,transcrib]'s ,notes    ,obvi\s         
typographical errors h be5 sil5tly      
correct$4 ,v>iations  9 hyph5ation h be5
 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ &  punctuation
 rema9s un*ang$4    ,9 footnote #h ! /> 
,b5elna% is usually call$ ,b5etna%4 ,?is
 may  be an alt]native spell+ s is      
un*ang$4    ,9 ,*apt] ,,xiv x is        
possible t 8*ange0 %\ld read 8*a90 9    
#cb4  ?\ did/ /rike him2 to a pill> ?\  
did/ *ange him1    ,italics are         
repres5t$ ?us italic4                   
,,! ,,*aldean ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,g5esis4    
,illu/ration3 ,izdub> 7,nimrod7 9       
conflict ) a lion                       
,,!                          ,,*aldean  
,,acc\nt ,,( ,,g5esis                   
,,conta9+               ,,!             
,,description ,,( ,,! ,,creation1 ,,!   
,,deluge1 ,,!                 ,,t[] ,,( 
,,babel1 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,sodom1  
,,! ,,times ,,( ,,! ,,patri>*s1         
,,& ,,nimrod2                           
,,babylonian ,,fables1 ,,& ,,leg5ds ,,( 
,,! ,,gods2                     ,,f ,,! 

,,cunei=m ,,inscriptions4               
,,by ,,george ,,smi?1      ,,=m]ly ,,(  
,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ori5tal            
,,antiquities1 ,,briti% ,,museum1       
,,au?or ,,( 8,,hi/ory ,,(               
,,assurbanipal10 8,,assyrian            
,,discov]ies10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4       ,a   
,,new ,,edition1 ,,?or\ghly ,,revis$ ,,&
 ,,correct$ 7,,) ,,additions71          
,,by ,a4 ,h4 ,,sayce1                   
,,deputy-,,pr(essor ,,( ,,comp>ative    
,,philology ,,9 ,,!                     
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d4                 
,,) ,,illu/rations4                     
,,new ,,york3                           
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons             
#gdc ,,& #gde ,,broadway4               
,,preface ,,by ,,! ,,editor4      ,x is 
n[ five ye>s s9ce ! pres5t volume 0 fir/
 laid be=e  ! public by ,mr4 ,george    
,smi?1 j be=e sett+ out on 8 la/        
ill-fat$ exp$ition to ! ,ea/4 ,x        
naturally awak5$ extreme  int]e/ &      
curiosity4 ,! e>li] *apt]s ( ,g5esis no 
long]  /ood alone4 ,p>allel acc\nts _h  

be5 discov]$ by ! au?or  among ! clay   
records ( anci5t ,babylonia1 :i* f>     
exce$$ 9  antiquity ! v5]able hi/ories (
 ! ,bible4 ,all ^? :o _h a  !ory to     
support1 or a tradition to ov]?r[1 turn$
 eag]ly to !  newly-discov]$ docum5ts1  
:i* possess$ an equal int]e/ = !  /ud5ts
 ( hi/ory1 ( religion1 & ( language4    
,! five ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce !          
publication ( 8,! ,*aldean  ,acc\nt (   
,g5esis0 h be5 five ye>s ( active "w &  
progress  among ,assyrian s*ol>s4 ,!    
impulse giv5 to ,assyrian rese>* by ,mr4
  ,smi? has surviv$ 8 dea?2 numb]less   
new tablets & fragm5ts (  tablets h be5 
br\ght to ,europe f ,assyria &          
,babylonia2 fre%  /ud5ts ( !            
inscriptions h ris5 up 9 ?is c\ntry & on
  ! cont95t1 m especially 9 ,g]many2 & !
 sci5tific _s  :i* has be5 introduc$    
into ! /udy ( ! ,assyrian language has  
immeasurably increas$ our k ( x4 ,?anks 
to ! lab\rs  ( m5 l ,opp]t1 ,l5ormant & 
,guy>d 9 ,france1 or ( ,s*rad]1         
,delitzs*1 ,haupt & ,hommel 9 ,g]many1  

texts :i* 7 obscure &  d\btful at ! "t (
 ,mr4 ,smi?'s dea? h n[ become almo/ z  
cle> z a page ( ! m difficult portions (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,! ,assyrian /ud5t1  
moreov]1 has an advantage :i* ! ,hebrew 
/ud5t has n2 he possesses diction>ies & 
vocabul>ies compil$ by  !               
,assyro-,babylonians !mselves1 & ^!     
frequ5tly ?r[ light on  a ^w :i* o!rwise
 w\ld be a 8hapax legom5on40    ,! m    
backw>d condition ( our k ( ,assyrian1  
h[ev]1  0 n ! only difficulty aga9/ :i* 
,mr4 ,smi? _h to cont5d4  ,he 0 press$ =
 "t :5 writ+ ! pres5t volume1 :i* _h to 
be f9i%$ be=e 8 dep>ture = ! ,ea/4 ,!   
class ( texts1  also1 :i* he _h br\ght  
to light 0 a new class hi!rto unkn[n1   
or almo/ unkn[n1 to ! ,assyrian         
deciph]]4 ,he _h to break fre%  gr\nd 9 
deal+ ) !m4 ,_! /yle diff]$ consid]ably 
f  t ( ! texts previ\sly /udi$2 !y _h a 
vocabul>y ( _!  own1 allusions ( _! own1
 & ev51 x may be add$1 a gramm>  ( _!   
own4 ,if ! texts _h be5 complete !      
difficulty p]haps  w\ld n h be5 s great2

 b x 0 enorm\sly increas$ by  _!        
mutilat$ condition4 ,! skill & success )
 :i* ,mr4 ,smi?  /ruggl$ aga9/ all ^!   
difficulties %[ m pla9ly ?an ev]  :at a 
loss ,assyrian rese>* has su/a9$ 9 him4 
,nev]!less1 ev5 ! g5ius ( ,mr4 ,smi?    
c\ld n d m ?an  give a g5]al idea ( !   
cont5ts ( ! fragm5ts1 & n always  ev5   
?is4 ,a comp>ison ( ! translations      
conta9$ 9 ! pres5t  edition ) ^? conta9$
 9 ! prec$+ ones w %[ to :at an  ext5t !
 details ( translation h _h to be       
modifi$ & *ang$1  sometimes ) important 
consequ5ces4 ,?us ! correct$ translation
  ( ! fragm5ts relat+ to ! ,t[] ( ,babel
 w remove ! d\bts  rais$ by ,mr4 ,smi?'s
 translation z to 8 correctness 9       
associat+  !m ) t ev5t2 ?us1 too1 !     
correct$ r5d]+ ( a passage  9 ! ,izdub> 
,epic w %[ t ! practice ( erect+ a ,be!l
 or  sacr$ /one 0 famili> to ! e>ly     
,babylonians4 ,9 "s in/ances  ,mr4 ,smi?
 has misconceiv$ ! true "* ( a :ole     
text4 ,:at he  believ$ to be a record ( 
! ,fall1 = in/ance1 is really1 z ,m4    

,opp]t fir/ po9t$ out1 a hymn to !      
,creator4    ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fre%       
mat]ials t h be5 acquir$ by !  ,briti%  
,museum dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 or a clos]
 exam9ation  ( ! treasures x already    
possess$1 h enabl$ u to add to !  numb] 
( cunei=m texts :i* illu/rate ! e>li]   
portions (  ,g5esis4 ,mr4 ,rassam1 =    
example1 has br\ght home a fragm5t ( !  
,deluge tablet1 :i* n only helps u to   
fill up "s ( ! lacun  9 ! text1 b is    
also important 9 ano!r way4 ,x is       
writt51 n  9 ,assyrian1 b 9 ,babylonian 
cunei=m *>act]s1 & comes1 n  f an       
,assyrian1 b f a ,babylonian libr>y4 ,b 
x agrees exactly  ) ! correspond+ p>ts (
 ! ,assyrian editions ( ! /ory1 &  ?us  
furni%es u ) a pro( ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( !
 ,assyrian  copies ( ! old ,babylonian  
texts4 ,! text1 aga91 :i* relates to  ! 
de/ruction ( a c\ntry by a ra9 ( fire1  
?\gh long conta9$  9 ! ,briti% ,museum  
,collection1 0 fir/ notic$ by myself z  
be+  app>5tly ! ,babylonian v]sion ( !  
biblical acc\nt ( !  de/ruction ( ,sodom

 & ,gomorrah4    ,num]\s alt]ations &   
ins]tions h _h to be made 9 ! text  :i* 
accompanies ! translations4 ,! latt]    
necess>ily occupi$ !  ma9 "p ( ,mr4     
,smi?'s att5tion2 he _h nei!r "t nor    
incl9ation  to ent] v elaborately into !
 que/ions rais$ by !m1 or !             
illu/rations !y might receive f else:]e4
 ,9 fact1 any adequate  treatm5t ( !    
great ,izdub> ,epic1 = in/ance1 dem&$ a 
special  acqua9tance ) ! me?od & results
 ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 z  well z a m
 intimate k ( its hi/ory & "* ?an 0     
possible at ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,smi? wrote4   
,a l>ge proportion ( ! cunei=m texts f  
:i* ! translations  conta9$ 9 ! pres5t  
volume are made has n yet be5 publi%$4  
,i h1 h[ev]1 gone c>efully ov] !m all ) 
! exception (  a small portion ( !      
,izdub> ,epic1 & endeav\r$ to br+ !     
translations up to ! level ( our pres5t 
k ( ! ,assyrian  language4 ,i am indebt$
 to ! ready k9dness & accurate eye (    
,mr4 ,p9*es = copies ( almo/ all !      
unpubli%$ portions ( !  ,izdub> leg5ds4 

,9 ^! he has correct$ sev]al faulty     
read+s1  m especially t ( ! "n ( ! pilot
 ( ,xisu?rus1 :i* ought  to be          
,nes-,hea1 8! lion ( ,hea40 ,mr4 ,p9*es 
assures me t !  "n ( ! deity compos+ !  
second "p ( ! "n is inv>iably  writt5 ) 
! num]al #dj1 ! symbol ( ! god ,hea1    
except once  :5 ! scribe has miswritt5  
#ej1 ! symbol ( ,bel1 & he has  po9t$   
out to me a passage 9 a bil+ual tablet  
:]e ! "n is  expla9$ 9 ,assyrian by     
,nes-,hea4 ,un=tunately1 ! texts giv5 9 
pp4 #ajc-abd _c be f\nd1 & "h !re=e ,i h
 be5 oblig$ to  leave ,mr4 ,smi?'s      
translations unalt]$4    ,! read]1      
h[ev]1 mu/ rememb] t no translations (  
^!  mutilat$ tablets c be m ?an         
approximately correct4 ,ev5 if !  mean+ 
( all ! words 7 well kn[n1 & !y 7 divid$
 f  "o ano!r 7:i* is n ! case71 ! brok5 
condition ( s _m  ( ! inscriptions w\ld 
make a good deal ( ! translation m or   
less conjectural4 ,?is mu/ be d\bly !   
case :]e ! signification  ( ! words is  
ei!r unkn[n or only half kn[n4 ,i h     

always  endeav\r$ to indicate a d\btful 
^w or passage by a qu]y2 b  !re mu/ be  
in/ances 9 :i* ! mean+ t ,i believe     
ought  to be assign$ to p>ticul> words w
 be correct$ by ! fur!r  progress (     
discov]y4 ,?is is ev5 m true ( :at may  
be t]m$  ! comm5t>y accompany+ !        
translations4 ,surprises are con/antly  
9 /ore = ! ,assyrian deciph]]1 & a t9y  
fragm5t may sudd5ly  ?r[ a new light on 
a "q he _h suppos$ to be settl$4 ,9     
fact1 9 ,assyriology1 z 9 all o!r       
bran*es ( sci5ce1 !re is  no f9ality2 we
 _c be m ?an approximately exact at any 
giv5  "t1 & e mon? enables u to         
introduce fre% corrections &            
improvem5ts into our "w4    ,a fre%     
illu/ration ( ! fact has be5 af=d$ ev5  
:ile !  pres5t volume has be5 pass+     
?r\gh ! press4 ,mr4 ,p9*es has come     
across two fragm5ts 7"o m>k$ ,s #ffi1 ! 
o!r unnumb]$7 :i*  belong to two sep>ate
 copies or editions ( a v int]e/+ "w4   
,?is is no?+ less ?an a li/ ( ! anci5t  
epics & leg5ds (  ,*aldea1 along ) !    

names ( _! reput$ au?ors1 _m ( :om1     
h[ev]1 are probably z my?ical z ! fam\s 
,ri%is ( ,india4 ,!  li/ %[s h[ num]\s  
^! e>ly poems 71 & h[ few ( !m1         
comp>atively1 we possess at pres5t4 ,bo?
 fragm5ts belong to !  same "p ( ! li/1 
& we are !re=e ignorant ( _m ( !  anci5t
 compositions x mu/ orig9ally h conta9$4
 ,"s ( !  works m5tion$ receive _! names
 f ! h]oes celebrat$ 9  !m1 o!rs are    
nam$ f _! op5+ l9es4 ,a di/9ction is    
drawn  betwe5 ^? t belong$ to !         
,accadian p]iod1 & 7 writt5  by         
,accadian poets 9 ! ,accadian language1 
& ^? t 7 (  ,semitic ,babylonian orig94 
,! int]e/ ( ! li/ is enhanc$ by !  great
 antiquity ( ! poems x records1 none (  
!m be+ lat] ?an  ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,"h  
is a translation ( ! text z re/or$ f a  
comp>ison ( ! two fragm5ts accord+ to ! 
copies ,i h made (  !m3--      ,,obv]se4
    #a4 ,ca 4444    #b4 ,?is is ! "w    
7lit]ally f ! m\?7 ( 4                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     

#c4 8a khus ba a ri 4444    #d4 ! god   
4444 tsu bu nu0 4444 ,accadian4    #e4  
,?is is ! "w ( ,nupatuv 4444            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#f4 8,! mighty lady1 ! w+$ "o1          
,nigirra10 or 8,bel0 4444    #g4 8,he   
re/or$ ,til-enni10 or 8,life40    #h4   
8,may ,m]oda* ! great "l firmly def5d40 
,semitic4    #i4 ,?is is ! "w (         
,basa-,gula1 ! scribe 444               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#aj4 8,! k+ ( ! sph]e 9 _! front10 or 8!
 "l0 4444 ,acc4    #aa4 ,?is is ! "w (  
,en-me-duga 4444                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ab4 4444 8head1 ?y lu/re0 4444 ,acc4   
#ac4 ,?is is ! "w ( ,elum 4444          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ad4 4444 ci bat 4444      ,,rev]se4    
#a4 4444    #b4 7,?is is ! "w ( 44447   
ragas1 ! scribe1 ! man 7( a  non-exi/5t 

tablet74                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 44444 8! gods0 ,acc44 ,?is is ! "w (
 4444                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#d4 4444 8! bull ( ,bit-,esir 7!        
firmam5t710 or 8,! great =tress  ( !    
royal cr[n0 4444 ,acc4    #e4 ,?is is ! 
"w ( ,cus-dib ! son (4444               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#f4 4444 nun-na ,acc44 ,?is is ! "w (   
,elum-ban-cudur1 !  son ( ,khumetis1 !  
scribe1 ! man ( 7a non-exi/5t7 tablet4  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#g4 4444 8! paggalti :i* ov] heav5 are  
plac$0 ,sem44    #h4 7,?is7 is ! "w (   
,gimil-,gula1 ! son ( ,il-khigal  !     
scribe1 ! man ( a non-exi/5t tablet4    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#i4 8,! day ( call+1 ! long day at !    

dawn+ ( light0 787  ,acc44 ,?is is ! "w 
( ,ekur 7,esiru71 ! son ( ,nunna-tur4   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#aj4 ,! h]o ,izdub>4 ,?is is ! "w (     
,s9-lici-unn9i ! scribe  4444           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#aa4 ,! h]o ,etana4 ,?is is ! "w (      
,nis-,s9 ! scribe 4444                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ab4 ,! h]o ! ,fox4 ,?is is ! "w (      
,kak-,m]oda* !  son ( ,eri-,turnunna1 ! 
man ( a non-exi/5t tablet4              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ac4 7,! h]o7 ',sidu4 ,?is is ! "w (    
',sidu-labiri  ! pr9ce1 ! man ( a       
non-exi/5t tablet4                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ad4 4444 a tu gab ,acc44 ,?is is ! "w (
 ,lig-,dimir  ! scribe1 ! man 7( a      
non-exi/5t tablet74                     

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,:at is meant by ! phrase 8! man ( a    
non-exi/5t tablet10 ,i d  n "k4         
,possibly x signifies t ! autograph ( ! 
au?or no  long] exi/$ at ! "t ! li/ 0   
drawn up4 8,! ,bull ( !  firmam5t0 0 a  
leg5d :i* 0 probably connect$ ) ! second
  mon? ( ! ye>1 orig9ally1 x w\ld seem1 
! fir/1 :i* l !  zodiacal sign aft] :i* 
x 0 nam$1 0 call$ ! mon? ( 8!  direct+  
bull40    ,future excavations w d\btless
 br+ to light "s ( ! poems  m5tion$ 9 ! 
li/ & n previ\sly kn[n4 ,i h myself     
lately  come across two fragm5ts 7,s    
#hjb & ,s #caf7 :i* belong to leg5ds    
hi!rto unkn[n1 b !y are too %ort to be  
wor? translat+4  ,:at curi\s            
revelations1 h[ev]1 we may yet expect f 
!  cunei=m records may be judg$ f a     
small & well pres]v$  tablet rec5tly    
br\ght to ,engl&1 :i* conta9s a         
catalogue ( !  g>d5s belong+ to         
,m]oda*-,baladan1 ! contempor>y (       
,hezekiah1  & gr\p$ accord+ to !        

di/ricts 9 :i* !y 7 situat$4            
,m]oda*-,baladan mu/ h be5 fond (       
horticulture1 s9ce !  catalogue conta9s 
! names ( no less ?an sixty-sev5        
se$-g>d5s1  besides six o!r             
pleasure-gr\nds4 ,_m ( !m 7 nam$ f !    
localities 9 ^: neighb\rhood !y 71 b    
o!rs bore su*  significant titles z 8!  
=e/ ( re$s10 8! small enclosure10 or  8!
 g>d5 ( ! wat]s ( ! city40 ,z ! tablet 0
 copi$ by a  scribe nam$                
,m]oda*-sum-idd91 probably 9 ! "t (     
,nebu*adnezz>  or 8 successors1 x is    
evid5t t "s ( ! cont5ts ( !  libr>y (   
,babylon escap$ ! de/ruction br\ght ^u t
 city by  ,s5na*]ib 9 ,b4,c4 #fib4    ,i
 may add t s9ce ! great] "p ( ?is       
edition has be5 9  type1 ,i h f\nd      
myself able to expla9 ! "n ( ! h]o :i*  
9 default ( ! true transcription has be5
 provisionally read  ,izdub>4 ,! "n is  
compos$ ( ?ree ideographs1 ! fir/ (  :i*
 is ! det]m9ative prefix ( wood1 :ile ! 
two latt] are  r5d]$ saptu saplitu1 8!  
l[] lip10 9 ,semitic ,assyrian4 ,n[ ,m4 

,l5ormant has %[n t ,izdub> 0 orig9ally 
! ,accadian ,fire-god1  & ,mr4 ,boscaw5 
has po9t$ out t ! fire-/ick 0 once us$ 9
  ,babylonia2 x is !re=e evid5t t ! ?ree
 ideographs compos+  ! "n repres5t ! l[]
 piece ( wood1 ) a lip or groove 9  x1  
:i* =m$ ! mo/ important "p ( ! primitive
 fire-ma*9e4  ,i believe ! ,accadian    
pronunciation ( ! "n w turn out to be   
,kibirra4      ,a4 ,h4 ,,sayce4     ,may
 #ba/1 #ahhj4          ,,cont5ts4       
,,preface                               
page vi      ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,discov]y
 ,,( ,,! ,,g5esis    ,,leg5ds4          
,cosmogony ( ,b]osus4--,discov]y (      
,cunei=m ,inscriptions4--,hi/orical     
,texts4--,babylonian orig9 ( ,assyrian  
lit]ature4--,my?ological                
tablets4--,discov]y ( ,deluge           
texts4--,mutilat$ condition   (         
tablets4--,lecture on ,deluge           
tablets4--8,daily ,telegraph0           
(f]4--,exp$ition to ,assyria4--,fragm5ts
 ( ,creation tablets4--,sol>            
,my?4--,second j\rney to ,assyria4--,t[]

 ( ,babel4--,clay records4--,li/ (      
texts4--,leg5d ( ,oannes4--,li/ ( e>ly  
leg5ds & _! au?ors                      
page #a      ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,babylonian
 ,,& ,,assyrian ,,lit]ature4            
,babylonian lit]ature4--,k\yunjik       
libr>y4--,fragm5t>y                     
condition4--,arrangem5t (               
tablets4--,subjects4--,dates4--,babyloni
an   s\rce ( lit]ature4--,lit]>y        
p]iod4--,babylonian                     
,*ronology4--,accad4--,sumir4--,ext9ctio
n ( ! ,accadian   language4--,izdub>    
leg5ds4--,creation4--,syllab>ies &      
bil+ual   tablets4--,assyrian           
copies4--,difficulties z to             
date4--,libr>y (   ,s5k]eh4--,assyrian  
empire4--,city ( ,assur4--,libr>y at    
,calah4--,s>gon (                       
,assyria4--,s5na*]ib4--,removal ( libr>y
 to ,n9eveh4--,assur-bani-pal or        
,s>danapalus4--,8 additions to          
libr>y4--,description ( cont5ts4--,lat] 
,babylonian libr>ies                    
#ac      ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,*aldean      

