,,boys' ,,make-,,at-,,home ,,things ,illustration ,,boys' ,,make-,,at-,,home ,,things ,,by ,,carolyn ,,sherwin ,,bailey ,,and ,,marian ,,elizabeth ,,bailey ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,and ,,diagrams ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,frederick ,a4 ,,stokes ,,company ,,publishers ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,,frederick ,a4 ,,stokes ,,company ,all rights reserved1 including that of translation into foreign languages1 including the ,scandinavian ,illustration3 ,september1 #aiab ,,preface ,make-,at-,home-,things for ,boys aims to keep boys busy and entertained4 ,it furnishes them with simple directions for making toys and useful articles1 all of which are carefully pictured4 ,the aim of the book1 is to give boys an idea of the craft possibilities which lie in the crudest materials1 often the waste material of the home and in this way to develop real artistic ability4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface v ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,tools ,,necessary ,,for ,,whittling #a ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,practical ,,work ,,bench #g ,,work ,,bench ,,accessories #ae ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,turning ,,lathe #ba ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,toy ,,train #bi ,,out-,,door ,,toys #cg ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,desk ,,set #de ,,wild ,,animals ,,you ,,can ,,make #ec ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,set ,,of ,,mission ,,furniture #ei ,,toys ,,that ,,hide ,,in ,,the ,,wood ,,box #fe ,,the ,,wonderful ,,dodo ,,bird #ge ,a ,,fleet ,,of ,,toy ,,boats #hc ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,play ,,tent #hi ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,tops #ie ,,the ,,farm ,,the ,,scissors ,,built #aja ,,more ,,box ,,plays #ajg ,a ,,recipe ,,for ,a ,,noah',s ,,ark #aac ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,uniform #aag ,,jointed ,,toy ,,animals4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,them #abc ,,your ,,own ,,circus #abi ,,bead ,,work ,,for ,,boys #ace ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,stick ,,pictures #adc ,a ,,toy ,,indian ,,village #adi ,,corn ,,toys ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,them #aee ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,marble ,,bag #aei ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,school ,,box #afe ,a ,,home-,,made ,,christmas ,,tree ,,stand #aga ,,how ,,to ,,wrap ,,christmas ,,parcels #agg ,,your ,,own ,,wireless ,,receiving ,,station #ahc ,,illustrations ,whittled ,toy ,train ,frontispiece ,,facing ,,page ,knife-strop #f ,whittled ,weather ,vane2 ,kite ,stick2 8,cat02 ,reel for ,fish ,line2 8,cat0 ,stick #ch ,file2 ,ink ,well2 ,pen ,tray #df ,book ,rack #ej ,whittled ,wild ,animals3 ,giraffe1 ,camel #ed ,whittled ,wild ,animals3 ,bear1 ,lion1 8,darwin0 #ef ,dolls' ,chair and ,table ,whittled in ,mission ,style #fj ,dolls' ,whittled ,chest of ,drawers2 ,dolls' ,whittled ,bed #fd ,toy ,barnyard ,made of ,kindling ,wood #fh ,a ,set of ,dolls' ,furniture ,made by ,gluing ,together ,blocks of ,kindling ,wood #gd ,the ,dodo ,bird #hj ,a ,cork ,raft2 ,a ,cork ,sail ,boat #hd ,whittled ,toy ,sail ,boat #hh ,whittled ,clown ,top #if ,beet ,top2 ,top ,made of ,graduated ,disks2 ,button ,mold ,top #ih ,cart1 ,barn and ,barrow ,made of ,cardboard ,boxes #ajd ,circus ,parade 7,the ,cage is ,made of a ,shoe ,box7 #ajh ,the ,ark2 ,cardboard ,animals ,who ,live in the ,ark #aab ,going ,aboard the ,ark #aad ,pattern for ,soldier's ,cap2 ,the ,finished ,uniform3 ,cap1 ,shield1 ,sword and ,epaulets #abj ,jointed ,cardboard ,animals #abf ,a ,bead ,loom ,made of a ,box ,cover #adj ,stick ,illustration of the ,story of ,the ,three ,bears #adf ,corn ,cob ,pappoose2 ,corn ,cob ,indian #aeh ,whittled ,school ,box2 ,chamois ,marble ,bag #afd ,,boys' ,,make-,,at-,,home ,,things ,,boys' ,,make-,,at-,,home ,,things ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,tools ,,necessary ,,for ,,whittling ,the tools which one will need for whittling--the kind of whittling that makes something besides splinters--are very simple and few in number4 ,any boy's pocket will furnish a jack-knife1 and it is pretty sure to be a sharp one4 ,with a knife1 a pencil1 and some pieces of wood1 all the other tools may be made4 ,basswood is the easiest wood to handle because it is soft1 and very close grained4 ,if basswood can not be had1 pine is the next best wood1 and an old egg crate1 which any grocer will be glad to get rid of1 will furnish you with enough whittling material for a long time4 ,the scale for measuring 7,fig4 #c7 should be made first1 as it is the tool most necessary in laying out the other tools4 ,one of the thin strips from the side of the egg crate may be used for this4 ,the outline of the scale must be drawn on the wood with a hard pencil4 ,a 8#f ,h0 is the best4 ,the 8,h0 means 8hard10 and the number of ,h's shows the degree of hardness4 ,the pencil should be sharpened on both ends--one end rubbed to a fine point on sandpaper1 and the other end to a chisel point4 ,the sharp point is to mark1 accurately1 the points to which lines are to be drawn1 and the chisel point is to draw the lines with4 ,after the outline is drawn it may be cut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,first take off a splinter or two to determine the direction of the grain1 because one long cut against the grain might spoil your work4 ,when this is determined1 you should cut down almost to the outline1 using a long1 free stroke from the shoulder for the cutting in the direction of the grain4 ,for the cross-grained cutting at the ends1 the knife is held in the four fingers1 with the thumb steadying the near side of the wood1 and the cut is made toward the thumb4 ,only a very short cut may be made at a time1 and then a bit of wood is clipped away so that the next cut may be made4 ,this cutting1 also1 should be done near1 but not on1 the line4 ,after the model is roughly cut out1 it should be worked down very carefully to the lines1 the beveled edge cut1 and then sandpapered smooth all over4 ,the sandpaper must be put over a small block of wood1 and held very flat4 ,otherwise it will spoil a straight surface4 ,then the graduations are to be put on4 ,if nothing better is at hand1 the spacing may be done with mother's tape measure4 ,lay off the spaces with the pointed end of the pencil1 and then draw the lines which show the spacing1 making those which show the sixteenths1 #a_/af long2 the eighths1 #a_/h long2 the quarters1 #c_/af long2 the halves1 #e_/af1 or the full width of the bevel4 ,this must be done with a pencil1 for ink would run into the wood and spread4 ,the inch dimensions should be marked #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 and a light coat of shellac or varnish will add much to the durability of the scale4 ,the back edge of the scale may be used as a straight edge1 and to lay the pencil against for drawing lines1 but it should be remembered that the scale itself--that is1 the graduated side--must never be used for this4 ,if it were1 the graduations would soon be spoiled4 ,the tool which is most necessary next to the scale is the square 7,fig4 #d71 and this should also be made with great accuracy4 ,it is used to test two adjoining edges1 to see if they are square with each other4 ,in making anything of wood1 one of the largest surfaces is generally made perfectly true1 and marked with a little cross 7x71 designating it as the 8face40 ,one of the adjoining edges--not a cross-grained one--is also made true and square with the first surface1 and marked with a second cross1 as the 8working edge40 ,then all the other measuring and squaring is done from these two surfaces4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,the piece of wood to be tested should be held in the left hand1 on a level with the eye1 and the square held in the right hand1 with one of the inner edges resting against the wood1 and the other projecting over it is moved back and forth4 ,any unevenness in the wood will readily be seen4 ,the outside edges of the square may also be used for testing the evenness of wide flat surfaces4 ,it is made like the pattern1 of two strips of wood1 with a fitted joint glued together4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,the knife strop shown in ,fig4 #a is a great help in whittling1 because it will keep your knife in good condition4 ,a piece of the heavier wood at the end of the egg crate may be used for this4 ,it is made from a strip measuring #a-a_/b wide by #aa long1 and the strip of leather 7cut from a discarded razor strop7 is glued on4 ,the #a_/h bevel is continued all the way around the handle on both sides to make it fit the hand4 ,the hole in the end is to hang it up by1 and may be made with a hammer and nail1 or with a bit and brace if you have one4 ,the pencil sharpener 7,fig4 #b71 is also a very necessary help in whittling and it is very simple to make4 ,a strip of thin wood #a-a_/dx#g forms the foundation4 ,this is narrowed down at the handle end to #c_/d4 ,the curves may be marked on the outline1 free hand1 and in cutting you must be very careful to remember the grain of the wood4 ,the curves at the ends should be cut from each side toward the middle of the end1 gradually working into a cross-cut4 ,the curves at the sides must be cut from the wider part toward the handle1 using the point of the knife1 and working with great care so as not to split the wood4 ,a strip of sandpaper #ax#c is glued on and the sharpener is complete4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,with these tools finished a boy is ready to begin some real whittling1 and make other models which will be quite as useful1 and very much more attractive4 ,illustration3 ,,knife-,,strop ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,practical ,,workbench ,a good practical workbench may be made by any boy who can handle the simplest tools and procure a little suitable lumber4 ,the lumber should be bought at a lumber yard1 in the rough1 which will cost a great deal less than finished boards4 ,it will require #bf ft4 of two-by-four pine boards1 #ab ft4 of two-by-six's1 and #bc ft4 of one-by-six's4 ,the two-by-four's cost one and three-quarters cents a running foot1 the two-by-six's are two and a half cents1 and the one-by-six's1 one and a half cents4 ,the boards come in regular lengths1 from ten feet up to sixteen1 or in some cases1 up to twenty-four feet long4 ,it will be best to get a twenty-four foot one-by-six board if possible1 a twelve foot two-by-six1 one twelve foot and one fourteen foot two-by-four4 ,this will make the total cost for boards one dollar and twelve cents4 ,aside from the pine boards for the bench itself it will require a piece of oak measuring three by four inches and thirty-four inches long1 for the bench vise2 a screw and handle for the vise 7costing thirty-five cents at any hardware store72 a pound of four inch nails2 and two square headed iron bolts1 one half inch in diameter and four inches long1 each fitted with two iron washers and one square nut4 ,saw off1 first1 from the twelve foot two-by-four1 four pieces thirty-three inches long4 ,these are the legs of the bench1 and they are to stand with their broad four-inch faces toward the ends of the bench4 ,then cut in each one of these joints like those shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,the sides in which the joints are cut face toward each other at the ends of the bench and into them is fitted the supporting framework4 ,for the lower framework cut from the fourteen foot two-by-four two pieces forty-two inches long and four pieces nineteen inches long4 ,two of the nineteen-inch pieces are to be left as they are1 but the other two and the two forty-two inch pieces should have joints cut at the ends like ,fig4 #b4 ,these joints1 as well as the joints in the uprights1 are cut with a saw1 and the wood is split out with a chisel4 ,then these four jointed pieces are fitted together and glued or nailed to form a framework nineteen by forty-two inches4 ,the four uprights are then fitted in place and nailed1 increasing the width of the ends to twenty-three inches4 ,then the other two nineteen-inch pieces are fitted into the top of the uprights across each end1 and nailed in place4 ,four braces 7,fig4 #c7 for the ends are made from two sixteen-inch pieces of the one-by-six stock4 ,each piece is first cut in two1 lengthwise1 with a rip saw4 ,this makes four pieces twenty inches long by three inches wide4 ,mark the center joint of each end of each piece4 ,then measure on both sides1 from each end1 a distance of one and a half inches4 ,connect these points with the end points by a line and saw off the corners1 leaving on each end a right-angled point4 ,the braces are then nailed in place as shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,practical ,work-bench4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,practical ,work-bench4 ,this finishes the body part of the bench4 ,next1 cut from the one-by-six board a piece fifty-six inches long4 ,fit it across the front of the frame1 just even1 or flush with the top1 and projecting seven inches beyond the uprights at either end4 ,then nail in position4 ,cut from the twelve foot two-by-six board two pieces fifty-six inches long4 ,place one of them across the top of the bench at the extreme front1 so that it is flush with the wide surface of the front board4 ,nail this to the end framework and nail the second piece in position just back of it4 ,it is necessary for this much of the top to be very heavy1 for this is where the heavy strain of the work will come4 ,the remainder of the top is made of two strips of one-by-six wood4 ,in order to make this even with the two front strips which are thicker it is necessary to put pieces underneath it at each end4 ,for these cut a piece of one-by-six board twelve inches long and rip it in two4 ,place these strips along the end frame1 then place the top boards on them and nail all in position4 ,when this is done the whole top of the bench may be made partially smooth1 if it is desired1 with a jack plane4 ,then cut one more strip of one-by-six fifty-six inches long and nail across the back of the bench1 allowing it to project three inches above the top4 ,the vise1 as it comes from the store1 consists of a long1 straight1 square-headed screw about an inch in diameter1 which ends in a round iron plate and a ,t-shaped pipe4 ,the plate is loose but not removable4 ,through the ,t a long wooden handle fits4 ,beside this there is an elliptical plate holding a threaded pipe which the screw works in4 ,to put it together1 first make a piece from the remaining two-by-six like ,fig4 #e4 ,this piece forms the inner side of the vise and fits inside of the front piece of the bench1 just touching the under side of the top1 and outside of the lower framework4 ,its edge should be four inches in from the front leg of the bench4 ,corresponding holes are made with a bit and brace in the front piece of the bench and counter-sunk a half inch4 ,the two pieces are then bolted together1 the heads of the bolts and the iron washer fitting down in the counter-sink1 and the other washer being placed under the nut on the other side4 ,the receptacle for the vise screw is fastened in position through the back of ,fig4 #e4 ,next1 the piece of oak is prepared for the vise jaw4 ,it is slanted off at the ends like ,fig4 #f1 the outer edges rounded1 a hole somewhat larger than the vise screw cut through as shown1 and a joint cut through with chisel and hammer near the bottom4 ,into this joint fit ,fig4 #g1 a piece of wood one by four inches and twelve inches long1 which is intended to keep the jaws of the vise approximately even4 ,it fits into the oak with a drive fit and has holes zigzagged or 8staggered0 across it into which a round peg three inches fits4 ,by placing this peg in different holes the bottom opening of the vise may be adjusted to correspond with the desired top opening4 ,the long screw of the vise is slipped through the hole made for it1 and the plate is screwed in place4 ,illustration3 ,work ,bench ,complete4 ,this completes a bench which will prove a great help to the boy workman1 and which takes scarcely more time in making than it has in describing4 ,,workbench ,,accessories ,when you have made yourself this fine1 big workbench you will find out very soon that there are a number of workbench accessories which will make it much more convenient and desirable4 ,the first thing that will be missed is a tool rack4 ,with tools scattered all over the bench it is difficult to do good work4 ,it means a waste of time and sometimes a waste of temper1 while1 if the tools are hanging right before one's eyes in an orderly row1 each one may be taken as it is needed1 and replaced again when one is through1 and the work will go on smoothly4 ,a single pine board six inches wide1 one inch thick and sixteen feet long will make all the accessories one can want4 ,it is better to procure a finished board from the planing mill4 ,it will cost three or four cents a running foot--a total cost at the most of sixty-four cents4 ,for the tool rack cut from the board two fifty-six-inch lengths4 ,cut one of these in two lengthwise with a rip saw and plane the sawed edge smooth and square with the face or wide1 flat side of the board4 ,with a pencil and scale mark the positions on the centers of the holes shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,then when the centers have been determined1 drill them according to the sizes indicated1 with a bit and brace4 ,the first three holes at the left are to hold bits2 the next two1 chisel and gouge1 and the others are for screw-drivers4 ,these latter four1 after the holes are drilled1 are made open clear to the edge of the rack by sawing out a section from the front4 ,this makes it possible to take the tools out without lifting them entirely out of the rack4 ,from the right-hand end mark off a distance of twelve inches4 ,then1 from the end to this line1 cut two grooves as shown in the drawing4 ,the forward one is rounded out with a gouge to hold a pencil while the back one is square and flat1 cut with a chisel1 to hold either a twelve-inch scale or a folded two-foot rule4 ,in the front edge of this piece1 about six inches from the right-hand end is driven a nail to hold the claw hammer4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of ,work-bench ,accessories4 ,the fifty-six-inch length which was not ripped in two is fitted at right angles to the back of this rack1 lapping over the edge and flush with the top4 ,it is nailed in position and two supporting brackets like ,fig4 #b are fitted under each end of the rack for strength4 ,when this is all fastened together1 the whole rack is set up on top of the back pieces of the workbench and held in place by two cleats1 three inches by eight which are screwed to both the back piece of the bench and the back piece of the rack4 ,underneath the holes for the bits there should be two nails to hold the brace4 ,the jack plane1 block plane1 and spoke shave may stand on the bench underneath the rack1 and screws or nails at the end of the bench will hold rip saw1 cross-cut saw1 and dust brush4 ,next in usefulness is the bench block shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,for this cut one piece of wood six inches by eleven1 and two pieces1 six inches by two inches4 ,all these pieces must have the grain running in the longest direction4 ,when these are trued up1 fit them together as shown1 and fasten with one-and-three-quarter-inch wood screws4 ,after completing this the corners are cut off4 ,the block fits over the front edge of the bench near the right-hand end and forms a brace when one wants to hold a piece of wood steady for sawing4 ,next comes the bench stop1 ,fig4 #d4 ,when one is planing a wide1 flat board the vise is useless4 ,so holes are drilled in pairs in the top of the bench itself1 and these bench stops are slipped in to form a buffer4 ,a little piece of wood one by one by two is used1 the grain of course running the long way4 ,for half of the distance the stop remains square1 while the other inch is rounded with a chisel to fit into the hole1 which should be slightly more than an inch deep4 ,two of these stops will be needed4 ,every workbench needs a nail box4 ,a good one may be made from two pieces three inches wide by fourteen inches long1 which form the sides1 two ends three inches by three1 and a bottom piece five inches by fourteen4 ,the side pieces are nailed to the end pieces1 fitting over them1 and the bottom fits over all4 ,this makes the inside measurements three inches by twelve4 ,of course it is desirable to keep the different sizes of nails separate1 so this is divided into as many compartments as are desired by partitions4 ,these can be made from any old piece of wood about a half inch thick4 ,they measure three by three inches and may be spaced however you like1 except the one which is shown in ,fig4 #e4 ,this is to be placed in the middle and forms a handle as well as a partition4 ,just as convenient1 though not quite as necessary1 is a miter box4 ,it consists of two side pieces five inches by twelve1 and