1 :i* are connect$ ) ano!r clu/] ( few] & l>g] motor-c5tres1 (t5 at "s di/ance f !m1 by a network ( int]lac+ fibres4 ,b x is always a case ( a s+le circuit ( wires1 batt]ies1 & accumulators1 adapt$ = receiv+1 record+1 & transmitt+ "o sort ( vibrations caus$ by & produc+ "o sort ( en]gy1 & "o only4 ,! bra9 does n act z a :ole1 receiv+ indiscrim9ately impressions ( light1 s\nd1 & heat2 b by sep>ate organs = ea*1 locat$ 9 sep>ate p>ts ( x4 ,x is l a great c5tral (fice1 9 "o room ( :i* y h a pr9t+ in/rum5t read+ (f & record+ messages s5t ?r\gh an electric telegraph2 9 ano!r a telephone2 9 a ?ird a self-regi/]+ !rmomet]1 & s on4 ,& ! same = ! motor-c5tres & n]ves4 ,"o set is told (f to move ! muscles ( ! face1 ano!r ^? ( ! arms1 o!rs = ! legs & body1 & s =?4 ,?is is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t ! bra9 l ! re/ ( ! body has two sides1 a "r & left1 & t 9 "s cases ! motor-app>atus is d\bl$1 ea* work+ only on "o side1 :ile 9 o!rs ! same batt]y & wires s]ve = bo?4 ,z a rule ! "r hemisph]e ( ! bra9 works ! muscles ( ! left side ( ! body1 & vice v]s1 s t an injury to "o side ( ! bra9 may p>alyse ! volunt>y motion ( ! limbs on ! opposite side1 leav+ 9 a p]fect condition ^? on its own side4 ,9 ! case ( ! high] functions involv+ ?\ght1 ! upp] "p ( ! bra91 :i* p]=ms ^! functions1 seems to be a sort ( duplex ma*9e1 s t we h two bra9s capable ( ?9k+1 j z we h two eyes capable ( see+4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! areas ( ! bra9 :i* are appropriat$ to ! l[e/ & mo/ in/9ctive functions1 :i* appe> fir/1 lie l[e/1 & z ! functions rise ! position ( _! n]ve-c5tres rises ) !m4 ,?us1 at ! v base ( ! frontal convolutions at ! l[e/ end ( ! fissure ( ,rol&o1 we f9d ! motor areas = ! l[] "p ( ! face1 by :i* ! l[e/ animals & ! new-born infant p]=m _! solit>y function ( suck+ & swall[+4 ,high] up are ! c5tres 9 ! "r & left bra9s = mov+ ! upp] limbs1 t is1 = seiz+ food & convey+ x to ! m\?1 :i* is ! next function 9 ! asc5d+ scale4 ,next above ^! are ! c5tres = mov+ ! l[] limbs & = co-ord9at+ ! motions ( ! arms & legs1 m>k+ ! progression ( an organism :i* c pursue & cat* z well z eat its food4 ,& /ill high] are ! c5tres :i* regulate ! motions ( ! trunk & body 9 correspond5ce ) ^? ( ! limbs2 :ile highe/ ( all1 at ! front & h9d ends ( ! envelop+ cortex ( ! bra91 come ! organs ( ! intellectual faculties4 ,x is easy to see t ?is corresponds ) ! progression ( ! individual1 = ! infant sucks & cries = food f ! fir/ day1 soon le>ns to ext5d its h& & grasp objects1 b takes "s "t to le>n to walk1 & /ill long] to p]=m ex]cises l danc+ or rid+1 9 :i* ! motions ( ! :ole body h to be co-ord9at$ ) ^? ( ! limbs4 ,& z ! developm5t ( ! individual is an epitome ( ! evolution ( life f protoplasm1 we may well suppose t ! bra9 0 develop$ 9 ?is ord] f its fir/ orig9 9 a swell+ at ! end ( ! sp9al cord z we f9d x 9 ! l[e/ v]tebrates4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ! p>ticul> motor area :i* gives ! faculty ( articulate spee* lies 9 a small pat* ( ab\t "o & a half squ>e in*es on ! left side ( ! l[] portion ( ! fir/ bra94 ,if ?is is injur$1 ! disease call$ aphasia is produc$1 9 :i* ! pati5t loses ! p[] ( express+ ideas by connect$ words4 ,! correspond+ area on ! "r side _c talk2 b 9 left-h&$ p]sons ?is /ate ( ?+s is rev]s$1 & ! "r side1 :i* is g5]ally aphasial1 c be taught to speak 9 "y p1 ?\gh n 9 ! ag$4 ,high] up 9 ! cortex1 or convolut$ envelope ( ! bra91 come ! areas = he>+ & see+1 ! latt] be+ ! m ext5sive4 ,^! areas are fill$ ma9ly by a great numb] ( s5sory n]ve-c5tres or cells1 connect$ ) "o ano!r 9 a v complicat$ network4 ,^! seem to be connect$ ) ! multitude ( ideas :i* are excit$ 9 ! bra9 by p]ceptions d]iv$ f ! high] s5ses1 especially t ( sight4 ,! simple movem5ts are produc$ by a few l>ge motor-c5tres1 :i* h only "o idea & d only "o ?+1 :e!r x be to move ! leg or ! arm4 ,b a s5sation f sight (t5 calls up a multitude ( ideas4 ,suppose y see ! face ( "o ) :om "s fifty ye>s ago y may h _h "s y\?ful love passages1 b y\r lives drift$ ap>t1 & y n[ meet = ! fir/ "t aft] ^! long ye>s1 h[ _m ideas w cr[d on ! m9d1 h[ _m n]ve-cells w be set vibrat+1 & h[ _m n]ve-curr5ts set c\rs+ along intricate pa?s6 ,no wond] t ! n]ve-corpuscles are num]\s & m9ute1 & ! n]ve-*annels _m & complicat$4 ,:5 we come to ! seats ( ! intellectual faculties ! "q becomes /ill m obscure4 ,!y are probably situat$ 9 ! h9d] & front p>ts ( ! surface ( ! bra91 & dep5d on ! grey matt] consi/+ ( an imm5se numb] ( m9ute s5sory cells4 ,x has be5 comput$ t !re are millions 9 ! area ( a squ>e in*1 & !y are all 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ delicate equilibrium1 vibrat+ ) ! slighte/ brea? ( n]v\s impression4 ,!y dep5d = _! activity entirely on ! s5sory p]ceptive c5tres1 = !re is no consci\sness 9 ! abs5ce ( s5sory /imulation1 z 9 dreamless sleep4 ,p]ception1 h[ev] caus$1 :e!r by outw>d /imulation ( real objects1 or by =m] p]ceptions reviv$ by memory1 s5ds a /ream ( en]gy ?r\gh ! s5se-area1 :i* exp&s1 l a riv] divid$ into num]\s *annels1 f]tilis+ ! intellectual area1 :]e x is /or$ up by memory1 giv+ u ! idea ( cont9ual individual exi/5ce1 & by "s my/]i\s & unkn[n process becom+ trans=m$ into consci\sness & delib]ate ?\ght4 ,& conv]sely ! process is rev]s$ :5 :at we call w is excit$1 & ! small curr5ts ( ! intellectual area are conc5trat$ by an ef=t ( att5tion & s5t along ! prop] n]ve-*annels to ! motor-c5tres1 ^: function x is to produce ! desir$ movem5t4 ,?is me*anical explanation1 x w be obs]v$1 leaves entirely unt\*$ ! "q ( ! real ess5ce & orig9 ( ^! intellectual faculties1 z to :i* we "k no?+ m ?an we d ( ! real ess5ce & orig9 ( life1 ( matt]1 & ( en]gy4 ,a v curi\s light h[ev] is ?r[n on !m by ph5om5a :i* occur 9 abnormal /ates ( ! bra91 z 9 trance1 somnambulism1 & hypnotism4 ,9 ! latt]1 by /ra9+ ! att5tion on a giv5 object or idea1 su* z a co9 held 9 ! h& or a black waf] on a :ite wall1 ! normal action ( ! bra9 is1 9 ! case ( _m p]sons--p]haps "o out ( e ?ree or f\r--?r[n out ( ge>1 & a /ate induc$ 9 :i* ! w seems to be annihilat$1 & ! ?\ghts & actions br\ght into subjection to ! w ( ano!r p]son4 ,9 ?is /ate also a cataleptic condition ( ! muscles is (t5 induc$1 9 :i* !y acquire enorm\s /r5g? & rigidity4 ,9 somnambulism outw>d consci\sness is 9 a great measure susp5d$1 & ! somnambuli/ lives = ! "t 9 a walk+ dream :i* he acts & mi/akes = reality4 ,9 ?is /ate old p]ceptions1 sc>cely felt at ! "t1 seem to revive1 z 9 dreams1 ) su* wond]ful vividness & accuracy t ! somnambuli/ 9 act+ ! dream does ?+s altoge!r impossible 9 ! wak+ /ate4 ,?us an ignorant ,scot* s]vant-maid is said to h recit$ half a *apt] ( ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ! explanation be+ t %e _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( a ,scot* m9i/]1 :o 0 /udy+ ,hebrew1 & :o us$ to walk ab\t 8 room recit+ ?is id5tical passage4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! bra9 7 l a v delicate photograph plate1 :i* takes accurate impressions ( all p]ceptions1 :e!r we notice !m or n1 & /ores !m up ready to be reproduc$ :5ev] /rong] impressions are dormant & memory by "s /range caprice brea!s on ! plate4 ,mo/ wond]ful1 h[ev]1 are "s ( ! ph5om5a ( trance4 ,9 ?is case x really seems z if two di/9ct individuals might inhabit ! same body4 ,jones falls into a trance & dreams t he is ,smi?4 ,:ile ! trance la/s he acts & talks z ,smi?1 he really is ,smi?1 & ev5 addresses 8 =m] self ,jones z a /rang]4 ,:5 he wakes f ! trance he has no recollection ( x1 & takes up ! ?read ( 8 own life1 j z if he _h doz$ = a m9ute in/ead ( be+ 9 a trance = h\rs4 ,b if he falls into a second trance1 days or weeks aft]w>ds1 he takes up 8 trance life exactly :]e he dropp$ x1 absolutely =gett+ 8 int]m$iate real life4 ,& s he may g on alt]nat+ betwe5 two lives1 ) two sep>ate p]sonalities & consci\snesses1 be+ to all int5ts & purposes n[ ,jones & n[ ,smi?4 ,if he di$ dur+ a trance1 :i* w\ld he be1 ,jones or ,smi?8 ,! "q is m easily ask$ ?an answ]$2 b x c]ta9ly appe>s z if ) "o mode ( motion 9 ! same bra9 y might h "o m9d & p]sonal id5tity associat$ ) x1 & ) ano!r mode ( motion diff]5t ones4 ,x w\ld take me too f>1 & ! facts are too d\btful1 to inve/igate ! l>ge class ( cases includ$ "u ! t]ms ?\ght-read+1 telepa?y1 psy*ism1 & spiritualism4 ,x may suffice to say t !re is a good deal ( evid5ce = ! reality ( v curi\s ph5om5a1 b none ( any real weight = _! be+ caus$ by any spirituali/ic or sup]natural ag5cy4 ,!y all seem to resolve !mselves into ! ass]tion t "u special conditions ! p]ceptions ( "o bra9 c be reproduc$ 9 ano!r o!rwise ?an by ! ord9>y m$ium ( ! s5ses1 & t 9 su* conditions a special sort ( cataleptic en]gy or psy*ic =ce may be develop$4 ,! am\nt ( negative evid5ce is ( c\rse enorm\s1 = x is c]ta9 t 9 millions ^u millions ( cases ?\ght _c be read1 ?+s are n se5 beyond ! range ( vision1 & co9cid5ces d n occur betwe5 dea?s & dreams or visions4 ,nei!r c tables be turn$1 nor heavy bodies lift$1 )\t "s kn[n =m ( en]gy & a fulcrum at :i* to apply x4 ,?is bord]l& ( k is1 !re=e1 be/ left to "t1 :i* is ! be/ te/ ( tru?4 ,t :i* is real w survive1 & be gradually br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce & made to fit 9 ) o!r facts & laws ( nature4 ,t :i* is unreal w pass away1 z gho/s & gobl9s h done1 & be =gott5 z ! fickle fa%ion *anges ( sup]/iti\s fancy4 ,9 ! meantime we %all d bett] to conf9e ourselves to asc]ta9$ facts & normal conditions4 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t al?\gh ! bra9 greatly prepond]ates z an organ ( m9d 9 man & ! high] animals1 ! grey tissue 9 ! sp9al m>r[ & n]v\s ganglia ex]cises a limit$ am\nt ( ! same functions proportionate to its small] quantity4 ,! reflex or automatic actions1 su* z brea?+1 are c>ri$ on )\t ref]5ce to ! bra91 & ! messages are receiv$ & transmitt$ ?r\gh ! local (fices )\t go+ to ! head (fice4 ,?is is ! case ) _m complicat$ motions :i* orig9at$ 9 ! bra91 b h become habitual & automatic1 z 9 walk+1 :]e ?\ght & consci\s ef=t only int]v5e :5 some?+ unusual occurs :i* requires a ref]5ce to ! head (fice2 & 9 ! /ill m complex case ( ! piano-play]1 :o f+]s difficult passages correctly :ile ?9k+ ( some?+ else or ev5 talk+ to a by/&]4 ,inde$1 9 extreme cases1 :]e exp]im5ts on ! bra9 h be5 tri$ on l[] animals1 x is f\nd t x c be entirely remov$ )\t de/roy+ life1 or affect+ _m ( ! actions :i* require p]ception & volition4 ,?us1 :5 ! bra9 has be5 entirely remov$ f a pigeon1 x smoo!s its fea!rs ) its bill :5 !y h be5 ruffl$1 & places its head "u its w+ :5 x sleeps2 & a frog "u ! same conditions1 if held by "o foot endeav\rs to draw x away1 & if unsuccessful1 places ! o!r foot aga9/ an ob/acle 9 ord] to get m pur*ase 9 ! ef=t to lib]ate itself4 ,s mu* = ! organ ( m9d2 ! o!r factor1 t ( outw>d /imulus1 is /ill m obvi\s4 ,if ?\ght _c exi/ )\t grey n]ve-tissue1 nei!r c x )\t impressions to /imulate t tissue4 ,a p]fect bra91 if cut (f f all communication ) ! ext]nal univ]se1 c\ld no m ?9k & h p]ceptions1 ?an impressions f )\t c\ld g5]ate !m )\t ! appropriate n]ve-tissue4 ,once g5]at$1 ! m9d c /ore !m up by memory1 control !m by reason1 & gradually evolve f !m ev] high] & high] ideas & tra9s ( reason+1 bo? 9 ! individual & ! species3--9 ! individual pass+ f infancy to manhood1 p>tly by h]$ity f ance/ors1 & p>tly by education--us+ ! ^w 9 ! l>ge s5se ( influ5ces ( all sorts f ! surr\nd+ environm5t2 9 ! species1 by a simil> b mu* sl[] developm5t f savag]y to civilisation4 ,?us ! :ole fabric ( ari?metic1 algebra1 & ! high] calculi are built up f ! primitive p]ception ( numb]4 ,! e>lie/ paloli?ic savage mu/ h be5 consci\s ( a diff]5ce betwe5 enc\nt]+ "o or two cave-be>s or mammo?s2 & "s exi/+ races ( savages h h>dly got beyond ?is primitive p]ception4 ,"s ,au/ralian tribes1 x is said1 h n got beyond ?ree num]als1 "o1 two1 & a great numb]4 ,b by degrees ! p]ceptions ( numb] h become m ext5sive & accurate1 & ! numb] ( f+]s on ea* h& has be5 us$ z a /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,?us t51 or two-h&1 ! numb] ( f+]s on ! two h&s has gradually become ! basis ( ari?metical num]ation1 & f ?is up to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's #8,quat]nions' ! progression is regul> & intelligible4 ,b ,newton c\ld nev] h inv5t$ ! diff]5tial calculus & solv$ ! problem ( ! heav5s1 if ?\s&s ( c5turies be=e "s primitive human m9d _h n receiv$ ! p]ception t two apples or two be>s 7 diff]5t f "o4 ,9 l mann] geometry1 z its "n indicates1 arises f primitive p]ceptions ( space1 appli$ to ! practical necessity ( l&-measur+ 9 alluvial valleys l ^? ( ! ,nile & ,euphrates1 :]e annual inundations oblit]at$ to a great ext5t ! divid+ l9es betwe5 adjo9+ prop]ties4 ,! fir/ p]ceptions ( space w\ld take ! =m ( ! rectangle1 or s _m feet or paces1 or cubits or arm-l5g?s1 =w>ds1 & s _m sideways1 to give ! prop] area2 b z areas 7 irregul>1 x w\ld be discov]$ t ! triangle 0 necess>y = m accurate measurem5t4 ,h5ce ! sci5ce ( ! triangle1 circle1 & o!r regul> =ms1 z we see x develop$ 9 ,euclid & lat] treatises on geometry1 until we see x 9 its late/ developm5t 9 speculations z to space ( f\r dim5sions4 ,b 9 all ^! cases we see ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple z prevails ?r\gh\t ! univ]se "u ! "n ( ! #8cons]vation ( en]gy'2 always some?+ out ( some?+1 nev] some?+ out ( no?+4 ,?is1 !re=e1 def9es ! limit ( human k1 or b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! kn[able & ! unkn[able4 ,:atev] is trans=mation accord+ to exi/+ laws is1 :e!r kn[n or unkn[n1 at any rate1 kn[able--:atev] is creation is unkn[able4 ,we h absolutely no faculties to enable u to =m ! remote/ conception ( :at ! ess5ce ( ^! prim>y atoms & en]gies really is1 h[ !y came !re1 & h[ ! laws1 or inv>iable sequ5ces1 "u :i* !y act1 came to be impress$ on !m4 ,we h no faculties1 because we h nev] _h any p]ceptions ^u :i* ! m9d c "w4 ,reason & imag9ation c no m "w )\t antec$5t p]ceptions ?an a bird c fly 9 a vacuum4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! imag9ation c inv5t dragons1 c5taurs1 & any numb] ( fabul\s mon/]s1 by piec+ toge!r fragm5ts ( p]ceptions 9 new comb9ations2 b ask x to inv5t a mon/] ^: head %all be t ( an inhabitant ( ,saturn & its body t ( a d5iz5 ( ,jupit]1 & :]e is x8 ,( necessity all attempts to def9e or describe ?+s ( :i* we h nev] _h p]ceptions1 mu/ be made 9 t]ms ( ?+s ( :i* we h _h p]ceptions1 or1 9 o!r words1 mu/ be an?ropomorphic4 ,s f> z sci5ce gives any positive k z to ! relations ( m9d to matt]1 x am\nts to ?is3 ,t all we call m9d is indissolubly connect$ ) matt] ?r\gh ! grey cells ( ! bra9 & o!r n]v\s ganglia4 ,?is is positive4 ,if ! skull c\ld be remov$ )\t injury to ! liv+ organism1 a skilful physiologi/ c\ld play ) 8 f+] on ! human bra91 z on t ( a dog1 pigeon1 or o!r animal1 & by pressure on diff]5t notes1 z on ! keys ( a piano1 annihilate successively volunt>y motion1 spee*1 he>+1 sight1 & f9ally w1 consci\sness1 reason+ p[]1 & memory4 ,b beyond ?is physical sci5ce _c g4 ,x _c expla9 h[ molecul> motions ( cells ( n]ve-c5tres c be trans=m$ into1 or c create1 ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 any m ?an x c expla9 h[ ! atoms & en]gies to :i* x has trac$ up ! mat]ial univ]se 7 !mselves creat$ or :at !y really are4 ,all attempts to fur!r fa?om ! dep?s ( ! unkn[n foll[ a diff]5t l9e1 t ( metaphysics1 or1 9 o!r words1 introspection ( m9d by m9d1 & endeav\r to expla9 ?\ght by ?9k+4 ,on ent]+ into ?is region we at once f9d t ! solid e>? is giv+ way "u our feet1 & t we are attempt+ to fly 9 an extremely r>e atmosph]e1 if1 inde$1 we are n idly flapp+ our w+s 9 an absolute vacuum4 ,in/ead ( asc]ta9$ facts :i* all recognise1 & exp]im5ts :i* conduct$ "u ! same conditions always give ! same results1 we h a dissolv+ view ( !ories & intuitions1 accept$ by "s1 d5i$ by o!rs1 & *ang+ ) ! *ang+ conditions ( ! age1 & ) individual v>ieties ( *>act]s1 emotions1 & wi%es4 ,?us1 m9d & s\l are ) "s philosoph]s id5tical1 ) o!rs m9d is a product ( s\l2 ) "s s\l is a subtle ess5ce1 ) o!rs absolutely immat]ial2 ) "s x has an individual1 ) o!rs a univ]sal1 exi/5ce2 by "s x is limit$ to man1 by o!rs conc$$ to ! l[] animals2 by "s locat$ 9 ! bra91 by o!rs 9 ! he>t1 blood1 p9eal gl&1 or dura mat]2 ) "s x is pre-exi/5t & immortal1 ) o!rs creat$ specially = its own individual organism2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,! greate/ philosoph]s come mo/ly to ! conclusion t we really "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,?us ,desc>tes1 aft] hav+ built up an elaborate metaphysical !ory z to a spiritual1 indivisible sub/ance indep5d5t ( ! bra9 & cognisable by self-consci\sness alone1 ends by hone/ly confess+ #8t by natural reason we c make _m conjectures ab\t ! s\l1 & h flatt]+ hopes1 b no assurance4' ,kant also1 greate/ ( metaphysicians 9 demoli%+ ! fallacies ( =m] !ories1 :5 he comes to def9e 8 #8n\m5on1' has to use ! vague/ ( phrases1 su* z #8an indescribable some?+1 safely locat$ out ( space & "t1 z su* n subject to ! mutabilities ( ^? ph5om5al sph]es1 444 & ( ^: ontological exi/5ce we are made aw>e by its ph5om5al projections1 or effects 9 consci\sness4' ,! s5t5ce takes our brea? away1 & makes u sympa?ise ) ,bi%op ,b]keley :5 he says1 #8,we metaphysicians h fir/ rais$ a du/1 & !n compla9 we _c see4' ,x prep>es u also = ,kant's f9al admission t no?+ c really be prov$ by metaphysics conc]n+ ! attributes1 or ev5 ! exi/5ce1 ( ! s\l2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 z x _c be disprov$1 its reality may = moral purposes be assum$4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! ef=ts ( ! sublime/ transc5d5tali/s d n c>ry u "o /ep f>!r ?an ! conclusions ( ! commone/ common-s5se1 viz4 t !re are c]ta9 fundam5tal conditions ( ?\ght1 su* z space1 "t1 consci\sness1 p]sonal id5tity1 & fre$om ( w1 :i* we _c expla91 b _c get rid (4 ,! sublime/ speculations ( a ,plato & a ,kant br+ u back to ! homely conclusions ( ! old woman 9 ! nurs]y ballad1 9 ^: m9d grave que/ions z to h] p]sonal id5tity 7 rais$ by ! feloni\s ab/raction ( ! l[] portion ( h] petticoat4 ,if ,i be ,i1 z ,i ?9k ,i be1 ,i've a little dog at home1 & he'll "k me4 ,x is a safe #8work+ hypo!sis' t :5 ,i g home 9 ! aft]noon1 my wife1 *ildr51 & little dog w recognise me z be+ #8,i myself ,i2' b :y or h[ ,i am ,i1 :e!r ,i 0 ,i be=e ,i 0 born1 or %all be s aft] ,i am dead1 ,i really "k no m ?an ! little dog :o wags 8 tail & yelps = joy :5 he recognises my p]sonal id5tity z some?+ di/9ct f 8 own1 :5 he sees me com+ up ! walk4 ,our conceptions1 !re=e1 are necess>ily bas$ on our p]ceptions1 & are :at is call$ an?ropomorphic4 ,! t]m has almo/ come to be "o ( reproa*1 because x has s (t5 be5 appli$ to religi\s conceptions ( a ,deity ) human1 ?\gh (t5 n v humane1 attributes2 b1 if consid]$ rightly1 x is an inevitable necessity ( any attempt to def9e su* a be+ or be+s4 ,we c only conceive ( su* z ( a magnifi$ man1 indef9itely magnifi$ no d\bt1 b /ill ) a w1 intellig5ce1 & faculties correspond+ to our own4 ,! :ole sup]natural or miracul\s !ory ( ! univ]se re/s on ! supposition t its ph5om5a are1 9 a great _m cases1 br\ght ab\t1 n by uni=m law1 b by ! int]v5tion ( "s ,p[]1 :i*1 by ! ex]cise ( w guid$ by intellig5t design1 alt]s ! c\rse ( ev5ts & br+s ab\t special effects4 ,z long z ! !ory is conf9$ to kn[able trans=mations ( exi/+ ?+s1 l ^? :i* are se5 to be affect$ by human w1 x is n necess>ily inconceivable or irrational4 ,inf]r+ l effects f l causes1 ! hypo!sis 0 by no means unreasonable t ?und] & lightn+1 = in/ance1 7 caus$ by "s angry invisible p[] 9 ! cl\ds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fir/ savage :o drew ! d$uction 0 a natural philosoph] :o reason$ q ju/ly f 8 assum$ premises4 ,:e!r ! premises 7 true or n 0 a "q :i* c\ld only be det]m9$ c5turies lat] by ! advance ( accurate k4 ,:5 d we say we "k a ?+8 ,n :5 we "k its ess5ce & prim>y orig91 = ( ^! ! wise/ philosoph] is z ignorant z ! rude/ savage2 b :5 we "k its place 9 ! univ]se1 its relation to o!r ?+s1 & c fit x 9 to t h>moni\s sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* is summ$ up 9 :at are call$ ,laws ( ,nature4 ,! highe/ k is :5 we c trace x up to its e>lie/ orig9 f exi/+ matt] & en]gy1 & foll[ x d[nw>ds s z to be able to pr$ict its results4 ,! =ce ( gravity af=ds a good illu/ration ( ?is k1 bo? :]e x comes up to1 & :]e x falls %ort (1 p]fection4 ,newton's law leaves no?+ to be desir$ z reg>ds its univ]sal application & p[] ( pr$iction2 b we d n yet fully und]/& its mode ( action or its relation to o!r =ms ( en]gy4 ,x is probable t "s day we may be able to und]/& h[ ! =ce ( gravity appe>s to act in/antane\sly at a di/ance1 & h[ all ! trans=mable =ces1 gravity1 light1 heat1 electricity1 & molecul> or atomic =ces1 are b diff]5t manife/ations ( "o common en]gy4 ,b 9 ! meantime we "k ?is = c]ta91 t ! law ( gravity is n a local or special ph5om5on1 b prevails univ]sally f ! fix$ />s to ! atoms1 f ! inf9itely great to ! inf9itely small4 ,?is is a fact to :i* all o!r ph5om5a1 :i* are true facts & n illusions1 mu/ con=m4 ,9 l mann]1 if we f9d 9 caves or riv]-gravels1 "u circum/ances imply+ enorm\s antiquity1 & associat$ ) rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 rude implem5ts s exactly resembl+ ^? 9 use among exi/+ savages1 t if ! collection 9 ! ,colonial ,exhibition ( /one celts & arr[-heads us$ by ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa 7 plac$ side by side ) "o f ! ,briti% ,museum ( simil> objects f ,k5t's ,cav]n or ! caves ( ! ,dordogne1 no "o b an exp]t c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 ! conclusion is inevitable t ,devon%ire & ,s\!rn ,france 7 inhabit$ at "s remote p]iod by a race ( m5 n m advanc$ ?an ! ,bu%m54 ,any !ory ( man's orig9 & evolution :i* is to hold wat] mu/ take acc\nt ( ?is fact & squ>e ) x4 ,& s ( a va/ v>iety ( facts :i* h be5 r$uc$ to law & become c]ta9ly kn[n dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,a great deal ( gr\nd rema9s unexplor$ or only p>tially explor$2 b suffici5t has be5 discov]$ to enable u to say t :at we "k we "k ?or\ghly1 & t c]ta9 lead+ facts & pr9ciples und\bt$ly prevail ?r\gh\t ! kn[able univ]se1 includ+ n only t :i* is kn[n1 b t :i* is z yet p>tially or :olly unkn[n4 ,= in/ance1 ! law ( gravity1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 & ! law ( evolution1 or developm5t f ! simple to ! complex4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,religions ,,& ,,philosophies ,religions1 #8work+ hypo!ses'--,newman's illative s5se--,orig9s ( religions--,gho/s & spirits--,feti%es--,nature-wor%ip--,sol> my?s--,planets--,evolution ( nature-wor%ip--,poly!ism1 pan!ism1 & !ism--,evolution ( mono!ism 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--,evolution ( morality--,natural law & miracle--,evid5ce = miracles--,insuffici5cy ( evid5ce--,abs5ce ( intellig5t design--,agno/icism--,orig9 ( evil--,c only be expla9$ by pol>ity--,optimism & pessimism--,jesus1 ! ,*ri/ian ,ormuzd--,*ri/ianity )\t miracles4 ,hav+ ?us1 ,i may hope1 giv5 ! read] "s precise ideas ( :at are ! b\nd>ies & conditions ( human k1 we may proce$ to consid] _! application to ! highe/ subjects1 religions & philosophies4 ,9 ! introductory *apt] ( ?is "w ,i h said t all religions are 9 effect #8work+ hypo!ses1' by :i* m5 seek to reconcile ! highe/ aspirations ( _! nature ) ! facts ( ! univ]se1 & br+ ! :ole into "s h>moni\s concordance4 ,i said s = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,9 a discussion at ! ,metaphysical ,society on ! uni=mity ( laws ( nature1 record$ 9 ! #8,n9ete5? ,c5tury1' ,huxley is repres5t$ z say+ t he consid]$ ?is uni=mity1 n z an axiomatic tru? l ! fir/ po/ulates ( geometry1 b z a #8work+ hypo!sis'2 add+1 h[ev]1 t x 0 an hypo!sis :i* _h nev] be5 kn[n to fail4 ,to ?is "s di/+ui%$ advocates ( ,ca?olic !ology repli$1 t _! conviction 0 ( a high] nature1 = _! belief 9 ,god 0 a f9al tru? :i* 0 ! basis ( _! :ole intellectual & moral nature1 & :i* x 0 irrational to "q4 ,?is is 9 effect ,c>d9al ,newman's celebrat$ argum5t ( an #8illative s5se1' bas$ on a complete ass5t ( all ! faculties1 & :i* 0 !re=e a high] au?ority ?an any conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,! answ] is obvi\s1 t complete ass5t1 s f> f be+ a te/ ( tru?1 is1 on ! contr>y1 almo/ always a pro( t tru? has n be5 atta9$1 ow+ ei!r to errone\s assumptions z to ! premises1 or to ! omission ( important factors 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,to give an in/ance1 ,i suppose !re c\ld n be a /rong] case ( complete ass5t ?an t ( ! ,inquisitors :o condemn$ ! !ories ( ,galileo4 ,!y _h 9 support ( ! proposition t ! sun revolv$ r\nd ! e>? ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1 ! univ]sal belief ( mank9d 9 all ages1 ! direct /atem5t ( inspir$ ,scripture1 ! au?ority ( ! infallible ,*ur*4 ,0 all ?is to be set aside because "s #8sophi/ va9ly mad ) dubi\s lore' told !m1 on gr\nds ( "s new-fangl$ s-call$ sci5ce1 t ! e>? revolv$ r\nd its axis & r\nd ! sun8 #8,no2 let u /amp out a h]esy s contr>y to our 8illative s5se10 & s fatal to all ! mo/ c]ta9 & *]i%$ beliefs ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 to ! inspiration ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & to ! au?ority ( ,8 ,*ur*4' #8,e pur si muove1' & yet ! e>? really did move2 & ! v]dict ( fact 0 t ,galileo & sci5ce 7 "r1 & ! ,*ur* & ! illative s5se wrong4 ,9 tru? ! di/9ction betwe5 ! conclusions ( sci5ce & ^? ( religi\s cre$s might be m prop]ly express$ by say+ t ! =m] are #8work+ hypo!ses' :i* nev] fail1 :ile ! latt] are #8work+ hypo!ses' :i* frequ5tly fail4 ,?us1 ! fundam5tal hypo!sis ( ,c>d9al ,newman & 8 s*ool ( a "o inf9ite & et]nal p]sonal ,deity1 :o regulates ! c\rse ( ev5ts by frequ5t miracul\s int]positions1 s f> f be+ a necess>y & axiomatic tru?1 has nev] appe>$ s to ! imm5se majority ( ! human race3 & ev5 at ! pres5t day1 9 civilis$ & s-call$ ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 its pr9cipal advocates compla9 t n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ practically ignore x4 ,x is n s ) ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature4 ,no paloli?ic savage ev] hesitat$ ab\t putt+ "o foot aft] ano!r 9 *ase ( a mammo? f a fe> t 8 work+ hypo!sis ( uni=m law might fail1 ! support ( ! solid e>? give way1 & ) 8 next /ep he might f9d himself toppl+ ov] into ! abyss ( an inf9ite vacuum4 ,9 l mann] ,greeks & ,romans1 ,indians & ,*9ese1 mono!i/s1 poly!i/s1 pan!i/s1 ,jews & ,buddhi/s1 ,*ri/ians & ,mahometans1 all use /&>d weights 9 _! daily transactions )\t any misgiv+s t ! law ( gravity may turn out n to be uni=m4 ,b religions !ories v>y f "t to "t & f place to place1 & we c 9 a great _m cases trace _! orig9s & developm5ts l ^? ( o!r political & social organisms4 ,to trace _! orig9s we mu/1 z 9 ! case ( social in/itutions1 look fir/ at ! ideas prevail+ among ^? savage & b>b>\s races :o are ! be/ repres5tatives ( our e>ly prog5itors2 & secondly at hi/orical records4 ,9 ! fir/ case we f9d ! e>lie/ rudim5ts ( religi\s ideas 9 ! univ]sal belief 9 gho/s & spirits4 ,e man is conceiv$ ( z be+ a d\ble ( himself1 & z hav+ a sort ( %ad[y self1 :i* comes & goes 9 sleep or trance1 & f9ally takes leave ( ! body1 at dea?1 to cont9ue its exi/5ce z a gho/4 ,! air is ?us peopl$ ) an imm5se numb] ( gho/s :o cont9ue v mu* _! ord9>y exi/5ce1 haunt _! accu/om$ abodes1 & reta9 _! liv+ p[]s & attributes1 :i* are ex]t$ g5]ally ) a malevol5t desire to injure & annoy4 ,h5ce among savage races1 & by survival ev5 among primitive nations ( ! pres5t day1 we f9d ! mo/ curi\s devices to *eat or fright5 away ! gho/1 s t he may n return to ! h\se 9 :i* he di$4 ,?us1 ! corpse is c>ri$ out1 n by ! door1 b by a hole made = ! purpose 9 ! wall1 :i* is aft]w>ds built up1 a cu/om :i* prevails ) a numb] ( widely sep>at$ races--,gre5l&]s1 ,hott5tots1 ,algonqu9s1 & ,fijians2 & ! practice ev5 survives among m civilis$ nations1 su* z ! ,*9ese1 ,siamese1 & ,?ibetans2 nor is x :olly ext9ct 9 "s ( ! primitive p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?is idea obvi\sly l$ to ! practice ( con/ruct+ t5ts or h\ses = ! gho/s to live 91 & ( deposit+ ) !m articles ( food & weapons to be us$ 9 _! gho/ly exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( great *iefs1 n only _! arms & ornam5ts are deposit$1 b _! horses1 slaves1 & wives 7 sacrific$ & buri$ ) !m1 s t !y might ent] _s-l& ) an appropriate ret9ue4 ,! e>ly ,egyptian tombs 7 z ne>ly z possible facsimiles ( ! h\se 9 :i* ! deceas$ _h liv$1 ) pictures ( 8 geese1 ox51 & o!r possessions pa9t$ on ! walls1 evid5tly "u ! idea t ! gho/s ( ^! objects w\ld m9i/] to ! wants & please ! fancy ( ! human gho/ ^: et]nal dwell+ 0 9 ! tomb :]e 8 mummy 0 deposit$4 ,ano!r developm5t ( ! belief 9 spirits is t ( feti%-wor%ip1 9 :i* sup]/iti\s rev]5ce is paid to "s /ock or /one1 tree or animal1 9 :i* a my/]i\s influ5ce is suppos$ to reside1 probably ow+ to its be+ ! *os5 abode ( "s p[]ful _s4 ,?is is common among ! negro races1 & x takes a curi\s developm5t among _m races ( ,am]ican ,indians1 :]e ! tribe is di/+ui%$ by ! totem1 or badge ( "s p>ticul> animal1 su* z ! be>1 ! tortoise1 or ! h>e1 :i* is 9 "s way suppos$ to be ! patron _s ( ! clan1 & (t5 ! prog5itor f :om !y are desc5d$4 ,?is idea is s root$ t int]m>riage betwe5 m5 & wom5 :o h ! same totem is prohibit$ z a sort ( ince/1 & ! daught] ( a be>-"m mu/ seek = a husb& among ! sons ( ! de] or fox4 ,possibly a ve/ige ( ! survival ( ?is idea may be trac$ 9 ! coat-(-arms ( ! ,su!rl& family1 & ! wild cat may h be5 ! totem ( ! ,clan ,*attan1 :ile ! oak tree 0 t ( ! ,clan ,quoi*1 ) :om !y f\ght on ! ,in* ( ,p]?4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is cle>ly a mo/ anci5t & widespread idea1 & prevails f ,gre5l& to ,au/ralia2 :ile x evid5tly =m$ ! olde/ elem5t ( ! prehi/oric religion ( ,egypt1 :]e ea* sep>ate prov9ce _h its peculi> sacr$ animal1 wor%ipp$ by ! populace 9 "o nome1 & dete/$ 9 ! neighb\r+ "o4 ,by f> ! e>lie/ traces ( any?+ resembl+ religi\s ideas are ^? f\nd 9 bury+-places ( ! neoli?ic p]iod4 ,x is evid5t t at ?is remote p]iod ideas prevail$ respect+ gho/ or _s life & a future exi/5ce v simil> to ^? ( mod]n savages4 ,!y plac$ weapons & implem5ts 9 ! graves ( ! dead1 & n infrequ5tly sacrific$ human victims1 & held cannibal fea/s4 ,:e!r ?is 0 done 9 ! f> m remote paloli?ic era is unc]ta91 = v few und\bt$ burials ( ?is p]iod h be5 discov]$1 & ^? few h frequ5tly be5 us$ aga9 = lat] int]m5ts4 ,we c only draw a negative inf]5ce f ! abs5ce ( idols :i* are s abundant 9 ! prehi/oric abodes explor$ by ,pr(essor ,s*liemann1 among ! v num]\s c>v+s & draw+s f\nd 9 ! caves ( ! re9de] p]iod 9 ,france & ,g]many1 t ! religion ( ! paloli?ic m51 if !y _h any1 _h n rea*$ ! /age :5 spirits or deities 7 repres5t$ by images4 ,= ! fir/ traces !re=e ( any?+ l :at is n[ und]/ood by ! t]m religion1 we mu/ look beyond ! vague sup]/itions ( savages1 at ! hi/orical records ( civilis$ nations4 ,z civilisation advanc$ population multipli$1 & rude tribes ( hunt]s 7 amalgamat$ into agricultural communities & p[]ful empires1 9 :i* a leisur$ & cultur$ class arose1 to :om ! old sup]/itions 7 no long] suffici5t4 ,!y _h to enl>ge _! #8work+ hypo!sis' f ! wor%ip ( /ocks & /ones & fe> ( gho/s1 to take 9 a multitude ( new facts & ideas1 & specially ^? relat+ to natural ph5om5a :i* _h r\s$ _! curiosity1 or become important to !m z matt]s ( practical utility4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an h]$it>y ca/e ( prie/s accel]at$ ?is evolution ( religi\s ideas1 & f "t to "t record$ its progress4 ,! olde/ ( su* records are ^? ( ,egypt & ,*alda1 :]e ! f]tility ( alluvial valleys wat]$ by great riv]s _h l$ to ! e>lie/ developm5t ( a high civilisation4 ,! records also ( ! ,*9ese1 ,h9doos1 ,p]sians1 & o!r nations take u a long way back t[>ds ! orig9s ( religions4 ,9 all cases we f9d !m id5tical ) ! fir/ orig9s ( sci5ce1 & tak+ ! =m ( attempt$ explanations ( natural ph5om5a1 by ! !ory ( deifi$ objects & p[]s ( nature4 ,9 ! ,v$as we see ?is 9 ! simple/ =m1 :]e ! gods are simply p]sonifications ( ! heav5s1 e>?1 sun1 moon1 dawn1 & s =?2 & :]e we %\ld say ! r$ gl[ ( morn+ ann\nces ! ris+ ( ! sun1 !y express x t ,aurora blu%es at ! approa* ( h] lov] ! mighty ,sun-god4 ,x is v int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ! old ,*aldan leg5d ( ! creation ( ! _w has be5 modifi$ 9 ! f> lat] ,jewi% edition ( x 9 ,g5esis1 to adapt x to mono!i/ic ideas4 ,! ,*aldan leg5d beg9s1 l t ( ,g5esis1 ) an #8e>? )\t =m & void1' & d>kness on ! *aotic deep4 ,9 ea* leg5d ! ,_s ( ,god1 call$ ,absu 9 ! ,*aldan1 moves on ! face ( ! wat]s1 & !y are ga!r$ toge!r & sep>at$ f ! l&4 ,b "h a diff]5ce beg9s3 9 ! orig9al ,*aldan leg5d #8! great gods 7 !n made2 ! gods ,lakman & ,lakmana caus$ !mselves to come =?2 ! gods ,assur & ,kes> 7 made2 ! gods ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,hea 7 born4' ,! appe>ance ( ! gods ,lakman & ,lakmana 0 ! primitive mode ( express+ ! same idea z t :i* is express$ 9 ,g5esis by say+ t ,god creat$ ! firmam5t sep>at+ ! heav5 above f ! e>? b5ea?2 ,assur & ,kes> mean ! same ?+ z ! ho/s ( heav5 & ! e>?2 ! god ,bel is ! sun1 & s =?4 ,x is evid5t t ! fir/ attempts to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( nature orig9at$ 9 ! idea t motion & p[] impli$ life1 p]sonality1 & consci\s w2 & !re=e t ! e>?1 sky1 sun1 moon1 & o!r gr& & /rik+ ph5om5a1 mu/ be reg>d$ z sep>ate gods4 ,z culture advanc$ a/ronomy became m & m prom95t 9 ^! e>ly religions1 & sol> my?s became a pr9cipal "p ( _! my?ologies1 :ile a/rology1 or ! influ5ce ( planets & />s on human affairs1 became an important "p ( practical life4 ,! ,*aldan leg5d ref]r$ to conta9s a mass ( a/ronomical k1 :i* 9 ! ,g5esis edition is r$uc$ to #8,he made ! />s also4' ,x describes h[ ! con/ellations 7 assign$ _! =ms & names1 ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac e/abli%$1 ! ye> divid$ into twelve mon?s1 ! equ9oxes det]m9$1 & ! seasons set _! b\nds4 ,also h[ ! moon 0 made to regulate ! mon?s by its disc1 #8horns %9+ =? to light5 ! heav5s1 :i* on ! sev5? day approa*es a circle4' ,9 ! /ill old] ,egyptian pyramids we f9d pro( ( ! long previ\s exi/5ce ( great a/ronomical k & ref9$ me?ods ( obs]vation1 = ^! build+s1 :i* are at once ! l>ge/ & ! olde/ 9 ! _w1 are laid d[n s exactly 9 a m]idian l9e1 & ) su* a close approximation to ! true latitude1 z w\ld h o!rwise be5 impossible4 ,9 fact !re is e reason to believe t :ile !y 7 con/ruct$ z tombs = k+s1 !y 7 at ! same "t int5d$ = national obs]vatories1 = ! arrangem5t ( ! int]nal passages z su* is to make ! ,great ,pyramid s]ve ! purpose ( a telescope1 equatorially m\nt$1 & %[+ ! transits ( />s & planets ov] ! m]idian1 by ref]5ce to a reflect$ image ( :at 0 !n ! pol> />1 a k ( :i* 0 ess5tial = accurate calculation ( ! cal5d> & seasons1 = fix+ ! prop] date ( religi\s c]emonies1 & v probably = a/rological purposes4 ,! preval5ce ( ^! sol> & a/ronomical my?s among a numb] ( diff]5t nations sep>at$ by wide int]vals ( space & "t is v rem>kable4 ,egyptians1 ,indians1 ,babylonians1 ,*9ese1 ,mexicans1 & ,p]uvians _h my?s :i* 7 /rangely simil>1 inde$ almo/ id5tical1 bas$ on ! sun's annual passage ?r\gh ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac4 ,8 app>5t decl9e & dea? z he approa*$ ! w9t] sol/ice1 & 8 return to life :5 he _h pass$ x1 gave rise to my?s ( ! murd] ( ! ,sun-god by "s fi]ce wild bo>1 or trea*]\s enemy1 & ( 8 triumphant resurrection 9 r5ew$ glory4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! passage ( ! w9t] sol/ice 0 a season ( g5]al rejoic+ & fe/ivity1 traces ( :i* survive :5 ! sirlo9 & turkey smoke ^u ! hospitable tables ( mod]n ,*ri/mas4 ,"o rem>kable my? _h a v univ]sal acceptance1 t ( ! bir? ( ! infant ,sun-god f a virg9 "m4 ,x appe>s to h orig9at$ f ! p]iod1 "s #f1dej ye>s ago1 :5 ! sun1 :i* n[ rises at ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ! con/ellation ( ,sagitt>ius1 rose 9 t ( ,pisces1 ) ! con/ellation ( ! ,virg91 ) uprais$ arms m>k$ by five />s1 sett+ 9 ! nor?-we/4 ,anyh[1 ?is my? ( an infant god born ( a virg9 "m holds a prom95t place 9 ! religions ( ,egypt1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,*alda1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,siam1 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & o!r nations4 ,! resemblances are (t5 s close t ! fir/ ,jesuit mission>ies to ,*9a f\nd t _! acc\nt ( ! miracul\s conception ( ,*ri/ _h be5 anticipat$ by t ( ,fuh-ke1 born #cdfh ,b4,c42 & if an anci5t prie/ ( ,!bes or ,heliopolis c\ld be re/or$ to life & tak5 to ! ,gall]y ( ,dresd51 he w\ld see 9 ,raffaelle's ,madonna di ,san ,si/o :at he w\ld consid] to be an admirable repres5tation ( ,horus 9 ! arms ( ,isis4 ,! planets also1 /ill m my/]i\s 9 _! movem5ts ?an ! sun1 & !re=e /ill m end[$ ) human-l faculties ( life1 p[]1 & purpose1 7 f an e>ly p]iod believ$ to ex]cise an influ5ce on human affairs4 ,( ! univ]sality ( ?is belief we f9d traces 9 ! names ( ! days ( ! week1 :i* are s g5]ally tak5 f ! sun1 moon1 & five visible planets--,m]cury1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 & ,saturn--to :om special days 7 d$icat$4 ,if e sev5? day is a day ( re/1 x 0 orig9ally s because x 0 ?\ght unlucky to und]take any "w on ! ,sabba?1 ,saturday1 or day ( ! gloomy & malignant ,saturn4 ,z "t roll$ on & civilisation advanc$1 ?is simple nature-wor%ip & deification ( a/ronomical ph5om5a develop$ into l>g] & m complex conceptions4 ,foll[+ diff]5t l9es ( evolution1 poly!ism1 pan!ism & mono!ism began to em]ge z religi\s sy/ems ) def9ite cre$s1 rituals1 & sacr$ books4 ,^! l9es seem to h be5 det]m9$ a good deal by ! g5ius ( ! race 9 :i* ! religi\s developm5t took place4 ,! impressions made on ! human m9d by ! surr\nd+ univ]se are v v>i\s4 ,suppose ourselves look+ up at ! heav5s on a cle> />ry night1 :at w be ! impression8 ,to "o1 t ( awe & rev]5ce1 & he w feel cru%$1 z x 71 into no?+ness1 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a sublime manife/ation ( maje/y & glory4 ,ano!r1 ( m /hetic nature1 w be *>m$ by ! beauty ( ! spectacle1 & tempt$ to assign life to x1 & to p]sonify & dramatise its incid5ts4 ,a ?ird1 ( a sci5tific turn1 w above all ?+s wi% to und]/& x4 ,?us we f9d ! impression ( awe prepond]at+ among ! ,semitic races g5]ally2 & z 9 _! political relations1 s 9 _! religi\s conceptions1 we f9d !m prone to pro/rate !mselves be=e despotic p[]4 ,) ! ,greeks aga9 ! /hetic idea almo/ swall[$ up ! o!rs1 & ! old a/ronomical my?s blossom$ into a p]fect fl[]-b$ ( poetical & fanciful leg5ds4 ,! ,*9ese nev] got beyond a simple pan!ism1 :i* look$ ^u ! univ]se z be+ alive1 & saw no?+ beh9d x2 :ile ! m metaphysical & physically feebl] races ( ,h9doos & ,buddhi/s ref9$ _! pan!ism into a sy/em ( illusion1 9 :i* _! own exi/5ce & ! surr\nd+ univ]se 7 lit]ally su* /uff ,z dreams are made on1 & to be #8r\nd$ ) a sleep' 0 ! f9al consummation dev\tly to be desir$4 ,mono!ism develop$ itself lat]1 p>tly f ! feel+ ( ! unity ( nature =c+ itself on ! m philosophical m9ds2 p>tly f t feel+ ( rev]5ce & awe 9 pres5ce ( ! ,unkn[n :i* swall[$ up o!r conceptions2 & p>tly1 9 ! e>li] /ages1 f ! feel+ :i* exalt$ ! local god ( ! tribe or nation1 fir/ into a supremacy ov] o!r gods1 & f9ally into sole supremacy1 degrad+ all o!r gods into ! category ( dumb idols made by human h&s4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we c trace ! developm5t ( ?is latt] idea 9 its successive /ages4 ,until ! lat] days ( ! ,jewi% mon>*y x is evid5t t ! ,jews nev] d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods2 & _! allegiance oscillat$ betwe5 ,jehovah & ! hea!n deities symbolis$ by ! gold5 calf1 wor%ipp$ 9 high places1 & cont5d+ = ! ma/]%ip 9 ! rival sacrifices ( ,elijah & ! prie/s ( ,baal4 ,b ! prophetic elem5t gradually introduc$ high] ideas1 & 9 ! reigns ( ,hezekiah & ,josiah ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah z ! sole ,god became ! religion ( ! ,/ate2 & old leg5ds & docum5ts 7 re-edit$ 9 ?is s5se 9 ! sacr$ book1 :i* 0 discov]$ & publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! reign ( ! latt] k+4 ,! subsequ5t mis=tunes ( ! nation1 _! captivity & contact ) o!r religions 9 ,babylonia1 /r5g!n$ ?is mono!ism into an ard5t1 passionate national fai?1 z x has cont9u$ to be ) ?is rem>kable p up to ! pres5t day4 ,*ri/ianity & ,mahometanism1 *ildr5 ( ,judaism1 h spread ?is =m ( fai? ov] a great "p ( ! civilis$ _w2 & ( ! ?ree !ories ( poly!ism1 pan!ism1 & mono!ism1 x may be said t only ! two latt] survive4 ,poly!ism 0 b\nd to p]i% fir/1 = sl[ z ! advance ( sci5ce 01 ! uni=mity ( mo/ ( ! ph5om5a1 :i* _h be5 attribut$ to s _m sep>ate gods1 c\ld n fail to make an impression2 & z ideas ( morality came sl[ly & t>dily to be evolv$ z an elem5t ( religion1 ! cruel rites & sc&al\s fables :i* s g5]ally accompani$ poly!i/ic religions became %ock+ to an awak5+ consci5ce4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ?is elem5t ( morality1 :i* has n[ gone s f> t[>ds swall[+ up ! o!rs1 0 ! late/ to appe>4 ,ev5 9 ! ,jewi% conception ,jehovah 0 = a long "t j z (t5 cruel1 jeal\s1 & caprici\s1 z j & m]ciful2 & ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e t because ,god _h ! p[] to d z ,he lik$1 ,he 0 w>rant$ 9 creat+ a l>ge portion ( ! human race z #8vessels ( wra?1' pr$e/9$ to et]nal puni%m5t1 is z revolt+ to ! mod]n consci5ce z any sacrifice to ,beelzebub or ,molo*4 ,if we wi% to see h[ little necess>y connection !re is betwe5 morality & mono!ism1 we h only to look at ,mahometanism1 :i*1 9 its extrem] =ms1 may be call$ mono!ism run mad4 ,! ,wahabite re=m]1 we are told by ,palgrave1 prea*$ t !re 7 only two deadly s9s3 pay+ div9e hon\rs to any creature ( ,allah's1 & smok+ tobacco2 & t murd]1 adult]y1 & su* l trivial matt]s1 7 m9or (f5ces :i* a m]ciful ,allah w\ld condone4 ,he held also t ( ! :ole inhabitants ( ! _w all w\ld surely be damn$1 except "o out ( ! sev5ty-two sects ( ,mahometans1 :o held ! true fai? & dwelt 9 ! di/rict ( ,riad4 ,?is illu/rates ! insane extremes into :i* all human speculations run1 if a s+le idea--9 ?is case t ( awe1 rev]5ce1 & abject submission 9 pres5ce ( an almighty p[]--is all[$ to run its c\rse )\t *eck & obta9 undue prepond]ance4 ,ap>t f ^! extreme in/ances we may say t ! two religi\s !ories :i* h surviv$ to ! pres5t day 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 are mono!ism & pan!ism4 ,pan!ism is1 9 ! ma91 ! cre$ ( half ! human race--( ! teem+ millions ( ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,ceylon1 ,?ibet1 ,siam1 & ,burmah4 ,h[ deeply x is root$ 9 _! conceptions 0 v =cibly impress$ on me 9 a conv]sation ,i _h on bo>d "o ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 /eam]s ) an ,engli% mission>y return+ f ,*9a4 ,he told me h[ he _h d9$ "o ev5+ ) an intellig5t ,*9ese m]*ant1 & aft] d9n] !y walk$ 9 ! g>d5 discuss+ religi\s subjects1 & he tri$ to impress on 8 ho/ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x 0 a />light night1 & = sole reply ! ,*9ese g5tleman /ret*$ 8 h& to ! heav5s & said1 #8,d y mean to tell me all t is dead--d y take me = a fool8' ,! ,*9ese #8illative s5se' 0 z absolute 9 its conclusions = pan!ism1 z t ( ,c>d9al ,newman = !ism4 ,9 fact pan!ism1 ?\gh n ! :ole tru?1 & almo/ z inconsi/5t z poly!ism ) ! real facts ( ! univ]se z disclos$ by sci5ce1 has a c]ta9 poetical tru? 9 x1 to :i* *ords ( human emotion vibrate responsively1 & is p]haps n s widely 9 error z "s ( ! extreme !ories :i* treat matt] z some?+ base & brutal4 ,wordswor?'s noble l9es-- ,a s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man2 ,a motion1 & a _s t impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ghts1 ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s-- are pure pan!ism1 & yet we _c b feel ourselves to a great ext5t 9 sympa?y ) !m4 ,s also ! well-kn[n l9es ( a great] ?an ,wordswor?1 ,%akespe>e1 are pure ,buddhism3 ,! cl\d-capp'd t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ,! solemn temples1 ! great globe itself1 ,yea1 all :i* x inh]it1 %all dissolve ,&1 l ?is insub/antial pageant fad$1 ,leave n a rack beh9d4 ,we are su* /uff ,z dreams are made on1 & our little life ,is r\nd$ ) a sleep4 ,no "o c read ^! l9es )\t feel+ t ! ,buddhi/ conception is z f> z possible f be+ a trivial or vulg> "o1 & t ! triviality & vulg>ity are r ) ^? :o _c1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 und]/& & sympa?ise ) x4 ,! religions ( ! ,ea/ are v philosophical1 & h kept v cle>ly 9 view ?is fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! kn[able & ! unkn[able4 ,9 ! #8,c5tury ,magaz9e' ( ,july #ahhf1 !re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( a conv]sation betwe5 an ,am]ican mission>y & ! ,bozu or *ief prie/ ( ! great temple ( ! ,%9 ,sect ( ,buddhi/s at ,kioto 9 ,japan4 ,! prie/ 0 an intellig5t & highly educat$ g5tleman :o spoke ,engli%1 & 0 well v]s$ 9 ! speculations ( mod]n philosophy4 ,! conv]sation turn$ on !ological que/ions1 & :5 press$ by ! argum5t = a ,div9e ,creator1 f design %[n 9 ! univ]se imply+ intellig5ce1 he repli$3-- #8,no2 ,god _c make matt]4 ,only artificial ?+s %[ design1 only ?+s :i* c be made4 ,:at d y mean by say+ a ?+ %[s design8 ,y only mean t by try+ a man c\ld make x4' ,& he proce$$ to illu/rate x ?us3-- #8,y %[ me a gold r+2 ! r+ %[s design1 b n ! gold2 gold is an ultimate elem5t1 :i* c nei!r be made nor de/roy$4 ,:5 m5 c make a _w1 !n !y c prove t ?is "o %[s design1 = ! only way !y "k ( design is by :at !y make4' ,he w5t on to argue = ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & z a consequ5ce = its pre-exi/5ce & ! transmigration ( s\ls1 f ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 & conclud$ 8 argum5t aga9/ ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w by a compreh5sible1 an?ropomorphic ,creator1 by adduc+ ! exi/5ce ( evil4 #8,!re is a sickness1' he said1 #8call$ fev] & ague2 :at d y call ! m$ic9e to cure t8' #8,qu99e4' #8,yes2 n[ we h n f\nd t long2 a good ,god w\ld n h let s _m p suff] if ,he c\ld h giv5 !m t4 ,a man f\nd x by *ance4 ,! sickness & suff]+ 9 ?is life are = wrong done 9 ano!r life4' ,we may n accept ?is unprov$ !ory ( ! cause ( sickness & suff]+1 b x is v int]e/+ to f9d t c&id & intellig5t m9ds1 br\ght up 9 a society & religi\s beliefs s widely diff]5t f our own1 h arriv$ practically at ! same conclusions z ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & o!r lead]s ( advanc$ ?\ght 9 mod]n ,europe1 & drawn almo/ id5tically ! same l9e betwe5 t :i* is kn[able & t :i* is unkn[able by ! human m9d4 ,b1 h[ev] l>ge-m9d$ we may become 9 see+ ! good 9 o!r =ms ( cre$1 we ,engli% ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are n go+ to turn ei!r pan!i/s or ,buddhi/s1 & practically ! conte/ ( ! pres5t day is betwe5 ! sup]natural or miracul\s1 & ! natural or sci5tific1 hypo!ses4 ,accord+ to ! =m] ! op]ations ( ! univ]se are c>ri$ on to a consid]able ext5t by :at may be call$ second>y int]f]5ces ( a sup]natural be+1 :o ) w1 intellig5ce1 & design1 l human ?\gh va/ly sup]ior1 frequ5tly int]poses to alt] ! c\rse ( ev5ts & br+ ab\t some?+ :i* natural law w\ld n h br\ght ab\t4 ,! o!r hypo!sis _c be /at$ bett] ?an 9 ,bi%op ,temple's words1 t ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause creat$ ?+s s p]fect f ! fir/1 t no su* second>y int]f]5ces h ev] be5 necess>y1 & ev]y?+ has be5 & is evolv$ f ! prim>y atoms & en]gies 9 a necess>y & inv>iable succession4 ,! sup]natural & ! natural !ories ( ! univ]se are ?us br\ght into direct antagonism4 ,= ! sup]natural !ory x mu/ be conc$$ t x is q conceivable1 z is prov$ by ! fact t x has be5 ! almo/ univ]sal conception ( mank9d = ages1 & rema9s s /ill = ! great] numb]4 ,x is1 z ,i h said1 ! inevitable fir/ conception :5 m5 began to reflect on ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & to reason f effects to causes4 ,i h always ?\ght t ,hume w5t too f> 9 condemn+ miracles z absolutely incr$ible a priori4 ,x is a "q ( evid5ce4 ,a priori1 ,i c conceive t ! true explanation ( ! univ]se might h be5 natural law1 z ! g5]al rule1 supplem5t$ by miracles2 j z readily z t x is law always1 & miracle nev]4 ,! v]dict mu/ be decid$ by ! weight ( evid5ce4 ,! two !ories mu/ be call$1 face to face1 be=e ! tribunal ( fact1 & its decision mu/ be respect$4 ,?is is exactly :at has be5 go+ on = ! la/ two c5turies1 & specially = ! la/ half c5tury1 & ! record ( decisions is n[ a v ample "o4 ,9 e s+le in/ance law has c>ri$ ! day aga9/ miracle4 ,in/ance aft] in/ance has occurr$ 9 :i* ph5om5a :i* 9 =m] ages 7 attribut$ )\t hesitation to sup]natural ag5cies h be5 conclusively prov$ to be due to natural laws4 ,take ! obvi\s in/ance ( ?und]4 ,:5 ,horace wrote3-- ,jam satis t]ris nivis1 atque dir ,gr&9is misit ,pat]1 et rub5te ,dext]a sacras jaculatus arces ,t]ruit urbem1 he wrote to a public to :om x 0 an und\bt$ article ( fai? t ?und] & lightn+1 hail & sn[/orms1 came direct f ! ,fa!r ( ! gods 9 ! sky4 ,ev5 to a late p]iod ?is 0 ! g5]al fai?1 & ! pray]s 9 our rubric = ra9 or f9e wea!r rema9 z a survival ( ! belief t ^! ?+s1 :5 unusual or 9 excess1 are sup]natural manife/ations4 ,b ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 said1 #8,no1 !re is no?+ sup]natural ab\t lightn+4 ,i w br+ x d[n f ! cl\ds & manufacture x by turn+ a :eel4' ,appeal be+ made to fact1 ! v]dict is t ,frankl9 0 "r1 & t lightn+-conductors protect %ips & h\ses bett] ?an pray]s or incantations4 ,aga91 :5 ,galileo & ! ,*ur* jo9$ issue z to :e!r ! e>? 0 r\nd or flat1 inspiration & au?ority 7 cit$ 9 va9 = ! receiv$ !ory2 fact said x 0 r\nd1 & x 0 prov$ to be s by m5 sail+ r\nd x4 ,! law ( gravity 0 consid]$ a v dang]\s h]esy1 & = a long "t pi\s div9es held out aga9/ its conclusions1 & cont5d$ t x 0 no bett] ?an a!ism to d\bt t comets 7 signs ( ,god's ang] s5t to w>n a s9ful _w4 ,b ,halley calculat$ ! "t ( 8 comet's return accord+ to ! laws ( gravity1 & appeal be+ made to fact1 ! comet return$ true to "t4 ,?is has occurr$ s (t5 t few are left :o d\bt ! univ]sal preval5ce ( law 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 :]e =m] g5]ations saw miracles at e turn4 ,nor is ! defeat ( miracle less conspicu\s 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,:]e =m] ages & rude races saw1 & /ill see1 possession by evil spirits1 mod]n doctors see fev]s1 epilepsies1 or insanity4 ,once m appeal be+ made to fact1 ! old m$ic9e-m5 adm9i/]$ incantations1 ! new ones qu99e--:i* cure ! mo/ pati5ts8 ,9 l mann] demonology & wit*craft1 ) all _! tra9 ( cruelties & horrors1 once univ]sally believ$ ev5 by m5 l ,ju/ice ,hale1 h pass$ into oblivion z completely z ! ,lami1 ,phorkyads1 & o!r fanta/ic figures ( ! classical ,walpurgisnight4 ,is ! _w ! bett] or ! worse = ?is triumph ( natural law ov] sup]naturalism8 ,! triumph has be5 s complete 9 innum]able in/ances1 )\t a s+le "o to ! contr>y1 t belief 9 ! p]man5ce & univ]sality ( natural law has become almo/ an in/9ct 9 all educat$ m9ds1 & ev5 ^? :o cl+ to old beliefs mu/ admit t ! mo/ cog5t & irresi/ible evid5ce is requisite to e/abli% ! fact ( a real sup]natural int]f]5ce4 ,x may be tak5 z an axiom t :]ev] a natural explanation is possible1 a miracul\s "o is impossible4 ,n[ ?is is j ! po9t on :i*1 z k has increas$1 ! evid5ce = miracles has become weak]1 almo/ 9 ! exact ratio 9 :i* ! necessity = evid5ce has become /rong]4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ case record$ by ,dr4 ,braid ( ,glasg[4 ,miss ,r4 _h suff]$ f oph?almia & 0 totally bl9d4 ,%e c\ld n disc]n a s+le lett] ( ! title-page ( a book plac$ close to h]1 ?\gh "s ( ! lett]s 7 a qu>t] ( an in* long4 ,dr4 ,braid plac$ ! pati5t 9 a condition ( hypnotism or artificial somnambulism1 & direct$ ! n]v\s =ce1 or su/a9$ att5tion ( ! m9d1 to ! eyes by waft+ ov] !m4 ,aft] a fir/ sitt+ ( ab\t t5 m9utes %e 0 able to read a great "p ( ! title-page1 & aft] f\r m sitt+s %e 0 able to read ! smalle/-siz$ pr9t 9 a newspap]1 & 0 q cur$ = ! re/ ( h] life4 ,9 ano!r case1 t ( ,mrs4 ,s41 bl9dness ( ! left eye _h occurr$ ow+ to an attack ( rheumatic fev]1 ! /ructure ( ! eye1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 be+ consid]ably injur$1 & m ?an half ! cornea cov]$ by an opaque film4 ,aft] a few sitt+s ! cornea became transp>5t1 & ! pati5t 0 cur$4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! bl9d 7 made to see by processes :i* 7 purely me*anical1 = hypnotism 0 induc$ by ! simple means ( mak+ ! pati5t /ra9 h] att5tion on "s fix$ idea or object1 commonly on a black waf] /uck on a :ite wall1 & ! /imulation ( ! optic n]ve to great] activity did ! re/4 ,& if ! bl9d c\ld be made to see1 a =tiori ! deaf 7 made to he>1 & ! lame & halt to walk1 by ! same me*anical process4 ,"h !re is an explanation ( n9e-t5?s ( all record$ miracles by purely natural causes4 ,aga91 take ! well-kn[n case ( ! ,b]l9 booksell]1 ,nicolai1 :o1 hav+ fall5 into ill-heal?1 = a :ole ye> saw1 :5 awake1 visions s real & palpable t he may be said to h liv$ 9 ! company ( disembodi$ spirits1 undi/+ui%able f actual m5 & wom54 ,?is is a common ph5om5on 9 vivid dreams1 b ! ,b]l9 case takes u a /ep f>!r1 & %[s u h[ subjective impressions may assume ! =m ( objective realities1 ev5 9 ! case ( a man wide awake1 ( a sceptical turn ( m9d1 & 9 full possession ( 8 reason+ faculties4 ,:y !n %\ld we be driv5 to ! alt]native ( miracle or impo/ure1 to acc\nt = simil> dreams or visions be+ tak5 = objective realities by en?usia/ic m9ds1 liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( religi\s excitem5t1 9 an uncritical age1 :5 sup]natural occurr5ces 7 consid]$ to be matt]s ( c\rse8 ,& hi/ory is full ( in/ances :i* %[ h[ any sup]natural g]m1 plant$ 9 su* a m$ium1 propagates itself & ext5ds to millions1 almo/ z rapidly z ! bacillus g]m does 9 an epidemic ( small-pox4 ,/4 ,vitus's dance1 or ! danc+ mania1 ran ! r\nd ( ,europe l ! potato disease1 & ev5 yet survives 9 ! hy/]ical affections ( ! sect ( ,%ak]s4 ,! gift ( tongues spread l wildfire ?r\gh ,irv+'s congregation1 & only di$ out because x _h fall5 on ! uncong5ial soil ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 ev5 ! /ory ( ! tail ( ! lion ov] ! gateway ( ! old ,nor?umb]l& ,h\se be+ se5 by _m pass]s-by to wag because "o _h ass]t$ x1 illu/rates ! contagi\sness ( n]v\s sympa?y1 & ! tricks :i* #8/rong imag9ation' c play ) ! s5ses4 ,ano!r great bl[ has be5 dealt aga9/ ! miracul\s !ory by :at c only be call$ ! s+ul> want ( intellig5ce display$ 9 ! ex]cise ( miracul\s p[] z commonly record$4 ,! raison d'tre1 or effect desir$ to be produc$ by miracles1 is to conv]t mank9d f s91 or to atte/ a div9e mission by conv9c+ pro(s4 ,ev5 ord9>y human intellig5ce--& h[ mu* m s t ( a sup]ior ,be+--mu/ see t to atta9 ?is end ! means mu/ be to make ! pro( conv9c+4 ,!re is no reason 9 itself :y x %\ld n be s4 ,! fact t a man :o 0 alive & sign$ a w is n[ dead1 is atte/$ z reg>ds ! latt] proposition by a prop] m$ical c]tificate1 & z reg>ds ! =m] by two cr$ible witnesses1 :o are prep>$ to come into c\rt1 give _! names & addresses1 depose on oa? to ! signature1 & /& cross-exam9ation4 ,if ?is te/imony is requir$ to e/abli% a fact s antec$5tly probable z t "o p>ticul> man has und]gone ! common fate ( millions ( millions ( o!r m51 t is to say1 t he has di$ aft] be+ alive1 h[ mu* m mu/ x be requisite to e/abli% ! fact s antec$5tly improbable1 z t "o man among ^? _m millions aft] hav+ di$ came back to life4 ,& yet :]e is ! record$ miracle = :i* ev5 ?is m9imum am\nt ( te/imony is =?com+8 ,:y are miracles s con/antly p]=m$ 9 holes & corn]s1 9 obscure localities1 among little knots ( ignorant & en?usia/ic adh]5ts1 atte/$ by ! vague/ he>say evid5ce ( unkn[n or incompet5t witnesses1 & app>5tly "u circum/ances inevitably calculat$ to defeat _! object & eng5d] d\bts 9 ! m9ds ( reasonable & consci5ti\s m54 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! miracles n[ said to be wr\ght at ,l\rdes4 ,! object mu/ be tak5 to be to conv]t infidel ,france to ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,b obvi\sly ?is object w\ld be f> bett] atta9$ by a s+le und\bt$ miracle wr\ght at ,p>is be=e a commission head$ by a man l ,pa/eur1 ?an by any numb] ( miracles sc>cely1 if at all1 di/+ui%able f ^? ( ,dr4 ,braid1 alleg$ to occur at an obscure village 9 ! pres5ce ( peasants & pilgrims4 ,or1 take a high] in/ance1 t ( ! dem& made by ! ,ph>isees to ,jesus = a sign to atte/ 8 ,messiah%ip4 ,consid] ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & see if x is at all possible t if he _h possess$ ! p[] ( work+ miracles he %\ld h repli$1 #8,:y do? ?is g5]ation seek aft] a sign8 v]ily ,i say unto y1 !re %all no sign be giv5 unto ?is g5]ation' 7,/4 ,m>k ix4 #ab74 ,9 ! fir/ place ! /atem5t ?r[s discr$it ^u all ! miracles said to h be5 wr\ght1 by ! positive & explicit decl>ation t none %\ld be wr\ght4 ,b beyond ?is1 ! v ess5ce ( ! mission ( ,jesus 0 conta9$ 9 ! words1 #8,rep5t ye1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4' ,he _h a firm conviction t ! k+dom ( heav51 or a mill5nium ( peace & goodwill1 0 close at h&1 & its adv5t only ret>d$ by ! s9fulness & want ( fai? ( 8 *os5 p4 ,he ?