,,leg5ds ,,transmitt$ ,,?r\gh           
,,b]osus ,,& ,,o!r ,,anci5t ,,au?ors4   
,b]osus & 8 copyi/s4--,cory's           
translation4--,alex&]                   
,polyhi/or4--,babylonia4--,oannes1   8  
tea*+4--,creation4--,belus4--,*aldean   
k+s4--,xisu?rus4--,deluge4--,!          
,ark4--,return to                       
,babylon4--,apollodorus4--,pantibiblon4-
-,l>an*a4--,abyd5us4--,alorus1   fir/   
k+4--,t5                                
k+s4--,sisi?rus4--,deluge4--,arm5ia4--,t
[] (   ,babel4--,kronos &               
,titan4--,disp]sion f                   
,he/iu4--,babylonian   colonies4--,t[] (
 ,babel4--,! ,sibyl4--,titan &          
,prome!us4--,damascius4--,tau!4--,moymis
4--,kiss>e & ,assorus4--,triad4--,bel   
#ca      ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,babylonian    
,,my?ology4     ,greek                  
acc\nts4--,my?ology local 9             
orig94--,antiquity4--,conque/s4--,coloni
es4--,?ree great gods4--,twelve   great 
gods4--,angels4--,spirits4--,anu4--,anat
u4--,rimmon4--,i/>4--,equival5t   to    

,v5us4--,hea4--,oannes4--,m]oda*4--,bel 
or ,zeus4--,zirat-banit1 ,succo?        
,b5o?4--,bel4--,s9 ! moon               
god4--,n9ip4--,samas4--,n]gal4--,annuit4
--,table   ( gods                       
#de      ,,*apt] ,v4--,,babylonian      
,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,creation4             
,mutilat$ condition ( tablets4--,li/ (  
subjects4--,description   (             
*aos4--,tiamat4--,g5]ation (            
gods4--,damascius4--,comp>ison   )      
,g5esis4--,?ree great gods4--,d\btful   
fragm5ts4--,fif?                        
tablet4--,/>s4--,moon4--,sun4--,abyss or
 *aos4--,creation ( moon4--,creation   (
 animals4--,mono!ism4--,hymn to         
,m]oda*4--,! black-head$ race   or      
,adamites4--,g>d5 ( ,ed54--,! flam+     
sword4--,! fall4--,!   ,sabba?4--,sacr$ 
tree4--,hymn to   ! ,creator            
#ef      ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,o!r           
,,babylonian ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,!          
,,creation4     ,cunei=m acc\nts        
orig9ally                               
traditions4--,v>iations4--,acc\nt   (   

,b]osus4--,tablet f                     
,cu?a4--,translation4--,composite       
animals4--,eagle-head$ m54--,sev5       
bro!rs4--,de/ruction ( m54--,sev5       
wick$ spirits4--,my?ical explanations ( 
lun> eclipses4--,hymn to !   ,god (     
,fire4--,w> 9 heav54--,tiamat4--,m]oda* 
! great dragon4   --,p>allel ,biblical  
acc\nt                                  
#ia      ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,s9 ,,(   
,,! ,,god ,,zu4     ,god                
,zu4--,obscurity (                      
leg5d4--,translation4--,s9 ( ,zu4--,ang]
 ( !   gods4--,spee*es ( ,anu to        
,rimmon4--,rimmon's answ]4--,spee* (    
,anu   to ,nebo4--,answ] (              
,nebo4--,lugal-turda4 --,*anges to a    
bird4--,! ,zu   bird4--,bird (          
prey4--,lugal-turda "l (                
,am>da4--,prome!us          #aae        
,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,! ,,exploits ,,(     
,,dibb>a4     ,dibb>a4--,god (          
,pe/il5ce4--,itak4--,! ,plague4--,sev5  
w>rior   gods4--,de/ruction (           
p4--,anu4--,goddess ( ,k>rak4--,spee* ( 

,bel4--,s9 & de/ruction (               
,babylonians4--,samas4--,s9 & de/ruction
 (   ,ere*4--,i/>4--,! great god &      
,duran4--,cu?a4--,int]nal w>s4--,itak   
goes   to ,syria4--,p[] & glory (       
,dibb>a4--,song ( ,dibb>a4--,bless+s on 
8 wor%ip4--,god ,n]4--,pray] to arre/ ! 
,plague4--,antiquity ( !   leg5d4--,itak
                                        
#abe      ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,babylonian   
,,fables4     ,fables4--,common 9 !     
,ea/4--,description4--,p[] ( spee* 9    
animals4--,/ory ( !                     
eagle4--,s]p5t4--,samas4--,! eagle      
caught4--,eats   ! s]p5t4--,ang] (      
birds4--,etana4--,sev5 gods4--,?ird     
tablet4--,spee*   ( eagle4--,/ory ( !   
fox4--,8 cunn+4--,judgm5t ( ,samas4--,8 
%[ ( sorr[4--,8 puni%m5t4--,spee* (     
fox4--,fable ( !   horse & ox4--,!y     
consort toge!r4--,spee* ( ! ox4--,8 good
   =tune4--,contra/ ) ! horse4--,hunt+ !
 ox4--,spee* ( !   horse4--,(f]s to     
rec\nt /ory4--,/ory ( ,i/>4--,fur!r     
tablets     #adj      ,,*apt]           

,x4--,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,miscellane\s      
,,texts4     ,at>pi4--,puni%m5t (       
_w4--,riddle ( wise man4--,nature &     
univ]sal pres5ce ( air4--,s9uri4--,div9+
 by fracture ( re$4--,!   f\ndl+4--,t[] 
( ,babel4--,obscurity ( leg5d4--,n      
notic$ by   ,b]osus4--,fragm5t>y        
tablet4--,de/ruction (                  
,t[]4--,disp]sion4--,site (   !         
,t[]4--,mean+ (                         
,babel4--,*$or-laom]4--,! de/ruction (  
,sodom   & ,gomorrah                    
#aee      ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,! ,,izdub>   
,,leg5ds4     ,izdub>4--,mean+ ( !      
"n4--,a sol> h]o4--,prototype (         
,h]akles4--,age ( ,leg5ds4--,babylonian 
cyl9d]s4--,notices   (                  
,izdub>4--,surippak4--,ark              
,city4--,twelve tablets4--,ext5t (      
,leg5ds4--,description4--,introduction4-
-,meet+ ( ,hea-bani   &                 
,izdub>4--,de/ruction ( tyrant          
,khumbaba4--,adv5tures (                
,i/>4--,illness & w&]+s (               
,izdub>4--,description   ( ,deluge &    

conclusion4--,fir/ ,tablet4--,k+dom (   
,nimrod4--,traditions4--,id5tifications4
--,translation4--,elamite               
,conque/4--,dates                       
#age      ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,meet+ ,,(   
,,hea-,,bani ,,& ,,izdub>4     ,dream ( 
,izdub>4--,hea-bani4--,8 wisdom4--,8    
solit>y life4--,izdub>'s                
petition4--,zaidu4--,kh>imtu &          
,samkhat4--,tempt ,hea-bani4--,might &  
fame   ( ,izdub>4--,spee* (             
,hea-bani4--,8 j\rney to ,ere*4--,!     
midannu or   tig]4--,fe/ival at         
,ere*4--,dream ( ,izdub>4--,fri5d%ip )  
,hea-bani                               
#bja      ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,de/ruction 
,,( ,,! ,,tyrant ,,khumbaba4            
,my?ical geography4--,=e/               
region4--,khumbaba4--,conv]sation4--,pet
ition   to ,samas4--,j\rney to          
=e/4--,dwell+ ( ,khumbaba4--,entrance to
   =e/4--,meet+ ) ,khumbaba4--,dea? (   
,khumbaba4--,izdub> k+      #baf        
,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,! ,,adv5tures ,,(     
,,i/>4     ,triumph ( ,izdub>4--,i/>'s  

love4--,h] (f] ( m>riage4--,h]          
promises4--,izdub>'s                    
answ]4--,tammuz4--,am\rs ( ,i/>4--,8    
refusal4--,i/>'s ang]4--,asc5ds to      
,heav54--,! bull4--,sla9 by             
,izdub>4--,i/>'s curse4--,izdub>'s      
triumph4--,! fea/4--,i/>'s              
despair4--,h] desc5t to                 
,hades4--,description4--,! sev5         
gates4--,!   curses4--,atsu-sunamir !   
,sph9x4--,release ( ,i/>4--,! dog ( !   
dawn4--,lam5t = ,tammuz                 
#bbf      ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,,illness ,,&  
,,w&]+s ,,( ,,izdub>4     ,hea-bani & ! 
trees4--,illness ( ,izdub>4--,dea? (    
,hea-bani4--,j\rney   ( ,izdub>4--,8    
dream4--,scorpion m54--,! ,des]t (      
,mas4--,siduri &   ,sabitu4--,nes-,hea !
 pilot4--,wat] ( dea?4--,mua4--,!       
conv]sation4--,xisu?rus                 
#beb      ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,,! ,,/ory ,,(
 ,,! ,,flood ,,& ,,conclusion4          
,elev5? tablet4--,! gods4--,s9 ( !      
_w4--,comm& to build   ! ark4--,its     
cont5ts4--,! build+4--,!                

,flood4--,de/ruction   ( p4--,fe> ( !   
gods4--,end ( ,deluge4--,nizir4--,re/+ (
   ,ark4--,! birds4--,! desc5t f !      
ark4--,! sacrifice1 cov5ant   &         
ra9b[4--,spee*es ( gods4--,translation (
 ,adrakhasis4--,cure   ( ,izdub>4--,8   
return4--,lam5t ov]                     
,hea-bani4--,resurrection (             
,hea-bani4--,burial ( w>rior4--,age &   
composition ( ! ,deluge                 
tablet4--,comp>ison ) ,g5esis4--,syrian 
nation4--,connection (   leg5ds4--,po9ts
 ( contact4--,duration ( deluge4--,m\nt 
( desc5t4--,t5   g5]ations4--,e>ly      
cities                                  
#bgh      ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,,conclusion4
     ,notices ( ,g5esis4--,correspond5ce
 ( names4--,abram4--,ur   (             
,*aldees4--,i%mael4--,s>gon ( ,agan4--,8
 bir?4--,conceal$   9                   
ark4--,creation4--,g>d5 (               
,ed54--,oannes4--,b]osus4--,izdub>      
leg5ds4--,babylonian seals4--,egyptian  
names4--,assyrian sculptures      #cae  
,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4               

,frontispiece1 ,photograph4 ,izdub>     
7,nimrod7 9 conflict ) a lion1   f an   
e>ly ,babylonian cyl9d]4     #b4 ,rev]se
 ( inscrib$ t]ra cotta tablet1 conta9+ !
 acc\nt (   ! ,deluge1 %[+ ! v>i\s      
fragm5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 #i4     #c4
 ,oannes & o!r ,babylonian my?ological  
figures1 f cyl9d]1 #cc4     #d4         
,composite animals1 f cyl9d]1 #ce4      
#e4 ,fight betwe5 ,m]oda* 7,bel7 & !    
dragon1 to face p4 #fb4     #f4 ,sacr$  
tree or grove1 ) att5dant *]ubim1 f     
,assyrian   cyl9d]1 #he4     #g4 ,sacr$ 
tree1 seat$ figure on ea* side & s]p5t 9
 backgr\nd1   f an e>ly ,babylonian     
cyl9d]1 #hh4     #h4 ,m]oda* attack+ !  
s]p5t1 on an ,assyrian cyl9d]1 9 !      
possession ( ,dr4 ,s4 ,wells ,williams1 
,ne:av51 #ij4     #i4 ,sacr$ tree1      
att5dant figures & eagle-head$ m51 f !  
seal   ( a ,syrian *ief1 n9? c5tury     
,b4,c41 #ig4     #aj4 ,m]oda* deliv]+ ! 
moon-god f ! evil spirits2 f a          
,babylonian cyl9d]2 #aja4     #aa4 ,bel 
enc\nt]+ ! dragon1 f ,babylonian cyl9d]1

 #aji4     #ab4 ,m]oda* or ,bel arm$ = !
 conflict ) ! dragon1 f   ,assyrian     
cyl9d]1 #aab4     #ac4 ,fight betwe5    
,bel & ! dragon1 f ,babylonian cyl9d]1  
#aad4     #ad4 ,eagle-head$ m51 f       
,nimr\d sculpture1 to face p4 #ajb4     
#ae1 #af & #ag4 ,m5 engag$ 9 build+1 f  
,babylonian cyl9d]s1 #afb4     #ah4     
,view ( ,birs ,nimrud1 ! suppos$ site ( 
! ,t[] ( ,babel1 #afg4     #ai4 ,view ( 
! ,babil m\nd at ,babylon1 ! site ( !   
temple ( ,bel1   #afh4     #bj4 ,t[] 9  
/ages1 f an ,assyrian bas-relief1 #afi4 
#ba4 ,izdub> /rangl+ a lion1 f          
,khorsabad sculpture1 to face p4   #age4
     #bb4 ,migration ( ,ea/]n tribe1 f  
e>ly ,babylonian cyl9d]1 #aig4     #bc4 
,b[>eyeh ,m\nd at ,w>ka 7,ere*71 site ( 
! temple ( ,i/>1 #bdh4     #bd4 ,izdub> 
& ,hea-bani 9 conflict ) ! lion & bull1 
#bdi4     #be4 ,izdub> among ! trees ( !
 ,gods 7871 f a ,babylonian   cyl9d]    
f\nd 9 ,cyprus by ,g54 di ,cesnola1     
#bfc4     #bf4 ,izdub>1 composite       
figures1 & ,ur-,hea 9 ! boat1 f an e>ly 

,babylonian cyl9d]1 #bgj4     #bg4      
,composite figures 7scorpion m571 f an  
,assyrian cyl9d]1 #bgf4     #bh4        
,xisu?rus1 or ,noah1 & ,izdub>1 f an    
e>ly ,babylonian   cyl9d]1 #cjj4        
#bi4 ,mugheir1 ! site ( ,ur ( !         
,*aldees1 #cag4     #cj4 ,oannes1 f     
,nimr\d sculpture1 to face p4 #cbe4     
,,*apt] ,i4    ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,!   
,,g5esis ,,leg5ds4    ,cosmogony (      
,b]osus4--,discov]y ( ,cunei=m          
,inscriptions4--,hi/orical              
texts4--,babylonian orig9 ( ,assyrian   
lit]ature4--,my?ological                
tablets4--,discov]y ( ,deluge           
texts4--,mutilat$ condition (           
tablets4--,lecture on ,deluge           
tablets4--8,daily ,telegraph0           
(f]4--,exp$ition  to                    
,assyria4--,fragm5ts ( ,creation        
tablets4--,sol> ,my?4--,second j\rney   
to ,assyria4--,t[] ( ,babel4--,clay     
records4--,li/ ( texts4--,leg5d (       
,oannes4--,li/ ( e>ly leg5ds & _!       
au?ors4      ,x has long be5 kn[n f !   

fragm5ts ( ! ,*aldean hi/orian1         
,b]osus1 pres]v$ 9 ! works ( v>i\s lat] 
writ]s1 t !  ,babylonians 7 acqua9t$ )  
traditions ref]r+ to ! ,creation1  !    
p]iod be=e ! ,flood1 ! ,deluge1 & o!r   
matt]s ( :i* we  read 9 ! book (        
,g5esis4    ,b]osus1 h[ev]1 :o record$  
^! ev5ts1 is /at$ by ,eusebius  &       
,tatian to h be5 a contempor>y ( ,alex&]
 ! ,great1 &  to h liv$ into ! reign (  
,antio*us ,sot]4 ,8 date lies1  !re=e1  
betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ccj & #bfj4 ,z ?is 0 ?ree
 hundr$ ye>s  aft] ! captivity ( ! ,jews
 9 ,babylon1 ! great antiquity (  ^!    
traditions c\ld n be prov$ ) c]ta9ty1   
mu* less _!  indep5d5ce ( ! acc\nts :i* 
we h 9 ,g5esis4    ,on ! discov]y &     
deciph]m5t ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1    
,ori5tal s*ol>s hop$ t copies ( !       
,babylonian hi/ories  & traditions w\ld 
"o day be f\nd1 & t e>li] & m           
satisfactory evid5ce z to ^! primitive  
hi/ories ?an _h  previ\sly be5          
accessible1 w\ld ?us be ga9$4    ,9 !   
m\nd ( ,k\yunjik1 opposite ! t[n (      

,mosul1 ,mr4 ,lay>d  discov]$ "p ( !    
,royal ,assyrian libr>y1 & fur!r        
collections1  also =m+ "p ( ?is libr>y1 
h be5 subsequ5tly f\nd by ,mr4  ,h4     
,rassam1 ,mr4 ,l(tus1 & ,mr4 ,george    
,smi?4 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 :o  made ! 
prelim9>y exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,lay>d's    
treasures1 & 0  ! fir/ to recognize _!  
value1 e/imat$ ! numb] ( fragm5ts       
br\ght f ?is ,libr>y at ov] tw5ty ?\s&4 
,! att5tion ( deciph]]s 0 9 ! fir/      
in/ance drawn to !  lat] hi/orical      
inscriptions1 p>ticul>ly to ^? ( !      
,assyrian  k+s contempor>y ) ! ,hebrew  
mon>*y2 & 9 ?is dep>tm5t  ( rese>* a v  
l>ge numb] ( texts ( great importance   
rew>d$  ! toil ( ,assyrian s*ol>s4      
,inscriptions ( ,tigla? ,piles]1        
,%almanes]1 ,s>gon1 ,s5na*]ib1          
,es>haddon1 ,nebu*adnezz>1  ,nabonidus1 
& num]\s o!r anci5t sov]eigns1 be>+     
directly  on ! ,bible1 & ?r[+ new light 
^u p>ts ( anci5t hi/ory  previ\sly      
obscure1 = a long "t occupi$ almo/      
exclusively !  att5tion ( /ud5ts1 &     

ov]%ad[$ any "w 9 o!r divisions (       
,assyrian lit]ature4    ,al?\gh x 0 kn[n
 t ,assyria borr[$ its civilization &   
writt5 *>act]s f ,babylonia1 yet1 z !   
,assyrian nation 0  ?r\gh\t ! great] "p 
( its indep5d5t exi/5ce ho/ile to !     
s\!rn & old] k+dom1 x c\ld n be guess$  
be=eh& t !  peculi> national traditions 
( ,babylonia w\ld h be5 transport$  to  
,assyria4    ,"u ^! circum/ances1 = "s  
ye>s aft] ! cunei=m  inscriptions 7 fir/
 deciph]$1 no?+ 0 look$ = or  discov]$  
be>+ ^u ! ev5ts describ$ 9 ,g5esis2 b1 z
  new texts 7 br\ght into notice1 x     
became evid5t t !  ,assyrians borr[$ _! 
lit]ature l>gely f ,babylonian s\rces1  
& x appe>$ likely t se>* among !        
fragm5ts ( ,assyrian  inscriptions w\ld 
yield traces at lea/ ( "s ( ^! anci5t   
,babylonian leg5ds4    ,att5tion 0 e>ly 
drawn to ?is fact by ,sir ,h5ry         
,rawl9son1 :o  po9t$ out sev]al         
co9cid5ces betwe5 ! geography (         
,babylonia &  ! acc\nt ( ,ed5 9 ,g5esis1
 & sugge/$ ! great probability  t !     

acc\nts 9 ,g5esis _h a ,babylonian      
orig94    ,:ile prep>+ ! f\r? volume (  
,cunei=m ,inscriptions = !  tru/ees ( ! 
,briti% ,museum1 ,mr4 ,george ,smi?     
notic$ ref]5ces to  ! ,creation 9 a     
tablet numb]$ ,k #fc 9 ! ,museum        
collection1 z  well z allusions 9 o!r   
tablets to simil> leg5ds2 he !re=e      
se>*$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( tablets he _h     
previ\sly class$ z  8,my?ological10 9   
ord] to f9d1 if possible1 "s ( ^!       
leg5ds4  ,?is s]ies ( my?ological       
tablets 0 "o ( six into :i* he _h       
divid$ ! ,museum collection ( cunei=m   
inscriptions = conv5i5ce  ( work+4 ,by  
plac+ all ! tablets & fragm5ts ( ! same 
class  toge!r1 he _h be5 able to        
complete sev]al texts1 to f9d easily    
any subject requir$1 & to get1 :5ev] x 0
 ne$$1 a g5]al  idea ( ! cont5ts ( !    
collection4    ,! my?ological division  
conta9$ all ! tablets :i* relat$  to    
,assyrian my?ology1 & all ! leg5ds 9 :i*
 ! gods took a  lead+ "p1 toge!r )      
pray]s & simil> subjects4    ,a /eady   

se>* among ^! fragm5ts soon br\ght to   
light half ( a  curi\s tablet :i* _h    
evid5tly conta9$ orig9ally six columns (
  text2 two ( ^! 7! ?ird & f\r?7 7 /ill 
ne>ly p]fect2  two o!rs 7! second &     
fif?7 7 imp]fect1 ab\t half be+  lo/1   
:ile ! rema9+ columns 7! fir/ & six?7 7 
entirely  gone4 ,a /atem5t 9 ! ?ird     
column t 8! %ip0 _h re/$ on  ! m\nta9 ( 
,nizir1 foll[$ by an acc\nt ( ! s5d+ =? 
( a dove1 & its f9d+ no re/+-place &    
return+1 conv9c$  ,mr4 ,smi? t he _h    
discov]$ a portion at lea/ ( ! ,*aldean 
acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 ,he !n proce$$ to   
read ?r\gh ! docum5t1  & f\nd x 0 9 ! =m
 ( a spee* f ! h]o ( ! ,deluge  to a    
p]son ^: "n might be transcrib$ z       
,izdub>4 ,! same "n  _h already be5 read
 on ! fragm5t ( ano!r tablet numb]$ ,k  
#bca1 :i* turn$ out to belong to ! same 
s]ies ( tablets z !  newly-f\nd acc\nt (
 ! ,deluge4 ,mr4 ,smi? 0 ?us enc\rag$ to
  make a se>* = o!r portions ( ! s]ies4 
,! se>* 0 a long & heavy "w1 = !re 7    
?\s&s (  fragm5ts to be exam9$1 & ^! 7 s

 small1 & conta9$ s  little ( ! text1 t 
x 0 extremely difficult to asc]ta9 _!   
mean+4 ,! se>*1 h[ev]1 prov$ successful4
 ,a fragm5t ( ano!r  copy ( ! ,deluge 0 
f\nd conta9+ a second acc\nt ( ! s5d+   
=? ( ! birds4 ,sev]al o!r portions ( !  
same tablet 7  gradually collect$ &     
fitt$ "o aft] ano!r into _! places      
until ! great] "p ( ! second column 0   
fill$ up4 ,portions  ( a ?ird copy 7    
next discov]$1 :i*1 :5 jo9$ toge!r1     
complet$ a consid]able "p ( ! fir/ &    
six? columns4 ,mr4  ,smi? n[ translat$ !
 text he _h s labori\sly piec$ toge!r1  
& publi%$ 8 discov]y to ! _w at a meet+ 
( ! ,society  ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1    
,decemb] #crd1 #ahgb4 ,by ?is "t he _h  
made  out t ! s]ies ( ,izdub> leg5ds1 z 
we may t]m !m1 conta9$  twelve tablets  
or books4 ,( ?is s]ies ! tablet describ+
 !  ,deluge 0 ! elev5? & ,k #bca ! six?4
    ,! int]e/ excit$ by ,mr4 ,smi?'s    
discov]y 0 naturally v  great4          
,imm$iately aft] ! meet+ ( ! ,society ( 
,biblical  ,ar*ology1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,arnold1 

