,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is production is bas$ on https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/m$itation sonact#jj;guiz_/page_/n#f4 #a ,m$itations ,actual ,/ate ,( ,*ri/ianity1 ,& ,on ,! ,attacks ,:i* ,are ,n[ ,be+ ,made ,^u ,x4 ,by ,m4 ,guizot4 ,translat$ ,"u ,! ,sup]9t5d5ce ,( ,! ,au?or ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn] ,co41 #fed ,broadway4 #b #c ,preface4 ,:5 ,i publi%$1 two ye>s ago1 ! fir/ s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 ! s]ies :i* _h = its object ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 t is to say1 ! natural problems to :i* ,*ri/ianity is ! answ]1 ! fundam5tal dogmas by :i* x solves ^? problems1 & ! sup]natural facts ^u :i* ^? dogmas repose1 ,i indicat$ ! g5]al plan ( ! "w :i* ,i s comm5c$1 & ! ord] into :i* its diff]5t p>ts w\ld be di/ribut$4 ,next to ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 ,i said 9 my ,preface1 comes its hi/ory2 & ?is w be ! subject ( a second s]ies ( ,m$itations1 9 :i* ,i %all exam9e ! au!nticity ( ! ,scriptures2 ! prim>y causes ( ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity2 #d ,*ri/ian fai?1 z x has always exi/$ ?r\gh\t its diff]5t ages & 9 spite ( all its vicissitudes2 ! great religi\s crisis 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* divid$ ! ,*ur* & ,europe betwe5 ,romanism & ,prote/antism2 f9ally1 ^? anti*ri/ian crises :i*1 at diff]5t epo*s & 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 h set 9 "q & imp]il$ ,*ri/ianity itself1 b :i* dang]s x has ev] surm\nt$4 ,! ?ird s]ies ( ,m$itations w be consecrat$ to ! /udy ( ! actual /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 its int]nal & ext]nal condition4 ,i %all retrace ! reg5]ation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* occurr$ among u at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es2 ! impulse imp>t$ to x at ! same epo* by ! ,spirituali/ic ,philosophy t !n began aga9 to fl\ri%1 & ! movem5t 9 ! contr>y direction :i* %[$ itself v rem>kably soon aft]w>d 9 ! resurrection ( ,mat]ialism1 ( ,pan!ism1 ( ,skepticism1 & 9 works ( hi/orical criticism4 #e ,i %all attempt to det]m9e ! idea1 & consequ5tly1 9 my op9ion1 ! fundam5tal error ( ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 ! av[$ & active enemies ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f9ally1 9 ! f\r? s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 ,i %all endeavor to discrim9ate & to *>act]ize ! future de/9y ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & to indicate by :at c\rse x is call$ ^u to conqu] completely1 & to sway morally1 ?is little corn] ( ! univ]se1 t]m$ by u our e>?1 9 :i* unfold !mselves ! designs & p[] ( ,god1 j z1 d\btless1 !y d 9 an inf9ity ( worlds unkn[n to u4 ,/ill adh]+ 9 its entirety to ! plan :i* ,i ?us propos$1 ,i nev]!less n[ inv]t ! ord]4 ,i publi% ! ,m$itations conc]n+ ! actual /ate ( ,*ri/ianity be=e ^? :i* propose = _! object its hi/ory4 ,i am /ruck by two circum/ances 9 ! actual /ate ( op9ions ^u religi\s que/ions4 ,on ! "o side1 ! s5tim5ts contr>y to or favorable to ,*ri/ianity are def9+ !mselves ea* day ) great] precision4 #f ,beliefs become firm] beliefs2 op9ions ho/ile to !m receive full] developm5ts4 ,on ! o!r side1 vacillat+ m9ds are occupy+ !mselves m & m ) ! /ruggle to :i* !y are witnesses3 m9ds1 e>ne/ at once & s9c]e1 feel ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! doctr9es ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity2 _m aga9 are uneasy at ^! doctr9es1 _m dem& a refuge f !m1 )\t f9d+ x or d>+ to seek x 9 ! ess5tial facts & pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,betwe5 ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity & its def5d]s ! discussion gr[s ea* day 9 importance & gravity2 & ) x also gr[s ! p]plexity 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators4 ,by sett+ 9 full light ?is actual /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 by comp>+ ! =ces at its disposal ) ^? ( ! sy/ems t x combats1 ,i proce$ ?i!r :]e ! em]g5cy is ! greate/2 ,i betake myself at once to ! v field ( battle4 ,i %all aft]w>d resume ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity f its fir/ e/abli%m5t d[n to our own "t1 & !n f9ally consid] ! prospect op5 to x 9 ! future4 #g ,i reg>d ) v complicat$ feel+s1 ) feel+s ( great p]plexity1 ! actual /ate ( my c\ntry2 its intellectual & moral /ate z well z its social & its political /ate4 ,i h a m9d full at once ( confid5ce & ( disquietude1 ( hope & ( al>m4 ,:e!r = good or = evil1 ! crisis 9 :i* ! civiliz$ _w is plung$ is inf9itely m s]i\s ?an our fa!rs pr$ict$ x w\ld be2 m s ?an ev5 we1 :o are already exp]i5c+ f x ! mo/ diff]5t consequ5ces1 believe x ourselves to be4 ,sublime tru?s1 excell5t pr9ciples1 are intr9sically bl5d$ ) ideas ess5tially false & p]v]se4 ,a noble "w ( progress1 a hide\s "w ( de/ruction1 are 9 op]ation simultane\sly 9 m5's op9ions & 9 society4 ,humanity nev] s float$ betwe5 heav5 & ! abyss4 ,x is especially :5 ,i reg>d ! g5]ation n[ advanc+1 :5 ,i he> :at !y affirm1 :5 ,i ga!r a h9t ( :at !y desire & hope =1 x is especially !n t ,i feel at once sympa?y & anxiety4 #h ,s5tim5ts ( propriety & ( g5]osity ab\nd 9 ^? "y he>ts2 !y reject1 :5 once conv9c$ ( _! ju/ice1 nei!r ! ideas :i* !y be=e did n admit1 nor ! curb to :i* by ! inspiration ( ! div9e law ev5 human ambition does n refuse to submit2 b by a /range & deplorable amalgam1 good in/9cts & evil t5d5cies exi/ 9 !m simultane\sly2 ideas ! lea/ reconcilable cla% toge!r1 & p]si/ 9 !m at ! same "t4 ,! ,tru? does n rid !m ( ! error2 a light inde$ %9es ^u !m1 b out ( a *aotic d>kness :i* t light has n ! p[] to dissipate4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is condition ( m5's m9ds1 "u ! impulse ( ! s5tim5t :i* x inspires1 ,i publi% ?is second s]ies ( ,m$itations4 #i ,9 t\*+ ^u ! great que/ions at pres5t "u debate 9 ! philosophical _w1 9 express+ my op9ion conc]n+ ,rationalism1 ,positivism1 ,pan!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,skepticism1 ,i h n = a mom5t pret5d$ to discuss ^! diff]5t sy/ems completely & sci5tifically4 ,al?\gh ,i am conv9c$ t !y are no m 9 a condition to support any pr(\nd exam9ation ( sev]e reason ?an to /& ! fir/ reg>d ( common s5se1 ! object :i* ,i propose to myself is to indicate only _! radical & incurable vice4 ,?is is no treatise ( ,metaphysics2 x is only an appeal address$ to upright & indep5d5t m9ds2 an appeal made to induce !m to subject sci5ce to ! te/ ( ! human consci5ce1 & to reg>d ) di/ru/ sy/ems1 :i*1 9 ! "n ( a pret5d$ sci5tific tru?1 w\ld1 betwe5 ! intellectual ord] & ! moral ord]1 betwe5 ! ?\ght & ! life ( man1 de/roy ! h>mony e/abli%$ by ! law ( ,god4 ,guizot4 ,val-,ri*]1 ,april1 #ahff4 #aj #aa ,cont5ts4 ,page ,preface #c ,i4 ,! ,awak5+ ,( ,*ri/ianity ,9 ,france ,9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury #ac ,,ii4 ,spiritualism #bah ,,iii4 ,rationalism #bde ,,iv4 ,positivism #bfg ,v4 ,pan!ism #caj ,,vi4 ,mat]ialism #ccj ,,vii4 ,skepticism #cej ,,viii4 ,impiety1 ,recklessness1 ,& ,p]plexity #cfi #ab #ac ,m$itations ,on ,! ,actual ,/ate ,( ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,fir/ ,m$itation4 ,! ,awak5+ ,( ,*ri/ianity ,9 ,france ,9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,9 #agig1 ,la ,rveillire-,lpeaux1 "o ( ! five ,directors :o !n con/itut$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,france1 hav+ j read to t class ( ! ,in/itut ,footnote #a ( :i* he 0 a memb] a memorial respect+ ,!ophilan?ropism1 & ! =ms suitable = ?is new wor%ip1 consult$ ,talleyr& ^u ! subject2 ! latt] repli$1 ,i h b a s+le obs]vation to make3 ,jesus ,*ri/1 to f\nd 8 religion1 suff]$ himself to be crucifi$1 & he rose aga94 ,y %\ld try to d z mu*4 ,footnote #a3 ,! class ( moral & political sci5ces4 #ad ,nor 0 x long be=e ev5ts ju/ifi$ ! ironical c\nsel4 ,9 #ahjb1 h>dly f\r ye>s aft]w>d1 ,!ophilan?ropism & its apo/le1 ! dream & ! dream]1 _h disappe>$ f ! /age :]e !y _h be5 p[]less 9 influ5ce1 b>r5 9 consequ5ce4 ,! /rong h& ( ,napoleon aga9 solemnly set up 9 ,france ! religion ( ,*ri/ crucifi$ & ,*ri/ ris51 & 9 t same ye> ! brilliant g5ius ( ,*ateaubri& aga9 plac$ be=e ! eyes ( 8 c\ntrym5 ! beauties ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! great politician & ! great writ] b[$ ea* ( !m be=e ! ,cross2 ! ,cross 0 ! po9t f :i* ea* />t$--! "o to recon/ruct ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,france1 ! o!r to prove h[ capable a ,*ri/ian writ] is ( *>m+ ,fr5* society & ( /irr+ its emotions4 #ae ,9 ^! days1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! ,concordat & ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme1 ! "o z a political in/itution1 ! o!r z a lit]>y production1 h lo/ some?+ ( _! vogue4 ,ca?olics1 zeal\s & s9c]e1 criticise sev]ely ! defects ( ! ,concordat2 !y reg>d x z sometimes incomplete1 sometimes tyrannical3 !y reproa* x ) assail+ ! rights ( religi\s society1 ( p>alyz+ its influ5ce1 & re/rict+ its lib]ty4 ,"s g s f> z to express wi%es = ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & = _! entire indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r1 ! only c]ta9 gu>antee to ei!r1 !y affirm1 ( a real moral influ5ce4 ,prote/ants1 equally zeal\s & s9c]e1 ent]ta9 ! same op9ions & ! same wi%es4 ,n cont5t$ ) ?is1 ! latt] h gone fur!r1 & act$2 !y h sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* recogniz$ by ! ,/ate1 & h f\nd$ indep5d5t ,*ur*es1 self-gov]n+ & self-suffic+2 nor h !y dem&$ any?+ f ! ,/ate b ! lib]ty t is e citiz5's due4 #af ,9 a "w rec5tly publi%$1 ,footnote #b a pa/or ( "o ( ^! ,*ur*es1 a man di/+ui%$ bo? by ! elevation ( 8 m9d & ! g5]osity ( 8 s5tim5ts1 ,m4 ,edmond de ,press5s1 has gone /ill f>!r4 ,footnote #b3 ,l'glise et la ,revolution franaise1 hi/oire des relations de l'glise et de l'tat1 de #aghi-ahjb4 #hvo4 #ahfd4 ,n cont5t ) def5d+ ! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 he has endeavor$ to prove t1 9 #ahjb1 ! ,concordat 01 on ! "p ( ,napoleon1 simply an act ( tyranny & ambition2 t x 01 z f> z ,*ri/ianity is conc]n$1 an unt[>d incid5t2 & t if ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 at ! "t spontane\sly reg5]at+ itself1 _h be5 left free & uncontroll$1 x w\ld h ris5 by its own prop] /r5g?1 & w\ld h gr[n 9 influ5ce & 9 fai? f> m ?an ! ,concordat has p]mitt$ x to d4 ,i am f> f propos+ to discuss "h1 z a g5]al proposition1 ! sy/em ( sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 or its wor? 9 a religi\s or social po9t ( view2 #ag su* a sy/em ,i d n reg>d z ! ideal ( religi\s society3 ! co-exi/5ce1 ,i w\ld r say ! competition1 ( ,*ur*es recogniz$ by ! ,/ate & ( ,diss5t+ ,*ur*es indep5d5tly con/itut+ !mselves & self-suffic+1 is1 9 my op9ion1 ! sy/em mo/ 9 con=mity ) ! nature ( ?+s1 & mo/ favorable to ! solidity & g5]al effici5cy ( religion4 ,t is a "q r ( epo*1 "t1 mann]s1 & social condition ?an ( pr9ciple4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i hold x z c]ta9 t1 9 #ahjb1 ! ,concordat 01 on ! "p ( ,napoleon1 f> m an act ( sup]ior sagacity ?an ( arbitr>y p[]1 & t x 0 = ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ,france an ev5t z salut>y z necess>y4 ,aft] ! an>*y & ! orgies ( ! ,revolution1 no?+ b ! solemn recognition ( ,*ri/ianity by ! ,/ate c\ld h giv5 satisfaction to ! public s5tim5t1 & insur$ to ! religion ( ,*ri/ ! dignity & ! /ability1 ! recov]y ( :i* 0 s ess5tial to its influ5ce4 #ah ,no?+ is m liable to error ?an an attempt to appreciate1 ) ref]5ce to pres5t circum/ances & ! actual condition ( m5's m9ds1 :at 0 possible & good sixty ye>s ago2 & ,i am conv9c$1 t 9 spite ( 8 zeal = ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ,m4 ,edmond de ,press5s1 _h he liv$ 9 #ahjb1 w\ld h be5 z little satisfi$ z ,france h]self ) a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* re/or$ 9 accordance ) ! plan ( ! ,abbe ,grgoire1 ,! ,concordat 0 a mix$ & imp]fect measure1 subject to grave objections1 & ! s\rce ( numb]less difficulties2 b1 tak5 altoge!r1 ! measure 0 gr& & salut>y2 x gave at once to ! ,*ri/ian movem5t a sanction & an impulse t no o!r s*eme w\ld h be5 capable ( imp>t+4 ,m4 de ,*ateaubri& & ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme are entitl$ to ! same ju/ice4 ,i am ready1 ) reg>d to bo? book & au?or1 to conc$e ! tru? ( all ! objections & ( all ! defects t ! sev]e/ critic may be able or may wi% to detect2 _! gr& & salut>y action w n be ! less a liv+ fact4 #ai ,x is ) books z x is ) m52 x is by _! qualities1 :atev] _! faults1 t !y comm& position & ex]cise sway1 & :]ev] sup]ior qualities are disc]nible1 _! efficacy rema9s 9 spite ( any faults1 9 spite ( any defects1 by :i* !y may be accompani$4 ,not)/&+ its imp]fections 9 a religi\s & lit]>y po9t ( view1 ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme 0 9 bo? ^! respects a p]=mance at ! same "t rem>kable & p[]ful3 x /rongly mov$ m5's m9ds1 x gave a fre% impulse to m5's imag9ations1 x reanimat$ & plac$ 9 _! prop] rank ! traditions & ! e>ly impressions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no criticism1 h[ev] legitimate1 c ev] deprive t "w ( ! place t x at once assum$ 9 ! religi\s & ! lit]>y hi/ory ( its "t & c\ntry4 #bj ,nei!r ! ,concordat nor ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme 01 9 #ahjb1 ! result ( a _s ( bl9d & b>r5 reaction4 ,napoleon & ,*ateaubri& 7 bo?1 ( !m h>dy innovators4 ,at ! side ( ! anci5t religion :i* he re-e/abli%$1 ,napoleon firmly ma9ta9$ also ! lib]ty ( consci5ce1 :e!r 9 matt]s ( wor%ip or philosophy4 ,at ! v in/ant :5 ! ,concordat 0 proclaim$ & ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme 0 publi%$1 ! le>n$ physiologi/1 ,cabanis1 also publi%$ 8 treatise on ! relations ( man's physical & moral nature1 a "w :i* *>act]iz$ man z a m]e ma*9e4 ,& 9 recall+ ,france to an admiration ( ! beauties ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 ,*ateaubri& imag$ !m to h] 9 =ms ( language s novel & s orig9al1 t _m among ! sev]e gu>dians ( ! ,fr5* language treat$ him z an outrage\s & b>b>\s writ]4 ,a new era op5$ at ?is epo* 9 ,france = religion & = lit]ature4 #ba ,*ri/ianity & sy/ems oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity1 ,roman ,ca?olicism1 ,prote/antism1 & ,philosophy1 a ta/e = classics1 & a t5d5cy to romanticism1 unfold$ !mselves simultane\sly1 surpris$ to be liv+ toge!r1 & at ! same "t enc\nt]+ "o ano!r z ard5t combatants4 ,i h no design to retrace "h _! conte/s nor to con/itute myself _! judge4 ,let b a great ar5a be ?r[n op51 & ! cr[d ru%es 91 c>ry+ ) x its confusion & its buzz4 ,happily1 ! tumult is n ( long duration4 ,9 ?is mighty movem5t ( m5's m9ds 9 ,france at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,i occupy myself ) a s+le gr& fact--! ,awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 its diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 its diff]5t results4 ,! crisis itself _h illu/ri\s witnesses4 ,i w int]rogate ^! alone4 ,aft] ,napoleon & ,*ateaubri&1 ! fir/ :om ,i meet ) are two ,ca?olic writ]s1 :o h left beh9d !m great & des]v$ reputations4 ,m4 de ,bonald & ,m4 de ,mai/re hoi/$ ! bann] ( ,*ri/ianity valiantly1 & at an e>ly date4 #bb ,b _! ideas & _! writ+s 7 r political ?an religi\s3 ! exig5cies ( public ord] occupi$ _! att5tion f> m ?an ^? ( man's s\l1 & _! works 7 r attacks ^u ! ,fr5* ,revolution ?an a def5se ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians4 ,by a co9cid5ce v rem>kable1 al?\gh at ! same "t v natural1 ! fir/ production ( ea*--,! ,!ory ( ,p[]1 by ,m4 de ,bonald1 & ! ,consid]ations on ,france1 by ,m4 de ,mai/re--0 publi%$ at ! same mom5t1 9 #agif1 & ea* 9 a =eign l&1 :]e ! au?ors 7 liv+ z emigrants4 ,9 ! fir/ ardor ( ! reaction1 & ) ! impassion$ & vague feel+s t x sugge/$1 ea* wrote aga9/ ! ,revolution t %ook ! _w & wreck$ 8 own =tunes4 ,pot5t intellig5ces bo?1 pr(\nd morali/s1 em95t writ]s2 b _! philosophy is a philosophy ( circum/ance & ( p>ty4 ,_! !ories !y use z arms2 _! books z a dis*>ge4 #bc ,m4 de ,bonald is a l(ty-m9d$ orig9al ?9k]1 b subtle1 too1 & complex2 dispos$ to cont5t himself ) v]bal comb9ations & di/9ctions1 & sp>+ no labor to contrive 8 va/ web ( argum5ts prop] to entrap ! unw>y adv]s>y4 ,m4 de ,mai/re1 on ! contr>y1 bla/s him ) ! absolut5ess ( 8 ass]tion1 ! poignancy ( 8 irony1 ! rude eloqu5ce ( 8 invectives4 ,he is a p[]ful1 a *>m+ extemporiz]4 ,bo? ( !m excel 9 seiz+ & pres5t+ 9 a /rik+ mann] "o great side1 b only "o ( ! great sides1 9 que/ions or measures4 ,!y see n ^! 9 _! v>iety & 9 _! entirety4 ,combatants approv$--! "o t5aci\s1 ! o!r impetu\s--!y bo? committ$ two grave faults3 !y in/itut$ a clos] bond betwe5 /atesman%ip & religion ?an is prop] or suitable to ei!r2 !y c\ld n discov] any o!r rem$y = an>*y ?an absolutism4 ,9 ! natural & nev]-end+ conflict ( ! two great =ces ^: co-exi/5ce imp>ts vital en]gy to human society--au?ority & lib]ty--!y decl>$ = ! =m] alone1 ?us ignor+ ! "r ( ?\ght1 ! _s ( our times1 & ! g5]al c\rse ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 #bd ,:5 attack$ 9 h] ess5ce1 ,religion %\ld be def5d$ z %e 0 f\nd$1 9 h]self & = h]self1 sett+ aside e political consid]ation1 & 9 ! "n alone ( ! problems :i* lay siege to man's s\l1 & ( ! relations ( man's s\l ) ,god4 ,r5d] unto ,ces> ! ?+s :i* are ,ces>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's1 said ,jesus to ! ,ph>isees :5 !y s\ght to emb>rass & to compromise him politically4 ,?us did ,jesus himself def9e ! prop] & p>am\nt *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w4 ,he did n come to de/roy or to f\nd any gov]nm5t2 he came to fe$1 to regulate1 & to save ! human s\l1 leav+ to "t & to ! natural efficacy ( ev5ts ! developm5t ( ! social consequ5ce ( 8 religi\s fai? & ( 8 religi\s law4 ,m4 de ,bonald & ,m4 de ,mai/re jo9$ too (t5 toge!r ,god & ,ces>4 #be ,!y ?\ght too mu* ( ,ces> :ile def5d+ ,god4 ,9 do+ ?is !y *ang$ & compromis$ ! "* ( t great movem5t1 ! ,awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _! conduct o!rwise provok$ & s]v$4 ,footnote #c ,footnote #c3 ,! dead move quick1 says ! poet ,burg] 9 8 ballad ( ,leonora4 ,! m5 & ! books ,i record di$ at a p]iod already di/ant f u2 & 9 spite ( _! fame t abides1 !y are probably little kn[n to ! g5]ation at pres5t 9 possession ( ! /age4 ,i reg>d x1 !re=e1 z n improp] = me to m5tion bel[ ! titles ( _! pr9cipal works1 ( :i* ,i h 9 ! text s\ght to det]m9e ! true "*4 ,^? ( ,m4 de ,bonald are3 #a4 ,la ,?orie du p\voir politique et religieux4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,con/ance3 #agif4 #b4 ,la ,lgislation4 primitive4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is3 #ahba4 #c4 ,l',essai sur le divorce4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,p>is4 #d4 ,les ,re*]*es philosophique4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #ahah & #ahbf4 #e4 ,les ,mlanges littraires et politiques4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #f4 ,p5ses et disc\rs4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,all ^! writ+s1 ) "s o!rs1 h be5 collect$ 9 ! complete edition ( ! works ( ,m4 de ,bonald1 9 sev5 volumes4 #hvo4 ,p>is3 #ahed4 ,! pr9cipal works ( ,m4 de ,mai/re are3 #a4 ,consid]ations sur la ,france4 #a vol4 #hvo4 #agif4 #b4 ,essai sur le pr9cipe gnrateur des con/itutions politiques et des autres in/itutions huma9es4 #a vol4 #hvo4 #ahaj4 #c4 ,du ,pape4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #ahai4 #d4 ,de l'glise gallicane dans son rapport avec le s\v]a9 pontife4 #hvo4 #ahba4 #e4 ,exam5 de la philosophic de ,bacon4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #ahcf4 #f4 ,soires de ,sa9t-,pt]sb\rg4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #g4 ,lettres et opuscules 9dits4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #ahea4 #h4 ,mmoires politiques et correspondance du comte de ,mai/re1 publis p> ,m4 ,alb]t ,blanc4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #aheh4 #bf ,aft] ^! two great writ]s1 ano!r great writ]1 7%all ,i t]m him ,ca?olic87 ! ,abb de la ,m5nais1 plac$ himself ^u ! same pa?1 b to arrive at a v diff]5t issue4 ,he1 too1 made au?ority alone ! basis ( man's fai? & ( human society2 b seek+ to asc]ta9 ! sign :i* di/+ui%es legitimate au?ority1 & :i* entitles x to un>gu+ submission1 he fix$ ?is sign 9 ! g5]al & traditional ass5t ( mank9d4 ,! common cons5t or au?ority1 !re1 said he1 we f9d ! natural rule ( our judgm5t2 & :at b folly c reject t rule1 & li/5 to its own reason 9 pref]5ce to ! reason ( all8 444 ,! se>* = c]titude is ! se>* = a reason n liable to error at all1 t is1 = a reason t is infallible4 #bg ,n[ ?is infallible reason mu/ necess>ily be ei!r ! reason ( ea* individual or ! reason ( all m52 9 fact1 ( human reason4 ,x is n ! reason ( ea* individual1 = m5 contradict "o ano!r1 & no?+ frequ5tly is m discordant & m contradictory ?an _! judgm5ts2 !re=e x is ! reason ( all4 ,footnote #d ,footnote #d3 ,essai sur l'indiffr5ce en matire de religion1 t4 ii1 p4 #ei4 ,df5se de l',essai sur l'indiffr5ce1 *ap4 x1 pp4 #acc-adh4 ,9 hold+ ?is language 9 8 v fir/ "w1 ! ,abb de la ,m5nais 0 already =gett+ t he 0 a ,*ri/ian & a ,ca?olic4 ,:5 a man dem&s "h bel[ an infallible au?ority1 he mu/ n seek x f any human s\rce4 ,! reason ( all8 7,t is1 ! reason ( ! majority ( m5 9 all ! ages ( ! _w1 = ! reason ( all is a fallacy47 ,:at is su* reason1 b ! sov]eignty ( sup]ior numb]s 9 ! spiritual ord]8 ,hav+ fix$ 8 pr9ciple1 ! ,abb de la ,m5nais kept x 9 sight ev]y:]e4 ,aft] hav+ e/abli%$ an infallible au?ority 9 ! "n ( ! reason ( all1 he proclaim$ ! absolute sov]eignty 9 ! "n ( univ]sal suffrage4 #bh ,b ?is apo/le ( univ]sal reason 0 at ! same "t ! pr\de/ wor%ip] ( 8 own reason4 ,"u ! pressure ( ev5ts )\t1 & ( an ard5t controv]sy1 a trans=mation took place 9 him1 m>k$ at once by its logical d$uctions & its moral inconsi/5cy3 he *ang$ 8 camp )\t *ang+ 8 pr9ciples2 9 ! attempt to lead ! supreme au?ority ( 8 ,*ur* to admit 8 pr9ciples he _h fail$2 & f t in/ant ! v _s ( revolt t he _h s sev]ely rebuk$ broke loose 9 8 s\l & 9 8 writ+s1 f9d+ expression at "o "t 9 an indignation full ( hatr$ level$ at ! p[]ful1 ! ri*1 & ! =tunate ones ( ! _w2 at ano!r "t 9 a t5d] sympa?y = ! mis]ies ( humanity4 ,! ,words ( a ,believ] are ! eloqu5t outbur/ ( ?is tumult 9 8 s\l4 ,plung$ 9 ! *aos ( s5tim5ts ! mo/ contradictory1 & yet claim+ to be always consi/5t ) himself1 ! *ampion ( au?ority became 9 ! ,/ate ! mo/ bait$ ( democrats1 & 9 ! ,*ur* ! haughtie/ ( rebels4 #bi ,x is n )\t sorr[ t ,i ?us express my unres]v$ op9ion ( a man ( sup]ior tal5t--m9d l(ty1 s\l int5se2 a man 9 ! sequel pr(\ndly sad himself1 al?\gh haughty 9 8 v fall4 ,"o _c read 9 _! /ormy succession ! num]\s writ+s ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais )\t recogniz+ 9 !m traces1 ,i w n say ( 8 intellectual p]plexities--8 pride did n feel !m--b ( ! suff]+s ( 8 s\l1 :e!r = good or = evil4 ,a noble nature1 b full ( exagg]ation 9 8 op9ions1 ( fanatical arrogance1 & ( angry asp]ity 9 8 polemics4 ,"o title to our gratitude rema9s to ! ,abb de la ,m5nais--he ?und]$ to purpose aga9/ ! gross & vulg> =getfulness ( ! great moral int]e/s ( humanity4 ,8 essay on indiff]5ce 9 religi\s que/ions inflict$ a rude bl[ ^u t vice ( ! "t1 & recall$ m5's s\ls to regions above4 #cj ,& ?us x 0 t he1 too1 r5d]$ s]vice to ! great movem5t & awak5+ ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & t he m]its 8 place 9 t movem5t al?\gh he des]t$ x4 ,footnote #e ,footnote #e3 ,! pr9cipal works ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais are3 #a4 ,l',essai sur l'indiffr5ce en matire de religion1 avec la df5se de l',essai4 #e vols4 #hvo4 ,! fir/ volume appe>$ 9 #ahag4 #b4 ,de la ,religion considre dans ses rapports avec l'ordre civil et politique4 #a vol4 #hvo4 #ahbe4 #c4 ,les ,p>oles d'un ,croyant4 #hvo4 #ahcd4 #d4 ,les ,affaires de ,rome4 #hvo4 #ahcf4 #e4 ,esquisse d'une philosophic4 #d vols4 #hvo4 #ahda-ahdf4 ,all 8 works1 includ+ num]\s pamphlets & articles publi%$ 9 religi\s & political j\rnals1 h be5 collect$ 9 two editions3 "o 9 #ab vols4 #hvo41 #ahcf-ahcg2 ! o!r 9 #aa vols4 #hvo41 #ahdd & foll[+ ye>s4 ,besides ! above1 !re are 8 ,po/hum\s ,works1 #b vols4 #hvo41 #ahef1 & 8 ,correspond5ce1 #b vols4 #hvo41 #aheh4 ,at ! same "t t great m9ds 7 ?us at "w 9 ord] to re/ore to ! belief 9 ,*ri/ianity & ! belief 9 ,ca?olicism its honor & its au?ority1 ano!r influ5ce 0 op]at+ 9 ! same direction1 ) less notoriety b no less effect4 #ca ,! ,jesuits 7 re-e/abli%+ !mselves 9 ,france--7 f\nd+ h\ses ( education & noviciates = _! ord]--7 op5+ *apels1 prea*+1 tea*+1 c>eless ( ! exi/5ce 9 ,france ( laws proscrib+ !m2 occupy+ !mselves solely ) fulfill+ :at !y reg>d$ z a duty1 & a duty1 too1 spr++ f a "r believ$ by !m to be sup]ior to ! laws4 ,t duty = !m 0 to uphold ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 t "r 0 ! "r ( prea*+ & tea*+1 accord+ to ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,jesuits h also be5 consid]$ & repres5t$ z politicians 9 ! g>b ( monks1 r ?an g5u9e memb]s ( ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,(t51 9 effect1 9 _! acts & 9 _! words1 !y h appe>$ z politicians1 & politicians1 too1 ) a c]ta9 indulg5ce = ! _w & ! _w's ma/]s2 b1 at bottom1 !y h be5 & !y are ess5tially mona/ic--an ord] p]haps ! mo/ ard5t ( all1 = !y are ( all ord]s ! ord] mo/ completely devot$ to ! cause ( religi\s au?ority4 #cb ,!re are commonplaces t h to be cont9ually repeat$1 s apt are m5 to =get !m4 ,9 religions society1 z well z 9 civil society1 !re are two great moral =ces--,au?ority & ,lib]ty2 ^! coexi/ ( necessity--h dom9ion turn by turn1 & h alt]nately _! h]oes & _! m>tyrs4 ,reg>d$ ei!r ) respect to its political or religi\s con/itution1 society _c long disp5se ) ei!r ,au?ority or ) ,lib]ty2 & ea* ( ^! two =ces is liable to abuse its influ5ce1 & to lose x by ! v abuse4 ,:5 ,au?ority has _h a long dom9ion1 & its abuse too has be5 long1 a reaction occurs3 ,lib]ty has h] rev5ge2 b 9 h] turn is prone to compromise h] int]e/s by abuses & by excess4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( all human society2 facts prove x q z mu* z common s5se =etells x4 ,9 ! bosom ( ?is g5]al fact x is ! peculi> "*1 z x is ! glory1 ( ,*ri/ianity t x has fully accept$ ^! two rival =ces2 & ! "o 9 ! face ( ! o!r--au?ority & lib]ty--bo? ( div9e orig94 #cc ,*ri/ianity has con/antly acc\nt$ !m = su* z !y are--! "o ! reveal$ law ( ,god1 ! o!r ! innate "r ( man1 :om ,god creat$ free & responsible4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,jews is only t ( ! intimate & cont9u$ relations betwe5 ,god z sov]eign & man z free ag5t2 ,god utt]+ & giv+ ! law1 man us+ 8 lib]ty at "o "t to fulfill1 at ano!r to reject1 ! law ( ,god4 ,:5 ! great day ( humanity dawn$ & ,jesus came1 x 0 9 lib]ty's "n1 & 9 claim+ ! "r ( ! s\l to obey ! div9e law accord+ to its convictions1 t ,*ri/ianity engag$ 9 its primitive /ruggle ( ?ree c5turies4 ,"u ?is bann]1 too1 x conqu]$1 & "u x religi\s society & civil society comb9$ )\t becom+ id5tical4 ,! tempe/u\s & pa9ful fecundity ( ! middle ages succe$$ to ! tyrannical unity ( ! ,roman empire1 s /]ile 9 result4 #cd ,h5ce pr9ciples ! mo/ inconsi/5t1 issues ! mo/ contradictory--! p[] ( religion & ! p[] ( ! /ate--popes & k+s n[ support+1 n[ combat+ ea* o!r's ambiti\s purposes1 & ?w>t+ ea* o!r's measures1 )\t any reg>d to law or "r2 lib]ty sometimes suff]+ cruelly by _! alliance1 sometimes happily pr(it+ by _! diss5sions2 on "s occasions popes1 on o!rs mon>*s protect+ lib]ty aga9/ _! reciprocal pret5sions & excesses4 ,spiritual & temporal pr9ces /ill wav]$ 9 _! maxims & 9 _! policy1 & did n dur+ ! middle ages sy/ematically & on all occasions =m coalitions1 ( :i* lib]ty 0 to pay ! co/4 ,lib]ty1 on ! contr>y1 cont9u$ to subsi/ & to gr[ 9 ! mid/ ( _! rivalries & ( h] own suff]+s4 ,b ^! rivalries & ^! suff]+s produc$ a *aos :i* recurr$ incessantly1 & became ev] m & m intol]able1 precisely on acc\nt ( ! progress /ill made1 & :i* no ef=t c\ld /ifle4 #ce ,! great body ( ,*ri/ians at la/ dem&$ "s issue f ?is *aos2 !n ^? :o wield$ ! religi\s p[] & ! civil p[]1 n[ sep>ately1 n[ 9 conc]t1 endeavor$ to satisfy ! crav+ ( ! _w2 & by _! c\ncils1 pragmatic sanctions1 encyclical lett]s & concordats1 s\ght to re=m ! abuses & ! grievances :i*1 z m5 l\dly proclaim$1 exi/$1 if n 9 ! ,*ur* itself1 at lea/ 9 ! relations ( ! ,*ur* ) ! ,/ate4 ,:e!r f want ( wisdom1 virtue1 c\rage1 or sagacity 9 _! au?ors1 or f _! measures be+ too sup]ficial1 or meet+ ) too mu* opposition1 ^? attempts fail$2 & ! re=m t 0 to h proce$$ f ,au?ority h]self rema9$ )\t accompli%m5t4 ,!n came ! re=m by insurrection1 9 ! "n ( ,fai? & ,lib]ty2 & z happ5s 9 simil> crises1 :e!r ( ! ,*ur* or ! ,/ate1 ! supreme au?ority ( ,romanism 0 attack$1 n only 9 its abuses & its vices1 b 9 its pr9ciple & its v exi/5ce4 #cf ,rome !n committ$ ! fault almo/ always committ$ by ,p[] :5 s]i\sly m5ac$--x def5d$ itself by pu%+ its pr9ciple & its "r to ! extreme1 )\t hold+ acc\nt ( any o!r pr9ciple or ( any o!r "r4 ,9 ! "n ( ,unity & ,infallibility 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ! supreme p[] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome alli$ itself ) ! absolute p[] 9 ! ,/ate1 & support$ ! latt] 9 its resi/ance to lib]ty4 ,"u ! inspiration ( _! f\nd] & h]o1 ,loyola1 ^: g5ius 0 t ( a fanatic & a my/ic1 b :o 0 adroit 9 organiz+ & realiz+ 8 design1 ! ord] ( ! ,jesuits sprung into exi/5ce4 ,?is ord] 0 born ( ?is w> & = ?is w>--a *os5 troop1 *>g$ 9 ! "n ( ! fai? to be ! uncompromis+ def5d]s ( au?ority 9 ,*ur* & 9 ,/ate4 #cg ,s9ce t epo* ?ree c5turies h pass$1 & ! f\r? is 9 its turn sweep+ by u2 nei!r times nor *ances h be5 want+ to causes to produce _! effects1 nor to m5 to accompli% _! designs2 pr9ciples & ev5ts h receiv$ _! developm5t ov] a va/ space2 & 9 ! light ( heav5 ! diff]5t sy/ems h be5 put to ! te/ ( successes & ( rev]ses4 ,absolutism has _h its triumphs & its victories2 m ?an once ! faults ( its adv]s>ies h play$ into its h&s1 & x has f\nd able & glori\s *ampions4 ,x has n succe$$ 9 arre/+ ! c\rse ( a civilization full ( lib]ty & yet /ill gre$y to h m4 ,x has tak5 its place 9 ! mid/ ( lib]ty z a tempor>y necessity1 nev] z a prepond]at+ t5d5cy4 ,m ?an ?is1 ev5 9 ! epo*s :5 its influ5ce 0 its height1 & its spl5dor ! greate/1 ,absolutism has (t5 s]v$ ! cause ho/ile to its own4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 second$ ! movem5t ( m9d & ! p's progress2 ,napoleon s[$ 9 e direction ! g]ms ( social advancem5t or innovation4 #ch ,& n[1 ev5 !re1 :]e lib]ty does n exi/1 ,absolutism does n av[ itself2 x furls its bann]1 & admits in/itutions contr>y to its pr9ciples1 res]v+ to itself ! "r to elude1 or to r5d] !m p[]less4 ,exp]i5ce has pron\nc$ its judgm5t2 :atev] ! problems t ! future w h to solve1 or ! trials :i* ! future w h to enc\nt]1 ! cause ( ,absolutism is a lo/ cause ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1 ! ,jesuits1 un=tunately = !m1 & yet v naturally1 7 reg>d$ z devot$ to t cause4 ,aft] hav+ s]v$ x 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y _h be5 ! fir/ victims ( its decl9e2 ! papal & ! mon>*ical sov]eignty _h sacrific$ !m to ! new op9ions1 j z m>9]s 9 a tempe/ ?r[ ov]bo>d _! heavy ordnance4 ,:5 ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$1 all 0 greatly *ang$2 ! ,revolution 0 n only victori\s1 b e>ne/ly engag$ 9 conciliat+ p>ties by disav[+ & mak+ am5ds = its excesses4 ,aft] ! commission ( s _m follies & crimes 9 ! pursuit ( lib]ty1 ,france submitt$ once m ) ! greate/ satisfaction to ! voice ( au?ority4 #ci ,h[ w\ld !y !n recon/ruct t ,fr5* policy t _h be5 at once s ov]?r[n & s reg5]at$8 ,by :at means w\ld !y conciliate new & anci5t ideas1 new & anci5t int]e/s8 ,^u :at t]ms w\ld ,au?ority & ,lib]ty cons5t to be reconcil$1 & to live h5ce=? side by side--,au?ority so>+ triumphant aft] h] fall1 ,lib]ty emb>rass$ ) h] rec5t excesses2 & yet bo? ( !m m ?an ev] necess>y to society1 if society 0 to be heal?y & /rong8 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! vital "q ( ! new c5tury4 ,god plac$ its solution at fir/ 9 ! h&s ( ,napoleon1 ! cr[n & ! sc\rge ( ! ,revolution1 ! mo/ rem>kable example at once ( reaction & ( progress record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 #dj ,9 ?is condition1 s new to ,france1 ! situation ( ! ,jesuits 0 emb>rass+ & p]il\s4 ,napoleon 0 aga9 re-e/abli%+ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & at ! same "t en=c+ ! maxims ( ,absolutism--a d\ble title to _! sympa?y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 consolidat+ ! ,revolution1 & ma9ta9+ & putt+ into practice "s ( its ess5tial pr9ciples1 among o!rs1 t ( fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,napoleon arrogat$ also to himself ! "r ( dictat+ & act+ z ma/] 9 ! ,*ur* z 9 ! ,/ate1 at ,rome z at ,p>is2 he 0 nei!r a s]i\s believ] 9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/ nor a sure fri5d ( ! ,papacy4 ,9 ?is tw(old aspect1 ! ,jesuits c\ld n b reg>d him ) di/ru/4 ,! di/ru/ 0 mutual3 = if ,napoleon 0 = ! ,jesuits a too fai?ful & too ambiti\s heir ( ! ,revolution1 ! ,jesuits 7 = him ,ca?olics too indep5d5t & too devot$ to _! ,*ur* & to its *ief4 ,z f> back z #ahjd1 _! e/abli%m5ts1 sc>cely disguis$ "u diff]5t names1 _h be5 a s\rce ( disquietude to ,napoleon4 #da ,he direct$ !m to be clos$1 en=c$ ! laws :i* d5i$ to religi\s corporations an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & f\nd$ ! ,univ]sity1 :i* at ! same "t he inve/$ ) ! privilege ( tea*+4 ,?is sy/em 0 n aboli%$ at ! ,re/oration4 ,! ,jesuits !n ent]$ into ! simultane\s possession ( two =ces novel to !m--! "o sprang f ! support ( p[]1 ! o!r 0 d]iv$ f ! progress ( lib]ty4 ,!y _h ! favor ( ! c\rt1 & might wield z _! own arms1 & 9 _! own int]e/s1 ! lib]al pr9ciples t 7 de> to ! p4 ,a position excell5t1 _h !y kn[n h[ to re/rict !mselves to _! religi\s mission1 keep alo( f political conte/s1 & devote !mselves exclusively to ! task ( awak5+ ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians1 & ar\s+ !m to a ,*ri/ian life6 ,_! action ^u ! s\l might h ext5d$ _! influ5ce beyond _! peculi> sph]e to ! _w )\t4 ,_h !y n !n a /rik+ in/ance ( su* an influ5ce ev5 9 _! own ord]8 #db ,to :at cause1 ?irty ye>s ago1 did ! ,pre ,ravignan owe ! respect & moral au?ority ) :i* he 0 surr\nd$1 n only by memb]s ( 8 own ,*ur*1 b by m5 n rem>kable = _! fai?8 ,f> less to 8 tal5t z an orator1 ?an to ! ?or\gh s9c]ity & dis9t]e/$ness ( 8 religi\s "*4 ,he 0 a believ]1 a pi\s ,*ri/ian1 & a /rang] to e m5tal res]vation2 nei!r 0 he a p>tisan1 b solely occupi$ ) ! s]vice ( ,god1 ( 8 ,*ur*1 & ( 8 ord]1 at ! same "t t he 0 propagat+ ! fai? & en=c+ piety4 ,he decl>$ himself al\d a ,jesuit1 b ! decl>ation excit$ no di/ru/ ev5 9 8 adv]s>ies4 ,if 8 ord] _h imitat$ 8 example1 x w\ld h obta9$ a simil> success4 ,nor 0 ! in/ance new4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,b\rdal\e display$ ! same virtues z ! ,pre ,ravignan 9 our own days2 &1 9 all c]titude1 did m honor & r5d]$ m s]vice to 8 ,*ur* & ord] ?an _h ev] be5 done or r5d]$ by ,pre la ,*aise4 #dc ,i %all n attempt to exam9e h[ f> ! ,jesuits 9 effect 7 really engag$1 or :at 0 ! degree ( _! direct ag5cy 9 ! intrigues ( ! retrograde p>ty :o 7 seek+ to repossess !mselves ( ! relics ( ! anci5t in/itutions1 9 ! idle hope ( recon/ruct+ ! social edifice ^u ^? ru9$ f\ndations4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,france felt at ?is epo* f> too mu* al>m = ?is p>ty & its allies1 ,jesuits or no ,jesuits1 j z ! ,mon>*y itself felt too mu* appreh5sion ( ! ,revolutioni/s4 ,no grav] fault c be committ$ by nations or by gov]nm5ts ?an to give way to fe>s out ( proportion ) ! dang]s :i* !y enc\nt]4 ,france _h no reason "u ! ,re/oration to dread ei!r ! triumph ( ,!ocracy or ( ,absolutism2 & yet %e 0 al>m$ at bo?1 & ! p p]si/$ 9 believ+ t ! ,jesuits 7 s]v+ ?is d\ble cause--t ( ! anci5t rgime ( ! ,papacy1 & ( ! anci5t rgime ( ! ,mon>*y4 #dd ,! ,jesuits _h !n to /ruggle at once aga9/ ! ideas & ! passions ( mod]n society1 & ! traditions & maxims ( anci5t ,france h]self2 !y _h = adv]s>ies1 ! laity1 ! b>1 & ! lib]als1 respectively repres5t$ by ,m4 de ,montlosi]1 ,m4 ,b5jam9 ,con/ant1 & ,m4 ,dup94 ,! odds aga9/ !m 7 too great2 ev5 ! ,mon>*y itself1 h[ev] well dispos$ t[>d !m1 0 c>ri$ away by ! movem5t :i* attack$ !m1 & ,*>les ,x4 did n ?9k 8 own position /rong en\gh to disp5se ) treat+ !m1 by 8 ordonnances ( ! #ba/ ,june1 #ahbh1 z ,napoleon _h done by 8 decree ( ! #bb;d ,june1 #ahjd4 ,?r\gh\t ?is :ole p]iod ! conduct ( ! ,jesuits 0 feebl] ?an _! cause4 ,sworn & devot$ to ! def5se ( ,au?ority1 !y _h n =esight en\gh to p]ceive by :at means & on :at conditions ,au?ority might raise & consolidate itself4 #de ,haunt$ by ! traditions ( pa/ times1 & hav+ ! hi/ory ( _! own ord] cont9ually be=e _! m9ds1 !y no long] reg>d$ ! future boldly or confid5tly2 !y fail$ to appreciate ju/ly ! pres5t2 !y did n believe suffici5tly 9 ! p[] ( ,*ri/'s fai?1 & !y believ$ too implicitly 9 ! effici5cy ( worldly policy4 ,by ?is vulg> blund] !y compromis$1 9 ! case ( _m ,*ri/ians1 ! full effect ( t great /irr+ movem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 at ! v "t t1 ) respect to o!rs1 !y aid$ x mat]ially4 ,! ,revolution ( #ahcj inflict$ a rude bl[ ^u ^! retrograde t5d5cies1 & a new elem5t />t$ up 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! gr& manife/ation & progress ( lib]ty n[ realiz+ itself 9 ! ,/ate1 ,ca?olics1 g5u9e & ard5t too1 conceiv$ ! hope ( turn+ bo? to ! pr(it ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ( at la/ sett+ ,ca?olicism at peace & 9 h>mony ) ! new social in/itutions ( ,france4 #df ,!n ! gr\p1 ,i w n say ! p>ty1 =m$ itself ( m5 at once g5]\s & h>dy1 :o did n hesitate to decl>e !mselves ,ultramontani/s1 l ! ,pre de ,ravignan1 ,lib]als l ,m4 de la ,fayette4 ,x consi/$ ( prie/s & laym51 ( m5 ( mature ye>s & m5 9 ! spr+-"t ( life--! ,abb ,lacordaire1 ,abbe ,g]bet1 ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 & ,m4 de ,c\x3 ,i conf9e myself to ! names t at ! outset gleam$ on _! bann]s4 ,!y f\nd$ an ag5cy = ! def5se ( ! lib]ties ( religion1 & a j\rnal1 ! ,av5ir1 to develop its pr9ciples & its con/itution4 ,b ! association 0 born "u an unlucky />2 = its little army _h = its decl>$ *ief1 & ! object ( its passionate rev]5ce1 ! ,abbe de la ,m5nais4 ,9 ! m intimate & unre/rict$ relations ( life ?is great man appe>s to h ex]cis$ extraord9>ily attractive p[] ov] 8 fri5ds & disciples4 #dg ,cit$ jo9tly ) him on ! #ca/ ,janu>y1 #ahca1 be=e ! ,c\r d',assises ( ,p>is to answ] = ! appe>ance ( two articles 9 ! ,av5ir1 ! ,abb ,lacordaire said1 ,i /& "h ne> ! man :o began ! reconciliation ( ,ca?olicism ) ! _w4 ,let me tell him h[ affect$ ,i am by ! "p t ,god has made = me 9 giv+ me him z my ma/] & my fa!r4 ,suff] ^! words ( filial piety to p5etrate to ! he>t ( "o s long misund]/ood2 suff] me to exclaim ) ! poet3 ,l'amiti d'un gr& homme e/ un bi5fait des dieux4 ,footnote #f ,footnote #f3 ,a great man's fri5d%ip1 bless$ gift ( ,heav54 ,! ,abb ,lacordaire _h soon to feel ! dang] & to repel ) sorr[ ! yoke ( ?is s$uctive fri5d%ip4 ,! errors & ! evil passions ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais 7 n long 9 explod+2 8 0 a m9d l(ty & p[]ful1 b )\t grasp1 )\t =esight1 )\t mod]ation1 & )\t equity2 incapable ( disc]n+ ! diff]5t sides ( a subject & ( embrac+ all ! elem5ts ( ! problem dem&+ solution1 he 0 a haughty slave to ! tru? t he s]v$ b p>tially1 & ! somb] enemy ( e "o :o w\nd$ 8 pride by conte/+ 8 op9ions4 #dh ,he gave to ! ,av5ir a "* at once democratic & !ocratic1 imp]i\s & revolution>y4 ,all ! ideas contr>y to 8 own1 all ! in/itutions1 all ! gov]nm5ts1 t /ood 9 8 way1 7 attack$ by him ) a degree ( vehem5ce1 insult1 & m5ace nev] surpass$ by any political p>tisan1 h[ev] viol5t4 ,! maxims ( ! ,gallican ,*ur* 71 to cite 8 words1 an object ( disgu/ & horror2 op9ions z odi\s z !y 7 base1 :i*1 :ile r5d]+ ev5 ! consci5ce ! accomplice ( tyranny1 make s]vility a duty & brute =ce an indep5d5t & j "r4 ,he dem&$ ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate z a necessity absolute & urg5t2 =1 said he1 we reg>d z aboli%$ & ( no effect e p>ticul> law :i* contradicts ! ,*>t]1 & is incompatible ) ! lib]ties t x proclaims4 #di ,9 ! ev5t ( su* law1 we believe t x becomes imm$iately & )\t delay ! duty ( gov]nm5t to come to an und]/&+ ) ! pope1 & to resc9d ! ,concordat1 :i* lo/ all ! means ( be+ execut$ f ! in/ant :51 ?ank ,god1 ! ,ca?olic religion ceas$ to be a /ate religion4 ,f\r mon?s _h sc>cely elaps$ s9ce ! bir? ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,july1 & because ! lib]ty ( tea*+ promis$ by ! ,*>t] ( #ahcj 0 n already 9 vigor1 ! ,abb de la ,m5nais said to ! ,ca?olics3 ,:5ce comes ! oppression t weighs ^u u8 ,ei!r1 9 :at conc]ns u1 ! gov]nm5t _c or x w n keep its promises4 ,if x _c1 :at is ?is mock]y ( a sov]eignty1 ?is mis]able phantom ( gov]nm5t1 & :at h we to d ) x8 ,x is z f> z we are conc]n$ z if x 7 n1 & no?+ rema9s to u b to =get x1 & seek our safety 9 ourselves4 #ej ,let u proclaim al\d :o ! p[]s are t are ho/ile to u2 ^: s]vants seek only to satisfy bl9dly _! ?ir/ = p]secution4 ,:at attacks level$ at a gov]nm5t 7 ev] m precipitate1 m viol5t1 & %[$ a less j appreciation ( facts8 ,:at revolution>y p>ty ev] proclaim$ ) great] audacity disob$i5ce to ! laws1 & insurrection z ! fir/ ( rights & ( duties8 ,side by side ) ^! viol5t & insult+ invectives level$ at ! gov]nm5t ( ,france1 ! ,av5ir plac$ a decl>ation ( respect & submission to ! *ief ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome3 ,we pr(ess1 x said1 ! mo/ complete ob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we w n h o!r fai? ?an 8 fai?1 o!r doctr9e ?an 8 doctr9e4 ,all t he approves we approve1 all t he condemns we condemn1 & )\t ! %ad[ ( a res]vation2 we1 ea* ( u1 submit to ! judgm5t ( ! ,holy ,see all our pa/1 all our future writ+s1 ( :at nature soev] !y may be4 ,"h1 at lea/1 ! revolution>y _s seem$ abs5t1 or1 at all ev5ts1 0 9 a hurry to disav[ itself4 #ea ,i am p]suad$ t1 9 hold+ ?is language1 ! ,abb de la ,m5nais 0 s9c]e4 ,:5 an exclusive idea or passion sways a man's m9d1 no?+ is m unkn[n to him ?an 8 own future conduct2 he kn[s ev5 less :at he w d ?an :at he is do+4 ,! ,abb de la ,m5nais no m suspect$ 9 #ahca :at he w\ld say & :at he w\ld d a few ye>s lat]1 ?an ! mo/ viol5t lead]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution suspect$ 9 #aghi :at !y w\ld be & :at !y w\ld d 9 #agic4 ,! c\rt at ,rome 0 cle>]-sight$ ?an its fanatical *ampion2 x _h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! *>m ( ! fir/ works & ( ! fir/ successes ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais4 ,x _h n1 h[ev]1 fail$ to p]ceive :at p]nici\s & dang]\s se$ might !nce g]m9ate4 #eb ,! ,av5ir occasion$ x pr(\nd disquietude2 ! pr9ciples & ! ye>n+s ( mod]n society f\nd !re9 a too ready acceptance2 ! rgime :i* _h gov]n$ ,france s9ce #ahcj 0 too mu* ! object ( its attacks2 x dem&$ too mu* lib]ty1 & made too mu* noise 9 do+ s2 = b5ea? t noise1 & 9 ! %ad[ ( t lib]ty1 f]m5t$ ! an>*ical doctr9es & t5d5cies :i* 9 all cases & places x is ! aim & ! policy ( ! c\rt ( ,rome to conte/4 ,?us ! ,av5ir & its writ]s plac$ h] 9 a position full ( emb>rassm5t2 ,rome 0 anxi\s nei!r 9 any way to ignore ! s]vices t !y _h r5d]$ & t !y might cont9ue to r5d] h]1 nor to lose sight ( ! p]ils t !y made h] incur2 ,rome desir$ to pres]ve sil5ce respect+ ^! writ]s--nei!r to av[ nor disav[ !m--& to leave x to "t to t]m9ate _! transport & _! errors4 ,! ,abb de la ,m5nais did n1 h[ev]1 p]mit ?is expectant policy2 he insi/$ absolutely t ! papacy1 by pron\nc+ ^u 8 doctr9es & ^u 8 attitude1 %\ld publicly ei!r give him h] support or )draw x f him4 #ec ,all ! _w kn[s ( ! j\rney :i* he und]took 9 #ahca to ,rome to obta9 ?is result1 & ( 8 /ay !re 9 company ) ! ,abb ,lacordaire & ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 ?ree obscure ,*ri/ians--to use ! words ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais--m5 :o ?