\ght x 8 b\nd5 duty to d all he c\ld to remove ! ob/acle & exp$ite ! com+ ( ! k+dom4 ,) ?is conviction1 ?\gh fully see+ ! risk & c\nt+ ! co/1 :5 he f\nd t he 0 mak+ no decid$ headway by prea*+ 9 a remote prov9ce1 he det]m9$ to g to ,j]usalem & make !re "o great ef=t to accompli% 8 object4 ,c x be d\bt$ t he w\ld use e means 9 8 p[] to c>ry 8 mission to a successful conclusion8 ,if1 hav+ ! p[] to d s by work+ a miracle1 he _h refus$1 he w\ld f 8 po9t ( view h be5 guilty ( a great s9--t ( prev5t+ ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,aga91 :o 7 ! ,ph>isees8 ,no d\bt !re 7 =mali/s & hypocrites among !m1 b ! position ( ! sect 9 ! ,jewi% nation 0 almo/ exactly simil> to t ( ! ,engli% ,puritans 9 ! reign ( ,*>les4 ,!y 7 ! embodim5t ( ! patriotic & religi\s _s ( ! race1 ! sons ( ! h]oic fa!rs :o f\ght "u ,judas ,maccabeus aga9/ ,antio*us1 ! fa!rs ( ! equally h]oic sons :o made ! la/ desp]ate /& aga9/ ! legions ( ,titus4 ,x 0 _! duty1 :5 a claim to ,messiah%ip 0 advanc$1 be=e dep>t+ f ! traditions ( _! ance/ors1 to require evid5ce4 ,! univ]sally expect$ evid5ce ( a temporal deliv]] be+ want+1 !re rema9$ only ! evid5ce ( miracles1 :i*1 moreov]1 7 assign$ z ! te/ ( a ,messiah by all _! prophets4 ,to refuse !m a sign1 if a sign 7 possible1 0 to d inju/ice to _m s9c]e & consci5ti\s m54 ,nay1 m1 x 0 an act ( cruelty if leav+ !m 9 _! old fai? entail$ et]nal puni%m5t4 ,! same ?+ applies to all records ( miracles4 ,!y are nev] wr\ght "u circum/ances :]e !y w\ld be ! mo/ effective means = atta9+ propos$ ends4 ,!y are nev] wr\ght "u circum/ances :i* leave !m cle> ( ! suspicion ( be+ subjective illusions or mis9t]pretations ( effects due to natural causes4 ,!y nev] conv9ce any b ^? :o are m ?an half conv9c$ already4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply in/ances %[+ ! inadequacy ( ! evid5ce adduc$ to e/abli% su* an exceptional & extraord9>y fact z ! occurr5ce ( a real miracle4 ,b x is unnecess>y to d s1 z all ?9k+ m9ds h come1 or are fa/ com+1 to ! conclusion ( ,dr4 ,temple1 t #8all ! c\ntless v>ieties ( ! univ]se 7 provid$ = by "o orig9al impress1 & n by special acts ( creation modify+ :at _h previ\sly be5 made4' ,x is only :5 we look beh9d ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se at ?is ,great ,fir/ ,cause1 t ,i see any?+ to object to 9 ! def9ition ( ,dr4 ,temple1 & ( ,*ri/ian philosoph]s g5]ally4 ,!y assume x to be a p]sonal ,deity1 :o is to a great ext5t kn[n or kn[able1 & !re=e mu/ h attributes con=mable to human p]ceptions :i* are ! basis ( all human k4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ev] mu* we may purify & enl>ge ^! attributes1 ,he mu/ be ess5tially an an?ropomorphic ,god or magnifi$ man4 ,to ?is !ory !re seems to me to be ?is fatal objection1 t x gives no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( evil1 or r t x makes ! ,div9e ,creator directly responsible = x4 ,! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! _w is z palpable a fact z ! exi/5ce ( good4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* to our human p]ceptions appe> to be base1 cruel1 f\l1 & ugly1 j z cle>ly z o!r ?+s appe> to be noble1 m]ciful1 pure1 & beautiful4 ,:5ce come !y8 ,if ! exi/5ce ( good proves a good ,creator1 h[ c we escape ! inf]5ce t ! exi/5ce ( evil proves an evil "o8 ,?is is nev] s =cibly impress$ on me z :5 ,i read ! argum5ts ( ^? :o insi/ mo/ /rongly on ! conception ( a "o1 an?ropomorphic ,god4 ,:5 ,c>lyle says1 #8,all t is good1 g5]\s1 wise1 "r--:atev] ,i delib]ately & = ev] love 9 o!rs & myself--:o or :at c\ld by any possibility h giv5 x to me b ,"o :o fir/ _h x to give8 ,?is is n logic1 b axiom4' ,i _c b picture to myself ! sl$gehamm] =ce ) :i*1 if he _h approa*$ ! "q )\t prepossessions1 he w\ld h come d[n on ! cant1 ! ins9c]ity1 ! treason to ! et]nal v]acities1 :i* refus$ to look facts 9 ! face1 & apply ! same reason+ to ! evil4 ,or if ,arnold def9es ! ,deity z ! #8,some?+ n ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness1' h[ ( ! ,some?+ n ourselves :i* makes = unrighte\sness8 ,! only escape ,i c f9d f ?is dilemma is to accept exi/+ facts & n evade !m4 ,x is a fact t pol>ity is ! law ( exi/5ce4 ,:y we "k n1 any m ?an we "k ! real ess5ce & orig9 ( ! atoms & en]gies :i* are our o!r ultimate facts4 ,b we accept atoms & en]gies1 & accept ! law ( gravity & o!r laws2 :y n accept also ! law ( pol>ity1 & admit t x is "p ( ! #8orig9al impress'3 "o ( ! fundam5tal conditions "u :i* ! evolution ( ,creation f its ultimate elem5ts is necessitat$ to proce$4 ,?is ! human m9d c und]/&2 beyond x is ! great unkn[n or unkn[able1 9 pres5ce ( :i* we c only feel emotions ( rev]5ce & ( awe1 & #8fa9tly tru/ ! l>g] hope' t duality may someh[ ultimately be m]g$ 9 unity1 evil 9 good1 & #8e w9t] turn to spr+4' ,z nations advanc$ 9 civilisation !re has always be5 a t5d5cy among ! high] & pur] m9ds to relegate ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause fur!r & fur!r back into ! unkn[n1 & to dive/ x ( an?ropomorphic attributes4 ,:5 ,socrates said1 #8t div9ely reveal$ wisdom ( :i* y speak1 ,i d5y n1 inasmu* z ,i d n "k x2 ,i c only und]/& human reason1' he spoke ! id5tical language ( ,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 & ^? lead]s ( mod]n ?\ght :om !ologians call agno/ics4 ,ev5 9 religions bas$ on ! idea ( a s+le an?ropomorphic ,deity ! same t5d5cy (t5 appe>s among ! highe/ ?9k]s4 ,?us ,emmanuel ,deuts*1 9 8 le>n$ "w on ! ,talmud1 tells u1 #8,its fir/ *apt] treats ( ! ,deity z conceiv$ by ,jewi% philosophy4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god is1 ( c\rse1 presuppos$4 ,b :at ( ,8 attributes8 ,has ,he any8 ,scripture lit]ally tak5 seems to affirm ?is4 ,yet tak5 9 a high] s5se1 z und]/ood by ! ,alex&r9es1 ! ,talmud1 & ! ,t>gum1 x d5ies x4' ,! great ,jewi% doctors1 ,ibn ,ezra1 ,jehuda ,hilmi1 & ,maimonides1 take ?is view ( a div9e orig9 %r\d$ 9 ineffable my/]y4 ,maimonides says1 #8,if y give attributes to a ?+1 y def9e ?is ?+1 & def9+ a ?+ means to br+ x "u "s head1 to comp>e x ) some?+ l x4 ,god is sole ( ,8 k9d4 ,det]m9e ,him1 circumscribe ,him1 & y br+ ,him d[n to ! modes & categories ( creat$ ?+s4' ,ev5 ,/4 ,paul says1 #8,o ! dep?s ( ,god4 ,h[ unse>*able are ,8 judgm5ts1 & h[ inscrutable ,8 ways'2 & ! ,cre$ ( our own ,*ur*1 9 ! mid/ ( a /r+ ( def9itions all imply+ t ,god is compreh5sible1 has ! words #8! ,fa!r incompreh5sible4' ,x is evid5t t ! reasons :y ^! anticipations ( ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght only appe>$ by glimpses1 & among a v limit$ numb] ( philosophic m9ds1 arose f ! fact t ! miracul\s !ory ( ! univ]se ev]y:]e prevail$4 ,e unusual occurr5ce 0 suppos$ to be ow+ to ! direct sup]natural int]f]5ce ( a ,be+ act+ 9 ! ma9 ) human attributes1 & !re=e to be a direct refutation ( ! !ory :i* d5i$ ! possibility ( def9+ ,8 attributes1 & relegat$ ,him to ! dim di/ance ( an incompreh5sible ,creator4 ,) ! utt] breakd[n ( ! miracul\s !ory1 & ! c]ta9ty t all ! c\ntless v>ieties ( ! univ]se arise1 n f special int]f]5ces1 b f "o orig9al impress1 ?is !ory ( a rev]5t & dev\t agno/icism becomes impregnable & holds ! field aga9/ all rivals4 ,x1 & x alone1 is consi/5t ) ! facts ( sci5ce1 ! d$uctions ( reason1 ! axioms ( morality1 :ile at ! same "t x d5ies no?+1 & leaves an ample backgr\nd on :i* to pa9t ! visions ( fai?1 & to reflect back to u spectral images ( our hopes & fe>s1 our long+s & aspirations4 ,"s seek = a solution ( ! my/]y1 & try to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( evil ) t ( an almighty & b5efic5t ,creator1 by assum+ t 9 ! long run ev]y?+ w come "r4 ,evolution1 !y say1 has l$ con/antly to high] & bett] ?+s1 & :5 c>ri$ f> en\gh w lead to a /ate ( society 9 :i* w>s w cease1 evil passions die out1 & univ]sal love & *>ity prevail--9 o!r words1 to a mill5nium4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 true1 :at ( ! untold millions ( ! human race :o h p]i%$ 9 _! s9s :ile evolution 0 sl[ly work+ out ?is t>dy mill5nium8 ,are !y ! *air canons1 :om a ,napoleon-l ,deity sacrifices ) cynical indiff]5ce1 9 ! calculat$ moves ( ! game ( ,creation8 ,is ?is _! idea ( an all-wise & all-m]ciful ,fa!r :o is 9 heav58 ,& aga91 is x true t evolution works con/antly = good & promises to br+ ab\t su* a mill5nium8 ,x is d\btless true t evolution means progress1 & ! ev]-increas+ developm5t ( ! m & m complex & diff]5tiat$ f ! simple & uni=m4 ,b is ?is all = good1 or all = happ9ess2 & is n evolution1 l ev]y?+ else1 subject to ! prim>y & all-p]vad+ law ( pol>ity8 ,we h only to ask ! "q to answ] x4 ,9 ! case ( ! individual1 :i* is ! epitome ( ! hi/ory ( ! species1 is developm5t f ! engag+ innoc5ce ( *ildhood always 9 ! direction ( goodness & happ9ess8 ,s f> is ?is f be+ ! case t1 z individuals & societies advance1 & become high] & m complex 9 ! scale ( organisation1 ! law ( pol>ity ass]ts itself ) ev]-increas+ =ce1 & contra/s become %>p]4 ,! good become bett]1 ! bad worse2 & z we become less ,l ! bea/s ) l[] pleasures1 ,l ! bea/s ) l[] pa9s1 if our happ9ess becomes m int5se1 s does our mis]y become m intol]able4 ,i ref] n m]ely to physical conditions1 ?\gh "h ! contra/ is mo/ app>5t4 ,an intellig5t travell] :o rec5tly circl$ ! _w1 survey+ mank9d ) a ke5 & imp>tial eye #8f ,*9a to ,p]u1' says1 z ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce1 #8,! travell] w n see 9 all 8 w&]+s s mu* abject repulsive mis]y among human be+s 9 ! mo/ hea!n l&s1 z t :i* />tles him 9 8 civilis$ ,*ri/ian home1 = n[h]e are ! extremes ( weal? & pov]ty s pa9fully pres5t$4' ,?is is p]fectly true2 b x w\ld be a ra% conclusion to inf] t civilis$ & ,*ri/ian c\ntries are worse ?an hea!n l&s1 or t ^? :o m>* 9 ! van ( progress & succe$ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 h a l>g] dose ( orig9al s9 ?an ! lagg>ds & ^? :o fail4 ,accumulations ( population & accumulations ( capital are alike causes & effects ( progress 9 an indu/rial age4 ,b y c no m h a nor? )\t a s\? pole1 ?an y c h ?is progress )\t its c\nt]p>t ( suff]+4 ,:5 an educat$ g5tleman 01 l ! good vic>1 ,pass+ ri* ) =ty p\nds a ye>1 h[ _m /ruggles & h[ _m he>t-a*es 7 avoid$4 ,:5 #8m]ry ,engl&' dwelt 9 rural hamlets & villages1 ! #8bitt] cry' ( ,ea/ ,london c\ld sc>cely h be5 writt54 ,turn x z y l1 increase ( population means increase ( pov]ty4 ,say t only five p] c5t4 fail 9 ! battle ( life1 f _! own or inh]it$ faults2 f bad luck1 ill-heal?1 weakness ( m9d1 adv]se surr\nd+s2 five p] c5t4 on ?irty millions is a l>g] figure ?an five p] c5t4 on t5 millions4 ,& ! lot ( ^? :o fail is aggravat$ by ! success ( ^? :o succe$4 ,! scale ( liv+ rises1 & ! co/ ( liv+ increases1 :ile competition becomes ke5]4 ,increase ( population 9 a limit$ area means increas$ difficulty ( f9d+ employm5t2 & ! complex relations ( int]national comm]ce s5d panics & crises vibrat+ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :i* ?r[ millions out ( "w1 or r$uce !m to />vation wages4 ,9 simple =ms ( society e "o accepts ! condition 9 :i* he f9ds himself z a matt] ( c\rse1 :ile 9 a m complex civilisation ! fi5d ,envy /eps 91 & tea*es ! bas] natures :o are failures1 to reg>d e success z an insult & e successful man z an enemy4 ,h5ce ,lab\r rises 9 mad revolt aga9/ ,capital2 ,sociali/s attack society ) dynamite2 & ,utopian !ori/s prea* a mill5nium to be atta9$ by aboli%+ private prop]ty & individual lib]ty4 ,if we turn to ! moral aspects ( ! "q1 x is /ill m cle> t evolution does n t5d solely to ! side ( virtue4 ,!re is d\btless less f]oci\s savag]y1 less rude & unconsci\s or half-consci\s crime1 9 civilis$ societies1 b !re is f> m delib]ate & diabolical wick$ness4 ,! v temptations & opportunities :i*1 if resi/$1 lead to high] virtues1 if succumb$ to1 lead to great] vice4 ,ev5 ! intellectual advance1 if p]v]t$1 becomes ! in/rum5t ( great] crimes4 ,a *emi/ discov]s nitro-glyc]9e1 & dynamite becomes a res\rce ( civilisation4 ,!re is a say+ t !re is #8no blackgu>d s bad z a ,scot* blackgu>d1' :i*1 z a patriotic ,scot*man1 ,i take to be a tribute to ! g5]ally high intellectual & moral "* ( my c\ntrym54 ,a p[]ful pol>ity is p[]ful1 z ! case may be1 ei!r = good or evil4 ,:y !n %\ld we believe t evolution1 :i*1 c>ri$ ?us f>1 has develop$ m /rongly ! contra/ betwe5 good & evil1 w1 if c>ri$ a little f>!r1 ext+ui% x by annihilat+ ! evil8 ,9 fact1 ! good & evil result+ f ! high] evolution ( society are s equally balanc$ t x dep5ds v mu* on place1 "t1 & temp]am5t :e!r we are optimi/s or pessimi/s4 ,if my liv] acts prop]ly ,i am an optimi/2 if x is out ( ord]1 a pessimi/4 ,p]sonally ,i incl9e to optimism--t is1 ,i ?9k t ?is _w1 if n exactly #8! be/ ( all possible worlds1' is yet on ! :ole a v tol]able _w1 & t life to ! majority1 & on ! av]age1 is wor? liv+4 ,i ?9k also t progress is c]ta9ly t[>ds high]1 & v probably t[>ds happi]1 conditions4 ,x seems to me t 9 ! mo/ advanc$ ,engli%-speak+ communities1 ! condition ( at lea/ "o half--viz4 ! female half--( ! population is di/9ctly bett]1 & t ! work+ class1 :o =m ! majority ( ! male half1 ?\gh _m are worse (f ?an =m]ly1 are1 on ! :ole1 bett] f$1 bett] clo!d1 bett] educat$1 & bett] behav$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is p]haps v mu* a matt] ( temp]am5t4 ,great] m9ds ?an m9e h se5 ?+s diff]5tly & incl9$ to pessimism4 ,buddhism1 & almo/ all ,ori5tal religions & philosophies1 are bas$ ^u x1 & look to ,nirvana or annihilation ( p]sonal id5tity z ! supreme bliss4 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity assumes t all mank9d1 except a few *os5 vessels1 are s hopelessly bad z to be pr$e/9$ to et]nal damnation4 ,& ev5 m rem>kable1 ,%akespe>e1 ! univ]sal g5ius1 :o "o w\ld say _h z happy a temp]am5t & l$ z successful a life z any man1 _h 8 moods ( despond5cy 9 :i* he c\ld say3-- ,:5 9 disgrace ) =tune & m5's eyes1 ,i all alone bemoan my outca/ /ate2 ,we>y+ deaf heav5 ) my fruitless cries1 ,& look ^u myself1 & curse my fate4 ,or decl>e ) ,hamlet t no "o w\ld be> ! ills ( life if ,he himself c\ld 8 quietus make ,) a b>e bodk94 ,) in/ances l ^!1 & ! disgu/ ( life manife/$ 9 s _m mod]n societies by ! increase ( suicides1 & ! spread ( pessimi/ic !ories l ^? ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann1 :o c d5y t ! great magnet ( mod]n civilisation has a s\? z well z a nor? pole1 & t progress is n all t[>ds p]fection8 ,! attempts ( !ologians to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( evil ) ! goodness ( an almighty ,creator1 by relegat+ ! adju/m5t to a future life1 only make ! fact ( ?is fundam5tal pol>ity m app>5t1 = _! conceptions ( a heav5 & a hell obvi\sly d n reconcile1 b only int5sify1 ! opposite pol>ities4 ,! good are bett]1 ! bad worse1 ! happy happi]1 & ! wret*$ m mis]able1 9 all ^! attempts to def9e ! undef9able & to reconcile div9e ju/ice ) div9e m]cy4 ,all t rema9s really cle> to ea* individual is t by 8 ef=ts 9 ?is life he c d some?+ to keep ! balance ( pol>ities some:at m on ! side ( good1 bo? 9 8 own individual exi/5ce1 & 9 t ( ! aggregate ( units1 ( :i* he is "o1 :i* is call$ society or humanity4 ,! great advantage ( ?is =m ( religi\s hypo!sis1 :i* = want ( a bett] "n ,i call ,zoroa/rianism1 is t1 9 ! fir/ place1 x gets rid ( ! antagonism betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 = !re is no possible discov]y ( sci5ce :i* is irreconcilable ) ! fact t !re is a necess>y & inevitable pol>ity ( good & evil1 & 9 ! backgr\nd a great unkn[n1 :i* may be reg>d$ ) ^? feel+s & aspirations :i* are insep>able f human nature4 ,& secondly1 !re is ! /ill great] advantage t we c devote ourselves ) a :ole he>t & s9c]e m9d to ! wor%ip ( ! good pr9ciple1 )\t palt]+ ) our moral nature by pr(ess+ to love & adore a ,be+ :o is ! au?or ( all ! evil & mis]y 9 ! _w z well z ( ! good4 ,if x 7 really true t !re 7 su* a ,be+ z !ologians describe1 :o creat$ ! imm5se majority ( ! human race vessels ( wra? doom$ to et]nal puni%m5t1 ei!r f pure caprice or to av5ge ! slight (f]$ to ,him by ! disob$i5ce ( a remote ance/or1 :at w\ld be ! attitude ( e heal?y human s\l t[>ds su* a ,be+8 ,r t ( ,prome!us or ,satan1 ?an ( ,gabriel or ,mi*ael2 ( h]oic defiance ?an ( abject submission4 ,we may gloss ?is ov] 9 words1 b ! fact rema9s1 & x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! am\nt ( evil :i* has result$ 9 ! _w f ?is confusion ( moral s5tim5ts :i* has made good m5 d devil's "w 9 ! belief t x _h div9e sanction4 ,! horrors ( demonology & wit*craft _h _! orig9 9 texts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 religi\s w>s & p]secutions arose out ( ! fundam5tal error t intellectual acceptance ( d\btful dogmas 0 ! "o ?+ necess>y = salvation2 & ru?less cruelty 0 ju/ifi$ by an appeal to ,god's ang] ) ,saul = refus+ to hew 9 pieces ! captive ,amalekites4 ,a foll[] ( ,zoroa/] w\ld see at once t ^! 7 works ( ,ahriman & n ( ,ormuzd1 & t 9 tak+ "p 9 !m he 0 des]t+ ! /&>d "u :i* he _h enli/$1 & do+ de$s ( d>kness :ile pret5d+ to s]ve ! ,pr9ce ( ,light4 ,?is idea ( be+ a soldi] enli/$ 9 ! army ( light seems to me to af=d "o ( ! /ronge/ practical inducem5ts to hate :at is evil & cleave to :at is good4 ,a bad de$ or f\l ?\ght is felt to be n only wrong b di%on\rable3 a disloyal go+ ov] to ! enemy & ab&onm5t ( ! *ief "u :om we _h enli/$1 & ( ! comrades ) :om we _h s]v$4 ,?is is a v /rong motive1 & ev5 9 ! humble ranks ( ! ,salvation ,army we c see h[ p[]fully x op]ates to make m5 true to _! bann]4 ,inde$ a great deal ( :at is be/ 9 g5u9e ,*ri/ianity seems to me to resolve itself v mu* into ! wor%ip ( ,jesus z ! ,ormuzd or p]sonification ( ! good pr9ciple1 & det]m9ation to try to foll[ 8 example & d 8 "w4 ,x happ5s to me to receive a good _m circul>s f ! devot$ m5 & wom5 :o are do+ s mu* *>itable "w to assi/ ! poor & fall51 & ,i obs]ve t ! appeals are almo/ con/antly made 9 ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,:5 ! ,salvation ,army made an appeal ! o!r day to its memb]s = funds to prosecute _! campaign1 x 0 t\*+ to read ! replies & see m5 p>t+ ) an ov]coat or giv+ up _! be]1 & wom5 go+ )\t a new bonnet or cup ( tea1 to contribute _! mite4 ,b always = ! #8love ( ,jesus1' = ! #8,savi\r's sake1' z an (f]+ to ! #8de> ,r$eem]4' ,!ological ,*ri/ianity says t ! "o ?+ ne$ful is to believe 9 ! ,ca?olic ,fai? z def9$ by ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 )\t :i* we %all #8)\t d\bt p]i% ev]la/+ly4' ,practical ,*ri/ianity has completely dropp$ ! ,holy ,gho/ z a sort ( fif? :eel to ! coa*1 & relegat$ ! ,fa!r into ev] vagu] & great] di/ance2 :ile x has fa/5$ m & m on ! figure ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z ! practical liv+ embodim5t ( ! good pr9ciple ( ! univ]se4 ,9 a ^w1 ,*ri/ianity1 z x has become m reasonable1 m *>itable1 m pure1 & m elevat$1 has approximat$ m & m to ,zoroa/rianism1 & = practical purposes mod]n ,*ri/ians are1 to a great ext5t1 )\t kn[+ x1 wor%ipp]s ( ,ormuzd1 ) ,*ri/ = _! ,ormuzd4 ,to ?is ,i see no sort ( objection4 ,! t5d5cy to p]sonify ab/ract pr9ciples 9 some?+ :i* is w>m]1 de>]1 ne>] to ourselves1 is in]adicable 9 human nature2 & especially among ! great masses ( mank9d :o _c rise to ! height ( philosophical speculations4 ,x is impossible 9 ! pres5t age to inv5t new p]sonifications1 or to revive old ones4 ,jesus has ! imm5se advantage ( be+ 9 possession ( ! field1 ) all ! accumulat$ love & rev]5ce ( n9ete5 c5turies ( foll[]s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to inv5t a bett] ideal or a m p]fect example4 ,no d\bt ! ideal1 l all human conceptions1 is n absolutely p]fect2 x is subject to ! law ( pol>ity1 & its excell5ces1 if pu%$ to ! #8falsehood ( extremes1' 9 _m cases become faults4 ,x w\ld n d 9 practice if smitt5 on "o *eek to turn ! o!r1 or to take no ?\ght = ! morr[ & live l ! sp>r[s4 ,! opposition betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s is also /at$ s absolutely1 t x is apt to lead to a b>r5 & ignoble asceticism4 ,b ^? are elem5ts :i*1 practically1 are n likely to be pu%$ to excess1 & :i* s]ve r to mitigate ! t5d5cies ( mod]n civilisation to an undue prepond]ance ( ! opposite pol>ities ( selfi%ness1 worldl9ess1 & s5suality4 ,c\rage1 h>dihood1 self-reliance1 =esight1 a love ( progress1 & a desire to atta9 indep5d5ce1 w always rema9 prom95t virtues1 especially ( ! /rong] races1 & ! g5tl] tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity w long be want$ z an influ5ce to s(t51 to elevate1 & to purify4 ,by all means1 !re=e1 let ,*ri/ians rema9 ,*ri/ians1 & see 9 ,*ri/ _! ,ormuzd1 or p]sonification ( ! good pr9ciple4 ,only let !m rememb] t !re are two sides to e "q1 & cease to ent]ta9 h>d & bitt] ?\ghts t[>ds ^? :o foll[ ! tru? aft] a diff]5t fa%ion4 ,let !m delight r to discov] unity 9 ! _s ?an diff]5ces 9 ! lett]1 & in/ead ( ana!matis+ ) ,a?anasius ^? :o diss5t by "o hair's bread? f ! ,ca?olic fai?1 /rive ) ,/4 ,paul aft] t *>ity :i* #8suff]e? long & is k9d3 be>e? all ?+s1 believe? all ?+s1 hope? all ?+s1 endure? all ?+s4' ,?is w be easi] if !y recollect t love & rev]5ce = ,jesus1 z ! p]sonification ( ! good pr9ciple1 is 9 no way connect$ ) ! sup]natural dogmas & leg5ds :i* h come d[n f sup]/iti\s ages1 & :i* are se5 e day1 m & m cle>ly1 to /& 9 direct contradiction to ! real facts & real laws ( ! univ]se4 ,he is ! bright example ( ! highe/ ideal ( human virtue1 n on acc\nt ( miracles1 b 9 spite ( !m2 n because he 0 a transc5d5tal ab/raction ) attributes altoge!r outside ( human exp]i5ce or conception2 b because he 0 a man :om o!r m5 c love & o!r m5 c /rive to imitate4 ,! dogmas & miracles may quietly fade out ( sight1 z s _m articles ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ h already done1 l mi/s be=e ! ris+ rays ( l>g] k & pur] morality1 & yet ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity w rema91 z a wor%ip ( ! good & beautiful1 p]sonifi$ 9 ! brighte/ example :i* has be5 af=d$--t ( ,jesus1 ! son ( ! c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,morals4 ,*ri/ianity bas$ on morals--,orig9 ( morality--,trac$ 9 ,judaism--,orig9ates 9 evolution--,in/ance ( murd]--,fre$om ( w--,w susp5d$ 9 c]ta9 /ates ( bra9--,hypnotism--,me*anical !ory--,pre-e/abli%$ h>mony--,human & animal consci5ce--,analysis ( w--,expla9$ by pol>ity--,practical conclusion4 ,! great advantage :i* ,*ri/ianity possesses ov] mo/ o!r religions is t x is bas$ to a mu* great] ext5t on ! solid f\ndation ( an elevat$ morality4 ,! cre$s ( anci5t ,egypt1 ( ,buddhism1 & ( ,confucianism conta9 _m excell5t moral precepts2 & ! injunctions to #8d unto o!rs z y w\ld be done by1' & to #8love y\r neighb\r z y\rself1' are to be f\nd long be=e ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,b ^! religions 9 ! ma9 foll[$ o!r l9es ( developm5t1 & bran*$ (f ei!r into metaphysical conceptions or into =mal rites & c]emonies4 ,) ! exception ( ,judaism1 ( :i* ,*ri/ianity is ! l9eal desc5dant1 no religion has ev] to ! same ext5t become to ! great mass ( its adh]5ts a rule ( conduct & an inc5tive1 /r5g!n$ by div9e sanction1 to lead pure & upright lives4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity has always be5 und]/ood by ! va/ majority ( ,*ri/ians1 & its corruptions h come mu* m f above ?an f bel[2 f !ologians1 prie/s1 & politicians1 ?an f ! in/9cts ( ! millions2 & ?is x is :i* enables x to reta9 su* a wond]ful vitality ev5 9 mod]n times1 :5 fai? 9 dogmas & miracles has be5 s greatly weak5$4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! solidity ( ?is basis x is necess>y to und]/& ! orig9 ( morals1 & to see t ! fundam5tal precepts ( moral law are n m]e *ance inv5tions ( a few exceptional m9ds1 or ! tea*+s ( d\btful revelations1 b are ! necess>y gr[? & products ( human nature1 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( society f rude beg9n+s to a high civilisation4 ,?is gives !m a c]ta9ty & sanction :i* c\ld be d]iv$ f no o!r s\rce1 & makes !m :at 9 fact !y h become--almo/ prim>y in/9cts ( ! natural & normal m9d 9 civilis$ communities4 ,i proce$1 !re=e1 to endeav\r to trace %ortly ! process by :i* moral laws h orig9at$ & gr[n up to _! pres5t c]ta9ty & cog5cy 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,z ,i h already said1 ! elem5t ( morality is "o ( ! late/ to be develop$ 9 religi\s conceptions4 ,! fir/ impressions ( savage races reflect ! feel+s ( vague sup]/iti\s t]ror ) :i* !y reg>d unkn[n ph5om5a & p[]s4 ,!y are afraid ( gho/s & afraid ( ?und]1 long be=e !y rise to a belief 9 a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 or to ! notion ( an almighty ,be+ act+ by natural laws4 ,9 a high] /ate ( developm5t !y p]sonify natural p[]s 9 gods1 :o h no m idea ( morality ?an if !y 7 s _m p>allels ( latitude or degrees ( longitude2 & !y inv5t tribal gods1 :o are simply great *iefs1 b\nd by no laws1 b grant+ fav\rs :5 appeas$ & inflict+ injuries :5 angry4 ,by sl[ degrees1 z civilisation advances1 moral ideas are evolv$1 & ! m enlight5$ m9ds beg9 to attribute moral attributes to _! deities4 ,e>ne/ m51 prophets1 & re=m]s take up ^! ideas & prea* !m to ! _w1 &1 if circum/ances are fav\rable & ! soil prep>$1 !y take root & become popul> convictions1 surviv+ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 & becom+ /rong] f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?is evolution ( moral ideas is mo/ cle>ly trac$ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,9 _! e>li] conceptions ,jehovah is repres5t$ ) all ! traits ( a jeal\s & caprici\s ,ori5tal sultan4 ,! "o virtue 9 8 eyes is implicit ob$i5ce2 ! "o unp>donable crime1 any?