9 ! "n ( ! proprietors ( !  8,daily     
,telegraph10 ask$ ! =tunate discov]] to 
reop51 at _!  co/1 ! excavations 9      
,assyria 9 ! hope ( f9d+ ! miss+        
portions ( ! /ory ( ! ,deluge4 ,!       
tru/ees ( ! ,briti%  ,museum grant$ ,mr4
 ,smi? leave ( abs5ce = ! purpose1 & he 
accord+ly />t$ = ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 & !re
 engag$ 9  rese>*es1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is  
relat$ 9 8 "w entitl$  8,assyrian       
,discov]ies40 ,h>dly _h he begun 8      
excavations on ! site  ( ! palace (     
,assur-bani-pal at ,k\yunjik1 :5 he came
 across a new  fragm5t ( ! ,*aldean     
acc\nt ( ! ,deluge belong+ to ! fir/    
column ( ! tablet1 conta9+ ! comm& to   
build & fill !  ark1 & ne>ly fill+ up ! 
mo/ consid]able blank 9 ! /ory4  ,"s o!r
 fragm5ts1 f\nd aft]w>ds1 /ill fur!r    
complet$ ?is  tablet1 :i* 0 already !   
mo/ p]fect "o 9 ! ,izdub> s]ies4  ,!    
tr5* 9 :i* ! fragm5t 9 "q 0 discov]$ mu/
  h pass$ v ne> ! "p ( ! ,libr>y 9 :i* !
 ,assyrians  kept a s]ies ( inscriptions
 relat+ to ! e>ly hi/ory ( !  _w4 ,!    

same tr5* soon aft]w>ds yield$ a fragm5t
 ( ! six?  tablet1 describ+ ! de/ruction
 ( ! bull ( ,i/> by ,izdub> &           
,hea-bani1 an incid5t (t5 depict$ on    
e>ly ,babylonian gems4 ,! next  discov]y
 0 a fragm5t :i* ref]r$ to ! creation ( 
! _w2  x =m$ ! upp] corn] ( a tablet1 & 
gave a fragm5t>y acc\nt  ( ! creation ( 
animals4 ,two o!r portions ( ?is leg5d 7
  f\nd fur!r on 9 ! tr5*1 "o ( :i*      
conta9$ a mutilat$  acc\nt ( ! w> betwe5
 ! gods & evil spirits4    ,9 ! foll[+  
ye> ,mr4 ,smi? 0 aga9 9 ,assyria1 9 *>ge
 (  an exp$ition s5t out by ! tru/ees ( 
! ,briti% ,museum1 &  succe$$ 9 br++    
home fre% fragm5ts relat+ to ! e>ly     
traditions & leg5ds ( ,babylonia4 ,among
 ^! is ! fragm5t :i*  seems to describe 
! build+ ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,!n foll[$  
! disa/r\s exp$ition ( #ahge-f1 9 !     
c\rse ( :i* ,mr4 ,smi?  fell a victim to
 ov]-fatigue & 8 zeal = ,assyrian       
rese>*4 ,!  subsequ5t explorations (    
,mr4 ,hormuzd ,rassam1 ?\gh ri* 9 o!r   
results1 h add$ v little to our k ( !   

old ,babylonian  leg5ds2 & x seems      
probable t ! miss+ portions ( ! tablets 
:i* conta9$ !m h irretrievably p]i%$4   
,we mu/ wait =  fur!r light ^u ! subject
 until ! cities & libr>ies (  ,babylonia
 h be5 excavat$4 ,aft] all1 ! e>ly      
,babylonian leg5ds1  ( :i* copies 7 made
 = ! ,assyrian ,libr>y at ,k\yunjik1 7  
b a select$ few2 ! ,assyrians took      
little int]e/ 9 t "p (  ,babylonian     
lit]ature :i* _h no connection ) _! own 
hi/ory or  beliefs1 & we h reason to    
congratulate ourselves t among !        
traditions !y borr[$ f _! old] & m      
civiliz$ neighb\rs  7 s _m :i* be> ^u ! 
e>li] *apt]s ( ,g5esis4    ,! fragm5t>y 
condition ( ! leg5ds we possess1 h[ev]1 
is mu*  to be lam5t$4 ,! *ief           
difficulties ) :i* ! ,assyrian s*ol>    
has to cont5d1 :5 deal+ ) !m1 are due to
 ! mutilat$ /ate  ( ! tablets4 ,if !    
inscriptions 7 p]fect1 _! translation   
w\ld be a comp>atively easy matt]4 ,z x 
is1 s skill$ a deciph]]  z ,mr4 ,smi?   
himself 0 deceiv$ by ! defective "* ( ! 

text into imag9+ t a hymn address$ to ! 
,creator 0 !  ,babylonian v]sion ( !    
,fall ( ,man4    ,! fragm5t>y & scatt]$ 
"* ( ^! leg5ds is expla9$  by ! nature (
 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! tablets are compos$1 
&  ! *anges und]gone by !m s9ce !y 7    
writt54 ,!y consi/ (  f9e clay & 7      
inscrib$ ) cunei=m *>act]s :ile 9 a s(t 
/ate2 !y 7 !n bak$ 9 a furnace until    
h>d1 & aft]w>ds  transf]r$ to ! libr>y4 
,! libr>y seems to h be5 9 an upp]      
/orey ( ! palace1 & aft] ! de/ruction ( 
,n9eveh1 ! fall  ( ! build+ 9 :i* x 0   
plac$ naturally caus$ ! tablets  conta9$
 9 x to be brok5 to pieces4 ,_m ( !m 7  
crack$ &  scor*$ by ! heat ( ! burn+    
ru9s4 ,subsequ5tly ! ru9s  7 turn$ ov] 9
 se>* ( treasure1 & ! tablets /ill fur!r
  brok52 :ile1 to complete _!           
de/ruction1 ! ra91 soak+  ?r\gh ! gr\nd 
e spr+1 saturates !m ) wat] conta9+     
*emicals1 & ^! *emicals =m cry/als 9 e  
available crack4  ,! gr[? ( ! cry/als   
fur!r splits ! tablets1 "s ( !m  be+    
lit]ally %iv]$ to pieces4               

,illu/ration3     ,,rev]se ,,(          
,,inscrib$ ,,t]ra ,,cotta ,,tablet      
,,conta9+ ,,! ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,!          
,,deluge1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,fragm5ts  
,,( ,,:i* ,,x ,,0 ,,compos$ ,,at ,,!    
,,"t ,,( ,,mr4 ,,smi?',s ,,translation4 
,"s idea ( ! mutilat$ condition ( !     
,assyrian tablets1 & (  ! "w requir$ by 
! re/oration ( a s+le text1 w be ga9$  f
 ! engrav+ above1 :i* exhibits !        
appe>ance ( "o ( !  ,deluge tablets at !
 "t ,mr4 ,smi? publi%$ 8 translation (  
x4  ,9 ?is tablet !re are no less ?an   
sixte5 fragm5ts4    ,! clay records ( ! 
,assyrians are by ^! means s brok5 up1  
t a s+le text is 9 "s cases divid$ into 
ov] "o hundr$  fragm5ts2 & x is only by 
collect+ & jo9+ ^! toge!r t  ! old texts
 c be re/or$4 ,_m ( ! fragm5t>y tablets 
:i*  h be5 m ?an tw5ty ye>s 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum h be5 add$  to consid]ably by ! 
fragm5ts rec5tly br\ght to ,engl& by    
,mr4  ,smi? & ,mr4 ,rassam2 & yet !re   
probably rema9 f t5 to tw5ty  ?\s&      
fragm5ts /ill buri$ 9 ! ru9s1 )\t !     

recov]y (  :i* x is impossible to       
complete ^! valuable ,assyrian          
inscriptions4    ,x is1 nev]!less1 out (
 ^! imp]fect mat]ials t we h  at pres5t 
to piece toge!r our k ( ! e>ly leg5ds ( 
,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,mo/1 if n all1 (
 !m1 are1 x mu/ be  rememb]$1 ( ,*aldean
 or ,babylonian orig91 ! ,assyrians hav+
  ei!r slavi%ly copi$ ,babylonian       
orig9als or simply put into a new  =m ! 
/ory !y _h borr[$ f _! s\!rn neighb\rs4 
,su*  z !y are1 h[ev]1 !y are pres5t$ to
 ! read] z fai?fully  translat$ z our   
exi/+ k ( ! ,assyrian language all[s2  x
 is = him to draw 8 inf]5ces & make 8   
comp>isons4 ,!  great] numb] ( !m1 z we 
%all see1 m\nt back to a date e>li]  ?an
 ! second mill5nium be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1
 & ev5 :]e !  actual text belongs to a  
lat] p]iod1 ! leg5d :i* x embodies      
claims a simil> antiquity4 ,we may      
classify !m 9 ! foll[+  ord]3--    #a4  
,an acc\nt ( ! ,creation ( ! _w 9 six   
days1 p>allel to  t 9 ! fir/ *apt] (    
,g5esis1 & probably 9 its pres5t =m  n  

old] ?an ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c4    #b4 ,a  
second acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 d]iv$ f !  
,libr>y (  ,cu?ah1 & belong+ to ! olde/ 
p]iod ( ,babylonian lit]ature4    #c4 ,a
 hi/ory ( ! conflict betwe5 ,m]oda*1 !  
*ampion ( !  gods1 & ,tiamat1 8! ,deep10
 ! repres5tative ( *aos & evil4  ,to ?is
 we may add ! bil+ual leg5d ( ! sev5    
evil spirits &  _! fight aga9/ ! moon4  
#d4 ,! /ory ( ! desc5t ( ! goddess ,i/> 
or ,v5us into ,hades1  & h] return4     
#e4 ,! leg5d ( ! s9 ( ! god ,zu1 puni%$ 
by ,bel1 ! fa!r (  ! gods4    #f4 ,a    
collection ( five tablets giv+ !        
exploits ( ,dibb>a ! god  ( ! pe/il5ce4 
#g4 ,! /ory ( ! wise man :o put =? a    
riddle to ! gods4    #h4 ,! leg5d ( !   
good man ,at>pi1 & ! wick$ness ( ! _w4  
#i4 ,! leg5d ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 &        
disp]sion4    #aj4 ,! /ory ( ! ,eagle & 
,etana4    #aa4 ,! /ory ( ! ox & !      
horse4    #ab4 ,! /ory ( ! fox4    #ac4 
,! leg5d ( ,s9uri4    #ad4 ,! ,izdub>   
leg5ds3 twelve tablets1 ) ! hi/ory (    
,izdub>1  & an acc\nt ( ! flood4    #ae4

 ,! /ory ( ! de/ruction ( ,sodom &      
,gomorrah4 ,besides ^!  !re are fragm5ts
 ( o!r leg5ds1 :i* %[ t !re 0 a         
consid]able collection ( su* primitive  
/ories /ill q unkn[n  to u4 ,9 fact we h
 little *ance ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) !m    
until ! libr>ies ( ,babylonia are       
excavat$4 ,?us = example we  le>n f     
,b]osus t ! ,babylonians ascrib$ _!     
civilization to  c]ta9 wond]ful         
creatures :o asc5d$ out ( ! ,p]sian     
,gulf1 &  m especially to a be+ call$   
,oannes4 ,b ( all ?is ! libr>y  (       
,n9eveh tells u no?+1 al?\gh an         
,accadian ,read+-book compil$  =        
,assyrian /ud5ts conta9s an exc]pt :i*  
seems to be tak5 f  ! leg5d ( ,oannes4  
,x is z foll[s3--      #a4 ,to ! wat]s  
_! god    #b4 _h return$4    #c4 ,to !  
gli/5+ h\se    #d4 he desc5d$ 7z7 an    
icicle4    #e4 7,on7 a seat ( sn[    #f4
 he grew n old 9 wisdom4    #g4 ,! wise 
p    #h4 ) 8 wisdom he fill$4    ,two   
fragm5ts1 belong+ to two editions ( !   
same text1 h j  be5 f\nd1 conta9+ a li/ 

( ! num]\s leg5ds & epics curr5t  among 
! anci5t ,babylonians1 along ) ! names (
 _! au?ors4  ,among !m are f\nd sev]al (
 :i* translations are giv5 fur!r  on 9  
?is volume2 b !re are also sev]al ( :i* 
we he> = !  fir/ "t4 ,! great ,izdub>   
,epic1 x may be not$1 is ascrib$ to  a  
c]ta9 ,s9-lici-unn9i 78,o ,moon-god1    
receive my cry6074 ,a full]  acc\nt ( ! 
fragm5ts & _! cont5ts w be f\nd 9 !     
,introduction4          ,,*apt] ,,ii4   
,,babylonian ,,& ,,assyrian ,,lit]ature4
     ,babylonian lit]ature4--,k\yunjik  
libr>y4--,fragm5t>y                     
condition4--,arrangem5t (               
tablets4--,subjects4--,dates4--,babyloni
an   s\rce ( lit]ature4--,lit]>y        
p]iod4--,babylonian                     
,*ronology4--,accad4--,sumir4--,ext9ctio
n ( ! ,accadian   language4--,izdub>    
leg5ds4--,creation4--,syllab>ies &      
bil+ual   tablets4--,assyrian           
copies4--,difficulties z to             
date4--,libr>y (   ,s5k]eh4--,assyrian  
empire4--,city ( ,assur4--,libr>y at    

,calah4--,s>gon (                       
,assyria4--,s5na*]ib4--,removal (       
,libr>y to ,n9eveh4--,assur-bani-pal or 
,s>danapalus4--,8 additions to          
libr>y4--,description ( cont5ts4--,lat] 
,babylonian libr>ies4      ,9 ord] to   
und]/& ! position to :i* we mu/ assign !
  leg5ds ( e>ly ,*aldea1 x is necess>y  
to give "s acc\nt (  ! lit]ature ( !    
,anci5t ,babylonians & _! copyi/s1 !    
,assyrians4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 !  
fragm5ts ( burnt brick  on :i* ^! leg5ds
 are inscrib$ 7 f\nd 9 ! dbris :i*      
cov]s ! palaces call$ ! ,s\? ,we/       
,palace & ! ,nor? ,palace  at ,k\yunjik2
 ! =m] build+ be+ ( ! age ( ,s5na*]ib1 !
  latt] belong+ to ! "t (               
,assur-bani-pal4 ,! tablets1 :i* are  ( 
all sizes1 f "o in* long to ov] a foot  
squ>e1 are g5]ally  9 fragm5ts1 & 9     
consequ5ce ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place  
9 ! ru9s ! fragm5ts ( ! same tablet are 
sometimes scatt]$  widely ap>t4 ,!y 7   
orig9ally deposit$1 x w\ld seem1 9 "o  (
 ! upp] *amb]s ( ! palace1 f :i* !y fell

 on !  de/ruction ( ! build+4 ,9 "s ( ! 
l[] *amb]s ! :ole  floor has be5 f\nd   
cov]$ ) !m1 9 o!r cases !y lay 9  gr\ps 
or pat*es on ! pavem5t1 & !re are       
occasional clu/]s  ( fragm5ts at v>i\s  
heights 9 ! e>? :i* cov]s ! ru9s4  ,o!r 
fragm5ts are scatt]$ s+ly ?r\gh all !   
upp] e>? :i*  cov]s ! floors & walls ( !
 palace4 ,diff]5t fragm5ts ( !  same    
tablet or cyl9d] are f\nd 9 sep>ate     
*amb]s :i* h  no imm$iate connection )  
ea* o!r1 %[+ t _! pres5t  di/ribution   
has no?+ to d ) ! orig9al position ( !  
tablets ( :i* !y =m$ "p4    ,!          
inscriptions %[ t ! tablets 7 arrang$   
accord+ to _!  subjects4 ,/ories or     
subjects 7 cont9u$ on o!r tablets ( !   
same size & =m z ^? on :i* !y 7 comm5c$1
 9 "s cases  ! numb] ( tablets 9 a s]ies
 & on a s+le subject am\nt+ to  ov] "o  
hundr$4    ,ea* subject or s]ies (      
tablets _h a title1 ! title consi/+  ( !
 fir/ phrase or "p ( a phrase 9 x4 ,?us1
 ! s]ies (  ,a/rological tablets1 numb]+
 ov] sev5ty tablets1 bore ! title  8,:5 

! gods ,anu 7&7 ,bel10 ?is be+ !        
comm5cem5t ( ! fir/  tablet4 ,at ! end (
 e tablet 9 ea* s]ies 0 writt5 its      
numb] 9 ! "w1 ?us3 8! fir/ tablet ( ,:5 
! gods ,anu1 ,bel10  8! second tablet ( 
,:5 ! gods ,anu1 ,bel10 c4 c42 &1 fur!r 
to pres]ve ! prop] position ( ea*       
tablet1 e "o except !  la/ 9 a s]ies _h 
at ! end a cat* phrase1 consi/+ ( ! fir/
  l9e ( ! foll[+ tablet4 ,!re 7 besides1
 catalogues ( ^!  docum5ts writt5 l !m  
on clay tablets1 & o!r small oval       
tablets ) titles ^u !m1 app>5tly labels 
= ! v>i\s s]ies  ( works4 ,all ^!       
arrangem5ts %[ ! c>e tak5 ) respect to  
lit]>y matt]s4 ,!re 7 regul> libr>ies or
 *amb]s1 probably  on ! upp] floors ( ! 
palaces1 appo9t$ = ! reception ( !      
tablets1 & cu/odians or libr>ians to    
take *>ge ( !m4 ,^!  regulations 7 all (
 great antiquity1 & l ! tablets _h a    
,babylonian orig94    ,judg+ f !        
fragm5ts discov]$1 x appe>s probable t  
!re  7 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,n9eveh ov]
 #aj1jjj inscrib$ tablets1  treat+ (    

almo/ e bran* ( k exi/+ at ! "t4    ,9  
consid]+ a subject l ! pres5t "o x is a 
po9t ( !  utmo/ importance to def9e z   
closely z possible ! date ( our  pres5t 
copies ( ! leg5ds1 & ! mo/ probable     
p]iod at :i*  ! orig9al copies may h be5
 inscrib$4 ,by f> ! greate/  numb] ( !  
tablets br\ght f ,n9eveh belong to ! age
 (  ,assur-bani-pal1 :o reign$ ov]      
,assyria f ,b4,c4 #fgj1 & e copy  ( :at 
we w t]m ! ,g5esis leg5ds yet f\nd 0    
inscrib$ )  "o exception dur+ 8 reign4  
,! /atem5ts made on ! tablets  !mselves 
are conclusive on ?is po9t1 & h n be5   
call$ 9  "q1 b x is equally /at$ &      
ackn[l$g$ on all h&s t  mo/ ( ^! tablets
 are n ! orig9als1 b are only copies f  
e>li] texts4 ,x is un=tunate t ! date ( 
! orig9al copies  is nev] pres]v$1 & ?us
 a wide door is ?r[n op5 = diff]5ce  (  
op9ion on ! po9t4 ,! ,assyrians         
ackn[l$g$ t ?is class  ( lit]ature 0    
borr[$ f ,babylonian s\rces1 & ( c\rse x
  is to ,babylonia t we h to look to    
asc]ta9 ! approximate  dates ( ! orig9al

 docum5ts4 ,b "h we are met by ! foll[+ 
difficulty4 ,x appe>s t at an e>ly p]iod
 9 ,babylonian hi/ory a  great lit]>y   
developm5t took place1 & num]\s works 7 
produc$  :i* embodi$ ! prevail+ my?s1   
religion1 & sci5ce ( ! day4  ,writt5 _m 
( !m 9 a noble /yle ( poetry1 & appeal+ 
to  ! /ronge/ feel+s ( ! p on "o side1  
or regi/]+ !  highe/ ef=ts ( _! sci5ce  
on ! o!r1 ^! texts became !  /&>ds (    
,babylonian lit]ature1 & lat] g5]ations 
7 cont5t  to copy !m in/ead ( compos+   
new works = !mselves4 ,clay1 !  mat]ial 
on :i* !y 7 writt51 0 ev]y:]e abundant1 
copies  7 multipli$1 & ! v5]ation 9 :i* 
! texts 7 held fix$  & /]eotyp$ _! /yle4
 ,ev5 ! language 9 :i* !y 7  writt5     
rema9$ ! language ( lit]ature up to !   
p]iod ( !  ,p]sian conque/4 ,?us x      
happ5s t texts ( ,rim-agu1 ,s>gon1 &    
,khammuragas1 :o liv$ at lea/ a ?\s&    
ye>s be=e ,nebu*adnezz>  & ,nabonidus1  
are compos$ 9 ! same language z ! texts 
( ^!  lat] k+s1 !re be+ no s5sible      
diff]5ce 9 /yle to mat* !  long int]val 

betwe5 !m4    ,we h1 h[ev]1 cle> pro( t1
 al?\gh ! language ( devotion  &        
lit]ature rema9$ fix$1 ! spee* ( ! bulk 
( ! p  0 gradually modifi$2 & 9 ! "t (  
,assur-bani-pal1 :5 !  texts ( ! ,g5esis
 leg5ds :i* we possess 7 copi$ by       
,assyrian  scribes1 ! common spee* ( !  
day 0 widely diff]5t f t (  lit]ature4  
,! private lett]s & despat*es ( ?is age 
:i* h  be5 discov]$ diff] consid]ably 9 
language f ! contempor>y  public        
docum5ts & religi\s writ+s1 %[+ ! *ange 
!  language _h und]gone s9ce ! /yle ( ! 
latt] _h be5 fix$4  ,s1 too1 9 our own  
c\ntry ! language ( devotion & ! /yle  (
 ! ,bible diff] 9 sev]al respects f ^? (
 ! ,engli% (  to-day4    ,^!            
consid]ations %[ ! difficulty ( fix+ !  
age ( a  cunei=m docum5t f its /yle1 & !
 difficulty is fur!r  increas$ by !     
unc]ta9ty :i* hangs ov] all ,babylonian 
*ronology--an unc]ta9ty t c be cle>$    
away only :5 !  ru9$ cities ( ,babylonia
 are excavat$4    ,*ronology is always a
 ?orny subject1 & dry & unsatisfactory  

to  mo/ p]sons besides2 "s notice mu/1  
h[ev]1 be tak5 ( x "h1  9 ord] to fix   
some?+ l an approximate date or epo* = !
  orig9al composition ( ! ,g5esis       
leg5ds4    ,! s-call$ ,assyrian ,canon  
af=ds u an exact *ronology up to !  ye> 
,b4,c4 #iji1 & a s]ies ( contemporane\s 
monum5ts1 toge!r )  "o or two           
*ronological allusions 9 lat]           
inscriptions1 enables u  to "w back f   
?is date to a p]iod fall+ betwe5 ,b4,c4 
#adej &  #adjj :5 ,assyria 0 br\ght into
 close relation ) ! s\!rn  k+dom (      
,babylonia4 ,babylonia 0 at ! "t "u !   
sway ( a  =eign dyna/y ( ,kossan pr9ces 
f ! m\nta9s ( ,elam1 :i*  0 ov]?r[n1 z  
we le>n f ! ,assyrian records1 ab\t     
,b4,c4  #abgj4 ,x _h be5 9 possession ( 
! c\ntry = a consid]able  "t1 s9ce a    
fragm5t>y li/ :i* gives ! names ( ! fir/
 n9e  sov]eigns compos+ x does n come   
d[n to ! "t :5 ! fir/  ( ! pr9ces :o    
came into close contact ) ,assyria 0    
reign+4  ,inde$1 a consid]able int]val  
mu/ be all[$ betwe5 ! latt]  p]iod & !  