one bottom piece four inches by twelve4 ,the side pieces fit down over the edges of the bottom piece and are nailed fast4 ,there are no ends4 ,when this much is done1 take a forty-five degree triangle1 and mark across the two top edges one perpendicular line1 and one forty-five degree line in each direction1 making them so that they do not overlap4 ,then saw straight down from these lines to the bottom piece4 ,a miter box will prove itself a great convenience in sawing the corners of molding or anything which requires a fitted corner4 ,the piece to be sawed is held firmly in the box and the saw guided through the slots4 ,when a boy has made the bench and all these accessories1 and has some tools1 he will be equipped for big practical work4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,turning ,,lathe ,most boys have a speaking acquaintance with a turning lathe4 ,some boys know how to use one with good results4 ,but to use one and own it too--that is a joy which few boys experience4 ,after all1 though1 a lathe is not such a formidable machine1 and if a boy is quick at catching an idea and working it out he can make one for himself4 ,most of the material can be procured from some machine shop at practically no cost1 and the parts that have to be bought outright will cost very little4 ,the foundation may be an old sewing-machine stand and the lathe is run1 just as a sewing machine is1 by foot power4 ,in almost any junk shop or second hand shop you will find an old out-of-date sewing machine for sale4 ,new machines can be bought so cheaply nowadays that a second hand one costs next to nothing4 ,when you have procured this you must take it to pieces4 ,the wooden top part is fastened to the iron frame by screws from underneath4 ,take these out1 and the top and drawer at the sides may be lifted right off4 ,then take out the screw at the right hand side of the machine part and slip off the upper belt wheel4 ,this upper belt wheel1 the belt1 the lower belt wheel1 and the iron framework of the machine are all that will be needed for the lathe1 and the rest you may discard1 or put away in the 8handy0 pile for some future construction4 ,the lower belt wheel is of course fastened to the frame1 so that does not need to be disturbed4 ,next get a piece of hickory or some other hard wood twelve inches wide1 three feet long and one-and-one-half inches thick4 ,cut a long1 narrow slot in this from one end as is shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,then fasten this piece to the top of the iron frame with the same screws that fastened the top of the machine on before4 ,the solid end of the wood should project two inches beyond the right-hand end of the frame where the belt is1 and the slotted end will of course extend somewhat beyond the frame at the left4 ,this is what is called the 8bed0 of the lathe4 ,now bore the two holes which the belt goes through4 ,when this is done1 measure the hole in the center of the upper belt wheel1 where the shaft went through4 ,it will probably be one half inch in diameter4 ,then get a piece of gas pipe twelve inches long and of the same diameter1 outside measurement1 as the hole1 so that the wheel may be put on it with a 8drive fit40 ,this simply means that the wheel fits so tightly that it must be driven on and1 once on1 it will not turn4 ,it should be driven on far enough so that when the groove for the belt is in line with the groove on the lower belt wheel1 the pipe will project the half inch beyond the solid end of the bed4 ,now you must make two supports1 or 8head blocks0 for this4 ,cut from two-inch-thick hard wood two pieces like ,fig4 #b4 ,the square hole is for the gas pipe to go through and must have a bearing fitted into it4 ,of course it would be easier to cut just a round hole slightly larger than the pipe for it to turn in1 but this bearing1 with much turning1 would wear loose4 ,so a one-inch square hole is cut2 the gas pipe1 with a piece of newspaper wrapped around it1 is held in the exact center of the hole1 the head block standing upright2 and melted ,babbitt metal is poured down through the hole in the top of the block4 ,to do this pieces of cardboard should be fitted over the pipe and tacked to either side of the block1 so that the space inside is like a mold4 ,the metal which remains in the top hole forms a key to hold it4 ,the ,babbitt metal may be bought at a hardware store in small bars and melted in a kettle in the fire4 ,it hardens quickly and when hard1 the pipe may be removed1 the paper taken off and you will have a permanent1 durable bearing4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,turning ,lathe4 ,slip one of these head blocks on the pipe from each end1 with an iron washer on each side of each block4 ,the right hand block should be 8flush0 with the end of the bed1 the pipe projecting a half inch beyond it4 ,the other block should be spaced two inches back from the ends of the slot in the bed4 ,the blocks are fastened to the bed with long wood screws which come up through the bed from underneath1 and they are held in position on the gas pipe by making 8prick punch0 holes through the pipe close to the washers and using either 8cotter pins0 or bent wire through these4 ,then the end of the pipe1 which projects over the slot should be filed so that it has four points1 or teeth4 ,this completes the head of the lathe1 and is much the most complicated part4 ,the rest of the lathe consists of a 8tail block0 and a tool rest1 both of which are adjustable to any position desired4 ,fig4 #c shows the tail block4 ,like the head blocks1 it is made of two-inch thick stock4 ,the bottom of it is cut to slide back and forth in the slot4 ,just underneath it1 on the under side of the bed1 is a piece of wood four inches by two inches and one-inch thick which is fastened to the tail block by a screw through the center and which clamps the block in position at any required distance4 ,at the point marked 8,p0 a 8lag0 screw1 which is simply a wood screw with a sharp point and a large flat head1 is screwed through the block4 ,the piece of wood to be turned is held in place by this lag screw and the filed teeth on the gas pipe4 ,the pieces of the tool rest are shown in ,fig4 #d and ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f shows it as it looks when it is put together in place on the bed of the lathe4 ,fig4 #d shows the tool rest itself--that is1 the part upon which the chisel or gouge is steadied for cutting4 ,this is fastened upright upon the end of ,fig4 #e1 which is a standard which extends across the bed and is clamped in place1 as the tail block is1 to a block underneath1 except that1 instead of being screwed1 it is fastened with a three-eighth inch bolt and nut4 ,fig4 #g shows the whole lathe 8assembled10 or put together with each part marked according to its figure numbers so that you can see just how it goes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g ,all the material it has required has been3 ,one old sewing machine4 ,about fifty cents' worth of hard wood4 ,one three-inch lag screw4 ,one three-eighths-inch bolt five inches long1 with nut and washer4 ,four iron washers for gas pipe4 ,one foot of gas pipe4 ,seven three-inch wood screws4 ,a few cents' worth of ,babbitt metal4 ,the result is a good practical lathe on which anything up to eight inches in diameter and twenty-one inches long may be turned2 and ,i think you'll all agree that it was well worth the making4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,toy ,,train ,clear the track there6 ,push the crib over in the corner4 ,pick up those blocks4 ,shove the doll's house and blackboard out of the way4 ,hurry and put the old red candy lantern out of sight4 ,we don't want any danger signals here4 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,limited--the ,fast ,special of the play room--is coming4 ,the construction of the ,twentieth ,century ,limited follows close upon the making of whittling tools4 ,a little train it is1 just an engine1 coal car1 baggage car1 and one passenger coach1 but of course there may be any number of additional cars coupled on1 provided the train proves popular and the nursery traffic is heavy4 ,the train is made from cigar boxes4 ,the floor of the engine is made from a flat piece of wood1 two inches wide by four and one-half inches long1 cut perfectly true and then pointed at one end 7,fig4 #a74 ,then the cab is made4 ,fig4 #b shows the front of it--a piece of wood measuring two inches by one and three-quarters1 and having two little holes three-eighths of an inch square cut for windows4 ,the side pieces are an inch and a quarter by two inches1 cut in the shape of ,fig4 #c1 and each has one little window4 ,the roof is an oblong piece two inches by one and a half4 ,when the whole cab has been nailed together1 it is placed in position on the floor of the engine1 about a quarter of an inch from the rear end1 and nailed there4 ,for the boiler you can use one of mother's basting thread spools4 ,chip off the ends1 making them even with the part where the thread was wound1 and then nail it to the floor from underneath4 ,a spot on the upper side of the boiler is smoothed off1 and a tiny spool is glued on for a smoke stack4 ,the forward wheels are made from circular pieces an inch in diameter1 and the 8drivers0 from pieces an inch and a half in diameter4 ,then there are bearings for the wheels1 like ,fig4 #d1 those for the smaller wheels being an inch long1 and those for the larger wheels three-quarters of an inch in length4 ,they are glued to each side of the floor piece and the axles1 made from lollypop sticks1 are slipped through4 ,these are cut three inches long1 which allows plenty of room for the wheels to turn1 and for a little nail to be put through like a cotter pin1 to hold them on4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,toy ,train4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,toy ,train4 ,the coal car floor measures two inches square1 the sides two inches by one1 and the ends one and three-quarters by one4 ,these are nailed together to form a little box1 and four wheels and bearings like the forward ones on the engine are made4 ,the couplings are made from little round brass hooks1 the one on the forward end of each car being horizontal1 and the one in the rear end perpendicular4 ,the baggage car is a triumph of whittling1 for it has a door that will slide back and forth just like a real one4 ,the bottom and top of the car are oblong pieces of wood two inches by four and a half1 and the end pieces measure two by two and a quarter inches4 ,the sides are made like ,fig4 #e1 with an opening an inch and a quarter square for a doorway4 ,on the inside of the side pieces1 extending to within a half inch of each end1 and starting about an eighth of an inch from the top a groove is cut1 the depth of the groove being about a quarter of an inch4 ,the door itself is one and thirteen-sixteenths inches high by two inches wide1 and has two very small1 flat-headed1 wood screws1 screwed in near the top at an angle1 so that the heads rest in this groove1 and slide back and forth4 ,above the door is a strip of wood an eighth of an inch wide1 and outside of this another strip a quarter of an inch wide1 both of which are nailed in position1 and keep the door from slipping out of the groove4 ,another screw forms a handle for the door1 and when the car is put together it is not at all apparent how the door slides4 ,fig4 #f is a section cut through the side1 above the doorway1 and shows the groove and how the strips are put on4 ,for the passenger car the floor is made first--like ,fig4 #g--the car floor itself measuring two inches by four and one-half1 with a projection one inch by five-eighths at each end for a platform4 ,the sides of the car 7,fig4 #h71 are two inches by four and a half1 with three holes one inch wide by three-quarters high for ,pullman windows4 ,the ends of the car are like ,fig4 #i4 ,they are slipped over the platforms1 the space one and one quarter inch by a half inch forming a doorway and the lower ends extending below the platform to form the side of the steps4 ,the end of the platform is a piece measuring one inch by two inches1 and is nailed in position so that the lower edge of it is even with the lower edge of the side pieces1 the remainder of it extending above the platform for a railing4 ,there are two steps on each side at each end--eight steps in all4 ,the bottom ones measure a quarter of an inch wide and three-quarters of an inch long1 while the upper ones are the same width1 but only a half inch long1 for they have to fit in between the ends of the car1 and the ends of the platform4 ,the roof of the car is like ,fig4 #aj--;a piece two inches by six and one-half inches with rounded ends1 extending well over the platforms4 ,both the passenger and baggage cars have wheels exactly like the coal car4 ,when these are done the train is coupled1 and away she speeds4 8,clear the track there6 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,limited is just pulling into ,chicago1 and she has made the trip from ,new ,york in eighteen hours40 ,,out-,,door ,,toys ,this set of whittled outdoor toys ought to please almost any boy4 ,with kite and fish line time coming soon and the wind blowing a gale for your weather vane1 and the other fellows out ready to play 8cat0--well1 let's see how to make all these toys4 ,the kite stick in ,fig4 #a is made from a piece of pine wood eight inches long1 and1 roughly cut out1 about three-quarters of an inch square4 ,this is smoothed down to five-eighths of an inch1 and then you start in to make it round4 ,first the four corners of the square are trimmed off evenly for the full length1 making it an eight-sided stick1 and then these corners are again trimmed1 until finally the stick is round enough to be sandpapered smooth4 ,it is better to draw a five-eighth inch circle on each end of the stick before you trim it down1 so that you can see whether you are making a true round4 ,when the line for the bevel is marked around one-eighth of an inch from the ends1 the bevel is cut1 the notch is cut around the middle1 and the stick is ready to tie your kite string to4 ,for the reel in ,fig4 #b and also the weather vane in ,fig4 #g1 it is better to select a piece of wood which is already 8dressed0--that is1 finished smooth to the thickness you require1 because it is hard to make a broad surface true with a jack knife4 ,cigar boxes are three-sixteenths of an inch thick1 and a piece of one will make a good1 stout reel4 ,in making all of these toys1 the pattern should be drawn on the wood as far as possible with pencil1 scale1 and straight edge1 before any cutting is done4 ,the reel should be cut first into an oblong1 two and a quarter inches by four and a quarter1 then the corners are rounded so that the line will not catch on them1 and lastly the 8recessed edge0 where the line is to be wound is made1 cutting from each end of the opening toward the center1 and gradually working it down even4 ,illustration3 7,a7 ,,whittled ,,weather ,,vane4 7,b7 ,,kite ,,stick2 8,,cat02 ,,reel ,,for ,,fish ,,line4 7,c7 8,,cat0 ,,stick4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,kite ,stick1 ,reel1 8,cat10 8,cat0 ,stick1 and ,weather ,vane4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,weather ,vane4 ,there are not many boys who don't know how to play 8cat40 ,it requires a good deal of skill1 and if you don't break anybody's window or put out anybody's eye1 it's a lot of fun4 ,it requires two boys to play this game4 ,you lay the cat down flat--as in ,fig4 #c--;and1 with the stick 7,fig4 #d71 held by the octagonal end1 hit the cat sharply on one end1 and as it flies up bat it forward4 ,it is up to the other fellow to catch it1 and if he does1 it counts you out1 and gives him a turn4 ,but if he doesn't catch it1 you measure with the stick1 end over end from where you stand to where the cat has fallen1 and that counts so many points for you4 ,then the other fellow has another chance to count you out by throwing the cat from where it fell and trying to hit your stick4 ,if it falls short or goes beyond1 you again measure the distance with your stick1 and that too counts in your favor4 ,the cat is made from a piece of pine four inches long and an inch square4 ,the center section is marked off and then a line is drawn exactly across the middle of each end--not diagonally1 but straight up and down4 ,the sides are slanted down to this line1 like a wedge1 and then the other two sides are slanted to the middle point at each end4 ,the wood for the stick is twelve inches long and five-eighths of an inch square1 and is worked down just as the kite stick was1 except that the handle is left eight sided1 while the rest is made round4 ,the octagon and circle which are shown with parallel diagonal lines on them are 8cross sections0 and show what the stick would look like if it were cut straight through at that point4 ,the weather vane is the hardest toy to make4 ,fig4 #e shows three views of one piece of the wheel--a top view1 a front view1 and an end view1--just as though you looked at the piece in front and then squarely at the top1 and then turned it around and looked at the end4 ,a piece of wood three-quarters of an inch square by five inches long is used for this1 and two of them are made and fitted together--making a wheel with four arms4 ,it is better to cut the section for the joint first1 for the wood is less apt to split before it has been weakened by any other cutting4 ,this is a similar cutting to that in the reel1 except that the grain lies in the opposite direction1 and the cutting should be done from the center of the opening toward each end4 ,then opposite corners are slanted down so that the ends of the arms are thin and aslant to catch the wind1 as the end view shows4 ,the dotted lines are the edges which are not visible4 ,after the two pieces are fitted together a two-inch nail is driven through both and into the end of ,fig4 #f1 which is not beveled4 ,it should be turned around until it works loosely and will turn easily in the wind4 ,the stick in ,fig4 #f is seven and three-eighths inches long by a half inch square4 ,after the section three-quarters of an inch long1 where the nail hole is shown1 and which remains square1 is marked off1 the rest of the stick is made eight sided4 ,then the eight-inch bevel shown on the end is cut1 and1 for a distance of two and a half inches from that end1 a ,v-shaped groove is cut on two opposite sides4 ,this end of the stick is to slide into the opening in the end of the wing 7,fig4 #g74 ,another two-inch nail joins this piece to the upright stick 7,fig4 #h7 and forms a pivot for it to swing around on4 ,the wing is a flat piece six and a half inches long by two and a half wide4 ,the curves are laid out with a compass 7,r4 in the measurements denotes radius7 and the #b-a_/b-opening is made as shown in one end4 ,the little cross-section shows how it is cut to a pointed edge which slides into the groove in ,fig4 #f4 ,the upright stick is nine inches long by three-quarters of an inch square1 and is worked down similarly to the other sticks1 except that the end which is round is tapered from three-quarters to one-half inch4 ,the 8break0 in the drawing simply means that it is longer than is actually shown4 ,when the windmill is fitted together and put out where it will catch the wind1 a boy will find that it was well worth making4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,desk ,,set ,a desk set is a great addition to a boy's desk4 ,if he has a pen tray he knows where his pencils and pens are to be found without rummaging through a tangled mess of top strings and marble bags and nails4 ,if he puts away on the bill file that ,i ,owe ,you that ,billy ,smith gave him for a pair of rabbits1 it won't be all crumpled up and beyond identification when ,billy gets his next month's allowance4 ,when you come to think of it1 a desk set has a great many advantages--and then1 there's the fun of making it4 ,the desk set which is shown in the picture comprises five pieces--an ink well stand1 a bill file1 a pen tray1 an envelope opener1 and a book rack4 ,it is all1 with the exception of the envelope opener1 made of one-eighth-inch basswood4 ,for the ink well stand 7,fig4 #a7 use a piece of wood1 four inches square4 ,the two-and-a-half-inch opening--which is the size of the average glass ink well--should be cut first1 before the corners are weakened by cutting out the half-inch rounds4 ,after this is done1 cut the corners1 and last1 the eight-inch bevel4 ,fig4 #b shows one of the feet of the ink well4 ,it is shown1 by dotted lines1 in position in ,fig4 #a4 ,the four feet are glued to the bottom of ,fig4 #a and the inside corners project inside the opening1 making four half-inch squares on which the ink well may rest4 ,the feet are made from pieces of wood one and seven-eighths inches square1 cut in the shape shown1 and ornamented with a little design in 8chip0 carving4 ,this chip carving is ordinarily done with what is called a skew chisel--that is1 a chisel which is not square at the end1 but which has one point an eighth of an inch or more longer than the other1 so that when it is put into the wood1 one end of the cut will be deep while the other is barely cut out at all4 ,however1 it may be done with a jack knife1 if you are very careful4 ,in the 8motif0 shown in ,fig4 #b1 the points where the three lines from adjoining corners meet are where the deepest part of the cuts should be4 ,this is done with the knife held point down and the thumb on the end of the handle4 ,then1 with the knife still in the same position in the hand1 you chip out the wood with a sliding cut toward you1 slanting it down to the depth of the cut4 ,it is a little difficult to describe this without seeing it done1 but if you look at the patterns and the photographs1 and experiment a little on a piece of wood1 you will find it easy4 ,illustration3 7,a7 ,,file4 7,b7 ,,ink ,,well4 7,c7 ,,pen ,,tray4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of an ,ink ,well ,stand1 a ,bill ,file and a ,pen ,tray4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,pen ,tray1 an ,envelope ,opener and a ,book ,rack4 ,fig4 #c and ,fig4 #d show the bill file4 ,fig4 #c is made from a three and a quarter-inch square1 cut similarly to the foot of the ink well1 and with the same motif carved on each corner4 ,it should be remembered in cutting the recessed edges that the sides running with the grain must be cut from each end1 and the cross-cut sides cut toward each end4 ,fig4 #d is cut like ,fig4 #a1 except that there is no opening in it4 ,it is then glued to the top of ,fig4 #c1 and a three-inch nail is driven up through the center4 ,fig4 #e shows one side of the pen tray4 ,it is made from a piece of wood nine inches long at the bottom1 tapered to seven and three-eighths inches at the top1 and one and seven-eighth inches wide4 ,the motif for the carving is made by putting together two of the squares shown in ,fig4 #b and then repeating this again and again4 ,it makes a very pretty and effective decoration4 ,fig4 #f is one of the end pieces1 and is decorated in the same way4 ,fig4 #g is a cross-section showing the construction of the pen tray4 ,for this you should first make two oblongs1 seven and three-eighth inches long1 one of them being one and three-eighths1 and the other1 one and one-half inches wide4 ,these are fastened together at right angles1 the long one topping over the shorter1 with tiny nails4 ,then a piece measuring two inches by one and one-quarter is nailed to each end1 to hold the tray firm4 ,next1 the top edge all around is beveled--the side edges1 so that the sides 7,fig4 #e7 may be fitted on straight up and down1 and the ends1 at such an angle that they will not interfere in putting on the end pieces 7,fig4 #f74 ,then the sides and ends are glued in position1 and the tray is finished4 ,for the envelope opener in ,fig4 #h1 a piece of gumwood five and a half inches long by a half inch square is used4 ,for two and a half inches from the end it is reduced to an octagonal shape4 ,then the notches are cut1 and the end of the handle--four sides only1 not the entire eight--beveled4 ,then the blade is cut1 curving down from the handle1 and reducing the blade to an even thickness of an eighth of an inch4 ,when this is quite even the end is pointed1 and the entire outside edge of the blade is beveled down from both sides1 to a cutting edge4 ,illustration3 ,,book ,,rack ,the base of the book rack 7,figs4 #i and #aj71 is made from two pieces of wood measuring four inches by nine1 which are cut as shown1 to fit and slide within each other4 ,it measures thirteen inches1 closed1 and sixteen inches1 open4 ,a good way to fasten the pieces together so that they will slide easily and yet be firm1 is with strips of thin sheet brass1 which can be bought very cheaply4 ,a strip three-quarters of an inch wide is passed around the rack at ,d with both pieces in position1 lapped and fastened to ,d4 ,another similar piece is passed around at ,c and fastened to ,c4 ,then the ends 7,fig4 #aa7 are made4 ,this requires two pieces four inches wide by four and a half long1 with the grain running up and down4 ,the top is made a little prettier by a semi-circular curve and a reverse quarter circle at each side of it4 ,the deep carving is a trifle more elaborate than on the other things1 and must be done carefully where the cuts all meet at the bottom4 ,after measuring and finding the position of the points 8a0 and 8b0 you should use these as centers from which to make the curves which determine the outline of your design4 ,the cutting is done exactly as you did before4 ,when these are finished they should be fastened on top of the base1 at either end1 with little brass hinges on the inside4 ,a strip of wood four inches long by three-quarters of an inch wide is placed at the lower edge of the end pieces1 on the outside1 for added strength1 and the screws fastening the hinges will hold it in place4 ,this completes the actual making of the desk set4 ,it may be sandpapered1 or it may be varnished1 or1 if you are fortunate enough to have a mission desk1 it may be stained to match4 ,in any case it is worth having4 ,,wild ,,animals ,,you ,,can ,,make ,with a circus folder or animal book for a copy1 a few old cigar boxes1 and a jack knife1 a very lively and life-like menagerie can be made4 ,cut the cigar boxes apart1 and sandpaper the pieces very smooth4 ,then take a pencil and sketch as well as you can the animals in the pictures--at least the bodies of them1 for the legs are to be attached afterward1 so that they can stand and 8do things40 ,the cutting must be done very1 very carefully1 for the outlines make so many different angles with the grain of the wood4 ,it is not in the least like straight cutting with the grain1 or even straight cross-cutting1 and the wood has an irritating habit of splitting off some vital part of the animal's anatomy4 ,it is impossible to make the tails out of wood1 so they are made of heavy string1 glued in place4 ,for the monkey1 you can make a tail of wire1 so that he can swing by it4 ,illustration3 ,patterns of ,hippo and ,tiger4 ,illustration3 ,,whittled ,,wild ,,animals ,giraffe1 ,camel ,illustration3 ,patterns of ,monkey and ,giraffe4 ,illustration3 ,patterns of ,bear and ,lion4 ,illustration3 ,,whittled ,,wild ,,animals ,bear1 ,lion1 8,darwin0 ,make the legs of the animals separately and fasten them on to the bodies with tiny nails4 ,place the two fore legs or two hind legs in position on either side of the body piece1 and drive through them a short wire nail1 a very little longer than is necessary to go through the three thicknesses of wood4 ,then rest the head of the nail on a piece of iron1 and hammer the point1 forming a little rivet to pivot the legs4 ,the feet must also be made separately1 and fastened on in the same way1 so that1 whatever position the legs are in1 the feet will remain level4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,set ,,of ,,mission ,,furniture ,a very attractive set of furniture suitable for a doll's nursery1 may be whittled from pieces of old cigar boxes4 ,it consists of four pieces--a 8,craftsman0 bed1 a chair1 a table1 and a chest of drawers4 ,for the head of the bed take a piece of wood four inches square1 and1 placing it with the grain of the wood running up and down1 mark it out like ,fig4 #a4 ,as a general rule1 the grain of the wood should lie with the longest dimension1 but in all the upright pieces of this set it must run up and down4 ,outline first the 8recessed edge10 which forms the legs of the bed1 scoring it lightly with the point of the knife4 ,then cutting a little bit out at a time1 and working from the center toward each end1 bring it down to the line4 ,the two openings1 an eighth of an inch by a half inch1 for the joints1 must be cut with the point of the knife--the ends first1 then the sides1 and lastly the wood is chipped out1 and the opening is evened up4 ,the foot of the bed is identical with the head except that is three inches high instead of four4 ,next come the side pieces--two pieces seven inches long and one inch wide1 cut like ,fig4 #b4 ,the half-inch ends slide through the openings in the head and foot of the bed1 and fasten with little wedge-shaped pegs like ,fig4 #e4 ,inside each of these side pieces1 and 8flush0 with the bottom edge1 glue a strip cut like ,fig4 #c1 and fit in five little slats three and three-eighths inches long by a half inch wide 7,fig4 #d74 ,then1 to complete it and make it look as much like a ,craftsman bed as possible1 paste on the head a panel of light brown wrapping paper1 on which are four little conventional kittens1 painted in ,van ,dyke brown4 ,the top of the table 7,fig4 #f7 is a piece four inches square4 ,the end pieces 7,fig4 #g7 are cut similarly to the head and foot of the bed1 with the same recessed edge and the same openings1 varying only in the outside dimensions4 ,the sides too 7,fig4 #h71 are similar to the sides of the bed1 except that they are of course1 much shorter4 ,slip them through the openings in the end pieces1 fasten them with four little pegs1 glue the top on1 and the table is done4 ,illustration3 ,,dolls' ,,chair ,,and ,,table1 ,,whittled ,,in ,,mission ,,style ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a 8,craftsman0 ,bed1 a ,table and a ,chair4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,chair and a ,chest of ,drawers4 ,the chair is built on the same general lines as the table and bed4 ,the chair back 7,fig4 #i7 measures two and a quarter inches wide by three and one-half inches high1 while the front upright piece is exactly similar but only an inch and one-half high--just high enough for dolly to swing her feet comfortably4 ,when these and the side pieces 7,fig4 #aj7 are done and put together1 glue on a piece one and five-eighths inches by two and a quarter 7,fig4 #aa7 for the seat4 ,the construction of the chest of drawers is a little more elaborate4 ,make first two side pieces like ,fig #ab4 ,they measure two and a quarter inches wide by three and one-half high1 and have a recessed edge a quarter of an inch deep at the bottom to form feet1 and three openings in each side for the partitions between the drawers4 ,there are one deep drawer at the top1 and two shallower ones below it4 ,make three pieces like ,fig4 #ac1 four inches long by one and three-quarters wide4 ,the little square and piece for the joint are not exactly in the middle1 and the longer space goes toward the back1 but is intended to leave a little open space of a half inch at the back4 ,next make three pieces for the fronts of the drawers 7,fig4 #ad71 two of them five-eighths of an inch wide1 and one measuring an inch and a quarter4 ,in each of these make two holes for the knobs4 ,the drawers themselves 7,fig4 #ae7 are made of light weight pasteboard4 ,the bottom dimensions remain the same of course for all--two and three-quarter inches by two--but the depths of the sides must be one and one-quarter inches for the wider1 and five-eighths of an inch for the narrower ones4 ,when these are cut out1 fold them on the dotted lines to form a box1 with the sides which lap over each other at the front4 ,the knobs of the drawers are made of large beads4 ,put a piece of string through each bead1 and then push the two ends of string through the hole in the front of the drawer1 and through a corresponding hole in the pasteboard drawer itself4 ,then tie the two ends of string from the right-hand knob to the two pieces from the left-hand knob in a firm square knot1 accomplishing the triple purpose of holding the knobs in position1 fastening the front piece on to the drawer1 and holding the drawer in shape4 ,an oblong piece of wood two and a quarter inches by three and a quarter 7,fig4 #af7 makes the top1 and another four inches by three and a quarter forms the back4 ,illustration3 ,,dolls' ,,whittled ,,chest ,,of ,,drawers ,illustration3 ,,whittled ,,dolls' ,,bed ,,toys ,,that ,,hide ,,in ,,the ,,wood ,,box ,the farm barn with its loft hung with cobwebs and the great hay mows1 and the farm wagons to scramble out and in is surely a delight to the country boy2 but if one corner of the barn has a big pile of clean1 smooth blocks and sticks of kindling wood1 the charm of the place will be redoubled4 ,a glance1 only1 at a heap of ordinary1 everyday kindling wood will suggest all sorts of plays to the resourceful boy4 ,with the aid of a few simple tools1 a hammer1 a light saw1 and some wire nails1 the pieces of wood may be changed into crude1 but realistic toys that will give the little folks quite as much pleasure as any to be found in a toy shop4 ,look1 first1 at the building possibilities of a pile of kindling wood4 ,the long1 straight sticks may be balanced on the barn floor to represent a regiment of soldiers4 ,with penciled faces1 and soldier caps they make very fine little men2 and if there are two opposing armies1 a most exciting sham battle may be carried on with horse chestnuts and green apples for ammunition1 and a prize for the general whose kindling-wood forces stand up the longest4 ,a miniature pig pen may be built by piling up kindling-wood sticks in log-cabin fashion4 ,the sticks selected for the pen should be1 as nearly as possible1 of the same length4 ,two sticks should be laid parallel4 ,these are then connected by laying other sticks across their ends4 ,the boy should continue building in this manner until the pig pen is of a good height4 ,a very fine1 fat pig may be made of a small cucumber1 having twigs stuck into his body for legs1 one of the vine tendrils for a curly tail and melon seeds for ears4 ,a log house is constructed by building a foundation similar to the pig pen4 ,the roof is formed by laying a row of sticks1 quite close together1 across the top4 ,a family of little clothes pin dolls may live most comfortably in a kindling wood house4 ,in front of the house there should be a strong1 rail fence to protect the inmates from any ,indians who may come in while the builder is away4 ,to build a ,virginia rail fence1 two sticks of kindling wood should be crossed in the shape of a letter ,v4 ,a third stick is added at a similar angle with the second stick4 ,this form of building is continued until the fence is of the required length4 ,going back to the first stick1 a second layer of sticks is started on top of the first layer2 and the fence may be built as high as one wishes by the addition of a third and a fourth layer4 ,there are ever so many playthings that can be built from the wood found in the wood pile4 ,a boy who is clever with his jack knife will be able to make a set of ten pins from sticks of kindling wood by carving little round heads at the ends of the sticks4 ,very straight bits of wood which will balance well should be chosen for the ten pins4 ,he can also carve quaint wooden dolls for the little sister4 ,the accompanying illustration shows a toy barnyard that was made by a group of children4 ,their only tools were a couple of hammers1 a toy saw1 some nails and a jack knife4 ,the only materials used were found in the wood pile in the wood-shed4 ,the barnyard fence is constructed from lath4 ,long strips are used for the bars of the fence4 ,the fence posts are bits of lath1 also1 carved in six-inch lengths1 pointed at the top with a knife1 and nailed to the longer strips4 ,bits of leather are tacked in place for the gate hinges4 ,bits of kindling wood split into narrow sections are nailed together for the pig pen and the cow shed4 ,some old wooden boxes are used for the farm wagon and the wheelbarrow1 the curved edges of the wheelbarrow being made with a jack knife4 ,the box cover is used as wheel material1 two circles being cut out of the soft wood with a jack knife and fastened to the body of the wagon with dowel sticks4 ,another box is mounted on a standard of lath and forms a very realistic pigeon house4 ,the chicken coops are little wood squares nailed together at an angle of #ij with bits of lath fastened across the front4 ,with the addition of a rude barn made from scraps of wood1 a dog house--which is only a small edition of the barn--and a cattle shed1 the farmyard is complete--a crude but unfailing source of amusement for many rainy days4 ,illustration3 ,,toy ,,barnyard ,,made ,,of ,,kindling ,,wood ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,sled1 a ,chicken ,coop and a ,table4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,cart4 ,one of the simplest toys to make of wood basket scraps is a little play sled4 ,for this you will need three oblong pieces of wood--one of them 7,fig4 #a7 measuring four inches wide by seven inches long1 and the other two 7,fig4 #b7 measuring two and a half inches wide by nine and one-half inches long4 ,some pieces of an old packing box about a half inch thick will do very nicely for these4 ,mark the outlines first with a pencil2 then cut them out with the saw1 and 8true them up0 with a knife--that is1 take off the little roughnesses that the saw has left1 and make the edges perfectly straight and square4 ,next the two long side pieces which you have made must be shaped4 ,measure off on the lower edge 7with the piece standing in position as though it were on the sled71 two inches from the front end4 ,connect this by a line with the upper front corner1 and cut it4 ,then round off the lower end of this cut so that it curves into the bottom4 ,now make a nail hole near the front end of each side piece for a string to go through1 nail the side pieces to the other oblong which you made for the top1 and the little sled is done4 ,another very simple toy to make of this material is a little chicken coop4 ,this is made of one square piece of wood and another piece which is almost square4 ,the first piece 7,fig4 #c7 measures seven inches each way1 and the other one 7,fig4 #d7 measures seven inches in one direction1 and in the other direction seven inches less the thickness of the wood4 ,this is because one piece laps over the end of the other1 and the end of the first piece forms part of the other side of the coop4 ,when these pieces are cut and made perfectly square and true1 lap the longer piece over the end of the shorter so that it will be just even with the surface1 and nail in position4 ,for the slats 7,fig4 #e7 cut some strips an inch wide and thinner than the sides of the coop4 ,lath is good if you have it4 ,two of these strips are ten inches long1 two are seven inches1 and two are four inches4 ,the longest ones are nailed across the open sides of the coop1 one on each side1 an inch above the bottom4 ,the middle-sized ones are nailed two inches above these1 and the shortest ones two inches higher4 ,then the ends of these strips are sawed off almost even with the coop4 ,a little table may be made from one block of wood six inches square1 and four cylinders three and a half inches long4 ,for the table top 7,fig4 #f7 select a piece of wood about an inch thick4 ,make this true1 and smooth the top with sandpaper4 ,then mark on the under side a square which is four inches on a side1 and exactly an inch away from each side of the table top4 ,at the corner of this inside square are to be made the holes for the table legs4 ,for these holes you will have to use a bit and brace1 and make the holes one inch in diameter and a half inch deep4 ,if you haven't a bit and brace1 you can1 with a little more trouble1 whittle out the holes4 ,for the table legs 7,fig4 #g7 take four pieces of wood one inch square and three and one-half inches long4 ,by whittling off each long corner edge you can make these from square prisms into octagonal1 or eight-sided prisms4 ,then keep shaving off these corner-edges until the prisms are so many-sided that they are practically round4 ,smooth them with sandpaper1 and glue in place in the holes in the under side of the table top4 ,a strong little cart may be made almost as easily as these other wood toys4 ,cut from some pieces of wood three quarters of an inch thick1 two side pieces 7,fig4 #h7 measuring three inches by ten inches1 two end pieces 7,fig4 #i7 three inches by five inches1 and one bottom piece 7,fig4 #aj7 five inches by eleven and a half inches4 ,in the center of one of the end pieces make a nail hole for the string to go through4 ,nail the sides and ends together1 lapping the end pieces over the ends of the side pieces4 ,then nail the bottom piece on4 ,for the shafts of the wheels 7,fig4 #aa7 take two pieces of wood nine inches long and one inch square4 ,for a space of two inches in from each end make the shafts cylindrical just as you did the table legs1 leaving the center portion1 which is five inches long1 square4 ,nail these shafts to the bottom of the cart at points two and a half inches from each end4 ,next cut from #a inch-thick wood four wheels 7,fig4 #ab71 three and a half inches in diameter4 ,these may be cut out roughly with a saw1 and worked down to the marked line with the knife4 ,then cut in the center of each of these wheels a hole about one and one-sixteenth inches in diameter--enough larger than the shaft so that the wheels will turn easily4 ,slip the wheels in place1 and drive into the shaft from opposite sides1 outside of each wheel1 two small finishing nails4 ,these are to keep the wheels in place1 and must be driven in carefully so as not to split the shafts4 ,these are all attractive wood basket toys to make1 and besides this1 each one of them may be adapted1 by enlarging1 for some real use4 ,the sled1 with the addition of iron strips for runners1 may be really used2 or by using two sleds and