,,industrial ,,poisoning ,,from ,,fumes1 ,,gases ,,and ,,poisons ,,of ,,manufacturing ,,processes ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author ,,lead ,,poisoning ,,and ,,lead ,,absorption3 ,,the ,,symptoms1 ,,pathology ,,and ,,prevention1 ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,their ,,industrial ,,origin ,,and ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,processes ,,involving ,,risk4 ,by ,,thomas ,m4 ,,legge ,m4,d4 7,oxon471 ,d4,p4,h4 7,cantab471 ,h4,m4 ,medical ,inspector of ,factories2 ,lecturer on ,factory ,hygiene1 ,university of ,manchester2 and ,,kenneth ,w4 ,,goadby1 ,d4,p4,h4 7,cantab471 ,pathologist and ,lecturer on ,bacteriology1 ,national ,dental ,hospital4 ,illustrated4 viii#cjh pp4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,london3 ,,edward ,,arnold4 ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,,from ,,fumes1 ,,gases ,,and ,,poisons ,,of ,,manufacturing ,,processes ,,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,rambousek ,,professor ,,of ,,factory ,,hygiene1 ,,and ,,chief ,,state ,,health ,,officer1 ,,prague ,,translated ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,,thomas ,m4 ,,legge1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,h4,m4 ,,medical ,,inspector ,,of ,,factories ,,joint ,,author ,,of #8,,lead ,,poisoning ,,and ,,lead ,,absorption' ,,with ,,illustrations ,,london ,,edward ,,arnold #aiac ,,translator',s ,,preface ,i undertook the translation of ,dr4 ,rambousek's book because it seemed to me to treat the subject of industrial poisons in as novel1 comprehensive1 and systematic a manner as was possible within the compass of a single volume4 ,having learnt much myself from ,continental writings on industrial diseases and factory hygiene1 ,i was anxious to let others also see how wide a field they had covered and how thorough were the regulations for dangerous trades abroad1 especially in ,germany4 ,a praiseworthy feature of ,dr4 ,rambousek's book was the wealth of references to the work of foreign writers which is made on almost every page4 ,to have left these names and references1 however1 in the text as he has done would have made the translation tedious reading1 and therefore for the sake of those who desire to pursue inquiry further ,i have adopted the course of collecting the great majority and placing them all together in an appendix at the end of the volume4 ,dr4 ,rambousek as a medical man1 a chemist1 and a government official having control of industrial matters1 is equipped with the very special knowledge required to describe the manufacturing processes giving rise to injurious effects1 the pathology of the lesions set up1 and the preventive measures necessary to combat them4 ,in his references to work done in this country he has relied largely on abstracts which have appeared in medical and technical journals published on the ,continent4 ,i have only thought it necessary to amplify his statements when important work carried out here on industrial poisoning1--such as that on nickel carbonyl and on ferro-silicon--had been insufficiently noted4 ,such additions are introduced in square brackets or in footnotes4 ,in his preface ,dr4 ,rambousek says #8the book is intended for all who are1 or are obliged to be1 or ought to be1 interested in industrial poisoning4' ,no words could better describe the scope of the book4 ,the work of translation would never have been begun but for the assistance given me in ,parts ,,ii and ,,iii by my sister1 ,miss ,h4 ,edith ,legge4 ,to her1 and to ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,brothers1 ,f4,i4,c41 who has been to the trouble of reading the proofs and correcting many mistakes which my technical knowledge was insufficient to enable me to detect1 my best thanks are due4 ,i am indebted to ,messrs4 ,davidson ,co41 ,belfast1 for permission to use figs4 #df and #dh2 to ,messrs4 ,locke1 ,lancaster ,co41 ,millwall1 for fig4 #bg2 to ,mr4 ,r4 ,jacobson1 for figs4 #cj1 #cc1 #cg1 #ch1 and #dc2 to ,messrs4 ,siebe1 ,gorman ,co41 for figs4 #cb1 #ci1 and #dj2 to ,messrs4 ,blackman ,co4 for fig4 #dg2 to ,messrs4 ,matthews ,yates for fig4 #ed2 to ,h4,m4 ,controller of the ,stationery ,office for permission to reproduce figs4 #eb1 #ec1 and #ed1 and the diagrams on p4 #bhd2 and lastly to my publisher1 for figs4 #da1 #db1 #dc1 and #di1 which are taken from the book by ,dr4 ,k4 ,w4 ,goadby and myself on #8,lead ,poisoning and ,lead ,absorption4' ,t4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,hampstead1 ,may #aiac4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction xiii ,part ,i4--,description of the industries and processes attended with risk of poisoning3 incidence of such poisoning ,,chemical ,,industry #a ,sulphuric acid industry 7sulphur dioxide73 use of sulphuric acid #d ,its effects on health #i ,hydrochloric acid1 saltcake and soda industry #ad ,their effects on health #bj ,use of sulphate and sulphide of soda #bb ,ultramarine #bb ,sulphonal #bb ,diethyl sulphate #bc ,chlorine1 chloride of lime and chlorates #bc ,their effect on health #bf ,other chlorine compounds and their use as well as bromine1 iodine and fluorine #bi ,chlorides of phosphorus #cj ,chlorides of sulphur #ca ,zinc chloride #cb ,rock salt #cb ,organic chlorine compounds #cb ,carbon oxychloride 7phosgene7 #cb ,carbon chlorine compounds 7aliphatic7 #cc ,methyl chloride #cc ,methylene chloride #cd ,carbon tetrachloride #cd ,ethyl chloride #cd ,monochloracetic acid #cd ,chloral #cd ,chloroform #cd ,chloride of nitrogen #ce ,cyanogen chloride #ce ,chlorobenzene #ce ,benzo trichloride1 benzyl chloride #ce ,nitro- and dinitro-chlorobenzene #ce ,iodine and iodine compounds #cf ,bromine and bromine compounds #cf ,methyl iodide and methyl bromide #cf ,fluorine compounds #cg ,hydrofluoric and silicofluoric acids #ch ,manufacture and uses of nitric acid #ci ,its effect on health #dj ,nitric and nitrous salts and compounds #dd ,barium nitrate #dd ,ammonium nitrate #dd ,lead nitrate #dd ,mercurous and mercuric nitrate #dd ,silver nitrate #de ,sodium nitrite #de ,amyl nitrite #de ,manufacture of explosives and their effects #de ,fulminate of mercury #df ,nitro-glycerin #df ,dynamite #dg ,gun cotton #dh ,collodion cotton1 smokeless powder #dh ,manufacture of phosphorus and lucifer matches and their effects #di ,other uses of phosphorus and compounds of phosphorus #eb ,phosphor-bronze #eb ,sulphide of phosphorus #eb ,phosphoretted hydrogen #eb ,superphosphate and artificial manure #ec ,basic slag #ed ,chromium compounds and their uses #ee ,sodium and potassium bichromate #ee ,lead chromate and chrome colours #ee ,their effect on health #ef ,manganese compounds and their effects #eh ,mineral oil industry and the use of petroleum and benzine #ei ,chemical cleaning #fa ,their effect on health #fa ,recovery and use of sulphur #fd ,its effect on health #fe ,sulphuretted hydrogen and its effect #fe ,preparation and use of carbon bisulphide in vulcanising1 c4 #fh ,its effect on health #fi ,preparation of illuminating gas #ga ,its effect on health #gd ,coke ovens and risk from them #gg ,other kinds of power and illuminating gas #hj ,producer gas #hj ,blast furnace gas #hb ,water gas #hb ,dowson and ,mond gas #hb ,suction gas #hc ,acetylene 7calcium carbide7 #he ,their effect on health #hg ,ammonia and ammonium compounds #ij ,use of ammonia and its effects #ib ,cyanogen compounds #ic ,use of cyanide1 and their effects #ie ,coal tar and tar products #if ,their effects on health #aja ,artificial organic dye stuffs 7coal tar colours7 #ajg ,their effects on health #aab ,,recovery ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,metals #abj ,lead poisoning in general #abj ,lead1 silver and zinc smelting #abb ,spelter works #abe ,lead poisoning in lead smelting and spelter works #abf ,white lead and other use of lead colours #aca ,lead poisoning in the manufacture and use of white lead and lead paints #acb ,manufacture of electric accumulators #acd ,the ceramic industry #ace ,coarse ware pottery #acf ,manufacture of stove tiles #acg ,stoneware and porcelain #ach ,lead poisoning in letterpress printing #ach ,lead poisoning in filecutting1 polishing precious stones1 musical instrument making1 c4 #adj ,mercury 7poisoning in its recovery and use7 #ada ,mercurial poisoning in water-gilding1 coating mirrors1 in felt hat making1 c4 #adb ,arsenic 7poisoning in its recovery and in use of arsenic and arsenic compounds7 #adc ,recovery of arsenic and white arsenic #adc ,poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen gas #ade ,antimony #adf ,extraction of iron #adf ,ferro-silicon #adi ,zinc #aea ,copper1 brass 7brassfounders' ague7 #aea ,metal pickling #aeb ,,other ,,industries #aec ,treatment of stone and earths2 lime burning1 glass #aec ,treatment of animal products #aed ,preparation of vegetable foodstuffs #aed ,poisonous woods #aed ,textile industry #aef ,part ,,ii4--,pathology and treatment of industrial poisoning ,,industrial ,,poisons ,,in ,,general #aeg ,channels of absorption1 classification1 susceptibility1 immunity #aeh ,fate of poisons in the body--absorption1 cumulative action1 excretion #afb ,general remarks on treatment #afc ,,industrial ,,poisons ,,in ,,particular #afi ,group3 mineral acids1 halogens1 inorganic halogen compounds1 alkalis #afi ,hydrochloric acid #agj ,hydrofluoric and silico-fluoric acids #aga ,sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid #aga ,nitrous fumes1 nitric acid #agb ,chlorine1 bromine1 iodine #agc ,chlorides of phosphorus1 sulphur and zinc #agd ,ammonia #age ,alkalis #agf ,group3 ,metals and metal-compounds #agf ,lead and its compounds #agg ,zinc and its alloys #ahb ,mercury and its compounds #ahc ,manganese and its compounds #ahd ,chromium and its compounds #ahe ,nickel salts 7nickel carbonyl7 #ahf ,copper #ahh ,silver and its compounds #ahh ,group3 ,arsenic1 ,phosphorus #ahi ,arsenic and its oxides #ahi ,phosphorus #aij ,phosphoretted hydrogen #aia ,group3 ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 carbon bisulphide1 and cyanogen 7nerve poisons7 #aib ,sulphuretted hydrogen #aib ,carbon bisulphide #aic ,cyanogen compounds #aie ,group3 ,arseniuretted hydrogen and carbonic oxide 7blood poisons7 #aig ,group3 ,hydrocarbons of the aliphatic and aromatic series and their halogen and hydroxyl substitution products #bjb ,sub-group3 ,hydrocarbons of mineral oils and their distillation products 7benzine1 paraffin1 c47 #bjb ,sub-group3 ,hydrocarbons of the aromatic series #bjd ,benzene and its homologues #bjd ,naphthalene #bjh ,sub-group3 ,halogen substitution products of the aliphatic series 7narcotic poisons7 #bjh ,sub-group3 ,halogen substitution products of the benzene series #bji ,sub-group3 ,hydroxyl substitution products of the fatty series #baj ,group3 ,nitro- and amido-derivatives of the aliphatic and aromatic series #baa ,sub-group3 ,nitro-derivatives of the aliphatic series #bab ,sub-group3 ,nitro- and amido-derivatives of the aromatic series #bab ,turpentine1 pyridene1 alkaloids1 nicotine1 poisonous woods #bae ,part ,,iii4--,preventive measures against industrial poisoning ,,general ,,preventive ,,measures #bag ,international action1 notification of poisoning1 schedules of poisons #bah ,special preventive measures for workers--selection1 periodical medical examination1 co-operation of workers1 c4 #bbf ,rescue appliances #bcj ,washing accommodation and baths #bcg ,removal of dust and fumes by exhaust ventilation #bdb ,,preventive ,,measures ,,in ,,particular ,,industries #bef ,sulphuric acid industry #bef ,hydrochloric acid and soda industries #beg ,chlorine1 bleaching powder1 chlorine compounds #bei ,manufacture of nitric acid and explosives #bfj ,artificial manures1 basic slag #bfa ,chromium and its compounds #bfe ,petroleum1 benzine #bfg ,phosphorus1 lucifer matches #bfh ,bisulphide of carbon #bga ,illuminating gas1 tar production #bge ,gas power plant #bgf ,acetylene gas installations #bgh ,ammonia #bgi ,cyanogen1 cyanogen compounds #bhj ,coal tar1 tar products #bhj ,organic dye-stuffs1 coal tar colours #bhe ,recovery and use of metals #bhh ,iron #bhi ,lead #bib ,lead smelting #bii ,electric accumulators #cje ,white lead and lead colours #caj ,letterpress printing #caf ,ceramic industry #cai ,file cutting #cba ,other uses of lead #cbb ,zinc smelting #cbc ,brass casting1 metal pickling #cbe ,recovery and use of mercury #cbf ,arsenic and its compounds #cbh ,gold and silver #cbi ,,preventive ,,measures ,,in ,,other ,,trades #cbi ,manufacture and use of varnishes #ccj ,production of vegetable foods #ccb ,wood working #cce ,paper manufacture #ccf ,textile industries #ccf ,,appendix #cci ,,index #cee ,,introduction ,the attempt to systematise from the scientific standpoint the mass of material that has been collected about poisons is a very heavy task1 even for the toxicologist who desires to treat his subject comprehensively4 ,how much greater is the difficulty of writing a systematic book on industrial poisoning keeping practical application in the forefront6 ,technical considerations which are decisive in the causation and prevention of industrial poisoning are here of especial moment1 and must naturally influence classification of the subject-matter when the object is to assist those concerned in factory hygiene4 ,bearing this in mind1 ,i have divided the subject into three parts4 ,the arrangement of the first1 which gives as complete a statement as possible of the occurrence of industrial poisoning1 into industries and processes was determined on technical grounds4 ,the second1 which amplifies the first1 attempts to summarise the pathology or symptoms of the various forms of poisoning4 ,the references to the literature of the particular subjects--as exhaustive as ,i could make them--will lighten further study4 ,to these two parts1 following on knowledge of causation and symptoms1 the third1 in which preventive measures are outlined1 is linked4 ,the apparent drawback in use of the book is that one form of poisoning has often to be referred to in three places4 ,but1 ,i hope1 this is more than counterbalanced by the completeness of the scheme which results from the subdivision of the subject4 ,the pathology of industrial poisoning necessitates frequent repetition when describing the branches of industry giving rise to the intoxication1 as one and the same form can occur in the most varied processes4 ,the numerous instances of actual cases of poisoning quoted must therefore be regarded as conforming to the same pathological type4 ,similarly1 preventive measures require separate systematic treatment in order to avoid constant repetition which would otherwise obscure the general survey4 ,quite a number of means of prevention apply equally to several industries in which the same cause is at work4 ,the success attained by thus simplifying the issues is the greater because such common measures are the easier to carry through and to supervise4 ,the method therefore has been adopted only after serious reflection and has been directed mainly by practical considerations4 ,recent cases which have either been reported or come to the knowledge of the author have been given1 with particulars as exact as possible4 ,cases dating back some time have been omitted intentionally so as to exclude everything which did not correspond with the present conditions of industry and trade4 ,historical facts only receive consideration in so far as they are fundamentally important and necessary for the sake of completeness4 ,the details given in ,part ,i of actual instances will supply material for fresh efforts1 renewed investigation1 and new points of attack4 ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,,part ,i ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,industries ,,and ,,processes ,,attended ,,with ,,risk ,,of ,,poisoning2 ,,incidence ,,of ,,such ,,poisoning ,i4 ,,the ,,chemical ,,industry ,,general ,,considerations ,,as ,,to ,,incidence ,,of ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,the chemical industry offers naturally a wide field for the occurrence of industrial poisoning4 ,daily contact with the actual poisonous substances to be prepared1 used1 stored1 and despatched in large quantity gives opportunity for either acute or chronic poisoning--in the former case from sudden accidental entrance into the system of fairly large doses1 as the result of defective or careless manipulation1 and1 in the latter1 constant gradual absorption 7often unsuspected7 of the poison in small amount4 ,the industry1 however1 can take credit for the way in which incidence of industrial poisoning has been kept down in view of the magnitude and variety of the risks which often threaten4 ,this is attributable to the comprehensive hygienic measures enforced in large chemical works keeping abreast of modern advance in technical knowledge4 ,a section of this book deals with the principles underlying these measures4 ,nevertheless1 despite all regulations1 risk of poisoning cannot be wholly banished4 ,again and again accidents and illness occur for which industrial poisoning is responsible4 ,wholly to prevent this is as impossible as entirely to prevent accidents by mechanical guarding of machinery4 ,owing to the unknown sources of danger1 successful measures to ward it off are often difficult4 ,the rapid advance of this branch of industry1 the constant development of new processes and reactions1 the frequent discovery of new materials 7with properties at first unknown1 and for a long time insufficiently understood1 but nevertheless indispensable71 constantly give rise to new dangers and possibilities of danger1 of which an accident or some disease with hitherto unknown symptoms is the first indication4 ,further1 even when the dangerous effects are recognised1 there may often be difficulty in devising appropriate precautions1 as circumstances may prevent immediate recognition of the action of the poison4 ,we cannot always tell1 for instance1 with the substances used or produced in the processes1 which is responsible for the poisoning1 because1 not infrequently1 the substances in question are not chemically pure1 but may be either raw products1 bye-products1 c41 producing mixtures of different bodies or liberating different chemical compounds as impurities4 ,hence difficulty often arises in the strict scientific explanation of particular cases of poisoning1 and1 in a text-book such as this1 difficulty also of description4 ,a rather full treatment of the technical processes may make the task easier and help to give a connected picture of the risks of poisoning in the chemical industry4 ,such a procedure may be especially useful to readers insufficiently acquainted with chemical technology4 ,we are indebted to ,leymann#a and ,grandhomme#b especially for knowledge of incidence of industrial poisoning in this industry4 ,the statistical data furnished by them are the most important proof that poisoning1 at any rate in large factories1 is not of very frequent occurrence4 ,leymann's statistics relate to a large modern works in which the number employed during the twenty-three years of observation increased from #fdj in the year #ahia to #aefb in #aijd1 giving an average of about #ajjj yearly1 one-half of whom might properly be defined as #8chemical workers4' ,the factory is concerned in the manufacture of sulphuric1 nitric1 and hydrochloric acids1 alkali1 bichromates1 aniline1 trinitro-phenol1 bleaching powder1 organic chlorine compounds1 and potassium permanganate4 ,these statistics are usefully complemented by those of ,grandhomme drawn from the colour works at ,hchst a-,m4 ,this large aniline works employs from #bfjj to #bgjj workers2 the raw materials are principally benzene and its homologues1 naphthalene and anthracene4 ,the manufacture includes the production of coal-tar colours1 nitro- and dinitro-benzene1 aniline1 rosaniline1 fuchsine1 and other aniline colours1 and finally such pharmaceutical preparations as antipyrin1 dermatol1 sanoform1 c4 ,of the #bgjj employed1 #adjj are chemical workers and the remainder labourers4 ,these two series of statistics based on exact observations and covering allied chemical manufacture are taken together4 ,they seek to give the answer to the question--,how many and what industrial poisonings are found8 ,the figures of ,leymann 7on an average of #ajjj workers employed per annum7 show #bhe cases of poisoning reported between the years #ahha and #aijd4 ,of these #bge were caused by aniline1 toluidine1 nitro- and dinitro-benzene1 nitrophenol1 nitrochloro and dinitrochloro benzene4 ,three were fatal and several involved lengthy invalidity 7from #cj to #acd days1 owing to secondary pneumonia74 ,included further are one severe case of chrome 7bichromate7 poisoning 7with nephritis as a sequela71 five cases of lead poisoning1 three of chlorine1 and one of sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,in the ,hchst a-,m4 factory 7employing about #bejj workers7 there were1 in the ten years #ahhc-ib1 only #abi cases of poisoning1 of which #aji were due to aniline4 ,later figures for the years #ahic-e showed #abb cases1 of which #dc were due to aniline and #gf to lead 7contracted mostly in the nitrating house74 ,grandhomme mentions further hyperidrosis among persons employed on solutions of calcium chloride1 injury to health from inhalation of methyl iodide vapour in the antipyrin department1 a fatal case of benzene poisoning 7entering an empty vessel in which materials had previously been extracted with benzene71 and finally ulceration and perforation of the septum of the nose in several chrome workers4 ,the number of severe cases is not large1 but it must be remembered that the factories to which the figures relate are in every respect models of their kind1 amply provided with safety appliances and arrangements for the welfare of the workers4 ,the relatively small amount of poisoning is to be attributed without doubt to the precautionary measures taken4 ,further1 in the statistics referred to only those cases are included in which the symptoms were definite1 or so severe as to necessitate medical treatment4 ,absorption of the poison in small amount without producing characteristic symptoms1 as is often the case with irritating or corrosive fumes1 and such as involve only temporary indisposition1 are not included4 ,leymann himself refers to this when dealing with illness observed in the mineral acid department 7especially sulphuric acid71 and calls attention to the frequency of affections of the respiratory organs among the persons employed1 attributing them rightly to the irritating and corrosive effect of the acid vapour4 ,elsewhere he refers to the frequency of digestive disturbance among persons coming into contact with sodium sulphide1 and thinks that this may be due to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,nevertheless1 the effect of industrial poisons on the health of workers in chemical factories ought on no account to be made light of4 ,the admirable results cited are due to a proper recognition of the danger1 with consequent care to guard against it4 ,not only have ,grandhomme and ,leymann,a rendered great services by their work1 but the firms in question also1 by allowing such full and careful inquiries to be undertaken and published4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid 7,,sulphur ,,dioxide7 ,,manufacture4--,sulphur dioxide1 generally obtained by roasting pyrites in furnaces of various constructions1 or1 more rarely1 by burning brimstone or sulphur from the spent oxide of gas-works1 serves as the raw material for the manufacture of sulphuric acid4 ,before roasting the pyrites is crushed1 the #8lump ore' then separated from the #8smalls1' the former roasted in #8lump-burners' or kilns 7generally several roasting furnace hearths united into one system71 and the latter preferably in ,maltra and ,maltra-,schaffner shelf-burners 7fig4 #a7 composed of several superimposed firebrick shelves4 ,the pyrites is charged on to the uppermost shelf and gradually worked downwards4 ,pyrites residues are not suitable for direct recovery of iron1 but copper can be recovered from residues sufficiently rich in metal by the wet process2 the residues thus freed of copper and sulphur are then smelted for recovery of iron4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,pyrites ,burner for ,smalls 7after ,lueger7 ,utilisation for sulphuric acid manufacture of the sulphur dioxide given off in the calcining of zinc blende 7see ,spelter works71 impracticable in reverberatory furnaces1 has been made possible at the ,rhenania factory by introduction of muffle furnaces 7several superimposed71 because by this means the gases led off are sufficiently concentrated1 as they are not diluted with the gases and smoke from the heating fires4 ,this method1 like any other which utilises the gases from roasting furnaces1 has great hygienic1 in addition to economical1 advantages1 because escape of sulphur dioxide gas is avoided4 ,furnace gases1 too poor in sulphur dioxide to serve for direct production of sulphuric acid1 can with advantage be made to produce liquid anhydrous sulphur dioxide4 ,thus1 the sulphur dioxide gas from the furnaces is first absorbed by water1 driven off again by boiling1 cooled1 dried1 and liquefied by pressure4 ,the gaseous sulphur dioxide obtained by any of the methods described is converted into sulphuric acid either by 7a7 the chamber process or 7b7 the contact process4 ,in the lead chamber process the furnace gases pass through flues in which the flue dust and a portion of the arsenious acid are deposited into the ,glover tower at a temperature of about #cjj ,c41 and from there into the lead chambers where oxidation of the sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid takes place1 in the presence of sufficient water1 by transference of the oxygen of the air through the intervention of the oxides of nitrogen4 ,the gases containing oxides of nitrogen1 c41 which are drawn out of the lead chambers1 have the nitrous fumes absorbed in the ,gay-,lussac tower 7of which there are one or two in series71 by passage through sulphuric acid which is made to trickle down the tower4 ,the sulphuric acid so obtained1 rich in oxides of nitrogen1 and the chamber acid are led to the ,glover tower for the purpose of denitration and concentration1 so that all the sulphuric acid leaves the ,glover as ,glover acid of about #acf-add ,tw4 ,losses in nitrous fumes are best made up by addition of nitric acid at the ,glover or introduction into the first chamber4 ,the deficiency is also frequently made good from nitre-pots4 ,the lead chambers 7fig4 #b7 are usually constructed entirely--sides1 roof1 and floor--of lead sheets1 which are joined together by means of a hydrogen blowpipe4 ,the sheets forming the roof and walls are supported1 independent of the bottom1 on a framework of wood4 ,the capacity varies from #ce1jjj to #hj1jjj cubic feet4 ,the floor forms a flat collecting surface for the chamber acid which lutes the chamber from the outer air4 ,the necessary water is introduced into the chamber as steam or fine water spray4 ,the ,glover and ,gay-,lussac towers are lead towers4 ,the ,glover is lined with acid-proof bricks and filled with acid-proof packing to increase the amount of contact4 ,the ,gay-,lussac is filled with coke over which the concentrated sulphuric acid referred to above flows1 forming1 after absorption of the nitrous fumes1 nitro-sulphuric acid4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b;,a4--,lead ,chamber ,system--,section through ,x ,x 7after ,ost7 ,,fig4 #b;,b4--,lead ,chamber ,system--,plan ,a ,pyrites ,burner ,b ,glover ,tower ,c ,draft ,regulator ,d1 ,d ,lead ,chambers ,e ,air ,shaft ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 ,f ,acid ,reservoirs ,g ,acid ,egg ,h ,cooler ,j ,gay-,lussac ,tower ,as already stated1 two ,gay-,lussac towers are usually connected together1 or where there are several lead-chamber systems there is1 apart from the ,gay-,lussac attached to each1 a central ,gay-,lussac in addition1 common to the whole series4 ,the introduction of several ,gay-,lussac towers has the advantage of preventing loss of the nitrous fumes as much as possible--mainly on economical grounds1 as nitric acid is expensive4 ,but this arrangement is at the same time advantageous on hygienic grounds1 as escape of poisonous gases containing nitrous fumes1 c41 is effectually avoided4 ,the acids are driven to the top of the towers by compressed air4 ,the whole system--chambers and towers--is connected by means of wide lead conduits4 ,frequently1 for the purpose of quickening the chamber process 7by increasing the number of condensing surfaces7 ,lunge-,rohrmann plate towers are inserted in the system--tall towers lined with lead in which square perforated plates are hung horizontally1 and down which diluted sulphuric acid trickles4 ,to increase the draught in the whole system a chimney is usual at the end1 and1 in addition1 a fan of hard lead or earthenware may be introduced in front of the first chamber or between the two ,gay-,lussac towers4 ,maintenance of a constant uniform draught is not only necessary for technical reasons1 but has hygienic interest1 since escape of injurious gases is avoided 7see also ,part ,,iii74 ,the chamber acid 7of #aaj-abj ,tw4 #fc-gj 7 and the stronger ,glover acid 7of #acf-add ,tw4 #ge-hb 7 contain impurities4 ,in order to obtain for certain purposes pure strong acid the chamber acid is purified and concentrated4 ,the impurities are notably arsenious and nitrous acids 7,glover acid is ,n free71 lead1 copper1 and iron4 ,concentration 7apart from that to ,glover acid in the ,glover tower7 is effected by evaporation in lead pans to #adj ,tw4 and finally in glass balloons or platinum stills to #afh ,tw4 7 #ig 74 ,the lead pans are generally heated by utilising the waste heat from the furnaces or by steam coils in the acid itself1 or even by direct firing4 ,production of sulphuric acid by the contact method depends on the fact that a mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess of oxygen 7air7 combines to form sulphur trioxide at a moderate heat in presence of a contact substance such as platinised asbestos or oxide of iron4 ,the sulphur dioxide must be carefully cleaned and dried1 and with the excess of air is passed through the contact substance4 ,if asbestos carrying a small percentage of finely divided platinum is the contact substance1 it is generally used in the form of pipes2 oxide of iron 7the residue of pyrites71 if used1 is charged into a furnace4 ,cooling by a coil of pipes and condensation in washing towers supplied with concentrated sulphuric acid always forms a part of the process4 ,a fan draws the gases from the roasting furnaces and drives them through the system4 ,the end product is a fuming sulphuric acid containing #bj-cj per cent4 ,,so4 ,from this by distillation a concentrated acid and a pure anhydride are obtained4 ,from a health point of view it is of importance to know that all sulphuric acid derived from this anhydride is pure and free from arsenic4 ,the most important uses of sulphuric acid are the following3 as chamber acid 7#aaj-abj ,tw47 in the superphosphate1 ammonium sulphate1 and alum industries2 as ,glover acid 7#adj-aej ,tw47 in the ,leblanc process1 i4e4 saltcake and manufacture of hydrochloric acid1 and to etch metals2 as sulphuric acid of #afh ,tw4 in colour and explosives manufacture 7nitric acid1 nitro-benzene1 nitro-glycerine1 gun-cotton1 c472 as concentrated sulphuric acid and anhydride for the production of organic sulphonic acids 7for the alizarin and naphthol industry7 and in the refining of petroleum and other oils4 ,completely de-arsenicated sulphuric acid is used in making starch1 sugar1 pharmaceutical preparations1 and in electrical accumulator manufacture4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,the health of sulphuric acid workers cannot in general be described as unfavourable4 ,in comparison with chemical workers they have1 it is said1 relatively the lowest morbidity4 ,although in this industrial occupation no special factors are at work which injure in general the health of the workers1 there is a characteristic effect1 without doubt due to the occupation--namely1 disease of the respiratory organs4 ,leymann's figures are sufficiently large to show that the number of cases of diseases of the respiratory organs is decidedly greater in the sulphuric acid industry than among other chemical workers4 ,he attributes this to the irritating and corrosive effect of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid vapour on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract1 as inhalation of these gases can never be quite avoided1 because the draught in the furnace and chamber system varies1 and the working is not always uniform4 ,strongly irritating vapours escape again in making a high percentage acid in platinum vessels1 which in consequence are difficult to keep air-tight4 ,of greater importance than these injurious effects from frequent inhalation of small quantities of acid vapours1 or employment in workrooms in which the air is slightly charged with acid1 is the accidental sudden inhalation of large quantities of acid gases1 which may arise in the manufacture1 especially by careless attendance4 ,formerly this was common in charging the roasting furnaces when the draught in the furnace1 on addition of the pyrites1 was not strengthened at the same time4 ,this can be easily avoided by artificial regulation of the draught4 ,accidents through inhalation of acid gases occur further when entering the lead chambers or acid tanks1 and in emptying the towers4 ,heinzerling relates several cases taken from factory inspectors' reports4 ,thus1 in a sulphuric acid factory the deposit 7lead oxysulphate7 which had collected on the floor of a chamber was being removed3 to effect this the lead chambers were opened at the side4 ,two of the workers1 who had probably been exposed too long to the acid vapours evolved in stirring up the deposit1 died a short time after they had finished the work4 ,a similar fatality occurred in cleaning out a nitro-sulphuric acid tank1 the required neutralisation of the acid by lime before entering having been omitted4 ,of the two workers who entered1 one died the next day2 the other remained unaffected4 ,the deceased had1 as the post mortem showed1 already suffered previously from pleurisy4 ,a fatality from breathing nitrous fumes is described fully in the report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for the year #aije4 ,the worker was engaged with two others in fixing a fan to a lead chamber2 the workers omitted to wait for the arrival of the foreman who was to have supervised the operation4 ,although the men used moist sponges as respirators1 one of them inhaled nitrous fumes escaping from the chamber in such quantity that he died the following day4 ,similar accidents have occurred in cleaning out the ,gay-,lussac towers4 ,such poisonings have repeatedly occurred in ,germany4 ,fatal poisoning is recorded in the report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry1 in the emptying and cleaning of a ,gay-,lussac tower despite careful precautions4 ,the tower1 filled with coke1 had been previously well washed with water1 and during the operation of emptying1 air had been constantly blown through by means of a ,krting's injector4 ,the affected worker had been in the tower about an hour2 two hours later symptoms of poisoning set in which proved fatal in an hour despite immediate medical attention4 ,as such accidents kept on recurring1 the ,union of ,chemical ,industry drew up special precautions to be adopted in the emptying of these towers1 which are printed in ,part ,,iii4 ,naturally1 in all these cases it is difficult to say exactly which of the acid gases arising in the production of sulphuric acid was responsible for the poisoning4 ,in the fatal cases cited1 probably nitrous fumes played the more important part4 ,poisoning has occurred in the transport of sulphuric acid4 ,in some of the cases1 at all events1 gaseous impurities1 especially arseniuretted hydrogen1 were present4 ,thus1 in the reports of the ,german ,union of ,chemical ,industry for the year #aija1 a worker succumbed through inhalation of poisonous gases in cleaning out a tank waggon for the transport of sulphuric acid4 ,the tank was cleaned of the adhering mud1 as had been the custom for years1 by a man who climbed into it4 ,no injurious effects had been noted previously at the work1 and no further precautions were taken than that one worker relieved another at short intervals1 and the work was carried on under supervision4 ,on the occasion in question1 however1 there was an unusually large quantity of deposit1 although the quality of the sulphuric acid was the same1 and work had to be continued longer4 ,the worker who remained longest in the tank became ill on his way home and died in hospital the following day2 the other workers were only slightly affected4 ,the sulphuric acid used by the firm in question immediately before the accident came from a newly built factory in which anhydrous sulphuric acid had been prepared by a special process4 ,the acid was ,glover acid1 and it is possible that selenium and arsenic compounds were present in the residues4 ,arseniuretted hydrogen might have been generated in digging up the mud4 ,two similar fatalities are described in the report of the same ,union for the year #aije4 ,they happened similarly in cleaning out a sulphuric acid tank waggon1 and in them the arsenic in the acid was the cause4 ,preliminary swilling out with water diluted the remainder of the sulphuric acid1 but1 nevertheless1 it acted on the iron of the container4 ,generation of hydrogen gas is the condition for the reduction of the arsenious acid present in sulphuric acid with formation of arseniuretted hydrogen4 ,in portions of the viscera arsenic was found4 ,lately in the annual reports of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aijh several cases of poisoning are described which were caused by sulphuric acid4 ,a worker took a sample out of a vessel of sulphuric acid containing sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,instead of using the prescribed cock1 he opened the man-hole and put his head inside1 inhaling concentrated sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,he became immediately unconscious and died4 ,through ignorance no use was made of the oxygen apparatus4 ,another fatality occurred through a foreman directing some workers1 contrary to the regulations against accidents from nitrous gases1 to clean a vessel containing nitric and sulphuric acids4 ,they wore no air helmets3 one died shortly after from inhalation of nitrous fumes4 ,under certain circumstances even the breaking of carboys filled with sulphuric acid may give rise to severe poisoning through inhalation of acid gases4 ,thus a fatality#a occurred to the occupier of a workroom next some premises in which sulphuric acid carboys had been accidentally broken4 ,severe symptoms developed the same night1 and he succumbed the next morning in spite of treatment with oxygen4 ,a worker in the factory became seriously ill but recovered4 ,a similar case is described#b in a factory where concentrated sulphuric acid had been spilt4 ,the workers covered the spot with shavings1 which resulted in strong development of sulphur dioxide1 leading to unconsciousness in one worker4 ,the frequent observation of the injurious effect of acid gases on the teeth of workers requires mention2 inflammation of the eyes of workers also is attributed to the effects of sulphuric acid4 ,leymann's statistics show corrosions and burns among sulphuric acid workers to be more than five times that among other classes4 ,such burns happen most frequently from carelessness4 ,thus1 in the reports of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aija1 three severe accidents are mentioned which occurred from use of compressed air4 ,in two cases the acid had been introduced before the compressed air had been turned off2 in the third the worker let the compressed air into the vessel and forgot to turn off the inlet valve4 ,although the valves were provided with lead guards1 some of the acid squirted into the worker's face4 ,in one case complete blindness followed1 in a second blindness in one eye1 and in the third blindness in one eye and impaired vision of the other4 ,besides these dangers from the raw material1 bye-products1 and products of the manufacture1 lead poisoning has been reported in the erection and repair of lead chambers4 ,the lead burners generally use a hydrogen flame2 the necessary hydrogen is usually made from zinc and sulphuric acid and is led to the iron by a tube4 ,if the zinc and sulphuric acid contain arsenic1 the very dangerous arseniuretted hydrogen is formed1 which escapes through leakages in the piping1 or is burnt in the flame to arsenious acid4 ,further1 the lead burners and plumbers are exposed to the danger of chronic lead poisoning from insufficient observance of the personal precautionary measures necessary to guard against it 7see ,part ,,iii74 ,those who are constantly engaged in burning the lead sheets and pipes of the chambers suffer not infrequently from severe symptoms4 ,unfortunately1 the work requires skill and experience1 and hence alternation of employment is hardly possible4 ,finally1 mention should be made of poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen gas from vessels filled with sulphuric acid containing arsenic as an impurity1 and by sulphuretted hydrogen gas in purifying the acid itself4 ,in the manufacture of liquid sulphur dioxide1 injury to health can arise from inhalation of the acid escaping from the apparatus4 ,the most frequent cause for such escape of sulphur dioxide is erosion of the walls of the compressor pumps and of the transport vessels1 in consequence of the gas being insufficiently dried1 as1 when moist1 it attacks iron4 ,sulphur dioxide will come up for further consideration when describing the industrial processes giving rise to it1 or in which it is used4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid1 ,,saltcake1 ,,and ,,soda ,,manufacture4--,the production of hydrochloric acid 7,h,cl71 sodium sulphate 7,na,,so71 and sodium sulphide 7,na,s7 forms part of the manufacture of soda 7,na,,co7 by the ,leblanc process4 ,the products first named increase in importance1 while the ,leblanc soda process is being replaced more and more by the manufacture of soda by the ,solvay ammonia process1 so much so that on the ,continent the latter method predominates and only in ,england does the ,leblanc process hold its ground4 ,health interests have exercised an important bearing on the development of the industries in question4 ,at first1 in the ,leblanc process the hydrochloric acid gas was allowed to escape into the atmosphere1 being regarded as a useless bye-product4 ,its destructive action on plant life and the inconvenience caused to the neighbourhood1 in spite of erection of high chimneys1 demanded intervention4 ,in ,england the evils led to the enactment of the ,alkali ,acts--the oldest classical legislative measures bearing on factory hygiene--by which the ,leblanc factories were required to condense the vapour by means of its absorption in water1 and this solution of the acid is now a highly valued product4 ,and1 again1 production of nuisance--inconvenience to the neighbourhood through the soda waste--was the main cause of ousting one of the oldest and most generally used methods of chemical industrial production4 ,although every effort was made to overcome the difficulties1 the old classical ,leblanc process is gradually but surely yielding place to the modern ,solvay process1 which has no drawback on grounds of health4 ,we outline next the main features of the ,leblanc soda process1 which includes1 as has been mentioned1 also the manufacture of hydrochloric acid1 sodium sulphate and sulphide4 ,the first part of the process consists in the production of the sulphate from salt and sulphuric acid1 during which hydrochloric acid is formed2 this is carried out in two stages represented in the following formul3 #a4 ,na,cl ,h,,so ,na,h,s,o ,h,cl4 #b4 ,na,cl ,na,h,s,o ,na,,so ,h,cl4 ,the first stage in which bisulphate is produced is carried out at a moderate heat1 the second requires a red heat4 ,the reactions1 therefore1 are made in a furnace combining a pan and muffle furnace4 ,this saltcake muffle furnace is so arranged that the pan can be shut off from the muffle by a sliding-door 7,d74 ,the pan 7,a7 and muffle 7,e7 have separate flues for carrying off the hydrochloric acid developed 7,b1 ,f74 ,first1 common salt is treated with sulphuric 7,glover7 acid in the cast-iron pan4 ,when generation of hydrochloric acid vapour has ceased1 the sliding-door is raised and the partly decomposed mixture is pushed through into the muffle1 constructed of fire-resisting bricks and tiles1 and surrounded by the fire gases4 ,while the muffle is being raised to red heat1 the sulphate must be repeatedly stirred with a rake in order1 finally1 while still hot and giving off acid vapour1 to be drawn out at the working doors into iron boxes provided with doors1 where the material cools4 ,the acid vapour given off when cooling is drawn through the top of the box into the furnace4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,saltcake ,muffle ,furnace--,section 7after ,ost7 ,a ,pan2 ,b1 ,f ,pipes for hydrochloric acid vapour2 ,d ,shutter2 ,e ,muffle1 ,o ,coke fire4 ,mechanical stirrers1 despite their advantage from a health point of view1 have not answered because of their short life4 ,the valuable bye-product of the sulphate process1 hydrochloric acid1 is led away separately from the pan and the muffle1 as is seen1 into one absorption system4 ,the reason of the separation is that the gas from the pan is always the more concentrated4 ,the arrangement of the absorbing apparatus is illustrated in fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d;,a4--,preparation of ,hydrochloric ,acid--,plan 7after ,lueger7 ,a1 ,a ,earthenware pipes ,b1 ,b ,sandstone cooling towers ,c1 ,c ,series of ,woulff's bottles ,d1 ,e ,condenser wash towers ,,fig4 #d;,b4--,elevation ,the gases are led each through earthenware pipes or channels of stone pickled with tar 7,a71 first into small towers of ,yorkshire flags 7,b71 where they are cooled and freed from flue dust and impurities 7sulphuric acid7 by washing4 ,they are next led through a series 7over fifty7 of ,woulff bottles 7bombonnes7 one metre high1 made of acid-resisting stoneware4 ,the series is laid with a slight inclination towards the furnace1 and water trickles through so that the gases coming from the wash towers are brought into contact with water in the one case already almost saturated1 whilst the gas which is poorest in hydrochloric acid meets with fresh water4 ,from the bombonne situated next to the wash tower the prepared acid is passed as a rule through another series4 ,the last traces of hydrochloric acid are then removed by leading the gases from the ,woulff bottles up two water towers of stoneware 7,d and ,e71 which are filled partly with earthenware trays and partly with coke2 above are tanks from which the water trickles down over the coke4 ,the residual gases from both sets of absorbing apparatus now unite in a large ,woulff bottle before finally being led away through a duct to the chimney stack4 ,less frequently absorption of hydrochloric acid is effected without use of ,woulff bottles1 principally in wash towers such as the ,lunge-,rohrmann plate tower4 ,in the purification of hydrochloric acid1 de-arsenicating by sulphuretted hydrogen or by barium sulphide1 c41 and separation of sulphuric acid by addition of barium chloride1 have to be considered4 ,another method for production of sulphate and hydrochloric acid1 namely1 the ,hargreaves process1 is referred to later4 ,we return now to the further working up of the sodium sulphate into sulphide and soda4 ,the conversion of the sulphate into soda by the ,leblanc method is effected by heating with coal and calcium carbonate1 whereby1 through the action of the coal1 sodium sulphide forms first1 which next with the calcium carbonate becomes converted into sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide4 ,the reactions are3 ,na,,so #b;,c ,na,s #b;,,co ,na,s ,ca,c,o ,na,,co ,ca,s ,ca,c,o ,c ,ca,o #b;,,co4 ,the reactions are carried out in small works in open reverberatory furnaces having two platforms on the hearth1 and with continuous raking from one to the other which1 as the equations show1 cause escape of carbonic acid gas and carbonic oxide4 ,such handworked furnaces1 apart from their drawbacks on health grounds1 have only a small capacity1 and in large works their place is taken by revolving furnaces--closed1 movable cylindrical furnaces--in which handwork is replaced by the mechanical revolution of the furnace and from which a considerably larger output and a product throughout good in quality are obtained4 ,the raw soda thus obtained in the black ash furnace is subjected to lixiviation by water in iron tanks in which the impurities or tank waste 7see below7 are deposited4 ,the crude soda liquor so obtained is then further treated and converted into calcined soda1 crystal soda1 or caustic soda4 ,in the production of calcined soda the crude soda liquor is first purified 7#8oxidised' and #8carbonised'7 by blowing through air and carbonic acid gas1 pressed through a filter press1 and crystallised by evaporation in pans and calcined1 i4e4 deprived of water by heat4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,revolving ,black ,ash ,furnace--,elevation 7after ,lueger7 ,a ,firing hearth2 ,b ,furnace2 ,c ,dust box4 ,crystal soda is obtained from well-purified tank liquor by crystallising in cast-iron vessels4 ,caustic soda is obtained by introducing lime suspended in iron cages into the soda liquor in iron caustic pots1 heating with steam1 and agitating by blowing in air4 ,the resulting clear solution is drawn off and evaporated in cast-iron pans4 ,as already mentioned1 the tank waste in the ,leblanc process1 which remains behind--in amount about equal to the soda produced after lixiviation of the raw soda with water--constitutes a great nuisance4 ,it forms mountains round the factories1 and as it consists principally of calcium sulphide and calcium carbonate1 it easily weathers under the influence of air and rain1 forming soluble sulphur compounds and developing sulphuretted hydrogen gas--an intolerable source of annoyance to the district4 ,at the same time all the sulphur introduced into the industry as sulphuric acid is lost in the tank waste4 ,this loss of valuable material and the nuisance created led to attempts--partially successful--to recover the sulphur4 ,the best results are obtained by the ,chance-,claus method1 in which the firebrick #8,claus-kiln' containing ferric oxide 7previously heated to dull redness7 is used4 ,in this process calcium sulphide is acted on by carbonic acid with evolution of gas so rich in sulphuretted hydrogen that it can be burnt to sulphur dioxide and used in the lead chambers for making sulphuric acid4 ,sulphur also as such is obtained by the method4 ,these sulphur-recovery processes which have hardly been tried on the ,continent--only the ,united ,alkali ,company in ,england employs the ,chance-,claus on a large scale--were1 as has been said1 not in a position to prevent the downfall of the ,leblanc soda industry4 ,before describing briefly the ,solvay method a word is needed as to other processes for manufacture of sulphate and hydrochloric acid4 ,hargreaves' process produces sodium sulphate 7without previous conversion of sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid7 directly by the passage of gases from the pyrites burners1 air and steam1 through salt blocks placed in vertical cast-iron retorts1 a number of which are connected in series4 ,a fan draws the gases through the system and leads the hydrochloric acid fumes to the condenser4 ,sodium sulphate is used in the manufacture of glass1 ultramarine1 c4 ,further1 the sulphate is converted into ,glauber's salts by dissolving the anhydrous sulphate obtained in the muffle furnace1 purifying with lime1 and allowing the clear salt solution to crystallise out in pans4 ,a further use of the sulphate is the preparation of sodium sulphide1 which is effected 7as in the first part of the ,leblanc soda process7 by melting together sulphate and coal in a reverberatory furnace4 ,if the acid sulphate 7bisulphate7 or sulphate containing bisulphate is used much sulphur dioxide gas comes off4 ,the mass is then lixiviated in the usual soda liquor vats and the lye either treated so as to obtain crystals or evaporated to strong sodium sulphide which is poured like caustic soda into metal drums where it solidifies4 ,in ,solvay's ammonia soda process ammonia recovered from the waste produced in the industry is led into a solution of salt until saturation is complete4 ,this is effected generally in column apparatus such as is used in distillation of spirit4 ,the solution is then driven automatically by compressed air to the carbonising apparatus in which the solution is saturated with carbonic acid2 this apparatus is a cylindrical tower somewhat similar to the series of vessels used for saturating purposes in sugar factories through which carbonic acid gas passes4 ,in this process crystalline bi-carbonate of soda is first formed1 which is separated from the ammoniacal mother liquor by filtration1 centrifugalisation1 and washing4 ,the carbonate is then obtained by heating 7calcining in pans71 during which carbonic acid gas escapes1 and this1 together with the carbonic acid produced in the lime kilns1 is utilised for further carbonisation again4 ,the lime formed during the production of carbonic acid in the lime kilns serves to drive the ammonia out of the ammoniacal mother liquor1 so that the ammonia necessary for the process is recovered and used over and over again4 ,the waste which results from the action of the lime on the ammonium chloride liquor is harmless--calcium chloride liquor4 ,the electrolytic manufacture of soda from salt requires mention1 in which chlorine 7at the anode7 and caustic soda 7at the cathode7 are formed2 the latter is treated with carbonic acid to make soda4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,leymann's observations show that in the department concerned with the ,leblanc soda process and production of sodium sulphide1 relatively more sickness is noted than1 for example1 in the manufacture of sulphuric and nitric acids4 ,in the preparation of the sulphate1 possibility of injury to health or poisoning arises from the fumes containing hydrochloric or sulphuric acid in operations at the muffle furnace2 in ,hargreaves' process there may be exposure to the effect of sulphur dioxide4 ,hydrochloric and sulphuric acid vapours can escape from the muffle furnace when charging1 from leakages in it1 and especially when withdrawing the still hot sulphate4 ,large quantities of acid vapours escape from the glowing mass1 especially if coal is not added freely and if it is not strongly calcined4 ,persons employed at the saltcake furnaces suffer1 according to ,jurisch1 apart from injury to the lungs1 from defective teeth4 ,the teeth of ,english workers especially1 it is said1 from the practice of holding flannel in their mouths with the idea of protecting themselves from the effect of the vapours1 are almost entirely eroded by the action of the hydrochloric acid absorbed by the saliva4 ,hydrochloric acid vapour1 further1 can escape from the absorbing apparatus if this is not kept entirely sealed1 and the hydrochloric acid altogether absorbed--a difficult matter4 ,nevertheless1 definite acute industrial poisoning from gaseous hydrochloric acid is rare1 no doubt because the workers do not inhale it in concentrated form4 ,injury to the skin from the acid absorbed in water may occur in filling1 unloading1 and transport1 especially when in carboys1 but the burns1 if immediately washed1 are very slight in comparison with those from sulphuric or nitric acids4 ,injury to health or inconvenience from sulphuretted hydrogen is at all events possible in the de-arsenicating process by means of sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,at the saltcake furnace when worked by hand the fumes containing carbonic oxide gas may be troublesome4 ,in the production of caustic soda severe corrosive action on the skin is frequent4 ,leymann found that #ach per cent4 of the persons employed in the caustic soda department were reported as suffering from burns1 and calls attention to the fact that on introducing the lime into the hot soda lye the contents of the vessel may easily froth over4 ,heinzerling refers to the not infrequent occurrence of eye injuries in the preparation of caustic soda1 due to the spurting of lye or of solid particles of caustic soda4 ,the tank waste gives rise1 as already stated1 to inconvenience from the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,in the recovery of the sulphur and treatment of the tank waste1 sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphur dioxide gases are evolved4 ,according to ,leymann1 workers employed in removing the waste and at the lye vats frequently suffer from inflammation of the eyes4 ,further1 disturbance of digestion has been noted in persons treating the tank waste1 which ,leymann attributes to the unavoidable development of sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,in the manufacture of sodium sulphide similar conditions prevail4 ,leymann found in this branch relatively more cases of sickness than in any other2 diseases of the digestive tract especially appeared to be more numerous4 ,leymann makes the suggestion that occurrence of disease of the digestive organs is either favoured by sodium sulphide when swallowed as dust1 or that here again sulphuretted hydrogen gas plays a part4 ,further corrosive effect on the skin and burns may easily arise at work with the hot corrosive liquor4 ,in the ,solvay ammonia process ammonia and carbonic acid gas are present1 but1 so far as ,i know1 neither injury to health nor poisoning have been described among persons employed in the process4 ,indeed1 the view is unanimous that this method of manufacture with its technical advantages has the merit also of being quite harmless4 ,as may be seen from the preceding description of the process there is no chance of the escape of the gases named into the workrooms4 ,,use ,,of ,,sulphate ,,and ,,sulphide ,ultramarine is made from a mixture of clay1 sulphate 7,glauber's salts71 and carbon--sulphate ultramarine2 or clay1 sulphur1 and soda--soda ultramarine4 ,these materials are crushed1 ground1 and burnt in muffle furnaces4 ,on heating the mass in the furnace much sulphur dioxide escapes1 which is a source of detriment to the workmen and the neighbourhood4 ,sulphonal 7,,ch7,c7,,so,c,h71 diethylsulphone dimethylmethane1 used medically as a hypnotic1 is obtained from mercaptan formed by distillation of ethyl sulphuric acid with sodium or potassium sulphide4 ,the mercaptan is converted into mercaptol1 and this by oxidation with potassium permanganate into sulphonal4 ,the volatile mercaptan has a most disgusting odour1 and clings for a long time even to the clothes of those merely passing through the room4 ,diethyl sulphate 77,c,h7,,so74--,diethyl sulphate obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on alcohol has led to poisoning characterised by corrosive action on the respiratory tract4#a ,as the substance in the presence of water splits up into sulphuric acid and alcohol1 this corrosive action is probably due to the acid4 ,it is possible1 however1 that the molecule of diethyl sulphate as such has corrosive action4 ,contact with diethyl sulphate is described as having led to fatal poisoning4#b ,a chemist when conducting a laboratory experiment dropped a glass flask containing about #dj c4c4 of diethyl sulphate1 thereby spilling some over his clothes4 ,he went on working1 and noticed burns after some time1 quickly followed by hoarseness and pain in the throat4 ,he died of severe inflammation of the lungs4 ,a worker in another factory was dropping diethyl sulphate and stirring it into an at first solid1 and later semi-liquid1 mass for the purpose of ethylating a dye stuff4 ,in doing so he was exposed to fumes1 and at the end of the work complained of hoarseness and smarting of the eyes4 ,he died of double pneumonia two days later4 ,post mortem very severe corrosive action on the respiratory tract was found1 showing that the diethyl sulphuric acid had decomposed inside the body and that nascent sulphuric acid had given rise to the severe burns4 ,the principal chemist who had superintended the process suffered severely from hoarseness at night1 but no serious consequences followed4 ,it is stated also that workmen in chemical factories coming into contact with the fumes of diethyl sulphate ester suffer from eye affections4#c ,,chlorine1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,calcium1 ,,and ,,chlorates ,,manufacture4--,the older processes depend on the preparation of chlorine and hydrochloric acid by an oxidation process in which the oxidising agent is either a compound rich in oxygen--usually common manganese dioxide 7pyrolusite7--or the oxygen of the air in the presence of heated copper chloride 7as catalytic agent74 ,the former 7,weldon process7 is less used now than either the latter 7,deacon process7 or the electrolytic manufacture of chlorine4 ,in the ,weldon process from the still liquors containing manganous chloride the manganese peroxide is regenerated1 and this so regenerated ,weldon mud1 when mixed with fresh manganese dioxide1 is used to initiate the process4 ,this is carried out according to the equations3 ,mn,o #d;,h,cl ,mn,cl #b;,h,o ,mn,cl ,mn,cl ,cl4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,preparation of ,chlorine--,diaphragm ,method 7after ,ost7 ,hydrochloric acid is first introduced into the chlorine still 7vessels about #c m4 in height1 of ,yorkshire flag or fireclay71 next the ,weldon mud gradually1 and finally steam to bring the whole to boiling2 chlorine comes off in a uniform stream4 ,the manganous chloride still liquor is run into settling tanks4 ,the regeneration of the manganous chloride liquor takes place in an oxidiser which consists of a vertical iron cylinder in which air is blown into the heated mixture of manganous chloride and milk of lime4 ,the dark precipitate so formed1 #8,weldon mud1' as described1 is used over again1 while the calcium chloride liquor runs away4 ,the ,deacon process depends mainly on leading the stream of hydrochloric acid gas evolved from a saltcake pot mixed with air and heated into a tower containing broken bricks of the size of a nut saturated with copper chloride4 ,chlorine is evolved according to the equation3 #b;,h,cl ,o #b;,cl ,h,o4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,preparation of ,chlorine--,bell ,method 7after ,ost7 ,the electrolytic production of chlorine with simultaneous production of caustic alkali is increasing and depends on the splitting up of alkaline chlorides by a current of electricity4 ,the chlorine evolved at the anode and the alkaline liquor formed at the cathode must be kept apart to prevent secondary formation of hypochlorite and chlorate 7see below74 ,this separation is generally effected in one of three ways3 7#a7 ,in the diaphragm process 7,griesheim-,elektron chemical works7 the anode and cathode are kept separate by porous earthenware diaphragms arranged as illustrated in fig4 #f4 ,the anode consists of gas carbon1 or is made by pressing and firing a mixture of charcoal and tar2 it lies inside the diaphragm4 ,the chlorine developed in the anodal cell is carried away by a pipe4 ,the metal vessel serves as the cathode4 ,the alkali1 which1 since it contains chloride1 is recovered as caustic soda after evaporation and crystallisation1 collects in the cathodal space lying outside the diaphragm4 7#b7 ,by the ,bell method 7chemical factory at ,aussig7 the anodal and cathodal fluids1 which keep apart by their different specific weights1 are separated by a stoneware bell2 the poles consist of sheet iron and carbon4 ,the containing vessel is of stoneware4 7#c7 ,in the mercury process 7,england7 sodium chloride is electrolysed without a diaphragm1 mercury serving as the cathode4 ,this takes up the sodium1 which is afterwards recovered from the amalgam formed by means of water4 ,if chlorate or hypochlorite is to be obtained electrolytically1 electrodes of the very resistant but expensive platinum iridium are used without a diaphragm4 ,chlorine is developed--not free1 but combined with the caustic potash4 ,the bleaching fluid obtained electrolytically in this way is a rival of bleaching powder4 ,bleaching powder is made from chlorine obtained by the ,weldon or ,deacon process4 ,its preparation depends on the fact that calcium hydrate takes up chlorine in the cold with formation of calcium hypochlorite after the equation3 #b;,ca7,,oh7 #d;,cl ,ca7,cl,o7 ,ca,cl #b;,h,o4 ,the resulting product contains from #ce to #cf per cent4 chlorine1 which is given off again when treated with acids4 ,the preparation of chloride of lime takes place in bleaching powder chambers made of sheets of lead and ,yorkshire flagstones4 ,the lime is spread out on the floors of these and chlorine introduced4 ,before the process is complete the lime must be turned occasionally4 ,in the manufacture of bleaching powder from ,deacon chlorine1 ,hasenclever has constructed a special cylindrical apparatus 7fig4 #h71 consisting of several superimposed cast-iron cylinders in which are worm arrangements carrying the lime along1 while chlorine gas passes over in an opposite direction4 ,this continuous process is1 however1 only possible for the ,deacon chlorine strongly diluted with nitrogen and oxygen and not for undiluted ,weldon gas4 ,liquid chlorine can be obtained by pressure and cooling from concentrated almost pure ,weldon chlorine gas4 ,potassium chlorate1 which1 as has been said1 is now mostly obtained electrolytically1 was formerly obtained by passing ,deacon chlorine into milk of lime and decomposing the calcium chlorate formed by potassium chloride4 ,chlorine and chloride of lime are used for bleaching2 chlorine further is used in the manufacture of colours2 chloride of lime as a mordant in cloth printing and in the preparation of chloroform2 the chlorates are oxidising agents and used in making safety matches4 ,the manufacture of organic chlorine products will be dealt with later4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,preparation of ,bleaching ,powder4 ,apparatus of ,hasenclever 7after ,ost7 ,a ,hopper for slaked lime2 ,w ,worm conveying lime2 ,z ,toothed wheels2 ,k ,movable covers2 ,c ,entrance for chlorine gas2 ,d ,pipe for escape of chlorine-free gas2 ,b ,outlet shoot for bleaching powder ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,in these industries the possibility of injury to health and poisoning by inhalation of chlorine gas is prominent4 ,leymann has shown that persons employed in the manufacture of chlorine and bleaching powder suffer from diseases of the respiratory organs #agh per cent41 as contrasted with #hh per cent4 in other workers3 and this is without doubt attributable to the injurious effect of chlorine gas1 which it is hardly possible to avoid despite the fact that ,leymann's figures refer to a model factory4 ,but the figures show also that as the industry became perfected the number of cases of sickness steadily diminished4 ,most cases occur from unsatisfactory conditions in the production of chloride of lime1 especially if the chloride of lime chambers leak1 if the lime is turned over while the chlorine is being let in1 by too early entrance into chambers insufficiently ventilated1 and by careless and unsuitable methods of emptying the finished bleaching powder4 ,the possibility of injury is naturally greater from the concentrated gas prepared by the ,weldon process than from the diluted gas of the ,deacon process--the more so as in the latter the bleaching powder is made in the ,hasenclever closed-in cylindrical apparatus in which the chlorine is completely taken up by the lime4 ,the safest process of all is the electrolytic1 as1 if properly arranged1 there should be no escape of chlorine gas4 ,the chlorine developed in the cells 7when carried out on the large scale7 is drawn away by fans and conducted in closed pipes to the place where it is used4 ,many researches have been published as to the character of the skin affection well known under the name of chlorine rash 7chlorakne74 ,some maintain that it is not due to chlorine at all1 but is an eczema set up by tar4 ,others maintain that it is due to a combined action of chlorine and tar4 ,support to this view is given by the observation that cases of chlorine rash1 formerly of constant occurrence in a factory for electrolytic manufacture of chlorine1 disappeared entirely on substitution of magnetite at the anode for carbon4#a ,the conclusion seems justified that the constituents of the carbon or of the surrounding material set up the condition4 ,chlorine rash has been observed in an alkali works where chlorine was not produced electrolytically1 and under conditions which suggested that compounds of tar and chlorine were the cause4 ,in this factory for the production of salt cake by the ,hargreaves' process cakes of rock salt were prepared and1 for the purpose of drying1 conveyed on an endless metal band through a stove4 ,to prevent formation of crusts the band was tarred4 ,the salt blocks are decomposed in the usual way by sulphur dioxide1 steam1 and oxygen of the air1 and the hydrochloric acid vapour led through ,deacon towers in which the decomposition of the hydrochloric acid into chlorine and water is effected by metal salts in the manner characteristic of the ,deacon process4 ,these salts are introduced in small earthenware trays which periodically have to be removed and renewed2 the persons engaged in doing this were those affected4 ,the explanation was probably that the tar sticking to the salt blocks distilled in the saltcake furnaces and formed a compound with the chlorine which condensed on the earthenware trays4 ,when contact with these trays was recognised as the cause1 the danger was met by observance of the greatest cleanliness in opening and emptying the ,deacon towers4 ,leymann#b is certain that the rash is due to chlorinated products which emanate from the tar used in the construction of the cells4 ,and the affection has been found to be much more prevalent when the contents of the cells are emptied while the contents are still hot than when they are first allowed to get cold4 ,lehmann#c has approached the subject on the experimental side1 and is of opinion that probably chlorinated tar derivatives 7chlorinated phenols7 are the cause of the trouble4 ,both he and ,roth think that the affection is due not to external irritation of the skin1 but to absorption of the poisonous substances into the system and their elimination by way of the glands of the skin4 ,in the section on manganese poisoning detailed reference is made to the form of illness recently described in persons employed in drying the regenerated ,weldon mud4 ,mercurial poisoning is possible when mercury is used in the production of chlorine electrolytically4 ,in the manufacture of chlorates and hypochlorite1 bleaching fluids1 c41 injury to health from chlorine is possible in the same way as has been described above4 ,,other ,,chlorine ,,compounds4 ,,bromine1 ,,iodine1 ,,and ,,fluorine ,chlorine is used for the production of a number of organic chlorine compounds1 and in the manufacture of bromine and iodine1 processes which give rise to the possibility of injury to health and poisoning by chlorine2 further1 several of the substances so prepared are themselves corrosive or irritating or otherwise poisonous4 ,nevertheless1 severe poisoning and injurious effects can be almost entirely avoided by adoption of suitable precautions4 ,in the factory to which ,leymann's figures refer1 where daily several thousand kilos of chlorine and organic chlorine compounds are prepared1 a relatively very favourable state of health of the persons employed was noted4 ,at all events the preparation of chlorine by the electrolytic process takes place in closed vessels admirably adapted to avoid any escape of chlorine gas except as the result of breakage of the apparatus or pipes4 ,when this happens1 however1 the pipes conducting the gas can be immediately disconnected and the chlorine led into other apparatus or into the bleaching powder factory4 ,as such complete precautionary arrangements are not everywhere to be found1 we describe briefly the most important of the industries in question and the poisoning recognised in them4 ,chlorides of phosphorus4--,by the action of dry chlorine on an excess of heated amorphous phosphorus1 trichloride is formed 7,p,cl71 a liquid having a sharp smell and causing lachrymation1 which fumes in the air1 and in presence of water decomposes into phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid4 ,on heating with dry oxidising substances it forms phosphorus oxychloride 7see below71 which is used for the production of acid chlorides4 ,by continuous treatment with chlorine it becomes converted into phosphorus pentachloride 7,p,cl71 which also is conveniently prepared by passing chlorine through a solution of phosphorus in carbon bisulphide1 the solution being kept cold2 it is crystalline1 smells strongly1 and attacks the eyes and lungs4 ,with excess of water it decomposes into phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid3 with slight addition of water it forms phosphorus oxychloride 7,p,o,cl74 ,on the large scale this is prepared by reduction of phosphate of lime in the presence of chlorine with carbon or carbonic oxide4 ,phosphorus oxychloride1 a colourless liquid1 fumes in the air and is decomposed by water into phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid4 ,in the preparation of chlorides of phosphorus1 apart from the danger of chlorine gas and hydrochloric acid1 the poisonous effect of phosphorus and its compounds 7see ,phosphorus7 and even of carbon disulphide 7as the solvent of phosphorus7 and of carbonic oxide 7in the preparation of phosphorus oxychloride7 have to be taken into account4 ,further1 the halogen compounds of phosphorus exert irritant action on the eyes and lungs similar to chloride of sulphur as a result of their splitting up on the moist mucous membranes into hydrochloric acid and an oxyacid of phosphorus4#d ,unless1 therefore1 special measures are taken1 the persons employed in the manufacture of phosphorus chlorides suffer markedly from the injurious emanations given off4#e ,leymann#f mentions one case of poisoning by phosphorus chloride as having occurred in the factory described by him4 ,by a defect in the outlet arrangement phosphorus oxychloride flowed into a workroom4 ,symptoms of poisoning 7sensation of suffocation1 difficulty of breathing1 lachrymation1 c47 at once attacked the occupants2 before much gas had escaped1 the workers rushed out4 ,nevertheless1 they suffered from severe illness of the respiratory organs 7bronchial catarrh and inflammation of the lungs1 with frothy1 blood-stained expectoration1 c474#g ,chlorides of sulphur4--,monochloride of sulphur 7,s,cl7 is made by passing dried1 washed chlorine gas into molten heated sulphur4 ,the oily1 brown1 fuming liquid thus made is distilled over into a cooled condenser and by redistillation purified from the sulphur carried over with it4 ,sulphur monochloride can take up much sulphur1 and when saturated is used in the vulcanisation of indiarubber1 and1 further1 is used to convert linseed and beetroot oil into a rubber substitute4 ,monochloride of sulphur is decomposed by water into sulphur dioxide1 hydrochloric acid1 and sulphur4 ,by further action of chlorine on the monochloride1 sulphur dichloride 7,s,cl7 and the tetrachloride 7,s,cl7 are formed4 ,in its preparation and use 7see also ,indiarubber ,manufacture7 the injurious action of chlorine1 of hydrochloric acid1 and of sulphur dioxide comes into play4 ,the monochloride has very irritating effects4 ,leymann cites an industrial case of poisoning by it4 ,in the ,german factory inspectors' reports for #ahig a fatal case is recorded4 ,the shirt of a worker became saturated with the material owing to the bursting of a bottle4 ,first aid was rendered by pouring water over him1 thereby increasing the symptoms1 which proved fatal the next day4 ,thus the decomposition brought about by water already referred to aggravated the symptoms4 ,zinc chloride 7,zn,cl7 is formed by heating zinc in presence of chlorine4 ,it is obtained pure by dissolving pure zinc in hydrochloric acid and treating this solution with chlorine4 ,zinc chloride is obtained on the large scale by dissolving furnace calamine 7zinc oxide7 in hydrochloric acid4 ,zinc chloride is corrosive4 ,it is used for impregnating wood and in weighting goods4 ,besides possible injury to health from chlorine and hydrogen chloride1 risk of arseniuretted hydrogen poisoning is present in the manufacture if the raw materials contain arsenic4 ,eulenburg considers that in soldering oppressive zinc chloride fumes may come off if the metal to be soldered is first wiped with hydrochloric acid and then treated with the soldering iron4 ,rock salt4--,mention may be made that even to salt in combination with other chlorides 7calcium chloride1 magnesium chloride1 c47 injurious effects are ascribed4 ,ulcers and perforation of the septum of the nose in salt-grinders and packers who were working in a room charged with salt dust are described4#h ,these effects are similar to those produced by the bichromates4 ,organic ,chlorine ,compounds ,carbon oxychloride 7,c,o,cl1 carbonyl dichloride1 phosgene7 is produced by direct combination of chlorine and carbonic oxide in presence of animal charcoal4 ,phosgene is itself a very poisonous gas which1 in addition to the poisonous qualities of carbonic oxide 7which have to be borne in mind in view of the method of manufacture71 acts as an irritant of the mucous membranes4 ,commercially it is in solution in toluene and xylene1 from which the gas is readily driven off by heating4 ,it is used in the production of various colours1 such as crystal violet1 ,victoria blue1 auramine1 c4 ,a fatal case of phosgene gas poisoning in the report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aije deserves mention4 ,the phosgene was kept in a liquefied state in iron bottles provided with a valve under #bc atm4 pressure4 ,the valve of one of these bottles leaked1 allowing large escape into the workroom4 ,two workers tried but failed to secure the valve4 ,the cylinder was therefore removed by a worker1 by order of the manager1 and placed in a cooling mixture1 as phosgene boils at #h ,c4 ,the man in question wore a helmet into which air was pumped from the compressed air supply in the factory4 ,as the helmet became obscured through moisture after five minutes the worker took it off4 ,a foreman next put on the cleaned mask1 and kept the cylinder surrounded with ice and salt for three-quarters of an hour1 thus stopping the escape of gas4 ,meanwhile1 the first worker had again entered the room1 wearing a cloth soaked in dilute alcohol before his mouth1 in order to take a sack of salt to the foreman4 ,an hour and a half later he complained of being very ill1 became worse during the night1 and died the following morning4 ,although the deceased may have been extremely susceptible1 the case affords sufficient proof of the dangerous nature of the gas1 which in presence of moisture had decomposed into carbonic acid and hydrochloric acid2 the latter had acutely attacked the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages and set up fatal bronchitis4 ,further1 it was found that the leaden plugs of the valves had been eroded by the phosgene4 ,three further cases of industrial phosgene poisoning have been reported1#i one a severe case in which there was bronchitis with blood-stained expectoration1 great dyspna1 and weakness of the heart's action4 ,the affected person was successfully treated with ether and oxygen inhalations4 ,phosgene may act either as the whole molecule1 or is inhaled to such degree that the carbonic oxide element plays a part4 ,in another case of industrial phosgene poisoning the symptoms were those of severe irritation of the bronchial mucous membrane and difficulty of breathing4#aj ,the case recovered1 although sensitiveness of the air passages lasted a long time4 ,carbon chlorine compounds 7aliphatic series74--,methyl chloride 7,,ch,cl7 or chlormethane is prepared from methyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid 7with chloride of zinc7 or methyl alcohol1 salt1 and sulphuric acid4 ,it is prepared in ,france on a large scale from beetroot vinasse by dry distillation of the evaporation residue4 ,the distillate1 which contains methyl alcohol1 trimethylamine1 and other methylated amines1 is heated with hydrochloric acid2 the methyl chloride so obtained is purified1 dried and compressed4 ,it is used in the preparation of pure chloroform1 in the coal-tar dye industry1 and in surgery 7as a local ansthetic74 ,in the preparation of methyl chloride there is risk from methyl alcohol1 trimethylamine1 c4 ,methyl chloride itself is injurious to health4 ,methylene chloride 7,,ch,cl1 dichlormethane7 is prepared in a similar way4 ,it is very poisonous4 ,carbon tetrachloride 7,c,cl1 tetrachlormethane7 is technically important4 ,it is prepared by passing chlorine gas into carbon bisulphide with antimony or aluminium chloride4 ,carbon tetrachloride is a liquid suitable for the extraction of fat or grease 7as in chemical cleaning71 and has the advantage of being non-inflammable4 ,carbon tetrachloride1 so far as its poisonous qualities are concerned1 is to be preferred to other extractives 7see ,carbon ,bisulphide1 ,benzine1 c472 for the rest it causes unconsciousness similar to chloroform4 ,when manufactured industrially1 in addition to the poisonous effect of chlorine1 the poisonous carbon bisulphide has also to be borne in mind4 ,ethyl chloride 7,c,h,cl7 is made in a way analogous to methyl chloride by the action of hydrochloric acid on ethyl alcohol and chloride of zinc4 ,it is used in medicine as a narcotic4 ,monochloracetic acid4--,in the preparation of monochloracetic acid hydrochloric acid is developed in large quantity4 ,from it and anthranilic acid artificial indigo is prepared 7according to ,heuman7 by means of caustic potash4 ,chloral 7,c,cl,,cho1 trichloracetaldehyde7 is produced by chlorinating alcohol4 ,chloral is used in the preparation of pure chloroform and 7by addition of water7 of chloral hydrate 7trichloracetaldehyde hydrate71 the well-known soporific4 ,chloroform 7,c,h,cl1 trichlormethane74--,some methods for the preparation of chloroform have been already mentioned 7,chloral1 ,methyl ,chloride74 ,technically it is prepared by distillation of alcohol or acetone with bleaching powder4 ,the workers employed are said to be affected by the stupefying vapours4 ,further1 there is the risk of chlorine gas from use of chloride of lime4 ,chloride of nitrogen 7,n,cl7 is an oily1 volatile1 very explosive1 strongly smelling substance1 which irritates the eyes and nose violently and is in every respect dangerous2 it is obtained from the action of chlorine or hypochlorous acid on sal-ammoniac4 ,the poisonous nature of these substances may come into play4 ,risk of formation of chloride of nitrogen can arise in the production of gunpowder from nitre containing chlorine4 ,cyanogen chloride 7,c,n,cl74--,cyanogen chloride is made from hydrocyanic acid or cyanide of mercury and chlorine4 ,cyanogen chloride itself is an extremely poisonous and irritating gas1 and all the substances from which it is made are also poisonous4 ,according to ,albrecht cyanogen chloride can arise in the preparation of red prussiate of potash 7by passage of chlorine gas into a solution of the yellow prussiate7 if the solution is treated with chlorine in excess2 the workers may thus be exposed to great danger4 ,chlorobenzene4--,in his paper referred to ,leymann cites three cases of poisoning by chlorobenzene1 one by dinitrochlorobenzene1 and1 further1 three cases of burning by chlorobenzene and one by benzoyl chloride 7,c,h,c,o,cl74 ,the last named is made by treating benzaldehyde with chlorine1 and irritates severely the mucous membranes1 while decomposing into hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid4#aa ,benzal chloride 7,c,h,c,h,cl71 benzo trichloride 7,c,h,c,cl71 and benzyl chloride 7,c,h,,ch,cl7 are obtained by action of chlorine on boiling toluene4 ,the vapours of these volatile products irritate the respiratory passages4 ,in the manufacture there is risk from the effect of chlorine gas and toluene vapour 7see ,benzene1 ,toluene74 ,leymann#ab describes in detail six cases of poisoning in persons employed in a chlorobenzene industry1 of which two were due to nitrochlorobenzene4 ,symptoms of poisoning--headache1 cyanosis1 fainting1 c4--were noted in a person working for three weeks with chlorobenzene4#ac ,in ,lehmann's opinion chlorine rash1 the well-recognised skin affection of chlorine workers1 may be due to contact with substances of the chlorbenzol group4#ad ,iodine and iodine compounds4--,formerly iodine was obtained almost exclusively from the liquor formed by lixiviation of the ash of seaweed 7kelp1 c472 now the principal sources are the mother liquors from ,chili saltpetre and other salt industries4 ,from the concentrated liquor the iodine is set free by means of chlorine or oxidising substances and purified by distillation and sublimation4 ,iodine is used for the preparation of photographic and pharmaceutical preparations1 especially iodoform 7tri-iodomethane1 ,,chi71 which is made by acting with iodine and caustic potash on alcohol1 aldehyde1 acetone1 c4 ,apart from possible injurious action of chlorine when used in the preparation of iodine1 workers are exposed to the possibility of chronic iodine poisoning4 ,according to ,ascher#ae irritation effects1 nervous symptoms1 and gastric ulceration occur in iodine manufacture and use4 ,he considers that bromide of iodine used in photography produces these irritating effects most markedly4 ,layet and also ,chevallier in older literature have made the same observations4 ,the ,swiss ,factory ,inspectors' ,report for #ahij-a describes two acute cases of iodine poisoning in a factory where organic iodine compounds were made2 one terminated fatally 7severe cerebral symptoms1 giddiness1 diplopia1 and collapse74 ,bromine and bromine compounds4--,bromine is obtained 7as in the case of iodine7 principally from the mother liquors of salt works 7especially ,stassfurt saline deposits7 by the action of chlorine or nascent oxygen on the bromides of the alkalis and alkaline earths in the liquors4 ,they are chiefly used in photography 7silver bromide71 in medicine 7potassium bromide1 c471 and in the coal-tar dye industry4 ,the danger of bromine poisoning 7especially of the chronic form7 is present in its manufacture and use1 but there is no positive evidence of the appearance of the bromine rash among the workers4 ,on the other hand1 instances are recorded of poisoning by methyl bromide1 and the injurious effect of bromide of iodine has been referred to4 ,methyl iodide and methyl bromide4--,methyl iodide 7,,ch,i71 a volatile fluid1 is obtained by distillation of wood spirit with amorphous phosphorus and iodine2 it is used in the production of methylated tar colours and for the production of various methylene compounds4 ,grandhomme describes1 in the paper already referred to1 six cases1 some very severe1 of poisoning by the vapour of methyl iodide among workers engaged in the preparation of antipyrin1 which is obtained by the action of aceto-acetic ether on phenyl hydrazine1 treatment of the pyrazolone so obtained with methyl iodide1 and decomposition of the product with caustic soda4 ,a case of methyl iodide poisoning is described in a factory operative1 who showed symptoms similar to those described for methyl bromide except that the psychical disturbance was more marked4#af ,three cases of methyl bromide 7,,ch,br7 poisoning are described in persons preparing the compound4#ag ,one of these terminated fatally4 ,there is some doubt as to whether these cases were really methyl bromide poisoning4 ,but later cases of methyl bromide poisoning are known1 and hence the dangerous nature of this chemical compound is undoubted4 ,thus the ,report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aijd gives the following instance3 ,two workers who had to deal with an ethereal solution of methyl bromide became ill with symptoms of alcoholic intoxication4 ,one suffered for a long time from nervous excitability1 attacks of giddiness1 and drowsiness4 ,other cases of poisoning from methyl bromide vapour are recorded with severe nervous symptoms and even collapse4 ,fluorine compounds4--,hydrogen fluoride 7,h,fl7 commercially is a watery solution1 which is prepared by decomposition of powdered fluorspar by sulphuric acid in cast-iron vessels with lead hoods4 ,the escaping fumes are collected in leaden condensers surrounded with water2 sometimes to get a very pure product it is redistilled in platinum vessels4 ,hydrogen fluoride is used in the preparation of the fluorides of antimony1 of which antimony fluoride ammonium sulphate 7,sb,fl7,,nh7,,so7 has wide use in dyeing as a substitute for tartar emetic4 ,it is produced by dissolving oxide of antimony in hydrofluoric acid with addition of ammonium sulphate and subsequent concentration and crystallisation4 ,hydrofluoric acid is used for etching glass 7see also ,glass ,industry74 ,in brewing1 an unpurified silico-fluoric acid mixed with silicic acid1 clay1 oxide of iron1 and oxide of zinc called ,salufer is used as a disinfectant and preservative4 ,hydrofluoric acid and silicofluoric acid 7,h,si,fl7 arise further in the superphosphate industry by the action of sulphuric acid on the phosphorites whereby silicofluoric acid is obtained as a bye-product 7see also ,manufacture of ,artificial ,manure74 ,hydrofluoric acid and its derivatives both in their manufacture and use and in the superphosphate industry affect the health of the workers4 ,if hydrogen fluoride or its compounds escape into the atmosphere they attack the respiratory passages and set up inflammation of the eyes2 further1 workers handling the watery solutions are prone to skin affections 7ulceration74 ,the following are examples of the effects produced4#ah ,a worker in an art establishment upset a bottle of hydrofluoric acid and wetted the inner side of a finger of the right hand4 ,although he immediately washed his hands1 a painful inflammation with formation of blisters similar to a burn of the second degree came on within a few hours4 ,the blister became infected and suppurated4 ,a man and his wife wished to obliterate the printing on the top of porcelain beer bottle stoppers with hydrofluoric acid4 ,the man took a cloth1 moistened a corner of it1 and then rubbed the writing off4 ,after a short time he noticed a slight burning sensation and stopped4 ,his wife1 who wore an old kid glove in doing the work1 suffered from the same symptoms1 the pain from which in the night became unbearable1 and in spite of medical treatment gangrene of the finger-tips ensued4 ,healing took place with suppuration and loss of the finger-nails4 ,injury of the respiratory passages by hydrofluoric acid has often been reported4 ,in one factory for its manufacture the hydrofluoric acid vapour was so great that all the windows to a height of #h metres were etched dull4 ,several cases of poisoning by hydrofluoric acid were noted by me when examining the certificates of the ,sick ,insurance ,society of ,bohemia4 ,in #aijf there were four due to inhalation of vapour of hydrofluoric acid in a hydrofluoric acid factory1 with symptoms of corrosive action on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract4 ,in #aijg there was a severe case in the etching of glass4#ai ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,,manufacture ,,and ,,uses4--,nitric acid 7,,hno7 is obtained by distillation when ,chili saltpetre 7sodium nitrate7 is decomposed by sulphuric acid in cast-iron retorts according to the equation3 ,na,n,o ,h,,so ,na,h,s,o ,,hno4 ,condensation takes place in fireclay ,woulff bottles connected to a coke tower in the same way as has been described in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,preparation of ,nitric ,acid 7after ,ost7 ,lunge-,rohrmann plate towers are also used instead of the coke tower4 ,earthenware fans--as is the case with acid gases generally--serve to aspirate the nitrous fumes4 ,to free the nitric acid of the accompanying lower oxides of nitrogen 7as well as chlorine1 compounds of chlorine and other impurities7 air is blown into the hot acid4 ,the mixture of sodium sulphate and sodium bisulphate remaining in the retorts is either converted into sulphate by addition of salt or used in the manufacture of glass4 ,the nitric acid obtained is used either as such or mixed with sulphuric acid or with hydrochloric acid4 ,pure nitric acid cannot at ordinary atmospheric pressure be distilled unaltered1 becomes coloured on distillation1 and turns red when exposed to light4 ,it is extremely dangerous to handle1 as it sets light to straw1 for example1 if long in contact with it4 ,it must be packed1 therefore1 in kieselguhr earth1 and when in glass carboys forwarded only in trains for transport of inflammable material4 ,red1 fuming nitric acid1 a crude nitric acid1 contains much nitrous and nitric oxides4 ,it is produced if in the distillation process less sulphuric acid and a higher temperature are employed or 7by reduction7 if starch meal is added4 ,the successful production of nitric acid from the air must be referred to4 ,it is effected by electric discharges in special furnaces from which the air charged with nitrous gas is led into towers where the nitric oxide is further oxidised 7to tetroxide71 and finally1 by contact with water1 converted into nitric acid4 ,nitric acid is used in the manufacture of phosphoric acid1 arsenious acid1 and sulphuric acid1 nitro-glycerin and nitrocellulose1 smokeless powder1 c4 7see the section on ,explosives71 in the preparation of nitrobenzenes1 picric acid1 and other nitro-compounds 7see ,tar ,products1 c474 ,the diluted acid serves for the solution and etching of metals1 also for the preparation of nitrates1 such as the nitrates of mercury1 silver1 