la/ ( ! n9e k+s m5tion$ 9 ! li/1 9 :i*  
to ins]t ! isolat$ names ( m ?an "o     
mon>* ( ! dyna/y  incid5tally m5tion$ on
 lat] monum5ts4 ,suppos+ t n m ?an      
fifte5 k+s prec$$ ,c>a-indas 9 ,b4,c4   
#adej1 & t ! av]age  l5g? ( _! reigns 0 
tw5ty ye>s1 we %\ld h ,b4,c4 #agej z  ! 
approximate date ( ! lead] ( ! dyna/y4  
,he c\ld n h  be5 lat] ?an ?is1 & !re   
are _m reasons :i* w\ld lead u to       
suppose t he 0 e>li]4    ,khammuragas 0 
! lead] ( ! dyna/y 9 "q4 ,he _h conqu]$ 
! rul]s ( ! two k+doms into :i*         
,babylonia 0 at ?is "t  divid$4 ,"o ( ^!
 0 a que51 ) :om end$ a dyna/y1 fam\s 9 
! annals ( e>ly ,babylonia1 ^: seat 0 at
 ,agan or ,agad1 ne>  ,seph>vaim4 ,%e _h
 be5 ! successor ( ,n>am-,s91 ! son (   
,s>gon1  :o1 l 8 fa!r1 _h ext5d$ 8 p[]  
f> & wide1 & _h ev5  p5etrat$ z f> z !  
%ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,s>gon _h be5  a
 great patron ( le>n+ z well z a        
conqu]or2 he _h e/abli%$  a fam\s libr>y
 at ,agan1 & _h caus$ a "w on a/ronomy &
  a/rology to be compil$1 :i* rema9$ !  

/&>d au?ority on  ! subject up to ! end 
( ! ,assyrian ,empire4 ,x 0 entitl$1    
8,! ,illum9ation ( ,bel10 & 0 9         
sev5ty-two books4 ,b]osus1 !  hi/orian1 
seems to h translat$ x into ,greek4     
,l ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians ( a lat] 
day1 ,s>gon & 8  subjects belong$ to !  
,semitic /ock1 & 7 !re=e relat$  to !   
,hebrews & ! ,arabians4 ,b !y 7 really  
intrud]s 9  ,*aldea4 ,! primitive       
inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 ! build]s (  its
 cities1 ! inv5tors ( ! cunei=m sy/em ( 
writ+1 &  ! f\nd]s ( ! culture &        
civilization :i* 0 aft]w>ds  borr[$ by !
 ,semites1 7 ( a :olly diff]5t race4 ,!y
 spoke  an agglut9ative language ( !    
same "* z t ( ! mod]n  ,turks or ,f9ns1 
& 7 orig9ally divid$ into two           
sections--!  inhabitants ( ,sumir or    
,%9>1 ! pla9 c\ntry1 & ! ,accadians  or 
8,highl&]s10 :o _h desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s (
 ,elam  subsequ5tly to ! fir/ settlem5t 
( _! k9sfolk 9 ,%9>4 ,at  "s date betwe5
 ,b4,c4 #cjjj & #bjjj1 ! ,semitic       
population :i*  bord]$ ^u ,babylonia on 

! we/1 & _h long be5 settl$ 9 "s  ( its 
we/]n cities1 su* z ,ur 7n[ ,mugheir71  
conqu]$ ,%9> or  ,sumir4 ,! ,accadians1 
h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce = a        
consid]able "t aft] ?is conque/1 until1 
f9ally1 ,accad also 0  r$uc$ "u ! sway (
 ! ,semitic k+s4 ,! old population (  ! 
c\ntry 0 gradually absorb$1 & its       
language became ext9ct4  ,! ext9ction ( 
! ,accadian or ,sum]ian language _h     
already tak5  place--at all ev5ts among 
! educat$ classes--at ! "t t ,s>gon     
f\nd$ 8 libr>y at ,agan1 & "o ( ! *ief  
reasons :i* l$  to ! compilation ( !    
great "w on a/ronomy1 0 ! necessity  (  
pres]v+ ! a/ronomical & a/rological     
obs]vations record$  9 a language :i* 0 
beg9n+ to be =gott54 ,at ! same "t      
,semitic translations ( o!r portions ( !
 old ,accadian lit]ature  7 made4 ,!    
libr>y at ,agan1 h[ev]1 0 n ! only place
 :]e  ! "w ( translation w5t on2 _m o!r 
libr>ies exi/$1 &  _! scribes & read]s  
_h alike become ,semites1 :o requir$    
works  writt5 9 _! own tongue4 ,!       

,semitic translations ( ,accadian works 
:i* 7 made = ! libr>y ( ,ere*1 "o ( !   
e>lie/ seats (  ,semitic p[]1 mu/ h be5 
consid]ably old] ?an ^? made =  ! libr>y
 ( ,s>gon4    ,! ext9ction ( ! ,accadian
 language & ! translation ( ,accadian   
works into ,semitic ,babylonian are     
important facts = settl+ !  *ronology ( 
a docum5t or inscription4 ,:]ev] we c %[
 t a  ,babylonian or ,assyrian text is  
translat$ f an ,accadian orig9al1  or   
:]ev] we h a copy ( t orig9al itself1 we
 may feel pretty  sure t we are deal+ ) 
some?+ old] ?an ! eighte5?  c5tury be=e 
! ,*ri/ian era4    ,mr4 ,smi? believ$ t 
! 8,exploits ( ! ,god ,dibb>a0 0 "o  ( !
 olde/ ( ! my?ological texts :i* h come 
d[n to u1  ?\gh he admitt$ t ! m5tion ( 
,assyria 9 x 0 9 fav\r ( a  some:at lat]
 date4    ,x notices a l>ge numb] (     
peoples or /ates1 ! pr9cipal be+ !  p ( 
! coa/1 ,sub>tu or ,syria1 ,assyria1    
,elam1 ! ,kassi1 !  ,sutu1 ,goim1       
,lullubu1 & ,accad4    ,! ,izdub>       
leg5ds1 conta9+ ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 &    

possibly  also ! hi/ory ( ,nimrod1 7    
probably writt5 9 ! s\? (  ! c\ntry1 &  
at lea/ z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,^!      
leg5ds 71  h[ev]1 traditions be=e !y 7  
committ$ to writ+1 & 7  common 9 "s =m  
to ! :ole ( ,*aldea4    ,! acc\nt ( !   
,creation 9 days1 ?\gh probably ( late  
,assyrian  orig9 9 its pres5t =m1 may   
nev]!less re/ on old] traditions4  ,at  
pres5t1 h[ev]1 x is n possible to assign
 to x any great  antiquity4    ,x %\ld1 
( c\rse1 be rememb]$1 t ! texts we      
possess at  pres5t are writt5 9 ,semitic
 ,babylonian or ,assyrian--,babylonian &
  ,assyrian be+ b slightly v>y+ dialects
 ( ! same language4 ,!y  are1 h[ev]1    
mo/ly translations ( e>li] ,accadian    
docum5ts1 &  belong to ! same p]iod z t 
:i* witness$ ! f\ndation ( !  libr>y (  
,agan4 ,we %all n be f> wrong1 !re=e1 9 
dat+ !m  9 _! pres5t =m ab\t ,b4,c4     
#bjjj4 ,! translations !n made 7  copi$ 
by successive g5]ations ( libr>ians &   
scribes1 ! late/  copies ( :i* we "k be+
 ^? t h be5 br\ght f !  libr>y (        

,k\yunjik4    ,to ! same e>ly p]iod     
belong$ v>i\s o!r lit]>y compositions1  
among :i* we may p>ticul>ize a long "w  
on t]re/rial om5s1  compil$ = ,s>gon (  
,agan1 z well z ! syllab>ies1 gramm>s1  
phrase-books & vocabul>ies1 & o!r       
bil+ual tablets by means  ( :i* a k ( ! 
old language ( ,accad 0 convey$ to !    
,babylonian or ,assyrian s*ol>4    ,on !
 o!r h&1 a s]ies ( tablets on evil      
spirits1 :i* conta9$  a totally diff]5t 
tradition ( ! ,creation f t 9 days1 goes
  back to ! ,accadian epo*2 & !re is a  
?ird acc\nt f ! ,city  ( ,cu?a1 closely 
agree+ 9 "s respects ) ! acc\nt h&$  d[n
 by ,b]osus1 :i* mu/ be plac$ ab\t !    
same date4    ,9 spite ( ! indications z
 to peculi>ities ( wor%ip1 names (      
/ates & capitals1 hi/orical allusions & 
o!r evid5ce1 x may  seem haz>d\s to _m  
p]sons to fix ! dates ( orig9al docum5ts
  s high1 :5 our only copies 9 _m cases 
are ,assyrian transcripts  made 9 !     
reign ( ,assur-bani-pal1 9 ! sev5?      
c5tury ,b4,c42 b  "o or two             

consid]ations may %[ t ?is is a p]fectly
 reasonable  view1 & no o!r likely p]iod
 c be f\nd = ! orig9al  composition ( ! 
docum5ts unless we asc5d to a great]    
antiquity4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be   
notic$ t ! ,assyrians !mselves  /ate t !
 docum5ts 7 copi$ f anci5t ,babylonian  
copies1  & 9 "s cases /ate t ! old      
copies 7 p>tly illegible ev5  9 _! day4 
,aga91 9 m ?an "o case !re is actual    
pro( ( !  antiquity ( a text4 ,we may   
ref]1 = example1 to a text an ,assyrian 
copy ( "p ( :i* is publi%$ 9 8,cunei=m  
,inscriptions10 vol4  ii4 plate #ed1    
,nos4 #c  #d4 ,9 a collection ( tablets 
discov]$ by ,mr4  ,l(tus at ,s5k]eh1    
belong+1 accord+ to ! k+s m5tion$ 9 x1  
to ab\t ,b4,c4 #afjj1 is "p ( an anci5t 
,babylonian copy ( ?is v  text1 !       
,babylonian copy be+ ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s  
old] ?an !  ,assyrian "o4    ,simil>ly a
 fragm5t ( a ,babylonian transcript ( ! 
,deluge tablet  has rec5tly be5 br\ght f
 ,babylonia1 & s]ves n only to fill  up 
"s ( ! breaks 9 our ,assyrian copies1 b 

also to v]ify !  text ( ! latt]4    ,x  
is un=tunate t s _m ( ! docum5ts embody+
 ! ,g5esis  traditions are 9 su* a sadly
 mutilat$ condition1 b !re c be  no d\bt
 t future explorations w reveal m p]fect
 copies1 &  num]\s companion &          
explanatory texts1 :i* w "o day cle> up 
! difficulties :i* n[ meet u at e /ep ( 
our exam9ation (  !m4    ,s f> z kn[n   
contempor>y inscriptions are conc]n$1 we
 _c  consid] our pres5t rese>*es &      
discov]ies z any?+ l  suffici5t to give 
a fair view ( ! lit]ature ( ,assyria &  
,babylonia2 & h[ev] num]\s & important !
 ,g5esis leg5ds  may be1 !y =m b a small
 portion ( ! :ole lit]ature ( !  c\ntry4
    ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t ! e>lie/   
inscriptions ( any  importance :i* we n[
 possess belong to ! "t ( ,lig-,bagas1  
k+  ( ,ur1 :o fir/ unit$ "u 8 sway !    
petty k+doms into :i*  ,*aldea 0        
previ\sly split up1 & ^: age is g5]ally 
assign$ to  ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e !  
,*ri/ian era4    ,! pr9cipal            
inscriptions ( ?is p]iod consi/ ( texts 

on bricks  & on signet cyl9d]s1 & "s ( !
 latt] may be ( mu* great]  antiquity4  
,pass+ d[n to a "t :5 ! c\ntry 0 aga9   
divid$  into ! k+doms ( ,k>rak1 ,l>sa1 &
 ,agan1 we f9d a great  accession (     
lit]>y mat]ial1 almo/ e class ( writ+   
be+  repres5t$ by contempor>y specim5s4 
,ea* ( ! pr9cipal cities _h  its libr>y1
 & education seems to h be5 widely      
diffus$4 ,f  ,s5k]eh1 ! anci5t ,l>sa1 & 
its neighb\rhood h come our olde/       
specim5s ( ^! lit]>y tablets1 ! foll[+  
be+ "s ( !  cont5ts ( ?is e>lie/ kn[n   
libr>y3--    #a4 ,my?ological tablets1  
includ+ li/s ( ! gods1 & _!             
manife/ations & titles4    #b4          
,grammatical works1 li/s ( words1 &     
explanations4    #c4 ,ma!matical works1 
calculations1 tables ( cube & squ>e     
roots1  & tables ( measures4    #d4     
,works on a/ronomy1 a/rology1 & om5s4   
#e4 ,leg5ds & %ort hi/orical            
inscriptions4    #f4 ,hi/orical cyl9d]s1
 "o ( ,kudur-mabuk1 ,b4,c4 #ahjj 787 7! 
e>lie/ kn[n cyl9d]71 be+ 9 ! ,briti%    

,museum4    #g4 ,geographical tablets1 &
 li/s ( t[ns & c\ntries4    #h4 ,tablets
 conta9+ laws & law cases1 records (    
sale & b>t]1  wills & loans4    ,su* are
 ! inscriptions a s+le libr>y (         
,babylonia has produc$1  & beside ^! !re
 are num]\s texts1 only kn[n to u ?r\gh 
lat] copies1 b :i* c]ta9ly _h _! orig9 z
 e>ly z ?is  p]iod4    ,pass+ d[n f ?is 
p]iod1 = "s c5turies we f9d only deta*$ 
inscriptions1 accompani$ by evid5ce ( ! 
gradual %ift+ ( bo?  political p[] &    
lit]>y activity f ,babylonia to         
,assyria4    ,9 ,assyria ! fir/ c5tre ( 
lit]ature & seat ( a libr>y 0  ! city ( 
,assur 7,kileh ,%]gat71 & ! e>lie/ kn[n 
tablets date  ab\t ,b4,c4 #aejj4        
,beyond ! scanty records ( a few mon>*s 
no?+ ( value rema9s  ( ?is libr>y1 & !  
lit]>y works conta9$ 9 x are only kn[n  
f lat] copies4    ,a revival ( !        
,assyrian empire began "u               
,assur-natsir-pal1 k+  ( ,assyria1 :o   
asc5d$ ! ?rone ,b4,c4 #hhe4 ,he rebuilt 
! city  ( ,calah 7,nimr\d71 & ?is city  

became ! seat ( an ,assyrian  libr>y4   
,tablets 7 procur$ f ,babylonia by      
,%almanes]1 son (  ,assur-natsir-pal1   
,b4,c4 #hfj1 dur+ ! reign (             
,nabu-bal-id9a1 k+  ( ,babylon1 & ^! 7  
copi$ by ! ,assyrian scribes1 & plac$  9
 ! royal libr>y4 ,rimmon-nir>i1 gr&son (
 ,%almanes]1 ,b4,c4  #hab1 add$ to !    
,calah libr>y1 & _h tablets writt5 at   
,n9eveh4  ,assur-nir>i1 ,b4,c4 #gee1    
cont9u$ ! lit]>y "w1 "s my?ological     
tablets be+ dat$ 9 8 reign4    ,tigla?  
,piles]1 ,b4,c4 #gde1 enl>g$ ! libr>y1 &
 plac$ 9 x  v>i\s copies ( hi/orical    
inscriptions4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 res]v$  =    
,s>gon1 :o f\nd$ ! la/ ,assyrian dyna/y1
 ,b4,c4 #gba1 to make  ! ,assyrian royal
 libr>y wor?y ( ! empire4 ,e>ly 9 8     
reign he  appo9t$ ,nabu-zuqub-c9u       
pr9cipal libr>ian1 & ?is (fic] set to   
"w to make new copies ( all ! /&>d works
 ( ! day4 ,dur+  ! :ole ( 8 t]m ( (fice 
copies ( ! great lit]>y works 7         
produc$1 ! majority ( ! texts pres]v$   
belong+ to ! e>ly  p]iod previ\s to     

,khammuragas4    ,) ! accession ( ,s>gon
 came a revival ( lit]ature 9 ,assyria2 
education became m g5]al1 anci5t texts 7
 br\ght f  ,babylonia to be copi$1 & !  
antiqu>ian /udy ( e>ly lit]ature  became
 fa%ionable4    ,s5na*]ib1 son ( ,s>gon1
 ,b4,c4 #gjd1 cont9u$ to add to 8 fa!r's
  libr>y at ,calah1 b late 9 8 reign he 
remov$ ! collection  f t city to ,n9eveh
 7,k\yunjik71 :]e f ?is "t =? !         
national libr>y rema9$ until ! fall ( ! 
empire4    ,es>haddon1 son ( ,s5na*]ib1 
,b4,c4 #fha1 fur!r increas$ !  national 
collection1 mo/ ( ! works he add$ be+ ( 
a religi\s  "*4    ,assur-bani-pal1 son 
( ,es>haddon1 ! ,s>danapalus ( !        
,greeks1 ,b4,c4  #fgj1 0 ! greate/ ( !  
,assyrian sov]eigns1 & he is f> m       
memorable on acc\nt ( 8 magnific5t      
patronage ( le>n+ ?an on  acc\nt ( !    
greatness ( 8 empire or ! ext5t ( 8 w>s4
    ,assur-bani-pal add$ m to !         
,assyrian royal libr>y ?an all !  k+s :o
 _h gone be=e him1 & x is to tablets    
writt5 9 8  reign t we owe almo/ all our

 k ( ! ,babylonian my?s &  e>ly hi/ory1 
beside _m o!r important matt]s4    ,!   
ag5ts ( ,assur-bani-pal s\ght ev]y:]e = 
inscrib$ tablets1  br\ght !m to ,n9eveh1
 & copi$ !m !re2 ?us ! lit]>y  treasures
 ( ,babylon1 ,borsippa1 ,cu?a1 ,agan1   
,ur1 ,ere*1 ,l>sa1 ,nipur1  & v>i\s o!r 
cities 7 transf]r$ to ! ,assyrian       
capital to  enri* ! great collection    
!re4    ,! fragm5ts br\ght ov] to       
,europe give u a good idea ( ?is  libr>y
 & %[ ! range ( ! subjects embrac$ by   
its collection  ( works4 ,among !       
diff]5t classes ( texts1 ! ,g5esis      
/ories  & simil> leg5ds occupi$ a       
prom95t place2 ^!1 z !y w be  fur!r     
describ$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 ne$ only be 
m5tion$ "h4  ,accompany+ !m we h a s]ies
 ( my?ological tablets ( v>i\s  sorts1  
v>y+ f leg5ds ( ! gods1 psalms1 songs1  
pray]s1 &  hymns1 d[n to m]e allusions &
 li/s ( names4 ,_m ( ^! texts  take ! =m
 ( *>ms to be us$ 9 sickness & = !      
expulsion (  evil spirits2 "s ( !m are (
 great antiquity1 be+ old] ?an !        