an extra board fastened to both so that they will turn1 it may be made into a 8bob-sled0 or 8double40 ,the chicken coop1 enlarged1 will comfortably accommodate the mother hen and her brood of chicks which are the beginning of every boy's first poultry venture4 ,the little table may grow into a flower stand1 and the cart1 made larger and stronger1 will rival any shop-bought express wagon for durability and comfort4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,set ,,of ,,dolls' ,,furniture ,,made ,,by ,,glueing ,,together ,,blocks ,,of ,,kindling ,,wood ,,the ,,wonderful ,,dodo ,,bird ,a very long1 long time ago1 in the far off country of ,switzerland1 which is the land of high mountains and goats and tourists1 there was a wonderful bird4 ,nobody ever saw him near by1 for he lived in a forest of alpenstocks1 and he had the longest kind of legs1 so that no matter how fast the tourists pulled up the alpenstocks1 or how hard they tried to catch him1 he always got away4 ,the only way any one could see him was to watch the mountain tops1 for when the weather was pleasant1 he would climb up and stand there outlined clearly against the sky1 his long legs making him taller than anything around him1 and he would bob up and down--first his head and then his tail1 and then his head again--and wave his plume and call1 8,do-do1 do-do40 ,the peasants made little dodo birds whittled out of wood1 and sold them to the tourists1 and because a real dodo bird was only hatched once in a blue moon1 and there are no more blue moons1 why1 the ones the peasants made are the only dodo birds left4 ,and this is how they made them4 ,the foundation of the bird's body 7,fig4 #a7 is a chunky piece of wood an inch and a half square by three inches long4 ,on each end of this is marked a circle--an inch and a half in diameter1 which makes it just touch each edge4 ,then by cutting from circle to circle1 as nearly straight as possible1 the wood is made into a three-inch-high cylinder4 ,next one whole end is rounded off like the large end of an egg4 ,the next steps in making the dodo bird are not quite as simple4 ,a straight line is drawn all the way around the body1 from end to end1 which divides it into two equal parts4 ,at the end of the line which represents the middle of the bird's back is measured off a space a quarter of an inch on either side4 ,this makes a half-inch space which is the tip of his tail1 and from these points lines are drawn on the flat end surface1 to complete the four-sided figure shown in the end view of ,fig4 #a1 which is the whole end of his tail4 ,it tapers from a half inch at the top to about a quarter inch at the bottom1 and when it is all finished1 the bottom is slanted in a trifle4 ,next the bottom part is whittled up in a curve which meets the lower end of the tail1 and the rest of the body is whittled in the shape shown in the side view of ,fig4 #a4 ,this part can't be done by lines because it is a gradual curve all over4 ,when this is done two flat slanting surfaces are whittled off for the sides of the tail4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,dodo ,bird4 ,now you are ready to make the grooves for the head and tail feathers to go in4 ,part of the lower center line has been whittled off and will have to be replaced4 ,then1 measuring three-sixteenths of an inch on each side of this line1 make parallel lines which shall extend around the lower part of the body from the end of the tail to a point on the front end just a quarter of an inch below the top4 ,a space a half inch wide is left in the middle of the bottom for the legs to fasten on1 and the rest is to be made into the grooves as shown on the pattern4 ,the easiest way to do this is to cut as far in as possible1 on the parallel lines which you have drawn1 with a small saw4 ,then chip the wood out with a small chisel1 and1 with the chisel held bevel side down1 round out the bottoms of the grooves4 ,if you haven't such a chisel though1 you can manage with a knife4 ,when the body is done1 the rest is easier4 ,fig4 #b shows the head1 made from a piece of wood two and a half inches long by one and one-eighth wide and a quarter inch thick4 ,the outline is marked and whittled into shape1 and the beak is slanted down to a point4 ,one quarter of an inch from the end of the neck a hole is made for pivoting1 the eyes are marked in with a pencil1 and three rows of marks are made across the neck with a little pattern marking wheel4 ,these may also be made around the body and will add to the beauty of the dodo bird4 ,his plume is made of a soft1 downy chicken feather1 stuck into a hole in the top of his head and glued in place4 ,the tail feather 7,fig4 #c7 is shaped like the feathered end of an arrow4 ,the 8feathered0 part is one inch wide by two and a half long1 and another inch in length forms the pivoting part4 ,this end is a quarter inch wide and five-sixteenths thick1 and the 8feathers0 are cut in from each side with a slanting cut as shown in the drawing4 ,the bottom is left perfectly level1 but the top is slanted down1 with three flat cuts1 to a sharp edge at the end4 ,a hole is made from side to side1 a quarter of an inch back from the small end1 for pivoting4 ,two small nails driven through the body1 with the head and tail feathers in position1 form the pivots4 ,they must be driven carefully so as not to split the wood1 and must be placed so that the head and tail feathers will work up and down very freely4 ,the legs 7,fig4 #d7 are pieces of wood three and a half inches long1 a half inch wide1 and a quarter of an inch thick4 ,they are first whittled in an elliptical shape4 ,then the lower part1 for a space of two and a quarter inches is tapered back from the front to give an appearance of standing very straight4 ,at the upper end1 for a quarter of an inch from the top1 half of the wood is cut away1 and the remaining part is fitted into holes cut in the body1 three quarters of an inch apart1 and glued4 ,the standard for the dodo 7,fig4 #e7 is made like a small wooden vise4 ,it is a flat piece of wood three and a half inches long by two inches wide and three quarters of an inch thick4 ,one end is beveled slightly1 and one end of the top is curved down slightly4 ,in the remaining flat surface on the top two holes are whittled out into which the dodo's feet are to be glued4 ,then a space two inches long and one inch wide is cut out to form the jaws of the vise4 ,to tighten the vise there must be some sort of a screw through the lower jaw4 ,a wooden thumb screw is not easy to get1 so the best plan is to get a bolt about three eighths of an inch in diameter4 ,then cut a hole almost as large in your wood1 and screw the bolt in1 forcing it to cut its own 8thread0 in the soft wood4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dodo ,,bird ,fig4 #f is the weight which makes the dodo work4 ,it is a piece of wood two and a quarter inches high by an inch and seven-eighths square4 ,this is made into a cylinder and rounded at one end precisely as you did with the body4 ,then a circle is marked around it a quarter of an inch back from the flat end1 and this end is slightly rounded off4 ,it may be decorated or not1 as you choose4 ,now you are ready to make the dodo bird work4 ,take two pieces of string--stout1 but not too heavy--about twelve inches long4 ,fasten an end of one of them--with a tiny wedge and some glue--into the end of the dodo's neck1 and the other into the small end of the tail4 ,then bring the two pieces together and knot them about an inch from the other end4 ,fasten these two ends into the top of the weight just as you did the single ends4 ,now fasten the vise securely on a shelf somewhere1 and swing the weight to and fro like the pendulum of a clock4 ,the dodo will bob first his head and then his tail and then his head again1 and you can almost hear him calling 8,do-do0 way off on the mountain there4 ,he's a source of never-ending fun1 boys1 and besides playing with him yourself1 you can just watch and see how few grown-ups can go by him and resist swinging the pendulum4 ,a ,,fleet ,,of ,,toy ,,boats ,who remembers the mill pond down at the farm1 clean1 and high1 with trees all about--a capital place for sailing boats8 ,it is so small that1 directly a toy ship is started on its voyage1 you can run around the other side and meet her4 ,there is the trout brook1 too1 down in the woods1 where everything is cool and still4 ,there isn't a sound as you sit on the bank save when a mouse comes rustling along1 pushing his way through the leaves with his queer little pointed nose1 or a hedgehog plods by1 blind and deaf1 never seeing you at all4 ,if you should launch a toy boat in the brook1 where do you suppose it would sail to8 ,you will follow it a little way4 ,sometimes it will get caught in the ferns1 or it may lie for a minute1 stranded1 on a rock1 or it will overturn as it shoots the rapids4 ,you start it on again with the long pole you cut from the willow tree1 but presently the boat will sail away1 out of a child's sight1 down the brook4 ,perhaps it will pick up a crew of little brownie sailor men4 ,perhaps it will stop somewhere to load a cargo of butterfly's gowns4 ,you will lose sight of it though4 ,that is what always happens to one's toy ships4 ,a boy can make himself a whole fleet of toy boats to play with in the mill pond and the trout brook4 ,if one of them does go sailing away to ,fairyland--why1 what does it matter with all the rest of the fleet just tugging away at their ropes1 waiting to be launched8 ,the little boats are the nicest of all1 because one may have so many of them4 ,out in the woods there are some of last year's walnuts lying on the ground4 ,split one in half with a jack-knife1 and take out all the meat1 leaving the inside smooth and white4 ,glue a scrap of paper to a toothpick1 and fasten this little mast to the inside of the half walnut shell with a drop of glue4 ,there is a real fairy craft1 fit for a dragon fly to ride in4 ,just watch it toss and float and sail away on the make-believe waves4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,cork ,,raft ,illustration3 ,a ,,cork ,,sail ,,boat ,there are so many eggs in the barn1 you can surely have one4 ,do you know how to blow an egg8 ,make a tiny hole with a pin in each end1 then1 by blowing steadily into one end1 the contents of the egg may be emptied out of the other4 ,you will be able to cut the egg shell lengthwise1 now1 with your jack-knife4 ,if you have some paper strips you can bind the edges of the egg boat to make it a trifle stronger4 ,glue two paper seats across the top and add a pair of oars made of toothpicks4 ,a tiny paper doll will enjoy a ride in the egg-shell boat4 ,out in the barn where you found the egg1 there is a whole big bin full of corn cobs4 ,such light1 clean playthings they are6 ,they will make a stout little raft to float about in the mill pond4 ,you will need to select eight corn cobs1 all of the same size and length4 ,lay them side by side on the barn floor4 ,then split up an old berry basket1 and cut two or more of the thin strips of wood from the side exactly as long as the raft is to be wide1 lay these strips of wood across the corn cobs and nail them in place with tacks4 ,the corn-cob raft is done4 ,it is so light that it can be loaded with quite a cargo1 two or three rubber dolls who do not mind the water1 or a toy horse1 or a rubber pig4 ,then1 if the current is right1 it will float way across the mill pond1 and the toys can land on the other side4 ,corks make a fine raft1 too1 and such a light one6 ,a cork raft will almost never sink4 ,you must collect corks for quite a while before you have enough for the raft4 ,they will need to be of just the same width and length4 ,glue five or six corks together by their ends to form a little cork log4 ,make a number of these logs1 and then fasten them together as you fastened the corn-cob raft4 ,another way of making the cork raft is to run the corks on a bit of fine wire and the logs may all be wired together in the same way4 ,a very large1 flat cork1 such as mother puts in her pickle jars1 will make a fine little sail boat4 ,all that it needs is a toothpick mast and a white cambric or paper sail glued on4 ,a paper row boat is very easy to make4 ,choose an oblong of heavy paper that will not soak with the water quickly4 ,fold a cocked soldier's hat4 ,every boy knows how to do that4 ,hold the cocked hat in the middle of each side and pull it out into a square4 ,bend back the two open sides to form another cocked hat1 but smaller than the first one4 ,pull this out1 also1 into a square4 ,then1 if you pull hard on the two closed corners1 the paper will open into a fine little row boat4 ,you can fold so many of these paper boats that a new one may be launched as fast as the old one sinks4 ,a boy who is clever with his jack-knife will be able to make a stout little sail boat from a piece of an old egg crate1 or the side of a cigar box4 ,the wood must be close grained and light--that is the first essential4 ,cut the boat1 pointed at one end1 and rub it smooth with a piece of sandpaper4 ,glue a meat skewer to the center for the mast1 and hoist a little sail4 ,a hole may be bored in the end of the sail boat1 and a long string tied in will allow you to run along the edge of the brook and keep this little craft from sailing away4 ,there are other boats which will want to join this toyland fleet4 ,peanut shells may have very tiny paper sails pinned to the ends4 ,a race between two rival peanut boats will be great fun4 ,a cigar box boat may have squares cut from the sides with a knife for oar locks2 with meat skewer oars1 it will make a very creditable scow1 flat-bottomed1 and perfectly safe for any doll to go clamming in4 ,clam shells may have paper sails fastened on with glue1 and any kind of flat shell loves to go sailing away by itself on the water4 ,a strong square of birch bark may be folded and cut rounding at the ends to resemble a canoe4 ,the ends are then sewed with a needle threaded with strands of sweet grass or stout cotton1 making a tiny ,indian craft4 ,if you wish the canoe to be perfectly water tight1 it can be lined with waxed paper4 ,there will be fun for all summer long for the boy who makes and sails his own fleet of toy boats4 ,illustration3 ,,whittled ,,toy ,,sail ,,boat ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,play ,,tent ,having a tent out in the garden or on the lawn during the summer vacation makes each long1 happy day twice as long1 and just twice as happy4 ,a boy can play that he is an ,indian1 or a first settler1 or a cave dweller1 or even an old story book king if he has even the crudest kind of a roof over his head and some sort of a play shelter beneath which he can live and play1 and dream all manner of delightful things4 ,of course the nicest tent of all is one from a real tent factory made of canvas and having staples and pegs to fasten it to the ground1 but such a tent costs ever so much money1 and not every mother and father can afford to buy it4 ,one family of children went without fireworks on ,fourth of ,july that they might save the money which they would have1 otherwise1 burned up and with it they bought themselves a tent which lasted much longer than the smoke and noise of the fireworks would have4 ,there is1 though1 a very fine tent indeed1 and one that will give a group of boys quite as much pleasure as any manufactured one4 ,this is the home-made tent4 ,it is the tent that seems to really belong to you because it is a sort of a makeshift and you make it with your own hands4 ,there are ever so many ways of making your own tent1 all of them simple and quite easy for one to follow4 ,one very strong and serviceable tent has a foundation of straight1 young birch trees or saplings cut in the early spring and used for tent poles4 ,holes should be dug1 and the poles set in the ground a quarter their length that no summer wind storm can uproot them4 ,around each pole1 the earth is then pounded down1 and the tops of the poles1 six or eight in number1 should be lashed together with cord4 ,a couple of old army blankets may be stitched together to make a covering for this tent4 ,a hole is cut in the center and the covering is slipped over the supports and tied to the base of each pole4 ,there will be enough extra blanket to make a flap in the front of the tent to act as a door4 ,if there is a summer shower when the children are playing in this blanket tent they may pull the flap tight shut1 and just snuggle inside1 listening to the raindrops that do not soak through the blanket covering one bit4 ,a second home-made tent has a foundation of bean poles or clothes poles for supports4 ,these are sunk in the ground and fastened together at the top as were the saplings used for the blanket tent4 ,the covering1 however1 is of brown denim4 ,twelve yards will make a very good-sized tent4 ,the lengths are cut to fit the poles used as tent supports2 they are pointed at the top1 and stitched together4 ,tape sewed at the top1 center1 and base of each seam1 on the inside1 may be tied around the poles and fasten the covering to the props4 ,this tent may be decorated in such a way that it will make a real patch of color on the lawn or in the back yard1 and will have the appearance of an ,indian's wigwam4 ,red and green1 or yellow denim is used for the decorations4 ,small conventionalized trees1 moons1 stars1 leaves1 or any preferred designs are cut from the colored cloth and stitched to the brown covering4 ,another way of decorating the denim tent is to paint pictures on it with stencil colors1 using stencil patterns of ,indians1 animals1 or flowers4 ,these colors are 8fast0 and the rain will not wash them off as is apt to happen in the case of designs applied with colored cloth4 ,a flower tent is a new sort of playhouse and is quite delightful in sunshiny weather4 ,when it rains you can watch your tent grow from the house windows4 ,it will be wise to select a fence corner1 where a row of castor beans will sprout in a night almost to help form the back of the tent4 ,between these castor plants1 there may be some quick-growing vine planted2 mock orange1 morning glory1 or moon flower4 ,as the seeds sprout and the vines begin to grow1 they should be twined upon strings which extend up the fence and across the top between the two sides of the fence1 forming the tent roof4 ,before summer is over1 this roof will be a thick one as the vines increase their leaves and the leaves themselves grow larger and more lavish of their shade4 ,after a while they will hang over the front of the tent helping to form a third side1 and when the tent bursts into blossom the children who live inside it will feel almost as if they were in fairyland4 ,these tents all take time to make1 but there are other home-made tents that can spring up in a day in the garden4 ,a very little boy can set up grandfather's big green umbrella for a tent and have a pleasant time sitting under it4 ,the handle can be buried a little way in the ground and there will be plenty of room beneath its delightful green shade for a boy and a picture book1 or a little girl and her doll4 ,to make this umbrella tent still more snug and sheltering1 grandmother's shawl can be draped around it1 or a rug may be pinned to the edges to form the back and walls4 ,two boys who live next door to each other and are the friendliest of neighbors can make a tent that they can share4 ,the village carpenter will furnish four stout pine posts a little taller than the fence between the boys' homes is high4 ,two of these posts are set up on one side of the fence about eight feet from the fence itself1 and two on the other side in just the same position4 ,the ticking cover of an old feather bed may be cut down to the right size1 and nailed to the posts for a roof4 ,a couple of old sails may be cut into straight curtains for the sides of the tent1 with strips of lath in the hem so that they can be rolled up in pleasant weather4 ,the tent is very cozy when it is finished1 and before the summer is over nearly every boy in town will have been up to visit these boys in their little two-room tent4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,tops ,some toys don't know how to play4 ,they just stand still and wait for a child to carry them around the garden or drag them by their strings across the nursery floor4 ,they have no proper play spirit1 these lazy toys1 but that isn't the case with a top4 ,given a fair chance1 just a fine1 long string and a smooth sidewalk--why1 a top will play with a child all day long4 ,it will twirl and whirl1 never stopping to rest for long1 and singing all the time its quaint little humming song to keep tune and time with its spinning4 ,you can buy a top for a penny at the toy shop1 but it is just a plain1 ordinary sort of wooden top exactly like all the other tops4 ,how would you like to make your own tops8 ,it will be the easiest task in the world to do this1 and a whole lot of fun1 too4 ,the materials for home-made tops grow out of doors and are lying close at hand at home1 in the wood-shed1 or in the cellar4 ,sharpen your jack-knife1 and you may start out top hunting1 at once4 ,a beet makes a queer little top that will spin gayly for a day1 and if it breaks on the sidewalk or curbing1 why you may pull up