,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,,edible ,,and ,,poisonous ,,fungi4 8,o1 mickle is the powerful grace1 that lies ,in plants1 herbs1 stones1 and their true qualities2 ,for nought so vile that on the earth doth live1 ,but to the earth some special good doth give40 ,,rom4 ,,and ,,jul41 ,act ,,ii41 ,sc4 #c4 ,,london3 ,,wyman ,,and ,,sons1 ,,printers1 ,,great ,,queen ,,street1 ,,lincoln',s-,,inn ,,fields1 ,w4,c4 ,,mushrooms ,,and ,,toadstools3 ,,how ,,to ,,distinguish ,,easily ,,the ,differences between ,edible and ,poisonous ,fungi4 ,,with ,,figures ,,of ,,twenty-,,nine ,,edible ,,and ,,thirty-,,one ,,poisonous ,,species4 ,,by ,,worthington ,g4 ,,smith1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,m4,a4,i4 ,,third ,,edition4 ,illustration ,,london3 ,,hardwicke ,,and ,,bogue1 #aib ,,piccadilly4 #ahgf4 ,,preface4 8,,the ,,proof ,,of ,,the ,fungus ,,is ,,in ,,the ,,eating40 ,i have constantly eaten every species figured on the 8,edible ,sheet10 and many others that are not4 ,few1 ,i imagine1 will expect me to have eaten every species on the 8,poisonous ,sheet10 bearing1 as they do1 such adjective names as 8gloomy10 8fiery10 8satanical10 8inflaming10 c4 ,however1 years ago1 without a proper guide and with very little experience1 ,i more than once became personally acquainted with the unpleasant qualities of one or two dangerous species1 the particulars of which will be found in the proper place4 ,if the following brief descriptions are used in connection with the two sheets of drawings1 which ,i have copied from nature and transferred to the stones myself 7or in reference to the large drawings in the ,bethnal ,green ,museum71 no one who is capable of distinguishing one thing from another need fear making a mistake4 ,i shall be glad to give information regarding any species forwarded to me carriage paid4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,smith4 #ae1 ,,mildmay ,,grove1 ,,london1 ,n4 ,,index ,,to ,,popular ,,names4 7,e4 refers to ,edible1 and ,p4 to ,poisonous ,sheet2 ,b4,g4,m4 to the ,number of the ,drawing in the ,bethnal ,green ,museum47 ,fig4 ,page ,b4,g4,m4 ,p4 #f4 ,astringent mushroom #eb #ehb ,p4 #bi4 ,bitter tube-mushroom #fb #fag ,p4 #ag4 ,blood-stained mushroom #eg #eah ,p4 #a4 ,bundled stump-mushroom #ej #cca ,e4 #d4 ,candle clavaria #bd #hdc ,e4 #h4 ,chantarelle #bh #eci ,e4 #bd4 ,clouded mushroom #dd #gc ,e4 #af4 ,curled helvella #cg #afgc ,e4 #bj4 ,edible morel #da #affh ,e4 #b4 0 tube-mushroom #bb1 #fb #faj ,p4 #ba4 ,emetic mushroom #bg1 #ei #ebh ,e4 #bh4 ,fairy-ring champignon #ae1 #dg #eec ,p4 #cj4 ,false champignon #dh1 #fb #eej ,p4 #ai4 0 chantarelle #eh #edj ,p4 #af4 ,fetid mushroom #eg #ecj ,p4 #d4 0 leather-fungus #ea #gfj ,p4 #ca4 0 wood-witch4 #fc #iad ,p4 #ae4 ,fiery milk-mushroom #ef #ejj ,p4 #bf4 0 tube-mushroom #fa #eig ,e4 #aj4 ,fir-cone mushroom #ca #e ,p4 #ac4 ,fly mushroom #ed #c ,e4 #g4 ,furrowed clavaria #bh #hbg ,e4 #be4 ,giant puff-ball #de #icj 0 morel #db ,p4 #aj4 ,gloomy tube-mushroom #ec #fjg ,p4 #aa4 ,griping milk-mushroom #ec #dhh ,e4 #i4 ,horse mushroom #ae1 #bi #cag ,p4 #bd4 ,incrusted mushroom #dj1 #fj #bgh ,e4 #ah4 ,lilac-stemmed mushroom #ae1 #ci #fe ,e4 #ba4 ,liver fungus #db #gaf ,p4 #ah4 ,livid milk-mushroom #eh #dih ,p4 #i4 ,magpie mushroom #eh #cgi ,e4 #ac4 ,maned mushroom #cd #cgd ,p4 #g4 ,matrix-bearing mushroom #eb #b ,e4 #e4 ,meadow mushroom #ae1 #bd1 #bf #caf ,p4 #e4 ,olive-gilled mushroom #ea #cbh ,e4 #aa4 ,orange-milk mushroom #cb1 #df #ejb ,e4 #ag4 ,oyster mushroom #ch #agi ,e4 #bf4 ,pear-milk mushroom #df #ejh ,e4 #ae4 ,plum mushroom #cf #bbe ,p4 #h4 ,poisonous spring mushroom #eb #a ,p4 #ad4 ,poisonous forest mushroom #ed #bab ,p4 #bh4 ,pungent milk-mushroom #fb #eje ,e4 #ab4 ,purple cobweb-mushroom #cc #dbj ,e4 #a4 ,red-fleshed mushroom #ba #g ,p4 #b4 ,red juice-mushroom #ej #dhb ,p4 #ab4 ,ruddy milk-mushroom #ea #eab ,p4 #bg4 ,satanical tube-mushroom #fa #fjf ,e4 #ad4 ,scaly mushroom #af1 #ce #ac ,p4 #bb4 ,slimy dung-mushroom #ei #cbg ,e4 #bb4 ,spine-bearing mushroom #dc #gah ,e4 #ai4 ,st4 ,george's mushroom #af1 #cf1 #dj #fb ,p4 #bc4 ,sulphury mushroom #fj #ee ,p4 #c4 ,trellised ,clathrus #ea #iag ,e4 #bi4 ,truffle #af1 #dh #aiaf ,e4 #c4 ,variable ,mushroom #bc #ebb ,p4 #be4 ,verdigris mushroom #fj #cbb ,e4 #bc4 ,viscid white mushroom #dc #dgj ,e4 #bg4 ,white fir-wood mushroom #df #hj ,e4 #f4 ,yellow-gilled mushroom #bg #ecf ,p4 #bj4 ,yellow milk-mushroom #eh #ejc ,,index ,,to ,,scientific ,,names4 ,fig4 ,page ,b4,g4,m4 ,p4 #be4 ,agaricus ruginosus #fj #cbb ,e4 #i4 0 arvensis #ae1 #bi #cag 0 csareus #bc1 #bf ,e4 #e4 0 campestris #ae1 #bd1 #bf #caf ,p4 #bd4 0 crustuliniformis #dj1 #fj #bgh ,e4 #bg4 0 dealbatus #df #hj 0 euosmus #ch ,e4 #i4 0 exquisitus #bi #cag ,p4 #a4 0 fascicularis #ej #cca ,p4 #ad4 0 sinuatus #ed #bab ,e4 #ai4 0 gambosus #af1 #cf1 #dj #fb ,p4 #ac4 0 muscarius #ed #c ,e4 #bd4 0 nebularis #dd #gc 0 nudus #ci 0 odorus #dg 0 orcellus #cf #bbe ,e4 #ag4 0 ostreatus #ch #agi ,e4 #ah4 0 personatus #ae1 #ci #fe ,p4 #g4 0 phalloides #eb 0 pratensis #be ,e4 #ad4 0 procerus #af1 #ce ,e4 #ae4 0 prunulus #cf #bbe 0 rachodes #cf ,e4 #a4 0 rubescens #ba #g ,p4 #bb4 0 semiglobatus #ei #cbg 0 silvicola #be ,e4 #aj4 0 strobiliformis #ca #e ,p4 #e4 0 sublateritius #ea #cbh ,p4 #bc4 0 sulfureus #fj #ee 0 vaginatus #cb ,p4 #h4 0 vernus #eb #a 0 villaticus #cj ,boletus stivalis #bc #fab 0 chrysenteron #bc ,e4 #b4 0 edulis #bb1 #fb #faj ,p4 #bi4 0 felleus #fb #fag ,p4 #aj4 0 luridus #ec #fjg ,p4 #bf4 0 piperatus #fa #eig ,p4 #bg4 0 ,satanas #fa #fjf 0 scaber #bc #fae ,p4 #ai4 ,cantharellus aurantiacus #eh #edj ,e4 #h4 0 cibarius #bh #eci ,p4 #c4 ,clathrus cancellatus #ea #iag ,clavaria coralloides #bh ,e4 #g4 0 rugosa #bh #hbg ,e4 #d4 0 vermiculata #bd #hdc ,coprinus atramantarius #ce ,e4 #ac4 0 comatus #cd #cgd ,p4 #i4 0 picaceus #eb #dbj ,e4 #ab4 ,cortinarius violacens #cc #dbj ,e4 #ba4 ,fistulina hepatica #db #gaf ,e4 #af4 ,helvella crispa #cg #afgc 0 lacunosa #cg #afgd ,e4 #bb4 ,hydum repandum #dc #gah ,p4 #b4 ,hygrophorus conicus #ej #dhb 0 niveus #dd 0 pratensis #dd 0 psittacinus #dd ,e4 #bc4 0 virgineus #dc #dgj ,p4 #bh4 ,lactarius acris #fb #eje ,e4 #aa4 0 deliciosus #cb1 #dg #ejb ,p4 #ae4 0 piperatus #ef #ejj ,p4 #ah4 0 pyrogalus #eh #dih ,p4 #ab4 0 rufus #ed #eab ,p4 #bj4 0 theiogalus #eh #ejc ,p4 #aa4 0 torminosus #ec #dhh ,e4 #bf4 0 volemum #df #ejh ,e4 #be4 ,lycoperdon giganteum #de #icj ,e4 #bh4 ,marasmius oreades #ae1 #dg #eec ,p4 #cj4 0 urens #dh1 #fb #eej ,e4 #bj4 ,morchella esculenta #da #affh 0 crassipes #db ,p4 #f4 ,panus stypticus #eb #ehb ,p4 #ca4 ,phallus impudicus #fc #iad ,e4 #f4 ,russula alatacea #bg #ecf ,p4 #ba4 0 emetica #bg1 #ei #ebh ,p4 #af4 0 ftens #eg #ecj 0 furcata #bc ,e4 #c4 0 heterophylla #bc #ebb ,p4 #ag4 0 sanguinea #eg #eah 0 virescens #bd ,p4 #d4 ,thelephora palmata #ea #gfj ,e4 #bi4 ,tuber stivum #af1 #dh #aiaf 0 cibarium #di ,,introductory ,,observations4 8444444 ,oh1 who can tell ,the hidden power of hearbes1 and might of magicke spell80 ,,spenser4 ,perhaps no other country can vie with ,great ,britain in the vast number of edible species of fungi that may be gathered during all seasons of the year1 from one end of the land to the other4 ,the pastures and woodlands literally teem with them2 they are1 however 7sad to say71 little known1 sadly neglected1 or looked upon with unmerited suspicion4 ,the literature1 too1 of the subject is so small1 and the scientific part of the study so extremely difficult to begin1 that few persons dare venture to test the qualities of any fungus except the meadow mushroom1 and instances are common enough where even this species is rejected4 ,it is apparent that no one can be a sure guide to others who is not himself a 8regular fungus eater10 and that no descriptions can be of value1 or drawings of use1 unless they are taken with the greatest care from the objects themselves4 ,to the best of my ability1 ,i have attempted this1 and wish to persuade others to test the rare gastronomic qualities of the twenty-nine species figured4 ,the number here described and drawn is only a very small portion of the really valuable species1 for ,i well know that1 as a beginner in the study1 ,i made all sorts of mistakes2 but1 with one exception1 ,i seldom suffered much inconvenience1 and ,i even know instances where confessedly poisonous species have been eaten without ill effect4 ,a little prudence1 too often neglected1 should be observed in the consumption of fungi3 for instance1 only young1 fresh1 and sound specimens should be gathered for the table--for if stale1 semi-putrid1 and worm-eaten plants are chosen1 they are as likely to produce indigestion and inconvenience as meat in a similar condition2 they should be eaten in moderation1 as a surfeit of sweet mushrooms is as likely to disarrange one's digestive organs as a surfeit of pastry4 ,if these precautions are attended to1 and a moderate amount of bread1 salt1 pepper1 and common sense is used1 no accident need occur4 ,let the specimens be cooked as soon as possible after gathering4 ,although the following statement may be difficult to understand1 it is nevertheless a fact1 that many men do not know what a mushroom is at all1 but will eat anything4 ,i will give an instance3 ,a year or two ago1 a man in the north of ,england cooked a large batch of what he called mushrooms1 for supper1 and succeeded in poisoning his wife and family to death1 and himself nearly to death4 ,some of the things he cooked were sent to me for identification1 and lo6 he had gathered everything he could lay his hands upon2 large and small1 sweet and foul--off horsedung1 and rotten palings1 and from wherever he could find anything with a stalk and a top to it after the