\ght !mselves call$1 accord+ to ! expression ( ! ,abb ,lacordaire be=e ! ,c\r d',assises at ,p>is1 to reconcile ,ca?olicism ) ! _w4 ,! ,pope 7,gregory ,,xvi47 judg$ o!rwise1 & by 8 encyclical ( ! #ae? ,augu/1 #ahcb1 ) regret1 b at ! same "t ) z mu* decision z to ! sub/antial matt]s be=e him z t5d]ness to ! ?ree pilgrims p]sonally1 condemn$ ! ,av5ir1 its doctr9es1 & its t5d5cies4 ,on ! in/ant1 ) ! concurr5ce ( _! fri5ds1 !y decl>$1 all ?ree1 7#aj? ,septemb]1 #ahcb17 t1 respectfully submitt+ !mselves to ! au?ority ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y ab&on$ ! li/s 9 :i* !y _h fai?fully combat$ dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s2 t1 9 consequ5ce1 ! ,av5ir1 :i* _h be5 provisionally susp5d$ ev] s9ce ! #ae? ,novemb] previ\sly1 w\ld no long] appe>1 & t ! ,g5]al ,ag5cy = ! ,def5se ( ,religi\s ,lib]ty 0 dissolv$4 #ed ,z ! fir/ decl>ation ( ! writ]s ( ! ,av5ir1 aft] _! acquittal by ! ,c\r d',assises at ,p>is1 _h be5 s9c]e1 s 0 also ! decl>ation s9c]e :i* 0 publi%$ by !m imm$iately aft] _! condemnation by ! papacy2 b !y promis$ m ?an !y c\ld p]=m4 ,:5 a deep social w\nd has be5 laid b>e1 & measures on a l>ge scale h be5 adopt$ to cure x1 x is no long] 9 ! p[] ( any individual to keep t w\nd secret1 or to /ifle ! hope ( a rem$y4 ,h[ _m times 9 ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury has n ! papacy1 & h n ! ard5t *ampions ( lib]ty1 condemn$ & combat$ ! ef=ts made to reconcile ,ca?olicism ) mod]n civilization1 & to cause ! ,*ur* to accept ! lib]ties ( civil society1 & ! ,/ate to recognize ! rights ( ! ,*ur*8 #ee ,h[ (t5 has ! ,*ur* by its c5sures signaliz$ su* ef=ts z impi\s & suicidal8 ,:at wit1 :at eloqu5ce1 h n be5 display$ by ! ,lib]als to decl>e _! vanity1 _! wor?lessness8 ,to :at reproa*es1 invectives1 & s>casms h n _! advocates _h to submit8 ,b no ecclesia/ical c5sure1 no wra? ( religion1 no mock]y ( lib]alism has arre/$ ! m>* ( ?is great idea4 ,x has made1 & x cont9ues e day to =ce1 its way 9 spite ( condemnations1 attacks1 & ob/acles ( e description4 ,:y8 ,= p>am\nt reasons1 impossible to be lo/ sight (4 ,= ,*ri/ianity & mod]n civilization confront ea* o!r2 !re exi/s 9 ! public a pr(\nd & irrepressible feel+ ( _! reciprocal "r & /r5g?--a pr(\nd & irrepressible feel+ t _! disagreem5t is an imm5se evil = society & = m5's s\ls2 t nei!r ! new civil lib]ties nor ! anci5t =ms ( belief & influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity c ev] p]i%2 t1 necess>y1 bo? ( !m1 to nations & to individuals1 !y are bo? ( !m de/9$ to live1 & consequ5tly to live toge!r4 #ef ,:5 & 9 :at mann] w ?is feel+ realize its object1 & :5 w ! anci5t ,*ur* & mod]n civilization h solv$ ! problem ( _! mutual pacification8 ,no "o c at ?is mom5t pron\nce2 b 9 all c]titude1 ! problem w n = t cease to weigh ^u ! _w1 or ! _w to /rive at its solution4 ,ev5 ! m5 :o1 9 a _s ( pi\s submission or 9 a p>oxysm ( sadness & disc\ragem5t might wi%1 aft] hav+ attempt$ x1 to r5\nce ! "w1 c\ld nev] rema9 inactive be=e a necessity becom+ m & m urg5t2 !y d\btless w\ld n be long be=e !y return$ to ! li/s f :i* !y might h cons5t$ to )draw4 #eg ,& ?is is :at happ5$ to ! ?ree em95t m5 :o _h made s precipitate a j\rney to ,rome1 & _h importun$ h] at an inconv5i5t mom5t1 summon+ h] at once to solve ! mom5t\s que/ions !y _h rais$4 ,!y return$ f ,rome ) ! int5tion ( submitt+ to ! decision ( ! ,pope2 b slumb] to su* s\ls 0 impossible1 & x 0 n long be=e m5 saw !m1 ! ?ree1 resum+1 al?\gh by ! mo/ contr>y pa?s1 all ! activity ( _! m9ds & ( _! lives4 ,! ,abb de la ,m5nais ?rew himself ) impetuosity into ! revolt--a revolt radical aga9/ ! ,*ur* & aga9/ ! ,/ate2 furi\sly dem&+ f ! populace & f revolutions ! success :i* he c\ld n obta9 9 ! bosom ( ord]1 & 9 conc]t ) ! au?ority previ\sly s ard5tly def5d$ by him4 ,f> f foll[+ 9 8 new & viol5t c\rse1 ! ,abb ,lacordaire & ,m4 de ,montalemb]t sep>at$ f him1 & return$ ea* to 8 natural & tranquil position2 ! "o to t ( a simple prie/1 almon] ( ! conv5t ( ! ,visitation1 & prea*] 9 ! *apel ( ! ,college ,/anislas2 ! o!r to t ( a "y & brilliant political orator1 already a favorite 9 ! *amb] ( ,pe]s1 al?\gh its memb]s did n always ?9k or vote ) him4 #eh ,bo? rema9$ ,romani/s at he>t2 !y zeal\sly %>$ 9 ! great movem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 n[ r\s$ f h] slumb]1 b )\t ceas+ to be ,lib]als 9 _! ,ca?olicism1 or )\t arre/+ _! ef=ts to reconcile ! ,*ur* ) ! rgime ( lib]ty4 ,! position ( ea*1 & ! g5ius ( ea*1 det]m9$ ! %>e t he took 9 ! duties1 & ! place t he select$ = ! field ( 8 action4 ,! ,abb ,lacordaire1 f ! pulpit ( ,notre ,dame1 develop$1 or r let me say1 pa9t$1 9 all _! spl5dor1 ! tru?s1 ! beauties1 ! moral & social excell5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 9 ! h\se ( ,pe]s & 9 lit]ature1 0 ! ard5t & indefatigable *ampion ( ! ,*ur*1 ( its maxims1 & ( its rights4 #ei ,to nei!r 0 !re any lack ( success any m ?an any lack ( tal5t & ( zeal4 ,a num]\s auditory1 "y & old1 f ! salons & f ! s*ools1 believ]s & free?9k]s1 flock$ r\nd ! ,abb ,lacordaire1 all feel+ ! attraction1 & almo/ all ! *>m2 _m among !m yield+ to ! p]suasion ( t eloqu5ce s fre% & vivid1 & abundant1 & unlook$ =--impetu\s )\t rud5ess1 h>dy yet graceful1 natural ev5 :]e !re 0 tem]ity ( ?\ght or ( expression1 & repair+ or vail+ ^! faults by ! en*antm5t ( c&or & ( orig9ality4 ,diff]5t1 b n inf]ior1 7 ! m]its & ! successes ( ,m4 de ,montalemb]t4 ,he 0 a combatant "y too1 a fe>less ,*ri/ian1 bo? 9 ! political ar5a & 9 society2 & he c>ri$ ) him 9 8 polemics to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate a s9c]ity ( passion1 a ri* & mobile eloqu5ce1 piquant /rokes ( wit1 an outp\r+ ( indignant conviction1 all ( :i* deeply /irr$ ! emotions ( 8 auditors1 :e!r fri5ds or adv]s>ies1 & left 9 ! m9d ( calm spectators an impression ( approv+ satisfaction1 h[ev] frequ5tly a %ock might be giv5 to _! feel+s ( mod]ation & ( fairness4 #fj ,9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,abb ,lacordaire x _c be d5i$ t _m fail+s & _m omissions are obs]vable2 al?\gh express$ cle>ly & ) vivacity1 8 ?\ght 0 (t5 sup]ficial2 !re 0 9 turn a s+ul> mixture ( precipitate en?usiasm & ( discretion1 ! =m] display+ itself 9 8 exordiums1 ! latt] at ! close ( 8 disc\rses4 ,he ann\nc$ c\rage\sly 8 op9ions1 b accompani$ !m by m res]vations ?an are usually expect$ f "o ( 8 ,*ur* & p>ty3 ?us at ! same "t1 t ?r\gh\t all 8 disc\rses1 & 9 _! g5]al "*1 he %[$ himself ! fri5d ( religi\s lib]ty1 he hesitat$ sometimes ev5 :5 ! occasion requir$ him to proclaim its fundam5tal pr9ciple & to rebuke its violations4 #fa ,on 8 side1 ,m4 de ,montalemb]t gave himself up entirely to ! impression & ! combat ( ! mom5t2 9 8 legitimate ardor = free in/ruction1 ! !n *os5 object ( 8 public life1 he held ob/acles1 h[ev] real1 ( no acc\nt2 he ignor$ ! "t necess>y = its f9al triumph1 z well z ! real progress1 al?\gh p>tial1 :i* x _h obta9$1 f ! co-op]ation or ! suff]ance ( ! gov]nm5t ( #ahcj2 & 9 8 uncompromis+ def5se ( ! ,*ur*1 he 0 m viol5t aga9/ ! memb]s ( ! executive gov]nm5t ?an 8 own s5tim5ts & 8 real political views w\ld1 9 mom5ts ( cool reflection1 h p]mitt$ him to be4 ,! ,abb ,lacordaire did n s\nd suffici5tly ! s\rces ( 8 op9ions2 ,m4 de ,montalemb]t did n prop]ly measure 8 attacks4 ,b 9 spite ( _! %ortcom+s & ( our own1 ( _! faults & ( our own1 9 all ! /ruggles t grew out ( religi\s que/ions betwe5 u1 !y r5d]$ con/antly fai?ful & p[]ful s]vices to _! cause1 :i*1 not)/&+ our diss5tim5ts on o!r po9ts1 0 really ! cause ( ,*ri/'s ,fai? awak+ to new bir? & life on ! bosom ( ,lib]ty4 #fb ,x is n )\t well reflect+ t ,i t]m t our cause4 ,:5 religi\s lib]ty reigns 9 a ,/ate1 x is a great & a too common error to believe t ! /atesm5 *>g$ ) its gov]nm5t h no religi\s belief :atev]2 t !y are c>eless 9 matt]s ( fai? because !y embrace & advocate ! cause ( lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,! s\l does n abdicate ! "r to its prop] & intimate life1 because x respects 9 o!r s\ls ! rights ( t same life2 & no?+ is m logical or m legitimate ?an to su/a9 ) f]vor ! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( consci5ce1 & yet to be at ! same "t a true & an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian4 #fc ,i h n "h to make a pr(ession ( fai? = o!rs2 b ,i affirm t1 f #ahcj to #ahdh1 ! ,pr9ce :om ,i _h ! honor to s]ve1 & ! ,cab9ets to :i* ,i _h ! honor to belong1 n only always _h at he>t ! ma9t5ance1 h[ev] difficult1 ( ! pr9ciple ( religi\s lib]ty1 b t !y always felicitat$ !mselves ^u ! progress made by ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 ev5 :5 ! mann] ( t progress 0 = !m a s\rce ( s]i\s emb>rassm5t4 ,9 #ahda we 7 plac$1 9 ?is respect1 9 a mo/ try+ position4 ,great 0 ! g5]al a/oni%m5t1 & viol5t 7 ! attacks made ^u u1 :51 ) a devot$ness to ,ca?olicism ev5 bold] ?an _h be5 8 conf]5ces at ,notre ,dame1 ! ,abb ,lacordaire return$ f ,rome a monk1 & a monk ( an ord] :i* has left m somb] memories beh9d x ?an any o!r1 t ( ,/4 ,dom9ic4 ,?is is n ! place to exam9e :at ! utility may be 9 our days to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 or to inquire :e!r ! s]vices !y are capable ( r5d]+ ! ,*ur* outweigh ! objections & ! feel+s ( repulsion & uneas9ess :i* !y ar\se4 #fd ,no well-read man c d5y _! hav+1 9 seasons ( *aotic confusion1 effectually s]v$ ! cause1 n only ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 b ( civilization1 ( sci5ce1 & ev5 ( lib]ty4 ,! condition ( society & ( ! human m9d is n[ v diff]5t1 & ! mona/ic ord]s _c take ! same position or produce ! same effects4 ,b :atev] we may ?9k ( ! opportun5ess ( _! recon/ruction1 ( ! "r !re c be no d\bt4 ,"u a sy/em sanction+ fre$om ( consci5ce & free in/itutions1 associations = religi\s purposes _c be worse treat$ ?an ^? = purposes ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 or lit]ature4 ,! ,/ate is requir$ to ex]cise ^u comb9ations ( e k9d a c]ta9 degree ( surveillance2 b d\btless ! union ( s\ls & ( lives "u "o rule & 9 "o co/ume1 ) a view to et]nal int]e/s1 is n a ju/] cause = disquietude ?an a union ( purses & ( labor = ! purpose ( economiz+ bo?1 ) a view to worldly int]e/s4 #fe ,9 #ahbi1 "s "y ,ca?olic ,lib]als1 ,,mm4 de ,c>n1 de ,cazals1 de ,*ampagny1 de ,montalemb]t1 ,foisset de ,meaux1 ,h5ri ,g\raud1 f\nd$ a p]iodical1 ,le ,correspondant1 devot$ to ! reconciliation ( ,ca?olicism ) ! free social in/itutions ( ! age4 ,! ,correspondant _h be5 susp5d$ 9 #ahce1 b reappe>$ 9 #ahdc1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,m4 ,*>les ,l5ormant1 "o ( ^? fri5ds ,i h lo/ :o reta9 9 my memory ! place !y occupi$ 9 my life4 ,9 conduct+ ?is "w1 he kept ev] 9 view ! pr9ciples 9 :i* x _h orig9at$1 & among o!r positions1 he def5d$ 9 #ahde1 ) ! frank intrepidity bo? ( a ,ca?olic & ( a ,lib]al1 ! rights ( ^? religi\s associations :i* 7 at ! "t ! object ( viol5t debate4 ,footnote #g ,footnote #g3 ,des associations religieuses dans le ca?olicisme2 de leur esprit1 de leur hi/oire et de leur av5ir2 p> ,*>les ,l5ormant1 de l',in/itut4 ,p>is3 #ahde4 #ff ,! cab9et ab/a9$ f all measures ( repression1 & left ! new monks freely to _! *ances ( success or failure4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s h s9ce elaps$2 ! ,pre ,lacordaire m\nt$ once m1 9 8 co/ume z a ,dom9ican1 8 pulpit 9 ,notre-,dame2 he resuscitat$ 9 ,france an ord] =gott51 or ! object ( dread only2 & to :at tr\ble or emb>rassm5t1 ,i ask1 to :at compla9ts ev51 has ?is resuscitation l$8 ,to :at pret5sions ( ambition h ^! monks laid claim8 :at turbul5t disposition h !y manife/$8 ,!y h pac$ meekly along our /reets2 !y h prea*$ eloqu5tly 9 our *ur*es2 !y h f\nd$ "s h\ses ( education2 !y h made use ( _! rights z freem51 )\t (f]+ 9 any way to infr+e ! lib]ty ( any o!r class ( citiz5s4 ,m ?an all ?is3 ! s9c]ity ( _! s5tim5ts & language has be5 put to ! pro(2 ! ,pre ,lacordaire resum$1 z a ,dom9ican1 at ,p>is1 at ,t\l\se1 at ,nancy1 at ,bordeaux1 ! conf]5ces & ! prea*+ t _h r5d]$ him popul> z a simple prie/2 !y became1 p]haps1 m lib]al ev5 ?an !y _h be5 orig9ally4 #fg ,:5 ! tempe/ ( #ahdh _h giv5 bir?1 9 ! imag9ations ( all m51 to e k9d ( dream1 & _h op5$ to e ambition e c>e]1 ! ,pre ,lacordaire 0 return$ by ! popul> suffrage z ,deputy to ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,= a mom5t he ?\ght a new era op5+ = 8 ,*ur*--p]haps = himself4 ,9 ?is ar5a1 ^u :i* ! passions ( p>ty 7 un*a9$ amid ! g5]al d>kness re/+ ^u society1 he soon discov]$ t ! prie/ & monk ( our day 0 n 9 8 prop] place2 he )drew f x to resume1 9 8 mode/ retreat at ,sorze1 8 true mission z a ,*ri/ian tea*]4 ,he aft]w>d issu$ f x1 b = a mom5t only1 to express 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy 8 fai? z a ,ca?olic1 & 8 confid5ce 9 ! democratic pr9ciples ( mod]n times4 ,su* are ! peaceable1 su* ! only results among u1 ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ord] ( ! ,dom9icans & ( ! glory ( its re/or]4 #fh ,its only results8 ,n s2 if ! "w ( ! ,pre ,lacordaire did n ex]cise any important influ5ce ^u ! laity1 x 0 att5d$ ) fruitful & salut>y effects 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome itself4 ,l him1 o!r prie/s _h ! c\rage to brave ! prejudices ( ! age respect+ ! religi\s ord]s2 l him1 o!rs refus$ to suff] !mselves to be subjugat$ by ! al>ms felt by mo/ memb]s ( _! ,*ur* at ! names ( ,sci5ce & ( ,lib]ty2 & l him1 !y scrupl$ n to devote !mselves to a common life & a common rule1 to "w toge!r1 accord+ to _! own expressions1 to secure ! triumph ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 & its triumph by means ( ,philosophy & ,sci5ce4 ,?us 0 re-e/abli%$1 "u ! direction ( ! pi\s curate ( ,sa9t-,ro*1 ! ,pre ,pttot1 ! congregation ( ! ,oratoire--t le>n$ & mode/ society t gave to ,france ,malebran*e & ,massillon1 & ( :i* ,bossuet said1 two c5turies ago3 ,! imm5se love = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,c>d9al de ,brulle inspir$ him ) ! design ( =m+ a company1 to :i* he desir$ to give no o!r _s ?an ! v _s ( ! ,*ur*1 no o!r rule ?an its canons1 no o!r sup]iors ?an its bi%ops1 no o!r goods ?an its *>ity1 no o!r solemn v[s ?an ^? ( baptism & ! prie/hood4 444 #fi ,!re1 to =m true prie/s1 !y lead !m to ! f\nta9 ( tru?2 !y h always 9 _! h&s ! sacr$ volume1 to se>* !re unceas+ly its lit]al s5se by /udy1 its _s by pray]1 its dep? ( mean+ by retreat f ! _w1 & its end by *>ity--! t]m9ation ( ev]y?+ & ! treasure ( ,*ri/ianity--',*ri/iani nom9is !saurus1' z ,t]tullian t]ms x4 ,footnote #h ,footnote #h3 ,bossuet1 ,oraison funbre du pre ,b\rgo+1 deliv]$ 9 #affb1 vol4 viii1 p4 #bga4 #gj ,dat+ its re/oration f only ?irte5 ye>s ago1 ! new congregation ( ! ,oratoire is /ill n num]\s1 & rema9s little kn[n2 x is poor1 & x desires to rema9 s2 x has ne$ ( ext5sion & ( support1 b at ! v outset ( its new c>e] x prov$ itself fai?ful to its orig9 & wor?y ( ! words ( ,bossuet4 ,"o ( its f\nd]s1 ! ,pre ,gratry1 took 8 place at once 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 morali/s1 & writ]s ( ! day3 he is a man at once animat$ & g5tle1 full ( 8 peculi> ideas & s5tim5ts1 :i* he c>ries to an en?usia/ic height1 b )\t pride & )\t jeal\sy1 & ard5tly propagat+ !m by 8 books1 8 lectures1 & 8 conv]sation4 ,^! are all di/+ui%$ by eloqu5t appeals to human sympa?ies1 t\*+ ev5 :]e !y d n conv9ce1 & leav+ ! m9d always 9 emotion at ! prospects :i* !y op54 ,ano!r memb] ( ! new ,oratoire1 ! ,pre ,valvog]1 has giv5 a succ9ct acc\nt1 9 a le>n$ "w1 7,introduction hi/orique et critique aux livres du ,n\veau ,te/am5t17 ( ! ,rese>*es & ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ! pr9cipal =eign !ologians4 #ga ,"u ! /rong influ5ce ( ! op9ions ( its fir/ f\nd]s1 & at ! same "t compreh5d+ ! m9d & ! requirem5ts ( ,france at ! pres5t day1 ! ris+ congregation ( ! ,oratoire does n evade exam9ation or discussion2 x respects sci5ce1 & 9 ! religi\s tru?s :i* x tea*es1 & its relations ) ! s\ls t x summons to believe1 x does n %r9k f accept+ fe>lessly ! t]ms & ! =ms ( lib]ty4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is great movem5t ( m5's m9ds 9 matt]s ( religion1 :at has be5 done s9ce ! op5+ ( ?is c5tury by ! *iefs ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,france1 by _! bi%ops & by ! cl]gy1 call$1 by _! alliance ) ! ,/ate & by _! own rights1 to assume ! education & ! ,*ri/ian direction ( ! human s\l8 ,!y 7 at fir/ & especially occupi$ ) ! real resuscitation ( t ,*ri/ian religion1 n[ return+ to ,fr5* society1 to its rank !re & to its mission1 b return+ z exiles return--ill provid$1 disorganiz$1 & to a home t seems no home4 #gb ,to r5d] back to ,france1 n[ ,ca?olic1 *ur*es = its wor%ip1 prie/s = its *ur*es1 sem9>ies to =m its prie/s1 pupils to p ^? sem9>ies2 to assure also to ! edifice ?us ris+ f its ru9s ! "t = its prop] e/abli%m5t & consolidation--su*1 "u ! fir/ empire1 0 ! dom9ant ?\ght1 almo/ ! exclusive ?\ght1 ( ! ,episcopacy1 ( ! cl]gy in/itut$ by ! ,concordat4 ,a "w great & difficult1 = :i* nei!r mat]ials nor workm5 7 at h&1 & :i* requir$ = its accompli%m5t /rong support & a long p]iod ( repose4 ,! cl]gy ( ?is epo* h be5 ju/ly reproa*$ ) _! uni=m obsequi\sness to ! ,emp]or ,napoleon4 ,no d\bt x 0 a %ameful spectacle1 9 #ahaa1 :i* ^? docile bi%ops af=d$1 :5 !y assembl$ 9 c\ncil & 7 nev] we>y ( lavi%+ c>esses ^u ! despot :o _h n only /ripp$ ! *ief ( _! ,*ur*1 ,pius ,,vii41 ( 8 dom9ions1 b 0 !n deta9+ him a prison] at ,savona1 d5y+ 8 natural c\nselors1 ! c>d9als1 all access to him1 refus+ him ev5 a secret>y to write 8 lett]s1 & *>g+ an (fic] ( ! g5d>m]ie to wat* by day & by night all 8 movem5ts4 #gc ,only a s+le fact expla9s & some:at excuses ! pusillanimity ( ! cl]gy :5 confront$ ) ?is tyranny3 ^! bi%ops _h se5 ,*ri/ianity proscrib$1 its *ur*es clos$1 pr(an$1 demoli%$1 its prie/s hunt$ & massacr$1 _! flocks left )\t any wor%ip1 any guide1 any consolation4 ,! *ance ( ! recurr5ce ( su* ev5ts fill$ !m ) horror4 ,:o c\ld affirm t !re 0 no su* *ance1 & t ! reality ( ! eve 0 n ! possibility ( ! morr[8 ,) su* causes ( appreh5sion a good prie/ might feel 8 consci5ce pr(\ndly tr\bl$2 & a timid prie/ might reg>d 8 weakness z ju/ifi$4 ,:at sacrifices 7 n p]missible1 nay1 ev5 imp]ative1 to prev5t su* disa/]s8 #gd ,/ill1 ! viol5t measures ( ,napoleon did n fail to enc\nt]1 sometimes rebukes1 & occasionally resi/ance1 on ! "p ( ! cl]gy2 x 0 n only t "s prelates ,footnote #i 9 ! c\ncil1 ) m c\rage ?an mod]ation1 c5sur$ 8 conduct t[>d ! ,pope3 ! c\ncil itself--=gett+ at la/1 9 its anxiety to v9dicate ! honor ( ! :ole body1 its long habit ( obsequi\sness--vot$ an address to ! ,emp]or1 an act ( indep5d5ce :i* occasion$ its abrupt dissolution4 ,footnote #i3 ,among o!rs ,m4 d',avian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,bordeaux1 ,m4 de ,b\logne1 ,bi%op ( ,troyes1 & ,m4 de ,broglie1 ,bi%op ( ,gaud4 ,& ( ! two ecclesia/ics to ^: c\nsels1 f j motives ( e/eem1 ,napoleon %[$ lea/ dis9cl9ation to give e>1 "o--! ,abb m]y1 ,sup]ior ,g5]al ( ! ,congregation ( ,/4 ,sulpice--_h j previ\sly1 n long be=e he di$1 op5ly1 yet ) dignity1 resi/$ ! ,emp]or2 ,footnote #aj ! o!r1 ,m4 ,duvois91 ,bi%op ( ,nantes1 dictat$ ^u 8 dea?b$ ^! p[]ful & affectionate l9es3 ,i supplicate ! ,emp]or to re/ore ! holy ,fa!r to lib]ty4 ,8 captivity tr\bles ! extreme mom5ts ( my life4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i _h ! honor to in=m ! ,emp]or ( ! affliction :i* ?is captivity is caus+ to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 & ( ! inconv5i5ces :i* w\ld att5d its prolongation4 ,! happ9ess ( 8 ,maje/y himself1 ,i believe1 dep5ds ^u ! return ( 8 ,hol9ess to ,rome4 ,footnote #aj3 ,vie de ,m4 m]y1 suprieur gnral du sm9aire et de la compagnie de ,sa9t-,sulpice1 t4 ii1 pp4 #bcf-cdf4 ,p>is3 #ahfb4 #ge ,idly does ,despotism excuse its arbitr>y acts1 z if !y result$ f ! want ( =esight or ! s]vility ( its flatt]]s2 = ! bl9de/ h _! gleams ( light1 & ev5 ! mo/ timid _! intrepid mom5ts1 dur+ :i* !y speak ! tru?1 al?\gh !y speak x 9 va94 ,"u ! ,re/oration1 x 0 no long] fe>1 b hope--hope1 ill-f\nd$1 too--:i* misl$ ! ,fr5* cl]gy1 betray$ !m into ! commission ( _m faults1 & *eck$ ! progress ( r\s$ ,*ri/5dom4 #gf ,9 ! !n reaction aga9/ ! ,revolution1 ecclesia/ical ambition _h its "p2 p>tisans ( ! ,cr[n & ( ,rome--ard5t ones--"s ?r\gh s9c]e devotion1 o!rs f political calculation1 believ$ x to be necess>y & possible to re/ore to ! ,ca?olic cl]gy a "p at lea/ ( ! social position & ( ! direct au?ority :i* !y _h possess$ be=e #aghi4 ,?is 0 ev9c+ a /range ignorance ( ! fundam5tal "* ( ,fr5* society1 su* z x has be5 made by its hi/ory & by its great mod]n ,revolution4 ,fr5* society is ess5tially & insup]ably laic2 ! sep>ation ( temporals f spirituals1 & ! empire ( ! laity 9 public affairs1 are consummat$ & dom9ant facts1 n to be attack$1 or ev5 m5ac$1 )\t occasion+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole framework ( society an irritation & a disquietude1 p]il\s alike = ,*ur* & = ,/ate4 ,no?+ 9 ,france at ! pres5t mom5t is m fatal to ! influ5ce ( religion ?an ! *ance1 or ! appe>ance ev51 ( ecclesia/ical dom9ation4 #gg ,?is *ance & ?is appe>ance 71 "u ! ,re/oration1 ! plague ( ! ,ca?olic religion & ( ! ,fr5* cl]gy--a plague ! grave consequ5ces ( :i* are ! m to be deplor$ z x 0 nei!r v deep-seat$ nor v =midable4 ,x is a fact too little rem>k$1 t ! cl]gy 7 n !n ! pr9cipal au?ors ( ! faults :i* subsequ5tly bo? !y & religion _h su* cause to rue4 ,no d\bt _m inadmissible claims1 _m unreasonable & (f5sive requirem5ts1 _m ra% expectations1 proce$$ f ! ranks ( ! cl]gy2 b !re 0 9 all ?is m a sugge/ion ( _! pa/ hi/ory1 or an unmean+ vanity1 ?an a real & ard5t ambition2 ev5 ! cl]gy felt in/9ctively t political p[] 0 n n[ suit$ to !m1 & t ,france w\ld no long] accept at _! h&s z m9i/]s ev5 a ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu or a ,c>d9al ,maz>94 #gh ,at fir/ ! contra-revolution>y & non-ecclesia/ical p>ty 9 ! ,*amb] ( #ahae1 &1 aft]w>d1 ! bl9d fanatical cot]ie ( ! ,c\rt ( ,*>les ! ,t5?1 hurri$ ! cl]gy into _! own vortex1 & compromis$ ! cause ( religion by mak+ its m9i/]s in/rum5ts ( _! influ5ce & auxili>ies 9 _! combats4 ,! ecclesia/ics _h n ! c\rage to resi/2 9 spite ( _! di/a/e = ! new _s :i* 0 abroad1 mo/ ( ! bi%ops & ( ! prie/hood1 w>n$ by _! exp]i5ce 9 ! ,revolution1 w\ld h pref]r$ to rema9 out ( ! sph]e ( politics1 & to conf9e !mselves to ! functions ( _! religi\s mission1 r ?an to be con/antly /ruggl+ aga9/ popul> op9ions2 s1 :5 any opportunity pres5t$ itself to %[ _! sympa?y1 !y ha/5$ to embrace x4 ,:51 9 #ahbd1 ! bill ( ,m4 de ,villle = ! conv]sion ( ! ,r5tes creat$ a great /ir among ! ,b\rgeoisie ( ,p>is1 x 0 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 ,m4 de ,qul51 :o con/itut$ himself 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,pe]s ! pr9cipal organ ( ! ,opposition2 & :51 9 #ahbh1 ! movem5t ( public op9ion & ( ! magi/racy aga9/ ! religions congregations wre/$ f ! ,k+ 7,*>les ! ,t5?7 ! ,ordonnances ( ! #ba/ ,june1 ! ,bi%op ( ,beauvais1 ,m4 ,feutries1 at t "t ! ,m9i/] ( ,ecclesia/ical ,affairs1 did n hesitate to c\nt]sign !m4 #gi ,! memb]s ( ! prie/hood live 9 close contact ) ! p1 & _c long rema9 9 ignorance ( ! real /ate ( _! op9ions1 or long p]si/ 9 hold+ !m lightly4 ,! ,fr5* cl]gy1 z a :ole1 7 m resign$ to ! new /ate ( society ?an ,k+ ,*>les ! ,t5? & 8 intimate fri5ds2 ! false ideas & ! unreasonable political pret5sions ( ! mon>* & ( ! cot]ie :i* =m$ 8 c\rt1 f> m ?an ! religi\s bigotry ( ! ,*ur*1 occasion$ ! great faults committ$ "u ! ,re/oration4 #hj ,at all epo*s & 9 all p>ties "s man is always met ) 9 :om are c5t]$ & p]sonifi$ :atev] good s5se1 s\nd views1 & wise purposes !re are 9 ! p>ty to :i* he belongs4 ,su* a man "u ! ,re/oration & = ! lay ,legitimi/s 0 ,m4 de ,villle4 ,true to 8 fri5ds1 he nev]!less knew1 or ,i %\ld r say he promptly le>n$ 9 public life to und]/&1 :at ,france !n actually 01 & :at qualities1 to be successful1 h] gov]nm5t %\ld possess4 ,if he _h _h t[>d 8 p>ty & 8 k+ z mu* indep5d5ce & firmness 9 action z he _h correct appreciation 9 ?\ght1 he might p]haps h obta9$ a m complete & m la/+ success4 ,! cl]gy on _! side also _h at ?is epo* a fai?ful repres5tative ( :atev] religi\s or political sagacity exi/$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,*ur*3 x is "h to ! ,abb ,frayss9\s1 ,bi%op ( ,h]mopolis1 t ! honor & ! m]it belong4 ,8 task 0 f> easi] ?an t ( ,m4 de ,villle1 = he 0 nev] put to any trial3 he _h no /ruggle to su/a92 he rema9$ naturally1 or kept himself volunt>ily1 out ( ! ar5a ( ev5ts & ( p>ties2 b x 0 9 ?is precisely t he %[$ 8 good s5se1 & 8 correct appreciation ( ! p]man5t int]e/s & ! real dispositions ( ! cl]gy ( 8 "t4 #ha ,nei!r z !ologian1 nor z orator1 nor z /atesman 0 ! ,abb ,frayss9\s a man ( em95ce1 or rem>kable = p[] ( intellect2 b 9 ! diff]5t phases ( 8 c>e]1 9 8 p]sonal conduct1 & 9 8 writ+s1 he _h an un]r+ in/9ct ( :at 0 j & possible1 & %[$ no common tact 9 retir+ ) dignity f unt5able positions1 & escap+ f que/ions t he c\ld n settle4 ,^u ^! occasions he w\ld conf9e himself to 8 mission ( a prie/ & morali/ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,f #ahjc to #ahbb he held1 susp5d$1 & resum$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sulpice1 8 conf]5ces ^u religi\s subjects2 rem>kable n only by a judici\s def5se ( ! great tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 b by a cont9u\s1 al?\gh some:at timor\s1 ef=t to place ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( natural ju/ice & ( civil lib]ty4 #hb ,he 0 n1 l ! ,pre ,lacordaire or ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 a ,ca?olic ,lib]al2 he 0 a prie/--mod]ate & equitable1 n f luke-w>mness 9 8 fai?1 b f respect to legal rights & human s5tim5ts4 ,al?\gh 8 conf]5ces _h n ! success & popul>ity t di/+ui%$ lat]1 9 ,notre-,dame1 ^? ( ! ,pre ,lacordaire1 !y attract$ a num]\s auditory1 & ex]cis$ mat]ial influ5ce 9 giv+ to ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity a wid] range & a firm] basis4 ,footnote #aa ,footnote #aa3 ,! conf]5ces ( ! ,abb ,frayss9\s at ,/4 ,sulpice h be5 publi%$ "u ?is title3 ,def5se du ,*ri/ianisme1 ou confr5ces sur la religion4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is3 #ahbe4 ,! ,abb ,frayss9\s publi%$ also 9 #ahah a "w ) ! foll[+ title3 ,les vrais pr9cipes de l'glise gallicane sur la puissance ecclesia/ique1 la ,papaut1 les ,lib]ts gallicanes1 la ,promotion des vques1 les trois ,concordats1 et les ,appels comme d'abus4 #hc ,9 8 "w ^u ! true pr9ciples ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*1 ! ,abb ,frayss9\s manife/$ ! same mod]ate & conciliatory _s--n always trac+ pr9ciples to _! s\rces1 b nev] pu%+ facts or ideas to _! extreme consequ5ces2 :ile rema9+ ! fai?ful s]vant ( ! ,*ur* he %[$ himself also r ! fri5d ( ,*ri/ian peace ?an ! jeal\s advocate ( ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,8 mode ( life 0 z mode/ z 8 op9ions2 he nev] made p[] 8 aim1 nei!r did he ev] seek = honors1 :e!r political1 ecclesia/ical1 or academic2 he decl9$ !m ev5 :5 )9 8 rea*4 ,he jo9$ ! ,cab9et 9 #ahbd1 z ,m9i/] ( ,ecclesia/ical ,affairs & ( ,public ,in/ruction2 he )drew f x 9 #ahbh1 :5 ! m\nt+ wave ( ,lib]alism dem&$ t a m vigor\s policy %\ld be adopt$ aga9/ ! religi\s congregations ?an ! pupil & orator ( ,/4 ,sulpice 0 will+ to sanction4 ,he nei!r _h ! qualities necess>y = gov]n+ ! ,fr5* cl]gy1 nor did he pret5d to gov]n !m2 b he repres5t$ !m1 nev]!less1 9 all _! m irreproa*able & prud5t op9ions4 #hd ,un=tunately1 m]e common s5se & prud5ce d n suffice m 9 ! ,*ur* ?an 9 ! ,/ate to save nations f ! consequ5ces ( _! faults ( omission & commission2 = ?is object1 high] qualities are necess>y z well z m rude ef=ts4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ effects ( ! ,revolution 9 #ahcj1 to make visible to all ! injury t ! faults ( _! fri5ds1 r ?an ! bl[s ( _! adv]s>ies1 _h inflict$1 "u ! ,re/oration1 ^u ! cl]gy1 & ?r\gh ! cl]gy ^u religion4 ,! acts ( viol5ce :i*1 dur+ ! revolution>y crisis f #ahcj to #ahcb1 7 direct$ at ! ,*ur*es--! crosses ?r[n d[n1 ! insult+ cries1 & anti*ri/ian manife/ations2 a little lat]1 ! riot be=e ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 on ! occasion ( ! s]vice celebrat$ on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ! ,duke de ,b]ri--! ar*iepiscopal palace ru9$ & pillag$--! *ur* brok5 into & clos$--! m5aces direct$ at ! prie/s--:at 7 all ^! deplorable acts b ! explosion ( a popul> reaction1 provok$ by ! %>e a "p ( ! cl]gy _h tak5 9 favor ( a retrograde policy--( a return to ! anci5t rgime & to absolutism8 #he ,viol5t m5 pr(it$ by ?is reaction to satisfy _! impiety & lic5ti\sness1 b !y c\ld nev] h excit$ ! movem5t or made x successful _h !y hoi/$ _! own bann]2 !re mu/ be "s little tru? be=e a populace w suff] itself to be s misl$2 & ! cr[d :o 9 ,febru>y1 #ahca1 s furi\sly rose 9 insurrection be=e ,/4 ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 w\ld h paus$ 9 a/oni%m5t _h x p]ceiv$ t :at x 0 s brutally attack+ & de/roy+ 0--n ! anci5t rgime1 n absolutism--b religion & lib]ty4 ,to put an end to ?is confusion1 full at once ( deception & ( p]il1 b a s+le ?+ 0 requir$3 to bani% f ! ,*ur*1 & f its relations ) ! ,/ate1 worldly ambition & influ5ces1 & to replace !m by influ5ces ( a moral description2 in/ead ( a political bann]1 !y %\ld h only hoi/$ ! bann] ( religi\s fai? & lib]ty ( consci5ce4 #hf ,t 0 ! great "w1 or1 to use a bett] expression1 ! great progress1 :i* f #ahcj to #ahdh 0 aim$ at & accompli%$4 ,! ef=ts made & ! debates in/itut$ at ?is epo* by ! mo/ em95t *ampions ( ! ,*ur* are rem>kable1 because !y no long] propos$ to re/ore any fragm5t ( its anci5t p[]1 b to insure to x its place & its %>e 9 ! new public in/itutions ( lib]ty4 ,! little militant p>ty ( ,ca?olic ,lib]als quitt$ ! ar5a ( ! anci5t political regime1 & took up _! position on t ( ! new con/itution1 claim+ = ! ,*ur*1 = its m9i/]s1 & = its fai?ful subjects1 ! ex]cise ( all ! rights & ! free developm5t ( all ! p[] t1 "u ! con/itution1 ei!r belong$1 or ought to belong1 to all citiz5s4 #hg ,!y made no res]vation ( op9ion1 no ef=t m or less cov]t1 9 fur!rance ( any pret5sions ( bygone times1 :e!r dyna/ic1 ari/ocratic1 or !ocratic2 ! frank acceptance ( ! pres5t age & actual society1 provid$ t ,*ri/ian fai?1 ,*ri/ian morals1 & ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 might h free room to "w2 su* 01 9 ! mid/ ( all ! factions & political plott+s ( ?is p]iod1 ! con/ant attitude ( ! ,ca?olic ,lib]al p>ty1 t is1 ( ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 ! ,pre ,lacordaire1 ,m4 ,*>les ,l5ormant1 ,fr$]ic ,ozanam1 & ( ! fri5ds 9 small numb] gr\p$ ar\nd !m4 ,:oev] feels a/oni%$ t _! numb] 0 s small1 %[s little acqua9tance ) our c\ntry or our times4 ,! ent]prise :i* !y und]took 0 s+ul>ly bold & difficult2 to drag ,france out ( its rut ( incr$ulity & irreligion1 & at ! same "t to extricate ,ca?olicism f its rut ( impolicy1 its alliance ) absolutism1 its timor\s immobility 9 ! pres5ce ( lib]ty2 to proclaim & simultane\sly to def5d1 9 spirituals1 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 &1 9 temporals1 ! regime ( lib]ty4 #hh ,c]ta9ly 9 ,france1 & 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ! devotion ( m5 to su* a task supposes an en?usiasm & an en]gy ( conviction ( :i* few are capable2 & if ! new ,*ri/ian ,lib]als flatt]$ !mselves t success w\ld be easy1 ev5ts mu/ soon h disabus$ !m4 ,attack$ ) ardor by ! oppon5ts ( all religion1 !y 7 also assail$ by ,ca?olics devot$ to ! anci5t rgime ( ! ,*ur*1 & al>m$ at ! new sy/em press$ ^u _! acceptance4 ,! =m] ( ^! two attacks caus$ ! ,ca?olic ,lib]als nei!r surprise nor emb>rassm5t2 b ! latt] br\ght ) x bitt] annoyance & disappo9tm5t1 = !y f\nd directly oppos$ to !m memb]s ( _! own fai?4 ,soon !y 7 to h z _! adv]s>y a man :o1 by 8 vigor\s tal5ts--employ$ ) equal viol5ce aga9/ ! incr$ul\s ( all %ades ( op9ions1 & aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,lib]als--too ex]cis$ an influ5ce ^u a great numb] ( ,ca?olics1 :e!r ( ! laity or prie/hood1 & indispos$ !m to any reconciliation ) t mod]n society :i* he irritat$ /ill m aga9/ !m4 #hi ,i knew ,m4 ,veuillot at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 lit]>y c>e]1 :5 he accompani$ ,g5]al ,bugeaud to ! seat ( 8 gov]nm5t 9 ,alg]ia4 ,at ?is epo* he address$ to me two memorials ^u ! subject ( ! moral condition ( ! colony & ( ! army4 ,!y /ruck me by _! decid$ tone1 & ! /raight=w>dness & c&or ) :i* he express$ s5tim5ts already di/+ui%$ by devotion4 ,already he reg>d$ ! religion ( 8 own ,*ur*1 & ( x alone1 z ! sure basis ( human morality & social ord]2 b he _h n yet proclaim$ z 8 doctr9e ! deplorable error t ,fai? enjo9s w> ^u ,lib]ty4 ,he m]it$ a bett] und]/&+ ( ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity2 he m]it$ to be a bett] advocate ( ! ,*ur* at ,rome ?an an advocate :o1 al?\gh "o ( its mo/ devot$ def5d]s1 has yet mo/ injur$ ! cause t he s\ght to s]ve4 #ij ,^! political revolutions & ^! dome/ic diss5sions left1 9 ! p]iod t ensu$ aft] #ahcj1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 a difficult situation1 b 9 "o salut>y = x & fruitful ( consequ5ces4 ,! cl]gy no long] c\nt$ on ! favor ( ,gov]nm5t1 b !y _h at ! same "t to fe> f x nei!r viol5ce nor ho/ility4 ,left to !mselves1 !y felt ! necessity ( indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & saw t !y mu/ replace cr$it ) ! au?orities by influ5ce ) ! c\ntry2 & ?is influ5ce !y 7 likely to obta94 ,if !y did n possess all ! privileges :i* !y covet$1 !y _h en\gh to enable !m e day to conqu] additional p[]s1 suppos+ !m will+ & sagaci\s en\gh to take ! tr\ble & employ ! "r means4 #ia ,9 my op9ion1 !y did n d at ?is epo*1 9 ! int]e/ ( religion & ( ! ,*ur*1 all t _! position p]mitt$1 or all t _! mission requir$ at _! h&s2 b temporal or spiritual gov]nors1 layman or prie/s1 :o ev] did1 ,i d n say :at he ought1 b :at he c\ld h done8 ,! great] "p ( ! bi%ops & ( ! prie/s 7 vacillat+ & timor\s2 ! problem be=e !m w5t beyond _! op9ions1 & ! ev5ts beyond _! /r5g?2 ! impetu\s ,lib]alism ( ,m4 de ,montalemb]t & ( 8 fri5ds disquiet$ !m2 !y saw 9 him r a valiant *ampion ?an a repres5tative !y c\ld rely ^u4 ,among ^? :o jo9$ ) him 9 ! /ruggle = ! fre$om ( in/ruction1 !re 7 "s :o %[$1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,gov]nm5t ( #ahcj & ! ,univ]sity1 little fairness or prud5ce3 ^! injur$ ! cause r ?an s]v$ x4 ,:e!r f submission to ord]s f ,rome1 or f _! natural impulse1 ! cl]gy1 tak5 z a :ole1 %[$ little ta/e = lib]ty2 ev5 :ile !y dem&$ x1 !y 7 r incl9$ to immobility ?an progress4 #ib ,b :atev] ! fe>s & hesitations ( individuals1 :5 ! g5]al curr5t ( ideas & ( popul> op9ions once p5etrates to ! classes lea/ dispos$ to ent]ta9 !m1 x nev] fails1 :e!r !y av[ x1 or :e!r !y ev5 "k x1 to swell & to advance4 ,ar\nd & among ! cl]gy !mselves ! _s ( progress & ( lib]ty ga9$ gr\nd1 al?\gh by ins5sible degrees4 ,"h & !re individual prie/s1 l ! ,abb ,bauta91 =m]ly a /ud5t ) ,m4 ,j\ffroy at ! cole ,normale1 & ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s at ,/rasb\rg1 propagat$ 9 ! ,*ur* ! lib]al movem5t1 =m+ = x 9 diff]5t places new c5t]s ( action4 ,! _s :i* _h awak5$ ,*ri/ianity manife/$ itself1 too1 9 our great lay e/abli%m5ts = ! high] c\rse ( in/ruction2 n always )\t *eck1 b /ill ) a success ! m conspicu\s ! m x 0 conte/$4 #ic ,9 #ahdf1 "s di/urbances1 occasion$ by a ?\ghtless & pu]ile intol]ance1 made by ,m4 ,l5ormant1 at t "t my sub/itute 7supplant7 9 ! *air ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory at ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s1 det]m9e to )draw f ! ,sorbonne1 :]e he _h made a c\rage\s av[al ( 8 fai?2 b ,m4 ,ozanam1 ! wor?y successor to ! *air ( ,m4 ,fauriel1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! same place ! same pr9ciples ) a m successful p]sev]ance1 & ) su* a dep? ( conviction & su* a w>m? ( emotion t sometimes he c>ri$ ! feel+s ( 8 auditors away ) him1 & sometimes comm&$ respectful att5tion ev5 f ^? mo/ confirm$ 9 _! incr$ulity4 ,& :ile ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ?us manife/+ itself 9 ! free ,faculty ( ,lett]s1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,faculty ( ,!ology atte/$1 "u t same ro(1 a notable progress 9 k & 9 ,lib]alism4 ,! ,abb ,m>et1 9 8 lectures on ! ,dogmas ( ,religion1 ! ,abb ,frre1 9 8 disc\rses on ! ,scriptures2 ! ,abb ,dupanl\p & ! ,abb ,g]bet1 9 _! lectures on ,sacr$ ,eloqu5ce1 display$ n only a firm & active fai?1 b views ^u philosophy1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature1 necess>ily imply+ an acqua9tance ) ! works ( human sci5ce1 & an appreciation ( ! rights ( lib]ty4 #id ,ecclesia/ics & laym51 n memb]s ( ! sci5tific e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,/ate1 publi%$1 "u ! "n ( ! ,univ]sit ,ca?olique1 a s]ies ( c\rses 9 :i* philosophy1 hi/ory1 natural sci5ces1 ar*aeology1 & ! arts 7 expla9$ & taught 9 h>mony ) ! dogmas & s5tim5ts ( religi\s m54 ,& ev5 f> f ,p>is1 9 sev]al great episcopal sem9>ies1 classical & !ological /udies took a wid] range1 & atta9$ a sci5tific value t !y _h n = a long "t possess$4 ,fai?1 if x ha? n works1 is dead1 be+ alone1 says ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,james4 ,*ri/ianity has borne abundant fruits s9ce its awak5+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury4 ,i h be=e me ! ,manual des uvres et in/itutions de *>it de ,p>is1 publi%$ 9 #ahfb1 by ord] ( ! ar*bi%op1 ,m4 ,sib\r4 #ie ,indep5d5tly ( ! e/abli%m5ts "u ! direction ( ,gov]nm5t1 ,i f9d 9 x #ajg *>itable in/itutions or associations1 ( e k9d1 orig9at$ & support$ by zeal\s ,*ri/ians 9 ! int]val betwe5 #ahbj & #ahdh4 ,( ^! ,i w only cite "s ( ! pr9cipal ones1 to e/abli% _! "* & _! progress4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbb ! idea /ruck two poor s]vants at ,lyons to make ! r\nds ( _! p>i% & collect weekly "o s\ f ea* p]son1 9 aid ( ! conv]sion ( infidels4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! association call$ l'uvre de la propagation de la ,foi1 n[ "u ! direction ( two c\ncils1 compos$ ( memb]s ( ! cl]gy & ( ! laity1 hav+ _! sitt+s1 "o at ,lyons1 ! o!r at ,p>is4 ,! report publi%$ by ?is association 9 ,june1 #ahbd1 %[$ = ! two ye>s1 #ahbc & #ahbd1 a receipt ( #hj1jjj fr41 7#cbjjl47 ,?is association receiv$ 9 #ahfd ! sum ( #e1jij1jda fr4 #dh c5t41 7#bjc1fjal4 #acs4 #c;d417 9 :i* am\nt ,france alone figures = #c1dgi1bij fr4 #fe c5t41 7#aci1agal4 #abs4 #f;d417 & x divid$ #d1feh1fgb fr4 #ef c5t4 7#ahf1cdfl4 #ahs4 #f;d47 among five hundr$ dioceses1 & appropriat$ ^? funds to ! support ( ! ,ca?olic mission>ies 9 ! five p>ts ( ! _w4 #if ,x c\nt$ f ! ye> #aheb1 #a1ejj1jjj subscrib]s1 & x di/ribut$ #agj1jjj copies ( its ,annals1 7,annales de propagation de la ,foi17 :i* =m a sequel to ! ,lettres dificantes1 & keep ! ,*ri/ian _w in=m$ ( _! do+s4 ,9 ,may1 #ahcc1 eight "y m51 at ! sugge/ion ( ,fr$]ic ,ozanam1 wi%+1 said ! ,p] ,lacordaire1 to give "o m pro( ( :at ,*ri/ianity c effect 9 behalf ( ! poor1 began to asc5d to ^? upp] /ories :i* 7 ! hidd5 haunts ( ! mis]y ( _! qu>t]4 ,m5 saw y\?s 9 ! fl[] ( _! age & fre% f s*ool regul>ly visit+1 )\t any feel+ ( repulsion1 ! mo/ abject habitations1 & convey+ to _! unkn[n & suff]+ t5ants a pass+ vision ( *>ity4 #ig ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 9 #ahec1 ,ozanam said at ,flor5ce1 :5 on 8 dea?-b$3 ,in/ead ( eight only1 at ,p>is alone we are two ?\s& /rong1 & we visit five ?\s& families1 t is to say1 ab\t tw5ty ?\s& individuals1 or a qu>t] ( ! poor conta9$ 9 t great city4 ,! conf]5ces 9 ,france alone numb] five hundr$1 & we h !m too 9 ,engl&1 9 ,spa91 ,belgium1 ,am]ica1 & ev5 9 ,j]usalem4 ,n9e ye>s aft]w>d1 9 #ahfb1 :5 ! ,gov]nm5t1 li/5+ to mi/ak5 c\nsels1 suppress$ ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,conf]5ces ( ,/4 ,v9c5t de ,paul1 & by do+ s de/roy$ ! c5tral bond t kept ! society toge!r1 ! latt] c\nt$ m ?an #cjjj local conf]5ces2 x consi/$ ( ab\t #cj1jjj memb]s1 :o visit$ 9 _! homes m ?an #ajj1jjj indig5t families1 & _h already introduc$ into ! great] "p ( ! pr9cipal cities a sy/em :i* ex]cis$ a control ov] ! int]e/s ( appr5tices & ( prison]s4 #ih ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! same epo* ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 ^: numb]1 a c5tury aft] _! f\ndation by ,/4 ,v9c5t de ,paul1 _h n exce$$ #aejj1 already rea*$ #ah1jjj1 ( :om #af1jjj 7 ,fr5*wom52 & at ?is mom5t !y are ply+ ?r\gh\t ! _w _! works ( piety & *>ity4 ,ano!r society1 ,les petites surs des pauvres1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahde1 9 imitation ( ,jeanne ,jugan1 a poor s]vant1 a native ( ,brittany1 :o _h be5 j cr[n$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,?is society receives & succors 9 _! e/abli%m5t ne>ly #bj1jjj ag$ m54 ,ano!r association1 ,les ,frres de la doctr9e ,*rti5ne1 :i* _h 9 ! ye> #ahdd1 #dfh s*ools1 ma9ta9s ?is ye> 7#ahfe7 #ibj1 & ! numb] ( ! pupils has increas$ f #aih1ahh to #cce1chb4 ,/ate & ecclesia/ical docum5ts atte/1 t by concurr+ causes ( enc\ragem5t on ! "p ( ! ,/ate1 ( local subv5tions & ( private donations1 t5 ?\s& *ur*es h be51 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 built1 rebuilt1 or suitably adapt$ = ! p]=mance ( ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 #ii ,i might cite _m simil> facts4 ,9 all ! directions & "u all ! =ms 9 :i* piety & *>ity manife/ !mselves1 fai? & lib]ty1 & fai? & sci5ce h1 s9ce ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity & s9ce ! cause ( religion has be5 sep>at$ f politics1 drawn ne>] to "o ano!r1 & fai? & its manife/ation by *>ity h made a simultane\s advance & a l progress4 ,_h ! ,gov]nm5t ( #ahcj rema9$ /&+2 _h ,/ate & ,*ur* ea* reta9$ reciprocally ! same situation & ! same attitude1 ! facts to :i* ,i h j allud$ might h long rema9$ unobs]v$4 ,society does n1 any m ?an individuals1 r5d] an acc\nt to itself ( ! intimate relations ( its exi/5ce1 or ( ! trans=mations to :i* ^! give rise2 b ,provid5ce has its mom5ts :5 x sudd5ly light5s up ! /age ( ! _w & reveals to all actors & spectators ! import & ! effect ( :at is pass+ ar\nd !m4 #ajj ,! ,revolution ( #ahdh ?rew ^u ! progress ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & its relations ) ,fr5* society s9ce #ahcj ! cle> light ( su* a revelation4 ,9 ?is sudd5 subv]sion ( all ?