c4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,leymann considers that the average number of cases and duration of sickness among persons employed in the nitric acid industry are generally on the increase2 the increase relates almost entirely to burns which can hardly be avoided with so strongly corrosive an acid4 ,the number of burns amounts almost to #ab per cent4 according to ,leymann's figures 7i4e4 on an average #ab burns per #ajj workers71 while among the packers1 day labourers1 c41 in the same industry the proportion is only #a per cent4 ,affections of the respiratory tract are fairly frequent 7#aah per cent4 as compared with #hh per cent4 of other workers71 which is no doubt to be ascribed to the corrosive action of nitrous fumes on the mucous membranes4 ,escape of acid fumes can occur in the manufacture of nitric acid though leaky retorts1 pipes1 c41 and injurious acid fumes may be developed in the workrooms from the bisulphate when withdrawn from the retorts1 which is especially the case when excess of sulphuric acid is used4 ,the poisonous nature of these fumes is very great1 as is shown by cases in which severe poisoning has been reported from merely carrying a vessel containing fuming nitric acid4#a ,frequent accidents occur through the corrosive action of the acid or from breathing the acid fumes--apart from the dangers mentioned in the manufacture--in filling1 packing1 and despatching the acid--especially if appropriate vessels are not used and they break4 ,of such accidents several are reported4 ,further1 reports of severe poisoning from the use of nitric acid are numerous4 ,inhalation of nitrous fumes 7nitrous and nitric oxides1 c47 does not immediately cause severe symptoms or death2 severe symptoms tend to come on some hours later1 as the examples cited below show4 ,occurrence of such poisoning has already been referred to when describing the sulphuric acid industry4 ,in the superphosphate industry also poisoning has occurred by accidental development of nitric oxide fumes on sodium nitrate mixing with very acid superphosphate4 ,not unfrequently poisoning arises in pickling metals 7belt making1 pickling brass2 cf4 the chapter on ,treatment of ,metals74 ,poisoning by nitrous fumes has frequently been reported from the action of nitric acid on organic substances whereby the lower oxides of nitrogen--nitrous and nitric oxides--are given off4 ,such action of nitric acid or of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid on organic substances is used for nitrating purposes 7see ,nitroglycerin2 ,explosives2 ,nitrobenzol74 ,through want of care1 therefore1 poisoning can arise in these industries4 ,again1 this danger is present on accidental contact of escaping acid with organic substances 7wood1 paper1 leather1 c471 as shown especially by fires thus created4#b ,thus1 in a cellar were five large iron vessels containing a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids4 ,one of the vessels was found one morning to be leaking4 ,the manager directed that smoke helmets should be fetched1 intending to pump out the acid1 and two plumbers went into the cellar to fix the pump1 staying there about twenty-five minutes4 ,they used cotton waste and handkerchiefs as respirators1 but did not put on the smoke helmets4 ,one plumber suffered only from cough1 but the other died the same evening with symptoms of great dyspna4 ,at the autopsy severe inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the palate1 pharynx and air passages1 and congestion of the lungs were found4 ,two further fatal cases in the nitrating room are described by ,holtzmann4 ,one of the two complained only a few hours after entering the room of pains in the chest and giddiness4 ,he died two days later4 ,the other died the day after entering the factory1 where he had only worked for three hours4 ,in both cases intense swelling and inflammation of the mucous membrane was found4 ,holtzmann mentions cases of poisoning by nitrous fumes in the heating of an artificial manure consisting of a mixture of saltpetre1 brown coal containing sulphur1 and wool waste4 ,fatalities have been reported in workers who had tried to mop up the spilt nitric acid with shavings4#c ,we quote the following other instances#d3 7#a7 ,fatal poisoning of a fireman who had rescued several persons from a room filled with nitrous fumes the result of a fire occasioned by the upsetting of a carboy4 ,the rescued suffered from bronchial catarrh1 the rescuer dying from inflammation and congestion of the lungs twenty-nine hours after the inhalation of the gas4 7#b7 ,at a fire in a chemical factory three officers and fifty-seven firemen became affected from inhalation of nitrous fumes1 of whom one died4 7#c7 ,in ,elberfeld on an open piece of ground fifty carboys were stored4 ,one burst and started a fire4 ,as a strong wind was blowing the firemen were little affected by the volumes of reddish fumes4 ,soon afterwards at the same spot some fifty to sixty carboys were destroyed4 ,fifteen men successfully extinguished the fire in a relatively still atmosphere in less than half an hour4 ,at first hardly any symptoms of discomfort were felt4 ,three hours later all were seized with violent suffocative attacks1 which in one case proved fatal and in the rest entailed nine to ten days' illness from affection of the respiratory organs4 ,the ,report of the ,union for ,chemical ,industry for #aijh describes a similar accident in a nitro-cellulose factory4 ,of those engaged in extinguishing the fire twenty-two were affected1 and in spite of medical treatment and use of the oxygen apparatus three died4 ,from the same source we quote the following examples3 ,in a denitrating installation 7see ,nitro-glycerin2 ,explosives7 a man was engaged in blowing1 by means of compressed air1 weak nitric acid from a stoneware vessel sunk in the ground into a washing tower4 ,as the whole system was already under high pressure the vessel suddenly exploded1 and in doing so smashed a wooden vat containing similar acid1 which spilt on the ground with sudden development of tetroxide vapours4 ,the man inhaled much gas1 but except for pains in the chest felt no serious symptoms at the time and continued to work the following day4 ,death occurred the next evening from severe dyspna4 ,a somewhat similar case occurred in the nitrating room of a dynamite factory in connection with the cleaning of a waste acid egg2 the vessel had for several days been repeatedly washed out with water made alkaline with unslaked lime4 ,two men then in turn got into the egg in order to remove the lime and lead deposit1 compressed air being continuously blown in through the manhole4 ,the foreman remained about a quarter of an hour and finished the cleaning without feeling unwell4 ,difficulty of breathing came on in the evening1 and death ensued on the following day4 ,in another case a worker was engaged in washing nitroxylene when1 through a leak1 a portion of the contents collected in a pit below4 ,he then climbed into the pit and scooped the nitroxylene which had escaped into jars4 ,this work took about three-quarters of an hour1 and afterwards he complained of difficulty of breathing and died thirty-six hours later4#e ,a worker again had to control a valve regulating the flow to two large vessels serving to heat or cool the nitrated liquid4 ,both vessels were provided with pressure gauges and open at the top4 ,through carelessness one of the vessels ran over1 and instead of leaving the room after closing the valve1 the man tried to get rid of the traces of his error1 remaining in the atmosphere charged with the fumes1#f and was poisoned4 ,nitric and ,nitrous ,salts and ,compounds ,when dissolving in nitric acid the substances necessary for making the various nitrates1 nitric and nitrous oxides escape4 ,in certain cases nitric and hydrochloric acids are used together to dissolve metals such as platinum and gold and ferric oxides1 when chlorine as well as nitrous oxide escapes4 ,mention is necessary of the following3 ,barium nitrate 7,ba7,,no77 is prepared as a colourless crystalline substance by acting on barium carbonate or barium sulphide with nitric acid4 ,use is made of it in fireworks 7green fire7 and explosives4 ,in analogous way strontium nitrate 7,sr7,,no77 is made and used for red fire4 ,ammonium nitrate 7,,nh,,no71 a colourless crystalline substance1 is obtained by neutralising nitric acid with ammonia or ammonium carbonate1 and is also made by dissolving iron or tin in nitric acid4 ,it is used in the manufacture of explosives4 ,lead nitrate 7,pb7,,no771 a colourless crystalline substance1 is made by dissolving lead oxide or carbonate in nitric acid4 ,it is used in dyeing and calico printing1 in the preparation of chrome yellow and other lead compounds1 and mixed with lead peroxide 7obtained by treatment of red lead with nitric acid7 in the manufacture of lucifer matches4 ,apart from risk from nitrous fumes 7common to all these salts7 there is risk also of chronic lead poisoning4 ,nitrate of iron 7,fe7,,no771 forming green crystals1 is made by dissolving sulphide of iron or iron in cold dilute nitric acid4 ,the so-called nitrate of iron commonly used in dyeing consists of basic sulphate of iron 7used largely in the black dyeing of silk74 ,copper nitrate 7,cu7,,no771 prepared in a similar way1 is also used in dyeing4 ,mercurous nitrate 7,hg7,,no77 is of great importance industrially1 and is produced by the action of cold dilute nitric acid on an excess of mercury4 ,it is used for #8carotting' rabbit skins in felt hat making1 for colouring horn1 for etching1 and for forming an amalgam with metals1 in making a black bronze on brass 7art metal71 in painting on porcelain1 c4 ,mercuric nitrate 7,hg7,,no77 is made by dissolving mercury in nitric acid or by treating mercury with excess of warm nitric acid4 ,both the mercurous and mercuric salts act as corrosives and are strongly poisonous 7see also ,mercury and ,hat ,manufacture74 ,nitrate of silver 7,ag,n,o7 is obtained by dissolving silver in nitric acid and is used commercially as a caustic in the well-known crystalline pencils 7lunar caustic74 ,its absorption into the system leads to accumulation of silver in the skin--the so-called argyria 7see ,silver74 ,such cases of chronic poisoning are recorded by ,lewin4#g ,argyria occurs among photographers and especially in the silvering of glass pearls owing to introduction of a silver nitrate solution into the string of pearls by suction4 ,in northern ,bohemia1 where the glass pearl industry is carried on in the homes of the workers1 ,i saw a typical case4 ,the cases are now rare1 as air pumps are used instead of the mouth4 ,sodium nitrite 7,na,n,o7 is obtained by melting ,chili saltpetre with metallic lead in cast-iron vessels4 ,the mass is lixiviated and the crystals obtained on evaporation4 ,the lead oxide produced is specially suitable for making red lead4 ,cases of lead poisoning are frequent and sometimes severe4 ,roth#h mentions a factory where among #ajj employed there were #baa attacks in a year4 ,amyl nitrite 7,c,h,,no7 is made by leading nitrous fumes into iso-amyl alcohol and distilling amyl alcohol with potassium nitrite and sulphuric acid4 ,it is a yellowish fluid1 the fumes of which when inhaled produce throbbing of the bloodvessels in the head and rapid pulse4 ,for other nitric acid compounds see the following section on ,explosives and the section on ,manufacture of ,tar ,products 7,nitro-benzene1 c474 ,explosives ,numerous explosives are made with aid of nitric acid or a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids4 ,injury to health and poisoning--especially through development of nitrous fumes--can be caused4 ,further1 some explosives are themselves industrial poisons1 especially those giving off volatile fumes or dust4 ,the most important are3 ,fulminate of mercury 7,hg,c,n,o7 is probably to be regarded as the mercury salt of fulminic acid1 an isomer of cyanic acid4 ,it is used to make caps for detonating gunpowder and explosives1 and is made by dissolving mercury in nitric acid and adding alcohol4 ,the heavy white crystals of mercury fulminate are filtered off and dried4 ,very injurious fumes are produced in the reaction1 containing ethyl acetate1 acetic acid1 ethyl nitrate1 nitrous acid1 volatile hydrocyanic acid compounds1 hydrocyanic acid1 ethyl cyanide1 cyanic acid2 death consequently can immediately ensue on inhalation of large quantities4 ,the fulminate is itself poisonous1 and risk is present in filtering1 pressing1 drying1 and granulating it4 ,further1 in filling the caps in the huts numerous cases of poisoning occur4 ,heinzerling thinks here that mercury fumes are developed by tiny explosions in the pressing and filling4 ,in a factory in ,nuremburg #dj per cent4 of the women employed are said to have suffered from mercurial poisoning4 ,several cases in a factory at ,marseilles are recorded by ,neisser4#i ,in addition to the risk from the salt there is even more from nitrous fumes1 which are produced in large quantity in the fulminate department4 ,nitro-glycerin 7,c,h7,o--,,no71 dynamite1 explosive gelatine74--,nitro-glycerin is made by action of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids on anhydrous glycerin4 ,the method of manufacture is as follows 7see fig4 #aj73 glycerin is allowed to flow into the acid mixture in leaden vessels2 it is agitated by compressed air and care taken that the temperature remains at about #bb ,c41 as above #be there may be risk4 ,the liquid is then run off and separates into two layers1 the lighter nitro-glycerin floating on the top of the acid4 ,the process is watched through glass windows4 ,the nitro-glycerin thus separated is run off1 washed by agitation with compressed air1 then neutralised 7with soda solution7 and again washed and lastly filtered4 ,the acid mixture which was run off is carefully separated by standing1 as any explosive oil contained in it will rise up4 ,the waste acid freed from nitro-glycerin is recovered in special apparatus1 being denitrified by hot air and steam blown through it4 ,the nitrous fumes are condensed to nitric acid4 ,the sulphuric acid is evaporated4 ,dynamite is made by mixing nitro-glycerin with infusorial earth previously heated to redness and purified4 ,blasting gelatine is made by dissolving gun cotton 7collodion wool1 nitro-cellulose7 in nitro-glycerin4 ,both are pressed into cartridge shape4 ,nitro-glycerin itself is a strong poison which can be absorbed both through the skin and from the alimentary canal4 ,kobert describes a case where the rubbing of a single drop into the skin caused symptoms lasting for ten hours4 ,workmen engaged in washing out nitro-glycerin from the kieselguhr earth1 having in doing so their bare arms immersed in the liquid1 suffered4 ,although it be granted that nitro-glycerin workers become to a large extent acclimatised1 cases of poisoning constantly occur in explosives factories referable to the effect of nitro-glycerin4 ,persons mixing and sieving dynamite suffer from ulcers under the nails and at the finger-tips which are difficult to heal4 ,further1 where the apparatus employed is not completely enclosed nitrous fumes escape and become a source of danger4 ,formerly this danger was constantly present in the nitrating house where nitration was effected in open vessels4 ,now that this is usually done in closed nitrating apparatus with glass covers the danger is mainly limited to the acid separating house1 wash house1 and especially the room in which denitration of the waste acids is effected4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,preparation of ,nitro-glycerin4 ,nitrating ,vessel 7after ,guttmann7 ,a ,glycerine reservoir2 ,c ,fume flue2 ,d ,acid supply pipe2 ,e1 ,g ,compressed air supply2 ,h1 ,j ,cooling coil4 ,a fatal case in a nitro-glycerin factory was reported in #aijb where1 through carelessness1 a separator had overflowed4 ,the workman who tried to wash away the acid with water inhaled so much of the nitrous fumes that he succumbed sixteen hours later4 ,other cases of poisoning by nitrous fumes occurring in the denitrating department are described in detail in the section on the use of nitric acid4 ,one of these occurred to a man forcing dilute nitric acid from an earthenware egg by means of compressed air into a washing tower4 ,the egg burst and broke an acid tank4 ,the workman died on the following day4 ,a fatal case occurred in a dynamite factory in cleaning out a storage tank for waste acid in spite of previous swilling and ventilation4 ,gun cotton 7pyroxyline7 and its use4--,pyroxyline is the collective name for all products of the action of nitric acid on cellulose 7cotton wool and similar material72 these products form nitric acid ester of cellulose 7nitro-cellulose74 ,gun cotton is formed by the action of strong nitric acid on cellulose 7cotton wool74 ,a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids is allowed to act on cotton wool 7previously freed from grease1 purified1 and dried71 with subsequent pressing and centrifugalising4 ,in the nitrating centrifugal machine 7in the ,selvig-,lange method7 both processes are effected at the same time4 ,the interior of this apparatus is filled with nitric acid1 cotton wool is introduced1 the acid fumes exhausted through earthenware pipes1 and the remainder of the acid removed by the centrifugal machine2 the nitrated material is then washed1 teazed in teazing machines1 again washed1 neutralised with calcium carbonate1 again centrifugalised1 and dried4 ,since drying in drying stoves is a great source of danger of explosion1 dehydration is effected with alcohol1 and the gun cotton intended for the production of smokeless powder carried directly to the gelatinising vessels 7see ,smokeless ,powder74 ,gun cotton1 apart from its use for smokeless powder1 is pressed in prisms and used for charging torpedoes and sea mines4 ,collodion cotton is a partially nitrated cellulose4 ,it is prepared generally in the same way as gun cotton1 except that it is treated with a more dilute acid4 ,it is soluble 7in contradistinction to gun cotton7 in alcohol-ether1 and the solution is known as collodion 7as used in surgery1 photography1 and to impregnate incandescent gas mantles74 ,mixed with camphor and heated collodion forms celluloid4 ,in ,chardonnet's method for making artificial silk collodion is used by forcing it through fine glass tubes and drawing and spinning it4 ,the alcohol-ether vapours are carried away by fans and the spun material is de-nitrated by ammonium sulphide4 ,smokeless powder is a gun cotton powder--that is gun cotton the explosive power of which is utilised by bringing it into a gelatinous condition4 ,this is effected by gelatinising the gun cotton with alcohol-ether or acetone 7sometimes with addition of camphor1 resin1 c474 ,a doughy1 pasty mass results1 which is then rolled1 washed1 dried1 and pressed into rods4 ,nobel's nitroleum 7artillery powder7 consists half of nitro-glycerin and half of collodion cotton4 ,in the production of gun cotton and collodion cotton the workers are affected and endangered by nitric and nitrous fumes unless the nitrating apparatus is completely airtight4 ,erosion of the incisor teeth is general1 but use of the new nitrating apparatus1 especially of the nitrating centrifugal machines already described1 has greatly diminished the evil4 ,in making collodion1 celluloid and artificial silk1 in addition to the risks referred to in the production of gun cotton1 the vapour from the solvents1 ether1 alcohol1 acetone1 acetic-ether1 and camphor1 comes into consideration1 but there is no account of such poisoning in the literature of the subject4 ,other explosives which belong to the aromatic series are described in the chapter on ,tar ,derivatives1 especially picric acid4 ,,phosphorus ,,and ,,phosphorus ,,matches ,the total production of phosphorus is not large4 ,formerly it was prepared from bone ash4 ,now it is made from phosphorite1 which1 as in the super-phosphate industry1 is decomposed by means of sulphuric acid1 soluble phosphate and calcium sulphate being formed2 the latter is removed1 the solution evaporated1 mixed with coal or coke powder1 distilled in clay retorts1 and received in water4 ,phosphorus is also obtained electro-chemically from a mixture of tricalcium phosphate1 carbon1 and silicic acid1 re-distilled for further purification1 and finally poured under water into stick form4 ,red phosphorus 7amorphous phosphorus7 is obtained by heating yellow phosphorus in the absence of air and subsequently extracting with carbon bisulphide4 ,phosphorus matches are made by first fixing the wooden splints in frames and then dipping the ends either into paraffin or sulphur which serve to carry the flame to the wood4 ,then follows dipping in the phosphorus paste proper1 for which suitable dipping machines are now used4 ,the phosphorus paste consists of yellow phosphorus1 an oxidising agent 7red lead1 lead nitrate1 nitre1 or manganese dioxide7 and a binding substance 7dextrine1 gum72 finally the matches are dried and packed4 ,safety matches are made in the same way1 except that there is no phosphorus4 ,the paste consists of potassium chlorate1 sulphur1 or antimony sulphide1 potassium bichromate1 solution of gum or dextrine1 and different admixtures such as glass powder1 c4 ,these matches are saturated with paraffin or ammonium phosphate4 ,to strike them a special friction surface is required containing red phosphorus1 antimony sulphide1 and dextrine4 ,in the act of striking the heat generated converts a trace of the red phosphorus into the yellow variety which takes fire4 ,danger to health arises from the poisonous gases evolved in the decomposition of the calcined bones by sulphuric acid4 ,when phosphorus is made from phosphorite the same dangers to health are present as in the production of super-phosphate artificial manure1 which is characterised by the generation of hydrofluoric and fluosilicic acids4 ,in the distillation of phosphorus phosphoretted hydrogen and phosphorus fumes may escape and prove dangerous4 ,industrial poisoning from the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches has greater interest than its occurrence in the production of phosphorus itself4 ,already in #ahde chronic phosphorus poisoning 7phosphorus necrosis7 had been observed by ,lorinser1 and carefully described by ,bibra and ,geist in #ahdg4 ,in the early years of its use phosphorus necrosis must have been fairly frequent in lucifer match factories1 and not infrequently have led to death4 ,this necessitated preventive measures in various ,states 7see ,part ,,iii72 cases became fewer1 but did not disappear altogether4 ,especially dangerous is the preparation of the paste1 dipping1 and manipulations connected with drying and filling the matches into boxes4 ,according to the reports of the ,austrian factory inspectors there are about #dejj lucifer match workers in that country1 among whom seventy-four cases of necrosis are known to have occurred between the years #aijj and #aijh inclusive4 ,teleky#a considers these figures much too small1 and from inquiries undertaken himself ascertained that #aef cases occurred in ,austria between #ahif and #aijf1 while factory inspectors' reports dealt with only seventy-five4 ,he was of opinion that his own figures were not complete1 and thinks that in the ten years #ahif to #aije there must have been from #cej to #djj cases of phosphorus necrosis in the whole of ,austria4 ,despite strict regulations1 modern equipment of the factories1 introduction of improved machinery1 and limitation of the white phosphorus match industry to large factories1 it has not been possible to banish the risk1 and the same is true of ,bohemia1 where there is always a succession of cases4 ,valuable statistics of phosphorus necrosis in ,hungary are available4#b ,in #aijh there were sixteen factories employing #ahhb workers of whom #cj per cent4 were young--children even were employed4 ,the industry is carried on in primitive fashion without hygienic arrangements anywhere4 ,it is strange that1 notwithstanding these bad conditions1 among a large number of the workers examined only fourteen active cases were found1 in addition to two commencing1 and fifteen cured--altogether thirty-one cases 7excluding fifty-five cases in which there was some other pathological change in the mouth74 ,altogether ninety-three cases since #aijj were traced in ,hungary1 and in view of the unsatisfactory situation preventive measures1 short of prohibition of the use of white phosphorus1 would be useless4 ,in ,england among #djjj lucifer match workers there were thirteen cases in the years #aijj to #aijg inclusive4 ,diminution in the number was due to improved methods of manufacture and periodical dental examination prescribed under ,special ,rules4 ,phosphorus necrosis is not the only sign of industrial phosphorus poisoning1 as the condition of fragilitas ossium is recognised4#c ,from what has been said it is evident that preventive measures against phosphorus poisoning1 although they diminish the number1 are not able to get rid of phosphorus necrosis1 and so civilised ,states have gradually been driven to prohibit the use of white phosphorus 7for the history of this see ,part ,,iii74 ,use of chrome salts 7especially potassium bichromate7 in the preparation of the paste causes risk of poisoning in premises where #8,swedish' matches are made4 ,attention has been called to the frequency of chrome ulceration4#d ,the paste used consists of #c-f per cent4 chrome salt1 so that each match head contains about mg4 ,wodtke found among eighty-four workers early perforation of the septum in thirteen4 ,severe eczema also has been noted4 ,it is even alleged that red phosphorus is not entirely free from danger4 ,such cachexia as has been noted may be referable to the absorption of potassium chlorate4 ,other ,uses of ,phosphorus and ,compounds of ,phosphorus ,isolated cases of phosphorus poisoning have been observed in the manufacture of phosphor-bronze4 ,this consists of #ij parts copper1 #i parts tin1 and #je to #jge phosphorus4 ,sulphides of phosphorus 7,p,s1 ,p,s1 ,p,s7 are made by melting together red phosphorus and sulphur4 ,they make a satisfactory substitute for the poisonous yellow phosphorus and are considered non-poisonous1 but the fact remains that they give off annoying sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,phosphoretted hydrogen gas 7,,ph7 rarely gives rise to industrial poisoning4 ,it may come off in small amounts in the preparation of acetylene and in the preparation of1 and manipulations with1 white phosphorus4 ,it is stated that in acetylene made of ,american calcium carbide #jjd per cent4 of phosphoretted hydrogen is present1 and in acetylene from ,swedish calcium carbide #jjb per cent42 ,lunge and ,cederkreutz found an acetylene containing #jjf per cent4 ,these amounts might cause poisoning if the gas were diffused in confined spaces4 ,poisoning1 in part attributable to phosphoretted hydrogen gas1 is brought about through ferro-silicon 7see under ,ferro-silicon74 ,superphosphate and ,artificial ,manure ,superphosphate1 an artificial manure1 is prepared from various raw materials having a high proportion of insoluble basic calcium phosphate 7tricalcium phosphate71 which by treatment with sulphuric acid are converted into the soluble acid calcium phosphate 7monocalcium phosphate7 and calcium sulphate4 ,mineral substances such as phosphorites1 coprolites1 guano1 bone ash1 c41 serve as the starting-point4 ,chamber acid1 or sometimes the waste acid from the preparation of nitro-benzene or purification of petroleum1 are used in the conversion4 ,the raw materials are ground in closed-in apparatus1 under negative pressure1 and mixed with the sulphuric acid in wooden lead-lined boxes or walled receptacles4 ,the product is then stored until the completion of the reaction in #8dens1' dried1 and pulverised in disintegrators4 ,in the manufacture of bone meal extraction of the fat from the bones with benzine precedes treatment with acid4 ,a further source of artificial manure is basic slag--the slag left in the manufacture of steel by the ,gilchrist-,thomas method--which contains #aj-be per cent4 of readily soluble phosphoric acid4 ,it requires1 therefore1 only to be ground into a very fine powder to serve as a suitable manure4 ,owing to the considerable heat generated by the action of the sulphuric acid when mixed with the pulverised raw materials 7especially in the conversion of the phosphorites7 hydrofluoric and silicofluoric acid vapours are evolved in appreciable amount1 and also carbonic and hydrochloric acid vapours1 sulphur dioxide1 and sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,these gases--notably such as contain fluorine--if not effectually dealt with by air-tight apparatus and exhaust ventilation--may lead to serious annoyance and injury to the persons employed4 ,further1 there is risk of erosion of the skin from contact with the acid1 c4 ,a case is described of pustular eczema on the scrotum of a worker engaged in drying sodium silicofluoride1 due probably to conveyance of irritating matter by the hands4 ,after the precaution of wearing gloves was adopted the affection disappeared4 ,a marked case of poisoning by nitrous fumes even is recorded in the manufacture of artificial manure from mixing ,chili saltpetre with a very acid superphosphate4 ,injurious fumes can be given off in the rooms where bones are stored and1 in the absence of efficient ventilation1 carbonic acid gas can accumulate to an amount that may be dangerous4 ,the fine dust produced in the grinding of basic slag has1 if inhaled1 a markedly corrosive action on the respiratory mucous membrane attributed by some to the high proportion 7about #ej per cent47 in it of quicklime4 ,as a matter of fact numerous small ulcers are found on the mucous membranes of basic slag grinders and ulceration of the lung tissue has been observed4 ,the opinion is expressed that this is due to corrosive action of the dust itself1 and not merely to the sharp1 jagged edged particles of dust inhaled4 ,and in support of this view is cited the frequency with which epidemics of pneumonia have been noted among persons employed in basic slag works4 ,thus in ,nantes thirteen cases of severe pneumonia followed one another in quick succession4 ,and similar association has been noted in ,middlesbrough1 where the action of the basic slag dust was believed to injure the lung tissue and therefore to provide a favourable soil for the development of the pneumonia bacillus4 ,statistics collected by the ,imperial ,health ,office showed that in the three years #ahib1 #ahic1 and #ahid1 #iaa per cent41 #ajhi per cent41 and #iac per cent4 respectively of the workers became ill1 the proportion of respiratory diseases being #efd per cent41 #edd per cent41 and #edc per cent4 respectively4 ,a case of severe inflammation of the lungs is described in a labourer scattering basic slag in a high wind which drove some of it back in his face4 ,lewin has described a case in which a worker scattering a mixture of basic slag and ammonium superphosphate suffered from an eczematous ulceration which1 on being scratched by the patient1 became infected and led to death from general blood poisoning4 ,lewin regarded the fatal issue as the sequela of the scattering of the manure4 ,inflammation of the conjunctiva and of the eyelids has been recorded4 ,,chromium ,,compounds ,,and ,,their ,,uses ,chrome ironstone1 lime1 and soda are ground and intimately mixed4 ,they are next roasted in reverberatory furnaces1 neutral sodium chromate being formed4 ,this is lixiviated and converted into sodium bichromate 7,na,cr,o7 by treatment with sulphuric acid4 ,concentration by evaporation follows2 the concentrated liquor is crystallised in cast-iron tanks4 ,the crystals are centrifugalised1 dried1 and packed4 ,potassium bichromate may be made in the same way1 or1 as is usually the case1 out of sodium bichromate and potassium chloride4 ,the bichromates are used in the preparation and oxidation of chrome colours1 but their principal use is in dyeing and calico printing1 bleaching palm oil1 purifying wood spirit and brandy1 in the preparation of #8,swedish' matches1 in the manufacture of glass1 in photography1 in dyeing1 in tanning1 and in oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone4 ,lead ,chromate and ,chrome ,colours ,chrome yellow is neutral lead chromate 7,pb,cr,o74 ,it is obtained by precipitating a solution of potassium bichromate with lead acetate or lead nitrate1 or by digesting the bichromate solution with lead sulphate1 and is used as a paint and in calico and cloth printing4 ,with ,paris or ,berlin blue it forms a chrome green4 ,chrome orange1 i4e4 basic lead chromate 7,pb,cr,o,pb7,,oh77 is made by adding milk of lime to lead chromate and boiling4 ,chromium and chromic acid salts are widely used in dyeing and printing1 both as mordants and oxidising agents and as dyes 7chrome yellow1 chrome orange74 ,in mordanting wool with potassium chromate the wool is boiled in a potassium chromate solution to which acids such as sulphuric1 lactic1 oxalic1 or acetic are added4 ,in dyeing with chrome yellow1 for instance1 the following is the process4 ,cotton wool is saturated with nitrate or acetate of lead and dried1 passed through lime water1 ammonia1 or sodium sulphate1 and soaked in a warm solution of potassium bichromate4 ,the yellow is converted into the orange colour by subsequent passage through milk of lime4 ,chrome tanning4--,this method of producing chrome leather1 first patented in ,america1 is carried out by either the single or two bath process4 ,in the two bath process the material is first soaked in a saturated solution of bichromate and then treated with an acid solution of thiosulphate 7sodium hyposulphite7 so as to reduce completely the chromic acid4 ,the process is completed even with the hardest skins in from two to three days4 ,in the single bath method basic chrome salts are used in highly concentrated form4 ,the skins are passed from dilute into strong solutions4 ,in this process also tanning is quickly effected4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,among the persons employed in the bichromate factory of which ,leymann has furnished detailed particulars1 the number of sick days was greater than that among other workers4 ,further1 erosion of the skin 7chrome holes7 is characteristic of the manufacture of bichromates4 ,these are sluggish ulcers taking a long time to heal4 ,this is the main cause of the increased general morbidity that has been observed4 ,the well-known perforation of the septum of the nose without1 however1 causing ulterior effects1 was observed by ,leymann in all the workers in the factory4 ,this coincides with the opinion of others who have found the occurrence of chrome holes1 and especially perforation of the septum1 as an extraordinarily frequent occurrence4 ,many such observations are recorded1#a and also in workers manufacturing #8,swedish' matches4 ,thus of #bcg bichromate workers1 ulcers were present in #ajg and perforation in #hg4 ,according to ,lewin1 who has paid special attention to the poisonous nature of chromium compounds1 they can act in two ways3 first1 on the skin and mucous membrane1 where the dust alights1 on the alimentary tract by swallowing1 and on the pharynx by inhalation4 ,secondly1 by absorption into the blood1 kidney disease may result4 ,the opinion that chromium1 in addition to local1 can have constitutional effect is supported by other authorities4 ,leymann describes a case of severe industrial chrome poisoning accompanied by nephritis in a worker who had inhaled and swallowed much chromate dust in cleaning out a vessel4 ,regulations for the manufacture of bichromates 7see ,part ,,iii7 have no doubt improved the condition1 but reports still show that perforation of the septum generally takes place4 ,it must be borne in mind that practically all chromium compounds are not alike poisonous4 ,chrome ironstone is non-poisonous1 and the potassium and sodium salts are by far the most poisonous1 while the neutral chromate salts and chromic oxide are only slightly so4 ,pander found that bichromates were #ajj times as poisonous as the soluble chromium oxide compounds1 and ,kunkel is of opinion that poisonous effect shown by the oxides is attributable to traces of oxidation into chromic acid4 ,lewin1 on the other hand1 declares in a cautionary notice for chrome workers generally that all chromium compounds are poisonous1 and therefore all the dyes made from them4#b ,in the manufacture of bichromates1 chance of injury to health arises partly from the dust1 and partly from the steam1 generated in pouring water over the molten mass4 ,the steam carries particles of chromium compounds with it into the air4 ,in evaporating the chromate solutions1 preparation of the bichromate1 breaking the crystals1 drying and packing1 the workers come into contact with the substance and the liquors4 ,chrome ulceration is1 therefore1 most frequently found among those employed in the crystal room and less among the furnace hands4 ,from #ccj to #fcj mg4 of bichromate dust have been found in #a c4m4 of air at breathing level in the room where chromate was crushed1 and #aeg mg4 where it was packed4 ,further1 presence of chromium in the steam escaping from the hot chrome liquors has been proved4#c ,poisoning from use of chrome colours is partly attributable to lead1 as1 for example1 in making yellow coloured tape measures1 yellow stamps1 and from the use of coloured thread4 ,gazaneuve#d found #aj per cent4 of lead chromate in such thread1 in wool #ah per cent41 and in the dust of rooms where such yarn was worked up #dd per cent4 ,use of chrome colours and mordants is accompanied by illness which certainly is referable to the poisonous nature of the chrome4 ,in ,france use of chromic and phosphoric acid in etching zinc plates has caused severe ulceration4 ,bichromate poisoning has been described among photographers in ,edinburgh in the process of carbon printing1 in which a bichromate developer is used4#e ,there is much evidence as to occurrence of skin eruptions and development of pustular eczema of the hands and forearms of workers in chrome tanneries4#f ,in a large leather factory where #cjj workers were constantly employed in chrome tanning nineteen cases of chrome ulceration were noted within a year4 ,injury to health was noted in a chrome tannery in the district of ,treves1 where the two bath process was used1 from steam developed in dissolving the chromate in hot water4 ,finally1 ,i have found several records in #aijg and #aijh of perforation of the septum in ,bohemian glass workers4 ,,manganese ,,compounds ,the raw material of the manganese industry is hausmannite 7manganese dioxide1 ,mn,o74 ,this is subjected to a crushing process1 sorted1 sieved1 finely ground1 washed1 and dried4 ,the pure finely ground manganese dioxide is much used in the chemical industry1 especially in the recovery of chlorine in the ,weldon process and in the production of potassium permanganate1 which is obtained by melting manganese dioxide with caustic soda and potassium chlorate or nitre1 lixiviation and introduction of carbonic acid1 or better by treatment with ozone4 ,manganese is also used in the production of colours3 the natural and artificial umbers contain it2 in glass works it is used to decolourise glass1 and also in the production of coloured glass and glazes2 in the manufacture of stove tiles1 and in the production of driers for the varnish and oil industry4 ,manganese and compounds of manganese are dangerous when absorbed into the system as dust4 ,already in #ahcg nervous disorders had been described in workmen who ground manganese dioxide4#a ,the malady was forgotten1 until ,jaksch#b in ,prague in #aija demonstrated several such cases in persons employed in a large chemical factory in ,bohemia1 from the drying of ,weldon mud4 ,in the same year three similar cases were also described in ,hamburg4#c ,in #aijb ,jaksch observed a fresh case of poisoning1 and in the factory in question described a condition of manganophobia among the workers1 obviously hysterical1 in which symptoms of real manganese poisoning were simulated4 ,in all some twenty cases are known4 ,jaksch is of opinion that it is manganese dust rich in manganese protoxide that is alone dangerous1 since1 if the mud has been previously treated with hydrochloric acid1 by which the lower oxides are removed1 no illness can be found4 ,the most dangerous compounds are ,mn,o and ,mn,o4 ,,petroleum ,,occurrence ,,and ,,uses4--,crude petroleum flows spontaneously from wells in consequence of high internal pressure of gas or is pumped up4 ,in ,america and ,russia also it is conveyed hundreds of miles in conduits to the ports to be led into tank steamers4 ,the crude oil is a dark-coloured liquid which1 in the case of ,pennsylvanian mineral oil1 consists mainly of a mixture of hydrocarbons of the paraffin series1 or1 in ,baku oil1 of those of the naphtha series4 ,there are in addition sulphur compounds1 olefines1 pyridin1 c4 ,the crude oil is unsuitable for illuminating purposes and is subjected to a distillation process4 ,it is split up into three fractions by a single distillation1 namely1 7a7 benzines 7boiling-point #aej ,c471 7b7 lighting oil 7boiling-point #aej-cjj ,c472 at a temperature of #cjj ,c4 the distillation is stopped so that 7c7 the residuum boiling above #cjj ,c4 remains4 ,distillation is effected 7in ,america7 in large stills1 in which periodically benzine and lighting oil up to #cjj ,c4 is distilled and the residuum run off4 ,in ,baku continuously working batteries of so-called cylindrical boilers are used1 into which the crude oil streams4 ,in the first set of boilers1 the temperature in which rises to #aej ,c41 the benzine is distilled off1 and in the succeeding ones1 heated to #cjj ,c41 the illuminating petroleum oils 7kerosine71 the residuum flowing continually away4 ,the mineral oil residues are used as fuel4 ,heating by this means1 tried first only in ,russia1 is spreading1 especially for the heating of boilers1 in which case the liquid fuel is blown in generally as a spray4 ,the combustion if rightly planned is economical and almost smokeless4 ,the ,american oil residuum1 rich in paraffin1 is distilled1 the distillate is cooled and separated by pressure into solid paraffin and liquid oil4 ,the latter and the ,russian mineral oil residues which are free from paraffin are widely used as lubricants4 ,in the production of lubricants the residues are distilled at low temperature 7in vacuo or by aid of superheated steam7 and separated into various qualities by fractional cooling1 are then purified with sulphuric acid1 and finally washed with caustic soda solution4 ,in the preparation of vaseline the residum is not distilled1 but purified only with fuming sulphuric acid and decolourised with animal charcoal4 ,the illuminating oil is next subjected to a purifying process 7refining72 it is first treated with sulphuric acid and well agitated by means of compressed air4 ,the acid laden with the impurities is drawn off below1 and the oil freed from acid by washing first with caustic soda and subsequently with water4 ,it is then bleached in the sun4 ,for specially fine and high flash point petroleum the oil undergoes a further distillation and purification with acid4 ,the fractions of crude petroleum with low boiling-point 7under #aej ,c47 are known commercially as raw benzine or petrol naphtha4 ,it is used for cleaning1 in extraction of fats and oils1 and for benzine motors4 ,frequently raw benzine is subjected to a purifying process and to fractional distillation4 ,purification is carried out by means of sulphuric acid and soda liquor and subsequent separation into three fractions and a residue which remains in the retort--7a7 petroleum ether 7called gasoline1 canadol1 and rhigoline71 which comes over between #dj and #gj ,c41 and serves for carburetting water gas and other similar gases1 as a solvent for resin1 oil1 rubber1 c42 7b7 purified benzine 7#gj-abj ,c47 is used as motor spirit and in chemical cleaning2 7c7 ligroine 7#abj-ace ,c471 used for illuminating purposes2 and 7d7 the residual oil 7above #ace ,c47 serves for cleaning machinery and1 especially1 as a solvent for lubricating oil1 and instead of turpentine in the production of lacquers1 varnishes1 and oil colours4 ,in chemical cleaning works benzine is used in closed-in washing apparatus1 after which the clothes are centrifugalised and dried4 ,in view of the risk of fire in these manipulations1 originating mainly from frictional electricity1 various substances are recommended to be added to the benzine1 of which the best known is that recommended by ,richter1 consisting of a watery solution of oleate of sodium or magnesium4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,industrial poisoning in the petroleum industry is attributable to the gases given off from crude petroleum or its products and to inhalation of naphtha dust4 ,poisoning occurs principally in the recovery of petroleum and naphtha from the wells1 in storage and transport 7in badly ventilated tanks on board ship1 and in entering petroleum tanks71 in the refinery in cleaning out petroleum stills and mixing vessels1 and in emptying out the residues4 ,further cases occur occasionally from use of benzine in chemical cleaning4 ,in addition to poisoning the injurious effect of petroleum and its constituents on the skin must be borne in mind4 ,opinion is unanimous that this injurious action of mineral oil is limited to the petroleum fractions with high boiling-point and especially petroleum residues4 ,statistics officially collected in ,prussia show the general health of petroleum workers to be favourable4 ,these statistics related to #achj persons1 of whom forty-three were suffering from symptoms attributable to their occupation4 ,of these forty-three1 nine only were cases of poisoning1 the remainder being all cases of petroleum acne4 ,the conditions also in ,french refineries from statistics collected in the years #ahij-aijc seem satisfactory4 ,eighteen cases of petroleum acne were reported1 eleven of which occurred at the paraffin presses1 five in cleaning out the still residues1 and two were persons filling vessels4 ,the conditions are clearly less favourable in the ,russian petroleum industry4#a ,the workers at the naphtha wells suffer from acute and chronic affections of the respiratory organs4 ,those suffer most who cover the wells with cast iron plates to enable the flow of naphtha to be regulated and led into the reservoirs4 ,in doing this they inhale naphtha spray4 ,lewin#b describes cases of severe poisoning with fatal issue among ,american workers employed in petroleum tanks4 ,one man who wished to examine an outlet pipe showed symptoms after only two minutes4 ,weinberger describes severe poisoning of two workers engaged in cleaning out a vessel containing petroleum residue4 ,interesting particulars are given of the effect of petroleum emanations on the health of the men employed in the petroleum mines of ,carpathia1 among whom respiratory affections were rarely found1 but poisoning symptoms involving unconsciousness and cerebral symptoms frequently4 ,these experiences undoubtedly point to differing physiological effects of different kinds of naphtha4 ,this is supported by the view expressed by ,sharp in ,america that different kinds of ,american petroleum have different effects on the health of the workers1 which can be easily credited from the different chemical composition of crude naphthas4 ,thus in ,western ,virginia1 where a natural heavy oil is obtained1 asphyxia from the gas is unknown1 although transient attacks of headache and giddiness may occur1 whereas in ,ohio1 where light oils are obtained1 suffocative attacks are not infrequent4 ,and it is definitely stated that some naphtha products irritate the respiratory passages1 while others affect the central nervous system4#c ,the authors mentioned refer to occurrence of cases of poisoning in the refining of naphtha from inhalation of the vapour of the light oils benzine and gasoline4 ,fatal cases have been recorded in badly ventilated workrooms in which the products of distillation are collected4 ,workers constantly employed in these rooms develop chronic poisoning1 which is reported also in the case of women employed with benzine4 ,intoxication is frequently observed1 it is stated1 among the workmen employed in cleaning out the railway tank waggons in which the mineral oils and petroleum are carried4 ,foulerton#d describes severe poisoning in a workman who had climbed into a petroleum reservoir1 and two similar cases from entering naphtha tanks are given in the ,report of the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories for #aijh4 ,two fatal cases are reported by the ,union of ,chemical ,industry in ,germany in #aije in connection with naphtha stills4 ,such accidents are hardly possible1 except when1 through insufficient disconnection of the still from the further system of pipes1 irrespirable distillation gases pass backwards into the opened still where persons are working4 ,ordinary cocks and valves1 therefore1 do not afford sufficient security4 ,thus1 several workers engaged in repairing a still were rendered unconscious by gases drawn in from a neighbouring still1 and were only brought round after oxygen inhalation4 ,gowers describes a case of chronic poisoning following on frequent inhalation of gases given off from a petroleum motor1 the symptoms being slurring speech1 difficulty of swallowing1 and weakness of the orbicularis and facial muscles4 ,gowers believed this to be petroleum gas poisoning 7from incomplete combustion71 especially as the symptoms disappeared on giving up the work1 only to return on resuming it again4#e ,girls employed in glove cleaning and rubber factories are described as having been poisoned by benzine4#f ,poisoning of chauffeurs is described by several writers4#g ,recent literature#h tends to show marked increase in the number of cases of poisoning from greater demand for benzine as a motive power for vehicles4 ,such cases have been observed in automobile factories1 and are attributable to the hydrocarbons of low boiling-point which are present as impurities in benzine4 ,a worker in a paraffin factory had entered an open benzine still to scrape the walls free of crusts containing benzine4 ,he was found unconscious and died some hours later4 ,it appeared that he had been in the still several hours1 having probably been overcome to such an extent by the fumes as to be unable to effect his escape4 ,attempt to wipe up benzine spilt in the storage cellar of a large chemical cleaning works resulted in poisoning4 ,a night worker in a bone extracting works having turned on the steam1 instead of watching the process fell asleep on a bench4 ,in consequence the apparatus became so hot that the solder of a stop valve melted1 allowing fumes to escape4 ,the man was found dead in the morning4 ,in a carpet cleaning establishment three workers lost consciousness and were found senseless on the floor4 ,they recovered on inhalation of oxygen4 ,one further case reported from the instances of benzine poisoning collected recently#i is worth quoting4 ,a worker in a chemical factory was put to clean a still capable of distilling #bejj litres of benzine4 ,it contained remains of a previous filling4 ,as soon as he had entered the narrow opening he became affected and fell into the benzine2 he was carried unconscious to the hospital1 his symptoms being vomiting1 spastic contraction of the extremities1 cyanosis1 weak pulse1 and loss of reflexes1 which disappeared an hour and a half later4 ,the occurrence of skin affections in the naphtha industry has been noted by several observers1 especially among those employed on the unpurified mineral oils4 ,eruptions on the skin from pressing out the paraffin and papillomata 7warty growths7 in workers cleaning out the stills are referred to by many writers1#aj ,ogston in particular4 ,recent literature refers to the occurrence of petroleum eczema in a firebrick and cement factory4 ,the workers affected had to remove the bricks from moulds on to which petroleum oil dropped4 ,an eczematous condition was produced on the inner surface of the hands1 necessitating abstention from work4 ,the pustular eczema in those employed only a short time in pressing paraffin in the refineries of naphtha factories is referred to as a frequent occurrence4 ,practically all the workers in three refineries in the district of ,czernowitz were affected4 ,the view that it is due to insufficient care in washing is supported by the report of the factory inspector in ,rouen1 that with greater attention in this matter on the part of the workers marked diminution in its occurrence followed4 ,,sulphur ,,recovery ,,and ,,use4--,sulphur1 which is found principally in ,sicily 7also in ,spain1 ,america1 and ,japan71 is obtained by melting4 ,in ,sicily this is carried out in primitive fashion by piling the rock in heaps1 covering them with turf1 and setting fire to them4 ,about a third of the sulphur burns and escapes as sulphur dioxide1 while the remainder is melted and collects in a hole in the ground4 ,the crude sulphur thus wastefully produced is purified by distillation in cast-iron retorts directly fired4 ,it comes on the market as stick or roll sulphur or as flowers of sulphur4 ,further sources for recovery of sulphur are the ,leblanc soda residues 7see ,soda ,production71 from which the sulphur is recovered by the ,chance-,claus process1 and the gas purifying material 7containing up to #dj per cent471 from which the sulphur can be recovered by carbon bisulphide 7see ,illuminating ,gas ,industry74 ,the health conditions of the ,sicilian sulphur workers are very unsatisfactory1 due1 however1 less to the injurious effect of the escaping gases 7noxious alike to the surrounding vegetation7 than to the wretched social conditions1 over exertion1 and under feeding of these workers4 ,of importance is the risk to health from sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 from sulphur dioxide in the recovery of sulphur from the soda residues1 and from carbon bisulphide in the extraction of sulphur from the gas purifying material4 ,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen ,,gas ,sulphuretted hydrogen gas is used in the chemical industry especially for the precipitation of copper in the nickel and cobalt industry1 in de-arsenicating acid 7see ,hydrochloric and ,sulphuric ,acids71 to reduce chrome salts in the leather industry1 c4 ,in addition it arises as a product of decomposition in various industries1 such as the ,leblanc soda process1 in the preparation of chloride of antimony1 in the decomposition of barium sulphide 7by exposure to moist air71 in the treatment of gas liquors1 and in the preparation of carbon bisulphide3 it is present in blast furnace gas1 is generated in mines 7especially in deep seams containing pyrites71 arises in tar distillation1 from use of gas lime in tanning1 and in the preparation and use of sodium sulphide3 large quantities of the gas are generated in the putrefactive processes connected with organic sulphur-containing matter such as glue making1 bone stores1 storage of green hides1 in the decomposition of waste water in sugar manufacture and brewing1 in the retting of flax1 and especially in sewers and middens4 ,both acute and chronic poisoning are described4 ,the following case is reported by the ,union of ,chemical ,industry in #aijg3 ,three plumbers who were employed on the night shift in a chemical factory and had gone to sleep in a workroom were found in a dying condition two hours later4 ,in the factory barium sulphide solution in a series of large saturating vessels was being converted into barium carbonate by forcing in carbonic acid gas2 the sulphuretted hydrogen gas evolved was collected in a gasometer1 burnt1 and utilised for manufacture of sulphuric acid4 ,in the saturating vessels were test cocks1 the smell from which enabled the workers to know whether all the sulphuretted hydrogen gas had been driven out4 ,if this was so the contents of the retort were driven by means of carbonic acid gas into a subsidiary vessel1 and the vessel again filled with barium sulphide liquor4 ,from these intermediate vessels the baryta was pumped into filter presses1 the last remains of sulphuretted hydrogen gas being carried away by a fan into a ventilating shaft4 ,the subsidiary vessel and ventilating shaft were situated in front of the windows of the repairing shop4 ,on the night in question a worker had thoughtlessly driven the contents out of one saturating vessel before the sulphuretted hydrogen gas had been completely removed1 and the driving belt of the fan was broken4 ,consequently1 the sulphuretted hydrogen gas escaping from the subsidiary vessel entered through the windows of the workshop and collected over the floor where the victims of the unusual combination of circumstances slept4 ,in another chemical works two workers suffered from severe poisoning in the barium chloride department4 ,the plant consisted of a closed vat which1 in addition to the openings for admitting the barium sulphide liquor and sulphuric acid1 had a duct with steam injector connected with the chimney for taking away the sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,owing to a breakdown the plant was at a standstill1 as a result of which the ventilating duct became blocked by ice4 ,when the plant was set in motion again the sulphuretted hydrogen gas escaped through the sulphuric acid opening4 ,one of the workers affected remained for two days unconscious4#a ,the report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aije cites a case where an agitating vessel1 in which1 by action of acid on caustic liquor1 sulphuretted hydrogen gas was given off and drawn away by a fan1 had to be stopped to repair one of the paddles4 ,the flow of acid and liquor was stopped1 and the cover half removed4 ,the deposit which had been precipitated had to be got rid of next in order to liberate the agitator4 ,the upper portion of the vessel was washed out with water1 and since no further evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen was possible from any manufacturing process1 the work of removing the deposit was proceeded with4 ,after several bucketfuls had been emptied the man inside became unconscious and died4 ,the casualty was no doubt due to small nests of free caustic and acid which the spading brought into contact and subsequent developement of sulphuretted hydrogen afresh4 ,a case is reported of sulphuretted hydrogen poisoning in a man attending to the drains in a factory tanning leather by a quick process4 ,here1 when sulphurous acid acts on sodium sulphide1 sulphuretted hydrogen is given off4 ,in cleaning out a trap close to the discharge outlet of a tannery two persons were rendered unconscious1 and the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen was shown by the blackening of the white lead paint on a house opposite and by the odour4#b ,in the preparation of ammonium salts ,eulenberg#c cites several cases where the workers fell as though struck down1 although the processes were carried on in the open air4 ,they quickly recovered when removed from the spot4 ,oliver cites the case where1 in excavating soil for a dock1 four men succumbed in six weeks2 the water contained #ab vols4 per cent4 of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,not unfrequently acute poisoning symptoms result to sewer men4 ,probably sulphuretted hydrogen gas is not wholly responsible for them1 nor for the chronic symptoms complained of by such workers 7inflammation of the conjunctiva1 bronchial catarrh1 pallor1 depression74 ,in the distillation processes connected with the paraffin industry fatalities have been reported4 ,,carbon ,,bisulphide ,,manufacture4--,carbon bisulphide is prepared by passing sulphur vapour over pure coal brought to a red heat in cast-iron retorts into which pieces of sulphur are introduced4 ,the crude carbon bisulphide requires purification from sulphur1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and volatile organic sulphur compounds by washing with lime water and subsequent distillation4 ,use is made of it principally in the extraction of fat and oil from bones and oleaginous seeds 7cocoanut1 olives1 c471 for vulcanising1 and as a solvent of rubber4 ,it is used also to extract sulphur from gas purifying material and for the preparation of various chemical substances 7ammonium sulphocyanide1 c471 as well as for the destruction of pests 7phylloxera and rats74 ,fat and oil are extracted from seeds1 bones1 c41 by carbon bisulphide1 benzine1 or ether1 and1 to avoid evaporation1 the vessels are as airtight as possible and arranged1 as a rule1 for continuous working4 ,vulcanisation is the rendering of rubber permanently elastic by its combination with sulphur4 ,it is effected by means of chloride of sulphur1 sulphide of barium1 calcium1 or antimony1 and other sulphur-containing compounds1 heat and pressure1 or by a cold method consisting in the dipping of the formed objects in a mixture of carbon bisulphide and chloride of sulphur4 ,the process of manufacture is briefly as follows3 ,the raw material is first softened and washed by hot water and kneading in rolls4 ,the washed and dried rubber is then mixed on callender rolls with various ingredients1 such as zinc white1 chalk1 white lead1 litharge1 cinnabar1 graphite1 rubber substitutes 7prepared by boiling vegetable oils1 to which sulphur has been added1 with chloride of sulphur74 ,in vulcanising by aid of heat the necessary sulphur or sulphur compound is added4 ,vulcanisation with sulphur alone is only possible with aid of steam and mechanical pressure in various kinds of apparatus according to the nature of the article produced4 ,in the cold vulcanisation process the previously shaped articles are dipped for a few seconds or minutes in the mixture of carbon bisulphide and chloride of sulphur and subsequently dried in warm air as quickly as possible4 ,in view of the poisonous nature of carbon bisulphide1 benzine is much used now4 ,in the cold method use of chloride of sulphur in benzine can replace it altogether4 ,instead of benzine other solvents are available--chlorine substitution products of methane 7dichlormethane1 carbon tetrachloride74 ,in other processes rubber solvents are largely used1 for instance1 acetone1 oil of turpentine1 petroleum benzine1 ether1 and benzene4 ,rubber solutions are used for waterproofing cloth and other materials4 ,similar to the preparation and use of rubber is that of guttapercha4 ,but vulcanisation is easier by the lead and zinc thiosulphate process than by the methods used in the case of rubber4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health ,,of ,,cs ,,and ,,other ,,dangers ,,to ,,health ,,in ,,the ,,rubber ,,industry4--,in the manufacture of carbon bisulphide little or no danger is run either to health or from fire4 ,in the rubber trade the poisonous nature of benzine and chloride of sulphur have to be borne in mind1 and also the considerable risk of lead poisoning in mixing4 ,cases of plumbism1 especially in earlier years1 are referred to4#a ,benzine poisoning plays only a secondary part in the rubber industry4 ,no severe cases are recorded1 only slight cases following an inhalation of fumes4 ,cases of poisoning are recorded in a motor tyre factory in ,upsala4#b ,nine women were affected1 of whom four died4 ,whether these cases were due to benzene or petroleum benzine is not stated4 ,it is remarkable that two such very different substances as benzene and benzine should be so easily confused4 ,but that in the rubber industry cases of benzene poisoning do actually occur is proved by the following recent cases3 ,rubber dissolved in benzol was being laid on a spreading machine in the usual way4 ,of three men employed one was rendered unconscious and died4#c ,in a rubber recovery process a worker was rendered unconscious after entering a benzol still1 also two others who sought to rescue him4 ,only one was saved4 ,cases of aniline poisoning are reported where aniline is used for extracting rubber4#d ,chloride of sulphur1 by reason of its properties and the readiness with which it decomposes 7see ,chloride of ,sulphur71 causes annoyance to rubber workers1 but rarely poisoning4 ,much importance attaches to chronic carbon bisulphide poisoning in the rubber industry4 ,many scientists have experimented as to its poisonous nature 7see especially on this ,part ,,ii1 p4 #aid74 ,lehmann's#e experiments show that a proportion of #jej-jg mg4 of ,,cs per litre of air causes hardly any symptoms2 #aj-ab mg4 slight effects which become more marked on continued exposure2 #ae mg4 produces severe symptoms4 ,about #aj mg4 per litre of air is the amount which may set up chronic effects4 ,in vulcanising rooms this limit may easily be exceeded unless special preventive measures are adopted4 ,laudenheimer#f has made several analyses of the proportion of ,,cs in workrooms4 ,thus #ji-ah mg4 per litre of air were found in a room where pouches were vulcanised2 #je-bd mg4 were aspirated one-half metre distant from the dipping vessels2 and #jah-jbg mg4 in the room for making #8baby comforters4' ,in analyses made some years ago proportions of #bi-ef mg4 were obtained4 ,although literature contains many references to ,,cs poisoning1 too much importance ought not to be attached to them now in view of the arrangements in modern well-equipped vulcanising premises4 ,laudenheimer has collected particulars of #ca cases of brain1 and #ai of nervous1 diseases among #bai persons coming into contact with ,,cs between #ahgd and #aijh1 all of whom had been medically attended4 ,in the last ten years1 however1 the psychical symptoms were seven times less than in the preceding period4 ,between #ahif and #ahih the average proportion of brain disease in the vulcanising department was #aie per cent41 and of nervous diseases #jbb per cent41 as compared with #jib per cent4 and #jjc per cent4 in the textile4 ,moreover1 he maintains that practically all workers who come at all into contact with ,,cs must be to some extent affected injuriously by it4 ,studies on the injurious nature of ,,cs date from the years #ahea-fj1 when the ,french writers ,pazen1 ,duchenne1 ,beaugrand1 ,piorry1 c41 came across cases from the ,parkes' process 7cold vulcanisation by means of ,,cs and ,s,cl74 ,delpech#g published in #ahfj and #ahfc details of twenty-four severe cases in rubber workers1 some of which were fatal1 and at the same time described the pitiable conditions under which the work was carried on4 ,in ,germany ,hermann1 ,hirt and ,lewin1 and ,eulenberg dealt with the subject1 but their work is more theoretical in character2 and in ,laudenheimer's work referred to the histories of several cases are given in detail4 ,mention should be made of the injury caused to the skin by the fluids used in extraction of fat and in vulcanising--especially by benzine and carbon bisulphide4 ,perrin considers the effect due partly to the withdrawal of heat and partly to the solvent action on the natural grease1 producing an unpleasant feeling of dryness and contraction of the skin4 ,,illuminating ,,gas ,illuminating gas is obtained by the dry distillation of coal4 ,the products of distillation are subjected on the gasworks to several purifying processes1 such as condensation in coolers1 moist and dry purifying1 from which valuable bye-products 7such as tar1 ammonia1 cyanogen compounds7 are obtained4 ,the purified gas is stored in gas holders containing on an average #di per cent4 hydrogen1 #cd per cent4 methane1 #h per cent4 carbonic oxide1 #a per cent4 carbon dioxide1 #d per cent4 nitrogen1 and about #d per cent4 of the heavy hydrocarbons 7ethylene1 benzene vapour1 acetylene1 and their homologues7 to which the illuminating properties are almost exclusively due4 ,the most important stages in its preparation will be shortly described4 ,distillation is effected in cylindrical1 usually horizontal1 fireclay retorts placed in a group or setting 7fig4 #aa71 which formerly were heated by coke but in modern works always by gas4 ,charging with coal and removal of the coke takes place about every four hours1 often by means of mechanical contrivances4 ,iron pipes conduct the products of distillation to the hydraulic main4 ,this is a long covered channel extending the entire length of the stack and receiving the gas and distillate from each retort4 ,in it the greater part of the tar and of the ammoniacal water condense and collect under the water which is kept in the main to act as a seal to the ends of the dip pipes1 to prevent the gas from passing back into the retort when the latter is opened4 ,while the liquid flows from the hydraulic main into cisterns1 the gas passes into coolers or condensers1 tall iron cylinders1 in which1 as the result of air and water cooling1 further portions of the tar and ammoniacal liquor are condensed4 ,to free it still more from particles of tar the gas passes through the tar separator4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,manufacture of ,illuminating ,gas4 ,horizontal fireclay retorts placed in a setting and heated by gas7after ,ost7 ,the tar which remains behind flows through a tube to the cistern4 ,from the tar separator the gas goes through scrubbers 7fig4 #ab71 where the gas is washed free of ammonia and part of the sulphuretted hydrogen and carbon dioxide with water4 ,the scrubbers are tower-like vessels filled with coke or charcoal through which the gas passes from below upwards1 encountering a spray of water4 ,several scrubbers in series are used1 so that the water constantly becomes richer in ammonia4 ,mechanical scrubbers are much used1 so-called standard washers2 they are rotating1 horizontal cylinders having several chambers filled with staves of wood half dipping in water4 ,in them the same principle of making the gas meet an opposing stream of water is employed1 so that the last traces of ammonia are removed from the gas4 ,the various purifying apparatus through which the gas has to pass cause considerable resistance to its flow4 ,escape in various ways would occur had the gas to overcome it by its own pressure1 and too long contact of the gas with the hot walls of the retorts would be detrimental4 ,hence an exhauster is applied to the system which keeps the pressure to the right proportion in the retorts and drives on the gas4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,washer or ,scrubber ,after purification in the scrubbers dry purification follows1 having for its object especially removal of compounds of sulphur and cyanogen and carbon dioxide4 ,to effect this several shallow receptacles are used1 each having a false bottom upon which the purifying material is spread out4 ,the boxes are so arranged that the gas first passes through purifying material which is almost saturated and finally through fresh material1 so that the material becomes richer in sulphur and cyanogen compounds4 ,the gas purifying material formerly used was slaked lime1 and it is still frequently used1 but more generally bog iron ore or artificially prepared mixtures are used consisting mostly of oxide of iron4 ,the saturated purifying material is regenerated by oxidation on spreading it out in the air and turning it frequently4 ,after having been thus treated some ten times the mass contains #ej per cent4 sulphur1 and #ac to #ad per cent4 ferrocyanide4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,manufacture of ,illuminating ,gas4 ,diagrammatic view 7after ,lueger7 ,a ,retort setting and hydraulic main2 ,b ,condensers and coolers2 ,c ,exhauster2 ,d ,well2 ,e ,water tank2 ,f ,tar extractor2 ,g ,scrubber2 ,h ,purifier2 ,i ,station meter2 ,k ,gas holder2 ,l ,pressure regulator4 ,the naphthalene in illuminating gas does not separate in the condenser1 and therefore is generally treated in special apparatus by washing the gas with heavy coal tar4 ,the gas purified1 as has been described1 is measured by a meter and stored in gasometers4 ,these are bells made up of sheet iron which hang down into walled receptacles filled with water to act as a water seal1 and are raised by the pressure of the gas which streams into them4 ,the gas passes to the network of mains by pressure of the weight of the gasometer1 after having passed through a pressure regulating apparatus4 ,as to recovery of bye-products in the illuminating gas industry1 see the sections on ,ammonia1 ,cyanogen ,compounds1 ,tar1 ,benzene1 c4 ,,effect ,,on ,,health4--,opinions differ as to the effect on health which employment in gas works exerts4 ,this is true of old as well as of modern literature4 ,hirt#a maintains that gas workers suffer no increase in illness because of their employment4 ,they reach1 he says1 a relatively high age and their mortality he puts down at from #je to #a per cent4 7my own observations make me conclude that the average mortality among persons insured in sick societies in ,bohemia is #a per cent41 so that ,hirt's figure is not high74 ,layet#b agreed with ,hirt1 but was of opinion that gas workers suffered from anmia and gastro-intestinal symptoms attributable to inhalation of injurious gases4 ,the sudden symptoms of intoxication1 #8exhaustion and sinking suddenly into a comatose condition1' which he attributes to the effect of hydrocarbons and sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 may well have been the symptoms of carbonic oxide poisoning4 ,goldschmidt#c in recent literature considers manufacture of illuminating gas by no means dangerous or unhealthy1 and speaks of no specific maladies as having been observed by him4 ,nevertheless1 he admits with ,layet that the men employed in the condensing and purifying processes are constantly in an atmosphere contaminated by gas1 and that the cleaning and regeneration of the purifying mass is associated with inflammation of the eyes1 violent catarrh1 and inflammation of the respiratory passages1 since1 on contact of the purifying mass with the air1 hydrocyanic acid gas1 sulphocyanic acid gas1 and fumes containing carbolic1 butyric1 and valerianic acids are generated4 ,other writers#d refer to the injurious effects from manipulating the purifying material4 ,in general1 though1 they accept the view1 without however producing any figures1 that work in gas works is unattended with serious injury to health and that poisonings1 especially from carbonic oxide1 are rare4 ,such cases are described1#e but the authors are not quite at one as to the healthiness or otherwise of the industry4 ,the one opinion is based on study of the sick club reports for several years of a large gas works employing some #bdjj workers 7probably ,vienna74#f ,the average frequency of sickness 7sickness percentage71 excluding accidents1 was #dhg per cent4 ,the conclusion is drawn that the health conditions of gas workers is favourable4 ,it is pointed out1 however1 that diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs 7#abh and #ajaf per cent4 of the persons employed7 are relatively high1 and that the mortality 7#aef per cent47 of gas-workers is higher than that of other workers4 ,this is attributed to the constant inhalation of air charged with injurious gases4 ,work at the retorts1 coke quenching1 and attending to the purifying plant are considered especially unhealthy4 ,the other figures relate to the ,magdeburg gas works2 they are higher than those quoted4 ,the morbidity of the gas workers was found to be #fhe per cent41 of which #ah per cent4 was due to disease of the digestive system1 #bje per cent4 to disease of the respiratory organs1 and #a per cent4 to poisoning4 ,no details of the cases of poisoning are given4 ,carbonic oxide poisoning is said to be not infrequent1 the injurious effect of cleaning the purifiers is referred to1 and poisoning by inhalation of ammonia is reported as possible4 ,still1 no very unfavourable opinion is drawn as to the nature of the work4 ,the sickness frequency in sick clubs is about #ej per cent41 and even in well-managed chemical works ,leymann has shown it to be from #fe to #hj per cent4 ,the recently published elaborate statistics of sickness and mortality of the ,leipzig local sickness clubs#g contain the following figures for gas workers3 ,among #cjbh gas workers there were on an average yearly #bjdf cases of sickness1 twenty deaths1 and four cases of poisoning4 ,the total morbidity1 therefore1 was #fgeg per cent41 mortality #jff per cent41 and the morbidity from poisoning #jac per cent4 ,diseases of the respiratory tract equalled #ajfc per cent41 of the digestive tract #ajhg per cent41 of the muscular system #acaj per cent41 and from rheumatism #aaaj per cent4 ,these figures1 therefore1 are not abnormally high and the poisoning is very low4 ,still1 industrial cases of poisoning in gas works are recorded4 ,of these the most important will be mentioned4 ,six persons were employed in a sub-station in introducing a new sliding shutter into a gas main1 with the object of deviating the gas for the filling of balloons4 ,a regulating valve broke1 and the gas escaped from a pipe #dj cm4 in diameter4 ,five of the men were rendered unconscious1 and resuscitation by means of oxygen inhalation failed in one case4 ,in repairing the damage done two other cases occurred4#h ,in emptying a purifier a worker was killed from failure to shut off the valve4 ,besides poisoning from illuminating gas1 industrial poisoning in gas works is described attributable1 in part at least1 to ammonia4 ,thus the report of the factory inspectors of ,prussia for #aijd narrates how a worker became unconscious while superintending the ammonia water well1 fell in1 and was drowned4 ,a further case is described in the report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aijd4 ,in the department for concentrating the gas liquor the foreman and an assistant on the night shift were getting rid of the residues from a washer by means of hot water4 ,the cover had been removed1 but1 contrary to instructions1 the steam had not been shut off4 ,ammonia fumes rushed out and rendered both unconscious1 in which condition there were found by the workmen coming in the morning4#i ,in the preparation of ammonium sulphate1 probably in consequence of too much steam pressure1 gas liquor was driven into the sulphuric acid receiver instead of ammonia gas4 ,the receiver overflowed1 and ammonia gas escaped in such quantity as to render unconscious the foreman and two men who went to his assistance4#aj ,the use of illuminating gas in industrial premises can give rise to poisoning4 ,thus the women employed in a scent factory1 where so-called quick gas heaters were used1 suffered from general gas poisoning4#aa ,in ,great ,britain in #aijg sixteen cases of carbonic oxide poisoning from use of gas in industrial premises were reported4 ,,coke ,,ovens ,coke is obtained partly as a residue in the retorts after the production of illuminating gas4 ,such gas coke is unsuitable for metallurgical purposes1 as in the blast furnace4 ,far larger quantities of coal are subjected to dry distillation for metallurgical purposes in coke ovens than in gas works4 ,hence their erection close to blast furnaces4 ,in the older form of coke oven the bye-products were lost4 ,those generally used now consist of closed chambers heated from the outside1 and they can be divided into coke ovens which do1 and those which do not1 recover the bye-products4 ,these are the same as those which have been considered under manufacture of illuminating-gas--tar1 ammonia1 benzene and its homologues1 cyanogen1 c4 ,in the coke ovens in which the bye-products are not recovered the gases and tarry vapours escaping on coking pass into the heating flues1 where1 brought into contact with the air blast1 they burn and help to heat the oven1 while what is unused goes to the main chimney stack4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,distillation ,coke ,oven 7after ,lueger7 ,a1 ,a ,coal to be coked2 ,b1 ,b ,standpipes2 ,c ,hydraulic main2 ,d ,condensing apparatus2 ,e ,purified gas3 ,f1 ,f ,air inlets2 ,g ,g1 ,g ,combustion chambers4 ,in the modern distillation ovens with recovery of the bye-products the gases escaping from the coal are led 7air being cut off as completely as possible7 through ascending pipes into the main collector1 where they are cooled1 and the tarry ingredients as well as a part of the ammonia are absorbed by water2 subsequently the gases pass through washing apparatus with a view to as complete a recovery of the ammonia and benzene as possible4 ,the purified gases are now again led to the ovens and burnt with access of air in the combustion chambers between two ovens4 ,generally these ovens are so constructed as to act as non-recovery ovens also 7especially in starting the process74 ,the coal is charged into the ovens through charge holes on the top and brought to a level in the chambers either by hand or mechanically4 ,removal of the coke block after completion of the coking operation is done by a shield attached to a rack and pinion jack4 ,afterwards the coke is quenched with water4 ,recovery of the bye-products of coke distillation ovens is similar to the method described for illuminating gas1 i4e4 first by condensation with aid of air or water cooling1 then direct washing with water 7generally in scrubbers71 whereby tar and ammonia water are recovered4 ,recovery of benzene and its homologues 7see ,benzene later7 depends on the fact that the coke oven gases freed from tar and ammonia are brought into the closest possible contact with the so-called wash oils1 i4e4 coal tar oils with high boiling-point 7#bej-cjj ,c474 ,for this purpose several washing towers are employed4 ,the waste oil enriched with benzene is recovered in stills intermittently or continuously and used again4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,injury to health from work at coke ovens is similar to that in the manufacture of illuminating gas4 ,there is the possibility of carbonic oxide poisoning from escape of gas from leakage in the apparatus4 ,as further possible sources of danger ammonia1 cyanogen and sulpho-cyanogen compounds1 and benzene have to be borne in mind4 ,in the distillation of the wash oil severe poisoning can arise1 as in a case described1 where two men were fatally poisoned in distilling tar with wash oil4#a ,the details of the case are not without interest4 ,the poisoning occurred in the lavatory4 ,the gases had escaped from the drain through the ventilating shaft next to the closet4 ,the gases came from distillation of the mixture of tar and wash oil1 and were driven by means of air pumps in such a way that normally the uncondensed gases made their way to the chimney stack4 ,on the day of the accident the pumps were out of use1 and the gases were driven by steam injectors into the drain4 ,analysis showed the gases to contain much sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,when this was absorbed1 a gas which could be condensed was obtained containing carbon bisulphide and hydrocarbons of unknown composition 78 benzene74 ,only traces of cyanogen and sulpho-cyanogen compounds were present4 ,physiological experiment showed that poisoning was attributable mainly to sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 but that after this was removed by absorption a further poisonous gas remained4 ,other ,kinds of ,power and ,illuminating ,gas ,producer gas or generator gas4--,manufacture of producer gas consists in dealing separately with the generation of the gas and the combustion of the gases which arise4 ,this is effected by admitting only so much air 7primary air supply7 to the fuel as is necessary to cause the gases to come off1 and then admitting further air 7secondary supply7 at the point where the combustion is to take place2 this secondary supply and the gas formed in the gas producer are heated in regenerators before combustion by bringing the gases to be burnt into contact with ,siemens's heaters1 of which there are four4 ,two of these are always heated and serve to heat the producer gas and secondary air supply4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,horizontal ,regenerative ,grate 7after ,lueger7 ,a producer gas furnace1 therefore1 consists of a gas producer1 a gas main leading to the furnace hearth1 the heater1 and the chimney4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,step ,regenerative ,grate 7after ,lueger7 ,the gas producer is a combustion chamber filled with coal in which the coal in the upper layer is burnt4 ,generators may have horizontal or sloping grate 7see figs4 #ae and #af74 ,the ,siemens's heaters or regenerators are chambers built of1 and filled loosely with1 fireclay bricks and arranged in couples4 ,should the gas producers become too hot1 instead of the chambers subdivided air heaters are used1 whereby the hot furnace gases are brought into contact with a system of thin-walled1 gastight fireclay pipes1 to which they give up their heat1 while the secondary air supply for the furnace is led beside these pipes and so becomes heated indirectly4 ,previous heating of the producer gas is here not necessary2 no valves are needed because the three streams of gas all pass in the same direction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag;,a4--,siemens's ,regenerative ,furnace ,l ,air2 ,g ,gas ,,fig4 #ag;,b4--,siemens's ,regenerative ,furnace ,such air heating arrangements are used for heating the retorts in gas works1 for melting the #8metal' in glass works1 and very generally in other industries1 as they offer many technical and hygienic advantages4 ,generator gas from coke contains #cd per cent4 carbonic oxide1 #ja per cent4 hydrogen1 #ai per cent4 carbon dioxide1 and #fd per cent4 nitrogen4 ,blast furnace gas4--,blast furnace gas is formed under the same conditions as have been described for generator gas2 it contains more carbon dioxide 7about #aj per cent474 7,further details are given in the section on ,iron--,blast ,furnaces47 ,water gas4--,water gas is made by the passage of steam through incandescent coal1 according to the equation3 ,c ,h,o ,,co #b;,h4 ,the iron gas producer1 lined with firebrick1 is filled with anthracite or coke and heated by blowing hot air through it4 ,this causes producer gas to escape1 after which steam is blown through1 causing water gas to escape--containing hydrogen and carbonic oxide to the extent of #de-ej per cent41 carbon dioxide and nitrogen #b-f per cent41 and a little methane4 ,the blowing of hot air and steam is done alternately1 and both kinds of gas are led away and collected separately1 the water gas being previously purified in scrubbers1 condensers1 and purifiers4 ,it serves for the production of high temperatures 7in smelting of metals74 ,further1 when carburetted and also when carefully purified in an uncarburetted state1 it serves as an illuminant4 ,the producer gas generated at the same time is used for heating purposes 7generally for heating boilers74 ,dowson gas4--,dowson gas is obtained by collecting and storing together the gases produced in the manner described for water gas4 ,under the grating of the wrought-iron gas producer 7lined with firebrick and similarly filled with coke or anthracite7 a mixture of air and steam1 produced in a special small boiler1 is blown through by means of a ,krting's injector4 ,before storage the gas is subjected to a purifying process similar to that in the case of water gas4 ,the mixed gas consists of #a vol4 water gas and #b-c vols4 producer gas1 with about #aj-ae vols4 per cent4 ,h1 #bb-bg vols4 per cent4 ,,co1 #c-f per cent4 ,,co1 and #ej-ee per cent4 ,n4 ,it is an admirable power gas for driving gas motors 7fig4 #ah74 ,mond gas similarly is a mixed gas obtained by blowing much superheated steam into coal at low temperature4 ,ammonia is produced at the same time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,power ,gas ,installation 7after ,lueger7 ,a ,steam boiler a ,steam injector ,b ,furnace b ,charging hopper c ,cover g d ,valve ,c e ,cock ,d f ,vent pipe g ,steam ,pipe ,c ,washer ,d ,coke tower ,e ,sawdust purifier ,suction gas4--,in contradistinction to the ,dowson system1 in which air mixed with steam is forced into the producer by a steam injector1 in the suction gas plant the air and steam are drawn into the generator by the apparatus itself4 ,the whole apparatus while in action is under slight negative pressure4 ,a special steam boiler is unnecessary because the necessary steam is got up in a water container surrounding or connected with the cover of the generator4 ,the plant is set in motion by setting the fire in action by a fan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,suction ,gas ,plant 7after ,meyer7 ,fig4 #ai shows a suction gas plant4 ,b is the fan4 ,above the generator ,a and at the lower part of the feed hopper is an annular vessel for generating steam1 over the surface of which air is drawn across from the pipe e1 passing then through the pipe f into the ash box g1 and then through the incandescent fuel4 ,the gas produced is purified in the scrubber ,d1 and passes then through a pipe to the purifier containing sawdust and to the motor4 ,carburetted gas4--,gas intended for illuminating purposes is carburetted to increase its illuminating power1 i4e4 enriched with heavy hydrocarbons4 ,carburetting is effected either by a hot method--adding the gases distilled from mineral or other oils--or by a cold method--allowing the gas to come into contact with cold benzol or benzine4 ,coal gas as well as water gas is subjected to the carburetting process1 but it has not the same importance now in relation to illuminating power1 as reliance is more and more being placed on the use of mantles4 ,,acetylene ,calcium carbide4--,acetylene is prepared from calcium carbide1 which on contact with water gives off acetylene4 ,calcium carbide is prepared electro-chemically4 ,a mixture of burnt lime and coke is ground and melted up together at very high temperature in an electric furnace1 in doing which there is considerable disengagement of carbonic oxide according to the equation3 ,ca,o #c;,c ,ca,c ,,co4 ,the furnaces used in the production of calcium carbide are of different construction4 ,generally the furnace is of the nature of an electric arc1 and is arranged either as a crucible furnace for intermittent work or like a blast furnace for continuous work4 ,besides these there are resistance furnaces in which the heat is created by the resistance offered to the passage of the current by the molten calcium carbide4 ,the carbonic oxide given off in the process causes difficulty4 ,in many furnaces it is burnt and so utilised for heating purposes4 ,the calcium carbide produced contains as impurities silicon carbide1 ferro-silicon1 calcium sulphide1 and calcium phosphide4 ,acetylene 7,c,h71 formed by the decomposition of calcium carbide by means of water 7,ca,c #b;,h,o ,ca7,,oh7 ,c,h71 furnishes when pure an illuminating gas of great brilliancy and whiteness4 ,its production is relatively easy4 ,used for the purpose are 7#a7 apparatus in which water is made to drop on the carbide1 7#b7 apparatus in which the carbide dips into water and is removed automatically on generation of the gas1 7#c7 apparatus in which the carbide is completely immersed in water1 and 7#d7 apparatus in which the carbide in tiny lumps is thrown on to water4 ,these are diagrammatically represented in figs4 #bj;,a to #bj;,d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj;,a4 ,,fig4 #bj;,b4 ,,fig4 #bj;,c4 ,,fig4 #bj;,d4 ,acetylene ,apparatus--diagrammatic 7after ,lueger7 ,a ,dripping2 ,b ,dipping2 ,c ,submerging2 ,d ,throwing in ,the most important impurities of acetylene are ammonia1 sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 and phosphoretted hydrogen4 ,before use1 therefore1 it is subjected to purification in various ways4 ,in ,wolf's method the gas is passed through a washer 7with the object of removing ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen gas7 and a purifying material consisting of chloride of lime and bichromate salts4 ,in ,frank's method the gas passes though a system of vessels containing an acid solution of copper chloride1 and also through a washer4 ,chloride of lime with sawdust is used as a purifying agent4 ,finally1 the gas is stored and thence sent to the consumer 7see fig4 #ba74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,acetylene ,gas ,apparatus 7after ,lueger7 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,almost all the poisoning caused in the industries in question is due to carbonic oxide gas1 of which water gas contains #da per cent41 generator gas #ce per cent41 and suction and ,dowson gas #be per cent4 ,that industrial carbonic oxide poisoning is not rare the reports of the certifying surgeons in ,great ,britain sufficiently show4 ,in the year #aijf fifty-five persons are referred to as having suffered1 with fatal issue in four4 ,in #aijg there were eighty-one1 of which ten were fatal4 ,of the #aijf cases twenty resulted from inhalation of producer1 ,mond1 or suction gas1 sixteen from coal gas 7in several instances containing carburetted water gas71 seventeen from blast furnace gas1 and one each from charcoal fumes from a brazier1 and from the cleaning out of an oil gas holder4 ,as causes of the poisoning from suction gas were 7#a7 improper situation of gas plant in cellar or basement1 allowing gas to collect or pass upward2 7#b7 defective fittings2 7#c7 starting the suction gas plant by the fan with chimney valve closed2 7#d7 cleaning out #8scrubbers' or repairing valves1 c42 7#e7 defective gasometer4 ,in the seventeen cases due to blast furnace gas six were due to conveyance of the gas by the wind from a flue left open for cleaning purposes into an engineering shed1 two to charging the cupola furnace1 two to entering the furnace1 and four to cleaning the flues4 ,the following are instances taken from recent literature on gas poisoning#a3 ,several cases of poisoning by water gas occurred in a smelting works4 ,the poisoning originated when a blowing machine driven by water gas was started4 ,owing to premature opening of the gas valve two men employed in a well underneath the machine were overcome4 ,the attendant who had opened the valve succeeded in lifting both from the well2 but as he was trying to lift a third man who had come to his assistance and fallen into the well he himself fell in and was overcome4 ,the same fate befell the engineer and his assistant who came to the rescue4 ,all efforts to recover the four men by others roped together failed1 as all of them to the number of eight were rendered unconscious4 ,with the aid of rescue appliances 7helmets1 c47 the bodies were recovered1 but efforts at artificial