+ t looks l disrespect4 ,david is ! man aft] ,god's own he>t1 ?\gh he commits crimes ( ! f\le/ description1 & treats z nullities ! moral comm&m5ts aga9/ adult]y & murd]4 ,b :5 he takes a c5sus ( 8 p ,jehovah is (f5d$1 &1 ) a total disreg>d ( ju/ice1 visits 8 ang]1 n on ! (f5d]1 b on ! innoc5t p :om he decimates by a pe/il5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 ,abraham is fav\r$ because he is ready to obey ! inhuman comm& to sacrifice 8 son2 :ile ,saul loses ,jehovah's fav\r because he hesitates to massacre 8 captives 9 cold blood4 ,! fir/ ideas ( a high] moral s5se appe> ) ! prophets 9 ! tr\bl$ times ( ! lat] k+s--:5 poor little ,pale/9e 0 be+ gr\nd betwe5 ! upp] mill/one ( ,assyria & ! ne!r "o ( ,egypt4 ,suff]+s & p]secutions1 anxieties & tribulations1 wr\ght a f]m5t 9 ! ,jewi% m9d f :i* new ideas 7 g5]at$4 ,sacrifices _h be5 duly (f]$1 & yet ! enemies ( ,jehovah wax$ & 8 *os5 p wan$4 ,x mu/ be t ,he 0 (f5d$ ) !m because ,he requir$ some?+ bett] ?an ! blood ( bulls--ju/ice & m]cy4 ,s taught ! popul> prea*]s ( ! day--m5 l ,isaiah & ,amos--& by degrees _! words f\nd acceptance4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! ,captivity t ^! ideas ( morality 7 wr\ght into ! ,jewi% nation s z to become1 s to speak1 fle% ( _! fle% & blood ( _! blood1 z !y h rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,:e!r x 0 contact ) ! m advanc$ moral ideas ( religions l ^? ( ,buddha & ,zoroa/]1 or1 m probably1 _! suff]+s f ! cruelty & inju/ice ( _! conqu]ors1 ! ,captivity c]ta9ly made !m a new nation1 atta*$ ard5tly to morality & mono!ism--?us effect+ 9 a few ye>s1 & by purely human ag5cies1 :at1 accord+ to receiv$ beliefs1 c5turies ( miracul\s disp5sation _h fail$ to accompli%4 ,h[ spe$ily & h[ effectually ! "w 0 done appe>s f t mo/ int]e/+ n>rative ( ! dome/ic life ( a middle-class ,jew ( ,n9eveh1 ! ,book ( ,tobit4 ,! simple piety & homely h\sehold virtues are almo/ id5tically ! same z ^? ( _m a ,jewi% family liv+ to-day 9 ,london or ,frank=t4 ,f t "t =w>d ,jewi% morality ma9ta9s a high level1 & 9 ! age imm$iately prec$+ ,*ri/ianity x _h atta9$ great purity & spirituality 9 ! s*ool ( ! e>ly doctors ( ! ,talmud1 & ( ! ,jewi% colony ( ,alex&ria4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 beautiful z x is1 is b an admirable rsum ( maxims :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,philo & o!r ,jewi% tea*]s1 & :i* 7 curr5t 9 ! synagogues ( ! day4 ,hillel1 :o 0 presid5t ( ! ,sanh$r9 :5 ,*ri/ 0 born1 :5 ask$ :at 0 ! law1 repli$1 #8,d n unto ano!r :at ?\ w\ld/ n h ano!r d unto !e4 ,?is is ! :ole ,law1 ! re/ is m]e comm5t>y4' ,& aga91 #8,d n judge ?y neighb\r until ?\ ha/ /ood 9 8 place4' ,! ,talmud anticipates 9 a wond]ful degree n only ! moral precepts ( ! ,gospel1 b to a great ext5t its phraseology & te*nical t]ms4 #8,r$emption1' #8grace1' #8fai?1' #8salvation1' #8,son ( man1' #8,son ( ,god1' #8k+dom ( heav51' 7 all1 z ,deuts* %[s1 n inv5t$ by ,*ri/ianity1 b 7 h\sehold words ( contempor>y ,judaism4 ,9 "o respect only ,*ri/ianity %[s a high] evolution ( morality ?an ,judaism--viz4 its univ]sality4 ,pure ,judaism h>dly rises above ! idea ( #8neighb\r1' or ^? :o 7 ( ! same race or common fai?2 :ile ,*ri/ianity1 z enl>g$ by ,/4 ,paul1 embraces all mank9d1 & may truly say3 #8,humani nihil a me ali5um puto4' ,! idea t morality & religion are products ( a sl[ly develop+ evolution is d5\nc$ by _m z degrad+ & mat]iali/ic4 ,9 _m ! in/9ct ( ! #8good' is s /rong t x seems to !m sacrilege to attempt to expla9 x4 ,!y insi/ t x is ei!r a univ]sal in/9ct implant$ f ! fir/ 9 all mank9d1 or else t x has be5 s implant$ by a div9e revelation4 ,!y =get t1 to use ! vigor\s phraseology ( ,c>lyle1 #8,x matt]s n :e!r y call a ?+ pan-!ism or pot-!ism2 :at really conc]ns u is to "k :e!r x is true4' ,n[ x admits ( no "q t1 :e!r we l x or n1 ! evolutioni/ !ory ( morality is ! true "o4 ,take an extreme in/ance1 t ( murd]4 ,we feel an in/9ctive horror at ! idea1 & ev5 a brutal ruffian l ,bill ,sikes becomes an accurs$ ?+ to himself & 8 companions :5 he has transgress$ ! comm&m5t #8,?\ %alt d no murd]4' ,b is x s ev]y:]e1 & 0 x s always8 ,by no means2 ! ,fiji isl&] kills & eats a /rang] or enemy )\t scruple2 ! ,r$ ,indian & ! ,dyak are n acc\nt$ m5 until !y h murd]$ "s "o & br\ght home 8 scalp or 8 head z a trophy4 ,ev5 at a late p]iod among ourselves murd] 0 consid]$ to be r z a civil injury1 to be met by comp5sation1 ?an z a crime2 & a regul> t>iff 0 e/abli%$ ( ! am\nt to be paid accord+ z ! victim 0 a slave or a freeman4 ,! orig9 & progress ( ! idea t murd] is a crime c almo/ be trac$ /ep by /ep4 ,! wife ( a rude savage does some?+ :i* (f5ds him2 a viol5t p]ception ( ang] fla%es f ! visual organ to ! p]ceptive area ( ! bra91 & a reflex action fla%es f x along ! motor n]ve to ! muscles ( ! arm4 ,he /rikes & kills h]1 almo/ z unconsci\sly & in/9ctively z he walks or brea!s4 ,b o!r p]ceptions foll[ on ! act4 ,he f9ds next day t he has no "o to cook 8 food2 ! image ( h] dy+ face photograph$ on 8 bra9 is an unpleasant "o2 & ?us by degrees a s]ies ( second>y p]ceptions get atta*$ to ! prim>y "o ( /rik+ :5 he feels angry4 ,if he gets ano!r wife :o aga9 provokes him1 ! prim>y p]ception calls up ! second>y ones1 & ! n]ve-c5tres ( 8 bra91 in/ead ( be+ solicit$ only 9 "o direction1 are act$ on 9 opposite ways by conflict+ impressions4 ,he hesitates1 &1 z ! prim>y impulse ( passion is probably ! m evanesc5t1 ! re/ra9+ impulses prevail1 & e "t !y prevail !y acquire m /r5g?4 ,gradually !y ext5d to a conviction t x is bo? inconv5i5t & disagreeable to kill any "o ) :om he is closely relat$ ei!r by family or tribal ties1 & t1 9 a ^w1 murd] does n pay1 & is wrong1 unless practis$ on an enemy4 ,?is idea accumulates by h]$ity1 & evid5tly ^? tribes or races 9 :om x is /ronge/ w h an advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life & be mo/ likely to survive4 ,f ?is po9t ! idea may be trac$ hi/orically1 deep5+ & wid5+ f g5]ation to g5]ation z civilisation advances1 until 9 ! high] races x assumes ! =m ( an in/9ctive abhorr5ce ( murd] 9 ! ab/ract1 z we f9d x at ! pres5t day4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! f\ndations ( morality are 9 any way weak5$ by ?us trac+ !m up to _! fir/ orig9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we consid] ! matt] rightly1 !y are plac$ on a mu* m solid & unassailable basis4 ,if we say t moral laws dep5d on a univ]sal in/9ct implant$ 9 all mank9d1 fai? 9 !m is %ak5 :5ev] we read 9 hi/ory1 or he> f ! report ( travell]s1 ( :ole nations1 con/itut+ f fir/ to la/ ! imm5se majority ( ! human race1 :o _h none ( ^? ideas :i* we n[ consid] fundam5tal4 ,if1 aga91 we base !m on div9e precepts miracul\sly convey$1 e discov]y ( sci5ce & developm5t ( ?\ght :i* weak5s fai? 9 miracles impairs ! basis ( morals4 ,& on ?is !ory1 hopeless contradictions arise )9 ! sph]e ( ^? v moral laws :i* we seek to e/abli%2 z 9 reconcil+ ! ju/ice & m]cy ( ! ,creator 9 reveal+ ?is inspir$ code only to limit$ portions ( ! human race1 & "u conditions :i* leave l>ge scope = legitimate d\bt1 & :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 fail$ to ensure recognition = its moral precepts among ,8 own *os5 p = a long p]iod aft] its promulgation4 ,b on ! sci5tific !ory ( ! evolution ( morality by natural laws x /&s on an impregnable foot+4 ,no "o c d5y t1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* in/9cts d prevail1 & h become "p ( ! nature ( all ! be/ m5 & be/ races1 & t ea* successive g5]ation t5ds to fix !m m firmly4 ,ma!matical laws are n ! less c]ta9 because !y c be trac$ back to c\nt+ on ! f+]s1 & moral laws w cont9ue to h a c]ta9ty & cog5cy1 sc>cely inf]ior to ! axioms ( ma!matics1 al?\gh we c trace !m back to orig9s z rude z ! attempts ( ! ,au/ralian savage to ext5d 8 p]ceptions ( numb] beyond #8"o1 two1 & a great _m4' ,! real difficulty is n 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( ^! in/9cts ( morality1 b 9 t fundam5tal difficulty :i* und]lies all !ories ( reconcil+ ! consci\sness ( free-w ) ! mat]ial attributes ) :i* x is indissolubly associat$4 ,)\t fre$om ( w !re c be no consci5ce1 no "r or wrong 9 act+ 9 accordance or o!rwise ) ! in/9cts ( moral law1 h[ev] ^? in/9cts may h be5 d]iv$4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t ! w1 l life1 memory1 consci\sness1 & o!r m5tal functions1 is1 s f> z human k ext5ds1 indissolubly connect$ ) matt] & natural laws1 9 ! =m ( c]ta9 motions ( ! cells :i* =m ! grey sub/ance ( ! n]ves & ( ! n]v\s ganglia ( :i* ! cortex ( ! bra9 is ! mo/ consid]able4 ,?is is conclusively prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,we "k t1 by remov+ c]ta9 portions ( ! bra9 ( a dog or ( a pigeon1 we c de/roy ! p[] ( motion :ile pres]v+ ! w1 & by remov+ c]ta9 o!r portions we c de/roy ! w :ile pres]v+ ! p[]s ( motion4 ,take away a c]ta9 portion ( ! bra9 ( a pigeon1 & al?\gh x reta9s ! p[] ( tak+ food1 x has s totally lo/ ! w to ex]cise ?is p[] t x w />ve 9 ! mid/ ( abundance1 ?\gh x c be kept alive by plac+ ! food 9 its m\?4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! human bra9 !re are c]ta9 portions :i*1 if de/roy$ by injury or disease1 w p>alyse ! p[] ( giv+ effect to ! w by muscul> movem5ts1 :ile ! de/ruction ( o!r portions w p>alyse ! w :i* orig9ates su* movem5ts4 ,num]\s cases are record$ 9 m$ical treatises 9 :i* ! w is completely p>alys$ = ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 functions1 & 9 su* cases ! anatomi/ c lay 8 f+] on ! spot :]e ! bra9 is affect$1 & :5 ! bra9 is dissect$ aft] ! dea? ( ! pati5t1 x w be f\nd t 8 pr$iction is v]ifi$1 & t ?is region ( ! bra9 really 0 diseas$4 ,9 sleep also1 & 9 abnormal /ates ( ! bra9 su* z somnambulism1 & mesm]ism or hypnotism1 ! action ( ! w is susp5d$4 ,hypnotism af=ds ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances1 = "h ! w seems to be transf]r$ f ! ,ego or individuality ( ! pati5t to t ( ! op]ator1 & ! curr5ts ( n]v\s en]gy :i* induce motion 9 ,a are set go+ by impulses 9 ! m9d ( ,a1 n caus$ by 8 own w1 b by t ( ,b1 convey$ by words1 ge/ures1 or o!r subtle indications4 ,a ludicr\s in/ance ( ?is is record$ by ,dr4 ,braid1 9 :i* an old lady1 :o _h a true puritanical abhorr5ce ( danc+ z s9ful1 be+ hypnotis$1 began cap]+ ab\t ! room :5 a waltz tune 0 /ruck up1 on be+ told to d s by ! op]ators4 ,!re are "s o!r curi\s effects produc$ by hypnotism1 9 ! way ( induc+ a sort ( d\ble consci\sness & memory1 :i* makes p 9 ?is condition totally =get ?+s :i* !y rememb] :5 awake1 & rememb] ?+s :i* 7 totally =gott5 9 ! wak+ /ate4 ,^! & a v>iety ( o!r in/ances po9t to ! conclusion t man is only a consci\s ma*9e4 ,9 o!r words1 t ! orig9al impress1 to use ,dr4 ,temple's words1 0 s p]fect t x provid$ a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony n only = ! innum]able ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial univ]se z unfold$ by evolution1 b = ! /ill m innum]able ph5om5a ( life 9 all its manife/ations & all its complex relations to outw>d environm5t4 ,i say ( life1 = we cle>ly _c conf9e ! !ory to human life4 ,a dog1 :o ) ! two c\rses be=e him ( do+ wrong & *as+ a rabbit1 or do+ "r & rema9+ at 8 ma/]'s heel1 *ooses "o ( !m1 is 9 exactly ! same position z ,h]cules betwe5 ! rival attractions ( virtue & pleasure4 ,if ,h]cules act$ z a ma*9e1 yield+ to ! pre-e/abli%$ prepond]ance ( ! /rong] attraction1 s did ! dog2 b if ,h]cules ex]t$ free-w & felt ! approval or blame ( consci5ce1 s did ! retriev]4 ,!re is no fundam5tal di/9ction1 b m]ely a "q ( degree1 betwe5 human consci5ce & ! %ame :i* a dog feels :5 x kn[s t x has done wrong1 & ! pleasure :i* x manife/s :5 consci\s t x has behav$ prop]ly4 ,%all we ?us conclude1 z ,leibnitz & o!r great philosoph]s h done1 9 fav\r ( ! me*anical !ory8 ,b if we d1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! in/9ctive in]adicable feel+1 :i* comes home to e "o ) a conviction ev5 /rong] ?an ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 t we really h a *oice betwe5 opposite c\rses1 & c decide on our own actions--a conviction :i* is obvi\sly ! f\ndation ( all consci5ce & ( all morality8 ,let u try to analyse m closely :at ,w really means1 & "u :at conditions x is manife/$4 ,! circuit :i* connects any "o s+le p]ception ) action1 ?r\gh s5sory n]ve1 s5sory c5tre1 motor c5tre1 motor n]ve & muscle1 is z purely me*anical z t ( an electric circuit4 ,reflex motions su* z brea?+1 & ev5 m complex motions :i* by repetition h become reflex or in/9ctive1 are also me*anical & involve no ex]cise ( w4 ,b :5 p]ceptions become complex1 & "o prim>y evokes a numb] ( second>y p]ceptions--9 o!r words1 :5 ! cells ( ! correspond+ portions ( grey matt] 9 ! cortex ( ! bra9 are set vibrat+ by a v>iety ( complex & conflict+ molecul> motions1 ! feel+ ( free-w inevitably arises4 ,we feel ! conviction t !re is a some?+ :i* we call s\l1 m9d1 or 9 ! la/ analysis1 #8,i myself ,i1' :i* sits1 z ,von ,moltke might d1 9 a cab9et receiv+ conflict+ telegraphic messages f diff]5t g5]als1 & decid+ !n & !re :at ord] to fla% out 9 reply4 ,:at c we say to ?is8 ,t x is l space & "t1 "o ( ! categories ( ?\ght1 or prim>y m\lds 9 :i* ?\ght is ca/4 ,we d n "k :at space & "t really are 9 _! ess5ce1 or :y !y are ! necess>y conditions ( ?\ght1 any m ?an we d 9 ! case ( w4 ,!y may be illusions1 b we accept !m1 & ( necessity accept !m1 z facts4 ,= all practical purposes x is ! same to u1 z if we und]/ood _! ess5ce & knew !m to be realities4 ,a man c no m d\bt t he is an individual be+1 ) a w :i*1 9 a great _m cases1 enables him to decide :i* ( a v>iety ( impulses %all prevail1 ?an he c hesitate1 if he is furni%+ a room1 to regulate 8 pur*ase ( c>pet+ & pap] by space ( ?ree dim5sions1 )\t reg>d to possible speculations z to quat]nions4 ,p]haps ! pr9ciple ( pol>ity may assi/ u 9 und]/&+ t bo? !ories may be true2 or r t matt] & _s1 necessity & free-w1 may be opposite poles ( "o fundam5tal tru? :i* is beyond our compreh5sion4 ,we _c %ake (f ?is pr9ciple ( pol>ity1 & arrive at any k1 or ev5 conception1 ( ! absolute tru? 9 reg>d to ! atoms1 en]gies1 & natural laws1 :i* make up ! univ]se ( matt] & ( all ! ord9>y & mat]ial functions ( life2 :y %\ld we expect to d s 9 ! high] manife/ations ( ! same life1 :i* h be5 arriv$ at 9 ! lat] /ages ( "o unbrok5 c\rse ( evolution f monad to man8 ,?is1 at any rate1 is ! !ory :i* be/ satisfies my own m9d & enables me to r$uce my own individual *aos into "s sort ( a cosmos4 ,i draw f x ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,= all practical purposes assume t #8"r is "r1' & t ! moral in/9cts1 h[ev] !y h be5 =m$1 are imp]ative laws4 ,assume also t ,man is man & ma/] ( 8 fate1 & t we h1 to a great ext5t1 ! p[] ( decid+ :at to d & :at n to d4 ,b 9 do+ s1 keep ! m9d op5 to all conclusions ( sci5ce1 & admit freely t ^! assumptions are indissolubly connect$ ) natural laws & ) mat]ial organs1 & t man is to a v great ext5t dep5d5t on 8 environm5t & 8 place 9 evolution1 bo? = 8 moral code & = ! =ce ( w & consci5ce :i* enable him to con=m to x4 ,le>n !re=e ! lesson ( a l>ge tol]ation & ( *>ity 9 ?\ght & de$1 t[>ds ^? :o1 f inh]it$ con/itution or un=tunate conditions ( education & outw>d circum/ances1 fall "u ! sway ( ! pr9ciple ( evil1 & lead bad1 useless1 & unlovely lives4 ,_h y & ,i1 read]1 be5 9 _! place1 %\ld we h done bett]8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,zoroa/rianism4 ,zoroa/] an hi/orical p]son--,! ,p>sees--,iranian bran* ( ,aryan family--,zoroa/] a religi\s re=m]--,sc5e at ,balkh--,conv]sion ( ,gu%tasp--,doctr9es ( ! #8excell5t religion'--,mono!ism--,pol>ity--,dr4 ,haug's description--,ormuzd & ,ahriman--,anquetil du ,p]ron--,approximation to mod]n ?\ght--,abs5ce ( miracles--,code ( morals--,its compreh5siv5ess--,& lib]ality--,special rites--,fire-wor%ip--,disposal ( dead--,practical results--,! ,p>sees ( ,bombay--,_! probity1 ent]prise1 respect = wom5--,zeal = education--,philan?ropy & public _s--,/ati/ics--,dea? & bir? rates4 ,zoroa/rianism is commonly suppos$ to d]ive its "n f its f\nd] ,zoroa/]1 a ,bactrian sage or prophet1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,gu%tasp ! ,fir/4 ,zoroa/]'s "n has come d[n to u f antiquity 9 mu* ! same relation to ?is =m ( religion z t ( ,moses to ,judaism1 or ( ,sakya-,m\ni to ,buddhism4 ,z 9 ^? cases1 c]ta9 le>n$ comm5tators h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! alleg$ f\nd] 0 purely my?ical & _h no real hi/orical exi/5ce1 bas+ _! argum5t ma9ly on ! fact t a numb] ( sup]natural attributes1 & embodim5ts ( metaphysical & !ological ideas1 became atta*$ to ! "n1 j z a :ole cycle ( sol> my?s became associat$ ) ! "n ( ,h]cules4 ,b ?is seems to be c>ry+ scepticism too f>4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t religions h g5]ally orig9at$ 9 ! cry/allisation ( ideas float+ 9 solution at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! evolution ( societies1 ab\t ! nucleus ( "s p[]ful p]sonality4 ,ne>ly all ! great religions ( ! _w1 su* z ,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mahometanism1 cle>ly _h hi/orical f\nd]s1 & x w\ld be hyp]critical to d5y t su* a man z ,jesus ( ,naz>e? really liv$ because _m ( 8 say+s & do+s may be trac$ to applications1 m or less errone\s1 ( anci5t prophecies1 or because 8 human nature became transfigur$ into ! ,logos & o!r metaphysical conceptions ( ! ,alex&rian philosophy4 ,9 ! case ( ,zoroa/]1 ! argum5t = 8 hi/orical exi/5ce seems ev5 /rong]1 = 8 "n is connect$ ) hi/orical reigns & places1 & 8 g5u9e e>ly hi/ory conta9s no?+ sup]natural or improbable4 ,he is repres5t$ z simply a deep ?9k] & p[]ful prea*]1 l ,lu!r1 :o gave new =m & expression to ! vague religi\s & philosophical ideas ( 8 age & nation1 re=m$ its sup]/itions & abuses1 & conv]t$ ! lead+ m9ds ( 8 day1 includ+ ! mon>*1 by ! e>ne/ness & eloqu5ce ( 8 disc\rses4 ,at any rate1 = my purpose ,i %all assume 8 p]sonality1 = my object is n to write a critical essay on ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion1 b to %[ t 9 its fundam5tal ideas & ess5tial _s x approximates wond]fully to ^? ( ! mo/ advanc$ mod]n ?\ght1 & gives ! outl9e ( a cre$ :i* goes fur!r ?an any o!r to meet ! practical wants ( ! pres5t day1 & to reconcile ! conflict betwe5 fai? & sci5ce4 ,?is w be mo/ cle>ly & vividly %[n by assum+ ! commonly accept$ hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,zoroa/] to be true1 & by conf9+ myself to ! broad1 lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 religion1 )\t dwell+ on its v>y+ phases1 or on ! my?ical leg5ds & rituali/ic obs]vances :i*1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r old religions1 h cry/allis$ ab\t ! primitive idea & ! primitive f\nd]4 ,z>a-?u/ra1 or1 z he is commonly call$1 ,zoroa/]1 & ! religion :i* goes by 8 "n1 are kn[n to u ma9ly f ! sacr$ books :i* h be5 pres]v$ by ! mod]n ,p>sees4 ,! ,p>sees1 a small remnant ( ! ,p]sians :o "u ,cyrus f\nd$ "o ( ! mightie/ empires ( ! anci5t _w1 fly+ f _! native c\ntry to escape f p]secution aft] ! ,mahometan conque/1 =m$ a colony 9 ,india1 & are n[ settl$ at ,bombay4 ,!y =m a small b highly intellig5t community1 :o h pres]v$ _! anci5t religion1 &1 =tunately1 "s consid]able fragm5ts ( _! sacr$ scriptures4 ,! olde/ ( ^! are writt5 9 ! ,gata dialect ( ! ,ave/a or ,z5d language1 :i* is contempor>y ) ,sanskrit1 & be>s mu* ! same relation to x z ,lat9 does to ,greek4 ,! primitive ,aryan family at "s v remote p]iod became divid$ into two bran*es1 & radiat$ f _! ,c5tral ,asian home 9 two directions4 ,! ,h9doo bran* migrat$ to ! s\? into ! ,punjaub & ,h9do/an2 ! ,iranian we/w>ds1 into ,bactria & ,p]sia2 :ile o!r successive waves ( ,aryan migration 9 prehi/oric times roll$ /ill fur!r we/w>ds ov] ,europe1 oblit]at+ all b a few traces ( ! aborig9al population4 ,! p]iod ( ?is sep>ation ( ! ,iranian & ,h9doo races mu/ be v remote1 = ! ,rig-,v$a is probably at lea/ #d1jjj ye>s old1 & ! div]g5ce betwe5 its =m ( ,sanskrit & ! ,gata dialect ( ! ,z5d is already z great z t betwe5 two k9dr$ ,european languages su* z ,greek & ,lat94 ,! div]g5ce ( religi\s ideas is also evid5tly ( v e>ly date4 ,9 ! ,h9doo1 & all o!r races ( ! primitive ,aryan /ock1 ! ^w us$ = gods & good spirits is tak5 f ! root #8div1' to %9e4 ,?us1 ,daeva 9 ,sanskrit1 ,zeus & ,!os 9 ,greek1 ,deus 9 ,lat91 ,tius 9 ,g]man1 ,diews 9 ,lu!ranism1 ,dia 9 ,iri%1 ,dew 9 ,kymric1 all mean ! bright or %9+ "o repres5t$ by ! vault ( heav54 ,b 9 ,iranian ! ^w has an opposite s5se1 & ! #8deevs' correspond to our #8devils4' ,! primitive ,aryan religions 7 evid5tly all d]iv$ f a contemplation ( ! p[]s & ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! sky1 ) its flood ( light & vault ( e!real blue1 0 consid]$ to be ! highe/ manife/ation ( a ,supreme ,p[]2 :ile ! sun & moon1 ! />s & planets1 ! w9ds & cl\ds1 ! e>? & wat]s1 7 p]sonifi$1 ei!r z symbols ( ! ,deity or z subord9ate gods4 ,! orig9al simple fai? 0 ?us apt to deg5]ate into a sy/em ( poly!ism1 &1 z ! gods came to be repres5t$ by visible =ms1 into idolatry4 ,zoroa/] appe>s to u1 l ,mahomet at a lat] age & among a rud] p1 z a prophet or re=m] :o aboli%$ ^! abuses & re/or$ ! anci5t fai? 9 a l(ti] & m intellectual =m1 adapt$ to ! use ( an advanc$ & civilis$ society4 ,! records ( 8 life & tea*+ h =tunately be5 pres]v$ 9 s au!ntic a =m1 t di/ant z he is f u we c =m a s+ul>ly accurate idea ( :o he 0 & :at he taught4 ,"s #c1bjj ye>s ago a sight might h be5 se5 9 ! anci5t city ( ,balkh--! fam\s capital ( ,bactria1 ! #8,"m ( ,cities'--v l t witness$ "s f\rte5 c5turies lat] at our own ,cant]bury4 ,! k+ & 8 *ief nobles & c\rti]s 7 assembl$ to he> ! disc\rse ( a prea*] :o propos$ to tea* !m a bett] religion4 ,gu%tasp li/5$ to ,zoroa/]1 z ,e!lb]t li/5$ to ,augu/9e1 & 9 ea* case reason & eloqu5ce c>ri$ conviction1 & ! nation became conv]ts to ! new doctr9e4 ,?is conv]sion 0 effect$ )\t miracles1 = x is expressly /at$ 9 ! celebrat$ spee* ( ! prophet1 pres]v$ 9 ! #cj? *apt] ( ! ,yasna1 t he reli$ solely on p]suasion & argum5t4 ,f]d\si1 ! ,p]sian ,hom]1 ?us describes ! fir/ int]view betwe5 ,zoroa/] & ,gu%tasp3 #8,le>n1' he said1 #8! rites & doctr9es ( ! religion ( excell5ce4 ,= )\t religion !re _c be any wor? 9 a k+4 ,:5 ! mighty mon>* he>d him speak ( ! excell5t religion1 he accept$ f him ! excell5t rites & doctr9es4' ,! doctr9es ( ?is #8excell5t religion' are extremely simple4 ,! lead+ idea is t ( mono!ism1 b ! "o ,god has f> few] an?ropomorphic attributes1 & is relegat$ mu* f>!r back into ! vague & inf9ite1 ?an ! god ( any o!r mono!i/ic religion4 ,ahura-,mazda1 ( :i* ! m famili> appellation ,ormuzd is an abbreviation1 means ! #8,all-kn[+ ,"l2' he is said sometimes to dwell 9 ! inf9ite lum9\s space1 & sometimes to be id5tical ) x4 ,he is1 9 fact1 n unlike ! inscrutable ,fir/ ,cause1 :om we may reg>d ) awe & rev]5ce1 ) love & hope1 b :om we _c pret5d to def9e or to und]/&4 ,b ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ,zoroa/rianism & o!r religions is t x does n conceive ( ?is "o ,god z an omnipot5t ,creator1 :o might make ! univ]se z he *ose1 & !re=e 0 directly responsible = all ! evil 9 x2 b z a ,be+ act+ by c]ta9 fix$ laws1 "o ( :i* 01 = reasons totally inscrutable to u1 t exi/5ce impli$ pol>ity1 & !re=e t !re c\ld be no good )\t correspond+ evil4 ,dr4 ,haug1 :o is ! greate/ au?ority on all que/ions connect$ ) ! ,z5d scriptures1 says3 #8,hav+ arriv$ at ! gr& idea ( ! unity & indivisibility ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ,zoroa/] und]took to solve ! great problem :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( s _m wise m5 ( antiquity & ev5 9 mod]n times1 viz4 h[ are ! imp]fections disc]nible 9 ! _w1 ! v>i\s k9d ( evils1 wick$ness1 & bas5ess1 compatible ) ! goodness1 hol9ess1 & ju/ness ( ,god8 ,?is great ?9k] ( remote antiquity solv$ ?is difficult "q philosophically1 by ! supposition ( two primval causes1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]5t1 7 unit$1 & produc$ ! _w ( mat]ial ?+s z well z t ( _s4 ,^! two primval pr9ciples are ! two mov+ causes 9 ! univ]se1 unit$ f ! beg9n+1 & !re=e call$ tw9s4 ,!y are pres5t ev]y:]e--9 ! ,ahura ,mazda1 or ,supreme ,deity1 z well z 9 man4' ,!y are call$ 9 ! ,v5didad ,sp5to ,ma9yu%1 or ! #8b5efic5t _s1' & ,angro ,ma9yu%1 or ! #8hurtful _s4' ,! latt] is g5]ally kn[n z ,ahriman1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness2 & ! =m] z ,ormuzd1 is id5tifi$ ) ,ahura ,mazda1 ! good ,god1 ?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 ,ahura ,mazda is ! great unkn[n ,fir/ ,cause1 :o compreh5ds )9 himself bo? pr9ciples z a necess>y law ( exi/5ce1 & 9 :om believ]s may hope t evil & good w ultimately be reconcil$4 ,anquetil du ,p]ron1 ! fir/ translator ( ! ,z5dave/a1 9 8 #8,critical ,view ( ! ,!ological & ,c]emonial ,sy/em ( ,z>-?ur/1' ?us sums up ! ,p>see cre$3 #8,! fir/ po9t 9 ! !ological sy/em ( ,zoroa/] is to recognise & adore ! ,ma/] ( all t is good1 ! ,pr9ciple ( all righte\sness1 ,ormuzd1 accord+ to ! =m ( wor%ip prescrib$ by him1 & ) purity ( ?\ght1 ( ^w1 & ( action1 a purity :i* is m>k$ & pres]v$ by purity ( body4 ,next1 to h a respect1 accompani$ by gratitude1 = ! intellig5ce to :i* ,ormuzd has committ$ ! c>e ( nature 7i4e4 to ! laws ( nature71 to take 9 our actions _! attributes = models1 to copy 9 our conduct ! h>mony :i* reigns 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & g5]ally to hon\r ,ormuzd 9 all t he has produc$4 ,! second "p ( _! religion consi/s 9 dete/+ ! au?or ( all evil1 moral & physical1 ,ahriman--8 productions1 & 8 works2 & to contribute1 z f> z 9 u lies1 to exalt ! glory ( ,ormuzd by enfeebl+ ! tyranny :i* ! ,evil ,pr9ciple ex]cises ov] ! _w4' ,x is evid5t t ?is simple & sublime religion is "o to :i*1 by :atev] "n we may call x1 ! be/ mod]n ?\ght is fa/ approximat+4 ,m5 ( sci5ce l ,huxley1 philosoph]s l ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 poets l ,t5nyson1 might all subscribe to x2 & ev5 enlight5$ ,*ri/ian div9es1 l ,dr4 ,temple1 are n v f> f x :5 !y admit ! idea ( a ,creator beh9d ! atoms & en]gies1 ^: orig9al impress1 giv5 9 ! =m ( laws ( nature1 0 s p]fect z to require no second>y int]f]5ce4 ,admit t ,*ri/ is ! be/ p]sonification ( ! ,sp5ta ,ma9yu%1 or good pr9ciple 9 ! inscrutable ,div9e pol>ity ( exi/5ce1 & a man may be at ! same "t a ,*ri/ian & a ,zoroa/rian4 ,! religion ( ,zoroa/] has1 h[ev]1 ?is great advantage 9 ! exi/+ conditions ( mod]n ?