+s1 9 ! pres5ce ( a republic extemporiz$ ^u ! ru9s ( ?ree mon>*ies--! mon>*y ( glory1 ! mon>*y ( tradition1 & ! mon>*y ( public op9ion--9 ! mid/ ( ?is nation1 sudd5ly insurg5t & beyond ei!r its aim or expectation sov]eign1 :at became ( ! ,*ur*8 ,:at did its m9i/]s8 ,if "s ( !m p>ticipat$ 9 ! curr5t dreams1 c]ta9ly ! majority 7 full ( angui% & al>m2 !y did n combat ! new in/itutions2 !y did n pret5d to ex]cise any influ5ce = or aga9/ any p>ty2 !y s\ght only to purify ! ,republic by secur+ 9 x a place = ,religion2 !y did n /& alo( f ! p2 !y %[$ !mselves1 9 its great assemblages & 9 its ftes1 plant+ ! cross ( ,jesus by ! side ( ! tree ( lib]ty4 #aja ,nev] did ! ,*ur* /& s alo( f politics2 nev] 0 %e m mode/ 9 h] attitude2 nev] less exact+--,i w n say m obsequi\s1 z f> z ! ,gov]nm5t or ! public 0 conc]n$2 nev] m absorb$ ) h] mission ( piety & morality1 :atev] ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,france might be1 & :oev] h] ma/]s4 ,& :at 9 _! turn 0 ! conduct ( ! p t[>d ! ,*ur*8 ,i d n mean to say t !y confid$ 9 h]1 or %[$ h] mu* affection4 ,! popul> movem5t 9 #ahdh 0 no d\bt f> f be+ religi\s2 & ! ideas1 acts1 & language :i* proce$$ f x e in/ant1 7 well calculat$ to di/urb & sadd5 ! he>ts ( ,*ri/ians2 b religion & its m9i/]s 7 9 no respect ill treat$1 insult$1 or p]secut$2 _! =ms ( wor%ip 7 n int]rupt$3 :5 !y %[$ !mselves out ( doors1 !y 7 receiv$ ) respect2 & at ! sight ( a virtu\s ar*bi%op mortally w\nd$ 9 ! /reets1 9 ! v endeavor to appease ! civil w> by ! exhibition ( ! cross1 a pa9ful /upor seiz$ ! p2 a pang ( remorse & ( %ame trav]s$ ^? masses ( disbeliev]s at ! sight ( a m>tyr4 #ajb ,x 0 cle> t 9 ! int]val betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdh1 al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h n ar\s$ 9 ! p ei!r fai? or sympa?y1 t ,*ur* _h at lea/ won lib]ty & peace4 ,:5 ! revolution>y fev] _h subsid$1 :5 ! ,republic _h giv5 itself a *ief1 & 0 wait+ = a ma/]1 x 0 no long] 9 ! /reet1 by popul> impressions1 b 9 ! ,assemblies1 & by ! con/itut$ au?orities1 t ! great que/ions ( ! day 7 put & 7 solv$4 ,!re1 too1 ! progress1 :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h made1 became imm$iately evid5t1 & its ga9s 7 asc]ta9$4 ,x c\nt$ at ?is mom5t among its mo/ zeal\s s]vants a man new to public affairs1 :o _h ent]$ political life z an adh]5t ( ! ,legitimi/ ,opposition to ! ,mon>*y ( #ahcj1 a man :o accept$ ! ,republic1 & _h acquir$ 9 a few days a j r5[n by 8 c\rage\s resi/ance to an>*y4 #ajc ,by a *oice1 =tunate b at ! same "t un=ese51 ,m4 de ,fall\x became ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction & ( ,wor%ip 9 ! fir/ cab9et =m$ by ! ,pr9ce ,presid5t ( ! ,republic4 ,! new m9i/] imm$iately devot$ himself to ! important measure t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h _h 9 view ev] s9ce ! ye> #ahcj1 t is1 to ! complete e/abli%m5t1 "u ! sanction ( ! law1 ( ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty ( in/ruction4 ,he proce$$ 9 8 task at once ) intellig5ce & boldness4 ,to prep>e 8 project ( law1 he appo9t$ a num]\s commission1 & summon$ to x ! mo/ em95t m51 :o repres5t$ views & int]e/s ! mo/ div]se2 laym5 & ecclesia/ics1 ,romani/s1 ,prote/ants & philosoph]s1 ,republicans1 ,legitimi/s1 ,orleani/s & ,bonap>ti/s1 ,m4 ,?i]s & ! ,abb ,dupanl\p1 ,m4 ,c\s9 & ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 ,m4 ,sa9t ,m>c ,gir>d9 & ,m4 ,co*91 ,m4 ,cuvi] & ! ,abb ,sib\r4 ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,! foll[+ is a complete li/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,commission1 z giv5 9 ! ,moniteur ( ! #bb;d ,june1 #ahdi3 ,m4 ,?i]s1 presid5t2 ,,mm4 ,c\s91 ,/4 ,m>c ,gir>d91 ,dubois1 ! ,abb ,dupanl\p1 ,peup91 ,janvi]1 ,laur5tie1 ,freslon1 ,ballaguet1 de ,montalemb]t1 ,fresneau1 ,p\la9 de ,bossay1 ,cuvi]1 ,mi*el1 ,arm& de ,melun1 ,h5ri de ,riancey1 ,co*91 ! ,abb ,sib\r1 ,r\x-,lav]gne1 de ,montreuil-,h\sset1 & ,alexis ,*evali]1 secret>y4 #ajd ,m4 ,?i]s 0 ! presid5t ( ?is commission1 :i* sat dur+ five mon?s4 ,x discuss$ e "q respect+ ! organization ( public in/ruction ) a passionate ardor1 &1 at ! same "t1 ) an e>ne/ & s9c]e desire to conciliate1 by _! resolutions1 all op9ions4 ,accord+ to ! "* ( ! times & ! /ate ( public s5tim5t1 critical & p]il\s situations precipitate m5 sometimes to ! commission ( insane acts ( viol5ce1 & sometimes keep !m )9 ! l9e ( fairness & prud5ce4 ,! project ( law :i* issu$ f ! commission ( ,m4 de ,fall\x _h ! m]it ( prud5ce4 #aje ,9 mak+ mutual concessions1 ! repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t sy/ems took good c>e to prote/ t !y did n r5\nce _! peculi> pr9ciples--a language :i* made sometimes _! resolutions h ! air ( a sup]ficial & incoh]5t compromise2 b m5 c\ld1 nev]!less1 obs]ve h[ conspicu\s t project 0 = its l>ge & practical "*1 & its respect = diff]5t rights2 & !y c\ld also see h[ ! ,/ate1 ! ,*ur*1 & private e/abli%m5ts 7 left free to compete 9 matt]s ( public in/ruction4 ,:5 ?is project 0 discuss$ 9 ! ,legislative ,assembly1 ,m4 de ,fall\x 0 no long] m9i/]2 b ! impulse _h be5 giv51 & 8 measure 0 out ( dang]2 8 successor1 ,m4 de ,p>i51 too1 gave x ! support :i* x des]v$2 & aft] a discussion :i* occupi$ ?irty-sev5 sitt+s1 ! ,assembly1 by a /rong majority1 pass$ ! law1 )\t introduc+ any important modification4 ,! ,lib]ty ( ,in/ruction 0 f\nd$4 #ajf ,fifte5 ye>s h pass$1 & x subsi/s4 ,! ,/ate1 ! ,*ur*1 private in/itutions f\nd$ by laym5 or by ecclesia/ics1 h compet$ actively dur+ all t p]iod4 ,religi\s congregations1 ,laz>i/s1 ,dom9icans1 ,oratorians1 ,jesuits1 h 9 ?is /ruggle display$ all ! en?usiasm ( fai?1 all ! ardor ( reciprocal rivalry4 ,! ,jesuits1 s9ce ! ye> #ahej1 h op5$ tw5ty colleges = second>y in/ruction1 & h f\nd$ at ,p>is1 = c\rses ( /udy prep>atory to ! special s*ools1 an e/abli%m5t ^: successes h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! gov]nm5t & ( ! public2 = x s5ds e ye> to ! ,milit>y ,s*ools1 ! ,polyte*nic1 ,naval1 or ,c5tral1 an extraord9>y numb] ( successful c&idates1 :o h pass$ ) honor1 al?\gh ! competition has be5 ext5sive & ! exam9ations are sev]e4 #ajg ,a great s*ool1 f\nd$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is = ! high] bran*es ( ecclesia/ical /udy 9 ! anci5t h\se ( ! ,c>melites1 has =m$ prie/s :o1 9 ! public exam9ations & !ses1 h prov$ !mselves capable ( tak+ rank by ! side ( ! be/ pupils ( ! lay e/abli%m5t ( ! cole ,normale ,suprieure4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,univ]sity has enc\nt]$ num]\s & ard5t rivals2 & x has be5 at ! same "t 9 its own int]ior a prey to pa9ful trials4 ,"u ! pretext ( an int]e/ = /udies ( a sci5tific & practical nature1 classical & philosophical /udies h be5 displac$ & depreciat$4 ,at ! v mom5t t ! ,univ]sity 0 los+ its privileges beyond1 x saw its pr9ciples & its organization %ak5 inside its walls4 ,fai?ful to h] convictions & traditions1 ev5 :ile accept+ ! exp]im5ts & ! /ruggles t 7 =c$ ^u h]1 ! ,univ]sity has surm\nt$ p]ils f )9 & rivalries f )\t2 on ! "o side1 little by little1 x has return$ to its sy/em ( a l>ge & solid tea*+ ( ! classics2 on ! o!r1 ! level ( ! /udies 9 its pr9cipal e/abli%m5ts has be5 rais$1 & ! numb] ( its pupils has be5 ev] on ! increase4 #ajh ,! ,lyces c\nt$ 79 #ahej7 #ai1cjj2 !y h n[ 7#ahfe7 m ?an #cj1jjj pupils4 ,! ,/ate has ?r[n op5 ! c>e] ( in/ruction to ! ,*ur*1 & has at ! same "t r$\bl$ its own solicitude & success4 ,lib]ty ( in/ruction has calm$ bo? ! anxieties ( ! religi\s p>ty t made !m dem& x1 & ^? anxieties ( ! laity :i* t lib]ty _h inspir$4 ,x has giv5 peace to ! ,/ate & to ! ,*ur*1 at ! same "t t x has excit$ _! emulation & /imulat$ _! progress4 ,an incid5t :i* made "s noise at ! "t has1 "u ! new regime1 %[n ! =ce ( ! ,lib]al _s1 & prov$ t1 :5 ne$$1 x w\ld h un=ese5 def5d]s4 #aji ,"u ! influ5ce ( a bl9d zeal1 a pi\s ecclesia/ic1 ! ,abb ,graume1 dem&$ by :at "r ! lit]ature ( pagan antiquity occupi$ ! place x did 9 public tea*+2 d5\nc$ x z ! dev\r+ cank] ( mod]n societies2 & insi/$ t ! ,*ri/ian classics %\ld replace 9 our s*ools ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics4 ,:at 0 ?is b to reject "o ( ! great cradles ( mod]n civilization2 to condemn ! r5aissance ( lit]ature 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z well z ! religi\s re=m 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & to close to ! m9ds ( ris+ g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! _w6 ,?is attack ^u ! sy/em ( public in/ruction :i* _h be5 9 vigor dur+ ! la/ f\r c5turies 9 all ! ,/ates ( ,*ri/5dom1 met f a "p ( ! ,romani/s ) a sympa!tic reception3 bi%ops1 em95t = le>n+1 ?ank$ its au?or2 ,m4 ,veuillot con/itut$ himself 8 *ampion4 ,b 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* itself1 z well z 9 ! ,univ]sity1 ! fire ( ! def5se sil5c$ t ( ! attack2 ecclesia/ics1 z em95t by _! piety z by _! sci5ce1 ! ,bi%op ( ,orleans at _! head1 proclaim$ al\d _! sympa?y = ! compreh5sive s*eme & ! lib]al /udies :i* embrace all ! fair works ( man's intellig5ce4 #aaj ,! ,jesuits on ?is occasion set an example ( broad views & common s5se2 !y introduc$ no modification into ! programmes ( _! colleges2 ! ,pres ,cah\x & ,daniel demon/rat$ _! propriety1 nay1 _! necessity2 & ! lit]ature ( ! ,greeks & ( ! ,romans has pres]v$ 9 ! education ( ,*ri/ians ! place :i* x ga9$ 9 _! hi/ory by ! "r ( g5ius & by ! spl5dor ( its productions4 ,sc>cely _h ?is controv]sy on a lit]>y & moral subject be5 settl$1 :5 que/ions ( f> m gravity 7 rais$1 & m pr(\ndly agitat$ ,*ri/ian society4 ,*ri/ians f\nd !mselves attack$ simultane\sly ^u sci5tific & ^u political gr\nds4 ,m5 d5i$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? its reasonabl5ess & its vital s\rces--to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome its traditional & hi/orical rgime1 & ! temporal p[] ( its *ief4 #aaa ,two ?+s /rike me 9 ?is d\ble attack--on ! "o h& its timidity1 yet gravity2 on ! o!r1 ! p[]ful resi/ance :i* x enc\nt]s4 ,no?+ is less novel ?an a d5ial ( ! sup]natural "* ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( its primitive facts1 ( its miracles1 ( ! div9ity ( its f\nd]4 ,! eighte5? c5tury c>ri$ on ?is w> 9 a f> m viol5t1 rude1 & iniquit\s _s ?an ! n9ete5? c5tury has done4 ,m4 ,r5an1 9 ! attempt to de?rone ,jesus1 has at lea/ treat$ him ) admiration & respect2 n f calculation1 ,i feel assur$1 b f ! natural tone ( 8 m9d4 ,9 our "t1 m5 h in/9cts & ta/es1 at once inconsequ5t & prud5t2 at ! v "t :5 !y engage 9 a deadly /ruggle !y affect to c>ry ?i!r ! cool imp>tiality ( spectators2 !y flatt] !mselves t !y unite ! acum5 ( ! critic to ! feel+ ( ! poet4 ,! skeptic %[s no dis9cl9ation to play ! my/ic2 & ! erudite man /rives to cov] ) ! vail ( fancy ! ru9 t he makes4 #aab ,hume 0 a m /ubborn skeptic1 & ,voltaire an enemy m d>+4 ,if ,i pass f philosophy to politics1 & f books to ev5ts1 ,i obs]ve ! w> und]go+ a simil> trans=mation4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! attacks ( ! ,directory & ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ! ,fir/ ^u ! ,papacy1 & ! circumspect & hesitat+ treatm5t ( :i*1 9 spite ( ! bl[s t x receives1 ! ,papacy is 9 ^! days ! object8 ,are we to conclude t ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts has *ang$1 & t ! flood1 :i* = a c5tury :irl$ ,europe along1 is arre/$ & subsid+8 ,c]ta9ly n3 !re are abundant facts to prove ! contr>y4 ,:e!r reg>d$ z a religi\s or a political "q1 :e!r consid]$ z affect+ op9ions or int]e/s1 ! conte/ betwe5 au?ority & lib]ty1 betwe5 fai? & incr$ulity1 is c>ri$ on m e>ne/ly & m sy/ematically n[ ?an ev]3 pr9ciples on ea* side are pu%$ to _! extreme consequ5ces1 & contra/$ 9 a mann] nev] be=e ! case4 #aac ,b exp]i5ce imposes a re/ra9t ^u m5 ev5 :]e x does n *ange !m4 ,9 ! ye>s ( int]nal ord] :i* ! ,empire insur$1 & 9 ! ye>s ( lib]ty to :i* ! con/itutional ,mon>*y gave ! sanction ( its laws1 ! diff]5t p>ties le>n$ to appreciate ! ob/acles ) :i* !y _h to cont5d1 & to measure _! own /r5g? & t ( _! oppon5ts3 !y n[ "k t ev]y?+ is n possible to !m2 & necessity has inculcat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( equity & good s5se4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 z well z t ( ea* day1 conv9ces !m ( _! inability to insure a complete success to _! sy/ems & _! designs4 ,its adv]s>ies ?\ght ,*ri/ianity expir+2 b !y soon saw t x 0 /ill full ( life3 :ile !y express _! surprise & p]sev]e 9 _! w>f>e1 !y admit its practical influ5ce1 r5d] homage to its moral value1 & /rive1 al?\gh !y conte/ its rights1 to appropriate to !mselves ! inh]itance ( its bless+s4 #aad ,! w9d has (t5 bl[n f ! "r qu>t] = ,ca?olic ,absoluti/s dur+ ?is c5tury2 !y h enjoy$ ! favor ( m ?an "o ma/]1 & m ?an once !y h requit$ him by devot$ s]vices4 ,m ?an once1 also1 !y h obta9$ f ! supreme head ( _! ,*ur* (ficial decl>ations1 :i* h be5 us$ by !m aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,lib]als4 ,! ,absoluti/s1 nev]!less1 h n succe$$ 9 *ang+ ! t5d5cy ( ,*ri/ian societies2 !y h arre/$ ! c\rse nei!r ( ideas nor ev5ts2 _! defeats h co/ !m de>] ?an _! victories 7 wor?2 & 9 spite ( ! ob/9ate infatuation ( p>ties1 ,i d\bt :e!r !y !mselves believe 9 ! progress ( _! cause4 ,& h[ (t5 has ! ,papacy itself 9 our days be5 insult$ & despoil$8 ,has x n ev5 be5 vanqui%$ & expell$8 #aae ,/ill1 9 spite ( :at x has suff]$1 sometimes f revolutions1 sometimes f arbitr>y p[]1 x has outliv$ n only ! triumphs ( its enemies1 b its own impolitic measures3 & at ?is day1 assail$ by free?9k]s 9 spirituals1 by ambiti\s neighbors 9 temporals1 m5ac$ ) ab&onm5t ev5 by its protectors1 x is m en]getically def5d$ & efficaci\sly support$ ?an x ev] 0 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury 9 its rev]ses4 ,pius ,,vii4 nev] receiv$ su* pecuni>y contributions z h be5 =w>d$ to ,pius ,,ix4 9 8 necessities2 & if ! ,fr5* bi%ops 7 n[ summon$ to a c\ncil1 _! conduct w\ld1 beyond d\bt1 be m dignifi$ & m influ5tial ?an 0 t ( _! pr$ecessors 9 #ahaa4 ,:y su* *anges 9 a situation itself 9 effect un*ang$8 ,:5ce ^! hesitat+ measures1 ?is emb>rass$ attitude ( ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*8 ,:at cause at ! same "t gives su* boldness & ev5 success to _! def5d]s8 #aaf ,ea* age has its own peculi> & *>act]i/ic mission1 & "o f :i* x _c escape2 e human be+ has 8 %>e 9 x1 :e!r he kn[s x or n4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! tru?s & ! errors1 ( ! good & evil1 ( ! triumphs & rev]ses ( ! prec$+ c5turies1 ! n9ete5? c5tury has be=e x a special task1 :i* w employ all its en]gies1 & :i* w also1 ,i hope1 con/itute its glory4 ,x has bo? 9 ! ,/ate & 9 ! ,*ur* f\nd ! two supreme =ces t preside ov] man's life1 & ov] t ( society1 ,au?ority & ,lib]ty1 9 viol5t conflict1 9 turn intoxicat$ ) victory1 or vanqui%$1 ru9$4 ,x is ! mission ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to make !m live toge!r1 & live 9 peace2 or at lea/ 9 an antagonism entail+ ^u nei!r any mortal dang]4 ,! recognition (1 & respect =1 au?ority2 ! acceptance & gu>antee ( fre$om2 ^! are ! imp]ative necessities :i* our age is call$ ^u to feel & to satisfy1 bo? 9 ,/ate & ,*ur*4 #aag ,nor does ?is imply1 z is (t5 pret5d$1 any inconsi/5cy or any compromise ( pr9ciple or any policy ( exp$i5ts2 x is n by inconsi/5cy t great que/ions are settl$1 x is n by exp$i5ts t we cont5t ! crav+s ( m5's s\ls1 or calm ! anxieties ( human society2 = mank9d yields g5u9e submission & feels real confid5ce only :]e x believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,! recognition1 v5]ation1 & gu>antee ( ! diff]5t rights :i* co-exi/ naturally & necess>ily 9 human societies--( ! rights1 bo? ( individuals & ( ! ,/ate--( ! rights ( religi\s society & ( civil society--( ! rights ( little local societies z well z ( ! gr& g5]al society--( ! rights ( consci5ce z well z ( tradition--( ! rights ( ! future z well z ( ^? ( ! pa/--^! are ! dom9ant pr9ciples ( :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has to insure ! triumph4 #aah ,triumphs assur$1 if ,lib]als & ,*ri/ians are bo? ( !m det]m9$ to accompli% x6 ,not)/&+ all ! viol5t emotions ( p>ty1 & ( all our diff]5ces on intellectual & social subjects1 ! consci\sness ( ?is situation is ev] be=e our m9ds2 & :e!r we admit x or n1 ! alliance ( ! lib]al movem5t ) ! movem5t ( awak5$ ,*ri/ianity1 is ! gr& measure & ! gr& hope ( ! day4 ,a ,ca?olic prie/1 n[ a bi%op1 inquir+ ! orig9 ( ! actual disputes ( religion1 & _! probable issue1 expresses himself z foll[s3--,free in/itutions1 fre$om ( consci5ce1 political lib]ty1 civil lib]ty1 individual lib]ty1 lib]ty ( families1 ( education1 & ( op9ions1 equality be=e ! laws1 ! equal division ( impo/s & ( public *>ges1 ^! are all po9ts ^u :i* we make no difficulty2 we accept !m frankly2 we appeal to !m on solemn occasions ( public discussion2 we accept1 we invoke ! pr9ciples & ! lib]ties proclaim$ 9 #aghi2 ev5 ^? :o combat ^? pr9ciples & ^? lib]ties admit t lib]ty ( religion & free education h become ackn[l$g$1 self-evid5t tru?s 7des v]its de bon s5s74 ,footnote #ac ,footnote #ac3 ,de la ,pacification religieuse4 ,by ! ,abb ,dupanl\p1 pp4 #bfc1 #bid1 #cjf4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 #aai ,?is ,ca?olic1 ?is bi%op1 is no timor\s prie/1 dispos$ to make e sacrifice = ! purpose ( conciliation4 ,x is ! same prie/1 :o1 f ! fir/ attack made ^u ! con/itution ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 has always di/+ui%$ himself by ! w>m? & ability ) :i* he has def5d$ x4 ,! ,papacy1 its rights1 its temporal indep5d5ce & spiritual sov]eignty nev] _h a *ampion m resolute1 m oppos$ to weak concessions or fallaci\s compromises1 m con/antly intrepid 9 ! brea* ?an ! ,bi%op ( ,orleans4 #abj ,:5 ! conte/ 0 w>me/1 ! ,pope 7,pius ,,ix47 publi%$ 8 ,encyclical ( ! #h? ( ,decemb]1 #ahfd4 ,exempt f e feel+ ( prejudice & ho/ility1 & hav+ no connection or relation ) ! ,papacy to make me pause1 ,i feel no hesitation 9 say+ :at ,i ?9k ( ?is docum5t1 at once ! occasion & ! pretext = su* a /ir4 ,9 my op9ion ! error 0 a grave "o4 ,reg>d$ z doctr9e1 ! ,encyclical 0 dignifi$ & yet emb>rass$1 positive & yet evasive2 x conf\nd$ 9 ! same sweep+ condemnation salut>y tru?s & p]nici\s errors1 ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty & ! maxims ( lic5ti\sness2 x made an ef=t to ma9ta91 9 po9t ( "r1 ! anci5t traditions & pret5sions ( ,rome1 )\t av[+ 9 po9t ( fact t ! ideas & pot5t influ5ces ( mod]n civilization 7 ! objects ( its decl>$ & unceas+ ho/ility4 ,9 a sy/em l t ( ! pres5t day--a sy/em ( publicity & fre$om ( discussion--?is mann] ( proce$+1 its inconsi/5cies1 its retic5ce1 its obscurities1 :e!r aris+ f in/9ct or prem$itation1 h ceas$ to be good policy1 & 9 fact s]ve no purpose :atev]4 #aba ,z a measure to meet a p>ticul> em]g5cy1 ! ,encyclical ( ! #h? ( ,decemb] #ahfd did n resemble t ( ,gregory ,,xvi4 9 #ahcb2 x 0 n call$ = by su* extravagances z ^? ( ! ,av5ir1 or ^? ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais2 no urg5t necessity1 no public exig5cy requir$ t ,rome %\ld pron\nce itself2 ! debate betwe5 ! ,ca?olic ,absoluti/s & ! ,ca?olic ,lib]als 0 ( anci5t date1 & 0 evid5tly de/9$ to long duration2 ! ,papacy c\ld n flatt] itself t x c\ld put an end to ?is conte/ by any p]emptor9ess ( decision2 h] indulg5t consid]ation 0 z due to ! "o p>ty z to ! o!r4 ,d\btless ! ,ca?olic ,lib]als _h n %[n less zeal = h] cause1 nor _h ! s]vices :i* !y _h r5d]$ be5 less important2 x 0 n a mom5t ( p]il = ,rome1 & ,rome 0 b\nd 9 ju/ice1 )\t any op5 decl>ation at lea/1 to ma9ta9 t[>d !m an attitude ( res]ve4 #abb ,! p>ty1 ev5 be=e ! publication ( ! ,encyclical1 _h e>n$1 z x /ill m]its1 h] gratitude & h] e/eem2 nei!r ,m4 de ,montalemb]t1 nor ! ,pr9ce ,alb]t de ,broglie1 nor ,m4 de ,fall\x1 nor ,m4 ,co*91 nor any ( _! fri5ds _h imitat$ ! example ( ! ,abb de la ,m5nais2 nor has "o ( !m %[n subsequ5tly any irritation1 or ev5 utt]$ a ^w ( compla9t2 !y h ma9ta9$ a respectful sil5ce4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,orleans has done ev5 m4 ,a man ( action z well z ( fai?1 he ?\ght 9 ! mid/ ( ! /orm excit$ by ! ,encyclical ( ! #h? ( ,decemb]1 t he 0 b\nd to consid] ! p]ils r ?an ! faults1 & t x became a prie/ :o _h support$ lib]ty to support au?ority also :5 ! object ( attack4 ,he ?rew himself into ! ar5a to cov] ! ,papacy at all haz>ds ) 8 valiant arms3 aft] hav+ play$ ! "p ( a sagaci\s c\nselor1 he play$ t ( a fai?ful *ampion1 & he inflict$ ^u h] adv]s>ies bl[s s /urdy1 t ! latt] 7 9 _! turn oblig$ to put !mselves ^u _! def5se1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! success t ! ,encyclical _h insur$ !m4 #abc ,! ,bi%op ( ,orleans is probably res]v$ = _m o!r /ruggles2 he may ev5 be hurri$ by a w>like temp]am5t to c>ry ! w> into a field :]e x is uncall$ =2 b ,i %all be bo? surpris$ & griev$ if he d n always rema9 :at he is at ?is mom5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,france1 ! mo/ enlight5$ repres5tative ( its mission1 moral & social1 z well z ! mo/ intrepid def5d] ( its true & legitimate int]e/s4 ,:e!r ! matt] 9 debate conc]ns religi\s or social affairs & conte/s1 p>ties are liable to two errors ( equal gravity3 !y may misappreh5d _! respective p]ils1 or _! respective /r5g?4 ,wisdom consi/s 9 a j appreciation ( ^! p]ils & ( ^! =ces1 & x is ^u su* an appreciation precisely t success itself dep5ds4 ,! actual p]ils to :i* ,ca?olicism is expos$ are evid5t to all4 ,x owes its developm5t & its con/itution to times ess5tially diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,x adapts itself ) reluctance to ! pr9ciples requir$ & ! dem&s made ^u x 9 ?is age4 #abd ,its antagoni/s ?9k & ass]t t x w nev] s adapt itself4 ,mo/ ( ! look]s-on1 :o are indiff]5t or vacillat+--& _! numb] is great--incl9e to believe its antagoni/s 9 ! "r4 ,?is is ! trial ?r\gh :i* ,ca?olicism is at ?is mom5t pass+4 ,to pass ?r\gh x triumphantly1 x has two great =ces to rely ^u2 ! "o is1 ! reaction 9 favor ( religion occasion$ by ! follies & ! crimes ( ! ,revolution1 ! o!r is1 ! lib]al movem5t t took place among ! ,ca?olics aft] ! faults ( ! ,re/oration1 & ! new op5+ made = !m by ! ,gov]nm5t ( #ahcj4 ,! ,concordat built up aga9 ! edifice ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ,lib]alism is labor+ to p5etrate its sanctu>y1 &1 )\t impair+ its fai?1 to obta9 = x once m ! sympa?ies ( civil gov]nm5t4 #abe ,let s9c]e ,ca?olics reflect well ^u _! c\rse1 = "h is _! ma9 /ay1 "h _! be/ *ance = ! future2 let !m ma9ta9 ) a firm h& ! /rong con/itution ( _! ,*ur*1 b accept frankly1 & at once claim1 _! %>e also 9 ! lib]ties ( _! age2 let !m take c>e ( _! an*ors & spread _! sails1 = ?is is ! conduct prescrib$ to !m by ! supreme int]e/1 :i* %\ld be _! law1 ! future int]e/s1 ,i mean1 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! "t has be5 %ort1 b ! exp]im5t has be5 made & is successful4 ,i h n[ enum]at$ ! pr9cipal ev5ts connect$ ) religion :i* h tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,france4 ,9 spite ( ! ob/acles1 ! oscillations1 ! deviations1 & ! faults t are rem>kable1 ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity is evid5t4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! causes :i* ,i h po9t$ out1 ,*ri/ian fai? has evid5tly made progress2 ,*ri/ian sci5ce1 progress2 ,*ri/ian *>ity1 z %[n by works1 progress2 ,*ri/ian =ce1 progress2 progress incomplete & insuffici5t b /ill progress1 real1 & fall ( fruit1 symptomatic ( vital en]gy & future promise4 #abf ,let n ! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity deceive !mselves2 !y are wag+ a combat ( life & ( dea?1 b _! antagoni/ is n 9 extremis6 --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,awak5+ ,( ,*ri/ianity ,9 ,france4 ,i pass )\t any transitional /age f ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* to ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,:at ne$ ( a transition8 ,i am n quitt+ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,) respect to _! claims z ,*ri/ians1 ,prote/ant nations h be5 put to ! te/4 ,!y h _h1 l ,ca?olic nations1 to pass ?r\gh viol5t /ruggles1 to combat evil t5d5cies1 to und]go p]il\s trials2 b ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! simultane\s action ( fai? & ( sci5ce1 ( au?ority & lib]ty1 has receiv$ a glori\s developm5t 9 ! bosom ( ,prote/ant nations4 #abg ,engl& & ,holl&1 ,prote/ant ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,switz]l&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 h _h _! vices1 _! crimes1 _! suff]+s1 & _! rev]ses2 b1 aft] all1 ^! ,/ates h 9 ! la/ f\r c5turies labor$ ) effect at ! solution1 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se1 ( t gr& problem ( human society--! moral & physical progress ( ! masses1 z well z ! political gu>antee ( _! rights & lib]ties4 ,& 9 ^! days ! ,/ates to :i* ,i h allud$ resi/ effectually ! %ocks--n[ ( an>*y1 n[ ( despotism1 :i* alt]nately tr\ble ! peace ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,z = ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? itself1 if1 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 x does n escape ! attacks else:]e made ^u x1 nei!r is x )\t its p[]ful def5d]s & fai?ful foll[]s4 ,9 ^? c\ntries1 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es are full ( adh]5ts1 & ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity f9ds e day valiant *ampions to devote to its s]vice ! arms :i* sci5ce & lib]ty supply4 #abh ,!re is on ! "p ( ! ,romani/s a pu]ile infatuation ^u ?is subject1 :i* makes !m absolutely close _! eyes to facts2 by an error fatal to !mselves1 !y p]si/ 9 imput+ ! f]m5tation 9 society1 & ! ab&onm5t ( religion1 to ! influ5ce ( ! ,prote/ant nations--nations among :om ^! two sc\rges are combat$ ) at lea/ z mu* resolution & effect z else:]e4 ,x is n my wi% to in/itute disp>ag+ comp>isons1 or to fom5t a rivalry oppos$ to ! _s ( ,*ri/'s religion4 ,prote/antism is n1 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ! la/1 nei!r is x ! sole bulw>k ( ,*ri/ianity2 b !re exi/s none t is /rong]1 t (f]s few] weak po9ts to assailants1 or t is bett] provid$ ) fai?ful & able def5d]s4 #abi ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1 & 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$ ! promulgation ( ! ,concordat1 ! ,prote/ants1 l ! ,ca?olics 9 ,france1 ?\ght only ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( _! wor%ip & ( ! lib]ty ( _! fai?4 ,a lib]ty ! m preci\s 9 _! eyes1 z x foll[$ ^u two c5turies ( p]secutions & ( suff]+s ( :i* we _c1 9 ^! days1 read ! acc\nts )\t m+l$ s5tim5ts ( a/oni%m5t1 ( indignation1 & ( sorr[4 ,fai?fully %\ld m5 gu>d ! memory ( su* outrages2 !y w\ld be inf9itely bett] ?an !y are if !y _h always pres5t to _! m9ds ! vivid pictures ( ! iniquities & woes :i* fill ! page ( _! hi/ory2 & evils w\ld n s soon recur if !y 7 n s soon =gott54 ,! sy/em ( ,t]rorism "u ! ,revolution _h conf\nd$ ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant 9 a common oppression2 x _h aboli%$ ! =ms ( wor%ip ( ea*1 d5i$ all free expression ( op9ion to ,*ri/ians2 & )\t di/9ction condemn$ to ! same scaffold ! pa/ors ( ! des]t & ! bi%ops ( ! ,c\rt ( ,v]sailles--,rabaut ,sa9t-,eti5ne z well z ! nuns ( ,v]dun4 #acj ,:5 ?is t]rible regime _h ceas$ to exi/1 nei!r p>ty _h religi\sly or politically any desires or pret5sions t 7 n extremely mod]ate3 ! "o ?+ reg>d$ by all z ! sov]eign good 01 ! "r to live )\t mole/ation & ! lib]ty to address _! pray]s to ,god 9 ! light ( day4 ,no o!r subject s s]i\sly int]e/$ !m2 & !y he>tily wi%$ to %[ _! gratitude & def]5ce to ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i*1 :ile x gave security to _! bodies1 p]mitt$ _! s\ls to brea! freely4 ,! condition ( ! ,prote/ants 0 9 "o s5se bett] ?an t ( ! ,ca?olics1 = ! =m] 7 n[ exp]i5c+ ! joy1 n only ( a deliv]ance b ( a positive conque/2 !y _h j escap$ z well f ! sy/em ( ,t]rorism1 z f ! anci5t rgime2 !y _h lo/ no?+ to regret2 no rev5geful feel+ made !m desire a reaction2 _! sole aspiration 0 = ! consolidation ( _! rights1 & ( _! new acquisitions4 #aca ,y :o liv$1 z we did1 "u ! yoke ( intol]ance1 7?us !y 7 address$ 9 #ahjg by ,m4 ,rabaut-,dupuy1 =m]ly presid5t ( ! legislative body1 & ! la/ surviv+ son ( "o ( _! mo/ e/imable pa/ors17 y1 ! relics ( s _m p]secut$ g5]ations1 behold6 comp>e6 ,x is no long] 9 ! des]t & at ! p]il ( y\r lives t y r5d] to ! ,creator ! homage :i* is 8 due4 ,our temples are re/or$ to u1 & e day beholds new ones erect$4 ,our pa/ors are recogniz$ z public function>ies2 !y receive sal>ies f ! ,/ate2 a b>b>\s law no long] susp5ds ! sword ov] _! heads4 ,alas6 to ^? :om we h surviv$ x 0 p]mitt$1 x is true1 to asc5d ,m\nt ,nebo1 & to obta9 !nce a glimpse ( ! promis$ l&1 b x is we alone :o h tak5 possession4 ,:at wond] if1 on ! morr[ aft] ! ,concordat1 :i* _h procur$ !m ! free ex]cise ( _! fai? & ! imp>tiality ( ! law1 ! ,prote/ants acquiesc$ )\t difficulty 9 ! incomplete organization ) :i* ! new sy/em _h left _! ,*ur*1 & t !y tr\bl$ !mselves little ) ! attacks made ^u its indep5d5ce & its dignity6 #acb ,b ?is mode/ enjoym5t ( _! new privileges did n r5d] !m indiff]5t to _! anci5t belief1 & !y return$ to ! op5 practice ( ,*ri/'s fai? simultane\sly ) ! acquisition ( _! lib]ty4 ,9 #ahab1 9 ! mid/ ( ! pr(\nd sil5ce :i* reign$ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 a pr(essor ( ! faculty ( ,prote/ant !ology at ,montauban1 ,m4 ,grasc1 attack$1 9 8 tea*+1 ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,e>ne/ remon/rances 7 in/antly made f ! g5]al body ( ! ,prote/ants 9 ,france2 a great numb] ( consi/ories1 among o!rs ^? ( ,nmes1 ( ,montpelli]1 ,montauban1 ,alais1 ,&uze1 ,sa9t ,hippolyte1 pa/ors & laity1 address$ _! compla9ts1 "s to ! ,doy5 ( ! faculty ( !ology1 o!rs to ,m4 ,gasc himself1 dem&+1 all ( !m1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 #acc ,! gr& ma/] ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,m4 de ,fontanes1 e>ne/ly invit$ ! pr(essor n to dep>t f x1 & ,m4 ,gasc himself admitt$ t 8 tea*+ ought to be 9 con=mity4 ,! _s :i* _h animat$ ! ,re=mation 9 ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 /ill liv+ 9 ! n9ete5?2 & "u ! new-born sy/em ( lib]ty1 ! ,awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity ann\nc$ itself by a summons to ! fai?4 ,:51 "u ! ,re/oration1 ,france _h rega9$ h] political lib]ty1 x 0 n long be=e t lib]ty bore its natural fruits 9 ,fr5* ,prote/antism2 x 0 accompani$1 bo? on religi\s & political subjects1 by ! manife/ation ( discordant ideas & discordant t5d5cies1 :i* 7 soon to /ruggle = victory4 #acd ,z at epo*s ( great intellectual crises em95t m5 em]ge :o repres5t dom9ant ideas1 s n[ ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t & ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre imm$iately appe>$ 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*3 bo? 7 pa/ors1 & ea* wor?ily repres5t$ "o ( ! two pr9ciples :i* naturally develop !mselves 9 ! bosom ( ,prote/antism1 fai? 9 traditions & ! "r ( private judgm5t2 pr9ciples diff]5t )\t be+ contradictory2 pr9ciples :i* may subsi/ 9 peace provid$ !y rema9 respectively 9 _! prop] places1 & )9 ! limits ( _! rights4 ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t 0 a man ( a m9d rem>kably compreh5sive & ( great v]satility & fecundity2 b 8 habits at ! same "t 7 ^? ( a /ud5t1 fitt+ him r = intellectual m$itation ?an qualify+ him ei!r = expansive sympa?ies or = action2 he 0 v]s$ 9 ! philosophy & erudite criticism ( ,g]many1 at t "t novel & r>e to ,france2 he made ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to 8 own expression1 to consi/ 9 ! lib]ty ( inquiry4 ,footnote #ad3 ,footnote #ad3 ,vues sur le prote/antisme en ,france1 p> ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t4 #b;e dition1 p4 #ae4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 #ace ,he reject$ all writt5 articles ( fai?1 e limit$ idea ( religi\s unity1 & claim$ )9 ! ,*ur*1 = bo? pa/ors & congregation1 ! greate/ latitude 9 matt]s ( op9ion & ( tea*+4 ,b :5 he clung closely to ?is view ( ! subject1 & 0 press$ to indicate ! extreme po9t to :i*1 )9 ! ,*ur* itself1 ! div]sity ( m5's individual beliefs might be c>ri$1 8 emb>rassm5t became extreme1 = he _h too mu* s5se to admit t ?is div]sity _h no limit1 & t a ,*ur*1 :e!r ,prote/ant or n1 c\ld exi/ )\t c]ta9 articles ( fai? common to all its memb]s1 & recogniz$ by !m all4 ,prote/antism1 said he himself1 mu/ n be m]ely a negation2 x %\ld also h its real & positive side2 x mu/ be beyond all ?+s a religion2 t is to say1 x mu/ be 9 ! possession ( ! means to endure & ( ! means to edify m5 by ! propagation ( a doctr9e b5evol5t & ,*ri/ian4 444 ,*ri/ianity is ! basis ( ecclesia/ical tea*+4 ,footnote #ae ,footnote #ae3 ,vues sur le prote/antisme en ,france1 p> ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t1 pp4 #ag1 #bb4 #acf ,:51 aft] hav+ laid d[n ?is pr9ciple1 ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t inquir$ h[ ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* c\ld rema9 a ,*ur*1 & a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 9 ! mid/ ( ! indep5d5ce ( individual beliefs1 he f\nd no o!r way out ( ! difficulty ?an to det]m9e1 he said1 by conv5tions1 oral & unwritt51 a c]ta9 numb] ( op9ions t ea* man %\ld1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al peace1 be entreat$ to keep to himself4 ,footnote #af ,footnote #af3 ,vues sur le prote/antisme en ,france1 p4 #bd4 ,h[ /range a proce$+1 h[ difficult ( realization1 to prescribe ) once voice sil5ce & lib]ty6 ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t did n attempt to det]m9e :at ^? op9ions 7 :i*1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! mid/ ( ! broade/ sy/em ( free inquiry1 ea* man %\ld be entreat$ to keep to himself4 #acg ,z = himself1 he pr(ess$ 8 fai? 9 ! sup]natural1 9 ! revelation ( ! ,old & ( ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 9 ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 9 ! gr& hi/orical facts z well z 9 ! moral precepts ( ! ,gospel2 he 0 "o ( ! pa/ors1 too1 :o sign$ ! remon/rance ( ! consi/ory ( ,nmes1 = ! irregul>ity 9 prea*+ ( :i* ,pr(essor ,grasc _h be5 guilty4 ,did ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t reg>d e op9ion contr>y to ^! great evangelical doctr9es z an op9ion :i* ea* man %\ld1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al peace1 be entreat$ to keep to himself8 ,i d\bt :e!r he w\ld h d>$ to engraft ^u ! lib]ty ( judgm5t su* a res]vation2 b ,i d\bt at ! same "t if he w\ld h p]si/$ 9 reg>d+ z true & fai?ful pa/ors ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 m5 :o %\ld h op5ly des]t$ & combat$1 9 its mo/ ess5tial f\ndations1 t ,*ri/ian fai? :i* he himself pr(ess$4 ,he dread$ almo/ equally unity def9$1 & diss5t decl>$4 ,he w\ld h rema9$ 9 ! emb>rassm5t into :i* ^? inevitably fall :o nei!r accept "o basis & manife/o ( a common fai?1 nor admit ! moral necessity ( a sep>ation into free & di/9ct ,*ur*es :5 a common fai? does n exi/4 ,footnote #ag ,footnote #ag3 ,! pr9cipal works ( ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t are3 #a4 ,vues sur le prote/antisme en ,france1 premire dition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #ahbi4 ,a second edition1 9 #a vol4 #abmo41 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei by ,m4 ,prvo/-,p>adol4 #b4 ,obs]vations sur l'unit religieuse et obs]vations sur la voie d'autorit applique a la religion1 7#ahbj17 contre l',essai sur l'indiffrance en matire de religion de l',abb de la ,m5nais4 #c4 ,m$itations ou recueil de s]mons1 #ahbi4 #d4 ,mlanges de religion de morale et de critique sacre4 ,a p]iodical publi%$ f #ahbj to #ahbe4 #ach ,no su* emb>rassm5t 0 exp]i5c$ by ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre :5 he began 8 c>e] to s]ve ! movem5t ( awak5$ ,*ri/ianity 9 ! bosom ( ,fr5* ,prote/antism4 ,i w n v5ture "h to cite ! precise words1 h>% & sev]e1 employ$ by him on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 #ahaf1 at ,montauban1 9 8 capacity ( ,doy5 ( ! faculty ( ,prote/ant ,!ology1 respect+ ^? t]m$ by him ! pret5d$ m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel1 disbeliev]s 9 ! ,gospel & 9 ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #aci ,he reg>d$ h>mony ( fai? & language1 h>mony betwe5 %eph]d & flock1 z ! fir/ law ( religi\s society4 ,born 9 a grotto ( ,la ,vaunage1 to :i* 8 "m _h fl$ to escape f ! flames ( p]secution2 devot$ f 8 bir? by 8 fa!r1 ! ,pa/or ,pi]re ,encontre1 to ! s]vice ( a prea*] 9 ! des]t1 ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre belong$ to t class ( indomitable ,prote/ants :o cl+ to _! fai? ?r\gh all ! p]ils1 suff]+s1 & sacrifices :i* x entails4 ,8 fir/ /eps 9 life seem$ to indicate 9 him o!r aptitudes1 & to promise = him a diff]5t c>e]4 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ div9ity at ,lausanne & at ,g5eva1 & be5 consecrat$ by 8 fa!r himself to ! m9i/ry ( ! ,gospel 9 an assembly 9 ! des]t1 he seem$ to d\bt 8 own vocation2 = :ile p]=m+ ! functions ( 8 m9i/ry he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ma!matics1 physics1 philosophy1 & ! classical languages1 ) an en?usiasm eag] to become famili> ) e dep>tm5t ( k1 & enc\nt]+ no h9d]ance f1 int]nal ob/acles or f preconceiv$ op9ions4 #adj ,hav+ e/abli%$ himself at ,montpelli]1 :]e 8 ta/e = sci5ce f\nd subjects ( gratification1 he l$ !re1 dur+ ! d>k days ( ! ,revolution1 a life v obscure1 & at ! same "t mo/ labori\s2 giv+ lessons to ! ma/] masons ^u /one-cutt+1 imp>t+ in/ruction1 r5d]+ ! aids ( religion to ,prote/ants1 celebrat+ ! baptismal & m>riage s]vices1 & pursu+ at ! same "t 8 labors 9 geometry1 botany1 philosophy1 div9ity1 lit]ature1 & ev5 poetry4 ,:5 ord] began to be re-e/abli%$1 he 0 l$ by 8 own natural ta/es & ! c\nsel ( 8 fri5ds to select z 8 c>e] t ( public in/ruction4 ,he compet$ = & obta9$1 fir/ ! appo9tm5t ( pr(essor ( lit]ature at ! cole ,c5trale ( ,montpelli]2 !n t ( ! high] ma!matics1 at ! ,lyce & 9 ! faculty ( sci5ce1 ( :i* he 0 nom9at$ ,doy54 #ada ,z 8 m]its e/abli%$ !mselves by repeat$ pro(s1 8 reputation increas$2 ! pap]s ( le>n$ societies 7 fill$ ) 8 contributions1 & ! cole ,polyte*nique ) 8 pupils4 ,i h met 9 our dep>tm5t1 said ,f\rcroy1 two or ?ree heads equal to 81 b n "o sup]ior4 ,m4 de ,c&olle gladly select$ him to aid him 9 8 ,rese>*es respect+ ! ,botany ( ! ,anci5ts2 & ,m4 de ,fontanes has m ?an once spok5 ( him to me z "o ( ! m5 :o mo/ honor$ ! ,univ]sity4 ,b 9 him1 nei!r ! ma!matician1 ! botani/1 nor ! philologi/ took prec$5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,at "o "t z exp\nd] ( ,moses & ( ,g5esis1 ,footnote #ah at ano!r z a writ] def5d+ ! ,apo/les1 accus$ ( be+ a copyi/ ( ,plato4 ,footnote #ai he neglect$ no occasion ( plac+ 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts at ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,footnote #ah3 ,diss]tation sur le vrai sy/me du monde comp> avec le rcit que ,mose fait de la cration4 ,montpelli]1 #ahjg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,lettre ,m4 ,combes-,d\n\s1 auteur d'un ,essai hi/orique sur ,platon4 ,p>is1 #ahaa4 ,a rem>kable essay ( ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre1 sur le ,p* orig9al1 0 publi%$1 aft] 8 dea?1 9 #ahbb1 & he left a great numb] ( manuscripts1 among o!rs a ,trait sur l'glise1 7#fjj pages17 writt5 9 ,lat92 ,etudes ?ologiques1 a ,hebrew ,gramm>1 a ,c\rs de philosophie1 a ,c\rs de litrature ,franaise1 a ,flore biblique1 sev]al ,memoires de ma?matiques transc5dantes1 etc4 ,z a tea*] ( transc5d5tal ma!matics at ,montpelli] he _h z pupil ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 ! head ( ! cole positivi/e1 :o1 9 spite ( ! pr(\nd div]sity ( _! op9ions1 reg>d$ x z a duty to d$icate to him 9 #ahef 8 treatise1 ,sur la ,syn?se subjective1 9 te/imony ( admiration & ( gratitude4 #adb & :51 9 #ahad1 he 0 ask$ to quit ,montpelli]1 to ab&on 8 habits1 8 ta/es1 & 8 fri5ds1 = ! *air ( ! pr(essor%ip ( div9ity at ,montauban1 :]e he 0 to fulfill ! functions ( ,doy51 he sacrific$ )\t hesitation ! enjoym5t ( 8 life to 8 religi\s vocation1 & appli$ himself ) unceas+ en]gy to ! w>like activity ( a ,*ri/ian pr(essor1 until ! day :51 ov]come by fatigue & sickness1 he accord$ to himself ! melan*oly satisfaction ( return+ to ,montpelli]1 9 ord] to die ne> ! tomb ( a belov$ daught]1 :o _h long aid$ him 9 8 labors4 #adc ,! de/9ies ( ,prote/antism 9 ,france h1 to a s+ul> degree1 be5 at once v>i$ & uni=m1 confus$ & simple4 ,aft] hav+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury valiantly disput$ ! victory1 x 0 vanqui%$1 decimat$1 expell$4 ,b x resi/$1 & surviv$ n only its defeat1 b ! gradual process ( its enfeeblem5t & its expulsion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants lo/ ! protection ( ! laws1 _! secure sanctu>ies1 _! great *iefs1 _! great div9es1 _! great writ]s2 b !y pres]v$ nev]!less _! fai? & _! religi\s honor4 ,9 ! times t ensu$ _! successors rema9$ fai?ful to ! belief & ! cu/oms ( _! fa!rs2 ev5 p]secut$ & condemn$ to dea?1 hav+ _! prop]ty confiscat$1 or become t5ants ( prisons & labor]s 9 ! galleys1 !y f\nd 9 _! v suff]+s a res\rce to confirm !m 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,prote/ant piety4 #add ,!ological controv]sies di$ away f among !m1 leav+ beh9d !m ! fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ianity--liv+ & guid+ pr9ciples4 ,among ! high] & weal?i] classes1 ! philosophical ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury made also _! way2 ! great lib]al movem5t fill$ ! ,prote/ant section ( ! nation ) joy1 & comm&$ its sympa?y )\t deta*+ x f its religi\s habits & traditions4 ,9 its memb]s fai? _h ceas$ to be erudite2 ! popul> ,prote/ant s5tim5t _h be5 always pr(\ndly biblical & evangelical4 ,fre] & m =tunately situat$ ?an _! fa!rs1 ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants n[ anxi\sly desir$ to rema91 z !y _h be51 ,*ri/ians2 & :51 9 #agij1 ,rabaut ,sa9t-,eti5ne1 :o succe$$ ! ,abb de ,montesquieu z ,presid5t ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 wrote to 8 ag$ fa!r1 ! ,pa/or ,paul ,rabaut1 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,assembly is at y\r feet1 he manife/$ to ! humble & zeal\s prea*] 9 ! assemblies ( ! des]t1 ! pride at once ( a politician1 ! piety ( a son1 & ! fidelity ( a ,prote/ant4 #ade ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre 01 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! fai?ful repres5tative ( ?is traditionally religi\s "* ( ,fr5* ,prote/antism2 j z ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t 0 ! well-mean+ & s9c]e introduc] to x ( ! sci5ce & criticism ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! =m] correspond$ m closely to ! pi\s & national _s ( ,prote/ant ,france ( ! old5 times2 ! latt] to ! t5d5cies1 at once novel & indef9itely latitud9>ian1 ( a =eign philosophy & a =eign erudition4 ,d\btless1 nei!r measur$ ! range ( ! religi\s crisis ( :i* !y 7 !mselves ! symptoms2 nei!r =esaw t )9 ! bosom ( ,prote/antism t crisis 0 to be m>k$ by an av[$ /ruggle betwe5 ,rationalism 9 its progress & ,*ri/ianity 9 its reaction4 #adf ,?is crisis began to manife/ itself at ,g5eva4 ,! mock+ skepticism ( ,voltaire1 ! rhetorical deism ( ,r\sseau1 proclaim$ at its gates1 _h deeply und]m9$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/ 9 ! v city ( ,calv94 ,x 0 n m]ely "s ( ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9es ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ! pa/ors ( ,g5eva d\bt$ or d5i$1 b x 0 also ! fundam5tal articles ( ,*ri/ianity2 !y ab&on$ n only ! ,dogmas ( pr$e/9ation & salvation by fai? alone1 b ! dogmas ( orig9al s91 & ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 #ahaj accord+ to "s1 z f> back z #ahjb accord+ to o!rs1 symptoms ( an evangelical reaction %[$ !mselves at ,g5eva among ! /ud5ts 9 !ology1 "s ( :om aft]w>d became di/+ui%$ pa/ors or writ]s4 ,x 0 n long be=e ,,mm4 ,gauss51 ,malan1 ,gon?i]1 ,bo/1 ,m]le d',aubign1 display$ _! or?odox f]vor & _! ability4 ,9 #ahaf a pi\s ,scot1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,haldane1 previ\sly an intrepid sailor1 :o _h only quitt$ 8 call+ to devote himself entirely to ! s]vice ( 8 fai?1 w5t to ,g5eva1 & contract$ ) ! "y ,me?odi/s ( t city relations ( ! greate/ intimacy & activity4 #adg ,!y _h meet+s2 !y discuss$1 !y prea*$1 !y pray$1 !y wrote4 ,mr4 ,haldane c\ld h>dly express himself 9 ,fr5*2 hav+ 8 ,engli% ,bible cont9ually at h&1 he turn$ ov] its pages incessantly1 po9t$ out to 8 fri5ds ! passages t he reg>d$ z decisive1 invit$ !m to read !m al\d f _! ,fr5* ,bible1 & !n comm5t$ ^u !m 9 a mann] t always comm&$ _! favorable att5tion1 ! conviction ( ! comm5tator _h su* mov+ & p]suasive p[]4 ,footnote #bj ,footnote #bj3 ,g5ve religieuse au ,,xix sicle3 p> le ,b>on de ,goltz2 traduit de l'allem& p> ,c4 ,malan3 #hvo41 pp4 #acg-adi4 ,g5ve et ,p>is4 #ahfb4 #adh ,9 #ahaf & #ahag ! evangelical reaction made rapid progress1 & ! body ( ,g5evese pa/ors resolv$ to combat x by ! voice ( au?ority4 ,!y f\nd1 h[ev]1 no bett] me?od ( do+ s ?an by insi/+ ^u :at1 twelve ye>s lat]1 ev5 ,m4 ,samuel ,v9c5t did n scruple to recomm5d2 !y prescrib$ sil5ce ev5 :il/ !y proclaim$ lib]ty4 ,)\t--^! are _! words--giv+ any judgm5t ^u ! que/ions really involv$1 & )\t controll+ 9 any respect ! lib]ty ( op9ions1 !y impos$ a solemn engagem5t bo? ^u /ud5ts dem&+ to be consecrat$ to ! sacr$ m9i/ry1 & ^u m9i/]s c&idates = pa/oral functions 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,g5eva4 ,x 0 conceiv$ z foll[s3 ,z long z we reside & prea* 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,canton ( ,g5eva1 we promise to ab/a9 f e/abli%+1 ei!r 9 entire disc\rses or 9 p>ts ( disc\rses direct$ to ?is object1 our op9ion--fir/1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! div9e nature 0 inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 secondly1 ( orig9al s92 ?irdly1 ( ! mode 9 :i* grace op]ates1 or grace is effici5t2 f\r?ly1 ( pr$e/9ation4 ,we promise also n to combat1 9 any public disc\rse1 ! op9ion ( any pa/ors or m9i/]s t\*+ ^! subjects4 ,footnote #ba ,footnote #ba3 ,g5ve religieuse au ,,xix sicle3 p> le ,b>on de ,goltz2 p4 #aec4 #adi ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ m5 ev] c\ld h flatt]$ !mselves ) ! hope ( re-e/abli%+ peace 9 ! ,*ur* by ! employm5t ( s sorry an exp$i5t4 ,lib]ty1 t has r5t asund] su* heavy *a9s1 does n p]mit itself to be conf9$ by s flimsy a net4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! regulation ( ! ,g5evese pa/ors 0 an outbur/ ( discont5t4 ,! m viol5t ,me?odi/s1 ,,mm4 ,malan & ,bo/ at _! head1 proclaim$ al\d _! sep>ation f ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*2 ! m mod]ate1 among o!rs1 ,,mm4 ,gauss5 & ,m]le d',aubign1 p]si/$ 9 rema9+1 by "r ( _! m9i/ry1 9 its bosom1 hold+ !mselves responsible repres5tatives !re ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation1 :i*1 9 fact1 !y did cont9ue to prea* & to tea*4 #aej ,! body ( pa/ors at fir/ us$ great =be>ance t[>d !m1 & respect$ _! lib]ty2 & :5 ! populace1 irritat$ at ! agitation caus$ 9 families by ! ,diss5t]s1 & (f5d$ by ! au/]ity ( _! precepts1 made ho/ile demon/rations t[>d !m1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,g5eva _h ! wisdom & fairness to use measures ( repression2 b1 soon becom+ we>y ( ?is pa9ful duty1 ! ,c\ncil =mally =bade1 )\t its express p]mission1 any book ( religi\s controv]sy to be pr9t$ at ,g5eva4 #aea ,! body ( pa/ors soon pron\nc$ z vehem5t a condemnation ( ! mod]ate ,me?odi/s z ( ! ultra ,diss5t]s4 ,! mod]ate ,me?odi/s !n 9 _! turn resort$ to en]getic measures 9 support ( _! cause3 !y f\nd$ an evangelical society & a s*ool ( !ology2 devot$ ! "o to propagate ! zeal & ! o!r to tea* ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian reaction2 & fifte5 ye>s aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! /ruggle1 ! *iefs ( ! p>ty :i* _h proclaim$ t ! free div]g5ce ( individual belief 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* 0 ! great fact ( our epo*1 & ! great /ep t ! ,re=mation _h 9 our days to make--^! *iefs1 be+ ! body ( pa/ors1 ! ,consi/ory1 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate at ,g5eva1 susp5d$ ,m4 ,gauss5 f 8 functions ( pa/or 9 ! p>i% ( ,satigny = hav+ tak5 "p 9 ! organization ( an indep5d5t =m ( wor%ip1 & ( a s*ool ( indep5d5t !ology2 a proce$+1 !y said1 incompatible ) ! peace ( ! ,*ur*1 & to be reg>d$ z an act ( insubord9ation1 t5d+ to br+ ecclesia/ical au?ority into discr$it4 ,footnote #bb ,footnote #bb3 ,g5ve religieuse au ,,xix sicle3 p> le ,b>on de ,goltz2 pp4 #cgi-chd4 ,su* religi\s f]m5t 9 ! primitive home ( ! ,fr5* ,re=mation1 & at ! v gates ( ,france1 c\ld n fail to ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! ,fr5* ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 #aeb ,on quitt+ ,g5eva 9 #ahag1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,haldane proce$$ to ,montauban1 :]e he =m$ fri5d%ips ) "s ( ! ,pr(essors ( ! ,faculty1 & among o!rs ) ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre4 ,he publi%$ !re also a "w 9 ,fr5*1 :i* 8 fri5ds ha/5$ to circulate4 ,x 0 /yl$ ,emmanuel3 vues ,scripturaires sur ,jsus-,*ri/4 ,9 #ahah1 a society =m$ 9 ,engl&1 nam$ ! ,cont95tal ,society1 specially devot$ itself to ! purpose ( second+ on ! ,cont95t ! progress ( ?is ,*ri/ian reaction4 ,an ,engli% diss5t]1 ,mr4 ,m>k ,wilks1 pa/or ( ! ,am]ican community =m$ at ,p>is1 0 ! mo/ effici5t ag5t ( ! societies :i* _h ?is object 9 view4 ,x might be said ( ,mr4 ,wilks1 wrote lately ! ,pa/or ,juill]at1 t he might h gov]n$ an empire1 8 "* 0 s en]getic1 8 m9d s active & ent]pris+4 ,he br\ght me aid ( e description3 money 0 requir$1 he _h money2 pamphlets & books 7 want$1 no "o 0 bett] provid$2 no "o und]/ood bett] ! details p]ta9+ to ! pr9t+ & publication ( pap]s4 #aec ,sev]al ,prote/ant j\rnals & magaz9es1 ,la ,voix de la ,religion ,*rti5ne au ,,xix sicle1 ,les ,ar*ives du ,*ri/ianisme au ,,xix sicle1 ,les ,mlanges de ,religion1 de ,morale1 et de ,critique ,sacre1 ,l',evangeli/e1 ,la ,revue ,prote/ante1 ,le ,semeur1 etc41 etc41 7 at ?is epo* successively f\nd$ & c>ri$ 9 diff]5t directions ?r\gh\t ! scatt]$ ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 f its c5tral organization1 ! f]vor :i* _h !re be5 k9dl$4 ,g5u9e zeal = religion is n satisfi$ by action f a di/ance1 or by action ^u unkn[n p]sons1 or by indirect means1 z by books & by j\rnals3 x dem&s direct oral communication f man to man--! union ( m5's s\ls 9 common pray]4 ,c]ta9 "y pa/ors :o _h at fir/ %>$ 9 ! evangelical movem5t at ,g5eva1 ,,mm4 ,neff1 ,pyt1 ,bo/1 ,gon?i]1 scatt]$ !mselves ov] ,france1 "s assum+ functions z local pa/ors1 o!rs z travel+ mission>ies1 attract+ to _! proximity gr\ps ( zeal\s ,prote/ants1 animat+ ! lukew>m1 & erect+ 9 e place :]e !y made any /ay little c5t]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* radiat$ to ! neighbor+ c\ntry ar\nd4 #aed ,di/9ct associations1 "s (ficially recogniz$ by ! ,/ate1 o!rs hav+ no public "*1 ,footnote #bc gave to ! labors ( isolat$ individuals ! publicity1 ! unity1 ! p]man5ce :i* !y requir$2 & a special organization 7colportage biblique7 :i* at its comm5cem5t numb]$ only sev51 b a few ye>s aft]w>d _h sixty ag5ts1 all ( !m1 al?\gh obscure individuals1 z zeal\s z _! patrons 7 zeal\s1 caus$ ! ,holy ,scriptures & religi\s tracts to p5etrate into p>ts ( ,france hopelessly inaccessible to any o!r me?od ( communication & ( in/ruction4 ,footnote #bc3 ,la ,socit biblique1 la ,socit p\r l'enc\ragem5t de l'in/ruction primaire p>mi les prote/ants1 la ,socit vanglique de ,france1 la ,socit des traits religieuse1 la ,socit des missions prote/antes1 la ,socit c5trale p\r les intrts prote/ants1 la ,socit d'vangelisation1 etc4 #aee ,to a movem5t s e>ne/ & s g5]al1 al?\gh propagat$ by a small numb] ( p]sons 9 ! he>t ( a population itself =m+ b a small m9ority 9 ! nation at l>ge1 ob/acles w\ld inevitably occur4 ,!y 7 enc\nt]$ on all h&s & ( all k9ds1 religi\s & political--f ! adm9i/ration1 f popul> prejudices1 f ! di/ru/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 f ! ho/ility ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy1 f diff]5ces ( op9ion on !ological po9ts among ,prote/ants !mselves1 f ! am\r propre ( individuals1 & ! p]plex$ or timor\s ideas ( subalt]ns 9 au?ority4 ,! activity ( ! ,prote/ant societies creat$ uneas9ess 9 bi%ops & prie/s1 :o /rove n m]ely to c\nt]act _! influ5ce1 b to int]f]e ) _! lib]ty ( action4 ,mayors ( t[ns1 judges ( ! peace1 sometimes too1 magi/rates & adm9i/rators ( m elevat$ rank1 l5t _! aid to ^! exceptionable proce$+s4 ,h5ce arose suspicions1 compla9ts1 & /ruggles :i* ret>d$ ! new-born impulse ( awak5+ ,*ri/ianity4 #aef ,b ! e>ne/ p]sev]ance ( its patrons1 ! g5]al wisdom ( ! supreme ,gov]nm5t1 & ! au?ority1 gr[+ m & m ea* day1 ( ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & ( lib]ty1 gradually surm\nt$ all ^! ob/acles4 ,x 0 ! ,re/oration t recogniz$ ! *ief ,prote/ant societies & gave !m ! sanction ( ! law4 ,"u ! ,gov]nm5t ( #ahcj !y us$ _! rights ) m confid5ce & few] h9d]ances4 ,! equitable int5tions ( ,k+ ,l\is ,philippe & ( 8 c\nselors ^u religi\s matt]s c\ld n be d\btful1 :atev] _! caution n to cause uneas9ess or w\nd ! susceptibilities ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! ,prote/ants n[ believ$ x to be no long] necess>y to look to =eign support4 ,=m$ at ,p>is 9 #ahcc1 ! ,evangelical ,society ( ,france exp]i5c$ a mom5t>y impulse ( national jeal\sy1 ! result ( :i* 0 "s coldness 9 its relations ) ! ,cont95tal ,society ( ,london2 b z soon z ! latt] p]ceiv$ t its direct int]f]5ce 0 r an emb>rassm5t ?an a necessity to ! ,*ri/ian reaction 9 ,france1 x )drew its ag5cy )\t )hold+ its sympa?y1 & h&$ ov] to ! ,evangelical ,society ( ,france all ! /ations & religi\s *>ities :i* _h up to t "t be5 f\nd$ by its ex]tions4 #aeg ,! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,prote/ants ( ,france _h n[ produc$ su* results t x matt]$ little :o ! patrons ( ! movem5t might be2 x _h assum$ its true "*1 & 0 draw+ its /r5g? f ! f\nta9 ( tru?4 ,9 times ( religi\s incr$ulity & ( religi\s indiff]5ce1 & ev5 9 ! transitional times :i* imm$iately ensue1 x is ! error ( _m1 & ev5 ( m5 :o respect & support religion1 to consid] x 9 ! light ( a great political in/itution--a salut>y sy/em ( moral police1 h[ev] necess>y to society1 indebt$ = its m]its & its pr]ogatives r to its practical utility ?an to its intr9sic tru?4 #aeh ,grave error1 misconceiv+ bo? ! nature & ! orig9 ( religion1 & calculat$ to deprive x bo? ( its empire & its dignity6 ,utility m5 hold z ( great acc\nt1 b x is only tru? t comm&s unconditional surr5d]4 ,utility enjo9s prud5ce & =be>ance2 tru? alone inspires feel+s ( confid+ness & devotion4 ,a religion hav+ no o!r gu>antee = its influ5ce & its endurance ?an its social utility w\ld be v ne> its ru94 ,m5 h ne$ (1 nay1 !y ?ir/ = tru? 9 _! relations ) ,god1 ev5 m ?an 9 _! relations ) "o ano!r2 ! spontane\s pray]1 adoration1 ob$i5ce1 suppose fai?4 ,x 0 9 ! v "n ( ! v]ity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ( t v]ity manife/$ 9 its hi/ory by ! ^w & ev5 by ! pres5ce ( ,god1 t ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ians 0 accompli%$ among u4 ,! labor]s 9 ?is great "w felt ! fai? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !y diffus$ x2 _h !y spok5 only ( ! social utility ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y w\ld nev] h made ! conque/ ( a s+le human s\l4 #aei ,at fir/ sight "o is tempt$ to attribute ?is success to en]gy ( fai? on ! "p ( ^! labor]s 9 ! cause1 to ! active & devot$ p]sev]ance ( _! zeal4 ,aga9 a mi/ake6 ,n t human m]it 0 )\t its %>e 9 ! results2 b ev5 :]e ! fai? 0 ?us propagat$1 ! %>e t t fai? itself _h 9 ! result 0 inf9itely great]1 f its own prop] & inh]5t virtue1 ?an any %>e ( m54 ,incr$ulity & indiff]5tism may diffuse !mselves & pret5d to dom9ate2 !y leave unsolv$ ! problems t lie 9 ! dep? ( man's s\l3 !y d n rid him ( 8 p]plexities1 ( in/9ct or ( reflection1 z to ! _w's creation & man's creation1 ! orig9 ( good & evil1 provid5ce & fate1 human lib]ty & human responsibility1 man's immortality & 8 future /ate4 #afj ,in/ead ( ! d5ials & ! d\bts t _h be5 ?r[n ov] ^! unescapable que/ions1 ^? :o appli$ !mselves fully to r\se awak5$ ,*ri/ianity1 recall$ ! human s\l to ! memory ( positive solutions ( ^! que/ions2 solutions 9 accordance ) ! traditions ( _! native l&1 9 accordance ) _! habits z memb]s ( families1 & 9 h>mony ) ! recollections ( e>ly *ildhood2 solutions (t5 conte/$1 nev] refut$2 always recurr+ 9 ! lapse ( ages1 & c5tury aft] c5tury6 ,x 0 f ! intr9sic & p]man5t value ( ! doctr9es :i* !y 7 prea*+1 & n f !mselves1 t ! labor]s 9 ! "w d]iv$ _! =ce & _! cr$it4 ,!y _h ano!r pr9ciple ( =ce z well2 a =ce born & develop$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & 9 t alone2 !y _h ! passionate desire to save human s\ls4 ,m5 are n1 !y nev] h be51 /ruck z !y ought to h be5 /ruck ) ! beauty ( ?is passion1 or ) its novelty 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w1 or ) ! "p t x has play$ among ,*ri/ian nations4 #afa ,be=e ! era ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 times ( ,asiatic & ,european antiquity1 pagans & philosoph]s busi$ !mselves ab\t ! de/9y ( m5 aft] ! close ( _! e>?ly life1 & ) curiosity1 too1 did !y s\nd ! obscurity2 b ! ard5t solicitude = ! et]nal welf>e ( human s\ls1 ! nev]-we>y+ labor to prep>e human s\ls = et]nity--to set !m ev5 dur+ ?is exi/5ce 9 intimate relations ) ,god1 & to prep>e !m to und]go ,god's judgm5ts2--we h 9 all ?is a fact ess5tially ,*ri/ian1 "o ( ! sublime/ *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 & "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ m>ks ( its div9e orig94 ,god con/antly 9 relation ) mank9d & ) e man1 ,god pres5t dur+ ! actual life ( e man1 & ,god ! arbit] ( 8 future de/9y2 ! immortality ( ea* human s\l1 & ! connection betwe5 8 actual life & 8 future de/9y2 ! imm5se value ( ea* human s\l 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 & ! imm5se import to ! s\l ( ! future t awaits x3 ^! are ! convictions & ! affirmations all impli$ 9 ! "o passion allud$ to1 ! passion = ! salvation ( m5's s\ls1 :i* 0 ! :ole life ( our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* pass$ by 8 example & by 8 precepts into ! life ( 8 primitive disciples1 & :i*1 amid ! div]sities ( age1 p1 mann]s1 op9ions1 has rema9$ ! *>act]i/ic feature & ! inspir+ brea? ( ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity2 brea? :i* animat$ ! m5 :o 9 our days labor$1 & ) success1 to revive ,*ri/ian fai? among ! ,prote/ants ( ,france6 #afb ,_! zeal 0 employ$ 9 a v circumscrib$ sph]e2 beyond x _! names 7 unkn[n1 & unkn[n !y h rema9$4 ,:at spectators1 :at read]s1 :at public knew at t "t1 or "k ev5 at ?is mom5t1 :at mann] ( m5 !y 7 or :at _! de$s--^? m5 :o call$ !mselves ,neff1 ,bo/1 ,pyt1 ,gon?i]1 ,audebez1 ,cook1 ,wilks1 ,haldane8 #afc ,b :o1 ,i w\ld ask1 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus & ( ,pl9y1 knew :at mann] ( m5 !y 71 & :at ! de$s ( ,pet]1 ,paul1 ,john1 ,mat!w1 ,philip--! unkn[n disciples ( ! ,ma/]1 unkn[n himself1 :o _h ov]come ! _w8 ,notoriety is n ess5tial to influ5ce2 & 9 ! sph]e ( ! s\l1 z 9 ! ord] ( nature1 f\nta9s are n ! less abundant because _! spr+s are hidd5 9 obscurity4 ,! ,*ri/ian mission>ies ( our "t did n tr\ble !mselves to less5 t obscurity4 ,to lit]>y celebrity !y _h no pret5sion1 nor did !y seek ! triumph ( any political idea1 ( any specific sy/em ( ecclesia/ical organization1 ( any favorite plan 9 :i* _! p]sonal vanity 0 int]e/$3 ! salvation ( human s\ls 0 _! only passion1 & _! only object4 ,!y look$ ^u !mselves z humble s]vants commission$ to rem9d m5 ( promises :i* !y _h =gott5--( promises ( salvation by fai? 9 ,jesus4 ,! /ir ( ! reaction1 "o ( !mselves has said1 bore impress$ ^u x ! "* ( y\?1 or ev5 ( *ildhood4 #afd ,! humble/ pa/or on 8 circuit became a mission>y2 8 transit 0 reg>d$ almo/ l t ( a meteor4 ,on ! in/ant an assembly 0 convok$1 x numb]$ tw5ty1 ?irty1 fifty1 a hundr$1 two hundr$ p]sons1 collect$ to li/5 joyfully1 z if x 7 a great novelty or miracle1 to t ,gospel :i* we "k by he>t2--alas6 :i* we "k by he>t f> m ?an we h x 9 ! he>t6 ,footnote #bd ,footnote #bd3 ,mmoires p\vant s]vir l'hi/oire du rveil religieux des glises prote/antes de la ,suisse et de la ,france1 p> ,a4 ,bo/1 7#ahed17 t4 #a1 p4 #bdj4 ,:o c\ld mi/ake1 on he>+ su* s5tim5ts & su* language1 ! really ,*ri/ian "* ( ! reaction8 ,nev]-end+ weakness ( man's nature1 & inevitable imp]fection ( man's "w1 ev5 :5 man is walk+ 9 ! ways ( ,god6 ,9 ! mid/ ( awak5+ ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ?is f]v5t return to ! fai? ( ! ,gospel1 reappe>$ "s ( ! anci5t pret5sions ( !ology1 & among o!rs ! pret5sion to p5etrate ! decrees ( ,god & to def9e ! t]ms ( man's salvation4 #afe ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahah1 ! pi\s & or?odox ,doy5 ( ! ,prote/ant ,faculty ( ,montauban1 ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre1 r5d]+ an acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,haldane1 7,emmanuel1 ou vues ,scripturaires sur ,jsus-,*ri/17 :i* _h j appe>$1 ha/5$1 aft] hav+ ju/ly comm5d$ x1 to add3 ,! conclud+ pages ( ! ',emmanuel' express s5tim5ts :i* ,evangelical ,*ri/ians are f> f %>+4 ,! au?or lays d[n ! pr9ciple1 t all m5 :o d n believe 9 ! p]fect equality ( ! ,son & ( ! ,fa!r1 are enemies alike ( bo? ,fa!r & ,son2 t !y d5y1 & blaspheme aga9/ bo?1 & _c avoid et]nal dea?4 ,he reg>ds ! =be>ance we %[ to !m z inf9itely crim9al1 & seems ev5 incl9$ to condemn all :o h n ! c\rage to condemn !m4 ,z = me1 ,i v5ture to believe t x is ! duty ( a ,*ri/ian to "w out 8 own salvation )\t all[+ himself to pron\nce ^u ! salvation ( o!rs4 #aff ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$1 says ,he :om we all ackn[l$ge z our ,ma/]2 & ,/4 ,paul adds1 ',:o art ?\ t condemne/ ano!r man's s]vant8' ,i seize ?is opportunity to decl>e to all m5 desir\s to he> x1 t ,i believe firmly 9 ! div9ity ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & t ,i adopt 9 e respect ! ,nican ,cre$4 ,i d>e to affirm besides1 t ^! s5tim5ts are actually ^? ( all ! memb]s ( our ,faculty1 z !y h always be5 ^? ( our ,*ur*es4 ,x seems to me t p]sons :o "k n ,jesus ,*ri/ z ',god above all ?+s1 bless$ et]nally1' are mu* to be piti$1 & want ! greate/ ( all consolations4 ,?is error appe>s ! m dang]\s1 because x is g5]ally foll[$ by o!r errors2 = ! tru?s :i* are ! objects ( fai? are s connect$ & rivet$ toge!r1 t x is impossible to disc>d "o )\t %ak+ or ov]turn+ all ! o!rs4 #afg ,^! tru?s =m toge!r a maje/ic edifice1 to :i* all its p>ts are absolutely necess>y1 & :i* falls 9 ru9s if a brea* be made any:]e2 & p>ticul>ly1 if ! fir/ /one remov$ be ! key/one ( ! corn]4 ,b :at w\ld become ( u all1 if ! err+1 ev5 :5 !y err 9 good fai?1 _h no hope ( access to ! ?rone ( grace8 ,m5 :o1 z ,i d1 feel h[ mu* !y ne$ ,god's m]cy1 & man's indulg5ce1 feel little disposition to be sev]e t[>d o!rs4 ,footnote #be ,footnote #be3 ,ar*ives du ,*ri/ianisme aux ,,xix e sicle1 t4 #a1 pp4 #fc-ff4 ,9 hold+ ?is language1 ,m4 ,encontre 0 n m]ely p]=m+1 on 8 own acc\nt1 an act ( humility & ( ,*ri/ian *>ity2 he 0 t\*+ ^u "o ( ! supreme que/ions :i*1 9 our days1 are occasion+ a crisis 9 ,*ri/5dom2 & he 0 indicat+ its true & its sole solution4 ,l all passions1 7! be/ are n exempt17 ! passion = ! salvation ( man's s\l is full ( en?usiasm & fall ( bl9dness2 x believes too readily 9 ! possibility ( atta9+ ! object2 x is too unscrupul\s & undiscrim9at+ 9 ! means4 #afh ,h5ce sprung religi\s tyranny & !ological intol]ance3 ! p[]ful ?\ght !y c\ld compel ! human s\l to "w out its own salvation2 ! le>n$ believ$ !y c\ld def9e ! conditions ( t salvation4 ,mi/akes1 bo? ( !m1 pr(\ndly anti*ri/ian6 ,j z no p[] ( man has ! "r to /rip any s+le s\l1 creat$ by ,god free & responsible1 ( its lib]ty ( consci5ce2 s1 equally1 no sci5ce ( man c def9e ! laws & ! facts t %all regulate ! future /ate ( ! s\l4 ,lib]ty is1 on ?is e>?1 ! pr9ciple ( ! moral life ( man2 man's /ate beyond ?is e>? is a "q betwe5 him & 8 ,mak]1 & to be det]m9$ by ! use :i* man may h "h made ( 8 lib]ty4 ,to respect ,god's gift ( lib]ty to man1 & ! my/]y ( ,god's decrees respect+ man's salvation1 is 9 reality ! law ( ,*ri/ians2 & x is only on ?is d\ble condition t !re really is ei!r any awak5+ or any progress ( ,*ri/ians4 #afi ,no?+ does m honor to ! memory ( ,m4 ,daniel ,encontre ?an to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ to und]/& & to fulfill ?is d\ble duty4 ,firmly atta*$ to ^? fundam5tal articles ( belief :i* are ,*ri/ianity itself1 he 0 /range to e n>r[ness or exagg]ation ( doctr9e1 to e presumptu\sness ( op9ion1 & to e !ological intol]ance2 8 piety 0 compreh5sive1 )\t !re be+ any vagu5ess 9 8 fai?2 8 ,*ri/ianity 0 t ( a ,lib]al2 nor did 8 atta9m5ts z a ma!matician indispose him to rema9 a ,*ri/ian4 ,sc>cely 0 ,m4 ,encontre dead1 :5 two new m51 bo?1 l him1 em95t z pa/ors & pr(essors--,m4 ,alex&re ,v9et & ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod--appe>$ on ! religi\s ar5a1 & gave m clat to ! ,*ri/ian reaction by us+ simil> means1 & by impell+ ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ,france 9 ! same direction4 #agj ,al?\gh he 0 born & cont9ually liv$ & wrote 9 ,switz]l&1 ,m4 ,alex&re ,v9et 0 ( ,fr5* extraction2 he belongs to ,france z mu* z to ,switz]l&1 = he knew1 & und]/ood1 & lov$ ,france z mu* z he did ,switz]l&4 ,he s]v$1 too1 ! cause ( religi\s lib]ty1 & ! ,*ri/ian reaction1 9 ,france n less ?an 9 ,switz]l&4 ,a delicate *ild1 son ( a poor & an au/]e s*ool-ma/]1 :o de/9$ him to ! obscure life ( a village cl]gyman1 he manife/$ f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 labori\s c>e] an ard5t ta/e = lit]ature & = /udy1 :i* promis$ him a ri* rew>d 9 ! intellectual enjoym5t ( ! *ef-d'oeuvres ( anci5t & mod]n lit]ature4 ,he 0 f\nd ^u "o occasion 9 8 little *amb] 9 a fit ( en?usiasm & affect$ to te>s by a p]usal ( ! ,cid4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he became ,pr(essor ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature at ,ble2 & !re he devot$ himself to ! s]vice ( e c&idate ^u ! ,rh9e or ^u ! ,swiss ,alps :o requir$ to be taught to compreh5d & admire ! great writ]s ( ,france ( :atev] age1 & 9 :atev] dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 #aga ,philosoph]s & orators1 prose-writ]s & poets1 ,*ri/ians or ,free?9k]s1 ,ca?olics or ,prote/ants1 ,cons]vatives or ,re=m]s1 ,classici/s or ,romantici/s--all ! m5 :o h con/itut$ ! intellectual & lit]>y glory ( ,france1 obta9$ 9 ?is f]v5t ,me?odi/ ( ! ,vald5ses an admir] z w>m z he 0 intellig5t & imp>tial4 ,! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ,m4 ,v9et's lit]>y essays & criticisms is _! g5iality2 & :]ev] he enc\nt]s any sp>k or trace ( ! true or ! beautiful1 "u :atev] bann] !y appe>1 & h[ev] !y may be m+l$ ) op9ions o!rwise %ock+ to 8 feel+s1 he is at once attract$ & mov$1 & he admires & praises ) en?usiasm4 ,8 0 a m9d ( compreh5sive sympa?ies1 op5 to e impression1 ke5 to appreciate1 always ready to enjoy ev]y?+ t des]v$ to give pleasure1 ev5 al?\gh x might be only mom5t>ily & 9 pass+4 #agb ,?is passionate admir] ( ! beautiful1 ?is critic1 s lib]al-m9d$ & s imp>tial1 0 a s\nd & uncompromis+ morali/1 z well z a pi\s & firm ,*ri/ian4 ,! pr$om9ant idea ( all 8 lit]>y judgm5ts is moral2 & ?is det]m9es ! tone ( 8 criticism1 & ! impression :i* x leaves beh9d x1 )\t ev] r5d]+ x ei!r h>%1 or illib]al1 or n>r[-m9d$4 ,9 ! sph]e ( positive belief1 )\t import+ into controv]sies betwe5 believ] & believ] any microscopic criticism ( detail1 ,m4 ,v9et has nev]1 ^u ! div9e orig9 & ! fundam5tal dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h ! lea/ hesitation1 nev] made ! smalle/ concession2 he grapples directly ) ! mo/ speci\s & ! mo/ popul> objections ( 8 adv]s>ies1 & combats !m ) a conviction ! expression ( :i* becomes m & m eloqu5t ! cle>] & ! m complete its manife/ation4 ,to attempt to di/+ui% morality f dogma1 he says1 is to attempt to di/+ui% a riv] f its s\rce4 #agc ,! ,*ri/ian dogma is at its outset a morality1 al?\gh a ,*ri/ian "o4 ,j z ,god1 9 ! cre$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 reveals himself "u a =m t nature did n ann\nce1 ,*ri/ian morality1 9 its turn1 inve/s itself ) a "* t nature w\ld nev] h impress$ ^u x4 ,man f9d+ 8 own inability to make himself a religion1 ,god came to aid him 9 8 weakness4 ,x is n[ r m ?an eighte5 c5turies s9ce1 9 an obscure corn] ( ! _w1 !re appe>$ a man4 ,i d n say t a long s]ies ( prophets _h ann\nc$ ! com+ ( t man2 t a long s]ies ( miracles _h m>k$ ) ! seal ( ,god ! nation :]e he 0 to be born1 & ev5 ! prophecy :i* =etold him2 t1 9 a ^w1 an impos+ mass ( evid5ce surr\nds & au!nticates him4 ,i say m]ely t t man prea*$ a religion4 ,t religion is n natural religion2 ! dogmas ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( ! s\l's immortality are ev]y:]e tak5 = grant$ 9 8 disc\rses--nev] taught1 nev] prov$4 #agd ,nei!r are ! ideas :i* he tea*es d$uc$ logically f ! primitive axioms ( reason2 t :i* he tea*es1 t :i* =ms ! sub/ance ( 8 doctr9e1 embraces subjects :i* conf\nd ! reason1 & to :i* ! reason has nei!r way nor access2 he prea*es a ,god on e>?1 a ,god man1 a ,god poor1 a ,god crucifi$2 he prea*es wra? involv+ ! innoc5t1 m]cy exempt+ ! guilty f all condemnation1 ,god ! victim ( man1 & man =m+ "o p]son ) ,god2 he prea*es a new bir?1 )\t :i* man c nev] be sav$2 he prea*es ! sov]eignty ( ,god's grace1 & ! pl5itude ( ! lib]ty ( man4 ,i d n 9 any way qualify 8 tea*+2 ,i give !m to y z !y are1 & )\t disguise2 ,i seek n to ju/ify !m4 ,y may1 if y please1 feel surprise1 y may take (f5se2 scruple n to d s4 ,b :5 y h to y\r he>t's cont5t wond]$ at _! /rang5ess1 ,i on my side w propose to y ano!r subject = y\r wond]4 #age ,^! /range dogmas conqu]$ ! _w4 ,9 _! v infancy !y invad$ le>n$ ,a!ns1 ri* ,cor9?1 haughty ,rome4 ,!y ga!r$ toge!r ',confessors' f work%ops1 f prisons1 f s*ools1 f ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 & f ?rones4 ,conqu]ors ( civilization1 !y triumph$ ov] b>b>ism2 !y made to pass "u ! same yoke ! degrad$ ,roman1 ! savage ,sicambrian4 ,! =ms ( society h *ang$2 society has be5 dissolv$ & m\ld$ afre%4 ,!y alone h endur$ 9 _! integrity4 ,no o!r doctr9e1 :e!r ( philosophy or ( religion1 la/$3 ea* _h its "t2 ea* "t its idea2 &1 z a celebrat$ writ] has said1 ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ab&on$ to itself1 *ose = itself m\lds 9 accordance ) ! "t1 :i* x broke :5 ! "t 0 no long] !re4 ,b ! dogma ( ! ,cross p]si/$ 9 recurr+4 #agf ,_h x only tak5 possession ( a c]ta9 class ( p]sons x w\ld h be5 mu*1 x w\ld p]haps h be5 ev5 inexplicable2 b y f9d foll[]s ( ! ,cross 9 ! camp & 9 civil life1 among ! ri* & among ! poor1 among ! bold & among ! timid1 among ! le>n$ & among ! ignorant4 ,?is dogma is good = all1 ev]y:]e1 always2 x nev] gr[s old4 ,! religion ( ! ,cross appe>s n[h]e 9 arre> ( civilization2 on ! contr>y1 f> z civilization may progress1 x ev] f9ds ,*ri/ianity 9 advance4 ,suppose n t a complaisant ,*ri/ianity w ev] cancel any article or expunge any idea to accommodate itself to ! age3 no1 x d]ives its /r5g? f its inflexibility1 & ne$s n make any surr5d] to be 9 h>mony ) :at is beautiful1 legitimate1 true2 = x is 9 itself ! type ( !m all4 ,/ill x is n a religion :i* flatt]s man2 & ! worldly1 by keep+ alo(1 %[ pla9ly en\gh t ,*ri/ianity is a /range doctr9e4 ,^? :o d>e n reject x /rive to r5d] x palatable4 ,!y /rip x ( :at (f5ds !m--( its my?s1 z !y are pleas$ to /yle !m2 !y almo/ make out ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e a rationalism4 #agg ,b1 s+ul> to say1 once a rationalism x has no long] any =ce2 9 ?is respect resembl+ "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s creatures 9 ! animate _w1 to :i* x is dea? to lose its /+4 ,! /range dogmas disappe>1 b ) !m all zeal1 f]vor1 sanctity1 *>ity1 disappe> also2 ! salt ( ! e>? has lo/ its savor1 & we "k n by :at means to re/ore x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 d y le>n t some:]e or o!r !re is an awak5+ ( ,*ri/ians1 t ,*ri/ianity is resuscitat+1 t fai? %[s signs ( life1 t zeal ab\nds8 ,ask n 9 :at soil ^! preci\s plants are spr++2 y may pron\nce y\rself3 x is 9 ! rude & rugg$ soil ( or?odoxy1 9 ! %ade ( ! my/]ies :i* conf\nd human reason1 & ( :i* human reason w\ld l s mu* to get rid1 444 ,"s passages 9 ! fair "w ( ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 ^u dramatic lit]ature might1 at lea/ ,i fe> s1 lead to ! conclusion t ,*ri/ianity is1 9 its ess5ce1 only ! result ( a natural progress ( man's m9d1 a gradual developm5t ( anci5t wisdom4 #agh ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! passage :]e ! au?or tells u t ! ,greeks 7 advanc+ /ep by /ep t[>d ,*ri/ian spiritualism4 ,we regret t ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 did n say 9 :at s5se he und]/ood ?is1 & )9 :at limits4 ,we hope t he w n see 9 u ! *ampion ( a capti\s or?odoxy1 if we say t no?+ s mu* weak5s ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ianity1 t no?+ prejudices 9 m5's m9ds its cause m1 ?an to treat x z a l9k 9 ! *a91 :i* *a9 9 reality x sev]$4 ,t ev5ts1 t is1 ,provid5ce1 did a=eh& holl[ a b$ 9 ! regions ( ! we/ = ?is div9e riv]1 :at believ]1 h[ev] rigid1 w\ld ev] ent]ta9 any scruple 9 admitt+8 ,b /ill x is ess5tial t we %\ld n misappreh5d ! s\rce :5ce t riv] well$ =?4 #agi ,no natural developm5t ( ev5ts1 ei!r among ! ,jews or among ! ,greeks1 c acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:atev] ! progress made by ! anci5ts1 !re nev] 0 a "t :5 !re exi/$ n an inf9ity betwe5 _! ideas1 & ! ideas ( ,*ri/ianity2 & inf9ity alone c fill up ! gulf betwe54 ,!re is an end ( ,*ri/ianity if m5 agree 9 ?9k+ ! contr>y--if !y succe$ 9 caus+ ! ,sup]natural to assume a place 9 "o ( ! comp>tm5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$1 we w\ld pref] = ! ,*ri/ian religion ! mo/ outrage\s d5ial1 to an admiration circumscrib$ )9 su* limits4 ,*ri/'s fai? is no?+ if n1 l ,mel*is$ek )\t e>?ly p>5t "h bel[1 & )\t g5ealogy4 ,footnote #bf ,footnote #bf3 ,essai sur la manife/ation des convictions religieuses1 p4 #he4 ,premi]s disc\rs1 pp4 #ad1 #ej1 #ec4 ,littrature ,franaise1 vol4 iii1 p4 #fbc4 #ahj ,:oev] indicat$ ) great] di/9ctness ! key/one 9 ! edifice ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ev] clung to x m closely8 ,m4 ,v9et occupi$ himself 9 turn ) fre$om ( consci5ce & ( man's ?\ght1 ) ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 & ) ! lit]ature ( ,france4 ,^! ?ree subjects became ! passions ( 8 life1 /irr+ 8 s\l1 ?\gh at unequal dep?s4 ,b ( ^! ?ree only "o1 ! passion = lit]ature1 0 a s\rce to him ( tranquil & unmitigat$ enjoym5t4 ,9 8 advocacy ( man's lib]ty & ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,m4 ,v9et _h to pass n only ?r\gh ! ordeal ( intellectual labors & combats1 b ?r\gh ! solicitudes & sorr[s ( life4 ,! def5d] ( ! lib]ty ( =ms ( wor%ip1 cr[n$ z su* by ! ,societ ,franais de la ,morale ,*rti5ne1 liv$ to see ?is lib]ty attack$ 9 8 native ,switz]l&1 at once by popul> fury & by civil au?ority4 ,! f]v5t promot] ( ! ,*ri/ian reaction1 beheld "o hundr$ & sixty evangelical pa/ors ( ! ,canton ( ! ,vaud1 8 companions 9 ?is pi\s "w1 =c$ to quit _! ,*airs 9 ord] to pres]ve _! fai?4 #aha ,& x 0 9 sickness1 & at ! approa* ( dea?1 t ,m4 ,v9et _h to und]go all ?is4 ,nei!r 8 fai? nor ! tranquillity ( 8 s\l 0 di/urb$4 ,he cont9u$1 to 8 la/ h\r1 to be ! active *ampion ( lib]ty1 ! fai?ful s]vant ( ,*ri/1 ! eloqu5t admir] & comm5tator ^u ,fr5* lit]ature1 :i* he foll[$ 9 all its phases1 :e!r calm or /ormy1 :e!r pure or defil$4 ,aft] all1 s he wrote 9 #ahde1 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o despair2 ,god1 )\t any viol5ce to our fre$om ( action1 r by t fre$om itself1 conducts u to ! unkn[n %ores4 ,! ports at :i* we l& d n all ( !m af=d secure moor+2 we "k some?+ ( t ev5 9 ?is little c\ntry4 ,our progress w be sl[1 & amid /orms2 b ! circle ( univ]sal tru? w be complet$1 & man's s5se ( moral "r & wrong w be improv$1 at ! same "t t man's sci5ce w be enri*$4 #ahb ,i %\ld feel horror if ,i ?\ght t ,"s ,"o is n at ! c5t] ( all ?is movem5t1 hold+ all its elem5ts 9 8 h&2 ,"s ,"o to :om1 :e!r !y "k him or d n "k him1 ! aspirations ( all creatures asc5d 9 _! sorr[1 & :om !y in/9ctively salute ) ! sweet reassur+ "n ( ',fa!r4' ,footnote #bg ,footnote #bg3 ,notice sur ,m4 ,alex&ra ,v9et1 p> ,m4 ,e4 ,s\ve/re1 publi%$ 9 ! ,magaz9 ,pittoresque de #ahdh1 p4 #ha4 ,! pr9cipal works ( ,m4 ,alex&re ,v9et are3 #a4 ,trait et ,polmique sur la lib]t des cultes4 #ahbf1 #aheb4 #b4 ,disc\rs sur quelques sujets religieux4 #ahca1 #ahec4 #c4 ,essais de philosophic et de morale religieuse4 #ahcg4 #d4 ,essai sur la manife/ation des convictions religieuses1 et sur la sp>ation de l'glise et de tat4 #ahdb1 #aheh4 #e4 tudes et mditations vangliques4 #ahdg1 #ahdi1 #ahea4 #f4 tudes sur ,pascal4 #ahdh1 #ahef4 #g4 ,*re/oma?ie ,franaise1 ,hi/oire de la littrature ,franaise au ,,xviii sicle1 et tudes sur la littrature ,franaise au ,,xix sicle4 #ahbi1 #ahdi1 #ahec1 etc4 ,he wrote1 besides1 num]\s %ort pieces1 & articles 9 reviews & j\rnals1 sugge/$ by topics ( ! day4 ,^u a s+le po9t1 ! relations ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 8 usual compreh5siv5ess ( view & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght appe>$ to ab&on ,m4 ,v9et4 #ahc ,ju/ly /ruck & afflict$ by 8 own exp]i5ce ( ! inconv5i5ces ( a /rict bond betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 disgu/$ at ! s]vility & falsity :i* frequ5tly are1 sometimes on ! "p ( ! ,/ate1 sometimes on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*1 its results1 he conclud$ t 9 all cases all alliance betwe5 ! two conditions ( society is radically vici\s2 & he decl>$ _! entire sep>ation a g5]al & absolute pr9ciple1 ! sole reasonable & j sy/em1 ! sole efficaci\s gu>antee ( tru? & ( lib]ty 9 spirituals or temporals4 ,he ?us ignor$1 x appe>s to me1 ! natural causes :i* produce1 & ! human motives :i* sanction1 a c]ta9 alliance betwe5 societies civil & ecclesia/ical2 he ignor$ also ! ine/imable advantages :i*1 at c]ta9 times & 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ea* may d]ive1 & has actually d]iv$1 f t alliance4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! entire sep>ation ( ! ,/ate & ( ! diff]5t ,*ur*es 0 necess>y & salut>y1 = x 0 ! spontane\s consequ5ce ( ! condition ( m5's m9ds1 & ( ! position ( society4 #ahd ,9 ,engl&1 9 spite ( ! acts ( inju/ice1 & ! ills eng5d]$ by ! intimate union ( ! /ate ) a ,*ur* legally con/itut$ & hav+ exclusive privileges1 ! coexi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ) ! fre$om1 m & m e day complete & recogniz$1 ( ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,diss5t]s1 0 = ! ,*ri/ian religion a pot5t pr9ciple ( life1 ( =ce1 & ( durability4 ,& if we g back to ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,europe1 :o c d\bt t at ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 if ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur* _h n1 al?\gh di/9ct in/itutions1 be5 alli$1 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld h be5 f> less en]getic1 & its conque/ ( its b>b>\s conqu]ors f> m problematical8 ,?is is1 ,i repeat1 a "q n ( pr9ciple1 b ( "t1 ( place1 ( circum/ance1 & ( condition ( society4 ,a complete sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate may be good & practicable2 x is nei!r ! only good sy/em1 nor is x always a practicable sy/em4 #ahe ,an alliance ( ! two ^u c]ta9 fix$ t]ms has its inconv5i5ces & its p]ils1 b its effects may be also v salut>y2 x may be ess5tial1 & does n ( necessity exclude religi\s s9c]ity or religi\s lib]ty4 ,m4 ,v9et1 9 discuss+ ! subject1 lo/ sight ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( human societies1 & atta*$ too mu* importance to ! speci\s & transi5t facts :i* he _h be=e 8 eyes4 ,if ,m4 ,v9et 7 n[ liv+1 he might 9 8 own c\ntry behold two fair examples ( ! good results ( ! mix$ sy/ems :i* he s absolutely condemn$4 ,9 ! ,cantons ( ! ,vaud & ( ,g5eva1 aft] ! viol5t & pa9ful conte/s to :i* ,i h above ref]r$1 a diss5t+ ,indep5d5t ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$ by ! side ( a ,*ur* recogniz$ & support$ by ! ,/ate4 ,9 nei!r canton 0 ?is e/abli%m5t a tempor>y exp$i5t1 ! fruit ( a mom5t>y ardor2 ! ,indep5d5t ,*ur* has consolidat$ & develop$ itself2 x endures & prosp]s4 ,l ! ,e/abli%m5t1 x has its pa/ors1 its *ur*es1 its solemnities1 its s*ools = g5]al & = sup]ior in/ruction4 #ahf ,i h be=e me facts & figures :i* prove its vitality & its progress4 ,& n only did ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* f9ally acquiesce 9 ! peaceable exi/5ce ( ! indep5d5t ,*ur*1 x also pr(it$ by x1 & its salut>y influ5ce has be5 frankly ackn[l$g$ by its wor?ie/ pa/ors4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 z 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,holl&1 & 9 our days m easily & m promptly ?an 9 anci5t times1 ! exi/5ce on ! "o side ( a national ,*ur* recogniz$ by ! ,/ate1 has giv5 to ! diff]5t =ms ( ,*ri/ian belief a /ability & a dignity :i* h secur$ its p]man5t effects ^u succe$+ g5]ations2 ! exi/5ce1 on ! o!r side1 ( indep5d5t ,*ur*es1 & ! religi\s emulation betwe5 ! two e/abli%m5ts1 h turn$ 9 bo? to ! pr(it ( fai? & ( piety4 #ahg ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod seem$1 ev5 m ?an ,m4 ,v9et1 to promise by natural b5t ( 8 "*1 & by ! incid5ts ( 8 life1 to become ! *ampion ( an entire sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e]1 he suff]$ f a ,gov]nm5t bas$ ^u _! connection4 ,pa/or at ,lyons1 9 #ahca1 ( ! e/abli%$ ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 he 0 dismiss$ f ^! functions by ! ,consi/ory ( t city1 z too exact+ 9 8 or?odoxy1 & z tr\bl+ by 8 exig5cies ! peace ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,he !n became ! f\nd] & pa/or ( a small diss5t+ & indep5d5t ,*ur* at ,lyons4 ,! en]gy ) :i* he express$ 8 convictions1 & ! excell5ce ( 8 prea*+1 rapidly spread1 & increas$ 8 r5[n = piety4 ,num]\s ,prote/ants manife/$ ! desire to see him once m )9 ! pale ( ! national ,*ur*4 ,he made no objection2 a ,*air becom+ vacant 9 ! ,faculty ( ,montauban1 ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod 0 nom9at$1 & f #ahcf to #ahdg he bo? lectur$ & prea*$ at ,montauban ) a comm&+ ability t made itself felt1 n only among ! majority ( ! /ud5ts1 b propagat$ its influ5ces to a di/ance among ! pr9cipal c5t]s ( ,fr5* ,prote/antism4 #ahh ,9 #ahdg he 0 summon$ to ,p>is z ! suffragan ( ano!r pa/or1 ,m4 ,juill]at4 ,nor did he scruple to accept ?is second>y & prec>i\s situation4 ,he _h full confid5ce 9 ! div9e vocation1 & 0 firmly resolv$ to proce$ to any place :]e ! fai? ( ,*ri/ might dem& 8 s]vices4 ,he _h1 9 ! evangelical *air1 ev5 m success at ,p>is ?an at ,lyons & ,montauban4 ,:51 aft] ! ,revolution ( #ahdh1 a g5]al assembly ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*es ( ,france assembl$ = ! purposes ( consid]+ _! in/itutions & discuss+ po9ts ( common int]e/1 a grave "q 0 rais$1 & became ! subject ( w>m & l5g!n$ debate3 ,%\ld ,fr5* ,prote/ants proclaim _! anci5t ,confession ( ,fai?1 t ( ,ro*elle1 or %\ld !y proclaim a confession ( new articles2 or la/ly1 %\ld !y rema9 passive & d no?+8 "s1 & p>ticul>ly _! pa/or1 ,m4 ,fr$]ic ,monod1 eld] bro!r ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod1 ann\nc$ _! det]m9ation to retire f ! assembly & f ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 unless !y adopt$ a ,confession ( ,fai? 9 accordance ) ! traditional pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation4 #ahi ,! in]tness ( ! hesitat+ & timid assembly 0 equival5t to a refusal1 & !y did 9 effect retire4 ,to ! great surprise & great regret ( 8 adv]s>ies1 ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod1 al?\gh favorable to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,confession ( ,fai?1 did n foll[ ! example by retir+2 he ev5 succe$$ 8 bro!r z titul> pa/or 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,p>is1 & publi%$ to ! _w ! motives ( 8 conduct4 ,footnote #bh ,footnote #bh3 ,9 8 "w entitl$1 ,p\rquoi je demeure dans l'glise tablie4 #aij ,8 motives 7 good1 su* z a man ( elevat$ "* & en]getic purpose might conceive & might av[4 ,9 spite ( _! importance1 ! que/ions :i* conc]n ! organization ( ! ,*ur* & its et]nal relations 71 9 ! eyes ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod1 only second>y consid]ations1 subject 9 a c]ta9 measure to "t & to circum/ance4 ,= him ! "q ( fai? 0 supreme2 & he occupi$ himself inf9itely m ) ! spiritual /ate ( s\ls ?an ) ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t4 ,to ! s]i\s ?9k] ! ,*ri/ian fai? is q diff]5t f any conception or conviction ( ! und]/&+2 x is a g5]al condition ( ! :ole man2 x is ! v life ( ! s\l2 n m]ely its actual life1 b ! s\rce & ! gu>antee ( its future life4 ,! fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ! ,r$eem]1 ! ,savi\r1 makes ! life ( a ,*ri/ian2 & ! life ( a ,*ri/ian is a prep>ation = an et]nal salvation4 ,) ?is fai? p5etrat+ to 8 v m>r[1 & ) ! intimate p]suasion ( its consequ5ces1 ! duty ( giv+ a voice to t fai?1 & ( diffus+ x1 0 ! dom9ant idea1 ! p]man5t passion1 ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod4 #aia ,he _h n himself be5 always firmly settl$ 9 8 religi\s convictions2 he _h be5 a prey to great moral p]plexities1 & to attacks ( pr(\nd melan*oly4 ,:5 he _h escap$ f ^!--or r1 to use 8 own words1 :5 ,god _h become really ! ma/] ( 8 he>t--he _h no o!r ?\ght b t ( br++ o!r s\ls to ! same /ate1 & ( r\s+ !m to a fai? 9 ,*ri/1 ) a view to _! et]nal salvation4 ,! position :i* he reg>d$ z ( all ! mo/ appropriate = himself1 0 "o 9 :i* he c\ld mo/ pr(itably =w>d ?is "w4 ,:5 9 #ahdh ! "q 0 ?us put to him1 & :5 he _h be5 conv9c$ bo? by 8 pa/ obs]vation ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ,france dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & by 8 own exp]i5ce ( x1 t ! e/abli%$ ,*ur* (f]$ to him 9 8 ,*ri/ian purpose ! va/e/ field ( ex]tion1 & ! be/ *ance ( success1 he did n hesitate to rema9 9 x4 ,i f9d 9 ! situation1 he said1 grave disord]s1 ( :i* x is my duty to seek unceas+ly ! re=m2 b t situation has also its hopeful side4 #aib ,a long developm5t ( my ideas w\ld be sup]flu\s2 let u conf9e ourselves to "s /rik+ facts4 ,try & reckon h[ _m or?odox pa/ors our ,*ur* possess$ :5 ! reaction began 9 #ahai1 & !n make a simil> calculation = #ahdi4 ,i d n mean to fix ! precise numb]s2 b is x too mu* to say1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le g5]ation ! numb] ( or?odox pa/ors is t51 fifte51 tw5ty times p]haps z great8 ,?is applies to ! cl]gy1 ( :om ev]y:]e ! imm5se influ5ce is felt4 ,among _! congregations x is less easy to foll[s ?+s2 b ! att5tive obs]v] does n fail to m>k simil> indications4 ,behold our religi\s societies3 are n ! mo/ popul> among !m ^? :i* hoi/$ mo/ manfully ! colors ( or?odoxy8 ,& if "s are 9 a langui%+ condition1 is x n because !y (f]$ 9 ?is respect fewe/ gu>antees8 ,evid5tly ! fir/ condition ( exi/5ce = our religi\s in/itutions ( *>ity is s\nd doctr9e4 #aic ,my read]s1 p]mit me to "q y /ill m closely4 ,?r[ y\r eyes ^u ! eight or t5 families be/ kn[n to y1 beg9n+ ) y\r own1 & comp>e :at !y are n[ ) :at !y 7 9 #ahai2 contra/ _! occupations1 ta/es1 sacrifices1 & int]c\rse1 ! modes ( education1 ! books read1 fri5d%ips =m$1 & s on2 & !n decl>e1 ?ankless ones1 if ,god has all[$ y to be )\t enc\ragem5t4 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bi3 ,p\rquoi je demeure dans l'glise tablie1 p> ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod1 pp4 #be-cb4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod _h good reason to draw att5tion to ?is g5]al progress ( ,*ri/ianity2 b !re 0 ano!r progress also des]v+ notice1 t :i* he _h himself made1 & :i* he 0 mak+ m & m e day1 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! true & di/+ui%+ "* ( a ,*ri/ian4 #aid ,at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] z a m9i/] ( ! ,gospel1 9 8 diff]5t controv]sies1 & especially 9 8 controv]sy ) ! ,consi/ory ( ,lyons1 he _h %[n rud5ess1 impati5ce1 & want ( =esight2 he _h be5 too precipitate 9 en=c+ 8 fai? by argum5ts1 & too mu* dispos$ to und]value ! ob/acles 9 its way4 ,?anks to 8 g5u9e s9c]ity & ! natural elevation ( 8 "*1 "t1 exp]i5ce1 & success _h giv5 at once bread? & suppl5ess to 8 ?