manner of an umbrella4 ,when he had buried his family and recovered his own health1 he carelessly walked into a well1 and either killed or much damaged himself--,i forget which4 ,i mention this to show the sort of men they are who poison themselves with mushrooms4 ,they would poison themselves with anything else if they had the opportunity2 would get under a cart-wheel1 or do any absurd thing4 ,the twenty-nine species figured on the 8,edible ,sheet0 are most of them abundant1 and instantly recognizable when seen1 and every one is a wholesome and delicious object of food1 full of aroma and flavour4 ,i invite my readers to partake of the bountiful feast spread in our rich pastures and shady woodlands all over the country for all who care to partake4 8,mushrooms and ,toadstools40--,these two words embrace the whole of the knowledge possessed by the people at large regarding the immense fungus tribe of this country4 ,if we take the mushroom type of fungus as an example1 we have some seven hundred species1 all possessing a certain general similitude of form4 ,this has caused many to look upon fungi in common as equivocal productions1 difficult or impossible to distinguish as permanent species2 but when the study is once entered upon in earnest1 the student will soon perceive that the species1 as a rule1 are marked with great distinctness and permanency1 rendering the recognition of most of them as certain as in any species of flowering plant4 ,when the study of the whole of the ,british ,fungi is embraced1 it is true there are many difficulties in the way1 for we find some plants closely approaching the alg and others the lichens2 but when it is only the larger fungi that it is proposed to discriminate1 the task is much easier1 the number being limited to about twelve hundred species4 ,if the orders ,,agaricini and ,,polyporei 7including more than eight of the twelve hundred species7 are taken as a rough type of the larger fungi1 it will be seen that these plants consist principally of a stem and cap4 ,unlike the flowering plant1 the mushroom has no root2 but1 in place of it1 the mycelium1 or spawn1 from which the fungus springs4 ,under the top are certain gills or plates1 tubes1 pores or spines1 that bear the spores 7or seeds74 ,these spores are distinguished from true seeds by having no embryo1 a spore consisting simply of a two-coated cell with no trace of an embryo4 ,these spores are microscopic objects of various forms1 sizes1 and colours1 the produce of one plant reaching1 it is said1 the enormous number of ten millions2 when they fall upon the earth1 or any suitable matrix1 they germinate and form the spawn which eventually produces an infant fungus1 the exact counterpart of the original producer of the spores4 ,we have but one species popularly recognized as esculent--viz41 the common meadow mushroom 7,agaricus campestris74 ,a very near ally of the 8meadow mushroom10 and a most delicious species when fresh1--viz41 the so-called 8horse mushroom0 7,agaricus arvensis7--is nearly always rejected by country-folks as dangerous4 ,this large and wholesome species is the one commonly sold in ,covent ,garden ,market as the true mushroom1 where1 if fresh specimens can be procured1 it is a welcome addition to the table4 ,the fairy-ring ,champignon 7certainly one of the most exquisitely delicious of all our fungi7 is generally neglected1 or regarded with great suspicion4 ,under the name of 8champillion10 however1 it is well known to the weavers and labouring men of the east of ,london1 who may be seen gathering it in considerable numbers any autumn day amongst the short grass of ,victoria ,park4 ,the fragrant and luscious 8,chantarelle10 the 8rare ,morel10 and the sweet and tender giant puff-ball1 are almost universally kicked aside or altogether neglected4 ,amongst the species supposed to be popular is ,agaricus personatus1 said to be sold in ,covent ,garden ,market4 ,i have never seen it there1 or heard of its presence4 ,in the ,west of ,england and some other places ,i have heard these plants called 8,blue-its0 7,blewits71 in reference to the blue colour round the upper part of the stem4 ,it is a most substantial and delicious species1 and should be better known2 but ,i imagine it is rather uncommon1 as ,i have seldom gathered it2 although till quite lately it grew near ,highbury ,barn4 ,the ,st4 ,george's mushroom1 springing up on our lawns and pastures in spring 7,agaricus gambosus71 is little known1 and very seldom eaten4 ,closely allied to the ,a4 personatus1 it is1 if possible1 more delicious1 and may be easily dried for winter use4 ,the semi-popular scaly mushroom1 ,agaricus procerus 7except to fungologists71 is known to very few1 but its esculent properties are of a very high order1 and it has the merit of being common4 ,it is said to be sometimes sold in ,covent ,garden ,market1 but ,i have never seen it there1 neither do ,i know anyone who has4 ,with the truffle1 the list must close of such fungi as are now and then eaten on exceptional occasions1 or may be imperfectly known to a few who have not studied the subject4 ,this species appears in our markets in limited quantities 7there being very little demand for it71 and realizes from #bs4 #f;d4 to #es4 per pound4 ,the statement that they fetch from #aes4 to #bjs4 per pound in the ,london markets is1 ,i believe1 incorrect4 ,it must also be remembered that our ,english truffles do not belong to the same species as the delicious truffles sold in the ,french markets4 ,there is no other way of distinguishing a poisonous from an edible fungus than by finding out its name2 there is no magic way of saving the trouble of learning1 by the insertion of a silver spoon in a stew4 ,if1 on tasting a fungus1 it burns the tongue like the contact of scalding water 7as several species do71 the probability is that it is not edible2 but if1 on the contrary1 a species exhales a delicious and inviting fragrance resembling fruit1 spice1 or new flour1 it is probably worth a trial1 and1 even if not figured on the 8,edible ,sheet10 may be cautiously tried for the table if so desired4 ,an important character to be observed in fungi is the presence of a volva1 or matrix1 at the base of the stem 7present in figs4 #g and #h1 absent in figs4 #aa and #ab1 ,poisonous ,sheet71 and in the annulus1 or ring1 round the stem towards the top 7present in figs4 #a and #g1 absent in figs4 #ad and #ae1 ,poisonous ,sheet74 ,in the determination of species a great deal depends1 too1 upon the colour of the spores1 or seeds4 ,these are readily obtained by removing the stalk of the species to be examined1 and placing the top gills lowermost on a piece of glass4 ,in a few hours the spores will be deposited in a thick dust1 and will vary 7according to the species7 from pure white to pink1 yellow1 red1 brown1 purple1 or jet black4 ,the gills often take their colours from the spores4 ,it is a very great mistake to imagine that the 8,sudden ,mushroom0 grows in a single night4 ,the growth of mushrooms takes a considerable time--often many weeks4 ,the young fungi exist just beneath or upon the surface of the earth in a compressed and narrowed compass4 ,it is during this period that all the cells are formed1 and the mushroom itself fashioned2 but1 being in a squeezed and concentrated form1 it is commonly overlooked4 ,on the advent of a wet or humid night1 the cells forming the fungus are expanded and stretched out1 and the mushroom is consequently thrust considerably above the surface of the pasture2 but1 although it is much larger in size1 it is no heavier1 neither has the substance itself considerably increased4 ,mushrooms can be artificially propagated from the seeds or spores1 but not1 generally1 during the first season of setting4 ,i have frequently grown the fragile and deliquescent species common on manure from the seeds2 but1 even when the spawn is once formed1 it is often many weeks before the little heads are developed into the true figure of the parents1 even in the inky1 fugitive and deliquescent species4 ,coprinus atramentarius can be readily grown from spores2 if planted about rotten wood in the autumn1 the fungi will appear in the late spring1 and give two crops a year till the soil is exhausted4 ,i have exhibited a cultivated variety of this species at the meetings of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,i have not thought it necessary to repeat long descriptions of how the various species may1 or may not1 be cooked2 it has been done to a great extent before4 ,it is apparent that the addition of 8good beef gravy10 8a few slices of fowl10 8rich veal stuffing10 and various other savoury condiments1 must occasionally give an extra zest to a dish of mushrooms2 but broiled1 stewed1 or pickled1 most species are 8always good alike02 indeed1 mushrooms1 in their whole composition1 resemble meat in so remarkable a manner1 that any methods of cookery in vogue for delicate preparations of meat1 apply with equal force to mushrooms4 ,mrs4 ,hussey and ,mr4 ,cooke each give a large number of rcips for preparing these vegetables for the table2 and to any reader who may wish to go deeper into the culinary branch of fungology1 ,i must refer them to these authors4 ,i must confess that ,i consider no preparation of mushrooms can exceed the delicious1 inviting1 and grateful flavour possessed by mushrooms when simply fried with butter1 salt1 and pepper4 ,the various species suitable for storing up for future use--such as the ,morel1 ,champignon1 c4--may be readily dried in a current of air1 in a sunny window1 or in a cool oven1 and then kept in tins1 or threaded on strings and kept in a very dry place4 ,occasionally this process goes a step further1 and