another top from the beet patch in the garden4 ,the picture shows you a beet top that looks like a very own cousin to a wooden top because it is just the same shape1 and the same size4 ,there should be a pointed peg whittled from a scrap of soft kindling wood and stuck in the pointed end of the beet4 ,the beet top is then wound with a string that has a small button mold or a little china button on the end and when you throw it as you do an ordinary wooden peg top1 it will spin finely4 ,a small turnip will make a top1 too1 if it has a whittled peg1 and a little radish makes a fine top1 save that it is too small to be wound up and should have a bit of toothpick stuck in opposite the peg to twirl it by4 ,illustration3 ,,whittled ,,clown ,,top ,the woods as well as the garden are full of tops4 ,let us go out top gathering under the nut trees some fine1 frosty morning1 taking the heroic little jack-knife1 too1 to help finish the tops4 ,fat acorns make splendid tops4 ,a bit of twig should be whittled down to the right size and stuck in the flat end of the acorn by which to spin it4 ,every acorn has a fine point upon which to spin and a half dozen of these gay little acorn tops may be set spinning at once by a group of children in a top contest to see which will keep twirling longest4 ,horse chestnuts may be used for tops1 too1 if a child selects the very round1 flat kind of nut4 ,horse chestnuts gathered when they first fall from the tree are soft and easily bored with an awl or darning needle1 or the smallest blade of a jack-knife4 ,a hole should be made exactly in the center of the nut and a perfectly straight piece of twig inserted1 pointed at one end and extending a half inch above the horse chestnut at the top to hold it by4 ,another way to make a horse chestnut top is to cut the nut in half1 crosswise1 and insert halves of toothpicks in each section1 making two tops instead of one4 ,when the shut-in days come in the winter and it is too late to pick your tops out in the garden or gather them in the woods1 it will be ever so much fun to see how many tops you can make of the materials you are able to find at home4 ,the wood that is used in a cigar box is soft and easily whittled1 and just one box will furnish material for countless tops4 ,the queer little circus clown in the picture spins on the tips of his toes if a top string is wound about the long peg protruding from the top of his head4 ,he is not one bit difficult to make4 ,the outline of a clown in a picture book is drawn on a sheet of tracing paper with a soft pencil and then transferred to a piece of the soft wood4 ,if a boy has a jig saw it will be very easy to cut the little outlined clown in a jiffy1 but it can be done in almost as short a time with a sharp jack-knife4 ,when the clown is cut1 his features are drawn in with charcoal or a soft pencil4 ,if you spin him hard enough1 he will rise right up off the ground once in a while and then settle down again and go on spinning4 ,if a child has a book of brownies he can make a brownie top in the same way that the clown top was made4 ,the brownie will spin on the tips of his little pointed toes4 ,the top in the picture that has a series of circles of different sizes will be ever so easy to make4 ,the circles1 each a half inch smaller than the one which is to be above it1 are drawn on soft wood1 and are then cut out with a jack-knife4 ,a hole is cut in the center of each circle and they are fitted on a piece of wooden meat skewer1 the point of the meat skewer forming the spinning end of the top4 ,with a box of water color paints the circular disks of the tops are then painted in gay contrasting colors and the effect will be charming when the little top begins to spin4 ,illustration3 7,a7 ,,beet ,,top4 7,b7 ,,top ,,made ,,of ,,graduated ,,disks4 7,c7 ,,button ,,mold ,,top4 ,button molds make tops4 ,the big wooden molds that the tailor uses for coats are best to make into tops4 ,the hole in the center must be enlarged to admit of a sharpened end of a meat skewer being inserted4 ,these button mold tops may be painted1 too1 and a splendid game can be played with them on the nursery table4 ,two stakes may be set up--the stakes from a parlor croquet set will do nicely--at the opposite ends of the table4 ,the boys playing the game then choose colors and spin their button mold tops1 whipping them with tiny whips made of meat skewers and colored twine1 and trying to see whose top will make the distance between stakes first at the one spinning4 ,,the ,,farm ,,the ,,scissors ,,built ,it will be almost as fine as a real farm when it is finished and ever so much easier to make1 because one will not need any boards1 or tools1 or huge nails to use in putting it together4 ,what do you suppose the barn is made of8 ,why1 just a big piece of heavy wrapping paper that some one has brought to the house1 and then has dropped on the hall table to be thrown away because it does not seem to be of any use now its wrapping days are over4 ,illustration3 ,folding for ,barn4 ,first1 one should cut the heavy wrapping paper into a large square4 ,then fold the square into sixteen small squares like the folding indicated in the diagram4 ,some of the lines in the diagram are dotted4 ,those show how the square is folded to make the little squares4 ,some of the lines are solid1 heavy lines4 ,those are the lines to be cut4 ,make these cuts very carefully with scissors4 ,there will be three cuts1 each one square long and one square apart on two opposite sides of the paper4 ,the two middle squares which are marked 8a0 in the diagram should be superimposed4 ,that is a very1 very long word1 is it not8 ,it means something very simple1 though4 ,these two squares are laid1 one on top of the other1 and are glued into place4 ,next1 the squares marked 8b0 are brought together and their edges are glued4 ,then--one end of the wrapping paper barn is finished4 ,glue the squares at the other end of the barn in the same way1 and cut a wide barn door4 ,the door is made by cutting on a vertical crease on one side of the house1 making two other cuts at right angles with the first one1 and folding back the two sides of the door at the opening4 ,if you want a window where you can toss hay up into the barn loft1 it may be cut just above the door4 ,a boy who has seen the inside of a real barn will be able to cut some strips of the heavy paper1 and paste them together1 fastening them to the back wall of the barn to show where the cow and the horse stalls are4 ,some more strips of paper may be pasted together to form a barnyard fence4 ,the barn may stand on the nursery table with the fence all around it1 or an old suit box of mother's will make a very fine barnyard indeed4 ,the sides of the box should be ruled with a pencil to look like the bars in a real barnyard fence4 ,then you can cut the bars with a jack-knife1 or some sharp pointed scissors4 ,when you have finished the suit-box barnyard1 the barn may stand in one corner of it4 ,now you are ready to cut some animals to live in the barn4 ,the pictures in your animal picture books will make splendid patterns for the barnyard animals4 ,trace the animals with some tissue paper and then transfer these patterns to some stiff paper4 ,when you have cut carefully on the traced outline1 you may paste the animal's feet to cardboard standards to make them stand up4 ,there may be cows1 and horses1 and a donkey1 and a whole flock of barnyard fowls4 ,then you may color the barn creatures with your water color paints or with colored pencils4 ,illustration3 ,finished ,barn4 ,you can make a fine1 large farm wagon1 also1 to stand beside the barn4 ,to make the wagon1 you should fold a small square of paper as you folded the large one for the barn4 ,instead of using the whole square1 though1 as you did for the barn1 you must cut off a strip of four squares4 ,then make the short cuts as you did for the barn in the ends of the oblong piece of paper4 ,lay the three square laps which you have made by the cutting together1 and paste them--one on top of the other4 ,cut out some wheels and fasten them to the cart4 ,glue on some cardboard or sticks for shafts1 and the farm wagon is done4 ,illustration3 ,,cart1 ,,barn ,,and ,,barrow1 ,,made ,,of ,,cardboard ,,boxes ,if you want a wheelbarrow in the barnyard1 you may cut one of mother's old spool boxes in half4 ,the edges where you made the cut should be curved4 ,a wheel made of an empty spool1 or a cardboard disk may be fastened to one end with a pin1 and some cardboard legs may be glued to the wheelbarrow4 ,when the paper farm is complete1 you must harness the donkey to the wagon1 and set him to work4 ,cut out some of the gay pictures of fruit and vegetables that fill the seed catalogues1 and load the wagon4 ,fill the wheelbarrow1 too4 ,cut out some paper overall boys to visit the farm and spend the summer4 ,there is no end to the plays that the paper farm will suggest to you4 ,,more ,,box ,,plays ,one of father's empty note paper boxes1 a starch box1 a box that held spools of thread once--one1 or all of these will furnish delightful play material for an afternoon in the house4 ,a box has not finished its usefulness when its contents are gone4 ,it is strong and tough often still1 and ready for all kinds of fun4 ,some cardboard boxes1 large and small1 will make the toy farm establishment shown in the picture4 ,a box that once was filled with writing paper serves for the barn4 ,the box stands on one side1 leaving the entire front open that toy animals can be put in and taken out with greater ease than if there were a door4 ,the long edge of the box cover is cut to fit the box1 inserted and glued in place to form the front of the stalls which hold the toy animals4 ,shorter lengths of the cover edge are fitted in between the back of the box and this front partition to separate the stalls and are also glued in place4 ,when these are in1 a door can be cut4 ,the stalls must be furnished with little grain boxes for the play horses to eat from2 and this is the way to make them4 ,measure with a school ruler and cut out a four-inch square of heavy wrapping paper4 ,lay the paper on a table in front of you and fold1 first1 the front edge up to the back1 and then the front and back edges down to meet the center fold4 ,now turn the paper around1 repeating the folding until there are sixteen squares4 ,cut off a row of four squares1 leaving an oblong piece of paper that contains twelve squares4 ,make two cuts in the opposite narrow ends of the paper1 one square long and one square apart4 ,fold up these squares and paste them1 one on top of the other1 forming a little oblong box4 ,one of these boxes pasted to the back of each stall looks just like a grain trough1 and may be filled with oats1 if a country boy is making the farm1 for the little horse to eat4 ,some of the wrapping paper that remains after the grain boxes are finished makes the roof of the barn4 ,cut a strip as wide as the barn is deep and once and a half as long4 ,fold it once through the center and1 at the ends1 fold down flaps by means of which the roof can be glued to the top of the box forming a hay loft4 ,when spring comes you can cut grass blades with a pair of gardener's shears1 dry them in the sun1 and fill the loft of this little box barn with real1 play hay4 ,illustration3 ,,circus ,,parade 7,,the ,,cage ,,is ,,made ,,of ,a ,,shoe ,,box7 ,a box in which the apothecary packs his powders makes the little farm cart in the picture1 and another one the wheelbarrow4 ,no cutting is necessary for the cart1 but some of the cardboard left in the cover of the note paper box can be used for wheels4 ,a fifty-cent bit is the right size for the wheels4 ,lay one on the cardboard1 and draw carefully around it with a pencil1 cutting four of these wheels with a pair of sharp scissors4 ,brass paper fasteners will make strong hubs for the little wheels4 ,pierce a hole through both wheel and box before inserting the fastener1 though1 to help the wheel to turn4 ,a strip of the box cover glued to the front of the cart serves for the handle4 ,the wheelbarrow is just a little more difficult to make than these other toys1 but not too great a task for a child with clever fingers4 ,a section that is about one third of the entire length is measured and cut off the second small box1 and thrown away4 ,it is the remaining two-thirds of the box that is to make the wheelbarrow4 ,the front1 open edges of the box are now curved like the sides of a real wheelbarrow4 ,two narrow strips of the cover1 or two small sticks are glued to the front of the wheelbarrow for handles1 and two shorter lengths of cardboard or two very tiny sticks form the legs4 ,another cardboard circle cut the same size as those used for the cart wheels is inserted by means of a knife cut in the back of the barrow and helps it to trundle along4 ,the box-built cart and wheelbarrow will be found most useful in the spring4 ,they can be loaded with little green apples1 tiny brown pebbles that look like toy potatoes1 corn kernels1 or peas4 ,they will be strong enough to last a whole season and help to carry fodder to the horse who lives in the box barn4 ,there is still more box fun4 ,ask mother for an empty cardboard starch box1 the strong kind covered with blue paper1 and see what a fine little toy garage it will make4 ,almost every child has a toy automobile given him for ,christmas1 but it is so apt to go steering away with its own gasoline1 and losing itself somewhere in the house if a child has no special place in which to keep it4 ,take the cover of the box and turn the box itself bottom side up4 ,on one side1 right in the center1 draw a big square4 ,the lower part of the square should come on the very outside edge of the box because this square is to be the garage door4 ,the door should be made in two parts1 so as to open very wide and admit the automobile when it comes steaming along in a great hurry4 ,to make this double door1 draw a perpendicular line that divides the square into two parts4 ,then1 with a pair of sharp scissors cut right up this line to the top of the square4 ,next1 cut along the top line to the right and left of the middle line4 ,folding back the two halves that have just been cut1 out toward the outside of the box1 makes two little doors and opens the front of the garage4 ,square windows can be cut in the sides of the box1 as many as one wishes4 ,a number of empty thread boxes will make a splendid train of cars1 strong enough to drag a whole family of china dolls or a load of live stock up and down the piazza or along the garden path4 ,cardboard circles cut from the covers of the thread boxes and of the same size as those used for the wheels of the toy cart make the car wheels4 ,they are fastened on1 either in similar fashion to the cart wheels by means of paper fasteners1 or a bone collar button may be pushed through cart and wheel1 helping the wheels to revolve more easily4 ,one of the thread boxes has the cover glued on1 and to the top is glued also one large wooden spool for the engine's smoke stack1 and a block for the engineer's cab4 ,these little box cars are coupled together by short lengths of braided cord4 ,holes are punched in the ends of the cars with an awl and the cord is pushed through and knotted at each end to hold it in place4 ,a long piece of cord is fastened to the engine and is used to draw the cars by4 ,there is no end to the entertainment and fun to be had from a pile of empty boxes4 ,just get to work at a few of them your next free afternoon and find out how much they are able to help you in your play4 ,illustration3 7,a7 ,,the ,,ark 7,b7 ,,cardboard ,,animals ,,who ,,live ,,in ,,the ,,ark ,a ,,recipe ,,for ,a ,,noah',s ,,ark ,it isn't a very difficult recipe to follow4 ,all the stirring you need to do will be when you mix up some flour and a little water to make the paste4 ,that is the first ingredient4 ,next in the recipe comes a pair of sharp scissors and a pencil4 ,after that you must find some sheets of heavy paper1 and the old animal picture books that you thought you could not enjoy any longer because the leaves were coming apart and the pictures were torn4 ,spread out all these things on the nursery table1 and you will be ready to begin the ,noah's ,ark4 ,the ,ark itself is to be a big1 strong envelope for holding all the wild animals1 and this is how you must make it4 ,one of the sheets of heavy paper should be folded in half4 ,the folded edge forms the bottom of the envelope4 ,beginning with this folded edge1 the outline of the ,ark is drawn on the paper with your pencil4 ,it is a simple outline to draw--a big boat with curved ends1 and a sort of house resting on the top4 ,then1 holding the folded edge tightly so that the paper will not slip1 cut out the ,ark4 ,the ends of the ,ark should be bound or glued1 but the top is left open that the animals may be put in4 ,windows and a door are cut in the ,ark for the animals will want to look out as they sail away on their wonderful voyage1 and the ,ark may be painted bright red with green trimmings4 ,next come the animals4 ,the pictures of the animals may be mounted on one of the remaining sheets of heavy paper1 so they will be stiff enough to stand up alone4 ,that is one way of making enough animals to fill the ,ark1 but there is another way that will take a little longer1 but will prove ever so much more fun4 ,the loose pictures from the book of animals should be fastened to the table with thumb tacks1 or tacked to a drawing board4 ,a square of white tissue paper is then laid over each1 and the outline of the animal's body is traced with a soft pencil4 ,when the tracing is finished1 the tissue paper is carefully lifted off and laid with the plain side up on some stiff white cardboard4 ,the outline is then retraced with the same soft pencil leaving a pattern of the animal on the cardboard4 ,the animal is then cut out1 and painted with the nursery water colors4 ,illustration3 ,,going ,,aboard ,,the ,,ark ,you will need to be very clever1 indeed1 to paint the animals so that they will look as if they were just fresh from the jungle4 ,there must be a tawny lion colored with brown that has a great deal of yellow ocher mixed with it4 ,the panther must be orange with big yellow spots1 and large green eyes4 ,the tiger's eyes must have yellow mixed with the green paint and his coat is yellow with orange stripes4 ,the bear is brown and the kangaroo is tan4 ,there should be two of each kind of animal4 ,now how shall you make them stand up and walk like real1 live animals8 ,some very tiny bits of wood may be glued to their feet4 ,that is one way of making the animals stand4 ,another way is to make a narrow ring of the same cardboard from which the animals were cut4 ,the animals' feet are then glued to this ring1 and they will really stand4 ,a boy will be able to make more animals than he can count1--leopards1 monkeys1 zebras1 elephants1 as many as he can find patterns for in his toy picture books4 ,and it will prove such fun to draw them and paint them that he will be kept busy for many rainy afternoons4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,uniform ,every boy needs to be a soldier1 once in a while4 ,there are so many brave deeds to be done and so many cowardly things to fight1 and so much dark to walk through courageously1 and so many strange dogs and cats1 and shy little girls to protect with all the gallantry of those old1 old knights who lived in the story-book days4 ,a soldier boy is never late for school1 and he never1 never forgets to do an errand4 ,he goes to bed alone every evening at eight1 even if the stairway is dark1 and there is no light in the upstairs hall to chase away the ghosts4 ,he never lies1 and he is always cheerful4 ,he knows that being brave and gallant and true is just as much a part of a soldier's duty as marching1 and drumming1 and saluting ,old ,glory4 ,it isn't easy to be a soldier though in a plain1 everyday suit of clothes1 made of homespun perhaps1 and patched1 and dingy brown in color4 ,a real soldier suit cut and fitted the right size for a boy costs more money than there is in the boy's tin bank4 ,what is the boy going to do if he wants more than anything else to be a soldier and he hasn't enough money to buy himself a suit8 ,any boy will be able to make the soldier trappings shown in the picture1 and when he puts on the cap1 and the shield1 pins the epaulets to his shoulders and sticks the play sword in his belt1 he will be ready for the life of a little soldier4 ,he can work or play cheerfully1 and when it comes ,saturday1 or ,washington's ,birthday1 he will be the envy of all the other boys as he leads them in a fine parade1 dressed in his gay1 home-made soldier things4 ,suppose we make the soldier's cap first4 ,the diagram marked ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d1 shows just how to do the construction4 ,a bright red cap will be fine for the soldier1 or a blue one just the color of the blue field in the flag4 ,there is a kind of tough1 half-heavy paper called book cover paper4 ,one can order it from a stationer's shop or a printing factory at a cent or two a sheet4 ,some sheets of this will make the boy's own cap and enough for all the other soldiers in the regiment4 ,a piece of paper that measures fourteen by twenty inches is the foundation for