\ght4 ,fai? _h g5]at$ mode/y1 & hope pati5ce4 ,contr>y to ! ord9>y bias ( m51 8 lib]alism _h increas$ 9 ! same measure z 8 /r5g?4 ,z an act ( duty he made 9 #ahdh an av[al ( ! /ate ( 8 m9d 9 ?is respect4 ,! age1 he said1 reproa*es u ) 'exclusisme1' 7exclusiv5ess17 a new ^w expressly inv5t$ to d5ote its favorite *>ge2 = false ideas ! age has only ! res\rce ( a b>b>\s phraseology4 ,?is 'exclusisme' is ! sole ?+ :i* ! age _c tol]ate 9 matt]s ( doctr9e3 x is prep>$1 x says to itself1 to take ev]y?+ )9 its pale except ! 'exclusives4' #aie ,?us !y dem& f u only "o *ange 9 ! pr(ession ( our fai?2 !y call ^u u to sub/itute = our usual prefatory =mula1 ',?is is ! tru?1' ! words1 ',?is is my op9ion4' ,& if !y1 9 claim+ su* qualification ( language1 limit$ _! dem& to ?+s :i*1 9 spite ( any relative importance1 d n con/itute ! sub/ance ( ! fai? & ( ! life ( a ,*ri/ian1 we %\ld d :at !y require2 p]haps ,i %\ld r say1 we d x already1 z bro!r %\ld d to bro!r1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( tru? itself4 ,x is "o ( ! di/9ctive features ( ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ians 9 our epo*1 t *>itably sp>+ 9 ! absolute dogmatism ( :i* ! sixte5? c5tury 0 prodigal1 !y make dogmas ( only a small numb] ( fundam5tal doctr9es4 ,& ev5 ( ^! !y /rive to contract ! circle1 until hav+ rea*$ ! vital =ces1 ! v he>t1 s to say1 ( tru?1 !y sum x up 9 "o s+le "n1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 "o s+le ^w1 grace4 #aif ,:oev] is ( t fai?1 :atev] "n he be>s else:]e1 & :atev] place he occupies 9 ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*--,lu!ran1 ,anglican1 ,me?odi/1 ,moravian1 ,bapti/1 nay1 ,roman ,ca?olic1 or ,greek ,ca?olic1 we receive t man z a bro!r 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 & n we only1 b ! :ole contempor>y ,evangelical ,*ur*1 ) c]ta9 exceptions becom+ e day r>]1 & aris+ f a n>r[ or sect>ian pietism4 ,h5ce ! ',evangelical ,alliance1' =m$ 9 our own "t ( m ?an tw5ty ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 ! prelude only to ano!r evangelical alliance :i* w exclude none :o rely ^u ! sole m]its ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,savi\r & ,"l ( all4 ,our 'exclusisme1' besides1 has n = its objects individuals b doctr9es4 ,absolute affirmation is legitimate :5 ! object is to def9e ! fai?1 :i* is ! promise ( salvation1 = ,god has cle>ly reveal$ x 9 8 ^w2 b :5 ! object is to m>k ! individuals :o possess t sav+ fai?1 simil> affirmation c\ld n be us$ )\t tem]ity2 = ,god has n[h]e reveal$ to u ei!r ! int]nal /ate ( any man1 or ! f9al lot res]v$ = him4 #aig ,we exclude no man1 we judge no man1 alive or dead2 ! judgm5t ( ! quick & ( ! dead belongs to ,god alone4 ,d\btless we e/imate1 accord+ to our ability1 ! spiritual condition ( a man by 8 works1 z we d a tree by its fruits2 ,jesus himself invites u to d s4 ,d\btless1 :5 we see a man liv+ & dy+ 9 ! works ( ! fai?1 we hope = him1 & our hope may gr[ ev5 to a firm assurance2 & :51 on ! contr>y1 we see a man liv+ & dy+ 9 ! works ( incr$ulity1 we h a feel+ ( anxiety = him--a feel+ z pa9ful z x is my/]i\s4 ,b1 aft] all1 nei!r 9 ! fir/ case nor 9 ! second1 & /ill less 9 ! second ?an ! fir/1 are we au?oriz$ to pron\nce any p]sonal judgm5t2 & b = ! p>adoxical turn ( ! expression1 ,i w\ld will+ly adopt ! language ( ! dev\t ,bunyan3 ,?ree ?+s w\ld a/oni% me 9 heav52 fir/1 n to see !re c]ta9 p]sons :om ,i expect to see !re2 secondly1 to see !re ^? ,i d n expect to see !re2 & ?irdly1 :i* w\ld surprise me mo/1 to see myself !re4' ,footnote #cj ,footnote #cj3 ,s]mon sur l',exclusisme1 ou l'unit de la foi1 9 ! ,recueil des ,s]mons de ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod4 #cme srie1 t4 ii1 pp4 #chf-cij4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,! s]mons ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod h be5 collect$ & publi%$ 9 f\r vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahef-ahfj4 ,he also wrote sev]al small works1 among o!rs3 #a4 ,lucile1 ou la lecture de la ,bible4 #ahda4 #b4 ,la ,de/itution d',adolphe ,monod1 rcit 9dit1 rdig p> luimme4 #ahfd4 #c4 ,rcit des confr5ces qui ont eu lieu en #ahcd1 entre quelques ,ca?oliques ,rema9s et ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 #d4 ,les adieux d',adolphe ,monod ses amis et l'glise4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 #aih ,a piety s pr(\nd1 & at ! same "t s mode/ & s l>ge1 express$ ) an eloqu5ce :i* comb9$ an impassion$ e>ne/ness ( language ) an impassion$ e>ne/ness ( conviction1 c\ld n fail to ex]cise great influ5ce4 ,z a prea*]1 ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod 0 p[]ful4 #aii ,he _h acquir$1 n by c>eful & cold obs]vation1 b by an assidu\s & consci5ti\s /udy ( ! ,gospels & ( himself1 a rem>kable k ( human nature1 ( its /r5g? & ( its weakness1 ( its defici5cies & ( its aspirations4 ,he laid siege1 s to speak1 to ! s\ls ( m51 & he press$ ! siege ard5tly & ) skill2 he assail$ all _! gates1 & pursu$ !m to _! inn]mo/ def5ses1 keep+ con/antly display$ ! bann] ( ,*ri/1 & inspir+ !m ) ! p]fect confid5ce t he 0 urg+ !m to take _! /&1 too1 b5ea? x1 n f any human motive1 or any desire ( glory to himself1 b f a s]i\s desire = _! s\ls' welf>e1 & f x alone4 ,?us did he ga9 ov] to 8 ,div9e ,ma/] ! he>ts dispos$ to receive him1 /rongly %ake ! purpose ( ^? n confirm$ 9 _! rebellion1 & leave a/oni%$ & intimidat$ ^? :om he did n br+ ov]4 ,z pa/or also 8 influ5ce 0 extraord9>y2 8 life 0 ! reflection & ! comm5t>y ^u 8 prea*+4 #bjj ,he appli$ fir/ to 8 own case ! precepts ( 8 fai?1 & ! conclusions !refrom logically d$ucible4 ,z he said no?+ t he did n ?9k1 s he ?\ght no?+ t he did n practice2 & )\t be+ readily impressionable1 l t ( ,m4 ,v9et1 8 zeal 0 expansive1 & 8 piety gave him no re/ f ! task ( diffus+ by example & precept ! fai? & ! practice ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,attack$ by a pa9ful & incurable illness1 :i* at la/ condemn$ him to immobility1 he did n suff] x to r5d] him inactive & useless4 ,e ,sunday dur+ ! la/ six mon?s ( 8 life1 8 family1 "s pa/ors 8 colleagues1 & z _m atta*$ fri5ds z 8 *amb] c\ld receive1 ga!r$ ar\nd 8 b$1 & 8 zeal surm\nt$ 8 pa94 ,he address$ to !m1 to use 8 v words1 sometimes ! regret ( a dy+ man1 sometimes ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ces ( fai? & ( life4 ,! dev\t assemblage 0 aga9 convok$1 at 8 express$ wi%1 = ! #f? ,april1 #ahef4 #bja ,b t day1 be=e ! h\r fix$ = ! assembly _h arriv$1 ,god took to him 8 s]vant1 grant+ ! wi% express$ 9 8 own (t5 repeat$ pray]1 ,let my life only t]m9ate ) my m9i/ry1 & my m9i/ry only ) my life4 ,footnote #ca ,footnote #ca3 ,^! are ! words ins]t$ 9 a publication be>+ ! title ,les adieux d',adolphe ,monod sa famille et a l'glise1 9 :i* ! la/ exhortations & conv]sations ( ?is dy+ ,*ri/ian h be5 pi\sly collect$4 ,p4 viii4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,eighte5 mon?s be=e ! decease ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod1 an em95t pa/or ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* ( ,p>is1 8 fri5d & fell[-labor] 9 ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,m4 ,ed\>d ,v]ny1 di$ sudd5ly 9 ! ,evangelical ,*air at ,/rasb\rg1 :ile prea*+ ^u ! words address$ by ! ,apo/les to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,antio*1 ,x seem$ good to ! ,holy ,gho/1 & to u1 to lay ^u y no great] burd5 ?an ^! necess>y ?+s1 words n less lib]al ?an pi\s1 & fai?fully express+ ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian orator1 :o di$ :ile comm5t+ ^u !m4 #bjb ,! m9d ( ,m4 ,v]ny 0 naturally lib]al & indep5d5t2 8 intellectual c>e] _h comm5c$ ) philosophical /udies1 & he _h reta9$ a /rong bias 9 favor ( ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,?is did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t him f promptly & calmly appreciat+ ! op9ions :i* he did n %>e4 ,)\t possess+ ei!r ! impassion$ /yle or ! p[] ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod1 he 0 n less devot$ to ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity2 & he conv9c$ ^? by ! *>ms ( 8 mann]1 into ^: m9ds ,m4 ,monod ent]$ by =ce & z a conqu]or4 ,footnote #cb ,footnote #cb3 ,al?\gh ,m4 ,v]ny _h long prea*$1 & _h (t5 writt5 9 religi\s reviews & j\rnals1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,semeur1 v few monum5ts rema9 ( 8 ideas & ( 8 tal5ts4 ,! pr9cipal are3 #a4 ,a s]mon ,^u ! ,unity ( ! ,*ur*1 prea*$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,bolbec 9 #ahed4 #b4 ,two s]mons1 "o ,^u ! ,pray] ( ! ,canaanite ,woman2 ! o!r ,^u ,rep5tance2 prea*$ at ,p>is 9 #ahdc & #ahdf4 #c4 ,! s]mon ,sur l',ouv]ture sol5nelle de la session du ,consi/oire suprieur de l'glise de la ,confession d',augsb\rg1 prea*$ at ,/rasb\rg on ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 #ahed3 :ile prea*+ :i* ,m4 ,v]ny di$ 9 ! pulpit4 #d4 ,an ,essai sur les droits de la sci5ce1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,revue de ,?ologie et de ,philosophie ,*rti5ne1 publi%$ at ,/rasb\rg by ,m4 ,colani4 ,vol4 ix1 pp4 #bjh-bdh4 #ahed4 ,?is essay 0 to h be5 foll[$ by an ,essai sur les devoirs de la foi1 ( :i* ! sudd5 dea? ( ,m4 ,v]ny prev5t$ ! completion4 #bjc ,al?\gh ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ,france !reby su/a9$ an imm5se loss1 x _h a /rik+ & salut>y spectacle also pres5t$ to x by ! end ( ^! two s]vants ( ,*ri/1 ! "o dy+ sudd5ly1 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 /r5g?1 at ! v mom5t :5 f 8 pulpit he 0 ma9ta9+ ) di/+ui%$ ability ! doctr9es ( 8 ,ma/]2 ! o!r1 f 8 b$1 ga!r+ ) pa9 :at ( brea? rema9$ to him 9 ?is _w1 to p\r once m a flood ( fai? into ! s\ls ( 8 auditors4 ,su* lives1 su* dea?s1 c\ld n rema9 /]ile ( result2 "u _! influ5ce ! ,*ri/ian fai? 0 relum$2 x aga9 spread itself among ! ,prote/ants ( ,france4 ,nor 0 ?is t arid cold fai? :i* m5 accept to acquit _! consci5ces1 & to rid !mselves ( a tr\ble & a scruple2 nor t vague & dreamy fai? :i* fea/s r ^u its own emotions1 ?an n\ri%es itself ) ! tru?s :i* are ! voice ( ,god4 #bjd ,a ,*ri/ian's fai? is nei!r an act ( prud5t submission nor a p>oxysm ( my/ic f]vor4 ,conviction & s5tim5t1 ! firm adhesion ( ! m9d1 & ! filial love ( ! he>t1 meet 9 t fai? 9 ess5tial & intimate union4 ,x is ! light com+ f on high1 & br++ d[n ) x ! g5ial pr9ciples ( vital w>m? & fecundity2 out ( :i*1 l salubri\s wat]s f a pure s\rce1 fl[ freely & 9 abundance ! works ( human *>ity4 ,i h ly+ be=e me a li/ ( ! diff]5t *>ities to :i* ,*ri/ianity has 9 our own days s9ce ! reaction giv5 bir? 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ,france4 ,footnote #cc ,footnote #cc3 ,expos des oeuvres de la *>it prote/ante en ,france1 p> ,h4 de ,triqueti1 membre du conseil presbytral et du diaconat de l'glise r=me de ,p>is4 #ahmo4 #ahfc4 #bje ,i see !re manifold associations1 ent]prises suppos+ a long duration ( exi/5ce1 unremitt+ ef=ts = ! moral developm5t ( m52 = ! bodily solace ( _! e>?ly condition2 = ! propagation & ! def5se ( fre$om ( op9ion 9 religi\s matt]s2 = ! support & diffusion ( ! fai? itself3 all ^! objects1 at once s v>i\s & s analog\s1 are be+ labori\sly work$ out bo? by ! indep5d5t ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 & by ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* e/abli%$ f ! ,/ate4 ,m4 ,edmond de ,press5s & ,m4 ,eugne ,b]si] devote _! tal5ts & _! zeal to ! same =ms ( ,*ri/ian belief z 7 advocat$ by ,m4 ,alex&re ,v9et & ,m4 ,adolphe ,monod4 ,9 spite ( ! free div]g5ce ( s5tim5t & ! div]sity ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t 9 ,fr5* ,prote/antism1 we may obs]ve 9 its bosom a progress ( ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 a progress 9 works ( ,*ri/ian ,*>ity1 a progress 9 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 & a progress 9 ,*ri/ian ,influ5ce4 #bjf ,i use ! same t]ms employ$ by me 9 speak+ ( ! contempor>y ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,rome1 because ,i f9d be=e me simil> facts4 ,^! facts d n ann\nce ! reconciliation ( ! two ,*ur*es--pr(\nd diff]5ces ( op9ion cont9ue to sep>ate !m2 b ^! facts are1 9 bo? ,*ur*es1 signs ( ! ,awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 --------------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,awak5+ ,( ,*ri/ianity ,9 ,france4 ,b ! _w has n *ang$ s9ce ,god at its creation deliv]$ x up to ! disputes ( mank9d2 nor h ! div]sity & conflict ( ideas & ( passions ev] ceas$ to be ! condition ( humanity4 ,by ! side ( ! movem5t ( ,*ri/ianity to :i* ,i ref]1 a movem5t 9 ! contr>y direction is manife/+ itself1 & is pursu+ its c\rse4 ,*ri/ianity at its ,awak5+ is *all5g$ to rud] combats4 ,philosophy refuses to its fundam5tal dogmas ! m>ks & ! rights ( rational tru?4 #bjg ,an erudite criticism conte/s its hi/orical evid5ce4 ,! natural sci5ces proclaim t !y d n require its aid to acc\nt = man & = ! _w4 ,x is affirm$ z a pr9ciple1 & ma9ta9$ 9 le>n$ societies1 t morality is entirely indep5d5t ( religion4 ,man 9 8 aspirations = lib]ty1 t g5]\s passion ( ! age1 reta9s a pr(\nd res5tm5t = ! *a9s & ! suff]+s :i*1 "u pretext ( ,*ri/ianity1 human consci5ce & human ?\ght h s long be5 made to endure4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! bitt] rem9isc5ces is manife/+ itself 9 ! diff]5t ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es "u v>i\s =ms1 & ) diff]5t effects4 ,_m lib]als s dread ! prospect ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome obta9+ p[] ov] civil society t !y h>dly accord to ?is ,*ur* ! rights ( common lib]ty2 or1 if !y d s at all1 !y d x reluctantly & little by little4 #bjh ,among ! ,prote/ants1 "s pu% ! pret5sions ( lib]ty s f> z to insi/ t 9 religi\s society a community ( fai? %\ld c\nt = no?+2 t a man %\ld be entitl$ to rema9 a memb] ( a ,*ur*1 & ev5 to rema9 its m9i/]1 al?\gh he pr(ess respect+ ! ess5tial facts & dogmas ( ! ,*ur* ! mo/ contradictory op9ions1 & op9ions ! /range/ to its traditions & its texts4 ,) respect to ,roman ,ca?olics1 ! dom9ant "q is t ( lib]ty4 ,are ! lib]ties ( civil society to be accord$ to ! ,*ur*8 ,are ^? ( ! ,*ur* to be all[$ to rema9 intact 9 ! bosom ( ! ,/ate8 ,9 ,prote/antism1 on ! o!r h&1 ! complete lib]ty ( religion 9 ! mid/ ( civil society1 ! "r ( e individual to av[ 8 belief1 & to solemnize 8 own =ms ( wor%ip--^! are all privileges already acquir$1 & conte/$ z little by any or?odox believ] z by any free?9k]4 ,! que/ions really "h agitat$ are que/ions ( fai? & ( discipl9e4 ,are a common fai? & a uni=m int]nal discipl9e ess5tial to ! ,*ur*8 ,"h is ! debate4 #bji ,b above all ^! special que/ions & ^! diff]5t situations ( ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es rise1 = ,romani/ & ,prote/ant alike1 ! g5]al "q & ! common situation2 x is ,*ri/ianity itself :i* is engag$ 9 ! conte/1 & its awak5+ _s confronts ! anti*ri/ian movem5t4 ,let u n delude ourselves z to ! "*1 ! =ce1 or ! dang] ( ?is anti*ri/ian movem5t4 ,x is n m]ely a fev]i% excitability 9 m5's m9ds1 a simple revolution>y crisis 9 ! religi\s ord]4 ,no2 we h "h e>ne/ convictions at "w1 & ! prospect ( a long w>4 ,impati5ce ( an anci5t yoke1 a _s ( reaction1 a love ( innovation1 frivol\s in/9cts n a few1 z well z evil impulses1 may claim a %>e--& a l>ge %>e--9 ! attacks ( :i* ,*ri/ianity is 9 ^! days ! object2 b :at gives to ^! attacks _! mo/ =midable "* is a s5tim5t f> m s]i\s1 "o t has made h]oes & m>tyrs1 ! love ( tru? at all risk & 9 despite ( consequ5ce1 = ! sake ( tru? & = its sake alone4 #baj ,! feel+ t makes man ?ir/ = tru? is an honor to human nature4 ,if he fancies t he has f\nd t tru?1 man ab&ons himself ) transport to ! satisfaction ( 8 crav+s1 & does n scruple to dr9k ev5 to intoxication at ?is pure s\rce4 ,b "h he is incurr+ a great dang]3 man is n m]ely an intellig5ce ^: vocation dur+ 8 brief transit ?r\gh ?is _w conf9es him only to /udy & sci5ce3 he is an active1 responsible be+2 a be+ engag$ 9 a life full ( labors1 ) a future life be=e him full ( my/]y2 a labor] 9 a c>e] hav+ a p>ticul> int]e/ = himself1 & yet =m+ "p ( a g5]al s*eme1 ( ! design ( :i* he has b imp]fect glimpses4 ,v incomplete & v imp]fect is t man's /ate ( intellectual action1 :o re/ricts himself to t :i* appe>s to him to be sci5tific tru?1 :o does n1 at ! same "t1 submit 8 ?\ght to all ! te/s to :i* he is himself subject1 & :o does n exam9e :e!r t ?\ght be 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( 8 nature--:e!r x respect or transgress ! limits impos$ ^u 8 means ( k4 #baa ,! dang] ( fall+ into error becomes great] 9 proportion z ?is incomplete & imp]fect /ate ( 8 m9d is 9 itself a noble /ate1 a /ate t satisfies noble impulses1 & procures noble means ( enjoym5t4 ,! mo/ em95t among ! actual adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity believe !mselves ! int]pret]s & ! def5d]s ( tru?2 "s ( philosophical tru?2 o!rs ( hi/orical tru?1 o!rs aga9 ( ! tru? ( ! facts & laws ( ! physical _w4 ,!y are all pr\d ( belong+ to ! dep>tm5t ( pure sci5ce1 & ( mak+ ( sci5tific tru? ! sole object1 ! sole rule ( _! labors2 b !y are also all =getful ( "s conditions--nay1 ! mo/ indisp5sable ones--to :i* sci5ce is b\nd to con=m2 "s te/s--& ! mo/ legitimate ones--to :i* sci5ce is oblig$ to submit4 #bab ,!y claim1 too1 ! honor ( be>+ ! bann] ( a gr& & noble cause1 ! cause ( ,lib]ty4 ,t ,*ri/ianity alone re/or$ to man1 z man1 & = no o!r reason1 8 rights to lib]ty1 is a fact t ! comp>ative hi/ories ( ! _w1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,pagan1 place beyond all d\bt2 = confront ^! two hi/ories1 & "n ! nations among :om ! idea ( ! dignity ( man's lib]ty became a g5]al idea1 p[]ful 9 influ5ce & fruitful 9 consequ5ce6 ,ano!r fact equally hi/oric & c]ta9 is1 t ,*ri/ianity knew h[ to adapt itself1 & did readily adapt itself1 to ! diff]5t /ates ( society1 & ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t2 t x set itself up & ma9ta9$ its rank 9 republics z well z mon>*ies1 "u con/itutional regimes z well z 9 despotisms1 9 ! mid/ ( democratical z well z ari/ocratical in/itutions2 &1 beyond d\bt1 x 0 n 9 free /ates t x display$ lea/ vigor1 or met ) ! smalle/ success4 #bac ,^! two great facts are n[adays lo/ sight (4 ,*ri/ianity is accus$ ( be+ ho/ile to ,lib]ty & incompatible ) ! _s ( mod]n societies2 & ?is is1 inde$1 ! *ief *>ge laid to its score4 ,true x is1 t ! *>ge is n )\t d]iv+ c\nt5ance f ! hi/ory ( ,europe 9 mod]n times2 worldly int]e/s1 selfi% passions1 ev5ts complex & obscure1 9 :i* moral ord] & social ord] h be5 compromis$1 h z x 7 susp5d$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries ! lib]al action ( ,*ri/ianity1 & enli/$ mom5t>ily ! cause ( ,lib]ty "u a bann] n ,*ri/ian4 ,! error is pr(\nd1 b transi5t2 ! traditional influ5ces ( ages w resume _! empire1 ! gr& ev5ts _! c\rse2 ,*ri/'s religion & man's lib]ty w once m rememb] t ea* /&s 9 ne$ ( ! o!r1 & t _! alliance 9 ! bosom ( ord] is _! natural & necess>y condition4 ,t !y d misund]/& ea* o!r occasions ! mo/ s]i\s crisis at ?is mom5t 9 mod]n society4 #bad ,"h1 too1 is ! grave/ p]il :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion has 9 our days to surm\nt4 ,appreciate ! =ce ( ! two s5tim5ts to :i* ,i j n[ ref]r$1 ! love ( sci5ce & ! love ( lib]ty2 und]/& ?r\gh :at phases ( deg5]ation & ( deceptive trans=mation ^? s5tim5ts may1 9 ! ardor ( pursuit & ( combat1 h to pass2 reckon up1 if reckon y c1 all ! false ideas1 ! *im]ical hopes1 :i* !y may sugge/2 & !n add to ! am\nt1 & z _! consequ5ces1 ! immoral & an>*ical passions :i* may make ^? s5tim5ts _! pretext & _! tools2 & 9 do+ ?is1 y w f9d t y h pass$ 9 review ! =ces ( t enemy n[ wag+ an implacable w> aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 al?\gh a w> to :i* ,*ri/ianity is call$ ^u to put an end4 #bae ,i d n 9 any respect und]rate ! =ces ( t army4 ,i disp>age no m _! quality ?an _! numb]s4 ,to ma9ta9 ! combat wor?ily & efficaci\sly we %\ld1 at ! onset1 accord to our adv]s>ies ! :ole am\nt ( _! m]its z well z ( _! /r5g?1 & !n attack !m 9 _! /ronge/ entr5*m5ts4 ,i h *>g$ ! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity ) pu]ile presumptu\sness :5 !y refuse to see ! en]gy & ! progress ( ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ( inf9ite importance to ,*ri/ians1 on _! side1 n to be bl9d to ! ardor & ! effects :i* t ,anti*ri/ian demon/ration is produc+1 ( :i* _! ,fai? & _! ,*ur* are ! aim4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t 9 ?is w> ,*ri/ianity w conqu]2 b x w leave its enemies ) arms /ill 9 _! h&s4 ,x w no m ga9 ov] !m any complete or def9itive victory ?an x w be able to conclude ) !m any s]i\s or durable peace4 ,9 ! actual /ate ( m5's m9ds & ( society1 ! /ruggle w g on betwe5 ! foll[]s & ! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! two armies w cont9ue to deploy _! =ces 9 ! face ea* ( ! o!r2 & t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 9 ord] to def5d & to ext5d its doma91 w be incessantly call$ ^u to wat* & to combat ! movem5ts ( its enemy4 #baf ,:ile combat+ !m x w be also oblig$ to comply ) ! t]ms t tru? exacts1 & ! conditions t lib]ty imposes4 ,f ^! exig5cies & ^! conditions ,*ri/ianity has no?+ to dread--t is1 if x accepts !m boldly1 & 9 its turn imposes !m ^u its enemies4 ,let man's sci5ce1 labors1 & sy/ems be submitt$ to ! same te/s1 & h&l$ ) ! same fre$om ( exam9ation1 z are be+ appli$ to ! f\ndations & ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ian fai?2 ?is is all t ,*ri/ians are entitl$ to1 all t !y ne$ to dem&4 ,?us f> ,i h expla9$ ! actual /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ,france1 ! s\rces ( its /r5g? & ( its weakness1 its awak5+ & its p]ils4 ,x is my int5tion n[ to exam9e ! actual /ate ( ^? doctr9es & sy/ems :i* repudiate1 or :i* m or less d5y & combat ,*ri/ianity4 #bag ,:5 ,i h pass$ ! ho/ile army 9 review1 ,i w once m confront ,*ri/ianity ) its adv]s>ies1 & endeavor to di/+ui%1 by contra/+ !m1 on :i* side ! tru? is1 on :i* side ! "r1 & on :i* side ! hope ( future success4 --------------------------------------- #bah ,second ,m$itation4 ,spiritualism4 ,i witness$ ! bir?--n1 c]ta9ly1 ! bir? ( ,spiritualism1 = ?is 01 l its tw9 bro!r ,mat]ialism1 born 9 ! cradle ( ,philosophy1 & :ile ! /eps ( ,philosophy 7 /ill ^? ( an infant--b ! bir? ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is bir? 0 a national reaction aga9/ ! ,s5sualism ( ! eighte5? c5tury--j z ! ,*ri/ian ,awak5+ 0 a reaction aga9/ ! impiety ( ! same epo*4 ,!ories d n escape ! influ5ce ( ev5ts3 aft] ! ideas come ! facts1 to p\r ^u ^? ideas floods ( light1 & to reveal ! vices1 :e!r ( philosophy or ( policy1 9 all _! practical consequ5ces4 #bai ,! ,s5sualism--t is to say1 to /yle x by its true "n1 ! ,mat]ialism--( ! eighte5? c5tury1 did n pass triumphantly ?r\gh ?is te/3 x /ill reign$ 9 ,france at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b x 0 ! reign ( an antiquat$ sov]eign 9 decl9e--a sov]eign ( :om ! public "k ! defects1 & ^: successor is at h&4 ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d 0 ! fir/ :o _h ! m]it & ! honor ( br++ back ,spiritualism into ! tea*+ ( philosophy & into ! m9ds ( ! p2 8 0 a return simply to ! spirituali/ic doctr9es ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b /ill a real progress1 effect$ by a novel r\te1 & a really sci5tific me?od4 ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d 0 nei!r a philosoph] by pr(ession nor ! disciple ( any ma/]1 nor 0 8 m9d a m9d dispos$ to take up ) sy/ems--he obs]v$1 he read1 he /udi$ & reflect$1 z a look] on1 & an e>ne/ judge ( ! _w & ( m54 ,9 philosophy & 8 pr(essional *air1 z lat] 9 politics & 9 ! *amb]1 he 0 an orig9al & pr(\nd ?9k]4 #bbj ,8 m9d unit$ good s5se ) l(t9ess ( s5tim5t1 circumspection ) self-respect2 he 0 ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! _s ( 8 times1 at ! same "t t he refus$ to accept its yoke4 ,9 8 grave & indep5d5t c\rse ( in/ruction1 he treat$ philosophical que/ions z !y pres5t$ !mselves /ep by /ep1 ea* on its own acc\nt1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t any?+ b ! discov]y ( ! tru?2 & /ill less ) any zeal\s endeavor to set toge!r or resolve all ! que/ions ^u a g5]al sy/em1 ! result ( any le>n$ prem$itation4 ,^? :o _h opportunities ( li/5+ to him1 & ev5 ^? ^: only means ( judgm5t are ! fragm5ts publi%$ by ,m4 ,j\ffroy1 ,footnote #cd *>act]ize 8 lessons z direct$1 ea* ( !m1 t[>d "s special que/ions well det]m9$ be=eh&1 & !y reg>d !m z models ( analysis & ( philosophical criticism1 scrupul\sly conf9$ by ! lectur] to ! facts & ! results t ! inductive process discov]s 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,footnote #cd3 ,9 8 ,traduction des oeuvres compltes de ,reid1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #bii-ddi1 vol4 iv1 pp4 #bgc-dea4 #bba ,he _h be5 a great read] ( ! writ+s ( ! ,scot* philosoph]s1 held !m 9 high e/eem1 & walk$ 9 _! /eps2 8 views 71 h[ev]1 l(ti]1 & 8 foot+ firm]1 al?\gh n less prud5t4 ,he _h 9 8 %ort philosophical c>e] two r>e pieces ( good =tune3 "o 01 t he _h a fri5d 9 ,m4 ,ma9e de ,biran1 a pr(\nd & en?usia/ic obs]v] ( ! human s\l 9 8 own s\l--a subtle metaphysician1 almo/ a my/ic1 :om ,i w\ld1 if ,i d>$1 "n ! ,sa9t ,!resa ( philosophy2 8 o!r advantage 01 t he _h = 8 disciple ,m4 ,c\s91 ! cong5ial rival & eloqu5t int]pret] ( ! great philosoph]s ( all ages4 ,m4 ,c\s91 9 8 turn1 has be5 =tunate 9 hav+ = 8 disciple ,m4 ,j\ffroy--a disciple1 ( m9d orig9al & indep5d5t1 foll[+ a ma/] accompli%$ 9 ! art ( obs]v+ intellectual & moral facts1 & ( describ+ !m & ord]+ !m1 )\t alt]+ _! ess5tial "*4 #bbb ,sometimes1 x is true1 ,m4 ,c\s9 yields to ! ambition ( 8 ?\ght1 or is sway$ by ! intellectual curr5t ( op9ions 9 vogue2 b v soon 8 common s5se *ecks1 or at lea/ sets him on 8 gu>d--a common s5se t f9ds lucid expression1 & is di/+ui%$ by probity ( int5t4 ,su* are ! f\nd]s & ! glori\s *iefs ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,nor h !y fail$ to f9d disciples & heirs wor?y ( su* pr$ecessors4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ x has be5 ! cu/om1 9 c]ta9 regions ( ! le>n$ _w1 to dem&1 frivol\sly en\gh1 & 9 a tone n free f irony1 ,:at has become ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool--:at c x be ab\t8 ,i w n answ] = x z ,t]tullian did to ! ,pagans1 ,we are only ( ye/]day1 & we are ev]y:]e--9 y\r doma9s1 y\r cities1 y\r isles1 y\r =tresses1 y\r communes1 y\r c\ncils1 y\r camps1 y\r tribes1 y\r 'decuries1' 9 ! palace1 ! s5ate1 ! =um2 we only leave y y\r temples4 ,footnote #ce ,footnote #ce3 ,t]tullian ,apologet41 *4 xxxvii4 #bbc ,! mod]n ,spirituali/s _h no su* conque/s to make1 & x is fitt+ = philosoph]s to be m mode/2 b h[ev] %ort my exp]i5ce may h taught me t ! human memory may 9 simil> cases sometimes be1 ,i am a/oni%$ t m5 %\ld s =get facts1 & facts1 too1 t are rec5t & pat5t4 ,:at s*ool ( philosophy ev] furni%$ 9 half a c5tury s _m m5 & s _m works1 "s ( em95ce1 all ( !m ( di/+ui%$ m]it8 ,i w cite only a few names3 ,,mm4 de ,rmusat1 ,damiron1 ,adolphe ,g>ni]1 ,franck1 ,jules ,simon1 ,b>?lemy1 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,saisset1 ,c>o1 ,b]sot1 ,lvque1 ,b\illi]1 ,janet1 "s ( :om h sc>cely disappe>$ f ! /age ( ! _w1 & o!rs are only j arriv$ !re--!y belong all to ! spirituali/ic s*ool1 to :i* !y h all done honor by important works on philosophy1 :e!r speculative1 hi/orical1 political1 economic1 or practical4 #bbd ,_! doctr9es1 x is true1 h n[ be5 = "s "t hotly attack$1 & ! w9d ( ! day does n bl[ into _! sails4 ,!y h1 besides1 9 my op9ion1 be5 wrong 9 ?is respect1 t !y h n direct$ suffici5t att5tion to ^! polemics2 t !y h combat$ 9 a mann] too indirect1 or ) too little en]gy2 ! ideas 9 ^: "n _! own h be5 assail$2 a c]ta9 %>e ( languor & ( emb>rassm5t is at ?is mom5t ! malady ( ! be/ m9ds & ( ! s9c]e/ convictions4 ,b 9 spite ( ! bl[s :i* x receives & returns1 al?\gh ) insuffici5t /urd9ess1 ! spirituali/ic s*ool1 if we judge x by ! names & ! works :i* belong to x1 by _! tal5t1 & _! fame1 rema9s 9 our c5tury 9 possession ( ! doma9 & ( ! bann] ( philosophy4 ,its m]its w pres5t !mselves /ill m cle>ly if we exam9e closely ! results ( its labors4 #bbe ,! fir/ & ! mo/ important result1 9 a po9t ( view purely philosophical1 is1 t ! ,spirituali/s ( our days h giv5 to _! rese>*es & to _! ideas a "* really sci5tific3 !y h introduc$ into ! /udy ( man & ( ! intellectual _w1 ! me?od practic$ ) s mu* success 9 ! /udy ( man & ( ! mat]ial _w--t is to say1 !y h tak5 ! obs]vation ( facts z ! po9t ( dep>ture & ! con/ant guide ( _! inve/igations4 ,are !re 9 man & 9 ! intellectual _w1 z !re are 9 man & 9 ! mat]ial _w1 facts capable ( be+ obs]v$1 seiz$1 describ$1 classifi$1 g5]aliz$8 ,?is is ! "q :i* ! spirituali/ic s*ool propos$ & discuss$ at ! outset4 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 t x resolv$ x 9 ! affirmative1 & t1 ?anks to ?is s*ool1 psy*ology has assum$ its rank among ! positive sci5ces1 j z physiology did4 ,l physiology1 geology1 or botany1 psy*ology has its special object1 its det]m9$ doma91 9 :i* x proce$s absolutely accord+ to ! same me?od obs]v$ by ! physical sci5ces 9 _! doma94 #bbf ,t ?is me?od1 ! obs]vation ( facts1 ( _! value & _! laws1 is 9 psy*ology m difficult to be foll[$ ?an 9 ! physical sci5ces1 is c]ta92 b ?is c]ta9ly does n deprive psy*ology ei!r ( its doma9 or ( its sci5tific "*4 ,x is a sci5ce by ! same "r & ^u ! same conditions z all ! o!rs are s4 ,! labors ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,m4 ,j\ffroy1 h giv5 x a solid f\ndation3 & ?is has be5 =mally recogniz$ by sev]al ev5 among ! adv]s>ies ( ?is s*ool1 among o!rs by ,m4 ,ta9e & ,m4 ,b]!lot4 ,footnote #cf ,footnote #cf3 ,i read 9 ! ,mtaphysique et la ,sci5ce ( ,m4 ,va*]ot3 ,! ,metaphysician3 ,9 8 d5ial ( psy*ology1 ,i /op at once ! au?or ( ! 'positive philosophy1' & ,i dem& ( him by :at "r he ?us bani%es f ! doma9 ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces a sci5ce ( obs]vation4 ,! man ( le>n+3 ,x con/itutes 9 effect 'hiatus' 9 ?is philosophy1 & a hiatus :i* all ! s\nd m9ds ( ! positive s*ool are beg9n+ to admit4 ,m4 ,littr1 = example1 may make 8 res]vations ( op9ion z to ! mann] 9 :i* our psy*ologi/s und]/& psy*ology1 & z to ! me?od :i* !y apply to x2 b he has too mu* s5se n to admit t ! intellig5ce--all t con/itutes man's id5tity1 ! moral man--is ! object ( a peculi> /udy1 ( :i* _m previ\s works h %[n ! possibility1 & _m practical results prove ! high & vital int]e/4-- ,va*]ot1 la ,mtaphysique et la ,sci5ce1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aha4 #bbg ,x is 9 ! "n ( sci5ce & by ! processes ( sci5ce t ! ,spirituali/s ( ! n9ete5? h combat$ ! ,s5suali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y h n1 x is true1 absolutely cru%$ ,mat]ialism1 t *ild & legitimate heir ( ,s5sualism2 b :ile de?ron+ ! p>5t1 !y h compell$ ! *ild sometimes to av[ himself boldly1 sometimes to trans=m himself1 & to assume o!r features & o!r arms ?an ^? ( 8 cradle4 ,i w only cite ! lecture ( ,m4 ,c\s9 on ! ,s5suali/ic ,philosophy 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 & ! essay ( ! ,duke de ,broglie on ! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,s\l1 ,footnote #cg writt5 on ! occasion ( ! "w ( ,m4 ,br\ssais3 ,de l',irrritation et de la ,folie4 ,footnote #cg3 ,?is essay1 fir/ ins]t$ 9 #ahbh 9 ! ,revue ,franaise1 has be5 repr9t$ 9 ! ,ecrits et disc\rs div]s ( ! ,duke de ,broglie1 collect$ & publi%$ 9 #ahfc4 #bbh ,:oev]1 aft] hav+ read !m1 w\ld /ill p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! ,s5sualism ( ,locke & ( ,condillac1 or 9 refus+ to see ! consequ5ces to :i* ,s5sualism leads1 w\ld prove1 9 my op9ion1 t he has n und]/ood ei!r ! "q put1 or ! doctr9e combat$ & refut$4 ,we h "h a result acquir$ = ! sci5ce ( ! intellectual _w1 & we owe ! result to ! polemics ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool4 ,t s*ool has obta9$ ano!r result m important /ill1 & :i* belongs no long] to ! polemics ( simple negation1 b to positive doctr9e2 x has set 9 ! broad light ( day ! real & fundam5tal pr9ciple ( morals1 ! di/9ction z to ! ess5tials ( moral good & evil1 z well z ! law ( obligation1 t categorical imp]ative1 ! sole refuge :i* ,kant f\nd aga9/ ,skepticism4 #bbi ,nei!r ! int]e/ well def9$ ( ea* individual1 nor ! int]e/ ( ! great] numb]s1 nor any s5tim5tal sympa?y1 nor any sy/em ( positive writt5 law1 c1 = ! future1 be consid]$ z ! basis ( morals4 ,an attempt is made 9 ! pres5t day to e/abli% ano!r !sis1 & to repres5t morality z absolutely indep5d5t ( religion4 ,grave error1 :i* disc>ds f morality1 if n its pr9ciple1 at lea/ its s\rce & its object1 its au?or & its future2 an error1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t f ^? errors :i* disp5se ev5 ) ! pr9ciple ( morals1 & assign z ! rule = ! conduct ( m51 motives hav+ 9 !mselves no?+ moral1 no?+ absolute4 ,! fact t man's consci5ce & man's reason recognize ! di/9ction ( moral good & evil1 & at ! same "t ! duty ( practic+ t good z ! law ( human actions1 is a fact :i* we may n[ reg>d z acquir$ to philosophy4 #bcj ,! treatise ,du ,bi51 9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,c\s9 ^u ,le ,vrai1 le ,beau1 et le ,bi51 ! preface ( ,m4 ,j\ffroy to ! ,outl9es ( ,moral ,philosophy1 by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 & ! ,essia sur la ,morale1 9 ! ,mlanges ,philosophiques1 :i* ,m4 ,j\ffroy publi%$ 9 #ahcc1 ! book ( ,m4 ,jules ,simon ^u ,le ,devoir1 ^! are all solid & brilliant works1 by :i* ! spirituali/ic s*ool has victori\sly e/abli%$ ! tru? to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,& 9 e/abli%+ x1 x has paid a rem>kable act ( homage to ano!r fact1 & r5d]$ an imm5se s]vice by en=c+ a tru?1 ) :i* are intimately connect$ man's rights 9 ?is _w1 z well z 8 prospects beyond ?is _w3 ,i mean ! fact ( man's lib]ty4 ,?is is no "q ( pure !ory & sci5tific curiosity2 b a vital "q1 ^: solution has = man1 9 "t pres5t & "t future1 ! mo/ important practical consequ5ces4 ,^u :at gr\nds w\ld ! claim ( man to lib]ty 9 ! social /ate re/1 :at w\ld become ( 8 hopes & fe>s ( a future et]nity1 if man 7 n a be+ morally free & responsible = ! decisions :i* det]m9e 8 acts8 #bca ,! civil lib]ty ( man dur+ 8 life on e>?1 & 8 future de/9y aft] 8 life on e>?1 closely dep5d ^u ! fact ( 8 free volition & ^u ! responsibility :i* accompanies x4 ,)\t free volition man falls 9 ?is _w1 )\t rights1 "u ! yoke ( :atev] =ce may take possession ( him1 or use him z its in/rum5t2 :at rema9s = man1 !n1 b to tremble at ! de/9y :i* awaits him beyond ?is _w by virtue ( ! unkn[n decree ( 8 ,sov]eign ,ma/]8 ,to ! spirituali/ic s*ool belongs ! honor ( hav+ firmly e/abli%$ & r5d]$ pla9 ! psy*ological fact ( ! fre$om ( ! human w2 nor 9 do+ s has x all[$ itself to be tr\bl$ & bl9d$ by ! ontological que/ions :i* t fact sugge/s1 or by ! difficulty att5d+ ! solution ( ^! que/ions4 ,consequ5tly1 x has accept$ ^u ?is po9t ! limits ( man's sci5ce1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9$ ! rights ( man's nature4 ,x has laid 9 man's lib]ty & man's responsibility ! legitimate f\ndation ( political lib]ty1 z well z t ( ! p]sonal morality ( man & ( man's future4 #bcb ,?us1 !n1 ! spirituali/ic s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is at once sci5tific1 moral1 lib]al4 ,em95t m]its1 r>e comb9ation 9 any "t1 & /ill m s 9 our "t6 ,) ^! great m]its1 & 9 spite ( !m1 two omissions are /ill rem>kably /rik+4 ,! spirituali/ic s*ool1 our contempor>y1 has halt$ abruptly be=e ! sov]eign problems :i* weigh ^u ! human s\l1 & :i*1 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 ,i /yl$ natural problems2 ,footnote #ch x has 9 no respect fur!r$ _! solution accord+ to reason1 or accept$ _! solution accord+ to ,*ri/ianity2 its ,!odicy has rema9$ f> 9 arre> ( its ,psy*ology4 ,footnote #ch3 ,m$itations on ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,halt$ x has1 also1 be=e any practical solution ( ^! same problems2 nor has x elim9at$ ei!r any fai? or any law :i* suffices = man's s\l or man's conduct 9 life--9 %ort1 any religion4 #bcc ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,la ,religion ,naturelle1 ,,mm4 ,saisset & ,de ,rmusat1 9 _! ,essais de ,philosophie ,religieuse1 h /riv51 irrespectively ( all positive revelation1 to give to man's s\l & to man's conduct t satisfaction & t religi\s rule :i* bo? require4 ,i d\bt _! c\nt+ mu* ^u ! success ( _! attempts2 ,i d\bt _! believ+ t _! natural religion1 or _! religi\s philosophy1 are suffici5t sub/itutes = ,*ri/ianity4 ,f> o!r ?+s ?an su* drops ( sci5ce are requir$ to appease ! ?ir/ ( humanity = religion4 ,:5ce1 9 ! spirituali/ic s*ool1 ?is d\ble hiatus--?is tw(old weakness1 :5ce8 ,9 my op9ion1 ! causes are !mselves tw(old4 ,! spirituali/ic s*ool has be5 at once too timid & too pr\d4 ,x has n se5 9 ! psy*ological facts :i* x 0 obs]v+ & describ+1 all t !y conta9 & reveal ^u ! subject ( ! great natural problems ( man & ( ! _w2 x has neglect$ ! cosmological facts & ! hi/orical facts :i* concur to ?r[ light ^u ^? problems2 its psy*ology has rema9$ isolat$ & incomplete4 #bcd ,x has1 at ! same "t1 fail$ to see ! limits ( psy*ology & ( human sci5ce 9 g5]al2 n hav+ succe$$ 9 advanc+ ! tor* ( sci5ce into ! regions :]e access to x is d5i$1 x has refus$ to accept ! light desc5d+ ^u man by ano!r way ?an t ( sci5ce4 ,l ,plato1 ,desc>tes1 ,leibnitz1 ,reid1 & ,kant1 ,m4 ,c\s91 n[ ! mo/ em95t repres5tative ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool1 e/abli%es1 by virtue ( psy*ological obs]vation1 ^! two great facts3 fir/1 t !re exi/ univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples manife/+ !mselves 9 ! human m9d1 & reign+ !re )\t be+ capable ( be+ subv]t$1 :i* are call$ into action by s5sations com+ f ! ext]nal _w2 secondly1 t ^! s5sations1 s com+ f ! ext]nal _w1 d n 9 any way supply ! human m9d ) ^! univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples1 & t !y c expla9 nei!r _! pres5ce nor _! orig94 #bce ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! pr9ciples1 t ev]y?+ :i* beg9s to appe> has a cause--t e quality belongs to a sub/ance6 ,footnote #ci ,s5sualism is n 9 a position to acc\nt 9 any way = ^! two pr9ciples1 or to f9d !m among ^? facts t =m all its psy*ology4 ,footnote #ci3 ,du ,vrai1 du ,beau1 et du ,bi51 pp4 #ai-ff4 #aheg4 ,i am n call$ ^u to develop or to discuss ?is idea1 :i*1 = my "p1 ,i fully admit2 en\gh t ,i m5tion x z a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool4 ,! philosoph]s1 :o h admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples1 h assign$ !m diff]5t names1 & h enum]at$ & classifi$ !m diff]5tly2 b :e!r !y /yle !m ideas1 or innate ideas1 or laws1 or =ms1 or categories ( ! und]/&+--:e!r !y enl>ge or limit _! numb]--!y agree z to _! nature1 & decl>e !m inh]5t 9 ! human m9d itself1 :i* applies !m1 s to say1 z its own peculi> prop]ty 9 its appreciation ( ! ext]nal _w2 s f> is ! m9d f borr[+ !m f t _w6 #bcf ,^! univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples once admitt$ & *>act]iz$1 "s ( ! philosoph]s :o s admit & *>act]ize !m1 ! ,scot* philosoph]s = in/ance1 g no fur!r1 & adh]e to ! psy*ological fact )\t exam9+ its value or its consequ5ces 9 an ontological s5se4 ,o!rs1 l ,kant1 refuse to t psy*ological fact all ontological value1 & are ( op9ion t no?+ au?orizes u 9 affirm+ t ^? pr9ciples1 inh]5t 9 ! int]nal exi/5ce ( ! human m9d1 are true 9 ! doma9 beyond ! human m9d1 or t !y regulate ! realities ( ! ext]nal _w1 z !y regulate our intellectual activity4 #bcg ,o!rs1 f9ally1 ,m4 ,c\s91 ) ,plato1 ,desc>tes1 ,leibnitz1 ,fnlon1 & ,bossuet1 see ! "w ( ,god1 & consequ5tly ,god himself1 9 ! univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples :i* preside ov] ! intellectual exi/5ce ( man2 & !y recognize ,god z ! inf9ite & sov]eign be+ 9 :om ! necess>y pr9ciples reside2 & !y reg>d ^! z ! manife/ations ( him1 & ?9k t he plac$ !m 9 ! intellig5ce ( man :5 he plac$ man himself 9 ! middle ( ! _w4 ,to ?is doctr9e ,i firmly adh]e2 b :y does ! spirituali/ic s*ool s /op %ort1 :y does x n advance to ! v end ( ! pa? ^u :i* x has ent]$8 ,x admits ,god z ! be+ 9 :om ^! necess>y pr9ciples reside1 & f :om man has receiv$ !m2 :at does ?is mean b t x recognizes 9 ,god ! au?or & in/ructor ( man8 ,& to recognize 9 ,god ! au?or & ! in/ructor ( man1 :at is ?is b to recognize ! fact ( ! creation1 & ! fact ( ! primitive revelation inh]5t 9 ! fact ( ! creation8 #bch ,^! two tru?s are involv$ 9 ! fact t ! necess>y pr9ciples exi/ 9 ! m9d ( man1 & t man d]ives !m1 n f 8 relations ) ! ext]nal _w1 b f himself1 & f ! s\rce :5ce he himself emanates--f ,god1 8 ,creator4 ,god has creat$ man arm$ at all po9ts1 z well 9 ! ord] ( ! intellect z ( matt]1 complete 9 8 s\l z 9 8 body3 t is to say1 ,god has giv5 to him at 8 creation ! necess>y pr9ciples ( 8 intellectual life1 j z he has giv5 him ! necess>y me*anism ( 8 physical organization4 ,sci5tific psy*ology ?us m\nts up to t supreme po9t :]e x meets ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,!re is1 on its "p1 inconsi/5cy or timidity 9 n recogniz+ & proclaim+ ! exi/5ce ( t light to :i* x s atta9s4 ,:at 0 ! import1 :at ! =m1 ( t primitive revelation8 ,has ! revelation itself be5 r5ew$ at any epo* subsequ5t to ! creation8 ,if s1 by :at in/rum5ts & ) :at incid5ts has x be5 r5ew$8 ,^! are que/ions to :i* ,i %all recur1 b :i* = ! mom5t ,i d n approa*2 ,i wi% "h only to e/abli% ! fact ( ! div9e revelation 9 ! sph]e & 9 ! t]ms ( sci5tific psy*ology4 #bci ,facts 9 cosmogony lead to ! same conclusion4 ,i repeat "h :at ,i said 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 :5 speak+ ( ! dogma ( ! creation3 ,! only s]i\s oppon5ts ( ! dogma ( ! creation are ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! univ]se1 ! e>?1 & man ^u ! e>?1 h exi/$ f all et]nity1 &1 collectively1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y n[ are4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 c hold ?is language1 to :i* facts are inv9cibly oppos$4 ,h[ _m ages man has exi/$ on ! e>? is a "q t has be5 l>gely discuss$1 & is /ill "u discussion4 ,! inquiry 9 no way affects ! dogma ( ! creation itself2 x is a c]ta9 & recogniz$ fact t man has n always exi/$ on ! e>?1 & t ! e>? has = long p]iods und]gone diff]5t *anges incompatible ) man's exi/5ce4 ,man1 !re=e1 _h a beg9n+3 man has come ^u ! e>?4 ,footnote #dj ,footnote #dj3 ,m$itations on ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 page #ah4 #bdj ,he did n come !re by spontane\s g5]ation--t is to say1 by any creative =ce or organiz+ p[] inh]5t 9 matt]4 ,sci5tific obs]vation ov]turns m & m1 e day1 ?is hypo!sis1 :i*1 9 o!r respects also1 x is impossible to admit z any explanation ( ! fir/ appe>ance ^u ! e>? ( ! complete man1 ! man 9 a condition to survive4 ,ano!r delusion ( :i* we mu/ rid ourselves1 said1 lately1 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 z he quitt$ ! lecture-room :]e ,m4 ,pa/eur _h be5 ?r[+ ^u ?is subject ! light ( 8 lum9\s & scrupul\s criticism4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! progressive trans=mation ( species does n expla9 bett] ! exi/5ce ( man1 su* z we n[ see him ^u ! e>?4 #bda ,?is hypo!sis is also reject$ by ! exact /ud5t ( facts2 ev5 if admitt$1 x w\ld /ill leave exi/+ ! same problems2 =1 :5ce came ^! primitive types1 ^: successive trans=mations h1 z suppos$1 produc$ ! exi/+ species8 ,god is z necess>y to create ! ape or ! primitive type ( ! ape z he is necess>y to create man himself4 ,sci5tific cosmology accords ) sci5tific psy*ology4 ,god1 ! creator & in/ructor ( man1 is ! gr& fact :i* ea* ( ^! sci5ces enc\nt]s at ! summit ( its labors4 ,! :ole curr5t ( hi/ory conta9s ! same tea*+4 ,i admit t error ab\nds 9 hi/ory1 t x is full ( false ass]tions1 ( recitals tortur$ f ! tru?1 facts mutilat$1 leg5ds inv5t$ by m5 z imag9ations4 ,x is n1 = all t1 ! less c]ta9 t 9 a great "p ! tru? /ill rema9s !re1 t c]ta9 hi/orical ev5ts are au!nticat$ & atte/$ by und5iable te/imony4 ,i m5tion "h only two1 because connect$ ) ! subject :i* engages me4 #bdb ,x is a g5]al belief1 a univ]sal tradition 9 ! hi/ory ( nations1 t1 ei!r at ! mom5t ( ! creation1 or at "s epo* subsequ5t to creation1 ! ,god1 or ! gods1 :om ^? nations respectively ador$1 _h _h direct relations ) man2 _h become manife/ to him by diff]5t acts or "u diff]5t =ms1 & _h assum$ a place & ex]cis$ an active influ5ce ^u man's de/9ies4 ,! idea ( a s+le revelation1 or ( a succession ( revelations--revelations *>act]iz$ at "o "t by a /range grossness1 at ano!r by a subtle my/icism1 is a ?