the mushrooms 7of any species7 are dried to such an extent as to be readily pulverized2 the dust is then known and sold as 8mushroom powder40 ,housewives will now and then pickle mushrooms1 by throwing them into scalding vinegar1 allowing them to boil for ten minutes or so1 and then1 by adding cayenne1 mace1 nutmeg1 or spices1 adapt them to their various tastes4 ,the liquor extracted from the various edible mushrooms1 under the name of 8ketchup10 is used in every kitchen1 and the mode of preparation is probably known to all4 ,it simply consists of placing the freshly-gathered plants in earthen jars with layers of salt2 after a few hours the ketchup exudes in abundance from the fungi2 and the process is ultimately completed by mashing the remains of the mushrooms with the hands4 ,it should then be strained and boiled with spice and pepper1 or strained and bottled1 and the corked and scaled bottles placed for several hours in boiling water4 ,the ketchup should then be kept in a cool and very dry place4 ,nearly every species figured on the ,edible ,sheet will produce ketchup of good quality1 if treated with salt in an earthen jar4 ,the ,champignon and ,horse ,mushroom may be specially referred to as producing this condiment of an excellent quality4 ,the juice exuded from the truffle in boiling is highly relished by many1 as is the deep blood-red juice that runs from the 8liver fungus0 when cut4 ,this1 when seasoned with salt and pepper1 and boiled1 has a very delicious and stimulating flavour4 ,since these notes and the following descriptions were written1 my friend ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,penrose1 architect1 has sent me a list of twenty-eight species he has eaten1 most of which are figured on the 8,edible ,sheet02 the other species mentioned by him and not figured on the sheet are referred to in the descriptions4 ,the nomenclature of the species is the same with that given by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,berkeley in his 8,outlines of ,british ,fungology02 the numbers inserted after the scientific name refer to my large drawings in the ,food ,department of the ,bethnal ,green ,museum1 where1 if the student so desires1 he may see dissections of the species4 ,illustration ,,edible ,,mushrooms4 ,red-fleshed ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #a4 7,agaricus ,amanita rubescens47 #g4 ,this species is generally abundant in all woody places1 making its first appearance in early summer and continuing till late in the autumn4 ,it is known by its brown warty top1 its white gills1 and perfect ring encircling the bulbous stem4 ,it frequently attains a large size1 and its whole substance1 when touched1 bruised1 or broken1 becomes sienna-red4 ,this species is one of the most beautiful as well as valuable of all the ,british ,agarics4 ,if care be taken to select young and fresh specimens only1 when prepared for the table1 it will prove a very light and delicate addition to any meal4 ,mr4 ,berkeley does not subscribe to the excellence of this species2 but as far as my own experience and that of many friends go1 ,i well know it to be delicious and perfectly wholesome4 ,mr4 ,penrose writes me3 8,old specimens are very indigestible40 ,this ,i imagine contains the whole secret of its questionable name amongst some who have 7or have not7 tried it4 ,edible ,tube-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #b4 7,boletus edulis47 #faj4 ,frequently attaining enormous dimensions1 and first appearing during the summer or early autumn rains1 this fungus is one of our commonest and most delicious species4 ,like the last1 it grows in woods and forests1 and may be at once known by the following characters3 it is generally very stout1 with a smooth1 umber1 cushion-shaped top1 tubes at first white and ultimately pale yellowish-green2 stem whitish-brown1 marked with a minute white and very elegant reticulated network1 principally near the top of the ringless stem2 when cut or broken1 the fleshy body of the plant continues pure white4 ,in this1 as in every other species1 sound young specimens should be selected1 and it is perhaps as well to scrape away the tubes before preparation for the table4 ,whether boiled1 stewed with salt1 pepper1 and butter1 fried1 or roasted with onions and butter1 this species proves itself one of the most delicious and tender objects of food ever submitted to the operation of cooking4 ,it is not the plant referred to by the ancient ,roman satiric poets2 but at ,rome 7in the present day7 this species1 in company with peaches and ,agaricus csareus1 is sold at every street corner1 our common meadow mushroom1 though abundant enough there1 being disregarded4 ,b4 scaber 7#fae7 is sometimes eaten4 ,from personal experience1 ,mr4 ,penrose says3 8,young specimens are good--old1 very flat40 ,b4 stivalis 7#fab7 is of rare excellence2 it appears in the early summer1 sometimes in abundance1 at ,highgate4 ,before ,i properly knew ,b4 edulis1 ,i ate all sorts of ,boleti in mistake for it1 notably ,b4 chrysenteron4 ,variable ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #c4 7,russula heterophylla47 #ebb4 ,this is a very common species in woods1 known by its sweet nutty taste2 white1 rigid1 sometimes branched1 gills2 white flesh2 white1 solid1 fleshy1 ringless stem2 and firm top1 variable in colour1 which is at first convex1 at last concave4 ,the colour of the thin viscid skin covering the top of the fungus is commonly subdued green1 but 7as its name indicates7 the colour is variable3 at one time it approaches greenish-yellow1 or lilac1 and at another grey or obscure purple2 but it is so common and well marked that1 with the assistance of the figure1 there is no fear of mistaking it for anything else4 ,there is a stouter1 more rigid plant1 with forked gills and a bitter taste 7,r4 furcata71 that had better be avoided4 ,a third green ,russula 7,r4 virescens71 immediately known by its rigid substance1 its top broken up into large rough emerald-green patches1 and with no viscid skin1 is an excellent addition to the table4 ,russula heterophylla is highly esteemed by many1 and is certainly one of the sweetest and mildest species we have4 ,it is excellent stewed in an oven1 with salt1 pepper1 and butter1 between two dishes4 ,candle ,clavaria4 ,fig4 #d4 7,clavaria vermiculata47 #hdc4 ,this species is frequently very common in pastures and meadows1 on lawns and by roadsides1 in the wet weather of autumn4 ,it grows in bundles2 is brittle2 the clubs are pointed and very white4 ,if a few bundles be gathered1 cleaned1 and stewed or broiled1 they will form a novel and tasty adjunct to any dish1 and when once tried will be eagerly sought for in future4 ,coloured ,clavarias had better remain where found growing1 as their gastronomic qualities are doubtful4 ,meadow ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #e4 7,agaricus ,psalliota campestris47 #caf4 ,a large volume might be written about this species1 the only one popularly recognized in this country as edible4 ,it is common in rich meadows everywhere1 perhaps all over the world1 and varies in a remarkable manner1 by imperceptible gradations approaching and blending with the horse mushroom1 fig4 #i3 its varieties are distinguished by five or six different names1 but the characters run into each other so much1 and are frequently so slight and transient1 that they are often difficult to appreciate4 ,one form is found growing in woods 7,a4 silvicola74 ,i have often gathered it in the ,highgate woods1 but from its suspicious aspect would not advise its general use2 though ,i have frequently eaten it with no ill effect4 ,there is another most beautiful variety ,i have frequently gathered in the meadows on the south side of ,lord ,mansfield's woods at ,hampstead 7,a4 pratensis71 with a very hairy top1 the hairs grouped in patches like ermine4 ,when broken1 the flesh changes to a pale but vivid rose-colour4 ,if possible1 this form exceeds in excellence and piquancy of flavour the common form of our pastures4 ,several very distinct varieties are cultivated in beds and stoves1 which occasionally appear in our markets2 but none exceed our delicious indigenous meadow mushroom1 as found in the autumn in rich pastures4 ,bon fide mushrooms are known by their beautiful pink gills 7in which state they are best fit for use71 ultimately becoming deep brown1 and not reaching the stem1 which stem carries a well-marked white woolly ring2 by the very fleshy down-covered top1 the delicious and enticing fragrance and the firm white flesh1 sometimes inclined to pink when cut or broken3 the plant is so well known and so highly esteemed in this country that it is hardly necessary to say a word in its favour1 or repeat methods of preparing it for the table4 ,butter1 spice1 parsley1 sweet herbs1 salt1 pepper1 and sometimes the squeeze of a lemon1 appear to be in the greatest request2 but whether boiled1 pickled1 stewed1 fried1 or prepared in any other way1 it is equally delicious in all4 ,it seldom appears in ,covent ,garden ,market2 the dealers there are content to find a sale1 at a high price1 for stale horse mushrooms4 ,much has been written at various times regarding the apocryphal 8inspector of the ,roman markets10 who consigns mushrooms to the ,tiber1 but the facts have been much exaggerated4 ,agaricus campestris is not generally appreciated in ,italy1 is seldom eaten1 and never appears in the markets1 for the simple reason that there would be no sale for it4 ,there is an edict in existence ordering certain fungi to be thrown into the ,tiber1 but it is now1 and has long been1 altogether effete2 and whilst there is an abundance of ,a4 csareus 7by some said to be the most