the soldier cap4 ,fold the two narrower edges together until they touch1 and crease the paper through the center as shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,then with the paper still folded1 make a second fold as shown by the line in ,fig4 #b4 ,this line forms a guide line for the next two folds which make the point of the cap4 ,lay the papers1 open1 as in ,fig4 #a1 on a table with the folded edge at the back2 fold each half of the back edge down along the line made by the last folding4 ,then fold up and crease the lower open edges forming the rim of the cap4 ,the rim should be glued down to make the cap firm and strong4 ,a feather can be made by fringing strips of red or blue crpe paper and twisting them around a narrow strip of cardboard which is glued inside the rim of the cap4 ,a turkey's feather will do just as well1 or a bunch of hen's feathers1 or a cockade made of red1 white1 and blue ribbons to decorate the cap4 ,a boy can find a splendid shield pattern in the back of the dictionary4 ,copy it1 and enlarge it until it is the right size to cover a boy's shirt bosom4 ,then draw it on heavy white cardboard1 and cut it out4 ,a good size for the shield will be eight by ten inches4 ,when it is cut it can be decorated with stars and stripes with colored pencils or paints as shown in the picture4 ,the stripes are drawn carefully with a ruler and filled in with color2 one red and one white4 ,the blue ground above the stripes is dotted with stars cut from gilt paper and pasted on4 ,two holes are punched in the sides of the shield1 and a bit of cord is strung in by means of which the shield may be hung around a boy's neck4 ,it will make his heart beat faster and give him a whole lot of courage every time he looks down at its brave stars and stripes4 ,now for the sword which looks like a formidable weapon in the picture1 but is really not dangerous at all4 ,every boy knows how to roll a narrow piece of paper1 and make a lamp lighter4 ,the sword that is part of this home-made soldier suit is made in just the same way4 ,cut some narrow strips of the book cover paper and join them with glue until there is a long strip4 ,roll this strip of paper tightly1 in lamp lighter fashion1 until it is fifteen inches long4 ,then press it flat between heavy weights4 ,roll a second strip of paper for a length of six inches and glue it to the broad end of the sword as a handle4 ,these swords are so delightfully easy to make that a boy will want to roll a dozen after he has made his first one1 and he can arm himself with as many paper poniards as an ,indian chief has arrows in his quiver4 ,illustration3 7,a7 ,,pattern ,,for ,,soldier',s ,,cap 7,b7 ,,the ,,finished ,,uniform3 ,,cap1 ,,shield1 ,,sword ,,and ,,epaulets ,the soldier's epaulets are just five by two inch strips of the book cover paper cut to fit a boy's shoulders and decorated with fringed red and blue tissue paper4 ,they can be pinned to the soldier's coat shoulders with safety pins and will make an ordinary play suit quite as military in appearance as any uniform4 ,when the boy soldier is dressed in this home-made uniform1 which will be even more effective than any which is for sale in a toy shop1 he will be ready for any adventure in addition to the brave prowess of everyday life4 ,perhaps he and the other boys will want to take one of mother's old blankets and two or three clothes poles for a tent1 and tramp as far as the woods for a day of real scouting4 ,every soldier has a knapsack for carrying provisions and this play soldier will need one1 too4 ,a large1 flat box makes a fine knapsack4 ,inside can be packed a bundle of sandwiches1 two or three apples1 a doughnut or two1 and a piece of pie or a big slice of pound cake4 ,when the box is packed1 tie it securely with a length of cord1 and have one end of the cord for a strap by means of which the knapsack is hung across the soldier's back4 ,roll a square of old blanket and tie to the top of the box just as a real soldier fastens his blanket to his knapsack1 and the make-believe soldier in cap1 epaulets1 and shield can draw his sword and start off in search of any adventure4 ,,jointed ,,toy ,,animals4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,them ,they will really do 8stunts10 these toys in the picture4 ,the grasshopper will hop if you stand him up on a table and give him a chance4 ,the turtle will crawl along much faster than an ordinary1 live turtle4 ,the crocodile will follow you so fast that you will surely be eaten by him unless you hurry4 ,what fun it is going to be to play with these live toys1 but first a child must make them1 and as many more as he likes4 ,clear a low table on which to work and find some heavy cardboard or thick water color paper from which to construct the animals4 ,bring also1 a pair of strong scissors1 a sheet of tracing paper1 a soft lead pencil and the box of water color paints you found in your stocking last ,christmas4 ,these are all the tools and material necessary for making a barnful of animals4 ,ask mother for some porcelain collar buttons to fasten the animals' legs to the bodies4 ,the laundry man brings so many of these useless studs every week and a crop of them will be fine for jointing the animals4 ,if one cannot find enough collar buttons1 a box of tiny brass paper fasteners will serve very well instead4 ,illustration ,every boy knows how to draw a few animals1 at least free hand4 ,if he is clever enough to be able to do this just by watching the horses out in the street1 or the tiger in the ,zoo1 or the kitten who sits in front of the nursery fire1 washing her face1 so much the better4 ,he will not need any patterns4 ,the child who finds difficulty in sketching an animal free hand will have to trace his patterns from a book1 or a toy animal4 ,often one of the nursery toy animals may be laid flat on the cardboard and its outline drawn and cut4 ,noah's ,ark animals1 if they are large1 make excellent patterns for a child to copy4 ,if one has no toys of the right size1 the tracing paper may be laid over the picture of an animal in a farm picture book1 or a book that tells about the jungle1 or a book on ,natural ,history4 ,when the outline of the animal has been neatly traced on the tracing cloth1 it should be transferred to the cardboard from which the animal is to be made4 ,when a child has obtained a clear outline in this way1 he may next proceed to make the animals alive4 ,first1 he must decide just the location of the animal's joints4 ,where are the tiger's paws fastened to his legs8 ,where are the grasshopper's knees8 ,where1 hidden underneath his shell are the turtle's funny little flat feet attached to his body8 ,then1 using the pattern which has just been made1 a new pattern of the creature's body is made1 then a pattern of a leg1 a tail1 an ear1 and these sections are all cut from the cardboard1 separately1 with scissors or the sharp jack-knife4 ,in cutting out legs and paws1 they should be made always a little longer than the original pattern to allow for the joint by which they are fastened to the body4 ,as soon as all the parts of an animal have been cut from the cardboard1 they should be laid in place and holes punched with a coarse needle or an awl at the joints4 ,if the animal is a huge one1 the collar buttons may be slipped in these holes to hold the sections together4 ,in the case of the toy creatures shown in the picture1 paper fasteners were used4 ,when these joints have been made the toys will stand or sit1 cock their ears or wag their tails1 leap or run--in fact they will do anything a boy wishes4 ,the paints come next4 ,it will be great fun to make the toy animals just the right color4 ,a tiger may be such a gorgeous yellow with bright green eyes and black stripes4 ,the grasshopper may be either green or a warm brown1 and the turtle's house which he must always carry around on his back should be painted gray4 ,these jointed animals may be persuaded to act out the children's favorite stories and will furnish a new kind of fun for rainy afternoons in the house4 ,illustration3 ,,jointed ,,cardboard ,,animals ,little ,brer ,rabbit can be easily made of white cardboard from the pictures of ,peter ,rabbit or the rabbit pictures on an ,easter card4 ,then ,brer ,rabbit and ,old ,man ,terrapin may act out on the nursery table the famous race that ,uncle ,remus has told us about4 ,a shoe box may be used for a miniature stage if it is placed on its side on a table1 some scenery is painted in at the back and a little cloth curtain hung at the front4 ,through a hole in one end the jointed animals may be put in and they will perform most acceptably for an audience of dolls4 ,two children playing together1 or two groups of children can each make a set of jointed animals and then pose them to illustrate a favorite story1 the other child or group guessing the story illustrated4 ,many other plays will suggest themselves when one has a set of animals which are really alive and which a child has made1 all himself4 ,,your ,,own ,,circus ,it is going to be a circus small enough to fit in any house4 ,in fact1 it will be possible to put it within the boundaries of an old table4 ,because you can't always have an outdoor show is just the reason that you are going to plan this fine1 diminutive one in the house4 ,it may take several days to get it ready1 but once your indoor circus is finished1 you will find it almost if not quite as interesting as a real one4 ,first1 find an old table somewhere to be used as a circus ground4 ,a pine table will serve nicely1 and if you can find some old green muslin with which to cover it1 you will discover that it looks exactly like the grass in the field where the real circus is held4 ,tack the muslin to the under side of the table top so that it will not wrinkle and interfere with the circus parade4 ,now you are ready for the rope fence which always encloses a circus ground4 ,in the four corners of the table bore1 with a gimlet1 through the canvas1 some holes that are just the right size to hold dowel sticks1 five inches long4 ,you can buy these dowel sticks of a carpenter in foot lengths at a few cents each4 ,glue the posts in the holes which you have bored in the table and also bore extra holes for two more about a foot apart in the front of the table4 ,these last little posts are for the gate to your circus ground4 ,when the glue has set and the posts are perfectly dry1 tie cord to one1 near the top1 and then stretch it to another1 knotting it1 until you have finished the rope fence that encloses the circus ground4 ,if you like you can have two or three rows of cord1 and you can print a little circus sign to pin to the gate4 ,it may read3 ,,the ,,great ,,and ,,only ,,animal ,,show ,clowns1 ,wild ,beasts1 and the ,biggest ,elephant in the ,world4 ,performances ,every ,afternoon and ,evening4 ,admission1 ,adults1 two pins1 ,children1 alone1 one pin4 ,,come ,,one4 ,,come ,,all6 ,all around the edges of the bill you can draw pictures of wild animals with your colored pencils4 ,the circus ground will look very much pleasanter if you have a few trees standing about on the edges1 and these trees will be useful1 also1 to tie some of your wild beasts to4 ,meat skewers will do nicely for the tree trunks if you fringe ever so many narrow1 doubled strips of green tissue paper1 and wind them with it1 fastening the fringes to the meat skewer with mucilage4 ,the green paper flutters in the air quite like real foliage in the breeze on circus day1 and the little trees will stand up nicely if you stick the end of each skewer inside an empty spool1 glueing it there so that it will stay in place4 ,did you think that you were never coming to the tent for your circus8 ,well1 here it is1 and the picture shows you just how to construct it4 ,you will need to enlarge the diagram several times the size which you see in the picture1 but that is easily accomplished by means of your ruler and lead pencil4 ,use some sort of tough1 firm paper for the tent4 ,water color paper will be splendid because you can get out your paint box and paint pictures of wild men and palm trees and animals on the sides4 ,if you have no water color paper1 use brown bristol board4 ,the latter makes a fine stiff tent4 ,cut out the top and sides as carefully as you can1 bend them1 and glue or paste them together4 ,then stand the tent up in the center of your circus ground4 ,illustration3 ,pattern for ,circus ,tent4 ,the animals1 next4 ,there are patterns for them1 too1 which you will see in the picture and which are so simple as to be very easily enlarged4 ,the animals can be made of the same kind of paper which you used for the tent1 and then painted1 the elephant gray1 the camel a soft brown and the deer a dull reddish color1 or you can cut them out of wood4 ,this is perhaps the better way4 ,use thin pieces of very soft1 white wood4 ,an excellent wood is holly or soft pine1 in the thin sheets which are used for jig saw work1 and for making picture puzzles4 ,draw the pattern of the animal which you wish to make first very carefully on your piece of wood4 ,give your best jack-knife two or three turns on a grindstone so that it will be nice and sharp1 and then go to work cutting the animal1 not your fingers4 ,make as many animals as you can1 and glue their feet to tiny blocks of kindling wood so that they will stand4 ,touch them up a little with paint1 too1 to make them look wilder4 ,if you want cages for your animals use empty spool boxes1 covers and all4 ,cut bars in the cover of each box with your jack-knife1 stand the animal inside and put the cover back on4 ,the box rests on cardboard wheels which are glued to the long1 narrow side of the box4 ,a clever boy will be able to invent the acts for the circus4 ,one can rig up trapezes and flying swings and tight rope appliances very easily by using strings and spools4 ,one can paint flags of all nations or cut them from colored tissue paper to float from the roof of the tent1 and this little home-made circus will be so attractive that all the other boys will want to make similar ones just as soon as they see it4 ,,bead ,,work ,,for ,,boys ,there is not a boy but has gazed at the alluring ,indian suits in the toy shop windows1 wishing that he were able to buy one4 ,it is so much easier to give a proper war whoop1 and scare a few of the fellows1 and execute a wild war dance1 or even sit by a camp fire in the woods telling stories1 if only he is dressed like a real1 live ,indian4 ,why not make one's own ,indian suit8 ,it is perfectly possible for a boy to make himself a fine ,indian shirt1 fringed1 and decorated with beads2 a pair of beaded moccasins and a bead belt in which may be thrust a scalping knife1 a bow and arrow and a few other implements of war4 ,he may hang all his scalps to the belt1 too4 ,the only materials needed for the suit will be three or four large chamois skins--or two yards of brown denim if the chamois seems too expensive for the young ,indian's pocketbook--some red and blue porcelain beads which may be bought in strings at any dry goods store for a few cents a string1 a spool of heavy cotton thread1 and a little patience4 ,with a coarse needle1 and a pair of scissors the boy will be ready for work4 ,making an ,indian suit will fill a great many rainy afternoons full of fun4 ,the bead belt is the best part of the suit to begin with because a boy can experiment with designs as he weaves the beads together1 and he will be able to form an idea of the pattern he wishes to use when he embroiders the shirt and the moccasins4 ,one will need a bead loom on which to make the belt4 ,these looms may be bought at a toy shop1 but that is not really necessary4 ,an old box will do quite as well for a loom4 ,the belt in the picture was started on the cover of an old shoe box1 and a cigar box with the cover and the bottom removed makes a fine bead loom4 ,in making a loom from a wooden box1 very small screw eyes may be put in the ends of the loom1 about one quarter of an inch apart to hold the threads4 ,in the card board cover shown in the picture1 the warp threads--those are the lengthwise threads in the weaving--are held in place by pins to which they were knotted at the ends of the loom4 ,fourteen threads are strung on the loom for a section of the belt1 as tightly as the card board will allow of their being stretched4 ,a needle is then threaded with the coarse cotton thread1 and the end is tied to the warp thread at the top of the loom at the left4 ,the needle is then brought out to the right below the warp strands1 thirteen red beads--one less bead than the number of the warp strands1 remember--are strung on the thread1 and the beads are pressed up between the warp strands so that one bead comes between every two threads4 ,the needle is then run back from right to left through the beads above the warp threads4 ,this makes one row of beads securely woven to the warp4 ,for the second row of beads1 six red beads1 one blue one and six more red ones are strung1 the blue bead forming the beginning of a simple design4 ,the third row has three blue beads in the center1 the fourth has five1 the fifth three1 and the sixth one1 completing the design4 ,a row of red beads is then woven in1 after which the unit of design was repeated4 ,many different designs will suggest themselves to the boy bead weaver4 ,a checker board pattern of squares may be used1 there may be a plain border at the edges of the belt1 or a ,greek fret may be introduced with charming effect4 ,when the section of the belt shown in the picture is finished1 it may be removed from the loom1 the ends of thread being tied securely about the last row of beads4 ,a second section is strung on the loom1 blue beads being strung first with a design of red in the center4 ,four sections1 two red and two blue1 may be sewed together to complete the gay little ,indian belt4 ,illustration3 ,indian ,shirt ,pattern4 ,now for the ,indian's shirt4 ,the pattern which is shown in the picture should be enlarged according to the scale1 one and one half inches to a foot4 ,if chamois skin is used for the shirt1 probably one large and two smaller skins will need to be joined to give enough material1 but if the shirt is made of brown denim1 the pattern may be laid on a length of the cloth1 without piecing1 and the shirt is then cut4 ,it will not be necessary to sew any seams in the shirt4 ,it is folded over at the neck opening1 and tied on the small boy with narrow strips of leather indicated in the picture4 ,one strip of leather is tied under the arms1 and the other about the hips4 ,the bead embroidery finishes the neck and sides of the shirt4 ,to do this embroidery1 a needle is threaded with coarse linen thread1 and knotted at the end4 ,starting at the right of the neck1 and close to the edge1 the needle is brought through to the outside of the shirt4 ,three beads are then strung4 ,they are held down close to the shirt and the needle is thrust through the cloth to the inside again4 ,the needle is then brought through1 close to the first stitch1 three more beads are strung1 and the embroidery is continued4 ,red and blue beads should be alternated to form a design4 ,this stitch described is the simplest one for a boy to use and it is most effective also1 being the stitch used by the ,indians when they embroidered their own shirts1 moccasins1 and leggins4 ,in starting the embroidery for the sides of the shirt1 the bead border should be started about two inches from the edge1 this margin being fringed carefully with sharp scissors after the beads are all sewed on4 ,a design of beads1 which may be varied according to the taste and skill of the boy who makes it1 may ornament the front and the back of the shirt4 ,illustration3 ,moccasin ,pattern4 ,illustration3 ,finished ,moccasin4 ,moccasins sound very difficult to make1 but here is a pattern all in one piece1 with no troublesome uppers and soles to be fitted together4 ,chamois skin should be used1 if possible1 for the moccasins1 or the light weight leather which may be bought at a craft shop for art work and can easily be sewed4 ,when the pattern of the moccasin which is shown in the picture has been enlarged according to the scale--three inches to a foot--it is laid on the leather or chamois1 and a pair of moccasins is cut out4 ,it will be found easier to embroider the toe before the moccasin is sewed4 ,the sewing which holds the moccasin in shape is done with very coarse thread in an over and over stitch4 ,narrow strips of leather may be used1 also1 for the joining1 in which case1 holes should be punched with a stiletto and awl to admit of the leather being passed through the material4 ,after this joining is completed1 the flap indicated in the picture is folded over on the dotted lines1 and it is embroidered in the same pattern used to finish the neck and sides of the shirt4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bead ,,loom ,,made ,,of ,a ,,box ,,cover ,if there is enough of the material that was used for the shirt left1 two long1 straight pieces may be cut1 embroidered on the long edges1 fringed1 and tied about the ,indian's legs for leggins4 ,a most gorgeous headdress may be made for the ,indian from crpe paper feathers4 ,the feathers are made by fringing crpe paper and pasting this fringe to short lengths of flower wire4 ,gilt