+ ev] recurr+ 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,! tradition ( ! special revelation1 proclaim$ fir/ by ! ,hebrews1 & aft] !m by ! ,*ri/ians1 is equally und5iable2 criticism may apply itself to ! volumes t conta9 ! acc\nts2 may conte/ ! au!nticity or exactitude or date ( p>ticul> books2 b s f> f ev] negativ+1 x w n ev5 weak5 ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! religi\s tradition :i* gave bir? to ,judaism & to ,*ri/ianity4 #bdc ,we h "h a rem>kable hi/orical fact1 manife/+ at once ! natural fai? ( mank9d 9 ! div9e revelation1 & 9 ! relations ( ! ,creator ) 8 creatures4 ,if ! spirituali/ic s*ool refus$ f its v orig9 to admit ^! facts1 drawn f cosmogony & f man's hi/ory1 into ! sph]e ( its labors2 if x limit$ psy*ology to its peculi> sci5tific object--! /udy ( ! human s\l--,i am f> f mak+ su* refusal matt] ( reproa*3 = ! ,spirituali/s did !reby no?+ b :at !y 7 entitl$ & call$ ^u to d4 ,b !y h fall5 into a tw(old error4 ,:ile obs]v+ & describ+ psy*ological facts1 !y did n p]ceive nor accept all t !y import$3 !y saw 9 ! intellig5t man ! "w & ! trace ( ,god2 b !y did n see :at 0 impli$ 9 t man besides--t is1 revelation z well z creation4 ,!y did n leave pure psy*ology to dem& ( k9dr$ sci5ces1 su* z cosmology & hi/ory1 :e!r _! results accord$ or did n accord ) ! results t !y _h d$uc$ f psy*ology4 #bdd ,9 %ort1 on ! "o side !y /opp$ %ort ( ! limits ( ! doma9 ( psy*ology2 & on ! o!r1 !y conf9$ !mselves to x too exclusively4 ,f ?is tw(old error sprang ano!r /ill m s]i\s4 ,spiritualism gave bir? to ,rationalism--a trans=mation z unnatural z un=tunate1 :i* has r5d]$ ! sci5ce ( man & ( ! intellectual _w /ill m inexact & incomplete6 --------------------------------------- #bde ,?ird ,m$itation4 ,rationalism4 ,a man ( a m9d z unprejudic$ z r>e1 "o :o w nev] be suspect$ ( any undue bias = ,*ri/ianity1 ,m4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 av[+ to me rec5tly ! high e/eem ) :i* ,m4 ,alex&re ,v9et inspir$ him1 borr[$ an expression ( ,pascal's3 ,! he>t has its reasons1 :i* ! reason does n compreh5d4 ,footnote #da ,footnote #da3 ,betwe5 ?is phrase & t ( ,pascal !re is a slight diff]5ce4 ,pascal said1 ,le cur a des raisons que la raison ne connat po9t3 ,! he>t has reasons t ! reason kn[s n at all4 ,p5ses de ,pascal1 edition ( ,m4 ,faugre1 #ahdd1 vol4 ii1 p4 #agb4 ,i only admit half ( :at is impli$ 9 ?is conciliatory phrase2 & ^! are my reasons4 #bdf ,true religi\s fai?1 or1 to call ?+s by _! real names1 ,*ri/ian fai?1 is f\nd$ ^u in/9cts & ^u s5tim5t at ! same "t t x is f\nd$ ^u reasons4 ,if reason d n accept ! s5tim5ts ( ! he>t1 on :i* side is ! fault8 ,is ! fault ) ! he>t1 t x feels !m1 or is x ) ! reason1 t x does n compreh5d !m8 ,my reply to ?is "q is easy4 ,i reject ! di/9ction made4 ,i admit no su* p]sons z are respectively /yl$ ! he>t1 ! reason4 ,"h is only an attempt at a psy*ological anatomy2 no true enunciation ( a real fact4 ,man1 ! human be+1 is ess5tially "o1 & s+le3 he has ! faculty ( self-obs]vation & self-/udy1 b 9 ex]cis+ x he does n de/roy ! unity ( 8 nature2 x is n 8 m]e reason1 x is himself1 & 8 :ole self1 t makes himself ! object ( 8 obs]vation & ( 8 /udy1 & t _c b recognize himself & accept himself 9 8 entirety4 ,he has no "r to say1 ) an air ( sci5tific disda91 ,my reason compreh5ds n ! reasons ( my he>t4 #bdg ,he mu/ p]=ce say3 ,i compreh5d n myself2 he mu/ p]=ce proclaim1 n ! incoh]5cy ( 8 be+1 b ! insuffici5cy or ! incompet5cy ( :at he /yles 8 reason4 ,philosophy1 l poetry1 is full ( p]sonifications t mislead2 ! "o p]sonifies by images1 ! o!r by ab/ractions4 ,bo? h ne$ ( !m--! "o = its creations1 ! o!r = its /udies2 ,i am f> f seek+ to d5y _! respective use4 ,all t ,i cont5d = is1 t we mu/ n misconceive ! real import ( ^! exp$i5ts ( human language2 we mu/ n1 by tak+ !m = realities1 lose sight ( or de/roy :at are really & g5u9ely realities1 ! entities ( div9e creation4 ,i insi/ ! m on ?is error1 because 9 ! philosophy ( our "t x is a common & a pot5t error1 & ! s\rce too ( o!r errors1 deplorable z well 9 a sci5tific z 9 a moral & practical po9t ( view4 ,condillac & 8 disciples _h set ap>t & specially /udi$ 9 man ! faculty ( s5sation1 & !y 7 !reby l$ to make out ( ?is faculty1 & out ( x alone1 man himself & ! :ole man4 #bdh ,kant & 8 s*ool consid]$ p>ticul>ly 9 man ! faculty ( ! reason & judgm5t1 & v soon reason came ) !m to con/itute ! :ole man4 ,i am f> f int5d+ to exam9e 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples & its entirety ! sy/em ( ,kant1 ! greate/ philosophical "w ^u ! human und]/&+ t any man has produc$ s9ce ! "t ( ,plato4 ,i s+le out ?is fact1 t x treats ! reason z ! prop]1 special1 & p>am\nt object ( philosophy4 ,w>n$ by 8 pr(\nd1 scrupul\s g5ius1 ,kant did n limit himself to a po9t ( view s n>r[1 al?\gh s l(ty2 he /udi$ man's reason "u its diff]5t aspects1 he con/itut$ himself ! critic ( pure reason1 ! critic ( practical reason1 ! critic ( /hetic reason--t is1 ( reason appli$ to ! discrim9ation ( ! beautiful2 he decompos$1 s to say1 ! reason itself into z _m diff]5t faculties z he f\nd diff]5t phases 9 ! intellectual & moral life ( man2 b ! faculty t he /yl$ ! reason rema9$ ! basis ( 8 /udy & ( 8 sy/em4 #bdi ,x became 9 8 s*ool1 & 9 ! s*ools ak9 to x1 pre-em95tly ! intellectual sub/ance1 ! basis ( man & ( philosophy2 & ! human be+ himself1 9 8 p]sonal unity1 ) all 8 life & 8 free w1 entirely disappe>$ f _! tea*+4 ,z results ( ?is sy/em ,i w cite only two facts1 v diff]5t 9 _! nature1 bo? v =eign to ! f\nd] ( ! sy/em & 8 disciples1 b :i* s]ve ! bett] to reveal t sy/em's fault9ess1 z ^! facts are1 al?\gh its indirect1 remote1 & involunt>y1 nev]!less1 its und5iable consequ5ces4 ,:51 9 #agic1 ! fr5zi$ m5 :o dispos$1 z ma/]s1 ( ! de/9ies ( ,france1 aboli%$ ! ,*ri/ian religion & ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 !y resolv$1 nev]!less1 to give to m5 an object to adore4 ,!y in/itut$ ! wor%ip ( reason4 #bej ,! *ur* ( ,notre-,dame at ,p>is 0 metamorphos$ into a temple ( reason2 a "y woman 0 made to figure !re z ! goddess ( reason2 & ! orator ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 ,*aumette1 cri$ al\d z he po9t$ h] out to ! p1 ,behold liv+ ,reason2 we celebrate "h to-day ! sole true wor%ip1 ! wor%ip ( ,lib]ty & ( ,reason4 ,at ! di/ance ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury f ! date ( ^! revolution>y orgies1 9 #ahfe1 n 9 ,france b 9 ,engl&1 a man ( e>ne/ int5tions1 sup]ior m9d1 & ext5sive le>n+1 ^: s9c]ity is evid5t1 & 8 s5tim5ts moral at once & mod]ate1 writes a book entitl$1 ,rationalism 9 ,europe2 & ! object ( ?is book is to e/abli%1 t all ! good effect$ 9 ,europe s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 all ! progress made by /ates 9 ju/ice1 9 humanity1 9 lib]ty1 & g5]al happ9ess--:e!r 9 ! sph]e ( sci5ce or ( practical indu/ry--is due to ! influ5ce ( ,rationalism1 to its developm5ts & its conque/s4 #bea ,mr4 ,lecky is n a metaphysician2 he atta*es no precise & philosophical mean+ to ! ^w ,rationalism2 he does n tr\ble himself ab\t ! sy/em ( ,kant1 nor ! place occupi$ 9 x by ! pure1 ! practical1 or ! ae/hetic reason2 he only retraces ! intellectual & social hi/ory ( ,europe1 & all ! happy results t ?is hi/ory commemorates1 all ! salut>y consequ5ces ( ! activity ( ! human m9d1 ( ! lib]ty ( man's ?\ght1 ( ! amelioration ( human in/itutions & mann]s1 he sums up all 9 a s+le "n1 attributes !m to a s+le cause1 & assigns all ! honor to ! progress ( ,rationalism6 #beb ,arriv$1 nev]!less1 at ! conclusion ( 8 "w1 a s+le reflection disquiets ,mr4 ,lecky3 he asks himself :e!r1 9 extoll+ ! happy effects ( :at he /yles ,rationalism1 he has n gone too f>1 said too mu*1 & hop$ too mu*3 ,utility is p]haps ! highe/ motive to :i* reason c atta94 444 ,x is f ! moral or religi\s faculty alone t we obta9 ! conception ( ! purely dis9t]e/$4 444 ,! sub/itution ( ! philosophical conception ( tru? = its own sake1 = ! !ological conception ( ! guilt ( error1 has be5 9 ?is respect a cle> ga92 & ! political movem5t :i* has result$ *iefly f ! introduction ( ! _s ( ,rationalism into politics1 has produc$1 & is produc+1 "s ( ! mo/ spl5did in/ances ( self-sacrifice4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ^! influ5ces is unfavorable to en?usiasm1 & bo? 9 actions & 9 speculations ?is t5d5cy is pa9fully visible4 ,) a f> high] level ( av]age excell5ce ?an 9 =m] times1 our age exhibits a m>k$ decl9e 9 ! _s ( self-sacrifice1 9 ! appreciation ( ! m poetical or religi\s aspect ( our nature4 ,! hi/ory ( self-sacrifice dur+ ! la/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s has be5 ma9ly ! hi/ory ( ! action ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! _w4 #bec ,ignorance & error h1 no d\bt1 (t5 direct$ ! h]oic _s into wrong *annels1 & h sometimes ev5 made x a cause ( great evil to mank9d2 b x is ! moral type & beauty1 ! enl>g$ conception & p]suasive p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 t h *iefly call$ x into be+1 & x is by _! influ5ce alone t x c be p]man5tly su/a9$4 444 ,?is is ! %ad[ re/+ ^u ! o!rwise brilliant picture ! hi/ory ( ,rationalism pres5ts4 ,! de/ruction ( ! belief 9 wit*craft & ( religi\s p]secutions2 ! decay ( ^? gha/ly notions conc]n+ future puni%m5ts1 :i* = c5turies diseas$ ! imag9ations & embitt]$ ! "* ( mank9d2 ! emancipation ( suff]+ nationalities2 ! abolition ( ! belief 9 ! guilt ( error1 :i* p>alyz$ ! intellectual1 & ( ! asceticism :i* p>alyz$ ! mat]ial progress ( mank9d1 may be ju/ly reg>d$ z among ! greate/ triumphs ( civilization2 b :5 we look back to ! *e]ful alacrity ) :i*1 9 "s =m] ages1 m5 sacrific$ all _! mat]ial & intellectual int]e/s to :at !y believ$ to be "r1 & :5 we realize ! uncl\d$ assurance t 0 _! rew>d1 x is impossible to d5y t we h lo/ some?+ 9 our progress4 ,footnote #db ,footnote #db3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 vol4 ii1 #ahff1 ?ird edition1 pp4 #djc-dji4 #bed ,b to leave ,engl& & ,mr4 ,lecky1 & to return once m to ,france4 ,i turn to ! pages ( a rationali/ic philosoph] m pr(\nd1 & m pr(\ndly tr\bl$1 too1 9 8 s5tim5ts ?an ,mr4 ,lecky4 ,i f9d !re1 9 an essay ( ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]1 entitl$ ,! ,crisis ( ,prote/antism1 ,footnote #dc ! foll[+ passage3 ,footnote #dc3 ,mlanges d'hi/oire religieuse4 ,pp4 #bej-bed4 #ahfd4 #bee ,t :i* is really imp]il$ is n s mu* ,prote/antism2 x is ,*ri/ianity1 x is v religion4 ,z = natural religion1 t exi/s only 9 books4 ,religions :i* h vital =ce & influ5ce are positive religions2 t is1 religions :i* h a ,*ur*1 & p>ticul> rites1 & dogmas4 ,:at are ^! dogmas8 ,tak5 9 _! intimate mean+1 !y are ! solutions ( ! great problems :i* h ev] disquiet$ ! m9d ( man--! orig9 ( ! _w1 & ( evil2 ! expiation2 ! future ( humanity4 ,! doctr9es ( religion are a sort ( reveal$ metaphysics4 ,consid]$ 9 its =m1 dogma is ! sup]natural--n m]ely because religions 7 born at an epo* :5 ! imag9ation 0 gre$y ( miracles1 & :5 ! imag9ation1 9 h] nivet1 associat$ h]self ) ev]y?+2 b also because1 z may be readily und]/ood1 x is impossible = a positive religion to h any o!r orig9 ?an a revelation2 x is necess>ily a hi/ory ( ! int]v5tion ( ,god 9 ! de/9ies ( man1 ! acc\nt ( acts by :i* ,god creat$ & sav$ ! _w--x is t or x is no?+4 ,we see !n at once t 9 religion ev]y?+ is n religi\s4 ,!re is 9 e religion a multitude ( elem5ts1 hi/orical1 physical1 & metaphysical1 z to :i* its dogmas may come into conflict ) sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x is n ( ?is antagonism t ,i w\ld "h speak4 ,! religi\s s5tim5t has also its critical action2 x also may ent] into a /ruggle ) religion4 #bef ,z long z ! au?ority ( ! prie/ or ( ! book pres]ves its pre/ige1 ! believ] receives 8 religion ready made = him1 )\t himself mak+ di/9ctions2 b z soon z t au?ority is %ak51 a man1 if he d n entirely reject 8 fir/ belief1 w at lea/ no long] accept x )\t res]vations4 ,he only reta9s s mu* ( x z enlight5s or t\*es him1 s mu* z comm5ds itself to 8 und]/&+ or to 8 he>t2 s mu*1 9 a ^w1 z gives a satisfaction to 8 religi\s requirem5ts4 ,?us x is t religi\s s5tim5t becomes ! measure ( religi\s tru?4 ,x receives all 9 religion t addresses itself to ! s\l1 all t n\ri%es & =tifies ! s\l1 all t raises ! s\l to ! inf9ite & ! ideal1 all t unites ! s\l to ,god4 #beg ,religi\s s5tim5t appropriates x all1 b x appropriates no?+ m4 ,let b a ?+ become indiff]5t1 & x feels x z an importunity1 & looks ^u x 9 ! light ( an elem5t /range1 useless1 arbitr>y4 ,x rejects1 = ?is reason1 doctr9es purely speculative z well z facts purely m>vel\s4 ,man requires 8 religion to be entirely religi\s2 t is to say1 to be 9 all respects 9 direct relation ) piety1 &1 s to speak1 to be v]tical to 8 consci5ce4 ,! m 8 fai? purifies itself1 ! m a man elim9ates f 8 religion dogmas :i*1 hav+ no root ei!r 9 ! div9e nature or man's nature1 appe> on t v acc\nt to h no gr\nd to exi/ at all4 ,at fir/ sight ?is gradual emancipation ( fai? & ?is correspond+ progress ( religion 9 ! ways ( ,spiritualism1 seem a natural process by means ( :i* religi\s op9ion & ! human m9d contrive to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 a /ate ( con/ant equilibrium4 #beh ,we imag9e all difficulties remov$1 & fancy t we cat* a glimpse ( ! religi\s future ( humanity 9 a sort ( ,*ri/ian ,rationalism1 a rational ,*ri/ianity n exclud+ f]vor ( devotion1 b leav+ all its lib]ty to man's ?\ght4 ,i dem& no?+ bett] z f> z ,i am conc]n$2 b ,i _c refra9 f ask+1 n )\t anxiety1 :e!r ,*ri/ian ,rationalism is really a religion4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! crucible aft] ! op]ation j detail$8 ,is ! residue really ! ess5ce ( ! positive dogmas1 or is x b a caput mortuum8 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity is r5d]$ transluc5t to man's m9d1 con=mable to man's reason & man's moral appreciation ( ?+s1 does x /ill possess any great virtue8 ,does x n v mu* resemble ,deism1 & is x n equally lean & /]ile8 ,does n ! pot5t influ5ce ( religi\s belief reside 9 its dogmatic =mulas & m>vel\s leg5ds j z mu* z 9 any?+ m ess5tially religi\s t x possesses8 #bei ,is !re n ev5 some:at ( sup]/ition 9 g5u9e piety1 & is x possible = piety to disp5se ) t popul> sy/em ( metaphysics1 t attractive my?ology1 :i* m5 /rive to elim9ate f x8 ,d n ! elem5ts :i* y pret5d to ab/ract f religion con/itute ! alloy1 )\t :i* ! preci\s metal becomes unsuitable = ! r\gh usages ( life8 ,9 %ort1 :5 criticism %all h succe$$ 9 ov]?r[+ ! sup]natural z useless1 & dogmas z irrational2 :5 ! religi\s s5tim5t on ! "o side1 & a scrupul\s reason on ! o!r1 %all h p5etrat$ man's belief1 assimilat$ & trans=m$ x2 :5 no o!r au?ority %all rema9 /&+1 save t ( ! p]sonal consci5ce ( ea* individual2 :51 9 a ^w1 man hav+ torn e vail & p5etrat$ e my/]y1 %all behold t ,god face to face to :om he aspires1 w x n be discov]$ t t ,god is1 aft] all1 no?+ else ?an man himself1 ! consci5ce & ! reason ( humanity p]sonifi$8 ,w n religion1 9 ! v attempt to become m religi\s1 h ceas$ to exi/8 #bfj ,su*1 accord+ to ! views ( its mo/ em95t repres5tatives1 are ! pot5t influ5ces & ! f9al results ( ,rationalism4 ,aft] hav+ confus$ly attribut$ to x all ! progress ( man's ?\ght & ( man's civilization1 ,mr4 ,lecky expresses ! appreh5sion t he has l[]$ ! nature ( man1 by depriv+ him 7^! are 8 v words7 ( our noble/ quality1 ( ! div9e sp>k1 ! pr9ciple 9 u ( ev]y?+ t is h]oic1 ! complete & pure devot$ness ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,m4 ,s*]] asks himself sadly if 9 reject+ all dogma & all positive revelation1 9 oblig+ religi\s s5tim5t to be self-suffic+1 & to fe$ itself ) its own & s+le virtue1 rational criticism does n inflict a deadly bl[ ^u religion itself2 & ,m4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 9 ! same p]plexity1 cont5ts himself ) say+1 z resign$ly1 ?\gh m coldly1 ,! he>t has its reasons1 :i* ! reason compreh5ds n4 #bfa ,no?+ is s affect+ to me1 b no?+1 at ! same "t1 ?r[s su* light ^u ! subject ( my m$itations z ?is involunt>y1 ?is inv9cible anxiety obs]vable 9 m5 ( l(ty s5tim5ts & pr(\nd convictions1 :5 confront+ ! *asms 9 _! sy/em1 & deal+ ) ! incoh]5ces ( _! own convictions4 ,h[ev] pr(\nd1 h[ev] diff]5t my own conviction may be1 ,i h no desire to engage1 ei!r ) !m or aga9/ !m1 9 any direct or prolong$ controv]sy4 ,i h be5 engag$ all my life 9 frequ5t & ard5t polemics4 ,^? c\ld n be well avoid$ by a man l myself1 =c$ n m]ely to combat human op9ions1 b to grapple ) human affairs2 & call$ ^u to resolve1 ^u ! in/ant1 practical & urg5t que/ions4 ,b :ile ,i volunt>ily submitt$ to ! necessity ( precipitate & un=ese5 /ruggles1 exp]i5ce has taught me _! inconv5i5ces & _! p]ils4 #bfb ,! combatants on ea* side are prone to make use ( weapons ( too (f5sive a nature2 m5 involve !mselves = p>ty int]e/s & p>ty honor1 & pu% _! conclusions ) ob/9ate p]t9acity beyond ! /rictness ( tru?1 sometimes ev5 beyond _! own int5tions4 ,i d n wi% 9 ! ar5a ( philosophy to run ! risk ( /rik+ ^u any simil> rock2 b avoid+ all p]sonal polemics1 all controv]sy ( detail1 ,i w express ^u ! ess5ce ( ,rationalism1 al?\gh only 9 a g5]al mann]1 my s9c]e & intimate convictions4 ,!re are 9 ,rationalism two fundam5tal errors4 ,fir/1 x mutilates man :ile x /udies him2 x holds z ( no acc\nt sev]al ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts & ess5tial facts ( human nature1 ( :i* x ignores ! mean+ & ! import4 ,secondly1 ,rationalism ext5ds ! pret5sions ( human sci5ce beyond its rights1 & beyond its legitimate limits4 #bfc ,! in/9cts1 ! s5tim5ts1 ( humanity are c]ta9ly n suffici5t reasons = sci5tific conviction1 nor conclusive pro(s 9 support ( any p>ticul> sy/em :atev]4 ,! in/9ctive belief ( ! human race 9 "o or m sup]natural =ces is no demon/ration ( ! reality ( ! sup]natural2 & ! aspir+s ( man's s\l = a life beyond ?is t]re/rial "o does n rationally prove ! s\l's immortality4 ,error may occur 9 human in/9cts or s5tim5ts j z mu* z 9 human ideas4 ,b :5 ^! in/9cts & ^! s5tim5ts are univ]sal1 p]man5t1 inde/ructible1 enc\nt]$ 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries--:5 !y resi/ & survive all attacks1 all d\bts ( reason or sci5ce--!y are1 beyond all "q1 consid]able facts1 & facts :i* ! human und]/&+ _c b recognize & respect4 ,if ^! in/9cts & s5tim5ts d n solve ! problems :i* tr\ble man's und]/&+1 at lea/ !y dem& imp]i\sly "s solution2 if !y ?r[ no light ^u 8 road to sci5ce1 !y oblige him to see t t road has its my/]ies4 #bfd ,rationalism mutilates humanity :5 x ignores su* facts1 reg>d+ !m z va9 illusions because x _c expla9 !m2 & :51 aft] ?is mutilation1 x assigns ! entire empire to a s+le portion ( ! human nature1 to a s+le faculty1 call$ by x reason1 z if reason con/itut$ ! entire man1 ,rationalism does 9 ! intellectual _w :at x w\ld be do+ 9 ! physical _w did x d5y ! reality ( night because x only sees ! day cle>ly4 ,rationalism is ! m wrong 9 ?us disc>d+ facts :i* x does n expla91 t 9 its prop] doma9 simil> facts occur1 & t its sci5ce ( reason arrives also f9ally at my/]ies4 ,i m5tion$ x be=e1 z a tru? acquir$ to philosophy1 t !re exi/ 9 ! human m9d c]ta9 univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples1 nei!r furni%$ to ! m9d by impressions d]iv$ f ! ext]nal _w1 nor creat$ by ! m9d itself2 & t ^? pr9ciples are inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! m9d1 & come to x f ano!r s\rce ?an t ( s5sation1 or any discov]y ( man's own ?\ght4 #bfe ,we h "h a psy*ological fact :i*1 aft] ! pr(\nd /udies ( ! spirituali/ic s*ool f ! "t ( ,plato d[n to ,m4 ,c\s91 ,rationalism is oblig$ to admit4 ,to :at does ?is fact t5d1 & :at is its logical consequ5ce8 ,:at b ,god1 creation1 revelation1 & ! relations ( ,god ) man8 ,w ,rationalism give any bett] explanation ( ^! div9e laws ( ! human m9d ?an x has giv5 ( ! in/9cts & ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! human he>t8 or w x ignore ! "o result z x has ignor$ ! o!r8 ,b n[ to t\* ^u ! radical & p]man5t error ( ,rationalism4 ,x reg>ds all ?+s z accessible to ! rese>*es & to ! me?ods ( human sci5ce4 ,:5 ,spiritualism has recogniz$ & proclaim$ ! ess5tial & necess>y facts :i* con/itute ! intellectual & moral be+ by x /yl$ man1 x halts abruptly2 x hesitates also to recognize & proclaim ! my/]i\s facts 9 t sanctu>y ! v door ( :i* x has rea*$2 x does n resign itself to adore :at lies beh9d ! vail2 x is inconsequ5t & timid1 al?\gh respectful & mode/4 #bff ,rationalism1 on ! contr>y1 is presumptu\s & audaci\s2 its ambition is to see cle>ly1 to t\* :at is 9 ! c5t] ( ! sanctu>y1 z x sees & t\*es :at is on its outside4 ,its pret5sion is t x may /udy & "k1 by its ord9>y processes1 z well ! invisible _w1 its ,sov]eign & its laws1 z ! visible _w 9 :i* man is n[ plac$2 & x w>s ^u ,*ri/ianity because ,*ri/ianity admits no su* pret5sion4 ,b ,*ri/ianity "h enc\nt]s ano!r adv]s>y1 ,positivism4 ,positivism arre/s its progress1 say+3 ,i d n "k1 nobody kn[s1 if an invisible _w be or be n a really exi/+ ?+4 ,x is a m]e loss ( "t to ?9k ( x1 = no?+ c be kn[n ab\t x ) c]ta9ty4 ,all religion1 all metaphysics1 are *im]ical & va9 sci5ces2 !re is no sci5ce b ! sci5ce ( ! physical _w1 ( its facts & ( its laws6 --------------------------------------- #bfg ,f\r? ,m$itation4 ,positivism4 ,i seek no qu>rel ) words1 ev5 :5 !y provoke x4 ,positivism is a ^w1 9 language a b>b>ism1 9 philosophy a presumption4 ,unlike ,geology1 ,ideology1 ,!ology1 ,physics1 x qualifies a doctr9e1 n by its object1 b by its suppos$ m]it4 ,all sci5ce pret5ds to positiv5ess--t is1 to be f\nd$ ^u fact & tru?4 ,b ,positivism alone arrogates to itself ?is quality4 ,x is an arrogance1 9 my op9ion1 radically unju/ifiable4 ,i knew its f\nd]1 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 p]sonally4 ,i _h "s communication ) him 9 ! p]iod f #ahbd to #ahcj4 ,i !n 0 /ruck by ! elevation ( 8 s5tim5ts & by ! vigor ( 8 m9d4 #bfh ,9 ,octob]1 #ahcb1 at ! mom5t :5 ,i 0 ent]+ ^u my functions z ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 he came to me & =mally dem&$ t ,i %\ld create = him 9 ! ,college ( ,france a pr(essor%ip ( g5]al hi/ory = ! physical & ma!matical sci5ces4 ,i see no cause to express myself "h o!rwise ?an ,i h already done 9 my ,memoirs z to ! impression produc$ ^u me by 8 conv]sation & 8 p]sonal be>+4 ,he expla9$ to me dre>ily & confus$ly 8 views ^u man1 society1 civilization1 religion1 philosophy1 hi/ory4 ,he 0 a man s+le-m9d$1 hone/1 ( pr(\nd convictions1 devot$ to 8 own ideas1 9 appe>ance mode/1 al?\gh at he>t prodigi\sly va92 he s9c]ely believ$ t x 0 8 call+ to op5 a new era = ! m9d ( man & = human society4 ,:ile li/5+ to him1 ,i c\ld h>dly refra9 f express+ my a/oni%m5t t a m9d s vigor\s %\ld at ! same "t be s n>r[ z n ev5 to p]ceive ! nature & be>+ ( ! facts ) :i* he 0 deal+1 & ! que/ions :i* he 0 au?oritatively decid+2 t a "* s dis9t]e/$ %\ld n be w>n$ by 8 own prop] s5tim5ts--:i* 7 moral 9 spite ( 8 sy/em--( its falsity & its negation ( morality4 #bfi ,i did n ev5 make any attempt at discussion ) ,m4 ,comte3 8 s9c]ity1 8 en?usiasm1 & ! delusion t bl9d$ him1 inspir$ me ) t sad e/eem t takes refuge 9 sil5ce4 ,_h ,i ev5 judg$ x fitt+ to create ! *air :i* he dem&$1 ,i %\ld n = a mom5t h dream$ ( assign+ x to him4 ,footnote #dd ,footnote #dd3 ,mmoires p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire de mon temps1 t4 iii1 pp4 #abe-g4 ,9 ! six? volume ( ^! ,mmoires ,i h rectifi$ an error inadv]t5tly committ$ by me z to ! epo* ( my fir/ relations ) ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte4 #bgj ,i %\ld h be5 z sil5t & /ill m sad if ,i _h !n kn[n ! trials ?r\gh :i* ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte _h already pass$4 ,he _h be51 9 #ahbc1 a prey to a viol5t attack ( m5tal ali5ation1 & 9 #ahbg1 dur+ a p>oxysm ( gloomy melan*oly1 he _h ?r[n himself f ! ,pont des ,arts into ! ,se9e1 b _h be5 rescu$ by "o ( ! k+'s gu>d4 ,m ?an once1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 subsequ5t life1 ?is m5tal tr\ble seem$ ^u ! po9t ( recurr+4 ,_m w be tempt$ to dem& h[ a man s little ma/] ( himself1 & ^: m9d 0 "u s little gov]nm5t1 c\ld ev] h succe$$ 9 produc+ a doctr9e s consid]able1 & 9 ex]cis+ su* real influ5ce ^u ! philosophical _w4 ,! fact is nev]!less beyond "q4 ,:e!r ! cause is to be ref]r$ to ! m]it ( ,m4 ,comte & ( 8 doctr9e1 or to ! /ate ( m5's m9ds at ! "t1 x is c]ta9 t n only 9 ,france b 9 ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 num]\s & honorable disciples came ov] to 8 ideas1 & t ,positivism became a s*ool want+ nei!r 9 s9c]ity nor cr$it4 ,:5 su* m5 z ,m4 ,littr1 at ,p>is1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,/u>t ,mill1 9 ,london1 decl>e !mselves 8 adh]5ts1 ! doctr9e has claims to a s]i\s exam9ation4 #bga ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte liv$ con/antly1 z f> z he 0 individually conc]n$1 "u ! empire ( a fix$ idea1 :i* occasion$ him _m a pa9ful disappo9tm5t2 & he liv$1 z f> z 8 sy/em 0 conc]n$1 "u ! empire ( a false idea1 :i* associat$ ) views j 9 !mselves & sometimes gr&1 "o p]vad+ & p]man5t error4 ,8 fix$ p]sonal idea consi/$ 9 8 ?9k+ himself call$ to reg5]ate human sci5ce & human society by ! s+le virtue ( 8 doctr9e4 ,besides _! %>e 9 ! presumptu\sness :i* is ! common "* ( mank9d1 m9ds t are inv5tive & fond ( sy/ematiz+ are p>ticul>ly prone to ext5d beyond _! legitimate be>+s--nay1 beyond all b\nds--! pret5sions & ! hopes :i* _! ideas sugge/4 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ hone/ victims1 ( ?is intellectual intoxication--! noble/ al?\gh n ! lea/ fanta/ic =m ( human pride4 #bgb ,! ,*ri/ian religion has its apo/les & x has its mission>ies1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( a ,ma/] o!r ?an !mselves1 & prea*+ a fai? !y did n !mselves orig9ate4 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte 0 8 own prop] apo/le--! inv5tor & mission>y ( 8 own prop] fai?4 ,( pr(\nd convictions1 ) no selfi%1 worldly views1 he aspir$ to ! entire empire ( ! intellect1 believ+ bo? ! int]e/s ( social ord] & ! honor ( ! human m9d involv$ 9 ! triumph ( 8 doctr9e2 he ard5tly desir$ n only its propagation1 b its organization z a p]man5t & pot5t in/itution1 to insure & p]petuate 8 triumph4 ,! real & practical gov]nm5t ( nations1 accord+ to him1 0 only1 z x ought to be only1 a sort ( /ew>d%ip1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( realiz+ & c>ry+ into effect ! ideas ( ?9k+ m54 ,! sy/ematic sep>ation ( ! two elem5t>y =ces1 ! ,spiritual & ! ,temporal1 s he wrote to ,mr4 ,j4 ,/u>t ,mill1 con/itutes c]ta9ly ! pr9cipal condition = a d5\em5t ( ! actual situation4 #bgc ,i admit t ! special requirem5ts ( a situation :]e ^? two =ces are conf\nd$ may au?orize1 & sometimes oblige1 philosoph]s1 9 ! int]e/ ( a f9al reg5]ation1 to p>ticipate1 by way ( exception1 9 actual political life1 al?\gh an incl9ation = su* a life exposes !m to ! dang] ( _m a quicks&1 & dem&s t _! pr9ciples %\ld be firmly settl$1 to avoid ! risk ( a real deviation4 ,to embody my ?\ght ^u ?is subject 9 a palpable example relative to a great occurr5ce1 ,i blame ! philosoph] ,condorcet = hav+ suff]$ himself to be return$ z memb] to our glori\s ,conv5tion1 9 :i* m5 ( action 7 lead]s1 & prop]ly s1 :]eas ,condorcet c\ld nev] be s plac$ z to reg>d ?+s f ! same po9t ( view2 h5ce t false position = :i* 9 ! sequel he _h s cruelly to suff]4 #bgd ,b on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld h reg>d$ x z v natural = him to develop a great activity 9 ! club ( ! ,jacob9s2 =1 plac$ beyond ! sph]e ( ! gov]nm5t1 prop]ly s call$1 t club con/itut$ at t "t a sort ( spiritual p[]1 9 t rem>kable & s little compreh5d$ comb9ation ( ?+s :i* *>act]iz$ ! revolution>y rgime4 444 ,i h le>n$ ) mu* satisfaction1 he add$1 /ill address+ ,mr4 ,mill1 t ! wise en]gy ( y\r resi/ance has succe$$ 9 triumph+ ov] ! bl9d p]si/5ce ( y\r fri5ds :o urge y t[>d a p>liam5t>y c>e]4 ,i %all propose 9 my la/ volume1 & 9 direct t]ms1 ! in/itution1 by individual ef=ts1 ( an ,european committee1 *>g$ p]man5tly ) ! direction ( a common movem5t ( philosophical reg5]ation1 :5 once ,positivism %all h plant$ its /&>d--t is1 its ligh?\se1 ,i %\ld t]m x--9 ! mid/ ( ! disord] & confusion t reigns2 & ,i hope t ?is w be ! result ( ! publication ( my "w 9 its complete /ate4 ,footnote #de ,footnote #de3 ,lett]s ( ! #bj? ,novemb]1 #ahda1 & #d? ,m>*1 #ahdb1 publi%$ 9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,littr1 entitl$1 ,augu/e ,comte & ! ,positive ,philosophy1 pp4 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dbg1 #dbi4 #bge ,"o c sc>cely refra9 f a smile :5 he contemplates ^! dreams r$uc$ to ! =m ( sy/em1 ignor+ e s5tim5t ( reality1 & exp\nd$ ) ! confid5ce ( fanaticism 9 ! "n ( a sci5ce call$ ,positive4 ,"h x is t we f9d ! fix$ & dom9ant idea t p]vad$ & compromis$ ! :ole life ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte4 ,:oev] did n accept 8 doctr9e & 8 sy/em1 0 = him ei!r a retrogradi/ full ( prejudice1 or an ignoramus )\t sci5tific education1 or an int]e/$ & jeal\s enemy4 ,:oev]1 on ! o!r h&1 l5t himself to 8 views on any po9t1 or = any "t1 h[ev] %ort1 became 9 ! eyes ( ,m4 ,comte 8 conque/ & 8 prop]ty1 8 philosophical s]f1 z x 71 b\nd to 8 ma/] by ! t5ure ( duty1 & ! r5d] ( s]vices f :i* he c\ld nev] hope to enfran*ise himself1 )\t ! risk ( be+ treat$ ^u ! in/ant z a des]t] or a rebel1 & ( see+ at once brok5 ! close/ & mo/ approv$ bonds ( intimacy & fri5d%ip4 #bgf ,he _h s entire a confid5ce 9 8 own intellectual sup]iority1 & 9 ! rights :i* x conf]r$1 t he express$ x sometimes ) a nivet am\nt+ almo/ to idolatry4 ,"o day1 believ+ t he _h won ov] to 8 ideas ,m4 ,arm& ,m>ra/1 !n ! editor ( ! ,national1 he wrote ?us to 8 wife3 ,m>ra/ no long] feels any repugnance 9 admitt+ ! indisp5sable fact ( my intellectual sup]iority2 he is 9 ?is respect1 9 my op9ion1 especially influ5c$ by ,mill1 :om he holds1 & ) reason1 9 high acc\nt4 ,to speak pla9ly & 9 g5]al t]ms1 ,i believe t1 at ! po9t at :i* ,i h n[ arriv$1 ,i h no occasion to d m ?an to cont9ue to exi/2 ! k9d ( prepond]ance :i* ,i covet _c1 h5ce=?1 fail to devolve ^u me4 ,footnote #df ,footnote #df3 ,lett] ( ! #c;d ,decemb]1 #ahdb3 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophic positive2 p4 #cbd4 #bgg ,%ortly aft] ! date ( ?is lett]1 ,m4 ,comte 0 sep>at$ f 8 wife & embroil$ ) ,mr4 ,mill himself1 :o _h n1 z ! =m] fanci$1 fulfill$ t[>d him all ! duties ( an accept$ & loyal disciple4 ,i pass f ! fix$ idea ( ! man to ! false idea ( 8 sy/em2 x appe>s ov] & ov] aga9 at ea* /ep 9 ! ,c\rs de philosophie positive ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 ,footnote #dg & 9 ! impos+ biography consecrat$ to 8 memory by 8 mo/ accompli%$ disciple1 ,m4 ,littr4 ,footnote #dh ,footnote #dg3 ,six volumes #hvo41 publi%$ 9 ! int]val f #ahcj to #ahdb inclusive4 ,footnote #dh3 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophic positive4 #hvo4 #ahfc4 ,i extract f diff]5t p>ts ( ^! volumes ! passages 9 :i* ! fundam5tal doctr9e is mo/ cle>ly express$3 ,positive philosophy is ! :ole body ( human k4 ,human k is ! result ( ! /udy ( ! =ces belong+ to matt]1 & ( ! conditions or laws gov]n+ ^? =ces4 ,footnote #di ,footnote #di3 ,ibid41 p4 #db4 ,! fundam5tal "* ( positive philosophy is1 t x reg>ds all ph5om5a z subject$ to inv>iable natural laws1 & consid]s z absolutely inaccessible to u1 & z hav+ no s5se = u1 e inquiry into :at is t]m$ ei!r prim>y or f9al causes4 ,footnote #ej ,footnote #ej3 ,c\rs de philosophic positive1 by ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 vol4 i1 p4 #ad4 #bgh ,! sci5tific pa?1 9 :i* ,i h1 ev] s9ce ,i began to ?9k1 cont9u$ to walk1 ! labors t ,i ob/9ately pursue to elevate social !ories to ! rank ( physical sci5ce are evid5tly1 radically1 & absolutely oppos$ to ev]y?+ t has a religi\s or metaphysical t5d5cy4 ,footnote #ea ,footnote #ea3 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophic positive1 by ,m4 ,littr1 p4 #aid4 ,my positive philosophy is incompatible ) e !ological or metaphysical philosophy1 & consequ5tly equally s ) e correspond+ sy/em ( policy4 ,footnote #eb ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid41 p4 #baj4 ,m4 ,comte1 says ,m4 ,littr1 made x a duty to speak 9 public )\t any retic5ce1 to d$uce 8 positive tru?s1 & to confront !m ) ! conceptions ( ,!ology & ( ,metaphysics4 4 4 4 ',religiosity' is 9 8 eyes n only a weakness1 b an av[al ( want ( p[]4 ,footnote #ec ,footnote #ec3 ,augu/e ,comte et la phil4 pos41 by ,m4 ,littr1 pp4 #aih-bee4 #bgi ,! 'positive /ate' is t /ate ( ! m9d 9 :i* x conceives t ph5om5a are gov]n$ by con/ant laws1 f :i* pray] & adoration c dem& no?+1 b to :i* intellig5ce & sci5ce may address _! dem&s2 s t1 by famili>iz+ himself ) ^? laws m & m1 & by con=m+ to !m m & m1 man acquires an ev]-gr[+ empire ov] nature & ov] himself1 :i* empire is ! sum ( all civilization4 ,! '!ological /ate1' on ! contr>y1 is t /ate ( ! m9d :i* conceives t ph5om5a are ! results ( volition1 or1 if ! social developm5t has arriv$ at ,mono!ism1 t !y are ! results ( a s+le1 all-wise1 & all-p[]ful w4 ,?is provid5ce1 ess5tially collective :]e ,poly!ism is suppos$1 ess5tially s+le 9 ! case ( ,mono!ism1 gov]ns ! _w1 disp5ses its good & its evil1 lays its f+] ^u human ev5ts1 & reg>ds ! de/9y ( ea* individual man4 #bhj ,su* is ! contra/ betwe5 ! two doctr9es4 444 ,pr(it+ by ! in/ruction ( ! illu/ri\s ,de ,mai/re1 our ,fr5* prie/s at la/ compreh5d$ t ultramontanism 0 ! only logical consequ5ce d$ucible f _! ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,! m ! positive s*ool def9es ! real "* ( its progress1 ! m mu/ we see ?is retrograde conc5tration also develop itself2 :i* w involve at "s lat] epo* ,dei/s !mselves1 z ,positivism proce$s to ga9 complete asc5dancy2 an asc5dancy1 9 o!r respects1 f> m likely to be fur!r$ ?an ret>d$ by su* coord9ation ( its adv]s>ies1 = ?is w t5d to give at la/ to ! /ruggles ( philosophy a decisive "*2 b ! ,positivi/s w alone succe$ 9 prevail+ 7at lea/ z f> z speculative doctr9es are conc]n$7 ov] ! coalition ( all ! philosophical =ces ( ! anci5t s*ool1 :e!r metaphysical or !ological4 ,footnote #ed ,footnote #ed3 ,augu/e ,comte et la phil4 pos41 by ,m4 ,littr1 pp4 #cgj1 #dcd4 #bha ,m4 ,comte _h ev5 m av]sion = ,metaphysics ?an = ,!ology4 ,he took p>ticul> (f5se at ! contempor>y spirituali/ic s*ool1 & ! sci5tific psy*ology ( ,,mm4 ,roy]1 ,coll>d1 ,ma9e de ,biran1 ,c\s91 & ,j\ffroy4 ,9 no view1 said he1 is !re any room = ?is illusory psy*ology2 ?is f9al trans=mation ( a !ology1 :i* m5 /rive1 n[adays1 s idly to reanimate2 =--)\t tr\bl+ itself ei!r ) ! physiological /udy ( our intellectual organs1 or ) ! obs]vation ( ^? rational processes1 :i* 9 effect direct our diff]5t sci5tific rese>*es--,psy*ology pret5ds to arrive at ! discov]y ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ! human m9d by contemplat+ t v m9d--t is to say1 by mak+ complete ab/raction bo? ( causes & ( effects4 ,footnote #ee ,footnote #ee3 ,c\rs de philosophic positive1 by ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 vol4 i1 p4 #cd4 #bhb ,ev5 :ile absolutely reject+ ,!ology1 ,m4 ,comte treat$ x ) m e/eem ?an ,metaphysics4 ,we are1 he said1 too dispos$1 n[adays1 to ignore ! imm5se b5efits due to religi\s influ5ce4 ,! positive philosophy1 h[ev] p>adoxical x may be to claim = x su* a peculi>ity1 is virtually ! only philosophy capable ( wor?ily appreciat+ all ! p>ticipation ( ! _s ( religion 9 ! :ole gr& developm5t ( humanity4 ,is x n directly evid5t t1 z by an inv9cible organic necessity1 moral ef=ts h almo/ always to combat to "s degree or o!r ! mo/ en]getic impulses ( our nature2 ! !ological _s 0 imp]atively call$ ^u to furni% to social discipl9e t g5]al basis :i* 0 q indisp5sable at a "t :5 human =esight1 :e!r ( m5 9 masses or ( m5 z individuals1 0 c]ta9ly f> too limit$ to (f] any suffici5t po9t d'appui to influ5ces purely rational8 #bhc 444 ,:5 ! positive philosophy %all h acquir$ t "* ( univ]sality :i* x is /ill )\t1 x w be capable ( replac+ entirely1 ) all its native sup]iority1 t !ological philosophy & t metaphysical philosophy ( :i* ?is univ]sality is 9 ^! days ! sole real peculi>ity1 & :i*1 depriv$ ( ?is motive = pref]5ce1 w h = our successors no?+ b an hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,footnote #ef ,footnote #ef3 ,c\rs de philosophic positive1 by ,m4 ,comte1 vol4 v1 p4 #gc2 vol4 i1 p4 #bc4 ,i d n pause to notice 9 h[ _m respects ?is language is sup]ficial1 confus$1 & incoh]5t4 ,i only draw att5tion to ! fundam5tal idea :i* x manife/s--matt]1 ! =ces ( matt]1 & its laws2 ^! are ! sole objects ( human k1 ! sole doma9 ( ! human m9d4 ,aw>e (1 & emb>rass$ by ! objections :i* ! idea has f ! beg9n+ ( "t excit$1 ,m4 ,littr has /riv5 to rid himself ( !m by an admission1 s9c]e no d\bt1 l ev]y?+ t he ?9ks1 & ev]y?+ t he says1 b full 9 its turn ( confusion & incoh]5ce4 #bhd ,! positive philosophy1 says he1 is at once a sy/em :i* compreh5ds all t is kn[n ( ! _w ( man & ( society1 & also a g5]al me?od1 conta9+ 9 itself all ! ways by :i* m5 h come to le>n all ^! ?+s4 ,:at is beyond1 :e!r1 mat]ially speak+1 t space )\t limit1 or intellectually t concat5ation ( nev]-end+ causes1 all ?is is absolutely inaccessible to ! human m9d4 ,by inaccessible is n meant null or non-exi/5t4 ,imm5sity 9 matt]1 z 9 intellect1 is connect$ by a close b& ) :at we "k1 & x is only by su* an alliance t x becomes an idea positive 9 itself1 & ( ! same ord]2 :at ,i mean is1 t by s t\*+ & bord]+ :at we "k1 imm5sity appe>s "u ! d\ble "* ( reality & ( inaccessibility4 ,x is an ocean :i* da%es ^u our %ores1 & = :i* we h nor b>k nor sail1 b ! cle> vision ( :i* is z salut>y z x is =midable4 ,footnote #eg ,footnote #eg3 ,augu/e ,comte et la phil4 pos41 by ,m4 ,littr1 p4 #eai4 #bhe ,! vision s admitt$ by ,m4 ,littr is n cle>1 & nei!r is x salut>y2 b vague1 & )\t result4 ,! imag]y does n de/roy ! sy/em :i* x seeks to vail f u4 ,e religi\s belief1 e spiritual doctr9e1 ,god & ! human s\l1 are disc>d$ by ,positivism1 & treat$ z arbitr>y & transitory hypo!ses1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may h conduc$ to ! developm5t ( humanity1 ought n[ to be reject$ by human reason1 j z ! foot may ?r[ d[n ! ladd] :i* has enabl$ x to m\nt to ! summit4 ,to call ?+s by _! prop] names1 ,positivism is ,mat]ialism & ,a!ism1 ) m or less explicitness1 confid5tly or hesitat+ly1 accept$ z ! la/ t]m ( human sci5ce1 & :5 h>d press$1 tak+ refuge 9 ! d>kness ( skepticism4 ,:at are ! f\ndations ^u :i* ,positivism re/s8 ,:at facts1 :at pro(s1 does ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte adduce 9 support ( 8 pr9ciples1 t matt]1 its =ces1 & its laws1 con/itute ! sole object ( human k1 ! sole doma9 ( ! human m9d8 #bhf ,he appeals to two argum5ts--! "o metaphysical1 ! o!r hi/orical2 ! "o d]iv$ f ! m9d ( man itself1 ! o!r f ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,i _c "h foll[ ,m4 ,comte 9 8 long & complex explanation ( ! two ord]s ( pro(s to :i* he appeals 9 support ( 8 sy/em2 :at ,i %all say w1 ,i ?9k1 suffice to demon/rate t nei!r c /& any s]i\s exam9ation4 ,z a metaphysician--= metaphysician he mu/ p]mit himself to be call$1 s9ce he makes use ( metaphysics1 :atev] 8 antipa?y = philosoph]s :o be> t "n2--z metaphysician1 ,i repeat1 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte belongs to ! s5suali/ic s*ool1 ,he ?9ks ) ,locke & ,condillac1 t man d$uces all 8 ideas & all 8 k f impressions receiv$ by him f ! out] _w1 & f ! reflections :i* he makes ^u ^? impressions4 #bhg ,he takes1 !re=e1 z 8 />t+ po9t1 ! maxim ( t s*ool :i* proclaims t !re is no?