\ght1 t x is n dragg$ d[n by su* a dead weight ( traditional dogmas & miracles z /ill hangs ^u ! skirts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,its dogmas are compris$ 9 ! /atem5t t !re is "o supreme1 unkn[n1 ,fir/ ,cause1 :o manife/s himself 9 ! univ]se "u fix$ laws :i* involve ! pr9ciple ( pol>ity4 ,?is is h>dly s mu* a dogma z a /atem5t ( fact1 or ( ! ultimate & absolute tru? at :i* x is possible = human faculty to arrive4 ,no progress ( sci5ce or philosophy conflicts ) x1 b r !y confirm x1 by %[+ m & m cle>ly ) e discov]y t ?is is 9 v fact & de$ ! lit]al tru?4 ,religion1 or ! feel+ ( rev]5ce & love = ! ,great ,unkn[n :i* lies beyond ! sph]e ( human s5se & reason1 %9es m brightly ?r\gh ?is pure m$ium ?an ?r\gh ! fogs ( mi/y metaphysics2 & we c wor%ip ,god 9 _s & 9 tru? )\t puzzl+ our bra9s z to ! precise nature ( ! ,logos1 or ex]cis+ !m on ! insoluble problem h[ "o c be equal to ?ree1 & at ! same "t ?ree equal to "o4 ,z reg>ds miracles1 :i* are ano!r mill/one ab\t ! neck ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity1 ! religion ( ,zoroa/] is entirely free f !m4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few miracul\s my?s ab\t him 9 "s ( ! lat] writ+s 9 ! ,pehlvi language1 z ( 8 conception by 8 "m dr9k+ a cup ( ! sacr$ ,homa1 b ^! are ( no au?ority & =m no "p ( ! religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! orig9al scriptures :i* pr(ess to record 8 exact words & precepts disclaim all pret5sion to div9e nature or miracul\s p[]1 & base ! claims ( ! #8excell5t religion' purely on reason4 ,?is is an imm5se advantage 9 ! #8/ruggle = life1' :5 e day is mak+ x m impossible = educat$ m5 to believe t real miracles ev] actually occurr$1 & :5 ! evid5ce on :i* !y 7 accept$ is crumbl+ to pieces "u ! light ( critical enquiry4 ,! ,p>see has no reason to tremble = 8 fai? if a ,galileo inv5ts ! telescope or a ,newton discov]s ! law ( gravity4 ,he has no occasion to argue = ,noah's deluge1 or = ! ord] ( ,creation describ$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,nay ev51 he may rema9 undi/urb$ by t late/ & mo/ fatal discov]y t man has exi/$ on ! e>? = untold ages1 &1 in/ead ( fall+ f a high e/ate1 has ris5 cont9u\sly by sl[ & pa9ful progress f ! rude/ orig9s4 ,h[ _m or?odox ,*ri/ians c say ! same1 or d5y t _! fai? 9 _! sacr$ books & v5]able traditions has be5 rudely %ak58 ,! code ( morality enjo9$ by ! ,zoroa/rian religion is z pure z its !ory is p]fect4 ,dr4 ,haug enum]ates ! foll[+ s9s d5\nc$ by its code1 & consid]$ z su* by ! pres5t ,p>sees3 ,murd]1 infanticide1 poison+1 adult]y on ! "p ( m5 z well z wom51 sorc]y1 sodomy1 *eat+ 9 weight & measure1 brea* ( promise :e!r made to a ,zoroa/rian or non-,zoroa/rian1 tell+ lies & deceiv+1 false cov5ants1 sl&] & calumny1 p]jury1 di%one/ appropriation ( weal?1 tak+ bribes1 keep+ back ! wages ( lab\r]s1 misappropriation ( religi\s prop]ty1 removal ( a b\nd>y /one1 turn+ p out ( _! prop]ty1 maladm9i/ration & defraud+1 apo/asy1 h]esy1 rebellion4 ,^! are positive injunctions4 ,! foll[+ are condemnable f a religi\s po9t ( view3 ,ab&on+ ! husb&2 n ackn[l$g+ "o's *ildr5 on ! "p ( ! fa!r2 cruelty t[>ds subjects on ! "p ( a rul]2 av>ice1 laz9ess1 illib]ality & egotism1 envy4 ,9 addition !re are a numb] ( special precepts adapt$ to ! peculi> rites ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion :i* aim pr9cipally at ! en=cem5t ( sanit>y rules1 k9dness to animals1 hospitality to /rang]s & travell]s1 respect to sup]iors1 & help to ! poor & ne$y4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is ! mo/ complete & compreh5sive code ( morals to be f\nd 9 any sy/em ( religion4 ,x comprises all t is be/ 9 ! codes ( ,buddhism1 ,judaism1 & ,*ri/ianity1 ) a mu* m ample def9ition ( _m vices & virtues :i*1 ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 are left to be drawn z inf]5ces r ?an inculcat$ z precepts4 ,?us1 laz9ess1 *eat+1 selfi%ness1 & envy are di/9ctly def9$ z crimes1 & _! opposites z virtues1 & n m]ely left to be inf]r$ f ! g5]al maxims ( #8lov+ y\r neighb\r z y\rself1' & #8do+ unto o!rs z y w\ld be done by4' ,! compreh5siv5ess & lib]al _s ( ! code is also rem>kable1 = we are repeat$ly told t ^! rules ( morality apply to non-,zoroa/rians z well z to ,zoroa/rians4 ,! application ( religi\s precepts to practical life is ano!r di/+ui%+ feature4 ,?us k9dness to animals is specially enjo9$1 & x is consid]$ a s9 to ill-treat animals ( ! good creation1 su* z cattle1 %eep1 horses1 or dogs1 by />v+1 beat+1 or unnecess>ily kill+ !m4 ,) true practical wisdom1 h[ev]1 ! #8falsehood ( extremes' is avoid$1 & ?is precept is n1 z 9 ! case ( ,brahm9ism & ,buddhism1 c>ri$ s f> z to prohibit altoge!r ! tak+ ( animal life1 :i* is expressly sanction$ :5 necess>y4 ,?is sob] practical wisdom1 or :at ,mat!w ,arnold calls #8sweet reasonabl5ess1' is a v *>act]i/ic feature ( ,zoroa/]'s religion1 & v rem>kable z hav+ be5 taught at s e>ly a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,ano!r precept1 :i* might well h be5 made by an ,engli% bo>d ( heal? 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is n to pollute wat] by ?r[+ impure matt] into x4 ,! only special ,p>see rites :i* w\ld be unsuit$ = mod]n ,european society1 are ! wor%ip ( ! sacr$ fire & ! disposal ( ! dead4 ,x is true t ! =m] is di/9ctly und]/ood to be m]ely a symbol ( ! ,deity1 & us$ exactly z wat] is 9 baptism1 or z ! asc5d+ flame ( c&les & smoke f sw++ inc5se are 9 ! ,ca?olic ritual1 to br+ m vividly be=e ! m9ds ( ! wor%ipp]s ! idea ( ! _s so>+ upw>ds t[>ds heav54 ,/ill1 9 mod]n society fire is too well und]/ood z m]ely a p>ticul> =m ( *emical comb9ation1 & is too famili> z ! /rong slave & h\sehold drudge ( man1 to acquire a lead+ place 9 a religi\s ritual :]e x has n be5 hall[$ by ! usage ( a long l9e ( ance/ors & ! traditions ( a v5]able antiquity4 ,all t c be said is1 t if religi\s rites & c]emonies are to be ma9ta9$ 9 an age :5 sci5ce has become ! prevail+ mode ( ?\ght1 appropriate symbolism1 especially t ( music1 mu/ m & m take ! place ( appeals to ! intellect on metaphysical que/ions1 & ( repetitions ( traditional =mul :i* h lo/ all liv+ significance4 ,ano!r ,p>see rite1 :i* is ev5 less adapt$ = g5]al usage1 is t ( dispos+ ( ! dead on t[]s ( sil5ce1 :]e ! body m\ld]s away or is dev\r$ by birds ( prey4 ,x orig9ates 9 a poetical motive ( n defil+ ! pure elem5ts1 fire1 e>?1 or wat]1 by corruption2 b x is obvi\sly unsuit$ = ! conditions ( civilisation & climate :i* prevail 9 cr[d$ cities "u a humid sky4 ,!re is little prospect !re=e ( any g5]al conv]sion to ! sect ( ,zoroa/rians2 b :at seems probable is ! gradual trans=mation ( exi/+ modes bo? ( religi\s & secul> ?\ght into some?+ :i* is1 9 pr9ciple1 v closely ak9 to ! #8excell5t religion' taught by ! ,bactrian prophet4 ,! miracul\s !ory ( ! univ]se be+ virtually dead1 ! only !ory t c reconcile facts ) feel+s1 & ! in]adicable emotions & aspirations ( ! human m9d ) ! incontrov]tible conclusions ( sci5ce1 is t ( a remote & m or less unkn[n & incompreh5sible ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* has giv5 ! orig9al atoms & en]gies s p]fect an impress f ! fir/1 t all ph5om5a are evolv$ f !m by fix$ laws1 "o ( ! pr9cipal ( su* laws be+ t ( pol>ity1 :i* develops ! ev]-increas+ complexities & contra/s ( ! inorganic & organic worlds1 ( moralities1 philosophies1 religions1 & human societies4 ,true religion consi/s 9 a recognition ( ?is tru?1 a feel+ ( rev]5ce 9 pres5ce ( ! unkn[n1 &1 above all1 a feel+ ( love & admiration = ! good pr9ciple 9 :atev] =m x is manife/$1 9 ! beauties ( nature & ( art1 9 moral & physical purity & p]fection1 & all else t falls )9 ! doma9 ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,light1 9 ^: s]vice1 :e!r we conceive ( him z an ab/ract pr9ciple1 or accept "s p]sonification ( him z a liv+ figure1 we enli/ z loyal soldi]s1 do+ our be/ to fight 9 8 ranks aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil4 ,! application ( ! all-p]vad+ pr9ciple ( pol>ity is exemplifi$ 9 ! realm ( art4 ,! glori\s ,greek drama turn$ ma9ly on ! conflict betwe5 resi/less fate & h]oic free-w1 & is typifi$ 9 its highe/ =m by s*ylus1 :5 he depicts ,prome!us *a9$ to ! rock hurl+ defiance at ! tyrant ( heav54 ,our own ,milton1 9 l mann]1 gives u ! spectacle ( ! fall5 ar*angel oppos+ 8 indomitable w & f]tile res\rces to ! extremity ( adv]se circum/ance & to ,almighty p[]4 ,! greate/ ( mod]n dramas1 ,goe!'s #8,fau/1' turns s entirely on ! opposition betwe5 ! human s\l /riv+ aft] ! inf9ite1 & ! _s d] v]ne9t1 :o combats ideal aspirations ) a cynical sne]1 t x might well be call$ a ,zoroa/rian drama4 ,x is a picture ( ! conflict betwe5 ! two opposite pr9ciples ( good & evil1 ( affirmation & negation1 ( ! beautiful & ! ugly1 p]sonifi$ 9 ,fau/ & ,mephi/opheles1 & x is pa9t$ on a backgr\nd ( ! great my/]i\s unkn[n4 #8,w] d>f ihn n5n58' ,:o d>es to "n ,him1 ,:o to say ( ,him1 #8,i believe'8 ,:o is !re ev] ) a he>t to d>e ,to utt]1 #8,i believe ,him n'8 ,s 9 poetry1 ,t5nyson1 ! poet ( mod]n ?\ght1 t\*es ! deepe/ *ords :5 he asks-- ,are ,god & ,nature1 !n1 at /rife8 & pa9ts 9 ! %>pe/ contra/ on ! backgr\nd ( ! unkn[n1 ! conflict betwe5 ! fai? t ,god is love inde$1 ,& love creation's f9al law1 & ! h>% realities ( nature1 :i* ,r$ 9 too? & claw ,) rav9e %rieks aga9/ ! cre$2 or aga9 9 8 lat] "w1 #8,! ,anci5t ,sage1' he says-- ,?\ can/ n prove ! ,nameless1 ,o my son6 ,= no?+ wor?y prov+ c be prov51 ,nor yet disprov54 ,9 l mann] 9 ! works ( art :i* embrace a wid] range1 & hold up ! mirror to human nature1 z 9 ,%akespe>e's plays1 & ! novels ( ,walt] ,scott & o!r great au?ors1 ! int]e/ arises ma9ly f ! pol>ity ( ! v>i\s *>act]s4 ,we c>e little = ! goody-good h]oes or vulg> villa9s1 b we recognise a t\* ( t nature :i* makes all ! _w ak9 9 a ,macbe? drawn by metaphysical sugge/ion to wade ?r\gh a sea ( blood2 9 ,o!llo's noble nature caught l a lion 9 ! toils by ! net ( circum/ances wov5 by a wily hunt]2 9 ,fal/aff1 a rogue1 a li>1 & a glutton1 yet made almo/ likeable by 8 ready wit1 imp]turbable good-hum\r1 & f]tile res\rces4 ,%akespe>e is1 9 fact1 ! greate/ ( arti/s1 because he is ! mo/ multipol>4 ,he has poles ( sympa?y 9 him :i*1 z ! poles ( c>bon attract s _m elem5ts & =m s _m comb9ations1 enable him to take into 8 own nature1 assimilate1 & reproduce e v>i$ %ade ( "* f a ,mir&a to a ,caliban1 f an ,imog5 to a ,lady ,macbe?1 f a ,fal/aff to an ,o!llo4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott & all our great noveli/s h ! same faculty1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 & are great 9 exact proportion z !y h _m poles 9 _! nature1 & z ^? are poles ( p[]ful pol>ity4 ,! *>act]s & incid5ts :i* affect u /rongly & dwell 9 ! memory are ^? 9 :i* ! cla% & conflict ( opposites are mo/ vividly repres5t$4 ,we feel inf9ite pity = a ,maggie ,tulliv] da%+ h] "y life1 l a prison$ wild bird1 aga9/ ! b>s ( trivial & prosaic environm5t :i* hem h] 92 or = a ,colonel ,newcome oppos+ ! pati5ce ( a g5tle nature to ! buffets ( su* a fate z meets u 9 ! ev]yday _w ( mod]n life1 ! failure ( 8 bank & ! nagg+s ( ! ,old ,campaign]4 ,on a high] level ( art we sympa?ise ) a ,lancelot & a ,gu9ev]e because !y are types ( :at we may meet 9 _m a ,london draw+-room1 noble natures drawn by "s fatal fairy fasc9ation into ignoble acts1 b /ill reta9+ some?+ ( _! orig9al nobility1 & :ile ,_! hon\r root$ 9 di%on\r /&s1 appe>+ to ord9>y mortals little less ?an #8ar*angels ru9$4' ,or ev5 if we desc5d to ! l[e/ level ( ! p5ny dreadful or suburban drama1 we f9d t ! pol>ity betwe5 vice & virtue1 h[ev] co>sely del9eat$1 is t :i* mo/ly fasc9ates ! uncultur$ m9d4 ,! aff9ity betwe5 ,zoroa/rianism & art is easily expla9$ :5 we consid] t 9 "o respect x has a manife/ advantage ov] mo/ ,*ri/ian =ms ( religion4 ,*ri/ianity 9 its e>ly orig9s receiv$ a ta9t ( ,ori5tal asceticism :i* x nev] %ook (f1 & :i* 9 ! decl9+ c5turies ( ! ,roman empire1 & 9 ! b>b>ism & sup]/ition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 develop$ into :at may be almo/ call$ a devil-wor%ip ( ! ugly & repulsive4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s 0 c>ri$ to su* an extreme & false ext5t1 t ev]y?+ t 0 pleasant & beautiful came to be reg>d$ z s9ful1 & ! od\r ( sanctity 0 an od\r :i* ! pass]-by w\ld d well to keep on ! w9dw>d side (4 ,?is leav5 ( asceticism is ! rock ^u :i* ,puritanism1 mona/icism1 & _m ( ! highe/ =ms ( ,*ri/ian life h inv>iably split4 ,x is contr>y to human nature1 & directly oppos$ to ! _s ( ! life & doctr9es ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! religion4 ,jesus1 :o 0 #8a ,jew liv+ among ,jews & speak+ to ,jews1' adopt$ ! true ,jewi% po9t ( view ( mak+ religion amiable & attractive1 & d5\nc+1 z all ! be/ ,jewi% doctors ( ! ,talmud did1 ! ph>isaical /rictness :i* insi/$ on rituali/ic obs]vances & arbitr>y re/rictions4 ,9 no passages ( 8 life does ! #8sweet reasonabl5ess' ( 8 "* appe> m conspicu\s ?an :]e we f9d him /roll+ ?r\gh ! fields ) 8 disciples & pluck+ e>s ( corn on ! ,sabba?1 & reply+ to ! =mali/s :o 7 sc&alis$1 #8,! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 n man = ! ,sabba?4' ,! ascetic bias subsequ5tly introduc$ may h be5 a necess>y elem5t 9 c\nt]act+ ! corruption ( ,rome2 b ! p5dulum 9 its reaction swung mu* too f>1 & :5 organis$ 9 ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy & mona/ic in/itutions asceticism became ! s\rce ( great evils4 ,ev5 at a late p]iod we c see 9 ! reaction ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 h[ antagoni/ic ! puritanical cre$1 ev5 ( m5 l ,cromwell & ,milton1 prov$ to ! heal?y natural in/9ct ( ! great mass ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,& at ! pres5t day x rema9s "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! indiff]5ce or ho/ility to religion :i* is s widely spread+ among ! mass ( ! population4 ,*ildr5 are br\ght up to consid] ,sunday z a day ( p5ance1 & *ur*-go+ z a disagreeable necessity2 :ile gr[n-up m51 especially ^? ( ! work+ classes1 res5t be+ told t a walk 9 ! c\ntry1 a cricket-mat*1 or a visit to a libr>y or museum on _! only holiday1 is s9ful4 ,9 view ( ! approximation betwe5 ! ,zoroa/rian religion & ! =ms ( mod]n ?\ght x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! =m] works among its adh]5ts 9 actual practice4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! practical side ( a religion is m important ?an its speculative or philosophical !ories4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,quak]s h a fai? :i* is ab\t ! mo/ reasonable ( any ( ! num]\s sects ( ,*ri/ianity & ne>e/ to ! _s ( its ,f\nd]1 & yet ,quak]ism rema9s a n>r[ sect :i* is f> f be+ victori\s 9 ! #8/ruggle = life1' ,mahometanism1 aga91 :ile dy+ out among civilis$ nations1 %[s itself sup]ior to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! "w ( rais+ ! b>b>\s1 feti%-wor%ipp+ negroes ( ,africa to a high] level4 ,& ,mormonism1 bas$ on ! mo/ obvi\s impo/ure & absurdity1 is ! only new religion :i*1 9 rec5t times1 has tak5 root & to a c]ta9 ext5t fl\ri%$4 ,tri$ by ?is te/1 ,zoroa/rianism has made good its claim to be call$ ! #8excell5t religion4' ,its foll[]s1 ! limit$ community ( ,p>sees 9 ,india1 are hon\rably di/+ui%$ = probity1 intellig5ce1 ent]prise1 public _s1 b5evol5ce1 tol]ance1 & o!r good qualities4 ,by virtue ( ^! qualities !y h rais$ !mselves to a prom95t position 9 our ,indian empire1 & take a lead+ "p 9 its comm]ce & indu/rial ent]prise4 ,! *ief %ipbuild] at ,bombay1 ! fir/ great native railway contractor1 ! f\nd] ( cotton factories1 are all ,p>sees1 & !y are f\nd z m]*ants1 trad]s1 & %opkeep]s 9 all ! *ief t[ns ( ,briti% ,india1 & di/ant places su* z ,ad5 & ,zanzib>4 ,_! comm]cial probity is prov]bial1 &1 z 9 ,engl&1 !y h few writt5 agreem5ts1 ! ^w ( a ,p>see1 l t ( an ,engli%man1 be+ consid]$ z good z 8 bond4 ,_! high "* & practical aptitude = bus9ess are atte/$ by ! fact t ! fir/ mayor1 or *airman ( ! ,corporation ( ,bombay1 0 a ,p>see :o 0 elect$ by ! unanim\s vote bo? ( ,europeans & natives4 ,! position ( wom5 af=ds p]haps ! be/ te/ ( ! real civilisation & intr9sic wor? ( any community4 ,:]e m5 consid] wom5 z inf]ior creatures x is a sure pro( t !y !mselves are s4 ,!y are totally want+ 9 t delicacy & ref9em5t ( nature :i* di/+ui%es ! true g5tleman f ! snob or ! savage1 & are co>se1 vulg> brutes1 h[ev] disguis$ "u a v5e] ( outw>d poli%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 respect = wom5 implies self-respect1 nobility ( nature1 capability ( ris+ to high ideals above ! sordid level ( animal appetite & ! selfi% supremacy ( brute =ce4 ,! ,p>sees 9 ?is respect /& high1 f> high] ?an any o!r ,ori5tal p1 & on a level ) ! be/ ,european civilisation4 ,! equality ( ! sexes is di/9ctly laid d[n 9 ! ,zoroa/rian scriptures4 ,wom5 are always m5tion$ z a necess>y "p ( ! religi\s community4 ,!y h ! same religi\s rites z ! m54 ,! spirits ( deceas$ wom5 are invok$ z well z ^? ( m54 ,long contact ) ! o!r races ( ,india1 & ! necessity = "s outw>d con=mity to ! practices ( ,h9doo & ,mahometan rul]s1 did some?+ to impair ! position ( females z reg>ds public appe>ances1 ?\gh ! ,p>see wife & "m always rema9$ a pr9cipal figure 9 ! ,p>see h\sehold2 & latt]ly1 "u ! security ( ,engli% rule1 ,p>see ladies may be se5 ev]y:]e 9 public1 enjoy+ j z mu* lib]ty z ! ladies ( ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,nor are !y at all beh9d _! ,we/]n si/]s 9 education1 accompli%m5ts1 &1 x may be add$1 9 da9t9ess ( fa%ionable attire4 ,9 fact1 an eag] desire = education has become a prom95t feature among all classes ( ! ,p>see community1 & !y are q on a p> ) ! ,scot*1 ,g]man1 & o!r ,european races 9 _! ef=ts to e/abli% s*ools1 & 9 ! numb]s :o att5d1 & especially ( ^? :o obta9 di/+ui%$ places 9 ! high] s*ools & colleges1 su* z ! ,elph9/one ,in/itute & ! ,bombay ,univ]sity4 ,female education is also actively promot$1 & no prejudices /& 9 ! way ( att5dance at ! num]\s girls' s*ools :i* h be5 e/abli%$1 or ev5 ( /udy+ 9 m$ical colleges1 :]e ,p>see wom5 att5d lectures on all bran*es ( m$ical sci5ce along ) male /ud5ts4 ,^? :o "k ! position ( inf]iority & seclusion 9 :i* wom5 are kept among all o!r ,ori5tal nations c be/ appreciate ! l>g5ess & lib]ality ( _s ( a religion :i*1 9 spite ( all surr\nd+ influ5ces1 has r5d]$ su* a ?+ possible 9 su* a c\ntry z ,india4 ,ano!r prom95t trait ( ! ,p>see "* is t ( philan?ropy & public _s4 ,9 proportion to _! numb]s & means !y raise m money = *>itable objects ?an any o!r religi\s sect4 ,& !y raise x 9 a way :i* does ! greate/ cr$it to _! tol]ance & lib]ality4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,p>sees 7 ! pr9cipal subscrib]s to a fund rais$ 9 ,bombay 9 aid ( ! #8,scotti% ,corporation1' & q rec5tly a ,p>see g5tleman gave #af1jjjl4 t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a female hospital "u ! c>e ( lady doctors1 al?\gh ! b5efit ( su* an in/itution w\ld be conf9$ pr9cipally to ,mahometan & ,h9doo wom51 ,p>see wom5 hav+ no prejudice aga9/ employ+ male doctors4 ,! public _s %[n by acts l ?is is ! trait by :i* ! ,p>see community is mo/ hon\rably di/+ui%$1 & 9 respect ( :i* x mu/ be c&idly confess$ x f> surpasses n only o!r ,ori5tal races1 b mo/ ,european nations1 includ+ our own4 ,:atev] ! reason may be1 ! fact is c]ta9 t 9 ,engl&1 :ile a great deal ( money is sp5t 9 *>ity1 lam5tably little is sp5t f ! enorm\s surplus weal? ( ! c\ntry on :at may be call$ public objects4 ,!re is nei!r religi\s influ5ce nor social op9ion br\ght to be> on ! num]\s class :o h incomes f> beyond any possible want1 to tea* !m t x %\ld be bo? a pleasure & a pride to associate _! names ) "s act ( noble lib]ality4 ,a bett] _s we may hope is spr++ up1 & !re h be5 occasional in/ances ( l>ge sums appli$ to public purposes1 su* z p>ks & colleges1 by private individuals1 pr9cipally ( ! trad+ & manufactur+ classes1 su* z ! ,salts1 ,crossleys1 ,baxt]s1 & ,holl[ays2 b on ! :ole ! am\nt contribut$ is mis]ably small4 ,x is probably "p ( ! price we pay = ari/ocratic in/itutions t ^? :o inh]it or accumulate great =tunes consid] x _! prim>y object to p]petuate or to f\nd great families4 ,be ?is z x may1 a totally diff]5t _s prevails among ! ,p>sees ( ,bombay1 :]e x has be5 truly /at$ t h>dly a ye> passes )\t "s weal?y ,p>see com+ =w>d to p]=m a "w ( public g5]osity4 ,! in/ance ( ,sir ,jams$jee ,jijibhoy1 :o atta9$ a ,european reputation = 8 noble b5evol5ce1 is only "o conspicu\s in/ance out ( a ?\s& ( ?is #8public _s' :i* has become almo/ an in/9ctive elem5t 9 ,p>see society4 ,h[ f> ! l>ge & lib]al religion may be ! cause ( ! l>ge & lib]al practice1 x is impossible to say4 ,o!r influ5ces h d\btless be5 at "w4 ,! ,p>sees are a comm]cial p1 & comm]ce is always m lib]al ) its money ?an l&4 ,!y are ! desc5dants ( a p]secut$ race1 & z a rule x is bett] to be p]secut$ ?an to p]secute4 ,/ill1 aft] mak+ all all[ances1 x rema9s t ! tree _c be bad :i* be>s su* fruits2 ! religion mu/ be a good "o :i* produces good m5 & wom5 & good de$s4 ,/ati/ical facts te/ify q z /rongly to ! high /&>d ( ! ,p>see race1 & ! practical results :i* foll[ f ! obs]vance ( ! ,zoroa/rian ritual4 ,a small dea?-rate & a l>ge proportion ( *ildr5 prove ! vigor\s vitality ( a race4 ,! ,p>sees h ! l[e/ dea?-rate ( any ( ! _m races :o inhabit ,bombay4 ,! av]age = ! two ye>s #ahha & #ahhb p] ?\s& 0 = ,h9doos #bfaa2 = ,mussulmans #cjdf2 = ,europeans #bjah2 = ,p>sees #aibf4 ,! p]c5tage ( *ildr5 "u two ye>s old to wom5 betwe5 fifte5 & =ty-five 0 #cjbg = ,p>sees1 z aga9/ ,h9doos #bbbd1 & ,mussulmans #bdi1 %[+ inconte/ably great] vitality & great] c>e = human life4 ,( #f1fah male & #b1iff female m5dicants 9 ! city ( ,bombay1 only five male & "o female 7 ,p>sees4 ,^! figures speak = !mselves4 ,x is evid5t t a religion 9 :i* su* results are possible _c be unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! #8m5s sana 9 corpore sano2' & t1 al?\gh we may n turn ,zoroa/rians1 we may envy "s ( ! results ( a cre$ :i* inculcates wor%ip ( ! good1 ! pure1 & ! beautiful 9 ! conc]ns ( daily life1 z well z 9 ! ab/ract regions ( !ological & philosophical speculation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,wor%ip4 ,byron's l9es--,c>negie's description--,p>see nature-wor%ip--,engli% ,sunday--,! s]mon--,appeals to reason misplac$--,music bett] ?an words--,! ,mass--,zoroa/rianism br+s religion into daily life--,sanitation--,zoroa/rian pray]--,religion ( ! future--,s]mons 9 /ones & good 9 ev]y?+4 ,n va9ly did ! e>ly ,p]sian make ,8 alt> ! high places & ! peak ,( e>?-o'ergaz+ m\nta9s1 & ?us take ,a fit & unwall'd temple1 :]e to seek ,! _s1 9 ^: hon\r %r9es are weak1 ,upre>'d ( human h&s4 ,come1 & comp>e ,columns & idol-dwell+s1 ,go? or ,greek1 ,) nature's realms ( wor%ip1 e>? & air1 ,nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe ?y pray]6 ,*ilde ,h>old1 iii4 #ia4 ,a %rewd ,scot*-,am]ican ironma/]--,&rew ,c>negie--9 an int]e/+ & in/ructive record ( exp]i5ces dur+ a voyage r\nd ! _w1 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! wor%ip ( ! mod]n ,p>sees1 z actually witness$ by him at ,bombay3-- #8,?is ev5+ we 7 surpris$ to see1 z we /roll$ along ! bea*1 m ,p>sees ?an ev] be=e1 & m ,p>see ladies ri*ly dress$1 all w5d+ _! way t[>ds ! sea4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ! new moon1 a p]iod sacr$ to ^! wor%ipp]s ( ! elem5ts2 & "h on ! %ore ( ! ocean1 z ! sun 0 s9k+ 9 ! sea1 & ! sl5d] silv] ?read ( ! cresc5t moon 0 fa9tly %9+ on ! horizon1 !y congregat$ to p]=m _! religi\s rites4 #8,fire 0 !re 9 its gr&e/ =m1 ! sett+ sun1 & wat] 9 ! va/ expanse ( ! ,indian ,ocean out/ret*$ be=e !m4 ,! e>? 0 "u _! feet1 & waft$ across ! sea ! air came lad5 ) ! p]fumes ( 8,araby ! ble/40 ,surely no "t or place c\ld be m fitly *os5 ?an ?is = lift+ up ! s\l to ! realms beyond s5se4 ,i c\ld n b p>ticipate ) ^! wor%ipp]s 9 :at 0 s gr&ly beautiful4 ,!re 0 no music save ! solemn moan ( ! waves z !y broke into foam on ! bea*4 ,b :]e %all we f9d s mighty an organ1 or s gr& an an!m8 #8,h[ inexpressibly sublime ! sc5e appe>$ to me1 & h[ insignificant & unwor?y ( ! unkn[n seem$ ev5 our ca!drals 8made ) human h&s10 :5 comp>$ ) ?is look+ up ?r\gh nature unto nature's ,god6 ,i /ood & drank 9 ! s]5e happ9ess :i* seem$ to fill ! air4 ,i h se5 _m modes & =ms ( wor%ip--"s disgu/+1 o!rs sadd5+1 a few elevat+ :5 ! organ peal$ =? its tones1 b all poor 9 comp>ison ) ?is4 ,nor d ,i ev] expect 9 all my life to witness a religi\s c]emony :i* w s p[]fully affect me z t ( ! ,p>sees on ! bea* at ,bombay4' ,i say ,am5 ) all my he>t to ,mr4 ,c>negie4 ,"h is an ideal religi\s c]emony comb9+ all t is mo/ true1 mo/ t\*+1 & mo/ sublime1 9 ! attitude ( man t[>ds ! ,great ,unkn[n4 ,comp>e x ) ! r\t9e ( an ord9>y ,engli% ,sunday1 & h[ poor & prosaic does ! latt] appe>6 ,!re is no?+ :i* seems to me to h fall5 m completely out ( h>mony ) its exi/+ environm5t ?an our traditional =m ( *ur* s]vice4 ,! s]mon has be5 kill$ by ! press & has become an ana*ronism4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 s]mons l ^? ( ,latim] & ,john ,knox 7 liv+ realities2 !y dealt ) all ! burn+ political & p]sonal que/ions ( ! day1 & to a great ext5t did ! "w n[ done by plat=m spee*es & lead+ articles4 ,if !re are national dang]s to be d5\nc$1 national %ortcom+s to be po9t$ out1 iniquity 9 high places to be rebuk$1 we look to our daily newspap]1 & n to our weekly s]mon4 ,! s]mon has 9 a great majority ( cases become a sort ( s*oolboy !me1 9 :i* traditional assumptions & conv5tional phrases are gr\nd out1 ) z little s\l or idea beh9d !m z 9 ! ,?ibetan pray+-mill4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a long life ,i h ga9$ innum]able ideas & exp]i5c$ innum]able influ5ces1 f contact ) ! _w1 ) fell[-m51 & ) books2 b al?\gh ,i h he>d a good _m s]mons1 ,i _c hone/ly say t ,i ev] got an idea or an influ5ce f "o ( !m :i* made me wis] or bett]1 or diff]5t 9 any respect f :at ,i %\ld h be5 if ,i _h slept ?r\gh !m4 ,& ?is f no fault ( ! prea*]s4 ,i h he>d _m :o gave me ! impression t !y 7 good m51 & a few :o impress$ me z be+ able & lib]al-m9d$ m5--nor d ,i "k t1 "u ! conditions 9 :i* !y are plac$1 ,i c\ld h done any bett] myself4 ,b !y 7 danc+ 9 fett]s1 & s ti$ d[n by conv5tionalities t x 0 simply impossible = !m to dep>t f ! pa?s ( a decor\s r\t9e4 ,! fact is t ! :ole po9t ( view ( our religi\s s]vices1 especially 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 has become a mi/ak5 "o4 ,x is f> too mu* an appeal to ! intellect & to ab/ract dogmas1 & too little1 "o to ! realities ( actual life & to ! vague emotions & aspirations :i* con/itute ! prop] field ( religion4 ,9 ! great reaction ( ! ,re=mation x 0 p]haps inevitable t an appeal %\ld be made to reason aga9/ ! abuses ( an infallible ,*ur*2 & z long z ! lit]al inspiration ( ! ,bible & o!r !ological premises 7 held to be und\bt$ axioms by ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 !re might be a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 he>+ !m repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 becom+ language1 & 9 li/5+ to s]mons :i* expla9$ %ortly conclusions :i* might be drawn f ^! admitt$ axioms4 ,b ?is is no long] ! case4 ,x is impossible to t\* ! m]e/ fr+e ( ! que/ions n[ rais$ by ! intellectual side ( religion 9 disc\rses ( half an h\r's l5g?2 ev5 if ! prea*] 7 p]fectly free1 & n hamp]$ by ! fe> ( sc&alis+ simple1 pi\s s\ls by pla9 language4 ,spok5 words h to a great ext5t ceas$ to be ! appropriate vehicle = appeal+ ei!r to religi\s reason or to religi\s emotion--books = ! =m]1 music = ! latt]1 are inf9itely m effective4 ,music especially seems made to be ! language ( religion4 ,n only its beauty & h>mony1 b its vagu5ess1 & its p[] ( excit+ ! imag9ation & /irr+ ! feel+s1 )\t any?