paint will make the feathers even more glorious1 and when a number of them are finished1 red1 and blue1 and green1 and yellow--all the rainbow colors in fact--they may be wired to a headdress made of stiff cambric or heavy cardboard4 ,what shall we call the boy when he is dressed in his home-made chieftain's suit1 which will be more effective1 even1 than the one he saw in the toy shop8 ,hiawatha1 perhaps1 as he dons his war paint and feathers and starts in search of all sorts of interesting ,indian adventures4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,stick ,,pictures ,it is a new sort of fun that a boy can have with just plain1 everyday1 ordinary sticks4 ,you can play at being an ,indian1 too1 at the same time for the ,indians did it first and called it picture-writing4 ,suppose you were an ,indian child in paint and feathers1 and moccasins4 ,suppose that you never went to school1 and never had seen a piece of paper or a lead pencil4 ,then suppose that you wanted to write a letter to your little red cousin who lived on the other side of the forest in another tribe1 far away from yours4 ,of course1 you have ever so much to tell your little red cousin4 ,you want him to know that the big chief1 your father1 has just put up a fine new wigwam of skins for you to live in1 a more beautiful wigwam than any other in the village4 ,you want the cousins to know1 too1 that the sap has begun to run in the maple tree and soon your mother1 ,laughing ,water1 will get out the big kettle and build a fire of pine branches and boil the fresh1 sweet sap into maple sirup4 ,then there is a still more wonderful thing to tell your little red cousin4 ,in the full of the last moon1 a strange water creature was seen in the river in front of your wigwam4 ,it was white1 and large1 and it had huge white wings that the wind filled4 ,it was a pale face ship--much larger1 and very different from an ,indian's canoe4 ,now1 how are you going to tell all these exciting things to the far-away little red cousin when you have no pencil and no paper for a letter1 and there is no postman and no railway train to carry a letter to the other tribe8 ,why1 it is going to be the easiest thing in the world to do4 ,make some stick pictures that will tell all the stories that you would like to write if you only knew how4 ,in the forest there is a fine old hunting ground4 ,you know just the spot where all the tribes gather and build their great camp fires1 and cook the game1 and dance in the evening when the hunt is done4 ,before another moon your cousin's tribe will be there4 ,and you are going now1 to the hunting ground1 to make some stick pictures for that little ,indian boy to find4 ,then he will understand that you have been there and you were thinking of him4 ,jump into your canoe and paddle down the river4 ,tie the canoe fast to the bank1 then jump out and plunge into the forest4 ,you know the way to go1 for the moss grows on the north side of the trees4 ,there1 you have come to a cleared spot in the deep1 deep woods4 ,there isn't any sound save the chattering of the chipmunks4 ,they won't disturb your picture writing4 ,now you may go to work4 ,you break many of the straight1 stout twigs from the pine tree4 ,some of the twigs must be long1 and others you will break off short to fit together where there are corners in the pictures4 ,there is a smooth bed of moss under the pine tree4 ,that will be a splendid place for your picture writing4 ,first1 you will make a picture of the new wigwam4 ,just two long sticks1 crossed at the top will make the outline1 and you put two short sticks together to show the door4 ,now1 for the maple tree4 ,you will lay a long stick down on the moss to show the outline of the tree4 ,some shorter sticks1 laid close to the sides of the longer stick make the branches4 ,the pale face ship may be more difficult to make1 but you will be able to outline the picture with your sticks4 ,there are the sloping sides of the ship and there are the sails4 ,the picture letter is done4 ,when the little cousin finds it there in the woods he will know all about the new wigwam1 and the maple sirup1 and the strange ship4 ,you travel home again if you are a little ,indian boy1 and you don't mind in the least not having a pencil1 or a postman4 ,how may a little pale face child play at picture writing8 ,if it is vacation time1 you can gather sticks in the woods just as the little ,indian boy did4 ,be sure that they are long1 straight ones1 though4 ,you may sit in the grass and lay your stick pictures on the lawn1 or you may make them on the floor of the piazza4 ,if you want to make stick pictures in the house on a stormy day1 ask mother to let you use her sewing table to put them on1 or you can lay them on the kitchen floor1 or the nursery hearth rug4 ,for the indoor stick pictures1 you can use burnt matches1 or toothpicks1 or clothes pins--anything long and straight will do4 ,you can buy colored sticks at a kindergarten shop1 and those will be the best of all for stick pictures4 ,and if you have a game of jackstraws1 the straws may be used for the pictures4 ,the ,indians had no picture books1 but you have4 ,you can play a game with the stick pictures4 ,you can make pictures to illustrate one of your favorite stories1 and then ask the boy or girl who is playing with you to try and guess what the story is that fits the picture4 ,illustration3 ,,stick ,,illustration ,,of ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,three ,,bears ,a splendid story to illustrate with stick pictures is ,the ,three ,bears4 ,here is their house4 ,here is the table that held the three bowls of porridge4 ,here are their three chairs4 ,and here are their three beds4 ,a ,,toy ,,indian ,,village ,just fancy an encampment of real1 live ,indians in the house in a little ,indian village that you made all yourself6 ,it will be the best sort of fun to make the camp1 and when it is done it will be a fine1 new plaything for all winter long1 as the toy ,indians have sham fights1 and ,may dances and tell each other stories around their tiny camp fires4 ,and this is the way to make the fascinating toy4 ,a long1 shallow tin with very narrow sides is the foundation for the ,indian village4 ,the tinsmith has large sheets of bright new tin1 and he will make you one of these shallow tin trays for just a few cents4 ,the florist will give you a basket of soft1 black earth--enough to fill the tray--and you can mold and pat it into tiny hills and queer little valleys1 and long foot paths1 no wider than your little finger for the toy ,indians to trail up and down4 ,you must take a long walk now as far as the woods to find some sprays of white pine1 hemlock1 and spruce for the ,indians' trees4 ,gather some little straight twigs1 too1 for wigwam foundations1 and if the ground is still bare1 pick up some of the prettiest pebbles you can find for make-believe rocks in the ,indian encampment4 ,with your jack-knife strip from the birch tree just a very little bark to make an ,indian canoe--not much1 for it takes a birch a long1 long time to grow more bark4 ,then you may go home again1 but on the way1 buy a penny's worth of grass seed at the florist's4 ,what are you to do with all these things8 ,just listen1 and you will find out4 ,scatter the grass seed very softly over the earth in your tray and sprinkle it with the rubber bulb sprayer that mother uses for her house ferns4 ,you would not believe it perhaps1 but in a week or ten days your little ,indian camp ground will be covered with a carpet of soft1 green grass really growing in the earth4 ,after you have planted the grass seed1 stick the little evergreen trees in the earth and lay your pebbles about as if they really belonged there on the ground4 ,in one corner of the tray1 if mother is willing1 you may sink a shallow1 round cake tin filled with water to make a miniature lake1 and about the lake you can put a border of stones covered with the moss that comes in a box of ,noah's ,ark animals4 ,the tray of earth is quite transformed now into a tiny forest4 ,illustration3 ,pattern for ,toy ,wigwam4 ,under the trees the ,indian wigwams are scattered4 ,making these tepees is ever so much fun and will fill a long winter evening after your lessons are learned and you have the library table free to work on4 ,fig4 #a shows you how to cut out an ,indian wigwam1 and heavy dark brown paper or brown canvas is a strong material to use4 ,when the wigwam is cut1 it may be decorated with paints in any design you wish4 ,a border of small squares is an attractive decoration1 or some grotesque heads and bows and arrows may be painted on4 ,gold or red paper stars and crescents and suns may be cut and glued to the outside of the wigwam1 forming a very gay scheme of trimming it1 or very tiny autumn leaves may be waxed and glued on4 ,when a number of these little wigwams have been cut1 decorated1 and glued together1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 place them in your play forest1 using two or three twigs crossed for supports1 the ends extending through the hole in the top of the wigwam4 ,now you can make the ,indians4 ,english walnuts form the heads4 ,these are just the right size1 brown enough for the complexion of any ,indian1 and nicely wrinkled1 too4 ,with a sharp jack-knife smooth down a few of the walnut's wrinkles1 and carve the ,indian's features1 trying to give him high cheek bones4 ,color his cheeks with vermilion and paint his face1 too1 in as many different colors as you like4 ,a roll of stiff paper or cloth glued to the nut head makes the ,indian's body1 about which is wrapped a blanket of fringed crpe paper1 red flannel1 or any sort of gay stuff that mother will give you4 ,this walnut ,indian wears a marvelous feather headdress4 ,the feathers come from the chicken yard or the oldest feather duster--whichever source is available--and they are glued to a strip of brown paper which1 in turn is glued to the little ,indian's head4 ,there should be a whole tribe of ,indians1 as many as you can make before bedtime1 and when it comes morning run up to the play room and stand the ,indian braves at the doors of their wigwams or in the little path between the trees where they can see their real green grass coming up1 and enjoy the friendly shelter of their fine little camping ground4 ,these nut ,indians will need bows and arrows when they have sham battles4 ,tiny twigs may be bent bow shape with rubber bands for bow strings and burned out matches may be sharpened to a point for arrows4 ,toothpicks make arrows1 too4 ,a bow and a bundle of arrows may be laid at the door of each little ,indian's wigwam4 ,the canoe that floats on the tin pan lake is made of a strip of folded birch bark shaped at the ends like a real canoe and stitched with brown linen thread4 ,it will really float if it is carefully made4 ,for a camp fire1 pile up some broken twigs in a cleared spot in your ,indian encampment and put in some scraps of twisted1 red tissue paper which will look like flames4 ,one of the kettles from the dolls' kitchen may hang on a forked stick over this make-believe fire to cook the dinner for the walnut ,indian tribe4 ,this play ,indian village will last all winter1 a comfortable camping ground for the tribe1 and a delightful plaything for the clever boy who made it4 ,there may be some walnut squaws added perhaps1 and some peanut papooses wrapped in blankets cut from a scrap of old chamois and hung contentedly by thread to the sheltering trees4 ,the grass will grow so high that it may have to be mowed with the nursery scissors1 and when the trees fade1 more can be gathered and put in the places of the old ones4 ,,corn ,,toys ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,them ,corn cobs really look as if they would like to play4 ,there is a whole binful out in the barn1 and the chickens do not want them and neither does the farmer4 ,he will make a big bonfire out in the wood lot some day and burn up all the corn cobs if the children do not take possession of them first1 and help them to play by making them into toys4 ,what fine1 long1 straight little logs they are for a log cabin1 or they might be made into ,indian or toy rafts1 or a rail fence1 or almost anything else a child chooses4 ,first you can make a little rail fence that stretches across one corner of the barn floor4 ,to do this1 lay down six corn cobs in zigzag fashion on the floor with the ends not quite as far apart as the cobs are long4 ,then across every two cob ends lay another cob and finish the fence in this way1 making it very snug4 ,behind the fence lives ,apple ,johnny4 ,he owns the farm whose boundary lines the fence marks out on the floor4 ,apple ,johnny has a little hard apple for his head joined by a toothpick to a fat apple that forms his body4 ,his legs and arms are twigs and his face is cut with a jack-knife in the smaller apple4 ,apple ,johnny has a herd of wild potato horses on his farm4 ,each potato has four twig legs1 and a flowing mane1 made of a fringed corn husk pinned to the long end of the potato1 and a straw tail pinned to the other end4 ,as you put the last corn cob in the fence1 you heard the rain just pouring and pouring on the barn eaves4 ,suppose the roof of the barn should cave in and the whole inside be flooded6 ,what would poor little ,apple ,johnny do1 and how would he ever make his escape8 ,apple ,johnny must have a raft4 ,select six more corn cobs from the binful1 all of them just the same length1 and lay them down on the barn floor1 side by side4 ,in one of the corners of the barn is an old last summer's berry basket4 ,strip off two bits of the binding rim as long as the row of cobs is wide4 ,nail one to each end of the row of corn cobs1 putting a nail in each cob1 which holds the small raft firmly in place4 ,then turn the raft right side up and to one end nail a long1 straight twig for a mast1 to which you can glue a white paper sail4 ,it is a fine little raft when it is completed1 and strong enough to carry ,apple ,johnny and a potato horse or two safely through any possible flood4 ,but ,apple ,johnny has no house4 ,well1 a house is easily planned when one has a whole bin of corn cobs to draw upon for building materials4 ,gather an armful of cobs and make a corn-cob house4 ,lay two corn cobs opposite each other1 and two more across the ends1 log cabin fashion1 driving nails through to hold them together4 ,next1 put two more corn cobs over the first two and two more over the second1 until the house is twice as high as ,apple ,johnny is tall4 ,for a roof1 nail two sides of the berry basket to the log cabin1 and then with a rip saw cut out a front door high enough to let ,apple ,johnny step through4 ,there will be rather wide chinks in the house1 but you can play that these are windows through which ,apple ,johnny can watch for the corn-cob ,indians and shoot at them with a twig musket when he sees them coming4 ,you can make a whole tribe of these corn-cob ,indians1 and it will be the most fun of all1 even jollier than making a corn-cob fence1 and a raft1 and a house4 ,first1 wind corn husks around a cob to make the ,indian's clothes1 but leave one end1 the larger end of the cob1 uncovered because that is going to be the ,indian's head4 ,then on this end1 mark a face with a bit of charcoal2 eyes1 nose1 and mouth2 and paint the cheeks red with a crushed cranberry1 rubbing the juice on the corn cob4 ,the hens' nests in the barn are full of ever so many pretty feathers1 so you can collect as many of these as you wish and glue them to the corn-cob ,indian's head for his headdress4 ,last of all1 ask mother if she is willing to give you a few pieces of the left over plain cloth from sister's school dress for the corn-cob ,indian's blanket4 ,of course mother is willing4 ,almost every mother is willing to give a boy things when he is trying to amuse himself all alone4 ,she may even cut a square of gay plaid from the piece of cloth itself and turn out all the pieces from her sewing bag1 where there are other scraps just right for ,indians' blankets2 red flannel1 and gray serge like your last winter suit1 and brown merino1 and yellow silk4 ,the ,indian looks very splendid indeed in his feather headdress and a red plaid blanket4 ,all he needs then is a bow and quiver of arrows4 ,the bow you can make by bending a length of willow and tying a piece of cord across4 ,the arrows are shorter1 pointed twigs with a very small hen's feather tied to the end of each4 ,this ,indian you can name ,chief ,big ,cob4 ,illustration3 ,,corn ,,cob ,,pappoose ,illustration3 ,,corn ,,cob ,,indian ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,marble ,,bag ,nobody knows why the first of ,march brings marbles1 but it certainly does4 ,some games really belong to the season in which they come as coasting and snowfights1 but other games are played at certain times of the year for no reason except that they always have been and always will be4 ,if some one should ask a boy--any boy1 why it wouldn't be better to play football in the summer and baseball at ,thanksgiving time1 he couldn't tell you1 but his sense of the fitness of things would be outraged4 ,and so1 when the snow goes away1 and the frost comes out of the ground1 and the sap begins to run in the trees1 and a boy's toes wiggle and wiggle and long to kick out of his shoes and dig themselves into the soft mud1 it is quite the proper thing for him to hunt up all his last year's marbles1 and ask his sister--or somebody else's sister--to make him a bag to hold them1 so that he will be ready for the season's marble campaign4 ,the simplest marble bag to make is one which is made in just the same way as a tobacco pouch4 ,take an oblong piece of heavy tan canvas1 measuring twelve inches long by five inches wide4 ,tan does not show the dirt readily1 and the heavier the material is the better1 for the bag is not going to be gently handled4 ,double this piece of canvas in the center1 so that it forms a bag six inches deep by five wide4 ,sew up the two side seams with a coarse needle and very heavy linen thread1 and make the seams very strong4 ,the sewing should be about a quarter of an inch back from the edges4 ,then 8scrape0 the seams open1 which simply means to run your thumb nail along the seams right where the joining is1 so that one raw edge shall be folded toward each side4 ,next make a hem at the top by folding the material over once1 and then again4 ,this hem should be about a quarter of an inch wide1 and in sewing it down leave a space unsewed on one side where it crosses the seam1 so that the draw string can be run in4 ,turn your bag so that it will be right side out1 and the seaming all on the inside4 ,a piece of heavy1 wrapping-paper twine twelve inches long will make a fine draw string1 by running it through the hem with a bodkin and tying the two ends together4 ,illustration3 ,pattern of a ,marble ,bag4 ,another marble bag that will prove very satisfactory1 and will be so unusual that the boy who owns it can gloat over the other fellows1 is made of very heavy chamois1 or buckskin4 ,a paper pattern is made first1 like ,fig4 #a4 ,it measures two and a half inches across the top1 four and a half inches from side to side at a point three and three-quarters inches below the top1 and its height is six and a half inches4 ,after these points have been determined a boy can mark in the vase shaped outline freehand4 ,when the pattern is made and cut out1 lay it on the buckskin1 holding it carefully1 so that it will not slip1 and cut four pieces just alike4 ,then take a large darning needle or a 8rug0 needle and thread it with a strand of raffia4 ,if red1 or blue1 or green raffia are used instead of the ordinary natural color1 it will make the sewing very decorative4 ,take two of the pieces of buckskin1 and1 beginning at the bottom1 sew them together with the stitch that is used for making baseballs4 ,this is done by taking a stitch up from underneath1 then crossing over1 and taking a stitch up from the under side of the other piece1 then back to the first piece and so on1 drawing the raffia snug each time4 ,instead of making a knot at the beginning1 leave the raffia hanging loose for about an inch or more1 and when the top of the seam is reached1 fasten the raffia tight before cutting off4 ,next join the third piece to the second in the same way1 the fourth to the third1 and then the fourth to the first1 so that all four together form a bag4 ,take the four ends of raffia at the bottom and knot them snugly together1 two by two4 ,they may be trimmed off short1 or left hanging loose to form a tassel for decoration4 ,now take a narrow piece of soft wood and slip it inside the mouth of the bag1 so that you can cut slits for the draw string4 ,they are cut with a sharp penknife and should come just at the narrowest part1 or neck of the bag4 ,if the upper ends of the cuts are three-quarters of an inch from the top of the bag1 and the cuts themselves a half inch long1 they will be about right4 ,there are four cuts in each section making sixteen cuts in all4 ,next take three pieces of raffia twenty-four inches long4 ,knot the three together at one end1 and then braid them tightly into a cord4 ,when the other end is reached knot it as you did the first4 ,string this cord through the slits in the neck of the bag just as though you