,izdub> leg5ds4 ,"o f9e s]ies deals )   
rem$ies aga9/ wit*craft  & ! assaults ( 
evil spirits4 ,izdub> is m5tion$ 9 "o ( 
^!  tablets z "l ( ! oa?s or pl$ges ( ! 
_w4    ,"s ( ! pray]s 7 = use on special
 occasions1 su* z on  />t+ on a         
campaign1 on ! occurr5ce ( an eclipse1  
c4 ,a/ronomy  & a/rology 7 repres5t$ by 
v>i\s deta*$ inscriptions  & reports1 b 
pr9cipally by ! great "w ( :i* m5tion   
has  already be5 made1 & _m copies ( :i*
 7 9 ! ,libr>y (  ,assur-bani-pal4      
,among ! ,a/rological tablets is a      
fragm5t :i* pr(esses to be  copi$ f an  
orig9al ( ! "t ( ,izdub>4    ,hi/orical 
texts =m$ ano!r section ( ! libr>y1 & ^!
  includ$ num]\s copies ( inscriptions (
 e>ly ,babylonian k+s2  !re 7 besides1  
*ronological tablets ) li/s ( k+s &     
annual (fic]s1 inscriptions ( v>i\s     
,assyrian mon>*s1 hi/ories  ( !         
relations betwe5 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 
,elam1 & ,arabia1  treaties1 despat*es1 
proclamations1 & reports on ! /ate ( !  
empire & milit>y affairs4    ,natural   

hi/ory 0 repres5t$ by bil+ual li/s (    
mammals1 birds1  reptiles1 fi%es1       
insects1 & plants1 trees1 grasses1 re$s1
 &  gra9s1 e>?s1 /ones1 c4 ,^! li/s are 
classifi$ accord+ to  ! suppos$ nature &
 aff9ities ( ! v>i\s species1 & %[      
consid]able advance 9 ! sci5ces4        
,ma!matics _h a place 9 !  libr>y1 !re  
be+ tables ( problems1 figures1 &       
calculations2 b  ?is bran* ( le>n+ 0 n  
/udi$ s fully z 9 ,babylonia4    ,gramm>
 & ,lexicography 7 bett] repres5t$1 s9ce
 !re 7  _m works on ^! subjects1 includ+
 li/s ( ! *>act]s1 !  decl5sion ( ! n\n1
 ! conjugation ( ! v]b1 examples (      
syntactical con/ruction1 read+-books1   
int]l9e> translations  ( ,accadian      
texts1 & ! l4 ,all ^! tablets 7 copi$ f 
,babylonian orig9als4 ,9 legal & civil  
lit]ature ! libr>y 0  also ri*1 & !     
tablets s]ve to %[ t ! same laws &      
cu/oms  prevail$ 9 ,assyria z 9         
,babylonia4 ,!re are codes ( laws1 law  
cases1 records ( sale1 b>t]1 & loans1   
li/s ( prop]ty1 li/s (  titles & trades1

 ( tribute & taxes1 c4    ,9 ,geography 
! ,assyrians 7 n v advanc$2 b !re are   
li/s  ( c\ntries & _! productions1 (    
cities1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 &  peoples4     
,su* are "s ( ! pr9cipal cont5ts ( !    
great libr>y f :i*  we h obta9$ our     
copies ( ! ,creation & ,flood leg5ds4   
,mo/ (  ! tablets 7 copi$ f e>ly        
,babylonian ones :i* h 9 mo/  cases     
disappe>$2 b ! copies are suffici5t to  
%[ ! wond]ful  progress 9 culture &     
civilization already made by ! p (      
,*aldea long be=e ! age ( ,moses or ev5 
,abraham4 ,babylonian  lit]ature1 :i* _h
 be5 ! p>5t ( ,assyrian writ+1 reviv$   
aft] ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 & ,nebu*adnezz> &
 8 successors made  ,babylon ! seat ( a 
libr>y rivall+ t ( ,assur-bani-pal at   
,n9eveh4 ,( ?is lat] developm5t (       
,babylonian lit]ature we "k  v little1  
explorations be+ /ill requir$ to br+ to 
light its  texts4 ,a few fragm5ts only1 
discov]$ by w&]+ ,arabs or recov]$  by  
*ance travell]s1 h z yet turn$ up1 b !re
 is 9 !m  evid5ce en\gh to promise a ri*

 rew>d to future excavators4            
,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,,*aldean ,,leg5ds    
,,transmitt$ ,,?r\gh ,,b]osus ,,& ,,o!r 
,,anci5t ,,au?ors4     ,b]osus & 8      
copyi/s4--,cory's translation4--,alex&] 
,polyhi/or4--,babylonia4--,oannes1 8    
tea*+4--,creation4--,belus4--,*aldean   
k+s4--,xisu?rus4--,deluge4--,!          
,ark4--,return to                       
,babylon4--,apollodorus4--,pantibiblon4-
-,l>an*a4--,abyd5us4--,alorus1   fir/   
k+4--,t5                                
k+s4--,sisi?rus4--,deluge4--,arm5ia4--,t
[] (   ,babel4--,kronos &               
,titan4--,disp]sion f                   
,he/iu4--,babylonian   colonies4--,t[] (
 ,babel4--,! ,sibyl4--,titan &          
,prome!us4--,damascius4--,tau!4--,moymis
4--,kiss>e & ,assorus4--,triad4--,bel4  
,by way ( introduction to ! native      
v]sions ( ! e>ly leg5ds  left u by !    
,babylonians1 x is advisable to glance  
at ! pr9cipal  fragm5ts be>+ on !m :i*  
are f\nd 9 ! classical writ]s  ( ,greece
 & ,rome4 ,sev]al o!rs might h be5      

quot$1 b _!  orig9 is d\btful1 & !y are 
( less importance = ! subject  9 h&4 ,^?
 :o wi% to consult !m may turn to       
,cory's 8,anci5t  ,fragm5ts0 7#bnd      
edition1 #ahgf71 ^: translations1 z be+ 
fairly  s*ol>like & correct1 are "h giv5
 )\t alt]ation4    ,b]osus1 f :om !     
pr9cipal extracts are copi$1 liv$1 z has
  already be5 /at$1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ccj to 
#bfj1 &1 f 8 position  z a ,babylonian  
prie/1 _h ! be/ means ( kn[+ !          
,babylonian  traditions4    ,! o!rs are 
lat] writ]s1 :o copi$ 9 ! ma9 f ,b]osus1
 mo/  ( ^: notices may be tak5 z m]e    
abridgm5ts ( 8 /atem5ts4      ,,extract 
,i4 ,,f ,,alex&] ,,polyhi/or    7,,cory1
 p4 #ef74    ,b]osus1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 
hi/ory ( ,babylonia1 in=ms u  t he liv$ 
9 ! age ( ,alex&]1 ! son ( ,philip4 ,&  
he  m5tions t !re 7 writt5 acc\nts1     
pres]v$ at ,babylon )  ! greate/ c>e1   
compreh5d+ a p]iod ( above fifte5       
myriads  ( ye>s2 & t ^! writ+s conta9$  
hi/ories ( ! heav5  & ( ! sea2 ( ! bir? 
( mank9d2 & ( ! k+s1 & ( !  memorable   

actions :i* !y _h a*iev$4    ,& 9 ! fir/
 place he describes ,babylonia z a      
c\ntry situat$  betwe5 ! ,tigris & !    
,euphrates2 t x ab\nd$ ) :eat1 &  b>ley1
 & ocrus1 & sesame2 & t 9 ! lakes 7 f\nd
 !  roots call$ gong1 :i* are fit =     
food1 & 9 respect to nutrim5t  simil> to
 b>ley4 ,!re 7 also palm-trees & apples1
 & a v>iety  ( fruits2 fi% also & birds1
 bo? ^? :i* are m]ely ( flight1  & ^?   
:i* frequ5t ! wat]4 ,^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry 
:i*  bord]$ ^u ,arabia 7 )\t wat]1 &    
b>r52 b t :i*  lay on ! o!r side 0 bo?  
hilly & f]tile4    ,at ,babylon !re 0 79
 ^! times7 a great resort ( p (  v>i\s  
races1 :o inhabit$ ,*aldea1 & liv$ 9 a  
lawless mann]  l ! bea/s ( ! field4     
,illu/ration3 ,,oannes ,,& ,,o!r        
,,babylonian ,,my?ological ,,figures ,,f
  ,,cyl9d]4    ,9 ! fir/ ye> !re appe>$1
 f t "p ( ! ,ery?ran sea  :i* bord]s ^u 
,babylonia1 an animal end[$ ) reason1 by
 "n  ,oannes1 ^: :ole body 7accord+ to !
 acc\nt ( ,apollodorus7  0 t ( a fi%2 "u
 ! fi%'s head he _h ano!r head1 )  feet 

also bel[ simil> to ^? ( a man1 subjo9$ 
to ! fi%'s  tail4 ,8 voice1 too1 &      
language 7 articulate & human2 & a      
repres5tation ( him is pres]v$ ev5 to   
?is day4    ,?is be+ 0 accu/om$ to pass 
! day among m51 b took no  food at t    
season2 & he gave !m an insight into    
lett]s &  sci5ces1 & arts ( e k9d4 ,he  
taught !m to con/ruct h\ses1  to f\nd   
temples1 to compile laws1 & expla9$ to  
!m ! pr9ciples  ( geometrical k4 ,he    
made !m di/+ui% ! se$s (  ! e>?1 & %[$  
!m h[ to collect ! fruits2 9 %ort1 he   
in/ruct$ !m 9 e ?+ :i* c\ld t5d to s(t5 
mann]s &  humanize _! lives4 ,f t "t1   
no?+ mat]ial has be5 add$  by way (     
improvem5t to 8 in/ructions4 ,& :5 ! sun
 _h set  ?is be+ ,oannes us$ to retire  
aga9 into ! sea1 & pass ! night  9 !    
deep1 = he 0 amphibi\s4 ,aft] ?is !re   
appe>$ o!r  animals l ,oannes1 ( :i*    
,b]osus proposes to give an acc\nt :5   
he comes to ! hi/ory ( ! k+s4 ,moreov]1 
,oannes wrote conc]n+  ! g5]ation (     
mank9d1 ( _! diff]5t ways ( life1 & (   

_! civil polity2 & ! foll[+ is ! purport
 ( :at he said3--    8,!re 0 a "t 9 :i* 
!re exi/$ no?+ b d>kness &  an abyss (  
wat]s1 :]e9 resid$ mo/ hide\s be+s1 :i* 
7  produc$ ( a two-fold pr9ciple4 ,!re  
appe>$ m51 "s ( :om 7  furni%$ ) two    
w+s1 o!rs ) f\r1 & ) two faces4 ,!y  _h 
"o body1 b two heads2 ! "o t ( a man1 ! 
o!r ( a  woman2 !y 7 likewise 9 _!      
sev]al organs bo? male & female4  ,o!r  
human figures 7 to be se5 ) ! legs &    
horns ( a goat2  "s _h horses' feet1    
:ile o!rs unit$ ! h9d qu>t]s ( a horse  
) ! body ( a man1 resembl+ 9 %ape !     
hippoc5taurs4 ,bulls  likewise 7 br$ !re
 ) ! heads ( m52 & dogs ) f\rfold       
bodies1 t]m9at$ 9 _! extremities ) !    
tails ( fi%es2  horses also ) ! heads ( 
dogs2 m51 too1 & o!r animals1  ) ! heads
 & bodies ( horses1 & ! tails ( fi%es4  
,9  %ort1 !re 7 creatures 9 :i* 7 comb9$
 ! limbs ( e  species ( animals4 ,9     
addition to ^!1 fi%es1 reptiles1 s]p5ts1
  ) o!r mon/r\s animals1 :i* assum$ ea* 
o!r's %ape &  c\nt5ance4 ,( all :i* 7   

pres]v$ del9eations 9 ! temple (  ,belus
 at ,babylon4    ,illu/ration3          
,,composite ,,animals ,,f ,,cyl9d]4     
8,! p]son :o 0 suppos$ to h presid$ ov] 
!m 0 a woman  nam$ ,omoroka1 :i* 9 !    
,*aldean language is ,?alat?2 :i* 9     
,greek is int]pret$ ,?alassa1 ! sea2 b  
accord+ to ! mo/ true  int]pretation x  
is equival5t to ,sel5e ! moon4 ,all ?+s 
be+ 9  ?is situation1 ,belus came1 & cut
 ! woman asund]1 & ( "o half  ( h] he   
=m$ ! e>?1 & ( ! o!r half ! heav5s1 & at
  ! same "t de/roy$ ! animals )9 h] 7or 
9 ! abyss74    8,all ?is0 7he says7 80  
an allegorical description ( nature4    
,=1 ! :ole univ]se consi/+ ( moi/ure1 & 
animals be+  cont9ually g5]at$ !re91 !  
deity above-m5tion$ 7,belus7 cut  (f 8  
own head2 ^u :i* ! o!r gods mix$ !      
blood1 z x  gu%$ out1 ) ! e>?1 & f !nce 
m5 7 =m$4 ,on ?is  acc\nt x is t !y are 
rational1 & p>take ( div9e k4  ,?is     
,belus1 by :om !y signify ,hades        
7,pluto71 divid$ ! d>kness1  & sep>at$ !
 heav5s f ! e>?1 & r$uc$ ! univ]se  to  

ord]4 ,b ! rec5tly-creat$ animals1 n be+
 able to be>  ! preval5ce ( light1 di$4 
,belus ^u ?is1 see+ a va/ space         
unoccupi$1 ?\gh by nature fruitful1     
comm&$ "o ( ! gods to  take (f 8 head1 &
 to mix ! blood ) ! e>?1 & f !nce  to =m
 o!r m5 & animals1 :i* %\ld be capable (
 be>+ !  light4 ,belus =m$ also ! />s1 &
 ! sun1 & ! moon1 & !  five planets40   
7,su*1 accord+ to ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 is
 ! acc\nt  :i* ,b]osus gives 9 8 fir/   
book47    7,9 ! second book 0 conta9$ ! 
hi/ory ( ! t5 k+s ( !  ,*aldeans1 & !   
p]iods ( ! cont9uance ( ea* reign1 :i*  
consi/$ collectively ( an hundr$ & tw5ty
 s>i1 or f\r hundr$  & ?irty-two ?\s&   
ye>s2 rea*+ to ! "t ( ! ,deluge4 ,=     
,alex&]1 enum]at+ ! k+s f ! writ+s ( !  
,*aldeans1  aft] ! n9?1 ,ardates1       
proce$s to ! t5?1 :o is call$ by !m     
,xisu?rus1 9 ?is mann]73--    8,aft] !  
dea? ( ,ardates1 8 son ,xisu?rus reign$ 
eighte5 s>i4  ,9 8 "t happ5$ ! great    
deluge2 ! hi/ory ( :i* is ?us  describ$4
 ,! deity ,kronos appe>$ to him 9 a     

vision1 & w>n$  him t ^u ! fifte5? day (
 ! mon? ,dsius !re w\ld be  a flood1 by 
:i* mank9d w\ld be de/roy$4 ,he !re=e   
enjo9$  him to write a hi/ory ( !       
beg9n+1 progress1 & conclusion (  all   
?+s1 d[n to ! pres5t t]m1 & to bury x 9 
,sipp>a1 !  city ( ! ,sun2 & to build a 
vessel1 & take ) him into x 8  fri5ds & 
relations2 & to convey on bo>d e ?+     
necess>y  to su/a9 life1 toge!r ) all ! 
diff]5t animals1 bo? birds  & quadrup$s1
 & tru/ himself fe>lessly to ! deep4    
,hav+ ask$  ! ,deity :i!r he 0 to sail1 
he 0 answ]$1 #8,to ! ,gods2' ^u  :i* he 
(f]$ up a pray] = ! good ( mank9d4 ,he  
!n obey$  ! div9e admonition1 & built a 
vessel five /adia 9 l5g?1 &  two 9      
bread?4 ,into ?is he put ev]y?+ :i* he  
_h prep>$1 &  la/ ( all convey$ into x 8
 wife1 8 *ildr51 & 8 fri5ds4    ,aft] ! 
flood _h be5 ^u ! e>?1 & 0 9 "t abat$1  
,xisu?rus s5t out birds f ! vessel2 :i* 
n f9d+ any food1  nor any place :]eupon 
!y might re/ _! feet1 return$ to him    
aga94 ,aft] an int]val ( "s days1 he s5t

 !m =? a second  "t2 & !y n[ return$ )  
_! feet t+$ ) mud4 ,he made  a trial a  
?ird "t ) ^! birds2 b !y return$ to him 
no  m3 f :5ce he judg$ t ! surface ( !  
e>? _h appe>$  above ! wat]s4 ,he !re=e 
made an op5+ 9 ! vessel1 & ^u  look+ out
 f\nd t x 0 /r&$ ^u ! side ( "s m\nta92 
^u :i* he imm$iately quitt$ x ) 8 wife1 
8 daught]1 &  ! pilot4 ,xisu?rus !n paid
 8 adoration to ! e>?3 &1 hav+          
con/ruct$ an alt>1 (f]$ sacrifices to ! 
gods1 &1 ) ^?  :o _h come out ( ! vessel
 ) him1 disappe>$4    ,!y :o rema9$ )91 
f9d+ t _! companions did n return1      
quitt$ ! vessel ) _m lam5tations1 &     
call$ cont9ually on  ! "n ( ,xisu?rus4  
,him !y saw no m2 b !y c\ld di/+ui%  8  
voice 9 ! air1 & c\ld he> him admoni% !m
 to pay due  reg>d to ! gods2 & he      
likewise in=m$ !m t x 0 ^u  acc\nt ( 8  
piety t he 0 translat$ to live ) ! gods1
 &  t 8 wife & daught] & ! pilot _h     
obta9$ ! same hon\r4  ,to ?is he add$ t 
!y %\ld return to ,babylonia1 &1 z x 0  
orda9$1 se>* = ! writ+s at ,sipp>a1 :i* 

!y 7 to make  kn[n to all mank9d2       
moreov]1 t ! place :]e9 !y !n 7  0 ! l& 
( ,arm5ia4 ,! re/ hav+ he>d ^! words    
(f]$  sacrifices to ! gods1 &1 tak+ a   
circuit1 j\rney$ t[>ds  ,babylonia4     
,! vessel be+ ?us /r&$ 9 ,arm5ia1 "s "p 
( x yet rema9s  9 ! ,gordyan 7or        
,kurdi%7 m\nta9s 9 ,arm5ia1 & ! p       
scrape (f ! bitum5 ) :i* x _h be5       
outw>dly coat$1 &  make use ( x by way (
 an antidote & amulet4 ,9 ?is mann] !y  
return$ to ,babylon & :5 !y _h f\nd !   
writ+s at ,sipp>a  !y built cities &    
erect$ temples1 & ,babylon 0 ?us        
inhabit$  aga940--,syncel4 ,*ron4       
xxviii42 ,euseb4 ,*ron4 v4 #h4          
,,b]osus1 ,,f ,,apollodorus 7,,cory1 p4 
#ea74    ,?is is ! hi/ory :i* ,b]osus   
has transmitt$ to u4 ,he tells u  t !   
fir/ k+ 0 ,alorus ( ,babylon1 a         
,*aldean2 he reign$ t5  s>i 7#cf1jjj    
ye>s72 & aft]w>ds ,alap>us & ,amelon1 :o
 came f  ,pantibiblon2 !n ,amm5on !     
,*aldean1 9 ^: "t appe>$ !  ,mus>us     
,oannes1 ! ,ann$otus f ! ,ery?ran sea4  

7,b ,alex&]  ,polyhi/or1 anticipat+ !   
ev5t1 has said t he appe>$ 9  ! fir/    
ye>1 b ,apollodorus says t x 0 aft] =ty 
s>i2  ,abyd5us1 h[ev]1 makes ! second   
,ann$otus appe> aft] tw5ty-six  s>i47   
,!n succe$$ ,megal>us f ! city (        
,pantibiblon1 &  he reign$ eighte5 s>i2 
& aft] him ,daonus1 ! %eph]d f          
,pantibiblon1 reign$ t5 s>i2 9 8 "t 7he 
says7 appe>$ aga9  f ! ,ery?ran sea a   
f\r? ,ann$otus1 hav+ ! same =m )  ^?    
above1 ! %ape ( a fi% bl5d$ ) t ( a man4
 ,!n  reign$ ,eu$ora*us 7or ,eu$ores*us7
 f ,pantibiblon = ! t]m (  eighte5 s>i2 
9 8 days !re appe>$ ano!r p]sonage f !  
,ery?ran sea l ! =m]1 hav+ ! same       
complicat$ =m betwe5  a fi% & a man1 ^: 
"n 0 ,odakon4 7,all ^!1 says            
,apollodorus1  relat$ p>ticul>ly &      
circum/antially :atev] ,oannes _h in=m$ 
!m (2 conc]n+ ^! ,abyd5us has made no   
m5tion47 ,!n reign$  ,amemps9us1 a      
,*aldean f ,l>an*a2 & he be+ ! eigh? 9  
ord] reign$ t5 s>i4 ,!n reign$          
,oti>tes1#a a ,*aldean1 f  ,l>an*a2 & he

 rul$ eight s>i4 ,&1 ^u ! dea? (        
,oti>tes1 8  son ,xisu?rus reign$       
eighte5 s>i2 9 8 "t happ5$ ! great      
,deluge4 ,s t ! sum ( all ! k+s is t52 &
 ! t]m :i*  !y collectively reign$ an   
hundr$ & tw5ty s>i4--,syncel4 ,*ron4    
xxxix42 ,euseb4 ,*ron4 v4      ,,b]osus1
 ,,f ,,abyd5us 7,,cory1 p4 #ec74    ,s  
mu* conc]n+ ! wisdom ( ! ,*aldeans4     
,x is said t ! fir/ k+ ( ! c\ntry 0     
,alorus1 & t he  gave out a report t    
,god _h appo9t$ him to be ! %eph]d#b (  
! p2 he reign$ t5 s>i2 n[ a s>us is     
e/eem$ to be ?ree  ?\s& six hundr$ ye>s1
 a n]os six hundr$1 & a sossus sixty4   
,aft] him ,alap>us reign$ ?ree s>i2 to  
him succe$$ ,amill>us f  ! city (       
,pantibiblon1 :o reign$ ?irte5 s>i2 9 8 
"t !re  came up f ! sea a second        
,ann$otus1 a demigod v simil> 9  =m to  
,oannes2 aft] ,amill>us reign$ ,amm5on  
twelve s>i2 :o 0  ( ! city (            
,pantibiblon2 !n ,megal>us ( ! same     
place reign$  eighte5 s>i2 !n ,daos !   
%eph]d gov]n$ = ! space ( t5  s>i1 he 0 