respiration failed4 ,a workman was killed by suction gas while in the water-closet4 ,it appeared that some time previously when the plant was installed the ventilating pipe between the purifier and motor1 instead of being led through the roof1 had been led out sideways on a level with the floor immediately above the closet4 ,in another case the suction gas attendant had taken out the three-way cock between the generator and motor for repairs and had not reinserted it properly1 so that when effort was made to start the motor this failed1 as gas only and no air was drawn in4 ,the motor was thought to be at fault1 and the fan was worked so vigorously that the gas forced its way out through the packing of the flange connections and produced symptoms of poisoning in the persons employed4 ,more dangerous than suction gas plants1 in which normally no escape takes place1 are installations depending on gas under pressure4 ,such an installation was used for heating gas irons in a ,berlin laundry4 ,the arrangements were considered excellent4 ,the gas jets were in stoves from which the fumes were exhausted4 ,the gas was made from charcoal and contained #ac per cent4 of hydrogen4 ,no trace of carbonic oxide was found in the ironing room on examination of the air4 ,after having been in use for months the mechanical ventilation got out of order1 with the result that twelve women suffered severely from symptoms of carbonic oxide poisoning1 from which they were brought round by oxygen inhalation4 ,the laundry reverted to the use of illuminating gas4 ,the conclusion to be drawn is that installations for gas heating are to be used with caution4#b ,industrial poisoning from blast furnace gas is frequent4 ,two fatal cases were reported#c in men employed in the gas washing apparatus4 ,they met their death at the manhole leading to the waste-water outlet4 ,in another case a workman entered the gas main three hours after the gas had been cut off to clear it of the dust which had collected4 ,he succumbed1 showing that such accumulations can retain gas for a long time4 ,steps had been taken three hours previously to ventilate the portion of gas main in question4 ,a fatal case occurred in the cleaning out of a blast furnace flue which had been ventilated for #a hours by opening all manholes1 headplates1 c4 ,the foreman found the deceased with his face lying in the flue dust2 both he and a helper were temporarily rendered unconscious4 ,cases of poisoning by generator gas are described4#d ,a workman who had entered a gasometer containing the gas died in ten minutes1 and another remained unconscious for ten days and for another ten days suffered from mental disturbance1 showing itself in hebetude and weakness of memory4 ,acetylene is poisonous to only a slight extent4 ,impurities in it1 such as carbon bisulphide1 carbonic oxide 7present to the extent of #a-b per cent471 and especially phosphoretted hydrogen gas1 must be borne in mind4 ,american calcium carbide#e yields acetylene containing #jjd per cent4 of phosphoretted hydrogen2 ,lunge and ,cederkreutz have found as much as #jjf per cent4 in acetylene4 ,,ammonia ,,and ,,ammonium ,,compounds ,,preparation4--,ammonia and ammonium salts are now exclusively obtained as a bye-product in the dry distillation of coal1 from the ammonia water in gas works1 and as a bye-product from coke ovens4 ,the ammonia water of gas works contains from #b-c per cent4 of ammonia1 some of which can be recovered on boiling1 but some is in a non-volatile form1 and to be recovered the compound must be decomposed4 ,the volatile compounds are principally ammonium carbonate and1 to a less extent1 ammonium sulphide and cyanide2 the non-volatile compounds are ammonium sulphocyanide1 ammonium chloride1 sulphate1 thiosulphate1 c4 ,other noteworthy substances in ammonia water are pyridine1 pyrrol1 phenols1 hydrocarbons1 and tarry compounds4 ,decomposition of the non-volatile compounds is effected by lime4 ,hence the ammonia water is distilled first alone1 and then with lime4 ,the distillate is passed into sulphuric acid1 ammonium sulphate being formed4 ,distillation apparatus constructed on the principle usual in rectifying spirit is used1 so that continuous action is secured2 the ammonia water flows into the apparatus continuously and is freed of the volatile compounds by the steam4 ,at a later stage milk of lime is added1 which liberates the ammonia from the nonvolatile compounds4 ,of the ammonium salts there require mention3 ,ammonium sulphate 77,,nh7,,so71 which serves for the production of other ammonium salts4 ,it is usually centrifugalised out from the sulphuric acid tank previously described4 ,ammonium chloride 7sal-ammoniac1 ,,nh,cl7 is formed by bringing the ammonia fumes given off in the process described in contact with hydrochloric acid vapour4 ,the crude salt so obtained is recrystallised or sublimed4 ,ammonium phosphate 77,,nh7,,hpo7 is made in an analogous manner by leading ammonia into phosphoric acid4 ,it is useful as an artificial manure4 ,ammonium carbonate is made either by bringing together ammonia vapour and carbonic acid or by subliming ammonium sulphate with calcium carbonate4 ,it is very volatile4 ,the thick vapour is collected and purified in leaden chambers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,preparation of ,ammonia4 ,column ,apparatus of ,feldman 7after ,ost7 ,a1 ,b1 ,c ,columns2 ,d ,saturator2 7a7 ,settling tank and regulator for flow of ammonia2 7b7 ,economiser2 7f7 ,milk of lime2 7g7 ,pump ,caustic ammonia is prepared either from gas liquor or1 more usually1 from ammonium sulphate by distillation with caustic alkali in a continuous apparatus4 ,,use ,,of ,,ammonia4--,ammonia is used in laundries and bleaching works in dyeing and wool washing4 ,it is used especially in making ammonium salts1 in the preparation of soda by the ,solvay process 7see ,soda ,manufacture71 and in making ice artificially4 ,it is used also in the preparation of indigo1 in lacquers and colours1 and the extraction of chloride of silver1 c4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,industrial ammonia poisoning is rare4 ,it occurs most frequently in gas works and occasionally in its use1 especially the manufacture of ammonium salts4 ,those engaged in subliming ammonium carbonate incur special risk1 but often it is not the ammonia vapour so much as the escaping evil-smelling gases containing carbon bisulphide and cyanogen compounds which are the source of trouble4 ,occasionally in the production of ice through leakage or by the breaking of carboys of ammonia accidental poisoning has occurred4 ,some cases are cited from recent literature3 ,a worker was rendered unconscious and drowned in an ammonia water well4#a ,two workers were poisoned 7one fatally7 in the concentration of gas liquor4 ,three workers were gassed 7one fatally7 in the preparation of ammonium sulphate in a gas works4 ,probably as the result of excessive steam pressure gas water was driven over with the ammonia into the sulphuric acid vessel4#b ,eulenberg#c reports the occurrence of sulphuretted hydrogen gas poisoning in the production of ammonium salts4 ,the workers succumbed as though shot1 although work was being carried on in the open air4 ,they recovered when removed from the poisonous atmosphere4 ,in a large room of a chemical factory phosphoric acid was being saturated with ammonia gas water in an iron lead-lined vessel4 ,carbonic acid gas and hydrogen gas were evolved1 but not to such extent as to be noticeable in the large room4 ,a worker not employed in the room had to do something close to the vessel1 and inhaled some of the fumes given off4 ,a few yards from the vessel he was found lying unconscious1 and although removed into the open air failed to respond to the efforts at artificial respiration4#d ,lewin1 in an opinion delivered to the ,imperial ,insurance ,office1 describes poisoning in a man who during two days had been employed repairing two ammonia retorts in a chemical factory4 ,on the evening of the second day he suffered from severe symptoms of catarrh1 from which he died five days later4 ,lewin considered the case to be one of acute ammonia poisoning4#e ,ammonia is frequently used in fulling cloth1 the fumes of which collect on the surface after addition of sulphuric acid to the settling vats4 ,this is especially liable to occur on a ,monday1 owing to the standing of the factory over the ,sunday1 so that entrance into the vats without suitable precautions is strictly forbidden4 ,despite this1 a worker did go in to fetch out something that had fallen in1 becoming immediately unconscious4 ,a rescuer succumbed also and lost his life4 ,the first worker recovered1 but was for long incapacitated by paralytic symptoms4 ,cases of poisoning in ice factories and refrigerator rooms from defective apparatus are reported4 ,acute and chronic poisoning among sewer men are due mainly to sulphuretted hydrogen gas and only partly to ammonia4 ,the more ammonia and the less sulphuretted hydrogen sewer gases contain the less poisonous are they4 ,,cyanogen ,,compounds ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,gas ,,purifying4--,cyanogen compounds are still sometimes prepared by the original method of heating to redness nitrogenous animal refuse 7blood1 leather1 horn1 hair1 c47 with potash and iron filings2 potassium cyanide is formed from the nitrogen1 carbon1 and alkali1 and this with the sulphur and iron present is easily converted into potassium ferrocyanide 7yellow prussiate of potash1 ,k,fe,c,n7 by lixiviation of the molten mass4 ,it crystallises out on evaporation4 ,cyanogen compounds are obtained in large quantity from the material used in purifying the gas in gas works4 ,this saturated spent material contains1 in addition to #cj-dj per cent4 of sulphur1 #h-ae per cent4 of cyanogen compounds and #a-d per cent4 of sulphocyanogen compounds4 ,by lixiviation with water the soluble ammonium salts are extracted from the purifying material4 ,this solution furnishes sulphocyanide of ammonium1 from which the remaining unimportant sulphocyanide compounds are obtained 7used in cloth printing74 ,the further treatment of the purifying material for potassium ferrocyanide is rendered difficult because of the sulphur1 which is either removed by carbon bisulphide and the ferrocyanide obtained by treatment with quicklime and potassium chloride1 or the mass is mixed with quicklime1 steamed in closed vessels1 lixiviated with water1 and decomposed by potassium chloride2 ferrocyanide of potassium and calcium separates out in crystals1 and this1 treated with potash1 yields potassium ferrocyanide4 ,the well-known non-poisonous pigment ,prussian blue is obtained by decomposing ferrocyanide of potash with chloride or oxide of iron in solution4 ,potassium cyanide 7,,kcn7 is prepared from potassium ferrocyanide by heating in absence of air1 but it is difficult to separate it entirely from the mixture of iron and carbon which remains4 ,all the cyanogen is more easily obtained in the form of potassium and sodium cyanide from potassium ferrocyanide by melting it with potash and adding metallic sodium4 ,the very poisonous hydrocyanic acid 7prussic acid1 ,,hcn7 is formed by the action of acids on potassium or sodium cyanide2 small quantities indeed come off on mere exposure of these substances to the air4 ,the increasing demand for potassium cyanide has led to experimental processes for producing it synthetically4 ,one method consists in the production of potassium cyanide from potash and carbon in a current of ammonia gas4 ,small pieces of charcoal are freed from air1 saturated with a solution of potash1 dried in the absence of air1 and heated in upright iron cylinders to #ajj ,c41 while a stream of ammonia gas is passed through4 ,again1 sodium cyanide is prepared from ammonia1 sodium1 and carbon by introducing a definite amount of sodium and coal dust into melted sodium cyanide and passing ammonia through4 ,the solution is then concentrated in vacuo and sodium cyanide crystallises out on cooling4 ,,use ,,of ,,cyanides4--,potassium cyanide is principally used in the recovery of gold1 in gold and silver electroplating1 in photography1 for soldering 7it reduces oxides and makes metallic surfaces clean71 for the production of other cyanogen compounds1 for the removal of silver nitrate stains1 c4 ,hydrocyanic acid gas is given off in electroplating1 photography1 in smelting fumes1 in tanning 7removing hair by gas lime71 c4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,industrial cyanogen poisoning is rare4 ,weyl#a states that he could find no case in any of the ,german factory inspectors' reports for the twenty years prior to #ahig1 nor in some twenty-five volumes of foreign factory inspectors' reports4 ,i have found practically the same in my search through the modern literature4 ,of the very few references to the subject ,i quote the most important4 ,a case of 7presumably7 chronic hydrocyanic acid poisoning is described in a worker engaged for thirteen years in silver electroplating of copper plates4#b ,the plates were dipped in a silver cyanide solution and then brushed4 ,after two years he began to show signs of vomiting1 nausea1 palpitation1 and fatigue1 which progressed and led to his death4 ,a case of sudden death is described#c occurring to a worker in a sodium cyanide factory who inhaled air mixed with hydrocyanic acid gas from a leaky pipe situated in a cellar4 ,the factory made sodium cyanide and ammonium sulphate from the residue after removal of the sugar from molasses4 ,this is the only definite case of acute cyanogen poisoning in a factory known to me4 ,i believe that under modern conditions1 in which the whole process is carried on under negative pressure1 chance of escape of cyanogen gases is practically excluded4 ,it should be mentioned that hydrocyanic acid vapour is given off in the burning of celluloid4 ,in this way eight persons were killed at a fire in a celluloid factory4#d ,skin affections are said to be caused by contact with fluids containing cyanogen compounds1 especially in electroplating4 ,it is stated that workers coming into contact with solutions containing cyanides may absorb amounts sufficient to cause symptoms1 especially if the skin has abrasions4 ,such cases are described4#e ,in electroplating1 further1 in consequence of the strong soda solutions used1 deep ulceration and fissures of the skin of the hand can be caused4 ,,coal ,,tar ,,and ,,tar ,,products ,of the products of the illuminating gas industry tar has considerably the most importance4 ,coal tar as such has varied use in industry1 but far greater use is made of the products obtained by fractional distillation from it such as benzene1 toluene1 naphthalene1 anthracene1 carbolic acid1 pyridine1 and the other constituents of tar1 a number of which form the starting-point in the production of the enormous coal-tar dye industry4 ,especially increasing is the consumption of benzene4 ,in ,germany alone this has increased in ten years from #bj to #gj million kilos4 ,this is partly due to the need of finding some cheap substitute for benzine1 the consumption and cost of which has increased1 and it has in many respects been found in benzene4 ,besides benzene and its homologues1 toluene1 anthracene1 and naphthalene are valuable4 ,anthracene is used in the manufacture of alizarine and naphthalene in that of artificial indigo and of the azo-colours4 ,carbolic acid 7phenol7 and the homologous cresols serve not only as disinfectants but also in the manufacture of numerous colours and in the preparation of picric acid and salicylic acid4 ,further1 a number of pharmaceutical preparations and saccharin are made from the constituents of tar4 ,the important constituents of tar are3 #a4 ,hydrocarbons of the methane series3 paraffins1 olefines2 hydrocarbons of the aromatic series3 benzene and its homologues1 naphthalene1 anthracene1 phenanthrene1 c4 #b4 ,phenols 7cresols1 naphthols74 #c4 ,sulphides3 sulphuretted hydrogen1 carbon bisulphide1 mercaptan1 thiophene4 #d4 ,nitrogen compounds3 ammonia1 methylamine1 aniline1 pyridine1 c4 #e4 ,fifty to sixty per cent4 of tar consists of pitch constituting a mixture of many different substances which cannot be distilled without decomposition4 ,crude tar1 i4e4 tar which separates in the dry distillation of coal1 is employed as such for preserving all kinds of building materials1 for tarring streets1 as plastic cement1 as a disinfectant1 in the preparation of roofing paper or felt1 lampblack1 briquettes1 c4 ,brattice cloth and roofing felt are made by passing the materials through hot tar and incorporating sand with them2 in doing this heavy fumes are given off4 ,lampblack is made by the imperfect combustion of tar or tar oil by letting them drop on to heated iron plates with as limited an air supply as possible2 the burnt gases laden with carbon particles are drawn through several chambers or sacks in which the soot collects4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,tar ,still 7after ,krmer7 ,briquettes 7patent fuel7 are made by mixing small coal 7coal dust7 with tar or pitch and then pressing them in moulds4 ,the separation and recovery of the valuable ingredients is effected by fractional distillation4 ,this is carried out by heating the tar at gradually increasing temperature in a wrought-iron still1 the bottom of which is arched and having a cast-iron still head1 or in horizontal boilers by direct fire4 ,before commencing the distillation the tar is freed as far as possible of water by storage4 ,on gradual increase of temperature the volatile constituents1 the so-called #8light oil1' and later the heavier volatile constituents come over4 ,the constituents are liberated in a gaseous state and are collected in fractions4 ,the pitch remains behind in the still4 ,considerable quantities of coal tar are not distilled for pitch4 ,often the light oils and a portion of the heavy oils are collected1 when soft pitch remains1 or1 if the light oils and only a very small portion of the heavy oils are collected1 asphalt remains behind1 this residue being used as a basis for the manufacture of roofing felt4 ,the vapours are condensed in iron coils round which cold water circulates4 ,the receivers in which the distillate is caught are changed at definite times as the temperature gradually rises4 ,if five fractions have come over they are called 7#a7 first runnings1 7#b7 light oil to #agj ,c41 7#c7 middle oil 7carbolic oil to #bcj ,c471 7#d7 heavy oil to #bgj ,c41 and lastly 7#e7 anthracene oil1 which distills at over #bgj ,c42 the pitch remaining behind is let out of the still by an opening at the bottom4 ,we will briefly sketch the further treatment and use of these fractions1 so far as a knowledge of the most important processes is necessary for our purpose4 #a4 ,the light oils 7including first runnings7 coming over up to #agj ,c4 are again distilled and then purified with sulphuric acid in lead-lined cast-iron or lead-lined wooden tanks4 ,the dark-coloured acid used for purifying after dilution with water1 which precipitates tarry matters1 is treated for ammonium sulphate2 the basic constituents of the light oils extracted with sulphuric acid and again liberated by lime yield pyridine 7,c,h,n7 and the homologous pyridine bases1 a mixture of which is used for denaturing spirit4 ,after the light oils have been washed with dilute caustic soda liquor1 whereby the phenols are removed1 they are separated by another fractional distillation into 7a7 crude benzol 7#gj-acj ,c47 and 7b7 solvent naphtha 7boiling-point #acj-agj ,c474 ,crude benzol 7#gj-adj ,c47 consists chiefly of benzene and toluene and is separated into its several constituents in special rectifying apparatus4 ,for this production of pure benzene 7boiling-point #hj-hb ,c47 and pure toluene 7boiling-point #aaj ,c47 fractionating apparatus is used 7fig4 #bd74 ,the commercial products in use which are obtained from the fractional distillation of the light oil are3 7a7 ,ninety per cent4 benzol1 so called because in the distillation #ij per cent1 should come over at a temperature of #ajj ,c4 ,it is made up of #hj-he per cent4 benzene1 #ac-ae per cent4 toluene1 #b-c per cent4 xylene1 and contains1 as impurities1 traces of olefines1 paraffins1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and other bodies4 7b7 ,fifty per cent4 benzol contains #ej per cent4 of constituents distilling at #ajj ,c4 and #ij per cent4 at #abj ,c42 it is a very mixed product1 with only #dj-ej per cent4 of benzene4 7c7 ,solvent naphtha1 so called because it is largely used for dissolving rubber1 is free from benzene1 but contains xylene and its homologues and other unknown hydrocarbons4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,column ,apparatus of ,hickman for ,distillation of ,benzene 7after ,ost7 ,a ,still body2 ,b ,analysing column2 ,c ,cooler2 ,d ,condenser for pure distillate4 ,benzol is widely used4 ,ninety per cent4 benzol is largely used in the chemical industry1 serving for the preparation of dye stuffs1 pharmaceutical preparations1 scents1 c4 ,in other industries it took the place of benzine and also of turpentine oil1 especially in the paint industry1 since it evaporates quickly and readily dissolves resins4 ,hence it is used in the preparation of quick drying ship's paints1 as a protection against rust1 and as an isolating lacquer 7acid proof colours7 for electrical apparatus1 in the production of deck varnishes1 and as a solvent of resins4 ,this use of benzol in the paint industry is by no means unattended with danger1 as benzol is poisonous4 ,far less harmful1 if not altogether without risk1 is use of benzol free solvent naphtha--but this evaporates only slowly and hence cannot take the place of benzol4 ,benzol serves further for fat extraction from bones in manure factories and of caffein from coffee beans4 ,again1 it is used as a motive power in motor vehicles4 ,the solvent naphtha above mentioned with boiling-point above #adj ,c4 and all the light oils are employed in chemical cleaning and for dissolving indiarubber 7see ,indiarubber74 ,these are known in the trade erroneously as #8benzine1' which unfortunately often leads to confusion with petroleum benzine 7see ,petroleum7 and to mistakes in toxicological accounts of poisoning4 #b4 ,between #aej and #bjj ,c4 the middle oil comes over1 from which on cooling naphthalene 7,c,h7 crystallises out1 and is subsequently washed with caustic soda liquor and with acid2 it is re-distilled and hot pressed4 ,the remaining liquor yields1 when extracted with caustic soda1 phenol 7carbolic acid1 ,c,h,,oh71 which1 on addition of sulphuric acid or carbonic acid1 separates from the solution and then--generally in special factories--is obtained pure by distillation and special purifying processes4 ,from the sodium salt of carbolic acid 7sodium phenolate7 salicylic acid 7,c,h,,oh4,,cooh7 is obtained by combination with compressed ,,co at a temperature of #aej ,c4 ,picric acid 7trinitrophenol1 ,c,h,,oh47,,no77 is obtained by treating phenol with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids 7nitration74 ,the yellow crystals of this explosive which separate are carefully washed1 recrystallised1 centrifugalised1 and dried4 #c4 ,the heavy oils which come over between #bjj and #cjj ,c4 containing cresols1 naphthols1 naphthaline1 quinoline bases1 fluid paraffins1 c41 are seldom separated further4 ,the disinfectants lysol1 sapocarbolic1 c41 are obtained from such fractions4 ,the heavy oils are much in use for impregnating wood 7piles1 railway sleepers1 c471 to prevent rotting4 ,this is done in special creosoting installations4 ,the wood is first freed from moisture under vacuum and lastly the heavy oil forced in4 ,this is a better means of preserving timber than the analogous method by means of chloride of zinc4 #d4 ,anthracene oil or #8green oil' comes over between #cjj and #djj ,c4 and contains the valuable anthracene which crystallises out1 is separated from the oil in filter presses1 or dried in centrifugal machines4 ,alizarin dyes are made from it4 ,raw anthracene oil further is used commercially as a paint under the name of carbolineum for preserving wood4 #e4 ,the pitch remaining behind in the still serves 7like tar7 for making varnishes1 patent fuel1 c4 ,for our purpose use of pitch in the preparation of iron varnishes which adhere to metals and protect them from oxidation have interest4 ,pitch and the heavy oils are melted together or1 if for thin varnishes1 dissolved in solvent naphtha4 ,the volatile constituents evaporate after the coat has been applied4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,severe injury to health or poisoning cases scarcely arise through manipulations with or use of tar4 ,inhalation1 however1 of large quantities of tar vapour is without doubt unpleasant1 as a number of poisonous substances are contained in the fumes4 ,and the ammonia water which separates on standing can give off unpleasantly smelling odours from the sulphur compounds in it1 especially if it comes into contact with waste acids1 with consequent development of sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,i could not find in the literature of the subject references to any clearly proved case of poisoning from tar emanations4 ,but deserving of mention in this connection are the effects on the skin caused by tar4 ,workers coming into contact with tar suffer from an inflammatory affection of the skin1 so-called tar eczema1 which occasionally takes on a cancerous 7epithelioma7 nature similar to chimney-sweep's cancer1 having its seat predominantly on the scrotum4 ,in lampblack workers who tread down the soot in receptacles the malady has been observed to affect the lower extremities and especially the toes4 ,in tar distillation and in the production and use of benzene industrial poisoning frequently occurs4 ,many cases are recorded1 but in several the immediate exciting cause is doubtful1 and consequently it is often difficult to classify the cases4 ,most frequently the manufacture and use of benzene come in question4 ,besides this1 in tar distillation poisoning may be caused by other substances1 such as sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 carbonic oxide gas1 c4 ,in the production of antipyrin1 aspirin1 c41 and in the preparation and use of anthracene injury to health is recognised4 ,from the list of recognised cases of these forms of poisoning the most characteristic are chosen from the recent literature on the subject4 ,the ,prussian factory inspectors' reports for #aijd describe the following3 ,in cleaning out a tar still two workers were killed by inhalation of gas4 ,the nature of the gas was not ascertained4 ,but what probably happened was that the cock on the foul gas pipe collecting the gases from the stills leaked and allowed fumes to pass over from one still to another4 ,a foreman and worker were rendered unconscious on entering a receiver for heavy oil for cleaning purposes4 ,on treatment with oxygen gas they speedily recovered4 ,industrial benzene poisoning is especially frequent now in view of the increasing use to which it is put4 ,several cases have proved fatal4 ,a worker1 for instance1 forgot to open the cock for the water to cool the condenser1 so that some of the benzene vapour remained uncondensed4 ,the case proved fatal4 ,the ,report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aije stated that a worker on night duty1 whose duty it was to regulate the introduction of steam and the cooling of the benzol plant1 was found lying dead in front of the building4 ,inquiry showed that he had not opened the valve for running the distillate into the appropriate receiver4 ,eight thousand litres overflowed4 ,in an indiarubber extracting factory a worker was rendered unconscious while inspecting a benzol still2 before entering he had omitted to observe the instructions to drive steam through and have a mate on watch at the manhole4 ,two other workmen were similarly affected who went to the rescue without adoption of precautions4 ,only one survived4 ,in a further accident 7already mentioned under #8,coke ,furnaces'7 two workmen were killed4 ,in the factory in question the thick tar from the coke ovens was being distilled under slight pressure4 ,the air pumps1 however1 were out of order1 and temporary use was being made of ,krting's injectors1 whereby the steam and tar constituents were cooled and led into the drain in front of the closet1 near to which was a ventilating shaft4 ,probably1 in addition to benzene and its homologues1 sulphuretted hydrogen and cyanogen compounds were present in the poisonous gases4 ,in cleaning out a benzene extracting apparatus a workman was killed by the stagnant fumes in it4 ,a similar case of benzene poisoning occurred in a naphthalamine works through inspecting an extracting vessel which had contained benzene and naphthalamine and had to be cleaned4 ,the vessel had been empty for twenty-two hours and had been washed and ventilated1 but through a leaking pipe benzene had dropped down into it4 ,the workman engaged was rendered unconscious inside the retort1 but was rescued by an engineer equipped with a breathing helmet4 ,others who without such apparatus tried to effect a rescue were overcome1 and one who had entered the retort succumbed4#a ,benzene poisoning has often occurred in the cleaning of tanks1 c41 for the transport and storage of the substance4 ,the following examples are taken from the ,reports of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry4 ,a worker during the pause for breakfast had1 unknown to his employer1 cleaned out an empty truck for crude benzol4 ,later he was with difficulty removed unconscious through the manhole and could not be resuscitated4 ,only a short time previously a similar occurrence had taken place in the same factory4 ,two further fatal cases were reported in #aijh in the cleaning out of railway tank waggons4 ,the tank had previously been thoroughly sprayed with water4 ,the partition plates which are required in such tanks increase the difficulty of cleaning from the manhole4 ,after the foreman had tested the air by putting his head inside and considered it free from danger1 a man entered to clean out the deposit2 another man on watch outside had evidently gone in for rescue purposes4 ,resuscitation in both cases failed4 ,a worker died and several were affected in the cleaning out of a benzol storage tank in a tar distillery4 ,the tank had had air blown through it several weeks before1 and had been thoroughly cleaned by steam and water4 ,also in the inspection the greatest care was taken in only permitting work for short spells4 ,this shows that1 notwithstanding great care1 the last traces of benzol cannot be entirely removed and that quite small quantities are sufficient to cause severe and even fatal poisoning4 ,workers should only clean out tanks1 therefore1 when properly equipped with helmets4 ,in the ,german factory inspectors' reports for #aijb a case of intoxication is described in a man who was engaged painting the inside of an iron reservoir with an asphalt paint dissolved in benzol4 ,of special interest is a fatal case from inhalation of benzol fumes in a rubber factory4 ,rubber dissolved in benzol was being rubbed into the cloth on a spreading machine in the usual way4 ,the cloth then passes under the cleaning doctor along the long heated plate to the end rolls4 ,of the three men employed at the process one was found to be unconscious and could not be brought round again4 ,the cases described#b of poisoning with impure benzol in a pneumatic tyre factory in ,upsala are1 perhaps1 analogous4 ,here nine young women had severe symptoms1 four of whom died4 ,in reference to the cases which occurred in rubber factories it is conceivable that carbon bisulphide played a part1 since in such factories not only are mixtures of benzol and carbon bisulphide used1 but also frequently the #8first runnings' of benzol1 which1 on account of the high proportion 7sometimes #ej per cent47 of carbon bisulphide in them1 make an excellent solvent for rubber4 ,from some coke ovens crude benzol was collected in two large iron receivers4 ,they were sunk in a pit projecting very little above the ground4 ,to control the valves the workmen had to mount on the receiver1 the manholes of which were kept open during filling4 ,the pit was roofed over and two wooden shafts served both for ventilation and as approaches to the valves4 ,one summer day benzol had been blown in the usual way into a railway truck and a worker had entered the space to control the valves4 ,some time afterwards he was found in a doubled-up position on the receiver1 grasping the valves1 from which later he fell off down to the bottom of the pit4 ,three rescuers entered1 but had to retire as they became affected4 ,a fourth worker1 in the presence of the manager1 was let down by a rope1 but succumbed immediately and was dragged up a corpse4 ,finally1 equipped with a smoke helmet1 a rescuer brought up the lifeless body of the first man4 ,it was believed that the benzol had distilled over warm and had evaporated to such an extent as to fill with fumes the unsuitably arranged and inadequately ventilated space4 ,possibly other volatile compounds were responsible for the poisoning4#c ,a similar though less serious accident occurred to a foreman who forgot to set the cooling apparatus at work at the commencement of distillation1 and became unconscious from the escaping fumes1 as also did a rescuer4 ,the latter was brought round by oxygen inhalation1 but the former1 although alive when recovered1 succumbed despite efforts at artificial respiration4 ,a fatal case occurred in an aniline factory where benzol fumes had escaped owing to faulty arrangement of the valves4 ,the worker1 although ordered at once to leave the room1 was found there ten minutes later dead4 ,interesting are the following cases of accidents due to use of paints containing benzol4 ,in painting a retort with an anti-corrosive paint called #8,original ,anti-corrosive1' unconsciousness followed on completion of the painting1 but by prompt rescue and medical assistance life was saved4 ,the accident was attributed to benzol fumes from the paint insufficiently diluted by the air coming in at the open manhole4 ,a similar case arose from use of a rust-preventing paint--#8,preolith'--and only with difficulty was the man using it pulled out from the inside of the steam boiler4 ,although resuscitated by oxygen inhalation1 he was incapacitated for eight days4 ,crude benzol was a constituent of #8,preolith4' ,obviously use of such paints in closely confined spaces is very risky4 ,the frequency of such poisonings caused ,schaefer1#d ,inspector of ,factories in ,hamburg1 to go fully into the question4 ,he lays stress on the dangerous nature of paints containing a high proportion of benzol1 but considers use of unpurified constituents with boiling-point between #acj-agj ,c41 such as solvent naphtha1 as free from risk 7cf4 in ,part ,,ii the experiments on benzene and the commercial kinds of benzol74 ,schaefer mentions that in #aijc and #aijd cases of unconsciousness from painting the inside of boilers were numerous4 ,the proportion of benzol in the paints was #bj-cj per cent4 ,in #aije and #aijf the cases were attributable rather to inhalation of hydrocarbons in cleaning of apparatus4 ,use of #8,dermatin' affected two painters4 ,one case in #aijf happened to a man painting the double bottom of a ship in ,hamburg harbour with #8,black ,varnish ,oil' through the manhole1 in doing which he inhaled much of the fumes4 ,this paint consisted of coal-tar pitch in light coal-tar oil1 the latter constituent 7distilling at #agj ,c47 amounting to #ca-cc per cent4 ,investigation showed further that the bulk of the tar oil volatilised at ordinary temperatures and so quickly dried4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gas was given off on slight warming4 ,the person after using it for some time felt poorly1 and then became ill with severe inflammation of the respiratory passages1 which proved fatal after twenty-four days4 ,several similar cases occurred in #aijh and #aiji4 ,painting the inside of a boiler with #8,auxulin' caused unconsciousness in four persons1 of whom three were rescuers4 ,a fatal case was due to use of a patent colour containing #cj-dj per cent4 benzol in an entirely closed-in space 7chain-well71 although the worker was allowed out into fresh air at frequent intervals4 ,a case of chronic industrial xylene poisoning is described in a worker using it for impregnating indiarubber goods4 ,the symptoms were nervous1 resembling neurasthenia4 ,some of the cases of poisoning1 especially when severe and fatal1 in the production of distillation constituents of coal tar are doubtless attributable to sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,thus in ,england1 in the years #aija-c1 there were eleven fatal and as many other severe cases reported from tar distilleries1 of which the majority were due to sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,one case of carbonic oxide poisoning in coal-tar distillation is described4#e ,in cleaning out pitch from a still fourteen days after the last distillation a workman succumbed to carbonic oxide poisoning4 ,this is at all events a rare eventuality1 since no other case is to be found in the literature of the subject1 but it is a proof that in the last stage of coal-tar distillation carbonic oxide plays a part4 ,mention must be made of the frequent occurrence of severe skin affections in anthracene workers2 they take the form of an eruption on the hands1 arms1 feet1 knees1 c41 and sometimes develop into cancer4 ,observations in a chemical factory since #ahib showed that of thirty thus affected in the course of ten years twenty-two came into contact with paraffin4 ,artificial ,organic ,dye ,stuffs 7,coal-tar ,colours7 ,,manufacture4--,the starting-points for the preparation of artificial coal-tar dyes are mainly those aromatic compounds 7hydrocarbons7 described in the preceding section4 ,besides these1 however1 there are the derivatives of the fatty series such as methyl alcohol 7wood spirit71 ethyl alcohol1 phosgene1 and1 latterly1 formaldehyde4 ,the hydrocarbons of the benzene series from tar distillation are delivered almost pure to the colour factory4 ,of these benzene1 toluene1 xylene1 naphthalene1 anthracene1 and the phenols1 cresols1 c41 have to be considered4 ,further treatment is as follows3 #a4 ,nitration1 i4e4 introduction of a nitro-group by means of nitric acid4 #b4 ,reduction of the nitrated products to amines4 #c4 ,sulphonation1 i4e4 conversion to sulphonic acids by means of concentrated sulphuric acid4 #d4 ,the sulphonic acids are converted into phenols by fusing with caustic soda4 #e4 ,introduction of chlorine and bromine4 ,nitro-derivatives are technically obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and concentrated sulphuric acids on the aromatic body in question4 ,the most important example is nitrobenzene4 ,benzene is treated for several hours in cylindrical cast-iron pans with nitric and concentrated sulphuric acids4 ,the vessel is cooled externally and well agitated4 ,a temperature of #be ,c4 should not be exceeded4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,preparation of ,intermediate ,products in the ,aniline ,colour ,industry 7,closed ,apparatus71 showing ,arrangement for ,condensation 7after ,leymann7 ,on standing the fluid separates into two layers3 the lower consists of dilute sulphuric acid in which there is still some nitric acid1 and the upper of nitrobenzene4 ,the latter is freed of remains of acid by washing and of water by distillation4 ,toluene and xylene are nitrated in the same way4 ,dinitro products 7such as metadinitrobenzene7 are obtained by further action of the nitro-sulphuric acid mixture on the mononitro-compound at higher temperature4 ,for conversion of phenol into picric acid 7trinitrophenol7 the use of a nitro-sulphuric acid mixture is necessary4 ,the aromatic bases 7aniline1 toluidine1 xylidine7 are obtained by reduction of the corresponding nitro-compound by means of iron filings and acid 7hydrochloric1 sulphuric1 or acetic74 ,thus in the case of aniline pure nitrobenzene is decomposed in an iron cylindrical apparatus1 provided with agitators and a condenser1 and avoidance of a too violent reaction1 by means of fine iron filings and about #e per cent4 hydrochloric acid4 ,after completion of the reaction the contents are rendered alkaline by addition of lime and the aniline distilled over4 ,manufacture of toluidine and xylidine is analogous4 ,dimethylaniline is obtained by heating aniline1 aniline hydrochloride1 and methyl alcohol4 ,diethylaniline is prepared in an analogous way with the use of ethyl alcohol4 ,by the action of nitrous acid 7sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid7 on the acid solution of the last-named compound the nitroso compounds are formed4 ,sulphonic acids arise by the action of concentrated or fuming sulphuric acid on the corresponding bodies of the aromatic series3 benzene disulphonic acid from benzene and fuming sulphuric acid1 c4 ,phenols and cresols are obtained pure from tar distillation4 ,the remaining hydroxyl derivatives 7resorcin1 - and -naphthol1 c471 are generally obtained by the action of concentrated caustic soda on aromatic sulphonic acids4 ,the most important aromatic aldehyde1 benzaldehyde1 is obtained from toluene2 on introducing chlorine at boiling temperature benzyl chloride is first formed1 then benzal-chloride and finally benzo-trichloride4 ,in heating benzal-chloride with milk of lime 7under pressure7 benzaldehyde is formed 7,c,h,,coh74 ,picric acid and naphthol yellow belong to the nitro dyestuffs2 the last named is obtained by sulphonating -naphthol with fuming sulphuric acid and by the action of nitric acid on the sulphonated mixture4 ,nitroso derivatives of aromatic phenols yield 7with metal oxides7 the material for production of nitroso dyestuffs4 ,to these belong naphthol green1 c4 ,the most important azo dyestuffs technically are produced in principle by the action of nitrous acid on the aromatic amines4 ,the amido compound is converted into the diazo salt by treatment with sodium nitrite in acid solution4 ,thus diazo-benzene is made from aniline4 ,diazo compounds are not usually isolated but immediately coupled with other suitable compounds--amido derivatives1 phenols--i4e4 converted into azo compounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,nitrating ,plant 7after ,leymann7 ,i ,nitric acid ,,ii ,balance ,,iii ,storage tank ,,iv ,nitrating pan ,v ,waste acid tank ,,vi ,acid egg ,,vii ,hydrocarbon ,,viii ,balance ,,ix ,storage tank ,x ,washing vessel ,,xi ,centrifugal machine ,,xii ,egg - - - ,exhaust ventilation pipe4 ,the combination of the two constituents takes place at once and quantitatively4 ,the colour is separated from the aqueous solution by salting-out1 and is then put through a filter press4 ,the reactions are carried out generally in wooden vats arranged in stages4 ,besides a second1 a third constituent can be introduced1 and in this way naphthol--and naphthylamine sulphonic acids yield a large number of colouring matters4 ,a very large number of azo dyestuffs can thus be produced by the variation of the first component 7the primary base7 with the second and again with the third component1 but it would carry us too far to deal further with their preparation4 ,anthracene colours--yielding so-called direct dyes--are prepared from anthracene1 which is converted into anthraquinone by the action of bichromate and dilute sulphuric acid when heated2 the crude #8quinone' is purified with concentrated sulphuric acid and converted into anthraquinone monosulphonic acid to serve in the preparation of alizarin1 which is made from it by heating for several days with concentrated caustic soda to which sodium chlorate is added4 ,the process is carried on in cast-iron pans provided with agitators4 ,alizarin is the starting-point for the alizarin dyes1 but of their production we will not speak further1 as they1 and indeed most of the coal-tar dyes1 are non-poisonous4 ,indigo to-day is generally obtained by synthesis4 ,it is prepared from phenylglycine or phenylglycine ortho-carboxylic acid1 which on heating with sodamide becomes converted into indoxyl or indoxyl carboxylic acid4 ,these in presence of an alkali in watery solution and exposure to the oxygen of the air immediately form indigo4 ,the necessary glycine derivatives are obtained by the action of monochloracetic acid on aniline or anthranilic acid1 which again are derived from naphthalene 7by oxidation to phthalic acid and treatment of phthalimide with bleaching powder and soda liquor74 ,fuchsin belongs to the group of triphenylmethane dyestuffs1 with the production of which the epoch of coal-tar colour manufacture began1 from the observation that impure aniline on oxidation gave a red colour4 ,the original method of manufacture with arsenic acid is practically given up in consequence of the unpleasant effects which use and recovery of large quantities of arsenic acid gave rise to4 ,the method consisted in heating a mixture of aniline and toluidine with a solution of arsenic acid under agitation in cast-iron cylinders4 ,the cooled and solidified mass from the retorts was boiled1 and from the hot solution1 after filtration1 the raw fuchsin was precipitated with salt and purified by crystallisation4 ,now by the usual nitrobenzene process1 aniline1 toluidine1 nitrobenzene1 and nitrotoluene are heated with admixture of hydrochloric acid and some iron protochloride or zinc chloride4 ,further treatment resembles the arsenic process4 ,by alkylation1 i4e4 substitution of several hydrogen atoms of the amido-groups by ethyl1 c41 through the action of alkyl halogens and others1 it was found possible to convert fuchsin into other triphenylmethane colours4 ,but it was soon found simpler to transfer already alkylated amines into the colours in question4 ,thus1 for example1 to prepare methyl violet dimethyl aniline was heated for a long time with salt1 copper chloride1 and phenol containing cresol in iron mixing drums4 ,the product is freed from salt and phenol by water and calcium hydrate1 subsequently treated with sulphuretted hydrogen or sodium sulphide1 and the colour separated from copper sulphide by dissolving in dilute acid4 ,mention must be made1 finally1 of the sulphur dyes obtained by heating organic compounds with sulphur or sodium sulphide4 ,for the purpose derivatives of diphenylamine1 nitro- and amido-phenols1 c41 serve as the starting-point4 ,,effects ,,on ,,health4--,from what has been said of the manufacture of coal-tar dyes it is evident that poisoning can arise from the initial substances used 7benzene1 toluene1 c471 from the elements or compounds employed in carrying out the reactions 7such as chlorine1 nitric acid1 sulphuric acid1 arsenious acid1 sodium sulphide1 and sulphuretted hydrogen gas71 from the intermediate bodies formed 7nitro and amido compounds1 such as nitrobenzene1 dinitrobenzene1 aniline1 c471 and that1 finally1 the end products 7the dyes themselves7 can act as poisons4 ,it has already been said that most of the dyes are quite harmless unless contaminated with the poisonous substances used in their manufacture4 ,we have seen that many of the raw substances used in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes are poisonous1 and we shall learn that several of the intermediate products 7especially the nitro and amido compounds7 are so also4 ,according to ,grandhomme1#a of the raw materials benzene is the one responsible for most poisoning4 ,he describes two fatal cases of benzene poisoning4 ,in one case the worker was employed for a short time in a room charged with benzene fumes1 dashed suddenly out of it1 and died shortly after4 ,in the other1 the workman was employed cleaning out a vessel in which lixiviation with benzene had taken place4 ,although the vessel had been steamed and properly cooled1 so much benzene fume came off in emptying the residue as to overcome the workman and cause death in a short time4 ,grandhomme describes no injurious effect from naphthalene nor1 indeed1 from anthracene1 which he considered was without effect on the workers4 ,similarly1 his report as to nitrobenzene was favourable4 ,no reported case of poisoning occurred among twenty-one men employed1 in some of whom duration of employment was from ten to twenty years4 ,aniline poisoning1 however1 was frequent among them4 ,in the three years there was a total of forty-two cases of anilism1 involving #aic sick days--an average of fourteen cases a year and sixty-four sick days4 ,none was fatal and some were quite transient attacks4 ,in the fuchsin department no cases occurred1 and any evil effects in the manufacture were attributable to arsenic in the now obsolete arsenic process4 ,nor was poisoning observed in the preparation of the dyes in the remaining departments--blues1 dahlias1 greens1 resorcin1 or eosin4 ,in the manufacture of methylene blue ,grandhomme points out the possibility of evolution of arseniuretted hydrogen gas from use of hydrochloric acid and zinc containing arsenic4 ,poisoning was absent also in the departments where alizarine colours and pharmaceutical preparations were made4 ,among the #bejj-bgjj workers ,grandhomme records #abb cases of industrial sickness in the three years #ahic-e1 involving #gbd sick days4 ,in addition to forty-two cases of anilism there were seventy-six cases of lead poisoning with #ecc sick days4 ,most of these were not lead burners1 but workers newly employed in the nitrating department who neglected the prescribed precautionary measures4 ,lastly1 he mentions the occurrence of chrome ulceration4 ,the frequency of sickness in the ,hchst factory in each of the years #ahic-e was remarkably high3 #abf per cent41 #ia per cent41 and #ie per cent4 ,much less was the morbidity in the years #ahii-aijf--;about #ff per cent4--recorded by ,leymann#b--probably the same ,hchst factory with #bjjj to #bbjj employed4 ,and the cases of industrial poisoning also were less4 ,he cites only twenty-one in the whole of the period #ahii-aijf4 ,of these twelve were due to aniline1 involving thirty sick days1 only five to lead poisoning1 with fifty-four sick days1 one to chrome ulceration1 one to arseniuretted hydrogen gas 7nine sick days71 and one fatal case each from sulphuretted hydrogen gas and from dimethyl sulphate4 ,in #ahii1 of three slight cases of aniline poisoning one was attributable to paranitraniline 7inhalation of dust71 and the two others to spurting of aniline oil on to the clothing1 which was not at once changed4 ,of the four cases in #aijj1 one was a plumber repairing pipes conveying aniline and the others persons whose clothes had been splashed4 ,in #aijc a worker employed for eleven and a half years in the aniline department died of cancer of the bladder4 ,such cancerous tumours have for some years been not infrequently observed in aniline workers1 and operations for their removal performed4 ,leymann thinks it very probable that the affection is set up1 or its origin favoured1 by aniline4 ,this view must be accepted1 and the disease regarded as of industrial origin4 ,three slight cases in #aijd and #aije were due partly to contamination of clothing and partly to inhalation of fumes4 ,of the five cases of lead poisoning three were referable to previous lead employment4 ,perforation of the septum of the nose by bichromate dust was reported once only4 ,a fatal case from sulphuretted hydrogen gas and a case of poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen gas occurred in #aijf1 but their origin could not be traced4 ,in large modern aniline dye factories1 therefore1 the health of the workers is1 on the whole1 good and industrial poisoning rare4 ,comparison of the two sets of statistics show that improvement in health has followed on improved methods of manufacture4 ,such cases of aniline poisoning as are reported are usually slight1 and often accounted for by carelessness on the part of the workers4 ,data as to the health of workers in factories manufacturing or using nitro compounds are given in the ,english factory inspectors' reports for #aije4 ,even with fortnightly medical examination in them1 more than half the workers showed signs of anmia and slight cyanosis4 ,two men in a factory employing twelve men in the manufacture of nitro compounds were treated in hospital for cyanosis1 distress of breathing1 and general weakness4 ,one had only worked in the factory for nine days4 ,in another badly ventilated factory1 of twenty persons examined fourteen showed bluish-grey coloration of the lips and face1 ten were distinctly anmic1 and six showed tremor and weakness of grasp4 ,nitrobenzene poisoning arises from the fumes present in aniline and roburite factories4 ,acute and chronic poisoning by nitro compounds of the benzene series are described1 brought about by accident 7fracture of transport vessels7 and by carelessness 7splashing on to clothes74 ,cases of optic neuritis 7inflammation of the optic nerve7 as a result of chronic nitrobenzene poisoning are described4 ,dinitrobenzene and other nitro and dinitro compounds are present in safety explosives4 ,thus roburite and bellite consist of metadinitrobenzene and ammonium nitrate2 ammonite of nitronaphthalene and ammonium nitrate2 securite of the materials in roburite with ammonium oxalate in addition4 ,in roburite there may be also chlorinated nitro compounds4 ,leymann1#c describing accidents in the preparation of nitrophenol and nitrochloro compounds1 mentions four fatal cases occurring in the manufacture of black dyes from mono- and di-nitrophenols as well as mono- and di-nitrochlorobenzene and toluene4 ,in three of the cases dinitrophenol was the compound at fault owing to insufficient care in the preparation1--the result of ignorance until then of risk of poisoning from mono- and tri-nitrophenol4 ,one of the men had had to empty a washing trough containing moist dinitrophenol4 ,he suddenly became collapsed1 with pain in the chest1 vomiting1 fever1 and convulsions1 and died within five hours4 ,another suffered from great difficulty of breathing1 fever1 rapid pulse1 dilatation of the pupils1 and died within a few hours in convulsions4 ,two further cases of nitrochlorobenzene poisoning are referred to1 one of which was fatal4 ,four chlorobenzene workers after a bout of drinking were found unconscious in the street1 and only recovered after eight to ten hours in hospital4 ,the symptoms were grey-blue colour of the skin1 pallor of mucous membranes1 lips1 nose1 and conjunctiv1 and peculiar chocolate-coloured blood4 ,many cases of poisoning from roburite are recorded4#d ,in the ,witten roburite factory it is stated that during the years #ahij-g almost all the workers had been ill4#e ,only three looked healthy--all the others suffered from more or less pallor1 blue lips1 and yellowish conjunctiv4 ,a case of chlorobenzene poisoning was reported with symptoms of headache1 cyanosis1 fainting attacks1 difficulty of breathing1 c41 in a man who had worked only three weeks with the substance4#f ,in the nitrotoluene department of an explosives factory a number of the workmen suffered from symptoms of distress in breathing1 headache1 c41 of whom two1 employed only a short time1 died4 ,the poisoning was attributed1 partly to nitrotoluene and partly to nitrous fumes4 ,as a contributing cause it was alleged that in view of shortage of hands unsuitable persons were engaged who neglected precautions4#g ,nitronaphthalene is said to cause inflammation and opacity of the cornea1#h attributable either to long-continued exposure 7four to eight months7 to nitronaphthalene vapour or to spurting of the liquid into the eye4 ,i could not find reference in literature to actual cases of poisoning by picric acid4 ,they are referred to in a general way only as causing skin affections4 ,aniline poisoning arises generally from inhalation1 but absorption through the skin and less frequently inhalation of dust of aniline compounds cause it4 ,we have already laid stress on the frequently severe cases resulting from carelessness in spilling on to or splashing of1 clothes without at once changing them1 breaking of vessels containing it1 and entering vessels filled with the vapour4 ,in literature of old date many such cases have been described1 and it was stated that workers were especially affected on hot days1 when almost all showed cyanosis4 ,such observations do not state fairly the conditions to-day in view of the improvements which ,grandhomme and ,leymann's observations show have taken place in aniline factories4 ,still1 cases are fairly frequent4 ,thus in a factory with #bea persons employed1 thirty-three cases involving #ejj days of sickness were reported4 ,the ,report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aijg cites the case of a worker who was tightening up the leaky wooden bung of a vessel containing aniline at a temperature of #bjj ,c4 ,he was splashed on the face and arms1 and although the burns were not in themselves severe he died the next day from aniline absorption4 ,cases of anilism are not infrequent among dyers4 ,the reports of the ,swiss factory inspectors for #aije describe a case where a workman worked for five hours in clothes on to which aniline had spurted when opening an iron drum4 ,similar cases are described in the report of the ,english factory inspectors for the same year4 ,aniline black dyeing frequently gives rise to poisoning1 and to this ,dearden#i of ,manchester especially has called attention4 ,typical aniline poisoning occurred in ,bohemia in #aijh in a cloth presser working with black dyes4 ,while crushing aniline hydrochloride with one hand1 he ate his food with the other4 ,that the health of persons employed in aniline black dyeing must be affected by their work is shown by medical examination4 ,for instance1 the ,english medical inspector of factories in the summer months of #aije found among sixty persons employed in mixing1 preparing1 and ageing #dg per cent4 with greyish coloration of lips and #eg per cent4 characteristically anmic4 ,further1 of eighty-two persons employed in padding1 washing1 and drying1 #cd per cent4 had grey lips1 #bj per cent4 were anmic1 and #ad per cent4 with signs of acute or old effects of chrome ulceration4 ,gastric symptoms were not infrequently complained of4 ,the symptoms were worse in hot weather4 ,use of aniline in other industries may lead to poisoning4 ,thus in the extraction of foreign resins with aniline seventeen workers suffered 7eleven severely74 ,interesting cases of poisoning in a laundry from use of a writing ink containing aniline have been recorded4#aj ,reference is necessary to tumours of the bladder observed in aniline workers4 ,the first observations on the subject were made by ,rehn of ,frankfurt1 who operated in three cases4 ,bachfeld of ,offenbach noticed in sixty-three cases of aniline poisoning bladder affections in sixteen4 ,seyberth described five cases of tumours of the bladder in workers with long duration of employment in aniline factories4#aa ,in the ,hchst factory 7and credit is due to the management for the step7 every suspicious case is examined with the cystoscope4 ,in #aijd this firm collected information from eighteen aniline factories which brought to light thirty-eight cases1 of which eighteen ended fatally4 ,seventeen were operated on1 and of these eleven were still alive although in three there had been recurrence4 ,tumours were found mostly in persons employed with aniline1 naphthylamine1 and their homologues1 but seven were in men employed with benzidine4 ,cases of benzene and toluidine poisoning in persons superintending tanks and stills have been described4 ,industrial paranitraniline poisoning has been described1 and a fatal case in the ,hchst dye works was attributed by ,lewin 7as medical referee7 to inhalation of dust4 ,before his death the workman had been engaged for five hours in hydro-extracting paranitraniline4 ,paraphenylene diamine leads not unfrequently to industrial poisoning from use of ursol as a dye4 ,it produces skin eruptions and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages4#ab ,no doubt the intermediate body produced 7diimine7 acts as a powerful poison4 ,a case of metaphenylene diamine poisoning is quoted in the ,report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry for #aijf4 ,a worker had brought his coffee and bread1 contrary to the rules1 into the workroom and hidden them under a vessel containing the substance4 ,immediately after drinking his coffee he was seized with poisoning symptoms1 and died a few days later4 ,some of the poison must have dropped into his coffee4 ,few instances of poisoning from pure aniline colours are recorded4 ,at first all tar colours were looked upon as poisonous1 but as they were mostly triphenylmethane colours they would contain arsenious acid4 ,when the arsenic process was given up people fell into the other extreme of regarding not only the triphenylmethane colours but all others as non-poisonous1 until experience showed that production and use of some of the tar colours might affect the skin4 ,finally1 mention must be made of inflammation of the cornea caused by methyl violet dust4 ,the basic aniline dyes are said to damage the eye4 ,as opposed to this view is the fact that methyl violet and auramine are used as anti-bactericidal agents1 for treatment of malignant tumours1 and especially in ophthalmic practice4 ,,ii4 ,,smelting ,,of ,,metals ,,lead 7,,zinc1 ,,silver7 ,,occurrence ,,of ,,industrial ,,lead ,,poisoning ,,in ,,general ,chronic lead poisoning plays the most important rle in industrial metallic poisoning1 and indeed in industrial poisoning generally4 ,the result everywhere where inquiry into industrial poisoning has been instituted has been to place the number of cases of lead poisoning at the top of the list2 for one case of other forms of industrial poisoning there are twenty of lead4 ,in the last few years a very extensive literature and one not easily to be surveyed has grown up on the subject of chronic industrial lead poisoning4 ,i cannot attempt as ,i have done with other forms of poisoning to do justice to all sources of literature on this subject4 ,as there is no obligation to notify industrial lead poisoning,b--or indeed any form of industrial poisoning--in many countries1 the most important source of information is wanting4 ,nevertheless more or less comprehensive inquiries as to the extent of the disease in general have been made in different countries and large cities which furnish valuable data4 ,an idea of the yearly number of cases of lead poisoning occurring in ,prussia is given in the following statistics of cases treated in ,prussian hospitals for the years #ahie-aija3 --------------------------------- ,year4 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 --------------------------------- #ahie #aabj #dc #aafc #ahii #afja #bc #afbd #aijj #aeji #ad #aebc #aija #acei #bd #achc --------------------------------- ,the occupation of these cases was as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,year4 ,metallic ,lead4 ,white ,lead4 ,painters4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #ahie #cfd #cab #cdg #ahii #eea #caj #dfj #aijj #eaf #cfj #cgh #aija #dih #bhb #cci ---------------------------------------- ------- ,about half the cases1 therefore1 are caused by use of white lead4 ,the report of the sick insurance societies of the ,berlin painters gives information as to the proportion treated in hospital to those treated at home1 which was as #a3d4 ,the industries may be classified according to risk as follows#a3 ,white lead workers1 #cc per cent42 red lead workers1 #cb per cent42 shot and lead pipe workers1 #bj per cent42 painters1 #g-aj per cent42 lead and zinc smelters1 #h-i per cent42 printers1 #je per cent4 ,in ,austria through the ,labour ,statistical ,bureau comprehensive information is being collected as to the occurrence of lead poisoning in the most dangerous trades1 but is not yet published4 ,the reports of the factory inspectors give a very incomplete picture2 for example1 in #aije only fifteen cases are referred to4 ,in the most recent report 7#aiji7 information of lead poisoning is only given for thirty works4 ,teleky has made a general survey of the occurrence of lead poisoning from the reports of the ,austrian sick insurance societies4#b ,from this we gather that in ,vienna1 with an average membership of #bjj1jjj1 there were1 in the five year period #aijb-f1 #fcd1 #fef1 #gfe1 #gah1 #ggb cases of illness involving incapacity from mineral poisons1 which ,teleky assumes were practically all cases of lead poisoning4 ,by circularising ,austrian sick insurance societies outside ,vienna with a membership of about #djj1jjj1 ,teleky obtained information of #ahi cases1 which he considers too few4 ,in #aijf-aijh inquiry was made by the sick insurance societies in ,bohemia as to the extent of lead poisoning4 ,with an average number employed of from #gjj1jjj to #hej1jjj information was obtained of #ia1 #adg1 and #acb cases in the three years in question4 ,the increase in #aijg was probably accounted for by the greater attention paid to the subject4#c ,the number of ascertained cases of lead poisoning treated by the societies of ,hungary was #bbe in #aija and #afa in #aijb4 ,teleky again considers these figures too low1 which is proved by ,toth's publications as to lead poisoning in ,hungarian lead smelting works1 and especially ,chyzer's on lead poisoning among ,hungarian potters4 ,legge has reported fully in the second ,international ,congress for ,industrial ,diseases in ,brussels 7,september #aiaj7 on occurrence of industrial lead poisoning in ,great ,britain in the years #aijj to #aiji4 ,during that period #fgfb cases with #bde deaths occurred4 ,the number of cases in the course of the ten years had diminished by #ej per cent4 ,these figures appear remarkably small1 but it has to be borne in mind that the statistics referred to related only to cases occurring in factories and workshops1 and do not include cases among house painters and plumbers4 ,the number of such cases which came to the knowledge of the ,factory ,department in #aiji was #bda 7with #dg deaths7 and #bci in #aijh 7with #dd deaths74 ,,lead1 ,,silver1 ,,and ,,zinc ,,smelting ,lead is obtained almost entirely from galena by three different processes4 ,in the roast and reaction process galena is first roasted at #ejj-fjj ,c4 and partially converted into lead oxide and lead sulphate3 on shutting off the air supply and increase of temperature the sulphur of the undecomposed galena unites with the oxygen of the lead oxide and sulphate to form sulphur dioxide1 while the reduced metallic lead is tapped4 ,in the roast and reduction process the ore is completely calcined so as to get rid of sulphur1 arsenic1 and antimony4 ,the oxides 7and sulphates7 formed are reduced by means of coke in a blast furnace4 ,this process is generally applicable and is1 therefore1 that most in use4 ,the precipitation process consists chiefly in melting galena with coke and iron flux1 whereby the lead is partly freed from the sulphur1 and1 in addition to lead1 iron sulphide is formed1 which acts on the remaining lead sulphide1 producing a lead matte which can be further treated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,smelting ,furnace1 showing mechanical charging and exhaust ventilation applied to slag runs1 c4 7,locke1 ,lancaster ,w4 ,w4 ,r4 ,johnson ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,by permission of the ,controller of ,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office47 ,the roast and reaction process is carried out in specially constructed reverberatory furnaces2 small furnaces with small amounts of ore and at as low a temperature as possible are the rule in the ,krntner process4 ,in the ,english process large amounts of ore are melted in large furnaces at high temperatures so as to oxidise the material4 ,the so-called ,tarnowitz process combines these two--large amounts of ore are roasted in large furnaces at a moderate temperature4 ,in the roast and reduction process it depends on the nature of the ore whether the roasting is done in reverberatory or blast furnaces4 ,generally the ore is in the form of powder--less often in pieces4 ,pyritic ore 7ore with much sulphur7 is almost always roasted in blast furnaces1 and the sulphur dioxide evolved can be used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid4 ,open-hearth furnaces are rarely used now4 ,reverberatory furnaces are employed most frequently4 ,the lead thus obtained contains several other metals1 especially silver1 copper1 arsenic1 antimony1 iron1 zinc1 bismuth1 and tin4 ,lead containing silver 7work-lead7 is next de-silverised1 after which follows refining to get rid of the other impurities4 ,for de-silverising work-lead rich in silver 7containing about #aj per cent47 cupellation is practised1 in which the silver lead is melted and oxidised so that the lead is converted into litharge1 metallic silver remaining behind4 ,in a cupellation furnace the flame strikes on the top of the lead bath1 and at the same time air under slight pressure is driven in2 the litharge which forms is removed through suitable openings4 ,the litharge that is first formed contains silver and is treated again2 the remainder is ready for market4 ,after the litharge has run off silver appears1 containing still #e-aj per cent4 of lead1 and it is again submitted to an analogous refining process4 ,work-lead which does not contain enough silver to be cupelled at once is generally treated first by either the ,pattinson or the ,parkes' process4 ,in the ,pattinson crystallising process work-lead is melted in open semi-circular pots3 as the pots cool crystals of lead poor in silver form on the surface and are transferred by a perforated ladle into the next pot3 the silver collects in the small amount of molten lead remaining behind4 ,lead that has become enriched by repeated crystallisation contains a high percentage of silver and is cupelled4 ,the ,parkes' process or zinc de-silverisation depends on the formation of a lead-zinc alloy which is less fusible than lead4 ,work-lead is melted and agitated with addition of pure zinc4 ,the crust which first rises on cooling contains gold1 copper1 zinc1 and lead1 and is removed4 ,further addition of zinc is then made3 the rich silver crust which separates is subsequently freed from lead by gradual heating in a reverberatory furnace1 and from zinc1 in a zinc distilling retort4 ,other impurities are got rid of by oxidising in reverberatory or other furnaces4 ,small quantities of antimony and arsenic are removed by stirring with fresh green sticks4 ,zinc is obtained principally from blende 7sulphide of zinc7 and from calamine 7carbonate of zinc74 ,the process of zinc recovery depends on the production of zinc oxide and reduction of this by carbon to metallic zinc4 ,conversion of the ore to zinc oxide is effected by roasting4 ,since the temperature at which reduction takes place is higher than the melting-point of zinc the latter is volatilised 7distilled7 and must be condensed in suitable condensers4 ,calamine is calcined in a blast furnace4 ,blende was formerly roasted in reverberatory furnaces1 but such nuisance arose to the neighbourhood from sulphur dioxide vapour that now ,hasenclever-,helbig calcining furnaces are used4 ,these furnaces furnish a gas so rich in sulphur dioxide that they serve at once for the production of sulphuric acid4 ,the ,hasenclever furnaces consist of muffles placed one above another3 the finely ground ore is charged through hoppers above and then raked down from muffle to muffle4 ,reduction is carried out in the ,belgian or ,silesian process by strongly heating calcined matte with coal in retorts4 ,the zinc as it distils is caught in special condensing receptacles 7prolongs74 ,after distillation is complete the residue is raked out of the muffle and the furnace charged afresh4 ,as zinc ores generally contain much lead1 the work-zinc is therefore refined by remelting in a reverberatory furnace1 during which process the impurities collect on the zinc as dross and are removed by agitation with sal-ammoniac or magnesium chloride4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,arrangement of ,spelter ,furnace showing ,ventilating ,hood4 ,,risk ,,of ,,poisoning ,,in ,,lead1 ,,silver1 ,,and ,,zinc ,,smelting4--,as the description of the manipulations in smelting processes shows1 all involve risk of lead poisoning4 ,as a matter of fact in lead smelting much lead passes into the atmosphere4 ,in the smelting works at ,tarnowitz yearly some #cf1jjj kilos of oxidised lead escape4 ,estimations#d of the amount of lead in air samples collected in lead smelting works have been made4 ,thus in a cubic metre of air immediately over the slag run from #jjjbi to #jjjef g4 of lead were found1 so that a worker in a ten-hour day would inhale from #jjac to #jjbe g4 of lead4 ,in a cubic metre of air immediately above the ,parkes' melting-pot from #jjjef to #jjjij g4 were found1 so that a worker would inhale daily from #jjbeb to #jjdje g4 if he kept constantly close to the pot4 ,on the handles of a de-silveriser #jaab g4 were found4 ,in ,hungarian lead-smelting works the water in which the hands had been washed was found to contain #abg g4 of lead per litre4 ,the hands of litharge grinders and sifters showed the highest amounts4 ,work carried on in lead-smelting works may be divided into five classes according to risk4 ,those most exposed to risk are the smelters at lead hearths and reverberatory furnaces1 persons employed at the lead and slag runs1 flue cleaners1 and in crushing and packing flake litharge4 ,next come those employed at the refining furnaces1 those breaking up the roasted ore1 blast furnace workers1 and those employed at the cupellation process4 ,attended with danger also is the removal of lead ashes and distillation of the zinc crust4 ,less dangerous are transport of material1 crushing and mixing the ore1 refining the work-lead and zinc crust1 and work at the ,pattinson and ,parkes' processes4 ,in zinc smelting risk of lead poisoning is great1 no matter which process is in question1 because of the high proportion of lead in the ore and work-zinc4 ,swedish blende contains as much as #i per cent4 of lead1 and ,upper ,silesian #b per cent4 or less4 ,there is risk in calcination1 but it is much less than in the distillation process4#e ,there are no quite satisfactory statistics as to the number of cases of lead poisoning in smelting works4 ,nevertheless1 a number of recent publications give valuable data for certain smelting works in ,germany1 ,austria1 and ,hungary4 ,from details#f of lead poisoning at ,tarnowitz it would appear that the conditions have materially improved since #ahhd1 the cases having declined from #cbg per #ajj employed in #ahhd to #fb in #ahid and #ahie4 ,the following figures show the proportion affected in the different processes in the years #aija and #aijb3 ,process4 ,year4 ,no4 ,employed4 ,cases4 ,per ,cent4 ,reverberatory ,furnace #aija #aca #aa #hc #aijb #aaa #d #cf ,blast ,furnace #aija #aeb #dg #cji #aijb #ahg #ba #aaa ,cupelling ,furnace #aija #ab #a #hc #aijb #ab #a #hc ,de-silverising #aija #cb #aj #cab #aijb #cd #g #bjf ,other ,employment #aija #cjj #g #bc #aijb #cej #b #jf ,in one smelting works the percentage attack rate was #agh in #aija1 and #bga in #aijb4 ,here the number of workers had increased from #gc in #aija to #abi in #aijb1 and the absolute and relative increase probably has relation to the well-known fact that newly employed untrained workers become affected4 ,similar incidence according to process can be given for the ,friedrich's smelting works during the years #aijc-aije3 ,process4 ,year4 ,no4 ,employed4 ,cases4 ,per ,cent4 ,reverberatory ,furnace #aijc #hf #ab #aci #aijd #hg #h #ib #aije #hc #aa #acc ,blast ,furnace #aijc #bfg #ei #bba #aijd #bcb #bd #ajc #aije #bdg #bg #aji ,de-silverising #aijc #ef #ab #bad #aijd #gc #d #ee #aije #ge #d #ec ,cupelling #aijc #af #d #bej #aijd #ae #a #fg #aije #ad #a #ga ,other ,employment #aijc #ccj #e #ae #aijd #cji #d #ac #aije #cdg #g #bj ,among #cjbh cases of lead poisoning treated between #ahec and #ahhb in smelting works near ,freiberg 7,saxony7 gastric symptoms were present in #aeda1 rheumatic pains in #bae1 cerebral symptoms in #add1 paralysis in #eh1 and lead colic in #dbf4 ,the recent reports of the ,german factory inspectors point still to rather high incidence in many lead smelting works4 ,thus in the district of ,aix la ,chapelle in #aiji there were sixty cases involving #ajdg sick days1 as compared with #eh and #hgh in #aijh4 ,in a well-arranged smelting works near ,wiesbaden fifty-two and forty-two cases were reported in #aijh and #aiji respectively1 among about #djj persons employed4 ,this relatively high number was believed to be closely connected with frequent change in the personnel4 ,introduction of the ,huntingdon-,heberlein method is thought to have exercised an unfavourable influence4 ,other smelting works in ,germany appear to have a relatively small number of reported cases4 ,thus in #aiji among #eej workers employed in four smelting works in the ,hildesheim district only four cases were reported1 and in the district of ,potsdam among #fjj smelters only five were found affected on medical examination4 ,there is no doubt that many of the cases described as gastric catarrh are attributable to lead4 ,full information as to the conditions in ,austria is contained in the publication of the ,imperial ,labour ,statistical ,bureau4 ,in this comprehensive work the conditions in smelting works are described4 ,in the lead smelting works at ,przibram the cases had dropped from an average of #chb among the #djjj-ejjj persons employed to twenty-two in #ahid and to six in #aijc1 but only the severer cases are included4 ,no single case has occurred among the #cej-dej persons engaged in mining the ore1 as galena 7lead sulphide7 is practically non-poisonous4 ,it was found1 for example1 that #ej per cent4 of the furnace men had 7according to their statement7 suffered from lead colic4 ,of eight employed in the ,pattinson process1 seven stated they had suffered from colic4 ,the lead smelting works in ,gailitz showed marked frequency of lead poisoning--here the appointed surgeon attributed anmia and gastric and intestinal catarrh to lead3 ,illness of ,saturnine ,origin4 ,year4 ,no4 ,lead ,colic4 ,per ,cent4 ,employed4 ,anmia4 ,intestinal ,catarrh4 due to ,gastric ,total ,lead ,total ,lead4 ,catarrh4 ,sickness4 ,sickness4 #ahii #fa #ad #b #gf #af #ajh #agh #fjj #aijj #eg #f #b #af #e #bi #hj #cfb #aija #dh #d #b #ag #a #bd #fj #djj #aijb #dg -- -- #bd #f #cj #ef #ece #aijc #di -- #c #aa #d #ah #eg #caf ,the diminution in the number of cases1 especially of colic1 is attributable to the efforts of the appointed surgeon4 ,at ,selmeczbanya a diminution from #aif cases in #ahii 7#ejg per cent47 to six 7#bb per cent47 in #aije had taken place4 ,these figures point clearly to the success of the hygienic measures adopted in the last few years4 ,in the large spelter works of ,upper ,silesia during the years #ahif-aija1 among #cghj persons employed1 there were eighty-three cases of lead colic and paralysis1 that is1 about #bb per cent4 each year4 ,the following tables show the incidence among spelter workers in the works in question from #aijb to #aije3 ,,illness ,,among ,,zinc ,,smelters ,lead ,colic ,year4 and ,kidney ,gastric ,anmia4 ,rheumatism4 ,no4 ,lead ,paralysis4 ,disease4 ,catarrh4 ,employed4 #aijb #bi #ah #acg #ah #ddh #ddag #aijc #bh #ba #aea #bd #dgj #degh #aijd #dd #bc #aha #ce #eif #dfgg #aije #ej #ah #bbc #dj #fab #dghi ,average #jh #je #cg #jf #aae #dfae ,,illness ,,among ,,calciners ,lead ,colic ,year4 and ,kidney ,gastric ,anmia4 ,rheumatism4 ,no4 ,lead ,paralysis4 ,disease4 ,catarrh4 ,employed4 #aijb -- -- #e #a #gh #aadi #aijc -- -- #i -- #aab #ajhg #aijd #b -- #fh #a #acf #aadj #aije #a #b #dg #b #acd #aaei ,average #jjh #jje #bf #ja #ajb #aacd ,in thirty-two spelter works in the district of ,oppeln in the year #aije1 among #dghi spelter workers proper1 there were #ej cases of colic1 #ah of kidney disease1 #bbc of gastric and intestinal catarrh1 #dj of anmia1 and #fab of rheumatism1 and among #aaei calciners #a case of colic1 #b of kidney disease1 #dg of gastric catarrh1 #b of anmia1 and #acd of rheumatism4 ,cases are much more numerous in spelter works where ,swedish blende containing lead is worked4 ,it is remarkable1 however1 that in large spelter works in ,upper ,silesia1 where for years no cases of lead poisoning were reported1 medical examination showed that #bje per cent4 had signs of lead absorption4 ,white ,lead and ,lead ,colours ,,manufacture4--,the primitive ,dutch process consisted in placing lead grids in earthenware pots containing dilute acetic acid and covering them with tan bark4 ,fermentation ensued with evolution of carbonic acid gas and increase in temperature4 ,the acetic acid vapour forms1 with aid of atmospheric oxygen1 first basic lead acetate1 which1 by the action of the carbonic acid gas1 becomes converted into white lead and neutral lead acetate4 ,the product is crushed1 sieved1 and dried4 ,in the ,german or ,austrian process thin sheets of metallic lead are hung saddle-wise in chambers4 ,acetic acid vapour and carbonic acid gas 7produced by burning coke7 are led in from below4 ,the chamber is then sealed and kept so for a considerable time4 ,when the chamber is #8ripe' the white lead that has formed is taken out1 freed from uncorroded lead by spraying1 dried1 finely ground1 and packed4 ,white lead comes on the market either as a powder or incorporated with oil4 ,of the remaining lead colours1 red lead 7,pb,o7 is much used4 ,it is produced by heating lead oxide in reverberatory furnaces with access of air and stirring4 ,lead ,poisoning in the ,manufacture of ,white ,lead and ,lead ,colours ,the manufacture by the ,german process may be divided into three categories according to the degree of risk run3 #a4 ,the most dangerous processes are hanging the plates in the chambers1 work at the filter press1 drying1 pulverising1 and packing by hand4 #b4 ,less dangerous are transport to the washer1 washing1 and grinding4 #c4 ,relatively the least dangerous are casting the plates1 transport of them to the chambers1 drying1 mechanical packing1 and mixing with oil4 ,the number of cases of lead poisoning in white lead factories is often relatively great despite regulations4 ,casual labourers especially run the greatest risk4 ,this is frequently brought out in the reports of the ,german factory inspectors1 who connect the high proportion of cases directly with the large number of unskilled workers4 ,regulations are really only successful in factories with regular employment4 ,this has been found also in ,great ,britain1 where the ,medical ,inspector of ,factories showed that the cases among regular workers numbered #f per cent4 and among casual workers #ci per cent4 ,the following table gives particulars as to the occurrence of lead poisoning in the white lead factories in the district of ,cologne in #aijd1 some of which have admirable hygienic arrangements3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,employed4 ,cases of ,lead ,poisoning4 -------------------------------- ,no4 of ,place4 ,manufacture4 ,regular ,regular ,cases of ,casual ,casual ,gastric ,average ,total,catarrh4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,cologne ,i4 ,white lead #df #ei #cb #i #af #be #af #agc #ie #abg #ac #ag #cj #bb 0 ,i4 ,litharge and #df #d #ch #e #a #f #g red lead #gf #fb #di #c #d #g #ae ,chromate #ad #b #aa -- -- -- #e #dc #gb #cc -- -- -- #g ,cologne ,,ii4 ,white lead1 litharge1 #ajg #ccb #ia #f #cd #dj #cj and red lead #ajb #ccb #gf #i #ai #bh #ch ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,it is worth noting that cases of lead poisoning have been reported in the manufacture of zinc white1 as1 for example1 in ,bohemia in #aijg and #aijh4 ,,use ,,of ,,lead ,,colours ,,and ,,paints 7,,house ,,painters1 ,,decorators1 ,,etc47 ,use of lead colours1 especially by painters and decorators1 causes relatively much lead poisoning4 ,apart from ignorance of danger on the part of the worker1 and lack of personal cleanliness1 unsuitable methods of working add to the danger1 especially dry rubbing of painted surfaces1 which gives rise to much dust containing lead4 ,again1 the crushing and mixing of lumps of white lead and rubbing lead colours with the hand are very dangerous4 ,the following ,german and ,austrian figures enable conclusions to be drawn as to the frequency of lead poisoning among painters4 ,in the sick insurance societies of ,frankfurt-a-,m4 in #aijc of every #ajj painters #aaf suffered from an attack of lead poisoning4 ,the similar sick insurance society of painters in ,berlin has kept useful statistics which are given in the following table for the ten years #aijj-i3 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,no4 ,no4 of of ,cases ,cases per ,year4 ,members4 of ,lead #ajj ,members4 ,poisoning4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #aijj #chhi #ceg #iah #aija #cfaf #cce #ibf #aijb #chae #cjh #hjg #aijc #dcig #dgj #ajfi #aijd #ejbi #eaf #ajbf #aije #ecbh #dga #hhd #aijf #ecee #cdg #fdh #aijg #eagc #cgi #gcb #aijh #diib #bih #eig #aiji #dgha #bhe #eif ---------------------------------------- ---- ,average #dfcg #cgff #haa ---------------------------------------- ---- ,this shows that lead poisoning among the painters of ,berlin is happily diminishing1 which may be attributed to recent regulations4 ,the society1 however1 complains in its reports that not all cases of lead appear as such in their statistics1 and believes that all diseases entered as rheumatism1 gastric catarrh1 nervous complaints1 heart and kidney disease1 should be regarded as associated with lead4 ,the kinds of work in which painters suffer most are painting iron girders and machines1 sheet metal and iron furniture1 railway waggons1 agricultural implements1 coach painting1 cabinet-making1 shipbuilding1 and the use of red and white lead4 ,the use of lead colours1 lead acetate1 and lead chromate often give rise to lead poisoning4 ,colours containing lead are not infrequently used in the textile industry in dyeing1 printing1 and finishing4 ,white lead has been used for weighting the weft4 ,teleky has described cases of lead poisoning in which silk thread was weighted with acetate of lead4 ,as a consequence a number of women engaged in sewing on fringes with the thread suffered4 ,the ,english factory inspectors' reports describe cases from manipulating yarn dyed with chromate of lead4#g ,chromate of lead and white lead are used in colouring oil-cloth1 artificial flowers1 paper1 rubber goods1 pencils1 penholders1 socks1 sealing-wax1 candles1 and stamps4 ,,use ,,of ,,lead ,,in ,,the ,,chemical ,,industry ,lead poisoning has been frequently observed in such branches of the chemical industry as require large leaden or lead-lined vessels and pipes3 the persons affected are principally those engaged in lead burning4 ,risk is considerable in manufacture of lead acetate4 ,the most dangerous processes are drying and packing the crystals4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,electric ,,accumulators ,the manufacture of accumulators begins with the casting of lead plates1 which are then polished and dressed4 ,next follows #8pasting1' that is1 smearing the negative plate with a paste of litharge1 the positive plate being #8formed' by having an electric current passed through so that the lead is converted into spongy peroxide4 ,the wooden boxes in which the plates are assembled are lead-lined4 ,the most dangerous processes are casting1 wire-brushing1 and pasting--the latter especially when done by hand4 ,in the years #aijh and #aiji among about #gfa workers employed in the accumulator factories of ,cologne there were fifty-six cases of lead colic and seventy-nine of gastric and intestinal catarrh4 ,further figures for ,german accumulator works show that in the two largest accumulator factories in the district of ,potsdam employing #adb workers there were fifteen cases in #aijd4 ,in ,great ,britain1 in the ten years #aijj-aiji1 #bhe cases were reported--an average of about thirty a year4 ,,the ,,ceramic ,,industry ,risk is present in several branches of the ceramic industry4 ,it is greatest in glazing earthenware1 but not infrequent also in the porcelain and glass industries4 ,it is impossible to deal with the extensive literature on this subject exhaustively4 ,a comprehensive and detailed survey of lead poisoning in the ceramic industry on the ,continent is that by ,kaup4 ,distinction is made between leadless glazes which melt at high temperature and lead glazes which have the advantage of a low melting-point4 ,galena and litharge are used in the preparation of glazes for common earthenware and red and white lead for ware of better quality4 ,distinction has to be made between a lead silicious glaze for pottery ware1 a lead and boric acid glaze for stoneware1 and a lead and zinc oxide glaze for ordinary faience and stoneware4 ,seegar1 the celebrated expert1 praises the advantage of lead glaze and the use of lead in the ceramic industry--it is indeed practically indispensable--and speaks of the poisonous nature of lead as its only fault4 ,the components of the glaze must have definite relation to the hardness or softness of the body4 ,the higher the proportion of silicic acid in the glaze the harder the firing it will stand2 the more the flux materials are in excess the lower will the melting point be4 ,the most important flux materials are1 arranged in order of decreasing fusibility1 lead oxide1 baryta1 potash1 soda1 zinc oxide1 chalk1 magnesia1 and clay4 ,the glaze is made by first mixing the ingredients dry1 and then either fritting them by fluxing in a reverberatory furnace and finally grinding them very finely in water or using the raw material direct4 ,in the fritting process in the case of the lead glazes the soluble lead compounds become converted into less soluble lead silicates and double silicates4 ,the glaze is applied in different ways--dipping1 pouring1 dusting1 blowing1 and volatilising4 ,air-dried and biscuited objects are dipped2 pouring the glaze on is practised in coarse ware1 roofing-tiles1 c42 dusting 7with dry finely ground glaze1 litharge1 or red lead7 also in common ware2 glaze-blowing 7aerographing7 and glaze dusting on porcelain4 ,in these processes machines can be used4 ,bricks are only occasionally glazed with glazes of felspar1 kaolin1 and quartz1 to which lead oxide is often added in very large quantity4 ,lead poisoning in brick works in view of the infrequent use of lead is not common1 but when lead is used cases are frequent4 ,kaup quotes several cases from the factory inspectors' reports3 thus in three roof-tiling works examination by the district physician showed that almost all the workers were affected4 ,coarse ware pottery is made of pervious non-transparent clay with earthy fracture--only a portion of this class of ware 7stoneware7 is made of raw materials which fire white4 ,such ware generally receives a colourless glaze4 ,the clay is shaped on the potter's wheel1 and is then fired once or1 in the better qualities1 twice4 ,grinding the ingredients of the glaze is still often done in primitive fashion in mortars4 ,the glaze is usually composed of lead oxide and sand1 often with addition of other lead compounds as1 for example1 in quite common ware1 of equal parts of litharge1 clay1 and coarse sand4 ,sometimes1 instead of litharge1 galena 7lead sulphide7 or1 with better qualities of ware1 red lead or #8lead ashes' are used4 ,the grinding of the glazes in open mills or even in mortars constitutes a great danger which can be prevented almost entirely by grinding in ball mills4 ,the glaze material is next mixed with water1 and the articles are either dipped into the creamy mass or this is poured over them4 ,in doing this the hands1 clothes1 and floors are splashed4 ,the more dangerous dusting-on of glaze is rarely practised4 ,occasionally mechanical appliances take the place of hand dipping4 ,placing the ware in the glost oven is done without placing it first in saggars4 ,in the better qualities of pottery cooking utensils1 which are fired twice1 a less fusible fritted lead glaze is generally used4 ,coloured glaze contains1 besides the colouring metallic oxides1 #cj-dj per cent4 of litharge or red lead4 ,as ,kaup shows1 ,continental factory inspectors' reports make only isolated references to occurrence of lead poisoning in potteries4 ,insight into the conditions in small potteries is obtained only from the ,bavarian reports4 ,in ,upper ,bavaria ninety-three potteries employ #aeg persons who come into contact with lead glaze4 ,eleven cases were known to have occurred in the last four years4 ,teleky found thirty-six cases of lead poisoning 7mostly among glostplacers7 in the records of the ,potters' ,sick ,insurance ,society of ,vienna4 ,chyzer has described the striking conditions in ,hungary4 ,there there are about #djjj potters1 of whom #ejj come into contact with lead glaze4 ,chronic lead poisoning is rife among those carrying on the occupation as a home industry4 ,members of the family contract the disease from the dust in the living rooms4 ,this dust was found to contain from #je to #hg per cent4 of lead4 ,in the china and earthenware factories in ,great ,britain1 in the ten years #aijj-i1 #ajfe cases with fifty-seven deaths were reported4 ,manufacture of stove tiles4--,the application of glaze to stove tiles is done in different ways4 ,the two most important kinds are 7#a7 fired tiles and 7#b7 slipped tiles4 ,in the production of fired tiles a lead-tin alloy consisting of #ajj parts lead and #cj-cf parts tin--so-called #8calcine'--are melted together in fireclay reverberatory or muffle furnaces and raked about when at a dull red heat so as to effect complete oxidation4 ,the material when cool is mixed with the same quantity of sand and some salt1 melted in the frit kiln1 subsequently crushed1 ground1 mixed with water1 and applied to the previously fired tiles4 ,in this process risk is considerable4 ,presence of lead in the air has been demonstrated even in well-appointed #8calcine' rooms4 ,in unsuitably arranged rooms it was estimated that in a twelve-hour day a worker would inhale #jf gramme of lead oxide and that #c-h grammes would collect on the clothes4 ,slipped tiles are made in ,meissen1 ,silesia1 ,bavaria1 and ,austria by first applying to them a mixture of clay and china clay4 ,the glaze applied is very rich in lead1 containing #ej-fj parts of red lead or litharge4 ,generally