were weaving--under one1 over one1 under one1 over one--and then when it is all strung1 tie the two ends together in a square knot4 ,it makes an exceedingly unique bag1 and will hold all the marbles a boy can win1 and besides winning marbles he will win the envy of every other boy who sees his fine1 new marble bag4 ,illustration3 ,,whittled ,,school ,,box ,illustration3 ,,chamois ,,marble ,,bag ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,your ,,own ,,school ,,box ,every boy needs a pencil box4 ,plain little oblong boxes most of them1 with a flat hinged cover1 and a little lock that you keep carefully fastened with the key4 ,that is1 a boy locks his pencil box when he is able to find the key1 but whether it was in his pocket1 or fastened to his watch chain1 the school-box key always does manage to get away1 somewhere--to make its escape4 ,one day1 however1 the boy sees displayed in the window of a stationery shop1 a new sort of pencil box1 a most fascinating kind4 ,the cover of the box is made of narrow strips of wood fastened side by side like the strips in the top of a roll-top desk1 and when the shopman opens the pencil box to show the boy the inside1 the cover just slides right back out of sight1 while the boy looks on in open-eyed astonishment4 ,the shopman's supply of these magic boxes is limited1 though1 and there is a wild scramble for their possession among the boys who can produce ten cents--for that is the exorbitant price charged by the shopman4 ,the boy wants one of those magic boxes4 ,his fingers just tingle and burn to hold one and try to make the cover slide in its charming way1 but he has only five cents1 he can't buy one4 ,the boy will be able to make his own pencil box1 though1 and this is the way he must go about it in order to construct one of those fascinating1 roll-top ones1 just like the one in the shop window4 ,in the first place1 a boy must know how to whittle4 ,all that he needs in the way of material is a jack-knife1 some pieces of wood three-sixteenths of an inch thick1 some more pieces an eighth thick1 a strip of white cloth1 and some little three-eighth inch nails4 ,the first piece to make 7,fig4 #a7 is the side of the box4 ,it is just a plain oblong of the three-sixteenth inch wood1 measuring nine inches long by two and a quarter inches wide4 ,all the pieces are made three-sixteenths thick except the strips for the cover4 ,two of these sides are necessary of course4 ,next come two strips nine inches long and a quarter of an inch wide which are fastened1 notched side up on the inside of each side1 8flush0--even--that is1 with the top1 with four little nails driven from the outside4 ,the piece which is cut from the end of each of these1 as shown in the drawing1 is to make a joint which is later to be fitted with ,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,school ,box4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,school ,box4 ,fig4 #c is eight and nine-sixteenths inches long and one and seven-sixteenths wide and one end is rounded into a half circle4 ,figs4 #c and #d are nailed in position on the inside of the side pieces1 and together they form the track around which the cover runs4 ,two of each are required4 ,fig4 #e is the bottom piece1 and is simply an oblong nine inches long by two and a half wide4 ,it is placed in position with the side pieces upright on either side of it and nailed from the outside4 ,it is best to make the cover next1 so that you can test it and see that it works smoothly before any more of the box is put together4 ,it is made of little strips 7,fig4 #f7 three-eighths of an inch wide and two and a half inches long1 8sliding fit10 which means that they are to be a little less than two and a half1 so that they will slide in a space two and a half inches wide4 ,a sharp rub on the ends with sandpaper will make this slight difference4 ,there are twenty-two of these strips1 and they are glued side by side on a strip of white muslin cloth4 ,if you use a piece with a selvage on one side1 you will be more sure of making the cover perfectly straight4 ,fig4 #g is the handle and is to be nailed flat to the second strip--the one next to the end strip4 ,fig4 #h and ,fig4 #i are a false bottom and false end1 which form the receptacle for the pencils1 and hide the mechanism of the cover4 ,they are nailed in position as shown in ,fig4 #ab4 ,the nails to fasten these in place must be a little longer than the others1 because they have to be nailed from the outside and must go through two thicknesses of wood and project into a third4 ,the next piece to make is ,fig4 #aj--;an oblong measuring one and a half inches by two and a half1 and cut to make a joint with ,fig4 #b4 ,this is placed across the top and nailed down1 covering the rounding end of the 8track40 ,now the cover may be slipped into position and the end pieces 7,fig4 #aa71 oblongs two and a quarter inches by two and seven-eighths1 nailed on1 and the box is done4 ,it is a convenient size1 the receptacle for pencils is ample1 and to one who does not know1 the disappearance of that cover when it opens is a mystery that borders on black art4 ,a ,,home-,,made ,,christmas ,,tree ,,stand ,nobody will deny that a ,christmas tree has plenty of backbone1 but somehow it doesn't seem to have intelligence enough to use it4 ,or else it resents the taking away of its roots and the substitution of a shop-made standard that it considers inadequate4 ,as a matter of fact the standards that you can buy in the shops are inadequate for a tree of any size4 ,and so1 if the boy of the family is handy with tools1 it is up to him to make one4 ,a very good standard for a ,christmas tree--strong1 durable1 and ornamental as well--may be made from a strip of one-by-two-inch 8dressed0 lumber #ab ft4 long 7which costs about a cent and a half a foot71 and some pieces of an old dry goods box4 ,first1 saw off from your one-by-two-inch strip four pieces twelve inches long and four pieces eleven inches4 ,these are to make ,figs4 #a1 #b1 and #d4 ,make four pieces like ,fig4 #a and two pieces like ,fig4 #b2 the notch at the end is cut with a saw across the grain1 and then split out with a chisel4 ,when these are done1 join two of the twelve-inch pieces and two of the eleven inch to form a square frame4 ,the joint is shown in ,fig4 #c1 and it should be glued or nailed1 or both1 which is safer4 ,next make the other two eleven-inch pieces like ,fig4 #d4 ,these are just like ,fig4 #b except that a groove four inches wide and one inch deep is cut in the middle of each4 ,then they are joined with the other twelve-inch pieces to form a frame similar to the first4 ,the first frame is to go at the bottom of the standard1 and the second frame1 placed with the grooves up1 is for the top4 ,now cut from the remainder of the strip two more pieces twelve inches long4 ,with a compass set at an inch-and-a-half radius1 and the center in the exact middle of one edge1 draw a half circle on each1 and chip it out with a chisel like ,fig4 #e4 ,the use of these will be described later4 ,the remainder of the strip will make four pieces eighteen inches long1 with a bit left over4 ,these are to stand on their two-inch faces1 and the upper edges of each end should be rounded off with a 8block0 plane4 ,then two grooves are cut in each piece1 two of the pieces having the grooves on the upper side and two on the under side1 like ,figs4 #f and #g4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,christmas ,tree ,stand4 ,illustration3 ,diagrams of a ,christmas ,tree ,stand4 ,now cut from your packing box sixteen strips or pickets one and three-quarters inches wide and fourteen inches long1 like ,fig4 #h4 ,these may be 8ripped out0 with a saw and smoothed up with a plane and sandpaper4 ,illustration3 ,christmas ,tree ,stand4 ,to 8assemble0 the standard join first the two ,fig4 #f strips and two ,fig4 #g4 ,this leaves a hole two inches square in the center and two strips projecting from each of the four sides4 ,place the first square frame that you made on this1 so that its sides will be equally distant from the center1 and nail in position4 ,next nail the pickets in position so that the lower end of the pickets will be 8flush0 with the lower side of the frame4 ,next1 hold the upper frame1 with the grooves up1 in position1 eight inches above the lower frame and nail the pickets to that4 ,fig4 #i shows the complete assembly4 ,now give the frame1 and the two pieces like ,fig4 #e a coat of dark green paint1 and the standard is ready for use4 ,slip the tree into the square hole in the base4 ,if the trunk is a bit too large1 whittle it to fit4 ,then place the two pieces like ,fig4 #e around the trunk at the top of the frame for a clamp1 and slip them into the grooves in the upper frame1 and you will find your tree quite ready to stand up and behave4 ,,how ,,to ,,wrap ,,christmas ,,parcels ,how many boys and big folks1 too1 have at some time received a ,christmas gift which was broken1 or crushed1 or spoiled in some way through the careless packing of the sender4 ,even at ordinary times the mail service and ,express ,companies are hard enough upon packages given to their care4 ,the term 8baggage-smasher0 ought not to be restricted to the employees of the railways alone1 and when at ,christmas time the mails and express lines are congested with packages of all descriptions1 and the men are tired and overworked trying to deliver gifts that have been sent at the last minute--then it is doubly needful to insure the safety of your ,christmas presents by careful packing4 ,of course the wrapping of a gift cannot change its value1 but you should bear in mind that your gift will seem doubly attractive to the one who receives it1 if inside of the serviceable outside wrapping1 there is another dainty one1 and the expense is so trifling that it need hardly be considered4 ,a dozen sheets of tissue paper cost only a dime4 ,pure white or warm 8,christmassy0 red are the most desirable kinds4 ,another dime will purchase a box of ,christmas seals--small ones with pictures of holly and mistletoe1 or large ones with ,santa ,claus heads or ,christmas bells on them4 ,if you prefer tying1 to sealing1 the ten cents will buy a dozen yards of 8tying0 ribbon1 which is crimson 8baby0 ribbon in a cheaper grade than is ordinarily sold4 ,gilt cord is also very attractive for tying up gifts1 and a tiny spray of holly tucked under the cord or ribbon gives a final dainty ,christmas touch4 ,perhaps1 though1 you live so far away from a town that you are not able to buy these ,christmas seals1 and the tying ribbon4 ,almost1 if not quite as pretty to fasten the inside tissue paper wrapping of a gift will be some very tiny1 red maple leaves gathered in the fall with the thought of ,christmas in mind1 and pressed with a hot flat iron on which some beeswax has been rubbed4 ,this preserves the bright color of the leaves and keeps them stiff until you need to use them4 ,after carefully folding in the ends of the tissue paper about the gift1 the paper is fastened down by gluing on a few of these gay1 pressed leaves1 and in the folds of the paper a wee spray of pine or a little wreath made of ground pine1 or a bunch of partridge berries may be tucked4 ,another way of making a gift look like the country is to tie it with strands of sweet grass4 ,when the gifts are wrapped1 and you are ready to pack them for shipment1 there are a few general rules that must be remembered4 ,first3 ,that the gifts must be packed as snugly as it is possible to do without harming them4 ,second3 ,that nothing--not even excelsior--is quite as effective in stopping the transmission of bumps and jars as crumpled up newspapers4 ,third3 ,that the name and address of the person to whom the gift is sent and also the address of the sender must be legibly written in your best school hand on the outer covering where they are not liable to be torn off4 ,you must remember that1 while the names and addresses are perfectly familiar to you1 they are totally unknown to the men through whose hands the parcels go1 and in handling thousands of packages1 illegible writing means much delay4 ,the rule of packing things tightly refers to everything--even things which would seem most crushable1 for there is far more harm done by packing these loosely so that they slip around with every turn of the package1 than by crushing them flat in one position4 ,take a delicate waist1 for instance4 ,if packed loosely1 it will come out of its box rumpled and wrinkled in every direction1 but if it is folded flat1 the sleeves stuffed with crumpled tissue paper1 and the spaces around it in the box filled with the same1 it will reach its destination quite as fresh as when it started4 ,it is better to box all gifts if possible4 ,very pretty ,christmas boxes of all sizes and shapes may be bought in the shops1 or1 in place of these1 you can use empty candy boxes which most people stow away for just such purposes4 ,do not select a box that is too small and leaves too little space for filling in with crushed paper1 and try and think1 too1 of the weight of the gift in selecting your box4 ,if you are packing odd pieces of china1 wrap each piece separately1 and see that they are well segregated with the crushed paper4 ,if you are packing a number of pieces of uniform size and shape--such as saucers1 plates1 etc4--place them in a pile with every second one well wrapped4 ,then wrap the whole pile and pack edgewise4 ,china should be packed in a wooden box1 with an addressed baggage tag nailed on1 or the address put on the wood itself with ,india ink4 ,flat things1 calendars1 cards1 photographs1 and handkerchiefs1 gloves1 neckties1 ribbons1 etc4 if unboxed1 must be protected by pasteboard4 ,for this1 the corrugated pasteboard that is used by department stores is much more effective than the ordinary flat sort4 ,it is much less easily bent1 and is lighter in weight1 which is of course a great advantage1 because it makes the cost of mailing less4 ,this corrugated pasteboard is also very good for wrapping things which are light in weight1 but bulky and of awkward shape1 for it may be rolled to accommodate almost any object4 ,doilies1 centerpieces1 and other flat embroideries must necessarily be kept uncreased in shipping1 but are too large to be sent flat4 ,lay them first on a sheet of heavy wrapping paper1 cut square and slightly larger than the embroidered piece4 ,then lay over the embroidery a sheet of tissue paper1 and carefully roll the whole thing4 ,then form a tubular covering of the corrugated pasteboard1 and wrap with hardware paper outside4 ,in tying up a tube1 the cord should go twice around the tube--once near each end--and the cord which goes lengthwise should go through the opening of the tube so that the contents will not slip out4 ,in tying packages for mailing1 use good strong cord1 and remember that a package must bear no kind of a seal and contain no kind of writing beyond a simple ,christmas greeting if it is to go as 8merchandise40 ,even one of the little paper seals stuck over the string will render the package 8first class0 and subject to letter postage4 ,just one more thing to be remembered at ,christmas time4 ,courtesy is only another name for kindness1 and it would be discourteous to send a gift which was not fully prepaid2 or to send a gift 8across the line10 which is dutiable to any great extent4 ,and in courtesy to the men and women who have to handle your gifts on their journeys1 send your ,christmas presents long enough ahead of time so that these men and women may not be too tired when ,christmas comes to feel themselves its blessed peace and cheer4 ,,your ,,own ,,wireless ,,receiving ,,station ,most boys are interested in wireless telegraphy1 and it is possible for any one of them to make a simple apparatus by which they can 8cut in0 and receive any wireless message that happens to be passing through their particular zone4 ,the receiving set will require a number of different parts1 but they are easily made--when one knows how4 ,for actual hearing you will need a telephone receiver of some sort4 ,one may be bought for about seventy-five cents at an electrical supply house1 or an old one1 provided it is in good condition1 may be used4 ,next comes a 8detector40 ,this consists of a wooden base about six inches long by four wide and an inch thick1 on which is mounted a piece of silicon about the size of an egg4 ,an insulated wire passed once around the silicon and then through two holes in the base will hold the silicon in position in the center of the block4 ,put a brass screw an inch long at each end of the block and 8connect up0 the silicon in the following way3 ,first take a piece of ,no4 #bb single-covered copper wire1 scrape off a few inches of the covering1 and wind this bare copper wire several times around a small round stick to form a spring4 ,the bare end of the spring must be filed to a point and rest against one end of the silicon1 while the other end of the wire is wound around one of the brass screws4 ,next1 take a piece of ordinary insulated telephone wire1 bare one end far enough to wind firmly around the free end of the piece of silicon1 and then wind the other end of this wire around the second brass screw4 ,this makes a metallic circuit through the silicon which will 8make0 or 8break0 with the touching or removing of the spring4 ,illustration3 ,detector4 ,illustration3 ,tuning ,coil4 ,next you need a 8tuning coil40 ,this has a wooden base twelve inches by six and an inch thick4 ,to make the coil itself a stick twelve inches long and one and a half inches in diameter--a piece of an old curtain pole will do--and wind carefully on it a half pound of the ,no4 #bb single-covered copper wire4 ,the end of this wire is fastened to the stick with a small tack1 and it should be wound very evenly and closely4 ,the last end is left free for a connection4 ,after it is wound give the wire three coats of shellac1 making sure that each coat is dry before another one is put on4 ,when it is thoroughly dry mark two straight lines from end to end1 a quarter of an inch apart4 ,with a sharp knife scrape off the insulation so that the wires are bare on the outside1 but be careful not to disturb the insulation between the wires4 ,to mount the coil1 nail at each end a wooden strip three inches wide1 three and a half high and one inch thick4 ,this has also to be nailed to the base1 and it should be placed so that the coil will clear the base by a half inch4 ,the strip of bare wire on the coil should be uppermost4 ,now get a brass rod one quarter of an inch square and thirteen inches long2 a thin brass strip one quarter inch wide and two inches long2 another strip one inch wide and one and one-quarter inches long2 and two round headed brass screws4 ,bend the wider brass strip around the brass rod to form a slider4 ,bend the narrow brass strip in the center to form a ,v spring4 ,solder one end of this to the slider so that it is in the position shown in the drawing4 ,slip the slider on the brass rod1 place the rod in position directly over the pathway of bared wire on the coil so that the lower end of the ,v spring will press on this pathway1 and fasten the rod securely with the brass screws to the wooden end pieces4 ,illustration3 ,aerial4 ,illustration3 ,switch4 ,for the 8arial0 get three or four hundred feet of wire--,no4 #af galvanized wire will do1 though aluminum or copper wire is better--some insulator knobs1 and two cross spreaders three feet long4 ,the parallel wires in the arial should be at least two feet apart1 and the arial should be placed as high as possible so that surrounding buildings1 etc41 will not interfere with the wireless wave4 ,the bare wires1 wherever they are fastened to poles or trees must1 of course1 be wound around insulators4 ,for a ground connection1 fasten an ordinary insulated wire to a water pipe or to a piece of iron pipe sunk five feet in damp ground4 ,a safety switch may be made1 like the drawing1 from a piece of wood six inches square and an inch thick1 a piece of stiff brass three inches long and a half inch wide1 and three round-headed brass screws4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of ,circuit4 ,this completes the separate parts of the receiving apparatus4 ,to connect it up for use1 follow the circuit diagram4 ,one wire from the arial leads through the safety switch to the tuning coil4 ,from the tuning coil carry an insulated wire to the detector1 and from the detector to the ground4 ,the receiver has two wires leading from it--one to a point between the detector and the tuning coil1 and the other to a similar point between the detector and the ground4 ,when not in use the arial should be connected directly with the ground by means of the safety switch4 ,where two wires are connected they must of course have the insulation scraped off so that bare wire rests against bare wire4 ,when you have learned to translate your messages you will be able to do quite a bit of wireless eavesdropping1 and your receiver will click with countless messages4 ,,the ,,end ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,italicized text is surrounded by underscores3 italics4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized4 ,archaic or alternate spelling that may have been in use at the time of publication has been retained4