+ 9 ! intellig5ce :i* has n fir/ be5 9 ! s5se4 ,nev]!less1 :e!r by an act ( prop] & rem>kable sagacity1 or /ruck by ! reply ( ,leibnitz1 unless ! intellig5ce itself1 he admits t s5sation does n acc\nt = all t passes & develops itself 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v] ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,if1 he says1 on ! "o side e positive !ory mu/ necess>ily be f\nd$ ^u obs]vation1 x is1 on ! o!r side1 equally pla9 t to apply itself to ! task ( obs]vation1 our m9d has ne$ ( "s '!ory4' ,if1 9 contemplat+ ! ph5om5a1 we d n imm$iately atta* !m to c]ta9 pr9ciples1 n only w\ld x be impossible = u to comb9e ^! isolat$ obs]vations1 s z to draw any fruit !refrom2 b we %\ld be entirely incapable ( reta9+ !m1 & 9 mo/ cases ! facts w\ld rema9 be=e our eyes unnotic$4 #bhh ,! ne$ at all times ( "s '!ory' :]eby to associate facts1 comb9$ ) ! evid5t impossibility ( ! human m9d at its orig9 =m+ '!ories' out ( obs]vations1 is a fact :i* x is impossible to ignore4 ,footnote #eh ,footnote #eh3 ,c\rs de philosophic positive1 p> ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 vol4 i4 p4 #h4 ,?is fact1 ?us prov$ by ,m4 ,comte himself2 ?is necess>y "p ( ! human m9d1 indisp5sable to enable x to acquire k ( ! ext]nal _w2 ?is !ory1 ant]ior to all obs]vation1 :i* man requires = ! purpose himself ( obs]v+1 :at are !y else ?an ^? univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples proclaim$ by ! spirituali/ic s*ool1 & to :i* ,i rec5tly ref]r$8--pr9ciples inh]5t 9 ! human m9d1 :i* x applies z f its own /ores 9 tak+ cognizance ( ! ext]nal _w1 & by virtue ( :i*1 j z "o m\nts a riv] up to its s\rce1 man m\nts & m\nts up to ,god1 & up to ! relations ( man ) ,god4 #bhi ,b1 admitt+ ! same fact1 ,m4 ,comte does n expla9 x 9 ?is way4 ,?is !ory2 ^! pr9ciples ant]ior to ext]nal obs]vation1 & :i* ! m9d absolutely requires 9 ord] to be able to obs]ve1 are1 accord+ to him1 pure inv5tions ( ! human m9d itself1 tempor>y in/rum5ts :i* ! m9d creates & employs 9 its labors until x c obta9 bett]4 ,betwe51 says he1 two difficulties1 press$ on ! "o h& by ! necessity ( obs]v+ 9 ord] to =m '!ories1' & on ! o!r by ! no less imp]i\s necessity ( creat+ '!ories' 9 ord] to be able to deliv] itself up to a s]ies ( coh]5t obs]vations1 ! human m9d at its bir? w\ld f9d itself %ut 9 by a vici\s circle f :i* x w\ld nev] h _h any means ( escap+1 _h x n succe$$ 9 op5+ a natural issue by ! spontane\s developm5t ( !ological conceptions1 :i* pres5t$ a po9t to :i* 8 ef=ts might be conc5trat$1 & :i* might furni% alim5t = 8 activity4 #bij ,x is1 9 effect1 v rem>kable1 t que/ions ! mo/ radically inaccessible to our capacities1 ! intimate nature ( be+1 ! orig9 & ! end ( all ph5om5a1 %\ld be precisely ^? :i* ! intellig5ce prop\nds to itself1 z ( p>am\nt importance 9 t primitive condition1 all ! o!r problems really admitt+ ( solution be+ almo/ reg>d$ z unwor?y ( s]i\s m$itation4 ,! reason ( ?is x is n difficult to discov]1 = exp]i5ce alone c\ld h giv5 u ! measure ( our /r5g?2 & if man _h n begun by ent]ta9+ an exagg]at$ op9ion ( t /r5g?1 x w\ld nev] h be5 capable ( acquir+ all ! developm5t ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,s mu* does our organization exact4 ,footnote #ei ,footnote #ei3 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 p> ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 vol4 i1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #bia ,/range error ( a man1 ^: supreme pret5sion x is to f\nd all human k ^u ! obs]vation ( facts6 ,at 8 v fir/ /ep1 at ! fir/ difficulty :i* he enc\nt]s1 ,m4 ,comte obs]ves inexactly & incompletely1 does n see 9 ! facts all t ! facts conta91 & only expla9s !m by assign+ to ! human m9d1 9 its primitive & spontane\s op]ations1 a hypo!sis1 ! hypo!sis ( !ological conceptions4 ,god1 & man's relations ) ,god1 is a human inv5tion1 de/9$ to support man at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] z an intellig5t be+1 & to occupy provisionally ! place ( sci5ce6 ,! s\rce ( ?is misappreh5sion1 ! capital error ( ,positivism 9 its metaphysical argum5t1 is1 t x ignores ! nature & ! limits ( sci5ce4 ,! fam\s en?ymme ( ,desc>tes1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am1 is a pleonasm4 ,z soon z ! human be+ says to itself ,i1 ! human be+ affirms its own exi/5ce1 & di/+ui%es itself f t ext]nal _w :5ce x d]ives impressions ( :i* x is n ! au?or4 #bib ,9 ?is prim>y fact are reveal$ ! two prim>y objects ( human k3 on ! "o side ! human be+ himself1 ! individual p]son t feels & p]ceives1 t feels himself & p]ceives himself2 on ! o!r side1 ! ext]nal _w t is felt & p]ceiv$3 ! subject & ! object1 7! moi & ! non-moi47 ,su* is ! tw(old field1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 intellectual exi/5ce1 op5$ to ! kn[+ faculty ( man4 ,9 ea* ( ^! fields1 :e!r ! human be+ makes himself or :e!r he makes ! ext]nal _w ! object ( 8 contemplation1 he proce$s by ! same me?od2 he consid]s p>ticul> facts1 classes ^! "u m g5]al facts :i* s]ve z _! summ>y1 & recognizes laws t gov]n !m1 ^! laws be+ !mselves facts4 ,:5 ?is me?od ( obs]vation & ( g5]alization is appli$ to ! out] _w1 und]/&+ by t _w ! human body also1 x gives bir? to ! sci5ces ( physics & ( physiology4 #bic ,:5 su* me?od is appli$ to ! human be+1 reg>d$ z di/9ct f ! body 9 :i* he lives & by :i* he acts1 x gives bir? to ! sci5ce ( psy*ology1 logic1 & morals4 ,x is n "h my int5tion to propose a classification ( ! sci5ces1 b only to det]m9e ! doma9 ( sci5ce prop]ly s call$--t is to say1 ! field 9 :i* ! human m9d by obs]vation gets directly at facts & at ! laws ( facts4 ,philosoph]s1 9 _! /udy ( man & ( ! _w1 d n suffici5tly consult language1 ! g5]al language1 ! common language1 t in/9ctive expression ( ! activity ( ! human m9d4 ,i int]rogate our native language ^u ! "q :i* n[ occupies me1 & ,i f9d x reflect+ ! greate/ light4 ,x has1 to express ! results ( ! intellectual process :i* takes place 9 man1 :5 reg>d$ z ! spectator ( ! univ]se & ( himself1 _m diff]5t words3 connatre1 savoir1 croire1 connaissance1 sci5ce1 croyance1 foi4 #bid ,^! are n m]e diff]5t names to express ! same idea & ! same fact1 !y are signs ( diff]5t facts & ( div]se /ates ( ! human s\l4 ,if we int]rogate ! languages ( civiliz$ nations1 anci5t or mod]n1 we f9d 9 all ( !m1 ) m or less abundance1 precision or subtlety1 a simil> v>iety ( t]ms correspond+ to a simil> div]sity ( facts4 ,talleyr& said once 9 ! *amb] ( ,pe]s1 ,!re is somebody :o has m intellect ?an ,napoleon1 m intellect ?an ,voltaire2 t somebody is ! ,public4 ,i also say1 !re is a m pr(\nd obs]v] ?an ,bacon1 a great] philosoph] ?an ,kant2 x is mank9d4 ,mank9d is "r :5 x di/+ui%es 9 its languages k f sci5ce & f belief1 sci5ce f belief & f fai?4 ,bossuet wrote a book entitl$ ,de la ,connaissance de ,dieu et de soi-mme2 ! idea w\ld nev] h occurr$ to him ( entitl+ x ,de la sci5ce de ,dieu et de soi-mme2 x w\ld h %ock$ 8 good s5se z mu* z 8 piety4 #bie ,! *ild believes ! smile & ! spee* ( its "m2 9 its belief !re is c]ta9ly no sci5tific appreciation 7no sci5ce7 ( ! relations :i* unite x to its "m1 & ( ! reasons :i* make x believe 9 h]4 ,k1 sci5ce1 belief1 & fai?1 are facts ess5tially di/9ct1 al?\gh all equally natural to ! human s\l2 & x is impossible to conf\nd !m1 to take "o = ! o!r1 to annul "o 9 favor ( ! o!r1 or to attempt to r$uce !m to "o t]m1 )\t ignor+ realities1 & fall+ into enorm\s errors4 ,su* has be5 ! con/ant error ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 & su* is ! radical vice ( ,positivism4 ,m4 ,comte ignores ! natural & p]man5t div]sity 9 ! intellectual /ates ?r\gh :i* a man may pass 9 8 ard5t pursuit ( tru?4 ,he refuses "h to recognize any /ate z legitimate & def9itive except ! sci5tific /ate4 ,he reg>ds intuitive k & in/9ctive belief z prep>atory & transitory /ates1 /ates )\t any rational au?ority2 z1 9 %ort1 simple /eps on ! way to t sci5tific /ate :i* alone sets man 9 possession ( ! tru?4 #bif ,positivism is ?us l$ to ext5d ! pret5sions ( sci5ce beyond its prop] doma91 t is1 beyond ! f9ite _w1 its facts & its laws2 & z sci5ce f9ds itself incapable ( obs]v+ & ( def9+ inf9ity1 ,positivism is1 p]=ce1 r$uc$ ei!r to d5y inf9ity1 or to decl>e inf9ity absolutely inaccessible to ! human m9d1 & s to pass x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,?is negation discov]s ano!r imm5se error ( ! s*ool & ( its *ief4 ,conv9c$1 & ) reason1 t ! obs]vation ( facts is ! natural & con/ant process ( ! human und]/&+ 9 its labor aft] k1 ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte has ill und]/ood1 & incompletely und]/ood1 ! results ( ?is labor4 ,he fail$ to p]ceive t x 0 obs]vation itself1 c>ri$ on & accompli%$ by ! process1 no less natural & no less legitimate1 ( induction1 :i* 0 reveal+ to ! m9d its peculi> facts & its peculi> laws1 z well z ! facts & ! laws ( ! ext]nal _w1 )9 :i* t m9d is plac$4 #big ,m4 ,comte end$ by ignor+ or d5y+ ! elem5ts priori ( human k2 t is to say1 ! univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples by :i* man raises himself to ,god1 & has relations ) ,god4 ,?us ,m4 ,comte mutilates ! human m9d1 because he fails to obs]ve x & to recognize x 9 its entirety4 ,he is impell$ by 8 sy/em to ano!r & /ill m s]i\s mutilation ( human nature4 ,aft] hav+ decl>$ matt]1 its =ces & its laws1 to be ! s+le object ( human k1 & ^! laws to be inh]5t 9 matt]1 et]nal & inv>iable1 :at is to be said ( human lib]ty8 ,:at place is to be assign$ to human lib]ty 9 ?is _w1 9 :i* x is p[]less to create any?+ or to *ange any?+1 & 9 :i* !re exi/s no p[] f :i* x c dem& any?+ or obta9 any?+8 #bih ,evid5tly1 9 su* a sy/em human lib]ty is a *im]a1 an idle luxury ( human nature2 man1 ) all 8 faculties1 has no?+ to d b to /udy matt] c>efully1 its =ces & its laws1 to adapt himself to !m1 & to make ! be/ use he c ( !m1 ) a view to 8 welf>e & to ! satisfaction ( 8 desires4 ,fatalism is ! law ( man z ( ! _w )9 :i* he lives6 ,! moral in/9cts1 & ! naturally l(ty m9d ( ,m4 ,comte revolt$ at ?is consequ5ce1 al?\gh x fl[$ imp]i\sly f 8 sy/em4 ,! respect :i* he felt = ! me?od ( obs]vation1 & = ! facts :i* x atta9s to1 did n p]mit him absolutely to ignore or expressly to d5y ! psy*ological fact ( man's lib]ty4 ,sometimes he attempts to f9d x a place 9 t sum ( ext]nal facts & fix$ laws :i* is1 9 8 op9ion1 ! sole field = man's activity & = man's sci5ce4 #bii ,b su* is ! want ( coh]5ce ( idea1 t ,m4 ,comte is visibly emb>rass$2 consequ5tly1 9 8 works--m especially 9 8 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1--! mo/ solid & consi/5t ( all 8 writ+s 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples--he sets almo/ completely aside ! ess5tial fact ( human lib]ty1 & ( free w 9 ! individual man2 & 9 ^? books 9 :i* he treats ( social organization1 :5 he f9ds himself face to face ) ! wants & ! rights ( political lib]ty1 t natural consequ5ce ( individual free w & ( ! responsibility atta*+ to x1 he /ruggles to elude que/ions ( ?is k9d1 feel+ ! impossibility ( reconcil+ ! pr9ciple ( moral ord] ) ! despotism & ! fatalism ( ! mat]ial _w2 & :5 he expla9s 8 views z to ! gov]nm5t ( human societies1 x is easy to see t1 al?\gh writ+ ,i am1 head & he>t ,republican1 ,footnote #fj he is1 9 8 dreams1 r sub/itut+ a sci5tific dom9ation = a !ocratic dom9ation ?an in/itut+ any lib]al rgime4 ,footnote #fj3 ,augu/e ,comte et la phil4 pos41 by ,m4 ,littr1 p4 #bea4 #cjj ,aft] metaphysics comes hi/ory4 ,m4 ,comte appeals to ! annals ( all nations & all ages 9 confirmation ( 8 sy/em ( ! _w & ( humanity4 ,?is hi/ory is to be divid$1 accord+ to him1 into ?ree successive /ates1 ! !ological /ate1 ! metaphysical /ate1 & ! sci5tific /ate4 ,9 ! !ological /ate & epo*1 ! human m9d & social in/itutions are "u ! empire ( pret5d$ sup]natural p[]s1 ( sev]al su* or ( only "o su*1 inv5t$ by man = ! solution ( ! natural problems :i* lay siege to man1 & = ! det]m9ation ( ! laws1 ) :i* ! social ord] _c disp5se4 ,9 ! metaphysical epo* & /ate1 va9 ab/ractions essay to replace ! sup]natural p[]s ( ! !ological /ate1 & only end 9 an an>*y1 bo? ( op9ions & society4 ,! ?ird epo* is de/9$ to be ! reign ( positive sci5ce1 f\nd$ solely ^u obs]vation & respect = ! facts1 ! =ces1 & ! laws ( t ext]nal _w :i* is ! !at] ( man's exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ two /ates are1 accord+ to him1 ess5tially irrational & transitory4 ,!y are ! fir/ /eps ( t :i* ,m4 ,comte /yles ! gr& evolution ( humanity1 ( :i* ! rgime ( sci5ce is ! end & ! summit4 #cja ,x w\ld be difficult m entirely to de=m1 difficult to %[ great] ignorance ( man's g5]al hi/ory4 ,t :i* ,m4 ,comte reg>ds z ?ree successive /ates 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race is only ! complex & p]man5t condition ( humanity1 agitat$ by movem5ts sway+ 9 diff]5t directions1 accord+ z x meets ) ! successes or enc\nt]s ! rev]ses1 ! hopes1 or ! fe>s to :i* diff]5t nations & g5]ations are subject4 ,t !ological conceptions & metaphysical m$itations are only transitory facts1 :i*1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,m4 ,comte1 w h h5ce=? only an hi/orical exi/5ce1 is an ass]tion no m true ( su* facts ?an ( ^? t ! /udy ( physics supplies4 ,^! diff]5t ye>n+s ( ! m9d1 & _! diff]5t labors1 are ! v ess5ce--! inde/ructible & indivisible ess5ce--( human nature4 #cjb ,at no "t & 9 no c\ntry h m5 m ceas$1 or w !y m cease1 to pray to ,god1 & to /rive to compreh5d him1 ?an !y w cease to /udy ! physical _w1 & to make x subs]ve _! int]e/s4 ,nations & g5]ations ( individuals1 9 diff]5t ages1 h advanc$ m or less 9 "o or o!r ( ^! c>e]s ( intellectual activity2 & s !y w cont9ue to advance4 ,religi\s fai?1 metaphysical m$itation1 & sci5tific inquiry h _! alt]nations ( en?usiasm & ( languor1 ( glory & ( /]ility2 !y appe> & !y prosp]1 sometimes sep>ately1 sometimes simultane\sly4 ,if ,india plung$ h]self deep among ! symbols ( my?ology & amid ! void ( ,pan!ism1 ,greece cultivat$ ) l success ! metaphysical & ! natural sci5ces--,ari/otle 0 ! contempor>y ( ,plato4 ,:]e o!r nations fluctuat$ v>i\sly betwe5 !ological conceptions1 metaphysical ab/ractions1 & sci5tific /udies1 ! ,hebrew p cont9u$1 9 ! !ological /ate1 ,mono!i/s4 #cjc ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! _s ( free inquiry & ( indep5d5ce 0 awak5$1 & made its influ5ce felt f> & wide1 ,*ri/ian fai?1 at ! same "t1 0 resuscitat$ & confirm$2 & ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd$ at once ! political lib]ty ( ,prote/ant ,engl& & ! philosophical & lit]>y glory ( ,ca?olic ,france4 ,! human m9d has1 accord+ to "t & place1 its favorite labors & its favorite impulses2 b x subsi/s always "o & entire2 x nev] r5\nces any "o ( its gr& hopes or ( its gr& op]ations2 & ^? m5 /rangely mutilate & debase x :o repres5t ! m9d z hav+1 dur+ ages1 lo/ itself 9 ! va9 ef=t to atta9 a k ( ,god & ( its own nature1 & :o condemn x h5ce=? to take up its qu>t]s 9 ! sci5ce ( matt]--( its =ces--( its laws4 #cjd ,:y ne$ ,i appeal to hi/ory = a pro( ( ! simultane\s & inde/ructible co-exi/5ce ( ^! diff]5t conditions ( humanity1 among :i* ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte refuses to admit m ?an "o z rational & def9itive8 ,m4 ,comte has himself und]tak5--he alone--to furni% me ) ?is pro(4 ,?is intractable adv]s>y ( all religi\s belief & t5d5cy c\ld n1 ev5 = ! %ort space ( ?is life1 himself rema9 indiff]5t to su* belief & t5d5cy2 dur+ ?is brief p]iod he trav]s$1 & 9 ! inv]se ord] ( 8 own !ories1 ea* ( ! diff]5t intellectual /ates :i* he _h assign$ z ! successive /ages ( ! human race4 ,he _h plac$ ! !ological /ate at ! beg9n+ & ! sci5tific /ate at ! close ( ! c>e] ( humanity2 aft] hav+ made 8 own db by ! sci5tific /ate1 x 0 z impossible = him1 z x is = ! human race1 to cont5t himself ) t1 & he himself end$ !re1 :]e1 accord+ to him1 mank9d _h comm5c$1 namely1 ) ! !ological /ate4 ,he _h decl>$ 8 positive philosophy to be 9 radical & absolute contradiction to e k9d ( religi\s or metaphysical t5d5cy4 #cje ,he _h sep>at$ ) clat f ! ,sa9t-,simonians1 = !y w soon1 he said1 s9k !mselves 9 ridicule & contempt4 ,only imag9e1 _! heads are turn$ to su* a degree1 t !y propose no?+ less ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( a real1 new religion1 a sort ( inc>nation ( ! div9ity 9 ! p]son ( ,sa9t-,simon4 ,footnote #fa ,footnote #fa3 ,lett] ( ! #i? ,decemb]1 #ahbh1 to ,m4 ,gu/ave d',ei*?al4 ,augu/e ,comte et la philosophie positive1 by ,m4 ,littr1 p4 #agc4 ,& "s ye>s aft] hold+ ?is language1 & :ile /ill 9 ! pl5itude ( bodily vigor & ?\ght1 ,m4 ,comte 9 8 turn laun*$ into a !ological c>e]2 he took x ^u him to trans=m ,positivism into a religion4 ,by ! mo/ viol5t ( all p]sonifi$ ab/ractions1 he made out ( humanity ! great be+1 ! real be+1 sov]eign & adorable1 & he plac$ t be+ 9 ! place ( ,god1 decl>+ himself at ! same "t to be 8 *ief prie/4 #cjf ,he _h m ?an once proclaim$ t all religion 0 ess5tially f\nd$ ^u ! sup]natural2 & yet a religion all natural--! religion ( humanity1 ! wor%ip ( humanity1 ! *ur* ( humanity1 7 summon$ by him to succe$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion & to ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 #ahea1 :5 t]m9at+ 8 ?ird philosophical c\rse on ! g5]al hi/ories ( humanity1 ,m4 ,comte summ$ x up 9 ^! words3 ,9 ! "n ( ! pa/ & ( ! future1 ! !oretical s]vitors & ! practical s]vitors ( humanity are ab\t to assume wor?ily ! direction ( ! g5]al affairs ( ?is _w1 9 ord] to con/ruct1 at la/1 ! true provid5ce1 moral1 intellectual1 & mat]ial1 at ! same "t exclud+ irrevocably f political supremacy all ! diff]5t slaves ( ,god--,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 or ,dei/s--z be+ at once 9 arre> ( ! age & its p]turbators4 ,! positivi/ religion ?us proclaim$1 a positivi/ cate*ism & a positivi/ cal5d>--^! la/ bo? compos$ by ,m4 ,comte--r$uc$ 8 pr9ciples to practice4 #cjg ,9 a s]ies ( conv]sations betwe5 ,! ,prie/ & ! ,woman1 ! cate*ism fir/ e/abli%es & expla9s ! dogma1 !n ! wor%ip1 ( ! new religion1 its int]nal ord] & its ext]nal ord]1 its private wor%ip & its public wor%ip4 ,& ! cal5d>1 by a retrospective *ronology1 det]m9es = any giv5 ye> ( ?irte5 mon?s1 & = ! sev5 days ( ! week1 ! names ( ! gr& s]vitors 9 e dep>tm5t ( humanity1 :o are to replace ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts3 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-f\r names1 m5 & wom51 ) "o hundr$ & sixty-five additional names1 are inscrib$ ^u ?is li/1 :i* beg9s ) ,moses & ends ) ,bi*at1 pass+ ?r\gh ,hom]1 ,ari/otle1 ,ar*im$es1 ,cs>1 ,sa9t ,paul1 ,*>lemagne1 ,dante1 ,gut5burg1 ,%akspe>e1 ,desc>tes1 & ,fr$]ic ! ,second6 ,a *aos is a sorry sight2 a *aos ( ! s\l a /ill sorri] spectacle ?an a *aos ( worlds6 ,epo*s ( moral & social crises1 ev5 :ile !y br+ on & prep>e = mank9d eras ( mighty progress1 ?r[ also great & pot5t intellects into *aos4 #cjh ,"u ! s$uction ( a noble ambition1 & ! delusion ( a p>tial success1 !y en?usia/ically atta* !mselves to "s special subject1 "s incomplete idea2 va9 ( _! %all[ & confus$ sy/ems1 or r ( ! brilliant color+ 9 :i* !y inve/ !m1 !y pret5d to expla9 & regulate man & ! _w1 & yet are no?+ m ?an _! sup]ficial & presumptu\s obs]v]s4 ,among ^! great lo/ ones ( humanity1 7,i borr[ a phrase ( _! own17 ,m4 ,comte 0 "o ( ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ & ! mo/ s9c]e4 ,! s9c]ity & ! c\rage ev9c$ by him 9 express+ 8 convictions l$ him on f inconsequ5ce to inconsequ5ce2 9 8 b5ight$ c\rse he caught glimpses occasionally ( gr& ideas1 & ( ^! he appreh5d$ nei!r ! scope nor ! connection3 fir/ x 0 an idea ( a sci5ce exclud+ all idea ( religion2 & !n a c]ta9 idea ( a religion reconcil$ ) & intimately unit$ ) ! idea ( sci5ce2 turn by turn he gave himself up to ! "o & to ! o!r ) a bl9d & a d>+ devot$ness4 #cji ,_h he appe>$ 9 ,greece at ! great era ( philosophy1 or 9 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ! mid/ ( ! great ,*ri/ian controv]sy1 he w\ld h be5 tax$ ) insanity--at ! "o epo*1 n only by ,plato b by ,ari/otle2 at ! o!r1 n only by ,bossuet b by ,sp9oza4 ,9 our days he has be5 m =tunate3 he atta*$ himself passionately to ! me?od ( obs]vation ( facts1 :i* is ! v "* ( sci5ce1 & al?\gh 8 obs]vations 7 sup]ficial1 inexact1 & incomplete--al?\gh he fell into ! /range/ inconsi/5cies--! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 sy/em1 & ! co9cid5ce ( 8 prim>y ideas ) ! me?od & ! t5d5cy ( ! physical sci5ces1 ! d>l+ /udy ( our age1 h giv5 him m importance & m influ5ce ?an 7 really 8 due4 ------------------------------- #caj ,fif? ,m$itation4 ,pan!ism4 ,no two essays at philosophy are m dissimil>--,i %\ld inde$ say m contradictory--?an ,pan!ism & ,positivism4 ,:at ,positivism decl>es to be impossible1 ,pan!ism seeks to accompli%2 :at ,positivism =bids man to seek1 ,pan!ism promises to give him4 ,x is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,positivism to conf9e ! human m9d to ! f9ite _w1 its facts & its laws2 ,pan!ism aspires at a k & a compreh5sion ( ,inf9ity1 & ( ! relations ( ! f9ite ) ,inf9ity4 ,i h expla9$ ,god1 ,god's nature & 8 attributes1 says ,sp9oza4 ,footnote #fb ,footnote #fb3 ,e?ics1 #a/ "p2 ( ,god3 ,app5dix1 vol4 i1 p4 #ci4 ,fr5* translation by ,m4 ,saisset4 #caa ,i ha/5 to expla91 9 ord] to prev5t miscon/ruction2 x is to ,pan!ism1 prop]ly s call$--to ! sole sy/em t m]its ! "n--t my rem>ks are "h applicable4 ,we mu/1 says ,m4 ,c\s91 x seems1 di/+ui% two k9ds ( ,pan!ism4 ,! ass]tion t ?is visible univ]se1 indef9ite or inf9ite1 suffices to itself1 & t !re is no?+ to be s\ght = beyond1 is ! ,pan!ism ( ,did]ot1 ,helvetius1 de la ,mettrie1 d',holba*4 ,?is ,pan!ism is cle>ly ,a!ism1 & x w\ld n be v easy to compreh5d ! complac5t indulg5ce t %\ld sp>e x t "n ( ,a!ism--a "n1 un=tunately1 ( anci5t date1 :i* w\ld !n h no long] any object to fit x1 & w\ld ne$ to be eras$ f our diction>y4 ,b is x possible = a simil> ,pan!ism to be imput$ to ,sp9oza8 ,) ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/s1 ?+s exi/ 9 p>ticul>ity & individuals s+ly3 ! univ]se is an assemblage ( individuals--an assemblage )\t unity1 or ( :i* ! sole unity is a presum$ prim>y matt]1 :i* ! philosoph] admits or :i* he does n admit1 b ) :i* 8 ?\ght has no bus9ess1 to occupy itself4 #cab ,) ,sp9oza1 on ! contr>y1 ! s+le sub/ance is all1 & ! individuals are no?+4 ,?is sub/ance is n ! nom9al unity ( ! assemblage ( individuals1 ea* ( :i* exi/s s+ly1 b is ! s+le really exi/+ sub/ance1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( t sub/ance ! _w & man are b %ad[s2 s t f ! ',e?ics' may be ga!r$ an exagg]at$ ,!ism :i* leaves no individual exi/+ z su*4 ,rigor\sly1 & at bottom1 !re is "h p]haps only "o & ! same sy/em1 b a sy/em1 nev]!less1 ) two v diff]5t =ms--! "o1 :]e ,god is no?+ b ! ,univ]se2 ! o!r1 :]e ! ,univ]se exi/s only 9 ,god4 ,footnote #fc ,footnote #fc3 ,hi/oire gnrale de la philosophie1 p4 #dcc1 ed4 #ahfc4 #cac ,i ?9k1 ) ,m4 ,c\s91 t1 rigor\sly & at bottom1 !re is "h b "o & ! same sy/em1 b 9 appe>ance1 & ,i say besides1 9 ! op9ion ( its au?ors1 ! diff]5ce is great1 & requires to be notic$4 ,i po/pone = ! subject ,mat]ialism1 all t ,i h to say ^u ! subject ( ! s-call$ ,pan!ism1 :i* admits no o!r exi/5ce ?an ei!r t ( ! individualities t p ! visible univ]se1 or t ( ! prim>y matt] :5ce !y h issu$4 ,i occupy myself1 at ?is mom5t1 solely ) ! ideali/ic ,pan!ism4 ,d we wi% to behold a spectacle ( h[ weak ! human m9d really is 9 ! mid/ ( all its gr&eur1 & ( ! limits :i* mu/ f9ally & abruptly *eck its progress1 h[ev] high its flight1 we w read ,plot9us1 ,sp9oza1 & ,hegel1 ?ree m>tyrs to intellectual ambition1 diff]+ v mu* accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! eras & ! nations to :i* !y respectively belong1 b simil> 9 ?is po9t at lea/1 t !y ignore ! visible _w1 & leave x beh9d !m1 to ent] t _w :i* dazzles _! sight1 :]e !y plunge into a void 9 que/ ( :at !y call ,be+6 #cad ,two passions h impell$1 are impell+1 & w1 probably1 /ill occasionally impel m5 ( em95t p[]s ( m9d to ,pan!ism3 ! passionate crav+ = an univ]sal sci5ce1 & ! passionate long+ = univ]sal unity--feel+s noble bo?1 b illegitimate & incapable ( satisfaction4 ,i h resolv$1 said ,sp9oza1 to se>* if !re exi/ a real ,good1 a ,good capable1 s+ly1 ( fill+ ! entire s\l aft] x %all h reject$ all ! re/--9 a ^w1 a ,good t gives ! s\l1 :5 ! s\l f9ds x & possesses x1 ! et]nal & supreme happ9ess4 444 ,man is ess5tially a be+ t ?9ks1 & ! highe/ degree ( human k ought to be ! highe/ degree ( human felicity4 444 ,my s\rces ( enjoym5t consi/ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! reason4 ,footnote #fd ,footnote #fd3 uvres de ,sp9oza1 ,fr5* translation ( ,m4 ,emile ,saisset1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 #cae ,:at oblivi\sness ( man's nature & ( man's life6 ,man is n m]ely a be+ t ?9ks1 b a be+ t feels1 wills1 & acts1 a be+ moral & responsible = 8 acts1 at ! same "t t he is a be+ ( intellig5ce1 & a be+ insatiate ( k4 ,x is by 8 ?\ght t he acc\nts to himself = 8 s5tim5ts1 & = ! motives ( 8 acts1 b x is n f 8 ?\ght t he d]ives ei!r 8 s5tim5ts or 8 lib]ty1 nei!r does k con/itute 8 sole enjoym5t4 ,sp9oza mutilates man /rangely :5 he places ! highe/ degree ( human felicity 9 ! highe/ degree ( human k4 ,man is m exact+ ?an ! philosoph]1 & x requires inf9itely m to satisfy ! mo/ mode/ human s\l ?an to satisfy ! pr\de/ m9d4 ,inf9itely m 9 respect ( happ9ess1 inf9itely less 9 respect ( sci5ce6 ,n t ,i w\ld make _! intellectual ambition a reproa* to philosoph]s1 ev5 :5 x leads !m a/ray4 #caf ,x is an honor to ! human m9d t x aspires high] ?an x c atta91 t x torm5ts itself 9 ! /ruggle to c>ry its sci5ce into t invisible _w1 :i* x in/9ctively feels by anticipation1 j z x does into t visible _w t x sees4 ,god grant$ to man ?is privilege2 he implant$ 9 8 s\l ! ard5t desire to "k him & to possess him fully4 ,b at ! same "t1 ,god grant$ to m5 9 g5]al c]ta9 in/9cts & spontane\s beliefs :i* adequately satisfy ?is desire )\t ! necessity ( any pr(\nd /udy4 ,:at w\ld h become ( ! human race if1 9 ord] to believe 9 ,god1 to hope 9 him1 & to pray to him1 man _h be5 oblig$ to wait until philosoph]s _h resolv$ ! problems :i* /ill weigh ^u _! g5ius8 ,z ,god1 9 creat+ man free1 took c>e t ! ma9t5ance ( ! g5]al ord] 9 ?is _w %\ld n be completely ab&on$ to ! disputes ( m51 s did he provide = ! spiritual n\ri%m5t ( mank9d1 )\t d5y+ to ! great ambiti\s ones ( ! e>? ei!r ! prospect ( a satisfaction m complete1 or ! "r to se>* = x4 #cag ,let u nev] tire ( repeat+1 ?is is ! my/]y ( man's mix$ nature--an indication ( a de/9y 9 /ore = him sup]ior to 8 actual condition4 ,he c>ries )9 him ! ideas ( inf9ity1 ( p]fection1 & yet "h bel[ he is no?+ b a f9ite be+1 imp]fect1 equally incapable ( suffic+ to himself & ( satisfy+ himself1 ei!r 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght or ( actual life4 ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & ^u e>? ?an philosophy--?an ev5 ! philosophy '( ! absolute'--c expla94 444 ,to compreh5d ,god1 x ne$s to be ,god4 ,a *ild might h said z mu* to ,hegel4 ,^! words ,i borr[ f ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]'s exposition ( ! doctr9e ( ,hegel4 ,footnote #fe ,footnote #fe3 ,melanges d'hi/oire religieuse1 pp4 #cff1 #cda4 #ahfd4 ,jesus 9 effect said1 eighte5 c5turies ago3 ,i praise !e1 ,fa!r1 ,"l ( heav5 & ( e>?1 t ?\ ha/ hidd5 ^! ?+s f ! wise & prud5t1 & ha/ reveal$ !m unto babes4 #cah ,pan!i/s are entirely ( ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,s*]]1 = to enable man to compreh5d ,god1 !y h f\nd no o!r exp$i5t ?an to make ( man himself ! ,god t man is desir\s ( compreh5d+4 ,! passion = an univ]sal sci5ce has end$ by receiv+ no be+ z ,god b man4 ,! passion = univ]sal unity has l$ to ! same result4 ,t tru? is "o--t is to say1 t all tru?s1 :atev] _! object1 are 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r--! v ^w tru? implies & proclaims4 ,f ! unity ( tru? ! ,pan!i/s pass$1 ) a s+le b\nd1 to ! unity ( be+4 ,!y id5tifi$ idea & reality1 sci5ce & exi/5ce1 conf\nd+ all ?+s 9 ord] to r$uce !m to "o s+le ?+1 & aboli%+ all be+s 9 ord] to conc5trate !m all 9 "o & ! same be+1 :i*1 aft] all1 is no?+ m ?an an imp]sonal notion & a b>r5 "n1 fall+ 9 its turn into ! void4 #cai ,by :at pa? did ! ,pan!i/s arrive at ?is abyss8 ,:at 0 ! process employ$ by m5 ( em95t p[]s ( m9d to con/ruct a sy/em s s+ul>ly factiti\s & hypo!tical1 & yet pret5d+1 at ! same "t1 to be s necess>y & s rigor\sly philosophical8 ,l "s great m5 ( antiquity1 7& _! numb] is consid]able17 :o s\ght to expla9 nature & ! physical _w by incomplete & precipitate hypo!ses & sy/ems1 inv5t$ irrespectively ( ei!r facts or _! laws1 ! ,pan!i/s by simil> means proce$$--nay1 are proce$+--to expla9 man1 ! univ]se1 & ,god2 ! ,inf9ite & ! f9ite4 ,! me?od :i* = ?ree c5turies has con/itut$ ! glory ( ! natural sci5ces1 & made _! progress la/+1 ! exact /udy ( facts & _! relations2 t me?od s long /range n only to g5]al philosophy b to ! special sci5ces !mselves--,i may at once call x by its prop] "n1 ! sci5tific me?od--0 =m]ly1 & rema9s /ill1 /range to ! ,pan!i/s2 to ,sp9oza z to ,plot9us1 to ,hegel z to ,sp9oza4 #cbj ,:e!r ,plot9us plunges into an ec/acy to arrive at & compreh5d ,god 9 unit+ man to ,god by ! virtue ( contemplation2 or ,sp9oza1 def9+ sub/ance1 makes x ! pr9ciple f :i* to d$uce 8 !ory ( ! univ]se & ( its unity2 or ,hegel1 speak+ ( idea 9 ord] to arrive at ! same result z ,sp9oza1 seeks to obta9 f 8 t]m sub/ance--x is ! same defect t appe>s 9 ! labors ( all ^! pot5t intellig5ces1 n only 9 _! developm5t1 b 9 ! v po9t f :i* !y />t2 = obs]vation ( facts & ( _! laws !y sub/itute ! affirmation & ! def9ition ( an axiom1 & ! d$uction1 logical1 x is true1 ( its consequ5ces4 ,!y disda9 & set aside all /udy ( ! realities ( ! univ]se1 believ+ !mselves to be 9 possession ( a key to op5 its secrets4 #cba ,!y see n t _! key is a deception1 t at ea* /ep facts evid5t1 inde/ructible1 give ! flatte/ d5ial to _! inf]5ces1 & t to ma9ta9 _! arbitr>y & insuffici5t pr9ciple !y are =c$ to ignore & to d5y o!r facts1 !mselves evid5t1 inde/ructible4 ,psy*ological obs]vation proves & irresi/ibly e/abli%es ?ree facts1 h[ev] ! consequ5ces ( ^! facts !mselves may lead to que/ions & controv]sies4 #a4 ,man believes 9 8 own exi/5ce1 & 9 8 own p]sonality4 ,he feels himself & p]ceives himself to be a be+1 real & di/9ct f e o!r be+4 #b4 ,man feels himself & kn[s himself to be a free ag5t4 ,( ! fre$om ( 8 resolves1 :atev] ! motives & delib]ations :i* prec$e !m1 man has an intimate & assur$ consci\sness4 #c4 ,good & evil exi/ 9 man1 & exi/ 9 ! _w2 moral good & evil z well z physical good & evil4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( _! orig91 ! mixture & ! /ruggle ( good & ( evil1 9 ! moral ord] & 9 ! physical ord]1 are facts evid5t 9 !mselves1 & atte/$ by ! consci5ce & by ! exp]i5ce ( ! human race4 #cbb ,pan!ism sometimes ignores & omits1 sometimes =mally d5ies1 ^! facts1 :i* psy*ology atte/s & proves4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a notable diff]5ce 9 ?is po9t 9 ! ?ree great repres5tatives ( ,pan!ism4 ,?anks to ! ,platonic s*ool1 f :i* he sprang1 ,plot9us1 9 treat+ ! diff]5t que/ions ( man's lib]ty & ( ! reality ( good & ( evil1 so>s 9 an elevat$ region :]e ! tru? n[ %9es 9 spl5dor1 n[ obscures itself & disappe>s 9 ! labyr9? 9 :i* ! philosoph] himself is entangl$ z soon z he attempts to expla9 ! "o & inf9ite ,be+ & t ,be+'s relations ) nature & ) man4 ,sp9oza is m consequ5t & pla9]4 ,he =mally d5ies all individuality1 all human lib]ty4 ,sub/ance1 ! be+ is s+le & univ]sal4 #cbc ,all act ( man1 z e fact ( nature1 is produc$ by fat$ laws & causes3 ,free w is a *im]a1 flatt]+ to our pride & 9 reality f\nd$ ^u our ignorance4 ,all t ,i c say to ^? :o believe t !y c1 by virtue ( any free decision ( ! s\l1 speak or be sil5t--or1 to use a s+le ^w1 act--is t !y dream ) _! eyes op54 ,footnote #ff ,footnote #ff3 uvres de ,sp9oza1 ,fr5* translation ( ,m4 ,e4 ,saisset1 vol4 i1 ,introduction1 p4 clii4 444 ,no?+1 adds he1 is bad 9 itself4 ,good & evil indicate no?+ positive 9 ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 & are no?+ b mann]s ( ?9k+4 ,n only has e man ! "r to seek 8 good1 8 pleasure1 b he _c d o!rwise4 444 ,! measure ( ea* man's "r is 8 p[]4 444 ,he :o does n yet "k reason1 or :o1 hav+ n z yet contract$ ! habit ( virtue1 lives accord+ to ! laws only ( 8 appetites1 is z mu* 9 8 "r z he :o regulates 8 life accord+ to ! laws ( reason4 #cbd ,9 o!r words1 j z ! sage has an absolute "r to d all t 8 reason dictates to him1 or to live accord+ to ! laws ( 8 reason1 9 ! same mann] has ! ignorant man & ! madman a "r to ev]y?+ t 8 appetite impels him to take2 9 o!r words1 ! "r to live accord+ to ! laws ( appetite4 444 ,& he is no m oblig$ to live accord+ to ! laws ( good s5se ?an a cat is oblig$ to live "u ! laws t gov]n ! nature ( a lion4 444 ,h5ce we conclude t a compact has only a value proportion$ to its utility2 :]e ! utility disappe>s ! compact disappe>s too ) x1 & loses all its au?ority4 ,!re is1 !n1 folly 9 pret5d+ to b9d a man =ev] to 8 ^w2 unless1 at lea/1 man s contrive t ! brea* ( ! compact %all entail = him t violates x m dang] ?an pr(it4 ,footnote #fg ,footnote #fg3 uvres de ,sp9oza1 vol4 i1 pp4 clix1 clx4 #cbe ,hegel is less absolute & less bl9d4 ,( a m9d l>ge1 & f its greatness naturally j1 he escap$ at mom5ts ! yoke ( 8 sy/em4 ,/ruck by ! p>ticul> tru?s1 moral1 hi/orical1 /hetic1 t (f]$ !mselves to 8 view 9 ! !at] ( ! univ]se1 he admitt$ !m )\t v well kn[+ :at place he %\ld assign to !m4 ,he 01 said "o ( 8 mo/ intellig5t disciples1 a conciliator 9 8 philosophy4 ,8 philosophy /&s midway betwe5 ,!ism & ,pan!ism2 betwe5 hi/orical "r1 z ! expression ( actual reason1 & ! absolute "r to lib]ty & equality1 z ! end ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,8 sy/em seems to sanction ! mo/ pr(\nd piety1 & to reg>d ,*ri/ianity z ! true & absolute religion1 at ! v "t :5 x appe>s also z its negation2 j z 9 politics x pres5ts itself z at "o & ! same mom5t cons]vative & progressive1 favorable to exi/+ rights & yet revolution>y4 ,footnote #fh ,footnote #fh3 ,hi/oires de la philosophie allem&e depuis ,kant jusqu'a ,hegel1 by ,s4 ,willm3 a "w cr[n$ by ! ,in/itute3 vol4 iv1 p4 #ccg4 #cbf ,x is impossible1 says ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]1 to read ,hegel )\t ask+ ourselves if he1 be s]i\s4 ,he falls incessantly into a /yle ( images & p]sonifications2 & "o w\ld suppose "o's self1 9 p]us+ 8 writ+s1 to be pres5t at ! =mation ( a my?ology1 at ! developm5t ( a _w l t ( ! anci5t ,gno/ics1 9 :i* notions assum$ =ms & m>*$ on1 pass+ ?r\gh all k9ds ( adv5tures4 ,footnote #fi ,footnote #fi3 ,melanges d'hi/oire religieuse1 pp4 #bih1 #hch4 ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]'s is a m9d h>d to please1 :i* is ev] /ruck & (f5d$ by incoh]5ce ( objects1 futility ( artificial comb9ations1 & va9 play ^u words1 ev5 :]e he recognizes or admires ! g5ius4 ,! philosophical r\t is n emb>rass$ = s slight a cause2 x m>*es /raight to ! object t[>d :i* ! dom9ant idea1 once adopt$1 gives ! impulse4 ,9 spite ( its complexities & ( its crav+ = ! reconciliation ( religion & ( politics1 ! ,pan!ism ( ,hegel has borne its natural fruits4 #cbg ,a s*ool has result$ f x1 :i*1 9 accordance ) its prop] & indep5d5t manife/ations1 a le>n$ & mod]ate judge1 ,m4 ,willm1 *>act]izes 9 ^! words3 ,! new ,g]man philosophy1 ( :i* ,feu]ba*1 ,bruno ,bau]1 & ,arnold ,rge are ! pr9cipal *iefs1 comes1 9 its ultimate results1 9 contact ) ! ,humanism ( ,m4 ,pi]re ,l]\x1 ! ,positivism ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 & ! ,a!ism ( ,m4 ,pr\dhon4 ,x t5ds to sub/itute = ! anci5t wor%ip ! wor%ip ( humanity1 & to f\nd a new wor%ip disp5s+ ) ,god1 & ) morality prop]ly s call$4 444 ,!re is no su* ?+ z !ology b only an?ropology2 = ! m9d ( humanity is ! div9e m9d realiz$4 ,!re is no long] any o!r piety ?an devot$ness to ! objects ( humanity2 no long] any o!r pray] ?an ! contemplation ( ! human m9d4 444 ,man accompli%es e reasonable object if he accompli%es 8 own peculi> object1 & he _c d bett] ?an employ all 8 faculties to realize 8 own objects4 ,man's w be done3 su* is ! pr9ciple ( ! new law4 ,footnote #gj ,footnote #gj3 ,hi/oire de la philosophie allem&e1 depuis ,kant jusqu'a ,hegel3 by ,s4 ,willm3 vol4 iv1 pp4 #fbd1 #fbf4 #cbh ,su* is ! inevitable result at :i* ,pan!ism1 ev5 t k9d t]m$ ideali/ic ,pan!ism1 ultimately arrives1 :atev] ! elevation ( m9d & ! morality ( int5t 9 its fir/ au?ors4 ,?is is no sci5tific doctr9e1 f\nd$ ^u ! obs]vation ( facts & _! laws2 x is an hypo!sis fram$ by d9t ( viol5t ab/ractions1 v]bal commutations & reason+1 9 ! bl9dness ( a ?\ght drunk ) itself4 ,"u ! brea? ( ,pan!ism all be+s--real & p]sonal be+s--vani%1 & are replac$ by an ab/raction becom+ 9 its turn ! ,be+ p> excell5ce2 ! sole be+1 al?\gh )\t p]sonality & )\t volition1 swall[+ up all ?+s 9 a bottomless abyss1 :i* absorbs t be+1 too1 aft] x has already absorb$ ev]y?+ t x has s\ght s to expla94 #cbi ,0 !re ev]1 9 ! conceptions ( my?ology1 or 9 ! my/ical dreams ( ! human imag9ation1 any?+ s artificial1 any?+ s va91 z ?is hypo!sis1 :i* at its v beg9n+1 z well z ?r\gh\t its entire c\rse1 loses sight ( ! be/ atte/$ facts respect+ man & ! _w2 &1 %ock+ equally sci5ce & common s5se1 dep>ts z mu* f ! me?od ( philosophy z f ! spontane\s in/9cts ( mank9d8 --------------------------------------- #ccj ,six? ,m$itation4 ,mat]ialism4 ,mat]iali/ic ,pan!ism is m consi/5t & m intelligible4 ,i mu/ at once re/ore to x its g5u9e "n2 x has no "r to t ( ,pan!ism3 x sees ,god nei!r 9 ! univ]se nor 9 man2 ! et]nal _w & ephem]al individuals are1 9 its eyes1 only comb9ations & diff]5t =ms ( matt]4 ,x is ,mat]ialism 9 its pr9ciple1 & ,a!ism 9 its consequ5ces4 ,two ?+s /rike me 9 ! actual /ate ( m5's m9ds2 ! progress t ,mat]ialism is mak+1 & its con/ant timidity 9 t v progress4 #cca ,! progress ( ,mat]ialism is evid5t2 progress 9 ! le>n$ _w & 9 ! unle>n$ _w1 9 ! "n ( ! sci5tific /udies & ( popul> t5d5cies4 ,a contempor>y spirituali/ic philosoph]1 z di/+ui%$ by intellectual probity z by ! indep5d5ce & ! mod]ation ( 8 op9ions1 ( :om ! ,duke de ,broglie1 on le>n+ 8 dea?1 exclaim$1 ,we h lo/ a sage--,m4 ,damiron ,i mean--publi%$ eight ye>s ago 8 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire de la philosophie au #ah sicle2 he _h read x 9 successive p>ts to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces ,morales et ,politiques4 ,he said 9 8 preface1 ,m5 are dispos$ a second "t to h ,s5sualism2 !y insi/ ^u some?+ t !y may oppose to & sub/itute = pure & simple ,spiritualism3 be x s2 b !n let !m at lea/ well und]/& :at x is t !y are ask+ =4 #ccb ,x is n m]ely ,locke1 ! mod]ate *ief ( ! s*ool1 nor is x d',alemb]t1 nor ,sa9t-,lamb]t1 nor ev5 ,helvetius2 ^! keep !mselves relatively )9 b\nds3 x is ,did]ot :o has s little mod]ation1 x is d',holba*1 x is ,naigeon1 x is ,lal&e1 & de la ,mettrie2 x is a :ole ord] ( m9ds1 n v em95t1 b v decid$ & v consi/5t & logical 9 _! mat]ialism2 mat]iali/s 9 all & = all1 f ! s\l up to ,god--n =gett+1 be x rememb]$1 lib]ty1 duty1 a future life1 etc4 444 ,^! m51 ) _! heads 9 ! air & _! masks 9 _! h&1 ) a confid5ce 9 !mselves & a fai? almo/ conf\nd+ itself ) religion1 pr(ess op5ly z tru?1 fatalism1 egotism1 & a!ism4 ,?is is :at m5 want1 & :at1 if !y wi% to be logical1 m5 mu/ want1 :51 closely or remotely1 !y adh]e to a philosophy t r$uces ev]y?+ to s5sation1 & t :i* is ! object ( s5sation4 ,let !re !n be no illusion ^u ?is subject2 all ! pr9ciples ( morals & ( religion are at /ake4 ,s5sualism is :at x is1 & c be no?+ else4 ,x 0 made a complete sy/em 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 no?+ rema9s 9 x t c be ei!r made or remade2 & if m5 recur to x 9 our days1 ! me*anism & ! =m may be alt]$--= ^! are v>iable--b n ! ess5tial sub/ance1 = t is n s4 #ccc ,!re are n two mann]s ( be+ consequ5t any m 9 ?is sy/em ?an 9 any o!r2 h[ev] ! attempt may be made1 m5 c nev] by any reproduction r5d] x :at x is n1 & :at its nature prev5ts x f ev] be+2 s we mu/ take x or we mu/ leave x alone2 we _c *ange its pr9ciples4 ,footnote #ga ,footnote #ga3 ,memoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire de la philosophie au #ah sicle1 by ,ph4 ,damiron1 memb] ( ! ,in/itute2 vol4 i1 p4 xiv4 #aheh4 ,:at ,m4 ,damiron eight ye>s ago felt w\ld occur1 has be5 accompli%$ rapidly4 ,s5sualism1 9 its true nature z ,mat]ialism1 has resum$ its activity & return$ to ! /age2 n[ tacitly admitt$ by sob]1 /udi\s m51 n[ l\dly pr(ess$ & l\dly proclaim$ by ! enfants t]ribles ( ! s*ool2 pr(ess$ & proclaim$ n only ) all its pr9ciples1 b ) all its consequ5ces4 #ccd ,a pr(\nd s5tim5t ( hesitation & emb>rassm5t cl+s1 nev]!less1 to ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( its adepts /ruggle to give explanations t look l disav[als1 & _m repudiate ! *>ge ( be+ ,mat]iali/s z if x 7 an insult4 ,i h nev]1 says ,m4 de ,remusat1 obs]v$ )\t a/oni%m5t ! te/y s5sibility ( philosoph]s ^u ?is po9t4 ,:o is !re t has n witness$ ! indignation manife/$ by ! foll[]s ( ! philosophy ( s5sation :5 !y he> retrac$ to !m ! positive consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e8 ,x seems j z if _! rightful claims 7 be+ disav[$1 or z if !y 7 be+ d5\nc$2 z if ! ,inquisition 7 /ill at h&1 ) its tortures & its auto-da-fs2 or z if _! refut]s 7 s5d+ !m to m>tyrdom4 ,a g5]al timidity reigns ?r\gh\t _! s*ool2 !y seem to ?9k fre$om ( op9ions nev] suffici5tly assur$1 & society nev] tol]ant en\gh1 = _! philosophy to decl>e & av[ itself = su* z x is4 #cce ,:e!r f %ame or f fe>1 ,mat]ialism asks to be t5d]ly h&l$1 suspects t e "o :o def9es h] has ! designs ( a p]secutor1 makes prote/ations ( h] good int5tions1 & is al>m$ at h] v fai?4 ,%e def5ds h]self f ! imputation ( believ+ only 9 ! s5ses1 ev5 :ile mak+ s5sation ! "o univ]sal fact4 ,x might be said t %e blu%es at matt] j z p]sons infirm ( fai? blu% at ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,p]haps ?is may be an indirect pro( ( ! di/ru/ :i* _! cause inspires 9 ,mat]iali/s1 & an involunt>y av[al t ! human m9d belongs n to !m4 ,footnote #gb ,footnote #gb3 ,essais de philosophie1 by ,*>les de ,remusat3 vol4 ii1 p4 #agi4 ,:5ce arise1 :at signify1 ^! two contradictory facts3 on ! "o side1 ! p]sev]ance & ! facility ) :i*1 9 our days1 ,mat]ialism reproduces & propagates itself2 on ! o!r side1 ! uneas9ess & ! timidity :i* x inspires 9 _m ( ^? ev5 :o admit x8 #ccf ,mat]ialism is ! doctr9e ( appe>ances4 ,speci\s doctr9e1 says ,m4 ,va*]ot1 to ^? ^: conception ( ?+s dep5ds solely ^u _! ability to picture !m to !mselves4 ,footnote #gc ,footnote #gc3 ,la mtaphysique et la sci5ce1 vol4 i1 p4 #aga4 ,x is by _! mat]ial appe>ances t1 at ! outset1 ! ext]nal _w & man himself manife/ !mselves to ! human m9d4 ,x is only by reflection & by a process ( obs]vation )9 itself t x p5etrates beyond m]e appe>ances1 & discov]s :at appe>ances alone w\ld nev] enable x to see4 ,to m9ds at once active & sup]ficial1 inquisitive1 impati5t to acquire sci5ce1 al?\gh n v nice z to ! k9d1 ,mat]ialism is a commodi\s & app>5tly cle> solution ( c]ta9 difficult & obscure que/ions :i* fa/5 irresi/ibly ^u ! human und]/&+4 #ccg ,besides all ?is1 ^! que/ions1 & ! diff]5t solutions ( :i* !y are susceptible1 h _! epo*s ( ardor or languor1 ( favor or discr$it4 ,9 our days1 ! fruitful activity & ! brilliant progress ( ! sci5ces ( ! mat]ial _w1 come 9 aid ( ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism4 ,?is progress is1 h[ev]1 f> f be+ z exclusive ( o!r progress z is (t5 said4 ,al?\gh less popul> ?an a few ye>s ago1 ,spiritualism has n ceas$ to be an active & influ5tial doctr9e 9 ! elevat$ region ( philosophy1 & ! ,*ri/ian awak5+ p]si/s & develops itself en]getically 9 ! face ( ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! times 9 :i* we live are entitl$ to m ju/ice ?an m5 accord to !m2 intellectual labors are n[ v ext5sive & v v>i$2 ! mo/ diff]5t t5d5cies coexi/1 & pursue _! indep5d5t c>e]4 ,ev5 9 ?is1 ,mat]ialism is aga9 ! doctr9e ( appe>ances2 x is nei!r s /rong nor s ne> its triumph z x has ! air ( be+4 #cch ,no?+ proves ?is bett] ?an ! hesitation & p]si/5t emb>rassm5t ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among its adh]5ts4 ,! circum/ance notic$ by ,m4 de ,remusat tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 is recurr+ at ! pres5t day z pla9ly z ev]4 ,sometimes we f9d disav[als ( ! consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciple ( ,mat]ialism1 & attempts ( all k9ds to escape f ^? consequ5ces2 sometimes we f9d ef=ts made to disguise ! pr9ciple itself "u pur] colors4 ,a g5]al & endur+ in/9ct 9 man p]si/s 9 prote/+ aga9/ ! appe>ances ^u :i* ,mat]ialism is f\nd$4 ,man does n believe ei!r himself or ! univ]se to be exclusively matt]4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & m9d is a natural & spontane\s1 a primitive & p]man5t1 belief ( ! human race4 ,& is ?is1 !n1 m]ely an in/9ct & an aspiration1 a pr\d pret5sion ( human nature8 ,is x n1 on ! contr>y1 ! innate s5tim5t1 ! intimate k ( t ess5tial fact 9 humanity ( :i* obs]vation recognizes & evid5ces ! exi/5ce8 #cci ,! fact to :i* ,i allude is ! foll[+3 ,z soon z a consci\sness ( life is awak5$ 9 man--z soon z he feels & p]ceives :at is tak+ place )9 him--he has a p]ception ( himself z ( a real1 p]sonal1 & di/9ct be+4 ,he gives voice to ?is feel+ & ?is p]ception z soon z he uses ! ^w ,i1 & he does s be=e he has any cle> k 9 detail ( ! be+ ^: exi/5ce he s recognizes & affirms4 ,:51 9 ! natural developm5t ( life1 man ?us makes himself z a real & p]sonal be+1 ! object ( 8 own obs]vation1 he recognizes 9 himself z su* real & p]sonal be+ c]ta9 facts 9 _! nature ess5tially diff]5t4 ,on ! "o side1 he recognizes a body inh]5t 9 8 be+1 :i* =ms "p ( 8 be+1 & ?r\gh :i* he communicates ) ! ext]nal _w1 ei!r by ! impressions :i* he receives f t _w1 or by ! modes 9 :i* he acts ^u t _w4 #cdj ,on ! o!r side1 :e!r he reg>d himself z1 s to say1 ! !at] ( action1 or z ! v actor1 he recognizes himself to be a s+le be+1 a be+ p]man5t & abid+1 ev] ! same 9 ! mid/ ( ! v>iety ( 8 p]sonal impressions or ( 8 actions ^u ! _w beyond him2 & ?is1 too1 9 spite ( ! complications & incessant trans=mations ( 8 body1 ! organ & ! m$ium ( ^? impressions & actions4 ,?us x is t 9 man's consci\sness !re is a manife/ation & pro( at once ( ! unity & ( ! complex nature ( ! human be+2 t is1 9 accordance ) ! spontane\s language ( mank9d1 at once ( ! di/9ction & ( ! union ( ! s\l & ( ! body4 ,?is is ! primitive & ess5tial fact ( man 9 8 actual life4 #cda ,9 proportion z ! human be+ develops himself1 z he ext5ds ! circle ( 8 obs]vations ^u ! _w & ^u himself1 special facts confirm ! g5]al tru? ( :i* ,i h j giv5 a summ>y1 & prove ! ess5tial di/9ction ( ! s\l & ! body by ! ess5tial div]sity ( ! prop]ties ( ea*4 ,?us ! body1 9 its organization & 9 its life1 is subject to fix$ & pre-e/abli%$ laws1 ov] :i* man's w has no control or p[]2 :]eas ! s\l is ess5tially free1 & capable ( det]m9+ itself & ( act+ f motives =eign to ! laws :i* gov]n ! body4 ,fatality is ! condition ( ! human be+ 9 corporeal exi/5ce2 lib]ty is 8 privilege 9 8 moral life4 ,i say 9 8 moral life1 & ! expression reveals betwe5 ! s\l & ! body ano!r ess5tial & ineffaceable diff]5ce4 ,! body is /range to e idea ( morality1 ab&on$ to ! exig5cies ( its necessities & its appetites2 x has no aspiration1 no t5d5cy b to satisfy !m4 #cdb ,! s\l has ne$s & desires ( q a diff]5t k9d1 & !y are (t5 contr>y to ^? ( ! body2 & h[ev] (t5 ! s\l may yield to ! t5d5cies ( ! body1 n seldom also does x )/& & surm\nt !m2 & ?is bo? 9 p]sons ( obscure condition1 & 9 ^? :o /& 9 ! public gaze ( m54 ,:5 ! body is dom9ant 9 man1 man t5ds t[>d ,mat]ialism2 :5 he li/5s to ! aspirations ( s\l x is1 on ! contr>y1 to ,spiritualism t 8 nature rises4 ,! complexity ( 8 nature manife/s itself 9 ! developm5t ( 8 life z 9 ! fir/ in/9ct ( 8 consci\sness2 at :atev] epo* he is ! subject ei!r ( 8 own or ( our obs]vation he _c be call$ exclusively body1 matt]1 )\t facts giv+ 8 ass]tion at ea* /ep ! flatte/ contradiction4 ,:5ce comes ?is ess5tial & primordial fact--! fact ( ! complexity & yet unity ( ! human be+8 ,h[ is ?is union ( s\l & body accompli%$8 _! mutual influ5ces ex]cis$1 h[8 ,"h1 accord+ to religion1 is ! my/]y2 "h1 = philosophy1 lies ! problem4 #cdc ,mat]ialism is b an hypo!sis adopt$ = ! explanation ( ?is great fact1 & ! hypo!sis consi/s n 9 ! solution ( ! problem1 b 9 its suppression by ! d5ial ( ! fact itself4 ,:at ne$1 !y say1 to seek to expla9 h[ ! union ( s\l & body is accompli%$8 ,nei!r ?is complexity ( ! human be+ nor 8 unity 9 t complexity is a reality4 ,man is only a product & an ephem]al =m ( matt]6 ,i %all n refuse myself ! pleasure ( refut+ ?is hypo!sis by ! m\? ( a contempor>y philosoph]1 :om ,i %all soon myself h to combat4 ,no?