delicious of all fungi7 for the markets of ,italy1 it is not to be expected that the consumption of this latter plant will be given up for another and less-known species4 ,it is probable that ,agaricus csareus may one day be found in the southern parts of this country2 if so1 it will be known by its smooth wartless crimson top1 its yellow gills1 and stout white stem springing from a large wrapper at the base 7like fig4 #g1 ,poisonous ,sheet74 ,the ketchup made from the meadow mushroom is1 not without reason1 looked upon as the best1 although it may be obtained from many other species4 ,i have seen persons gathering fungi for ketchup 7to be sold in the markets71 putting almost anything into their baskets so long as the species appeared likely to yield a black juice4 ,i have known cows to be very fond of mushrooms2 and a friend of mine in the country 7who has more than once seen his cows1 in the morning1 go from mushroom to mushroom till all are consumed7 goes regularly over his pastures every morning in the autumn1 before the cattle are turned in1 to secure the first gathering of the fungus crop4 ,sheep1 squirrels1 birds1 and many other animals commonly eat raw mushrooms and other fungi4 ,yellow-gilled ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #f4 7,russula alutacea47 #ecf4 ,this is one of the principal ornaments of our woods in summer and autumn1 and is readily recognized by its thick gills1 which are of a subdued but decided buff-yellow colour1 and the somewhat viscid red1 or pale crimson top4 ,the stem is stout1 white or rose-colour1 ringless1 and solid2 the whole plant fleshy1 and frequently very large4 ,the gills immediately distinguish it from the emetic mushroom 7fig4 #ba1 ,poisonous ,sheet71 as in the latter they are pure white1 and always remain so2 there are1 too1 other great differences between the two species noted in the description of the emetic mushroom4 ,the taste of ,russula alutacea is particularly agreeable and mild1 and1 when well prepared for the table1 few species prove more satisfactory to the consumer4 ,dr4 ,badham 7by an error7 takes some exception to it4 ,furrowed ,clavaria4 ,fig4 #g4 7,clavaria rugosa47 #hbg4 ,this species1 common in woody places1 is usually pure white1 pale grey1 or shaded with cream-colour2 the clubs are irregular1 somewhat wrinkled and tough4 ,treated in the same way as ,c4 vermiculata1 it will prove equally acceptable1 agreeable1 and novel4 ,all the white-spored species are believed to be esculent4 ,i have not tried ,c4 coralloides1 an allied species1 which is greatly branched1 but it is esteemed as an esculent4 ,chantarelle4 ,fig4 #h4 7,cantharellus cibarius47 #eci4 ,the chantarelle cannot be called very common1 but it is abundant in many districts2 its solid1 ringless stem1 fleshy body1 thick swollen veins in the place of gills1 and brilliant yellow colour1 at once serve to distinguish it from every other species4 8,its smell10 says ,berkeley1 8is like that of ripe apricots40 ,sometimes 7as ,i have frequently seen in ,epping ,forest and elsewhere7 immense numbers grow together2 at other times they are very few4 ,chantarelles often cover a hedge-bank where there are trees close by2 and wherever they do appear they must enlist the admiration of the passer-by1 for they look as if made of solid gold4 ,when cooked1 this species has a rich mushroom-like flavour peculiarly its own1 and may be prepared for the table in various ways1 according to the fancy of the consumer3 but being big and solid1 it should be cut up2 and1 if stewed1 allowed to simmer gently1 and be served with pepper1 salt1 and butter4 ,there is a curious1 thin1 pale1 slender variety1 found growing in pastures about old stumps1 which ,i have never eaten1 and from its curious aspect1 habitat1 and comparative rarity1 ,i think it hardly worth the experiment1 but it may be esculent4 ,there is a very pale1 almost white1 variety of the chantarelle1 and one quite without the apricot odour4 ,horse ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #i4 7,agaricus ,psalliota arvensis47 #cag4 ,this species1 the ,a4 exquisitus of ,dr4 ,badham1 is very nearly allied to the meadow mushroom1 and frequently grows with it1 but it is coarser1 and has not the same delicious flavour4 ,it is usually much larger1 often attaining enormous dimensions2 and it turns a brownish-yellow as soon as broken or bruised4 ,the top in good specimens is smooth and snowy white2 the gills are not the pure pink of the meadow mushroom1 but dirty brownish-white1 ultimately becoming brown black4 ,it has a big1 ragged1 floccose ring1 and its pithy stem is inclined to be hollow4 ,it is the species exposed for sale in ,covent ,garden ,market4 ,indeed1 after knowing the market for many years1 ,i have rarely seen any other species there2 when the true mushroom1 however1 is there1 it is frequently mingled with horse mushrooms1 which seems to show that the dealers do not know one from the other4 ,in the wet days of autumn1 children1 idlers1 and beggars go a few miles from town into the meadows to gather whatever they can find in the mushroom line2 they then bring their dirty stock to market1 where it is sold to fashionable purchasers2 stale1 vapid1 and with no taste but a bad one4 ,when young and fresh1 the horse mushroom is a most desirable addition to the bill of fare2 it yields an abundant gravy1 and the flesh is firm and delicious4 ,it is a valuable plant when freshly gathered2 but when stale it becomes tough and leathery1 and without aroma or juice4 ,there is a curious large1 brown1 hairy variety1 of rather uncommon occurrence1 similar to the hairy variety of the meadow mushroom1 the ,a4 villaticus of ,dr4 ,badham 7given in error by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,berkeley as a variety of the meadow mushroom1 and since corrected by him74 ,it is a splendid plant1 but1 ,i think1 very rare4 ,i have only seen it once4 ,there is also another large1 sienna-red1 rank-looking variety1 ,i have often gathered in certain situations under trees1 c41 that few would be tempted to eat2 it is probably a luxuriant1 overgrown1 disagreeable thing1 that would give one a stomach-ache1 and in place of better species is not worth experimenting upon4 ,many country-folks readily distinguish the meadow from the horse mushroom1 and have a great antipathy to the latter1 although they are always willing to put it into the jar as one of the ingredients of ketchup4 ,opinions appear to differ greatly regarding the excellence of this species4 ,mr4 ,penrose writes--8,i think young1 and especially button specimens of this1 very indigestible2 until they are well opened out1 they are unfit for use40 ,such1 however1 ,i must say1 is not my experience of button specimens4 ,there is a strong odour attached both to this fungus and its spawn1 the ground just below the surface being frequently white with the latter4 ,if horsedung be kicked aside in a rich pasture frequented by graminivorous animals1 the earth will frequently present a snowy whiteness from the spawn of this species1 from which the young individuals may be seen springing up4 ,the specimen figured is not fully expanded1 but is represented in the condition best for the table4 ,i once saw a sheep eat a large specimen with great apparent gusto1 although the fungus was full of maggots4 ,fir-cone ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #aj4 7,agaricus ,amanita strobiliformis47 #e4 ,if colour is left out of the question1 no finer species of ,agaric than this one grows in the country4 ,it attains a very large size in well-grown specimens1 but is rare4 ,i have but once found it1 and then it was sprinkled pretty plentifully along the borders of a fir plantation in ,hampshire1 not far from ,winchester4 ,the solid compact flesh1 fine ring1 bulbous stem1 and patched top1 well mark this species4 ,the persistent patches on the top are not very unlike the scales of a fir-cone1 hence its specific name2 the gills do not reach the stem4 ,its undisputed esculent qualities are of a high order1 and it is to be regretted that its comparative rarity must prevent its being so well known and appreciated as its merits deserve4 ,the specimen figured is not fully expanded1 at which time most fungi are fuller of flavour4 ,a very common species of ,amanita 7,a4 vaginatus71 said to be esculent 7and eaten by ,mr4 ,penrose71 ,i have not tried4 ,orange-milk ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #aa4 7,lactarius deliciosus47 #ejb4 ,there are but few species of the ,lactarius1 or milk-bearing group1 that can be recommended for culinary purposes4 ,this species1 however1 and fig4 #bf are exceptions1 and there can be no fear of mistaking the orange-milk mushroom for any other species4 ,it is at once known by the orange-coloured milk which it exudes on being bruised1 cut1 or broken2 this milk soon becoming dull green4 ,the plant is solid1 almost corky1 and the richly-coloured top is commonly1 but not always1 marked with deeper coloured zones1 as in the figure4 ,it always grows in fir plantations1 and ,i have found it on the ,kentish ,town side of ,london1 almost before the smoke of the city is left behind4 ,it is somewhat local1 although at times it grows in large numbers1 but always amongst firs4 ,like several other excellent species1 the taste is at times rather sharp when raw4 ,when cooked with taste and care1 it is one of the greatest delicacies of the vegetable kingdom1 its flesh being more crisp and solid than many species4 ,one or two milk-mushrooms1 which had better be avoided1 bear brimstone-coloured milk1 or milk which changes to a brimstone or burnt sienna colour2 they are figured on the ,poisonous ,sheet1 figs4 #bj and #bh2 but ,lactarius