the glaze is applied direct to the unfired tiles and fired once4 ,figures as to occurrence of poisoning in ,germany are quoted by ,kaup from the towns of ,velten and ,meissen4 ,among from #agdh to #bejj persons employed thirty-four cases were reported in the five years #aija-e4 ,thirteen cases were reported as occurring in the three largest factories in ,meissen in #aijf4 ,from other districts similar occurrence of poisoning is reported4 ,in ,bohemia in a single factory in #aijf there were fourteen cases with one death1 in another in #aijg there were fourteen1 and in #aijh twelve cases2 eight further cases occurred among majolica painters in #aijh4 ,stoneware and porcelain4--,hard stoneware on a base of clay1 limestone1 and felspar has usually a transparent lead glaze of double earth silicates of lead and alkalis1 with generally boric acid to lower the fusing-point2 the lead is nearly always added in the form of red lead or litharge4 ,the portion of the glaze soluble in water is fritted1 and forms1 when mixed with the insoluble portion1 the glaze ready for use4 ,the frit according to ,kaup contains from #af to #ah per cent4 of red lead1 and the added material 7the mill mixing7 #h-bf parts of white lead2 the glaze contains from #ac to #bh parts of lead oxide4 ,the ware is dipped or the glaze is sometimes aerographed on4 ,ware-cleaning by hand 7smoothing or levelling the surface with brushes1 knives1 c47 is very dangerous work unless carried out under an efficient exhaust4 ,colouring the body itself is done with coloured metal oxides or by applying clay 7slipping7 or by the direct application of colours either under or over the glaze4 ,some of the under-glaze colours 7by addition of chrome yellow or nitrate of lead or red lead7 contain lead and are applied with the brush or aerograph or in the form of transfers4 ,plain earthenware is either not glazed or salt glazed2 only when decorated does it sometimes receive an acid lead glaze4 ,porcelain receives a leadless glaze of difficultly fusible silicate 7quartz sand1 china clay1 felspar74 ,risk is here confined to painting with lead fluxes 7enamel colours7 containing lead4 ,these fluxes are readily fusible glasses made of silicic acid1 boric acid1 lead oxide1 and alkalis1 and contain much lead 7#fj-hj per cent4 of red lead74 ,in the glass industry lead poisoning may occur from use of red lead as one of the essential ingredients4 ,in ,great ,britain1 in the years #aijj-i1 forty-eight cases were reported in glass polishing from use of putty powder4 ,,letterpress ,,printing1 ,,etc4 ,type metal consists of about #fg per cent4 lead1 #bg per cent4 antimony1 and #f per cent4 tin1 but sometimes of #ge per cent4 lead1 #bc per cent4 antimony1 and #b per cent4 tin4 ,the actual printer comes least of all in contact with lead4 ,use of lead colours 7white lead1 chromate of lead1 c47 may be a source of danger1 especially in the preparation of printing inks from them and in cleaning the printing rolls4 ,a further1 if slight1 danger arises from the use of bronze powder consisting of copper1 zinc1 and tin4 ,the two last-named metals contain from #ja to #je per cent4 of lead1 and in the application and brushing off of the bronze there is a slight risk4 ,the compositor is exposed to constant danger from handling the type and disturbing the dust in the cases4 ,this dust may contain from #ae to #ch per cent4 of lead4 ,blowing the dust out of the cases with bellows is especially dangerous1 and want of cleanliness 7eating and smoking in the workroom7 contributes to the risk4 ,type founders and persons engaged in rubbing and preparing the type suffer4 ,introduction of type-casting machines 7linotype1 monotype7 has lessened the danger considerably4 ,no lead fumes are developed1 as a temperature sufficiently high to produce them is never reached4 ,in all the processes1 therefore1 it is lead dust which has to be considered4 ,the following figures of the ,imperial ,statistical ,office as to occurrence of lead poisoning among printers in ,vienna indicate the relative danger3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,occupation4 ,average ,no4,average ,no4,percentage of ,members1 of ,cases1 of ,cases1 #aija-aijf4 #aija-aijf4 #aija-aijf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,compositors #cahb #ijc #bh ,printers #hji #bjc #bd ,casters and ,stereotypers #bda #aeh #ff ,females employed in casting #gd #hag #ajh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,in ,bohemia there is reference to thirty-eight cases in letterpress printing in #aijg and twenty-seven in #aijh4 ,among #efic persons treated for lead poisoning between the years #ahih and #aija in hospitals in ,prussia1 #bbb were letterpress printers4 ,between #aijj and #aiji in ,great ,britain #bjj cases of lead poisoning were reported4 ,,various ,,branches ,,of ,,industry ,the number of industries using lead is very large4 ,layet as long ago as #ahgf enumerated #aaa4 ,we1 however1 limit ourselves to those in which the risk is considerable4 ,use of lead beds in file-cutting has given rise to many cases4 ,further1 to harden the file it is dipped into a bath of molten lead4 ,from #c to #f per cent4 of lead has been found in the dust in rooms where hardening is done4 ,of #gjjj persons employed in file-cutting in the ,german ,empire in the years #aija-e on an average #cje or #jdc per cent4 were affected yearly4 ,in ,great ,britain #baa cases were reported in the years #aijj-i4 ,in polishing precious stones formerly many cases of lead poisoning occurred1 the reason being that the polishers come into contact with particles of lead and fix the diamonds to be polished in a vice composed of an alloy of lead and tin4 ,danger is increased when the stones are actually polished on revolving leaden discs4 ,in ,bohemia granite polishing used to be done in this way1 but is now replaced in many factories by carborundum 7silicon carbide74 ,musical instrument making in ,bohemia in the years #aijf-h was found regularly to give rise to cases of lead poisoning from use of molten lead in filling them with a view to shaping and bending4 ,in lead pipe and organ pipe works1 lead burning1 plumbing1 c41 considerable risk is run4 ,often the causes of lead poisoning are difficult to discover1 and1 when found1 surprising4 ,thus shoemakers have suffered from holding leaden nails in the mouth4 ,again1 cases in women have been reported from cutting out artificial flowers or paper articles with aid of lead patterns1 or counting stamps printed in lead colours4#h ,,mercury ,as metallic mercury gives off vapour even at ordinary temperatures1 poisoning can occur not only in the recovery of the metal from the ore1 but also in all processes in which it is used4 ,chronic industrial poisoning occurs principally in the preparation and use of mercury salts1 in recovery of the metal itself and of other metals with use of an amalgam1 in water gilding1 from use of nitrate of mercury in the preparation of rabbit fur for felt hat making1 from use of mercury pumps in producing the vacuum in electric filament lamps1 and in making barometers and thermometers4 ,,preparation4--,mercury is obtained by roasting cinnabar 7sulphide of mercury74 ,when cinnabar is heated with access of air the sulphide burns to sulphur dioxide and the mercury volatilises and is subsequently condensed4 ,formerly the process was carried on in open hearths2 now it is done usually in blast furnaces4 ,the mercury is condensed in ,idria in large chambers cooled with water1 while at ,almaden in ,spain it is collected in a series of small earthenware receptacles 7aludels71 from small openings in which the mercury flows in gutters and collects4 ,the mercury so recovered is usually redistilled4 ,on the walls of the condensers a deposit of sulphide and oxide of mercury collects1 removal of which is one of the operations most attended with risk4 ,recovery of silver or gold by amalgamation with mercury is carried on only in ,america4 ,the metallic silver or gold is taken up by the mercury1 from which it is recovered by distillation4 ,the conditions in the quicksilver mines of ,idria in ,austria have improved of late years4 ,thus in the five years prior to #ahhf of #ejj cases of illness more than #aa per cent4 were due to chronic mercurial poisoning4 ,in #aijf1 #bji persons were employed1 of whom only one-third were permanent hands4 ,among these the sickness rate was very high 7#ie-ajd per cent474 ,of #gda cases of illness among the miners there were six of mercury poisoning1 and of #agi among persons employed in recovery of the metal1 twelve cases4#a ,the conditions of employment in the cinnabar mines of ,monte ,amiata in ,italy have recently been described in detail4#b ,here1 although the recovery of the metal is carried out in modern furnaces1 thus greatly reducing the danger1 nevertheless nearly all the furnace workers suffer from chronic poisoning4 ,in silvering of mirrors the leaf of tinfoil was spread out on an inclined table2 mercury was poured over it and the sheet of glass laid on the top with weights4 ,the superfluous mercury was squeezed out and ran away owing to the sloping position of the table4 ,now this process1 even in ,frth1 is almost entirely replaced by the nitrate of silver and ammonia process4 ,years ago the number of cases of poisoning was very serious in places where1 as in ,frth1 the work was carried on as a home industry4 ,in the production of incandescent electric bulbs danger arises from breaking of the glass pipes of the pumps and scattering of mercury on the floor of the workrooms4 ,since there is a growing tendency to replace mercury pumps by air pumps such cases ought to become rare4 ,in water gilding--a process little employed now--the metal objects 7military buttons1 c47 to be gilded1 after treatment with a flux1 are brushed over with the mercury amalgam1 and subsequently fired to drive off the mercury4 ,unless careful provision is made to carry away the vapour chronic poisoning cannot fail to occur4 ,even sweeps have been affected after cleaning the chimneys of water gilders' workshops4 ,in ,great ,britain1 between #ahii and #aije1 six cases were reported among water gilders4 ,in the manufacture of barometers and thermometers mercury poisoning is not infrequent4 ,between #ahii and #aije sixteen such cases were reported in ,england2 during the same period there were seventeen cases among those putting together electrical meters4 ,risk of mercurial poisoning is constantly present in hatters' furriers' processes and in subsequent processes in felt hat factories4 ,the risk from use of nitrate of mercury is considerable to those brushing the rabbit skins with the solution 7carotting71 and subsequently drying1 brushing1 cutting1 locking1 and packing them4 ,according to ,hencke in #ajj kilos of the carotting liquid there are #bj kilos of mercury4 ,in ,england1 in the years #ahii-aije1 thirteen cases of mercurial poisoning were reported in hatters' furriers' processes4 ,among eighty-one persons so employed the medical inspector found twenty-seven with very defective teeth as the result of the employment1 and seventeen with marked tremor4 ,in the manufacture of mercurial salts poisoning occurs chiefly when they are made by sublimation1 as in the manufacture of vermilion1 of corrosive sublimate 7when mercurous sulphate is sublimed with salt71 and in the preparation of calomel 7when sublimate ground with mercury or mercurous sulphate mixed with mercury and salt is sublimed74 ,between #ahii and #aije in ,england seven cases were reported from chemical works4 ,as to occurrence of mercury poisoning from fulminate of mercury1 see the chapter on ,explosives4 ,,arsenic ,chronic industrial arsenical poisoning1 both as to origin and course1 is markedly different from the acute form4 ,the chronic form arises mainly from inhalation of minute quantities of metallic arsenic or its compounds in recovery from the ore1 or from the use of arsenic compounds in the manufacture of colours1 in tanyards1 and in glass making4 ,acute industrial arseniuretted hydrogen poisoning is especially likely to occur where metals and acids react on one another and either the metal or the acid contains arsenic in appreciable amount4 ,further1 arseniuretted hydrogen may be contained in gases given off in smelting operations and in chemical processes4 ,,recovery ,,of ,,arsenic ,,and ,,white ,,arsenic4--,pure arsenic is obtained from native cobalt and arsenical pyrites by volatilisation on roasting the ore in the absence of air4 ,after the furnace has been charged sheet iron condensing tubes are affixed to the mouths of the retorts1 which project out of the furnace1 and to these again iron or earthenware prolongs4 ,arsenic condenses on the sides of the sheet metal tubes and amorphous arsenic1 oxides1 and sulphides in the prolongs4 ,after sublimation has been completed the contents of the prolongs are removed and used for production of other arsenic compounds2 the 7generally7 argentiferous residues in the retorts are removed and further treated in silver smelting works2 finally1 the crusts of crystalline arsenic 7artificial fly powder7 are knocked out from the carefully unrolled sheet iron tubes4 ,as can be readily understood from the description opportunity of poisoning from volatilisation of arsenic and of arsenic compounds is considerable4 ,metallic arsenic is used for making hard shot1 and for increasing the brilliancy and hardness of metal alloys 7type metal1 c474 ,white arsenic 7arsenic trioxide7 is obtained by roasting with access of air in reverberatory furnaces arsenical ores and smelting residues4 ,the vapours of white arsenic sublime and are condensed as a powder in long walled channels or in chambers1 and are resublimed in iron cylinders4 ,white arsenic is used in making colours1 in glass 7for decolourising purposes71 as an insecticide in the stuffing of animals1 c4 ,,industrial ,,arsenic ,,poisoning4--,in the extraction of arsenic and preparation of arsenious acid danger is present4 ,but reliable accounts in literature of poisoning among those engaged in arsenic works are wanting4 ,those engaged in roasting operations and packing suffer much from skin affections4 ,similar poisoning is reported in the smelting of other arsenical ores--nickel1 cobalt1 lead1 copper1 iron1 and silver1 from arsenic compounds present in the fumes4 ,this is especially the case in the smelting of tin1 which generally contains arsenical pyrites4 ,danger is present also in unhairing 7i4e4 removing the wool from sheep skins71 since the skins imported from ,buenos ,aires and ,monte ,video are treated with a preservative which1 in addition to sodium nitrate1 soda1 and potash1 contains generally arsenious acid4 ,in tanneries a mixture of arsenic sulphide 7realgar7 and lime is used for unhairing4 ,arsenic is used also for preserving and stuffing animal furs2 but although affections of the skin are described ,i cannot find reference to arsenical poisoning4 ,the inspector for ,east ,london in #aije refers to severe eczematous eruptions on face1 neck1 and hands1 affecting workers in a sheep dip works--mainly in the packing of the light powder in packets4 ,formerly the use of arsenic in the manufacture of colours was great1 especially of emerald 7,schweinfurter7 green4 ,this is made by dissolving arsenious acid in potash with addition of acetate of copper4 ,drying and grinding the material constitute the main danger4 ,scheele's green is another arsenical colour4 ,use of arsenic colours is becoming less and less4 ,but in colour printing of paper and colouring of chalk they are still employed4 ,they are used1 too1 as mordants in dyeing1 but cases of poisoning from these sources in recent years are not to be found4 ,the dust in many glass works contains1 it is stated1 as much as #ae per cent of white arsenic4 ,despite the numerous opportunities for arsenical poisoning in industries it is rare or1 at any rate1 is only rarely reported4 ,,arseniuretted ,,hydrogen ,,poisoning4--,industrial poisoning from arseniuretted hydrogen is caused mostly by inhalation of the gases developed by the action on one another of acids and metals which contain arsenic4 ,hydrogen gas as usually prepared for filling balloons gives occasion for poisoning4 ,in ,breslau in #aijb five workmen became affected1 of whom three died from inhalation of arseniuretted hydrogen gas in filling toy balloons4#a ,further1 use of hydrogen in lead burning may expose to risk1 and also preparation of zinc chloride flux4 ,of thirty-nine recorded cases of arseniuretted hydrogen poisoning twelve were chemists1 eleven workers filling toy balloons1 seven aniline workers1 five lead smelters1 three balloonists1 and in one the origin could not be traced4 ,nineteen of these proved fatal within from three to twenty-four days4#b ,cases are recorded 7#a7 in the reduction of nitroso-methylaniline with zinc and hydrochloric acid2 7#b7 in the preparation of zinc chloride from zinc ashes and hydrochloric acid2 7#c7 from manufacture of zinc sulphate from crude sulphuric acid and zinc dust2 7#d7 in spelter works in the refining of silver from the zinc crust with impure hydrochloric acid2 and 7#e7 in the formation room of accumulator factories4 ,the ,english factory inspectors' report describes in #aijf occurrence of three cases in an electrolytic process for the recovery of copper in which the copper dissolved in sulphuric acid was deposited at the cathode1 and hydrogen at the lead anode4 ,in the #aijg report mention is made of two cases1 one affecting a chemist separating bismuth from a solution of bismuth chloride in hydrochloric acid1 and the other 7which proved fatal7 a man who had cleaned a vitriol tank4 ,the poisoning resulting from ferro-silicon is in part referable to development of arseniuretted hydrogen gas4 ,,antimony ,it seems doubtful if industrial poisoning can really be traced to antimony or its compounds2 generally the arsenic present with the antimony is at fault4 ,erben#a considers that industrial antimony poisoning occurs among workmen employed in smelting antimony alloys in making tartar emetic through inhalation of fumes of oxide of antimony4 ,a case is cited of a workman in ,hamburg engaged in pulverising pure antimony who was attacked with vomiting which lasted for several days1 and the inspector of factories noted epistaxis 7nose bleeding7 and vomiting as following on the crushing of antimony ore4 ,compositors in addition to chronic lead poisoning may suffer1 it is alleged1 from chronic antimony poisoning1 showing itself in diminution in the number of white blood corpuscles and marked eosinophilia4 ,these changes in the blood could be brought about experimentally in rabbits4 ,antimony was found by the ,marsh test in the stools of those affected4 ,,iron ,pig iron is obtained by smelting iron ores in blast furnaces 7fig4 #bi71 through the upper opening of which charges of ore1 limestone or similar material to act as a flux1 and coke are fed in succession4 ,the furnaces are worked continuously1 using a blast of heated air2 carbon monoxide is produced and effects the reduction of the ore to molten iron4 ,the latter accumulates in the hearth and is covered with molten slag2 this flows constantly away through an opening and is collected in slag bogies for removal1 or is sometimes cooled in water4 ,the crude iron is tapped from time to time1 and is led in a fluid condition into moulds called #8pigs1' in which it solidifies4 ,cast iron is occasionally used direct from the blast furnace for the purpose of making rough castings1 but generally it is further refined before being used in a foundry by remelting with cast iron scrap in a cupola furnace4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 a ,hearth2 b ,bosh2 c ,shaft2 d ,gas uptake2 e ,down-comer2 f ,tuyres with water cooling arrangement2 g ,blast pipes2 h ,tapping hole2 k ,supporting columns2 l ,furnace bottom2 m ,charging hopper2 n ,bell with raising and lowering arrangement4 ,wrought iron is made by treating pig iron in refinery and puddling furnaces2 in these much of the carbon is removed as carbon monoxide1 and from the puddling furnace the iron is obtained as a pasty mass which can be worked into bars1 rods1 or plates4 ,steel is made in various ways4 ,the ,acid ,bessemer process consists in forcing compressed air in numerous small streams through molten cast iron1 in iron vessels 7converters7 which are lined with ganister1 a silicious sandstone4 ,these can be rotated on trunnions4 ,basic ,bessemer steel is made in similar converters by the ,thomas-,gilchrist or basic process1 which can be applied to pig irons containing phosphorus4 ,the latter is removed by giving the converter a basic lining of calcined magnesium limestone mixed with tar4 ,in the ,martin process steel is obtained by melting together pig iron with steel scrap1 wrought iron scrap1 c41 on the hearth of a ,siemens regenerative furnace with a silicious lining4 ,in iron smelting the most important danger is from blast furnace gas rich in carbonic oxide4 ,sulphur dioxide1 hydrocyanic acid1 and arseniuretted hydrogen gas may possibly be present4 ,when work was carried out in blast furnaces with open tops the workers engaged in charging ran considerable risk4 ,but as the blast furnace gas is rich in carbonic oxide and has high heating capacity these gases are now always led off and utilised2 the charging point is closed by a cup 7,parry's cup and cone charger7 and only opened from time to time mechanically1 when the workers retire so far from the opening as to be unaffected by the escaping gas4 ,the gas is led away 7fig4 #bi7 through a side opening into special gas mains1 is subjected to a purifying process in order to rid it of flue dust1 and then used to heat the blast1 fire the boilers1 or drive gas engines4 ,severe blast furnace gas poisoning1 however1 does occur in entering the mains for cleaning purposes4 ,numerous cases of the kind are quoted in the section on ,carbonic oxide poisoning4 ,the gases evolved on tapping and slag running can also act injuriously1 and unpleasant emanations be given off in granulating the slag 7by receiving the fluid slag in water74 ,in the puddling process much carbonic oxide is present4 ,other processes1 however1 can scarcely give rise to poisoning4 ,the basic slag produced in the ,thomas-,gilchrist process is a valuable manure on account of the phosphorus it contains2 it is ground in edge runners1 and then reduced to a very fine dust in mills and disintegrators4 ,this dust has a corrosive action already referred to in the chapter on ,phosphorus and ,artificial ,manures4 ,the poisoning caused by ferro-silicon is of interest4 ,iron with high proportion of silicon has been made in recent years on a large scale for production of steel4 ,some #djjj tons of ferro-silicon are annually exported to ,great ,britain from ,france and ,germany4 ,it is made by melting together iron ore1 quartz1 coke1 and lime 7as flux7 at very high temperature in electrical furnaces4 ,the coke reduces the quartz and ore to silicon and metal with the production of ferro-silicon4 ,certain grades1 namely those with about #ej per cent4 silicon1 have the property of decomposing or disintegrating into powder on exposure for any length of time to the air1 with production of very poisonous gases containing phosphoretted and arseniuretted hydrogen4 ,the iron and quartz often contain phosphates1 which in presence of carbon and at the high temperature of the electrical furnace would no doubt be converted into phosphides combining with the lime to form calcium phosphide2 similarly any arsenic present would yield calcium arsenide4 ,these would be decomposed in presence of water and evolve phosphoretted and arseniuretted hydrogen gas4 ,in addition to its poisonous properties it has also given rise to explosions4 ,in ,january #aije fifty steerage passengers were made seriously ill and eleven of them died4 ,in #aijg five passengers died on a ,swedish steamer as the result of poisonous gases given off from ferro-silicon1 and more recently five lives were lost on the steamer ,aston carrying the material from ,antwerp to ,grimsby4,c ,this accident led to full investigation of the subject by ,dr4 ,copeman1 ,f4,r4,s41 one of the ,medical ,inspectors of the ,local ,government ,board1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,bennett1 one of ,h4,m4 ,inspectors of ,factories1 and ,dr4 ,wilson ,hake1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 in which the conclusions arrived at are summarised as follows3 #a4 ,numerous accidents1 fatal and otherwise1 have been caused within the last few years by the escape of poisonous and explosive gases from consignments of ferro-silicon1 which1 in every instance1 have been found to consist of so-called high-grade ferro-silicon1 produced in the electric furnace4 #b4 ,these accidents1 for the most part1 have occurred during transport of the ferro-silicon by water1 whether in sea-going vessels or in barges and canal-boats plying on inland waters4 #c4 ,these accidents have occurred in various countries and on vessels of different nationalities1 while the ferro-silicon carried has1 in almost every instance1 been the product of a different manufactory4 #d4 ,ferro-silicon1 especially of grades containing from #dj per cent4 to #fj per cent4 of silicon1 is invariably found to evolve considerable quantities of phosphoretted hydrogen gas1 and1 in less amount1 of arseniuretted hydrogen1 both of which are of a highly poisonous nature4 ,a certain amount of the gas evolved is present1 as such1 in the alloy1 being #8occluded' in minute spaces with which its substance is often permeated4 #e4 ,as the result of careful investigation1 it has been shown that certain grades of ferro-silicon--notably such as contain about #cc per cent41 #ej per cent41 and #fj per cent4 of silicon--even when manufactured from fairly pure constituents1 are both brittle and liable to disintegrate spontaneously1 this latter characteristic being apt to be specially marked in the case of the #ej per cent4 grade4 ,all these grades are commonly employed at the present time4 #f4 ,in the event of disintegration occurring1 the amount of surface exposed will1 obviously1 be greater than if the mass were solid4 #g4 ,evolution of poisonous gases is greatly increased by the action of moisture1 or of moist air1 under the influence of which phosphoretted hydrogen is generated from calcium phosphide1 which1 in turn1 is formed1 in large part1 at any rate1 from the calcium phosphate present in anthracite and quartz1 at the high temperature of the electric furnace4 ,if spontaneous disintegration of the alloy also occurs1 much larger quantities of gas would be given off from such friable and unstable material1 other conditions being equal4 ,the greater or less tendency of a given sample to evolve poisonous gases1 and even a rough estimate of their probable amount may be arrived at by the use of test-papers prepared with silver nitrate4 #h4 ,there is no evidence that low-grade ferro-silicon 7#aj to #ae per cent471 produced in the blast-furnace1 has ever given rise to accidents of similar character to those known to have been caused by the high-grade electrically produced alloy4 ,blast-furnace ferro-silicon does not evolve poisonous gases even in presence of moisture4 #i4 ,as regards ferro-silicon produced in the electric furnace1 the evidence available goes to show that certain percentage grades are practically quite innocuous4 ,this statement applies to grades of alloy of a silicon content up to and including #cj per cent41 and probably also1 though in considerably less degree1 to those of #gj per cent4 and over4 #aj4 ,in view of the fact that the use of ferro-silicon of grades ranging between #cj per cent4 and #gj per cent4 apparently is not essential in metallurgical operations1 with the possible exception of basic steel manufacture1 it will be advisable that the production of this alloy of grades ranging between these percentages should be discontinued in the future4 #aa4 ,the proprietors of iron and steel works making use of ferro-silicon will assist in the protection of their workpeople1 and at the same time act for the public benefit by restricting their orders to grades of this material1 either not exceeding #cj per cent41 or of #gj per cent4 and upwards1 according to the special nature of their requirements4 #ab4 ,but as1 pending international agreement on the question1 intermediate percentages of ferro-silicon will doubtless continue to be manufactured and sold1 the issue1 by the ,board of ,trade1 of special regulations will be necessary in order to obviate1 so far as may be possible1 chance of further accidents during the transport of this substance4 ,inter alia1 these regulations should require a declaration of the nature1 percentage1 date of manufacture1 and place of origin of any such consignment4 ,the suggested regulations are printed on p4 #bia4 ,,zinc ,industrial poisoning from zinc is unknown4 ,the chronic zinc poisoning among spelter workers described by ,schlockow with nervous symptoms is undoubtedly to be attributed to lead4 ,,copper3 ,,brass ,occurrence of brass-founder's ague4--,opinion is divided as to whether pure copper is poisonous or not4 ,lehmann has at any rate shown experimentally that as an industrial poison it is without importance4 ,occurrence1 however1 of brass-founder's ague is undoubtedly frequent4 ,although neither pure zinc nor pure copper give rise to poisoning1 yet the pouring of brass 7an alloy of zinc and copper7 sets up a peculiar train of symptoms4 ,as the symptoms are transient1 and medical attendance is only very rarely sought after1 knowledge of its frequency is difficult to obtain4 ,sigel1#a who has experimented on himself1 believes that the symptoms result from inhalation of superheated zinc fumes4 ,in large well-appointed brass casting shops 7as in those of ,zeiss in ,jena7 incidence is rare4 ,lehmann#b very recently has expressed his decided opinion that brass-founder's ague is a zinc poisoning due to inhalation of zinc oxide and not zinc fumes4 ,this conclusion he came to as the result of experiments on a workman predisposed to attacks of brass-founder's ague4 ,lehmann's surmise is that the symptoms are due to an auto-intoxication from absorption of dead epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract1 the cells having been destroyed by inhalation of the zinc oxide4 ,he found that he could produce typical symptoms in a worker by inhalation of the fumes given off in burning pure zinc4 ,metal pickling4--,the object of metal dipping is to give metal objects1 especially of brass 7buckles1 lamps1 electric fittings1 candlesticks1 c471 a clean or mat surface and is effected by dipping in baths of nitric1 hydrochloric1 or sulphuric acid4 ,generally after dipping in the dilute bath the articles go for one or two minutes into strong acid1 from which injurious fumes1 especially nitrous fumes1 develop with occasionally fatal effect 7see the chapter on ,nitric ,acid74 ,unfortunately1 there are no references in the literature of the subject as to the frequency of such attacks4 ,recovery of gold and silver has been already referred to in the chapters on ,mercury1 ,lead1 and ,cyanogen4 ,mention must be made of argyria4 ,this is not poisoning in the proper sense of the word1 as injury to health is hardly caused4 ,argyria results from absorption of small doses of silver salts which1 excreted in the form of reduced metallic silver1 give the skin a shiny black colour4 ,cases are most frequently seen in silverers of glass pearls who do the work by suction4 ,local argyria has been described by ,lewin in silvering of mirrors and in photographers4 ,,iii4 ,,occurrence ,,of ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,,in ,,various ,,industries ,the most important facts have now been stated as to the occurrence of poisoning in industry1 and there remain only a few gaps to fill in and to survey briefly the risks in certain important groups of industry4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,stone ,,and ,,earths ,lime ,burning3 ,glass ,industry ,lead poisoning in the ceramic industry 7earthenware1 porcelain1 glass1 polishing of precious stones1 c47 has been dealt with in detail in the chapter on ,lead4 ,there is further the possibility of chrome-ulceration1 of arsenic poisoning1 and conceivably also of manganese4 ,further1 poisoning by carbonic oxide and carbon dioxide may occur from the escape of furnace gases where hygienic conditions are bad4 ,in charging lime kilns poisoning by carbonic oxide has occurred4 ,the report of the ,union of ,chemical ,industry in #aijf describes the case of a workman who was assisting in filling the kiln with limestone4 ,as the furnace door was opened for the purpose gas escaped in such amount as to render him unconscious4 ,he was picked up thirty minutes later1 but efforts at resuscitation failed4 ,carbonic oxide poisoning1 again1 may arise from the use of ,siemens regenerative furnaces1 especially glass furnaces3 details are given in the chapter on ,illuminating ,gas4 ,hydrofluoric acid is present as an industrial poison in glass etching 7see ,fluorine ,compounds74 ,persons employed in this process suffer from inflammation of the respiratory tract and ulceration of the skin of the hands4 ,i could not find any precise statement as to the frequency of the occurrence of such injuries4 ,use of sand-blasting to roughen the surface of glass has to some extent taken the place of etching by hydrofluoric acid4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,animal ,,products ,in tanning use of arsenic compounds for detaching the wool from skins and of gas lime for getting rid of hair may cause injury to health4 ,with the latter there is possibility of the action of cyanogen compounds 7see the chapters on ,arsenic and ,cyanogen74 ,,preparation ,,of ,,vegetable ,,food ,,stuffs ,,and ,,the ,,like ,in fermentation processes as in breweries and the sugar industry accumulations of carbonic acid gas occur1 and suffocation from this source has been repeatedly described4 ,mention in this connection should be made of the use of salufer containing some #b per cent4 of silicofluoric acid as a preservative and antiseptic in beer brewing4 ,in the sulphuring of hops1 wine1 c41 the workers may run risk from the injurious action of sulphur dioxide4 ,arsenic in the sulphuric acid used for the production of dextrine may set up industrial poisoning4 ,poisoning from ammonia gas can occur in cold storage premises4 ,industrial poisoning from tobacco is not proved1 but the injurious effect of the aroma and dust of tobacco--especially in women--in badly arranged tobacco factories is probable4 ,,wood ,,working ,injurious woods4--,in recent literature there are several interesting references to injury to health from certain poisonous kinds of wood--skin affections in workers manipulating satinwood1 and affections of the heart and general health in workers making shuttles of ,african boxwood4 ,details of these forms of poisoning are reported from ,england and ,bavaria4 ,the wood used for making the shuttles was ,west ,african boxwood 7,gonioma ,kamassi74 ,it appears that the wood contains an alkaloidal poison which affects the heart's action4 ,the workers suffered from headache1 feeling of sleepiness1 lachrymation1 coryza1 difficulty of breathing1 nausea1 and weakness4 ,four workers had to give up the work because of the difficulty in breathing4 ,inquiry was made by ,dr4 ,john ,hay of ,liverpool in #aijh and by the medical inspector of factories in #aije4 ,the following table shows the symptoms found3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,persons ,examined4 ---------------------------------- ,symptoms4 #aije4 #aijg-aijh4 -------------------------------- ,number4,per cent4,number4,per ,cent4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,headache #bg #bda #ah #bbh ,feeling of somnolence #aj #ij #ag #bae ,running of eyes #ac #aaf #i #aac ,running of nose #bh #bej #bj #bhj ,breathing affected #cd #cjd #ac #afd ,nausea or sickness #ac #aaf #c #ch ,faintness or weakness #aa #if #a #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,the later inquiry shows considerable diminution in the amount of complaint as to respiratory trouble4 ,this may have been due to the improved conditions of working1 freely acknowledged by the men4 ,men were examined who had complained of the effects of the wood in #aije1 and had continued uninterruptedly at the same kind of work during the interval without any obvious further injury to their health1 although they preferred working on other woods4 ,east ,indian boxwood had to be discarded in the shuttle trade owing to its irritant action on the eyes4 ,sabicu wood from ,cuba was stated to give off #8a snuffy dust under the machine and hand planes1 the effect of which upon the worker is to cause a running at the eyes and nose1 and a general feeling of cold in the head4 ,the symptoms pass off in an hour or so after discontinuance of work4' ,reference was made in the report for #aijf to eczematous eruptions produced by so-called ,borneo rosewood1 a wood used owing to its brilliant colour and exquisite grain in fret-saw work4 ,the ,director of the ,imperial ,institute experimented with this wood1 but failed to discover injurious properties in it4 ,at the same time experiments with the wood and sawdust of ,east and ,west ,indian satinwood were undertaken1 but also without result4 ,from inquiries subsequently made it appeared that much confusion existed as to the designation #8satinwood1' as under this name were classed both ,east and ,west ,indian satinwood and also satin walnut4 ,the evidence was clear that ,east ,indian satinwood was more irritating than ,west ,indian4 ,satin walnut wood is apparently harmless4 ,in the shipbuilding yards of ,east ,london1 ,glasgow1 and ,bristol affections of the skin were recognised1 but susceptibility to the wood varied4 ,one man asserted that merely laying a shaving on the back of his hand would produce a sore place4 ,the injurious effects here seem to disappear quickly4 ,exhaust ventilation is applied1 but there is a tendency to give up the use of the wood4 ,isolated cases of illness have been ascribed to working teak and olive wood4 ,in ,sheffield the following are held to be irritating3 ebony1 magenta rosewood1 ,west ,indian boxwood1 cocos wood4 ,some kinds of mahogany are said to affect the eyes and nose4 ,use of methylated spirit in polishing furniture is said to lead to injury to health although not to set up actual poisoning4 ,lead poisoning can occur from the sand-papering of coats of paint applied to wood4 ,in impregnating wood with creosote and tar the effects on the skin noted in the chapter on ,tar are observed4 ,,textile ,,industry ,in getting rid of the grease from animal wool carbon bisulphide or benzine may be used4 ,the process of carbonising in the production of shoddy may give rise to injury to health from acid fumes4 ,lead poisoning used to be caused by the knocking together of the leaden weights attached to the ,jacquard looms4 ,this is a thing of the past1 as now iron weights are universal4 ,opportunity for lead poisoning is given in the weighting of yarn--especially of silk with lead compounds4 ,in bleaching use of chlorine and sulphur dioxide has to be borne in mind4 ,in chemical cleaning poisoning by benzine may occur4 ,in dyeing and printing use of poisonous colours is lessening1 as they have been supplanted by aniline colours4 ,on occurrence of aniline poisoning in aniline black dyeing see the section on ,aniline4 ,use of lead colours and of chromate of lead are dealt with in special sections4 ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,in this section the most important diseases and symptoms of industrial poisoning will be described4 ,in doing this--considering the mainly practical purpose of this book--theoretical toxicological details and any full discussion of disputed scientific points will be omitted4 ,i4 ,,introductory ,hitherto in this book we have intentionally followed the inductive method1 from the particular to the general3 we began by citing a number of important instances of industrial poisoning1 but only now will endeavour be made to give a definition of the terms #8poison' and #8poisoning4' ,attempts at such definitions are numerous2 every old and new text-book of toxicology contains them4 ,a few only hold good for our purpose4 ,it is characteristic that ,lewin1 after attempting a definition of the conception #8poisoning1' himself rejects it and declares that he can see no practical disadvantage in the impossibility of defining this notion1 because deductions based upon the knowledge of undoubted cases can never be dispensed with1 even if a definition were possible3 one justification the more for our inductive method4 ,but we will not quite dispense with a definition4 ,poisons are certain substances which are able chemically to act on an organism in such a way as to effect a permanent or transient injury to its organs and functions2 an injury consequently to the health and well-being of the person affected2 this injury we call poisoning4 ,in the present book we have refrained from including industrial infections among industrial poisonings1 and the subject has been limited to poisoning in the restricted and current sense of the word4 ,an industrial poison is a poison employed1 produced1 or somehow occasioned in industrial occupation1 which is brought about inadvertently1 and consequently against the will of the person poisoned4 ,from a simple survey of the action of industrial poisons in general we may group them as follows3 #a4 ,poisons which act superficially1 i4e4 which cause in the organs which they touch gross anatomical lesions 7irritation1 corrosion1 c47--so-called contact-effect4 ,to this class belong especially irritant and corrosive poisons4 #b4 ,blood poisons1 i4e4 poisons which are absorbed by the blood and change it2 this change can affect either the blood colouring-matter1 with which certain poisons form chemical compounds1 or the blood corpuscles themselves can be altered or destroyed 7for instance1 poisons having a hmolytic action74 #c4 ,poisons with definite internal action1 so-called remote or specific effect4 ,to this class belong the poisons which1 after being absorbed into the system1 act upon definite organs or tissues in a specific manner 7nerve poisons1 heart poisons1 c474 ,it is indeed possible for one and the same poison to display two or all three of these modes of action4 ,the effect of poison depends upon an interaction of the poison and the organism1 or its single organs4 ,selection as regards quality and quantity is a property of the organism as well as of the poison3 the nature and amount of the poison taken in are determining factors on the one side1 and on the other the constitution1 size1 and weight of the affected organism4 ,the chemical constitution of the poisonous substance determines the qualitative property of the poison4 ,further1 certain physical properties of the poison determine its action1 especially its form1 solubility in water1 and its power of dissolving fat4 ,these affect its susceptibility to absorption1 to which point we shall return shortly2 the hygroscopic capacity of a poison produces a highly irritant and corrosive action4 ,industrial poisons can be absorbed 7#a7 as solid substances1 7#b7 as liquids1 and 7#c7 as gases4 ,since industrial poisoning1 as defined above1 is of course neither desired nor intended by the sufferer1 who unsuspectingly takes into his system poison used or developed in the factory1 solid substances in finely divided condition--in the form of dust--can be considered as industrial poisons4 ,accordingly1 industrial poisons can be classed as due to dust1 gases1 and liquids4 ,the poison may be introduced into the body through the functional activity of the organism by the lungs or alimentary tract1 or it may penetrate the uninjured or injured surface of the skin4 ,industrial poisons which contaminate the air of the factory are inhaled--these are consequently either poisonous dusts or gases and vapours4 ,as a rule1 only industrial poisons in a liquid form enter through the skin1 which may be either intact or wounded2 gaseous poisons seldom do2 poisons in the form of fat or dust can only pass through the skin after they have been first dissolved by the secretions of the skin or of a wound1 so that they come to be absorbed in solution4 ,most frequently those liquid poisons which are capable of dissolving the fat of the skin are thus absorbed1 and next1 such liquids as have a corrosive effect1 breaking down the resistance of the skin covering and producing an inflamed raw surface4 ,but such poisons much more easily enter through the mucous membrane1 as this naturally offers a much weaker resistance than the skin4 ,from a quantitative point of view it is especially the amount of poison actively assimilated which determines the effect4 ,every poison is without effect if assimilated in correspondingly small quantities4 ,there is consequently a minimum poisonous dose1 after which the poison begins to act2 but this minimum dose can only be ascertained and specified when the qualitative properties and the weight of the organism are also taken into consideration2 it has therefore a relative value4 ,the strongest effect which a poison is able to produce is the destruction of the life functions of the organism1 the fatal effect4 ,this fatal dose1 however1 can only be determined relatively to the qualities of the organism in question4 ,not only is the absolute quality of the poison of decisive significance1 but the degree of concentration often influences its action1 that is to say1 the greater or less amount of effective poison contained in the substance conveying it into the organism2 concentration plays an important part in many industrial poisons1 especially1 as is obvious1 in corrosive poisons4 ,a further important point is the time which it takes to absorb the poison4 ,the action of the poison--the whole expression of the symptoms of poisoning--is essentially influenced by this fact4 ,usually gradual and repeated absorption of small quantities produces slow onset of symptoms1 while sudden absorption of larger quantities of poison brings about rapid onset of illness4 ,in the former case the poisoning is called chronic1 in the latter1 acute4 ,acute industrial poisoning is sometimes so sudden that the affected person cannot withdraw himself in time from the influence of the poison1 nor prevent its entrance in considerable quantities into his system2 this is often caused by the fact that the effect of the poison is so rapid that he is often suddenly deprived of power to move or of consciousness1 and remains then exposed to the action of the poison until help comes4 ,such accidents are mostly caused by poisonous gases4 ,occasionally also considerable quantities of poison enter quite unnoticed into the body1 such as odourless poisonous gases in breathing1 or poisonous liquids through the skin4 ,in chronic industrial poisoning unsuspected accumulation of poison takes place1 until symptoms of illness ultimately reveal themselves2 as the first stages of poisoning are not recognised in time by the person affected1 he continues exposed to the influence of the poison for weeks1 months1 even years1 until the chronic effect has reached its full development and becomes obvious4 ,such insidious industrial poisoning arises through the continual absorption into the lungs or stomach of small quantities of poisonous dust1 gases1 and vapours1 during constant or frequent work in an atmosphere containing such gases2 poisonous liquids also1 by soiling hands and food1 or by penetrating the skin1 can produce slow industrial poisoning4 ,industrial poisoning which in respect of its duration stands midway between acute and chronic is called sub-acute poisoning4 ,this usually means that more frequent absorption of greater quantities of poison has taken place1 though not in doses large enough to produce an immediately acute effect4 ,this is important legally because industrial poisonings caused through the sudden absorption of poison in sufficient quantity to act immediately or to bring about subsequent symptoms of poisoning1 are reckoned as accidents4 ,thus acute and many sub-acute industrial poisonings are accounted accidents4 ,chronic industrial poisonings1 acquired gradually1 count as illnesses4 ,but as in certain cases it cannot be decided whether sudden or gradual absorption of the industrial poison is in question1 this distinction is an unnatural one4 ,it is also unnatural in the legal sense1 for there is often no material reason for regarding as legally distinct cases of chronic and acute industrial poisoning4 ,to this we shall refer later in discussing the question of insurance against industrial poisoning4 ,we have from the outset assumed that the effect of the poison depends not only on the nature of the poison itself1 but also on that of the organism1 considered both quantitatively and qualitatively4 ,significant in a quantitative respect is the body weight of the organism1 and the fatal dose of the poison must be ascertained and stated in connection with the body weight1 calculated as a rule per kilo of the live weight4 ,the qualitative point of view must reckon with the differing susceptibility of organisms for poison4 ,this varying susceptibility to the action of poison1 the causes of which are very obscure1 is called disposition4 ,different species 7of animals and men7 exhibit often very different degrees of susceptibility towards one and the same poison2 the differences in this respect are often very considerable1 and one cannot simply transfer the experience experimentally gained from one species of animal to man or another species of animal1 without further experiment4 ,besides disposition1 sex1 and still more age1 often determine within the same species marked difference of susceptibility to a poison4 ,further1 there is an individual disposition due to qualities peculiar to the individual1 which makes some persons more than usually immune and others specially susceptible4 ,individuals weakened by illness are particularly susceptible to poisoning4 ,two diseases1 in especial1 favour the operation of poison1 influencing disastrously the capacity for assimilating food1 and reducing the general resisting power of the body2 of these tuberculosis stands first4 ,individual disposition plays in industrial poisoning a part which must not be under-estimated2 it determines the possibility of acclimatisation to a poison2 some individuals capable of resistance habituate themselves--often comparatively easily--to a poison1 and become1 up to a certain limit1 immune against it1 that is1 they can tolerate a quantity which would be injurious to others not so accustomed4 ,with other individuals1 however1 the opposite effect is apparent4 ,repeated exposure to the action of the poison leads to an increased susceptibility1 so that acclimatisation is not possible4 ,innate hyper-sensitiveness of the individual towards a poison is called idiosyncrasy4 ,frequently1 for example1 this quality shows itself as hyper-sensitiveness of the skin towards the harmful action of certain poisons4 ,a marked lowering in the sensitiveness1 innate or acquired1 of the organism towards a poison is called immunity4 ,the possibility of the absorption and action of a poison presupposes--speaking generally--its solubility1 and indeed its solubility in the body juices4 ,in general1 poison can be absorbed at very different points of the body2 so far as industrial poisons are concerned1 these are the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages1 the mucous membrane of the digestive tract1 and the skin1 intact or broken4 ,the rapidity of absorption depends on the nature of the poison1 of the individual1 and the channel of absorption4 ,of industrial poisons gases are relatively the most quickly absorbed2 sometimes indeed so swiftly that the effect follows almost immediately4 ,elimination of industrial poisons is effected principally by the kidneys1 the intestinal canal1 the respiratory organs1 and1 more rarely1 the skin4 ,rapidity of elimination also depends on the nature of the poison and of the person poisoned4 ,if elimination is insufficient1 or absorption takes place more quickly than excretion1 the poison accumulates in the body1 and has a cumulative effect which in chronic industrial poisonings plays a very important rle4 ,under certain circumstances poisons are not thrown off1 but stored up--fixed--in the body4 ,the poison absorbed in the body can act unchanged from the place where it is stored4 ,a number of poisons1 however1 undergo in the organism chemical change through which the action of the poison is partly lessened1 rarely increased4 ,among such changes and weakening of the poison are3 oxidation1 as1 for example1 of organic poisons into their final products 7carbonic acid1 water1 c471 oxidation of benzene into phenol1 oxidation of sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid1 c42 reduction in the case of metals1 peroxides1 c42 neutralisation of acids by alkaline juices2 chemical union 7for instance1 of aromatic compounds with sulphuric acid74 ,the splitting up of albuminous bodies is not of importance in regard to industrial poisons4 ,,general ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,industrial ,,poisonings ,although in industrial poisoning the importance of treatment is small in comparison with that of preventive measures1 in discussing particular forms of poisoning1 full weight must be given to it2 and in order to avoid repetition1 certain points will be brought forward here4 ,of the treatment of chronic industrial poisonings not much in general can be said2 unfortunately1 special treatment has often little chance4 ,it will usually be of advantage to maintain the activity of the excretory organs4 ,so far as there is question of poisons affecting metabolism and injuriously influencing the general state of nutrition1 treatment aiming at improving the general health and strength offers hope of success4 ,for nervous symptoms1 especially paralysis1 disturbance in sensation1 c41 treatment generally suitable to nervous diseases can be tried 7electro-therapeutics1 baths1 c474 ,in treatment of acute industrial poisonings1 which often demand the prompt intervention of laymen1 #8first aid' is more hopeful4 ,the most important general rules of treatment arise in reference to irritant poisons which produce ulceration of the skin1 and further in regard to those poisons which cause unconsciousness1 especially blood poisons4 ,when an irritant poison is acting on the skin1 the first object to be aimed at is naturally the immediate removal of the cause of corrosion by water1 or1 better still1 neutralisation by an alkaline solution 7for example1 soda solution7 in the case of corrosive acids1 and weak acids 7organic acids1 acetic acid1 citric acid7 in the case of caustic action by alkalis4 ,such remedies must be at hand in factories as part of the equipment for first aid1 where irritant poisonings can occur4 ,in those industrial poisonings which result in loss of consciousness1 arrest of respiration and suffocation1 attempts at resuscitation should at once be made4 ,in these attempts at resuscitation1 artificial respiration is of the greatest importance2 of course the sufferer must first be withdrawn from the influence of the poison1 i4e4 be brought into fresh air4 ,great care must be taken1 especially where it is necessary to enter places filled with a poisonous atmosphere1 to prevent the rescuers1 as is often the case1 themselves falling victims to the influence of the poison4 ,they should be provided with suitable smoke helmets or breathing apparatus4 ,we will not describe the methods of resuscitation and artificial respiration universally enjoined2 they can be found in every first-aid handbook4 ,emphasis is laid on the great importance of treatment by oxygen in cases of industrial poisoning through gaseous blood poisons1 as this treatment is attended with good results4 ,apparatus for the administration of oxygen should be kept wherever there exists the possibility of such poisoning1 especially in mines1 smelting works1 chemical factories1 and chemical laboratories4 ,oxygen treatment rests on the fact that by raising the pressure of the oxygen from #aac mm41 as it is generally in ordinary air1 to #fge mm41 which is reached in presence of pure oxygen1 the quantity of oxygen absorbed in the blood rises from #jc to #ah per #ajj c4c4 ,further1 the saturation of the hmoglobin1 the colouring matter of the blood1 undergoes an increase of #bd per cent4 ,this increase of oxygen in the blood can save life in cases where through poisoning a deficiency of oxygen has resulted4 ,the introduction of oxygen is done by special apparatus which acts essentially on the principle that during inhalation oxygen is pressed into the lungs which are below normal physiological pressure1 while exhalation is effected by a deflating arrangement when the poisoned individual no longer breathes of his own accord4 ,when natural breathing begins1 the introduction of oxygen without special apparatus generally suffices4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,drger's ,oxygen ,box ,i ,oxygen cylinder2 ,a ,valve on cylinder2 ,b ,manometer2 ,c ,key for opening and closing the flow of oxygen2 ,f ,economiser2 ,h ,facepiece4 ,drger's oxygen apparatus 7fig4 #cj7 consists of a small oxygen cylinder provided with a closing valve1 a small manometer1 a so-called #8automatic' reducing valve with an arrangement for opening and closing the oxygen supply1 a bag to act as a receiver or economiser1 a breathing mask1 and a metal tube connecting the breathing mask with the other parts of the apparatus4 ,the oxygen cylinder1 when filled1 contains about #ahj litres of oxygen1 and the manometer allows the manipulator to control at any time whatever oxygen it still contains4 ,the automatic arrangement not only reduces the pressure but at the same time controls the supply of oxygen4 ,this dose is fixed at three litres of oxygen per minute1 so that the apparatus with the same oxygen cylinder will last for sixty minutes4 ,the oxygen is not inhaled pure1 but is mixed with atmospheric air according to need1 and in order to make this possible the breathing mask is provided with a small hole through which atmospheric air finds entrance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,oxygen ,inhaling ,apparatus ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,showing apparatus in use 7,siebe1 ,gorman ,co47 ,as the oxygen flows continuously from the cylinder waste during exhalation is prevented by the economiser1 in which1 during exhalation1 the inflowing oxygen accumulates1 to be absorbed again in inhalation4 ,a small relief valve in the screw head of the bag prevents the entrance into it of exhaled air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,drger's ,pulmotor 7,r4 ,jacobson7 ,another oxygen inhaling apparatus for resuscitating purposes1 that of ,siebe1 ,gorman ,co41 is illustrated in figs4 #ca and #cb4 ,drger also constructs an apparatus called the #8,pulmotor' which simultaneously accomplishes the introduction of oxygen and artificial respiration4 ,inflation and deflation are effected by an injector driven by compressed oxygen2 this alternately drives fresh air enriched with oxygen into the lungs and then by suction empties them again4 ,while with the mechanical appliances of resuscitation belonging to older systems the hand of the helper regulated the rate of breathing1 in the case of the ,pulmotor the lungs1 according to their size1 automatically fix the rate of breathing2 as soon as the lungs are filled the apparatus of its own accord marks the moment for #8deflation1' and as soon as they are emptied of #8inflation4' ,this automatic reversal is effected by a little bellows which is connected with the air tubes4 ,during inflation the same pressure is exerted in the bellows as in the lungs4 ,as soon as the lungs are filled1 the pressure in the bellows increases and it expands1 its forward movement causing the reversal to deflation4 ,when the lungs are emptied the bellows contracts1 and through this contraction results the reversal to inflation4 ,if1 in an exceptional case1 the breathing for some reason does not act automatically1 the hand of the helper can manipulate it by means of a backward and forward movement of a lever4 ,according to choice1 either a nose-mask or a mask covering both mouth and nose can be worn4 ,combined with the regular apparatus for resuscitation is an ordinary apparatus for the inhalation of oxygen2 by the simple altering of a lever1 either the one or the other can be employed4 ,,ii4 ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,,in ,,particular ,,industries ,after the foregoing general remarks we may now consider various points of view in regard to classification of industrial poisonings into groups3 7#a7 ,toxicological1 based on the action of the poisons4 7#b7 ,chemical1 based on the chemical composition of the poisons4 7#c7 ,physical1 based on the varying density of the poisons4 7,division into solid 7in form of dust71 gaseous1 and liquid poisons47 ,to which may be added3 7#d7 ,classification according to the source of the poisoning and therefore according to industry1 upon which ,part ,i is mainly based4 ,in this section 7,part ,,ii7 a system is adopted which takes into consideration as far as possible all the principles of division mentioned above1 in order to classify industrial poisonous substances in such a manner that general practical conclusions can be clearly drawn1 and supervision rendered easy4 ,,group3 ,,mineral ,,acids1 ,,halogens1 ,,inorganic ,,halogen ,,compounds1 ,,alkalis ,common to this group is a strong corrosive and irritant effect1 varying however in degree2 as gases this group corrode or inflame the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages1 and in liquid form or in solution1 the skin4 ,besides this superficial effect single members of this group1 especially those containing nitrogen1 produce a remote effect upon the blood4 ,after absorption of the acids a decrease in the alkalinity of the blood can take place and in its power to take up carbonic acid1 thus vitally affecting the interchange of gases in the body1 and producing symptoms of tissue suffocation4 ,as regards treatment in the case of acids and alkalis1 neutralisation has been already mentioned2 further1 oxygen treatment may be recommended in cases where the blood has been injuriously affected4 ,in cases of poisoning through breathing in acid vapours1 inhalation of extremely rarefied vapour of ammonia or of a spray of soda solution 7about #a per cent47 is advisable4 ,,mineral ,,acids ,hydrochloric ,acid 7,h,cl7 is a colourless1 pungently smelling gas which gives off strong white fumes4 ,experiments on animals1 carefully carried out by ,leymann1 produced the following symptoms4 ,even in a concentration of #b-e per thousand clouding of the cornea ensues1 and after about an hour inflammation of the conjunctiva1 violent running from every exposed mucous membrane with marked reddening1 and frequently inflammation 7necrosis7 of the septum of the nose2 the lungs are distended with blood1 here and there hmorrhages occur in the respiratory and also in the digestive tracts4 ,the animal dies of dema 7swelling7 of the lungs and hmorrhage into the lungs if exposed long enough to the action of ,h,cl1 even though 7according to ,lehmann7 there may not be accumulation of ,h,cl in the blood2 the chief effect is the irritant one2 #ae-e per thousand parts ,h,cl in the air suffices1 after three or four hours' exposure1 to affect smaller animals 7rabbits7 so much that they die during the experiment or shortly after it4 ,man can tolerate an atmosphere containing #ja to #jb per thousand ,h,cl2 a somewhat greater proportion of ,h,cl produces bronchial catarrh1 cough1 c4 ,the solution of hydrochloric acid in water is about #dj per cent4 ,simply wetting the skin with concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid does not generally have an irritant effect unless persisted in for some time2 the action of the acid1 when continued1 has a marked effect upon the mucous membranes and upon the eyes4 ,the same treatment already recommended in the introductory remarks on poisoning by inhalation of acid fumes in general applies4 ,hydrofluoric ,acid 7,h,fl71 a pungently smelling1 colourless gas1 causes even in weak solutions 7#jjb per cent47 irritant symptoms 7catarrh of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs1 lachrymation1 c474 ,stronger solutions set up obstinate ulcers1 difficult to heal1 in the mucous membrane and the skin4 ,silico-fluoric ,acid 7,h,si,fl7 produces an analogous though somewhat less marked corrosive action4 ,as regards treatment the reader is again referred to the introductory sentences on this group4 ,sulphur ,dioxide 7,,so7 is a colourless1 pungently smelling gas which1 acting in low concentration or for a short period1 causes cough and irritation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages and of the eyes2 acting for a longer period1 it sets up inflammation of the mucous membrane1 bronchial catarrh1 expectoration of blood1 and inflammation of the lungs4 ,as ,ogata and ,lehmann have proved by experiments--some of them made on man--a proportion of #jjc-jjd per thousand of sulphur dioxide in the air has a serious effect on a person unaccustomed to it1 while workmen used to this gas can tolerate it easily4 ,as sulphur dioxide probably does not affect the blood1 treatment by oxygen inhalation is useless4 ,otherwise the treatment spoken of as applying to acid poisonings in general holds good4 ,sulphuric ,acid 7,h,,so74 ,concentrated sulphuric acid occasionally splashes into the eye or wets the skin1 causing severe irritation and corrosion1 unless the liquid is quickly washed off or neutralised4 ,if the action of the acid persists1 the corrosive effect becomes deepseated and leads to disfiguring scars4 ,nitrous ,fumes1 ,nitric ,acid4--,nitric oxide 7,,no7 oxidises in the air with formation of red fumes composed of nitrogen trioxide 7,n,o7 and nitrogen peroxide 7,,no74 ,these oxides are contained in the gases evolved from fuming nitric acid and where nitric acid acts upon metals1 organic substances1 c4 ,industrial poisoning by nitrous fumes is dangerous2 unfortunately it frequently occurs and often runs a severe1 even fatal1 course2 sometimes numerous workers are poisoned simultaneously4 ,the main reason why nitrous fumes are so dangerous is because their effect1 like that of most other irritant gases1 is not shown at once in symptoms of irritation1 such as cough1 cramp of the glottis1 c41 which would at least serve as a warning to the affected person2 on the contrary1 generally no effect at all is felt at first1 especially if the fumes are not very concentrated4 ,symptoms of irritation usually appear only after some hours' stay in the poisonous atmosphere4 ,by this time a relatively large quantity of the poisonous gas has been absorbed1 and the remote effect on the blood induced4 ,the first symptoms of irritation 7cough1 difficulty of breathing1 nausea1 c47 generally disappear when the affected person leaves the charged atmosphere1 and he then often passes several hours without symptoms1 relatively well4 ,later severe symptoms supervene--often rather suddenly--difficulty of breathing1 fits of suffocation1 cyanosis1 and copious frothy blood-stained expectoration with symptoms of inflammation of the bronchial tubes and lungs4 ,these attacks may last a longer or shorter time1 and in severe cases can lead to death2 slight cases end in recovery1 without any sequel4 ,in poisoning by nitrous acid fumes1 oxygen inhalation1 if applied in time1 undoubtedly holds out hope of success1 and should always be tried4 ,chloroform has been repeatedly recommended as a remedy4 ,probably its inhalation produces no actual curative effect1 but only an abatement of the symptoms through the narcosis induced4 ,nitric acid 7,,hno7 in solution has an irritant corroding action if1 when concentrated1 it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membrane4 ,,the ,,halogens 7,,chlorine1 ,,bromine1 ,,iodine7 ,chlorine 7,cl7 is a yellow-green1 pungently smelling gas1 ,bromine 7,br7 a fuming liquid1 and ,iodine 7,i7 forms crystals which volatilise slightly at ordinary temperatures4 ,according to ,lehmann's experiments on animals the effect of chlorine gas and bromine fumes is completely similar4 ,lehmann and ,binz assume that chlorine has a twofold effect3 7#a7 narcotic1 paralysing the outer membrane of the brain1 and 7#b7 the well-known irritant action upon the mucous membrane1 producing a general catarrh of the air passages1 and inflammation of the lungs2 it is1 however1 only the latter which causes menace to life4 ,other writers do not mention the narcotic effect upon the brain and assume that the halogens when brought into contact with the mucous membrane are quickly converted into halogen hydrides1 and1 as such1 produce a corrosive effect4 ,according to ,lehmann1 even #jja per thousand ,cl or ,br in the air is injurious1 even #ja per thousand produces ulceration of the mucous membrane1 and one or two hours' exposure to the poison endangers life4 ,lehmann has further tested 7on dogs7 acclimatisation to chlorine1 and finds that after a month the power of resistance to chlorine appears to be increased about ten times4 ,in a further series of experiments the same author has proved that even the smallest quantities of chlorine present in the atmosphere are completely absorbed in breathing4 ,continued or frequent action of chlorine upon the organism produces symptoms which have been described as chronic chlorine poisoning--such as anmia and indigestion1 in addition to catarrhal and nervous symptoms4 ,further1 in factories where chlorine is produced by the electrolytic process1 workers were found to be suffering from the so-called chlorine rash 7first observed by ,herxheimer74 ,this skin disease consists in an inflammation of the glands of the skin1 with occasional development of ulcers and scars4 ,severe cases are accompanied by digestive disturbance4 ,bettmann1 ,lehmann1 and others maintain that it is not caused by chlorine alone1 but by chlorinated tar products1 which are formed in the production of chlorine and hydrochloric acid4 ,in acute cases of chlorine poisoning oxygen treatment should be tried1 but in any case the patient should have free access to pure air4 ,approved remedies are inhalation of soda spray or very dilute ammonia1 or of a vapourised solution of sodium hypochlorite4 ,if the patient is in great pain1 he may be allowed to inhale cocaine solution 7#jb per cent474 ,the administration of arsenic 7solutio arsenicalis7 is recommended1 especially in cases of acne4 ,in general the usual treatment for diseases of the skin is followed2 salicylic acid lotions1 sulphur baths1 and sulphur ointments may be made use of4 ,chlorides4--,chlorides of ,phosphorus1 ,phosphorus-trichloride 7,p,cl71 and ,phosphorus oxychloride 7,p,o,cl71 are strong-smelling liquids1 fuming in the air1 and when brought into contact with water decomposing into phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid4 ,these halogen compounds of phosphorus have a violently irritant action upon the respiratory organs and the eyes1 in that they decompose on the mucous membrane into hydrochloric acid and an oxyacid of phosphorus4 ,inhalation of the fumes of these compounds causes cough1 difficulty of breathing1 inflammation of the respiratory passages1 and blood-stained expectoration4 ,treatment is similar to that for acid poisoning in general and hydrochloric acid in particular4 ,similar to that of the chlorides of phosphorus is the action of chlorides of sulphur1 of which sulphur monochloride 7,s,cl7 is of industrial hygienic importance as it is employed in the vulcanising of indiarubber4 ,it is a brown1 oily1 fuming liquid1 which1 mixed with water or even in damp air1 decomposes into sulphur dioxide and hydrochloric acid4 ,the fumes of sulphur monochloride have therefore a marked irritant effect1 like that of hydrochloric acid and sulphur dioxide4 ,the action of sulphur chloride was thoroughly studied by ,lehmann4 ,industrial poisoning by sulphur chloride is mentioned by ,leymann and also in the reports of the ,prussian factory inspectors for #ahig4 ,the latter case ended fatally owing to the ignorance of the would-be rescuers3 a workman had spilt trichloride of phosphorus upon his clothes1 and the by-standers1 not knowing its dangerous action when combined with water1 poured water on him4 ,treatment is similar to that of poisoning from hydrochloric acid or sulphur dioxide4 ,chloride of zinc 7zinc chloride1 ,zn,cl7 likewise has corroding and irritant action upon the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs4 ,,ammonia ,ammonia 7,,nh7 is a colourless1 pungent-smelling gas which dissolves to the extent of about #cc per cent4 in water4 ,inhaled1 it first produces violent reflex coughing1 then irritation and corrosion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs1 and finally death through suffocation 7spasm of the glottis7 if exposure to its action has lasted a sufficiently long time4 ,microscopic sections exhibit a diphtheritic appearance of the mucous membrane1 and inflammation of the lungs4 ,the effects upon the central nervous system 7irritation of the medulla and spinal cord7 which are peculiar to ammonia compounds need not be considered1 as the corrosion of the respiratory passage is sufficient alone to cause death4 ,when the action of the gas is less intense1 the patient rallies from the first stage1 but often severe symptoms come on later affecting the lungs4 ,lehmann in experiments upon himself could tolerate as much as #jcc per thousand ,,nh for thirty minutes2 he found in gas works 7with fairly marked odour7 hardly more than #ja per thousand ,,nh in the atmosphere1 and considers #je per thousand distinct evidence of excess4 ,he found that he could produce in dogs acclimatisation up to #aj per thousand ,,nh 7five times as much as could at first be borne74 ,about #hh per cent4 of the ammonia contained in the air is absorbed in breathing2 ammonia is said to exercise also a reducing action upon the oxygen of the blood 7oxyhmoglobin74 ,chronic poisoning by ammonia can hardly be said to occur4 ,in those who clean out sewers and drains1 the inflammation of the eyes and digestive disturbance attributed partly to ammonia are probably due more to the action of sulphur compounds--ammonium sulphide and sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,irritation due to solution of ammonia does not come into account in industrial employment4 ,as regards treatment1 fresh air or administration of oxygen is most likely to be successful4 ,inhalation also of very dilute acetic acid vapour1 steam1 or spray of sodium carbonate is advocated4 ,,alkalis ,the alkaline hydroxides 7potassium and sodium hydroxide1 ,,koh1 ,na,o,h7 have an albumen-dissolving and therefore caustic effect4 ,industrially it occurs in the caustic action of concentrated 7often hot7 lyes upon the skin or upon the eye--through splashing4 ,quicklime 7,ca,o7 has also a caustic action1 producing inflammation of the skin or eyes 7especially in those engaged in the preparation of mortar74 ,under this head comes also the effect upon the respiratory passages--described by several authors--caused in the production of artificial manure discussed at length in ,part ,i4 ,as regards treatment of the irritant effect of alkalis1 what has been said as to corrosives in general applies here 7rinsing with water or weak organic acids71 and in inflammation of the eye caused by lime a drop of castor oil is recommended4 ,,group3 ,,metals ,,and ,,metal-,,compounds ,the various substances of this group differ markedly in their action4 ,under this heading come principally chronic metal poisonings1 characterised by a general1 often very intense1 disturbance of nutrition1 which justifies their delineation as #8metabolic poisons'2 among these poisons also are included certain others which produce chronic poisoning accompanied by severe disturbance of the peripheral and central nervous system4 ,the corrosive action common to the metal oxides 7when acting in a concentrated condition71 attributable to the formation of insoluble albuminates1 need not1 in industrial poisoning1 be taken so much into account4 ,the corrosive effect is characteristic only of the compounds1 especially of the acid salts of chromium1 which1 as an acid-forming element1 may be classed in the preceding group4 ,disturbance of health in workmen handling nickel compounds are also ascribed to the corrosive action of these substances4 ,,lead1 ,,lead ,,compounds ,lead poisoning is the most frequent and important chronic industrial poisoning2 the symptoms are very varied and associated with the most different groups of organs4 ,we shall describe the typical course of a case of industrial lead poisoning1 laying stress1 however1 on the fact that numerous cases follow an irregular course1 in that special symptoms or complications of symptoms are in some especially accentuated1 while in others they become less marked or are absent altogether4 ,a premonitory indication of chronic lead poisoning is a blue line on the gum1 indicated by a slate gray or bluish black edging to the teeth1 the appearance of which is usually accompanied by an unpleasant sweetish taste in the mouth4 ,the cause of this blue line was for some time disputed4 ,it is obviously due to the formation and deposit of sulphide of lead through the action of sulphuretted hydrogen arising from decomposition in the mouth cavity4 ,at the same time a general feeling of malaise and weakness often comes on1 occasionally accompanied by tremor of the muscles and disinclination for food1 at which stage the sufferer consults the doctor4 ,frequently he complains also of pains in the stomach1 not difficult to distinguish from the lead colic to be described later4 ,usually the patient already exhibits at this stage general emaciation and marked pallor4 ,the blue line was formerly considered a characteristic early indication of lead poisoning2 but it has now been proved that occasionally it is absent even in severe attacks4 ,but although the blue line may fail as an #8initial symptom1' it will nevertheless be a valuable aid to the practitioner in the recognition of lead poisoning4 ,it is worth while to mention the fact that other metallic poisons produce a very similar #8line1' especially mercury1 also iron and silver 7as in the case of argyria72 it has been stated that the blue line can be simulated by particles of charcoal on the gum4 ,the pallor of the patient at the commencement of lead poisoning drew attention to the condition of the blood4 ,the diminution in the amount of hmoglobin often met with1 which under certain circumstances is accompanied by diminution of the red blood cells1 offers nothing characteristic4 ,on the other hand1 structural changes in the red blood cells--presence of basophil granules in them--are asserted by a number of writers to be characteristic of the first stages of lead poisoning4 ,the basophil granules are believed to be due to regenerative changes in the nucleus4 ,but these changes are also found in pernicious anmia1 cancer1 leucmia1 anmia1 tuberculosis1 c42 also in a number of poisonings such as phenylhydrazine1 dinitrobenzene1 corrosive sublimate1 and others2 they are therefore the less characteristic of chronic lead poisoning1 as occasionally they cannot be found in actual lead poisoning1 a point upon which ,i have convinced myself in the case both of men and animals4 ,still1 the appearance of much basophilia in the red blood cells is a valuable aid to diagnosis1 especially as the method of staining to demonstrate them is simple4 ,other anomalies of the blood observed in lead poisoning may here be mentioned4 ,glibert found a striking diminution in the elasticity of the red blood corpuscles1 and experiments ,i have made point to the fact that the power of resistance of the red blood corpuscles to chemically acting hmolytic agents1 such as decinormal soda solution1 is considerably reduced4 ,the pulse is generally hard and of high tension1 especially during the attacks of colic4 ,further1 cramp of the bloodvessels 7also in the retinal arteries7 has been observed4 ,to these functional disturbances in the circulation are added sometimes definite changes in the vessel wall4 ,later1 obliterative arteritis comes on 7in the brain arteries71 and arteriosclerosis4 ,the most important symptom of fully developed lead poisoning is colic1 which is usually preceded by the initial symptoms described 7especially the gastric symptoms71 but not always so1 as occasionally colic sets in without any warning4 ,the colic pains often set in with marked vehemence4 ,they radiate from the navel on all sides1 even through the whole body2 the abdomen is contracted and as hard as a board4 ,pressure on the lower part diminishes the pain somewhat1 so that the sufferer often involuntarily lies flat on his stomach4 ,during the attack the pulse is often remarkably slow4 ,constipation occurs1 and often does not yield to purgatives4 ,the attacks last sometimes for hours1 occasionally for days1 or the pains can 7with remissions7 even distress the patient for weeks4 ,the frequency of attacks is also very variable4 ,occasionally one attack follows another1 often there are intervals of weeks1 even years1 according to the severity of the poisoning and duration of exposure4 ,if the patient is removed from the injurious action of lead1 as a rule recovery soon ensues4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,paralysis of the ,ulnar ,nerve in ,lead ,poisoning ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd;,a4--,different ,types of ,paralysis of the ,radial ,nerve in ,hungarian ,potters poisoned by ,lead 7after ,chyzer7 ,often with the colic1 or at any rate shortly after it1 appear lead tremor and arthralgia1 paroxysmal pain mostly affecting the joints1 but occasionally also the muscles and bones4 ,they are often the precursor of severe nervous symptoms which affect the peripheral and central nervous system4 ,in a lead poisoning case running a typical course the predominant feature is the peripheral motor paralysis of the extensors of the forearms4 ,next the muscles supplied by the radial and ulnar nerves are affected4 ,often the progress of the paralysis is typical2 it begins with paralysis of the extensor digitorum communis1 passes on to the remaining extensors1 then to the abductor muscles of the hand2 the supinator longus and triceps escape4 ,sometimes the shoulder muscles are attacked2 also paralysis in the region supplied by the facial nerve and of the lower extremities is observed4 ,it appears plausible that overstrain of single groups of muscles plays a decisive part2 this seems proved by the fact that paralysis first affects1 among right-handed people1 the right hand 7especially of painters71 but in the case of left-handed1 the left hand2 and among children the lower extremities are often attacked first4 ,disturbance of sight increasing to amaurosis is often an indication of severe brain symptoms4 ,the view of some writers that the cause of the sight disturbance lies in vasomotor influences 7cramp of the bloodvessels7 is very probable1 and supports the view that the brain symptoms are entirely due to diseases of the arteries 7arteritis74 ,these symptoms are distinguished by the collective name of saturnine encephalopathy2 they include apoplexy1 hemiplegia1 epilepsy1 delirium1 and mania4 ,the brain symptoms may cause death4 ,as later symptoms of lead poisoning may be mentioned lead gout and kidney disease 7lead nephritis74 ,the genesis of both these diseases is much disputed4 ,it seems to be proved that the gout is true gout 7with presence of tophi7 and that the contracted kidney is indistinguishable from ordinary chronic ,bright's disease4 ,the kidney symptoms suggest that a regular excretion of lead through the urine takes place which1 if it were a fact1 would have been an important aid to diagnosis4 ,but often analysis of urine for presence of lead is negative4 ,excretion of lead by the skin is scarcely to be credited1 although occasionally affirmed4 ,elimination of lead is effected mainly through the intestines 7probably for the most part as sulphide of lead74 ,all lead compounds more or less are to be regarded as poisonous1 although the intensity of the action depends on the amount absorbed4 ,for this its solubility in water or in weak acids 7hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice7 is the simplest test4 ,according to this acetate of lead1 lead chloride1 carbonate of lead 7white lead71 oxide of lead 7lead dross71 minium 7red oxide of lead7 are relatively the most poisonous4 ,lead sulphate and lead iodide are to be regarded as relatively less poisonous1 although by no means innocuous4 ,the least poisonous1 if not altogether innocuous1 is sulphide of lead1 because it is an insoluble lead compound4 ,treatment of lead poisoning ought to aim first and foremost at the elimination of lead from the body4 ,but unfortunately such attempts have had little success4 ,treatment of symptoms is all that for the most part is possible4 ,administration of iodide of potassium to assist the excretion of lead has not been found the success which many anticipated4 ,this remedy however1 can be tried2 better results are to be expected from careful regulation of the bowels by means of purgatives4 ,during colic administration of opium or morphia may be advisable to relieve pain and overcome the probable cramp of the intestinal muscles4 ,the cautious administration of atropine 7occasionally with cocaine7 also serves the same purpose4 ,hot compresses and mustard plasters may be applied1 and liquid diet should be given4 ,lead cachexia must be treated by strengthening diet4 ,electrical treatment for lead paralysis is advocated4 ,from baths 7sulphur baths7 nothing more is to be expected than a bracing effect--elimination of lead through increased diaphoresis is hardly to be hoped for4 ,,zinc 7,,zinc ,,alloys7 ,zinc 7,zn7 melts at #dab ,c4 and distills at about #ijj ,c42 exposed to the air it burns1 when heated1 into zinc oxide4 ,older writers1 when investigating gastric and intestinal diseases and affections of the nervous system observed in zinc smelters1 regarded them as the result of chronic zinc poisoning2 but it may now be accepted as certain that these symptoms are due to the lead always present in the zinc4 ,on the other hand so-called brass-founders' ague may be regarded as a form of acute industrial zinc poisoning4 ,brass-founders' ague occurs exclusively in brass casters1 and not in zinc workers4 ,sigel and ,lehmann have shown that founders' ague is also caused by pure zinc if this is heated so strongly that it burns4 ,premonitory symptoms often occur before the onset of the disease2 usually they appear early1 soon after casting has begun4 ,the workman has general malaise accompanied by slight cough1 nausea1 throat irritation1 c41 but these symptoms mostly disappear1 returning again after a few hours with renewed violence1 often in the evening before going to bed4 ,frequently1 trembling sets in rather suddenly1 often accompanied by headache1 nausea1 and muscular pains1 and soon develops into a pronounced shivering fit1 lasting generally about a quarter of an hour1 but in severe cases for several hours 7with intervals74 ,at the same time the breathing is hurried and the heart's action quickened 7asthma and palpitation74 ,often the temperature rises as high as #ajd ,f4 ,the attack ends with profuse perspiration1 and the patient sinks exhausted to sleep1 awaking in the morning generally quite restored or with but slight signs of fatigue2 only rarely is he unable to resume work4 ,it is noteworthy that some workmen are extraordinarily susceptible to brass-founders' ague1 and are attacked again and again1 while others remain completely immune1 so that idiosyncrasy and immunity both play a part4 ,workmen who are susceptible to the disease1 yet without marked disposition 7idiosyncrasy7 towards it1 can become acclimatised to the poison4 ,lehmann has succeeded in artificially producing an attack in a brass-caster who was highly susceptible4 ,the symptoms in him were the result of work with pure zinc in a burning condition4 ,the proof1 therefore1 is clear that brass-founders' ague is due to zinc1 and not1 as some authors have supposed1 to copper or the simultaneous action of both metals4 ,the symptoms are produced through inhalation of zinc oxide1 not zinc fumes4 ,lehmann conjectures that brass-founders' ague may be a secondary fever due to absorption into the system of the remains of cells in the respiratory tract that have been killed by the action of the zinc4 ,the treatment can only be symptomatic2 as the attack is so transient1 medical attendance is hardly necessary4 ,,mercury1 ,,mercury ,,compounds ,mercury 7,hg71 on account of its volatility1 is classed among industrial poisons4 ,although boiling at #cfj ,c4 it is volatile even at ordinary temperature4 ,industrial mercurial poisoning is caused by the frequent inhalation of small quantities of vapour1 sometimes1 but more rarely1 of dust containing mercury1 and assumes usually a chronic form4 ,industrial mercurial poisoning often begins with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums4 ,there is increased flow of saliva1 a disagreeable metallic taste in the mouth1 and foul breath4 ,this may be limited to a simple inflammation of the gum1 or go on to ulceration with falling out of teeth1 or even to gangrene of the gum and mucous membrane inside the mouth4 ,gastric attacks also occur in the early stages2 occasionally1 however1 they are absent4 ,the main symptoms of chronic mercurial poisoning are nervous and psychical derangement1 to which in severe cases are added general disturbance of digestion and loss of strength4 ,sometimes1 after repeated attacks1 more or less severe1 a cachectic condition is induced1 showing itself in general emaciation1 decrease of strength1 atrophy of the muscles1 anmia1 and disturbed digestion1 which--often intensified by some intercurrent disease1 such as tuberculosis--lead to death4 ,slight cases of mercurialism recover1 leaving no evil results1 if the patient is removed in time from the influence of the poison4 ,the treatment of chronic mercury poisoning is symptomatic4 ,to allay the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth the patient should use a mouth wash of potassium chlorate and peroxide of hydrogen2 the general condition should be raised by strengthening1 unstimulating food2 for the nervous symptoms baths and electricity should be tried2 and for very marked erythism and tremor recourse to narcotics may be necessary4 ,industrial mercurial poisoning is produced not only by metallic mercury but also by many compounds1 of which industrially the oxides are the most important4 ,nitrate of mercury 7,hg7,,no77 comes into account in the treatment of fur4 ,mercury cyanide 7,hg,cy7 deserves mention1 as small quantities cause mercurial and large quantities cyanogen poisoning4 ,,manganese1 ,,manganese ,,compounds ,manganese 7,mn7 or manganese compounds are used industrially in fine powder2 continuous absorption of dust containing manganese produces chronic manganese poisoning4 ,instances of such poisoning are not very numerous2 altogether about twenty cases have been described4 ,recent publications agree in asserting that only the dust rich in manganese protoxide is dangerous4 ,industrial manganese poisoning runs its course extraordinarily slowly1 and resembles chronic poisoning by other heavy metals1 such as lead and mercury1 in that nervous and psychical symptoms1 rather than digestive1 are prominent4 ,sometimes--but not always--the disease is introduced or accompanied by psychical symptoms1 both of excitement and depression 7hilarity1 laughing1 or depression and weeping74 ,in the course of the disease nervous disturbances arise1 deafness1 tingling1 paralysis and parsthesia1 in the arms and legs1 giddiness1 difficulty of walking1 tremor1 increased knee-jerks and difficulty in speech4 ,often at the same time swelling of the lower extremities 7dema7 and loss of strength 7cachexia1 marasmus7 come on4 ,slight cases make a good recovery4 ,an interesting case of illness is described by ,jaksch as manganophobia1 in which the symptoms were simulated1 and were brought on solely by the fear of manganese poisoning4 ,as regards treatment1 electricity1 massage1 and baths are advocated to allay the nervous symptoms1 as in the case of chronic metal poisoning and suitable strengthening food4 ,,chromium1 ,,chrome ,,compounds ,chromium trioxide 7,cr,o7 dissolves in water1 forming chromic acid 7,h,cr,o72 of the salts of chromic acid the neutral and acid alkaline salts concern our inquiry4 ,these are normal and acid sodium or potassium chromate 7,k,cr,o and ,k,cr,o74 ,chromate of lead 7,pb,cr,o7 can cause lead poisoning4 ,poisoning can be produced by dust and by alkaline chromates1 the latter1 when hot1 giving off steam which1 as has been proved1 contains excessively fine chrome particles4 ,chrome compounds attack especially the surface of the body1 the skin and the mucous membrane4 ,the bichromate and chromate dust produce ulcers where slight injuries to the skin already exist4 ,the ulcers develop slowly1 and have a smooth1 heaped-up1 undermined edge2 deep-seated1 they can even pierce to the bone2 they heal with great difficulty4 ,naturally they occur most frequently on the uncovered parts of the body1 especially on the arms and hands4 ,characteristic also is an analogous ulceration attacking the mucous membrane of the nose1 from which hardly any chrome worker 7especially if brought into contact with chromate dust7 is free4 ,perforation and destruction of the cartilaginous septum of the nose is very common4 ,ulcers on the mucous membrane at the entrance of the throat 7on tonsils and palate or in the larynx7 have been occasionally observed4 ,absorption of small quantities of chrome compounds into the body are said to cause disturbances of digestion of an inflammatory character1 and especially inflammation of the kidneys4 ,the treatment of chrome ulcers is similar to that of other chronic ulcers4 ,an antidote for industrial chrome poisoning is not known4 ,,other ,,metals ,,and ,,metal ,,compounds ,nickel ,salts4--,of late years in nickel-plating establishments an eczematous inflammation of the skin has been described affecting first of all the hands1 and occasionally spreading over the arms and even the whole body4 ,the skin becomes inflamed1 and vesicles appear on the affected part4 ,some persons are