( ,pantibiblon2 9 8 "t f\r d\ble-%ap$   
p]sonages  came up out ( ! sea to l&1 ^:
 names 7 ,eu$okus1 ,eneugamus1          
,eneubulus1 & ,anem5tus2 aft]w>ds 9 ! "t
 ( ,eu$ores*us  appe>$ ano!r1           
,anodaphus4 ,aft] ^! reign$ o!r k+s1 &  
la/ ( all ,sisi?rus1 s t 9 all ! numb]  
am\nt$ to t5  k+s1 & ! t]m ( _! reigns  
to an hundr$ & tw5ty s>i4  7,& among o!r
 ?+s n irrelative to ! subject he       
cont9ues  ?us conc]n+ ! ,deluge73 ,aft] 
,eu$ores*us "s o!rs reign$1  & !n       
,sisi?rus4 ,to him ! deity ,kronos      
=etold t on !  fifte5? day ( ! mon?     
,dsius !re w\ld be a deluge ( ra93 &  he
 comm&$ him to deposit all ! writ+s     
:atev] :i* 7 9  8 possession 9 ,sipp>a !
 city ( ! sun4 ,sisi?rus1 :5 he _h      
compli$ ) ^! comm&s1 sail$ imm$iately to
 ,arm5ia1 & 0  pres5tly inspir$ by ,god4
 ,^u ! ?ird day aft] ! cessation (  !   
ra9 ,sisi?rus s5t out birds by way (    
exp]im5t1 t he might  judge :e!r ! flood
 _h subsid$4 ,b ! birds1 pass+ ov] an   
unb\nd$ sea )\t f9d+ any place ( re/1   

return$ aga9 to  ,sisi?rus4 ,?is he     
repeat$ ) o!r birds4 ,& :5 ^u ! ?ird    
trial he succe$$1 = ! birds !n return$ )
 _! feet /a9$  ) mud1 ! gods translat$  
him f among m54 ,) respect to !  vessel1
 :i* yet rema9s 9 ,arm5ia1 x is a cu/om 
( ! inhabitants  to =m bracelets &      
amulets ( its wood4--,syncel4 ,*ron4    
xxxviii42  ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evan4 lib4    
ix42 ,euseb4 ,*ron4 v4 #h4      ,,( ,,! 
,,t[] ,,( ,,babel 7,,cory1 p4 #ee74     
,!y say t ! fir/ inhabitants ( ! e>?1   
glory+ 9 _!  own /r5g? & size & despis+ 
! gods1 und]took to build a  t[] ^: top 
%\ld rea* ! sky1 9 ! place :]e ,babylon 
n[  /&s2 b :5 x approa*$ ! heav5 ! w9ds 
assi/$ ! gods1  & ov]turn$ ! "w ^u its  
contriv]s1 & its ru9s are said to  be   
/ill at ,babylon2 & ! gods introduc$ a  
div]sity ( tongues  among m51 :o till t 
"t _h all spok5 ! same language2 & a  w>
 arose betwe5 ,kronos & ,titan4 ,! place
 9 :i* !y built !  t[] is n[ call$      
,babylon on acc\nt ( ! confusion (      
tongues1 =  confusion is by ! ,hebrews  

call$ ,babel4--,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evan4 lib4
  ix42 ,syncel4 ,*ron4 xliv42 ,euseb4   
,*ron4 xiii4      ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion1  
,,f ,,he/i,,u 7,cory1 p4 #gd74    ,!    
prie/s :o escap$ took ) !m ! implem5ts (
 ! wor%ip (  ! ,enyalian ,zeus1 & came  
to ,s5a> 9 ,babylonia4 ,b !y 7 aga9     
driv5 f !nce by ! introduction ( a      
div]sity ( tongues2 ^u  :i* !y f\nd$    
colonies 9 v>i\s p>ts1 ea* settl+ 9 su* 
situations z *ance or ! direction ( ,god
 l$ !m to occupy4--,jos4  ,ant4 ,jud4 i4
  c4 #d2 ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evan4 ix4       
,,( ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,babel1 ,,f ,,alex&] 
,,polyhi/or 7,,cory1 p4 #ge74    ,!     
,sibyl says3 ,t :5 all m5 =m]ly spoke ! 
same language "s  among !m und]took to  
erect a l>ge & l(ty t[]1 t !y might     
climb up into heav54 ,b ,god s5d+ =? a  
:irlw9d conf\nd$  _! design1 & gave to  
ea* tribe a p>ticul> language ( its own1
  :i* is ! reason t ! "n ( t city is    
,babylon4 ,aft] !  deluge liv$ ,titan & 
,prome!us1 :5 ,titan und]took a w> aga9/
  ,kronos4--,sync4 xliv42 ,jos4 ,ant4   

,jud4 i4 c4 #d42 ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evan4   
ix4      ,,! ,,!ogonies1 ,,f ,,damascius
 7,,cory1 p4 #ib74    ,b ! ,babylonians1
 l ! re/ ( ! b>b>ians1 pass ov] 9       
sil5ce ! ,"o pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 & !y 
con/itute two3  ,tau!#c & ,apason1#d    
mak+ ,apason ! husb& ( ,tau!1 &         
d5om9at+ h] ! "m ( ! gods4 ,& f ^!      
proce$s an  only-begott5 son1 ,moymis1#e
 :i* ,i conceive is no o!r ?an !        
intelligible _w proce$+ f ! two         
pr9ciples4 ,f !m also  ano!r prog5y is  
d]iv$1 ,da*e & ,da*us2#f & aga9 a ?ird1 
,kiss>e & ,assorus1 f :i* la/ ?ree o!rs 
proce$1 ,anus 7,anu71  & ,ill9us        
7,elum71 & ,aus 7,hea74 ,& ( ,aus &     
,dauke 7,dav-c9a1  8lady ( ! e>?107 is  
born a son call$ ,belus1 :o1 !y say1 is 
!  fabricator ( ! _w1 ! ,demiurgus4     
,,footnotes3    #a ,! native acc\nt ( ! 
,deluge %[s t ?is "n mu/ be  correct$ to
 ,op>tes1 ! native "n be+ ,ub>a-,tutu4  
#b ,a common title ( ! e>ly ,accadian   
k+s is 8%eph]d10 po9t+  to ! fact t !   
,accadians _h l$ a pa/oral life be=e _! 

settlem5t & organization 9 ! ,babylonian
 pla94    #c ,assyrian1 ,tiamtu1 8!     
deep40    #d ,assyrian1 ,apsu1 8!       
ocean40    #e ,assyrian1 ,mummu1 8*aos40
    #f ,assyrian1 ,lakhmu or ,lakhvu2 & 
,lakhama or ,lakhva4          ,,*apt]   
,,iv4    ,,babylonian ,,my?ology4       
,greek acc\nts4--,my?ology local 9      
orig94--,antiquity4--,conque/s4--,coloni
es4--,?ree great gods4--,twelve   great 
gods4--,angels4--,spirits4--,anu4--,anat
u4--,rimmon4--,i/>4--,equival5t   to    
,v5us4--,hea4--,oannes4--,m]oda*4--,bel 
or ,zeus4--,zirat-banit1 ,succo?        
,b5o?4--,bel4--,s9 ! moon               
god4--,n9ip4--,samas4--,n]gal4--,anunit4
--,table (   gods4      ,9 _! acc\nts ( 
! ,creation & ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! human 
race ! ,babylonian div9ities figure v   
prom95tly1 b x is (t5  difficult to     
id5tify ! deities m5tion$ by ! ,greek   
au?ors1  because ! phonetic read+ ( _m (
 ! names ( ! ,babylonian  gods is /ill v
 obscure1 & ! classical writ]s frequ5tly
  replace !m by ! deities ( _! own      

my?ology1 :om !y imag9$  to correspond )
 ! ,babylonian names4    ,9 ?is *apt] x 
is propos$ to give a g5]al acc\nt only (
  c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,babylonian my?ology1 9
 ord] to %[ !  relation%ip betwe5 !     
deities & _! titles & "w4    ,babylonian
 my?ology 0 local 9 orig92 ea* ( ! gods 
_h a  p>ticul> city :i* 0 ! special seat
 ( 8 wor%ip1 & x is  probable t ! idea (
 weav+ ! gods into a sy/em1 9 :i* ea*   
%\ld h 8 "p to play1 did n arise until  
aft] ! ,semitic  occupation ( ! c\ntry4 
,! antiquity ( ?is sy/ematiz$ my?ology  
may1 h[ev]1 be se5 f ! fact1 t two ?\s& 
ye>s be=e  ! ,*ri/ian era x 0 already   
complet$1 & its deities def9itely       
connect$ into a sy/em :i* rema9$ )      
little *ange d[n to !  close ( ! k+dom4 
,9 e>ly times ! gods 7 wor%ipp$ only at 
_! orig9al cities  or seats1 ! v>i\s    
cities or settlem5ts be+ indep5d5t (    
ea* o!r2 b x 0 natural z w>s arose1 & "s
 cities ga9$  conque/s ov] o!rs1 & k+s  
gradually unit$ ! c\ntry into  mon>*ies1
 t ! conqu]ors %\ld impose _! gods ^u ! 

conqu]$4 ,?us arose ! sy/em ( diff]5t   
ranks or grades among  ! gods4          
,colonies1 aga91 7 s5t out at times1 & !
 colonies1  z !y consid]$ !mselves sons 
( ! cities !y />t$ f1  also consid]$ _! 
gods to be sons ( ! gods ( ! "m cities4 
,political *anges 9 e>ly times l$ to !  
rise & fall ( v>i\s  t[ns & consequ5tly 
( _! deities1 & gave rise to num]\s     
my?s relat+ to ! diff]5t p]sonages 9 !  
my?ology4 ,9 "s  remote age !re appe> to
 h be5 ?ree great cities 9 ! c\ntry1    
,ere*1 ,eridu1 & ,nipur1 & _! div9ities 
,anu1 ,hea1 & ,bel 7  consid]$ ! 8great 
gods0 ( ! c\ntry4 ,subsequ5t *anges l$  
to  ! decl9e ( ^! /ates1 b _! deities   
/ill reta9$ _!  position to ! end ( !   
,babylonian sy/em4    ,^! ?ree lead+    
deities =m$ memb]s ( a circle ( twelve  
gods1  also call$ 8great40 ,^! gods & _!
 titles are giv5 z3    #a4 ,anu1 mean+  
8! sky0 9 ,accadian1 k+ ( angels &      
spirits1 "l  ( ! city ( ,ere*4    #b4   
,bel1 ,elum or ,mul 9 ,accadian1 "l ( ! 
l[] _w1 fa!r ( !  gods1 creator1 "l ( ! 

city ( ,nipur4    #c4 ,hea1 8god ( !    
h\se ( wat]10 mak] ( fate1 "l ( ! deep1 
god ( wisdom & k1 "l ( ! city ( ,eridu4 
#d4 ,s91 ! ,moon-god1 ,acu or ,agu 9    
,accadian1 "l ( cr[ns1 mak] (           
brightness1 "l ( ! city ( ,ur4    #e4   
,m]oda*1 8! glory ( ! ,sun10 j pr9ce ( !
 gods1 "l (  bir?1 "l ( ! city (        
,babylon4    #f4 ,rimmon1 ! ,air-god1   
,mirmir 9 ,accadian1 ! /rong god1 "l (  
canals & atmosph]e1 "l ( ! city ( ,muru4
    #g4 ,samas1 ! ,sun-god1 ,utuci 9    
,accadian1 judge ( heav5 & e>?1         
director ( all1 "l ( ! cities ( ,l>sa & 
,sipp>a4    #h4 ,n9ip1 w>rior ( ! gods1 
de/roy] ( ! wick$1 "l ( !  city (       
,nipur4    #i4 ,n]gal1 8illum9ator ( !  
great city0 7,hades71 giant k+ ( w>1  "l
 ( ! city ( ,cu?a4    #aj4 ,nusku1 hold]
 ( ! gold5 sceptre1 ! l(ty god4    #aa4 
,belat1 wife ( ,bel1 "m ( ! great gods1 
lady ( ! city (  ,nipur4    #ab4 ,i/>1  
,g+ir 9 ,accadian1 elde/ ( heav5 & e>?1 
rais+ !  face ( w>riors4    ,bel[ ^!    
deities !re 0 a l>ge body ( gods =m+ !  

bulk (  ! pan!on1 & bel[ ^! 7 arrang$ ! 
,igigi1 or #cjj angels  ( heav51 & !    
,anunnaki1 or #fjj angels ( e>?4 ,bel[  
^! aga9  came v>i\s classes ( spirits or
 g5ii call$ ,s$u1 ,vadukku1 ,ekimu1     
,gallu1 & o!rs2 "s ( ^! 7 evil1 "s good4
    ,! relation%ip ( ! v>i\s pr9cipal   
gods & _! names1 titles  & (fices w     
appe> f ! foll[+ rem>ks4    ,at ! head (
 ! ,babylonian my?ology /&s a deity :o 0
  sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! heav5s1        
sometimes consid]$ z !  rul] & god (    
heav54 ,?is deity is nam$ ,anu1 8 sign  
is !  simple />1 ! symbol ( div9ity1 &  
at o!r times ! ,maltese  cross4 ,9 !    
philosophic !ology ( a lat] age1 ,anu   
repres5ts  ab/ract div9ity1 & he appe>s 
z an orig9al pr9ciple1 p]haps z  !      
orig9al pr9ciple ( nature4 ,he repres5ts
 ! univ]se z !  upp] & l[] regions1 & :5
 ^! 7 divid$ ! upp] region  or heav5 0  
call$ ,anu1 :ile ! l[] region or e>? 0  
call$  ,anatu2 ,anatu be+ ! female      
pr9ciple or wife ( ,anu4 ,anu is t]m$  !
 old god1 & ! god ( ! :ole ( heav5 &    

e>?2 "o ( !  manife/ations ( ,anu 0 "u !
 two =ms ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1  :i*       
probably correspond to ! ,greek =ms     
,da*e & ,da*us1 see p4  #dd4g ,^! =ms   
are said to h sprung out ( ! orig9al    
*aos1  & !y are foll[$ by ! two =ms ,s> 
& ,kis> 7! ,kiss>e &  ,assorus ( !      
,greeks74 ,s> means ! upp] ho/s or      
expanse1 ,kis> !  l[] ho/s or expanse2  
^! are also =ms or manife/ations ( ,anu 
& 8 wife4 ,anu is fur!r call$ "l ( ! old
 city1 & be>s !  "n ( ,alalu4 ,8 titles 
g5]ally indicate height1 antiquity1     
purity1  div9ity1 & he may be tak5 z !  
g5]al type ( div9ity4 ,anu 0  orig9ally 
wor%ipp$ at ! city ( ,ere*1 :i* 0 call$ 
! city  ( ,anu & ,anatu1 & ! great      
temple !re 0 call$ ! 8h\se (  ,anu10 or 
! 8h\se ( heav540    ,anatu1 ! wife or  
consort ( ,anu1 is g5]ally only a female
 =m (  ,anu1 b is sometimes contra/$ )  
him2 ?us1 :5 ,anu repres5ts  height &   
heav51 ,anatu repres5ts dep? & e>?2 %e  
is also !  lady ( d>kness1 ! "m ( ! god 
,hea1 ! "m ( heav5 &  e>?1 ! female     

fi%-god1 & is (t5 id5tifi$ ) ,i/> or    
,v5us4 ,anatu1 h[ev]1 _h no exi/5ce 9   
,accadian my?ology4 ,%e is  ! product ( 
! imag9ation ( ! ,semites1 ^: gramm>    
drew a  di/9ction betwe5 ! mascul9e &   
fem99e g5d]s4    ,anu & ,anatu _h a     
num]\s family2 among _! sons are numb]$ 
,lugal-ed91 8! k+ ( ! des]t10 ,lat>ak1  
,ab-gula1 ,kusu1 & !  air-god1 ^: "n 0  
,ramman or ,rimmon1 9 ,accadian ,mirmir4
 ,rimmon  is god ( ! region ( !         
atmosph]e1 or space betwe5 ! heav5  &   
e>?1 he is ! god ( ra91 ( /orms &       
:irlw9d1 ( ?und]  & lightn+1 ( floods & 
wat]c\rses4 ,he 0 9 high e/eem 9  ,syria
 & ,arabia1 :]e he bore ! "n ( ,dadda2 9
 ,arm5ia he 0  call$ ,teiseba4 ,rimmon  
is always consid]$ an active deity1 & 0 
ext5sively wor%ipp$4    ,ano!r important
 god1 a son ( ,anu1 0 ! god ( fire1 ^:  
"n  0 ,gibil 9 ,accadian4 ,! fire-god   
takes an active "p 9 !  num]\s          
my?ological tablets & leg5ds1 & is      
consid]$ to be !  mo/ pot5t deity 9     
relation to wit*craft & spells g5]ally4 

,! mo/ important ( ! daught]s ( ,anu 0  
nam$ ,i/>2 %e 0 9  "s respects !        
equival5t ( ! classical ,v5us4 ,h]      
wor%ip 0  at fir/ subord9ate to t (     
,anu1 & z %e 0 goddess ( love1  :ile    
,anu 0 god ( heav51 x is probable t !   
fir/ int5tion 9  ! my?ology 0 only to   
repres5t love z heav5-born2 b 9 "t  a m 
s5sual view prevail$1 & ! wor%ip ( ,i/> 
became "o (  ! d>ke/ features 9         
,babylonian my?ology4 ,z ! wor%ip ( ?is 
goddess increas$ 9 fav\r1 x gradually   
sup]s$$ t ( ,anu1 until  9 "t 8 temple1 
! h\se ( heav51 came to be reg>d$ z !   
temple ( ,v5us4    ,! planet ,v5us1 z ! 
ev5+ />1 0 id5tifi$ ) ,i/> (  ,ere*1    
:ile ! morn+ /> 0 ,anunit1 goddess (    
,agan4    ,i/>1 h[ev]1 0 wor%ipp$ "u a  
great v>iety ( =ms4 ,ea*  city1 ea*     
/ate1 _h its own special ,i/> & its own 
special  wor%ip ( h]4 ,9 ! syncretic age
 ( ,babylonian !ology1 ^!  v>i\s =ms &  
modes ( wor%ip 7 amalgamat$ toge!r1 &   
epi!ts ( ! goddess :i* 7 orig9ally      
peculi> to p>ticul>  localities1 7      

appli$ to ! s+le goddess ( ! /ate       
religion4  ,?us1 accord+ to ! leg5ds (  
"o "p ( ,babylonia1 ,i/> 0  ! daught] ( 
! ,moon-god1 accord+ to ^? ( ano!r "p ( 
! c\ntry %e 0 ! daught] ( ,anu4 ,h5ce 9 
! my?ology ( a  lat] p]iod %e appe>s    
sometimes z ! daught] ( ! "o deity1     
sometimes z ! daught] ( ! o!r4    ,a    
companion deity ) ,anu is ,hea1 :o is   
god1 ( ! sea & ( ,hades1  9 fact ( all !
 l[] regions4 ,9 "s ( 8 attributes he   
answ]s  to ! ,kronos ( ! ,greeks1 9 o!rs
 to _! ,poseidon4 ,hea is call$  god ( !
 l[] region1 he is "l ( ! sea or abyss2 
he is also  "l ( g5]ation & ( all human 
be+s & be>s ! titles3 "l  ( wisdom1 (   
m9es & treasures2 ( gifts1 ( music1 (   
fi%]m5  & sailors1 & ( ,hades or hell4  
,x has be5 suppos$ t !  s]p5t 0 "o ( 8  
emblems1 & t he 0 ! ,oannes ( ,b]osus2  
b ^! conjectures h n yet be5 prov$4 ,!  
wife ( ,hea 0  ,davk9a1 ! ,davke (      
,damascius1 :o is ! goddess ( ! l[]     
regions1 ! consort ( ! deep2 & _!       
pr9cipal son 0 ,m>uduk  or ,m]oda*1 !   