+ def9ite :i* has to be prov$ & c be contradict$1 fit x to be ! int]pret] ( ^? emotions & aspirations :i* fill ! human s\l 9 pres5ce ( ! univ]se & ( ! ,great ,unkn[n4 ,demon/rate1 ) ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as or ,duns ,scotus1 h[ _m angels c /& on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 & ,i rema9 unaffect$2 b let me he> ,ross9i's #8,cujus ,animam1' or ,moz>t's #8,agnus ,dei1' & ,i say1 #8,?us ! angels s+4' ,9 ?is respect ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* has reta9$ a great advantage ov] re=m$ *ur*es4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( its t5ets & pr9ciples1 its =ms ( wor%ip are m impressive & m attractive4 ,! ,mass1 ap>t f all dogma & miracle1 is a my/]i\s & beautiful religi\s drama1 9 :i* appropriate symbolism1 vocal & in/rum5tal music1 all ! highe/ ef=ts ( human art1 are unit$ to produce feel+s ( joy & ( dev\tness4 ,! ve/m5t ( ! prie/1 8 ge/ures & g5uflexions1 ! ,lat9 words *ant$ 9 /ately recitative1 ! flame ( ! c&les po9t+ heav5w>ds1 ! burn+ inc5se sl[ly so>+ upw>ds1 ! music ( great ma/]s1 n l our dre>y & monoton\s psalmody1 b 9 fulle/ h>mony & ri*e/ melody--all comb9e to attune ! m9d to t /ate ( feel+ :i* is ! s\l ( religion4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 :at ,i h call$ ! ,zoroa/rian !ory ( religion af=ds great advantages4 ,x connects religion directly ) all t is good & beautiful1 n only 9 ! high] realms ( speculation & ( emotion1 b 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( daily life4 ,to feel ! tru? ( :at is true1 ! beauty ( :at is beautiful1 is ( itself a sil5t pray] or act ( wor%ip to ! ,_s ( ,light2 to make an hone/1 e>ne/1 ef=t to atta9 ?is feel+1 is an (f]+ or act ( homage4 ,cleanl9ess ( m9d & body1 ord] & propriety 9 conduct1 civility 9 int]c\rse1 & all ! homely virtues ( ev]yday life1 ?us acquire a high] significance1 & any wilful & p]si/5t disreg>d ( !m becomes an act ( mut9y aga9/ ! ,p[] :om we h elect$ to s]ve4 ,su* moral p]v]sion becomes impossible z t :i* 9 ! ,middle ,ages associat$ fil? ) hol9ess1 & adduc$ z a title to canonisation t ! sa9t _h worn ! same wooll5 %irt until x fell to pieces "u ! attacks ( v]m94 ,we laugh at ?is 9 m enlight5$ days1 b we (t5 imitate x by sett+ up false religi\s /&>ds1 & ?9k+ we c make m5 bett] by p5n+ !m up on ,sundays 9 ! f\l air & corrupt+ influ5ces ( d5sely peopl$ cities4 ,! id5tification ( moral & physical evil1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial & peculi> t5ets ( ! ,zoroa/rian cre$1 is fa/ becom+ a lead+ idea 9 mod]n civilisation4 ,our mo/ e>ne/ philan?ropi/s & zeal\s work]s 9 ! fields ( s9 & mis]y 9 cr[d$ cities are com+1 m & m e day1 to ! conviction t an improvem5t 9 ! physical conditions ( life is ! fir/ indisp5sable condition ( moral & religi\s progress4 ,m air1 m light1 bett] lodg+1 bett] food1 m innoc5t & heal?y recreation1 are :at are want$ to make any real impression on ! masses :o h ei!r be5 born & br$ 9 an evil environm5t1 or h fall5 out ( ! ranks & are ! waifs & /raggl]s left beh9d 9 ! rapid progress & int5se competition ( mod]n society4 ,h5ce we see t ! devot$ individuals & *>itable in/itutions :o take ! lead 9 works ( practical b5evol5ce direct _! att5tion m & m to ! rescue ( *ildr5 f bad surr\nd+s2 to s5d+ !m to new & happi] homes 9 ! colonies1 to c\ntry retreats = ! sickly1 & excursions = ! heal?y2 & to provid+ clubs & read+-rooms z sub/itutes = ! g9-palace & public-h\se4 ,! late/ developm5t ( ?is idea1 t ( ! #8,p's ,palace' 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london1 is a noble (f]+ to ! #8,_s ( ,light1' by :atev] "n we *oose to call him1 9 opposition to ! #8,_s ( ,d>kness4' ,to ! ,zoroa/rian1 pray] assumes ! =m ( a recognition ( all t is pure1 sublime1 & beautiful 9 ! surr\nd+ univ]se4 ,he c nev] want opportunities ( pay+ homage to ! ,good ,_s & ( look+ into ! abysses ( ! unkn[n ) rev]5ce & wond]4 ,! light ( sett+ suns1 ! dome ( lov+ blue1 ! cl\ds 9 ! might ( ! tempe/ or re/+ /ill z brood+ doves1 ! m\nta9s1 ! ,wa/e ,& solit>y places :]e we ta/e ,! pleasure ( believ+ :at we see1 ,is b\ndless1 z we wi% our s\ls to be2 ! ocean la%$ by /orm1 or :]e x ,all d[n ! s& ,lies brea?+ 9 its sleep1 ,he>d by ! l&-- ^! are a ,zoroa/rian's pray]s4 ,& ev5 if1 #89 popul\s cities p5t1' he is cut (f f close communion ) nature1 opportunities are n want+ to him ( lett+ 8 s\l so> al(t ) purify+ aspirations4 ,a glimpse ( ! />ry sky1 ev5 if se5 f a ,london /reet1 may be> 9 on him ! awful yet lovely my/]y ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,good books1 good music1 true works ( art1 may all /r5g!n 8 love ( ! good & beautiful4 ,a d5se fog1 or drizzl+ ra9 may obscure ! outw>d view1 b ) ! inn] eye he may /& li/5+ to ! l>k or "u ! v]nal sky1 & :ile 8 ,he>t looks d[n & up1 ,s]5e1 secure2 ,w>m z ! crocus-cup1 ,z sn[drops pure1 ?ank ! ,good ,_s t x has be5 giv5 to man to write1 & to him to read1 v]ses ( su* exquisite p]fection z ,%elley's #8,ode to a ,skyl>k' & ,t5nyson's #8,e>ly ,spr+4' ,above all1 :]e m5 congregate 9 masses1 9 ! great c5tres ( politics1 ( comm]ce1 ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art1 he c he> be/ ,! /ill sad music ( humanity1 ,n h>% nor grat+1 b ( ample p[] ,to *a/5 & subdue1 & associate himself ) movem5ts 9 :i* 8 little individual ef=t is ex]t$ t[>ds mak+ ! _w a little bett] r ?an a little worse ?an he f\nd x4 ,?is1 r ?an wrangl+ ) 8 fell[-mortals ab\t cre$s & attempts to "n ! unnameable1 believe ! unbelievable1 & def9e ! undef9eable1 seems to me to be ! religion ( ! future4 ,call x by :at "n y l1 ,i qu>rel ) no "o z long z he c f9d ,s]mons 9 /ones & good 9 ev]y?+4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,practical ,,pol>ities4 ,fable ( ! %ield--,progress & cons]vatism--,engli% & ,fr5* colonisation--,law-abid+ness--,iri% l& "q--,true cons]vative legislation--,ultra-cons]vatism--,law & education--,patriotism--,j+oism & p>o*ialism--,true /atesman%ip--,free trade & protection--,capital & lab\r--,egoism & altruism--,socialism & laissez faire--,contracts--,rights & duties ( l&lords--,george's !ory--,/ate int]f]5ce--,railways--,po/ ,(fice--,telegraphs--,national def5ce--,conclud+ rem>ks4 ,a well-kn[n fable tells h[ 9 ! old5 "t two knights 7 rid+ 9 opposite directions along a gre5 road ov]>*$ by ! trees ( an anci5t =e/4 ,x 0 a bright morn+ 9 e>ly summ]1 ) ! gre5 leaves fre%ly bur/+ 9 contra/$ foliage2 ! sun _h j ris5 ov] ! tops ( ! trees 9 cl\ds ( gold5 & crimson glory2 dewdrops 7 glitt]+ l diamonds on e twig & blade ( grass2 & ! joy\s birds c>oll+ _! l\de/ song to greet ! op5+ day4 ,ev]y?+ 0 fre% & *e]ful z ( a new-born e>?1 & s 7 ! spirits ( ! two y\?ful knights1 :o 7 prick+ =? 9 se>* ( adv5tures4 ,he ^: face 0 turn$ t[>ds ! ,we/1 :]e ! ris+ sun _h la/ set1 wore a primrose sc>f ov] 8 cuirass1 & _h on 8 %ield a qua9t device1 :i*1 on clos] inspection1 might be se5 to be a tomb/one ) ! inscription1 #8,i 0 well1 w\ld be bett]1 & "h ,i am4' ,he rode along mus+ on ! h]oic leg5ds ( ! pa/1 & wi%+ t he _h be5 a knight ( ,ar?ur's r\nd table to ride out ) ! blameless k+ aga9/ invad+ hea!n4 ,! second knight1 ^: face 0 turn$ t[>ds ! ris+ sun1 bore an azure %ield ) a diff]5t device4 ,on x 0 depict$ ! good ,sir ,james ,d\glass *>g+ ! s]ri$ ,paynim army1 &1 z he *>g$1 fl++ be=e him into ! ho/ile ranks ! casket conta9+ ! he>t ( ,rob]t ,bruce1 & %\t+ = battle-cry-- ,g ?\ aye =w>d1 z 0 ?y wont4 ,z he rode 8 fancy wr\ght ! fairy web ( a day-dream1 9 :i* he saw himself deliv]+ ! fair pr9cess ,lib]ty f ! fi]y dragon ,prejudice & ! /olid giant ,ob/ruction4 ,! knights met j :]e an anci5t oak ( mighty bulk /ret*$ ov]head a huge bran* across ! pa?1 z "s ag$ a?lete might /ret* out an arm rigid ) gn>l$ & knott$ muscles1 to %[ y\ng] g5]ations h[ ,olympian laurels 7 won :5 ,pollux or ,h]cules pli$ ! ce/us4 ,f ?is bran* a %ield hung susp5d$4 #8,good morr[1 fair knight1' said he ( ! primrose sc>f2 #8pri!e tell me if ?\ kn[e/ :at means ?is gold5 %ield susp5d$ "h4' #8,i m>vel at x myself1 good ,sir ,knight1' respond$ ! o!r2 #8b y mi/ake 9 call+ ! %ield gold52 x is ( silv]4' #8,y\r eyes mu/ be ( ! dulle/1' said ! fir/ knight1 #8if y mi/ake gold = silv]4' #8,n s dull z y\rs1' retort$ ! o!r1 #8if y mi/ake silv] = gold4' ,! argum5t wax$ hot1 &1 z usual 9 su* cases1 z temp]s grew weak adjectives grew /rong4 ,soon1 l ! old ,hom]ic h]oes :5 ,greek met ,trojan ,f> on ! r++ pla9s ( w9dy ,troy1 w+$ words ( fire & fury d>t$ f ea* m\?1 & epi!ts 7 ex*ang$1 ( :i* #8/upid old ,tory' & #8l[1 vulg> ,radical' 7 among ! lea/ unp>liam5t>y4 ,at l5g? ! fatal words #8,y lie' escap$ simultane\sly f bo?1 & on ! in/ant spe>s 7 c\*$1 /e$s spurr$1 &1 r$ ) rage1 !y enc\nt]$ ea* o!r 9 full c>e]4 ,su* 0 ! mom5tum t bo? m5 & horses roll$ ov]1 ev5 z ! ,templ> w5t d[n be=e ! spe> ( ,ivanhoe )9 ! li/s ( ,a%by-de-la-,z\*4 ,b1 l ! r$\bt$ knight ,brian de ,bois-,guilb]t1 ea* sprang to 8 feet & drew 8 sword1 eag] to r$eem ! =tune ( w> 9 deadly combat4 ,l two surly bo>s ) bri/l+ backs & foam+ tusks qu>rell+ = ! "r ( way 9 ,indian jungle1 or tawny lions 9 ,numidian des]t te>+ "o ano!r to pieces = ! smiles ( a leon9e ,hel51 ! h]oes cla%$ toge!r1 cutt+1 sla%+1 p>ry+1 foyn+1 & trav]s+1 until at l5g?1 ble$+ & brea?less1 !y paus$ = a mom5t1 lean+ on _! swords to recov] second w9d4 ,j !n an ag$ h]mit appe>$ on ! sc5e1 drawn ?i!r by ! s\nd ( ! combat4 #8,pause1 my sons1' he said1 #8& tell me :at is ! cause ( ?is furi\s enc\nt]4' #8,yond] false villa9 prote/s1' said ! "o1 #8t ! %ield :i* hangs !re is ( gold4' #8,& t ly+ v>let p]si/s t x is ( silv]1' said ! o!r4 ,! h]mit smil$1 & said1 #8,hold y\r h&s1 good sirs1 = a s+le mom5t1 & use y\r rema9+ /r5g? to ex*ange places & look at ! opposite side ( ! %ield4' ,!y obey$ 8 words1 & f\nd to _! confusion t !y _h be5 fight+ 9 a qu>rel 9 :i* ea* 0 "r & ea* wrong4 #8,fa!r1' !y said1 #8we are fools4 ,grant u ?y p>don = our folly & absolution = our s94' #8,absolution1' said ! h]mit1 #8is soon grant$ = faults :i* arise f ! innate t5d5cy ( poor human nature4 ,wis] & old] m5 ?an y are prone to see only _! own side ( a "q4 ,come1 !n1 ) me to my humble h]mitage2 !re w ,i dress y\r w\nds & (f] y my frugal f>e2 happy if f ?is lesson y may le>n = ! re/ ( y\r lives1 be=e indulg+ 9 vehem5t ass]tions & proce$+ to viol5t extremities1 to 8look at ! o!r side ( ! %ield40' ,! application ( ?is fable to ! pol>ity ( politics w be obvi\s to e intellig5t read]4 ,z ! e>? is kept 9 its orbit by ! due balance ( c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 s is e civilis$ society held toge!r by ! opposite influ5ces ( cons]vative & progressive t5d5cies4 ,! cons]vative t5d5cy may be lik5$ to ! c5tripetal =ce :i* b9ds ! mass toge!r1 :ile ! progressive "o resembles t c5trifugal =ce :i* prev5ts x f be+ conc5trat$ 9 a rigid & in]t c5tral body )\t life or motion4 ,z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] truly says1 #8f antagoni/ic social t5d5cies !re always results n a m$ium /ate1 b a rhy?m betwe5 opposite /ates4 ,n[ ! "o greatly prepond]ates1 & pres5tly1 by reaction1 !re comes a prepond]ance ( ! o!r4' ,s x is ) ! antagonism ( cons]vative & lib]al t5d5cies4 ,9 ! societies ( ! anci5t _w1 & to ! pres5t day 9 ! ,ea/1 ! cons]vative t5d5cy unduly prepond]ates1 & !y cry/allise into in]t masses 9 ! =m ( despotisms1 & ( sac]dotal or adm9i/rative hi]>*ies4 ,at times ! p5t-up =ces :i* make = *ange accumulate1 &1 z 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 explode ) de/ructive viol5ce1 %att]+ ! old & br++ 9 new eras4 ,b unless ! balance betwe5 lib]ty & ord] is tol]ably pres]v$ 9 ! individual citiz5s ^: aggregate =ms ! society1 aft] a p]iod m or less prolong$ ( viol5t oscillations !y cry/allise anew into fre% =ms1 9 :i* ano!r milit>y dyna/y1 or x may be adm9i/rative c5tralisation "u ! "n ( a republic1 aga9 ass]ts ! prepond]ance ( ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,! happie/ nations are ^? 9 :i* ! individual "* ( individual citiz5s supplies ! requisite balance4 ,an ideal society is "o 9 :i* e citiz5 is at ! same "t lib]al & cons]vative2 law-abid+1 & yet ) a /rong in/9ct = lib]ty ( ?\ght & action1 = progress & = individual indep5d5ce4 ,x is among ! ,teutonic races1 especially :5 !y are plac$ 9 fav\rable conditions z 9 new c\ntries1 or 9 old c\ntries :]e = ages ,fre$om has wid5$ sl[ly d[n1 ,f prec$5t to prec$5t1 t ?is happy ideal is mo/ ne>ly realis$4 ,h5ce x is t ^! races are m & m com+ to ! front & surviv+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! contra/ ( ,engli% & ,fr5* colonisation af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is diff]5ce ( races4 ,a c5tury & a half ago ,france /ood z well z ,engl& 9 ! race = colonial supremacy4 ,%e _h ! />t ( u 9 ,canada1 & h] pione]s _h explor$ ! ,great ,lakes1 ! ,mississippi1 & a l>ge "p ( ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,to-day !re are sixty millions ( an ,engli%-speak+ population 9 t cont95t1 :ile ,fr5* is sc>cely spok5 beyond ! s+le prov9ce ( ,quebec4 ,political ev5ts _h d\btless some?+ to d ) ?is result2 b x has be5 ma9ly ow+ to ! innate qualities ( ! two races1 = ev5 ! g5ius ( ,*a?am might h fail$ to e/abli% our supremacy if x _h n be5 back$ by ! sup]ior intellig5ce1 en]gy1 & /ay+ p[] ( ! ,engli% coloni/s4 ,! ultimate cause ( ! triumph ( ! ,engli% ov] ! ,fr5* elem5t 9 ,am]ica & ,india is d\btless to be f\nd 9 ! /rong] individualism ( ! =m]4 ,! "* ( ! ,fr5* is em95tly social1 !y l to live 9 societies1 & %r9k f enc\nt]+ ! h>d%ips & /ill m ! isolation ( ! life ( e>ly settl]s4 ,!y l to be adm9i/]$1 & %r9k f ! responsibility ( hew+ out1 ea* = !mselves1 _! own pa? 9 ! relations ( civil life or 9 ! dep?s ( primval =e/s4 ,x is s to ! pres5t day1 & !y fail conspicu\sly 9 creat+ a l>ge ,fr5* population ev5 at _! own doors 9 ,alg]ia2 :ile 9 _! m di/ant colonies !y conqu] & annex1 b to see _! comm]ce fall into ! h&s ( ,engli%1 ,g]mans1 & ,*9ese1 z 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 or to /agnate z 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,z a witty ,fr5* writ] puts x1 ! trade ( a remote ,fr5* colony may be summ$ up z--imports1 abs9! & cig>s2 exports1 /amp$ pap] & r$-tape4 ,individualism 9 ?is case has be5 fairly pitt$ aga9/ ,socialism1 & has beat5 x out ( ! field by ! v]dict ( ,fact1 :i* is m conclusive ?an any am\nt ( ab/ract argum5t4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! field ( politics4 ,:]e ! ess5tial quality ( be+ law-abid+ is want+ 9 individuals1 x is hopeless to look = real lib]ty4 ,! c5tripetal =ce 9 societies1 z 9 planets1 mu/ be suppli$ someh[1 or !y w\ld fly into dissolution2 & if n by ! integration ( ! t5d5cies ( ! individual units1 !n by ext]nal re/rictions4 ,sociali/s may be all[$ to make inflammatory h>angues 9 a non-explosive atmosph]e1 b h>dly to let (f _! fireworks 9 a p[d]-magaz9e4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t a nation %all be law-abid+1 x is ess5tial t ! great majority %\ld feel t1 on ! :ole1 ! law is _! fri5d4 ,x is n 9 human nature to love t :i* injures1 or to respect t :i* is felt to be unju/4 ,! volcanic explosion ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 due to ! feel+ ( ! ,fr5* nation1 ) ! exception ( a few c\rti]s1 nobles1 & prie/s1 t ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s 0 _! enemy1 & law a tool 9 ! h&s ( _! oppressors4 ,ev5 among ,engli%-speak+ races we f9d1 9 ! un=tunate in/ance ( ,irel&1 t "u specially unfav\rable circum/ances ! same effects may be produc$ by ! same causes4 ,:at has ,engli% law practically meant = c5turies to an av]age peasant ( ,k]ry or ,connem>a8 ,x has meant an irresi/ible malevol5t p[]1 :i* comes d[n on him ) writs ( eviction to compel him to pay a high r5t on 8 own improvem5ts4 ,m ?an half ! population ( ,irel& consi/s ( t5ants & _! families occupy+ small hold+s1 pay+ less ?an #ajl4 a ye> ( r5t4 ,( an imm5se majority ( ^! small hold+s two ?+s may be safely ass]t$3 fir/1 t ! total gross value ( ! produce is insuffici5t1 aft] pay+ ! r5t1 to leave a dec5t subsi/5ce = ! cultivator4 ,secondly1 t ?is r5t is levi$ to a great ext5t on ! improvem5ts ( ! t5ant or 8 pr$ecessors4 ,?r\gh\t ! poor] p>ts ( ,irel& ! great] "p ( ! soil1 9 its natural /ate ( bog or m\nta91 is n wor? a r5t ( a %ill+ an acre2 b "s poor peasant1 urg$ by ! e>?-hung] :i* results f ! abs5ce ( o!r s\rces ( employm5t1 squats ^u x1 builds a wret*$ cottage1 delves1 dra9s1 f5ces1 & reclaims a few acres ( l& s z to be> a scanty crop ( oats & potatoes4 ,:5 he has done s ! l&lord or l&lord's ag5t comes to him & says1 #8,?is l& is wor? t5 or fifte5 %ill+s an acre1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( r5ts 9 ! di/rict1 & y mu/ pay x or turn out2' & ! law backs him 9 say+ s by writs ( eviction & police4 ,put y\rself 9 poor ,pat's place1 & say if y w\ld love ! law & be law-abid+4 ,x w\ld take me too f> f ! scope ( ?is volume into ! field ( contempor>y politics if ,i attempt$ to po9t out :o is to blame = ?is /ate ( ?+s1 or :at are ! rem$ies4 ,x is en\gh to say t ?is is ! real ,iri% problem1 & to po9t to x z an in/ance ( ! calamit\s effects :i* inevitably foll[ :5 ! in/9cts ( a :ole population are br\ght by an unfav\rable comb9ation ( circum/ances into necess>y & natural antagonism ) ! laws :i* !y are b\nd to obey4 ,cons]vative legislation1 by :atev] p>ty x is introduc$1 really means mak+ ! law correspond ) ! common s5se & common morality ( all except ! crim9al & crot*ety classes1 s t ! majority may feel x to be _! fri5d4 ,= in/ance1 ! mo/ truly cons]vative measure ( rec5t times 0 probably t :i* legalis$ trades' unions & gave work+-m5 full lib]ty to comb9e = an increase ( wages4 ,! old legal maxim1 t su* comb9ations 7 illegal z be+ 9 re/ra9t ( trade1 0 s obvi\sly an inv5tion ( ! memb]s ( ! upp] ca/e :o wore horsehair wigs1 to give _! fell[s ( ! same ca/e :o employ$ lab\r an unfair advantage1 t x c\ld n fail to cause feel+s ( discont5t & exasp]ation among ! masses ( work+-m54 ,by its repeal ! /+ has be5 tak5 out ( ,socialism1 & ! ,briti% work+-man has come to be1 9 ! ma91 a reasonable citiz51 on :om incitem5ts to viol5ce 9 ord] to inaugurate ,utopias1 fall z lightly z ! h[l+s ( ! b>r5 ea/ w9d on ! *imney-tops4 ,x has l$ also to reasonable & peaceful adju/m5t ( disputes betwe5 employ]s & lab\r]s by arbitration & slid+-scales in/ead ( by /rikes & lock-outs4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! law-abid+ in/9ct is ev5 /rong]4 ,we f9d t /rikes att5d$ ) viol5ce are almo/ always conf9$ ma9ly to ! =eign elem5t ( rec5tly import$ immigrants1 & t ! native-born ,am]ican citiz5 consid]s ! laws z 8 own laws1 & is det]m9$ to h !m respect$4 ,! balance betwe5 ! cons]vative & progressive t5d5cies is1 h[ev]1 at ! be/1 always imp]fect1 & incl9es too mu* sometimes 9 "o & sometimes 9 ! o!r direction4 ,9 ,engl& ! cons]vative t5d5cy has _h on ! :ole too mu* prepond]ance4 ,i d n speak ( political in/itutions1 = 9 ^! ( late ye>s ! balance has be5 pretty equally pres]v$2 b 9 practical matt]s !re is /ill a good deal ( old-fa%ion$ /olid ob/ruction4 ,?is is mo/ app>5t 9 law & 9 education4 ,! common or judge-made law1 ?\gh on ! :ole well-int5tion$ & upright1 is fett]$ by s _m te*nicalities & mu/y prec$5ts1 t x fails 9 a great _m in/ances to be1 :at civil law ought to be1 a *eap1 spe$y1 & intelligible in/rum5t = en=c+ hone/ deal+s betwe5 man & man4 ,"o ( our greate/ railway contractors once said to me1 #8,if ,i want to make an agreem5t :i* %all be absolutely b9d+1 ,i make x myself on a %eet ( note-pap]2 if ,i want to h a loophole1 ,i s5d x to my lawy] to h x drawn up 9 legal language & engross$ on %eets ( p>*m5t4' ,ano!r man ( l>ge exp]i5ce 9 comm]cial & f9ancial matt]s laid d[n ?is axiom3 #8,if y want to "k :at is ! law 9 a d\btful case1 reason out :at is ! common-s5se view ( x1 & assume t ! direct opposite is probably ! law4' ,^! may be extreme in/ances1 z all su* epigrammatic s5t5ces g5]ally are1 b x is und5iable t !y h a consid]able basis ( sub/antial tru?2 & t law1 ) its dilatory processes1 its enorm\s exp5se1 & its unc]ta9 conclusions1 may be1 & (t5 is1 n an in/rum5t ( ju/ice1 b a weapon 9 ! h&s ( an unscrupul\s adv5tur] or ( a di%one/ ri* man1 to extort blackmail or to defeat j claims4 ,aga91 :at nation b ,engl& w\ld tol]ate s long a sy/em ( l& law1 s bri/l+ ) antiquat$ te*nicalities1 s t$i\s1 & s exp5sive1 z almo/ to am\nt to a prohibition ( ! transf] ( l& 9 small quantities2 or c\ld let ! private int]e/s ( a m]e h&ful ( pr(essional lawy]s /& 9 ! way ( a codification ( laws & a regi/ration ( titles8 ,education is ano!r subject :i* %[s h[ difficult x is to move ! sluggi% ultra-cons]vative in/9cts ( ! ,engli% m9d 9 ! direction ( progress1 :5 n /imulat$ by political conflict4 ,:at is education8 ,! ^w tells its own /ory2 x is to draw out1 n to cram 92 to unfold ! capacities ( ! gr[+ m9d1 /r5g!n ! reason+ faculty1 create an int]e/ 9 ! surr\nd+ univ]se2 9 a ^w1 to excite a love ( k & imp>t ! means ( acquir+ x4 ,= ! mass ( ! population1 education is necess>ily conf9$ 9 a great measure to ! latt] object4 ,! ?ree ,r's--read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic--are indisp5sable requisites1 & ! acquirem5t ( ^!1 ) p]haps a few elem5ts ( hi/ory & geography1 absorbs ne>ly all ! "t & opportunity t c be af=d$ = att5dance at s*ool4 ,= any culture beyond ?is ! great majority mu/ dep5d on !mselves 9 aft] life4 ,b !re are a l>ge numb] ( p>5ts ( ! upp] & middle classes :o c & d keep _! *ildr5 at s*ool = eight or t5 ye>s1 & sp5d a l>ge sum ( money 9 giv+ !m :at is call$ a high] education4 ,:at is !re to %[ = ?is "t & money1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! highe/ s*ools1 :i* ought to give ! highe/ education8 ,on ! cr$it side1 a little ,lat9 & less ,greek1 pl5ty ( cricket & a?letics1 good physical tra9+1 &1 be/ ( all1 on ! :ole a manly1 hon\rable1 & g5tlemanlike _s4 ,b on ! debit side1 absolute ignorance1 except 9 ! case ( a few unusually clev] & ambiti\s boys1 ( all t a cultivat$ man ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ought to "k4 ,no ,fr5*1 no ,g]man1 &1 :at is worse1 no ,engli%4 ,! av]age boy c nei!r write 8 own language legibly nor grammatically1 &1 if he goes /raight f a public s*ool into a competitive exam9ation1 /&s an excell5t *ance ( be+ pluck$ = spell+4 ,&1 :at is wor/ ( all1 he n only kn[s no?+1 b c>es to "k no?+2 8 reason+ faculty has nev] be5 cultivat$1 & 8 int]e/ 9 int]e/+ ?+s has nev] be5 awak5$4 ,:at is ! fir/ lesson he has _h to le>n8 #8,propria qu m>ibus dicantur mascula dicas1' t is1 words appropriat$ to males are call$ mascul9e--a lesson :i* elicits z mu* reason+ faculty1 & creates z mu* int]e/1 z if he _h be5 made to commit to memory t ?+s made ( gold are call$ gold54 ,suppose in/ead ( ?is t ! lesson _h be5 t two volumes ( hydrog5 comb9e ) "o volume ( oxyg5 to =m wat]4 ,! ex]cise to ! memory is ! same1 b h[ diff]5t is ! am\nt ( ?\ght & int]e/ evok$1 especially if ! exp]im5t is made be=e ! class & ea* boy has to repeat x = himself6 ,h[ _m new subjects ( int]e/ w\ld ?is op5 up 9 ! m9d ( any lad ( av]age intellig5ce6 ,h[ /range t !re %\ld be airs o!r ?an ! air we brea!1 :i* c be weigh$ & measur$1 & t two ( !m by comb9+ %all produce _! exact weight ( a sub/ance s unlike !m z wat]6 ,or if ! ex]cise ( a class 7 to look ?r\gh a microscope at ! leaf ( a plant or w+ ( an insect1 & try :o c\ld be/ draw :at !y _h se5 & write a description ( x 9 a legible h& & 9 good ,engli%1 h[ _m faculties w\ld ?is call into play comp>$ ) ! dull r\t9e ( p>s+ a ,lat9 s5t5ce or writ+ a halt+ copy ( ,greek iambics6 ,ev5 gramm>1 ! "o ?+ :i* is suppos$ to be taught ?or\ghly1 is taught s un9tellig5tly t x awak5s no int]e/ beyond t ( a p>rot le>n+ by rote4 ,f #8propria qu m>ibus' ! s*ol> passes to #8z 9 prs5ti p]fectum =mat 9 avi1' )\t an attempt to expla9 :at language really means1 h[ x orig9ates f root-words1 & h[ ^! inflections ( #8z' & #8avi' are "p ( ! devices :i* c]ta9 families ( mank9d1 includ+ our own1 h inv5t$ z a me*anism = atta*+ %ades ( mean+1 su* z pres5t & pa/1 to ! primitive root4 ,ev5 ! alphabet intellig5tly taught op5s up wide fields ( int]e/+ matt] z to ! hi/ory ( anci5t nations1 & _! successive attempts to analyse ! compon5t s\nds ( _! spok5 words1 & to pass f primitive picture-writ+ to phonetic symbols4 ,b ! in/ructors ( ! budd+ manhood ( ! lite ( ! nation1 l ,gallio1 #8c>e = none ( ^! ?+s1' & ! organisation ( our high] s*ools seems to be /]eotyp$ on ! pr9ciple t !y are made = tea*]s r ?an = s*ol>s1 & t _! *ief raison d'tre is to enable a limit$ numb] ( highly respectable g5tlem5 f ! ,univ]sities to realise com=table incomes ) a maximum ( holidays & a m9imum ( tr\ble4 ,& ! p>5ts support ! sy/em because s _m ( !m really rev]5ce rank m ?an k1 & are will+ to comp\nd = _! sons gr[+ up ignorant1 idle1 & extravagant1 if by any *ance !y c c\nt a "l or two among _! acqua9tance4 ,mr4 ,francis ,galton1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 int]e/+ inquiries z to ! effect ( h]$ity & education on "* & atta9m5ts1 took ! v practical c\rse ( address+ a set ( que/ions to "s hundr$ & eighty ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 z to ! h]$it>y qualities ( _! ance/ors1 & ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* !y consid]$ _h done mo/ to promote or to ret>d _! success 9 life4 ,( c\rse he receiv$ a v>iety ( answ]s1 #8quot hom9es tot s5t5ti1' b ^u "o po9t !re 0 a /rik+ unanimity4 #8,!y almo/ all express$ a hatr$ ( gramm> & ! classics1 & an utt] di/a/e = ! old-fa%ion$ sy/em ( education4 ,!re 7 none :o _h pass$ ?r\gh ?is old high & dry education :o 7 satisfi$ ) x4 ,^? :o came f ! great] s*ools usually did no?+ !re1 & h abus$ ! sy/em he>tily4' ,& yet ! sy/em goes on1 & ! ,eton ,lat9 gramm> w probably be taught1 & hexamet]s writt51 = ano!r g5]ation4 ,surely ! ne$le sw+s "h too /rongly t[>ds ! negative or ob/ructive pole4 ,! in/ances are s num]\s 9 social & practical life 9 :i* x is necess>y to look at bo? sides ( ! %ield t ! difficulty is 9 selection4 ,take ! case ( patriotism4 ,patriotism is beyond all d\bt a great virtue--9 fact1 ! f]tile "m ( _m ( ! high] & h]oic virtues4 ,:o does n sympa?ise ) ! leg5ds ( ,wallace & ,william ,tell1 & scorn ) ,walt] ,scott ! man ) s\l s dead ,:o nev] to himself has said1 ,?is is my own1 my native l&8 ,& yet h[ ?9 a l9e ( p>tition sep>ates x f n>r[-m9d$ arrogance & insol5t ignorance6 ,reflect$ 9 ! latt] =m f ,p>is1 9 hy/]ical %\ts n[ ( #8 ,b]l91 ,b]l96' & n[ #8 bas p]fide ,albion6' we call x #8,*auv9ism1' & recognise x z an unlovely exhibition4 ,b call x #8,j+oism1' & let x take ! =m ( ! bell[+s ( "s /upid bull1 z ! r$ flag1 n[ ( a ,fr5* & n[ ( a ,russian sc>e1 crosses 8 l9e ( vision1 & we are bl9d to its de=mity4 ,/ill !re is ano!r side to ! %ield1 = ev5 #8,j+oism1' :i* is only ano!r ^w = patriotism run mad1 is m respectable ?an ! opposite extreme ( a sordid & n>r[ m9d$ p>o*ialism1 :i* %r9ks beh9d ! #8silv] /reak1' measures ev]y?