extraordinarily susceptible to this disease1 others only become so after having worked for years quite unaffected1 and are then obliged to give up their occupation4 ,probably the action of nickel salts 7especially nickel sulphate7 used in electrolytic baths causes the disease4 ,but it was in fact traced by several writers to contact with benzene1 petroleum1 and lime by the workmen4 ,the simultaneous action of these substances upon the skin would no doubt encourage its appearance4 ,the application to the skin of vaseline or cream is recommended4 ,careful cleanliness and attention to the skin is on the whole by far the most reliable protection4 ,nickel carbonyl 7,ni7,,co774--,mond1 ,langer1 and ,quincke in #ahij discovered that1 on passing a current of carbon monoxide over finely divided 7pyrophoric7 metallic nickel1 a gaseous compound of nickel and carbon monoxide was formed4 ,when heated to #aej ,c4 the gas decomposes into its constituents and metallic nickel is deposited4 ,nickel carbonyl is a clear1 pale straw-coloured liquid1 volatilising at room temperature4 ,it has a peculiar soot-like smell detectable when present to the extent of about #a vol4 in #b1jjj1jjj1 while the ,bunsen flame becomes luminous when nickel carbonyl is present in the air to the extent of #a vol4 in #djj1jjj--two facts of great importance in detecting escape of the gas in the manufacture of pure nickel by the ,mond process4 ,occurrence of poisoning by nickel carbonyl4--,at the first introduction of the process about #aijb1 before the dangerous properties of the gas had been sufficiently recognised1 some twenty-five men were poisoned1 of whom three died4 ,poisoning only occurred when1 as a result of the breakdown of the automatic working of the plant1 hand labour took the place of machinery4 ,this very rare form of poisoning has been very fully investigated by ,h4 ,w4 ,armit 7,journ4 of ,hygiene1 #aijg1 p4 #ebf1 and #aijh1 p4 #efe74 ,the symptoms in man1 he says1 were transient headache and giddiness and at times dyspna1 quickly passing off on removal to fresh air4 ,after from twelve to thirty-six hours the dyspna returned1 cyanosis appeared1 and the temperature began to be raised4 ,cough with more or less blood-stained sputum appeared on the second day4 ,the pulse rate became increased1 but not in proportion to the respiratory rate4 ,the heart remained normal4 ,delirium of varying types frequently occurred4 ,death took place in the fatal cases between the fourth and eleventh days4 ,the chief changes found post mortem were hmorrhages in the lungs1 dema of the lungs1 and hmorrhages in the white matter of the brain1 while some doubt exists as to whether any blood changes were present4 ,precisely analogous results were found in experiments on animals 7rabbits1 cats1 and dogs74 ,the points ,armit investigated experimentally were 7#a7 ,is the carbon monoxide of the compound wholly or partly responsible for the symptoms1 or 7#b71 is nickel carbonyl absorbed as such1 or 7#c71 is it the nickel of the compound which produces the symptoms8 ,his conclusions are that the poisonous effects of nickel carbonyl are entirely due to the nickel of the compound4 ,the peculiar toxicity is due to the fact that1 being introduced in a gaseous form1 the nickel is deposited as a slightly soluble compound in a very fine state of subdivision over the immense area of the respiratory surface4 ,nickel carbonyl when mixed with air cannot be absorbed as such by an animal as it becomes split up into the nickel containing substance 7possibly hydrated basic carbonate of nickel7 and carbon monoxide before or soon after reaching the alveoli of the lungs4 ,the nickel is dissolved from the respiratory surface by the tissue fluids and is then taken up by the blood4 ,the hmorrhages found after death follow as the result of fatty degeneration of the vessel walls which is the specific pathological change set up by nickel4 ,copper4--,symptoms which have been described by some writers as chronic industrial copper poisoning are probably due to admixtures of other poisonous metals1 especially lead and arsenic4 ,although some copper workers1 especially those careless of cleanliness1 exhibit hair and teeth coloured by the action of copper compounds 7green tinge on hair and edge of teeth71 symptoms of illness traceable to copper are not demonstrable4 ,brass-founders' fever1 which by some earlier writers was ascribed to copper or combined copper and zinc action1 is traceable to zinc 7see ,zinc74 ,ferro-silicon4--,the illnesses due to this are phosphoretted or arseniuretted hydrogen poisoning 7see pp4 #aia and #aig74 ,silver and ,silver ,compounds4--,gradual absorption of small quantities of a solution of silver may produce industrial argyria1 often beginning with the appearance of a black edge to the gums and darkening of the hair and nails1 followed by black spots on the skin which in severe cases coalesce1 so that the whole or almost the whole surface of the body becomes black and glossy4 ,argyria is due to the absorption of silver compounds into the circulation1 and subsequent deposition of the reduced silver in the body 7liver1 kidneys1 spinal cord1 c474 ,the black colouring of the skin is caused by the action of light4 ,no interference with health worth mentioning is observed4 ,,group3 ,,arsenic1 ,,phosphorus ,the poisons 7gradually absorbed7 belonging to this group are mainly such as affect metabolism2 they impair the processes essential to metabolism 7in especial the oxidation processes7 and cause severe damage to the cells1 through destruction of albumen4 ,the poisons of this group also have a paralysing effect upon the central nervous system4 ,generally speaking the effects produced by the poisons of this group vary considerably4 ,among the arsenic compounds arseniuretted hydrogen1 which is supremely a blood poison1 must be excluded from the group and included among the blood poisons4 ,,arsenic1 ,,oxides ,,of ,,arsenic ,pure metallic arsenic 7,as7 is considered innocuous4 ,oxides of arsenic especially are held to be industrial poisons such as arsenic trioxide 7,as,o71 the anhydride of arsenious acid 7,h,as,o71 a white powder1 which is known under the name of white arsenic2 arsenic acid 7,h,as,o71 which forms crystals easily soluble in water1 and the salts of these acids1 especially copper arsenite1 formerly employed in the production of dyes1 and also arsenic chloride 7arsenic trichloride1 ,as,cl74 ,arseniuretted hydrogen will be treated separately as it has a completely different poisonous effect from that of the oxidic compounds of arsenic4 ,arsenic sulphides 7realgar1 ,as,s1 and orpiment1 ,as,s7 are regarded as innocuous in consequence of their insolubility in a pure state4 ,but it may be remarked that arsenic sulphides 7sulphur arsenic ores7 which are used industrially1 and even metallic arsenic1 are to be considered poisonous1 as they contain oxidic arsenic compounds in great quantity4 ,chronic arsenical poisoning is caused by gradual absorption through the respiratory or digestive tracts of small quantities of the oxidic arsenic compounds either in solution or as dust or fumes4 ,the disease usually begins with digestive derangement which shows itself in more or less severe gastric and intestinal catarrh 7loss of appetite1 vomiting and diarrha72 sometimes there are severe affections of the respiratory tract1--pharyngeal and bronchial catarrhs2 often the illness is accompanied by skin affections of various kinds1 rashes1 pustular eczema1 loosening of the nails1 abscesses1 dark pigmentation of particular parts of the skin1 and other symptoms4 ,the nervous symptoms vary much according to the severity of the disease2 first of all1 deafness and feeling of pins and needles1 or loss of sensation 7parsthesia and ansthesia7 of the extremities4 ,further1 rheumatic joint pains1 weakness of the extremities and characteristic symptoms of paralysis occur1 with accompanying atrophy of the muscles1 and gradual loss of energy leading to total incapacity for work4 ,severe cases end in general exhaustion and loss of strength1 with signs of severe injury to the central nervous system1 such as epileptic fits1 mental hebetude1 c4 ,,phosphorus ,phosphorus 7,p7 is polymorphic2 red 7amorphous7 phosphorus is innocuous1 while white or yellow is poisonous4 ,phosphorus at various stages of oxidation is little if at all poisonous4 ,white phosphorus is volatile and fumes in the air--the fumes consisting of phosphorus1 phosphoric and phosphorous acids4 ,chronic industrial phosphorus poisoning is produced by continued inhalation of the fumes of white phosphorus resulting in inflammation of the periosteum of the bone1 with which necrosis and formation of new bone are associated4 ,it attacks especially the lower jawbone 7ossifying periostitis74 ,the inflammation begins with increased flow of saliva1 painful swelling of the gums1 which1 as it increases1 brings about the death of the jawbone 7necrosis1 phosphorus necrosis74 ,this becomes covered again with newly formed bone substance from the periosteum4 ,the process ends with the formation of a fistula 7a passage filled with pus71 which discharges outwards1 and through which the dead bone 7sequestrum7 is eventually cast off4 ,occasionally the process attacks the upper jaw1 rarely other bones4 ,with these characteristic symptoms of phosphorus necrosis1 derangement of nutrition together with anmia1 indigestion and bronchial catarrh1 may be associated4 ,further1 a general brittleness of the bones 7fragilitas ossium7 is observed with the result that the long bones of the leg or arm sometimes break at relatively small exertion of force2 such cases from ,bohemia came lately under my notice4 ,some authorities regard caries of the teeth as the pre-disposing cause of phosphorus necrosis2 according to this view the carious teeth constitute the means of entrance for the poison4 ,opposed to this so-called #8local' theory is the view that chronic phosphorus poisoning is a #8general' one4 ,the truth may lie midway4 ,on the one hand phosphorus necrosis probably arises partly from the general poisonous action of the phosphorus1 and on the other from local inflammation which leads to the occurrence of local symptoms4 ,the general symptoms of chronic phosphorus poisoning described above support this view1 especially the effect observed on the bones of the skeleton4 ,this view is also strengthened by the fact that workmen with perfectly sound teeth1 who had been exposed to phosphorus fumes for many years1 were attacked by necrosis only when traumatic inflammation produced by chance injury was set up4 ,the treatment of phosphorus necrosis is surgical4 ,formerly the treatment recommended was to wait for formation of new bone and exfoliation of the dead bone 7expectant treatment72 the necrosed portions of bone were then extracted through the fistula4 ,recently early operative interference has succeeded in preserving the periosteum which enabled the new bone to form4 ,phosphoretted ,hydrogen ,industrial poisoning by gaseous phosphoretted hydrogen 7,,ph7 calls for attention in connection with the preparation and employment of calcium carbide 7acetylene7 and also of ferro-silicon4 ,phosphoretted hydrogen is a dangerous poison4 ,even #jjbe per cent4 in the air is harmful to animals after a time2 #jb per cent4 ,,ph in the air quickly causes death4 ,the poison produces changes in the lungs1 though without injuring the respiratory passages by corrosion1 and finally has a paralysing effect upon the central nervous system4 ,it has no effect upon the blood4 ,an autopsy on a person who has died of phosphoretted hydrogen poisoning reveals as a rule no characteristic sign1 except centres of inflammation in the lungs4 ,the symptoms of phosphoretted hydrogen poisoning are--difficulty of breathing1 cough1 fainting fits1 noises in the ears1 and nausea2 in severe cases coma and death4 ,slight cases soon recover without after-effects4 ,,group3 ,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen1 ,,carbon ,,bisulphide1 ,,and ,,cyanogen 7,,nerve ,,poisons7 ,in this group are comprised industrial poisons the principal effect of which is upon the nervous system1 especially the central nervous system4 ,the chemical composition of the separate members of the group differs much4 ,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen ,industrial poisoning by pure sulphuretted hydrogen 7,,sh71 the well-known colourless1 nauseous-smelling gas1 occurs comparatively rarely4 ,poisoning is generally acute1 but chronic illness in workers has been traced back to inhalation of the gas4 ,this poison exerts a paralysing action upon the central nervous system and is slightly irritating to the mucous membranes and respiratory organs4 ,its action can be described as follows3 ,when absorbed into the blood union of the poison with the alkaline constituents takes place with formation of an alkaline sulphide4 ,presence of only slight quantities of sulphuretted hydrogen in the air acts injuriously4 ,lehmann has shown that about #jae to #jb per thousand sulphuretted hydrogen is not without effect1 and that prolonged inhalation of #je per thousand becomes dangerous4 ,continued exposure to the poison seems only to increase susceptibility to its action4 ,an almost complete absorption of the whole of the sulphuretted hydrogen present in the air breathed takes place4 ,continued inhalation of small quantities of sulphuretted hydrogen produces irritation of the mucous membrane1 cough1 and lacrymation2 headache1 giddiness1 nausea1 and mental dulness soon ensue2 occasionally also symptoms of intestinal catarrh follow2 if at this stage--or after a longer exposure to the action of a smaller amount--the patient is withdrawn from its further influence1 there still continue for some time symptoms of irritation of the mucous membrane 7such as inflammation of the conjunctiva and of the respiratory passages74 ,further exposure or absorption of greater amounts induces general discomfort and passes on to a second stage of convulsions and delirium4 ,inhalation of a large dose of sulphuretted hydrogen causes almost instantaneous death2 the affected person falls dead--often without a sound--as if struck by a blow2 occasionally a short stage of unconsciousness1 with symptoms of suffocation1 precede death4 ,this acute form often occurs1 especially in acute sewer gas poisoning4 ,besides this1 a sub-acute form of sewer gas poisoning is recognised which is attributable1 in part at least1 to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen1 the prominent symptoms being irritation of the mucous membranes and of the intestinal canal4 ,in other severe cases symptoms of the central nervous system preponderate 7headache1 giddiness1 and delirium74 ,these forms of poisoning can be caused not only by sulphuretted hydrogen1 but also by other poisonous gases which are found in drains or sewers4 ,as regards treatment1 continued inhalation of oxygen1 supported by artificial respiration1 is often1 in serious cases1 effective4 ,in severe poisonings also saline injections and bleeding may be advocated4 ,other symptoms 7catarrh1 c47 must be treated symptomatically4 ,,carbon ,,bisulphide ,pure carbon bisulphide 7,,cs7 is a colourless1 peculiar-smelling liquid which boils at #df ,c4 ,as ,lehmann has shown1 even #ae to #cj mg4 ,,cs per litre of air produces distress--with acute symptoms of poisoning 7congestion1 giddiness1 sickness1 c474 ,industrial carbon bisulphide poisoning is1 however1 chronic in nature and induced by continuous inhalation of small quantities of the fumes4 ,to understand the action of carbon bisulphide1 its capacity for dissolving fats and fatty substances must be taken into account4 ,its injurious effect extends to the nerve tissues 7central and peripheral nervous system7 and the glandular tissues4 ,throughout chronic industrial carbon bisulphide poisoning1 which has been described fully by ,delpech1 ,laudenheimer1 and others1 nervous and psychical symptoms predominate1 together with severe chronic digestive derangement4 ,the patient after exposure for some time suffers from violent headache1 giddiness1 and sickness2 he has sensations of cold1 pains in the limbs1 a feeling of #8needles and pins1' and itching in different parts of the body4 ,gradually a condition of general excitement develops4 ,sleeplessness1 cramps1 and palpitation set in4 ,at the same time the nervous system becomes involved--hypersensitiveness1 loss of sensation or complete numbness of some parts of the skin1 diminution of muscular power1 disturbances of movement1 twitching1 violent trembling1 wasting of the muscles1 and paralysis2 the sight also is sometimes affected4 ,the stage of excitement1 in which the patient often becomes strikingly loquacious without cause1 passes gradually1 as the nervous symptoms develop1 into the stage of depression2 sometimes this takes weeks and months2 excitement and gaiety give place to deep depression2 other symptoms appear--weakness of memory1 mental dulness1 and difficulty in speaking4 ,the powers of sensation become affected1 paralysis increases1 and digestive disturbances1 anmia1 and general loss of strength are manifest4 ,occasionally definite mental disease 7psychosis1 mania1 melancholia1 dementia1 c47 develops4 ,certain cases of chronic carbon bisulphide poisoning in indiarubber workers have come under my notice1 and some remarks concerning them may be of interest4 ,the characteristic symptoms are essentially as follows3 the invalid appears in the consulting-room in a bent position1 leaning upon a stick with head and hands shaking4 ,the gait is clumsy 7spastic-paralysis7 so that the patient #8steps' rather than walks4 ,when seated1 the tremor ceases to some extent1 but in purposive movements increases rapidly1 involving the whole body1 so that an exact systematic examination becomes impossible1 and the invalid sinks back into the chair exhausted and bathed in perspiration4 ,he complains of cold in the extremities4 ,he looks pale2 the skin of the upper extremities is totally without feeling1 as also is the upper part of the feet2 the skin of the head is hypersensitive2 the muscular strength of the arms is almost lost2 testing the strength brings on marked shaking1 followed by a fainting-fit caused by exhaustion4 ,the extremities of the patient are cyanotic 7livid72 the knee jerks are exaggerated4 ,the patient suffers from indigestion1 constipation1 headache1 and giddiness2 he is irritable1 and depressed2 his memory is weak2 mental derangement cannot be proved4 ,chronic carbon bisulphide poisoning is rarely fatal4 ,slight cases end in recovery after more or less long continuance2 in severe cases improvement occasionally takes place1 but serious nervous disturbance 7paralysis1 weakness of the muscles1 deterioration of intellect7 usually persists4 ,treatment is symptomatic1 aiming especially at relieving the nervous symptoms and improving the state of nutrition4 ,if psychical disturbances are prominent1 treatment in an institution is necessary4 ,,cyanogen ,,and ,,cyanogen ,,compounds 7,,cyanogen ,,gas1 ,,prussic ,,acid1 ,,cyanides7 ,industrial cyanogen poisoning is not frequent4 ,cyanogen gas 7,c,n1 existing in small quantities in furnace gas1 illuminating gas1 and other kinds of gas7 and especially hydrocyanic acid 7,,cnh1 prussic acid7 are considered industrial poisons2 the latter is a very unstable1 colourless1 pungent-smelling liquid1 boiling at #bg ,c4 ,among the cyanides employed industrially and having an effect similar to that of prussic acid must be mentioned cyanide of potassium and cyanide of sodium 7,,kcn and ,na,c,n71 cyanide of silver 7,ag,c,n7 and cyanide of mercury 7,hg,,cn74 ,cyanogen and cyanogen compounds are extraordinarily powerful poisons4 ,the minimum dose lies1 as ,lehmann has proved by experiments on animals1 at about #jje per thousand of hydrocyanic acid in the atmosphere breathed2 #a-e mg4 per kg4 weight is fatal to animals2 to man about #fj mg4 would be fatal4 ,the poisonous action of cyanogen and cyanogen compounds depends upon their power of preventing absorption of oxygen from the blood by the tissues with the result that the venous blood flowing to the heart retains the bright red colour which otherwise only arterial blood exhibits4 ,this effect is due to cessation of the gaseous exchange in the body1 and results in tissue suffocation4 ,at the same time these poisons have at first an exciting and then a paralysing effect upon the central nervous system4 ,in severe poisoning the nerve effect is masked by the effect upon the exchange of gases in the blood1 since this quickly leads to death4 ,most of the cases of industrial poisoning under this heading result from inhalation2 absorption of liquid cyanogen compounds through the skin can rarely come into consideration4 ,if large quantities of hydrocyanic acid have been inhaled1 death ensues very quickly4 ,the person affected falls down suddenly1 breathes with difficulty1 the pulse soon becomes imperceptible1 and after a more or less long stage of deep unconsciousness 7coma7 life becomes extinct4 ,in slight cases of poisoning the patient feels a sensation of irritation in the throat1 giddiness1 sickness1 and difficulty in breathing2 occasionally such disturbances persist for some time4 ,some writers have described symptoms in workers manipulating prussic acid and cyanides1 which they believe to be due to chronic prussic acid poisoning4 ,complaint is made of oppression of the chest1 throat irritation1 giddiness1 difficulty in breathing1 palpitation1 hebetude1 exhaustion1 and nausea and vomiting2 in certain instances the attack1 aggravated by exhaustion and weakness1 culminates in death4 ,it is a question whether such poisonings are chronic in the true sense of the word4 ,in view of the mode of action of hydrocyanic acid1 such cases of sickness should rather be accounted acute or sub-acute poisonings through repeated action of small quantities of the poison4 ,it may be mentioned that in persons working with alkaline cyanides 7especially in electro-plating7 skin affections occasionally occur2 these are traceable to the caustic effect of alkaline cyanides4 ,treatment by oxygen inhalation with simultaneous artificial respiration holds out most prospect of success4 ,this holds good for acute poisoning by the other poisons belonging to this group4 ,besides this1 saline injections and bleeding are recommended1 and also the administration of an infusion of sodium thiosulphate solution4 ,,group3 ,,arseniuretted ,,hydrogen ,,and ,,carbonic ,,oxide 7,,blood ,,poisons7 ,included in this group1 as in the former one1 are substances chemically very different from each other1 but of which the action is especially on the blood4 ,besides this common effect1 these substances also produce various other effects1 such as local irritation1 effect on the nervous system1 c4 ,the industrial blood poisons1 which according to their chemical constitution are classed among the aliphatic and the aromatic series of organic compounds1 will1 for the sake of clearness1 be discussed in the following chapters4 ,,arseniuretted ,,hydrogen ,acute arseniuretted hydrogen poisoning1 produced by inhalation of relatively very small quantities of arseniuretted hydrogen gas 7,as,h7 is in most cases industrial in origin4 ,the absorption of an amount corresponding to about #jja mg4 arsenic suffices to produce severe poisoning symptoms4 ,the poisonous effect results chiefly from action upon the red blood corpuscles1 which are dissolved 7hmolysis74 ,arseniuretted hydrogen is therefore a genuine blood poison4 ,the effect upon the blood1 if not immediately fatal to life1 is to cause the dissolved blood-colouring matter to pass into the tissues where1 though some is deposited1 most goes to1 and acts injuriously on1 the organs1 especially the liver1 spleen1 and kidneys4 ,in cases running at once a fatal course1 the impoverishment of the blood caused by the lack of colouring matter necessary to internal respiration produces tissue suffocation1 which is therefore the primary cause of death4 ,in cases not immediately fatal1 the injury to the functions of the organs alluded to 7for instance1 cessation of the functions of the kidneys1 c47 may lead to death secondarily4 ,symptoms of the disease appear often only some time after the poisoning has set in1 and begin with general malaise1 sickness1 collapse1 fainting fits1 and difficulty of breathing2 after some hours the characteristic signs follow--the urine becomes dark red to black1 containing quantities of blood colouring matter and dissolved constituents of the blood1 and later also bile colouring matter1 so that a coppery jaundice comes on if the illness is prolonged4 ,the region of the liver1 spleen1 and kidneys is painful4 ,severe cases often end fatally during the first stage of the illness1 more rarely later1 with increased difficulty of breathing2 sometimes death occurs after a preceding comatose stage marked by convulsions and delirium4 ,in slighter poisoning cases the symptoms abate in a few days and recovery follows4 ,the treatment of arseniuretted hydrogen poisoning is similar to that adopted in the case of all other blood poisonings3 in addition1 if possible1 direct transfusion of blood from the artery of the giver into the vein of the receiver1 liquid nourishment1 saline injections1 and1 above all1 prolonged oxygen inhalation4 ,,carbonic ,,oxide 7,,co7 ,carbonic oxide 7,,co7 is a colourless1 odourless gas which frequently causes both acute and1 it is said1 chronic industrial poisoning4 ,carbonic oxide is a very poisonous gas2 even as little as #je per thousand in the atmosphere breathed has a poisonous effect2 about #b-c per thousand can be dangerous to life4 ,its poisonous effect results from its power of combining with the blood-colouring matter or hmoglobin to form carboxy-hmoglobin2 the affinity of carbonic oxide for the hmoglobin of the blood is more than #bjj times greater than that of oxygen1 so that1 however small the amount of carbonic oxide in the air1 it is inevitably absorbed by the blood and retained4 ,the blood so altered1 assumes a cherry-red colour1 is unable to effect the necessary exchange of gases for internal respiration1 and in consequence of the lack of oxygen suffocation ensues4 ,without doubt1 however1 carbonic oxide has also an immediate effect upon the central nervous system 7first excitation1 followed quickly by paralysis74 ,it is maintained also that besides the action upon the hmoglobin it favours coagulation of the blood through the disintegration of the blood corpuscles4 ,the last-mentioned action is thought to account for the sequel of carbonic oxide poisoning1 but they can also naturally be accounted for by the direct effect of the poison4 ,onset of symptoms is very sudden if a large quantity of pure carbonic oxide is inhaled4 ,the affected person immediately falls down unconscious and succumbs after drawing a few breaths with difficulty4 ,in less acute cases the illness begins with premonitory symptoms1 generally headache1 sickness1 giddiness1 sleepiness1 though in cases of fairly rapid absorption these are absent1 and are naturally absent also when the poisoning creeps upon the affected persons while asleep1 as occasionally happens in cabins1 c41 in factories4 ,if the poisoning continues1 increasing mental dulness1 accompanied by nausea and vomiting1 leads sometimes to a short stage of seemingly drunken excitement1 which preludes deep unconsciousness during which there is often a convulsive stage1 followed by complete loss both of sensation and of reflex action2 the breathing becomes shallow and intermittent1 the pulse small and irregular1 and finally death ensues4 ,occasionally in the stage of unconsciousness1 death is hastened by entrance of vomited matter into the respiratory passages4 ,bright red patches are seen on the body after death4 ,if persons affected by severe carbonic oxide poisoning are withdrawn from the poisonous atmosphere after having reached the stage of unconsciousness1 they may recover1 but often with difficulty2 not infrequently--in spite of suitable treatment--death occurs some considerable time later from the symptoms described above4 ,still1 in many cases1 under the influence of right treatment1 gradual recovery has been brought about1 even after long unconsciousness accompanied by repeated convulsions4 ,in the rescued the symptoms described as characteristic of the first stage often continue for at least a day4 ,further1 they are liable to a number of serious after effects1 such as severe inflammation of the lungs due to infection by the entrance of vomited matter into the air passages1 skin affections 7rashes71 and especially severe nervous and mental affections4 ,frequently these develop from centres of softening in the brain or from inflammation of the peripheral nerves 7neuritis72 occasionally the poisoning may really only be the predisposing cause for the outbreak of an existing psychical disease4 ,it is not our task to enumerate all the extremely varied disturbances which are observed after carbonic acid gas poisoning4 ,neuralgias and paralyses have been described as associated with the peripheral nerve symptoms over areas supplied by different nerves2 various forms of diseases of the brain and spinal cord 7poliomyelitis1 paralysis1 sclerosis1 c472 and finally a series of psychoses 7neurasthenia1 melancholia1 mania1 c471 occasionally passing into dementia and imbecility4 ,glycosuria 7sugar in the urine7 has also been noted as a sequela4 ,chronic carbonic oxide poisoning1 arising from continued inhalation of small quantities of the gas1 sets in usually with symptoms similar to those of acute carbonic oxide poisoning2 if the worker continues exposed to danger1 severe symptoms may arise which point to marked alteration of the blood and later also of the digestion and bodily functions4 ,under certain circumstances severe nervous and mental affections are said to occur similar to those which we have mentioned as sequel of acute carbonic oxide poisoning 7convulsions1 disturbances of mental activity1 symptoms which resemble progressive muscular atrophy1 c474 ,in acute carbonic oxide poisoning oxygen inhalation indefatigably continued and supported by artificial respiration is often successful4 ,the serious danger from this form of poisoning renders it very necessary that in all premises where there is risk provision should be made for the administration of oxygen4 ,the sequel can of course only be treated symptomatically4 ,,oxychloride ,,of ,,carbon 7,,phosgene7 ,oxychloride of carbon 7,c,o,cl71 also called phosgene1 is1 at the ordinary temperature1 a colourless gas with a disagreeable smell4 ,this decomposes in moist air into carbonic oxide1 hydrochloric acid1 or chlorine1 and produces a strongly irritant local effect upon the mucous membranes4 ,industrial poisoning by phosgene is characterised by great difficulty in breathing and inflammation of the respiratory tract 7bronchitis and bloodstained expectoration74 ,several cases have been treated successfully by oxygen inhalation4 ,,nickel ,,carbonyl ,the effects of nickel carbonyl are described on pp4 #ahf-h4 ,,carbonic ,,acid ,carbonic acid 7,,co71 a colourless gas1 is heavier than air 7specific weight1 #aebf71 and therefore1 wherever it collects1 sinks to the ground4 ,carbonic acid is only very slightly poisonous2 about #aj per cent4 carbonic acid in the air causes asphyxia4 ,the extinguishing of a candle flame will serve as an indication that the amount of carbonic acid in the atmosphere has reached this point4 ,cases of industrial carbonic acid asphyxia are sudden2 they do not occur frequently4 ,the gradual action of the gas when mixed with air produces first a tingling sensation on the surface of the body1 reddening of the face1 irritation of the mucous membrane and the respiratory organs1 after which succeed difficulty in breathing1 palpitation1 fainting1 and unconsciousness4 ,sudden and fatal poisoning occurs industrially4 ,upon entering places filled with carbonic acid gas the affected person falls down dead almost immediately4 ,these are cases of asphyxia1 in which the lack of oxygen certainly plays the greatest part4 ,if those affected by acute carbonic acid poisoning are removed in time out of the dangerous atmosphere they usually recover quickly4 ,oxygen inhalations and artificial respiration are to be applied in severer cases4 ,there are no sequel4 ,,group3 ,,hydrocarbons ,,of ,,the ,,aliphatic ,,and ,,aromatic ,,series ,,and ,,their ,,halogen ,,and ,,hydroxyl ,,substitution ,,products ,the industrial poisons comprised in this group have as their principal general effect injurious action upon the functions of the central nervous system 7paralysis or causing excitation7 which is prominent in most of the cases of industrial poisoning caused by these substances4 ,this effect is most marked in the case of the readily volatile 7low boiling7 hydrocarbons1 while those less volatile and boiling at a higher temperature often have collateral effects 7such as local irritation74 ,the characteristic poisonous effect caused by the chlorine and hydroxyl-substitution products 7chloroform and alcohol group7 is also mainly on the central nervous system 7narcosis74 ,,hydrocarbons ,,of ,,mineral ,,oil ,,benzine1 ,,ligroine1 ,,petroleum1 ,,paraffin1 ,,vaseline ,mineral oil 7crude petroleum7 has1 according to its origin1 differing composition4 ,thus in ,american mineral oil hydrocarbons of the methane series preponderate2 in the ,russian1 hydrocarbons of the aromatic series4 ,reference has been made in ,part ,i4 to this point1 as well as to the separation of crude petroleum into its different fractions4 ,the injury to health produced by crude petroleum and its derivatives is of two kinds4 ,direct contact with liquid petroleum and the semi-liquid and solid deposit after distillation 7paraffin7 cause local injury to the skin4 ,inhalation of the volatile constituents of raw petroleum causes symptoms affecting mainly the central nervous system4 ,they have moreover a markedly irritating effect upon the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs4 ,these substances clearly exhibit the characteristic we have referred to1 namely1 that the hydrocarbons boiling at low temperature act as nerve poisons1 whereas those boiling at a higher temperature produce a local irritant effect4 ,the skin affections take the form of inflammation of the hair follicles 7acne71 eruptions with characteristic formation of vesicles1 and pimples and pustules which precede the deep-seated formation of ulcers1 abscesses1 c4 ,in paraffin workers the acne-like skin inflammations are known as #8paraffin eczema4' ,they develop sometimes into cancer of the skin 7warty and epitheliomatous growths74 ,in the general poisoning produced by inhalation of petroleum fumes the effect upon the central nervous system is all the more plainly and clearly marked when the irritant effect of the hydrocarbons boiling at higher temperature is slight or absent2 that is1 in the case of poisoning which arises solely from industrial products of low boiling hydrocarbons2 among these benzine is included4 ,acute poisoning from inhalation of benzine fumes begins with headache1 sickness1 and attacks of giddiness resembling alcoholic intoxication4 ,if very much has been inhaled1 the patient quickly becomes unconscious1 with occasionally muscular tremors1 convulsions1 difficulty in breathing1 and cyanosis4 ,in cases of poisoning by inhalation of fumes of crude petroleum1 these symptoms may be complicated by coughing1 intense inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs--congestion1 bronchitis1 bloodstained expectoration1 and inflammation of the lungs4 ,in workers who frequently remain long in an atmosphere filled with benzine fumes1 further symptoms of chronic benzine poisoning show themselves--mental hebetude1 pains in the limbs1 trembling1 weakness of the muscles1 and other disturbances of the nervous system2 in such cases these may really be signs of continued attacks of acute or sub-acute poisoning2 many benzine workers are anmic4 ,the treatment of acute benzine poisoning consists in oxygen inhalation1 with simultaneous artificial respiration4 ,treatment of chronic derangement of health is symptomatic4 ,,hydrocarbons ,,of ,,the ,,aromatic ,,series ,,benzene ,,and ,,its ,,homologues ,benzene 7,c,h7 is a characteristically smelling 7aromatic7 liquid which boils at #hje ,c4 ,acute benzene poisoning1 which plays an important part as an industrial poisoning1 is caused by inhalation of benzene fumes4 ,the various kinds of benzol used commercially contain1 besides benzene1 alkyl benzenes1 especially toluene 7methylbenzene1 ,c,h4,,ch1 boiling-point #aaa ,c472 xylene 7dimethylbenzene1 ,c,h,,ch1 boiling-point #adj ,c472 pseudocumene and mesitylene 7tri-methylbenzene1 ,c,h,,ch1 boiling-point #afi or #afc ,c472 the regular presence of thiophene 7,c,h,s1 boiling-point #hd ,c47 in commercial benzol must also be taken into account4 ,industrial benzol poisoning arises1 therefore1 as a rule1 not from the action of pure benzene vapour1 but from fumes which contain a mixture of the compounds mentioned4 ,the course run by industrial benzol poisoning is often very acute1 if large quantities are inhaled--death occurring suddenly1 after a short illness with symptoms of vertigo4 ,gradual inhalation of lesser quantities gives rise to headache1 giddiness1 malaise1 then twitchings appear which develop into convulsions1 and lastly unconsciousness4 ,in order to ascertain in what manner the various substances contained in commercial benzol share in the poisonous effect1 experimental research seemed to me to be indispensable1 especially as published statements so far gave no accurate data4 ,two cases of industrial benzol poisoning have given rise to close experimental research upon the poisonous nature of benzene4 ,lewin undertook experiments on animals2 which he confined under bells and caused to inhale fumes of chemically pure and impure benzene4 ,he mentions that even at comparatively low concentration poisoning results1 and indeed more readily and certainly from the action of impure than pure benzene4 ,lewin found that when air was made to flow slowly first through benzene and then into the bell1 symptoms of paralysis1 convulsions1 and unconsciousness showed themselves in from four to six minutes4 ,after-effects by this means could not be observed4 ,lewin maintains1 however1 that in man even slight acute action of benzene can be followed by after-effects 7giddiness1 sickness1 headache1 distress in breathing1 and oppression of the heart74 ,santesson made researches upon the poisonous action of benzene in connection with occurrence of certain cases of poisoning through #8impure benzol' 7coal-tar benzene7 in a rubber tyre factory4 ,in the factory mentioned nine young women were poisoned1 of whom four died4 ,the symptoms shown were lassitude1 anmia1 giddiness1 headache1 vomiting1 and fever4 ,post mortem1 hmorrhages and fatty degeneration of the endothelium of the bloodvessels and various organs were found4 ,experimental research showed that commercial benzol and chemically pure benzene had the same effect4 ,santesson did not succeed in his experiments on animals in producing chronic poisoning by inhalation of benzine and of benzene fumes 7which two completely different poisons he does not distinguish strictly from each other1 as is the case1 unfortunately1 with many other writers74 ,my experimental researches upon the poisonous effect of pure benzene1 pure toluene1 cumene1 thiophene1 and the most important kinds of commercial benzol gave the following results3 ,for rabbits the limit of toxicity is a proportion of #jjae to #jjaf per thousand pure benzene in the air1 that is #jjae to #jjaf c4c4 benzene vapour per litre of air4 ,a concentration of #jjef-jjeg per thousand pure benzene in the air causes in rabbits at once--after one minute--twitching of the muscles2 after eight minutes1 convulsions2 after ten minutes1 deep narcosis2 and after twenty-five minutes1 coma4 ,if the animal is taken out of the bell in time1 even if it has shown marked symptoms1 it recovers very quickly 7in two to ten minutes7 without manifesting any after effects4 ,even in animals repeatedly exposed to the poison sequel were not observed4 ,dogs are somewhat more susceptible to pure benzene than rabbits2 #jjbd per thousand causes after ten minutes severe convulsions1 which after twenty minutes become continuous2 #jjdb per thousand kills after twenty minutes 7sudden death in a state of tetanus74 ,cats are less sensitive than dogs and more sensitive than rabbits2 #jjc-jjd per thousand causes after ten minutes attacks of cramp and1 after twenty minutes1 convulsions2 #jje per thousand at once brings on poisoning symptoms4 ,as regards the character of the symptoms 7cramps1 convulsions1 quick recovery1 no after effects7 the above statements apply to all three kinds of animals 7rabbit1 dog1 and cat74 ,chloral hydrate completely checks the convulsions and enables animals to tolerate higher concentrations of benzene for a longer time4 ,benzene is thus to be counted among nerve irritant poisons4 ,the convulsions are probably provoked by excitement of the motor centres in the brain4 ,in view of the fact that thiophene in a concentration of #jjc-jje per thousand in the air was borne by animals for an hour without producing any symptoms of poisoning1 the proportion of thiophene in commercial benzol must be looked upon as practically non-injurious4 ,the so-called #ij benzol--a commercial benzol of which #ij per cent4 distils at #ajj ,c4--has naturally a somewhat weaker action1 although1 in respect of the poisoning symptoms produced1 it is similar to that of pure benzene4 ,pure toluene 7boiling-point #aaa ,c47 and purified toluol 7commercial product1 boiling-point #aji-aab ,c47 produce1 when inhaled1 gradually increasing narcosis in the three kinds of animals referred to2 they produce no symptoms of convulsions or spasms4 ,after the animals have been taken out of the bell1 recovery is not so rapid as after benzine inhalation1 but takes from half an hour to one hour4 ,in rabbits and cats #jjdf-jje per thousand produces after fifteen minutes staggering and paresis2 after thirty minutes deep narcosis4 ,the dog is again somewhat more susceptible1 as little as #jjcd per thousand causing these symptoms in the same time4 #8,purified toluol' 7commercial product7 acts somewhat less rapidly than pure toluene1 but this small difference in effect need hardly be considered4 ,other poisons were also investigated3-- ,solvent naphtha ,i1 a commercial product1 of which #ij per cent4 comes over at #afj ,c42 it contains little toluene1 chiefly xylene1 pseudocumene1 and cumene4 ,solvent naphtha ,,ii1 of which #ij per cent4 comes over at #age ,c1 it contains besides xylene1 chiefly pseudocumene1 mesitylene1 cumene1 c4 ,the fumes of solvent naphtha ,i cause1 when inhaled by rabbits1 dogs1 and cats1 gradual narcosis1 although not nearly so quickly as toluene at similar concentrations2 recovery usually takes over an hour after the deeply narcotised animals have been removed from the bell4 ,rabbits and cats are affected in about equal degree4 ,the dog is the more sensitive4 ,rabbits and cats can tolerate about #jjab-jjac per thousand of the fumes of solvent naphtha ,i in the atmosphere for a long time without any symptoms4 ,only after breathing for fifty minutes air containing #jjecf per thousand do they become narcotised4 ,in the dog #jjcf per thousand causes narcosis only after thirty minutes4 ,with the fumes of solvent naphtha ,,ii ,i could not affect rabbits at all4 ,the cat also1 in spite of long inhalation of the heavy fumes1 showed no marked symptoms of poisoning4 ,in the dog gradual narcosis came about only after an hour's inhalation of #jjdh per thousand4 ,the fumes of pure xylene caused narcosis in rabbits after forty minutes' inhalation of #jje per thousand in the atmosphere2 after being taken out of the bell the animals recovered slowly 7after half an hour to one hour74 ,cumene causes no symptoms after one hour's inhalation in a concentration of #jjf to #jjg per thousand4 ,this explains the effects of solvent naphtha ,i 7in which xylene preponderates7 and solvent naphtha ,,ii 7in which pseudocumene1 cumene1 c41 preponderate74 ,after effects were not observed4 ,benzol and toluol fumes1 and particularly those of solvent naphtha1 exercise a distinctly irritant effect upon the mucous membrane1 which1 however1 passes off without after effects4 ,pure benzene1 therefore1 proved the most poisonous of the substances under investigation4 ,when inhaled its effect 7convulsions1 with quick recovery7 differs essentially from that of toluene1 solvent naphtha1 xylene1 and cumene 7gradual narcosis1 slow recovery74 ,the fumes of the various kinds of commercial benzol 7solvent naphtha7 boiling at a higher temperature are practically non-poisonous 7solvent naphtha ,,ii74 ,pure benzene fumes are1 however poisonous1 even in very small quantities in the air4 ,the limit for animals lies at #jjae-jjaf per thousand4 ,lehmann has shown in a recent work that man1 exposed to a mixture of benzene and air1 absorbs #hj per cent4 of the benzene4 ,treatment of acute industrial benzene poisoning consists in severe cases of artificial respiration1 with simultaneous administration of oxygen2 in slight cases it is sufficient to bring the patient into fresh air4 ,naphthalene4--,naphthalene1 which is insoluble in water1 has irritant effect upon the mucous membrane and upon the skin when brought into contact with it4 ,long continuance in an atmosphere containing naphthalene as dust or fumes causes headache1 nausea1 giddiness1 c4 ,,halogen ,,substitution ,,products ,,aliphatic ,,series 7,,narcotic ,,poisons7 ,the halogen substitution products of the aliphatic series are not of much account as industrial poisons4 ,they have generally a narcotic effect1 that is1 a paralysing effect upon the central nervous system1 usually preceded by a short stage of excitement4 ,this effect shows itself typically on inhalation of chloroform 7methanetrichloride1 ,c,h,cl71 which however plays no part as an industrial poison4 ,the narcotic effect of the other alkyl chlorides is less than that of chloroform4 ,with carbon tetrachloride 7,c,cl7 the narcotic effect is only half that of chloroform2 it causes1 however1 a more violent excitation2 inhaling the fumes brings on nausea1 coughing1 sickness1 headache1 c4 ,methylchloride 7,,ch,cl7 has a less narcotising effect4 ,on the other hand it has a stronger local irritant action1 which is indeed present also in chloroform1 though not so apparent4 ,this gas1 as is well known1 is used as a local ansthetic in medicine4 ,pure methylene chloride 7,,ch,cl7 similarly is much less powerful than chloroform4 ,severe poisoning1 alleged to have resulted from methylene chloride was caused by a mixture1 called indeed methylene chloride1 but composed of methylalcohol and chloroform4 ,of the remaining halogen substitution products of methane1 methyl bromide 7,,ch,br7 and methyl iodide 7,,ch,i7 have given rise to industrial poisoning4 ,these poisons also act in the same way as the alkyl chlorides1 but the excitement accompanying the narcosis is more marked--so far as the scanty observations allow conclusions to be drawn4 ,the symptoms first show themselves in sickness1 giddiness1 hebetude1 slowing of respiratory movements and of the heart's action2 convulsions or delirium ensue4 ,treatment consists in artificial respiration or promotion of breathing by a plentiful supply of fresh air or oxygen2 in pronounced narcosis stimulating remedies should be applied4 ,,benzene ,,series ,chlorobenzene1 and nitro- and dinitro-chlorobenzene and benzoylchloride1 have given rise to industrial poisoning4 ,to chlorobenzene similar action is attributed as to benzene 7headache1 fainting1 rapid breathing1 cyanosis72 changes in the blood 7methmoglobin formation7 have also been observed4 ,nitro- and dinitro-chlorobenzene are active poisons2 the effect corresponds in general to that of nitro- and dinitrobenzene1 but in addition the fumes or dust have markedly irritant action on the skin 7dermatitis74 ,benzoylchloride 7,c,h,c,o,cl71 a colourless1 pungent-smelling liquid1 produces a violently irritant effect upon the mucous membrane1 decomposing into hydrochloric acid and benzoic acid4 ,treatment is analogous to that of benzene poisoning1 and in cases of benzoyl chloride poisoning to that by hydrochloric acid4 ,it may be mentioned that chlorine rash is attributed to the action of chlorinated tar products 7chlorobenzene compounds74 ,,hydroxyl ,,substitution ,,products ,,fatty ,,series 7,,alcohols7 ,the hydroxyl substitution products of the fatty series belong mainly to the narcotic poisons2 the greater the molecular weight of the alcohol1 the more marked is usually the narcotic effect4 ,according to this propylalcohol is eighteen times as poisonous as ethylalcohol2 butylalcohol and amylalcohol have from #cf to #abj times as great a narcotic effect as methylalcohol4 ,methylalcohol 7wood spirit1 ,,ch,,oh7 plays relatively the greatest part among alcohols as an industrial poison1 because it is employed as a means of denaturing spirit4 ,its poisonous nature is relatively great1 being very persistent4 ,industrial poisoning by methylalcohol is due to inhalation of the vapour and is rarely of a severe nature4 ,the fumes have a strongly irritant effect upon the mucous membrane1 giving rise to throat irritation1 cough1 hoarseness1 and in severe cases bronchitis and inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye4 ,in addition inhalation of methylalcohol vapour causes headache1 giddiness1 nausea 7inclination to vomit71 and occasionally also twitchings and tremor4 ,the higher alcohols 7propyl-1 butyl-1 amyl-alcohol1 ,c,h4,,oh1 ,c,h4,,oh1 and ,c,h4,,oh7 occur in fusel oil4 ,they cause but slight 7if any7 industrial poisoning4 ,cases of more severe industrial poisoning through amylalcohol fumes have been described 7in factories for smokeless powder71 with symptoms of sickness1 headache1 giddiness1 with fatal issue in some cases1 preceded by severe nervous symptoms 7convulsions or delirium74 ,beyond speedy removal out of the dangerous atmosphere1 probably no special treatment is needed in these cases of industrial poisoning from alcoholic vapour4 ,,group3 ,,nitro ,,and ,,amido ,,compounds ,,of ,,the ,,aliphatic ,,and ,,aromatic ,,series 7,,blood ,,poisons ,,which ,,form ,,meth,,moglobin7 ,characteristic of the nitro and amido compounds of the aliphatic and aromatic series of the organic substances is their action upon the blood4 ,the normal oxyhmoglobin 7blood-colouring matter7 is changed into methmoglobin1 with which the oxygen is so firmly combined that the internal exchange of gases necessary to life becomes impossible4 ,methmoglobin has a dark chocolate-brown colour and a clearly defined characteristic spectrum4 ,of the poisons belonging to this group several are important4 ,in so far as these substances are volatile--and this is generally the case with those causing industrial poisoning--effects are due to inhalation of fumes1 but it is proved that the poisons of this group in liquid form can be absorbed by the intact skin1 and this channel of absorption is characteristic of industrial poisoning4 ,severe poisoning results especially from wetting the skin by spilling on the clothes1 c4 ,the grey-blue discoloration of the mucous membrane1 especially of the lips1 is characteristic2 sometimes also the skin is altered in colour4 ,this discoloration is often noticed by others before the patient feels unwell4 ,soon the person affected has general nausea1 vomiting1 headache1 giddiness1 severe nervous symptoms1 feeling of anxiety1 and difficulty of breathing2 in severe cases unconsciousness comes on1 and death occurs with increasing cyanosis 7lividity74 ,treatment is naturally that which has been emphasised in the introductory words to ,part ,,ii1 which hold for all blood poisonings4 ,in mild cases oxygen treatment has given good results4 ,in all factories where such poisoning can occur provision should be made for immediate oxygen treatment4 ,besides this1 the workers must be adequately instructed as to the danger and symptoms of poisoning1 especially of the characteristic premonitory skin discoloration1 in order to be able to assist their fellows4 ,,nitrocompounds ,,aliphatic ,,series ,nitro-glycerin 7triple nitric acid ester of glycerin1 ,c,h4,,no71 the well-known oily explosive liquid1 has also an irritant local effect4 ,when absorbed into the body1 in addition to methmoglobin formation1 it causes dilatation of the bloodvessels1 slowing of the respiration and heart's action1 and attacks of suffocation4 ,the general remarks upon this group apply here1 but symptoms referable to central paralysis occur as the methmoglobin formation is slow4 ,industrial poisoning arises through inhalation of gases containing nitro-glycerin and also by absorption through the skin4 ,statements as to its poisonous nature are very varied4 ,under certain conditions moistening the skin with small quantities of nitro-glycerin suffices to produce symptoms4 ,probably the susceptibility of different persons varies greatly4 ,amylnitrite 7nitric acid amyl ester1 ,c,h,,no71 a characteristically smelling liquid1 acts similarly4 ,the fumes of amylnitrite1 even when inhaled in small quantities1 cause marked dilatation of the bloodvessels1 through paralysis of the muscular walls of the bloodvessels1 thus causing marked flushing of the face2 the pulse becomes quick1 then weak and slow4 ,,nitro ,,and ,,amido ,,compounds ,,aromatic ,,series ,the substances of this group are important4 ,nitrobenzene 7,c,h,,no1 named oil of mirbane71 a yellowish liquid of characteristic smell1 induces especially the formation of methmoglobin in the blood2 the effect upon the central nervous system 7first excitation1 then depression7 is often absent4 ,the description of the disease in general in the introductory words of this whole group is characteristic4 ,occasionally signs of asphyxia show themselves2 sometimes there are twitchings1 disturbance of the power of sensation1 and convulsions2 early discoloration of the mucous membrane and the skin1 which assume a blue to grey-black colour1 is characteristic4 ,chronic poisoning is also attributed to nitrobenzene1 showing itself in lassitude1 headache1 malaise1 giddiness1 and other disturbances of the nervous system4 ,nitrotoluene 7,c,h,,ch,,no71 of which the ortho-compound acts most powerfully1 and also nitroxylene 7,c,h,,ch,,no7 have similar but less marked effect4 ,the dinitrobenzenes 7,c,h,,no7 are stable bodies4 ,meta-dinitrobenzene inhaled as dust or otherwise1 can produce marked poisoning symptoms essentially the same as those described4 ,especially characteristic is the early dark discoloration of the skin4 ,symptoms resembling nitrobenzene poisoning in general are caused by nitrophenols 7,c,h4,,oh4,,no71 of which paranitrophenol is the most toxic2 also by dinitrophenols 7,c,h,,no,,oh71 solid crystalline substances which melt at different temperatures1 and the mono- and di-nitrochlorobenzenes 7,c,h4,cl4,,no and ,c,h4,cl,,no74 ,in cases of industrial poisoning by dinitrophenol1 observed by ,leymann1 the workers were taken suddenly ill1 with symptoms of collapse1 pains in the chest1 vomiting1 distress of breathing1 rapid pulse1 and convulsions1 and died within a few hours4 ,at the autopsy a yellow substance was found with picric acid reaction which appeared to be di- or tri-nitrophenol4 ,in other cases1 some fatal1 of industrial nitrochlorobenzene poisoning1 also observed by ,leymann1 the typical grey-blue discoloration of the skin was obvious1 and the chocolate-brown colour of the blood produced by methmoglobin4 ,trinitrophenol 7picric acid1 ,c,h,,no,,oh7 is a yellow crystalline compound with bitter taste2 poisoning by this substance exhibits clearly strong local irritant action 7upon skin1 mucous membrane1 and intestinal canal1 and especially upon the kidneys71 besides effect on the blood and central nervous system4 ,prolonged action of picric acid upon the skin causes inflammation4 ,absorption of picric acid dust causes inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages and symptoms of gastric and intestinal catarrh as well as inflammation of the kidneys4 ,a jaundice-like discoloration of the skin and darkening of the urine are also characteristic2 sometimes picric acid poisoning produces a rash resembling that of measles and scarlet fever4 ,nitronaphthalene 7,c,h,,no7 and nitronaphthol 7,c,h4,,no4,,oh7 in addition to methmoglobin formation have an irritant action4 ,it is stated also that dulness of the cornea is produced4 ,azobenzenes also1 which are to be considered as intermediate between nitrobenzene and aniline1 form methmoglobin 7azobenzene1 ,c,h,n ,,nh,c74 ,aniline 7amidobenzene1 ,c,h4,,nh71 a colourless1 oily liquid of aromatic smell1 has only slight local irritant effect4 ,in the frequent cases of industrial poisoning by #8aniline oil' or aniline hydrochloride1 in which the aniline enters through the skin or is inhaled in the form of fume1 there appear the typical symptoms common to this group1 of the action upon the blood through methmoglobin formation3 headache1 weakness1 cyanosis1 difficulty in breathing1 c41 to which are added nervous symptoms such as convulsions and psychical disturbance1 although these play a subordinate part in industrial poisoning4 ,in severe cases the typical symptoms of air hunger are shown4 ,occasionally recovery only takes place gradually1 and signs of irritation of the kidneys and inflammation of the urinary organs are seen4 ,these symptoms occur only rarely in acute industrial poisoning1 but are1 however1 in so far worthy of notice because of the frequent occurrence of tumours in the bladder among aniline workers4 ,it is possible that here the irritant action of the urine which contains aniline plays a part4 ,the tumours in the bladder operated upon1 in some cases with success1 were many of them non-malignant 7papillomata71 but some were carcinomata 7cancerous new growths7 running a malignant course1 and recurring after operation4 ,in the urine the aniline combines with sulphuric acid1 and is partly excreted as paramidophenol sulphuric acid4 ,the treatment of aniline poisoning is the same as that for all the poisons of this group4 ,in view of the occurrence of tumours of the bladder in aniline workers1 they should be instructed to seek medical aid on the first indications of trouble1 so that a careful cystoscopic examination may be made4 ,toluidine 7,c,h4,,ch4,,nh71 which is mixed with aniline for industrial use1 produces the same symptoms with marked irritation of the renal organs4 ,of the nitroanilines 7,c,h4,,nh4,,no7 paranitroaniline is the most poisonous4 ,characteristic of the action of this compound is methmoglobin formation1 central paralysis and paralysis of the heart's action4 ,of the benzenediamines1 paraphenylene diamine 7,c,h,,nh7 may be regarded as an industrial poison4 ,the irritant action of this substance is prominent2 it induces skin affections1 inflammation of the mucous membranes1 more especially of the respiratory organs1 and sometimes inflammation of the kidneys4 ,they have been noted in workers using ursol as a dye2 here1 doubtless1 the action of diimine 7,c,h4,,nh4,,nh47 must be taken into account1 which arises as an intermediate product and exercises a markedly irritant action4 ,further1 the general effect of paraphenylene diamine is an irritant one upon the central nervous system4 ,,appendix ,,turpentine1 ,,pyridine ,,bases1 ,,alkaloids ,turpentine oil44--,turpentine oil is a peculiar-smelling1 colourless liquid of the composition ,c,h2 different reactions show that turpentine oil contains the aromatic nucleus 7cymene74 ,it is used in the manufacture of varnish1 and thus can cause industrial poisoning by inhalation of fumes4 ,even from #c to #d mg4 of vapour of turpentine oil per litre of air brings on severe symptoms4 ,turpentine oil acts as a local irritant1 and when absorbed into the system has an exciting effect upon the central nervous system4 ,inhalation of large quantities of turpentine vapour cause rapid breathing1 palpitation1 giddiness1 stupor1 convulsions1 and other nervous disturbances1 pains in the chest1 bronchitis1 and inflammation of the kidneys4 ,the last-mentioned symptom also arises from the chronic action of turpentine vapours4 ,pyridine4--,pyridine 7,c,h,n71 a colourless liquid of peculiar odour1 is employed as well as methylalcohol in denaturing alcohol4 ,the disturbance of health observed in workers occupied with the denatured spirit are probably mainly due to the inhalation of fumes of methylalcohol4 ,pyridine is comparatively innocuous4 ,eczema1 from which persons suffer who come into contact with denatured spirit1 is ascribed to the action of pyridine4 ,larger doses produce a paralysing effect1 but this need not be considered in its industrial use4 ,nicotine1 tobacco4--,according to various published statements1 effects among tobacco factory workers are attributed to the nicotine contained in tobacco dust and to the aroma which fills the air4 ,nicotine in large doses has at first an exciting followed by a paralysing effect upon the central nervous system2 it causes moreover contraction of the unstriped muscles and has a local irritant effect4 ,the symptoms of illness ascribed to nicotine are3 conjunctivitis1 catarrh of the air passages1 palpitation1 headache1 want of appetite1 and1 particularly1 tendency to abortion and excessive menstruation4 ,severe industrial poisoning due to nicotine has only been observed in workers who chewed tobacco leaves4 ,poisonous wood4--,the symptoms of disease noticed in workers who manipulate certain kinds of wood are attributed by some writers to the presence of alkaloids4 ,such knowledge as we have of the illness due to them--they are evidently of the nature of poisoning--is referred to at the end of ,part ,i4 ,,part ,,iii ,,preventive ,,measures ,,against ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,i ,,general ,,measures ,in discussing preventive measures against industrial poisoning the deductive method from the general to the particular will be followed4 ,the numerous instances of poisoning mentioned in ,part ,i afford a practical basis on which to formulate general rules before passing on to describe special measures4 ,technical details will be omitted1 as they must be left to the technical expert whose business it is to draw up the plans as a whole and to modify them according to the requirements of individual cases4 ,in the effort to control industrial poisoning and disease it is necessary to insist absolutely on the concerted action of all concerned4 ,in this co-operation every one is called who through his knowledge and sphere of activity is in a position to assist4 ,the medical man comes in with his special knowledge of the action of poisons as toxicologist1 as practising physician 7especially as works surgeon and doctor of the sick insurance society71 and also in an official capacity as appointed surgeon or medical officer of health2 the technical expert comes in as engineer1 as manager1 as foreman1 and as factory inspector4 ,but above all the interest and active co-operation of employers and employed are needed as well as the organisations of both4 ,that the workers should understand and co-operate is essential for the success of preventive measures1 and subsequently it will be shown in what direction this co-operation is most necessary4 ,to make possible such co-operation interest must be aroused and suitable information and teaching supplied to the parties concerned4 ,medical men and practical workers require to receive instruction in industrial hygiene1 and teaching on this subject should be arranged for in secondary and technical schools4 ,medical men and others who1 as officials and insurance doctors1 are brought constantly into touch with industrial workers should have opportunity--by means of special courses and lectures--to keep pace with advancing knowledge in this direction4 ,beside these there are1 as educative organisations1 special ,institutes of ,industrial ,hygiene and special hospitals for treatment of diseases of occupation which bring together the patients and the teaching staff and so facilitate pursuit of knowledge and research4 ,a beginning of this kind has already been made by the ,industrial ,hygiene ,institute1 ,frankfurt a4-,main1 and the hospital for diseases of occupation at ,milan1 showing that the ideas are attainable4 ,international agencies which unite all circles interested in the subject irrespective of profession or nationality in common interchange of thought and discussion are of great significance for uniform development of needful preventive measures2 international congresses1 often in connection with exhibitions1 have given valuable stimulus and have been the starting-point of permanent international societies1 unions1 and organisations4 ,the significance for our inquiry of these international efforts will be more closely considered in the following pages4 ,,ii ,,general ,,considerations ,,on ,,social ,,and ,,legislative ,,measures ,,international ,,preventive ,,measures1 ,,notification ,,of ,,industrial ,,poisoning1 ,,lists ,,and ,,schedules ,,of ,,industrial ,,poisons ,experience and inquiry in the field of industrial poisoning led to a series of demands which1 supported as they were by a general movement for the protection of workers1 were soon followed by regulations and legislative action4 ,for a long time efforts have been directed to treat industrial disease and poisoning in the same way as has been done in the case of industrial accidents4 ,the question1 however1 is attended with much greater difficulty4 ,on the other hand1 uniform international regulation of questions affecting prevention of disease is called for both on humanitarian and economic grounds4 ,the idea of international legislation for the protection of workers was first mooted about the year #ahgj4 ,the possibility and need of such intervention was much discussed and interest in it kept constantly alive1 especially in ,switzerland1 until the organisations of the workers took up the idea4 ,several attempts failed4 ,in ,france in #ahhc a proposal of the ,socialist party aiming at international agreement on the subject of protection of the workers was rejected4 ,in #ahhe 7in opposition to ,hertling7 ,prince ,bismarck expressed himself strongly against the possibility of such international protection4 ,but the stone1 once set rolling1 could not be stayed4 ,in the years #ahhf1 #ahhg1 and #ahhh the ,french and ,english trade unions1 as well as the ,swiss ,federal ,council1 took up the question afresh4 ,these endeavours at last took tangible shape in the first ,international ,conference for the protection of workers held in ,berlin in ,march #ahij4 ,this date remains a landmark in the history of the subject1 but not until ten years later--#aijj--;did the ,congress held in ,paris for the international legal protection of workers lead to the establishment of what had been repeatedly urged1 namely1 creation of an ,international ,bureau4 ,this was inaugurated at ,basle in #aija and forms the headquarters of the ,national ,associations for ,labour ,legislation called into being in various countries4 ,this ,international ,association meets regularly in conference1 as in ,cologne 7#aijb71 ,berne 7#aije71 ,lucerne 7#aijh71 ,lugano 7#aiaj71 and ,zurich 7#aiab74 ,the questions raised in the ,international ,labour ,bureau1 which receives financial aid from a number of ,states1 are fully and scientifically discussed with the object of finding a basis on which to bring into agreement the divergent laws of the different countries4 ,a further task of this strictly scientific institution is the collection and publication of literature bearing on the protection of workers in one and another country1 distribution of information1 and the editing of reports and memoranda4 ,the question of prevention of industrial poisoning has always taken a foremost place in the programme of the ,international ,association and in the agenda of the ,international ,labour ,bureau4 ,at its first meeting a resolution was adopted advocating the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus and white lead1 and the ,labour ,bureau in ,basle was instructed to take the necessary steps4 ,special1 if not prohibitive1 economical considerations foreshadowed difficulties--all the greater because the matter at issue concerned prohibition of articles playing a part in the markets of the world4 ,just on that account international treatment of such questions is necessary1 since a peaceful and orderly solution can only be arrived at on such lines4 ,international effort endeavours here to press with equal weight on the countries competing with one another commercially1 so that in the protection of the workers economic adjustment is sought in order that efforts based on humanitarian grounds shall not at the same time cause economic disadvantages1 the aim being to produce general welfare and not merely protection of one class at the expense of another4 ,through these international agreements between various countries success in the direction aimed at is hopeful1 and indeed to a certain extent--as in the phosphorus and lead questions--actually attained4 ,thus1 for example1 ,germany and ,italy were in a position to enforce prohibition of the use of white phosphorus early1 while their neighbour ,austria1 on account of commercial and political considerations and the conditions of the home lucifer match industry1 has only recently decided on prohibition4 ,as international agreement for the protection of workers is advisable on economic grounds1 so also is it reasonable and just from purely humanitarian reasons that workers1 without reference to civil condition or nationality1 should be equally protected4 ,on this point it is proposed to take a vote and to press only for those reforms which are thoroughly sound and recognised as necessary4 ,the first step in such a comprehensive attack is precise knowledge of the extent and source of origin of the particular forms of industrial poisoning and disease and the collection of reliable statistics4 ,this suggested the obligation to notify such cases to the proper authorities in the same way as is now done in the case of infectious disease4 ,a motion to this effect had already been passed at the ,conference of the ,international ,association for ,labour ,legislation held in ,basle1 and a request was made to the ,labour ,bureau to prepare a list of the diseases and poisonings in question4 ,to them we shall refer later1 but a schedule is necessary as a basis to work upon4 ,yet even when this is done there are obviously great difficulties to be overcome in carrying out the requirement of notification when the aim is kept in mind of collecting complete statistical data for controlling the conditions giving rise to industrial disease4 ,the proposal of the ,international ,association seeks to make notification obligatory on the part both of the medical practitioner in attendance and the occupier1 and in connection with this to secure the co-operation of the ,sick ,insurance ,society4,d ,the proposal to require the appointed surgeons and surgeons of the ,insurance ,society to notify all cases is hardly feasible in view of their dependent position4 ,nor can the obligation on the occupiers lead to the desired result because of their lack of medical knowledge and the fact that by notifying they might be forced to act to their own disadvantage4 ,a successful effort in this direction is recorded in ,saxony1 where lead poisoning was first made a notifiable disease1 and later the general duty of notification of industrial poisoning was prescribed by ,order dated ,march #d1 #aija4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,reported ,cases4,e ,disease and ,industry4 ---------------------------------------- -- #aiab4 #aiaa4 #aiaj4 #aiji4 #aijh4 #aijg4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lead ,poisoning #ehg 7#ddffi 7#cgeje 7#cheec 7#cjfdf 7#cbegh 7#bf #a4 ,smelting of metals #ef 7#g #dh 7#c #cd 7#e #ff 7#e #gj 7#b #bh 7#b #b4 ,brass works #e #i 7#a #g #e #f #i 7#a #c4 ,sheet lead and lead piping #f #ab #d #i 7#b #ad #f #d4 ,plumbing and soldering #ce 7#e #cg 7#b #be 7#a #bh #bg #bj 7#b #e4 ,printing #cg #cb 7#b #cc 7#d #ba 7#a #cj 7#b #bf 7#c #f4 ,file cutting #ac #ah 7#b #i 7#a #h #i 7#b #aj #g4 ,tinning #ae 7#aa #ac #ag #bb #aj #be #h4 ,white lead #bc #da 7#b #cd 7#a #cb 7#b #gi 7#c #ga #i4 ,red lead #c #ac 7#a #aj #aj #ab #g #aj4 ,china and earthenware #hj 7#ad #ib 7#f #gg 7#aa #eh 7#eaag 7#abajc 7#i #aj;a4 ,litho-transfers #a 7#a #a #a #a #b #aj #aa4 ,glass cutting and polishing #a 7#a #e -- #d 7#b #c 7#a #d #ab4 ,vitreous ,enamelling #e #ai 7#a #ag #g #g #f #ac4 ,electric accumulators #ch 7#a #bd 7#a #ca #bg 7#b #be 7#a #ba #ad4 ,paints and colours #ai #ba #ag 7#a #ci 7#b #be #ce 7#a #ae4 ,coach building #hd 7#gajd 7#e #gj 7#f #ie 7#f #gj 7#c #gj 7#c #af4 ,ship building #cd 7#b #cf 7#f #ba 7#b #bg 7#a #ae #bb 7#a #ag4 ,paint used in other industries #dh 7#c #ef 7#a #ea 7#c #db #dg 7#a #di 7#b #ah4 ,other industries #hd 7#b #hh 7#d #dg 7#c #eb 7#b #gh 7#e #ef 7#b ,phosphorus ,poisoning -- -- -- #c #a #a 7#a ,arsenic ,poisoning #e #aj 7#a #g #d #bc 7#a #i 7#b ,mercurial ,poisoning #ag #ab #aj 7#a #i #aj #g ,anthrax #dg #fd 7#aa #ea 7#i #ef 7#ab #dg 7#g #eh 7#aa ,wool #ca 7#f #ce 7#aj #bh 7#c #bh 7#c #ah 7#c #bc 7#c ,horsehair #g #h 7#a #f 7#a #h 7#b #aj #ag 7#d ,handling of hides and skins #h #bj #ad 7#c #ah 7#f #ac 7#a #ab 7#b ,other industries #a #a #c 7#b #b 7#a #f 7#c #f 7#b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aijf4 #aije4 #aijd4 #aijc4 #aijb4 #aija4 #aijj4 7#h7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 7#ad7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lead #fcb 7#cceib 7#bceig 7#bffad 7#aifbi 7#adhfc 7#cdajeh 7#ch #a4 #ch 7#a #bd 7#a #cc 7#a #cg 7#b #bh #ed 7#c #cd 7#a #b4 #aa #e 7#a #aj 7#a #ae #e #f 7#a #c #c4 #g #i #g #aa #ab #ag #ag 7#a #d4 #af 7#d #bd 7#b #ba 7#c #bf #bc 7#a #bc #i #e4 #af 7#b #ai 7#d #ae #ac 7#b #ai #bc 7#a #ah 7#b #f4 #ae #ab #bj 7#d #bd 7#b #bg 7#a #df 7#g #dj 7#c #g4 #ah 7#a #ad 7#a #aj #ad #aa #aj #e #h4 #ajh 7#g #ij #aaf 7#baji 7#badc 7#aahi 7#g #ceh 7#f #i4 #f #aj #aa #f #ac #ad #ai #aj4 #ajg 7#d #hd 7#cajf 7#d #ig 7#c #hg 7#dajf 7#e #bjj 7#c #aj;a4 #e #e #c #c #b #g #aj #aa4 #d 7#a #c -- #d #h 7#b #aa 7#c #g #ab4 #d #b #c #d #c 7#a #i #aa #ac4 #bf #bg 7#a #cc #bh #af 7#a #di 7#a #cc #ad4 #cg #eg 7#a #cb 7#a #ci 7#a #df #ef #ef 7#a #ae4 #he 7#g #ef 7#c #di 7#d #gd 7#e #fc 7#a #fe 7#d #gj 7#e #af4 #bf 7#a #cb 7#b #dh #bd 7#a #ae 7#a #bh 7#a #cb 7#b #ag4 #cg 7#c #di 7#b #bg 7#c #df 7#a #dd 7#a #fa #ej 7#e #ah4 #ff 7#b #gj 7#a #ec 7#c #dj #fd #hi 7#a #hf 7#d ,phosphorus -- #c 7#a #a 7#a -- #a 7#b #d #c ,arsenic #e #a #e #e #e #ab 7#a #bb 7#c ,mercurial #d #h #c #h #h #ah #i ,anthrax #fg 7#bb #ei 7#ah #ej 7#aj #dg 7#ab #ch 7#i #ci 7#aj #cg 7#g ,wool #bd 7#h #cd 7#ab #ab 7#a #bj 7#e #ab 7#b #f 7#d #i 7#b ,horsehair #aj 7#d #g 7#a #ab 7#d #g 7#a #aj 7#b #i 7#a #ab 7#c ,hides #ai 7#g #ag 7#d #ah 7#c #ab 7#a #aa 7#e #bj 7#e #i 7#a ,other #ad 7#c #a 7#a #h 7#b #h 7#e #e #d #g 7#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,my own experience does not lead me to expect much in elucidation of industrial diseases from the ,sick ,insurance ,societies4 ,in ,austria they make a statistical return as to the causation of illness to the central authorities4 ,i have myself--in my capacity as an official of the ,state ,central ,board--examined these in order to try and gain knowledge of the extent of industrial disease in ,bohemia4 ,in spite of the returns drawn up by the district surgeon who visits the factories in question1 it was impossible for me to obtain a complete picture of the extent of industrial sickness4 ,the reports only give valuable data on which to base action in particular cases1 and from this standpoint ,i do not under-estimate their value4 ,but so far as the expressed wish of the ,international ,association is concerned they appear to fulfil it1 inasmuch as for specially dangerous trades special reports are issued1 the ,austrian law for sick insurance requiring such industries to institute separate sick insurance funds with separate statistics4 ,hence1 under present conditions1 ,i do not see how the duty of notification will be effective4 ,there remains the endeavour to secure insurance and the right to claim compensation for industrial disease in the same way as is provided for accidents4 ,this point was fully discussed at the eighth ,international ,congress for ,workmen's ,insurance held in ,rome in #aijh4 ,there is no valid ground for granting compensation only for sudden disturbance of health arising in the course of employment by accident or acute poisoning1 and withholding it in the case of gradual disturbance of health caused equally by the trade1 as the effects of such chronic indisposition weigh often no less heavily on the sufferer4 ,inclusion of industrial disease in the same category as accident insurance1 as indeed has been done in ,france1 ,switzerland and ,great ,britain1 has1 apart from the fact that it is dictated by fairness and humanity1 the advantage of removing existing hardship and of solving doubtful cases4 ,correct statistics1 further1 would thus be obtainable for the first time1 and the employer by insurance would be freed from the legal proceedings now frequently brought against him for injury due to chronic industrial poisoning4 ,and it seems the more right and just course to institute a general scheme of insurance against industrial disease than to have recourse to an ,employer's ,liability ,act in this or that case1 particularly as the question often arises in regard to a disease which develops gradually--,in whose employment was the disease contracted8 ,clearly in such a scheme of insurance against both accident and industrial disease only specific industrial diseases would be included1 i4e4 diseases in which the connection with the industry can be clearly established as due to causes inherent in the industry1 and traceable to definite materials used4 ,such diseases as tuberculosis and the effects of dust inhalation 7bronchitis1 c471 which as industrial diseases occur only too often1 cannot be called specific1 because they arise outside the industry and make decision impossible as to whether or not in a particular case the disease owed its origin to the occupation4 ,in order to determine what should be regarded as specific industrial poisons it was deemed necessary to draw up a schedule4 ,for one such list ,sommerfeld 7in collaboration with ,oliver and ,putzeys7 is responsible1 ,carozzi of ,milan for a second1 and ,fischer,f for a third1 published in #aiaj4 ,those by ,sommerfeld and ,fischer are constructed in similar fashion--enumeration of 7#a7 the poisonous substance1 7#b7 the industries in which it is made or used1 7#c7 the channel of absorption1 and 7#d7 the symptoms produced4 ,sommerfeld enumerates the poisons in alphabetical order1 noting against each the requisite preventive measures1 while ,fischer adopts a chemical classification1 confining himself to general introductory remarks as to prevention4 ,sommerfeld proposes to limit notification to poisoning sharply defined as to the symptoms set up1 such as lead1 phosphorus1 mercury1 arsenic1 chromium1 carbonic oxide1 aniline1 benzene1 nitrobenzene1 carbon bisulphide1 and nitrous fumes4 ,this simplifies the obligation to notify1 but does not dissipate the fears expressed above as to the difficulty1 because in the present development of the chemical industries new substances involving new danger to the persons handling them are constantly being discovered1 and thus there can be no finality as to which industrial poisonings should entitle to compensation4 ,and if recourse were had from time to time to additions of new substances to the schedule1 reliance would have to be placed on experience with regard to each substance added1 and thus the actual individual who had suffered would not benefit4 ,fischer1 indeed1 acknowledges that any schedule must be incomplete1 and emphasises the fact that continual additions would be necessary2 otherwise it would be better to refrain altogether from publication of a list4 ,such lists may be valuable guides1 but no sure foundation for insurance legislation4 ,the only possible way to do this is to give as far as possible a correct definition of the industrial diseases entitling to compensation and1 in isolated cases1 to leave the decision to the expert opinion of competent judges4 ,extension of workmen's insurance to cover chronic industrial poisoning is1 however1 most desirable in the interest of employers and employed1 and also of science4 ,the ,german accident insurance legislation is especially suited to do this1 since the trade organisations direct their attention not only to the prevention of accidents but of industrial diseases also4 ,,iii ,,special ,,preventive ,,measures ,,for ,,workers ,,selection1 ,,choice ,,of ,,trade1 ,,alternation ,,of ,,employment1 ,,medical ,,control1 ,,safety ,,appliances1 ,,instruction ,,and ,,co-,,operation ,,of ,,workers1 ,,clothing1 ,,attention ,,to ,,cleanliness1 ,,food1 ,,general ,,welfare ,as a practical measure in protection against trade risk selection of those capable of resisting danger has to be considered4 ,it is obviously desirable to select for employment in a dangerous trade persons possessing powers of resistance1 because predisposition and resistance to the action of poisons differ markedly in individuals4 ,to some extent such a selection comes of itself1 as those who are very susceptible are obliged by repeated attacks to give up the work4 ,the social and physical misery1 undeserved loss of employment1 illness1 and perhaps early death following on this kind of selection might be checked by timely medical examination so as to weed out the unfit4 ,but medical examination prior to admission into a dangerous trade 7actually practised in many industries involving risk of poisoning7 inflicts hardship on those seeking employment1 and recruits the ranks of the unwillingly unemployed4 ,it would be much better were it possible to meet the need of selection by pertinent direction and guidance in choice of calling4 ,there should be insistence in technical schools especially on the dangers inherent in certain industries1 school medical examination as to physical qualifications for certain industries1 and careful note made of individual suitability in labour bureaus1 apprentice agencies1 and the like4 ,young female workers1 naturally less able to resist1 should be excluded from work involving risk of poisoning--a principle which has been acted on in the legislation of civilised countries4 ,further1 workers engaged in industries involving risk should not be exposed to the pernicious influence for too long a time4 ,hence the hours of employment should be shortened in occupations proved to be injurious to health4 ,an important aid in this respect is alternation of employment4 ,change of occupation is particularly recommended where the nature of the poisoning of which there is risk is cumulative in action1 because in the intervals from the work the system will rid itself of the accumulated store4 ,in this way a number of skilled resistant workers1 familiar with the risk and knowing how to meet it1 will be maintained4 ,casual labour works in a vicious circle--increase of fresh workers increases the danger and the number of cases of poisoning1 and1 vice versa1 these augment again the need of change in the personnel1 so that the number of cases of poisoning rises very high4 ,thus the industry itself may be endangered1 since its prosperity depends mainly upon the existence of a skilled staff of workers4 ,in dangerous trades1 therefore1 ,hermann ,weber's words1 #8,change of work instead of change of workers1' have much force4 ,periodical medical examination in these industries cannot well be omitted in order to weed out the physically unfit1 and to suspend from work those who show early symptoms4 ,note should be kept of the state of health of the workers1 the results of the periodical medical examination1 the duration of symptoms1 and the treatment of any illness that occurs4 ,medical supervision presupposes special training and experience in the medical man entrusted with the task4 ,further1 in some industries in which poisonous materials are used1 especially such as set up acute sudden poisoning1 there should be a trained staff competent to recognise the first symptoms of poisoning and to render first aid1 and having at its disposal adequate means of rescue4 ,apart from the rescue appliances generally needed in dangerous trades1 stress must be laid on the value of oxygen apparatus as a means of saving life4 ,in addition to what is needed for the sufferer there must be defensive apparatus at hand for the rescuers 7breathing helmets1 c471 to facilitate and make safe their rescue work when in a poisonous atmosphere4 ,without such defensive equipment rescuers should never venture into gas conduits1 or into any place where presumably a poisonous atmosphere is to be met with4 ,it hardly requires to be said that in dangerous industries medical aid should be within easy reach2 in large works actual medical attendance may be necessary4 ,in acute as well as in chronic cases of poisoning early medical intervention is advisable4 ,hence medical aid should be sought on the earliest appearance of symptoms1 and the worker1 therefore1 should know the nature and action of the poison with which he comes into contact4 ,this brings us to the subject of the education of the worker and particularly observance of all those rules and regulations in which his co-operation is necessary4 ,this co-operation of the workers is indispensable2 it is the most important condition of effective defence4 ,the best regulations and preventive measures are worthless if the worker does not observe them4 ,he must be taught their aim1 the way of using the means of defence2 he must be admonished to use them1 and1 if necessary1 compelled to do so4 ,the co-operation of workmen's organisations in this matter can avail much1 since a workman most readily follows the advice of a fellow-worker4 ,teaching of the kind suggested can be done in different ways4 ,apart from lectures and practical courses1 concise instructions1 either in the form of notices or as illustrated placards1 should be posted up in the workrooms or handed in the form of leaflets particularly to the newly employed4 ,distribution of such leaflets might well be placed as a duty on the employer4 ,of preventive measures applying to the individual those are of prime importance which serve to protect the worker1 as far as is practicable1 from coming into contact with the poison4 ,protection of this kind is attained by wearing suitable clothing1 use of respirators1 and careful cleanliness--especially before partaking of food4 ,it cannot be too strongly urged that these precautions are a very potent defence against the danger of industrial poisoning1 especially of the chronic forms1 and in teaching workers their importance must be insisted on4 ,it is not sufficient merely to put on overalls over the ordinary clothes4 ,the ordinary clothes must be taken off before the commencement of work1 and working suits put on1 to be taken off again before the principal midday meal and before leaving work4 ,they should be made of smooth1 durable1 washable material1 and be properly washed and dried not less often than once a week4 ,they must be plainly cut without folds or pockets4 ,direct handling of the poisonous substances is to be avoided1 but where this is necessary impervious gloves may have to be worn1 especially in the case of poisons which can be absorbed through1 or act injuriously on1 the skin4 ,if there is risk of splashing or spilling of poisonous liquids on to the clothes1 impermeable or partly impermeable overalls 7aprons1 c47 should be worn4 ,the obligation of providing the overalls or working suits falls naturally on the employer in industries where poisonous substances are used1 and there is equally obligation on the employee to use the articles provided4 ,suitable cloakroom accommodation is essential1 by which is meant room not only to change clothes with cupboards or hooks on one side for clothing taken off on commencement of work and on the other the working suits1 but also ample washing accommodation4 ,these cupboards should be double1 that is1 be divided by a partition into two parts1 one serving for the ordinary and the other for the working clothes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,aluminium ,respirator ,protection of the respiratory organs can to some extent be obtained by so-called respirators worn over the mouth and nose4 ,often they consist simply of a moist sponge or folds of cloth1 or again may be complicated air-proof affairs enclosing mouth and nose1 or the whole face like a mask1 or even the head like a helmet2 they fit close1 and the aperture for respired air is provided with filtering material 7cotton wool1 c47 placed between two layers of wire gauze4 ,the outer layer of the gauze moves on a hinge1 so that the filtering material can be renewed after each time that it has been used4 ,the construction of respirators is extraordinarily varied4 ,one form is illustrated4 ,they must be light1 and in order not to obstruct breathing seriously they are often provided with valves--closing during inspiration and opening during exhalation4 ,generally the respirators in common use do not quite satisfactorily fulfil the conditions required4 ,after a time the pressure becomes irksome1 the face becomes hot1 breathing more difficult1 and discomfort from wearing them unbearable4 ,respirators are only to be regarded in the light of secondary aids and for occasional use4 ,during temporary exposure to an atmosphere charged with poisonous dust the wearing of an efficient apparatus--preferably one protecting the head--is very desirable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,smoke ,helmet1 ,flexible ,tubing1 and ,foot ,bellows 7,siebe1 ,gorman ,co47 ,respirators afford no protection1 or a very imperfect one1 against dangerous gases or fumes4 ,if soaked with an absorbing or neutralising fluid they can scarcely be worn for any length of time4 ,in an atmosphere charged with poisonous gas recourse should be had either to a smoke helmet with flexible tubing and bellows or to an oxygen breathing apparatus so constructed that the workman carries the necessary supply of oxygen with him in a knapsack on his back4 ,in the latter case oxygen from a compressed cylinder of the gas is conveyed to the breathing mask1 so that respiration is independent of the surrounding atmosphere4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,diagram of ,draeger #aiaj-aa1 ,pattern ,h 7,r4 ,jacobson7 ,p ,alkali cartridges2 ,k ,cooler2 ,c ,aspirating pipe2 ,l ,purified air2 ,l ,expired air4 ,the mode of working is represented diagrammatically in figs4 #cg and #dj4 ,after putting on the helmet1 the bag is first filled with fresh air1 the air valve is then closed1 and the valve of the oxygen cylinder unscrewed so as to permit of the flow of the oxygen which1 mixes with the air in the bag1 and begins to circulate2 the expired air passes through the caustic potash pellets ,p1 which free it of carbonic acid gas1 so that1 with a fresh supply of oxygen from the cylinder through the pipe ,c1 it is regenerated and made fit for breathing again4 ,the pressure in the cylinder is measured by a manometer1 which indicates also when the supply of oxygen gives out4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,showing the ,potash ,cartridge ,no4 #b with ,change ,mechanism ,x2 ,no4 #b ,oxygen ,cylinder with ,spanner ,v2 and on the ,left a ,hexagonal ,socket ,u1 for unscrewing the ,locking ,nuts of ,reserve ,cylinders 7,r4 ,jacobson7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--#8,proto' patent self-contained breathing apparatus 7,siebe1 ,gorman ,co47 ,another apparatus--the #8,proto' patent self-contained breathing apparatus 7,fleuss-,davis patents7--is also illustrated in fig4 #ci4 ,illustration #dj gives a diagrammatic view of the principle upon which it is designed4 ,the instructions for using the #8,proto' apparatus are as follows3 ,the oxygen cylinders 7,b1 ,b71 having been charged with oxygen through the nipple at 7,h7 to a pressure of #abj atmospheres 7about #ahjj lbs4 per square inch71 are to be re-attached to the belt as shown1 and the reducing valve1 with its tubes1 c41 is to be connected to the nipple at 7,h74 ,this supply is sufficient for fully two hours4 ,charging the breathing bag4--,put #d lbs4 of stick caustic soda into the bag 7,d71 i4e4 #b lbs4 into each compartment1 and immediately fasten the mouth of the bag by means of the clamps and wing nuts 7,o74 ,if the apparatus is not to be used at once1 but is to be hung up for use at some future time1 the indiarubber plug which is supplied with the apparatus should be tightly fitted into the mouthpiece in order to prevent access of air to the caustic soda1 and to preserve it until required for use4 ,see that the inlet and outlet valves 7,t and ,s7 and the connection 7,n7 are screwed up tightly4 ,the small relief valve 7,k7 is only to be opened 7by pressing it with the finger7 when the bag becomes unduly inflated through excess of oxygen4 ,this may occur from time to time1 as the reducing valve is set to deliver more than the wearer actually requires4 ,equipment4--,the whole apparatus is supported upon a broad belt which is strapped round the body4 ,the bag is also hung by a pair of shoulder braces4 ,the wearer having put the equipment over his shoulders1 fastens the belt and takes the plug out of the mouthpiece4 ,the moment the mouthpiece is put into the mouth or the mask is adjusted1 the main valve 7,h7 is to be opened not more than one turn and the necessary supply of oxygen will then flow into the bag4 ,it is advisable to open the by-pass 7,i7 to inflate partially the breathing bag 7,d7 for a start1 but this valve should again be screwed up quite tight and not touched again1 except in the case of emergency as previously described should the bag become deflated4 ,breathing will then go on comfortably4 ,should the by-pass 7,i7 on the reducing valve 7,c7 get out of order then the wearer should turn on the by-pass 7,i7 from time to time to give himself the necessary quantity of oxygen1 but1 as stated above1 this is only to be done in case of deflation of the bag4 ,the best guide as to the quantity of oxygen to admit in the above circumstances is the degree of inflation of the breathing bag4 ,it will be found to be quite satisfactory if the bag be kept moderately distended4 ,after using the apparatus4--,the caustic soda should at once be thrown away1 but if it is neglected and the soda becomes caked1 it must be dissolved out with warm water before putting in a fresh supply4 ,caustic soda will not damage vulcanised indiarubber1 but it will damage canvas and leather1 and will burn the skin if allowed to remain upon it4 ,if the apparatus is to be used again at once1 it can be recharged with caustic soda at once1 but if it is only to be charged ready for use at some future time the indiarubber bag should be thoroughly washed out with warm water and dried inside with a cloth or towel4 ,when emptying or recharging the rubber bag with caustic soda1 it must always be removed from the canvas bag4 ,after use each day1 it is advisable to wash the rubber mouthpiece 7or mask1 as the case may be7 with yellow soap and water4 ,this acts as a preservative to the indiarubber4 ,every man who is to use the apparatus should have his own mouthpiece and noseclip1 or mask1 as the case may be1 under his own special care1 both for sanitary reasons and so that he may shape and adjust the mask to fit himself comfortably and air-tightly1 to such an extent that if the outlets are stopped up by the hands while the mask is held in position by its bands no breath can pass in or out4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--#8,proto' ,patent ,self-breathing ,apparatus 7,siebe1 ,gorman ,co47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,arrangement of ,cloak-room1 ,washing and ,bath ,accommodation1 and ,meal-room in a ,white ,lead ,factory ,where poisonous substances giving off dust or fumes are used1 regular washing and rinsing the mouth 7especially before meals and on leaving7 is of great importance4 ,naturally the washing conveniences 7basins1 soap1 brushes1 towels7 must be sufficient and suitable1 and the workers instructed as to the importance of cleanliness by the foreman4 ,they should be urged to bath in rotation1 and time for it should be allowed during working hours4 ,the taking of meals and use of tobacco in the workrooms must be prohibited4 ,meal rooms should be so arranged as to be contiguous to the cloakroom and washing accommodation1 the worker gaining access to the meal room through the cloakroom and bathroom4 ,the arrangement described is illustrated in fig4 #da4 ,the meal room serves also the purpose of a sitting-room during intervals of work1 and it goes without saying that cloakroom and lavatory accommodation are as necessary in small as in large premises4 ,simple lavatory basins of smooth impervious surface fitted with a waste pipe and plug1 or tipping basins1 are recommended in preference to troughs which can be used by several persons at once4 ,troughs1 however1 without a plug1 and with jets of warm water1 are free from objection4 ,the douche bath has many advantages for workmen over the slipper bath4 ,the initial cost is comparatively small1 so that it can be placed at the disposal of the workers at very small outlay4 ,maintenance and cleanliness of douche baths are more easily secured than of other kinds1 where changing the water and keeping the bath in good order involve time and expense4 ,a dressing-room should form part of the douche or slipper bath equipment4 ,walls and floors must be impervious and1 preferably1 lined with smooth tiles or cement4 ,it is better that the shower bath should be under the control of the worker by a chain rather than be set in motion by means of mechanism when trodden upon4 ,the arrangement of baths is illustrated in fig4 #dc4 ,in many large works large bath buildings have been erected4 ,fig4 #dd is a plan of the splendid bath arrangements at the colour works of ,messrs4 ,lucius1 ,meister ,brning of ,hchst a4-,m4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,good ,washing and ,bath ,accommodation in a ,lead ,smelting ,works ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,washing ,trough1 ,douche ,baths1 and ,clothes ,cupboards1 ,type common on the ,continent ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd;,a4--,baths in the ,hchst ,aniline ,works 7after ,grandhomme7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd;,b4--,ground ,floor ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd;,c4--,first ,floor4 a1 c1 ,baths 7slipper and douche7 for workmen2 b1 ,washing accommodation for workmen2 d1 e1 ,baths for officials2 g1 ,attendant's quarters2 f1 ,hot air 7,turkish7 baths2 i1 ,warm water reservoir4 ,naturally maintenance of the general health by good nourishing diet is one of the best means of defence against onset of chronic industrial poisoning4 ,over and over again it has been noticed that ill-fed workers speedily succumb to doses of poison which well-nourished workers can resist4 ,it is not our province here to discuss fully the diet of a working-class population4 ,we merely state that it is a matter of vital importance to those employed in dangerous trades4 ,the question of a suitable drink for workers to take the place of alcohol calls for special attention1 as1 when complicated with alcoholism1 both acute and chronic poisonings entail more serious results than they otherwise would do4 ,over-indulgence in alcohol1 owing to its effect on the kidneys1 liver1 digestion1 nervous system1 and power of assimilation generally1 requires to be checked in every way possible4 ,apart from good drinking water1 milk1 coffee1 tea1 fruit juices and the like1 are excellent4 ,milk is especially recommended1 and should be supplied gratis to workers in dangerous trades1 notably where there is risk of lead poisoning4 ,lastly1 other features such as games and exercise in the open air1 which help to strengthen bodily health1 must not be forgotten4 ,in this connection much good work has already been done by employers' and workers' organisations4 ,,iv ,,general ,,remarks ,,on ,,preventive ,,measures ,,general ,,principles1 ,,substitutes ,,for ,,dangerous ,,materials1 ,,cleanliness ,,of ,,workrooms1 ,,cubic ,,space1 ,,ventilation1 ,,removal ,,of ,,dust ,,and ,,fumes ,preventive measures against industrial poisoning aim at an unattainable goal of so arranging industrial processes that employment of poisonous substances would be wholly avoided4 ,such an ideal must be aimed at wherever practicable4 ,prohibition of direct handling of poisonous substances is also sometimes demanded1 which presupposes 7although it is not always the case7 that this is unnecessary or can be made unnecessary by suitable mechanical appliances4 ,we have to be contented1 therefore1 for the most part1 with removal of injurious dust and fumes as quickly as possible at the point where they are produced1 and regulations for the protection of workers from industrial poisoning deal mainly with the question of the prevention of air contamination and removal of contaminated air4 ,substitution of non-injurious for injurious processes is only possible in so far as use of the harmless process gives technically as good results as the other4 ,if such a substitute can be found let it be striven for4 ,mention has already been made of international prohibition of certain substances1 and attention has been drawn to economical considerations affecting this point4 ,prohibition obviously may paralyse branches of industry and hit heavily both employers and employed4 ,the skilled trained workers are just the ones to suffer1 since they are no longer in a position to take up another equally remunerative trade4 ,judgment has to be exercised before enforcing new regulations in order that good and not harm may follow4 ,if a satisfactory substitute be discovered for methods of work injurious to health1 then ways and means will be found to make the alteration in the process economically possible4 ,it may1 however1 demand sacrifice on the part of employers and employed1 but the progress is worth the sacrifice4 ,the following are instances of substitution of safe processes for those involving risk3 generation of dust can sometimes be avoided by a #8wet' method 7watering of white lead chambers1 grinding pulp lead with oil1 damping of smelting mixtures1 c472 the nitrate of silver and ammonia process has replaced the tin and mercury amalgam used in silvering of mirrors2 electroplating instead of water gilding 7coating objects with mercury amalgam and subsequently volatilising the mercury72 enamelling with leadless instead of lead enamels2 use of air instead of mercury pumps in producing the vacuum in incandescent electric lamps4 ,dealing further with the sanitation of the factory and workshop after personal cleanliness1 the next most important measure is cleanliness of the workroom and purity of the air4 ,workrooms should be light and lofty2 and have floors constructed of smooth impervious material easily kept clean4 ,the walls should be lime-washed or painted with a white oil paint4 ,angles and corners which can harbour dirt should be rounded4 ,cleansing requires to be done as carefully and as often as possible1 preferably by washing down or by a vacuum cleaner4 ,saturation of the floor with dust oil is recommended by some authorities in trades where poisonous dust is developed and is permitted as an alternative to the methods described4 ,i refrain from expressing an opinion on this method of laying dust1 since by adoption of the practice insistence on the need for removal of the poisonous material from the workrooms loses its force--a thing1 in my opinion1 to be deprecated4 ,the necessity of keeping the atmosphere of workrooms pure and fresh makes it essential that there should be sufficient cubic space per person and that proper circulation of the air should be maintained4 ,the minimum amount of cubic space legally fixed in many countries--#aj-ae cubic metres--is a minimum and should be greatly exceeded where possible4 ,natural ventilation which is dependent upon windows1 porosity of building materials1 cracks in the floors1 c41 fails when1 as is desirable for purposes of cleanliness1 walls and floors are made of smooth impermeable material1 and natural ventilation will rarely supply the requisite cubic feet of fresh air quickly enough4 ,ordinarily1 under conditions of natural ventilation1 the air in a workroom is renewed in from one to two hours4 ,artificial ventilation therefore becomes imperative4 ,natural ventilation by opening windows and doors can only be practised in intervals of work and as a rule only in small workrooms4 ,during work time the draught and reduction of temperature so caused produce discomfort4 ,artificial ventilation is effected by special openings and ducts placed at some suitable spot in the room to be ventilated and arranged so that either fresh air is introduced or air extracted from the room4 ,the first method is called propulsion1 the latter exhaust ventilation4 ,various agencies will produce a draught in the ventilating ducts1 namely1 difference of temperature between the outside and inside air1 which can be artificially strengthened 7a7 by utilising the action of the wind1 7b7 by heating the air in the exhaust duct1 7c7 by heating apparatus1 and 7d7 by mechanical power 7use of fans74 ,where advantage is taken of the action of the wind the exit to the ventilating duct must be fitted with a cowl4 ,the draught in pipes is materially increased if they are led into furnace flues or chimneys2 in certain cases there is advantage in constructing perpendicular ventilating shafts in the building extending above the roof and fitted with cowls4 ,combination of heating and ventilation is very effective4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,steam ,injector 7after ,krting71 showing steam injector and air entry ,in workrooms1 however1 where there is danger of poisoning by far the most effective method of ventilation is by means of fans driven by mechanical power4 ,all the means for securing artificial ventilation hitherto mentioned depend on a number of factors 7wind1 difference of temperature1 c471 the influence of which is not always in the direction desired4 ,exact regulation1 however1 is possible by fans1 and the quantity of air introduced or extracted can be accurately calculated beforehand in planning the ventilation4 ,in drawing up such a plan1 detailing the arrangement1 proportions of the main and branch ducts1 expenditure of power1 c41 a ventilating engineer should be consulted1 as it is his business to deal with complicated problems of ventilation depending entirely for success on the design of the ventilation4 ,injectors are usually only employed for special technical or economical reasons4 ,a jet of steam or compressed air which acts on the injector creates a partial vacuum and so produces a powerful exhaust behind4 ,fig4 #de shows the mechanism of an injector4 ,they are used for exhausting acid fumes which would corrode metal fans and pipes1 and for explosive dust mixtures where fans are inadmissible4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,propeller ,fan coupled to ,electromotor 7,davidson ,co41 ,ltd47 ,in the industries described in this book fans are most commonly used4 ,these are1 in the main1 wheels with two or more wing-shaped flattened blades4 ,some are encased1 others are open and fitted by means of annular frames in the ducts according to the intended effect and kind of fan4 ,fans are of two kinds1 propeller and centrifugal1 and1 according to the pressure they exert1 of low1 medium1 or high pressure4 ,they are now often driven electrically1 in which case there is advantage in coupling them directly with the motor4 ,propeller fans have curved screw-shaped blades and are set at right angles in the duct upon the column of air in which they act by suction4 ,the air is moved in the direction of the axis of the fan1 and generally it is possible1 by reversing the action1 to force air in instead of extracting it4 ,the draught produced is a low-pressure one 7generally less than #ae mm4 of water74 ,the current of air set in motion travels at a relatively slow speed1 yet such fans are capable1 when suitably proportioned1 of moving large volumes of air4 ,propeller fans are specially suitable for the general ventilation of rooms when the necessary change of air is not being effected by natural means4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,the ,blackman 7,belt-driven7 ,fan4 ,centrifugal or high-pressure fans 7see figs4 #dh;,a and #dh;,b7 are always encased in such a way that the exhaust ducts enter on one or both sides of the axis4 ,the air thus drawn in is thrown by the quickly rotating numerous straight blades to the periphery and escapes at the outlet4 ,the centrifugal fan travels at a great speed1 and the air current has therefore great velocity and high pressure4 ,when the pressure is less than #abj mm4 it is described as a medium1 and when greater1 a high-pressure fan4 ,for the former a galvanised iron casing suffices2 for the latter the casing requires to be of cast iron4 ,medium pressure centrifugal fans are used to exhaust dust or fumes locally from the point at which they are produced4 ,they play a great part in industrial hygiene4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh;,a4--#8,sirocco' ,centrifugal ,fan ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh;,b4--,showing exhaust aperture and fan blades ,high-pressure fans are used mainly for technical purposes1 as1 for example1 the driving of air or gas at high pressure4 ,localised ventilation is needed to limit diffusion of dust and fumes1 which is attained in a measure also by separation of those workrooms in which persons come into contact with poisonous materials from others4 ,separation of workrooms1 however1 is not enough1 as it is the individual who manipulates the poison for whom protection is desired4 ,to enclose or hood over a dusty machine or fume-producing apparatus completely1 or to close hermetically a whole series of operations by complicated technical arrangements1 is only possible when no opening or hand feeding is required4 ,dangerous substances can only be wholly shut in by substitution of machinery for handwork4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,localised ,exhaust ,ventilation in a ,colour ,factory 7,sturtevant ,engineering ,co41 ,ltd47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej;,a4 ,,fig4 #ej;,b4 ,ball ,mills ,where1 however1 absolute contact is unavoidable the dust or fume must be carried away at its source4 ,this is done by exhaust ventilation1 locally applied1 in the following manner3 ,a suitable hood or air guide of metal or wood is arranged over the point where the dust is produced1 leaving as small an opening as possible for necessary manipulations4 ,the hood is connected with a duct through which the current of air travels4 ,an exhaust current dependent upon heat will only suffice in the case of slight development of dust or fumes4 ,as a rule exhaust by a fan is necessary4 ,where exhaust ventilation has to be arranged at several points all these are connected up by branch ducts with the main duct and centrifugal fan4 ,where the ducts lie near the floor it is advisable to fix adjustable openings in them close to the floor to remove the sweepings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,ventilated ,packing ,machine 7after ,albrecht7 ,a ,worm2 ,b ,collector2 ,d ,fan2 ,e ,filter bag2 ,j1 ,f ,movable shutters2 ,h ,jolting arrangement ,it is important for the exhaust system of ventilation to be designed in general so that the dust is drawn away from the face of the worker downwards and backwards4 ,many horrible arrangements are found in which the dust is first aspirated past the mouth and nose before it is drawn into a hood overhead4 ,the proportions of the branch pipes to the main duct require to be thought out1 and friction and resistance to the flow must be reduced as far as possible by avoidance of sharp bends4 ,branch pipes should enter the main duct at an angle of thirty degrees4 ,a completely satisfactory system requires very special knowledge and often much ingenuity when the apparatus is complicated4 ,disintegrators and edge runners can generally be covered in and the cover connected with an exhaust4 ,ball mills1 when possible1 are best as the rotating iron cylinder containing the steel balls and the material to be pulverised is hermetically closed4 ,powdered material can be carried mechanically from one place to another by worms1 screws1 endless bands1 or be driven in closed pipes by means of compressed air4 ,the inevitable production of dust in packing can be avoided by the use of ventilated packing machines1 which are especially necessary in the case of white lead1 bichromates1 basic slag1 c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,the difficulty is great in preventing dust in sieving and mixing1 since this is mainly done by hand4 ,still here1 for example1 by use of cases with arm-holes and upper glass cover1 injury to health can be minimised4 ,benches with a wire screen and duct through which a downward exhaust passes are useful in sorting operations 7fig4 #eb74 ,fig4 #ec illustrates a grinding or polishing wheel fitted with localised exhaust4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,removing ,dust from ,bobs and ,mops 7,james ,keith ,blackman ,co41 ,ltd4 ,by permission of the ,controller of ,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office7 ,to prevent escape of injurious gases all stills and furnaces must be kept as airtight as possible and preferably under a slight negative pressure4 ,agitators must be enclosed and should be fitted with arrangements for carrying on the work mechanically or by means of compressed air and1 if necessary1 exhaust ventilation applied to them4 ,the aim should be to enclose entirely drying and extracting apparatus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--#8;,cyclone' ,separator 7,matthews ,yates1 ,ltd47 ,an important question remains as to what shall be done with the dust and fumes extracted4 ,in many cases they cannot be allowed to escape into the atmosphere outside1 and in the interests of economy recovery and utilisation of the waste is the thing to aim at4 ,this vital subject can only receive barest mention here4 ,the dust or fumes extracted require to be subjected to processes of purification with a view to recovery of the often valuable solid or gaseous constituents and destruction of those without value4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee;,a4 ,,fig4 #ee;,b4 ,dust-filter of ,beth-,lbeck 7after ,albrecht7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,dust-filter of ,beth-,lbeck--,detail ,collection of dust may take place in settling chambers as in a cyclone separator in which the air to be purified is made to travel round the interior of a cone-shaped metal receptacle1 depositing the dust in its passage 7see fig4 #ed74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,arrangement for ,precipitating ,dust 7after ,leymann7 ,a ,entry of dust laden air2 ,b ,fan2 ,c ,purified air2 ,d ,pipe carrying away water and last traces of dust2 ,e ,worm carrying away collection of dust4 ,the most effective method1 however1 is filtration of the air through bags of canvas or other suitable fabric as in the #8,beth' filter 7see figs4 #ee and #ef74 ,in the #8,beth' filter a mechanical knocking apparatus shakes the dust from the bag to the bottom of the casing1 where a worm automatically carries it to the collecting receptacle4 ,in the absence of mechanical knocking the filtering material becomes clogged and increases the resistance in the system4 ,contrivances of the kind unintelligently constructed become a source of danger to the workers4 ,dust of no value is usually precipitated by being made to pass through a tower down which a fine spray of water falls4 ,if the gases and fumes can be utilised they are either absorbed or condensed--a procedure of the utmost importance for the protection of the workers4 ,condensation of the gases into a liquid is effected by cooling and is an essential part of all processes associated with distillation4 ,the necessary cooling is effected either by causing the vapours to circulate through coils of pipes surrounded by cold water or by an increase in the condensing surface 7extension of walls1 c471 and artificial cooling of the walls by running water4 ,absorption of gases and fumes by fluids 7less often by solid substances7 is effected by bubbling the gas through vessels filled with the absorbing liquid or conducting it through towers 7packed with coke1 flints1 c471 or chambers down or through which the absorbent flows4 ,such absorption towers and chambers are frequently placed in series4 ,the material thus recovered by condensation and absorption may prove to be a valuable bye-product4 ,frequently the gases 7as in blast furnace gas1 coke ovens1 c47 are led away directly for heating boilers1 or1 as in the spelter manufacture1 to make sulphuric acid4 ,v ,,preventive ,,regulations ,,for ,,chemical ,,industries ,sulphuric ,acid ,industry 7,see also pp4 #d-ad and #aga7 ,danger arises from escape of acid gases or in entering chambers1 towers1 containers1 c41 for cleaning purposes4 ,the whole chamber system1 therefore1 requires to be impervious and the sulphur dioxide and nitrous gases utilised to their fullest extent--a procedure that is in harmony with economy in production4 ,the pyrites furnace must be so fired as to prevent escape of fumes1 which is best attained by maintenance of a slight negative pressure by means of fans4 ,the cinders raked out of the furnace because of the considerable amount of sulphur dioxide given off from them should be kept in a covered-in place until they have cooled4 ,any work on the towers and lead chambers1 especially cleaning operations1 should be carried out under strict regulations4 ,such special measures for the emptying of ,gay-,lussac towers have been drawn up by the ,union of ,chemical ,industry4 ,before removal of the sediment on the floor they require a thorough drenching with water1 to be repeated if gases are present4 ,perfect working of the ,gay-,lussac tower at the end of the series of chambers is essential to prevent escape of acid gases4 ,in a well-regulated sulphuric acid factory the average total acid content of the final gases can be reduced to #ja vol4 per cent4 ,under the ,alkali ,works ,regulation ,act of #ahha the quantity was limited to #jbf per cent4 of sulphur dioxide--and this should be a maximum limit4 ,entering and cleaning out chambers and towers should only be done1 if practicable1 by workmen equipped with breathing apparatus1 and never without special precautionary measures1 as several fatalities have occurred at the work4 ,towers1 therefore1 are best arranged so as to allow of cleaning from the outside2 if gases are noticed smoke helmets should be donned4 ,the same holds good for entering tanks or tank waggons4 ,after several cases of poisoning from this source had occurred in a factory the following official regulations were issued3 ,the deposit on the floor of waggons or tanks shall be removed either by flushing with water without entering the tank itself1 or if the tank be entered the deposit is to be scooped out without addition of water or dilute soda solution4 ,flushing out shall only be done after the workmen have got out4 ,workmen are to be warned every time cleaning is undertaken that poisonous gases are developed when the deposit on the floor is diluted4 ,acid eggs1 further1 are to be provided with a waste pipe and manhole to enable cleaning to be done from outside4 ,the poisoning likely to arise is partly due to arsenic impurity 7development of arseniuretted hydrogen gas7 in the sulphuric acid used4 ,unfortunately arsenic free acid is very difficult to obtain4 ,hydrochloric ,acid--,saltcake and ,soda ,industries 7,see also pp4 #ae-bc and #agj7 ,preventive measures here depend upon observance of the general principles already discussed4 ,the saltcake pan and reverberatory furnace require to be accurately and solidly constructed and the process carefully regulated4 ,regulations indeed were drawn up at an early date in ,england as to their working to prevent escape of gases when adding the acid1 raking over in the reverberatory furnace1 and withdrawal of the still fuming saltcake4 ,the following are the most important of these recommendations3 ,the saltcake pan must not be charged when overheated4 ,sulphuric acid shall be added only after all the salt has been charged and the door shut4 ,if hydrochloric acid fumes escape at the door when the ,glover acid flows in the flow must be interrupted4 ,all doors must be closed while work is in progress4 ,definite times shall be fixed for withdrawal of the saltcake in order to try and ensure that it be not still fuming1 but should this be the case cold sulphate of soda shall be sprinkled over it4 ,the general principle should be observed of maintaining a slight negative pressure in the furnace by insertion of a fan in the gas conduit so as to avoid possible escape of gas4 ,the fuming saltcake is best dealt with by depositing it at once to cool in ventilated receptacles or chambers4 ,on grounds of economy and hygiene as complete an absorption as possible of the hydrochloric acid gas developed in the saltcake and soda ash process is to be aimed at1 by conveying it through impervious conduits to the bombonnes and lofty absorption tower filled with coke or flints down which water trickles4 ,the entire loss of hydrochloric acid should not amount to more than #ae per cent4 of the whole4 ,under the ,alkali ,act at first #e per cent4 was allowed1 but this is excessive now in view of improved methods of condensation4 ,in the ,leblanc process the revolving furnace is on health grounds to be preferred to the hand furnace4 ,such a furnace occupies the space of but three hand furnaces and can replace eighteen of them4 ,the vast accumulation of waste1 consisting mainly of calcium sulphide1 and generating sulphuretted hydrogen gas in such amount as to constitute a nuisance1 is only partially prevented by the ,chance-,claus and other methods of recovery1 and makes it most desirable to adopt the ,solvay ammonia process4 ,note4--,sulphonal1 ,oxalic acid1 ,ultramarine1 ,alum4--,the production of sulphonal is intensely unpleasant owing to the disagreeable smell 7like cats' excrement7 of the mercaptan developed4 ,all work therefore must be carried on in air-tight apparatus under negative pressure and careful cooling4 ,any escaping fumes must be absorbed in solution of acetone and fine water spray4 ,preparation of oxalic acid unless carried on in closed-in vessels gives rise to injurious and troublesome fumes4 ,if open pans are used1 hoods and ducts in connection with a fan should be placed over them4 ,grinding of ultramarine and alum requires to be done in closed-in mills1 and any dust drawn away by locally applied ventilation and filtered4 ,the gases given off in the burning process contain #c per cent4 of sulphur dioxide1 which requires to be absorbed--a procedure most easily effected in towers where the upstreaming gas comes into contact with a dilute solution of lime or soda4 ,chlorine1 ,bleaching ,powder1 ,chlorine ,compounds 7,see also pp4 #bc-i and #agc7 ,what has been said as to imperviousness of apparatus1 negative pressure maintained by the tall chimney stack or earthenware or fireclay fan1 c41 applies equally here4 ,the exhaust ventilation is also required to aspirate the gas into the bleaching chambers4 ,at the end of the system there must be either a tower packed with quicklime to absorb the last traces of chlorine or such a number of bleach chambers into which the gas can be led that no chlorine escapes4 ,production of chlorine gas electrolytically is to be preferred to other processes on hygienic grounds4 ,careful cleanliness is the best prophylactic against occurrence of chlorine rash among persons employed in the electrolytic production of chlorine4 ,in some factories attempt has been made to use other substances 7magnetite7 instead of carbon for the anode1 and the success attending their adoption is further proof that the tar cement at the anode helped to cause the acne4 ,in the ,weldon process care must be taken that the water lutes are intact1 and the stills must not be opened before the chlorine has been drawn off4 ,all processes in which manganese dust can arise 7grinding of manganese dioxide and drying of ,weldon deposit7 should be done under locally applied exhaust4 ,the bleaching powder chambers must be impervious and care taken that they are not entered before the chlorine has been absorbed4 ,usually the number of lime chambers connected up with each other is such that no chlorine escapes free into the air4 ,emptying of the finished product should not be done by hand1 as considerable quantities of chlorine escape and make the work extremely irksome4 ,mechanical methods of emptying should be adopted in substitution for hand labour1 and of these the ,hasenclever closed-in apparatus is the best4 ,nitric ,acid and ,explosives 7,see also pp4 #ci-di and #agb7 ,in the production of nitric acid complete imperviousness of the system and as complete condensation of the gases as possible by means of tourilles1 cooling condensers1 and the requisite number of towers are necessary4 ,the method suggested by ,valentine of manufacture of nitric acid in apparatus under a partial vacuum has advantages from a hygienic standpoint4 ,earthenware fans are used to force the nitric acid gases onwards and have the advantage of creating a negative pressure4 ,great care is needed in handling1 emptying1 packing1 conveying1 and storing the acid in consequence of the danger from breaking or spilling4 ,the bottles used must be in perfect condition and must be well packed4 ,no greater stock of nitric acid should be allowed in a room than is absolutely necessary1 and care must be exercised in the event of a carboy breaking that the spilt acid does not come into contact with organic substances1 as that would increase development of nitrous fumes4 ,workers must be warned not to remain in rooms in which acid has been spilt4 ,they are only to be entered by workers equipped with breathing apparatus 7smoke helmets74 ,among the special regulations on the subject may be mentioned those of the ,prussian ,ministerial ,decree1 dated ,january #h1 #aijj1 concerning nitrous fumes and means of protection for workers employed with the acid4 ,what has been said on p4 #beg in regard to the transport of sulphuric acid applies equally to nitric acid4 ,in the nitrating process in the manufacture of explosives 7see p4 #dg7 it is essential that the apparatus is hermetically closed1 that agitation is done mechanically1 or better still by means of compressed air1 and that any fumes developed are exhausted and condensed4 ,in the preparation of nitro-glycerin 7see p4 #df7 the gases developed in the nitration of the waste acid require to be carefully condensed4 ,contact of nitro-glycerin with the skin has to be avoided and the attention of the workers drawn to the danger4 ,preparation of gun cotton 7see p4 #dh7 takes place in machines which are at the same time nitrating and centrifugalising machines4 ,the apparatus is first filled with the nitrating acid and the cotton added2 the fumes are drawn off by earthenware ducts and fans1 and lastly the bulk of the acid is removed by centrifugal action4 ,such machines carry out effectually the principles of industrial hygiene4 ,in the preparation of fulminate of mercury nitrous fumes1 cyanogen compounds1 and acetic acid compounds are developed by the action of the nitric acid on mercury1 and require to be dealt with by exhaust ventilation4,g ,artificial ,manures1 ,fertilizers 7,see also pp4 #ec and #ed7 ,in grinding phosphorite and superphosphates1 corrosive dust is produced4 ,all grinding operations must1 therefore1 be carried out automatically in closed apparatus 7ball mills1 disintegrators1 c474 ,in making the phosphorite soluble by treatment with sulphuric acid1 and subsequent drying of the product1 corrosive hydrofluoric acid gas is developed1 which requires to be carried away by an acid proof exhaust fan1 and condensed in a tower by water 7see fig4 #eh74 ,the modern revolving drying machines are especially serviceable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,washing tower for hydrofluoric acid 7after ,leymann47 ,in the production of basic slag corrosive dust is given off1 causing ulceration of the mucous membrane4 ,grinding and other manipulations creating dust must be carried on in apparatus under local exhaust ventilation4 ,the following--somewhat shortened--are the ,german ,imperial ,regulations1 dated ,july #c1 #aiji1 for basic slag factories4 ,,basic ,,slag ,,regulations #a4 ,workrooms in which basic slag is crushed1 ground1 or stored 7if not in closed sacks7 shall be roomy and so arranged as to ensure adequate change of air4 ,floors shall be of impervious material allowing of easy removal of dust4 #b4 ,preliminary breaking of the slag by hand shall not be done in the grinding rooms1 but either in the open air or in open sheds4 #c4 ,slag crushers1 grinding mills1 and other apparatus shall be so arranged as to prevent escape of dust as far as possible into the workrooms4 ,they shall be provided with exhaust ventilation and means for collecting the dust if this cannot be done in the absence of dust4 #d4 ,arrangements shall be made whereby barrows conveying material to the grinding mills shall be emptied directly into partially hooded hoppers provided with exhaust ventilation so as to prevent escape of dust into the workrooms4 #e4 ,the casing and joints of the grinding mills1 ducts1 dust collectors and sieves shall be airtight2 if leaks are noticed they must be repaired forthwith4 #f4 ,ducts1 dust collectors and sieves shall be so arranged as to enable periodical cleansing to be undertaken from the outside4 #g4 ,repairs of the plant mentioned in ,para4 #e in which workers are exposed to inhalation of slag dust shall be entrusted by the occupier only to such workers as wear respirators supplied for the purpose or other means of protecting mouth and nostrils such as wet sponges1 handkerchiefs1 c4 #h4 ,emptying of slag powder from the grinding mills and dust collectors and transference to the store rooms shall only be done in accordance with special regulations designed to minimise dust4 #i4 ,filling slag powder into sacks from the outlets of the mills1 elevating and discharging it into receptacles shall only be done under efficient exhaust ventilation4 #aj4 ,sacks in which the powder is transported and piled in heaps shall be of a certain defined strength to be increased in the case of sacks to be piled in heaps more than #c metres in height4 ,special rooms separated from other workrooms shall be provided for storage of slag powder in sacks4 ,only the sacks representing the previous day's production may be stored in the grinding rooms4 ,basic slag in powder and not in sacks shall be kept in special storage rooms shut off entirely from other workrooms4 ,no person shall enter such storage rooms when they are being filled or emptied4 ,discharging the contents of the sacks into them shall be done under exhaust ventilation4 #aa4 ,the floors of the workrooms described in ,para4 #a shall be cleaned before the commencement of each shift or in an interval during each shift4 ,no person except those engaged in cleaning shall be present during the operation4 ,if cleaning is effected by sweeping1 the occupier shall require the persons doing it to wear the respirators provided or other protection for the mouth and nose4 #ab4 ,the occupier shall not permit the workers to bring spirits into the factory4 #ac4 ,a lavatory and cloakroom and1 separated from them and in a part of the building free from dust1 a meal room shall be provided4 ,these rooms shall be kept clean1 free from dust1 and be heated during the winter4 ,in the lavatory and cloakroom water1 soap1 and towels shall be provided and adequate arrangements shall be made for keeping the clothing taken off before commencing work4 ,the occupier shall give the persons employed opportunity to take a warm bath daily before leaving work in a bathroom erected inside the factory and heated during the winter4 #ad4 ,no woman or male young person under eighteen years of age shall work or remain in a room into which basic slag is brought4 ,persons under eighteen years of age shall not be employed in beating sacks which have contained basic slag4 #ae4 ,no person employed in breaking or grinding1 emptying1 packing1 or storing basic slag1 shall work more than ten hours daily4 ,there shall be intervals during working hours amounting in the aggregate to two hours1 one of them lasting at least an hour4 ,if duration of employment daily is limited to seven hours with never longer than four hours' work without an interval1 only one interval of at least one hour is required4 #af4 ,for work mentioned in ,para4 #ae no person shall be employed without a certificate from an approved surgeon stating that he is free of disease of the lungs and not alcoholic4 ,the occupier shall place the supervision of the health of the workers under a surgeon who shall examine them at least once a month for signs of disease of the respiratory organs and alcoholism4 ,workers engaged in the operations mentioned in ,para4 #ae shall be suspended from employment when the surgeon suspects such illness or alcoholism4 ,those showing marked susceptibility to the effect of basic slag dust shall be permanently suspended4 #ag4 ,a health ,register shall be kept in which shall be entered the precise employment1 duration of work1 and state of health of the persons employed4 #ah4 ,the occupier shall obtain a guarantee from the workers that no alcohol or food shall be taken into the workrooms4 ,preparation of ,hydrofluoric ,acid 7,see also pp4 #cg and #aga7 ,the fumes given off in the preparation of hydrofluoric acid require to be collected in leaden coolers and vessels2 that which escapes requires to be absorbed by a water spray in towers4 ,the apparatus must be impervious and kept under a slight negative pressure4 ,chromium ,compounds 7,see also pp4 #ee-h and #ahe7 ,the ,german ,imperial ,decree1 dated ,may #af1 #aijg1 contains the preventive measures necessary in bichromate factories4 ,according to this1 workers suffering from ulceration of the skin 7chrome holes1 eczema7 are not to be employed except on a medical certificate that they are free from such affections1 and daily examination for signs of ulceration is enjoined1 so that those affected may receive prompt treatment4 ,further1 periodical medical examination of the workers is required at monthly intervals4 ,respirators 7for work in which dust cannot be avoided71 with lavatory1 cloakroom1 and meal room accommodation1 are to be provided1 and also baths4 ,in handling bichromates wearing of impervious gloves may be necessary1 and smearing the hands and face with vaseline is recommended4 ,in addition diffusion of dust and fumes must be minimised2 machines in which mixing1 crushing1 and grinding are done must be impervious1 and provided with exhaust ventilation4 ,charging of the furnaces1 where possible1 should be effected mechanically and the fumes developed both in manipulation of the furnaces and from hot bichromate liquor removed by an exhaust4 ,a leaflet containing directions for workers coming into contact with chromium compounds in chemical factories1 dyeing1 tanning1 wood staining1 calico printing1 wall paper printing1 painting1 c41 has been drawn up by ,lewin4 ,it contains a list of the poisonous chrome compounds and of the industries in which chrome poisoning occurs1 information as to the action of chrome upon the skin and mucous membrane1 and the preventive measures necessary4 ,among the last named are3 smearing the skin with oil1 use of impervious gloves1 respirators in work where dust arises1 necessity of cleanliness1 and periodical medical examination4 ,for the chrome tanning industry the following leaflet was drawn up by the ,imperial ,health ,office in ,berlin1 which succinctly states the measures against chrome poisoning in these industries and contains much practical information for the workers3 ,in chrome tanning by the two bath process1 the first bath containing potassium bichromate and hydrochloric acid has a corroding effect upon broken surfaces of the skin 7scratches1 chapped hands1 eruptions1 c474 ,in consequence1 they develop into round ulcers 7chrome holes7 with hard raised edges which are difficult to heal and go on increasing in size unless work at the process is temporarily given up4 ,in persons with very sensitive skin1 even though the surface may be intact1 handling the liquor brings on sometimes an obstinate rash 7eczema7 on the hands and forearms4 ,the solution used in the one bath process has no corrosive action1 but it is a strong poison1 just as is the solution of potassium bichromate of the two bath process4 ,if swallowed1 the solutions cause vomiting1 diarrha1 kidney trouble1 and even death4 ,chromium compounds can also enter the body through skin wounds and cause illness4 ,prevention4--,in order to prevent the occurrence of chrome ulceration1 workers employed with chrome or chrome solutions must be especially careful in avoiding injury to the skin of the hands or forearms4 ,this applies especially to workers who carry the vessels containing bichromate1 who weigh and dissolve the potassium bichromate1 or who come into contact with the tanning liquor or with undressed skins and hides which have lain in the liquor4 ,if1 in spite of precautions1 eruptions1 rashes1 or ulceration occur1 all work necessitating contact with corrosive tanning liquors should be suspended until they are healed4 ,in order to reduce risk of action of the liquor on the skin1 workers employed in the process described would do well if1 before commencing work1 they carefully smeared hands and forearms with unsalted lard1 vaseline1 or the like1 and during work avoided1 as much as possible1 soiling the bare hands and arms with the liquor4 ,if1 nevertheless1 a worker has contracted a chrome hole1 or eruption1 he should consult a medical man1 informing him at the same time of the nature of his work4 ,to avoid internal absorption of chrome1 workers preparing the baths must carefully avoid inhaling the dust of chromium salts4 ,these and all other workers engaged with the liquors containing chromium must not take food and drink while at work4 ,working suits should be taken off and face and hands washed with soap before eating or drinking1 and before leaving the factory4 ,petroleum1 ,benzine 7,see also pp4 #ei-fd and #bbb-d7 ,as crude petroleum and the higher fractions first distilled from it affect the skin injuriously1 wetting the skin should be avoided1 and careful cleanliness on the part of the workers enjoined4 ,workers exposed to the influence of gases escaping from naphtha springs and wells should be equipped with breathing apparatus 7smoke helmets72 this applies to those who have to enter stills and other apparatus connected with the distillation of petroleum4 ,in the preparation of petroleum by sulphuric acid sulphur dioxide in great quantity is developed1 constituting a distinct danger to the workers4 ,this process1 therefore1 should be carried on in closed vessels furnished with mechanical stirrers or compressed air agitators4 ,the most suitable apparatus is that illustrated in fig4 #ac4 ,petroleum tanks must be thoroughly aired before they are cleaned and should be entered only by workers equipped with breathing apparatus4 ,apparatus containing petroleum and benzine requires1 as far as possible1 to be closed in and air tight 7as1 for example1 in the extraction of fat from bones and oil seed1 in the rubber industry1 and in chemical cleaning establishments72 where benzine fumes develop they should be immediately drawn away by suitably applied exhaust ventilation4 ,this is necessary1 on account of the danger of fire1 in chemical cleaning establishments where purification is effected by means of benzine in closed drums4 ,regulations for benzine extraction plants are contained in the ,prussian ,ministerial ,decree1 dated ,january #e1 #aiji1 for benzine extraction works1 and also in that of ,august #c1 #aijc1 for dry-cleaning premises1 to which last were added #8,directions for safety1' containing important regulations as to risk from fire4 ,from our standpoint the following points are of interest3 care is to be taken to provide and maintain exhaust ventilation directly across the floor4 ,the air1 however1 must not be allowed to pass near any fire4 ,drying rooms especially are to be lofty and airy1 and separated from other workrooms4 ,in factories with mechanical power the authorities may require provision of artificial ventilation for the drying rooms4 ,washing machines1 centrifugalising machines1 and benzine rinsing vessels should be furnished with well-fitting covers to be removed only for such time as is absolutely necessary for putting in and taking out the articles to be cleaned1 shaken1 or rinsed4 ,the vessels named are to be examined as to their imperviousness at least once every quarter by a properly qualified person4 ,the condition in which they are found is to be noted in a book to be shown to the ,factory ,inspector and police authorities on demand4 ,lastly1 substitution for benzine of other less poisonous substances such as carbon tetrachloride has been urged4 ,phosphorus1 ,lucifer ,matches 7,see also pp4 #di-ec and #aij7 ,in view of the danger of the lucifer match industry1 measures were taken at an early date in almost all civilised states to guard against phosphorus poisoning1 and in many countries have led to the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus4 ,complete prohibition of its manufacture and use was first enacted in ,finland 7#ahgb7 and in ,denmark 7#ahgd74 ,prohibition was decreed in ,switzerland in #ahgi 7in ,january #ahhb this was revoked1 but again enacted in #ahic71 and in the ,netherlands in #aija4 ,in ,germany the law prohibiting the use of white phosphorus came into force in ,january #aijh1 and runs as follows3 #a4 ,white or yellow phosphorus shall not be employed in the production of matches and other lighting substances4 ,lighting substances made with white phosphorus shall not be kept for sale1 or sold1 or otherwise brought on the market4 ,provided that this shall not apply to ignition strips which serve for the lighting of safety lamps4 #b4 ,persons wilfully infringing this law shall be punished by a fine of #bjjj marks4 ,if the infringement occurs through ignorance the fine shall consist of #aej marks4 ,in addition to the fine1 all prohibited articles produced1 imported1 or brought into the trade shall be confiscated1 as well as the implements used in their production1 without reference to whether they belong to the person convicted or not4 ,if prosecution or conviction of the guilty party cannot be brought home1 confiscation nevertheless is to be carried out independently4 ,roumania and ,france have a state monopoly of matches2 in these states no white phosphorus matches have been produced since #aijj and #ahih respectively4 ,france1 by the ,law of ,december #ag1 #aijh1 signified concurrence with the ,international ,convention in regard to the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus4 ,in ,sweden and ,norway the prohibition of white phosphorus is in force only for the home trade4 ,a ,swedish ,decree1 dated ,december #i1 #ahif1 permitted factories carrying on the manufacture for export to use white phosphorus1 and almost precisely similar provisions are contained in the ,norwegian ,decree4 ,the ,swedish ,decree1 dated ,march #cj1 #aijj1 permits white phosphorus matches to be exported1 but not to be sold in the country4 ,in ,austria difficulties in regard to prohibition of white phosphorus arose owing to trade conditions 7especially in the ,east71 and the attitude of the states competing in the lucifer match trade1 particularly ,italy and ,japan4 ,austria1 therefore1 made agreement with international prohibition of white phosphorus1 dependent on the attitude of ,japan2 since ,japan did not concur1 the decision of ,austria fell through4 ,when1 however1 ,italy in the year #aijf joined the ,convention1 the difficulties were also overcome in ,austria1 and by a law similar to that of ,germany1 dated ,july #ac1 #aiji1 prohibition of the manufacture and sale of white phosphorus matches dates from the year #aiab4;,h ,belgium has refrained from prohibition of white phosphorus1 but on the other hand has passed a series of enactments relating to the match manufacture1 of which the most essential are here cited1 since they characterise the measures which come into consideration for factories in which white phosphorus is still employed4 ,royal ,decree1 dated ,march #be1 #ahij1 modified by the ,royal ,decree1 dated ,february #ab1 #ahie1 and ,november #ag1 #aijb1 concerning employment in lucifer match factories4 #a4 ,in match factories where white phosphorus is used1 mixing the paste and drying the dipped matches shall be carried on in a place specially set apart for the purpose4 #b4 ,mixing the paste shall be carried on in an entirely closed vessel or in one connected with an efficient exhaust draught locally applied4 ,the proportion of white phosphorus in the paste shall not exceed in weight #h per cent4 of the total material1 not including water4 #c4 ,hoods and ducts communicating with an exhaust draught shall be installed at the level of the plates for dipping white phosphorus matches1 and over the vessels containing the paste4 #d4 ,drying rooms for white phosphorus matches1 if entered by the workers1 shall be mechanically ventilated4 #e4 ,rooms in which phosphorus fumes can arise shall be lofty and well ventilated1 preferably by an exhaust at the level of the work benches1 communicating with the main chimney stack4 ,the workrooms shall be kept clean4 ,no food or drink shall be taken in them4 #f4 ,in every match factory the workers shall have at their disposal a special cloak room and suitable and sufficient washing accommodation1 so as to be able to change clothes before commencing1 and at the end of1 work1 and to wash the hands and face on leaving4 ,cleanliness will be obligatory upon the workers manipulating phosphorus paste or matches4 #g4 ,workers coming into contact with phosphorus paste or matches shall be examined monthly by a surgeon appointed by the ,minister of ,industry1 who shall be paid by the occupier4 ,workers having decayed1 unstopped teeth1 or exhibiting symptoms of gingivitis or stomatitis1 or in poor health at the time of examination1 shall be temporarily suspended from work4 ,the surgeon shall enter the results of his monthly examinations in a prescribed register4 ,this register shall be shown to the ,factory ,inspector on demand4 ,these decrees are supplemented by further orders regarding the taking of samples of paste in match factories and store houses 7,royal ,orders of ,march #be1 #ahij2 ,february #ab1 #ahie2 ,april #ah1 #ahih2 ,november #ag1 #aijb74 ,as is evident from the ,belgian enactment1 in states where prohibition of white phosphorus is not in force1 palliative measures only are possible and even then they can only be enforced in large factories when automatic machinery is used to eliminate hand labour in dangerous operations4 ,in this respect the introduction of closed1 ventilated1 mechanical mixing apparatus provided with mechanical stirrers1 closed and ventilated mechanical dipping and drying apparatus1 are especially important4 ,certain modern ,american machines carry through the whole complicated process of the phosphorous match industry automatically4 ,seeing that prohibition of white phosphorus is an accomplished fact and that matches free from risk in their manufacture answer every purpose1 the universal enforcement of the prohibition of white phosphorus should be striven for in civilised states4 ,carbon bisulphide 7,see also pp4 #fh-ga and #aic-e7 ,use of carbon bisulphide in the vulcanising of indiarubber goods by dipping them into the liquid and subsequently drying them 7usually in a current of hot air7 causes development of carbon bisulphide fumes in considerable quantity1 especially if the articles to be dried are laid on shelves or hung up in the workroom1 a procedure which should never be permitted4 ,drying must be carried out under local exhaust ventilation4 ,all vessels holding carbon bisulphide used for dipping can be placed in a wooden channel above the dipping vessels1 provided with openings for manipulation1 and connected with an exhaust system4 ,the following are the ,german ,imperial ,regulations1 dated ,march #a1 #aijb1 for vulcanising of indiarubber by means of carbon bisulphide3 ,,vulcanising ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,carbon ,,bisulphide 7,notice concerning the erection and management of industrial premises in which indiarubber goods are vulcanised by means of carbon bisulphide or chloride of sulphur47 ,the following regulations shall apply in accordance with paragraph #abj 7e7 of the ,industrial ,code3 #a4 ,the floor of such rooms as are used for the vulcanising of indiarubber goods by means of carbon bisulphide shall not be lower than the surrounding ground4 ,the rooms shall have windows opening into the outer air1 and the lower halves shall be capable of being opened so as to render possible sufficient renewal of air4 ,the rooms shall be ventilated by fans mechanically driven4 ,with the approval of the higher authorities permission to dispense with mechanical draught may be allowed1 provided that in other ways powerful change of air is secured4 ,with the approval of the higher authorities special ventilating arrangements can be dispensed with if the fumes of carbon bisulphide are removed immediately1 at the point where they are produced1 by means of a powerful draught1 and in this way purity of the air be secured4 #b4 ,the vulcanising rooms shall not be used as a dwelling1 or for sleeping in1 or for preparing food in1 or as a store1 or drying room1 nor shall other processes than those of vulcanising be carried on in them4 ,no persons1 except those engaged in vulcanising processes1 shall be allowed in the rooms4 ,there shall be at least #bj cubic meters 7#gjj cubic feet7 of air space allowed for each person employed therein4 #c4 ,only such quantities of carbon bisulphide shall be brought into the vulcanising rooms as shall serve for the day's supply4 ,further storage shall be made in a special place separate from the workrooms4 ,vessels to hold the vulcanising liquid shall be strongly made1 and when filled and not in use shall be well covered4 #d4 ,vulcanising and drying rooms shall be warmed only by steam or hot-water pipes4 ,these rooms shall be lighted only by means of strong incandescent electric lamps4 ,exceptions from paragraphs #a and #b may be allowed by the higher authorities4 #e4 ,machines intended for vulcanising long sheets of cloth shall be covered over 7e4g41 with a glass casing7 so as to prevent as far as possible the entrance of carbon bisulphide fumes into the workrooms1 and from the casing the air shall be drawn away effectually by means of a fan mechanically driven4 ,entrance to the space which is enclosed shall only be allowed in case of defects in the working4 ,in cases where a covering of the machine is not practicable for technical reasons the higher authorities can1 if suitable means of protection are used 7especially when the machine is placed in an open hall1 and provided that no person works at the machine for more than two days a week71 allow of exception to the above arrangement4 #f4 ,vulcanising of other articles 7not mentioned in par4 #e71 unless carried out in the open air1 shall be done in covered-in boxes into which the worker need only introduce his hands1 and so arranged as to keep the fumes away from the face of the worker4 ,the air must be drawn away from the box by means of a powerful draught4 #g4 ,rule #f shall apply in vulcanising both the outside and inside of indiarubber goods4 ,in vulcanising the inside no worker shall be allowed to suck the fluid through with the mouth4 #h4 ,the goods after their immersion in the vulcanising fluid shall not lie open in the room1 but shall either be placed under a ventilated cover or at once be carried into the drying chamber4 ,the drying chamber or drying rooms in which the wares are exposed to artificial heat immediately after vulcanising shall be so arranged that actual entrance into them for the putting in or taking out of the vulcanised goods shall not be necessary4 ,no person shall be allowed to enter the drying chamber while work is going on4 ,the higher authorities can permit of exceptions to this rule in the case of the drying of long rolls if sufficient protecting arrangements are made4 #i4 ,when vulcanisation is effected by means of chloride of sulphur the vessels or chambers used for holding it shall be so arranged that escape of the fumes is prevented4 ,no person shall enter the vulcanising chamber until the air in the chamber has been completely changed2 it shall not be used for purposes other than vulcanising4 #aj4 ,employment in vulcanising with carbon bisulphide or in other work exposing the workers to carbon bisulphide vapour shall not be allowed without a break for more than two hours and in no case for more than four hours in one day2 after two hours a pause of at least one hour must be allowed before resumption4 ,no person under #ah years of age shall be employed4 #aa4 ,the occupier shall provide all workers employed in work mentioned in paragraph #aj with proper and sufficient overalls4 ,by suitable notices and supervision he shall see that when not in use they are kept in their proper place4 #ab4 ,separate washing accommodation and dressing-rooms for each sex shall be provided1 distinct from the workrooms1 for all persons employed as stated in paragraph #aa4 ,water1 soap1 and towels and arrangements for keeping the clothes put off before the commencement of work shall be provided in sufficient amount4 #ac4 ,the occupier shall appoint a duly qualified medical practitioner 7whose name shall be sent to the ,inspector of ,factories7 to supervise the health of those exposed to the effects of carbon bisulphide4 ,he shall examine the workers once every month with a view to the detection of poisoning by carbon bisulphide4 ,by direction of the medical practitioner workers showing signs of carbon bisulphide poisoning shall be suspended from work and those who appear peculiarly susceptible shall be suspended permanently from work in processes mentioned in paragraph #aj4 #ad4 ,the occupier shall keep a book1 or make some official responsible for its keeping1 of the changes in the personnel in the processes mentioned in paragraph #aj and as to their state of health4 ,the book shall contain-- 7#a7 ,the name of the person keeping the book2 7#b7 ,the name of the appointed surgeon2 7#c7 ,surname1 ,christian name1 age1 residence1 date of first employment1 and date of leaving of every worker mentioned in paragraph #aj1 and the nature of the employment2 7#d7 ,the date of any illness and its nature2 7#e7 ,date of recovery2 7#f7 ,the dates and results of the prescribed medical examination4 #ae4 ,the occupier shall require the workers to subscribe to the following conditions3-- ,no worker shall take food into the vulcanising rooms2 ,the workers shall use the protection afforded in paragraphs #e-g and use the overalls in the work named2 ,the workers shall obey the directions of the occupier given in accordance with ,rule #e1 paragraphs #a and #b1 ,rule #h1 paragraphs #a and #b1 and ,rule #i1 paragraph #b4 ,workers contravening these orders shall be liable to dismissal without further notice4 ,if in a factory regulations already exist 7paragraph #acd7;a7 of the ,industrial ,code7 the above shall be included4 #af4 ,in the vulcanising rooms mentioned in ,rule #a there shall be posted up a notice by the police stating-- 7a7 ,the cubic capacity of the rooms2 7b7 ,the number of workers who may be employed4 ,further1 in every vulcanising room there shall be posted up in a conspicuous place and in clear characters ,rules #a-ae and the conditions in paragraph #ae4 ,reference should be made also to the ,prussian ,ministerial ,decree1 dated ,february #bc1 #aiaj1 on the preparation1 storing1 and manufacture of carbon bisulphide1 and to the ,french ,ministerial ,circular1 dated ,january #bj1 #aiji 7,manufacture of ,indiarubber74 ,employment of benzine and chloride of sulphur for vulcanising is1 from a hygienic standpoint1 to be preferred to that of the much more dangerous carbon bisulphide4 ,the same applies also to the process of the extraction of fat4 ,in the references made to general arrangements for the protection of workers dealing with poisons1 stress was laid on the complete enclosing of extraction apparatus4 ,this applies1 of course1 to extraction by means of carbon bisulphide1 both on grounds of economy1 health1 and risk from fire4 ,on account of the risk to health1 efforts have been made to substitute other means of equal efficiency1 free from danger4 ,such a substitute may be found in carbon tetrachloride4 ,this extracts well1 and dissolves grease spots 7like benzine71 is not explosive1 is scarcely inflammable1 and is less poisonous than the substances commonly used for extraction4 ,its employment is to be recommended on hygienic grounds1 but the relatively high price may stand in the way of its use4 ,illuminating ,gas ,industry4 ,production of ,tar and ,coke 7,see also pp4 #ga-ij and #aii7 ,in illuminating gas factories imperviousness of the whole working system is especially important from an economical and hygienic standpoint1 since only in this way can danger to the working staff be avoided4 ,this applies especially to the retorts1 from which no gas should be allowed to escape4 ,if the exhaust is working satisfactorily this should not be possible1 as the pressure of the gas in the retorts during distillation will be a negative one4 ,correct regulation of pressure is thus of the greatest importance in the prevention of poisoning in gas works4 ,further1 special precaution is necessary in operations with gas purifying material containing cyanogen1 since otherwise the workers suffer from the gases developed from the gas lime4 ,work with gas purifying material should be so arranged that injurious gases are carried away by suitable ventilating arrangements4 ,consideration for the neighbourhood forbids their discharge into the open air1 and forbids also operations with the gas purifying material in the open air2 therefore non-injurious removal of these gases is necessary4 ,quenching of the coke also should1 on account of the annoyance to the working staff and to lessen nuisance to the neighbourhood1 be carried out so that the fumes are drawn into the main chimney stack4 ,in coke ovens escape of tarry constituents and of poisonous emanations are prevented by imperviousness of the apparatus1 by sufficiency of the exhaust draught1 and especially by passing the products of distillation1 which cannot be condensed1 under a fire1 or by absorbing them either with water or oil4 ,special precautionary measures are needed further in the distillation of the washing oil1 and generally escape of poisonous emanations must be prevented by the greatest possible imperviousness of the distillation system and corresponding regulation of pressure4 ,gas ,motors 7,power ,gas ,stations7 7,see also pp4 #hj-e7 ,the following points1 taken from an ,austrian ,ministerial ,decree 7dated ,december #b1 #aijc71 for the prevention of poisoning in power gas works1 may be useful3 ,,power ,,gas ,,installations ,in mixed gas installations 7,dowson1 water gas7 of the older system1 the way in which the gas is produced causes the whole apparatus and pipes to be under slight negative pressure1 because the steam required for the process must be blown into the generator4 ,in these works1 therefore1 a small special steam boiler is required and a gas receiver to store the gas4 ,in more modern suction generator gas installations the piston is used to suck in steam and air as well as the gases arising in the generator and to draw them into the motor cylinder4 ,thus the whole system is kept in a condition of slight negative pressure during the process4 ,while the suction generator gas system is working1 only so much gas is produced as the motor uses for the time being1 so that with this system there is no greater store of gas than is requisite4 ,in such an installation the following rules should be borne in mind3 #a4 ,all the apparatus 7gas pipes1 valves1 c47 must be constructed and maintained in a completely impervious condition4 ,any water seals especially which may be in use must receive attention4 #b4 ,precautions must be taken to prevent the gases from the generator passing into the coolers and purifiers when the engine is at rest4 #c4 ,care is to be taken when the apparatus is at rest to prevent any possible subsequent escape of gas into the room where the apparatus is installed4 #d4 ,the return of explosive gas out of the gas engine into the gas pipe by failure to ignite or other accident1 must be made impossible4 #e4 ,the apparatus through which the generator is charged must possess a tightly fitting double valve to prevent escape of gas into the room during charging4 #f4 ,the pipes for conducting away the unpleasantly smelling bituminous constituents in the water mixed with sulphuretted hydrogen from the scrubbers must not communicate with the workroom4 #g4 ,precautions must be taken to minimise the danger during the cleaning of the generator 7removal of ashes and slag74 #h4 ,all stop-cocks and valves are to be so arranged that their position at any time 7open or shut7 is clearly visible from outside4 #i4 ,purifiers with a capacity greater than two cubic meters must be provided with appliances which make possible thorough removal of the gas before they are opened4 #aj4 ,the gas washing and cleaning apparatus and pipes are to be fitted with gauges indicating the pressure existing in them at any moment4 #aa4 ,when a suction gas plant is first installed and also at times when there is no gas in the pipes and plant between the generator and the engine1 gas must be blown in until all air is expelled before the engine is set going4 #ab4 ,during the cleaning of apparatus and pipes which1 when in action1 contain gas1 the rooms must be thoroughly ventilated4 #ac4 ,rooms in which suction gas plant is installed must be of such a height that all the plant and its connections can be easily reached for cleaning1 c41 and be capable of such free ventilation as to render impossible an accumulation of gas4 #ad4 ,these rooms must be separated from living rooms by a wall without any openings in it4 ,emanations also must be prevented as far as possible from entering into living or working rooms situated over the gas engine4 #ae4 ,erection of apparatus for generating and purifying suction gas in cellars shall only be allowed if specially effective ventilation is provided by natural or mechanical means4 ,other ,regulations are those of the ,prussian ,ministerial ,decree1 dated ,june #bj1 #aijd1 as to the arrangement and management of suction gas premises4 ,,acetylene ,,gas ,,installations 7,see also pp4 #he-g7 ,the following regulations for the protection of workers in acetylene gas installations are taken from the ,prussian ,ministerial ,decree1 dated #b ,november1 #ahig3 #a4 ,preparation and condensation of acetylene on the one hand1 and liquefaction on the other1 must be carried on in separate buildings4 #b4 ,if the pressure employed for condensation of the gas exceeds eight atmospheres1 this work must take place in a room set apart for the purpose4 #c4 ,rooms in which acetylene is prepared1 condensed1 or liquefied shall not be used as1 nor be in direct connection with1 living rooms4 ,they must be well lighted and ventilated4 #d4 ,the carbide must be kept in closed watertight vessels1 so as to ensure perfect dryness and only such quantities shall be taken out as are needed4 ,the vessels must be kept in dry1 light1 well-ventilated rooms2 cellar rooms may not be used for storage purposes4 #e4 ,crushing of carbide must be done with the greatest possible avoidance of dust4 ,workers are to be provided with respirators and goggles4 #f4 ,acetylene gasometers must be fitted up in the open air or in a well-ventilated room1 separated from the gas generator4 ,every gas receiver must have a water gauge showing the pressure in the receiver4 #g4 ,between the gasometer and receiver a gas purifier must be provided so as to remove impurities 7phosphoretted hydrogen1 arseniuretted hydrogen1 carbon bisulphide1 ammonia1 c474 #h4 ,condensation of acetylene gas at a pressure exceeding ten atmospheres shall only be done in combination with cooling4 ,,distribution ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,power ,,and ,,illuminating ,,gas ,the ,austrian ,gas ,regulations 7of ,july #ah1 #aijf7 contain general provisions as to impermeability and security of the gas pipes and the precautions to be observed in their installation4 ,special directions follow as to main flues1 material1 dimensions1 branches1 and connections1 valve arrangements1 testing of the pipes against leakage1 directions for discovering leaks1 and other defects2 also the nature of the branch pipes 7dimensions and material71 valves1 cocks1 syphons1 water seals1 and pressure gauges4 ,in addition there are directions as to testing pipes and how to deal with escape of gas1 freezing of pipes1 and other mishaps4 ,ammonia 7,see also pp4 #ij-c and #age7 ,in the production of ammonia and ammonium salts 7ammonium sulphate7 combination of the ammoniacal vapour with the sulphuric acid is accompanied with the formation of volatile dangerous gases containing sulphuretted hydrogen and cyanogen compounds1 which produce marked oppression and sometimes endanger the health of the workers4 ,drawing-off these fumes into the furnace 7practised sometimes in small industries7 is not advisable1 as the sulphuretted hydrogen is burnt to sulphur dioxide2 if it is burnt absorption of the sulphur dioxide should follow1 or working it up into sulphuric acid 7,leymann74 ,often these gases are freed from cyanogen compounds and sulphuretted hydrogen by means of gas purifying materials1 such as are used in gas works4 ,the whole apparatus must be impervious4 ,where liquids containing ammonia are used exhaust ventilation is necessary4 ,cyanogen1 ,cyanogen ,compounds 7,see also pp4 #ic-e and #aie-g7 ,processes in which cyanogen gas can develop1 require to be done under a powerful exhaust draught4 ,in the production of cyanogen compounds possibility of the escape of hydrocyanic acid 7prussic acid7 has to be borne in mind4 ,such escape is possible in its production from raw animal products4 ,the most careful cleanliness and observance of general measures for personal hygiene are necessary in factories in which cyanogen compounds are manufactured or handled4 ,in crushing cyanide of potassium the workers should wear indiarubber gloves and respirators4 ,the products should be stored in closed vessels in dry store rooms set apart for the purpose4 ,modern cyanide of potassium factories which work up molasses1 from which the sugar has been removed1 and also residuary distillery liquors1 so far conform with hygienic requirements that all the apparatus is under negative pressure1 so that poisonous gases cannot escape into the workrooms4 ,coal ,tar1 ,tar ,products 7,see also pp4 #if-aai7 ,care must be taken for the removal of injurious gases developed in the manipulation and use of tar 7tar distillation7 and in the processes of cleaning connected therewith4 ,this can be most effectively done by carrying on the processes in closed apparatus4 ,hofmann describes such a factory where all mixing vessels in which the distillation products are further treated are completely closed in1 so that even in mixing and running off1 no contact is possible with the material4 ,the vessels for holding tar1 tar-water1 c41 must be impervious and kept covered4 ,only the cold pitch and asphalt should be stored in open pits4 ,the cooling of the distillation products and residues1 so long as they give off poisonous and strongly-smelling fumes1 should be carried out in metal or bricked receivers4 ,such directions find a place in the #8,technical ,instructions' appended to the ,german ,factory ,code4 ,without doubt1 tar is1 because of its smell and for other reasons1 unpleasant to handle1 and the danger to health from contact with it is not a matter of indifference4 ,spilling of small quantities of tar during transport and other manipulations can hardly be avoided4 ,careful cleanliness1 therefore1 on the part of workers is strongly urged4 ,it may be mentioned that if tar is covered with a layer of tar-water1 treatment with acid fluids develops sulphur and cyanogen compounds1 which may affect the workers4 ,tar water should1 therefore1 be separated carefully from the tar and used for the preparation of ammonia4 ,the same remarks as to cleanliness1 c41 apply in the manufacture of felt1 lamp-black1 and briquettes1 with use of tar4 ,saturation of felt1 and manufacture of tar plaster should be done in closed apparatus4 ,in the production of lamp-black1 even with a great number of soot chambers1 there is escape of soot causing nuisance to workers and the neighbourhood4 ,complete avoidance of this seems to be difficult1 so that measures for personal hygiene must be assured4 ,in briquette factories it has been found useful to heat the tar by means of steam instead of by direct fire1 which renders possible the use of a closed apparatus and mechanical stirring4 ,in the distillation of tar1 during the first distillation period 7first runnings7 unpleasant and injurious gases containing ammonia and sulphur escape from the stills4 ,these should 7according to ,leymann7 be carried away through closed pipes branching off from the lower end of the running-off pipe1 either into the furnace 7in doing which a possible back flash of flame is to be guarded against7 or be subjected to purification by lime or oxide of iron 7similar to that in the case of illuminating gas7 with a view to recovery of ammonia and sulphur4 ,the lower end of the distillation pipes should be ,u-shaped so as to form a liquid seal--the pipes for the drawing off of the gases branching off before the curve4 ,in the later stages of distillation risk can be checked by careful cooling and imperviousness of the apparatus4 ,very unpleasant yellow fumes develop in great quantity when pitch is run off from the hot still4 ,hence hot pitch should not be run off into open pitch receptacles1 but be cooled first in closed receptacles4 ,the crude products obtained by distillation 7light oil1 creosote oil7 are subjected to purification consisting in treatment on the one hand with alkali and on the other with acid and followed by fractional distillation4 ,in these processes injurious fumes may develop1 therefore they must--as already mentioned--be carried on in closed vessels provided with means of escape for fumes and appliances for mechanical stirring2 the fumes drawn off must be led into the chimney stack4 ,in the distillation of brown coal1 of tar1 and of resin1 it is necessary1 as in the distillation of coal tar1 to insist above all on careful cooling and condensation1 and thorough absorption of uncondensed gases in washing towers4 ,special precautionary rules are necessary to guard against the danger of entering tar stills for cleaning purposes4 ,such directions were approved in ,great ,britain in #aijd in view of accidents which occurred in this way3 ,,tar ,,distilling ,the following directions,i are approved by the ,home ,office and are applicable to factories in which is carried on the distillation of tar for the production of naphtha1 light oil1 creosote oil1 and pitch4 #a4 ,during the process of cleaning1 every tar still should be completely isolated from adjoining tar stills either by disconnecting the pipe leading from the swan neck to the condenser worm1 or by disconnecting the waste gas pipe fixed to the worm end or receiver4 ,blank flanges should be inserted between the disconnections4 ,in addition1 the pit discharge pipe or cock at the bottom of the still should be disconnected4 #b4 ,every tar still should be ventilated and allowed to cool before persons are allowed to enter4 #c4 ,every tar still should be inspected by the foreman or other responsible person before any workman is allowed to enter4 #d4 ,the inspecting foreman on first entering any tar still or tank1 and all persons employed in tar stills or tanks in which there are no cross stays or obstructions likely to cause entanglement1 should be provided with a belt securely fastened round the body with a rope attached1 the free end being left with two men outside whose sole duty should be to watch and draw out any person appearing to be affected by gas4 ,the belt and rope should be adjusted and worn in such a manner that the wearer can be drawn up head foremost and through the manhole and not across it4 #e4 ,a bottle of compressed oxygen1 with mouthpiece1 should be kept at all times ready for use2 and printed instructions as to the use of this bottle1 and the method to be employed for resuscitation by means of artificial respiration should be kept constantly affixed4 ,a draft of such instructions is appended4 #f4 ,a supply of suitable chemical respirators properly charged and in good condition should be kept ready for use in case of emergency arising from sulphuretted hydrogen or certain poisonous gases4 7,granules of carbon saturated with a solution of caustic soda readily absorb sulphuretted hydrogen and may be used for charging respirators47 #g4 ,the use of naked lights should be strictly prohibited in any portion of the works where gas of an inflammable nature is liable to be given off4 #h4 ,each still should be provided with a proper safety valve1 which should at all times be kept in efficient working condition4 ,,gassing ,symptoms4--,the first symptoms are giddiness1 weakness in the legs1 and palpitation of the heart4 ,if a man feels these he should at once move into fresh warm air1 when he will quickly recover if slightly affected4 ,he should avoid exposure to cold4 ,he should not walk home too soon after recovery2 any exertion is harmful4 ,first ,aid4--,remove the patient into fresh warm air4 ,send for the oxygen apparatus4 ,send for a doctor4 ,begin artificial breathing at once if the patient is insensible and continue it for at least half-an-hour1 or until natural breathing returns4 ,give oxygen,j at the same time and continue it after natural breathing returns4 ,artificial ,breathing 7,schfer ,method74--,place the patient face downwards as shown in the diagrams4 ,kneel at the side of the patient and place your hands flat in the small of his back with thumbs nearly touching1 and the fingers spread out on each side of the body over the lowest ribs 7see ,diagram #a74 ,illustration3 ,,diagram #a ,then promote artificial breathing by leaning forward over the patient and1 without violence1 produce a firm1 steady1 downward pressure 7see ,diagram #b74 ,next release all pressure by swinging your body backwards without lifting your hands from the patient 7see ,diagram #a74 ,illustration3 ,,diagram #b ,repeat this pressure and relaxation of pressure without any marked pause between the movements1 about #ae times a minute1 until breathing is established4 ,in my opinion as expressed in the general discussion1 use of breathing apparatus 7smoke helmets7 with oxygen is strongly advisable2 these implements must be put on before entering the still4 ,in creosoting wood1 opening the apparatus and taking out the steeped wood should only be done when the apparatus is sufficiently cooled1 as otherwise injurious fumes escape4 ,in heating asphalt unpleasant fumes arise which should be drawn off into a furnace1 or absorbed by a condenser charged with oil 7,leymann72 open pans should be avoided1 as injurious to workers4 ,organic ,dye-stuffs1 ,coal-,tar ,colours4 7,see also pp4 #ajg-ai and #bjd-ae7 ,the hygienic measures to be adopted for the prevention of industrial poisoning in coal-tar colour factories are chiefly concerned with the poisonous nature on the one hand of the raw material 7benzene1 toluene1 c47 and on the other of the intermediate products 7nitrobenzene1 aniline1 toluidine1 c47 and the subsidiary substances 7chlorine1 acids1 especially nitric acid1 c417 used4 ,the most important measures are as follows3 ,in purifying the raw materials 7benzene1 c47 the distillation requires to be done under effective cooling and in impervious apparatus4 ,if injurious solvents are employed 7such as pyridine in the production of anthracene7 the manipulations should be performed in closed apparatus if possible1 under negative pressure4 ,the fumes exhausted should be carefully condensed by cooling or absorbed by a spray of water or oil4 ,in view of the poisonous nature of benzene1 the apparatus1 stills1 receivers1 tanks1 tank waggons1 c41 should only be entered for the purpose of cleaning or repairing after preliminary thorough removal of all residue of benzene1 complete isolation from all similar apparatus near1 and thorough ventilation4 ,workers entering the stills1 c41 should always be equipped with breathing apparatus 7smoke helmets7 and with a supply of oxygen4 ,other aids1 such as safety belts which are held by helpers1 are not here advocated in view of the often sudden fatal poisoning1 especially as the rescuer is easily induced to spring to the assistance of his unfortunate mate without the necessary equipment4 ,the frequency of such accidents calls urgently for the use of breathing apparatus4 ,in the manufacture of diazo- and nitroso-compounds and generally in nitrating operations poisonous nitrous fumes are developed4 ,by reduction in an acid solution1 acid fumes and singularly pungent-smelling compounds can be given off4 ,if reduction by means of tin is practised1 the arsenic in the tin can cause evolution of the extremely poisonous arseniuretted hydrogen gas4 ,in sulphonating1 sulphur dioxide can develop2 and sulphuretted hydrogen gas on heating with sulphur or sulphide of sodium4 ,all manipulations should take place in tightly closed-in apparatus provided with exhaust1 and the gases drawn off should be absorbed or effectively carried away4 ,in the case of many injurious gases it is not sufficient merely to conduct them into the flue2 they ought to be condensed and got rid of4 ,thus acid fumes 7nitrous fumes1 sulphur dioxide1 hydrochloric acid vapour1 chlorine gas7 are neutralised by water or milk of lime1 or a solution of soda2 ammonia or alcohol by water2 sulphuretted hydrogen and arseniuretted hydrogen by lime and oxide of iron2 aniline1 c41 by dilute acids4 ,production of nitrobenzene1 by nitrating benzene requires to be done in closed apparatus1 provided with mechanical agitators4 ,in the subsequent separation of the nitrating acids from the resulting nitro-compounds1 escape of vapourised nitro-compounds can scarcely be avoided even if closed apparatus is used4 ,provision1 therefore1 must be made for abundant ventilation of the workrooms4 ,the reduction of the nitro-compounds 7nitrobenzene1 nitrotoluene7 to aniline 7toluidine7 must similarly take place in closed agitating vessels4 ,introduction of the iron filings and sulphuric or hydrochloric acids1 also the subsequent saturation with lime1 and driving over of the aniline1 c41 with steam1 and collection of the distillate1 must take place in completely closed apparatus4 ,nevertheless1 escape of small quantities of aniline is very difficult to prevent unless ample ventilation is provided4 ,in the production of fuchsin by heating aniline hydrochloride 7toluidine1 red oil7 with nitrobenzene 7formerly arsenic acid7 in closed vessels1 furnished with mechanical stirring apparatus the aniline remaining unconverted after the melting escapes in the form of steam carrying aniline fumes1 even with careful condensation1 so that thorough ventilation and the other general measures for the protection of workers set forth on pp4 #bdb et seq4 are required4 ,marked injury to health and distress to workers through acid fumes are sometimes caused by the denitration of the waste mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids in the nitrating process1 that is1 by the separation of nitric acid from the acid mixture4 ,this denitration takes place usually in the ,glover towers of the lead chamber system which is often associated with the manufacture of aniline4 ,the mixed nitro-compounds of the waste acids1 however1 are often not completely condensed1 but pass through the chambers and ,gay-,lussac towers and escape into the air1 whence arises the constant smell of nitrobenzene in aniline factories 7,leymann74 ,in the production of naphthylamine and recovery of chlorinated products1 escaping chlorine should be led into chloride of lime chambers1 hydrochloric acid fumes into towers to be absorbed by water and milk of lime or a solution of soda4 ,in aniline factories danger can scarcely be wholly avoided1 as the workers1 on the one hand1 come into contact with poisonous substances1 nitrobenzene1 aniline1 c41 and on the other hand1 in spite of all technical hygienic measures1 can hardly help breathing in some of the aniline4 ,apart from the technical regulations1 therefore1 there must be insistence on cleanliness of the workrooms1 personal cleanliness on the part of the workers 7washing1 baths1 working suits1 cloak-rooms1 c474 ,besides this1 contact with aniline1 nitrobenzene1 c41 wetting of the body and clothes with these substances1 and1 especially spilling1 splashing1 and scattering these fluids must be carefully avoided4 ,the workers require to be suitably instructed as to the symptoms of nitrobenzene and aniline poisoning1 and the right steps to take1 if poisoned4 ,the oxygen apparatus must always be at hand1 ready for use2 the workers must be instructed how to use it4 ,further1 workers1 especially those newly employed1 must be under supervision in order that assistance may be rendered them on the first signs of poisoning2 medical assistance ought to be within easy reach4 ,workers also should know of the tendency of aniline to cause cancer of the bladder4 ,precautions against the poisonous nitro-derivatives of benzene 7nitrophenol1 picric acid1 c471 which are in the form of poisonous dust1 must take the form of entirely closed-in grinding and packing apparatus1 or1 at all events1 removal of the dust at its source4 ,among official regulations may be mentioned the ,prussian ,ministerial ,edict1 dated ,december #ah1 #aijh1 as to purification and storage of benzene1 and further the ,regulations dated ,december #ac1 #aijg1 and ,december #cj1 #aijh1 in force in ,great ,britain for the manufacture of nitro- and amido-derivatives of benzene1 and the manufacture of explosives with use of dinitrobenzene or dinitrotoluene4 ,,vi ,,preventive ,,regulations--,,the ,,extraction ,,of ,,metals 7,,smelting ,,work ,,in ,,general7 ,danger is incurred when the furnace leaks1 a condition which generally occurs in the course of time1 or if gases escape during the necessary manipulations through the working doors4 ,this can be avoided by maintaining the walls in as air-tight a state as possible2 but as very small leakages are almost unavoidable the best course is to so regulate the draught in the furnace 7by means of fans7 that a slight negative pressure always exists in it4 ,naturally1 poisonous gases escaping from the furnace such as sulphur dioxide1 carbonic oxide1 carbon dioxide1 and hydrocarbons require to be drawn away and rendered harmless4 ,this can often be done by merely conducting them into the main flue4 ,gases containing carbonic oxide possess high heating capacity1 and their escape can usually be prevented by suitable cupola bells4 ,they can be led away in impervious conduits and utilised for heating purposes or for driving gas engines4 ,entering the flues for cleaning or repairing purposes is especially dangerous2 and as it is difficult to isolate one portion entirely from another1 such operations might well be carried on by persons equipped with breathing apparatus 7smoke helmets or oxygen apparatus74 ,in roasting operations handwork can be largely replaced by furnaces worked mechanically4 ,if the gases generated are rich in sulphur dioxide they can be utilised for the manufacture of sulphuric acid or for the production of liquid sulphur dioxide either directly or after concentration2 if not1 they must be rendered harmless by treatment with milk of lime in absorption towers4 ,other methods of rendering the sulphur dioxide 7unsuited for manufacture of sulphuric acid7 harmless depend on treatment with minerals containing calcium carbonate1 or magnesium or aluminium hydrate1 sodium sulphide1 c4 ,sometimes the sulphurous gases are led into blast furnaces containing oxide of iron and coal 7so as to form sulphide of iron7 or are absorbed by means of moist scraps of sheet iron or brown coal or peat briquettes4 ,use of chlorine compounds in the extraction of metals from ores 7silver1 copper7 causes evolution of chlorine and hydrochloric acid vapour4 ,these should be dealt with in absorption towers4 ,metallic fumes are collected by suitable condensing arrangements4 ,flue dust is retained in flue dust chambers1 but in the cleaning of such condensing flues and chambers danger to the workers is considerable and they should be equipped with respirators1 working suits1 c4 ,personal hygiene must be insisted on4 ,iron 7,see also pp4 #adf-ea7 ,in blast furnace work1 industrial poisoning occurs mainly from escaping gases rich in carbonic oxide4 ,they may also contain sulphur dioxide and cyanogen compounds4 ,the high proportion of carbonic oxide1 however1 makes these gases valuable and serviceable1 because of their great heating value4 ,they are1 therefore1 now led away and utilised1 the furnace being closed by a cupola bell only opened by means of a mechanical contrivance when charging is necessary2 while this is being done the ignited blast furnace gases pour out1 and the workers retire from the opening1 so that danger to them is avoided4 ,the construction of a blast furnace with a cupola bell can be seen in fig4 #bi4 ,the blast furnace gases are conducted away by an opening in the side1 and pass along special pipes to be utilised1 after having gone through a purifying process mainly for the removal of flue dust1 c4 ,the gases serve partly for the heating of the blast for the furnace itself1 and partly for driving the gas engines which serve the electrical power apparatus1 electric lighting1 c41 in the works4 ,through the rational utilisation of the blast furnace gases1 the workers are protected from their injurious action during the working of the furnace4 ,serious gas poisoning1 however1 occurs not infrequently to workers who have to enter the gas mains for cleaning purposes4 ,workers1 therefore1 should only be permitted to enter the flues1 c41 a considerable time after the process has been stopped and after as complete and thorough a ventilation of the system as is possible4 ,any portion of the gas system which is to undergo cleaning must be completely isolated4 ,ventilation is best effected by the introduction of compressed air4 ,thus a foundry 7in the ,duisburg district7 has provided all its cellars and passages1 through which gas pipes pass1 and which must be entered during repairs1 with compressed air pipes4 ,it is1 however1 advisable that gas conduits should only be entered by workers equipped with breathing apparatus and oxygen supply4 ,naturally adequate instruction of workers and training in first aid are necessary1 as well as a sufficient supply of oxygen in constant readiness4 ,injurious gases can escape from the furnace during tapping and slag running2 poisonous gases with a disagreeable odour1 from presence of sulphuretted hydrogen1 also arise in granulating the slag1 that is1 when the fluid slag is led into water for subsequent use in preparation of cement4 ,these gases should be collected by hoods1 and be carried away as far as possible4 ,in the manufacture of steel by the ,bessemer or ,thomas-,gilchrist process1 the dark smoke arising out of the converter during the blowing operation should be drawn off 7led into flues71 as it is injurious to health4 ,in the ,martin furnaces poisoning may occur1 especially when the gas flues are entered after cessation of work4 ,in letting out the gas in order to stop the furnaces1 the gas and air valves must first be closed and the outlet valves for gas be opened only after the pipes have been filled with steam4 ,steam is to be driven through until the pipes are quite free from gas1 and the system only entered after it has become thoroughly cooled4 ,if need arises for entering portions of the system while neighbouring parts are still filled with gas1 the workers