deliciosus can never be mistaken for any other plant if the deep orange 7or red7 and ultimately green milk is observed4 ,figs4 #bj and #bh are not peculiar to fir woods4 ,purple ,cobweb-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ab4 7,cortinarius ,inoloma violaceus47 #dbj4 ,this is one of the best-marked of all edible fungi1 and at the same time one of the very best for esculent purposes4 ,it cannot be called common1 although ,i have often found it close to ,london4 ,it appears to principally grow in open places in woods4 ,when young1 it looks like a bright purple silk ball in the grass1 and when gathered the bulbous stem is almost as large as the top itself4 ,there is always a cottony web1 like cobweb 7which represents the ring71 stretching from the edge of the pileus to the stem1 and this web soon takes its colour from the red spores1 which are plentifully produced1 colouring the gills and part of the stalk a red colour1 very similar in tint to the rust of iron2 when cut1 the flesh is of a subdued lilac tint1 and firm4 ,broiled with a steak1 this is a most exquisitely rich luxury1 much resembling the meadow mushroom in flavour1 but altogether firmer1 and more meaty and substantial4 ,i am always glad to find this species1 and it is next to impossible to mistake it for any other4 ,maned ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ac4 7,coprinus comatus47 #cgd4 ,this fungus should be gathered for the table when the gills are white or just changing to pink1 and before they are black1 in which latter state 7as the plant is ultimately deliquescent71 it is unfit for food4 ,if ,i had my choice1 ,i think there is no species ,i should prefer before this one2 it is singularly rich1 tender1 and delicious4 ,those found growing amongst short grass1 on lawns1 or by roadsides1 are best2 there is one form of it which grows in dirty1 sticky places1 in brickfields1 dustyards1 c41 that ,i should not like to recommend4 ,when gathered in a rich pasture1 it is of snowy whiteness1 the top being somewhat fleshy1 cylindrical1 and broken up into white clothy patches2 there is a white1 powdery1 fragile ring round the hollow stem1 which is soon broken1 and falls away4 ,coprinus comatus--the 8,agaric of ,civilization0--is common in all the ,london parks in ,october4 ,a closely-allied species1 found at the base of old stumps and palings1 and on the ground 7,c4 atramentarius71 is sometimes eaten4 ,i have not tried it1 but ,mr4 ,penrose and several friends have a word to say in its favour4 ,scaly ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ad4 7,agaricus ,lepiota procerus47 #ac4 ,agaricus procerus everywhere enjoys a good reputation1 and as it is far from uncommon1 the lovers of fungi can generally make sure of this species for a treat4 ,when or at what time it was ever sold at ,covent ,garden ,market1 ,i do not know2 for although more than one book says it is there displayed for sale1 ,i never saw1 or could hear of it4 ,it grows in pastures1 and is known by its long bulbous spotted stem1 by the ring that will slip up and down1 by the very scaly top1 and the gills far removed from the insertion of the stalk4 ,when the stem is removed1 a large hollow socket remains1--just the place to insert a large piece of butter in the broiling process1 when1 with pepper and salt1 it forms a dish that if once tried must please the most fastidious4 ,i think the plants gathered in the pastures are best4 ,i have sometimes found most enormous specimens growing in fir plantations1 but ,i do not think them equal for the table to the plants which abound in rich meadows4 ,the flesh is a little inclined to change colour2 and there is an allied species1 ,a4 rachodes1 much more robust1 but often smaller1 that changes colour to a deep yellowish-brown when broken1 and has a smooth stem1 that cannot be so highly recommended1 if it even be wholesome4 ,i have generally found it growing on dark and shady hedge-banks1 and know several persons who have eaten it and speak well of it4 ,plum ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ae4 7,agaricus ,clitopilus prunulus47 #bbe4 ,the pure pink gills running considerably down the ringless stem1 and the fresh and fragrant smell of meal1 at once distinguish this species from all others4 ,it grows in and near woods in the autumn1 evidently giving a preference to the open places and borders2 the solid stem and the very fleshy top are white1 or some shade of very pale grey4 ,dr4 ,badham and some other authors refer to our plant under the name of ,a4 orcellus1 and some botanists consider the true 8orcellus0 and the true 8prunulus0 distinct but closely allied species4 ,there is also a vexatious confusion between this species and fig4 #ai1 ,st4 ,george's ,mushroom 7,a4 gambosus74 ,this latter is a spring plant1 and is frequently and erroneously called ,a4 prunulus4 ,they have no characters in common1 and1 in fact1 more distinct ,agarics do not exist4 ,returning to the true ,plum ,mushroom 7fig4 #ae71 ,i have only to say that1 however prepared1 it is most excellent2 the flesh is firm and juicy1 and full of flavour2 and whether broiled1 stewed1 or however prepared1 it is a most delicious morsel4 ,i have never seen it in very large quantities2 it is scattered over the woods north of ,london1 but not in profusion4 ,curled ,helvella4 ,fig4 #af4 7,helvella crispa47 #afgc4 ,this singular-looking plant is nearly allied to the true ,morel1 and closely resembles it in flavour4 ,it is hardly possible to mistake it for any other species1 unless it be the next1 which has a black top1 and is rarer 7,h4 lacunosa71 #afgd1 and also esculent4 ,h4 crispa generally grows on shady banks1 or on the edges of pastures and lawns1 and amongst dead leaves1 under the shade of trees4 ,i have only once seen it near ,london1 and that was in the neighbourhood of ,caen ,wood1 ,hampstead2 sometimes1 however1 ,i have found it in immense quantities 7numbering hundreds of specimens7 on rich sloping banks4 ,the stem is full of wrinkles and holes1 and the top lobed and deflexed in a very singular and irregular manner4 ,if stewed slowly and with care1 this species will prove very pleasant eating1 and will exude a delicious gravy4 ,the flesh is firm and crisp1 and greatly resembles the ,morel4 ,it may be easily dried for future use in a current of air1 or in a dry place2 in this state1 specimens are at times kept threaded on strings1 ready to impart their truly delicious flavour to stews and gravies4 7,see description of fig4 #bj47 ,i once saw a batch of specimens which had suddenly sprung up close to some ants' nests1 and thousands of the ants were swarming over and examining the fungi1 and running in and out of the holes in the stems in the most amusing manner4 ,oyster ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ag4 7,agaricus ,pleurotus ostreatus47 #agi4 ,i have always found this far from uncommon species growing on old elm trunks1 although it is not at all particular as to its habitat1 often appearing on laburnum1 apple1 ash1 c4 ,it usually grows in large masses1 one plant above another1 forming a very handsome object on old tree-stems4 ,the gills and spores are white1 the former running down the stem1 and the top dingy--sometimes nearly white2 at others1 full brown4 ,an allied species1 ,a4 euosmus1 with pale lilac spores1 and a scent like that of ,tarragon 7,artemisia dracunculus71 is 8not esculent10 and is said to grow in the spring4 ,i commonly find the former growing in spring1 although it is said usually to grow late in the autumn1 or winter4 ,perhaps a taste for this species has to be acquired2 but though it is without doubt edible1 ,i have never thought well of it4 ,the flesh possesses a certain amount of firmness1 and produces an abundant and savoury juice2 but ,i am inclined to place it as the species of least value for culinary purposes4 ,it has1 however1 been highly recommended by some2 and a dish of this species stewed before a very hot fire has proved as enjoyable and nourishing 8as half a pound of fresh meat40 ,tastes are allowed to differ2 and perhaps the opinion of some of my readers may differ from mine if they try this species1 which1 from its peculiar appearance1 there is little chance of mistaking for any other4 ,lilac-stemmed ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ah4 7,agaricus ,tricholoma personatus47 #fe4 ,although this plant at times appears in pastures near ,london1 it is not very common4 ,it is very nearly allied to and extremely like the next species 7fig4 #ai71 from which it is principally distinguished by its growing in the autumn1 and having a lilac band round the upper part of the stem4 ,this lilac stain1 however1 is not invariably present2 and a species that is altogether 7stem and top too7 lilac1 or full violet1 should be avoided 7,a4 nudus74 ,the ,purple ,cobweb-,mushroom 7fig4 #ab7 is easily distinguished by its rust of iron gills4 ,in ,agaricus personatus they are white--sometimes dirty white2 the solid ringless stem is rather rough2 and the top is smooth1 and exceedingly firm and fleshy2 the plant grows late in the autumn1 on downs1 and in rich1 short pastures4 ,opinions vary a little regarding the value of this species for gastronomic purposes2 but ,i think1 if young plants are gathered1 in dry weather1 and carefully broiled or stewed1 few fungi will prove more truly delicious4 ,from my own experience1 ,i have the highest opinion of it2 but the plant readily absorbs moisture1 and during wet weather is heavy and of little worth4 ,as these pages are passing through the press1 my friend1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,moore1 of the ,botanic ,garden1 ,chelsea1 informs me that this autumn 7#ahgd7 he