+ by ! /&>d ( p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce1 &1 ) :at ,t5nyson calls ,! crav5 fe> ( be+ great1 groans ov] ! responsibilities ( ext5d$ empire4 ,! gr[? ( su* a _s among prom95t politicians ( ! advanc$ ,lib]al s*ool seems to me "o ( ! mo/ al>m+ symptoms ( ! day2 b ,i take com=t :5 ,i reflect t ! mo/ democratic community 9 ! _w1 t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is precisely ! "o :i* has %[n mo/ det]m9ation to ma9ta9 its national greatness1 if necess>y by ! sword1 & has made ! greate/ sacrifices = t object4 ,if ! #8copp]heads' 7 a mis]able m9ority 9 ,am]ica1 :y %\ld we be afraid ( our #8,engli% copp]heads' ev] becom+ a majority 9 ,old ,engl&8 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all simil> cases1 x is evid5t t true /atesman%ip consi/s 9 hitt+ ! happy mean1 & do+ ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t2 & t true /r5g? /&s firm 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two opposite poles1 :ile weakness is drawn by "o or o!r ( ! conflict+ attractions into ,! falsehood ( extremes4 ,:5 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel "s =ty ye>s ago ann\nc$ 8 conv]sion by ! unadorn$ eloqu5ce ( ,ri*>d ,cobd51 & free trade 0 inaugurat$1 ) results :i* 7 att5d$ ) ! mo/ brilliant success1 e "o expect$ t ! conv]sion ( ! re/ ( ! civilis$ _w 0 only a "q ( "t1 & t a %ort "t4 ,few w\ld h be5 f\nd bold en\gh to pr$ict t =ty ye>s lat] ,engl& w\ld /& almo/ alone 9 ! _w 9 adh]5ce to free-trade pr9ciples1 & t ! protectioni/ h]esy w\ld n only be /r5g!n$ & confirm$ among ,cont95tal nations su* z ,france & ,g]many1 b actually adopt$ by l>ge & increas+ majorities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 & o!r ,engli%-speak+ communities4 ,yet su* is ! actual fact at ! pres5t day4 ,9 spite ( ! ,cobd5 ,club & ( argum5ts :i* to ! av]age ,engli% m9d appe> irresi/ible1 free trade has be5 /eadily los+ gr\nd = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & nation aft] nation1 colony aft] colony1 sees its protectioni/ majority increas+ & its free-trade m9ority dw9dl+4 ,x is evid5t !re mu/ be "s real cause = su* a univ]sal ph5om5on4 ,9 c\ntries l ,france & ,russia we may attribute x to economical ignorance & ! influ5ce ( cliques ( manufactur]s & selfi% int]e/s2 b ! p ( ,g]many1 & /ill m ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,au/ralia1 are z intellig5t z ourselves1 & q z %rewd 9 see+ :]e ^? int]e/s really lie4 ,!y are fett]$ by no traditional prejudices1 & _! political in/9cts r lie t[>ds fre$om & aga9/ ! creation ( any?+ l an ari/ocracy ( weal?y manufactur]s4 ,& yet1 aft] ye>s ( free discussion1 !y h become m & m h>d5$ 9 _! protectioni/ h]esies4 ,:at does ?is prove8 ,t !re are two sides to ! %ield1 & n1 z we fanci$ 9 our ,engli% insul>ity1 only "o4 ,free trade is und\bt$ly ! be/1 or r ! only possible1 policy = a c\ntry l ,engl&1 ) ?irty millions ( inhabitants1 produc+ food = less ?an half ! numb]1 & dep5d+ on =eign trade = ! supplies necess>y to keep ! o!r half alive4 ,x is ! be/ policy also = a c\ntry :i*1 ow+ to its m9]al res\rces1 its accessibility by sea to m>kets1 its accumulat$ capital1 & ! inh]it$ qualities1 physical & moral1 ( its work+ population1 has unrivall$ advantages = *eap production4 ,nor c any dispassionate obs]v] dispute t 9 ,engl&1 :i* is su* a c\ntry1 free trade has work$ well4 ,x has n work$ miracles1 x has n introduc$ an indu/rial mill5nium1 ! poor are /ill ) u1 & x has n sav$ u f our %>e ( comm]cial depressions4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 national weal? has greatly increas$1 &1 :at is m important1 national well-be+ has increas$ ) x1 ! mass ( ! population1 & especially ! work+ classes1 get bett] wages1 "w %ort] h\rs1 & are bett] f$1 bett] clo!d1 & bett] educat$ ?an !y 7 =ty ye>s ago4 ,?is is "o side ( ! %ield1 & x is really a gold5 & n an illusory "o4 ,b look at ! o!r side4 ,take ! case ( a c\ntry :]e totally opposite conditions prevail3 :]e !re is no surplus population1 unlimit$ l&1 limit$ capital1 lab\r sc>ce & de>1 & no possibility ( compet+ 9 ! =eign or ev5 9 ! home m>ket ) ! manufactures :i*1 ) free trade1 w\ld be p\r$ 9 by c\ntries l ,engl&1 9 prior possession ( all ! elem5ts ( *eap production4 ,x is by no means s cle> t protection1 to enable native indu/ries to take root & gr[1 may n 9 su* cases be ! wise/ policy4 ,take z a simple illu/ration ! case ( an ,au/ralian colony impos+ an import duty on =eign boots & %oes4 ,!re is n a d\bt t ?is is practically tax+ ! imm5se majority ( coloni/s :o we> & d n make ^! articles4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x makes ! colony a possible field = emigration = all ! %oemak]s ( ,europe1 & %oemak+ a trade to :i* any ,au/ralian ) a l>ge family c br+ up "o ( 8 sons4 ,look+ at x f ! /rict po9t ( view ( ! mo/ rigid political economi/1 ! maximum production ( weal?1 :i* is ! bett] policy8 ,! production ( weal?1 we mu/ recollect1 dep5ds on lab\r1 & productive lab\r dep5ds on ! lab\r] f9d+ 8 tools--t is1 employm5t at :i* he c "w4 ,a lab\r] :o _c f9d "w at liv+ wages is worse ?an a z]o3 he is a negative quantity z f> z ! accumulation ( weal? is conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e workman :o f9ds "w1 ev5 if x may n be ( ! ideally be/ description1 is a weal?-produc+ ma*9e4 ,:at he sp5ds on himself & 8 family gives employm5t to o!r workm51 & ! "w mu/ be poor inde$ if ! produce ( a ye>'s lab\r is n m ?an ! co/ ( a ye>'s subsi/5ce4 ,! surplus adds to ! national capital1 & ?us capital & population g on increas+ 9 geometrical progression4 ,! fir/ problem1 !re=e1 = a new or a backw>d c\ntry is to f9d #8a fair day's wages = a fair day's "w1' = z _m h&s z possible4 ,! problem ( mak+ t employm5t ! mo/ productive possible is a second>y "o1 :i* w solve itself 9 ea* case r by actual practice ?an by ab/ract !ory4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is pretty cle>1 t 9 ord] to secure ! maximum ( employm5t x mu/ be v>i$4 ,all are n fit = agricultural "w1 &1 ev5 if !y 71 if ! conditions ( soil & climate fav\r l>ge e/ates & %eep or cattle runs r ?an small f>ms1 a l>ge am\nt ( capital may provide "w = only a small numb] ( lab\r]s4 ,on social & moral gr\nds1 also1 ap>t f dry consid]ations ( political economy1 progress intellig5ce & a high] /&>d ( life are m likely to be f\nd ) l>ge cities1 manufactures1 & a v>iety ( indu/rial occupations ?an ) a dead level ( a few millionaires & a few %eph]ds1 or ( a few l&lords & a d5se population ( poor peasants4 ,if protection is ! price :i* mu/ be paid to r5d] su* a l>g] life possible1 x may be s\nd policy to pay x1 & ! result seems to %[ t nei!r x nor free trade is inconsi/5t ) rapid progress1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 nei!r ( !m af=ds an absolute immunity f ! evils t dog ! foot/eps ( progress1 & f ! p]iods ( reaction & depression :i* accompany vicissitudes ( trade4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r cases1 !re are two sides ( ! %ield1 & true /atesman%ip consi/s 9 see+ bo?1 & do+ ! "r ?+1 at ! "r place1 & at ! "r "t4 ,if free trade is1 z we believe1 ultimately to prevail1 x w be an affair ( "t4 ,! real trial ( protection comes :5 x has /imulat$ production to a po9t :i* gluts ! home m>ket & leaves a surplus :i* mu/ be export$4 ,exports ( articles ! co/ ( :i* has be5 artificially rais$ by protection1 _c compete 9 ! _w's m>ket ) ! *eap] products ( free-trade c\ntries4 ,vicissitudes !re=e ( prosp]ity & depression mu/ t5d to become m frequ5t & m sev]e1 &1 if production goes on1 a po9t mu/ be rea*$ :]e1 at :atev] co/1 x mu/ ei!r be arre/$ or made capable ( compet+ 9 ! wid] m>ket4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are probably n f> f su* a po9t1 & x w\ld h be5 already rea*$ b = ! imm5se & unexhau/$ res\rces ( t va/ cont95t4 ,9 ,france ! po9t has app>5tly be5 rea*$1 & we f9d t1 ) a l[] scale ( wages ?an 9 ,engl&1 x is becom+ m & m difficult e day to ma9ta9 t l[] scale1 & ! export trade ( its manufactur$ goods to =eign m>kets4 ,protection1 lead+ to high] wages & pr(its ?an c be p]man5tly ma9ta9$1 & artificially enhanc+ ! co/ ( liv+ to ! work+ classes1 ?reat5s1 m & m e day1 to introduce /ra9$ relations betwe5 capital & lab\r 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! relation betwe5 capital & lab\r af=ds a good in/ance ( ! inevitable error ( apply+ h>d & fa/ logical conclusions to ! complex & ev]-v>y+ problems ( actual life4 ,ric>do & o!r di/+ui%$ writ]s on political economy h assum$ t ! two con/itute a fundam5tal antagoni/ic pol>ity4 ,weal?1 !y say1 is ! jo9t product ( capital & lab\r1 &1 z 9 ! case ( a cake :i* has to be divid$ betwe5 ,c & ,l1 ! m ,c gets ! less is left = ,l1 & vice v]s4 ,! !ory s\nds plausible3 b :at says fact8 ,9 ! mo/ unmi/akable mann] x pron\nces1 z ! outcome ( practical exp]i5ce1 t ! pr(its ( capital & ! wages ( lab\r rise & fall toge!r4 ,high pr(its mean high wages1 ris+ pr(its ris+ wages1 fall+ pr(its fall+ wages4 ,x has be5 prov$ s 9 a ?\s& in/ances1 & n "o c be quot$ :]e ! "o factor has v>i$ 9 an inv]se1 & n 9 a direct1 ratio ) ! o!r4 ,x is obvi\s t !re mu/ be "s fallacy 9 ,ric>do's argum5t4 ,! fallacy is ?is3 he assumes ! cake to be ( fix$ dim5sions1 :]eas 9 po9t ( fact x v>ies1 sometimes dim9i%+ to z]o1 or ev5 to a negative quantity1 at o!rs exp&+ to _m times its orig9al size4 ,a new gold-field is discov]$ 9 a remote c\ntry1 & =?) pr(its rise to c5t4 p] c5t41 & wages to a p\nd a day2 a bad season & depression ( trade ov]take an old c\ntry1 & ! gross value ( ! produce ( _m a f>m is insuffici5t to cov] exp5ses & depreciation1 ev5 if ! lab\r]s work$ = no?+4 ,! pol>ity is !re=e conf9$ to ! limit$ & tempor>y case ( ! division ( ! pr(it1 :]e !re is a pr(it1 9 p>ticul> trades & 9 individual in/ances4 ,& ?is is regulat$ ma9ly by ! accu/om$ scale ( wages & /&>d ( liv+ ( ! workm51 & _! opportunities ( f9d+ employm5t else:]e if dissatisfi$ ) ! t]ms (f]$ to !m4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be said t capital has ! be/ ( x on a ris+1 & wages on a fall+1 m>ket4 ,a manufactur] or m9e-own]'s pr(it may rise f five to tw5ty p] c5t4 )\t quadrupl+ ! rate ( wages2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may fall f tw5ty p] c5t4 to five1 or ev5 = a "t bel[ z]o1 )\t a proportionate dim9ution 9 ! price paid = lab\r4 ,capital is1 9 fact1 ! great insur] ( lab\r1 ! fly:eel :i* regulates ! motion ( ! indu/rial ma*9e4 ,?is w be be/ illu/rat$ by a practical in/ance4 ,! ,brighton ,railway ,company = sev]al consecutive ye>s paid no divid5d1 or only a trifl+ am\nt1 on ! %>ehold]s' capital1 b dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t x gave /eady employm5t at good wages to upw>ds ( t5 ?\s& workm54 ,! ,bla5avon ,coal & ,iron ,company 9 ,s\? ,wales 0 = _m ye>s a los+ conc]n1 & successive capitali/s lo/ ! be/ "p ( a million p\nds 9 x1 until at l5g? x 0 reorganis$ ) a small capital & became a fairly prosp]\s conc]n4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t x gave employm5t at fair wages to sev]al ?\s& workm54 ,:i* _h ! be/ ( x 9 ^! two cases1 capital or lab\r1 & :]e w\ld ! workm5 h be5 on any communi/ic or co-op]ative sy/em8 ,9 fact x w be app>5t to any "o :o w /udy dispassionately ! /ati/ics ( any l9e ( inquiry1 su* z ! scale ( wages1 ! price ( provisions1 ! accumulations ( sav+s banks & provid5t societies1 c41 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 t ! work+ classes h _h ! lion's %>e ( ! va/ increase :i* has tak5 place 9 ! weal? & income ( ! nation4 ,i am glad t x is s1 = x is bett]1 bo? morally & politically1 t ! condition ( ! masses %\ld be improv$1 & _! /&>d ( liv+ rais$1 ?an t capital %\ld accumulate too exclusively 9 l>ge masses4 ,/ill !re is a good deal to be said = su* l>ge accumulations4 ,let u g to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica = an illu/ration1 :]e ev]y?+ is on a l>ge scale1 & colossal =tunes h be5 made 9 a few ye>s4 ,! modus op]&i by :i* mo/ ( ^! =tunes h be5 made may be describ$ accord+ to ! way we look at x1 ei!r z railway jobb+ or z pione]+ ! way 9 useful ent]prise4 ,! con/ruction ( ! fir/ railway across ! cont95t to ,cali=nia is a typical in/ance4 ,a clique or syndicate ( weal?y speculators make surveys & e/imates ( a l9e across des]ts & ov] m\nta9 ranges1 & asc]ta9 pretty accurately :at x w co/4 ,!y =m a company ) a capital ( d\ble t co/1 & by subv5tions f ! ,gov]nm5t1 grants ( l&1 & sale ( mortgage bonds1 raise ! half really requir$1 & hold ! o!r half 9 %>es z pr(it 9 pap]4 ,! l9e is made1 & if ! traffic turns out well1 & !re is a p]iod ( speculation 9 ! money m>ket1 ! pap] is turn$ into doll>s1 &1 if ! l9e really co/s1 say1 #aj1jjj1jjjl4 or #bj1jjj1jjjl41 ! promot]s realise an equal am\nt z pr(it4 ,?is has two sides to x3 x is d\btless bad = ! public to h to pay rates :i* give a return on twice ! actual co/1 & ! possession ( a close monopoly 9 ! h&s ( a few millionaires may be abus$ to ! detrim5t ( individual trad]s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! railway c\ld n h be5 made 9 any o!r way4 ,if x _h be5 necess>y to wait until ! sl[ gr[? ( population insur$ su* a traffic z w\ld induce ! ord9>y public to subscribe = %>es at p>1 y might h wait$ = tw5ty ye>s be=e a s+le mile ( railway 0 made we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,nor is ?is all3 ! enorm\s pr(it realis$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! ent]prises l$ to a ru% ( ri* speculators into ! lott]y ( pu%+ railways ahead ( traffic1 9 :i* !re 7 su* magnific5t prizes4 ,! cont95t 0 cov]$ by new railways built to create new traffic r ?an to provide = t :i* already exi/$4 ,& ! traffic 0 creat$1 ?\gh1 z ! lott]y conta9$ blanks z well z prizes1 _m ( ! orig9al promot]s 7 ru9$4 ,! second great l9e spann+ ! cont95t--! ,nor!rn ,pacific--ru9$ two successive sets ( promot]s1 & is only n[ beg9n+ to be mod]ately successful4 ,b ! f9al result has be5 t :ile ,briti% ,india1 :i* w5t on :at may be call$ ! respectable sy/em ( gett+ a p\nd's wor? ( "w = e p\nd rais$1 has only #ab1jjj miles ( railway1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "u ! speculative sy/em1 has got #abj1jjj miles4 ,i _c d\bt t ! national weal? ( ,am]ica is great] at ! pres5t day ?an if !re _h be5 no ,jay ,g\lds or ,v&]bilts1 & ! con/ruction ( h] railways _h be5 delay$ on ! av]age = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 lab\r & capital or free trade & protection is only a p>ticul> case ( ! l>g] pol>ity betwe5 :at is call$ 9 sci5tific language egoism & altruism1 or1 9 m popul> phraseology1 individualism & socialism4 ,accord+ to "o !ory1 ! be/ result is obta9$ by leav+ individuals z free z possible to act on _! own sugge/ions ( _! duties & int]e/s1 & conf9+ ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate to en=c+ laws = ! protection ( life & prop]ty1 & su* measures z are obvi\sly necess>y = ! safety ( society4 ,accord+ to ! o!r !ory1 ! ,/ate ought to int]f]e :]ev] ! results ( individual lib]ty lead to abuses1 & %\ld endeav\r to create a society z ne> to ideal p]fection z possible1 by adm9i/]+ & regulat+ ! public & private affairs ( its citiz5s4 ,x is obvi\s t ! "q has two sides1 t extreme conclusions 9 ei!r direction are1 z is always ! case1 inv>iably false4 ,individualism c>ri$ too f> w\ld dis9tegrate society4 ,x w\ld be impossible to leave x to ! %ort-sight$ selfi%ness ( e citiz5 to say :e!r an army & navy %\ld be ma9ta9$ = national def5ce1 & taxes %\ld be levi$ = _! support4 ,individualism also easily passes ov] into a h>d & cruel selfi%ness1 :i* recognises no obligation beyond ! lett] ( ! law1 & acts practically on ! pr9ciple ( #8,e "o = himself1 & ! devil take ! h9dmo/4' ,x is ?is phase ( individualism :i* makes en?usia/s & m5 ( /rong moral & religi\s sympa?ies declaim s vehem5tly aga9/ laissez faire1 & cry al\d1 l ,c>lyle1 = a h]o or b5evol5t despot :o is to sc\rge humanity into ! practice ( all ! virtues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,socialism1 if n conf9$ )9 rigid limits ( exp]i5ce & common s5se1 is ev5 m de/ructive 9 its consequ5ces4 ,civilis$ society is bas$ on ! security ( private prop]ty & ! obs]vance ( contracts4 ,if ^! are liable1 n m]ely to be regulat$ 9 extreme & exceptional cases1 b to be absolutely condemn$ 9 pr9ciple1 z by ,sociali/s ( ! ,pr\dhon s*ool1 :o decl>e1 #8,la proprit c'e/ le vol2' or ov]rul$ & set aside :5ev] !y are ?\ght to conflict ) humanit>ian scruples or s5tim5tal aspirations1 society w\ld be dissolv$ into its elem5ts1 to cry/allise anew ab\t "s milit>y dictator or o!r /rong =m ( repressive gov]nm5t1 :o c\ld re/ore x to a /ate ( /able equilibrium 9 accordance ) ^! fundam5tal laws4 ,no society bas$ on ! community ( goods has ev] exi/$1 except on a v limit$ scale & = a v %ort "t1 "u "s /rong tempor>y influ5ce su* z religi\s excitem5t4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* x only exi/$ z long z its memb]s 7 a h&ful ( humble individuals :o 7 impress$ ) ! idea t ! end ( ! _w 0 close at h&1 & t sacrifices made on e>? w\ld be repaid at an e>ly day ) comp\nd int]e/ 9 heav54 ,!y act$ on :at 0 almo/ z mu* a pr9ciple ( enlight5$ selfi%ness z if !y _h plac$ _! money on ! be/ possible security at ! highe/ possible int]e/4 ,! only exi/+ society1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 :i* has ev]y?+ 9 common1 is a small sect ( ,%ak]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* owes its limit$ success to two conditions--fir/1 t !re is no m>ry+ or giv+ 9 m>riage2 secondly1 t a memb] inv5t$ a pat5t rat-trap--conditions :i* are h>dly likely to survive 9 ! /ruggle = life & become a type = g5]al adoption4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ,communism 9 practical op]ation on a l>ge scale is t ( ! village communities ( ,russia & p>ts ( ,india1 :i* c]ta9ly %[ no signs ( be+ progressive types de/9$ to ga9 gr\nd4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y fail to fulfil :at is ! fir/ condition ( an agricultural community1 t ( obta9+ a fair av]age produce f ! soil1 & ! m ent]pris+ & intellig5t m\jiks or ryots inv>iably seek to obta9 some?+ :i* !y c call _! own & are n oblig$ to %>e ) ! idle & improvid5t4 ,a conclusive objection to all s*emes ( ,socialism or ,communism is1 t !y n only cru% out all individual initiative & ent]prise 9 mat]ial life1 b t !y also de/roy all inc5tives to individual *>ity & b5evol5ce4 ,:y make sacrifices to help o!rs1 if !y are already help$ at y\r exp5se by ! ,/ate8 ,?is is no !oretical objection1 b has be5 prov$ practically by ! hi/ory ( ! poor laws4 ,:at scope = individual *>ity 0 !re 9 a p>i% l t 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 :]e "u ! old poor law ! rate _h ris5 to tw5ty %ill+s 9 ! p\nd1 & ! cultivation ( ! soil 0 ab&on$8 ,or ev5 9 less extreme cases1 any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) remote rural p>i%es inhabit$ by cott]s & small f>m]s mu/ be aw>e t ! poor law op]ates /rongly to de/roy ! feel+ ( manly indep5d5ce & family affection :i* induc$ ! poor to support _! own ag$ & infirm relatives4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl& ) :i* ,i am p]sonally acqua9t$ m5 :o a g5]ation ago w\ld h ?\ght x a disgrace to ask = help to support an ag$ fa!r or "m1 n[ ?9k x only fair play1 aft] hav+ contribut$ = ye>s to ! poor rate1 to try & get some?+ out ( x 9 return4 ,altruism1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] well puts x1 if c>ri$ to excess1 defeats itself1 = 9 annihilat+ egoi/ic vices x annihilates egoi/ic virtues1 & ! result is z]o--a result :i*1 z #8nature abhors a vacuum1' c happily nev] be atta9$1 & ! precepts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt mu/ always rema9 maxims ( private morality1 r ?an ( ,/ate regulation4 ,x is ( little use1 h[ev]1 to deal ) su* g5]alities2 z long z we conf9e ourselves to extreme in/ances on ei!r side1 x is z easy z x is idle to refute !m4 ,pr(itable discussion only beg9s :5 we ent] on ! wide int]m$iate space :i* lies betwe5 ! extreme fronti] prov9ces1 &1 in/ead ( argu+ = absolute conclusions1 endeav\r to discov] ! happy mean 9 d\btful cases1 :]e !re really are limitations ( "t & circum/ance1 & a good deal :i* may be reasonably said on ea* side ( ! "q4 ,take = in/ance ! case ( contract1 :i* has be5 s mu* discuss$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,iri% "q4 ,no?+ c be cle>] ?an t ! en=cem5t ( contracts is "o ( ! pr9cipal duties ( a gov]nm5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( caveat emptor may occasionally lead to results n altoge!r consi/5t ) /rict morality2 b !re w always be fools 9 ! _w1 & x is bett] !y %\ld pay = _! folly ?an t ! ,/ate %\ld be p]petually int]f]+ 9 ! va9 attempt to protect !m4 ,! b>ga9 may be a bad "o1 b x is f> bett] t m5 %\ld be held to _! b>ga9s ?an t e los] %\ld h a loophole provid$ to escape by appeal+ to "s legal quibble or ,/ate-provid$ tribunal ( arbitration4 ,b !re are limits to ?is salut>y pr9ciple4 ,! contract mu/ be a free "o1 freely ent]$ into by p>ties :o meet on equal t]ms4 ,if x is a compulsory "o1 :i* ! weak] p>ty has practically no option ( refus+1 ! case is alt]$4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( *ildr51 x is absurd to say t !y are free ag5ts 9 contract+ = ! disposal ( _! lab\r1 & ! ,/ate prop]ly int]f]es by ,factory ,acts to limit ! numb] ( h\rs = :i* !y are to "w4 ,s 9 ! relations betwe5 l&lord & t5ant1 :5ev] !y meet on equal t]ms1 & ! t5ant has an option ( ei!r tak+ or refus+ to take a f>m at ! r5t ask$1 bo? sides mu/ be held to _! b>ga91 h[ev] disadvantage\s x may turn out = ei!r ( !m4 ,b if ! l&lord is practically omnipot5t1 & ! t5ant has no alt]native b to promise to pay an impossible r5t or to be turn$ out on ! roadside & die ( />vation1 x is by no means s cle> t ! ,/ate %\ld en=ce ! b>ga9 unless ! l&lord submits to equitable t]ms4 ,or aga91 if ! r5t is n due to ! intr9sic value ( ! l&1 b is a confiscation ( ! t5ant's improvem5ts1 x is f> f be+ self-evid5t t ! law %\ld look only at l&lords' rights & =get all ab\t l&lords' duties4 ,x is a "q r ( fact ?an ( argum5t or ass]tion1 :e!r su* a /ate ( ?+s does or does n prevail at any p>ticul> "t 9 any p>ticul> c\ntry4 ,if ! contracts 7 fair b>ga9s ent]$ into by free ag5ts1 !y ought to be en=c$ :e!r prices h ris5 or fall51 leav+ x to ! humanity & self-int]e/ ( l&lords to make reasonable r$uctions4 ,b if !y 7 no m equal b>ga9s ?an ^? ( slaves or factory-*ildr51 ! ,/ate might fairly int]f]e to atta* equitable conditions to ! en=cem5t ( inequitable contracts4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ! rights & duties ( prop]ty1 especially 9 ! case ( l&1 is "o :i* raises _m nice & difficult que/ions4 ,"s !ori/s1 l ,h5ry ,george1 are = solv+ x by ignor+ ! rights altoge!r4 ,accord+ to !m1 private prop]ty 9 l& is ! s\rce ( all ! evils t afflict mod]n society2 pov]ty1 depressions ( trade1 l[ pr(its1 & l[ wages are caus$ by ! con/ant drift t[>ds high r5ts1 due to ! possession by a small section ( ! community ( a monopoly 9 t :i* is z mu* a necessity ( exi/5ce z air or wat]4 ,aboli% private prop]ty 9 l&1 & /raightway y w h ! mill5nium4 ,9 ?is extreme =m ! fallacy ( ! argum5t is obvi\s4 ,y _c /op at l&1 b mu/ h ! c\rage ( y\r op9ion1 & g ! full l5g?1 ) ,pr\dhon1 ( d5\nc+ all prop]ty z robb]y4 ,= if ! "r ( individual prop]ty is ! fir/ condition ( civilis$ society1 y c h>dly exclude t =m ( x :i*1 9 all ages & all c\ntries1 has be5 practically ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive to progress & civilisation4 ,comp>e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica "u _! home/ead laws1 ) ,russia "u a sy/em ( village communes2 or ! ,cali=nia ( to-day ) t ( fifty ye>s ago "u ! ,jesuit padres2 & y w see t ! desire to acquire prop]ty 9 l& has be5 :at may be call$ ! high-pressure /eam supply+ ! motive p[] to reclaim cont95ts & multiply population4 ,nor 9 pr9ciple is !re any argum5t = ! confiscation ( l& :i* w\ld n equally apply to ! confiscation ( any o!r sort ( prop]ty1 :5 !ori/s1 philan?ropic at o!r p's exp5se1 ?\ght t ! own] _h m ?an 0 good = him1 or _h acquir$ x z an une>n$ increm5t1 )\t work+ = x4 ,suppose two m51 ,a & ,b1 employ$ z eng9e-driv]s on an ,am]ican railway1 h ea* sav$ a hundr$ doll>s4 ,! railway has be5 a failure3 int5d$ to rea* a di/ant t]m9us1 x has /opp$ halfway 9 a des]t1 = want ( funds1 & = ye>s has paid no divid5d4 ,! hundr$-doll> %>es are only wor? t51 & ! l& at ! di/ant t]m9us is only wor? t5 doll>s an acre4 ,b ,a & ,b are %>p fell[s1 & see t if speculation ev] revives ! l9e w probably be complet$1 & bo? %>es & l& w become valuable4 ,a buys t5 %>es ) 8 hundr$ doll>s1 & ,b t5 acres ( l&4 ,! boom comes1 ! capital is f\nd1 ! l9e complet$1 & ! %>es rise to p>1 & ! l& to a hundr$ doll>s an acre4 ,a & ,b h ea* realis$ n9e hundr$ doll>s by :at may be describ$1 z y l to put x1 ei!r z an une>n$ increm5t or z provid5ce & =esight4 ,on :at pr9ciple c y confiscate ,b's n9e hundr$ doll>s because x is 9 l&1 & leave ,a's unt\*$ because x is 9 %>es8 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t :5 we come to m complex cases1 9 :i* l& is held 9 l>ge masses1 f5c$ 91 n by ! natural "r ( a man to ! produce ( 8 own ex]tions1 b by artificial legal sy/ems ( inh]itance & settlem5t1 we are on neutral gr\nd1 :]e fair discussion is possible z to ! limitations & conditions "u :i* ! ,/ate may af=d its protection4 ,l&$ prop]ty is m ! creature ( law1 & runs great] risks 9 case ( revolution or communi/ic legislation1 ?an p]sonal prop]ty1 :i* is m easily conceal$ or transf]r$4 ,x is n unreasonable1 !re=e1 t x %\ld pay a high] insurance 9 ! =m ( taxation1 & especially :5 x passes by inh]itance or settlem5t1 :5 ! new own]'s title is to a great ext5t artificial & ! creation ( ! law4 ,no "o c dispute ! ab/ract ju/ice ( a succession duty on all prop]ty1 l&$ or p]sonal1 9 proportion to its am\nt1 pass+ by op]ation ( law3 ! only "q c be z to ! am\nt1 & ! exp$i5cy ( conf9+ x )9 limits t %all n tr5* on confiscation or impair ! desire to accumulate capital4 ,& 9 ! case ( l&1 !re is no d\bt t !re are a good _m in/ances 9 :i* ! "q ( ! #8une>n$ increm5t' is rais$ m =cibly ?an 9 ! case ( ord9>y prop]ty4 ,take a practical in/ance )9 my own k1 = an illu/ration is (t5 bett] ?an an argum5t4 ,!re 0 a m\nta9 prop]ty 9 ,wales :i*1 z a %eep or cattle f>m1 might be wor? at ! outside #hjjl4 a ye>4 ,coal & iron 7 discov]$ "u x1 capitali/s sank pits & erect$ works1 two or ?ree sets lo/ _! money2 b ! works 7 c>ri$ on1 a l>ge am\nt ( lab\r 0 employ$1 & 9 c\rse ( "t a t[n ( "s eight or n9e ?\s& inhabitants1 sprang up4 ,! proprietor's #hjjl4 a ye> grew into #h1jjjl4 f fix$ r5ts & royalties1 :i* he has enjoy$ = ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ?r\gh good times & bad1 )\t be+ call$ on to contribute a p5ny t[>ds s*ools1 *ur*es1 roads1 sew]s1 wat]1 or any ( ! local objects necess>y = ! civilis$ exi/5ce ( ! population ( eight ?