employed require to be provided with breathing apparatus and smoke helmets4 ,in the transport of ferro-silicon several cases of poisoning have occurred4 ,cautionary regulations1 therefore1 relating to this work have been found necessary4 ,such directions are contained in the police regulations of the ,prussian ,minister of ,trade and ,industry respecting the transport on the ,rhine of corrosive and poisonous substances 7dated ,september #bi1 #aiaj74 ,it is prescribed3 7#a7 that ferro-silicon be packed in strong watertight cases of wood or metal2 7#b7 that on the cases be inscribed1 legibly and indelibly1 the notice #8,ferro-silicon4 ,to be kept dry6 ,with care6' 7#c7 that the substance be delivered dry and in dry cases2 7#d7 that the cases be stored in airy places on the deck of the ship in such a manner that they are protected from wet4 ,further1 care is to be taken that the storage on ships is done in such a way that possible damage to the material in which it is packed entails no risk4 ,the harbour authorities where loading or landing takes place can deal with special cases as they think fit4 ,international regulation as to transport of ferro-silicon in the spirit of the above regulations would be most desirable in view of the oversea trade in this substance4,k ,lead 7,see also pp4 #abj-dj and #agg-hb7 ,for protection against lead poisoning1 the most widely spread of the slow industrial poisonings1 all those measures are of moment which we have described in our general discussion on protection against danger from poison in industries1 both personal and general4 ,personal hygiene1 especially careful washing after work1 prohibition of eating in workrooms1 suitable working clothes1 provision of cloak rooms1 meal rooms1 baths1 c41 are important and effective measures for the protection of workers against industrial lead poisoning4 ,the worker should naturally be adequately instructed as to the risk4 ,appropriate printed notices are especially adapted for this purpose4 ,further1 selection of workers should be made under medical supervision4 ,workers who suffer from specific disease which1 if associated with lead poisoning1 may prove dangerous1 should be excluded from all contact with lead4 ,among such illnesses must be reckoned tuberculosis in all its forms1 alcoholism1 epilepsy1 tendency to mental disease 7nervous disposition1 hysteria1 neurasthenia1 c471 rheumatism1 and disease of the kidneys4 ,overtime work undoubtedly increases risk2 therefore working hours should be shortened as much as possible1 and handwork replaced by machine work where possible4 ,young persons and women especially should be excluded from work in lead4 ,alternation of employment also is beneficial and essential in very dangerous lead work1 because the poison accumulates in the body and only during intervals wherein absolutely no poison can be absorbed has it time to be eliminated4 ,periodical medical examination by a surgeon is of great value with systematic entry of the results of examination in a health register4 ,as bearing on this1 early diagnosis is of the greatest importance1 so that workers in whom the first signs of lead poisoning appear may at once be suspended or transferred to other work4 ,lead workers should take suitable nourishing food and avoid particularly alcoholic excess4 ,when the danger is due to fumes or dust in the air the measures prescribed on pages #bdb-ee apply1 particularly those which aim at keeping the workrooms and the air in the factories free of them by locally applied exhaust ventilation4 ,in order to replace or reduce the use of lead we strongly advocate the use of non-poisonous1 or at any rate less poisonous1 substances1 where this can be done without technical difficulties1 as1 for instance1 carborundum discs instead of lead in polishing of precious stones1 leadless glaze in pottery for lead glaze 7so far as this is possible1 as to which see page #cai71 beds free of lead 7in different industries7 for lead beds4 ,in a number of cases1 however1 such substitution is impracticable on technical grounds or can only partially be carried out1 as1 for example1 in letterpress printing and in the paint and colour industry1 in which the prohibition of lead has often been repeatedly urged4 ,so far1 unfortunately1 it must be admitted that repeated attempts to find a non-poisonous substitute for lead colours1 especially for white lead1 of equal value technically1 have not succeeded4 ,endeavours have been made to substitute for lead1 zinc preparations 7zinc white1 lithopone1 c471 but hitherto 7in regard to durability1 opacity1 c47 with incomplete success4 ,mention must be made of the measures based upon the relatively non-poisonous nature of lead sulphide4 ,lead sulphide is1 in spite of various assertions to the contrary1 practically non-poisonous2 a fact attributable to its insolubility in water and weak acids4 ,as lead sulphide is the only non-poisonous lead compound it is a duty to take advantage of this fact for purposes of lead prophylaxis4 ,attempts with this end in view were made by the introduction of sulphur soaps in lead factories4 ,soaps containing in large quantity soluble alkaline sulphides convert lead compounds adhering to the skin into black lead sulphide4 ,the lead compounds are in this way made harmless1 and besides this the worker is impelled to remove the staining by washing4 ,such a sulphur soap has been brought into the market under the name of akremnin soap1 but does not enjoy special popularity with the workmen on account of its unpleasant smell4 ,the struggle against the risks of lead employment has been going on ever since efforts for the protection of workers were commenced4 ,the ,international ,association for ,labour ,legislation has made valuable inquiries in this direction4 ,the question of lead poisoning had been repeatedly discussed by this ,association and its branches in various countries4 ,the ,international ,labour ,bureau also took up the issue and in #aijf--supported by the ,institute for ,general ,welfare in ,frankfurt a-,m4--offered a prize for the best treatise on the prevention of industrial lead poisoning4 ,the outcome of this competition was the volume compiled by ,leymann1 #8,die ,bekmpfung der ,bleigefahr in der ,industrie' 7published by ,fischer1 ,jena1 #aijh74 ,in connection with the resolution adopted at the third ,congress of the ,international ,association for ,labour ,legislation the ,union of ,social ,reform 7as the ,german branch is called7 addressed the ,federal ,council on the white lead question1 the chief points insisted upon being the need for3 7#a7 regulations for the house painting industry in pursuance of ,section #abj of the ,factory ,code2 7#b7 report by the ,imperial ,health ,office on the practicability of substitutes for lead2 7#c7 exclusion of lead colours from use in the painting of public buildings2 and 7#d7 treatment of lead poisoning by the ,state ,insurance ,office as an accident entitling to compensation4 ,these demands were supported by the central office of the ,society for ,promoting the ,welfare of ,workers1 which had as far back as its seventh conference in #ahih occupied itself with the question of dangerous trades and especially1 at its conference in #aije1 taken up the subject of the protection of workers against industrial poisoning4 ,in ,germany these efforts resulted in the passage of a number of ,imperial ,regulations for separate lead industries4 ,in other countries similar action was set on foot4 ,in ,austria1 where the subject is of special importance in view of the part played by lead in the home industries1 the ,government undertook to improve the conditions in industries attended with risk of lead poisoning4 ,for this purpose the ,statistical ,office of the ,ministry of ,commerce and ,labour has1 since #aijd1 carried out extensive inquiries into lead and zinc smelting works1 paint and colour factories1 the painting and varnishing trades1 letterpress printing1 and the ceramic industry4 ,the results are contained in the volume #8,lead ,poisoning in ,smelting ,works and ,industries ,generally' 7published by ,hlder1 ,vienna74 ,as in ,germany and ,austria1 so also in ,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,switzerland1 ,belgium1 and the ,netherlands1 regulations in various lead industries were enforced after previous official inquiry and report4 ,a general code1 however1 affecting all lead industries has only been published in one or two states4 ,and yet this would1 in my opinion1 be of very great practical value as it is hardly possible to regulate each single branch of industry4 ,in ,germany the ,regulations dated ,may #bf1 #aijc1 dealing with lead colours are certainly comprehensive1 but relate primarily to paint factories1 and are not1 therefore1 a general ,order in the sense indicated4 ,in ,saxony the decree of ,june #bg1 #aija1 made notification of lead poisoning compulsory1 and in the subsequent decree of ,april #af1 #aiji1 prescribed general measures against lead poisoning4 ,in ,switzerland single cantons have made general regulations4 ,in ,france1 by a decree dated ,april #bc1 #aijh 7in pursuance of the general law of ,june #ab1 #ahic71 all industries attended with risk of lead poisoning were brought under ,regulation4 ,we give the provisions of this interesting decree1 as it is a good example of the kind of ,regulations we have in mind4 ,,decree ,,of ,,the ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,republic 7,,april #bc1 #aijh7 ,,relating ,,to ,,certain ,,industries ,,in ,,which ,,lead ,,is ,,used #a4 ,in the lead industries hereinafter mentioned1 viz43 smelting1 cupellation of argentiferous lead1 manufacture of accumulators1 glass-making1 manufacture and use of lead enamels1 manufacture of pottery1 decoration of porcelain or faience1 ceramic chromo-lithography1 manufacture of lead alloys1 oxides1 salts and colours--employers1 directors or managers are required1 apart from the general measures prescribed by the ,decree of #bi ,november1 #aijd1 to take special measures for protection and health as set forth in the following sections4 #b4 ,lead melting pots shall be erected in an airy place separated from the other workrooms4 ,hoods or other means for the effectual removal of fumes shall be provided3-- 7a7 ,over the openings for the run of lead and slag in lead smelting4 7b7 ,before the furnace doors in the manufacture of lead oxides4 7c7 ,above the pots for melting lead or its alloys1 in the other industries enumerated in ,section #a4 #c4 ,all work with oxides and other compounds of lead capable of producing dust shall be done as far as possible when in a damp condition4 ,when this work cannot be done in the presence of water or other liquid1 it shall be carried out by mechanical means1 in covered air-tight apparatus4 ,if it is impossible to conform to the requirements of either of the first two paragraphs of this section1 the work shall be done under a strong draught so arranged that the harmful products may be intercepted by apparatus suitably placed4 ,finally1 if none of these systems is possible the workmen shall be supplied with respirators4 #d4 ,oxides and other compounds of lead1 whether dry or damp1 in suspension or solution1 shall not be handled with the bare hand4 ,the employer shall at his own expense provide the workers in these operations with either gloves made of impervious material such as indiarubber1 or suitable appliances1 and shall cause them to be kept in good repair and frequently cleaned4 #e4 ,tables on which these products are handled shall be covered with some impervious material1 kept in a perfectly water-tight condition4 ,the same requirement applies to the floors of the workrooms1 which shall also be kept damp4 ,the floor shall be slightly sloped towards a water-tight receptacle for collecting the lead substances which are washed down4 ,the work shall be so arranged that there shall be no splashing4 ,the tables1 floors and walls shall be washed at least once a week4 #f4 ,without prejudice to the requirements of section #c1 the grinding and mixing of lead products1 and the use of them in dusting shall be effected in special places with active ventilation4 ,if the materials cannot be damped1 the workers shall be provided with respirators4 #g4 ,pottery shall not be dipped with bare hands in solutions containing litharge1 red lead1 galena or white lead in suspension4 #h4 ,no food or drink shall be brought into the works4 #i4 ,employers shall1 at their own expense1 provide and maintain for the use of the workers1 overalls or clothing for use during work only1 in addition to gloves and respirators4 #aj4 ,in a part of the building separated from the workrooms1 there shall be provided for the use of the workers exposed to lead dust or fumes1 a cloak room and lavatory kept in good order1 provided with basins or taps in sufficient number1 a plentiful supply of water1 soap and a towel for each worker replaced at least once a week4 ,the cloak rooms shall be provided with cupboards or drawers with locks or padlocks1 the ordinary clothing being kept apart from the working clothes4 #aa4 ,a warm bath or shower bath shall be provided each week for the workers exposed to lead dust or fumes4 ,a warm bath or shower bath shall be provided every day after work1 for each worker employed1 either in emptying or cleaning the condensing chambers and flues1 in repairing furnaces in lead works1 in carrying lead corrosions from the beds in white lead factories1 in packing red lead1 in grinding lead enamels and in dry dusting4 #ab4 ,employers are required to exhibit1 in a conspicuous position in the works1 regulations imposing on the workers the following obligations3-- ,to use the appliances1 gloves1 respirators1 and working clothes placed at their disposal4 ,not to bring into the works either food or drink4 ,to pay great care1 before each meal1 to the cleanliness of the mouth1 nose1 and hands4 ,to take the baths weekly or daily as provided in section #aa4 #ac4 ,the ,minister of ,labour may1 by ,order made with the advice of the ,consultative ,committee for ,arts and ,manufactures1 exempt an establishment for a specified period1 from all or part of the requirements of ,regs4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #e and #f in any case where it is found that observance of these requirements is practically impossible1 and that the health and safety of the workers are assured by conditions at least equivalent to those prescribed in the present ,order4 #ad4 ,subject to additional postponements which may be granted by the ,minister in pursuance of ,section #f of the ,act of #abth ,june1 #ahic 7as amended by that of #aath ,july1 #aijc71 the delay required for the carrying out of the alterations necessitated by the present ,decree is limited to one year from the date of its publication4 #ae4 ,the ,ministry of ,labour is charged with the administration of this ,decree4 ,this decree was supplemented by further noteworthy additions requiring medical supervision in lead industries as follows3 ,,decree ,,of ,,december #bh1 #aiji1 ,,organising ,,medical ,,service ,,in ,,industries ,,exposing ,,the ,,workers ,,to ,,risk ,,of ,,lead ,,poisoning #a4 ,in premises in which the processes enumerated in ,regulation #a of the ,decree of ,april #bc1 #aijh1 are carried on medical attendance as prescribed below shall be provided4 #b4 ,a surgeon appointed by the occupier shall examine the workers and enter the results of examination required in ,regulations #c and #d4 ,the examinations shall be paid for by the occupier4 #c4 ,no person shall be employed in work mentioned in ,regulation #a of the ,decree of ,april #bc1 #aijh1 without a certificate from the surgeon stating that he is free from symptoms of lead poisoning and of illness which might render him specially susceptible4 #d4 ,no worker shall remain at the same employment unless the certificate is renewed one month after commencement of employment and subsequently at quarterly intervals4 ,in addition to the periodical examination the occupier shall give an order on the surgeon to every workman declaring himself to be ill from his employment or who desires to undergo medical examination4 #e4 ,a special ,register open to the ,factory ,inspector shall be kept containing the following particulars of each worker3 7#a7 ,dates and duration of absence on account of illness of any kind2 7#b7 ,dates of medical certificates for such illness1 the notes made by the surgeon and the name of the surgeon furnishing them2 7#c7 ,instructions given by the appointed surgeon in pursuance of ,regulations #c and #d above4 ,lead ,smelting ,works 7,see also pp4 #abb-ca7 ,as the fumes in lead smelting works contain a high proportion of lead1 all apparatus1 especially furnaces and working doors1 should be provided with efficient exhaust ventilation and all flues1 furnaces1 and other apparatus be as airtight as possible4 ,where lead dust is created exhaust ventilation locally applied is necessary4 ,two of the most important preventive measures are personal cleanliness and alternation of employment4 ,dust arising in the furnaces and borne along by the furnace gases together with arsenical fumes and dust must be deposited in flues or chambers4 ,in view of the importance of proper instruction of smelters as regards the danger we quote the warning note prepared by the ,institute for ,industrial ,hygiene1 ,frankfurt a4-,m41 which deserves wide circulation4 ,,lead ,,leaflet ,,for ,,smelters ,how does ,lead ,poisoning arise8 ,the danger of lead poisoning in lead1 spelter and other smelting premises can be avoided if due care is observed4 ,lead poisoning occurs when lead enters the system4 ,this takes place by breathing dust and fume containing lead1 or by eating and drinking1 smoking1 snuff taking and tobacco chewing if food or tobacco is taken into the mouth with dirty hands and dirty face and beard4 ,no one is immune from lead4 ,lead accumulates in the body of careless persons and he who is not sick to-day can be so to-morrow or after weeks or months4 ,how can ,plumbism be avoided8 ,all smelters must observe cleanliness4 ,in this respect they should see to the following points3 #a4 ,it is to their interest to see that the exhaust ventilation is kept in order and that the ,special ,rules or ,regulations are exactly followed4 ,further1 special clothing should be worn1 the mouth and nose should be covered1 and the floors sprinkled4 #b4 ,it is especially important that in intervals and at the close of work the mouth1 face1 beard1 and hands should be carefully cleaned4 ,food should not be eaten or the premises left without putting on fresh clothes and thoroughly washing or1 still better1 bathing4 ,when drinking1 the edge of the drinking glass should not be fingered with dirty hands4 ,especially important is it that the teeth should be cleaned and the mouth washed out4 #c4 ,during work smoking1 snuff taking1 and tobacco chewing1 which invariably convey lead into the mouth1 should be given up1 as it is impossible to prevent the hands getting contaminated with lead4 ,lighting the pipe with glowing lead ashes is in the highest degree dangerous from the risk of inhaling lead fume4 ,the body must be strengthened to withstand the action of lead4 ,moderation in drinking1 especially avoidance of spirits1 should be observed4 ,alcoholic subjects succumb to lead poisoning much more readily than the temperate4 ,food should be abundant and rich in fat1 for example milk and bacon4 ,thick soups are excellent before work4 ,work should never be begun on an empty stomach4 ,and lastly as much fresh air as possible4 ,walking1 athletics1 work in the garden and field will help to keep off many an attack4 ,if anyone thinks that he is suffering from lead poisoning he should at once in his own and his family's interest see the doctor of his sick club4 ,the following are the ,,german ,,imperial ,,regulations ,,for ,,lead ,,smelting ,,works1 ,,dated ,,june #af1 #aije ,general ,regulations #a4 ,workrooms in which lead ores are roasted1 sintered1 or smelted1 pig lead produced and submitted to further treatment1 distillation of rich lead 7bullion cupellation7 litharge1 red lead1 or other oxides of lead prepared1 ground or sieved1 stored or packed1 or zinc skimmings distilled1 shall be roomy1 high1 and so arranged that a sufficient constant exchange of air takes place4 ,they shall be provided with a level and solid floor to allow of easy removal of dust by a moist method4 ,the walls shall be smooth so as to prevent collection of dust2 they shall be either washed down or lime washed at least once a year4 ,provided that this shall not apply in the case of calcining sheds with wooden walls4 #b4 ,an abundant supply of good drinking water1 protected against contamination from dust1 shall be provided for the workers on the furnaces and smelting pots1 and in such close proximity to them1 that they can obtain it at any time without having to go into the open air4 ,arrangements for sprinkling the floors shall be provided near the furnaces4 ,the floors of the rooms mentioned in paragraph #a shall be wet cleansed at least once daily4 #c4 ,prepared 7i4e4 concentrated7 lead ores and leady smelting products1 unless moist1 shall not be crushed except in an apparatus so arranged as to prevent as far as possible penetration of dust into the workrooms4 ,provided that this shall not apply to calcined material from converters4 ,sacks in which lead ores and materials containing lead have been packed shall not be freed from dust and cleaned except in a dust-proof apparatus or by washing4 #d4 ,materials containing lead for charging the blast-furnaces1 if they are oxides and form dust1 shall be damped before they are mixed with other materials1 stocked on the feeding floor1 or charged into the blast-furnaces4 ,provided that this shall not apply in the case of calcined material from converters4 #e4 ,dust1 gases1 and lead fumes1 escaping from furnaces1 and converters1 tapping spouts1 tapping pots1 drain sump1 slag pots1 slag cars1 or slag channels1 and from glowing residues taken from the furnaces1 shall be caught as near as possible to the point of origin and removed harmlessly4 ,dust collecting chambers1 flues1 as well as furnaces which have been #8blown down1' shall not be entered by workmen unless sufficiently cooled and ventilated4 ,special ,regulations for such parts of a factory where lead colours are prepared #f4 ,in grinding1 sieving and packing dry leady materials1 in charging1 and emptying litharge and red lead furnaces1 in collecting the red lead and similar operations in which leady dust is developed1 exhaust arrangements shall be provided for preventing the entrance of dust into the workrooms4 #g4 ,apparatus producing leady dust1 if their construction and manner of use does not effectually prevent evolution of dust1 shall have all cracks protected by thick layers of felt or woollen material1 or by similar means1 so as to prevent the entrance of dust into the workrooms4 ,apparatus of this character shall be provided with arrangements for preventing compression of air in them4 ,they shall only be opened when the dust in them shall have completely settled1 and they are absolutely cool4 ,special arrangements in force for the distillation of zinc skimmings #h4 ,proposed new furnaces for the distillation of zinc skimmings 7for which according to pars4 #af and #be of the ,industrial ,code a special permission is required7 shall be so arranged that 7#a7 there shall be at least a clear space of #aj feet in front of the charging opening2 7#b7 any passages under the distillation rooms shall be roomy1 at least #aa feet high in the centre1 light and airy4 #i4 ,dust1 gases1 and fumes arising from the zinc skimmings distillation furnaces shall be collected as near as possible to the point of origin1 and carried outside the smelting room4 ,the entrance of gases from the fires into the smelting room shall be prevented as far as possible by suitable arrangements for drawing them off4 #aj4 ,sieving and packing of by-products obtained in the distillation of zinc skimmings 7poussire1 flue dust7 shall not be done except in a special room separated from the other workrooms1 and complying with the requirements of ,reg4 #a4 ,sieving shall only be done in an apparatus so constructed that dust shall not escape4 ,employment of workers4 #aa4 ,women and young persons shall not be employed or permitted in rooms mentioned in ,reg4 #a1 in flue dust chambers1 or dust flues1 or in the removal of flue dust4 #ab4 ,no person shall be newly employed in rooms mentioned in ,reg4 #a1 in flue dust chambers1 or dust flues1 or in the transport of flue dust1 without a certificate of fitness from the surgeon appointed by the higher authorities4 ,these certificates shall be collected and shown to the ,factory ,inspector and ,appointed ,surgeon on request4 #ac4 ,no person shall be employed in charging blast furnaces1 apart from mere labouring work on the floors1 for more than eight hours daily4 ,the same shall apply in the case of workmen employed in the inside of furnaces when cool1 or in emptying flue dust chambers1 or dust flues which contain wet flue dust4 ,no person shall be employed in cleaning out1 from inside1 flue dust chambers1 or dust flues containing dry flue dust for more than four hours daily2 and including emptying and work of transport of this kind altogether no longer than eight hours daily4 ,other workers in rooms specified in ,reg4 #a shall not work more than #aj hours in #bd1 exclusive of mealtimes4 ,exception to this is allowed in the case of those workers who are employed for the purpose of a weekly change of shift1 and for whom exception as to ,sunday employment is permitted by ,imperial ,decree4 ,clothing1 overalls1 lavatory accommodation1 c4 #ad4 ,the occupier shall provide for all persons employed in cleaning out flue dust chambers1 dust flues1 repairing of cooled furnaces1 grinding1 sieving and packing of litharge1 red lead1 or other lead colours1 complete suits of working clothes1 including caps and respirators4 #ae4 ,work with lead salts in solution shall not be done except by workers who either grease their hands or are provided with impermeable gloves4 #af4 ,the suit of clothes1 or overalls1 provided in ,regs4 #ad and #ae1 respirators and gloves1 shall be provided in sufficient amount and in proper condition4 ,the occupier shall see that they are always suitable for their purpose1 and are not worn except by those workers for whom they are intended2 and that they1 at stated intervals 7the overalls at least once a week1 the respirators and gloves prior to use71 are cleaned1 and during the time that they are not in use are kept in a place specially reserved for each article4 #ag4 ,a lavatory and cloak room shall be provided for the use of the workmen in a part of the building free from dust4 ,separate from it there shall be a dining-room4 ,these rooms must be kept free from dust and be warmed during the winter4 ,in a suitable place provision shall be made for warming the workers' food4 ,water1 soap1 and towels1 and arrangements for keeping separate the overalls from other clothing taken off before the commencement of work shall be provided in sufficient amount in the lavatory and cloak room4 ,the occupier shall afford opportunity for persons engaged in cleaning out flue dust chambers1 dust flues1 and the cooled furnaces1 to take a bath daily after the end of the work1 and for those handling oxides of lead1 at least once a week1 during working hours inside the works4 ,the bathroom shall be warmed during the winter4 #ah4 ,the occupier shall place the supervision of the health of the workers in the hands of a surgeon1 appointed by the higher authorities for this purpose1 whose name shall be sent to the ,inspector of ,factories4 ,the surgeon shall examine the workers at least once a month in the factory1 with a view to the detection of symptoms of lead poisoning4 ,the occupier shall not employ persons suspected by the surgeon of having contracted lead poisoning in the processes mentioned in ,reg4 #a or in cleaning out flue dust chambers1 dust flues1 or furnaces when cold1 or transport of the flue dust1 until they are quite well4 ,those who appear peculiarly susceptible shall be permanently suspended from working in these processes4 #ai4 ,the ,health ,register shall be shown to the ,factory ,inspector and ,appointed ,surgeon on demand4 7,similar to ,reg4 #ae of ,spelter ,regulations47 #bj4 ,the occupier shall require the workers to subscribe to the following conditions3-- 7#a7 ,food must not be taken into the workrooms4 ,meals may only be taken outside the workrooms4 7#b7 ,workmen must only enter the meal room to take their meals or leave the factory1 after they have taken off their overalls and carefully washed their face and hands4 7#c7 ,workmen must use the overalls1 respirators and gloves in those workrooms and for the particular processes for which they are given them4 7#d7 ,cigar and cigarette smoking during work is forbidden4 7#e7 ,a bath in the factory must be taken every day at the close of their work by those engaged in the emptying and cleaning of flue dust chambers1 flues1 and furnaces when cold1 and by those employed on oxides of lead once a week4 ,provided that this shall not apply in the case of workmen exempted by the appointed surgeon4 ,workers contravening these orders will be liable to dismissal without further notice4 #ba4 ,in every workroom1 as well as in the cloak room and meal room1 there shall be posted up by the occupier1 in a conspicuous place and in clear characters1 a notice of these regulations4 ,the occupier is responsible for seeing that the requirement of ,reg4 #bj 7#a7 is obeyed4 ,he shall make a manager or foreman responsible for the precise carrying out of ,reg4 #bj 7#a7 7#b7 and 7#e74 ,the person thus made responsible shall see to the carrying out of the regulations and for the exercise of necessary care as prescribed in par4 #aea of the ,factory ,act4 #bb4 ,no work in a lead smelting works shall be commenced until notice of its erection has been sent to the ,factory ,inspector4 ,after receipt of the notice he shall personally visit to see whether the arrangements are in accordance with these regulations4 #bc4 ,these regulations come into force on #ast ,january1 #aijf4 ,where structural alterations are necessary for the carrying out of ,regs4 #a1 #e 7#a71 #f1 #i1 #aj and #ag1 the higher authorities may allow an extension of time to a date not later than ,january #ast1 #aijh4 ,if it seems necessary on strong grounds of public interest1 the ,council 7,bundesrath7 may extend the time in particular works until #ast ,january1 #aiac1 and until then allow exceptions from the regulations as regards ,reg4 #ac 7#a7 and 7#b74 ,accumulator ,factories ,dr4 ,rambousek gives a very brief synopsis of the ,german ,imperial ,regulations in force for this industry and mentions that in ,great ,britain the ,regulations of the ,secretary of ,state dated #aijc are similar4 ,we have printed these1 as the code is fairly representative of the ,english ,regulations for 7#a7 smelting of metals2 7#b7 paints and colours2 7#c7 tinning of hollow ware2 7#d7 yarn dyed with chromate of lead2 7#e7 vitreous enamelling2 and the special rules for 7#f7 white lead and 7#g7 earthenware3 ,,regulations ,,dated ,,november #ba1 #aijc1 ,,made ,,by ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,state ,,for ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,electric ,,accumulators ,whereas the manufacture of electric accumulators has been certified in pursuance of ,section #gi of the ,factory and ,workshop ,act1 #aija1 to be dangerous2 ,i hereby1 in pursuance of the powers conferred on me by that ,act1 make the following regulations1 and direct that they shall apply to all factories and workshops or parts thereof in which electric accumulators are manufactured4 ,definitions4--,in these ,regulations #8lead process' means pasting1 casting1 lead burning1 or any work involving contact with dry compounds of lead4 ,any approval given by the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories in pursuance of these ,regulations shall be given in writing1 and may at any time be revoked by notice in writing signed by him4 ,duties of ,occupier #a4 ,ventilation4--,every room in which casting1 pasting or lead burning is carried on shall contain at least #ejj cubic feet of air space for each person employed therein1 and in computing this air space1 no height above #ad feet shall be taken into account4 ,these rooms and that in which the plates are formed shall be capable of through ventilation4 ,they shall be provided with windows made to open4 #b4 ,separation of processes4--,each of the following processes shall be carried on in such manner and under such conditions as to secure effectual separation from one another and from any other process3 7a7 ,manipulation of dry compounds of lead2 7b7 ,pasting2 7c7 ,formation1 and lead burning necessarily carried on therewith2 7d47 ,melting down of old plates4 ,provided that manipulation of dry compounds of lead carried on as in ,regulation #e 7b7 need not be separated from pasting4 #c4 ,floors4--,the floors of the rooms in which manipulation of dry compounds of lead or pasting is carried on shall be of cement or similar impervious material1 and shall be kept constantly moist while work is being done4 ,the floors of these rooms shall be washed with a hose pipe daily4 #d4 ,melting pots4--,every melting pot shall be covered with a hood and shaft so arranged as to remove the fumes and hot air from the workrooms4 ,lead ashes and old plates shall be kept in receptacles especially provided for the purpose4 #e4 ,manipulation of dry compounds of lead4--,manipulation of dry compounds of lead in the mixing of the paste or other processes1 shall not be done except 7a7 in an apparatus so closed1 or so arranged with an exhaust draught1 as to prevent the escape of dust into the work room3 or 7b7 at a bench provided with 7#a7 efficient exhaust draught and air guide so arranged as to draw the dust away from the worker1 and 7#b7 a grating on which each receptacle of the compound of lead in use at the time shall stand4 #f4 ,covering of benches4--,the benches at which pasting is done shall be covered with sheet lead or other impervious material1 and shall have raised edges4 #g4 ,prohibition of employment4--,no woman1 young person1 or child shall be employed in the manipulation of dry compounds of lead or in pasting4 #h4 7a7 ,appointed ,surgeon4--,a duly qualified medical practitioner 7in these ,regulations referred to as the #8,appointed ,surgeon'7 who may be the ,certifying ,surgeon1 shall be appointed by the occupier1 such appointment unless held by the ,certifying ,surgeon to be subject to the approval of the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories4 7b7 ,medical examination4--,every person employed in a lead process shall be examined once a month by the ,appointed ,surgeon1 who shall have power to suspend from employment in any lead process4 7c7 ,no person after such suspension shall be employed in a lead process without written sanction entered in the ,health ,register by the ,appointed ,surgeon4 ,it shall be sufficient compliance with this regulation for a written certificate to be given by the ,appointed ,surgeon and attached to the ,health ,register1 such certificate to be replaced by a proper entry in the ,health ,register at the ,appointed ,surgeon's next visit4 7d7 ,health ,register4--,a ,health ,register in a form approved by the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories shall be kept1 and shall contain a list of all persons employed in lead processes4 ,the ,appointed ,surgeon will enter in the ,health ,register the dates and results of his examinations of the persons employed and particulars of any directions given by him4 ,he shall on a prescribed form furnish to the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories on the #ast day of ,january in each year a list of the persons suspended by him during the previous year1 the cause and duration of such suspension1 and the number of examinations made4 ,the ,health ,register shall be produced at any time when required by ,h4,m4 ,inspectors of ,factories or by the ,certifying ,surgeon or by the ,appointed ,surgeon4 #i4 ,overalls4--,overalls shall be provided for all persons employed in manipulating dry compounds of lead or in pasting4 ,the overalls shall be washed or renewed once every week4 #aj4 ,cloak and dining rooms4--,the occupier shall provide and maintain3 7a7 a cloak room in which workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours4 ,separate and suitable arrangements shall be made for the storage of the overalls required in ,regulation #i4 7b7 a dining room unless the factory is closed during meal hours4 #aa4 ,food1 c4--,no person shall be allowed to introduce1 keep1 prepare or partake of any food1 drink1 or tobacco1 in any room in which a lead process is carried on4 ,suitable provision shall be made for the deposit of food brought by the workers4 ,this regulation shall not apply to any sanitary drink provided by the occupier and approved by the ,appointed ,surgeon4 #ab4 ,washing4--,the occupier shall provide and maintain for the use of the persons employed in lead processes a lavatory1 with soap1 nail brushes1 towels1 and at least one lavatory basin for every five such persons4 ,each such basin shall be provided with a waste pipe1 or the basins shall be placed on a trough fitted with a waste pipe4 ,there shall be a constant supply of hot and cold water laid on to each basin4 ,or1 in the place of basins the occupier shall provide and maintain troughs of enamel or similar smooth impervious material1 in good repair1 of a total length of two feet for every five persons employed1 fitted with waste pipes1 and without plugs1 with a sufficient supply of warm water constantly available4 ,the lavatory shall be kept thoroughly cleansed and shall be supplied with a sufficient quantity of clean towels once every day4 #ac4 ,before each meal and before the end of the day's work1 at least ten minutes1 in addition to the regular meal times1 shall be allowed for washing to each person who has been employed in the manipulation of dry compounds of lead or in pasting4 ,provided that if the lavatory accommodation specially reserved for such persons exceeds that required by ,regulation #ab1 the time allowance may be proportionately reduced1 and that if there be one basin or two feet of trough for each such person this ,regulation shall not apply4 #ad4 ,baths4--,sufficient bath accommodation shall be provided for all persons engaged in the manipulation of dry compounds of lead or in pasting1 with hot and cold water laid on1 and a sufficient supply of soap and towels4 ,this rule shall not apply if in consideration of the special circumstances of any particular case1 the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories approves the use of local public baths when conveniently near1 under the conditions 7if any7 named in such approval4 #ae4 ,cleaning4--,the floors and benches of each workroom shall be thoroughly cleansed daily1 at a time when no other work is being carried on in the room4 ,duties of ,persons ,employed #af4 ,medical examination4--,all persons employed in lead processes shall present themselves at the appointed times for examination by the ,appointed ,surgeon as provided in ,regulation #h4 ,no person after suspension shall work in a lead process1 in any factory or workshop in which electric accumulators are manufactured1 without written sanction entered in the ,health ,register by the ,appointed ,surgeon4 #ag4 ,overalls4--,every person employed in the manipulation of dry compounds of lead or in pasting shall wear the overalls provided under ,regulation #i4 ,the overalls1 when not being worn1 and clothing put off during working hours1 shall be deposited in the places provided under ,regulation #aj4 #ah4 ,food1 c4--,no person shall introduce1 keep1 prepare1 or partake of any food1 drink 7other than any sanitary drink provided by the occupier and approved by the ,appointed ,surgeon71 or tobacco in any room in which a lead process is carried on4 #ai4 ,washing4--,no person employed in a lead process shall leave the premises or partake of meals without previously and carefully cleaning and washing the hands4 #bj4 ,baths4--,every person employed in the manipulation of dry compounds of lead or in pasting shall take a bath at least once a week4 #ba4 ,interference with safety appliances4--,no person shall in any way interfere1 without the concurrence of the occupier or manager1 with the means and appliances provided for the removal of the dust or fumes1 and for the carrying out of these ,regulations4 ,these ,regulations shall come into force on the #ast day of ,january1 #aijd4 ,white ,lead 7,see also pp4 #aca and #acb7 ,in the manufacture of white lead processes which create dust are specially dangerous1 namely1 emptying the corrosion chambers1 drying and grinding1 transport of the material in the form of powder1 and packing4 ,the following measures are called for3 emptying the chambers should only be done by men wearing respirators or equipped with breathing helmets after preliminary damping of the corrosions by means of a spray4 ,use of a vacuum cleaning apparatus suggests itself4 ,drying should be done as far as possible in stoves charged mechanically1 the temperature in which can be watched from the outside2 grinding must be done in closed and ventilated mills2 transport of the dried material should be effected by mechanical means or vacuum apparatus1 and packing should be done in mechanical packing machines4 ,further1 cleanliness and strict discipline are essential4 ,alternation of employment is advisable4 ,the question of substitutes for white lead is referred to on p4 #bic4 ,manufacture of red lead calls for precisely similar preventive measures4 ,charging and emptying the oxidising furnaces should be done under efficient exhaust ventilation4 ,conveyance1 sifting1 and grinding of the cooled material requires to be done in the same way as has been described for white lead4 ,in the production of chrome colours 7lead chromates7 besides the danger from lead the injurious action of chrome has to be borne in mind4 ,regulations for white lead factories have been made in ,germany1 ,belgium1 and ,great ,britain4 ,we give below the ,german ,imperial ,regulations dated ,may #bf1 #aijc4 ,,regulations ,,for ,,manufacture ,,of ,,lead ,,colours ,,and ,,lead ,,products 7#a7 ,the following regulations apply to all premises in which lead colours or other chemical lead products 7white lead1 chromate of lead1 masicot1 litharge1 minium1 peroxide of lead1 ,cassel yellow1 ,english yellow1 ,naples yellow1 lead iodide1 lead acetate1 c41 are manufactured71 or in which mixtures of lead are prepared as the principal or as a subsidiary business4 ,they shall not apply to lead smelting works1 even though processes named in paragraph 7#a7 are carried on4 ,neither shall they apply to workplaces in which manufactured colours are intimately mixed or ground in oil or varnish in connection with another industry4 7#b7 ,the workrooms in which the materials mentioned in paragraph #a are prepared or packed shall be roomy1 lofty1 and so arranged that sufficient and constant exchange of air can take place4 ,they shall be provided with a solid and smooth floor permitting of easy removal of dust by a moist method4 ,the floor1 unless for purposes of manufacture1 shall be kept constantly wet1 and shall be wet cleansed at least once daily4 ,the walls1 when not of a smooth washable surface or painted with oil1 shall be whitewashed at least once a year4 7#c7 ,the entrance of lead dust1 or fumes1 into the workrooms shall be prevented by suitable means as far as possible4 ,rooms which cannot be thus protected must be so separated from other rooms that neither dust nor fumes can enter them4 7#d7 ,lead melting pots shall be covered with a hood and shaft communicating directly or by a chimney with the open air4 7#h7,l ,grinding1 sieving1 and packing dry lead compounds1 emptying litharge and minium furnaces1 and other operations in which lead dust is generated1 shall not be done except under an exhaust draught1 or other efficient means for preventing the entrance of dust into the workrooms4 ,in the packing of colours containing only a little lead1 in small amounts1 or in small packages for retail purposes1 exception to these regulations can be allowed by the higher authorities4 7#i7 ,machines generating lead dust and not efficiently protected by their construction or method of use against the escape of dust1 shall have all cracks occluded by means of thick layers of felt or similar material1 so as to prevent the entrance of dust into the workrooms4 ,machines of this kind shall be provided with arrangements preventing pressure of the air inside4 ,they shall not be opened until they are cool1 and until the dust generated has settled4 7#aj7 ,women shall not be employed in factories in which the colours specified in paragraph 7#a7 are prepared except in work which does not expose them to the action of lead dust or fumes4 ,young persons shall not be employed nor be allowed on the premises in factories concerned exclusively or in great part with the preparation of lead colours or other lead compounds4 7#aa7 ,no person shall be employed in rooms where the processes specified in paragraph 7#a7 are carried on who is not provided with a certificate from a qualified surgeon stating that he is physically fit and free from disease of the lungs1 kidneys1 and stomach1 and that he is not addicted to alcohol4 ,this certificate shall be kept and produced on demand to the ,factory ,inspector or ,appointed ,surgeon4 7#ab7 ,no person shall be employed in packing lead colours or mixtures containing lead or other lead compounds in a dry state1 or with the coopering of the filled casks for more than eight hours daily4 ,this regulation shall not apply where the packing machines are provided with effectual exhaust arrangements1 or so constructed and used as effectually to prevent the escape of dust4 ,no person under #ah years of age shall be employed in the process mentioned in the above paragraph1 but exception can be allowed in the packing of colours containing lead in small amount1 or in small packages for retail purposes1 on application to the higher authorities4 ,for the rest1 no person coming into contact with lead or lead compounds shall be employed for more than #aj hours within the space of #bd hours4 7#ac7 ,the occupier shall provide overalls and head-coverings for all persons coming into contact with lead or lead compounds1 and suitable footwear for those emptying the oxidising chambers4 7#ad7 ,the occupier shall not allow work involving exposure to dust to be performed except by workers provided with respirators or moist sponges covering the nose and mouth4 7#ae7 ,the occupier shall not allow work involving contact with soluble salts of lead to be done except by workers provided with waterproof gloves or by those whose hands have previously been smeared with vaseline4 7#af7 ,the occupier shall provide the overalls1 respirators1 c41 mentioned in paragraphs 7#ac7 7#ad7 and 7#ae7 for each one of the workers in sufficient number and in good condition4 ,he shall take care that they are used only by the workers to whom they are severally assigned1 and that in the intervals of work and during the time when they are not in use they shall be kept in their appointed place4 ,overalls shall be washed every week1 and the respirators1 sponges1 and gloves before each time that they are used4 7#ag7 ,lavatories and cloak rooms1 and1 separate from these1 a mess room1 shall be provided for the workers coming into contact with lead or lead compounds in a part of the works free from dust4 ,these rooms shall be kept in a cleanly condition1 free from dust1 and shall be heated during the cold seasons4 ,in the meal room or in some other suitable place there shall be means for warming food4 ,the lavatories and cloak rooms shall be provided with water1 vessels for rinsing the mouth1 nail brushes for cleaning the hands and nails1 soap1 and towels4 ,arrangements shall also be made for keeping separate clothes worn during work from these taken off before the commencement of work4 ,the occupier shall give facilities for all persons employed in emptying the oxidizing chambers to have a warm bath daily after the end of the work1 and for those persons coming into contact with lead or lead compounds1 twice weekly4 ,the time for this shall be during the hours of work1 and in the cold season the bath room1 which must be on the factory premises1 shall be heated4 7#ah7 ,the occupier shall appoint a duly qualified medical practitioner1 whose name shall be sent to the ,inspector of ,factories and to the ,health ,authority4 ,he shall examine the workers at least twice every month with a view to the detection of symptoms of lead poisoning4 ,the occupier shall not employ workers suspected of symptoms of lead poisoning in occupations exposing them to lead or lead compounds until they have completely recovered4 ,those who appear peculiarly susceptible shall be suspended permanently from work4 7#ai7 ,the occupier shall keep a book1 or make some official responsible for its keeping1 recording any change in the personnel employed in lead or lead compounds and as to their state of health4 ,he shall be responsible for the completeness and correctness of the entries except those made by the surgeon4 ,the remaining regulations as to entries in the ,health ,register1 c41 are similar to those already given in the ,regulations for lead smelting works on p4 #cjj4 ,use of ,lead ,colours 7,see also pp4 #acb-d7 ,as explained on pp4 #acb-acd use of lead in the painting and varnishing trades frequently causes lead poisoning4 ,this has led to regulations in various countries having for their object partly hygienic measures and partly also limitation of colours containing lead1 such as prohibition of the use of lead paints in the interior of buildings or in the painting of public buildings and of ships1 c4 ,the details of such regulations are seen in the ,german ,imperial ,regulations dated ,june #bg1 #aije3 ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,imperial ,,chancellor ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,processes ,,of ,,painting1 ,,distempering1 ,,whitewashing1 ,,plastering1 ,,or ,,varnishing4 ,,june #bg1 #aijf ,i4--,regulations for carrying on the ,industries of ,painting1 ,distempering1 ,whitewashing1 ,plastering1 or ,varnishing4 ,regulation #a4--;,in the processes of crushing1 blending1 mixing1 and otherwise preparing white lead1 other lead colours1 or mixtures thereof with other substances in a dry state1 the workers shall not directly handle pigment containing lead1 and shall be adequately protected against the dust arising therefrom4 ,regulation #b4--,the process of grinding white lead with oil or varnish shall not be done by hand1 but entirely by mechanical means1 and in vessels so constructed that even in the process of charging them with white lead no dust shall escape into places where work is carried on4 ,this provision shall apply to other lead colours4 ,provided that such lead colours may be ground by hand by male workers over #ah years of age1 if not more than one kilogram of red lead and #ajj grains of other lead colours are ground by any one worker on one day4 ,regulation #c4--,the processes of rubbing-down and pumice-stoning dry coats of oil-colour or stopping not clearly free from lead shall not be done except after damping4 ,all dbris produced by rubbing down and pumice-stoning shall be removed before it becomes dry4 ,regulation #d4--,the employer shall see that every worker who handles lead colours or mixtures thereof is provided with1 and wears1 during working hours1 a painter's overall or other complete suit of working clothes4 ,regulation #e4--,there shall be provided for all workers engaged in processes of painting1 distempering1 whitewashing1 plastering1 or varnishing1 in which lead colours are used1 washing utensils1 nail brushes1 soap and towels4 ,if such processes are carried on in a new building or in a workshop1 provision shall be made for the workers to wash in a place protected from frost1 and to store their clothing in a clean place4 ,regulation #f4--,the employer shall inform workers1 who handle lead colours or mixtures thereof1 of the danger to health to which they are exposed1 and shall hand them1 at the commencement of employment1 a copy of the accompanying leaflet 7not printed with this edition71 if they are not already provided with it1 and also a copy of these ,regulations4 ,,ii4--,regulations for the ,processes of ,painting1 ,distempering1 ,whitewashing1 ,plastering1 or ,varnishing when carried on in connection with another ,industry4 ,regulation #g4--,the provisions of paragraph #f shall apply to the employment of workers connected with another industry who are constantly or principally employed in the processes of painting1 distempering1 whitewashing1 plastering1 or varnishing1 and who use1 otherwise than occasionally1 lead colours or mixtures thereof4 ,the provisions of paragraphs #h-aa shall also apply if such employment is carried on in a factory or shipbuilding yard4 ,regulation #h4--,special accommodation for washing and for dressing shall be provided for the workers1 which accommodation shall be kept clean1 heated in cold weather1 and furnished with conveniences for the storage of clothing4 ,regulation #i4--,the employer shall issue regulations which shall be binding on the workers1 and shall contain the following provisions for such workers as handle lead colour and mixtures thereof3 #a4 ,workers shall not consume spirits in any place where work is carried on4 #b4 ,workers shall not partake of food or drink1 or leave the place of employment until they have put off their working clothes and carefully washed their hands4 #c4 ,workers1 when engaged in processes specified by the employer1 shall wear working clothes4 #d4 ,smoking cigars and cigarettes is prohibited during work4 ,furthermore1 it shall be set forth in the regulations that workers who1 in spite of reiterated warning1 contravene the foregoing provisions may be dismissed before the expiration of their contract without notice4 ,if a code of regulations has been issued for the industry 7par4 #acd;a of the ,g4,o47 the above indicated provisions shall be incorporated in the said code4 ,regulation #aj4--,the employer shall entrust the supervision of the workers' health to a duly qualified medical man approved of by the public authority1 and notified to the factory inspector 7par4 #aci;b of the ,g4,o471 and the said medical man shall examine the workers once at least in every six months for symptoms indicative of plumbism4 ,the employer shall not permit any worker who is suffering from plumbism or who1 in the opinion of the doctor1 is suspected of plumbism1 to be employed in any work in which he has to handle lead colours or mixtures thereof1 until he has completely recovered4 ,regulation #aa4--,the employer shall keep or shall cause to be kept a register in which shall be recorded the state of health of the workers1 and also the constitution of and changes in the staff2 and he shall be responsible for the entries being complete and accurate1 except in so far as they are affected by the medical man4 ,then follow the regulations as to entries in the ,register1 as to which see the ,regulations as to lead smelting works1 p4 #cjj4 ,type ,founding and ,compositors' ,work 7,see also pp4 #ach and #aci7 ,fumes which may carry up lead dust are generated in the casting of letters4 ,dust arises also in setting the type4 ,general hygienic measures are especially called for such as healthy conditions in the workrooms4 ,much can be done by exhaust ventilation locally applied to the type cases and to letter 7mono- and linotype7 casting machines4 ,vacuum cleaning of printing workshops and type cases is strongly advised4 ,as some lead poisoning in printing works is attributable to lead colours or bronze powder containing lead their use should be limited as much as possible4 ,the ,german ,imperial ,regulations for printing works and type foundries are as follows3 ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,federal ,,council ,,of ,,july #ca,,st1 #ahig1 ,,regulating ,,letterpress ,,printing ,,works ,,and ,,type ,,foundries1 ,,in ,,pursuance ,,of ,,section #abj;,e ,,of ,,the ,,industrial ,,code ,i4 ,in rooms in which persons are employed in setting up type or manufacture of type or stereotype plates the following provisions apply3 #a4 ,the floor of workrooms shall not be more than a half a meter 7#afd feet7 below the ground4 ,exceptions may only be granted by the higher administrative authority where hygienic conditions are secured by a dry area1 and ample means of lighting and ventilating the rooms4 ,attics may only be used as workrooms if the roof is provided with a lathe and plaster ceiling4 #b4 ,in workrooms in which the manufacture of type or stereotype plates is carried on1 the number of persons shall not exceed such as would allow at least fifteen cubic meters of air space 7#ebie cubic feet7 to each4 ,in the rooms in which persons are employed only in other processes1 there shall be at least twelve cubic meters of air space 7#dbce cubic feet7 to each person4 ,in cases of exceptional temporary pressure the higher administrative authority may1 on the application of the employer1 permit a larger number in the workrooms1 for at the most #cj days in the year1 but not more than will allow ten cubic meters of air space 7#cec cubic feet7 for each person4 #c4 ,the rooms shall be at least #bfj meters 7#h feet7 in height where a minimum of fifteen cubic meters are allowed for each person1 in other cases at least #c meters 7#ihd feet7 in height4 ,the rooms shall be provided with windows which are sufficient in number and size to let in ample light for every part of the work4 ,the windows shall be so constructed that they will open and admit of complete renewal of air in workrooms4 ,workrooms with sloping roof shall have an average height equal to the measurements given in the first paragraph of this section4 #d4 ,the rooms shall be laid with close fitting impervious floor1 which can be cleared of dust by moist methods4 ,wooden floors shall be smoothly planed1 and boards fitted to prevent penetration of moisture4 ,all walls and ceilings shall1 if they are not of a smooth washable surface or painted in oil1 be limewashed once at least a year4 ,if the walls and ceilings are of a smooth washable surface or painted in oil1 they shall be washed at least once a year1 and the oil paint must1 if varnished1 be renewed once in ten years1 and if not varnished once in five years4 ,the compositors' shelves and stands for type boxes shall be either closely ranged round the room on the floor1 so that no dust can collect underneath1 or be fitted with legs1 so that the floor can be easily cleaned of dust underneath4 #e4 ,the workrooms shall be cleared and thoroughly aired once at least a day1 and during the working hours means shall be taken to secure constant ventilation4 #f4 ,the melting vessel for type or stereotype metal shall be covered with a hood connected to an exhaust ventilator or chimney with sufficient draught to draw the fumes to the outer air4 ,type founding and melting may only be carried on in rooms separate from other processes4 #g4 ,the rooms and fittings1 particularly the walls1 cornices1 and stands for type1 shall be thoroughly cleansed twice a year at least4 ,the floors shall be washed or rubbed over with a damp cloth1 so as to remove dust once a day at least4 #h4 ,the type boxes shall be cleansed before they are put in use1 and again as often as necessary1 but not less than twice at least in the year4 ,the boxes may only be dusted out with a bellows in the open air1 and this work may not be done by young persons4 #i4 ,in every workroom spittoons filled with water and one at least for every five persons shall be provided4 ,workers are forbidden to spit upon the floor4 #aj4 ,sufficient washing appliances1 with soap and at least one towel a week for each worker1 shall be provided as near as possible to the work for compositors1 cutters1 and polishers4 ,one wash-hand basin shall be provided for every five workers1 fitted with an ample supply of water4 ,the employer shall make strict provision for the use of the washing appliances by workers before every meal and before leaving the works4 #aa4 ,clothes put off during working hours shall either be kept outside the workroom or hung up in cupboards with closely fitting doors or curtains1 which are so shut or drawn as to prevent penetration of dust4 #ab4 ,artificial means of lighting which tend to raise the temperature of the rooms shall be so arranged or such counteracting measures taken that the heat of the workrooms shall not be unduly raised4 #ac4 ,the employer shall draw up rules binding on the workers which will ensure the full observance of the provisions in sections #h1 #i1 #aj1 and #aa4 ,,ii4 ,a notice shall be affixed and a copy sent to the local police authority shewing3 7a7 ,the length1 height1 and breadth of the rooms4 7b7 ,the air space in cubic measure4 7c7 ,the number of workers permitted in each room4 ,a copy of ,rules #a to #ac must be affixed where it can be easily read by all persons affected4 ,,iii4 ,provides for the method of permitting the exceptions named above in sections #b and #c1 and makes it a condition of reduction in cubic air space for each person employed as type founder or compositor that there shall be adequate mechanical ventilation for regulating temperature and carrying off products of combustion from workrooms4 ,ceramic ,industry 7,see also pp4 #ace-h47 ,a complete substitute for lead in glazes seems as yet impossible on technical grounds1 as glaze containing lead has qualities which cannot be obtained without its use4 ,in small works the technique necessary for the production of leadless glazes 7special kinds of stoves7 cannot be expected1 especially as those carrying on a small industry lack the necessary knowledge of how to be able to dispense with the use of lead glazes and substitute leadless materials without complete alteration in their methods of manufacture4 ,and yet discontinuance or the utmost possible limitation of the use of lead glazes and colours is most urgently needed in all small ceramic workshops1 as they are not in a position to put in localised exhaust ventilation1 c41 which is possible in large factories4 ,observance of even the simplest hygienic measures can scarcely be obtained4 ,consequently very severe cases of lead poisoning are met with in small works4 ,an effort in the direction of discontinuance of lead glazes was made in ,bohemia1 where 7at the cost of the ,state7 technical instruction was given by an expert on the preparation of leadless glazes especially in districts where the industry was carried on in the homes of the workers4 ,this procedure1 extension of which is expected1 had good results4 ,many have demanded1 in view of the possibility of substituting leadless for lead glazes1 the total prohibition of lead4 ,such is the view of the ,dutch inspector ,de ,vooys2 ,teleky and ,chyzer share the view expressed so far as the small industry is concerned1 since the practicability of the change has been demonstrated4 ,english authorities 7,thorpe1 ,oliver7 propose diminution of the lead in the glaze in such a way that on shaking with weak acid not more than a specified small quantity shall be dissolved 7,thorpe test74 ,in my opinion such a measure is hardly enough for the small industry4 ,i do not expect much good from obligatory use of fritted glazes4 ,in addition to earthenware1 manufacture of tiles and bricks leads not infrequently to cases of lead poisoning from use of lead glaze4 ,the following measures apply to the larger ceramic works4 ,since risk is considerable1 not only in glost placing but also in grinding1 ware-cleaning1 c41 closed ball mills in grinding and locally applied exhaust ventilation in ware-cleaning operations1 c41 must be arranged4 ,personal cleanliness and proper equipment of a factory in all the essentials insisted on on pp4 #bbf-i are important1 but nothing can take the place of efficient locally applied ventilation4 ,vitreous enamelling of household utensils1 baths1 gas stoves1 signs1 c41 is an analogous process as enamels containing lead may be used4 ,sieving on the dry powder and brushing off superfluous glaze often cause poisoning4 ,here generally the same preventive measures apply4 ,in ,great ,britain the china and earthenware industry is placed under ,regulations dated ,january #b1 #aiac1 which supersede the previous ,special ,rules4 ,these ,regulations--thirty-six in number--provide1 among other usual provisions1 7#a7 for efficient exhaust ventilation in 7a7 processes giving rise to injurious mineral dust 7fettling and pressing of tiles1 bedding1 and flinting1 brushing and scouring of biscuit7 and 7b7 dusty lead processes 7ware cleaning1 aerographing1 colour dusting1 litho-transfer making1 c472 and 7#b7 monthly periodical medical examination of workers in scheduled lead processes4 ,in the ,netherlands1 in consequence of lead poisoning in porcelain works1 committees were appointed to inquire into the subject in #aija1 #aijb1 and #aijc4 ,file ,cutting 7,see also p4 #adj7 ,in file cutting the file is cut on a lead bed or a bed of an alloy of zinc and lead4 ,the same source of poisoning occurs in other industries such as amber working4 ,lead poisoning among file cutters is pronounced4 ,the best preventive measure is substitution of a bed of pure zinc for lead4 ,the ,german ,imperial ,health ,office have issued a #8,warning notice' for file-cutters4 ,,leaflet ,,for ,,file-,,cutters ,the use of lead beds or of alloys of lead with other metals has repeatedly brought about lead poisoning in file-cutters4 ,the beds also supposed to be made of zinc usually contain a considerable proportion of lead1 and are thus dangerous to health4 ,among file-cutters lead poisoning arises from absorption of the metal in small quantities by means of dirty hands1 eating1 drinking1 smoking or chewing of tobacco4 ,the consequences of this absorption are not at once noticeable4 ,they appear only after weeks1 months1 or even years1 according to the extent to which the lead has accumulated in the system4 ,how does lead poisoning show itself8--,the first sign is usually a bluish-grey line on the gums called the blue line1 associated with anmia or pallor4 ,later symptoms are very varied4 ,most frequently lead colic comes on1 the affected person suffering from violent cramplike pains starting from the navel2 the stomach is hard and contracted2 very often vomiting and constipation ensue1 or1 very occasionally1 diarrha4 ,in some cases paralysis shows itself--generally in those muscles which extend the fingers1 usually affecting both arms4 ,in exceptional cases other muscles of the arms and legs are affected4 ,sometimes lead poisoning manifests itself in violent pains in the joints--generally the knee1 more rarely in the shoulder and elbow4 ,in specially severe cases brain trouble supervenes--violent headache1 convulsions1 unconsciousness or blindness4 ,finally lead poisoning may set up disease of the kidneys--,bright's disease and gout4 ,women suffering from lead poisoning frequently miscarry4 ,children born alive may1 in consequence of lead poisoning1 die in their first year4 ,children fed at the breast are poisoned through the milk4 ,apart from severe cases complicated with brain trouble1 which are often fatal1 persons suffering from lead poisoning generally recover if they withdraw from further contact4 ,recovery takes place after a few weeks1 but in severe cases only after months4 ,the most effective preventive measures are cleanliness and temperance4 ,persons who1 without being drunkards1 are accustomed to take spirits in quantity are more likely to succumb than the abstemious4 ,spirits should not be taken during working hours4 ,in regard to cleanliness1 file-cutters using lead beds should be especially careful and observe the following rules3 #a4 ,since soiling the hands with lead cannot be entirely avoided1 smoking and chewing tobacco during work should be given up4 #b4 ,workers should only take food and drink or leave the works after thoroughly washing the hands with soap--if possible with pumice stone2 if drinking during work cannot be wholly given up the edges of the drinking vessels ought not to be touched by the hands4 ,if a file-cutter falls ill in spite of precautions with symptoms pointing to lead poisoning he should1 in his own and his family's interest1 at once consult a doctor1 telling him that he has been working with a lead bed4 ,other ,industries in which ,lead is used ,in cutting precious stones with use of lead discs lead poisoning frequently occurs1 especially where this trade1 as in some parts of ,bohemia1 is carried on as a home industry4 ,the authorities have required substitution of carborundum 7silicon carbide7 for lead discs4 ,as1 therefore1 an efficient substitute is possible1 use of lead should be prohibited4 ,similarly1 use of lead in the making of musical instruments should1 if possible1 be discontinued4 ,brass pipes in musical instrument making are filled with lead to facilitate hammering and bending1 and in this way poisoning has occurred4 ,in numerous other industries where the use of lead cannot be avoided1 and where consequently the danger must be present1 as1 for instance1 in lead melting1 soldering1 lead rolling1 stamping1 pressing1 c41 in the manufacture of lead piping1 shot1 wire1 bottle capsules1 foil1 toys1 and many other articles1 general preventive measures should be carefully carried out4 ,melting of lead and lead alloys should be carried out only under efficient exhaust ventilation4 ,in larger works where dust is generated this should be drawn away at the point where it is produced4 ,this applies also to processes in the chemical industries where lead or lead compounds are used1 seeing that no substitute is possible4 ,zinc1 ,brass-casting1 ,metal ,pickling1 ,galvanising 7,see also pp4 #aea and #ahb7 ,in zinc smelting account has to be taken of fumes which may contain lead1 zinc1 arsenic1 sulphur dioxide1 and carbonic oxide4 ,metallic fumes require to be condensed--a procedure in harmony with economic interests4 ,this is effected in a technically arranged condensing system1 consisting of a condenser and prolong1 in which the fumes are given as large a space as possible in which to condense and cool4 ,in order to prevent the entry of fumes into the shed when removing distillation residues1 hoods should be arranged over the front of the furnace through which the gases can be conducted into the main chimney stack or be drawn away by a fan2 in addition the residue should fall into trolleys which must either be covered at once or placed under a closely fitting hood until the fuming contents are cool4 ,as the mixing of the materials for charging and the sifting and packing of the zinc dust 7poussire7 may cause risk1 these processes require to be carried out mechanically with application of local exhaust4 ,such an arrangement is shown in fig4 #ei below4 ,the material which is fed in is carried by the elevator to the sifting machine1 falls into the collecting bin1 and is then packed4 ,the points at which dust can come off are connected with the exhaust and carried to the dust collector2 fans carry the filtered air to the outside atmosphere4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,arrangement for ,sieving and ,packing ,zinc ,dust 7poussire74 a ,charging hopper2 b ,distributor2 c ,elevator2 d ,sieve2 e ,collector2 f ,packing machine2 g ,exhaust pipe2 h ,worm2 i ,dust ,collector2 k ,motor ,only paragraphs #c-h of the ,german ,imperial ,regulations dated ,february #f1 #aijj1 for ,spelter ,works are quoted1 as the remainder are on precisely similar lines to those for lead smelting works given in full on p4 #cjj4 #c4 ,crushing zinc ore shall not be done except in an apparatus so arranged as to prevent penetration of dust into the workroom4 #d4 ,the roasting furnaces as well as the calcining furnaces shall be provided with effective exhaust arrangements for the escaping gases4 ,the occupier shall be responsible for their efficiency during the time the furnace is at work4 #e4 ,to avoid dust1 ores intended for charging distillation furnaces shall not be stacked in front of or charged into the furnace1 or mixed with other material1 except in a damp condition4 ,this regulation shall not apply to large so-called ,silesian ,retorts when in use in the zinc smelter2 yet in the case of them also the ,higher ,authorities may require damping of the charging material if specially injurious to health4 #f4 ,dust1 gases and vapours escaping from distillation furnaces shall be caught as near as possible to the point of origin by efficient arrangements and carried out of the smelting rooms4 ,the entrance of the gases from the fires into the smelting room shall be prevented as far as possible by suitable arrangements for drawing them off4 #g4 ,residues shall not be drawn into the smelting room2 they shall be caught in closed channels under the furnaces and emptied from these channels at once into waggons placed in passages beneath the distillation rooms4 ,this regulation 7where the ,higher ,authorities approve7 shall not apply to existing plants1 should it be impossible to make the arrangements mentioned in ,reg4 #a1 or where such additions could only be added by rebuilding at a prohibitive cost4 #h4 ,sieving and packing of by-products obtained by the distillation of zinc 7poussire1 flue dust7 shall not be done except in a special room separate from other workrooms1 in accordance with ,reg4 #a4 ,sieving shall only be done in an apparatus so arranged as to prevent escape of dust4 ,in brass casting1 in order to prevent occurrence of brass-founders' ague1 it is necessary that the zinc oxide fumes evolved should be effectively drawn away from the crucible by locally applied exhaust ventilation4 ,general ventilation merely of the room is almost useless1 as in casting the fumes rise up into the face of the pourer4 ,seeing that casting is carried on in different parts of the foundry1 it is advisable to connect up the hoods over the moulds by means of metal piping with the exhaust system1 or to arrange a flexible duct which can be moved about as occasion requires4 ,dangerous acid fumes 7notably nitrous fumes7 are evolved in metal pickling1 especially of brass articles 7such as harness furniture1 lamp fittings1 church utensils1 c471 for the purpose of giving them a shiny or dull surface by immersion in baths of nitric1 hydrochloric1 or sulphuric acid4 ,as severe and even fatal poisoning has occurred in these operations they should be conducted in isolated compartments or channels under exhaust ventilation4 ,if the ventilation provided is mechanical an acid proof earthenware fan or an injector is necessary4 ,the following description applies to one large works3 ,the pickling troughs are placed in a wooden compartment closed in except for a small opening in front4 ,to this compartment a stoneware pipe leading to a stoneware fan is connected4 ,the nitrous fumes are drawn through the pipe and led into the lower part of an absorption tower filled with cone-shaped packing material through which water trickles from a vessel placed at the top4 ,the greater part of the acid fumes are absorbed as they pass upwards and the water collects in a receiver below1 from which it is blown by compressed air into the vessel above for utilisation again until it becomes so charged with acid that it can be used for pickling purposes4 ,in galvanising and tinning acid fumes1 injurious acroleic vapour1 and metallic fumes can arise as the metal articles 7iron1 copper1 c47 first require to be cleaned in an acid bath and then dipped into molten fat or molten zinc or tin4 ,here also the fumes should be drawn away in the manner described4 ,recovery and ,use of ,mercury ,escape of mercury vapour and development of sulphur dioxide seriously endanger workers engaged in smelting cinnabar4 ,the danger can be minimised by proper construction of furnaces preventing escape as far as possible of fumes and most careful condensation of the mercury in impervious and sufficiently capacious chambers and flues4 ,continuous furnaces are to be preferred to those working intermittently4 ,the system of condensing chambers and flues must offer as long a passage as possible to the fumes1 and care must be taken to keep them thoroughly cool4 ,removal of the deposit rich in mercury from the flues is especially fraught with danger4 ,this work should only be carried on after efficient watering by workers equipped with respirators1 working suits1 c4 ,use of mercury4--,mirror making by coating the glass with mercury used to be one of the most dangerous occupations4 ,now that a fully adequate substitute for mercury has been found in the nitrate of silver and ammonia process1 use of mercury should be prohibited4 ,as a home industry especially mirror coating with mercury should be suppressed4 ,fortunately the dangerous mode of production is rapidly being ousted4 ,the following requirements are contained in a decree of the ,prussian ,government dated ,may #ah1 #ahhi3 7#a7 ,medical certificate on admission to employment in mirror making with use of mercury2 7#b7 restriction of hours to six in summer and in winter to eight daily1 with a two hours' mid-day interval2 7#c7 fortnightly examination of the workers2 7#d7 air space per person of #dj cubic meters in the coating room and #cj in the drying room1 and1 in both1 introduction of #fj cubic meters of air per head per hour2 7#e7 ,work to cease if the temperature of the room in summer reaches #be ,c4 ,measures are necessary to prevent occurrence of mercury poisoning in hatters' furriers' processes 7preparation of rabbit fur for felt hats7 in consequence of the use of nitrate of mercury4 ,danger arises chiefly in cutting the hair1 in dressing and drying1 in sorting1 and also in the subsequent stages of hard felt hat manufacture4 ,aspiration of the dust and fluff at its point of generation1 isolation of the drying rooms and prohibition of entry into them while drying is going on1 are necessary4 ,in dressing 7commonly known as #8carotting'71 the nitric acid vapour requires to be drawn away4 ,in addition strict personal hygiene1 especially of the teeth1 is very important4 ,processes involving water gilding 7nowadays practised on a very small scale7 should only be carried on in stoves provided with exhaust ventilation4 ,electroplating1 fortunately1 has almost entirely taken its place4 ,as cases of mercury poisoning have been reported from use of mercurial pumps in producing the vacuum inside electric incandescent bulbs1 air pumps should be substituted for them whenever possible4 ,barometer and thermometer makers may and do suffer severely if care is not taken to draw away the fumes and ensure good ventilation of the workrooms4 ,careless handling and the dropping of mercury on the benches make it difficult to prevent some volatilisation4 ,personal hygiene and especially a proper hygiene of the mouth are of the greatest importance in this class of work4 ,preparation of mercury compounds in chemical factories1 especially the dry processes 7sublimation71 as in production of cinnabar1 corrosive sublimate and calomel mixing1 grinding1 and sublimation1 require to be carried on in closed apparatus4 ,preparation of the substances named above in solution involves much less risk than subliming4 ,from our point of view1 therefore1 the former is to preferred4 ,arsenic1 ,arsenic ,compounds1 ,arseniuretted ,hydrogen ,for arsenic works imperviousness of the system and as complete condensation as possible are necessary to prevent escape of fumes4 ,respirators should be worn in manipulations with white arsenic1 and such work as packing done under conditions of locally applied exhaust ventilation4 ,industrial use of arsenic compounds1 in view of the risk attaching to them1 should be reduced as much as possible4 ,this has sometimes been achieved by technical improvement in processes of manufacture4 ,thus in the colour industry1 where formerly colours containing arsenic played an important rle1 coal-tar colours have taken their place1 and use of arsenic even in these 7as in the manufacture of fuchsin7 has been replaced by nitrobenzene4 ,as the danger from arseniuretted hydrogen gas is especially great in processes in which acid acts on metal and either one or both of them contain arsenic1 the materials1 should be as free from arsenic as possible1 in the production1 for example1 of hydrogen for soldering1 in extracting metals by means of acids1 in galvanic elements1 in accumulator works1 in the storage and transport of acids in metal vessels1 and in galvanising4 ,in any case the workers in these industries should be warned of the danger and instructed in case of emergencies4 ,for soldering exclusive use of hydrogen produced electrolytically and procurable in steel cylinders is advisable4 ,extraction and ,use of ,gold and ,silver ,in the extraction of gold and silver by amalgamation and subsequent volatilisation of mercury there is risk of mercurial poisoning4 ,the preventive measures necessary are similar to those for poisoning in the recovery of mercury 7see p4 #cbg74 ,argyria in pearl bead blowers can be avoided by using pumps to blow the silver solution into the beads instead of the mouth4 ,in electroplating the possibility of poisonous fumes arising from the baths must be guarded against because hydrocyanic 7prussic7 acid1 though only in minute quantities1 may be evolved2 care must be taken that the workrooms are well ventilated or the baths hooded4 ,careful personal hygiene is essential1 for the prevention of skin diseases from which workers in electroplating often suffer4 ,,vii ,,preventive ,,measures ,,in ,,other ,,trades ,ceramic ,industry ,in the glass industry use of lead1 chrome1 and arsenic compounds should be restricted as much as possible or allowed only under suitable precautions 7exhaust ventilation1 personal hygiene1 c474 ,etching on glass by means of hydrofluoric causes almost inevitably injury to the workers4 ,rendering the surface of glass opaque should preferably be done by sand blast4 ,when a bath of hydrofluoric acid for etching on glass is used the fumes require to be drawn away by hoods over the baths and the work-rooms well ventilated4 ,further precautionary measures are called for in view of industrial poisoning by furnace gases in various ceramic industries1 as1 for example1 cement works1 glass works1 and tile works4 ,the following suggestions are made in the technical introduction to the ,germany ,factory ,act for prevention of poisoning from carbonic oxide1 carbon dioxide1 and sulphur dioxide3 7#a7 ,even the fixing of benches which might be used for sleeping on near the furnaces should be strictly forbidden2 7#b7 ,all furnaces which are roofed over should be provided with adequate side and roof ventilation2 7#c7 ,all gas pipes and cocks must be maintained in an impervious condition4 ,manufacture and ,use of ,varnishes and ,drying ,oils ,unpleasant fumes are given off on boiling linseed oil with oxidising substances1 which should be prevented by closely fitting covers and condensation of the fumes in cooling apparatus4 ,in heating and dissolving resin for the production of varnishes the fumes evolved require to be dealt with in a similar way4 ,preventive measures must be taken also in the use of quick-drying paints on ships and inside steam boilers as1 owing to the rapid evaporation of the poisonous solvents--benzene1 benzine and turpentine--fatalities have occurred4 ,as a result of elaborate investigation by the inspectors of factories in ,hamburg the following instructions were issued3 ,quick-drying paint for ships and for preventing rust should only be used under the supervision of a person conversant with the danger to health and risk from fire4 ,they should only be allowed for the painting of interior surfaces after adoption of adequate precautions--free ventilation1 use of smoke helmets with air conducting apparatus1 and no naked lights1 c4 ,since use of quick-drying paints cannot easily be prohibited and the fumes from the substitutes for turpentine--benzene and other light tarry oils--exert injurious effect on man1 precautionary measures are called for4 ,regulation of working hours is as important as provision of adequate ventilation4 ,workers1 therefore1 should be allowed proper intervals from work4 ,confined spaces in the interior of ships should be adequately ventilated before1 after1 and during work2 all persons who use the paints should have opportunity for washing given them at their work places1 and should be compelled to avail themselves of these facilities2 indulgence in alcohol and smoking should be prohibited2 receptacles in which quick-drying paints are sold should be provided with an air-tight cover and with a warning notice as to the danger of the contents4 ,paints made from petroleum fractions of low boiling-point1 light coal-tar oils1 turpentine oil1 carbon bisulphide1 and similar substances1 are to be regarded as injurious to health4 ,persons under eighteen1 and women1 should not be allowed to work with quick-drying paints4 ,obligatory notification of cases of poisoning by hydrocarbons and other similar poisonings would have a good effect4 ,schaefer 7,inspector of ,factories in ,hamburg7 has drawn up the following leaflet for painters1 varnishers1 workers in dry docks1 and others engaged in painting with quick drying paints and oils3 ,all quick-drying paints and oils are more or less injurious to health and very inflammable1 as they contain volatile substances such as benzine 7naphtha1 petrol ether71 benzene1 turpentine oil1 carbon bisulphide1 c4 ,these paints are mostly used in painting interiors of ships1 boilers1 machinery1 apparatus1 c41 and come on the market under various names1 such as ,black ,varnish ,oil1 ,solution1 ,patent ,colour1 ,anti-corrosive1 ,dermatin1 ,acid-proof ,paint1 ,apexior1 ,saxol1 c4 ,even at ordinary temperatures the volatile fluids used as mediums for dry paint powders1 or as a first coating1 evaporate4 ,air filled with the fumes is not only harmful to health1 but liable to explosion4 ,working with these paints and oils in the interior of ships1 or steam boilers and the like1 has repeatedly led to explosions and fatal poisoning4 ,danger of ,poisoning4--,all persons are exposed to the danger of poisoning who use quick-drying paints in the interior of rooms or receptacles1 or otherwise manipulate the paints4 ,the warmer the room and the less ventilation there is before and during the painting1 the greater the danger of poisoning4 ,on the other hand1 use of these paints in the open air is generally without effect4 ,poisoning arises from inhaling the fumes of hydrocarbons4 ,the symptoms are oppression1 headache1 inclination to vomit1 cough1 hiccough1 giddiness1 noises in the ears1 drunken-like excitement1 trembling and twitching4 ,inhalation of larger quantities brings on1 quite suddenly and without previous warning1 unconsciousness1 which may last many hours and is often fatal4 ,except in severe cases the symptoms generally soon disappear1 if the affected person withdraws from further contact with the fumes4 ,the most effective protection therefore against poisoning is fresh air and temperance4 ,in so far as painting with quick-drying materials is necessary in workrooms1 interiors of ships1 water and ballast tanks1 double bottoms1 bunkers1 bilges1 cabins1 boilers and receptacles1 care must be taken to ensure thorough ventilation before1 after1 and while the work is going on4 ,where no sufficient ventilation is possible these paints ought not to be used4 ,frequent intermission of work by a short stay in the open air is useful4 ,when working in spaces not easily accessible1 the worker should be roped4 ,speaking1 singing1 or whistling during work favours inhalation of the fumes and is1 therefore1 to be avoided4 ,indulgence in spirits1 especially during working hours1 increases the danger of poisoning4 ,habitual drinkers should not be allowed to work at all with quick-drying paints and oils4 ,at the first signs of discomfort work should be stopped4 ,an immediate stay in the open air will then usually dispel the poisonous symptoms4 ,if1 notwithstanding this1 severe symptoms develop1 oxygen inhalation should be commenced forthwith and medical aid called in4 ,production of ,vegetable ,foods and ,luxuries 7,see also p4 #aed7 ,measures for the prevention of industrial poisoning have to be thought of in connection with drying processes 7by smoke gases1 carbon dioxide1 and carbonic oxide71 many processes of preserving 7use of sulphur dioxide1 c471 and fermentation 7accumulation of carbonic acid74 ,in breweries the use of kilns allowing fire gases to enter the drying-rooms formerly caused carbonic oxide and carbonic acid poisoning4 ,the general introduction of hot air kilns provided with mechanical malt-turning apparatus should be insisted on1 and is in keeping with progress in technical methods4 ,the accumulation of carbonic acid in the malting cellars can be prevented in the same way as in a distillery4 ,if ammonia is used for refrigeration1 precautions are necessary so that1 in the event of leakage or bursting of pipes1 the workers may escape4 ,naturally the imperviousness of the freezing system must be guaranteed4 ,oppression and danger to the health of the workers is occasionally caused by the development of gases in the coating of barrels with pitch1 partly preventable by the use of pitching machines4 ,in the production of spirits carbonic acid poisoning can occur from accumulation of carbonic acid in the fermentation cellars4 ,these should be thoroughly ventilated and in view of the heaviness of the gas1 openings for ventilation should always be located at the floor level4 ,in the sulphuring of malt the following recommendations were made by the ,austrian inspectors3 ,during the sulphuring process the room ought not to be entered 7for the turning over of the malt74 ,when the sulphur has been burnt1 the drying-room must be ventilated from the outside1 by opening the windows and letting in cold currents of air1 until the sulphur dioxide has completely dispersed1 which can be tested by holding a strip of moistened blue litmus paper at the half-opened door4 ,if it does not turn red1 turning over of the malt may be proceeded with4 ,as the sulphuring of hops in hop districts is done in primitive little kilns1 in which the hops are spread out on a kind of gridiron and sulphur burnt below in iron pans1 development of sulphur dioxide may affect the workers4 ,the following regulations are therefore suggested for work in these kilns3 ,the rooms in which sulphuring takes place must be airtight1 capable of being locked1 and provided with arrangements which make it possible to remove the sulphur dioxide fumes before the room is entered4 ,this can usually be done by a strong coke fire1 maintained in the chimney place1 which creates the necessary draught4 ,if fans are used1 it must be remembered that iron is affected and destroyed by acid gases2 stoneware fans are therefore advisable4 ,in the production of vinegar1 air escapes laden with acetic acid vapour1 alcohol1 lower oxidation products of alcohol1 aldehyde1 acetic ether1 c4 ,their escape can be avoided if the whole process is carried on in a closed self-acting apparatus with the advantage also that no loss occurs4 ,in premises for drying agricultural products 7fruit1 chicory1 turnips7 the persons employed in the drying-room are exposed to the danger of carbonic oxide poisoning from direct firing4 ,the following recommendations for work in drying-rooms with direct firing are taken from an ,austrian decree of #aija3 ,the lower drying chambers1 in which the real drying process is effected1 should be so arranged that the objects dried in them can be removed by means of long-handled implements through a passage shut off from the drying-room4 ,the separation of this passage can be effected by loose tin plates which can be removed as required for the work of turning or removal of the dried products1 so that the worker need not come into contact with the gases4 ,open fires should be so arranged that if required they can be shut off1 by simple arrangements1 from the drying-rooms in which the workers are temporarily occupied in carrying in1 and turning1 the objects to be dried1 transferring the partly dried products to hotter hurdles1 and emptying them when finished1 in such a way that the entrance of combustion gases into the drying chambers can be completely prevented4 ,in order1 however1 to prevent a back draught1 arrangements must be made for simultaneous removal of the gases by pipes connected with a chimney or smoke flue4 ,the places from which the fires are charged should1 in addition1 be furnished with suitably arranged openings for ventilation leading into the outer air1 in order to neutralise1 in case of need1 any back draught from the furnaces into the rooms4 ,the windows of the drying chambers should be so arranged as to open both from within and without4 ,the floor of the roof space1 or attic1 which forms at the same time the ceiling of the upper drying-room1 should be kept perfectly airtight1 as also the openings into it through which the steam pipes pass4 ,for this purpose the floor should be a double one and the openings or boxes into which material is thrown should have a double cover above and below4 ,further1 situated in the highest point of the ceiling of the roof space1 there should be a suitable number of openings topped by louvred turrets4 ,in the roof space no work should be done except manipulations necessary for the charging of the hurdles with the goods to be dried4 ,use of the roof floor as a sleeping or living room is not permissible4 ,before the workers enter the drying chambers for the purpose of turning the materials1 the stove should be shut off1 the gases drawn from the furnace into the chimney or flue1 and at the same time the doors and windows of the drying rooms opened4 ,entering of drying chambers for working purposes should only be done after a sufficient time has elapsed for removal of the air by ventilation4 ,charging of the furnaces should be so arranged that they burn as low as possible before the removal of the dried materials and before subsequent work in the drying chambers4 ,seeing that chicory and turnip drying is done intermittently by night1 a special sleeping or waiting room with free ventilation should be provided4 ,the regulations concerning the ventilation of the workrooms are