saw large quantities of ,a4 personatus exposed for sale in the markets of ,nottingham1 under the name of 8blue-bottoms10 the vendors stating the fungus to be 8as good as mushrooms40 ,st4 ,george's ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ai4 7,agaricus ,tricholoma gambosus47 #fb4 ,the ,st4 ,george's ,mushroom is fit for any saint in the calendar4 ,it comes up in the spring1 near ,st4 ,george's ,day1 when few other species are to be found4 ,it is in every part almost white1 or with a slight inclination to ochre2 but sometimes the colour is a little fuller4 ,the stem and top are singularly firm1 fleshy1 and solid1 and the latter1 in hot weather is inclined to split4 ,it grows in rings1 on rich lawns and pastures1 and has a strong1 fragrant1 enticing odour4 ,it is a little like ,a4 crustuliniformis 7fig4 #bd1 ,poisonous ,sheet71 which1 however1 differs in various ways1 principally in discharging brown spores instead of white1 as in ,a4 gambosus4 ,the poisonous plant has an odour like the flowers of laurel1 and grows in woods in the autumn4 ,few species are more substantial and delightful for the table4 ,i 7with many others7 look upon it with unusual favour1 as one of the rarest delicacies of the vegetable kingdom4 ,like the last1 it is absorbent of water1 and should be gathered in dry weather4 ,i think it is local1 and certainly uncommon near ,london4 ,it is sometimes erroneously referred to under the name of ,a4 prunulus4 ,edible ,morel4 ,fig4 #bj4 7,morchella esculenta47 #affh4 ,i know a wood in ,bedfordshire called 8,morel ,wood10 where1 in the spring1 this rare and delicious fungus abounds4 ,it is generally far from common1 and occurs1 perhaps1 in greater abundance in the south of ,england4 ,it appears1 however1 to be pretty well known and in general request amongst housewives1 north and south1 for the truly exquisite flavour it imparts to gravies and made dishes2 and being readily dried1 it can be kept for immediate use at any season of the year4 ,the figure shows exactly what the ,morel is like2 the honeycombed pitted top is hollow1 and the almost smooth stem partly so4 ,it yields a delicious ketchup2 and the hollow top1 well stuffed with minced veal1 and dressed between slices of bacon1 is a dish of rare and exquisite flavour4 ,this notice of the ,morel would not be complete without reference to the 8,giant ,morel0 7,morchella crassipes7 found a few years ago in this country1 for the first time1 by my friend ,miss ,lott1 of ,barton ,hall1 ,south ,devon4 ,this species1 which attains enormous dimensions1 is not quite so crisp or rapidly dried as the last1 but1 as an object of food1 is fully as exquisite for flavouring sauces1 and other purposes4 ,liver ,fungus4 ,fig4 #ba4 7,fistulina hepatica47 #gaf4 ,this singular fungus is not always common4 ,it generally grows on the trunks of old oaks4 ,i have seen it in immense quantities on the ancient oaks of ,sherwood ,forest1 whilst at times oak districts appear to be singularly free from its presence4 ,it externally resembles a very large tongue or a huge piece of liver lolling out from the tree1 and when incised a red juice plentifully exudes4 ,it is truly 8a vegetable beefsteak10 for the taste resembles meat in a remarkable manner4 ,a good way of preparing it is to cut it up in thin slices and broil it with a steak1 and dress with butter1 salt1 and pepper4 ,there is a slight but very perceptible acid flavour with it1 which gives considerable zest and piquancy to a dish of the 8vegetable beefsteak10 as it is called1 rendering it a 8treat for an epicure40 ,it rarely grows on any tree but the oak1 but ,i have seen it on the ash1 beech1 and other trees4 ,spine-bearing ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bb4 7,hydnum repandum47 #gah4 ,there is little fear of mistaking this for any other species1 as the awl-shaped spines on the under surface are a characteristic feature of the small genus1 ,hydnum4 ,all the species of any size enjoy a good character2 ,hydnum repandum being the only common plant of the genus4 ,it is sometimes most abundant in the few woody places remaining at the north of ,london1 and may often be found on shady roadsides in the humid weather of autumn4 ,its taste is slightly pungent when uncooked2 but after being submitted to the culinary processes of the kitchen1 it affords a charming addition to the table4 ,its flesh is very firm and delicious2 yet1 being somewhat dry 7like fig4 #aa71 the addition of some sauce or gravy lends an additional relish to the stew4 ,the colour of the fungus is exactly like that of a cracknel2 the smooth top is frequently irregular1 and the pure solid stem often out of the centre4 ,the top sometimes partakes of a warmer1 almost sienna1 colouring4 ,viscid ,white ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bc4 7,hygrophorus virgineus47 #dgj4 ,this species1 exquisite in form and flavour1 is one of the prettiest ornaments of our lawns1 downs1 and short pastures at the fall of the year4 ,in these situations it may be found in every part of the kingdom4 ,it is essentially waxy1 and feels and looks precisely as if made of the purest virgin wax4 ,the stem is firm1 stuffed1 and attenuated1 and the gills 7singularly distant from each other7 run far down the stem2 it changes colour a little when getting old1 at which time it is unfit for culinary purposes4 ,a batch of fresh specimens1 broiled or stewed with taste and care1 will prove agreeable1 succulent1 and flavorous eating1 and may sometimes be obtained when other species are not to be had4 ,several allied species enjoy the reputation of being esculent1 notably ,h4 pratensis and ,h4 niveus2 and my friend ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,penrose has eaten1 and speaks favourably of1 ,h4 psittacinus--a highly ornamental yellow species1 with a green stem1 sometimes common enough in rich pastures 7and generally said to be very suspicious74 ,clouded ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bd4 7,agaricus ,clitocybe nebularis47 #gh4 ,common 7in certain places71 but rare near ,london4 ,this species appears late in the autumn and generally grows on dead leaves in moist places1 principally on the borders of woods4 ,the top is lead-colour or grey1 at first clouded grey1--hence its name2 the stem is stout1 elastic1 and striate1 with the white gills running considerably down the ringless stem1 in the manner shown in the drawing4 ,the gastronomic excellences of the species are well known4 ,when gathered1 it has a wholesome and powerful odour2 and when cooked1 the firm and fragrant flesh has a particularly agreeable and palatable taste4 ,giant ,puff-ball4 ,fig4 #be4 7,lycoperdon giganteum47 #icj4 ,this species of puff-ball is not always a 8giant10 and may frequently be found no larger than an apple4 ,it is somewhat local1 and ,i think only attains gigantic proportions in certain situations4 ,i have1 for instance1 seen specimens growing in rich pastures in ,nottinghamshire1 so much larger than the specimen figured that the latter would appear a perfect dwarf beside them4 ,it may be found1 in some of the meadows near ,highgate and ,hampstead1 quite as big as our figure2 but indeed there is little fear of a mistake1 if attention is paid to the smooth skin1--like white kid leather4 ,young specimens must be chosen for cooking1 such as are firm and snow-white1 inside and out2 for when the fungus is getting ripe and yellowish1 and dusty inside1 or when it is saturated with rain and the interior is a mass of yellow decomposition1 of course it must be rejected4 ,it is known by its large size1 its pure white colour1 and its smooth skin4 ,to cook this species satisfactorily and well1 cut the specimens up into slices of half an inch in thickness1 remove the skin or bark1 dip the slices into yolk of egg1 and fry in fresh butter4 ,it will then eat with a delicate and delicious flavour2 or served with jam or jelly it is an excellent substitute for pastry4 ,pear-,milk ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bf4 7,lactarius volemum47 #ejh4 ,this species is recognized by its very rich coloration1 firm flesh1 mild taste1 white milk 7changing to a dull dark umber-colour where the plant is bruised or broken71 white gills becoming warm yellow-buff1 and the full sienna top2 the stem is solid1 and the plant grows in woods4 ,the taste of this plant1 when fried1 has aptly been compared to lamb's kidney1 and resembles in flavour the only other edible ,lactarius--viz4 ,l4 deliciosus1 fig4 #aa4 ,it is a rare species in this country4 ,white ,fir-wood ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bg4 7,agaricus ,clitocybe dealbatus47 #hj4 ,this pretty little fungus commonly grows in1 and about the neighbourhood of1 fir plantations1 but will occasionally come up elsewhere4 ,its top is white1 smooth1 and exceedingly like ivory4 ,it is shining1 waved1 fleshy1 and inclined to be irregular2 the gills are thin1 white1 and run down the stem4 ,when clean1 young1 and fresh specimens are broiled with butter1 it is a delicacy of the very highest degree1--at once tender1 juicy1 and delightful4 ,its charming flavour is exceeded by very few other fungi4 ,several allied species are very good1 notably ,agaricus odorus1 which exhales a most delicious odour of melilot4 ,i used to eat all sorts of things for this species before ,i properly knew it1 and never felt the worse for the mistakes ,i made4 ,it would be useless to enumerate them all here1 without figures and descriptions1 but one was the common ,agaricus subpulverulentus4 ,fairy-ring ,champignon4 ,fig4 #bh4 7,marasmius oreades47 #eec4 ,if possible1 this species is better than the last1 and no recommendation can be too strong for it4 ,the