\s& ^: lab\r has add$ to 8 weal?4 ,i d n blame him3 ! law told him to d :at he lik$ ) 8 own1 & x probably nev] occurr$ to him t he 0 "u any moral obligation to g beyond ! law4 ,b ,i d ?9k t ! law w\ld h be5 m j1 & bett] = ! int]e/s ( ! community1 if x _h made "s portion ( ?is une>n$ increm5t ( #g1jjjl4 a ye> liable = a contribution t[>ds ! sanit>y & o!r objects ess5tial = ! dec5t exi/5ce ( ! t[n :i* _h gr[n up on ?is prop]ty & giv5 x ?is increas$ value4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t c5turies ( l&lord legislation1 & ( a public op9ion bas$ ma9ly on t ( ! weal?y & specially ( ! l&$ classes1 h made our laws 9 _m respects too fav\rable to ! pr$om9ant int]e/s1 & t ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum n[ is1 & prop]ly is1 9 ! direction ( recognis+ ! duties z well z ! rights ( prop]ty4 ,we mu/ take c>e1 h[ev]1 n to let x sw+ too f> 9 ?is direction1 = ( ! two evils x is bett] to put up ) occasional cases ( h>d%ip & oppression on ! "p ( bad l&lords ?an to endang] ! security ( prop]ty by re=ms pu%$ to extremes at ! dictation ( impulsive masses1 design+ demagogues1 or s5tim5tal philan?ropi/s4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 works on ,sociology1 (t5 dwells ) great =ce on ! evils :i* arise f ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x is v undesirable t ! ,/ate %\ld become a sort ( ,jack-(-all-trades1 & und]take bran*es ( bus9ess :i* c be conduct$ by private ent]prise4 ,x is undesirable = two reasons3 fir/1 because ! "w is c]ta9 to co/ m & be worse done2 secondly1 = ! /ill m important reason t x t5ds to ext+ui% individual ent]prise1 /rangle progress ) r$-tape1 & tea* a nation to look1 l *ildr5 to outside guidance1 r ?an1 l m5 to _! own4 ,/ill ! "q has two sides4 ,:atev] individual ent]prise c d %\ld be left to x2 b !re are1 9 ! complex conditions ( mod]n society1 a numb] ( ?+s :i* _c be done by individuals1 & :i* mu/ ei!r be left undone or done by ! ,/ate1 or by "s local au?ority1 jo9t-/ock company1 or o!r quasi-monopoly sanction$ by ! ,/ate4 ,?us1 if x 7 a "q ( br++ coals f ,newca/le by sea1 no "o w\ld sugge/ t ! ,/ate %\ld int]f]e ) ! private ent]prise ( individual %ip[n]s4 ,b to br+ !m by l& requires railways1 & railways c only be built by capitals beyond ! rea* ( private individuals4 ,if ! ,/ate _h n delegat$ a portion ( its p[]s to jo9t-/ock companies1 n a ton ( coal w\ld ev] h be5 br\ght by l& to ,london4 ,& if ! ,/ate may ?us occasionally delegate its p[]s ) advantage to ! community1 !re are cases 9 :i* x may1 ) equal advantage1 und]take itself bran*es ( ! nation's bus9ess4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,po/al ,s]vice4 ,! advantages ( a *eap & uni=m sy/em = ! collection & deliv]y ( lett]s ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom are s great t !y f> outweigh any !oretical objections to ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,possibly "s ( ! l>g] t[ns might h be5 z well or bett] s]v$ by private ent]prise1 b no non-pay+ di/rict w\ld h _h a po/-(fice1 & ! enorm\s comm]cial & educational b5efits ( ! p5ny po/ w\ld h be5 9 a great measure lo/ to ! community4 ,! case ( telegraphs is n s cle>4 ,probably1 on ! :ole1 ! advantages ( a uni=m ,/ate managem5t prepond]ate1 b !re are drawbacks :i* make x d\btful4 ,ev5 at a sixp5ny rate a great deal ( ! telegraphic communication ( ! l>ge t[ns & active c5tres ( bus9ess is tax$ to make up = ! defici5cy ( ! re/ ( ! k+dom4 ,& inv5tion & improvem5t 9 telegraphy are no d\bt *eck$ to a consid]able ext5t by creat+ a ,/ate monopoly ^: fir/ duty x is to try to satisfy its ma/]s at ! ,treasury by mak+ ! sy/em pay4 ,:5 we come to railways we are on debateable gr\nd1 & x is fairly arguable t !y %\ld be work$ by ! ,/ate = ! public good4 ,b ! objections "h outweigh ! advantages4 ,e "o :o has any practical exp]i5ce ( ! work+ ( railways mu/ be aw>e t ! simplicity & uni=mity ( ! p5ny po/al sy/em are totally inapplicable1 & t ! traffic ( ! c\ntry requires1 above all ?+s1 great fre$om & ela/icity 9 meet+1 day by day1 ! v>y+ cont+5cies :i* arise4 ,"h is an illu/ration3 ,9 a c]ta9 t[n 9 ,france1 on a railway work$ by ! ,/ate1 x 0 det]m9$ to h a fte 9 ord] to raise funds = a hospital1 &1 z an attraction1 to br+ d[n f ,p>is a small troop ( actors & h a play 9 ! ev5+4 ,! "q turn$ on ! railway cons5t+ to give !m a r$uc$ f>e = ! return j\rney4 ,! manag] ( ! railway 0 q will+1 b said t he _h no p[] to alt] ! t>iff )\t p]mission f ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,works4 ,! p]mission 0 appli$ =1 & ! result 0 t x arriv$ exactly on ! day twelve mon?s aft] ! fte _h be5 held4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! case ( ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway sitt+ 9 8 (fice at ,eu/on & receiv+ half a doz5 telegrams ask+ him to quote special rates1 "o p]haps = beef f ,*icago to ,london1 ano!r = emigrants f ,hamburg to ,new ,york via ,liv]pool1 & all requir+ telegraphic answ]s !n & !re1 if ! bus9ess is to be done at all4 ,aga91 if railways _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 ,i d n suppose t we %\ld h _h half our pres5t mileage2 = ! ,treasury w\ld nev] h sanction$ ! outlay ( public money on l9es :i* c\ld n %[ ! prospect ( a fair return on ! capital1 & x w\ld h veto$ any multiplication ( tra9s or r$uction ( rates :i* ?reat5$ loss to ! ex*equ]4 ,i c speak ) "s au?ority on ?is po9t1 = ,i h be5 bo? ,*airman ( a railway company & ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 & ,i am c]ta9 t1 9 ! =m] capacity1 ,i h introduc$ important innovations1 su* z excursion tra9s & *eap p]iodical tickets1 by :i* ! public h greatly b5efit$1 :i* ,i %\ld h veto$ 9 ! latt] capacity4 ,/ill !re may be exceptional cases1 z t ( ,irel&1 :]e an unreasonable numb] ( poor companies1 9 a poor c\ntry1 wrangl+ among !mselves1 & giv+ a bad s]vice at an excessive co/1 int5sify social & political evils1 :]e ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( a ,/ate pur*ase may outweigh ! objections2 & ! ext5t & nature ( ,/ate control ov] ,briti% railways is always a "q fairly op5 to discussion4 ,9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 ! supply ( articles su* z wat] & gas1 & ! en=cem5t ( sanit>y conditions1 are probably be/ left to local au?orities3 9 ! latt] case1 "u "s c5tral sup]vision to see t ! duty is n evad$4 ,:]ev] neglect involves dang] to o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( small-pox & o!r contagi\s epidemics1 x is cle> t ! decision _c be left to individuals1 & ! ,/ate is b\nd to int]f]e to en=ce rational precautions4 ,s also ! ,/ate is b\nd to und]take trades :i* are ess5tial = ! protection ( ! nation aga9/ =eign enemies4 ,our docky>ds & ars5als may1 & d\btless d1 (t5 make mi/akes & turn out exp5sive "w2 b we c\ld n safely leave ! build+ ( ironclads & supply ( cannon solely to private ent]prise1 = !re is no su* l>ge & /eady dem& = su* articles z w\ld induce a numb] ( private firms to erect works & keep up e/abli%m5ts adequate to supply ! wants :i* might arise 9 an em]g5cy4 ,9 all su* matt]s1 !re=e1 ( national def5ce we mu/ put up ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( drawbacks incid5tal to ,/ate managem5t1 & conf9e ourselves to endeav\r+ to r$uce !m to a m9imum4 ,& ?is is to a great ext5t )9 ! p[] ( ! nation & its ,p>liam5t1 by apply+ common-s5se pr9ciples ( bus9ess to national exp5diture1 & see+ t :ile on ! "o h& we get z ne>ly z possible a p\nd's wor? ( "w = e p\nd sp5t1 on ! o!r h& we d n sp5d n9ete5 %ill+s uselessly1 because "s ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] wants to ga9 mom5t>y popul>ity by ! #8p5ny wise & p\nd fooli%' economy ( dock+ ! extra %ill+ (f ! necess>y e/imates4 ,9 private life a man gets on by kn[+ :5 to sp5d z well z :5 n to sp5d1 & true economy has no great] foe ?an spasmodic p>simony alt]nat+ almo/ c]ta9ly ) spasmodic extravagance4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply in/ances1 = !re are few phases ( political & practical life to :i* ! pr9ciple ( pol>ity does n apply1 :]e extremes are n false1 & :]e !re is n a good deal to be said on bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,b ! v obvi\sness ( ! pr9ciple makes x difficult to deal ) x g5]ally )\t deg5]at+ into commonplace1 :ile to trace its application exhau/ively 9 any "o in/ance w\ld require a volume4 ,^? :o wi% to pursue ! subject fur!r w d well to /udy ! works ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :]e !y w f9d ! application ( g5]al pr9ciples to all ! problems ( sociology treat$ ) a dep? 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rate 91 #ahha1 #ahhb1 #bah4 ,books1 ! be/ mirrors ( an age1 #aaa1 #aab2 mod]n ,fr5* novels1 #aac4 ,bozu1 ,buddhi/ prie/ ^u ! ,div9e ,creator1 #afj1 #afa4 ,brahm1 #aad4 ,brahm9ism1 #bjg4 ,braid1 ,dr41 cures by hypnotism1 #afe1 #afh1 #aic4 ,bra91 !1 #abe1 #abf2 tissue ( !1 #abg2 av]age weight ( ! human1 #abi2 organs ( !1 #acj1 #aca2 areas ( spee*1 he>+1 & sight 9 !1 #acb2 intellectual faculties 9 !1 #acc2 abnormal /ate ( !1 #acd1 #ace2 action ( ! grey tissue ( !1 #acg2 ( ! high] animals1 #acg1 #ach2 cells ( !1 #adj2 action 9 a murd]1 #ahi2 organ ( w 9 !1 #aia1 #aib2 effect ( injuries to !1 #aib2 effect ( w on !1 #aid4 ,bret ,h>te1 #aaj1 #aab4 ,bruce1 leg5d ( ! he>t (1 #bbh4 ,buddha1 #ahg4 ,buddhism1 #aef2 9 ,%akespe>e1 #afj2 ! ,div9e ,creator 91 #afj1 #afa2 morality (1 #afj1 #ahd2 bas$ ^u pessimism1 #agg1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,burial ( ! dead1 #adi2 prehi/oric1 #aea2 ,p>see avoidance (1 #bjh4 ,butyric acid1 #gc1 #gd4 ,byron on ! ,p>sees1 #bai4 ,calculus1 ! diff]5tial1 #f1 #bh-cb1 #ach4 ,cali=nia1 #bef4 ,cant]bury1 ,augu/9 at1 #bja4 ,capital & lab\r1 #agf1 #bdf-bdh4 ,c>bon1 #af1 #ah1 #ga2 9 dynamite1 #ej2 radicals (1 #gc1 #gd1 #gg2 9 ! protoplasm1 #hj2 e>ly abundance (1 #hf2 9 a dead body1 #hh2 plant life &1 #ic4 ,c>bonic dioxide1 #af1 #ea1 #hb1 #hc1 #ib1 #ie1 #if2 9 plant life1 #aja4 ,c>lyle1 #aga1 #ahh1 #bea4 ,c>negie1 ,&rew1 on mod]n wor%ip1 #bai4 ,ca?olic !ology1 #adg4 ,cause1 ! ,great ,fir/1 #abb1 #afb2 ,dr4 ,temple's def9ition (1 #agj2 evolution ( ! idea (1 #agb1 #bja1 #bjc2 ,zoroa/] &1 #bjd2 ! only reasonable !ory1 #bjh4 ,cell1 ! fir/ /ep 9 organisms1 #gh1 #gi2 ! nucleat$ multiplication ( !1 #ajd4 ,c5trifugal =ce1 #hi1 #ij1 #aag4 ,c5tripetal =ce1 #hi1 #ij1 #aag2 9 societies1 #bcc4 ,*aldean leg5ds1 #aeb1 #aec2 ( ! ,creation1 #aic4 ,*alk1 =mation (1 #ie4 ,*emical en]gy 9 electricity1 #fj4 ,*emi/ry1 #e1 #ad1 #be2 elem5t>y sub/ances 91 #ag1 #ah1 #gd2 en]gy 91 #dg2 a mod]n law ( *ange1 #ge2 & ! protoplasm1 #hd4 ,*9ese fun]al cu/om1 #adi2 religion1 orig9 ( !1 #aeb2 religion1 #aef1 #aei2 my?s1 #afd2 fai? 9 a virg9 "m1 #aee4 ,*lor9e1 #af1 #gj1 #ga4 ,*ri/ianity1 #aeg1 #aih2 ! position ( wom5 influ5c$ by1 #ajh1 #aji2 ,paul9e1 #agg2 ! cre$ (1 #ahj1 #aha2 impractical1 #ahb2 morality (1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh2 influ5c$ by ,ori5tal asceticism1 #bab4 ,clausius1 #ai4 ,cleanl9ess & religion1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 #ai4 ,coal1 #de1 #di1 #ig2 heat 9 burn+1 #fa1 #fb2 l& animals f\nd 91 #ii4 ,cobd51 ,ri*>d1 #bdb4 ,colloids1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj4 ,comets1 #be2 sup]natural dread (1 #afd4 ,communism1 #beb1 #bec4 ,conceptions1 our1 #adc4 ,confucianism1 #ahd1 #aih4 ,cons]vative legislation1 #bcj2 9 ,engl&1 #bce4 ,contract1 law (1 #bed1 #bee4 ,creation1 unkn[n1 #ai2 e>ly my?s ( !1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,cromwell1 #bac4 ,cry/als1 #aj1 #bf-bh4 ,cumm+1 ,dr41 #dg4 ,d>w91 #f1 #abb1 #agb2 8 !ory ( ,pang5esis1 #aai2 8 !ory ( evolution1 #aba4 ,david1 #ahf4 ,desc>tes1 #ada4 ,deus1 d]ivation ( ! ^w1 #bjj4 ,deuts*1 ,emmanuel1 on ! ,talmud1 #agb1 #ahh4 ,diamond1 !1 #gd1 #gg4 ,diona1 #if4 ,dog1 w 9 a1 #ci1 #dj2 s5se ( "r & wrong 9 a1 #aic4 ,drummond1 ,pr(essor1 #c4 ,dryopi!cus1 #ajj4 ,dynamite1 #dh1 #ej1 #gd1 #agf4 ,dynamo1 !1 #fa-fc4 ,e>?1 /ructure ( !1 #ea1 #eb2 fir/ temp]ature ( !1 #hf2 orbit ( !1 #bb1 #hi1 #aag4 ,e*idna1 !1 #abd4 ,education1 #bcg-bdj4 ,egypt1 anci5t tombs 91 #adi1 #aej2 animal wor%ip 91 #aej2 prie/s 91 #aeb2 a/ronomy 91 #aec1 #aed2 a virg9 "m wor%ipp$ 91 #aee2 religi\s morality 91 #ahd4 ,electric en]gy1 #dg2 light curr5ts1 effects (1 #eg-ei2 telegraph1 #ei1 #fj2 accumulator1 #fa2 light1 #ef1 #eg1 #fa2 eng9es1 #fb1 #fc4 ,electricity1 #b1 #ad2 e!r 91 #be2 nature (1 #eb-ee2 9 pi? balls1 #eb1 #ec1 #ga1 #gb2 velocity ( ! curr5t 91 #ef2 & magnets1 #eh1 #ei2 /orage (1 #fd4 ,embryology1 #ajf4 ,em]son1 vii4 ,en]gy1 #b2 nature (1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #ff1 #fg2 ( motion & position1 #cg1 #dh2 trans=mation (1 #da1 #db2 9 heat & light1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg2 v>iations (1 #dg1 #dh2 molecul>1 #di2 *emical1 #ej2 9 electricity1 #ed-eg2 co/ (1 obta9$ f z9c1 #fa1 #fb2 cons]vation (1 #fb1 #fc1 #aci4 ,engl&1 cons]vatism 91 #bcf1 #bcg2 education 91 #bcg-bci2 free trade 91 #bdc4 ,engli% lit]ature1 #aaa2 woman 91 #aab1 #aac2 colonisation1 #bcb4 ,eozoon ,canadi5se1 #ii4 ,e!lb]t1 #bja4 ,e!r1 #bb1 #cf2 d5sity (1 #bd1 #be2 waves1 #bf1 #dc2 vibrations (1 #bg2 attempt to id5tify1 ) atoms1 #cb1 #ce2 nature (1 #ff4 ,evil1 orig9 (1 #agj1 #agc2 attempts to reconcile x ) good1 #agh2 consi/5t ) !ory ( ,god1 #agc1 #bjb2 mod]n treatm5t (1 #bbd4 ,evolution1 #f1 #h1 #aba2 ( religion1 #d1 #aee1 #aef1 #ahe1 #ahf2 ( matt]1 #hj2 ( life1 #ajj2 important facts 9 ! hi/ory (1 #abc2 does n t5d to virtue1 #agc1 #agf2 ( moral ideas1 #ahf1 #aia2 ( ! horror ( murd]1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,fable ( ! %ield1 #bbg-bcj2 appli$ to politics1 #bcj2 to comm]ce1 #bdc1 #bdd4 8,fau/0 a ,zoroa/rian drama1 #bji4 ,f]d\si1 #bja4 ,f]m5tation1 #hg1 #hh4 ,f]ns 9 ! prim>y epo*1 #ig4 ,feti% wor%ip1 #aej4 ,fiji1 #adi1 #ahi4 ,fire1 primitive means ( obta9+1 #da2 wor%ip1 #bjg1 #bbj4 ,fi% %ells 9 ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 #ih2 9 ! ,silurian epo*1 #ii4 ,fungi1 #ie4 ,france1 protection 91 #bdf2 /ate railways 91 #bfa4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #afc4 ,fr5* ,revolution1 #bca1 #bcc2 colonisation1 #bcb2 trade 9 a colony1 #bcc4 ,frog ) ! bra9 remov$1 #acg4 ,galileo1 #adg1 #afd1 #bje4 ,gallio1 #bci4 ,gas 9 dynamite1 #ea4 ,gases1 law (1 #aa-ac2 9 wat]1 #ad2 k9etic !ory (1 #ad1 #cc2 sub/ances r$uc$ to1 #dd2 expansion (1 #de4 ,galton1 ,mr4 ,f41 #bdj4 ,g5esis1 ! ,creation 91 #aeb1 #aec4 ,geology1 #e2 records (1 #if2 e>lie/ /rata (1 #ig2 vegetable records 91 #if-ih2 animal records 91 #ii1 #ajj4 ,geometry1 #aci4 ,george1 ,h5ry1 #bef4 ,gho/s1 univ]sal belief 91 #adi-aea4 ,glass1 #di1 #ec4 ,globig]5a1 #ie4 ,god1 ,buddhi/ idea (1 #afa2 a magnifi$ man1 #agj1 #aga2 ,c>lyle on1 #aga2 ,arnold's def9ition (1 #aga2 ,jewi% doctors on1 #agb2 preval5t idea ( miracul\s int]v5tion by1 #agc2 ! au?or ( good & evil1 #agi2 primitive ,aryan ^w =1 #bjj4 ,gramm>1 #bci1 #bdj4 ,gravity1 ! law (1 #e1 #af1 #dh1 #di1 #aba1 #add2 atoms subject to !1 #cd2 univ]sal confid5ce 9 !1 #adh2 a dang]\s h]esy1 #afd4 ,greeks1 religion among/ !1 #aee1 #aef4 ,gu%tasp1 #bja4 ,gymnosp]ms1 #ig1 #ih4 ,haeckel1 #aai1 #abb4 ,hale1 ,ju/ice1 #afd4 ,halley1 #afd4 ,haug1 ,dr41 #bjb1 #bje4 ,heat1 produc$ by "w1 #da1 #db2 nature (1 #dc2 p]=ms "w1 #dd1 #dg2 & electricity1 #ed1 #fa2 & ! /ability ( sub/ances1 #gd2 9 *emi/ry1 #ge4 ,helmholz1 #cb4 ,h]cules1 #aic1 #aig4 ,h]$ity1 ! pr9ciple (1 #aag-aba2 9 education1 #bdj4 ,hesp]ornis1 #abc4 ,hillel1 morality (1 #ahh4 ,h9doo religion1 #aeb1 #aef2 migration1 #aii4 ,horace1 #afc4 ,horse1 #aai4 ,human rema9s 9 ,t]ti>y p]iod1 #ajj2 implem5ts1 prehi/oric1 #add1 #ade4 ,hume1 #afb4 ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 v41 vi41 #gh1 #hf1 #abb1 #agb1 #bjc2 on spontane\s g5]ation1 #he2 on ! proti/a1 #id2 on ! uni=mity ( law 9 ,nature1 #adf4 ,hydrates1 #fi4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #af1 #gj1 #ga4 ,hydrog51 #aa1 #ac1 #af-ah1 #gj1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge2 composition (1 #ae2 9 ! sun1 #bf2 9 dynamite1 #ej2 9 wat]1 #eb1 #fh1 #bch2 9 ! accumulator1 #fc2 9 acids1 #fi2 9 ! protoplasm1 #hj2 9 a dead body1 #hh4 ,hypnotism1 #acd1 #aib2 bl9dness cur$ by1 #afe1 #aff2 an old lady danc+ ?r\gh1 #aic4 ,ibn ,ezra1 #agb4 ,india1 ,briti% railways 91 #bej4 ,indians1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 totem ( !1 #aej2 murd] among/ !1 #ahi4 ,indigot9e1 #hf4 ,induction1 ph5om5a (1 #eh4 ,intellectual faculties1 ! seat ( !1 #acc1 #acd4 ,iod9e vap\r1 #ge4 ,iranian migration1 #aii2 language1 #bjj4 ,irel&1 popul> ignorance ( ! l& "q 91 #i2 r5ts 91 #bcc1 #bcd2 contracts 91 #bed2 railways 91 #bfb4 ,iron1 fil+s & a magnet1 #a1 #aj1 #aa1 #bg2 contraction (1 #di1 #ej2 b> & a magnet1 #fh2 ru/1 #fh1 #ha2 motion (1 #hc4 ,irv+1 ,edw>d1 #aff4 ,isaiah1 #ahg4 ,isom]ism1 #gd4 ,i/>1 vi4 ,jehovah1 gradual conception (1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #ahf4 ,jehuda ,hilmi1 #agb4 ,jesus1 on miracles1 #afh1 #afi2 ! p]sonification ( ,ormuzd1 #ahj-ahc1 #bjd2 an hi/orical p]sonage1 #aih2 adopt$ a ,jewi% view ( religion1 #bab4 ,jewi% doctors on ,god1 #agb2 gradual developm5t ( !1 religion1 #aeg2 morality 9 !1 religion1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,jijibhoy1 ,jams$jee1 ,sir1 #bag4 8,j+oism10 #bda4 ,j\le1 ,dr41 #db1 #df4 ,jupit]1 ! planet1 #bb1 #be4 ,kant1 #ada1 #adb4 ,kes>1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,k1 limits ( our1 #abe-abg1 #acf1 #aci-ada4 ,knox1 ,john1 #bba4 ,lakman & ,lakmana1 #aeb4 ,latim]1 #bba4 ,law 9 ,nature1 #f1 #add1 #ade1 #afd1 #aga2 common1 #bcf4 ,lead1 #fc4 ,leibnitz1 #aid4 ,li*5s1 #ie1 #if4 ,light1 waves1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf-bh1 #dc2 velocity (1 #ba1 #bb2 en]gy 91 #dg2 electric1 #ef1 #eg1 #fa4 ,lightn+ conductors1 #afc4 ,l\rdes1 miracles at1 #afh4 ,lu!r1 #aih ,magnet1 !1 #a1 #b1 #bg1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga2 nature (1 #eh4 ,magnetism1 vii4 ,mahometanism1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aih1 #bac4 ,maimonides on ,god1 #agb4 ,manuals 9 geology1 #ajj4 ,manufactur]s1 g5]\s1 #bag4 ,m>riage1 #aae4 ,mass1 !1 #bbc4 ,matt]1 #aj2 nature (1 #ff1 #fg4 ,meat1 froz51 #de1 #hg4 ,me*anical action 9 life1 #ci1 #dj1 #ia2 p[]1 #da2 process 9 n]ve action1 #abi1 #acj4 ,m5ai ,bridge1 #ej4 ,m]cury1 #ag1 #dd4 ,metrical sy/em1 !1 #db4 ,mexican my?s1 #aed1 #aee4 ,microcri?1 #ae4 ,microscope1 #aa1 #bci4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #afa4 ,milton1 #bji1 #bac4 ,miracles1 #f2 a "q ( evid5ce1 #afb1 #afc2 e>ly belief 91 #afd2 uselessness ( ord9>y1 #afg1 #agj2 n f\nd 9 ,zoroa/rianism1 #bjd4 ,molecules1 #e1 #aj1 #ab1 #bb1 #be2 weight (1 #ac2 9 *emi/ry1 #ad2 ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 #ae2 composition (1 #ah2 9 a cubic c5timetre ( air1 #bj2 vibrations (1 #bf2 ! vortex !ory (1 #cc1 #cd2 action ( heat on1 #dc-df2 ( nitrog51 #ej2 nature (1 #fg2 complex1 #gc2 ( mon]a1 #gi2 ( ! protoplasm1 #hj1 #ha4 ,molecul> en]gies1 #dg1 #di4 ,mon]a1 #gi1 #id2 reproduction ( !1 #ajc1 #aag4 ,monogamy1 #aji4 ,mono!ism1 #aef4 ,moon1 wor%ip ( !1 #ajb1 #aec2 ,p>see wor%ip ( !1 #bai4 ,morality1 9 religions1 #ajh1 #ahd-ahh2 9 nations1 #aaj2 orig9 (1 #aij1 #aia4 ,mormonism1 #bac4 ,motion1 ( liv+ be+s1 #hc2 indep5d5t ( w 9 ! bra91 #acg1 #aib4 ,music 9 religion1 #bbb4 ,murd]1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,n]ves1 #abi1 #acj2 divisions ( !1 #aca2 *annels ( !1 #acc4 ,newcome1 ,colonel1 #baa4 ,newman1 ,c>d9al1 #adg1 #adh1 #aei4 ,newton1 #af1 #ag1 #bh1 #aba1 #ach1 #add1 #bje4 ,nickel1 a magnet1 #fh4 ,nicolai1 visions se5 by1 #aff4 ,nitric acid1 #fi4 ,nitrog51 #ah1 #fi1 #hh2 9 dynamite1 #ej1 #ea2 9 ! protoplasm1 #hj4 ,nitro-glyc]9e 7dynamite71 #ej1 #ea4 ,nitr\s oxide1 #ea4 ,nor?umb]l& ,h\se1 lion on1 #afg4 ,noveli/s1 ,engli%1 #aaa4 ,nummulitic lime/one1 #id1 #ie4 ,nurs]y rhymes1 #adb4 ,nutrition1 #ha4 ,octoroon1 #aah4 ,o]/$1 #ei4 ,optimism1 #agf4 ,ormuzd1 #c1 #d2 ,jesus ! mod]n1 #ahj-ahb2 a def9ition (1 #bja1 #bjb2 homage due to1 #bjc2 sonnet to1 #bfe4 ,oxide ( iron1 #dc1 #ha4 ,oxyg51 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 #eg1 #bch2 composition (1 #ae2 is univ]sal1 #af2 weight ( an atom (1 #af2 & iron1 #dc2 9 dynamite1 #ej2 aff9ities (1 #eb2 9 ! accumulator1 #fc2 9 wat]1 #fh1 #ge2 bipol>1 #gj2 9 ! protoplasm1 #hj2 9 contact ) dead bodies1 #hh2 & animal life1 #ic1 #if2 9 plant life1 #aja4 ,palgrave1 #aeh4 ,pang5esis1 #aai4 ,pan!ism1 9 ,*9a1 #aef2 preval5ce (1 #aei1 #afj4 ,p>is1 #bda4 ,p>sees1 !1 #aii2 cre$ ( !1 #bje2 rites ( !1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( !1 #bad-baf2 wom5 among/1 #bae1 #baf2 a comm]cial p1 #bag2 dea? rate among/ !1 #bah2 ,byron on !1 #bai2 mod]n wor%ip ( !1 #bai1 #bfd4 ,p>!nog5esis1 #ajf4 ,pa/eur1 #hg4 ,patriotism1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,peel1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #bdb4 ,p5dulum1 #cg4 ,p]ceptions1 ! basis ( k1 #abe1 #adj4 ,p]mian =mation1 #ig2 reptiles 9 !1 #ii4 ,p]ron1 ,anquetil du1 #bjc4 ,p]uvian my?s1 #aed1 #aee4 ,pessimism1 #agg1 #agh4 ,ph>isees1 #afh1 #afi4 ,philo1 #ahg4 ,philosophy1 & ! unkn[n1 #ada2 9 ,ea/]n religion1 #afj4 ,physical conditions & religi\s progress1 #bbd4 ,pigeon ) ! bra9 remov$1 #acg1 #aib4 ,pi?-balls1 electricity 91 #eb1 #ec1 #ga1 #gb4 ,planet wor%ip1 #aee4 ,plant life1 #hb1 #ib1 #ic2 reproduction (1 #hd1 #aje2 food1 #ie2 fly-eat+1 #if2 gradual appe>ance 9 geology (1 #ig2 9 ! *alk1 #ih4 ,plato1 #adb4 ,pol>ity1 law (1 v41 vii41 #a-d1 #aj1 #fe2 9 cry/als1 #bg1 #bh2 9 wave motion1 #ch2 9 w1 #dj1 #aie2 ( *emical elem5ts1 #fh1 #gj2 electrical diff]s f magnetic1 #gb2 is ! clue to ! con/ruction ( ! _w1 #gd2 9 life1 #gf1 #hi1 #ic2 9 ! organic _w1 #ia2 9 evolution1 #ajj2 9 sex1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aad1 #aae2 a law ( exi/5ce1 #aga2 ass]ts itself 9 society1 #agd2 9 moral life1 #agh2 9 art & fiction1 #bji-baa2 9 politics1 #bcj1 #bca2 9 political economy1 #bdg-bej4 ,poly!ism1 #aeg4 ,poor laws1 !1 #bec4 ,population1 effects ( ! accumulation (1 #age1 #agf4 ,po/al s]vice1 #bfj4 ,potassic hydrates1 #fi4 ,praman?a1 #da1 #db4 ,pray]1 ,zoroa/rian1 #bbc1 #bbe4 ,prehi/oric fai? 9 spirits1 #aea4 ,prie/hood1 fir/ records ( a1 #eb4 ,prim>y p]iod1 !1 #ig2 fi% 9 !1 #ii4 ,pr9ciples1 ,zoroa/]'s two great1 #bjb4 ,progress1 mod]n1 #g4 ,prome!us1 #db1 #bji4 ,propagation ( life by g]ms1 #ajd1 #aah2 ( ! l[] plants1 #aje4 ,prop]ty 9 l&1 #bee1 #bef4 ,protection1 #bdd-bdf4 ,proti/a1 #id4 ,protoplasm1 !1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha1 #hd2 nature ( !1 #hj2 ! fir/1 #hg2 ! orig9 ( all life1 #ic2 9 n]ve-end+s1 #abi4 ,pr\dhon1 #bef4 ,putrefaction1 #hg1 #hh4 ,pyramids1 !1 #aj2 a/ronomical value ( !1 #aec1 #aed4 ,quak]s1 !1 #bac4 ,quantival5ce ( sub/ances1 #ga1 #gb4 ,radiol>ia1 #ie4 ,railway1 companies1 #bdh2 pr(its ( companies1 #bdi1 #bej2 work+ ( a ,/ate1 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,religion1 #d2 nature (1 #adf2 orig9 (1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea2 e>ly1 #aeb2 univ]sal fai? 9 a virg9 "m1 #aed1 #aee2 planet wor%ip1 #aee2 gradual evolution (1 #aee1 #aef2 philosophical 9 ! ,ea/1 #afj2 nature 91 #afc2 w>s (1 #agi2 among/ savages1 #ahe2 ,jewi%1 #ahf2 & morality1 #ahh2 ,aryan1 #bjj2 ( ,zoroa/]1 #bja1 #bjh1 #bbc2 probable =m ( mod]n1 #bjc1 #bji2 music ! language (1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,roman ,*ur*1 !1 #bbc4 ,reproduction ( species1 #hc2 ( worms1 #ajd2 sexual1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aah4 ,reptiles1 #ii4 ,ric>do1 #bdg4 ,russia1 #bdc2 communism 91 #bec4 ,sabba?1 !1 #bab2 orig9 ( !1 #aee2 9 ,engl&1 #bab1 #bbj4 ,sa9t ,paul1 8 doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 #aeh2 on ,god1 #agb2 ,*ri/ianity (1 #agg1 #ahh2 on *>ity1 #ahb4 ---- ,vitus's dance1 #aff4 ,salt1 #eb1 #gj4 ,salvation ,army1 !1 #ahj4 ,sanskrit1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,s>gasso ,sea1 #ig4 ,saul1 #ahj1 #ahf4 ,savages1 & numb]s1 #ach1 #aia2 religion among/1 #adi-aea1 #ahe2 murd] among/1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,s*liemann1 ,pr(essor1 #aea4 ,scotl&1 virtue 91 #agf2 ! poor rate 91 #bec4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #baj1 #baa1 #bda4 ,second>y epo*1 !1 #ig2 reptiles & birds 9 !1 #ii2 trans=mation ( a wat] into an air population1 #abc4 ,semitic races1 religion among/ !1 #aef4 ,s]mons1 #bbj-bbb2 on ! m\nt1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #bed4 ,sex 9 anci5t cre$s1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,%ak]s1 !1 #aff1 #beb4 ,%akespe>e1 on wom51 #aab2 ,buddhism 91 #afj2 despond5cy (1 #agh2 pol>ity ( "* 91 #baj1 #baa4 ,%elley1 #ai1 #bbf4 ,snakes1 *anges f ovip>\s to vivip>\s1 #abd4 ,soap bubbles1 #ai2 a clue to ! dim5sions ( light1 #cc4 ,socialism1 #bea1 #beb4 ,society1 #bca4 ,sociology1 ,h4 ,sp5c] on1 #bei4 ,socrates on religion1 #agb4 ,sodium1 #eb1 #gj4 ,sol> my?s1 #aeb-aed2 sy/em wor%ipp$ by ! ,aryans1 #bjj4 ,somnambulism1 #abf1 #acd1 #ace1 #aib4 ,sonnet to ,ormuzd1 #bfe4 ,s\l1 !1 #aid4 ,s\nd waves1 velocity (1 #bd4 ,species1 #aah1 #aai4 ,spectroscope1 #be1 #bf4 ,spectrum ( sun-rays1 #dc4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 x41 #aac1 #afa1 #bjc2 on antagoni/ic =ces1 #ij2 on pol>ity 9 religion1 #aji1 #agb2 on politics1 #bca2 on altruism1 #bed2 on sociology1 #bei2 works (1 #bfd4 ,spiritualism1 #acf4 ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #hd1 #hi4 ,/ate int]f]5ce1 #bec1 #bee1 #beg2 railways1 #bfa1 #bfb2 trade = national def5ce1 #bfc4 ,/eam1 action (1 #de1 #di2 eng9e1 #de1 #fa4 ,/one-?r[+1 bra9 action 91 #ch1 #ci4 ,sub/ances1 quality & gr\p+ (1 #gc2 /ability (1 #gd1 #ge4 ,succession duty1 #beh4 ,sun1 #bf2 heat ( !1 #de4 ,su!rl& family1 cre/ ( !1 #aej4 ,tait1 ,pr(essor1 #cb4 ,talmud1 !1 #agb1 #bab2 morality 9 !1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,telephone1 !1 #fj4 ,temple1 ,dr41 #afb2 on evolution1 #aba2 on a ,creator1 #agj1 #bjc2 on man1 #aic4 ,t5nyson1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bbf1 #bda4 ,t]ti>y epo*1 #ih2 mammals 9 !1 #ajj4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,w41 #ai1 #ba1 #cb4 ,tobit1 ! ,book (1 #ahg4 ,trade1 free1 #bdb-bde4 ,trance1 ph5om5a (1 #ace4 ,travell]1 a1 on mis]y 9 ,*ri/ian l&s1 #age4 ,triton1 !1 #abb4 ,tulliv]1 ,maggie1 #aab1 #baa4 ,turkey1 #aaj1 #aaa2 woman 91 #aab4 ,turks1 ,engli%1 #aac1 #aad4 ,tyndall1 #id4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 !1 #bda1 #bdb2 protection 9 !1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf2 home/ead laws 9 !1 #bef1 #beg4 ,unkn[n1 ! ,great1 #abf1 #abg4 ,urea1 #hf4 ,v>iations ( species1 pr9ciple (1 #abj4 ,v$as1 ! ,h9doo1 #aeb2 antiquity ( !1 #aii4 ,v5didad1 !1 #bjb4 ,virg9 "m1 preval5ce ( fai? 9 a1 #aed1 #aee4 ,voltaic batt]y1 !1 #ad1 #ee1 #fa4 ,volume1 v>iations (1 #ab4 ,vortex !ory1 #cc1 #cd4 ,wales1 coal 91 #beh4 ,wahabite re=m]1 #aeh4 ,wat]1 =mation (1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #eb2 & electricity1 #ad1 #ec2 a cubic in* (1 magnifi$1 #ba2 becomes vap\r1 #de1 #df1 #ge2 freez+1 #ha4 ,waves1 motion1 #bc1 #bd1 #dh2 light1 #ai-bd1 #bf-bh1 #dc2 s\nd1 #bd4 ,:eat1 mummy1 #hj4 ,w1 free1 #aia2 nature ( !1 #aid4 ,wit*craft1 #afd1 #agi4 ,woman1 natural (fice ( !1 #ajg1 #ajh2 position (1 a te/ ( civilisation1 #aaj1 #aaa2 9 mod]n books1 #aaa1 #aab2 rights (1 #aaf2 among/ ! ,p>sees1 #bad-baf4 ,wood1 burn+1 #ge4 ,wordswor?1 pan!ism 91 #aei1 #afj4 ,worms1 reproduction (1 #ajd4 ,z5d1 dialect1 #aii1 #bjj2 scriptures1 #bja1 #bjb2 ,ave/a1 #bjc4 ,z9c1 9 electricity1 #fa4 ,zodiac1 !1 #aec4 ,zoophytes1 #id1 #ie4 ,zoroa/]1 #d1 #ahg2 !ory (1 #g1 #agi1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bbc2 hi/ory (1 #aig1 #aih2 kn[n by 8 book1 #aii2 a re=m]1 #bjj2 at ,balkh1 #bja2 8 cre$ n weight$ by tradition1 #bjd2 miracul\s conception (1 #bje4 ,zoroa/rian1 a mod]n1 #c2 cre$ ( a1 #ahj2 morality1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,zoroa/rianism & art1 #bab2 & mod]n ?\ght1 #bac4 ,,! ,,end4