+1 says ,m4 ,va*]ot1 proves t ! hypo!sis ( ,mat]ialism is true2 on ! contr>y1 positive facts evid5ce its falsity4 444 ,if ! s\l be only ! result ( ! play ( ! organs1 h[ is x t ! s\l is able to resi/ ! impressions & ! appetites ( ! body1 to direct1 conc5trate1 & gov]n its faculties8 ,if ! w be b ! in/9ct 9 a diff]5t =m1 h[ expla9 its empire ov] ! in/9ct8 #cdd ,?is fact is an irresi/ible argum5t2 x is ! rock ^u :i* ,mat]ialism has always wreck$ itself1 & ^u :i* x w cont9ue to d s4 444 ,! wisdom ( ! anci5ts pron\nc$ its decree m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ',d we n see1' says ,socrates1 accord+ to ,plato1 't ! s\l gov]ns all ! elem5ts ( :i* x is pret5d$ t x is compos$8 t ! s\l resi/s !m ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( life1 & subdues !m 9 e way1 repress+ "s h>%ly & pa9fully1 z :]e ! gymna/ic or ! m$ical me?od is resort$ to2 repress+ o!rs m g5tly1 rebuk+ ^!1 w>n+ ^?1 speak+ to desires1 to ang]1 to fe>1 z to ?+s ( a nature ali5 to its own8 ,s ,hom]1 9 ! ,odyssey1 repres5ts ,ulysses z ,smit+ 8 brea/1 & *id+ ?us 8 he>t3 ,be> ?is1 ,o he>t1 ?\ t ha/ worse endur$4 ,footnote #gd ,footnote #gd3 1 1 1 4 4 ,odyssey1 ,book xx1 v4 #ag4 #cde ',d y ?9k1' adds ,socrates1 't ,hom] w\ld h s express$ himself _h1 9 8 conception1 ! s\l be5 a m]e h>mony1 necess>ily gov]n$ by ! passions ( ! body8 ,did he n r ?9k t ! s\l ought to gov]n & ma/] ^? passions1 & t ! s\l is some?+ f> m div9e ?an any h>mony8' ,footnote #ge ,footnote #ge3 ,la ,mtaphysique et la sci5ce1 by ,m4 ,va*]ot1 vol4 i1 p4 #agd2 ,plato1 ,phd1 xliii4 ,mat]iali/s !mselves h felt ! feebl5ess ( _! hypo!sis2 to support x !y h inv5t$ a second hypo!sis4 ,no =ce )\t matt]1 no matt] )\t =ce1 ,footnote #gf says ,dr4 ,bu*n]1 at ! pres5t day "o ( ! mo/ resolute int]pret]s ( ! doctr9e4 ,t is to say1 n be+ able to expla9 facts by matt] alone1 z matt] is obs]v$ & conceiv$ naturally by ! human m9d1 !y end[ matt] ) :at !y t]m =ce1 a pr9ciple ( movem5t & ( production4 ,footnote #gf3 ,le ,mat]ialisme contempora9 en ,allemagne1 by ,m4 ,paul ,janet1 ( ! ,in/itute1 p4 #bj4 #ahfd4 #cdf ,matt] & =ce are1 x is n[ said1 insep>able2 bo? h exi/$ f all et]nity4 ,?us1 imp]i\sly urg$ by in/9ct & by _! obs]vation ( facts1 !y beg9 aga9 by di/+ui%+ & nam+ sep>ately matt] & =ce2 !n1 all at once1 !y conf\nd !m1 treat !m z unit$ 9 _! ess5ce & f all et]nity1 & conclude by believ+ t !y h succe$$ 9 giv+ an explanation ( man & ( ! _w6 ,9 ?is1 :at d !y m ?an add an ab/raction to an ab/raction1 & an hypo!sis to an hypo!sis8 ,we are "h 9 ! pres5ce ( facts t are c]ta9 & yet p]plex+2 9 pres5ce ( an ext]nal _w1 :i* evid5tly has n always be5 su* z x is1 :i* _h a beg9n+1 :i* is cont9u+ to develop itself accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 & :i* is t5d+ to c]ta9 ends2 9 ! pres5ce1 too1 ( man1 evid5tly a be+ at once "o & complex1 id5tical & yet v>iable4 ,! anci5ts gave names & explanations to ^? inconte/ible facts1 b ! names & explanations are n[ reject$6 #cdg ,/ill1 names & explanations are ne$$2 man mu/ put some?+ 9 ! place ( ,god1 ,creator1 & ,provid5ce--9 ! place ( m9d1 & matt]1 & s\l1 & body4 ,x is n = ! fir/ "t t man f9ds himself confront$ by ?is necessity1 or t he essays to satisfy x2 _m ab/ractions1 _m words1 h be5 already employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,god 0 replac$ by nature1 by sub/ance1 by cause2 ! human s\l 0 trans=m$ into vital pr9ciple2 ! vital pr9ciple 0 elevat$ to ! dignity ( s\l4 ,x seems t ^! words1 ^! ab/ractions1 h _h _! "t & lo/ _! cr$it2 & s n[ x is =ce :i* replaces !m2 =ce is m9d1 =ce is s\l1 =ce creates1 =ce is ,god4 ,x is en\gh n[ t !y incorporate =ce ) body2 ! problem no long] exi/s2 man & ! univ]se are laid b>e6 #cdh ,:5 ,leibnitz1 to combat ! ,idealism ( ,desc>tes1 & ! ,pan!ism ( ,sp9oza1 develop$ ! idea ( =ce1 he did n =esee t t v notion w\ld be "o day made use ( to r$uce to non5tities ,god1 ! human s\l1 all real & p]sonal be+1 all fir/ & f9al cause2 to r$uce1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ to a m$ley ( me*anics & dynamics inc>nate 9 matt]6 ,h[ev] speci\s x may appe> to sup]ficial m9ds1 or to m9ds prejudic$ 9 its favor by ! peculi> nature ( _! /udies & ( _! habitual labors1 ,mat]ialism1 l ,pan!ism1 is only an hypo!sis--an hypo!sis con/ruct$ by d9t ( m]e ab/ractions & purely v]bal ass]tions4 ,^! n only disreg>d or suppress ! facts :i* !y pret5d to expla91 b are 9 direct contradiction ) facts !mselves recogniz$ & prov$ by psy*ological obs]vation4 ,x is1 9 effect1 an hypo!sis1 7,i am =c$ "h to repeat :at ,i be=e affirm$ ( ,pan!ism17 equally revolt+ to true sci5ce & to common s5se4 #cdi ,! hypo!sis ( ,mat]ialism has b a s+le m]it2 x is m consi/5t ?an ^? ( ! o!r sy/ems4 ,b ev5 to ?is m]it ,mat]ialism loses its title :5ev] x %r9ks f pu%+ its pr9ciples boldly to _! consequ5ces1 :e!r philosophical or practical3 t is to say1 :5ev] x %r9ks f d5y+ man's lib]ty1 a moral law1 ! necess>y pr9ciples ( ! human m9d--:5ev]1 9 %ort1 x %r9ks f proclaim+ its ultimate results1 :i* are1 z ,m4 ,damiron puts !m1 ,fatalism1 ,egotism1 ,a!ism4 ,philosoph]s are "r 9 seek+ = tru? & 9 respect+ tru? = itself & at e risk2 b !re are "s consequ5ces :i* are ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( a vice 9 pr9ciple2 & ?is vice1 9 ,mat]ialism1 is ! bl9d =getfulness ( ! be/ prov$ facts & ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( human nature4 --------------------------------------- #cej ,sev5? ,m$itation4 ,skepticism4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ,skepticism1 exp]im5tal ,skepticism & sy/ematic ,skepticism4 ,exp]im5tal ,skepticism is ! result ( ! inc]titude :i* arises 9 m5's m9ds f ! spectacle ( ! inf9ite v>iety1 discordance1 & mobility ( human op9ions4 ,sy/ematic ,skepticism1 on ! o!r h&1 *all5ges ! p[] itself ( ! human und]/&+1 & decl>es x incapable ( kn[+ ?+s 9 _! ess5ce--reality 9 itself4 ,! "o is d\bt appli$ 9 practice2 ! o!r is d\bt affirm$ z a pr9ciple4 #cea ,9 an essay on ,skepticism1 writt5 9 #ahcj1 ,m4 ,j\ffroy treat$ exp]im5tal & practical skepticism ) great contempt3 ?is skepticism f\nds itself1 says he1 only ^u ! app>5t contradictions ( human judgm5t4 ,to prove t !re is a contradiction ei!r betwe5 ! results at :i* ea* faculty ( ! m9d :5 tak5 sep>ately arrives1 or betwe5 ! f9al results atta9$ by diff]5t faculties1 z by ! s5se & by ! reason2 to e/abli% t !re is a contradiction ( a l nature betwe5 ! op9ions receiv$ by diff]5t m5 or by diff]5t nations1 or betwe5 ^? op9ions !mselves1 :i*1 at diff]5t epo*s1 h v>i\sly = a "t cont5t$ humanity2 !n to conclude f all ?is t ! human intellig5ce reg>ds 9 turn z true ?+s :i* are contradictory1 & t consequ5tly !re is = t intellig5ce no tru? at all3 su* is all ! me*anism 9 :i* ?is second-rate skepticism consi/s :i* has fasc9at$1 & /ill cont9ues to fasc9ate1 :ole ho/s ( little m9ds4 ,long ago ?is skepticism 0 refut$1 & at all its po9ts2 long ago ! unity ( human tru? 0 demon/rat$1 aft] hav+ be5 admitt$ priori 9 all ages by _! lead+ m9ds4 #ceb ,?is k9d ( skepticism is a !me ^u :i* m5 w long cont9ue to dilate2 ! d>l+ subject = wits1 x m]its n to arre/ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s4 ,by way ( am5ds1 h[ev]1 = ^! rem>ks1 ,m4 ,j\ffroy makes an imm5se concession to ! sy/ematic skepticism :i* decl>es ! human m9d incapable ( kn[+ ?+s z !y really are 9 !mselves1 = he admits ?is skepticism to be rationally legitimate2 ! f\ndation ( all belief1 says he1 is an act ( fai?1 bl9d b irresi/ible4 ,9 effect !re is no contradiction betwe5 fai? & skepticism2 = man believes by in/9ct & d\bts by reason4 444 ,skeptics fall into no contradiction :51 9 ! practice ( life1 !y believe _! s5ses1 _! consci\sness1 _! memory1 & :5 !y act 9 consequ5ce2 !y obey ! laws ( _! in/9ctive nature by s believ+1 & !y obey _! rational natures by confess+ t _! beliefs are illegitimate4 #cec ,s we equally excuse humanity :i* believes1 & skepticism :i* d\bts2 b we _c equally excuse ! philosoph]s :o h combat$ skepticism by /riv+ to demon/rate ! rational legitimacy ( human belief4 ,:5 m5 affirm t mank9d believes1 & t skeptics d s ) mank9d1 !y affirm a fact 9 itself inconte/able2 :5 !y add t mank9d believes itself "r 9 believ+1 t is to say1 virtually admits t ! human intellig5ce sees ?+s z !y are1 ?is is true too1 & skeptics d n d5y x2 b :51 grappl+ ) skepticism itself1 m5 pret5d to %[ t ! human intellig5ce really sees ?+s z !y are1 ?is is a pret5sion :i* ,i _c und]/&4 ,:at6 d !y n p]ceive t ?is pret5sion is no?+ less ?an ! pret5sion ( demon/rat+ ! human intellig5ce by ! human intellig5ce1 :i* has be51 is1 & w be et]nally impossible8 ,we believe skepticism =ev] inv9cible1 because we reg>d skepticism z ! f9al ^w ( ! reason conc]n+ ! reason itself4 ,footnote #gg ,footnote #gg3 ,mlanges philosophique1 pp4 #bch-bdj4 #ced ,i d n agree ) ,m4 ,j\ffroy 9 8 disda9 = exp]im5tal & practical skepticism4 ,?is is n1 x is true1 a sy/em :i* philosoph]s are call$ ^u to refute1 b a fact :i* ought to occupy an important place ) !m1 = by %[+ to u h[ incomplete human sci5ce is1 & human error h[ frequ5t1 x sets u on our gu>d aga9/ all presumptu\s confid5ce 9 our own ideas1 & aga9/ intol]ance t[>d ! ideas ( o!rs--two ( ! mo/ dang]\s infirmities to :i* human intellig5ce & society are liable4 ,b z = ! reason+ :i* impels ,m4 ,j\ffroy to accept ! sy/ematic & def9itive skepticism z to ! intr9sic reality ( ?+s1 ,i repudiate x altoge!r4 ,if t 71 z he says1 ! f9al ^w ( ! reason respect+ ! reason itself1 x w\ld be ! negation1 or to use a bett] expression1 ! suicide1 ( man's reason & ( ! human intellig5ce4 #cee ,9 8 disc\rse :i* he pron\nc$ 9 #ahac1 on resum+ 8 functions at ! ,facult des ,lettres1 ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d summ$ up 8 conclusions ^u ?is fundam5tal "q--conclusions v diff]5t1 m diff]5t ess5tially ?an ev5 app>5tly !y are1 f ^? arriv$ at by ,m4 ,j\ffroy4 ,:]eas ,m4 ,j\ffroy believes sy/ematic skepticism =ev] inv9cible1 because he reg>ds x z ! f9al ^w ( ! reason conc]n+ ! reason1 ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d1 on ! contr>y1 ends 8 disc\rse ) ^! words3 ,we _c divide man2 we _c assign a "p only to skepticism2 z soon z skepticism once p5etrates into ! und]/&+1 9 x8 invades x ?r\gh\t4 ,i w\ld confirm ?is conclusion ( ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d1 by c>ry+ /ill fur!r ! reason+ :i* l$ him to x4 #cef ,! mo/ g5]al result1 says he1 pres5t$ by ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy--its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic :5 contra/$ ) anci5t philosophy--is its skepticism ) respect to ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w2 t _w 9 :i* mank9d has s long believ$1 :i* beg9s to reveal itself 9 u ) our exi/5ce itself1 & 9 ! bosom ( :i* we are =c$ to p]ceive ourselves z m]e fragm5ts ( its imm5sity4 444 ,i am n "h to reason 9 favor ( ! receiv$ op9ion2 t op9ion ne$s nei!r pro(s nor def5d]s2 x is root$ deeply en\gh 9 our mo/ intimate nature to brave all attack4 ,x is n ! _w t risks any?+ at ! h&s ( ! philosoph]s2 x is r ! honor ( philosophy :i* suff]s "s discr$it2 x is r philosophy t relieves ! vulg> f a "p ( ! respect :i* philosophy yet dem&s at its h&s1 :5 x gives bir? to p>adoxes be>+1 seem+ly1 ! v impress ( folly4 #ceg ,moreov]1 :e!r ! mat]ial _w really exi/ or n1 is n a matt] 9 controv]sy2 ?is "q w\ld resolve itself into "o /ill m g5]al--:e!r all ^? facilities ( ours1 ( :i* ! au?ority is indivisible1 are organs ( tru? or organs ( falsehood2 & ^u ?is po9t we %all ev] be driv5 to accept ! te/imony ( ^? v organs4 ,! sole "q :i* belongs to philosophical analysis1 consi/s 9 exam9+ if x be c]ta9 t our faculties atte/ to u ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w1 & if ! human race believes 9 ?is exi/5ce2 = if x believes 9 x1 ?is univ]sal belief becomes a fact 9 our intellectual con/itution2 & :e!r ?is fact be a primitive "o1 or a d$uction f any ant]ior fact--:e!r x be ! imm$iate tea*+ ( nature or an acquisition by reason+--x is entitl$ to its place unmutilat$ 9 ! syn!tic table ( sci5ce4 ,has x disappe>$8 ,!n ! man ( philosophy is n ! man ( nature2 sci5ce is false1 & consequ5tly1 ! analysis )\t fidelity2 & "o may re/ assur$ t philosoph]s h ins]t$ 9 ! und]/&+ "s pr9ciple1 or "s fact1 :i* 0 n !re be=e2 or t !y h n collect$ ) c>e all ! pr9ciples & facts :i* are actually !re4 #ceh ,hav+ ?us =maliz$ ! "q1 ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d foll[s x up ) an inquiry z exact z x is pr(\nd1 ( ! psy*ological fact ( ! p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w :i* accompanies ! fact ( s5sation3 ?is inquiry leads him to ?is conclusion3 ,s5sation has no object2 s5sation is m]ely relative to ! s5ti5t be+2 if n p]ceiv$1 s5sation does n exi/4 ,b ! p]ception1 :i* affirms an ext]nal exi/5ce1 supposes two ?+s--! m9d :i* p]ceives1 & ! object :i* is p]ceiv$2 ! be+ t ?9ks1 & ! be+ t is ! subject-matt] ( ?\ght4 ,j z ! s5sation is relative to ! m9d1 s is ! act ( ! p]ception relative to x also1 & j s does x suppose ! m9d2 ! object1 on ! contr>y1 supposes nei!r ! m9d nor ! m9d's p]ception4 #cei ,! object does n exi/ because we p]ceive x2 b we p]ceive x because x exi/s--because we are end[$ ) ! faculty ( p]ception4 ,9 a city inhabit$ no long]1 !re rema9 no s5sation1 no idea1 no judgm5t2 ! h\ses rema91 & ev5 ! /reets1 & ) !m nature1 ) all nature's laws1 :i* are n susp5d$ 9 _! c\rse4 ,to ! univ]se1 ! en]getic pres5ce ( its ,creator suffices2 x does n require our pres5ce2 ! abs5ce ( spectators w\ld n make x langui%2 x exi/$ be=e u1 x w exi/ aft] u2 its reality is indep5d5t ( u & ( our ?\ghts--x is absolute4 ,! au?ority :i* p]suades u ( ?is is no less ?an t ( ! consci\sness itself2 x is ! au?ority ( ! primitive laws ( ?\ght1 & to man's m9d ^? laws are absolute laws ( tru?4 ,! same draught may convey ! impression ( sweetness & ( bitt]ness1 because s5sation is relative to ! v>iable /ate ( s5sibility1 & s5sibility itself is relative to organization2 b ! laws ( ! m9d are an immutable /&>d4 #cfj ,! imp]fection ( k does n r5d] x unc]ta91 & al?\gh x admits ( degrees1 x does n admit ( contradiction4 ,our limit$ faculties d n1 x is true1 p]ceive all t !re is 9 ?+s2 b /ill1 :at !y d p]ceive1 is 9 effect !re j z !y p]ceive x4 444 ,if a man call ^u me to prove ?is by reason+1 ,i %all1 9 my turn1 dem& ( him1 too1 t he fir/ prove to me by reason+ t reason+ is m conv9c+ ?an p]ception2 t he at lea/ prove t ! memory1 )\t :i* !re is no su* ?+ z reason+1 is a faculty m to be reli$ ^u ?an ^? faculties ^: te/imony !y reject4 ,intellectual life is an un9t]rupt$ succession1 n m]ely ( ideas1 b ( beliefs1 explicit or implicit4 ,! beliefs ( ! m9d are ! =ce ( ! s\l & ! mov+ inc5tives ( ! w4 ,:atev] det]m9es u to believe we call evid5ce4 444 ,reason r5d]s no acc\nt ( :at is evid5t2 to condemn x to d s is to annihilate x1 = x also has ne$ ( an evid5ce peculi> to itself4 #cfa ,did n reason+ re/ ^u pr9ciples ant]ior to ! reason1 analysis w\ld be )\t end1 & syn!sis )\t comm5cem5t4 ,! fundam5tal laws ( belief con/itute ! intellig5ce itself2 & z ^? laws all fl[ f ! same s\rce1 !y h ! same au?ority2 !y judge by ! same "r2 !re is no appeal f ! tribunal ( "o to t ( ano!r4 ,:oev] revolts aga9/ any s+le "o ( ^! laws1 revolts aga9/ !m all1 & s abdicates all 8 nature4 ,are !re weapons ( legitimate use aga9/ t faculty by :i* we p]ceive ! ext]nal _w8 ,^! same weapons may be turn$ aga9/ ! consci5ce1 ! memory1 ! moral s5se1 aga9/ reason itself4 444 ,let b1 9 any s+le po9t1 ! nature ( k--! nature1 ,i say1 & n ! degree--be made subord9ate to our means ( kn[+1 & all c]titude is at an end2 no?+ is true1 no?+ is false4 ,b x is n en\gh to say ?is2 = all is true & false altoge!r1 s9ce tru? & falsehood no long] diff] f sweet & bitt]4 #cfb ,! void itself is !n depriv$ ( its absolute nullity3 x ent]s into ! doma9 ( ! relative2 x is some?+1 no?+1 accord+ to ! con=mation ( ! spectator's eye4 ,! useful is ! sole subject t ! und]/&+ contemplates1 ! sole subject = :i* ! he>t has to make its laws4 ,a legislation caprici\s & )\t efficacy1 :i* applies only %ift+ rules to actions1 & :i* has none = ! int5tions & = ! desires4 ,?is is n m]e declamation2 all ^! consequ5ces h be5 d$uc$ f skeptical doctr9es ) an exactitude leav+ no?+ to be ei!r desir$ or conte/$4 ,x is !n a fact t public & private morality1 ! ord] ( society & ! happ9ess ( individuals1 are directly at /ake 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 true philosophy & false philosophy respect+ ! reality ( k4 ,= :5 exi/5ces !mselves become problems1 :at =ce rema9s to ! bond t unites !m8 ,we _c divide ! entire man2 we _c assign a "p only to skepticism2 z soon z skepticism once p5etrates into ! und]/&+ x invades x ?r\gh\t4 ,footnote #gh ,footnote #gh3 ,fragm5ts de ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d1 9 ! works ( ,reid1 translation ( ,m4 ,j\ffroy1 vol4 iv1 pp4 #dbf-dea4 #cfc ,i retr5* no?+1 *ange no?+ 9 ^! rem>kable words t express s en]getically ! conclusions ( ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,i w\ld only r5d] !m /ill m complete1 by illu/rat+ 9 its primitive & inde/ructible unity ! fact ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,we _c divide man1 says ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d4 ,"h is precisely ! risk t philosophical sci5ce incurs1 & to :i* x too (t5 succumbs4 ,x divides man 9 ord] to /udy him2 & aft] hav+ s /udi$ him1 :5 x seeks to d$uce f its labori\s op]ation :at man 9 8 complete & liv+ reality is1 we f9d ! result a /range misappreh5sion1 because sci5ce has neglect$ to re-e/abli% ! unity :i* x broke4 #cfd ,x puts toge!r1 x is true1 ! scatt]$ memb]s1 b ! be+ itself has disappe>$2 & !n x is t philosoph]s "k n h[ to solve ! problems or to extricate !mselves f ! d\bts by :i* !y are confront$4 ,entire1 liv+1 "o1 ! human be+ expla9$ himself2 mutilat$ & sev]$ into di/9ct p>ts1 t be+ loses all p[] & falls into obscurity4 ,:at is s5sation1 :at p]ception1 judgm5t1 reason+1 reason1 w1 consci\sness8 ,!y are ! human be+1 feel+1 p]ceiv+1 judg+1 reason+1 will+1 & obs]v+ :at is pass+ )9 him4 ,?is is no troop ( actors play+1 ea* 8 "p1 9 a complex drama2 b a be+ s+le & alive1 actor & sole spectator 9 ! drama ( 8 prop] life4 ,:at is ?is "o & s+le be+ do+ :5 he feels1 p]ceives1 judges1 reasons1 wills1 & wat*es :at is occurr+ )9 himself8 ,he is tak+ cognizance at once ( himself1 & :at is n himself4 #cfe ,8 own exi/5ce & ! exi/5ce ( t :i* is n himself1 reveal !mselves to him f ! v fir/ 9 ^? div]se facts & acts :i* philosophical sci5ce discrim9ates1 & calls by ! p>ticul> names ( s5sation1 p]ception1 judgm5t1 reason1 w1 consci\sness4 ,! primitive & ess5tial fact at ! root ( all1 is ! fact itself ( ! cognizance :i* man takes ( himself1 & ( :at is n himself4 ,a cognizance1 at fir/ confus$1 & always incomplete1 b at ! same "t direct & c]ta94 ,n by way ( d$uction1 nor z a m]e appe>ance1 b by way ( imm$iate intuition1 & z a positive reality1 does ! human be+ become aw>e ( 8 own exi/5ce & ( t exi/5ce :i* is n 84 ,?is fact is lo/ sight (1 or at lea/ is n *>act]iz$ exactly & z x is 9 itself1 :5 x is said t man believes naturally & inevitably 9 8 own exi/5ce1 & 9 t ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f belief3 x is k itself ( t d\ble reality1 int]nal & ext]nal1 call$ by ! "n ( ,man & ,_w4 #cff ,philosoph]s ignore1 & !y *ange ! nature ( ?is fact1 :51 m]ely play+ ) v]bal di/9ctions & reason+s1 !y condemn ! human m9d n to issue =? f itself1 :5 !y refuse to x ! "r to affirm z real1 out ( ! m9d & 9 itself1 t :i*1 9 ! m9d & = ! m9d1 ! m9d yet admits to be true4 ,! human be+ may deceive himself1 & (t5 does deceive himself 9 su* or su* a special affirmation z to ext]nal realities2 x has ( !m only a k incomplete1 & liable to error2 b its g5]al & p]man5t affirmation z to _! exi/5ce is /ill folly ju/ifi$ & legitimate2 x kn[s !m z x kn[s itself1 by ! same pro( & by ! same natural process4 ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d expresses admirably ?is great fact :5 he says3 ,! univ]se does n exi/ because we p]ceive x2 b we p]ceive x because x exi/s4 444 ,x ne$s n our pres5ce2 ! abs5ce ( spectators w\ld n make x langui% away2 x 0 be=e u1 x w /ill be aft] u2 its reality is indep5d5t ( u3 x is absolute4 #cfg ,sy/ematic skepticism is n1 l ,mat]ialism & ,pan!ism1 an hypo!sis inv5t$1 al?\gh unsuccessfully inv5t$1 9 ord] to solve ! gr& problem ( s\l & body1 ( f9ite & inf9ite2 its error is n less consid]able1 al?\gh ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x consi/s 9 a defective exam9ation ( ! primitive fact ( ! human m9d1 & 9 ! misappreh5sion ( ! nature & ! import ( t fact4 ,?is fact is by no means1 z ,m4 ,j\ffroy affirms1 a fai? bl9d & irresi/ible1 disav[$ by rational sci5ce2 x is really ! natural k1 & ! e>lie/ k acquir$ by ! human be+ :5 x ent]s into activity2 a k1 confus$ & incomplete1 ei!r ( itself or ( :at is n itself2 b /ill a k direct & c]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce ( itself1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( :at is n itself4 ,man believes by in/9ct & d\bts by reason1 adds ,m4 ,j\ffroy2 skeptics obey ! law ( _! in/9ctive nature :5 !y believe1 l ! mass ( mank9d1 9 _! s5ses1 _! consci\sness1 _! memory1 & :5 !y act 9 consequ5ce2 s also !y obey _! rational nature :5 !y confess t _! beliefs are illegitimate4 #cfh ,?is is /rangely to ignore--,i p]mit myself ! use ( ?is1 "h1 incorrect expression--at once ! reality ( facts1 & ! value ( words4 ,:at ,m4 ,j\ffroy t]ms in/9ct1 is ! intuitive consci\sness ( int]nal reality & ( ext]nal reality1 & ?is consci\sness ! human be+ acquires directly by ! complete & indivisible ex]cise ( all 8 faculties2 :at he t]ms reason is ! result ( ! isolat$ op]ation ( "o ( ! faculties ( ! human be+1 :o virtually =gets1 :5 he decomposes himself = 8 own /udy1 :at he really is4 ,skepticism is n ! f9al ^w ( ! reason respect+ ! reason2 x is ! suicide ( ! reason by a negation falsely t]m$ sci5tific1 ( natural evid5ce1 & ( ! common s5se ( mank9d4 --------------------------------------- #cfi ,eigh? ,m$itation4 ,impiety1 ,recklessness1 ,& ,p]plexity4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems1 ( ea* ( :i* ,i h endeavor$ to %[ ! ess5tial & *>act]i/ic vice1 d n rema9 conf9$ to le>n$ regions1 or to ! classes to :i*1 f pr(ession or f ta/e1 man & ! _w are a special object ( /udy4 ,! brea? ( sci5ce p5etrates to a di/ance1 & p]vades1 unse5 itself1 places ev5 :]e ignorance reigns4 ,h[ (t5 9 remote cities & ev5 rural di/ricts1 among a population ali5 to e k9d ( /udy1 h ,i met ) & discov]$ ! traces ( ,rationalism1 ( ,positivism1 ( ,pan!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,skepticism2 & yet ^! _h be5 import$1 imp]ceptibly & 9 mann] t ! s5se c\ld n detect1 l a noxi\s miasma1 into places :]e _! v names 7 unkn[n2 & yet !y bore ev]y:]e _! natural fruits6 #cgj ,!re is a contagion 9 ! intellectual z well z 9 ! moral ord]2 & ! facility1 ! rapidity1 ! univ]sality ( communication1 :i* contribute s mu* to ! =ce & ! gr&eur ( mod]n civilization1 are z mu* at ! disposal ( evil z ( good1 ( error z ( tru?4 ,! effects ( ?is intellectual contagion v>y ) ! social regions into :i* x p5etrates1 & ! dispositions t x !re enc\nt]s4 ,:5 ! sy/ems ( philosophy pres5t !mselves confus$ly to m9ds 9 :i* ambiti\s & passionate feel+s are f]m5t+1 & ^! feel+s are capable ( be+ aid$ by ^? sy/ems1 _! action is prompt & =cible4 ,at epo*s & among classes :]e pride & ambition ( intellect reign )\t b\nds1 ,rationalism & ,pan!ism are receiv$ ) favor4 ,9 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 conspicu\s = ! almo/ exclusive /udy ( ! mat]ial _w1 or = ! ardor ) :i* m5 ?ir/ aft] physical enjoym5ts1 ,positivism & ,mat]ialism seem v readily to prevail4 #cga ,aft] long p]turbations ( society1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! disappo9tm5ts & ! jad$ feel+s t !y leave beh9d !m1 _m m9ds fall involunt>ily into skepticism1 or make x ev5 _! refuge4 ,^! diff]5t social facts1 & ! influ5ce :i* !y give to ! diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy1 manife/ !mselves 9 our days 9 ! /ate ( m5's m9ds1 & !y d s :e!r m5 be le>n$ or unle>n$1 demon/rative or taciturn4 ,?ree dispositions ( ! m9d are v obs]vable & v g5]al--impiety1 recklessness z to religion1 & religi\s p]plexity4 ,i feel no difficulty 9 ?us rang+ side by side ?+s :i* are coexi/+1 & develop+ !mselves simultane\sly al?\gh contr>y 9 _! nature4 ,!re are epo*s :5 a great curr5t rises & hurries society t[>d a s+le object & by a s+le way4 #cgb ,o!rs !re are :]e diff]5t curr5ts cross & combat "o ano!r1 & impel society at ! same mom5t t[>d diff]5t objects4 ,! _s ( au?ority & ( fai? 0 v pr$om9ant 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ! _s ( indep5d5ce & ( innovation 9 ! eighte5?4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is sweep+ on its way "u ! empire ( t5d5cies v>i\s b simultane\s 9 _! p[] & _! activity2 ! diff]5t pr9ciples & elem5ts ( our society1 good or ! rev]se1 confront "o ano!r1 await+ ! mom5t :5 !y may aga9 be h>moniz$4 ,i retrac$ ! awak5+ ( ,*ri/ianity & its progress2 ,i seek 9 no respect to qualify any rem>k t ,i h made1 ei!r z to t important movem5t or z to ! confid5ce ) :i* x inspires me2 b ,i1 at ! same "t1 believe also 9 ! =cible influ5ce ( ! anti*ri/ian demon/rations :i* are tak+ ! =m ( impiety or ( recklessness2 nor c ,i disreg>d ! =ce ( t religi\s p]plexity into :i* ?is great /ruggle ?r[s s _m m5 ( feeble purpose1 & ev5 "s m5 ( em95t p[]s ( m9d4 #cgc ,9 our days impiety is spread+1 & assum+ s]i\s developm5t1 m especially among ! op]ative classes1 & 9 t "y g5]ation t issues f ! middle classes1 & is de/9$ to foll[ ! lib]al pr(essions4 ,n t ! infection is univ]sal ev5 !re2 on ! contr>y1 ^? classes %[ also ! mo/ diff]5t t5d5cies2 among !m1 too1 ! progress ( ! ,*ri/ian awak5+ has made itself felt1 & religi\s belief is treat$ ) m respect4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 x is t ! evil ( impiety has its focus & its c5t] ( expansion4 ,sometimes x manife/s itself "u gross & cynical =ms1 sometimes ) a pret5sion to ?\ght & le>n+2 n[ by ! brutal lic5ti\sness ( its behavior1 n[ by ! arrogant yet emb>rass$ expression ( its op9ions4 #cgd ,la/ ye> ,i receiv$ an invitation to att5d ! great congress ( /ud5ts assembl$ at ,lige2 an invitation :i*1 al?\gh ,i express$ = ! purpose ( ?is assemblage a real & a s9c]e int]e/1 ,i decl9$4 ,:5 ,i le>n$ :at ! ideas 7 t _h be5 !re l\dly express$--:5 ,i read t ! "q _h !re be5 put z "o betwe5 ,god & man1 & t ! idolatry ( man _h be5 proclaim$ 9 ! place ( ! adoration ( ,god1--,i exp]i5c$ two s5tim5ts ! mo/ contradictory1 a lively satisfaction t ,i _h held myself alo( f su* a sc5e1 & a pr(\nd regret1 at ! same "t1 t ,i _h n be5 pres5t to prote/ aga9/ su* an invasion ( ,pan!ism & ( ,a!ism into "y s\ls1 ^u :om my ?\ghts only re/ ) s5tim5ts ( affectionate hopefulness4 ,i h gr[n old1 ,i h _h to und]go pa9ful disappo9tm5ts1 b 9 spite ( all1 my fir/ impulse has ev] be5 to believe 9 ! prompt efficacy ( tru? :5 x knocks unhesitat+ly at ! door ( ! m9d2 nor is x )\t reluctance t ,i br+ myself to wait = "t & exp]i5ce to unvail :at is error4 #cge ,( ! two k9ds ( impiety :i* ,i h j allud$ to1 ! impiety :i* is gross & cynical1 :i* spr+s f immorality & :i* produces immorality1 is und\bt$ly ! m fatal to ! human s\l1 to its dignity & its future lot2 b sy/ematic impiety--impiety t e/abli%es itself into doctr9e--is ! m dang]\s = human societies2 =1 enamor$ ( itself1 x takes its pride 9 self-glorification & self-propagation4 ,! ambiti\s ones ( impiety obta9 m cr$it ?an ^?1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ^: impiety is lic5ti\sness4 ,recklessness 9 religion is 9 our days a m widely spread evil ?an impiety4 ,i d n "h speak ( t indiff]5tism ) respect to religi\s subjects t ! ,abb de la ,m5nais s eloqu5tly attack$2 t s5tim5t may be pr(\nd1 & x may be frivol\s2 x may spr+ f ,mat]ialism1 f ,skepticism1 f a ?\ghtful impiety1 z well z f a gross =getfulness ( ! p>am\nt que/ions :i* ex]cise ! human m9d4 #cgf ,! recklessness n[ s common gives no ?\ght at all to ^! subjects1 does n picture to itself t !re is any gr\nd = s do+2 :]e ?is t5d5cy prevails1 man's ?\ght conf9es itself to its t]re/rial1 its actual life2 ! bus9ess & ! int]e/s ( ?is life alone occupy him1 alone cont5t him2 !re is1 z x 71 a sleep ( all ^? in/9cts & requirem5ts ( ! human s\l :i* g beyond ?is l[ region1 & if n a complete abdication1 at lea/ a sluggi% torpor ( ! heav5ly "p ( our nature4 ,let n ! fri5ds ( a religi\s life & ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? deceive !mselves2 x is "h t !y h ! greate/ ob/acles to enc\nt]1 ! deade/ weight to lift & to remove4 ,aggression provokes resi/ance2 a /ruggle leads to ! m>%al+ ( ! diff]5t ho/ile =ces2 nor does ! le>n+ ( ! believ] dread to ent] ! ar5a ) ! le>n+ ( ! incr$ul\s4 #cgg ,b recklessness 9 religion is l a va/ ,dead ,sea 9 :i* no be+ lives1 an imm5se b>r5 des]t 9 :i* no vegetation pu%es4 ,x is1 if n ! mo/ revolt+1 at lea/ ! mo/ =midable evil ( ! day4 ,x is aga9/ ?is evil t ,*ri/ians are b\nd1 m especially1 to direct _! en]gies1 = !re are a _w & an entire population "h to be conqu]$4 ,nor w po9ts d'appui or means ( action fail !m 9 ?is great "w4 ,= if religi\s recklessness is 9 our days deplorably common1 nei!r is p]plexity z to religi\s matt]s a /rang] among u4 ,x spr+s f s5tim5ts & out ( int]e/s v diff]5t 9 _! natures1 sometimes m]ely on ! surface1 sometimes 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,!re is a k9d ( p]plexity f\nd$ ^u ! dictates ( common s5se1 & entitl$ to e respect1 b to :i* ,i d n accord1 nev]!less1 ! epi!t ( religi\s2 ?is p]plexity is g5]at$ by ! in/9ct or ! exp]i5ce ( ! utility ( religion = ! ma9t5ance ( ord] 9 society1 n m]ely 9 ! great public society1 b also 9 ! small] dome/ic societies1 t is1 9 ! /ate z well z 9 families4 #cgh ,a man ( di/+ui%$ m5tal capacity & ( an honorable "*1 elve ( ! ,ecole polite*nique1 & +nieur en *ef 9 "o ( our great dep>tm5ts1 0 "o day speak+ to me ) sorr[ ( ! attacks level$ at ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is n1 he said1 on my own acc\nt t ,i regret ^! attacks2 y "k ,i am a ',voltairean2' b ,i ask = regul>ity & peace 9 my own h\sehold2 ,i felicitate myself t my wife is a ,*ri/ian1 & ,i mean my daught]s to be br\ght up l ,*ri/ian wom54 ,^! demoli%]s "k n :at !y are do+2 x is n m]ely ^u our ,*ur*es1 x is ^u our h\ses1 our homes & _! inmates1 t _! bl[s are tell+6 #cgi ,!re is a p]plexity m s]i\s & m pr(\nd--a p]plexity really religi\s--"o sugge/$ n m]ely by ! necessity ( social ord]1 b by t ( moral security1 ( h>mony1 ( confid5ce1 & ( intimate hopefulness 9 ! pres5ce ( ! problems & ( ! *ances t weigh ^u man4 ,?is p]plexity takes place n m]ely 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m5--( m5 :o r5d] to !mselves an acc\nt ( _! int]nal tr\bles1 & :o av[ !m undisguis$ly2 x causes agitation & spreads desolation among multitudes ( s+le-m9d$1 mode/1 & sil5t m51 :o suff] f ! anti*ri/ian mal>ia spread ar\nd !m4 ,:at fram] ( /ati/ics %all c\nt _! numb]8 :at philosoph] m9i/] successfully to _! disease8 ,i g fur!r /ill4 ,i li/5 to contempor>y philosoph]s !mselves1 & ,i f9d 9 ! cases ( "s ( ! m em95t an intellectual p]plexity1 %[+ itself cle>ly ?r\gh op9ions ! mo/ sy/ematic1 & ! fur!/ remov$ f ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,i %all "n b two--,m4 ,va*]ot & ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]4 #chj ,i h no int5tion ( ent]+ "h into a special exam9ation ( _! ideas2 ,i seek only to %[ ! /ate ( _! m9ds & ( _! s\ls1 z x results f ! t5or ( _! works4 ,i h read1 & read ov] aga91 ) scrupul\s att5tion1 ! two pr9cipal philosophical treatises ( ,m4 ,va*]ot1 ,la ,mtaphysique et la ,sci5ce ou ,pr9cipes de ,philosophie ,positive1 ,footnote #gi & ! ,essais de ,philosophie ,critique4 ,footnote #hj ,footnote #gi3 ,second edition1 ?ree vols4 #abmo41 #ahfc4 ,footnote #hj3 ,"o vol4 #hvo41 #ahfd4 ,m4 ,va*]ot does n desire to be1 nor is he really1 9 8 consci5ce & 9 8 own eyes1 an advocate ei!r ( ,mat]ialism1 or ,positivism1 or ,pan!ism1 or ,a!ism1 or ,skepticism4 #cha ,he analyzes & he refutes successively ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 z conceiv$ & exp\nd$ by _! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives2 he def5ds himself1 & ) w>m?1 f ! *>ge ( adh]+ to !m3 a man1 he says1 is n an ,a!i/1 a ,mat]iali/1 a ,pan!i/1 an ,ideali/1 because he does n believe 9 ,god1 s\l1 m9d1 matt]1 _w--9 all ^! metaphysical words tak5 9 a giv5 acceptation4 ,! true ,a!i/1 if su* a "o exi/s1 is he ^: m9d is grossly empirical1 & want+ 9 ! s5se ( :at is intelligible1 ideal1 & div9e4 ,! true ,pan!i/ is he :o id5tifies tru? & reality1 ,god & ! _w1 :e!r1 l ,sp9oza & ,goe!1 he deifies ! _w1 or l ! ,/oics1 he mat]ializes ,god4 ,! true ,mat]iali/ is he :o degrades man to ! bea/1 ei!r by d5y+ him 8 sup]ior & really human faculties1 or by d]iv+ ^! f animal faculties4 ,! true ,ideali/1 l ,b]keley1 is he :o rejects all ext]nal reality z an illusion1 :atev] ! conception ( t reality2 :e!r x be z a ?+ made up ( =ces & ( laws1 or z consi/+ ( ext5d$ matt]4 444 ,all ^! words require to be def9$ & expla9$1 or !y necess>ily occasion my/]ies1 contradictions1 & absurdities4 ,9 _! vague complexities !y d n express ideas ( suffici5t simplicity1 nor d !y answ] to ideas suffici5tly precise = sci5ce to adopt !m unres]v$ly & )\t di/9ction4 444 #chb ,a *os5 few exi/ ^: sympa?y is de> to me2 ,i rema9 pr(\ndly atta*$ to all ! tru?s :i* !y1 ) reason1 reg>d z con/itut+ ! /r5g?1 life1 & honor ( philosophy4 ,i rema91 l !m1 a ,spirituali/1 an ,ideali/1 a ,!i/1 al?\gh ) o!r me?ods1 ano!r language1 & also1 beyond a d\bt1 ) notable res]vations4 ,footnote #ha ,footnote #ha3 ,la ,mtaphysique et la sci5ce2 9 ! ,introduction & ! ,preface1 vol4 i41 pp4 xvi1 xxxiv4 ,nor is ,m4 ,va*]ot m ( a ,skeptic ?an ( a ,mat]iali/ & a ,pan!i/2 he believes firmly 9 absolute tru?1 9 sci5tific metaphysics1 & 9 ! univ]sal & ess5tial pr9ciples :i* =m _! bases4 ,metaphysics1 he says1 h no?+ to dread f analysis2 x is a te/ f :i* !y c only issue ) honor4 ,! tru?s priori ^u :i* ! sci5ce re/s1 w inspire no m d\bt s soon z x comes to be well und]/ood t ^? tru?s are f\nd$ ^u ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( demon/ration1 l all ! tru?s priori ( ! o!r sci5ces4 #chc ,metaphysics h1 & w ev] h = _! object1 ! ,be+ inf9ite1 necess>y1 absolute1 & univ]sal4 ,n[ ! ideas ( be+1 inf9ite1 necess>y1 absolute1 univ]sal1 are s involv$ 9 ! notion ( appe>ance1 f9ite1 cont+5t1 relative1 individual1 t x is impossible = ! human m9d to sep>ate !m4 ,accord+ly1 9 ord] to be entitl$ to d5y ,metaphysics1 & ! tru?s :i* are peculi> to !m1 we mu/ fir/ mutilate ! human m9d1 & r$uce x to ! pure faculties ( s5sation & imag9ation :i* are common to x ) animals4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! reason1 ! ?\ght1 ! faculty peculi> to ! human intellig5ce1 ent]s ! field1 x br+s necess>ily ) x ! object ( s5sation & ( imag9ation1 "u ! categories ( quantity1 quality1 be+1 relation1 unity4 #chd ,!n x is t appe> to ! m9d ! di/9ction1 & aft]w>d ! logical connection1 ( ! two t]ms correspond+ to ea* category1 ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 ( ! cont+5t & ! necess>y1 ( ! individual & ! univ]sal1 ( ! relative & ! absolute1 ( appe>ance & be+4 ,! ?\ght ent]s !n p]=ce1 :e!r x is consci\s ( x or n1 ^u ! peculi> gr\nd ( ,metaphysics4 ,no?+ b a gross &1 s to say1 an animal empiricism1 has ! "r to d5y ! conceptions & ! tru?s ( ?is sci5ce1 & ! d5ial is a d5egation ( ! high] faculties ( ! intellig5ce4 ,footnote #hb ,footnote #hb3 ,la ,mtaphysique et la sci5ce2 ,preface1 vol4 i1 p4 xlviii4 ,x is impossible to disav[ m indignantly ,mat]ialism1 ,a!ism1 ,skepticism1 ) _! pr9ciples & _! consequ5ces4 ,b aft] all ^! decl>ations & ^! disav[als1 :5 ,m4 ,va*]ot has to draw 8 conclusions1 & has to set ! affirmation ( 8 own ideas by ! side ( 8 criticism ( ! ideas ( o!r writ]s2 :5 he1 9 8 turn1 und]takes to expla9 ,god & ! _w1 ?is tw(old object ( ,metaphysics1 ! p]plexity ( ! ?9k] becomes at once app>5t1 & he falls1 9 spite ( himself1 into ! v pa?s f :i* he propos$ to escape4 #che ,:at d y und]/& by ,god8 says he2 ! p]fect ,be+8 ,he is ! ,god ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,leibnitz2 he is ! ,god ( all ! !ologians ) :om ,div9ity & ,p]fection are synonyms4 ,t ,god is our ,god too4 ,b if1 ( ?is ,god1 immutable 9 8 p]fection1 elevat$ beyond "t1 space1 ! movem5t ( univ]sal life1 y make any?+ else ?an an ideal ( ! ?\ght1 ,i confess ,i no long] compreh5d him4 444 ,^! ideas1 all equally r$ucible to ! idea ( ! ,p]fect1 z und]/ood by ,plato1 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,fnlon1 ,leibnitz1 c h no objective reality1 & only exi/ 9 ! ideal ord] ( pure ?\ght2 absolutely 9 ! same mann] z ! figures ( geometry d1 :i* lose all ! vigor\sness & all ! exactitude ( _! def9ition else:]e ?an 9 ! doma9 ( ! und]/&+4 444 #chf ,p]fection exi/s1 c only exi/1 9 ! ?\ght4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( p]fection to be purely ideal2 & ! rem>k applies z truly to ! ,p]fect ,be+ ( ,desc>tes & ( ,leibnitz z to ! 'intelligible _w' ( ,plato & ( ,malebran*e4 ,a 'p]fect ,god1' or a 'real ,god8' ,!ology mu/ make its *oice4 ,a p]fect ,god is only an ideal ,god4 ,footnote #hc ,footnote #hc3 ,la ,mtaphysique et la sci5ce2 vol4 i1 pp4 xii1 #a1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bdg4 ,t is to say1 t = ,metaphysics to admit ,god1 ! ,be+ ,god mu/ vani%1 & rema9 only a conception1 a notion1 an idea4 ,x may be t to a philosoph] or two ?is may seem /ill ,!ism2 to ! human s\l1 & to ! human race1 x is ,a!ism1 & no?+ else4 ,god ?us made to vani%1 :at becomes 9 its turn ( ! _w8 #chg ,"h ,god reappe>s4 ,z = ! real ,god1 says ,m4 ,va*]ot1 he lives1 he develops himself 9 ! imm5sity ( space & 9 ! et]nity ( "t2 he appe>s to u "u ! inf9ite v>iety ( =ms :i* are 8 manife/ations--he is ,cosmos4 444 ,! _w ?\ght ( is some?+ else ?an ! _w imag9$4 ,imag9ation repres5ts to u ! _w z an imm5se mass ( disp]s$ matt]1 z an inf9ite collection ( =ces dissem9at$ 9 ! va/ fields ( space4 ,! idea does n occur to m5 ( vulg> m9ds1 nor ev5 to our m5 ( le>n+1 t ?is image ( univ]sal life _c = an in/ant support ! glance ( reason2 !y d n p]ceive t void is synonym\s ) no?+1 t ! atom is an un9telligible hypo!sis2 t be+ is always & ev]y:]e1 )\t any possible solution ( cont9uity1 ei!r 9 "t or 9 space2 t ! univ]sal life is "o 9 its app>5t disp]sion2 & f9ally1 t ! _w is a be+1 & n m]ely a :ole4 ,footnote #hd ,footnote #hd3 ,la ,mtaphysique et la sci5ce1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bdg2 vol4 i1 p4 lii4 ,:at is ?is if x be n ,pan!ism8 #chh ,& ^! incoh]5ces1 ^! contradictions1 ^! relapses ( ,m4 ,va*]ot into sy/ems t he disav[s1 & t he has j combat$1 :at are !y b /rik+ evid5ces ( ! vanity ( 8 ef=ts1 l ^? ( s _m o!rs1 to expla91 unaid$ by ,god1 ,god & ! univ]se8 ,( ano!r nature is ! p]plexity ( ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]2 8 is ! disquietude ( ! critic1 n ! emb>rassm5t ( ! metaphysician4 ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]] 0 a believ+ ,*ri/ian1 a believ] zeal\s 9 8 fai?1 & active 9 its cause4 ,! exam9ation ( sy/ems & ( facts1 hi/orical criticism & philosophical criticism1 impell$ him to skepticism2 n to t skepticism :i* is indiff]5t & /range to all p]sonal conviction4 ,m4 ,s*]] believes 9 tru? & 9 ! rights ( tru?2 b :]e t tru?8 ,he seeks x1 he f9ds x n2 he w&]s among sy/ems & facts z 9 a labyr9?1 discov]+ at ea* /ep t 8 pa? is ! wrong "o1 & f x nev]!less f9d+ no issue4 ,he is /ill aw>e t humanity _c live 9 a labyr9?1 t x requires--nay1 absolutely requires--to issue =?1 to behold1 or at lea/ to cat* glimpses (1 ! light ( day4 #chi ,he has a s5tim5t ( ! moral requirem5ts ( human nature1 ( man's life2 & he sees well t ! negations & ! d\bts ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy c nev] satisfy ^? requirem5ts4 ,i h already cit$1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! ,m$itations1 "s ( ! passages 9 :i* ?is p]plexity /rik+ly manife/s itself2 a p]plexity full at once ( pride & sadness1 :i*1 al?\gh x does n %ake ,m4 ,s*]] 9 8 convictions1 makes him nev]!less see _! vanity4 ,footnote #he ,he kn[s t its own ?\ght suffices n = ! human s\l2 p]haps x is 8 own s\l sugge/s to him t k4 ,footnote #he3 ,see p>ticul>ly ! passage cit$ 9 ! ,?ird ,m$itation 7,rationalism7 ( ?is volume1 p4 #bef1 etc41 & 9 ! ,m$itation on ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 7,?ird ,m$itation1 ! ,sup]natural17 p4 #aai4 #cij ,:y is x t ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( all ! attacks :i* x has _h to und]go1 & all ! ordeals ?r\gh :i* x has be5 made to pass1 has = eighte5 c5turies satisfi$ inf9itely bett] ! spontane\s in/9cts & inv9cible crav+s ( humanity8 ,is x n because x is pure f ! errors :i* vitiate ! diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy j pass$ 9 review8 because x fills up ! void t ^? sy/ems ei!r create or leave 9 ! human s\l8 because1 9 %ort1 x conducts man high] to ! f\nta9 ( light8 ,"q p>am\nt1 to :i* ^! ,m$itations are int5d$ z ! prelude1 & :i* ,i %all essay to solve1 by confront+1 z ,i be=e said1 ,footnote #hf ,*ri/ianity ) its oppon5ts1 & by %[+ t1 if x succe$s :]e !y fail1 ! reason is1 t1 sprung f a high] s\rce ?an man1 x alone has ! "r to succe$1 = x alone kn[s man rightly z he is--z "o entire be+2 x alone satisfies man by furni%+ him ) a rule = 8 guidance ?r\gh life4 ,footnote #hf3 ,fir/ ,m$itation1 p4 #bjj4 ,! ,end4