exquisitely rich and delicious flavour of this plant when broiled with butter must be tasted to be understood4 ,it is firmer than the meadow mushroom1 and1 whilst having its peculiar aroma1 it possesses it in a concentrated form4 ,even ,mr4 ,berkeley1 who would be the last man in the world to subscribe to a doubtful species1 says1 8it is the very best of all our fungi40 ,it may be pickled1 used for ketchup1 or dried for future use4 ,marasmius oreades grows in rings in short pastures1 on downs1 and by roadsides everywhere 7but never in woods74 ,it is somewhat tough1 the solid stem particularly so1 the gills wide apart1 and cream-coloured4 ,this species has no downy hairs at the base of the stem4 ,certain other species of ,marasmius1 frequently found growing on dead leaves in woods1 and possessing this hairy down1 are to be avoided4 ,there is a poisonous plant sometimes found in similar situations1 and often with the ,fairy-,ring ,champignon 7,m4 urens71 fig4 #cj1 ,poisonous ,sheet4 ,i once tested its qualities 7by accident74 ,see description4 ,truffle4 ,fig4 #bi4 7,tuber stivum47 #aiaf4 ,the truffle is a subterranean fungus1 invariably found under trees1 often just appearing above the surface of the ground1 and occasionally exposed for sale in our markets1 where it will realize at times as much as #es4 per pound4 ,the truffle is esteemed by many as the most delicious object of food in the whole vegetable kingdom1 and by others it is looked upon with aversion or positive disgust4 ,the odour is very powerful1 and is relished by some individuals1 and very much disliked by others4 ,it is looked upon as a great delicacy boiled1 or simply roasted in hot ashes4 ,besides the truffle sold in ,covent ,garden ,market1 there are many other species found in this country1 of various forms and qualities4 ,t4 stivum varies much in size1 is irregular in shape1 black1 rough1 and warted4 ,i must confess that1 at first1 ,i regarded the truffle with loathing2 but now ,i have learned to greatly esteem it4 ,it makes a capital ingredient for gravies1 stuffings1 and meat pies4 ,it is frequently referred to under the name of ,t4 cibarium4 ,,poisonous ,,mushrooms4 ,bundled ,stump-mushroom4 ,fig4 #a4 7,agaricus ,hypholoma fascicularis47 #cca4 ,this species occurs everywhere at the bases of old stumps1 always in groups4 ,the stem is hollow1 and the gills are greenish and sub-deliquescent4 ,there is a heavy odour attached to it1 and the taste is bitter and repulsive4 ,red ,juice-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #b4 7,hygrophorus conicus47 #dhb4 ,this truly handsome fungus is common in pastures and roadsides4 ,it turns purple-black when bruised1 broken1 or old1 and it has a strong and very forbidding odour4 ,it is of a succulent substance1 and is not unfrequently a brilliant yellow or deep orange1 in place of crimson or scarlet4 ,illustration ,trellised ,clathrus4 ,fig4 #c4 7,clathrus cancellatus47 #iag4 ,i am indebted to the late ,mrs4 ,gulson1 of ,eastcliff1 near ,teignmouth1 ,devon1 for the original plant from which this figure was taken4 ,it is of extreme beauty and rarity1 seldom occurring in this country1 but common enough in the south of ,europe4 ,the fetor exhaled from this species is highly disagreeable1 and can be compared with nothing but itself4 ,it is so horribly repulsive and loathsome as to make a mere examination of the plant a matter of the greatest difficulty4 ,in the young state the odour is less strong1 or altogether absent4 ,fetid ,leather-fungus4 ,fig4 #d4 7,thelephora palmata47 #gfj4 ,this soft fungus bears a distant resemblance to some species of ,clavaria4 ,it is uncommon1 grows upon the ground1 and possesses a very disagreeable odour4 ,olive-gilled ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #e4 7,agaricus ,hypholoma sublateritius47 #cbh4 ,this plant is allied to fig4 #a1 and1 like it1 grows upon old stumps in woods1 and has1 too1 a disagreeable smell4 ,astringent ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #f4 7,panus stypticus47 #ehb4 ,is very common on old dead trees and stumps in woods1 and had better be avoided4 ,matrix-bearing ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #g4 7,agaricus ,amanita ,phalloides47 #b4 ,common everywhere in woods2 this handsome ,agaric is known to be highly dangerous4 ,it is allied to fig4 #h1 as will be seen by glancing at the figures4 ,all parts are nearly white1 excepting the top1 which generally takes some pale shade of subdued yellow or green4 ,poisonous ,spring ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #h4 7,agaricus ,amanita vernus47 #a4 ,belonging to a very suspicious group1 this ,agaric is supposed to be very poisonous4 ,it grows in woods1 in the spring1 and is white in all its parts4 ,it is rare1 but ,i have found it close to ,london4 ,magpie ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #i4 7,coprinus picaceus47 #cgi4 ,this1 too1 is equally rare1 though in some places1 as in the ,herefordshire woods1 it is by no means infrequent4 ,it is a very handsome but suspicious-looking plant1 with the top broken up into large patches of black and white4 ,it grows on roadsides1 and has a disagreeable odour4 ,gloomy ,tube-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #aj4 7,boletus luridus47 #fjg4 ,this is one of the handsomest ornaments of our woods and woody places4 ,the prevailing tint is umber1 relieved on the under surface by bright red1 sometimes approaching crimson1 or even vermilion2 when broken or bruised it rapidly changes colour to blue4 ,it is very common in all places where there are trees1 and often comes up early in the year4 ,it is probably more or less poisonous1 though ,i have known it to be eaten without fatal effects4 ,mr4 ,penrose once found a specimen as large as a milking-stool1 exactly three feet in circumference4 ,griping ,milk-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #aa4 7,lactarius torminosus47 #dhh4 ,this dangerous fungus is at once known by the hairy margin of the top1 which is rolled inwards4 ,the milk that exudes when the plant is broken is acrid and biting1 and does not change colour as does fig4 #aa1 ,edible ,sheet1 and figs4 #bj and #bh1 ,poisonous ,sheet4 ,though said to be common1 ,i think it is somewhat rare2 it now and then occurs in solitary specimens in the woods and open places near ,london4 ,ruddy ,milk-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ab4 7,lactarius rufus47 #eab4 ,this is one of the most deadly of all ,british fungi1 and generally grows in fir woods2 the white milk is singularly acrid and corrosive1 which is perhaps its best distinguishing mark4 ,it bears some resemblance to fig4 #bf1 ,edible ,sheet1 but the milk of the ,l4 volemum is mild1 and changes colour to dark brown when exposed to the action of the air2 whilst in ,l4 rufus it remains white1 and the milk is highly pungent4 ,fly ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ac4 7,agaricus ,amanita muscarius47 #c4 ,few fungi can exceed this well-known species in beauty4 ,it is somewhat local1 and loves birch woods1 where it sometimes makes the very ground almost scarlet with its profuse growth4 ,sometimes the top is deep yellow or orange1 but it is usually brilliant scarlet2 if the top skin is stripped off1 the flesh just beneath is seen to be bright yellow1 and the rest of the flesh white4 ,it is allied to fig4 #a1 ,edible ,sheet1 but the flesh of the latter is not yellow under the skin2 and ,a4 rubescens turns reddish in every part as soon as bruised or broken4 ,poisonous ,forest ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ad4 7,agaricus ,entoloma sinuatus47 #bab4 ,without doubt1 this is a very poisonous plant1 for ,i once cooked a very small piece of a specimen for luncheon1 and was very nearly poisoned to death thereby4 ,i did not eat a twentieth part of the specimen gathered--,i am sure not so much as a quarter of an ounce--and the taste was by no means disagreeable4 ,but mark the result4 7,it must be borne in mind1 too1 that though ,i fell so dangerously ill1 ,i never till the last moment suspected the fungus4 ,such a confirmed toadstool-eater was ,i1 that ,i laid my symptoms to anything but the true cause47 ,about a quarter of an hour after luncheon ,i left home1 and was immediately overtaken by a strange nervous1 gloomy1 low-spirited feeling quite new to me4 ,soon a severe headache added its charms to my feelings1 and then swimming of the brain commenced1 with violent pains in the stomach4 ,i had now great difficulty to keep upon my legs at all2 my senses all appeared leaving me1 and every object appeared to be moving with death-like stillness from side to side1 up and down1 or round and round4 ,more dead than alive1 ,i soon returned home1 and was horrified to find two others 7whom ,i had invited to partake of my repast7 in exactly the same condition as myself4 ,at this moment1 and not before1 ,i thought of ,agaricus sinuatus4 ,these two others had suffered precisely as ,i had done1 and we all three were apparently dying fast4 ,they1 however1 were attacked by violent vomiting1 which ,i imagine helped to hasten their recovery2 for after a few days of sickness and nausea 7with medical assistance7 they got well2 but it was not so with me2 for although ,i had at first the inclination1 ,i had not the strength left to vomit4 ,during the latter part of the first day ,i was1 however1 so continually and fearfully purged1 and suffered so much from headache and swimming of the brain1 that ,i really thought every moment would be my last4 ,i was very ill for the next four or five days2 suffered from loathing and lassitude2 fell into deep sleep1 long and troubled2 at times found all my joints quite stiff2 at others1 found