,bel ( lat] times4    ,m]oda*1 god (    
,babylon1 appe>s 9 all ! e>li]          
inscriptions  z ! ag5t ( 8 fa!r ,hea2 he
 goes ab\t ! _w collect+  in=mation1 &  
receives commissions f 8 fa!r to set "r 
all t appe>s wrong4 ,he is call$ !      
r$eem] ( mank9d1 !  re/or] to life1 & ! 
rais] f ! dead4 ,he is an active ag5t  9
 creation1 b is always subord9ate to 8  
fa!r ,hea4 ,9 lat]  times1 aft] ,babylon
 _h be5 made ! capital1 ,m]oda*1 :o 0   
god ( t city1 0 rais$ to ! head ( !     
,pan!on4 ,m]oda*  aft]w>ds came to be   
id5tifi$ ) ! classical ,jupit]1 b !  "n 
,bel1 8! "l10 0 only giv5 to him 9 times
 subsequ5t to !  rise ( ,babylon1 :5 !  
wor%ip ( ! old] ,bel1 ! ,accadian ,elum1
  0 fall+ into decay4 ,! wife ( ,m]oda* 
0 ,zirat-panit1 p]haps  ! ,succo? ,b5o? 
( ! ,bible4 ,besides ,m]oda*1 ,hea _h a 
num]\s  prog5y1 8 sons be+ pr9cipally   
riv]-gods4    ,nebo1 ! god ( k &        
lit]ature1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ at !  neighb\r+
 city ( ,borsippa1 0 a fav\rite deity 9 
lat] times1 z  0 also 8 consort ,tasmit 

8! ,he>]40 ,nebo1 ^: "n signifies  8!   
prophet10 0 call$ ,timkhir 9 ,accadian1 
& _h 8 temple  9 ! isl& ( ,dilvun1 call$
 8! isl& ( ! gods0 by !  ,accadians1 n[ 
,bahre94 ,"h he 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n (    
,enzak4    ,a ?ird great god 0 unit$ )  
,anu & ,hea1 nam$ ,enu1 ,mul1 & ,elum  9
 ,accadian1 & ,bel 9 ,semitic           
,babylonian2 he 0 ! orig9al ,bel  ( !   
,babylonian my?ology1 & 0 "l ( ! surface
 ( ! e>?  & ! affairs ( m54 ,elum 0 "l (
 ! city ( ,nipur1 & 9 !  ,semitic p]iod 
_h a consort nam$ ,belat or ,beltis4 ,he
 0 held to be  ! mo/ active ( ! gods 9 !
 g5]al affairs ( mank9d1 & 0  s g5]ally 
wor%ipp$ 9 e>ly times t he came to be   
reg>d$ z  ! national div9ity1 & 8 temple
 at ! city ( ,nipur 0 reg>d$  z ! type (
 all o!rs4 ,! ext5sive wor%ip ( ,bel1 & 
! high  hon\r 9 :i* he 0 held1 seem to  
po9t to a "t :5 8 city1  ,nipur1 0 !    
metropolis ( ! c\ntry4    ,belat1 or    
,beltis1 ! wife ( ,bel1 is a fam\s deity
 celebrat$ 9 all  ages1 b z ! title     
,belat only signifi$ 8lady10 or         

8goddess10 x  0 a common "o = _m        
goddesses1 & ! notices ( ,beltis        
probably  ref] to sev]al diff]5t        
p]sonages4    ,bel _h1 l ! o!r gods1 a  
num]\s family2 8 elde/ son 0  !         
moon-god1 call$ ,agu or ,acu 9          
,accadian1 9 lat] times g5]ally  t]m$   
,s94 ,s9 0 presid+ deity ( ! city ( ,ur1
 & e>ly  assum$ an important place 9 !  
my?ology4 ,! moon-god figures  prom95tly
 9 "s e>ly leg5ds1 & dur+ ! "t :5 ! city
 (  ,ur 0 capital ( ! c\ntry 8 wor%ip   
became v widely-spread  & popul> ?r\gh\t
 ! c\ntry4    ,n9ip1 god ( hunt+ & w>1 0
 ano!r celebrat$ son ( ,bel2 he  0      
wor%ipp$ ) 8 fa!r at ,nipur4 ,n9ip 0    
also mu* wor%ipp$  9 ,assyria z well z  
,babylonia1 8 "* z presid+ g5ius (  w> &
 ! *ase mak+ him a fav\rite deity ) !   
w>like k+s  ( ,assyria4 ,orig9ally he 0 
a =m ( ! sun-god4    ,s9 ! moon-god _h a
 son ,samas1 ! sun-god4 ,samas is an    
active  deity 9 "s ( ! ,izdub> leg5ds & 
fables1 b he is g5]ally  subord9ate to  
,s94 ,9 ! ,babylonian sy/em ! moon takes

 prec$5ce  ( ! sun1 z befitt$ a nation (
 a/ronom]s1 & ! ,samas ( ,l>sa  0       
probably consid]$ a diff]5t deity f     
,samas ( ,sipp>a4    ,among ! o!r       
deities ( ! ,babylonians may be c\nt$   
,n]gal1 god  ( ,cu?a1 :o l ,n9ip1       
presid$ ov] hunt+ & w>1 & ,anunit1  !   
goddess ( "o ( ! qu>t]s ( ,sipp>a1 & ( !
 city ( ,agan4    ,! foll[+ table w     
exhibit ! relation%ip ( ! pr9cipal      
deities z x _h be5 drawn up by ! native 
writ]s on !  cosmogony2 b x mu/ be not$ 
t x belongs to a late age (  syncretic  
philosophy1 :5 ! s*ol>s (               
,assur-bani-pal's c\rt  7 endeav\r+ to  
resolve ! old deities ( ,accad into m]e 
ab/ractions1 & s expla9 ! my?s :i*      
describ$ ! creation (  ! _w4      ,tamtu
 or ,tiamtu                             
,absu 7,apason87       7! sea74         
7! deep74                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,mummu                                  

7*aos74                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,lakhmu                                 
,lakhamu                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,kis> 7,kiss>e7                         
,s> 7,assorus7      7l[] expanse74      
7upp] expanse74                         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,anu             ,anatu      ,elum1 or  
,bel4            ,beltis4      7heav574 
7e>?74                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
---------------                         
,rimmon         ,gibil      ,hea        
7,saturn7         ,i/> 7,v5us74         
7atmosph]e74  7fire-god74   7! deep74   
,hea 7,saturn74    ,davk9a 7,davke74    

,elum4      ,beltis4                    
---------------------------------       
--------------------------------------  
,m]oda*4      ,zirat-panit4     ,s94    
,n+al4      ,n9ip4                      
---------------------------------       
------------------------                
,nebo4               ,tasmit4   ,samas4 
,i/>4      ,,footnotes3    #g ,?\gh     
,lakhmu prop]ly repres5t$ ,anu or       
,anatu1 he sometimes takes  ! place ( ! 
,sol> h]o ,n9ip z husb& ( ,gula1 8!     
great0  goddess4          ,,*apt] ,v4   
,,babylonian ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,creation4
     ,mutilat$ condition (              
tablets4--,li/ ( subjects4--,description
   ( *aos4--,tiamat4--,g5]ation (       
,gods4--,damascius4--,comp>ison   )     
,g5esis4--,?ree great gods4--,d\btful   
fragm5ts4--,fif?                        
tablet4--,/>s4--,moon4--,sun4--,abyss or
 *aos4--,creation ( moon4--,creation   (
 animals4--,mono!ism4--,hymn to         
,m]oda*4--,! black-head$ race   or      
,adamites4--,g>d5 ( ,ed54--,! flam+     

sword4--,! fall4--,!   ,sabba?4--,sacr$ 
tree4--,hymn to ! ,creator4      ,x is  
extremely un=tunate t ! leg5d ( !       
,creation 9 days  has rea*$ u 9 s       
fragm5t>y a condition4 ,x is evid5t1    
h[ev]1  t 9 its pres5t =m x is (        
,assyrian1 n ( ,babylonian1 orig91  & 0 
probably compos$ 9 ! "t (               
,assur-bani-pal4 ,x brea!s  ?r\gh\t ! _s
 ( a lat] age1 its language & /yle %[ no
  traces ( an ,accadian orig9al1 & !    
colophon at ! end implies  by its sil5ce
 t x 0 n a copy ( an old] docum5t4 ,no  
d\bt  ! /ory itself 0 an anci5t "o2 !   
numb] sev5 0 a sacr$  numb] among !     
,accadians1 :o inv5t$ ! week ( sev5     
days1 &  kept a sev5?day ,sabba?1 &     
excavations 9 ,babylonia may yet br+  to
 light ! e>ly ,*aldean =m ( ! leg5d4 ,b 
?is we d n at  pres5t possess4    ,s f> 
z ! fragm5ts c be arrang$1 !y seem to   
obs]ve !  foll[+ ord]3--    #a4 ,"p ( ! 
fir/ tablet1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! ,*aos & 
!  g5]ation ( ! gods4    #b4 ,fragm5t ( 
subsequ5t tablet1 p]haps ! second on !  

f\ndation  ( ! deep4    #c4 ,fragm5t (  
tablet plac$ "h ) great d\bt1 possibly  
ref]r+  to ! creation ( l&4    #d4 ,"p (
 ! fif? tablet1 record+ ! creation ( !  
heav5ly  bodies4    #e4 ,fragm5t ( !    
sev5?8 tablet1 record+ ! creation ( l&  
animals4    ,^! fragm5ts indicate t !   
s]ies includ$ at lea/ sev5  tablets1 !  
writ+ on ea* tablet be+ 9 "o column on !
 front  & back1 & probably includ+ ov]  
"o hundr$ l9es ( text4    ,! fir/       
fragm5t 9 ! /ory is ! upp] "p ( ! fir/  
tablet1  giv+ ! description ( ! void or 
*aos1 & "p ( ! g5]ation  ( ! gods4 ,!   
translation is z foll[s3    #a4 ,at t "t
 above1 ! heav5 0 unnam$3    #b4 bel[ ! 
e>? by "n 0 unrecord$2    #c4 ! b\ndless
 deep also 707 _! g5]ator4    #d4 ,!    
*aos ( ! sea 0 %e :o bore ! :ole ( !m4  
#e4 ,_! wat]s 7 collect$ toge!r 9 "o    
place1 &    #f4 ! fl[]+ re$ 0 n ga!r$1 !
 m>%-plant 0 n gr[n4    #g4 ,at t "t !  
gods _h n be5 produc$1 any "o ( !m2     
#h4 ,by "n !y _h n be5 call$1 de/9y 0 n 
fix$4    #i4 ,7 made also ! 7great7     

gods1    #aj4 ! gods ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu 
7 produc$ 7! fir/71 &    #aa4 to gr[?   
!y44444444    #ab4 ! gods ,s> & ,kis> 7 
made next4    #ac4 ,! days 7 long2 a    
long 7"t pass$71 7&7    #ad4 ! gods ,anu
 7,bel & ,hea 7 born (7    #ae4 ! gods  
,s> & 7,kis>74444444    ,on ! rev]se (  
?is tablet !re are only fragm5ts ( !    
eight  l9es ( colophon1 b ! re/oration (
 ! passage is easy2 x  reads3--    #a4  
,fir/ tablet ( 8,at t "t above0 7"n (   
,creation s]ies74    #b4 ,palace (      
,assur-bani-pal k+ ( nations1 k+ (      
,assyria1    #c4 to :om ,nebo & ,tasmit 
gave broad e>s    #d4 787 see+ eyes     
reg>d$ ! engrav$ *>act]s ( ! tablets2   
#e4 ?is writ+ :i* among ! k+s :o w5t    
be=e me    #f4 none ( !m reg>d$1    #g4 
! secrets ( ,nebo1 ! lit]ature ( !      
libr>y z mu* z is  suitable1    #h4 on  
tablets ,i wrote1 ,i engrav$1 ,i        
expla9$1 &    #i4 = ! inspection ( my p 
)9 my palace ,i plac$4    ,?is colophon 
w s]ve to %[ ! value atta*$ to !        
docum5ts1  & ! date ( ! pres5t copies4  

,! fragm5t ( ! obv]se1 brok5 z x is1 is 
preci\s z giv+ !  description ( ! *aos  
or desolate void be=e ! ,creation ( !   
_w1 & ! fir/ movem5t ( creation4 ,?is   
corresponds ) !  fir/ two v]ses ( ! fir/
 *apt] ( ,g5esis4    #a4 8,9 ! beg9n+   
,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4    #b4 ,& !
 e>? 0 )\t =m & void2 & d>kness 0 ^u !  
face ( ! deep4 ,& ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! 
face ( !  wat]s40    ,on comp>+ !       
fragm5t ( ! fir/ tablet ( ! ,creation ) 
!  extract f ,damascius1 we d n f9d any 
/atem5t z to !re be+  two pr9ciples at  
fir/ call$ ,tau! & ,apason1 & ^! produc+
  ,moymis1 b 9 ! ,creation tablet ! fir/
 exi/5ce is call$  ,mummu ,tiamatu1 a "n
 mean+ 8! *aos ( ! deep40 ,! comp\nd    
,mummu ,tiamatu1 9 fact1 comb9es ! two  
names ,moymis & ,tau! (  ,damascius4    
,tiamatu mu/ also be ! same z ! ,?alat? 
( ,b]osus1  :i* we are expressly told 0 
! sea4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be  correct$ to  
,?avat?1 z ,m4 ,l5ormant propos$ "s ye>s
 ago4 ,x is  evid5t t1 accord+ to !     
notion ( ! ,babylonians1 ! sea 0  !     

orig9 ( all ?+s1 & ?is also agrees ) !  
/atem5t (  ,g5esis i4 #b4 :]e ! *aotic  
wat]s are call$ thm1 8! deep10  ! same  
^w z ! ,tiamat ( ! ,creation text & !   
,tau! (  ,damascius4    ,! ,assyrian ^w 
,mummu is probably connect$ ) ! ,hebrew 
mhmh1 confusion1 its ,accadian equival5t
 be+ ,umun4 ,besides  ! "n ( ! *aotic   
deep call$ thm 9 ,g5esis1 :i* is1 z  has
 be5 said1 evid5tly ! ,tiamat ( !       
,creation text1 we h 9  ,g5esis ! ^w    
toh1 wa/e1 desolate1 or =mless1 appli$  
to  ?is *aos4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! 
inscription & ,g5esis is  complete1 s9ce
 bo? /ate t a wat]y *aos prec$$ !       
creation1  & =m$1 9 fact1 ! orig9 &     
gr\ndwork ( ! univ]se4 ,we h  "h n only 
an agreem5t 9 s5se1 b1 :at is r>]1 !    
same ^w  us$ 9 bo? n>ratives z ! "n (   
?is *aos1 & giv5 also 9  ! acc\nt (     
,damascius4    ,next we h 9 !           
inscription ! creation ( ! gods ,lakhmu 
&  ,lakhamu2 ^! are male & female       
p]sonifications ( motion &  production1 
& correspond to ! ,da*e & ,da*us (      

,damascius1 &  ! mov+ rakh1 ! w9d1 or _s
 ( ,g5esis4 ,! next /age  9 ! creation 0
 ! production ( ,s> & ,kis>1 repres5t+  
! upp] expanse & ! l[] expanse1 &       
correspond+ ) !  ,assorus & ,kiss>e (   
,damascius4 ,! resemblance 9 ^! names is
  probably ev5 clos] ?an is "h          
repres5t$1 s9ce ,s> is g5]ally  read    
,assur z a deity 9 lat] times1 be+ an   
ord9>y symbol = !  supreme god ( !      
,assyrians4    ,s f> z c be made out f !
 mutilat$ text1 ! next /ep 9 !  creation
 ( ! univ]se 0 7z 9 ,damascius7 !       
g5]ation ( !  ?ree great gods1 ,anu1    
,elum1 & ,hea1 ! ,anus1 ,ill9us1 & ,aus 
(  t writ]4 ,anu "h symbolizes ! heav51 
,elum ! e>?1 & ,hea  ! sea4    ,x is    
probable t ! inscription w5t on to      
relate ! g5]ation (  ! o!r gods1 & !n   
pass$ to ! successive acts ( creation by
  :i* ! _w 0 fa%ion$4    ,! successive  
=ms ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 ,s> & ,kis>1 are
 repres5t$  9 "s ( ! li/s ( ! gods z    
names or manife/ations ( ,anu &  ,anatu4
 ,^! li/s 7 compil$ at a "t :5 a s*ool (

 mono!i/s  _h ris5 9 ,*aldea1 & an      
attempt 0 made on ! "p ( its  adh]5ts to
 resolve ! v>i\s deities ( ! popul> cre$
 into  =ms ( 8! "o god0 ,anu4 ,9 ea*    
case !re appe>s to be a male  & female  
pr9ciple1 :i* pr9ciples comb9e 9 !      
=mation ( !  univ]se4    ,z has be5     
already rem>k$1 ! conception ( a male & 
female  pr9ciple 0 due to ! ,semites4   
,h5ce x is cle> t ! sy/em (  cosmology  
embodi$ 9 ^! ,creation tablets 0 (      
,semitic & n  ,accadian orig94    ,!    
resemblance betwe5 ! extract f          
,damascius & ! acc\nt  9 ! ,creation    
tablet z to ! successive /ages or =ms ( 
!  ,creation1 is /rik+1 & leaves no d\bt
 ab\t ! s\rce ( !  quotation f ! ,greek 
writ]4    ,! ?ree next tablets 9 !      
,creation s]ies are abs5t1 !re be+  only
 two d\btful fragm5ts ( ?is "p ( ! /ory4
 ,judg+ f !  analogy ( ! ,book (        
,g5esis1 we may conjecture t ?is "p ( ! 
n>rative conta9$ ! description ( !      
creation ( light1 ( !  atmosph]e or     
firmam5t1 ( ! dry l&1 & ( plants4 ,"o   

fragm5t  :i* probably belong$ to ?is    
space is a small portion ( ! top (  a   
tablet ref]r+ to ! fix+ ( ! dry l&2 b x 
may belong to  a lat] "p ( ! /ory1 s9ce 
x is "p ( a spee* to "o ( !  gods4 ,?is 
fragm5t is--    #a4 ,at t "t !          
f\ndations ( ! cav]ns ( rock ?\ did/    
make2    #b4 ! f\ndations ( ! cav]ns ?\ 
did/ call !m 787    #c4 ! heav5 0 nam$  
444444    #d4 to ! face ( ! heav5 444444
    #e4 ?\ did/ give 444444    #f4 a man
 444444    ,!re is a second m d\btful   
fragm5t :i* also may come 9 "h1  &1 l ! 
la/1 relate to ! creation ( ! dry l&4 ,x
 is1  h[ev]1 giv5 "u res]ve--    #a4 ,! 
god ,khir 444 si 4444    #b4 ,at t "t to
 ! god 4444    #c4 ,s be x1 ,i conceal$ 
!e 4444    ,illu/ration3 ,,fight        
,,betwe5 ,,m]oda* 7,,bel7 ,,& ,,!       
,,dragon4    #d4 f ! day t ?\ 4444      
#e4 angry ?\ did/ speak 4444    #f4 ,!  
god ,assur 8 m\? op5$ & spake1 to ! god 
4444    #g4 ,above ! deep1 ! seat ( 4444
    #h4 9 front ( ,bit-,s>ra :i* ,i h   
made 444    #i4 bel[ ! place ,i /r5g!n  

4444    #aj4 ,let !re be made also      
,bit-,lusu1 ! seat 44    #aa4 ,)9 x 8   
/ronghold may he build & 44    #ab4 ,at 
t "t f ! deep he rais$ 4444    #ac4 !   
place 4444 lift$ up ,i made 4444    #ad4
 above 4444 heav5 4444    #ae4 ! place  
4444 lift$ up ?\ did/ make4    #af4 4444
 ! city ( ,assur ! temples ( ! great    
gods 4444    #ag4 4444 8 fa!r ,anu 4444 
#ah4 ! god 4444 !e & ov] all :i* ?y h&  
has made    #ai4 4444 !e1 hav+1 ov] !   
e>? :i* ?y h& has made    #bj4 4444     
hav+1 ,assur :i* ?\ ha/ call$ its "n4   
,?is fragm5t is bo? mutilat$ & obscure1 
& x is m ?an  d\btful :e!r x has any?+  
to d ) ! ,creation tablets4 ,x  seems r 
to be a local leg5d relat+ to ,assur1 ! 
old capital (  ,assyria1 & possibly     
record+ ! leg5d ( its f\ndation4        
,bit-,s>ra  or ,e-,s>ra1 8! temple ( !  
legions10 0 d$icat$ to ,n9ip1  & =ms "p 
( ! "n ( ,tigla?-,piles]                
7,tuculti-pal-es>a  8,s]vant ( ! son (  
,bit-,s>ra10 i4e4 ,n9ip74 ,x seems to h 
d5ot$ ! firmam5t1 ! 8legions0 or 8ho/s0 

ref]r+ to !  multitud9\s spirits (      
heav54 ,! ,biblical expression 8! ,"l ( 
ho/s0 may be comp>$4    ,! next         
recognizable portion ( ! ,creation      
leg5ds is ! upp] "p  ( ! fif? tablet1   
:i* gives ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies1
  & runs p>allel to ! acc\nt ( ! f\r?   
day ( creation 9  ,g5esis4    ,?is      
tablet op5s z foll[s3--      ,fif?      
,tablet ( ,creation ,leg5d4    ,obv]se4 
#a4 7,anu7 made suitable ! mansions ( ! 
7sev57 great gods4    #b4 ,! />s he     
plac$ 9 !m1 ! lumasi#h he fix$4    #c4  
,he arrang$ ! ye> accord+ to ! b\nds 7or
 signs ( !  ,zodiac1 ,heb4 mazz>o?7 t he
 def9$4    #d4 ,= ea* ( ! twelve mon?s  
?ree />s he fix$4    #e4 ,f ! day :5 !  
ye> issues =? unto ! close1    #f4 he   
e/abli%$ ! mansion ( ! god ,nibiru1 t !y
 might "k  _! laws 7or bonds74    #g4 ,t
 !y might n err or deflect at all1      
#h4 ! mansion ( ,bel & ,hea he e/abli%$ 
along ) himself4    #i4 ,he op5$ also ! 
great gates 9 ! sides ( ! _w2    #aj4 ! 
bolts he /r5g!n$ on ! left h& & on ! "r4

    #aa4 ,9 its c5tre also he made a    
/aircase4    #ab4 ,! moon-god he caus$  
to beautify ! ?ick night4    #ac4 ,he   
appo9t$ him also to h9d] 7or balance7 ! 
night1 t !  day may be kn[n1    #ad4    
7say+73 ,e mon?1 )\t break1 obs]ve ?y   
circle3    #ae4 at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?    
also1 :5 ! night is at its height4      
#af4 7)7 ! horns ?\ ann\nce/ t ! heav5  
may be kn[n4    #ag4 ,on ! sev5? day    
7?y7 circle 7beg9s to7 fill1    #ah4 b  
op5 9 d>kness w rema9 ! half on ! "r    
7874#i    #ai4 ,at t "t ! sun 7w be7 on 
! horizon ( heav5 at ?y  7ris+74    #bj4
 7,?y =m7 det]m9e & make a 7circle874   
#ba4 7,f h5ce7 return 7&7 approa* ! pa? 
( ! sun4    #bb4 7,!n7 w ! d>kness      
return2 ! sun w *ange4    #bc4 4444444  
seek its road4    #bd4 7,rise &7 set1 & 
judge judgm5t4    ,all t is left ( !    
rev]se is ! latt] half ( ! la/ l9e (  ! 
n>rative1 & ! colophon1 :i* runs ?us3-- 
44444 ! gods on 8 he>+4    ,fif? tablet 
( 7! s]ies beg9n+7 ,at t "t above4      
,prop]ty ( ,assur-bani-pal k+ ( nations 

k+ ( ,assyria4    ,?is f9e fragm5t is a 
typical specim5 ( ! /yle ( ! :ole       
s]ies1 & %[s a m>k$ /age 9 ! ,creation1 
! appo9tm5t (  ! heav5ly orbs4 ,x       
p>allels ! f\r? day ( ,creation 9 ! fir/
  *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :]e we read3 8,& ,god
 said1 ,let !re be lights  9 ! firmam5t 
( ! heav5 to divide ! day f ! night2 &  
let !m be = lights 9 ! firmam5t ( !     
heav5 to divide ! day  f ! night2 & let 
!m be = signs1 & = seasons1 & =  days1 &
 ye>s3    8#ae4 ,& let !m be = lights 9 
! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to give  light ^u !
 e>?3 & x 0 s4    8#af4 ,& ,god made two
 great lights2 ! great] light to rule ! 
day1  & ! less] light to rule ! night2  
he made ! />s also4    8#ag4 ,& ,god set
 !m 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to give light
 ^u  ! e>?1    8#ah4 ,& to rule ov] !   
day & ov] ! night1 & to divide !  light 
f ! d>kness3 & ,god saw t x 0 good4     
8#ai4 ,& ! ev5+ & morn+ 7 ! f\r? day40  
,! fragm5t ( ! fir/ tablet ( ! ,creation
 s]ies 0  introductory1 & dealt ) !     
g5]ation ( ! gods r ?an !  creation ( ! 