to be made known to the workers4 ,cigar ,industry ,in order to prevent injury to health to tobacco workers the dust and fumes1 especially at cutting and sifting machines1 require to be drawn away by locally applied exhaust ventilation4 ,the workrooms1 moreover1 must conform to hygienic requirements1 especially as to cleanliness4 ,washing accommodation and baths are desirable1 but are only likely to be provided in large works4 ,wood ,working 7,see also p4 #aed7 ,risk from poisonous woods can be avoided by exhaust ventilation applied to the wood-working machinery4 ,to lessen the danger to health in the use of methylated spirits in the polishing of wood adequate ventilation of the workrooms is necessary2 drawing off the fumes by local ventilation is often impossible4 ,production of ,wood-pulp 7,cellulose7 and ,paper4 ,in the sulphite cellulose process1 sulphur dioxide may escape from the sulphur stoves or from the boilers2 escape of sulphur dioxide is also possible through defective gas pipes and condensers4 ,gas pipes and condensers require to be quite impervious and condensation or absorption as complete as possible4 ,the fumes escaping from the boilers should be led through pipes into closed boilers for condensation purposes2 the gases not condensed here are to be led into absorption towers4 ,in the manufacture of paper with use of chloride of lime for bleaching chlorine can be given off in considerable quantity1 requiring removal of the gases from the apparatus4 ,the use of poisonous colours containing lead or arsenic1 and addition of lead-containing substances to the paper pulp1 is now very rare4 ,textile ,industries4 7,see also p4 #aef7 ,in the textile industry only a few manipulations are associated with serious risk of poisoning4 ,those engaged in carbonising are exposed to acid fumes2 closed and ventilated apparatus1 therefore1 as far as possible1 require to be used and the acid gases escaping from them should be absorbed4 ,these requirements are fulfilled by carbonising stoves which are ventilated and connected with coke condensers4 ,it is especially urged that only arsenic free acid be employed1 as otherwise danger of poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen may be incurred4 ,in the making of artificial silk1 according to the ,chardonnet-,cadoret process1 the precautionary measures recommended in nitrating together with careful exhaustion of the ether and camphor fumes apply4 ,the combustion gases 7containing carbonic oxide7 developed in the process of singeing are harmful and require to be led away at their source4 ,poisonous metallic salts1 especially lead and lead-containing zinc1 are used as weighting materials1 in dressing or finishing1 and sometimes cause symptoms among the workers4 ,apart from the danger to those occupied in spinning and weaving1 the workers who handle these products 7in the clothing trade7 also run a risk from lead4 ,precautionary measures are necessary in the varnishing of woven materials1 as the substances employed may contain volatile poisonous solvents4 ,if these poisonous solvents cannot be replaced by others less poisonous1 carefully applied exhaust ventilation must be provided4 ,the same holds good when carbon bisulphide1 benzene1 and benzine are used as solvents in the production of woven materials impregnated with indiarubber4 ,employment of lead salts and other poisonous metallic salts in the glossing of woven materials1 or in order to render them non-inflammable1 is to be deprecated4 ,cases of lead poisoning have occurred in the working-up of asbestos1 as lead wire is sometimes used in the process of weaving4 ,to protect workers in chlorine and sulphur bleaching from poisoning by chlorine or sulphur dioxide the gases arising from the bleaching liquids should be drawn away4 ,use of closed bleaching apparatus1 as is the case in large works1 reduces the danger to a minimum4 ,bleaching-rooms should be connected with a powerful stoneware fan1 so that they may be thoroughly aired before they are entered4 ,dye ,works ,industrial poisoning by dyes is1 in general1 rare1 as the natural dyes 7wood and tar dyes7 are almost without exception non-poisonous4 ,further1 the dyes are generally only used in diluted solution4 ,formerly the arsenic in many tar dyes caused poisoning1 but now it is usually the mordants which have harmful effect4 ,to this class belong chromic acid salts and mordants containing arsenic1 antimony 7tartar-emetic71 and also chloride of tin4 ,in the scraping off of layers of paint containing arsenic1 arsenic dust may arise4 ,in ,turkey red dyeworks1 especially sodium arsenite is used for fixing the tar dyes4 ,orpiment dyes which may give off poisonous arseniuretted hydrogen gas are becoming less and less used2 from the point of view of industrial hygiene1 the utmost possible avoidance of the use of arsenic-containing preparations in dye works is to be recommended4 ,where this is not possible1 strict personal hygiene must be enforced 7as1 for instance1 application of vaseline to the skin74 ,,footnotes ,a ,leymann has dealt with the conditions of health in a large aniline factory in a later work which is referred to in detail in the section on the aniline industry4 ,b ,poisoning by lead1 phosphorus1 and arsenic contracted in a factory or ,workshop has been notifiable in ,great ,britain and ,ireland since #ahie4 ,c #8,on the ,nature1 ,uses1 and ,manufacture of ,ferro-silicon1' #aiji1 ,cd4 #dieh4 ,d ,in ,great ,britain section #gc of the ,factory and ,workshop ,act1 #aija1 requires every medical practitioner attending on or called in to visit a patient whom he believes to be suffering from lead1 phosphorus1 arsenical or mercurial poisoning1 or anthrax1 contracted in any factory or workshop1 to notify the ,chief ,inspector of ,factories1 and a similar obligation is placed on the occupier to send written notice of every case to the inspector and certifying surgeon of the district4 ,the table on p4 #bbb shows the number of reports included in returns for the years #aijj-ab4 ,cases of acute poisoning in factories and workshops are reportable to the ,inspector and certifying surgeon1 under the ,notice of ,accidents ,act1 #aijf1 when 7a7 causing loss of life or 7b7 due to molten metal1 hot liquid1 explosion1 escape of gas or steam1 and so disabling any person as to cause absence throughout at least one whole day from his ordinary work4 ,the following table gives indication of the relative frequency of cases of poisoning from gases and fumes1 although some were reported as accidents the result of the unconsciousness induced3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nature of ,gas or ,fumes4 #aiab4 #aiaa4 #aiaj4 #aiji4 #aijh4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,carbon monoxide #ia 7#ad #fd 7#f #ec 7#i #ec 7#f #ee 7#e 7a7 ,blast furnace #cc 7#e #af 7#b #ai 7#g #af #bf 7#c 7b7 ,power 7suction1 producer1 ,mond1 ,dowson74 #ai 7#d #ca 7#a #be #be 7#d #ai 7#b 7c7 ,coal #bi 7#b #f 7#b #d #aa 7#a #i 7d7 ,other #aj 7#c #aa 7#a #e 7#b #a 7#a #a ,sulphuretted hydrogen #f #h 7#b #b #e 7#b #h 7#a ,carbon dioxide #c 7#b #a 7#a #b 7#a #b 7#b #d 7#c ,ammonia #a #a 7#a #b #a #a ,chlorine and hydrochloric acid fumes #c #e 7#a #c #a #a ,nitrous fumes #ab 7#a #ah 7#b #aa #ab 7#b #c 7#a ,nitro and amido derivatives of benzene #i 7#a #ba #ah #d #b ,naphtha and benzene #c 7#a #a 7#a -- #a 7#a #b ,other 7,sulphur dioxide1 c47 #g 7#b #d #d #d #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the principal figures are those of all cases1 fatal and non-fatal2 the small figures relate to fatal cases4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the #8small figures' are given here in brackets e4g4 7#a4 ,e ,the principal numbers relate to cases1 the small figures to deaths4 ,fatal cases not reported in previous years are included as both cases and deaths4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the #8small figures' are given here in brackets e4g4 7#a4 ,f ,fischer adopts a chemical basis in his classification4 ,his two main subdivisions are 7#a7 inorganic and 7#b7 organic poisons4 ,the sub-divisions of the inorganic poisons are 7a7 non-metallic--chlorine1 calcium chloride1 hydrochloric acid1 potassium chlorate1 hydrofluoric acid1 carbonic oxide1 phosgene1 carbon dioxide1 cyanogen compounds1 ammonia1 nitrous fumes1 phosphorus1 phosphoretted hydrogen1 arsenic compounds1 antimony compounds1 sulphur dioxide1 sulphuric acid1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 carbon bisulphide1 chloride of sulphur2 and 7b7 metallic--chromic acid and chromates1 manganese dioxide1 sulphate of nickel1 mercury and lead4 ,the sub-divisions of 7#b7 the organic substances are into 7a7 the unsaturated carbon compounds--benzene1 petroleum1 methyl-1 ethyl-1 amyl-1 and allyl-alcohol1 oxalic acid1 formal- and acetaldehyde1 acrolein1 acetone1 methyl-bromide and iodide1 nitro-glycerin1 dimethyl-sulphate and amyl acetate1 and 7b7 the aromatic series benzene1 nitro-1 chloro-nitro-1 dinitro-1 chloro-dinitro-benzene1 phenol1 picric acid1 phenyl-hydrazine1 aniline1 and certain aniline colours1 para-nitraniline1 pyridine1 naphthalene1 nitro-naphthalene1 naphthlyamine1 naphthol1 benzidine1 acridine1 turpentine1 and nicotine4 ,g ,a ,prussian ,ministerial ,decree1 dated ,march #ca1 #ahib1 deals with the preparation of nitrate of mercury4 ,h ,in ,great ,britain and ,ireland the ,white ,phosphorus ,matches ,prohibition ,act became operative from ,january #a1 #aiaj4 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america a ,prohibition ,act became operative on ,july #a1 #aiac4 ,i ,reprinted by permission of the ,controller of ,h4,m4 ,stationery ,office4 ,j ,use of ,oxygen ,cylinder4--,open the valve gradually by tapping the lever key 7which must first be extended to its full length7 with the wrist1 until the oxygen flows in a gentle stream from the mouthpiece into the patient's mouth4 ,the lips should not be closed round the mouthpiece4 ,the nostrils should be closed during breathing in1 and opened during breathing out4 ,if the teeth are set1 close the lips and one nostril4 ,let the conical end of the mouthpiece slightly enter the other nostril during breathing in1 and remove it for breathing out4 ,k ,the suggested regulations made after his inquiry 7see p4 #adi7 by ,dr4 ,copeman are3 #a4 ,ferro-silicon should not be sent out from the works immediately after manufacture1 but after being broken up into pieces of the size in which it is usually sold1 should be stored under cover1 but exposed to the air as completely as possible1 for at least a month before being despatched from the works4 #b4 ,manufacturers should be required to mark in bold letters each barrel or other parcel of ferro-silicon with the name and percentage grade 7certified by chemical analysis7 of the material2 the name of the works where it is produced2 the date of manufacture2 and date of despatch4 #c4 ,the carriage of ferro-silicon on vessels carrying passengers should be prohibited4 ,when carried on cargo boats it should1 if circumstances permit1 be stored on deck4 ,if it be considered necessary to store it elsewhere1 the place of storage should be capable of being adequately ventilated1 and such place of storage should be cut off by airtight bulkheads from the quarters occupied by the crew of the vessel4 #d4 ,this regulation should apply to the transport of ferro-silicon on river or canal barges as well as on sea-going vessels4 #e4 ,storage places at docks or at works where ferro-silicon is used should have provision for free access of air1 and should be situated at a distance from work-rooms1 mess-rooms1 offices1 c4 ,l ,regulations #e-g contain precautions to be observed in the corroding chambers4 ,,appendix ,,references ,,part ,i ,,processes ,,of ,,manufacture ,,and ,,instances ,,of ,,poisoning ,,general ,,survey ,,of ,,poisoning ,,in ,,chemical ,,industries #a ,leymann1 ,concordia1 #aijf1 ,nos4 #g1 #h and #i2 #b ,grandhomme1 ,die ,fabriken der ,farbwerke zu ,hchst a4 ,m41 ,verlag ,mahlau1 #dth edition4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,industry #a ,zeitschr4 fr4 ,gewerbe-,hygiene1 #aijg1 p4 #bcj2 #b ,bath1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,angew4 ,chemie1 #ahif1 p4 #dgg4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,and ,,saltcake ,,manufacture #a ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gewerbe-,hygiene1 #aijf1 p4 #efb2 #b ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijb1 p4 #fb2 #c ,walther in ,weyl's ,arbeiterkrank-keiten1 p4 #fff4 ,,chlorine ,,and ,,bleaching ,,powder #a ,zeitschr4 fr4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijf1 p4 #bhj2 #b ,concordia1 #aijf1 ,no4 #h2 #c ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 vol4 #df1 p4 #cbb2 #d ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 ,chem4 ,arb41 ,zurich1 #aijb1 p4 #dj2 #e ,vaubel1 ,chemiker ,zeitung1 #aijc2 #f ,concordia1 #aijg1 ,no4 #g2 #g ,rumpf1 ,d4 ,med4 ,wochenschr41 #aijh1 vol4 #cd1 p4 #acca2 #h ,mller1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ,ger4 ,med4 ffentl4 ,sanittsw41 vol4 ix41 p4 #cha2 and ,roth1 ,komp4 d4 ,gewerbekrankh1 p4 #bje2 #i ,klocke-,bochum1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijf1 p4 #efc2 #aj ,sury ,bienz1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ,ger4 ,med41 #aijg1 vol4 #cd1 p4 #bea2 #aa ,erben1 ,handb4 d4 rztl4 ,sachverst1 #aiaj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bff2 #ab ,concordia1 #aijb1 ,no4 #e41 and ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ff4 ,ges4 ,pfl41 #aijb1 ,suppl4 p4 #cga2 #ac ,mohr1 ,d4 ,med4 ,wochenschr41 #aijb1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #gc2 #ad #8ber ,chlorakne1' ,archiv4 f4 ,dermatol41 #aije1 vol4 #gg1 p4 #cbc2 #ae ,dammer1 ,handb4 d4 ,arb4 ,wohlf41 vol4 i4 p4 #dcc2 #af ,d4 ,arch4 f4 ,klin4 ,med41 #aija1 vol4 #ga1 p4 #cgj2 #ag ,schuler1 ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4 ,pfl41 vol4 #ca1 p4 #fif2 #ah ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 ,chem4 ,arb41 ,zurich1 #aijb1 pp4 #bb1 #de2 #ai ,rambousek1 ,concordia1 #aiaj1 ,no4 #f4 ,,manufacture ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,nitric ,,acid ,,and ,,its ,,compounds #a ,schmitz1 ,berl4 ,klin4 ,wochenschr41 #ahhd1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #dbh1 and ,becker1 ,aerztl4 ,sachv4 ,ztg41 #ahii1 vol4 v4 p4 #bgg2 #b ,concordia1 #aijh1 ,no4 #bc1 p4 #dih2 #c ,schmieden1 ,zentralbl4 f4 ,klin4 ,med41 #ahib1 ,no4 #aa2 ,kockel1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ,ger4 ,med41 #ahih1 vol4 #ae2 #d ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 arb41 #aijc1 p4 #eb2 #e ,chem4 ,industrie1 #aije1 p4 #ddd2 #f ,chem4 ,industrie1 #aije1 p4 #dde2 #g ,berl4 ,klin4 ,wochenschr41 #ahhf1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #dag2 #h ,komp4 d4 ,gewerbekrankheiten1 p4 #fb2 #i ,intern4 ,uebers4 ber ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijg1 p4 #gf4 ,,phosphorus ,,and ,,lucifer ,,match ,,manufacture #a ,die ,phosphornekrose1 ihre ,verbreitung in ,oesterreich1 ,wien1 #aijg2 #b ,friedrichs1 in ,arb4 d4 ,ung4 ,ver4 f4 ges4 ,arbeiterschutz #aijh1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #a-agf2 #c v4 ,jaksch1 ,handb4 d4 rztl4 ,sachv4-,tt41 #aiji1 vol4 #g1 p4 #bci2 and ,lvai1 ,w4 ,klin4 ,rundsch41 #aijj1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #cc1 and ,dearden1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahii1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ib2 #d ,wodtke1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 und ffentl4 ,sanittsw41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #cbe4 ,,chromium ,,compounds #a ,hermanni1 ,mnch med4 ,wochenschr41 #aija1 ,no4 #ad1 and ,wodtke1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cbe2 #b ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijh1 p4 #afa2 #c ,wutzdorff und ,heise1 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4 ,amt41 vol4 xiii42 #d ,zeitschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4 ,pfl41 #ahid2 #e ,burns1 ,ann4 ,rept4 of ,c4 ,i4 of ,f41 #aijc2 #f ,neisser1 ,intern4 ,uebers4 ber ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijg1 p4 #ib4 ,,manganese ,,compounds #a ,couper1 ,journ4 de ,chimie1 vol4 #c1 series ii42 #b ,mnch4 med4 ,wochenschr41 #aija1 p4 #dab2 #c ,embden1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr41 vol4 #bg1 p4 #gie4 ,,petroleum ,,and ,,benzine ,,industry #a ,berthenson1 ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ges4-,pfl41 #ahih1 vol4 #cj1 p4 #cae2 #b ,virchow's ,archiv1 vol4 #aab1 p4 #ce2 #c ,felix1 ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ges4-,pfl41 #ahgb2 #d ,lancet1 #ahhf1 p4 #adi2 #e ,ramazzini1 #aijh1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bbf2 #f ,dorendorf1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,klin4 ,med41 #aija1 p4 #db2 #g ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #aijc1 p4 #edf1 and ibid41 #aijh1 p4 #hjg2 #h ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijg1 p4 #aeg2 #i ,wichern1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aiji1 ,nos4 #c and #d2 #aj ,mitchell1 ,med4 ,news1 iii41 p4 #aeb2 ,ann4 d',hyg4 publ41 vol4 #bd1 p4 #ejj2 ,arlidge1 ,dis4 of ,occupation2 ,revue d',hygine1 #ahie1 p4 #aff2 ,neisser1 ,intern4 ,uebers4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijg1 p4 #if4 ,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen ,,gas #a ,chem4 ,ind41 #aijh1 p4 #cbc2 #b ,pfeiler1 ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl41 #aijd2 #c ,lehre v4 d4 schdl4 u4 gift4 ,gasen1 p4 #bgd4 ,,carbon ,,bisulphide #a ,archiv f4 ,hyg41 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #abe-ada2 #b ,santesson1 ,archiv f4 ,hyg41 vol4 #ca1 p4 #ccf2 #c ,chem4 ,ind41 #aije1 p4 #ddb2 #d ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijh and #aiji2 #e ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 xx41 p4 #gd2 #f ,die ,schwefelkohlenstoffvergiftung der ,gumniarbeiter1 ,leipzig1 ,veit ,comp41 #ahii2 #g ,ann4 d',hyg4 publ41 #ahfc4 ,,illuminating ,,gas #a ,krankheiten des ,arbeiter1 #ahga2 #b ,gewerbepathologie1 #ahgg2 #c ,weyl's ,handb4 d',hyg41 #ahid1 vol4 #h2 #d ,sprenger and ,albrecht3 ,albrecht's ,gewerbehygiene1 #ahif2 #e ,jehle1 #8,hygiene der ,gasarbeiter1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aija1 pp4 #bde and #bfa2 #f ,schtte3 #8,krankheiten der ,gasarbeiter1' ,weyl's ,arbeiterkrankheiten1 #aijh1 p4 #bci2 #g ,heymann's ,verlag1 #aiaj2 #h ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aiji1 ,no4 #ab2 #i ,chem4 ,ind41 #aije1 p4 #ddb2 #aj ,egli1 ber d4 ,unf4 b4 ,chem4 ,arb41 ,zurich1 #aijc2 #aa ,gewerb4 techn4 ,ratgeber1 #aijf1 p4 #if4 ,,coke ,,ovens #a ,hesse1 ,concordia1 #aiji4 ,,power ,,gas1 ,,suction ,,gas1 ,c4 #a ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijf1 p4 #bej2 #aiji1 p4 #big2 #aijf1 p4 #ai2 #b ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber1 #aijf1 p4 #big2 #c ,nottebohm1 ,socialtechnik1 #aijg1 vol4 #g1 p4 #hj2 #d ,finkelstein1 ,jahr4 d4 ,peych41 #ahig1 vol4 #ae1 p4 #aaf2 #e ,jokote1 ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 #aijd1 vol4 #di1 p4 #bge4 ,,ammonia #a ,ber4 pr4 ,gew4 ,insp41 #aijd2 #b ,egli1 loc4 cit41 ,no4 #b1 p4 #dh2 #c ,lehre v4 d4 schdl4 u4 gift4 ,gasen1 p4 #bgd2 #d ,zeitschr4 f4 gew4-,hyg41 #aiji1 p4 #bdb2 #e ,berl4 ,klin4 ,wochenschr41 #aijh4 ,,cyanogen ,,compounds #a ,handb4 d4 ,hyg41 vol4 #h1 p4 #hig2 #b ,merzbach1 ,hyg4 ,rundsch41 #ahii1 ,no4 #a2 #c ,zeitschr4 f4 ,med4 ,beamte1 #aijg1 vol4 #bj1 p4 #hbe2 #d ,kockel1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #aijc1 vol4 #bf2 #e ,erben1 ,vergiftungen1 ii4 p4 #bjd4 ,,tar ,,and ,,its ,,derivatives #a ,lewin1 ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr41 #aijg2 #b ,santesson1 ,skand4 ,arch4 f4 ,physiol41 #aijj1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #a-cf2 #c ,concordia1 #aija1 p4 #bhg ,jahresber4 d4 ,staatl4 ,aufsichtsbeamten ber ,unfallverbtung1 #aiji2 #d ,arb4 d4 ,hamb4 ,gewerbeinspektoren1 #aiji2 #e ,greiff1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #ahij4 ,,coal ,,tar ,,colours #a ,die ,fabriken der ,farbwerke vorm4 ,meister ,lucius ,brning zu ,hchst a4 ,m41 #ahif2 #b ,concordia1 #aiaj1 p4 #cee2 #c ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl41 ,supplem4 pro #aijb1 p4 #cga2 #d ,schrder1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #aijc1 p4 #ach2 ,rump1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,med4 ,beamte1 #aijc1 p4 #eg2 #e ,brat1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr41 #aija1 ,nos4 #ai and #bj2 #f ,mohr1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr41 #aijb2 #g ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijh1 p4 #chc2 #h ,hanke1 ,w4 ,klin4 ,wochenschr41 #ahii1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #gbe2 ,frank1 ,beitrge zur ,angenheilk41 #ahih1 vol4 #ca1 p4 #ic2 ,silex1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,angenheilk41 #aijb1 p4 #agh2 #i ,dearden1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #aijb1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gej2 #aj ,ann4 ,rept4 of ,c4 ,i4 of ,f41 #aije1 p4 #afe2 #aa ,mnch1 med4 ,wochenschr41 #aijg2 #ab ,erdmann1 ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path41 #aije1 vol4 #ec1 p4 #dja4 ,,ferro-,,silicon ,nature1 ,uses and ,manufacture of ,ferro-silicon1 by ,s4 ,m4 ,copeman1 ,s4 ,r4 ,bennett1 and ,h4 ,w4 ,hake4 ,london4 #aiji4 ,cd4 #dieh4 ,,lead ,,and ,,its ,,compounds ,legge and ,goadby1 ,lead ,poisoning and ,lead ,absorption4 ,edward ,arnold4 #aiab4 #a ,wchter1 ,die gewerbliche ,bleivergiftung im ,deutschen ,reich1 #aijh1 p4 #cf2 #b ,,xiv4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,hyg4 und ,dem41 #aijg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gdf2 #c ,rambousek1 ,concordia1 #aiaj2 #d ,mller1 ,die ,bekmpfung der ,bleigefahr in ,bleihtten1 ,fischer1 #aijh1 #aef2 #e ,frey1 ,die ,zinkgewinning und ihre ,hygiene1 ,hirschwald1 ,berlin1 #aijg2 #f ,wchter1 ,die gew4 ,bleivergiftung1 #aijh1 ,braun1 ,karlsruhe2 #g ,clayton1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #aijf1 vol4 #a1 p4 #caj2 #h ,bericht an die ,intern4 ,vereinigung fr ,arbeiterschutz1 #aijh4 ,,mercury ,,and ,,its ,,compounds #a ,laureck1 ,weyl's ,arbeiterkr41 p4 #fb2 #b ,giglioli1 ,ramazzini1 #aiji1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bcj4 ,,arsenic ,,and ,,its ,,compounds #a ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg41 #aijb1 p4 #dda2 #b ,prlss1 ,friedreich's ,bl4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #aija1 p4 #agf4 ,,antimony #a ,vergiftungen1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe4 ,,brass #a ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #aijf1 p4 #ahe2 #b ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 #aiaj1 vol4 #gb1 p4 #ceh4 ,,part ,,ii ,,pathology ,,and ,,treatment ,,oxygen ,,inhalation ,,in ,,industrial ,,poisoning ,brat1 #8,bedeutung der ,sauerstofftherapie in der ,gewerbehygiene1 ,,xiv4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,hyg4 u4 ,dem4 und ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,heft #ac1 ,s4 #cje2 ,drger1 #8,zur ,physiologie des ,rettungsapparates mit komprim4 ,sauerstoff1 ,i4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,rett4-,wes41 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #aijh1 und ,fabrikfeuerwehr #aijh1 ,heft #ai1 ,s4 #gd2 ,klocke1 #8,die ,bedeutung der ,sauerstoffinhalationen in der ,gewerbehygiene1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,heft #bj1 ,s4 #eei2 ,drger1 #8,neue ,untersuchungen ber die ,erfordernisse eines zur ,arbeit brauchbaren ,rettungsapparates1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aije1 ,s4 #di2 ,klocke1 #8,sauerstoffrettungsapparate1' ,soz4 ,techn4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #ad1 ,s4 #bgb4 ,,hydrofluoric ,,acid ,,poisoning ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ,i1 ,s4 #bc1 und ,,ii1 ,s4 #de2 ,rambousek1 #8,gewerbekrankh4 in ,bhmen1' ,concordia #aiaj1 ,heft #f1 und ,amtsarzt #aiaj1 ,heft #g4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,and ,,sulphur ,,dioxide ,ogata1 ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #b2 ,lehmann1 ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #ah1 ,s4 #ahj ff2 ,klocke #87,,so-,vergiftung und ,o-,inhal471' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #efb und #fag2 #8,,so-,absorption beim ,atemprozess1' ,chem4 ,ztg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #bdf2 #8,tod durch ,einatmung von ,schwefelsuredampf1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,s4 #dcj2 #8,schwefel-dioxydvergiftung in ,england1' ,concordia #aiji1 ,heft #e1 ,s4 #aje2 #8,schwefels4-,vergiftung1 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aiji 7,ber4 d4 ,berufsgen4 f4 chem4 ,ind4 pro #aijh1 ,s4 #bf72 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ii1 ,s4 #eb4 ,,nitric ,,acid ,,and ,,nitrous ,,fumes #8,verg4 durch nitrose ,gase in einer ,zellulosefabrik1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh ,heft #bd1 ,s4 #efe2 #8,behandlung von ,nitrosevergiftungen durch ,sauerstoffinhalationen1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,heft #bj1 ,s4 #efj2 #8,behandlung durch ,chloroform1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijd1 ,heft #aj1 ,s4 #bbf1 und #aijg1 ,heft #h1 ,s4 #ahc2 #8,vergiftungen durch nitrose ,gase 7,zusammenfassung71' ,holtzmann1 ,concordia1 #aijh1 ,nr4 #bc1 ,s4 #dih4 ,,chlorine1 ,,bromine1 ,,and ,,iodine ,leymann1 ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #g1 ,s4 #bca2 ,binz1 ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path41 ,bd4 #ac2 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahhh1 ,s4 #cde2 ,lehmann1 ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #cd1 ,s4 #cjb1 und ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #ag1 ,s4 #ccf2 ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 u4 ,ph4 #ahhg1 ,s4 #bca2 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ,,ii1 ,s4 #ea2 ,chlorverg41 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aijg1 ,s4 #cdg1 #aijh1 ,s4 #cbe2 ,neisser1 ,intern4 ,uebers4 ber ,gew4-,hyg41 ,i1 ,s4 #id2 #8,chlorverg4 in ,england1' ,concordia #aiji1 ,s4 #aje4 ,literatur ber ,chlorakne4--,herxheimer1 ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahii ,s4 #bgh2 ,bettmann1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #dcg2 ,lehmann1 ,arch4 f4 ,dermatol4 #aije1 ,s4 #cbc2 ,leymann1 #8,erk4-,verh4 der chem4 ,grossind41' ,concordia #aijf1 ,nr4 #g-i2 ,holtzmann1 ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #aijg1 ,bd4 #ci1 ,s4 #beh4 ,,chlorides ,,of ,,phosphorus ,vaubel1 ,chem4 ,ztg4 #aijc2 ,leymann1 ,concordia #aijf1 ,nr4 #g2 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4-,arb4 #aijb1 ,s4 #di2 ,rumpf1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijh1 ,bd4 #cd1 ,s4 #acca4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,sulphur ,lehmann1 ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahid1 ,bd4 #bj1 ,s4 #bf2 ,leymann1 ,concordia #aijf1 ,heft #g4 ,,ammonia ,lehmann1 #8,verauche ber die ,wirkung1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #e2 #8,vers4 ber die ,resorption1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #ag u4 #fg2 #8,versuche ber die ,gewhnung1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #cd2 ,lewin1 #8,tdl4 ,ammoniakverg4 in einer chem4 ,fabrik1 ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijh2 #8,tdl4 ,ammoniakverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,wr4 #i1 ,s4 #bdb2 #8,ammoniakverg4 in der ,klte-,ind4' ,,lead ,,poisoning #8,vorkommen der ,bleivergiftung4 ,bleierkrankungen in der ,bleihtte ,braubach1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #bia2 ,bleivergiftungen in gewerbl4 u httenmnn4 ,betrieben 7,oesterreichs71 herausgegeben vom k4 k4 ,arbeitsstat4 ,amt3 ,i4 ,erhebungen in ,blei- und ,zinkhtten2 ,,ii4 ,erhebungen in ,bleiweiss- und ,bleioxydfabriken2 ,,iii4 ,expertise1 betreffend die ,blei- und ,zinkhtten2 ,,iv4 ,expertise1 betreffend die ,bleiweiss- und ,bleioxydfabriken2 ,v4 ,erhebungen in ,farbenfabriken und ,betrieben mit ,anstreicher-1 ,lackierer- und ,malerarbeiten2 ,,vi4 ,expertise hierzu2 ,,vii4 ,erhebungen und ,expertise in ,buch- und ,steindruckereien und ,schriftgisseereien 7alle ,teile erschienen bei ,alfr4 ,hlder1 ,wien #aije-aiji74 ,frey1 ,zinkgewinnung im oberschles4 ,industriebezirk1 ,berlin #aijg1 ,verlag ,hirschwald2 ,leymann1 ,die ,bekmpfung der ,bleigefahr in der ,industrie1 ,verlag ,fischer1 ,jena #aijh2 ,mller1 ,die ,bekmpfung der ,bleigefahr in ,bleihtten1 ,verlag ,fischer1 ,jena #aijh2 ,wchter1 ,die gewerbl4 ,bleiverg4 im ,deutschen ,reich1 ,verlag ,braun1 ,karlsruhe #aijh2 ,chyzer1 ,les intoxications par le plomb se prsentant dans la cramiquen en ,hongrie1 ,schmidl1 ,budapest #aijh2 ,kaup1 ,bleiverg4 in der keramischen ,ind41 als ,manuskript gedruckt1 ,d4 ,sekt4 ,ges4 f4 ,soziale ,reform2 ,teleky1 #8,beitrag z4 ,h4 d4 ,erzeug4 v4 ord4 ,tpferware usw4 in ,oesterr41' ,arbeiterschutz1 #aijh1 ,nr4 #ai1 #bj2 ,de ,vooys1 ,bleiverg4 in der niederl4 keram4 ,ind4 7,nederl4 ,vereen4 voor wettelijke ,beseherming van arbeiders #aijh72 ,kaup1 ,bleiverg4 in sterr4 ,gew4-,betrieben1 ,schriften des sterr4 ,vereines fr ,arbeiterschutz #aijb1 ,heft #c2 ,sommerfeld1 #8,zur ,bleiweissfrage1' ,soz4 ,praxis #aijb1 ,nr4 #h2 ,friedinger1 #8,sanit4 ,verh4 in d4 ,buchdr41' ,soz4 ,praxis #aijb1 ,nr4 #i2 ,wutzdorff1 ,bleiverg4 in ,zinkhtten1 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4-,amte1 ,bd4 #ag1 ,s4 #dda2 ,blum1 ,unters4 ber ,bleiverg41 ,frankfurt a4,m4 #aijj1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl41 ,suppl4 #cb1 ,s4 #fcj2 ,panwitz1 ,bleiverg4 in ,buchdruckereien1 ,verff4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4-,amtes #ahig1 ,s4 #ejc2 ,teleky1 #8,bleiverg4 bei ,fransenknpferinnen1' ,ref4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #a1 ,s4 #ac2 ' ,bleierkrankung und ,bekmpfung ders41 ,literatursammlung1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijd1 ,nr4 #f1 ,s4 #aca2 ,teleky1 #8,die gewerbl4 ,bleiverg4 in ,oesterreich1' ,soz4 ,techn4 #aiji1 ,nr4 #ag1 ,s4 #ccc2 ,bleiverg4 7,legge71 ,verh4 d4 ,,ii4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,gewerbekrankh4 in ,brssel #aiaj2 ,bleiverg4 in ,bhmen 7,rambousek71 ,concordia #aiaj1 ,nr4 #g1 ,amtsarzt #aiaj1 ,nr4 #f2 ,abelsdorff1 ,statistik d4 ,bleiverg41 ,concordia #aiaj1 ,heft #ag1 ,s4 #cei2 ,wutzdorff1 #8,bleiverg4 in ,akkumulatoreniabr41' ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4-,amte #ahih1 ,bd4 #ae1 ,s4 #aed2 ,rasch1 #8,ueber ,bleiverg4 d4 ,arb4 in ,kachelfabr41' ,arb4 a4 d4 kais4 ,ges4-,amte #ahih1 ,bd4 #ad1 ,s4 #ha4 ,,general ,,literature ,,on ,,pathology ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,lead ,,poisoning ,jores1 #8,die allg4 pathol4 ,anatomie der chron4 ,bleiverg4 des ,kaninchens1' ,beitrge z4 path4 ,anat4 u4 allg4 ,path4 #aijb1 ,bd4 #ca1 ,s4 #ahc2 ,glibert1 ,le saturnisme experimental1 extrait d4 rapp4 ann4 de l'insp4 du travail en #aijf1 ,bruxelles1 #aijg4 ,rambousek1 #8,die ,pathol4 d4 ,bleiverg4' in ,leymann's ,bekmpfung d4 ,bleigef41 ,s4 #ae1 ,velag ,fischer1 ,jena #aijh2 ,die ,verhtung d4 ,bleigefahr1 ,verlag ,hartleben #aijh2 ,blum1 #8,unters4 ber ,bleiverg41 ,frankfurt a4,m4 #aijj1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl ,ges4-,pfl41 ,suppl4 #cb1 ,s4 #fcj2 ,elschnig1 #8,sehstrungen b4 ,bleiverg41' ,ges4 d4 ,aerzte1 ,wien1 ,sitzung v4 #ae4 ,april #ahih1 und ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahih1 ,s4 #acje2 #8,neuere ,forschungen ber ,bleiverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #fbi2 ,seeligmller1 #8,einfl4 d4 ,bleies auf den ,frauenorganismus usw41' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #hdb2 ,bernhardt1 #8,zur ,pathol4 d4 ,bleilhmung1' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijj1 ,s4 #bf2 ,rambousek1 #8,die ,bleierkrankung1' ,zeitschr4 f4 rztl4 ,fortbildung #aiji1 ,nr4 #g2 ,israel1 #8,obd4-,befund b4 ,bleiverg41' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahie1 ,s4 #ege2 ,gumpertz1 ,bernhardt1 #8,anom4 d4 elektr4 ,erregb4 b4 ,bleiverg41' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahid1 ,s4 #cgb u4 ,s4 #bhd2 ,jolly1 #8,sekt4-,befund b4 ,bleilnmung1 ,entart4 d4 ,gangl41' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahic2 ,miura1 #8,ueber die ,bedeutung des ,bleinachweises auf der ,haut ,bleikranker1' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahij1 ,s4 #ajje2 ,mattirolo1 #8,behandlung d4 ,bleikolik mit ,erythroltetranitrat1' ,wiener med4 ,presse #aija1 ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #baga2 ,oddo und ,silbert1 #8,ausscheidung des ,bleis1' ,revue med4 #ahib1 ,nr4 #d1 und ,wiener med4 ,presse #ahib1 ,s4 #aahb2 ,mosse1 #8,vernderungen d4 ,gangl4 coeliac4 bei exper4 ,bleikolik1' ,wiener klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijd1 ,s4 #ice2 ,escherich1 #8,zwei ,flle v4 ,bleilhmung b4 ,kindern 7,peroneuslhmung471' ,wiener klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijc1 ,s4 #bbi2 ,variot1 #8,ein ,fall v4 ,bleilhmung b4 einem ,kinde 7,peroneuslhmung71' ,gaz4 des ,hp4 #aijb1 ,s4 #dhb1 und ,wiener klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb2 ,sorgo1 #8,progress4 ,muskelatrophie nach ,bleiverg41' ,weiner med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,s4 #iai2 ,variot1 #8,bleiverg4 b4 einem ,kinde1 ,parese d4 unt4 ,extrem41' ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,s4 #bjef2 ,rome1 #8,bleiverg4 b4 ,kindern1' ,la trib4 med4 #aijb1 ,nr4 #ci1 und ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,s4 #bcia2 ,layal1 ,laurencon1 ,rousel1 #8,erscheinungen der ,pylorusstenose b4 ,bleiverg41' ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahig2 ,macfairlain1 #8,chloroformbehandlung bei ,bleikolik1' ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahie2 ,bechtold1 #8,spast4 ,spinalparalyse b4 ,bleiverg41' ,med4 chir4 ,zentralbl4 #aijd1 ,nr4 #dj2 ,oliver1 #8,lead-poisoning1 c41' ,lancet1 #ahia1 ,s4 #ecj2 ,heymann1 #8,lhmungen d4 ,kehlkopfmuskeln b4 ,bleiverg41' ,arch4 f4 ,laringol4 #ahif1 ,s4 #bef2 ,clayton1 #8,ind4 lead-poisoning1' ,brit4 med4 journ4 #aijf1 ,s4 #caj2 ,taylor1 #8,bleiamblyopie1' ,lancet #ahih1 ,s4 #gdb2 ,seeligmller1 #8,zur ,pathol4 d4 chron4 ,bleiverg41' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,s4 #cag2 ,lewin1 #8,puls b4 ,bleiverg41' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahig1 ,s4 #agg2 ,walko1 #8,erkr4 d4 ,magens b4 chron4 ,bleiverg41' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijg1 ,s4 #agbh2 ,tielemanns1 ,parotiserkr4 b4 ,bleiverg41 ,monogr41 ,paris #ahie2 ,borgen1 #8,blutdruckbestimmungen b4 ,bleikolik1' ,d4 ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,med4 #ahie1 ,s4 #bdh2 ,klieneberger1 #8,intox4 saturn4 und ,nephritis sat41' ,mnchen4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijd1 ,s4 #cdj2 ,bach1 #8,augenerkr4 b4 ,bleiverg41' ,arch4 f4 ,augenheilk4 #ahic1 ,s4 #bah2 ,redlich1 #8,tabes und chron4 ,bleiverg41' ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahig1 ,s4 #hja2 ,seifert1 #8,kehlkopfmuskellhmung b4 ,bleiverg41' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahhd1 ,s4 #eee4 ,,literature ,,on ,,blood ,,changes ,,in ,,lead ,,poisoning ,schmidt1 #8,die ,bleiverg4 und ihre ,erkennung1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aijg1 ,bd4 #fc1 ,heft #a2 ,galperin-,teytelmann1 ,die basophilen ,granula der roten ,blutk4 b4 ,bleairbeitern1 ,ing4 ,diss41 ,bonn #aijh2 ,carozzi1 ,reperti ematol4 e loro valore statistico nel saturn4 prof4 ,corr4 sanitar4 #aiji1 ,bd4 #bj1 ,nr4 #e u4 #f2 ,gilbert1 ,le saturnisme exp41 ,bruxelles1 #aijg2 ,rambousek1 #8,beitrag z4 ,pathol4 d4 ,stoffw4 und d4 ,blutes b4 ,bleiverg41 ,zeitschr4 f4 exp4 ,path4 und ,therap4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 #g2 ,moritz1 #8,beziehungen der basophilen ,granula zu den ,erythrozyten1' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,nr4 #e2 ,st4 ,petersburger med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,nr4 #bf1 #aijc1 ,nr4 #ej2 ,verh4 d4 ,i4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,arb4-,krankh4 in ,mailand #aijf1 ,atti del congresso1 ,s4 #fja-fjg2 ,trautmann1 #8,blutunters4 b4 ,bleiverg41' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aiji1 ,s4 #acga2 ,grawitz1',ueber die krn4 ,degenerat4 d4 roten ,blutkrperchen1' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahii1 ,nr4 #dd2 #8,die klin4 ,bedeutung und exp4 ,erzeugung krn4 ,degener4 in den roten ,blutkrperchen1' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijj1 ,nr4 #i2 ,hamel1 #8,ueber die ,beziehungen der krn4 ,degener4 der roten ,blutkrperchen zu den sonst4 morph4 ,vernd4 des ,blutes mit besonderer ,bercks4 d4 ,bleiintox41' ,d4 ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,med4 #aijj1 ,bd4 #fg2 ,frey1 #8,beitrag zur ,frhdiagnose v4 chron4 ,bleiverg41' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #f2 ,grawitz1 ,klin4 ,pathol4 des ,blutes1 ,leipzig #aijf1 ,s4 #abj ff42 ,naegeli1 #8,ueber die ,entstehung der basoph4 gek4 roten ,blutk41' ,mnchen4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijd1 ,nr4 #e2 ,schmidt1 #8,zur ,frage d4 ,entstehung d4 basoph4 ,krner1' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,nr4 #dd2 ,exp4 ,beitrge z4 ,pathol4 d4 ,blutes1 ,jena #aijb2 #8,ein ,beitrag4 z4 ,frage d4 ,blutregen41' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijc1 ,nr4 #ac2 ,erben1 #8,chem4 ,zusammensetzung d4 ,blutes b4 ,bleiverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,heilkunde1 #aije1 ,s4 #dgg4 ,,literature ,,on ,,changes ,,in ,,metabolism ,,in ,,lead ,,poisoning ,preti1 #8,beitrag z4 ,kenntn4 d4 ,stickstoffums4 b4 ,bleiverg41' #aiji1 ,s4 #daa2 ,rambousek1 #8,beitrag z4 ,pathol4 d4 ,stoffw4 und d4 ,blutes1' ,zeitschr4 f4 exp4 ,path4 und ,ther4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 #g2 #8,pathol4 d4 ,bleiverg4' in ,leymann's ,bekmpfung d4 ,bleigefahr1 ,fischer1 ,jena #aiji2 ,minkowski1 ,die ,gicht1 ,wien1 #aijc1 ,holders ,verlag42 ,schittenhelm und ,brugsch1 #8,zur ,stoffwechselpathol4 d4 ,gicht1' ,zeitschr4 f4 exp4 ,path4 und ,ther41 ,bd4 #d1 ,s4 #did-die4 ,,literature ,,on ,,toxicity ,,of ,,various ,,lead ,,compounds ,blum1 #8,unters4 ber ,bleiverg41 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #aijj1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl41 ,suppl4 #cb1 ,s4 #fcj2 ,rambousek1 ,die ,verhtung der ,bleigefahr1 ,verlag ,hartleben #aijh2 ,biondi und ,rambousek1 #8,polemik ber die ,ungiftigkeit d4 ,bleisulfids1' ,i4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,gew4-,krankh4 in ,mailand #aijf1 ,atti del congresso1 ,s4 #fag-fbb2 ,lehmann1 #8,hyg4 ,unters4 ber ,bleichromat1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahic1 ,bd4 #af1 ,s4 #cae4 ,,zinc ,schlockow1 #8,ueber ein eigenartiges ,rckenmarksleiden bei ,zinkhttenarbeitern1' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahgi1 ,s4 #bjh2 ,tracinsky1 #8,die oberschlesische ,zinkindustrie usw41' ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #ahhh1 ,bd4 #bj1 ,s4 #ei2 ,seiffert1 #8,erkr4 d4 ,zinkhttenarb4 usw41' ibidem #ahig1 ,bd4 #ca1 ,s4 #dai2 ,lehmann1 #8,beitrge z4 hygien4 ,bedeutung d4 ,zinks1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahig1 ,bd4 #bh1 ,s4 #cjj2 ,neuere ,arbeiten3 ,frey1 ,die ,zinkgew4 im oberschl4 ,industriebez4-usw41' ,verlag ,hirschwald-,berlin #aijg und ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #af1 ,s4 #cgf2 ,sigel1 #8,das ,giesserfieber u4 seine ,bekmpfung1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aijf1 ,bd4 #cb1 ,s4 #agc2 ,lehmann1 #8,giess- oder ,zinkfieber1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 #gb1 ,s4 #ceh4 ,,mercury ,schnlank1 ,frther ,spiegelfabriken #ahhh 7,monogr472 ,wollner1 #8,quecksilberspiegelfabrik in ,frth1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl41 ,bd4 #ai1 #c1 ,s4 #dba1 und ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahib1 ,bd4 #ci1 ,s4 #ecc2 ,stickler1 #8,hutfabrikation1 #ahhf1' ,revue d',hygine1 ,,viii1 ,s4 #fcb2 ,charpentier1 #8,spiegelfabrik1' ,annal4 d'hyg4 publ41 avril #ahhe1 ,s4 #cbc2 ,henke1 ,quecksilberverg4 in ,hutfabriken1 ,knauer1 ,frankfurt #ahhi2 ,wittzack1 #8,quecksilberverg4 b4 d4 ,spiegelbel4 usw41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #ahif1 ,s4 #baf2 ,donath1 #8,quecksilberverg4 in ,gluhlampenfabriken1' ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahid1 #h4 #hhh2 ,renk1 ' ,quecksilberverarbeitung1' ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4-,amte1 ,bd4 #e1 ,heft ,i2 ,letulle1 #8,hasenhaarschneiderei1' ,revue d',hyg41 ,,xi1 ,s4 #dj2 ,ueber ,hasenfellbeize1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #hba2 ,sozialtechn4 #aiaj1 ,s4 #ci2 #8,quecksilberverg4 in d4 ,glhlampenind41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #dfi2 #8,quecksilberverg4 in ,amiata in ,italien 7ausfhrliche ,schilderung der ,symptome schwerer ,quecksilberverg471' ,giglioli1 im ,ramazzini #aiji1 ,bd4 #c1 ,s4 #bcj1 und #8,demonstration am ,,ii4 ,ital4 ,kongr4 f4 ,arbeiterkrankh4 in ,florenz #aiji1' ref4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #bhi1 und ,chem4 ,ztg41 ,repert41 #aiji1 ,s4 #daa2 #8,quecksilberverg4 in ,hutfabriken in ,italien1' ,ramazzini1 #aiji1 ,s4 #bcj2 ,laureck1 in ,weyls ,handb4 d4 ,arb4-,krankh4 #aiji1 ,s4 #fb4 ,,manganese ,couper1 ,journ4 de chim41 #ahcg1 ,bd4 #c1 ,s4 #b2 ,jaksch1 ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #fjb2 ,embden1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr41 ,bd4 #bg1 ,s4 #gie1 u4 ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #aheb2 ,jaksch1 #8,ueber ,manganintoxikationen u4 ,manganophobie1' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijg1 ,bd4 #ed1 ,s4 #ifi2 ,hauck1 #8,manganismus4' ,vortrag auf dem ,,xiv4 ,intern4 ,kongr4 f4 ,hyg4 u4 ,dem41 ,berlin #aijg1 ,bd4 #d1 ,s4 #ccg2 ,friedel1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aiji1 ,s4 #abib4 ,,chromium ,delpech et ,hillaret1 ,annal4 d',hyg4 publ4 #ahgf2 ,viron1 ,contrib4 l'tude phys4 et tox4 de quelques prp4 chroms1 ,paris1 #ahhe2 ,burghardt1 #8,chromverg4 in der ,zndhlzchenindustrie1' ,charit ,annalen1 ,,xxiii1 #ahih1 ,s4 #ahi2 ,wutzdorff1 #8,die in den ,chromatfabriken beobachteten ,gesundheits-schdigungen4' ,,nickel ,nickelkrtze3 #8,jahresberichte d4 preuss4 ,reg4- u4 ,gewerberte fr das ,jahr #aijg1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #h1 ,s4 #ahe1 u4 #aiji1 ,nr4 #ad1 ,s4 #cgd2 ,klocke1 ,soz4 ,med4 u4 ,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 #e1 ,nr4 #b4 ,,nickel ,,carbonyl ,h4 ,w4 ,armit3 ,journ4 of ,hygiene1 #aijg1 p4 #ebd1 and #aijh1 p4 #efe2 ,vahlen1 ,arch4 exp4 ,pathol4 u4 ,ph4 #aijb1 ,bd4 #dh1 ,s4 #aag2 ,mittasch1 ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 #aijc1 ,bd4 #di1 ,s4 #cfg2 ,langlois1 ,compt4 rend4 de la soc4 de ,biol4 #ahia1 ,s4 #bab4 ,,silver 7,,argyria7 ,schubert1 #8,argyrie bei ,glasperlenversilberern1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,heilk4 #ahie1 ,bd4 #af1 ,s4 #cda2 ,lewin1 #8,lokale ,gewerbeargyrie1' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #ahhf1 ,s4 #dag2 ,blaschko1 ,arch4 f4 mikr4 ,anatomie1 ,bd4 #bg1 ,s4 #fea4 ,,arsenic #8,arsenverg4 in der ,delainage1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,nr4 #c1 ,s4 #ga2 #8,arsenikverg4 in der ,ind41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,s4 #cec1 und #aijc1 ,s4 #dgf2 #8,arsenikverg4 in ,england1 nach den ,ber4 der engl4 ,gew4-,insp41' ,concordia #aiji1 ,nr4 #e1 ,s4 #aje2 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ,,ii1 ,s4 #ea4 ,,phosphorus ,lorinser1 ,med4 ,jahrb4 d4 sterr4 ,staates1 #ahde1 ,bd4 #ea1 ,s4 #beg2 und ,zeitschr4 d4 ,gesellsch4 d4 ,aerzte in ,wien1 #ahea1 ,bd4 #ee1 ,s4 #bb2 ,geist u4 ,bibra1 ,die ,krankh4 d4 ,arb4 in der ,phosphorzndholzfabrik1 ,erlangen #ahdg2 ,wegner1 ,virch4-,arch4 #ahgb1 ,bd4 #ee1 ,s4 #aa2 ,magitot1 ,revue d',hygine1 #ahie1 ,bd4 #ag1 ,s4 #bja2 ,kollin1 #8,oberkiefernekrose1' ,zentralbl4 f4 inn4 ,med4 #ahhi1 ,s4 #abgi2 ,dearden1 #8,osseous fragilit4 am4 workers in luc4 match fet41' ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 #ahii1 ,s4 #ib2 ,lvai1 #8,ueber ,phosphornekrose1' ,wiener klin4 ,rundsch4 #aijj1 ,s4 #cc2 #8,ein ,fall von ,phosphornekrose #ai ,jahre nach der ,arbeit in ,zndhlzchenfabriken1' ,wiener klin4 ,rundsch4 #ahif1 ,nr4 #bi1 ,s4 #ejc2 ,stockman1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 #ahii2 ,stubenrauch1 ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,chir4 #ahii1 ,heft #a1 und ,samml4 klin4 ,vortr4 #aija1 ,nr4 #cjc2 ,rpke1 ,zeitschr4 d4 ,zentralst4 f4 ,arb4-,wohlf4-,einr4 #aija1 ,nr4 #a2 #8,phosphorverg4 in ,england 7nach den ,berichten der engl4 ,gew4-,insp471' ,concordia1 #aiji1 ,nr4 #e1 ,s4 #aje2 ,teleky1 #8,die ,phosphornekrose in ,oesterreich1' ,schriften der ,oesterr4 ,gesellsch4 f4 ,arbeiterschutz1 ,heft #ab1 ,verlag ,deuticke #aijg2 ,friedrich1 #8,die ,phosphorverg4 in ,ungarn' 7in ungar4 ,sprache71 ,schriften der ,ungar4 ,gesellsch4 f4 ,arbeiterschutz1 ,heft #d1 ,budapest #aijh4 ,,phosphoretted ,,hydrogen ,schulz1 ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 u4 ,phys4 #ahij1 ,bd4 #bg1 ,s4 #cad2 ,dietz1 #8,phosphorwasserstoffverg4 bei einem ,phosphorfabrikarb41' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aijd1 ,bd4 #di4 ,spezielle ,literatur ber ,phosphorwasserstoffvergiftung durch ,ferrosilizium3 ,bahr1 ,lehnkering1 #8,phosphorverg4 durch ,ferrosiliz41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aijf1 ,s4 #abc2 ,jahresber4 d4 engl4 ,gew4-,insp4 f4 d4 ,j4 #aijg 7vgl4 ,soz4 ,techn4 #aijh1 ,bd4 #g1 ,s4 #fhi und #fij72 ,oliver1 ,diseases of ,occupation1 #aijh2 ,h4 ,le ,chatelier1 ,ann4 ,min4 #aiji1 ,bd4 #ae1 ,s4 #bac2 vgl4 ferner ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #egd1 und ,s4 #aha4 ,,hydrogen ,,sulphide ,lehmann1 #8,exp4 ,studien ber ,schwefelw41' ,arch f4 ,hyg41 ,bd4 #ad1 ,s4 #adb2 #8,gewhnung an ,schwefelw41' ibidem1 ,bd4 #cd1 ,s4 #cjc2 #8,absorption von ,schwefelw41' ibidem1 ,bd4 #ag1 ,s4 #ccb2 ,blumenstock1 #8,lehre von der ,verg4 mit ,kloakengasen1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahgc1 ,bd4 #ah1 ,s4 #bie2 ,kasper1 #8,massenverg4 mit ,kloakengas1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 ,bd4 #b1 ,s4 #eic2 ,rmer1 #8,akute tdl4 ,schwefelwasserstoffverg41' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahig1 ,s4 #hea2 ,oliver1 dieselbe1 ,lancet1 #aijc1 ,s4 #bbe2 #8,schwefelwasserstoffverg4 bei der ,saturation v4 ,schwefelbarium1' ,ber4 d4 ,berufsgen4 f4 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aijg1 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aijh1 ,s4 #cbc2 #8,schwefelwasserstoffverg4 in einer ,fabrik auf ,ammoniaksalze'2 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ,,ii1 ,s4 #df2 #8,schwefelwasserstoffverg4 in ,england1 ,ber4 d4 engl4 ,gew4-,insp41' siehe ,concordia1 #aiji1 ,s4 #aje2 #8,schwefelwasserstoffverg4 in d4 chem4 ,ind41' ,techn4 gewerbl4 ,ratgeber #aijf1 ,s4 #ajh2 #8,schwefelwasserstoffverg4 und ,sauerstoffinhalation1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #ehg2 #8,erste ,hilfe bei ,schwefelwasserstoffverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #dee1 auch ,chem ,ind4 #aijh1 ,s4 #cbg4 ,,carbon ,,bisulphide ,delpech1 #8,accidents qui dveloppent chez les ouvriers en caoutchouc et du sulfure de carbone etc41' ,l',union md4 #ahgf1 ,no4 #ff2 #8,nouvelles recherches sur l'intox4 du ,,cs etc41' ,ann4 d',hyg4 publ4 ,nr4 #cg2 ,sapelier1 #8tude sur le sulfure de carbone1' ,thse1 ,paris #ahhe2 ,rosenblatt1 ,ueber die ,wirkung v4 ,,cs-,dmpfen auf den ,menschen1 ,diss4 ,wrzburg #ahij2 ,pichler1 ,ein ,beitrag z4 ,kenntn4 d4 akuten ,,cs-,verg41 ,berlin #ahig 7,fischer72 ,lehmann1 #8,exp4 ,stud4 ber ,schwefelk41' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahid1 ,bd4 #bj1 ,s4 #ef ff42 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #ahii1 #8,schutzmassregeln der ,kautschukindustrie in ,england'2 ,laudenheimer1 ,schwefelk4-,verg4 d4 ,gummiarb4 #hii1 ,leipzig1 ,veit ,comp42 ,harmsen1 #8,die ,schwefelk4 im ,fabr4 ,betrieb1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aije1 ,s4 #adi2 ,riegler1 #8,die nervsen ,strungen bei ,,cs-,verg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,nervenh4 #aijg1 ,bd4 #cc2 ,roth1 #8,gewerbl4 ,,cs-,verg4 usw41' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #egj2 ,reiner1 #8,schwefelk4-,amblyopie1' ,wiener klin ,wochenschr4 #ahie1 ,s4 #iai2 ,quensel1 #8,geistesstrungen nach ,,cs-,verg41' ,monatsh4 f4 ,psych4 #aije1 ,bd4 #af4 ,,cyanogen ,,and ,,cyanogen ,,compounds 7,,prussic ,,acid1 ,c47 ,merzbach1 #8,chron4 ,zyanverg4 bei einem ,galvaniseur1' ,hyg4 ,rundsch4 #ahii1 ,nr4 #a2 ,pfeiffer1 #8,zyanverg4 d4 ,kanalgase 7,abgnge v4 d4 ,zyangewinnung71' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #aijd2 ,stritt1 #8,verg4 d4 ,zyanverb4 im ,dngemittel1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,hyg4 #aiji1 ,bd4 #fb1 ,s4 #afi2 ,tatham1 #8,zyanverg4 beim ,reinigen v4 ,goldspitzen1' ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 #ahhd1 ,s4 #dji2 ,kockel1 #8,blausureverg4 bei einem ,zelluloidbrand1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aijc1 ,s4 #a2 #8,zyanverg4 u4 ,sauerstoffinhal4' 7,brat71 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #ehh2 ,lehmann1 #8,ueber die ,gift4 d4 gasfrm4 ,blausure 7,giftigkeitsgrenzen71' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijc1 ,s4 #iah2 ,blaschko1 #8,berufsdermatosen d4 ,arb4 7,hautleiden b4 ,verwendung v4 ,zyaniden71' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #iae2 ,mac,kelway s4 7,hautleiden71 ,amer4 ,journ4 of ,medic4 ,science1 #aije1 ,s4 #fhd2 ,wilkes 7ditto71 ,lancet1 #aijd1 ,s4 #ajeh4 ,,arseniuretted ,,hydrogen ,,gas #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 7,verfertigen v4 ,kinderballons71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijb1 ,s4 #dda2 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 7,ausleeren eines ,schwefelsuretanks71' ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber #aijf1 ,s4 #aji2 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 im ,httenbetriebe 7,o-,inhalation71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #ehi u4 ,s4 #fag2 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #bfc1 u4 #aiaj1 ,s4 #agi2 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 in ,england1 nach den ,ber4 d4 engl4 ,gew4-,insp41' ,concordia #aiji1 ,s4 #aje2 ,egli1 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg41' ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ,,ii1 ,s4 #db2 ,lunge1 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 beim ,lten1' ,chem4-,ztg4 #aijd1 ,s4 #aafi2 ,bari1 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 durch ,ballongas1' ,arch4 f4 krim4 ,anthrop4 #aijf1 ,s4 #adg4 ,,carbonic ,,oxide ,general ,literature on ,,co-,poisoning4--,becker1 #8,die ,,co-,verg4 u4 ihre ,verhtung1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahic1 ,s4 #cdi2 ,greiff1 #8,,co-,verg4 bei d4 ,teerdestill41 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahij1 ,s4 #cei2 ,brouardel1 #8,,co-,verg4 d4 ,kalkofengase1' ,ann4 d',hyg4 publ4 #ahdj2 ,becker1 #8,nachkrankheiten d4 ,,co-,verg41' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahic1 ,s4 #ega2 ,reinhold1 #8,chron4 ,,co-,verg41' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijd1 ,s4 #gic2 #8,,co-,verg4 beim ,sengen des ,garnes1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #bfg4 ,literature on ,,co-,poisoning in ,gas ,works4--,jehle1 #8,hyg4 d4 ,gasarbeiter1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aija1 ,heft #ad u4 #ae1 ,s4 #bde ff42 ,schtte1 #8,krankh4 d4 ,gasarb41' ,weyls ,arbeiterkrankh4 #aijh1 ,s4 #bci ff42 ,rambousek1 ,concordia #aiaj1 ,nr4 #f4 ,,carbon ,,oxychloride 7,,phosgene ,,gas7 #8,tdl4 ,verg4 d4 ,phosgen in einer ,farbenfabrik1' ,jahresber4 d4 ,berufsgen4 f4 d4 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aije1 vgl4 ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber1 #aijf1 ,s4 #ajh2 ,klocke1 #8,mehrere gewerbl4 ,phosgenverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf2 ,sury-,bienz1 #8,b4 z4 ,kasuistik d4 ,intox41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aijg1 ,s4 #bea2 ,mller1 ,zeitschr4 f4 angew ,chemie1 ,bd4 #ac 7,heft v4 #ab4 ,aug4 #aiaj74 ,,carbon ,,dioxide #8,kohlensureverg4 b4 d4 ,kesselreinigung1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #abi2 ,kohlensureverg4 und ,o-,inhalation1' ebenda #aijf1 ,s4 #ehi2 ,lehmann1 #8,unters4 ber die langdauernde ,wirkung mittlerer ,kohlensuremengen auf den ,menschen1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aijj1 ,s4 #cce4 ,,petroleum1 ,,benzine1 ,c4 ,petroleumvergiftung4--,borthenson1 #8,die ,naphthaind4 in sanit4 ,beziehung1' ,vortrag auf dem ,,xii4 ,intern4 ,aerztekongr4 in ,moskau #ahig u4 ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #ahih1 ,bd4 #cj1 ,s4 #cae2 ,burenin1 #8,die ,naphtha u4 i4 ,verarb4 in sanit4 ,beziehung1 ,petersburg #ahhh2 ,lewin1 #8,ueber allg4 und ,hautverg4 d4 ,petrol41' ,virchows ,arch4 #ahhh1 ,bd4 #aab1 ,s4 #ce2 ,sharp1 #8,the ,poison ,effects of ,petrol41' ,med4 ,news1 #ahhh2 ,samuel1 #8,verg4 in ,petroleumtanks1' ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr41 #aijd1 ,bd4 #da1 ,s4 #ajdg2 ,foulerton1 ditto1 ,lancet #ahhf1 ,s4 #adi2 ,mabille1 ditto1 ,revue d',hyg4 ,bd4 #ah1 #ahif1 ,nr4 #c2 ,ber4 d4 engl4 ,gew4-,insp42 vgl4 ,concordia #aiji1 ,s4 #aje4 ,skin diseases in ,petroleum und ,paraffinarbeiter4--,chevallier1 ,ann4 d',hyg4 #ahfd2 ,lewin1 ,virchows ,arch4 #ahhh 7siehe oben72 ,mitchell1 ,med4 ,news1 ,bd4 #ec1 ,s4 #aeb2 ,derville u4 ,guermonprez 7,papillome71 ,annal4 derm4 #ahij1 ,s4 #cfi2 ,brmont1 ,revue d',hyg4 #ahie1 ,s4 #aff2 ,rambousek1 ,concordia #aiaj1 ,nr4 #f4 ,benzinvergiftung4--,dorendorf 7b4 ,kautschukarb471 ,zeitschr4 f4 klin4 ,med4 #aija1 ,s4 #db2 ,finlayson1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 #aijc1 ,s4 #edf2 ,brgi 7,verg4 d4 ,autobenzin71 ,korr4 f4 ,schweiz4 ,aerzte1 #aijf1 ,bd4 #cf1 ,s4 #cej2 ,box1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 #aijh1 ,s4 #hjg2 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #ccc1 #aijg1 ,s4 #aeg1 und #aijf1 ,s4 #eae2 ,schfer1 #8,verwendung u4 schdl4 ,wirkung einiger ,kohlenwasserstoffe u4 anderer ,kohlenstoffverbindungen1' ,hamb4 ,gew4-,insp4-,arb4 u4 ,sonderberichte1 #aiji1 ,s4 #g4 ,,benzene ,benzolverg4 b4 d4 ,benzoldestill3 ,zeitschr4 f4 angew4 ,chemie1 #ahif1 ,s4 #fge2 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aijf1 ,s4 #cih2 ,chem4 ,ztg4 #aiaj1 ,s4 #agg4 ,benzolverg4 7,benzolextrakt4-,appar473 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb4 #aijc1 ,s4 #eh2 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aijg1 ,s4 #cdg2 vgl4 ,lewin1 ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijg und ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,s4 #eha4 ,benzolverg4 b4 ,reinigen von ,benzollagerkesseln3 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aije1 ,s4 #ddd2 #aijg1 ,s4 #cdg2 ferner #aiji1 ,nr4 #ad1 ,beil4 ,s4 #be4 ,benzolverg4 in einer ,gummifabrik3 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aije1 ,s4 #ddb4 ,benzolverg4 bei d4 ,fabr4 v4 ,antipyrin3 ,egli1 ,unf4 b4 chem4 ,arb41 ,i1 #aijc1 ,s4 #eh4 ,benzolverg4 d4 ,asphaltanstrichmasse3 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijd1 ,s4 #bib4 ,santesson1 #8,bensolverg4 in einer ,gummiw4-,fabrik4 7und exper4 ,untersuchungen71' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahig1 ,bd4 #ca1 ,s4 #ccf4 ,rambousek1 ,die gewerbl4 ,benzolverg4 ,bericht am ,,ii4 ,int4 ,kongr4 f4 ,gewerbekrankh4 in ,brssel #aiaj4 ,wojciechowski1 ,ueber die ,giftigkeit versch4 ,handelssorten des ,benzols in ,gasform1 ,inaug4-,diss4 ,wrzburg1 #aiaj2 ,lehmann1 #8,aufnahme von ,benzol aus der ,luft durch ,tier und ,mensch1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,heft #d2 ,sury ,bienz1 #8,tdliche ,benzolverg41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahhh1 ,s4 #ach2 ,schaefer1 #8,verwendung u4 schdl4 ,wirkung einiger ,kohlenw4 u4 anderer ,kohlenstoffverbindungen1' ,hamb4 ,gew4-,insp41 ,arb4 und ,sonderberichte1 #aiji4 ,,halogen ,,substitution ,,products ,,of ,,the ,,aliphatic ,,hydrocarbons 7,,narcotics7 ,lehmann1 #8,aufnahme chlorierter ,kohlenwasserstoffe aus der ,luft durch ,mensch und ,tier 7,chloroform1 ,tetrachlorkohlenstoff1 ,tetrachlorthan71' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 #gb1 ,heft #d2 ,grandhomme1 ,die ,fabr4 d4 ,a4-,g4 ,farbwerke in ,hchst a4 ,m4 in sanit4 und soz4 ,beziehung1 #ahic1 #c ,aufl41 ,s4 #hh 7,jodmethylverg4 b4 d4 ,antipyrinbereitung72 ,jacquet1 #8,gewerbl4 ,brom- und ,jodmethylverg41' ,d4 ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,med4 #aija1 ,bd4 #ga1 ,s4 #cgj2 ,schuler1 #8,gewerbl4 ,brommethylverg41' ,d4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #ahii1 ,bd4 #ca1 ,s4 #fif2 ,schaefer1 #8,verwendungsart u4 schdl4 ,wirkung einiger ,kohlenwasserst4 u4 anderer ,kohlenstoffverg4' 7,tetrachlorkohlenstoff71' ,ber4 d4 ,hamburger ,gewerbe-,inspektion1 #aiji1 ,s4 #aa4 ,,halogen ,,substitution ,,products ,,of ,,the ,,benzene ,,series 7,,chlorbenzene1 ,c474 ,leymann1 #8,erkr4-,verh4 in einigen chem4 ,betr41' ,concordia #aijf1 ,heft #g 7,chlorbenzol1 ,benzoylchlorid72 #8,verg4 mit ,chlorbenzol1 ,nitrochlorbenzol usw41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #aijb1 ,suppl4 ,s4 #cga1 und ,concordia #aijb1 ,nr4 #e2 ,mohr1 #8,chlorbenzolverg41' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,s4 #gc4 ,,hydroxyl ,,substitution ,,products ,,of ,,the ,,aliphatic ,,series 7,,alcohols7 ,pohl1 #8,wirkungen von ,methylalkohol1' ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 #ahic1 ,s4 #bha2 ,patillo u4 ,colbourn1 #8,gewerbl4 ,methylalkoholverg41' ,ophthalm4 ,rec4 #ahii4 ,,nitro ,,and ,,amido ,,derivatives ,,of ,,benzene 7,,nitrobenzene1 ,,aniline1 ,c47 ,leymann1 #8,erkr4-,verh4 in einer ,anilinfarbenfabrik1' ,concordia #aiaj1 ,heft #ag1 ,s4 #cee2 ,grandhomme1 ,die ,fabr4 d4 ,a4-,g4 ,farbw4 in ,hchst4 a4 ,m4 in sanit4 u4 soz4 ,beziehung1 #ahif 7und ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahhj72 #8,nitrobenzol- und ,anilinverg41 ,vorschr4 f4 d4 ,verhalten1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,nr4 #bb1 ,s4 #fai2 #8,nitrobenzol 7in ,minerall71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,s4 #aei2 ,rhl1 #8,akute u4 chron4 ,verg4 m4 ,nitrokrpern d4 ,benzolreihe1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahij1 ,s4 #bjb2 ,letheby1 ditto1 ,proceed4 of the ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahfc1 ,s4 #eej2 ,thompson1 ditto1 ,british ,med4 ,journ4 #ahia1 ,s4 #hja2 ,friedlnder1 #8,intox4 m4 ,benzol- u4 ,toluolderivaten1' ,neurol4 ,zentralbl4 #aijj2 ,s4 #bid2 #8,nitrotoluolverg4 in einer ,sprengstoffabrik1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #chc2 #8,nitroxylolverg41' ,chem4 ,ind4 #aije1 ,s4 #ddd2 #8,intox4 m4 ,nitrokrpern4 u4 deren ,behandl4 m4 ,sauerstoffinhal41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #fag2 ,brat1 #8,gew4 ,methmoglobinverg4 u4 deren ,behandl4 m4 ,sauerstoff1' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,s4 #bif2 ,leymann1 #8,verg4 m4 ,nitrobenzol1 ,nitrophenol1 ,dinitrophenol1 ,nitrochlorbenzol1 usw41' ,concordia #aijb1 ,nr4 #e2 ,schrder und ,strassmann 7,verg4 in ,roburitfabriken71 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 ,suppl4 #ahia1 ,s4 #ach2 ,brat1 #8,erkr4 in einer ,roburitfabrik1' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aija1 ,nr4 #ai und ,nr4 #bj2 #8,verg4 m4 ,dinitrobenzol in ,england1' ,concordia #aiji1 ,s4 #aje2 ,mohr1 #8,verg4 m4 ,chlorbenzol1 ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijb1 ,s4 #gc2 ,silex1 #8,augenschdigungen d4 ,nitronaphthalin1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,augenheilk4 #aijb1 ,s4 #agh2 ,husermann und ,schmidt1 #8,gewerbl4 ,nitrobenzol- u4 ,anilinverg41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahgg1 ,s4 #cjg2 #8,gewerbl4 ,anilinverg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #cej u4 ,s4 #fjb1 #aijh1 ,s4 #chd1 #aijf1 ,s4 #dee1 ,s4 #eii1 ,s4 #fag u4 #fai 7,behandlung71 #aijc1 ,s4 #acc1 #aijb1 ,s4 #fc2 #8,anilinverg4 in ,england1' ,concordia #aiji1 ,s4 #aje2 ,hildebrandt1 #8,anilinderivate1 ,giftwirkung 7,intern4 med4 ,kongr4 ,budapest #aiji71' ,chem4 ,ztg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #iig2 ,seyberth1 #8,blasengeschwlste d4 ,anilinarb41' ,mnchn4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #aijg1 ,s4 #aegc2 #8,erhebungen ber das ,vorkommen von ,blasengeschwlsten bei ,anilinarb41' ,zeitschr4 fr ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,s4 #aef2 ,rehn1 #8,blasengeschwlste bei ,anilinarb41' ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,chir4 #ahie1 ,s4 #ehh2 ,lewin1 #8,paranitranilinverg41 ,obergutachten1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,s4 #eig2 ,criegern1 #8,gewerbl4 ,paraphenylendiaminverg41' ,,xx4 ,kongr4 f4 inn4 ,medizin1 ,wiesbaden1 #aijb2 ,erdmann1 ,vahlen1 #8,wirkung des ,paraphenylendiamins1' ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 #aije1 ,s4 #dja2 ,georgievics 7,wirkung d4 ,teerfarbstoffe71 ,farbenchemie1 #aijg1 ,s4 #ac2 ,prosser ,white1 ,researches into the ,aromatic ,compounds1 ,lancet1 #aija1 ,case of ,aniline ,poisoning1 ,intern4 ,cong4 ,brussels1 #aiaj4 ,,turpentine ,lehmann1 #8,beitrge z4 ,kenntn4 d4 ,terpentinlwirkung1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahii1 ,s4 #cba2 ,reinhard1 #8,gewerbl4 ,terpentinintox41' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahhg1 ,s4 #bef2 ,drescher1 #8,terpentindampfinh4 tdl4 ,verg4 eines ,arb4 beim ,innenanstrich eines ,kessels1' ,zeitschr4 f4 med4 ,beamte #aijf1 ,s4 #aca2 ,schaefer1 #8,verwendungsart u4 schdl4 ,wirkung einiger ,kohlenwasserstoffe u4 and4 ,kohlenstoffverbind41' ,hamburger ,gew4-,insp41 ,arbeiten und ,sonderabdrcke1 #aiji1 ,s4 #i4 ,,pyridene ,blaschko1 #8,mbelpoliererekzem1' ,d4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahij1 ,s4 #dge4 ,,tobacco1 ,,nicotine ,jehle1 #8,gesundh4 ,verhltn4 d4 ,tabakarb41' ,arch4 f4 ,unf4-,heilk4 #aija1 ref4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aija1 ,s4 #bcf2 ,rochs1 #8,einfluss d4 ,tabaks auf die ,gesundheitsverhltnisse d4 ,tabakarb41' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #ahhi1 ,s4 #ajd4 ,,part ,,iii ,,preventive ,,measures ,,general ,,measures 7,,notification1 ,,lists ,,of ,,poisonous ,,substances1 ,c47 ,fischer1 ,liste der gewerbl4 ,gifte 7,entwurf71 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 7als ,manuskript gedruckt71 #aiaj2 ,sommerfeld1 ,liste der gewerbl4 ,gifte 7,entwurf7 ,verlag ,fischer1 ,jena1 #aijh2 ,carozzi1 ,avvelenamenti ed infezioni professionali 7gewerbl4 ,gifte und ,infektionen71 ,verlag ,fossati1 ,mailand1 #aiji2 ,rambousek1 ,,ii ,congrs int4 des maladies prof4 ,bruxelles #aiaj1 ,s4 #ad2 #8,anzeigepflicht bei gewerbl4 ,erkrankungen1' ,ber4 ber die ,verh4 d4 ,abt4 f4 ,gewerbekrankh4 auf der #cf4 ,jahresvers4 der ,british med4 ,assoc4 in ,sheffield #aijh1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 #aijh1 ,s4 #dja-djh und #dhj-dif2 ,rambousek1 #8,arbeiterschutz und ,versicherung bei gewerbl4 ,erkrankungen1' ,sozialtechnik #aiji1 ,heft #d1 ,s4 #fe2 ,lewin1 ,grundlagen fr die med4 und rechtl4 ,beurteilung des ,zustandekommens und des ,verlaufes von ,vergiftungs- u4 ,infektions-,krankheiten im ,betriebe 7,monogr47 ,berlin1 ,heymanns ,verlag1 #aijg4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,industry #8,schwefelsureerzeugung1 ,schutz gegen ,nitroseverg41' ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber1 #aijf1 ,heft #f1 ,s4 #aji2 #8,schwefelsureerzeugung1 ,reinigung von ,tankwaggons1' ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber1 #aijf1 ,heft #f1 ,s4 #aji2 #8,schwefelsuretransport1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijb1 ,nr4 #d1 ,s4 #fc2 #8,schwefelsureverg41 ,verhtung1' ,chem4 ,ind4 #aiji1 ,beilage1 ,ber4 d4 ,berufsgen4 f4 d4 chem4 ,ind4 f4 d4 ,j4 #aijh1 ,s4 #bf2 #8,ausrumen des ,gay-,lussac1 ,verhtung von ,verg41 ,chem4 ,ind4 #aijg1 ,s4 #cea2 #8,sauerstoff gegen ,schwefelsureverg41 ,atemapparate1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,nr4 #bj1 ,s4 #efb1 und #aijf1 ,nr4 #bb1 ,s4 #fag4 ,,petroleum1 ,,benzine ,berthenson1 #8,die ,naphthaindustrie in sanit4 ,beziehung1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #ahih1 ,bd4 #cj1 ,s4 #cae2 ,korschenewski1 ,wratsch1 #ahhg1 ,nr4 #ag2 ,burenin1 #8,die ,naphtha und ihre ,verarbeitung in sanit ,beziehung1' ,petersburg #ahhh2 ,mabille1 #8,revue d',hygine1' ,bd4 #ah1 ,nr4 #c2 ,bericht der ,berufsgen4 f4 chem4 ,ind4 #aije2 ,bericht der preuss4 ,gew4-,insp4 #aijd2 ,klocke1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,s4 #cgi2 #8,benzinersatz 7in chem4 ,wschereien71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #bdh1 und #aijh1 ,s4 #chd2 #8,schutz des ,arbeiters vor ,benzindmpfen1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,s4 #bcf4 ,,carbon ,,bisulphide #8,nachweisung von ,schwefelkohlenstoffdmpfen in ,fabrikrumen1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #e1 ,s4 #ajg2 #8,hygienische ,einrichtung beim ,vulkanisieren 7,glibert71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijb1 ,nr4 #a1 ,s4 #a2 #8,absaugung der ,dmpfe an ,vulkanisiertischen1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijc1 ,nr4 #ad1 ,s4 #cje2 ,laudenheimer1 #8,die ,schwefelkohlenstoffverg4 bei ,gummiarbeitern1' ,leipzig1 ,veit ,comp41 #ahii2 ,roeseler1',schwefelkohlenstofferkrankun gen und deren ,verhtung1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ,med4 u4 ffentl4 ,sanittswesen #aijj1 #c4 ,folge1 ,bd4 #bj1 ,s4 #bic 7ref4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aija1 ,s4 #afd72 #8,einrichtungen von ,gummifabriken1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijc1 ,s4 #bfj u4 #dhd4 ,,illuminating ,,gas #8,leuchtgasverg4-,verhtung1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,heft #bb1 ,s4 #fjd2 #8,kokslscheinrichtung1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,heft #aj1 ,s4 #bca2 #8,bedeutung der ,sauerstoffinhalationen in der ,leuchtgasindustrie1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,heft #ba1 ,s4 #eij2 #8,entleerung der ,reinigungsksten in der ,leuchtgasfabrik1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijc1 ,nr4 #ac1 ,s4 #bhc2 ,jehle1 #8,hygiene der ,gasarbeiter1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aija1 ,nr4 #ad1 ,s4 #bde4 ,,coal ,,tar ,,colours 7,,aniline ,,factories7 ,grandhomme1 ,die ,fabriken der ,a4-,g4 ,farbwerke vorm4 ,meister1 ,lucius ,brning zu ,hchst a4 ,m41 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #ahif2 ,leymann1 #8,ueber die ,erkrankungsverhltnisse in einer ,anilinfabrik1' ,concordia #aiaj1 ,heft #ag1 ,s4 #cee ff42 ,leymann1 ,die ,verunreinigung der ,luft durch gewerbliche ,betriebe 7,fischer1 ,jena1 #aijc72 #8,sauerstoffinhalationen in ,anilinfabriken1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,nr4 #bb1 ,s4 #fag1 und #aijh1 ,s4 #cbg4 ,,lead 7,,general7 ,legge ,goadby1 #8,lead ,poisoning and ,lead ,absorption1' #aiab2 ,bleiverg4 in gewerbl4 u4 httenmnn4 ,betrieben ,oesterreichs1 herausgeg4 vom4 k4 k4 ,arbeitsstatist4 ,amte1 ,i-,,vi1 ,verlag ,hlder1 #aije-aiji2 ,leymann1 ,die ,bekmpfung der ,bleigefahr in der ,ind41 ,verlag ,fischer1 ,jena1 #aijh2 ,wchter1 ,die gewerbl4 ,bleiverg4 im ,deutschen ,reiche1 ,verlag ,braun1 ,karlsruhe #aijh2 ,blum1 #8,untersuch1 ber ,bleiverg41 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #aijj1' ,wiener klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijd1 ,s4 #aice2 ,rambousek1 ,ueber die ,verhtung der ,bleigefahr1 ,wien1 ,hartleben1 #aijh2 ,teleky1 #8,die gewerbl4 ,bleiverg4 in ,oesterr41' ,sozialtechnik #aiji1 ,s4 #ccc1 ,wiener klin4 ,wochenschr4 #aijg1 ,s4 #aejj4 ,,lead ,,smelting ,bleiverg4 in gewerbl4 u4 httenmnn4 ,betrieben ,oesterr41 ,i und ,,iii1 ,verlag ,hlder1 ,wien2 ,mller1 ,die ,bekmpfung der ,bleigefahr in ,bleihtten1 ,verlag ,fischer1 ,jena1 #aijh2 ,wutzdorff1 ,bleiverg4 in ,zinkhtten1 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kaiserl4 ,ges4-,amte1 ,bd4 #ag1 ,s4 #dda2 ,elssser1 #8,schdl4 in ,blei- und ,silberhtten1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aijc1 ,bd4 #be1 ,s4 #acf4 ,,paints ,,and ,,colour ,,factories ber ,hygiene der ,erzeugung und ,verwendung von ,bleifarben3 ,bleiverg4 in gewerbl4 u4 httenm4 ,betrieben ,oesterreichs1 ,,iv41 ,v4 und ,,vi4 ,teil1 ,hlder ,wien2 ,stler1 #8,bleiverg4 bei ,malern'2 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 #ahie1 ,s4 #ffa2 #8,bleiweissfabriken 7,staubabsaugung71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,nr4 #bb1 ,s4 #fja2 #8,kampf gegen die ,bleifarben in ,frankreich1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,nr4 #bc1 ,s4 #edc2 #8,gefahren in ,bleiweissfabriken1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #i1 ,s4 #bje2 #8,bleiweissersatz 7,ausstellung71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #aa1 ,s4 #bed2 ' ,bleifarbenverbot1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijd1 ,nr4 #aj1 ,s4 #bba2 #8,bleigefahr im ,gewerbe der ,anstreicher1 ,maler usw41' ,soz4 ,technik4 #aiji1 ,nr4 #ag1 ,s4 #ccc2 #8,bleiweissfrage1' ,sozialtechn4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #af1 ,s4 #caj4 ,,electric ,,accumulator ,,factories ,wutzdorff1 ,bleiverg4 in ,akkumul4-,fabr41 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kaiserl4 ,ges4-,amt #aijh1 ,bd4 #ae1 ,s4 #aed2 #8,hygiene der ,akkumulatorrume1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,heft #c1 ,s4 #gi1 und ,heft #ba1 ,s4 #did2 ,chyzer1 #8,hygiene der ,akkumulatorrume1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #bj1 ,s4 #dgf2 #8,bekmpfung von ,verg4 in ,akkumulatorrumen1' ,concordia #aijh1 ,heft #ac1 ,s4 #bgc4 ,,letterpress ,,printing ,bleiverg4 in gewerbl4 u4 httenm4 ,betrieb4 ,oesterr41 k4 k4 ,arbeitsstat4 ,amt1 ,,vii4 ,teil1 ,wien1 ,hlder #aiji2 ,panwitz1 ,bleiverg4 in ,buchdruckereien1 ,verff4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4-,amtes1 ,bd4 #ag1 ,s4 #ejc2 #8,bleiverg4 in der ,buchdruckerei 7,enquete71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,heft #f1 ,s4 #aeb ff42 #8,bleifreie ,druckfarben und ,bronzen 7,preisausschriebung71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aiji1 ,heft #bc1 ,s4 #fcj ff42 #8,setzkasten mit doppeltem ,boden1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #aj1 ,s4 #bcg2 #8,bleinachweis in den ,dmpfen der ,typengiesserei1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,nr4 #bd1 ,s4 #fgg2 #8,schriftsetzerei 7,typenblserei71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijd1 ,nr4 #h1 ,s4 #agf2 #8,bleigefahr in ,druckereien1' ,concordia #aijh1 ,heft #ah1 ,s4 #chd4 ,,filecutting #8,bleiverg4 bei ,feilenhauern in ,england1' ,zeitschr4 d4 ,zentralst4 f4 ,arb4-,wohlf4-,einr4 #aija1 ,s4 #bcb2 #8,bleierkr4 b4 ,feilenhauern1' ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber #aije1 ,heft #c1 ,s4 #ej2 #8,hygiene d4 ,feilenhauerei 7,chyzer71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,n4 #ac1 ,s4 #cjc4 ,,zinc ,,smelting ,frey1 ,die ,zinkgewinnung im oberschles4 ,industriebezirk und ihre ,hygiene1 ,berlin #aijg1 ,verlag ,hirschwald2 ,sigel1 #8,das ,giesserfieber und seine ,bekmpfung1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med4 #aijf1 ,bd4 #cb1 ,s4 #agc2 #8,lehmann1 ,beitrge zur hyg4 ,bedeutung des ,zinks1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #ahig1 ,bd4 #bh1 ,s4 #cjj2 #8,giess- oder ,zinkfieber1' ,arch4 f4 ,hyg4 #aiaj1 ,bd4 #gb1 ,s4 #cbh2 #8,hyg4 der ,zinkerei1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,nr4 #b1 ,s4 #ci2 #8,zinkhtten1 hyg4 ,einricht41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aija1 ,nr4 #ah1 ,s4 #cba1 und #aiaj1 ,heft #aa1 ,s4 #bej2 #8,giesserfieber1 ,bekmpfung1' ,soz4 ,techn4 #aijg1 ,heft #c1 ,s4 #ea2 #8,giesserei1 ,hyg41' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijc1 ,heft #af1 ,s4 #cea1 ,heft #ba1 ,s4 #dgi1 und #aijd1 ,heft #ac1 ,s4 #cdd1 #8,schutz gegen ,suredmpfe bei der ,metallbearbeitung1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijd1 ,heft #a1 ,s4 #e u4 #aa1 ferner ,heft #ad1 ,s4 #cag1 u4 #aije1 ,heft #aj1 ,s4 #bhg1 ,heft #bb1 ,s4 #fdc4 ,,mercury ,quecksilberhtten in ,idria3 ,laureck in ,weyls ,handb4 d4 ,arb4-,krankh4 #aiji1 ,s4 #fb2 #8,quecksilberhtten in ,amiata'3 ,giglioli1 ,ramazzini #aiji1 ,bd4 #c1 ,s4 #bcj4 ,quecksilberbelegerei1 ,hyg3 ,schnlanck1 ,frther ,spiegelbelegen 7,monogr47 #ahhh2 ,wollner1 #8,frther ,spiegelbelegen1' ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ffentl4 ,ges4-,pfl4 ,,xxix #c1 ,s4 #dba1 und ,mnchen4 med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahib1 ,bd4 #ci1 ,s4 #ecc2 ,charpentier1 #8,frther ,spiegelbelegen1' ,ann4 d',hyg4 publ4 #ahhe1 ,s4 #cbc4 ,quecksilber in ,hutfabriken1 ,quecksilberbeize3 ,stickler1 ,revue d',hygine #ahhf1 ,s4 #fcb2 ,henke 7,monogr471 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #ahii2 ,hasenfellbeize 7,ersatz71 ,jahresber4 d4 ,fabr4-,insp4 #ahhd1 ,s4 #dhi1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijb1 ,s4 #cfj1 #aiji1 ,s4 #bha1 ,soz4 ,techn4 #aiaj1 ,s4 #ci2 ,hutfabriken in ,italien 7,hyg471 ,ramazzini #aiji1 ,s4 #bcj4 ,sonstige ,gewerbe3 ,glhlampenind4 7,hyg473 ,donath1 ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr4 #ahid1 ,s4 #hhh1 ,a4 ,mitt4 a4 d4 ,ber4 d4 ,gew4-,insp4 #ahii1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijb1 ,heft #bj1 ,s4 #cef1 und #aijh1 ,heft #bj1 ,s4 #dfi1 ,thermometererzeug4 7,hyg471 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aija1 ,s4 #cb4 ,,arsenic #8,arsenikbestimmung im ,httenrauch' 7,harkins ,swein71 ,journ4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,soz4 #aijg1 ,bd4 #bi1 ,s4 #igj2 ,chem4 ,ztg41 ,rep4 #aijg1 ,s4 #ddg2 #8,arsenikverg4 in der ,ind4' 7,heim1 ,herbert71 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijg1 ,bd4 #ad1 ,s4 #ced2 #8,arsenverg4 in der ,delainage1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijf1 ,nr4 #c1 ,s4 #ga2 #8,gewerbl4 ,arsenverg4' 7,legge71 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijc1 ,heft #ba1 ,s4 #dgf2 #8,arsenwasserstoffverg4 im ,gewerbe 7,prophyl471' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #aj1 ,s4 #bbi2 #8,arsenwasserstoff im ,ballongas 7,beseitigung71' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijh1 ,nr4 #aa1 ,s4 #bfc2 #8,arsenwasserstoff beim ,ausleeren von ,schwefelsuretanks 7,verhtung71' ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber #aijf1 ,heft #f1 ,s4 #aji2 #8,arsenfreier ,wasserstoff zum ,lten1' ,gewerbl4 techn4 ,ratgeber #aijf1 ,heft #aj1 ,s4 #agc2 und ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aije1 ,heft #i1 ,s4 #beb2 #8,befreiung der ,salzsure vom ,arsengehalt1' ,zeitschr4 f4 ,gew4-,hyg4 #aijc1 ,heft #ba1 ,s4 #dgg4 ,,index ,heavy type 7,transcriber's ,note3 like this7 refers to the main treatment of the subject and the ,roman figures in brackets following to the ,part of the book3 7i7 ,occurrence of ,poisoning2 7ii7 ,pathology2 7iii7 ,preventive ,measures4 ,absorption towers1 #bef1 #beh1 #bhi ,accumulator manufacture1 #ace 7i71 #ade1 #bie1 #cje-i 7iii7 ,acetic acid1 #i1 #df1 #ccc ,acetylene1 #eb1 #he-hg 7i71 #bgh 7iii71 #bgi ,acrolein vapour1 #cbf ,aerograph1 #ach ,akremnin soap1 #bid ,alcohol1 #ii1 #ajj1 #baj1 #baf1 #ccc ,alcoholism1 #bda ,aliphatic series4 ,see ,hydrocarbons ,alizarin1 #aaa1 #aac colours1 #c1 #aj1 #eg1 #if1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad ,alkaline bromides1 #cf hydroxides1 #agf ,alkaloids1 #baf ,alternation of employment1 #bbg 7iii71 #bic1 #bii ,amalgam4 ,see ,mercury amalgam ,amido compounds1 #aaj1 #aab1 #bja1 #baa1 #bab 7ii71 #bhg ,amines1 #cc1 #ajg1 #aaa ,ammonia1 #dd1 #fh1 #ga1 #gb1 #gf-gi1 #hb1 #ij-ic 7i71 #id1 #age 7ii71 #bgi 7iii71 #bhj ,ammonia soda process1 #ad1 #bj 7i71 #ib1 #beh ,ammonium carbonate1 #dd1 #ia1 #ib compounds1 #fg1 #ij 7i71 #ib1 #agd 7ii71 #bgi 7iii7 nitrate1 #dd1 #aae oxalate1 #aae phosphate1 #ej1 #ib superphosphate1 #ee ,amyl alcohol1 #de1 #baj nitrite1 #de1 #df1 #bab ,aniline1 #c1 #eg1 #fi1 #gj1 #if1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #aaf-aai 7i71 #ade1 #aef1 #bab-bad 7ii71 #bhf-bhh 7iii7 ,aniline black1 #aag1 #aef colours1 #c1 #d1 #eg1 #aab1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #aef1 #bad1 #bhe-bhh 7iii7 oil1 #aag1 #bad poisoning1 #c1 #fi1 #aac1 #aaf-aai 7i71 #bab-bad 7ii71 #bef-bhh 7iii7 ,animal products1 #aed ,anthracene1 #c1 #fj1 #if-ig1 #aja1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aac1 #bhe ,anthraquinone1 #ee1 #aaa ,antimony1 #abb1 #abd1 #adf 7i7 chloride and oxide1 #cg ,antipyrin1 #c1 #d1 #cf1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aad ,argyria1 #de1 #aeb1 #ahh1 #cbi4 ,see also ,silver ,aromatic series4 ,see ,hydrocarbons ,arsenic1 #ab1 #fe1 #aai1 #abb1 #adc-adf 7i71 #aed1 #ahi1 #aei 7ii71 #beg1 #cbc1 #cbh-cbi 7iii7 ,arseniuretted hydrogen gas1 #ab-ad1 #cb1 #aac1 #aad1 #ade-adf 7i71 #adh1 #adi1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aig 7ii71 #beg1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #caf1 #cbh-cbi 7iii7 ,artificial manure1 #ch1 #ec 7i71 #ed1 #ee1 #ib1 #agf 7ii71 #bfa-bfe 7iii7 ,artificial respiration1 #afd1 #bhd 7iii7 ,asphalt1 #ih 7i71 #bhe ,aspirin1 #ajb ,azo-colours1 #if1 #aaj1 #bad ,balloon filling1 #ade1 #cbi ,barium chloride1 #af1 #ff nitrate1 #dd ,barometers1 manufacture of1 #ada1 #adb1 #cbh ,baryta1 #ff1 #fg1 #ace ,basic slag1 #di1 #ec1 #ed 7i71 #adh1 #bfa-bfd 7iii7 ,basophil granules1 #agh ,baths1 #bcg1 #bib ,beer brewing1 #fe1 #aed1 #ccc ,benzalchloride1 #ce1 #aaj1 #bhg ,benzaldehyde1 #ce1 #aji ,benzene 7,benzene poisoning71 #c1 #d1 #fi1 #gg-gi1 #he1 #if1 #ii-ajj 7i71 #aja1 #ajb-ajf1 #aab-aad1 #bjd-bjh 7ii71 #bhe-bhf 7iii71 #bhh1 #ccj ,benzidine1 #aah ,benzine1 #cd1 #ec1 #ed1 #ei 7i71 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fh1 #fi1 #he1 #if1 #aef1 #bjc1 #bjd 7ii71 #bfg 7iii71 #bfh1 #ccj ,benzol4 ,see ,benzene ,benzo-trichloride1 #ce1 #aji1 #bhg ,benzoyl chloride1 #ce1 #bji ,benzyl chloride1 #ce ,bessemer process1 #adh ,beth filter1 #bed ,bichromate1 #ej1 #ed1 #ee4 ,see ,chromates ,bladder1 cancer of1 #aad1 #aag1 #bad ,blast furnace1 #adf 7i71 #bhi 7iii7 gas1 #fe1 #hb1 #hh1 #hi 7i71 #adf1 #bhi-bij 7iii7 ,blasting gelatine1 #dg ,bleaching1 #aef1 #ccg powder1 #bf 7i71 #bei 7iii7 ,blood poisons1 #aeh1 #afd1 #aii-bja1 #baa-bad ,bone extraction1 #fh1 #fi1 #bfg ,boracic acid1 #ach ,bottle capsules1 #cbc ,brass 7brass-casters' ague71 #aeb 7i71 #ahb 7ii71 #ahh1 #cbe 7iii7 ,breathing apparatus1 #bca-bcg 7iii71 #bfg1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bij1 #caj ,briquettes1 #if1 #aja ,bromine1 #bi 7i71 #cf1 #eb1 #agc 7ii7 ,bronze1 #de1 #aci1 #caf ,brunswick green1 #add ,butyl alcohol1 #baj ,butyric acid1 #ge ,calamine1 #abe ,calcium carbide1 #eb1 #he 7i71 #hg1 #ij1 #bgh sulphide 7soda waste71 #ah ,calomel1 #adc ,camphor1 #di ,cancer1 #fd1 #ajb1 #aad1 #aah1 #bjc1 #bad ,carbon bisulphide1 poisoning by1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #ej1 #fe1 #fh 7i71 #fh-ga1 #gd1 #hj1 #ic1 #if1 #ajd1 #aef1 #aib1 #aic-aie 7ii71 #bga-bge 7iii7 oxychloride1 #cb 7i71 #cc1 #bid 7iii7 tetrachloride1 #cd 7i71 #fi1 #bjh1 #bfh1 #bge ,carbonic acid gas 7carbon dioxide71 #ag1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #fh1 #gd1 #hb1 #aca1 #adi1 #aec1 #bja-bjb 7ii71 #ccj1 #ccb oxide1 #ag1 #ba1 #ca1 #cb1 #ej1 #gd-gf1 #hj1 #hb1 #hg-ij 7i71 #ajb1 #ajg1 #aai1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef1 #ahh1 #aii-bjj 7ii71 #bhh1 #bhi1 #cbc1 #ccj1 #ccb ,carbonising1 #aef1 #ccf ,carborundum4 ,see ,silicon carbide ,carburetted gas1 #fa1 #hc1 #hg ,caustic alkali1 #be potash1 #c1 #be1 #cd1 #agf soda1 #ah1 #ai1 #be1 #cf1 #aeg1 #agf ,celluloid1 #dh1 #di ,cellulose1 #aef1 #ccf ,chamber acid1 #e1 #h1 #ec1 #beh ,chance-,claus process1 #ai ,chemical cleaning4 ,see ,benzine industry1 #a 7i71 #acd1 #ade1 #bef 7iii7 ,chili saltpetre1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #ed ,chloral1 #cd ,chlorates1 #bc 7i71 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #eb ,chloride of lime4 ,see ,bleaching powder sulphur1 #ca1 #cb1 #fh1 #gj1 #agd1 #bgb-bgd ,chlorides1 #cj 7i71 #agd 7ii7 ,chlorine1 #bc 7i71 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #cj-cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci1 #dd1 #eb1 #eh1 #aef1 #agc 7ii71 #bji1 #bei 7iii71 #bhe rash1 #bh1 #ce1 #agc1 #agd1 #bji1 #bei ,chlorine compounds1 organic1 #bg1 #fi1 #bji1 #bhe ,chloroform1 #bf1 #cc1 #cd1 #bjh ,chrome colours1 #ee1 #ef1 #bfe poisoning1 #eb1 #ef 7i71 #eg1 #eh1 #aad1 #aec1 #ahe 7ii71 #bfe 7iii7 tanning1 #ee 7i71 #eg1 #eh1 #bff 7iii7 yellow1 #dd1 #ee1 #eg ,chromium 7chromates71 #c1 #eb1 #ee 7i7-#eh1 #aad1 #acd1 #aec1 #ahe 7ii71 #bfe 7iii71 #bga ,coal tar4 ,see ,tar ,cobalt1 #add ,coke ovens1 #gg 7i71 #gh1 #gi1 #ib1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #bgf 7iii7 ,compositors4 ,see ,printing ,condensation1 #bee 7iii71 #cbc1 #cbg of mercury1 #ada zinc1 #abe ,copper1 #aea 7i71 #ahh 7ii7 ,cresols1 #if1 #aja1 #aji ,cumene1 #bjg ,cyanogen1 #gg1 #ic 7i71 #aeb1 #aie 7ii71 #bfa1 #bgi1 #bhj 7iii7 compounds1 #ga1 #gi1 #ib1 #ic 7i71 #id1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aie 7ii71 #aif1 #bfb1 #bgi1 #bhj 7iii71 #bhi ,deacon process1 #bc1 #bh ,denitration1 #f1 #dc1 #dg1 #dh1 #bhg ,desilverising1 #abd1 #abf1 #abh ,diaphragm method 7chlorine71 #bd ,diazo-compounds1 #aaj1 #bhf ,diethyl sulphate1 #bc ,digestive tract1 diseases of1 #gf1 #abi1 #acj1 #acc1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahf ,dimethyl aniline1 #aji ,dinitrobenzene1 #ce1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bab ,dinitrochlorobenzene1 #aae1 #bji1 #bab ,dinitrophenol1 #aae1 #bab1 #bac ,dinitrotoluol1 #ajh1 #bab ,distillation1 #bec1 #bee of alcohol1 #ccc petroleum4 ,see ,petroleum distillation tar4 ,see ,tar distillation ,dowson gas1 #hb1 #hc1 #hg1 #bgf ,drger's oxygen apparatus1 #afe-afg ,dry cleaning4 ,see ,benzine ,dust removal1 #bdc-bef 7iii74 ,see also ,ventilation ,dye stuffs1 #ajg-aai 7i71 #bad 7ii71 #bhe-bhh 7iii71 #ccg ,dyeing and colouring1 #dd1 #de1 #ee1 #eg1 #ib1 #acd1 #add1 #aef1 #bfe1 #caj-caf1 #ccg ,dynamite1 #dc1 #dg ,earthenware4 ,see ,pottery ,eczema1 #fd1 #ahf ,electric furnace1 #he ,electroplating1 #aif1 #cbg1 #cbi ,enamel1 #ace1 #cbb ,encephalopathy1 #aha ,etching on glass and metal1 #cg1 #dj1 #de1 #eg ,ether1 #fh1 #fi ,ethyl alcohol1 #cd1 #baj chloride1 #cd ,explosives1 #de 7i71 #di1 #aae1 #bfj 7iii7 ,extraction1 #ed1 #fa1 #fh 7i71 #fh-fi1 #ga1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aag1 #ahf1 #bec 7iii71 #bfg1 #bgb-bgd ,eye affections1 #ba1 #bc1 #ch1 #ee1 #eg1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #ge1 #ic1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aai1 #aga1 #agd1 #age1 #baj ,fans1 #bdd-bdg 7iii74 ,see also ,ventilation ,fat extraction1 #cd1 #fa1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #bgb-bgd ,fermentation1 #aed1 #ccc ,ferrosilicon1 #ec1 #he1 #adf1 #adi-aea 7i71 #aii1 #bia 7iii7 ,file cutting1 #adj 7i71 #bid1 #cbb-cbc 7iii7 ,fluorine4 ,see ,hydrofluoric acid ,fluorine compounds1 #cg1 #ed1 #aec1 #aga1 #bfe ,flux1 #ace1 #adi ,frit1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #cbj ,fuchsin1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aai1 #add1 #bhg ,fulminate of mercury1 #df 7i71 #adc1 #bfa ,galvanising1 #id1 #ie1 #aeb1 #cbf1 #cbi ,gas engines1 #hb1 #hh1 #hi1 #ajj1 #bgf-bgh 7iii7 lighting1 #ga-hi 7i71 #ib1 #ic1 #age1 #bge 7iii7 lime1 #fe1 #id1 #aec1 #bge purifying material1 #e1 #fe1 #fh1 #gd1 #ge1 #ic 7i71 #bge 7iii71 #bgf ,gay-,lussac tower1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 #aa1 #bef1 #beg1 #bhg ,generator gas4 ,see ,producer gas ,glass etching1 #cg1 #ch1 #aec1 #ccj industry1 #ai1 #cg1 #ci1 #ee1 #eh1 #hb1 #hh1 #ach1 #adc1 #aec 7i71 #cbb pearl silvering1 #aeb ,glazing1 #ace-ach 7i71 #cai-cbb 7iii7 ,glover acid1 #f1 #h tower1 #e1 #f1 #beg1 #bhg ,gold1 #dd1 #id1 #abe1 #aeb ,gun-cotton1 #dg-di ,guttapercha1 #fi ,hmolysis1 #aeh ,halogens1 #ca 7i71 #agc-agd 7ii7 ,hargreaves process1 #ai1 #bh ,hatters' furriers' processes1 #de1 #ada1 #adb1 #aed1 #cbg ,hausmannite1 #eh ,health register1 #bbg1 #bfd1 #bgd1 #bih1 #cjd1 #cjg ,hides and skins1 preparation of1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #ahd1 #cbg ,hops1 sulphuring of1 #aed1 #ccc ,house painting1 #aba1 #abb1 #acb-acc 7i71 #bid1 #cad-caf 7iii7 ,hydrocarbons1 #if1 #ajf1 #aeh1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #ccj1 #cca 7aliphatic71 #if1 #bjb 7aromatic71 #if1 #ajh1 #aji1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #ccj ,hydrochloric acid1 #ad 7i71 #ae1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #cj-ce1 #ci1 #dd1 #ej1 #ed1 #ei1 #aac1 #ade1 #aca1 #agj 7ii71 #beg-beh 7iii71 #bhf1 #cbf ,hydrofluoric acid1 #bi 7i71 #cg1 #ch1 #ej1 #ed1 #if1 #aec1 #aga 7ii71 #bfe 7iii7 ,hypochlorite1 #be1 #cj ,incandescent lamps1 #ada1 #cbg ,indiarubber1 #ca1 #fa1 #fc1 #fh-ga 7i71 #ajj1 #ajc1 #acd1 #aid1 #bfg1 #bga-bgd 7iii7 ,indigo1 #cd1 #ib1 #aaa ,injectors1 #bde ,insurance1 ,workmen's1 #bbd ,international ,labour ,bureau1 #bai ,iodine1 #cj 7i71 #cf1 #agc 7ii7 compounds and poisoning1 #cf ,iron1 #dd1 #abd1 #add1 #adf-adi 7i71 #bhi-bia 7iii7 ,kidney disease1 #eg1 #acj1 #aha1 #ahe1 #bae ,lampblack1 #ig ,lead1 #h1 #ac1 #bi1 #dd1 #ee1 #fh1 #fi1 #abj-adj 7i71 #add1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aef1 #agg-ahb 7ii71 #cbi acetate1 #ee1 #aca1 #acd burning1 #adj1 #cbc carbonate4 ,see ,white lead chloride1 #ee1 #aha chromate1 #ee1 #eg1 #acb1 #acd1 #ach1 #caj colic1 #agi4 ,see ,lead poisoning colours1 #aca-acd 7i71 #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 #caj-caf 7iii7 nitrate1 #ej1 #ee oxide1 #dd1 #de1 #abb1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #aha piping1 #adj1 #cbc poisoning1 #c1 #ac1 #dd1 #fi1 #ic1 #aad1 #abj-abb 7i71 #adf1 #adi-aeb1 #agg-ahb 7ii71 #bib-cbc 7iii7 silicate1 #ace smelting1 #abb-aca 7i71 #bii-cje 7iii7 sulphate1 #ee1 #abb1 #aha sulphide1 #abb1 #aca1 #acf1 #bic 7iii7 ,leblanc soda process1 #ad 7i71 #ah1 #ai ,light oils1 #ih ,ligroine1 #fa ,lime kilns1 #ee1 #aec1 #ccj ,litharge1 #abd1 #abf1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd1 #ace1 #ach1 #cjj-cje ,lithopone4 ,see ,zinc white ,lungs1 diseases of1 #i1 #dj1 #ed1 #fh1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajf1 #aah1 #afi-agg1 #ahi1 #bja1 #bjd1 #bac-baf ,mahogany1 #aef ,malt drying1 #ccc ,manganese 7manganese poisoning71 #bc1 #bi1 #eh 7i71 #ei1 #aec1 #agi-ahj 7ii7 ,meal rooms1 #bcf ,mercaptan1 #bb1 #if ,mercury and mercury poisoning1 #dj1 #dd1 #ada 7i71 #aeb1 #aed1 #ahd 7ii71 #cbf-cbg 7iii71 #cbi amalgam1 #ada1 #adb1 #cbg ,metals1 recovery of1 #abj 7i71 #agf 7ii7 #bhh 7iii7 ,metaphenylene diamine1 #aah ,methyl alcohol1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ajg1 #aef1 #bji1 #baj 7ii71 #ccf bromide and iodide1 #cf1 #bji chloride1 #cc1 #bji violet1 #aab1 #aai ,methylamine1 #if ,methylene chloride1 #cd1 #bjh ,mineral acids1 #afi-agb 7ii7 ,mineral oil1 #ei 7i71 #fj-fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #he ,mirbane1 oil of4 ,see ,nitrobenzene ,mond gas1 #hb1 #hg ,mordants1 #cb1 #ee1 #ccg ,muffle furnace1 #ae1 #bj1 #bb1 #abe1 #acg1 #ach1 #adc1 #beh1 #cbe ,naphtha4 ,see ,petroleum vapour1 #db1 #fc1 #bfg wells1 #fa1 #fb1 #bfg ,naphthalene1 #gd1 #if1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aac1 #bjh 7ii7 ,naphthol1 #i1 #if1 #aja1 #aji1 #aaj yellow1 #aaj ,naphthylamine1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aah1 #bhg ,narcotic poisons1 #bjh1 #bji ,nephritis4 ,see ,kidney disease ,nerve poisons1 #aeh1 #aib1 #bje ,nervous diseases1 #gj1 #ajg1 #afc1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #aif1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bae ,nickel1 #add1 #ahf 7ii7 carbonyl1 #ahf-ahh 7ii7 eczema1 #ahf ,nicotine1 #baf ,nitrating1 #da-dc1 #dg1 #di1 #ajh 7i71 #bfa 7iii71 #bhf ,nitric acid1 #b1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ci 7i71 #dc-di1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #ahb1 #agb 7ii71 #bfj 7iii71 #bfa1 #bhe-bhg1 #cbf ,nitrobenzene1 #c1 #i1 #ce1 #dj1 #da1 #de1 #ajh-aae 7i71 #bab 7ii71 #bhe-bhh 7iii7 ,nitro-cellulose1 #dj1 #db1 #dg1 #dh1 #ccf ,nitrochlorobenzene1 #aaf1 #bji ,nitro-compounds1 #dj1 #ajh 7i71 #aji-aab1 #aad1 #aae1 #baa-bad 7ii71 #bhf-bhh 7iii7 ,nitro-glycerin1 #i1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #df 7i71 #dg1 #dh1 #bab 7ii71 #bfa 7iii7 ,nitronaphthalin1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bad ,nitrophenol1 #c1 #df1 #aae1 #bab1 #bhh ,nitrous fumes1 #aj1 #ab1 #dj-dd 7i71 #dh1 #aaf1 #aga1 #bfa 7iii71 #bhf1 #cbf ,notification of poisoning1 #bbj-bbe 7iii7 ,oil1 extraction1 #fa1 #fh1 #fi1 #bfg ,organ pipe making1 #adj ,oxalic acid1 #ee1 #bei ,oxygen inhalation1 #dc1 #fc1 #fd1 #afd-afh 7ii71 #ahh1 #aib1 #aif1 #bjj-bjb1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #bbg1 #bca-bcg 7iii7 ,painting4 ,see ,house painting ,paints 7quick-drying71 #ccj-ccb ,paper1 manufacture of1 #ccf ,paraffin1 #ej1 #ei1 #fj1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajg1 #bjc eczema1 #bg1 #fd1 #fe1 #ajb1 #bjc ,paranitraniline1 #aad1 #aah1 #bad ,paraphenylene diamine1 #aah1 #bad ,parkes' process1 #abe1 #abg ,pattinson process1 #abe1 #abg ,petrol ether1 #fj1 #cca ,petroleum 7petroleum poisoning71 #ei-fe 7i71 #bjb-bjd 7ii71 #bfg 7iii7 ,phenanthrene1 #if ,phenol1 #ge1 #ij1 #if-ajj1 #ajh1 #aji ,phenylhydrazine1 #cf ,phosgene4 ,see ,carbon oxychloride ,phosphor bronze1 #eb ,phosphoretted hydrogen gas1 #ej1 #eb 7i71 #hf1 #ij1 #adi1 #aia-aib 7i7 ,phosphorus1 #ca1 #cf1 #di 7i71 #ej1 #eb1 #adh1 #adi1 #aij-aia 7ii71 #bfh-bga 7iii7 necrosis1 #ea 7i7 #eb1 #aij-aia 7ii71 #bfh-bga 7iii7 prohibition of1 #ea1 #bbj1 #bfh-bga 7iii7 ,photography1 #cf1 #de1 #eh1 #id1 #aeb ,picric acid1 #dj1 #if1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bac 7ii7 ,pitch1 #if1 #ig1 #ajg1 #bha1 #bhb ,plate towers1 #g1 #af1 #ci ,poisons1 classification of1 #aeg-afc1 #afi 7ii7 ,porcelain1 #ach 7i71 #cbb ,potassium bichromate4 ,see ,chromium chlorate1 #bf1 #bi1 #cg1 #ej1 #eb ,pottery1 #ace-ach 7i71 #aec1 #bid1 #cai-cba ,power gas1 #hj-ij 7i71 #bgg 7iii7 ,printing1 #ach-aci 7i71 #adf1 #cag-cai 7iii7 ,producer gas1 #hj-hb1 #hg-hi1 #aec1 #bgf-bgh ,propyl alcohol1 #bdh1 #bdi ,prussic acid4 ,see ,hydrocyanic acid ,pulmotor1 #afg1 #afh ,pyridine1 #ei1 #ij1 #if1 #aja1 #aeb1 #baf 7ii71 #bhe ,pyrites burner1 #e1 #f1 #fe1 #bef ,pyroxyline1 #dh1 #bfa ,quick-drying paints1 #ccj-ccb ,quicklime1 #ed1 #gc ,quinoline bases1 #aaj ,realgar4 ,see ,arsenic ,refrigeration1 #ib1 #ic1 #aed ,regenerator firing1 #ha1 #adh1 #aec ,rescue appliances1 #afd-afh 7ii71 #bcj-bce 7iii7 ,respirators1 #bbi 7iii7 ,roasting 7calcining furnaces1 c471 #e1 #aa1 #fe1 #aai1 #abj1 #abe-abg1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #ada1 #adc1 #bec1 #bhh-bhi 7iii71 #bii1 #cbc1 #cbg ,roburite1 #aae1 #aaf ,roofing felt1 #if1 #aja1 #bha ,rubber4 ,see ,indiarubber ,salt1 #cb1 #cc ,saltcake4 ,see ,sodium sulphide ,saltpetre1 #ce1 #db1 #ej1 #beg ,satinwood1 #aed1 #aee ,sewer gas1 #ff1 #fg1 #ic1 #ie ,shot1 #aba1 #adj1 #adc ,silicon carbide1 #he1 #adj1 #cbc ,silicofluoric acid1 #ch1 #ej1 #ed1 #aga ,silk1 artificial1 #di ,silver 7argyria71 #de1 #ib1 #abj 7i71 #abb-abe1 #add1 #aeb nitrate1 #dj1 #de1 #adb1 #ahh1 #bbg smelting1 #abb1 #aca 7i7 ,skin diseases1 #bg1 #ch1 #dg1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fb1 #fd1 #fe1 #ga1 #if1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #aah1 #adc1 #add1 #aed-aef1 #aga1 #agc1 #ahe-ahi1 #bjc1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bfe ,smelting processes1 #hi1 #id1 #aai 7i71 #adc1 #add1 #ahb1 #bhh-bij 7iii71 #bii1 #cbc-cbe1 #cbf ,smokeless powder1 #di1 #baa ,soda1 #b1 #ad 7i71 #ag-bj1 #ee1 #fe1 #ib1 #ie1 #beh 7iii7 electrolytic1 #bj waste1 #ah1 #fe1 #beh ,sodium bichromate4 ,see ,chromate sulphate and sulphide1 #ad 7i71 #ag1 #ai-bb1 #bb1 #aab1 #beh 7iii71 #bhf ,soldering1 #ade1 #caf1 #cbi ,solvay method4 ,see ,ammonia soda ,solvent naphtha1 #ii-ajb1 #ajf1 #bjg 7ii71 #ccj ,spirit1 denaturing of1 #ii1 #ajj1 #baj1 #baf ,substitutes for poisonous materials1 #bdc 7iii7 ,suction gas1 #hb 7i71 #hc1 #hg-hi1 #bgf-bgh 7iii7 ,sulpho-cyanide compounds1 #ge1 #ij1 #ic ,sulphonal1 #bb1 #bei 7iii7 ,sulphur1 #ca1 #eb1 #fe 7i71 #fe1 #fh1 #gd1 #ic1 #abb1 #bhh ,sulphur dioxide1 #e 7i71 #i1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #ba1 #bc1 #ca1 #ed1 #fc1 #fe1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb-abe1 #adh1 #aed1 #aga 7ii71 #beg 7iii71 #bei1 #bfg1 #bgi1 #bhh1 #cbc1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #ccc dyes1 #aab soap1 #bid ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #ej1 #eb-ed1 #fe 7i71 #ff1 #fg1 #gd1 #gi1 #ij-ic1 #ie1 #if1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aad1 #age1 #aib 7ii71 #aic1 #beh1 #bga1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bij ,sulphuric acid1 #e 7i71 #i1 #ad1 #ah-bj1 #bc1 #cc1 #cg-da1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #ib1 #ic1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aai1 #ade1 #aea1 #aed1 #aef1 #aga 7ii71 #bef-beg 7iii71 #bfa1 #bgi1 #bhf arsenic free1 #i ,superphosphate industry1 #ch1 #ec 7i71 #ed1 #ee1 #ib1 #agf 7ii71 #bfa-bfe 7iii7 ,swedish matches1 #ej1 #eb1 #ee1 #eh1 #bfe ,tanning1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #ff1 #fg1 #id1 #adc1 #add1 #aec1 #bfe1 #cbi ,tar1 #ga1 #gg-hj1 #if-ajg 7i71 #aef1 #bge1 #bhj-bhe 7iii7 colours4 ,see ,aniline colours derivatives1 #dj1 #df1 #if-ajg 7i71 #bjd-bjh 7ii71 #baj1 #bac-bae 7iii7 ,teak wood1 #aed ,textile industry1 #acd1 #aef 7i71 #ccf 7iii7 ,thermometers1 manufacture of1 #ada1 #cbh ,tiles1 #acg-ach 7i74 ,see also ,pottery ,tin1 #dd1 #ach ,tobacco industry1 #aed 7i71 #cce 7iii7 ,toluene1 #cb1 #ce1 #if1 #ajh1 #aab1 #bjd1 #bjf 7ii71 #bhe ,toluidine1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aah1 #bad1 #bhe1 #bhg ,treatment of poisoning1 #afc-abg 7ii7 ,turpentine1 #fi1 #ajd1 #bae 7ii71 #cca ,type casting1 #ach1 #aci ,ultramarine1 #ai1 #bb1 #bei ,ursol1 #aah ,varnish1 #eh1 #fa1 #aja1 #bae1 #ccj-ccb1 #ccg ,vaseline1 #fj ,vegetable food stuffs1 preparation of1 #aed 7i71 #ccb-ccf 7iii7 ,ventilation1 #bdc-bee 7iii7 artificial1 #bdd-bdg localised1 #bdh-bej natural1 #bdc ,vermilion1 #eg ,vulcanising1 #ca1 #fh 7i71 #fh-gj1 #bgb-bgd 7iii7 ,washing accommodation1 #bcg 7iii7 ,waste sulphuric acid1 #dc1 #ec water1 #ff ,water gas1 #hb1 #hd1 #hg1 #hh gilding1 #ada1 #adb1 #cbg ,weldon process1 #bc1 #bi1 #eh1 #ei ,white lead1 #ee1 #aca-acd 7i71 #caj-cac 7iii7 ,wood 7poisonous71 #aed-aef 7i71 #baf 7ii71 #cce 7iii7 ,workmen's baths1 #bcg1 #bib clothing1 #bbi insurance1 #bai welfare1 #bcg-bdb ,xylene1 #cb1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #bjd1 #bjf ,zinc1 #abj 7i71 #aba1 #abb-aca 7i71 #aci1 #add1 #aea1 #ahb-ahc 7ii71 #bid1 #bii-cje1 #cbc-cbe 7iii7 ashes1 #abe oxide1 #cb1 #ch1 #abe1 #ade1 #ahb poisoning1 #ahb-ahc 7i71 #cbe 7iii7 smelting1 #abb-abe1 #abe-aca 7i71 #cbc-cbe 7iii7 white1 #fh1 #bic ,,the ,,end ,,printed ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,and ,,co4 ,,ltd41 ,,colchester ,,london ,,and ,,eton