everything swimming before me2 and it was not till a fortnight had elapsed that every bodily derangement had left me4 ,fig4 #ad is a portrait of the plant in question1 taken before the culinary operations were commenced4 ,no one1 after seeing this picture1 can fail to recognize the thing itself if found4 ,it is large1 has dull flesh-coloured gills1 the top is a little downy1 it smells like meal1 and grows in woods4 ,it can always be found sparingly in autumn in the woods north of ,london4 ,fiery ,milk-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ae4 7,lactarius piperatus47 #ejj4 ,i imagine there are very few species in this country more dangerous than this one4 ,so essentially and powerfully acrid is the milk1 that if it be allowed to trickle over tender hands it will sting like the contact of nettles2 and if a drop is placed on the lips or tongue1 the sensation is like the scalding of boiling water1 or the burning of a red-hot iron4 ,it is common in all woods2 is particularly firm and solid1 but rather brittle4 ,in colour it is sometimes as white as snow1 at others it inclines a little to cream2 the milk is white and unchangeable1 and usually abundant4 ,fetid ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #af4 7,russula ftens47 #ecj4 ,less rigid than other ,russul1 brittle1 and sticky in all its parts1 always slug-eaten1 and possessed of a wet insufferable odour that can be likened to nothing in nature1 this species cannot in reason be anything but deleterious and pernicious to human life4 ,slugs certainly highly relish it2 for although it is one of our commonest species1 yet it is invariably much eaten by slugs3 frequently the gills are covered with these creatures1 or are even completely eaten away4 ,blood-stained ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ag4 7,russula sanguinea47 #eah4 ,this acrid species of ,russula1 sometimes found in woods1 is by no means uncommon2 its well-marked blood-red top and firm substance at once distinguish it from other species4 ,the gills are white1 and run a little down the stem4 ,livid ,milk-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ah4 7,lactarius pyrogalus47 #dih4 ,the highly acrid white milk abundantly exuded from this plant1 its depressed and zoned top1 its peculiar livid coloration and yellowish gills1 distinguish it from the other milk-mushrooms4 ,it grows in woods and meadows4 ,false ,chantarelle4 ,fig4 #ai4 7,cantharellus aurantiacus47 #edj4 ,is known by its smaller size1 its gills being far thinner and more crowded than in the true chantarelle2 the stem frequently deep umber at the base1 and the gills or veins darker than the top4 ,it is a species to be rejected for culinary purposes4 ,yellow ,milk-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bj4 7,lactarius theiogalus47 #ejc4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 with an odour that is far from disagreeable4 ,it is sometimes without the zones on the top which are shown in our figure1 but it is immediately known by the change of colour which takes place in the milk on breaking the fungus2 this is at first pure white1 but in less than a minute the milk turns to a brilliant yellow4 ,it is not uncommon1 and may generally be found at ,hampstead in the woods2 and it is supposed to be poisonous4 ,emetic ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #ba4 7,russula emetica47 #ebh4 ,this is a magnificent but certainly rare species1 but it has a very bad name1 and is supposed to possess highly dangerous qualities4 ,the skin is scarlet1 and may be readily peeled off1 and then the pink flesh is displayed beneath1 which is its great characteristic2 the gills are pure white1 and do not reach the stem2 the top is highly polished1 and varies from scarlet and crimson to a faint rose-colour1 and may now and then be found shaded with purple4 ,it attains a large size1 and loves damp places in woods1 and the neighbourhood of trees4 ,slimy ,dung-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bb4 7,agaricus ,psalliota semiglobatus47 #cbg4 ,this extremely common little sticky ,agaric grows in pastures1 on dung1 everywhere2 the stem is covered with a glutinous thick slime4 ,it is regarded as poisonous4 ,sulphury ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bc4 7,agaricus ,tricholoma sulfureus47 #ee4 ,in woody places at the south of ,london this very disagreeable but handsome species now and then puts in an appearance4 ,it has a particularly nasty penetrating smell1 which has been compared with 8gas-tar40 ,the stem is firm1 as is the whole plant1 and sulphur-coloured4 ,it is probably a very dangerous species1 but ,i have seldom met with it4 ,incrusted ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bd4 7,agaricus ,hebelonia crustuliniformis47 #bgh4 ,growing in woods1 this deleterious species is extremely common1 and without doubt very dangerous4 ,the dirty pale-umber gills1 and its habitat and time of growth--viz4 the autumn--at once distinguish it from the delicious ,a4 gambosus1 fig4 #ai1 ,edible ,sheet4 ,it has a powerful and highly disagreeable odour1 and brown spores1 and we believe it is often mistaken by the ignorant for the true mushroom4 ,verdigris ,mushroom4 ,fig4 #be4 7,agaricus ,psalliota ruginosus47 #cbb4 ,the verdigris-green colour of the top of this mushroom is not permanent1 but consists of green slime that soon gets washed off by the rain1 flaked with white scales4 ,the stem is hollow1 and the top fleshy4 ,it generally grows about stumps1 is a very handsome fungus1 and is doubtless poisonous4 ,fiery ,tube-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bf4 7,boletus piperatus47 #eig4 ,never attains a larger size than the specimen on the sheet2 indeed it is one of the smallest of all the ,boleti4 ,the taste is highly acrid2 it is therefore looked upon with grave suspicion1 and it is probably a very dangerous plant4 ,it grows in woods1 but is rare4 ,satanical ,tube-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bg4 7,boletus ,satanas47 #fjf4 ,the specimen figured ,i gathered in ,crab-tree ,wood1 near ,winchester1 during an architectural excursion to ,st4 ,cross4 ,i have only once seen anything of it elsewhere1 though my late friend ,mrs4 ,gulson1 of ,eastcliff1 has sent it on to me several times from the neighbourhood of ,teignmouth4 ,without doubt it is by far the most splendid of all the ,boleti4 ,the top is nearly white1 very fleshy1 and a little viscid2 the stem is firm1 exquisitely coloured1 and beautifully reticulated2 the under surface is brilliant crimson4 ,it usually attains a large size1 grows in woods1 and as soon as broken or bruised1 changes to blue4 ,in all likelihood it is highly poisonous4 ,pungent ,milk-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bh4 7,lactarius acris47 #eje4 ,as its name indicates1 this is a very acrid and dangerous fungus4 ,it is said to be rare1 but ,i have sometimes known it to be extremely abundant in the woods near ,london4 ,when cut or broken1 the flesh and white milk change to a dull-sienna red2 this distinguishes it from all other mushrooms4 ,to observe the change of colour it requires at times a little patience2 for ,i have known half an hour1 or even an hour1 elapse before the change of colour is manifest4 ,bitter ,tube-,mushroom4 ,fig4 #bi4 7,boletus felleus47 #fag4 ,said to be rare1 but generally abundant in ,epping ,forest4 ,i have found it in abundance in ,nottinghamshire1 and know it well2 it was the first ,boletus ,i ever drew1 and ,i was then nearly eating it for ,boletus edulis4 ,the bitter taste of ,b4 felleus1 the flesh-coloured tubes1 the flesh-colour of the top when broken1 the reticulated stem1 and the pink spores are the distinguishing marks of this species4 ,it is poisonous4 ,false ,champignon4 ,fig4 #cj4 7,marasmius urens47 #eej4 ,the more slender habit1 the mealy stem1 white downy base1 and the narrower1 darker1 and crowded gills1 distinguish this counterfeit from the true champignon 7fig4 #bh1 ,edible ,sheet74 ,it sometimes accompanies the latter plant1 but with ordinary care can be detected in a moment4 ,it grows in woods1 as well as in pastures and by roadsides4 ,i think ,i was once poisoned by it in ,bedfordshire4 ,i well remember1 on my way home late one evening1 gathering a quantity of champignons for supper2 and as it was dark1 ,i imagine ,i must have gathered both species4 ,i did not cook them myself1 neither did ,i examine them after they were taken from the basket2 but ,i noticed at supper-time that they were unusually hot1 and ,i thought the old woman who cooked them had put too much pepper into the stew4 ,i never suspected the fungi4 ,in about half an hour after partaking of them my head began to ache1 my brain to swim1 and my throat and stomach to burn1 as if in contact with fire4 ,after being ill for some hours1 a terrible fit of purging and vomiting set in1 which appeared soon to set me to rights2 for after a day or so ,i was no worse for it4 ,fetid ,wood-,witch4 ,fig4 #ca4 7,phallus impudicus47 #iad4 ,this is a great ornament to our woods1 but its truly horrible effluvia beggars description2 the nasal organs detect its presence at a long distance1 and when neared the loathsome odour is indescribably revolting4 ,flies1 however1 appear to highly relish it2 for these ,phalli are invariably covered with flies1 who greedily devour the odorous and liquid repast found at the top of the stem4 ,it is most abundant at woody places in the north of ,london1 all through the summer till the late autumn4 ,had not this species really been eaten1 with several other singular1 offensive1 and dangerous fungi figured on this sheet1 it would have been hardly necessary to figure or refer to it at all4 ,,the ,,end4