univ]se1 & :5 we rememb] t ! fif? tablet
  conta9s ! ,creation giv5 9 ,g5esis "u 
! f\r? day1 :ile a  subsequ5t tablet1   
probably ! sev5?1 gives ! creation ( !  
animals :i*1 accord+ to ,g5esis1 took   
place on ! six? day1 x  w\ld seem t !   
ev5ts ( ea* ( ! days ( ,g5esis 7 record$
  on a sep>ate tablet1 & t ! numb]s ( ! 
tablets g5]ally  foll[$ 9 ! same ord] z 
! days ( ,creation 9 ,g5esis1 ?us3      
,g5esis1 ,*ap4 ,i4      ,v4  #a  #b     
agree ) ,tablet #a4    ,v4  #c to #e    
#a/ day    probably ) tablet #b4    ,v4 
#f to #h  #bnd day    probably ) tablet 
#c4    ,v4  #i to #ac #crd day          
probably ) tablet #d4    ,v4 #ad to #ai 
#d? day    agree ) tablet #e4    ,v4 #bj
 to #bc #e? day    probably ) tablet #f4
    ,v4 #bd  #be #f? day     probably ) 
tablet #g4    ,v4 #bf & foll[+1   #f? & 
#g? day1 probably ) tablet #h4    ,!    
ass]tion ) :i* ! fif? tablet beg9s may  
be comp>$ )  ! (t-repeat$ /atem5t (     
,g5esis1 aft] ea* act ( creative  p[]1 t
 8,god saw t x 0 good40 ,9 fact1 !      

diff]5ce betwe5  ! expressions us$ by ! 
,hebrew & ,assyrian writ]s seems great] 
?an x really is1 s9ce ! ^w r5d]$ 8to    
make suitable0 comes  f a root :i*      
signifies 8pleasant0 or 8agreeable40 ,x 
may be not$  t ! ^w yuaddi 8he arrang$0 
or 8appo9t$0 9 ! ?ird l9e  has ! same   
root z ! ,hebrew mdhim1 :i* is us$ 9 !  
same  connection ,g54 i4 #ad 9 ! s5se ( 
8seasons40    ,we next come to !        
creation ( ! heav5ly orbs1 & j z !  book
 ( ,g5esis says !y 7 set = signs &      
seasons1 = days &  ye>s1 s ! inscription
 describes t ! />s 7 set 9 c\rses  to   
def9e ! ye>4 ,! twelve con/ellations or 
signs ( ! zodiac1  & two o!r b&s (      
con/ellations are ref]r$ to1 correspond+
  ) ! two sets ( twelve />s1 "o to !    
nor? & ! o!r to  ! s\? ( ! zodiac1 :i*  
accord+ to ,diodorus ,siculus play$ a   
prom95t "p 9 ,babylonian a/ronomy4    ,!
 god ,nibiru appe>s 9 ! a/ronomical     
tablets z "o ( ! />s4  ,"h1 h[ev]1 9 !  
acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 he seems to be !  
deity  :o specially presid$ ov] ! signs 

( ! zodiac & ! c\rse  ( ! ye>1 & 9 a    
hymn to ! ,creator1 :i* w be translat$  
fur!r on1 he takes ! place ( ! classical
 ,fate1 & det]m9es  ! laws ( ! univ]se  
g5]ally1 & ( ! />s 9 p>ticul>4 ,x  is   
evid5t1 f ! op5+ ( ! inscription on !   
fir/ tablet (  ! great ,*aldean "w on   
a/rology & a/ronomy1 t ! functions  ( ! 
/>s 7 accord+ to ! ,babylonians to act n
 only z  regulators ( ! seasons & ! ye>1
 b to be also us$ z signs1  z 9 ,g5esis 
i4 #ad1 = 9 ^? ages x 0 g5]ally believ$ 
t  ! heav5ly bodies gave1 by _!         
appe>ance & positions1 signs (  ev5ts   
:i* 7 com+ on ! e>?4    ,! passage giv5 
9 ! eigh? l9e ( ! inscription1 to !     
effect  t ! ,god :o creat$ ! />s fix$   
places or habitations = ,bel  & ,hea )  
himself 9 ! heav5s1 po9ts to ! fact t   
,anu1 god  ( ! heav5s1 0 consid]$ to be 
! creator ( ! heav5ly ho/s2  = x is he  
:o %>es ) ,bel & ,hea ! divisions ( !   
face (  ! sky1 :i* 0 divid$ into ?ree   
zones4 ,summ] 0 ! season (  ,bel1 autumn
 ( ,anu1 & w9t] ( ,hea1 ! season ( spr+ 

n be+  recogniz$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,!  
new moon also 0 call$ ,anu = !  fir/    
five days1 ,hea = ! next five1 & ,bel = 
! ?ird4    ,! n9? l9e ( ! tablet gives u
 an insight into ! philosophical        
beliefs ( ! e>ly ,babylonians4 ,!y      
evid5tly consid]$ t !  _w 0 drawn toge!r
 out ( ! wat]s1 & re/$ or repos$  ^u a  
va/ abyss ( *aotic ocean :i* fill$ !    
space bel[ !  _w4 ,?is d>k inf]nal lake 
0 %ut 9 by gigantic gates & /rong       
fa/5+s1 :i* prev5t$ ! floods f ov]:elm+ 
! _w4 ,9  ! c5tre 0 a /aircase :i* l$ f 
! abyss bel[ to ! region  ( light above4
    ,! acc\nt !n goes on to describe !  
creation ( ! moon = !  purpose (        
beautify+ ! night & regulat+ ! cal5d>4  
,!  phases ( ! moon are record$3 its    
comm5c+ z a ?9 cresc5t at  ev5+ on !    
fir/ day ( ! mon?1 & its gradually      
increas+  & travell+ fur!r into ! night4
 ,x w be notic$ t x is  reg>d$ z        
appo9t$1 9 ! language ( ! ,bible1 8to   
divide !  day f ! night10 & to be = a   
sign & a season4 ,! expression  8judge  

judgm5t0 may be comp>$ ) ! expression ( 
,g5esis 7i4  #ah47 t ! sun & moon 7 set 
8to rule ov] ! day & ov] !  night40 ,an 
acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! sun probably    
foll[$ ^u  t ( ! creation ( ! moon4     
,! creation ( ! moon1 h[ev]1 is plac$   
fir/ 9 accordance )  ! g5]al views ( !  
,babylonians1 :o1 z 0 natural 9 a p  (  
a/ronom]s1 hon\r$ ! moon above ! sun1   
ev5 mak+ !  sun-god ! son ( ! moon-god4 
,! details ( ! creation ( ! planets &   
/>s1 :i* w\ld h  be5 v important to u1  
are un=tunately lo/1 no fur!r fragm5t  (
 ?is tablet hav+ be5 recov]$4    ,!     
colophon at ! close ( ! tablet gives u1 
h[ev]1 "p (  ! fir/ l9e ( ! six? tablet1
 b n en\gh to det]m9e its  subject4 ,x  
is probable t ?is dealt ) ! creation (  
creatures  ( ! wat] & f[ls ( ! air1 & t 
^! 7 ! creation (  ,bel1 ! companion    
deity to ,anu4    ,! next tablet1 !     
sev5? 9 ! s]ies1 is probably repres5t$  
by a curi\s fragm5t1 :i* 0 f\nd by ,mr4 
,smi? 9 "o ( !  tr5*es at ,k\yunjik4    
,?is fragm5t is l "s ( ! o!rs1 ! upp]   

portion ( a tablet  mu* brok51 & only   
valuable f its g5]ally cle> mean+4 ,!   
translation is z foll[s3    #a4 ,at t "t
 ! gods 9 _! assembly creat$ 44444      
#b4 ,!y made suitable ! /rong mon/]s    
44444    #c4 ,!y caus$ to come liv+     
creatures 44444    #d4 cattle ( ! field1
 bea/s ( ! field1 & creep+ ?+s ( !      
field 44444    #e4 ,!y fix$ = ! liv+    
creatures 44444    #f4 44444 cattle &   
creep+ ?+s ( ! city !y fix$ 44444    #g4
 44444 ! assembly ( ! creep+ ?+s1 ! :ole
 :i* 7  creat$ 44444    #h4 44444 :i* 9 
! assembly ( my family 444    #i4 44444 
& ! god ,n9-si-ku 7! "l ( noble face7   
jo9$ ! two  toge!r 44444    #aj4 44444  
to ! assembly ( ! creep+ ?+s ,i gave    
life 44444    #aa4 44444 ! se$ (        
,lakhamu ,i de/roy$ 44444    ,?is tablet
 corresponds ) ! six? day ( ,creation 9 
,g5esis 7i4  #bd-be73 8,& ,god said1    
,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature  aft] 
8 k9d1 cattle1 & creep+ ?+1 & bea/ ( !  
e>?  aft] 8 k9d3 & x 0 s4    8,& ,god   
made ! bea/ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 & cattle

 aft]  _! k9d1 & ev]y?+ t creepe? ^u !  
e>? aft] 8 k9d3  & ,god saw t x 0 good40
    ,! ,assyrian tablet comm5ces ) a    
/atem5t ( ! satisfaction a  =m]         
creation1 app>5tly t ( ! mon/]s or      
:ales1 _h giv52  "h ref]r+ to ,g5esis i4
 #bc4 ,x !n goes on to relate ! creation
  ( liv+ animals on l&1 ?ree k9ds be+   
di/+ui%$1 exactly  agree+ ) ! ,g5esis   
acc\nt1 & !n we h 9 ! n9? l9e a  curi\s 
ref]5ce to ! god ,n9-si-ku 7"o ( ! names
 ( ,hea74 ,"o  ( ,hea's titles 0 8! "l (
 mank9d10 & ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son has    
endeav\r$ to %[ t ,eridu1 ! city ( ,hea1
 0 id5tical ) !  ,biblical ,g>d5 ( ,ed54
 ,we may "h notice a tablet :i* ref]s to
  ! creation ( man4 ,9 ?is tablet1 ,k   
#fc1 ! creation ( ! human  race is giv5 
to ,hea1 & all ! ref]5ces 9 o!r         
inscriptions  make ?is 8 "w4 ,z 9       
,g5esis1 s 9 ^! cunei=m tablets !       
,creator is made to speak & to address !
 objects :i* he calls into  exi/5ce4    
,! next fragm5t 0 suppos$ by ,mr4 ,smi? 
to relate to ! fall (  man & to conta9 !

 spee* ( ! deity to ! newly-creat$ pair4
  ,?is1 h[ev]1 is extremely d\btful1 z w
 appe> f ! revis$  translation bel[4 ,! 
fragm5t is 9 s brok5 a condition t almo/
  any?+ may be made out ( x4 ,x is      
possible t no?+ m is  int5d$ by x ?an   
in/ructions z to ! con/ruction ( an     
image (  a h\sehold god or _s & !       
correct mode ( wor%ipp+ x4      ,k #ccfd
 obv]se4    7,_m l9es lo/47    #a4 ,!   
:ole day ?y god ?\ %alt approa* 7or     
invoke71    #b4 sacrifice1 ! pray] ( !  
m\?1 ! image 444444    #c4 to ?y god a  
he>t engrav$ 44444 ?\ ha/4    #d4 ,h[   
long to ! image ( ! div9ity1    #e4     
supplication1 humility1 & b[+ ( ! face1 
#f4 fire 787 do/ ?\ give to him1 & br+e/
 tribute1    #g4 & 9 rev]5ce also ) me  
?\ goe/ /raight8    #h4 ,9 ?y k 787 also
 behold2 9 ! tablets 7writ+7    #i4     
wor%ip & bless+ ?\ exalte/4    #aj4     
,sacrifice & ! pres]vation 444    #aa4 &
 pray] = s9 4444    #ab4 ! fe> ( ! gods 
des]ts !e 787 n 4444    #ac4 ! fe> ( !  
,anunnaci ?\ complete/ 4444    #ad4 ,)  

fri5d & comrade spee* ?\ make/ 4444     
#ae4 ,9 ! "u-_w spee* ?\ make/ to !     
propiti\s g5ii4    #af4 ,:5 ?\ speake/  
also he w give 4444    #ag4 ,:5 ?\      
tru/e/ also ?\ 4444    #ah4 444 a       
comrade also 4444    #ai4 4444 ?\ tru/e/
 a fri5d 4444    #bj4 7,97 ?y k 787 also
      ,rev]se4    7,_m l9es lo/47    #a4
 9 ! pres5ce ( beauty 4444 ?\ did/ speak
    #b4 ?y beauty 4444    #c4 beauty    
also 4444 ! female _s 787    #d4 ,an age
 ?\ revolve/ 44 8 enemies8    #e4 8 ris+
 787 he seeks 4444 ! man 4444    #f4 ) !
 "l ( ?y beauty ?\ make/ fat 787    #g4 
to d evil ?\ %alt n approa* him1    #h4 
at ?y illness 4444 to him    #i4 at ?y  
di/ress 4444    ,! next fragm5t is a    
small "o2 x is ! l[] corn] ( a tablet  )
 ! ends ( a few l9es4 ,mr4 ,smi?        
connect$ x ) ! leg5d (  ! fall ( man1 b 
! m5tion ( ! god ,s>-tuli-elli1 8! k+ ( 
! illu/ri\s m\nd10 w\ld r indicate t x  
has to d )  ! /ory ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4   
,z1 h[ev]1 ! fragm5t is too small  &    
mutilat$ to decide ! "q1 x has be5 all[$

 to rema9 9  ! place assign$ to x by    
,mr4 ,smi?1 & n transf]r$ to a lat]     
*apt]4    ,accord+ to ,sir ,h4          
,rawl9son1 8! holy m\nd0 is n[ repres5t$
 by  ! ru9s ( ,amrn4 ,at any rate1 x    
/ood on ! site ( ! ,t[]  ( ,babel & 0   
d$icat$ to ! god ,anu4 ,along ) ! adjo9+
  build+s1 among :i* are to be numb]$ ! 
royal palace & !  fam\s hang+ g>d5s1 x  
=m$ a p>ticul> qu>t] ( ,babylon1        
enclos$ )9 its own wall & kn[n "u ! "n (
 ,su-,anna1 !  8,valley ( ,anu10 :i*    
,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son proposes to read     
,khalann1  & id5tify ) ! ,calneh ( !    
,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 support ( 8  read+ he 
ref]s to ! /atem5t ( ! ,septuag9t 9     
,isaiah x4 #i43  8,h n ,i tak5 ! region 
above ,babylon & ,khalann1 :]e !  t[] 0 
built80      ,obv]se4    #a4 4444 seat  
h] 787    #b4 4444 all ! lords    #c4   
4444 8 might    #d4 4444 ! gods1 "l ( ! 
mighty h\r 787    #e4 4444 "l ( ! k+dom 
magnifi$4    #f4 4444 mightily supreme4 
,rev]se4    #a4 4444 ,hea call$#aj to 8 
m5    #b4 4444 ! pa? ( 8 greatness      

#c4 4444 any god    #d4 4444            
,s>-tuli-elli 7! k+ ( ! illu/ri\s m\nd7 
8  k 787    #e4 4444 8 illu/ri\s 444444 
#f4 4444 8 fe> 787 ,s>-tuli-elli    #g4 
4444 8 might    #h4 4444 to !m1 9 ! mid/
 ( ! sea    #i4 4444 ?y fa!r battle     
,we may conclude ?is *apt] ) a fragm5t (
 "s l5g?1 :i* ,mr4  ,smi? errone\sly    
suppos$ to ref] to ! ,fall4 ,8 mi/ake   
arose f  ! imp]fect /ate 9 :i* ! text ( 
x has be5 pres]v$1 &  ! consequ5t       
obscurity ( its ref]5ce & mean+4 ,dr4   
,opp]t has  %[n t x really conta9s a    
hymn to ! ,creator ,hea4 ,be=e !        
comm5cem5t ( l9es #a1 #e1 #aa1 #ai1 #bg1
 & #bi on ! obv]se1 !re  are glosses    
/at+ t ! div9e titles comm5c+ ^! l9es   
all  apply to ! same deity4 ,^!         
explanatory glosses %[ t ev5 9  !       
,assyrian "t ! allusions 9 ! orig9al    
text 7 n all  intelligible )\t ! help ( 
a comm5t>y4      ,obv]se4    #a4 ,! god 
( 7propiti\s7 ,life 44444 7secondly7    
#b4 :o e/abli%$ light 44444    #c4 _!   
precepts 44444    #d4 ,nev] may !y =sake

 7_!7 b\nd>ies 444    #e4 ,! god (      
illu/ri\s ,life1 ?irdly1 he 0 call$1 !  
director (  ! bright 7firmam5t71    #f4 
! god ( good w9ds1 ! "l ( he>+ &        
ob$i5ce1    #g4 ! creator ( lean 787 &  
fat1 ! e/abli%] ( f]tility1    #h4 :o   
has br\ght to increase !m t 7 small at !
 outset4    #i4 ,9 ! mighty ?ickets we h
 smelt 8 good w9d4    #aj4 ,may he      
comm&1 may he glorify1 may he he>k5 to 8
 wor%ipp]s4    #aa4 ,! god ( ! illu/ri\s
 ,cr[n1 f\r?ly1 may he quick5 !  du/6   
#ab4 ,"l ( ! illu/ri\s *>m1 :o gives    
life to ! dead1    #ac4 :o to ! ho/ile  
gods has grant$ return1    #ad4 ! homage
 !y r5d]$ he has caus$ ! gods 8 foes to 
submit  to4    #ae4 ,t !y might obey 787
 he has creat$ mank9d1    #af4 ! m]ciful
 "o ) :om is life4    #ag4 ,may he      
e/abli%1 & nev] may 8 ^w be =gott5      
#ah4 9 ! m\? ( ! black-head$ race :om 8 
h&s creat$4    #ai4 ,! god ( ! illu/ri\s
 incantation1 fif?ly1 may 8 foes 787  be
 ov]?r[n 7or answ]$7 ) ho/ile curse 787 
#bj4 ,he :o ) 8 illu/ri\s incantation   

has remov$ ! curse (  ! enemy4    #ba4  
,! ,god ! ,he>t-kn[]1 :o kn[s ! he>ts ( 
! gods1 :o fly  f ! fe> ( him3    #bb4 !
 do+ ( evil !y caus$ n to come =? aga9/ 
him4    #bc4 ,he :o e/abli%es ! assembly
 ( ! gods1 7:o kn[s7 _!  he>ts1    #bd4 
:o subdues ! disob$i5t 44444    #be4 :o 
directs ju/ice 44444    #bf4 :o         
7def5ds87 sov]eignty 44444    #bg4 ,!   
god ( prosp]\s life1 7six?ly7 44444     
#bh4 he :o cuts (f d>kness 787 44444    
#bi4 ,! god ,sukhkhab 7871 ?irdly1 !    
flock 787 444    #cj4 he :o adds unto !m
 44444      ,rev]se4    #a4 44444 ! />  
44444    #b4 may he seize t :i* has !   
head 9 ! tail 78 a comet7    #c4 s9ce t 
9 ! mid/ ( ! sea he pass$ ov] 44444     
#d4 ,8 "n accord+ly 7is7 ,nibiru 7!     
pass] ov]71 ! possessor  44444    #e4   
may he 7confirm7 ! precepts 7or laws7 ( 
! />s ( heav54    #f4 ,l %eep may he fe$
 ! gods all ( !m2    #g4 may he exorcise
 ! sea1 its treasures may he h$ge 9 &   
summon    #h4 among m5 h]eaft] ?r\gh    
l5g? ( days4    #i4 ,may he also remove 

mis*ief2 may he ov]come x = ! future4   
#aj4 ,because 7all7 places he made1 he  
pi]c$1 he /r5g!n$4    #aa4 ,"l ( ! _w is
 8 "n call$1 7ev57 fa!r ,bel4    #ab4 ,!
 names ( ! angels he gave to !m4    #ac4
 ,hea also he>d1 & 8 liv] 7i4 e4 ang]7 0
 lull$1    #ad4 7say+7 8,s9ce t 8 m5 he 
has quick5$ by 8 "n1    #ae4 he l myself
 has ! "n ( ,hea4    #af4 ,! bond ( my  
comm& may he br+ to !m all1 &    #ag4   
all my t]eti 7lots87 may he answ] or ?r[
 d[n    #ah4 by ! fifty names ( ! great 
gods40    #ai4 ,8 fifty names !y        
pron\nc$2 !y re/or$ 8 precepts4    #bj4 
,may !y be obs]v$ &1 z =m]ly1 may he    
speak4    #ba4 ,unse>*able1 wise1       
triumphantly may he rule4    #bb4 ,may  
fa!r to son repeat & exalt 7!m74    #bc4
 ,may he op5 ! e>s ( %eph]d & flocks4   
#bd4 ,may 7! %eph]d7 obey ,m]oda*1 ,bel 
among ! gods4    #be4 ,may 8 l& be gre51
 may he himself be at peace4    #bf4    
,e/abli%$ 7is7 8 ^w1 unyield+ 8 comm&2  
#bg4 ! utt]ance ( 8 m\? no god has ev]  
despis$4    #bh4 ,he 0 call$ by "n &    

)draws n 8 neck4    #bi4 ,9 ! abundance 
( 8 /r5g? !re is no god1 t receives =   
him 8 cr[n4    #cj4 ,f>-rea*+ 7is7 8    
he>t1 an abyss 7is7 8 /oma*3    #ca4 ,s9
 & curs+ be=e him disappe>4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,9 a second copy :i* pres5ts sev]al     
v>iations l9es #ad to #ai are  omitt$4  
,x is evid5t t ?is hymn to ! ,creator   
emanat$ f :at ,sir  ,h5ry ,rawl9son has 
t]m$ ! mono!i/ic p>ty among ! anci5t    
,babylonians1 & t ! spee* ( ,hea 9 l9es 
#ad to #ai has be5  ins]t$ by a poet :o 
did n belong to x4 ,! v>i\s deities (  !
 popul> fai? are all resolv$ into ! "o  
supreme ,god1 ! mak]  ( ! _w & man1 :o 0
 wor%ipp$ at ,babylon "u ! names  (     
,bel1 8! ,"l10 & ,m]oda* ! sun-god1 at  
,eridu "u t (  ,hea & at ,nipur "u t (  
,anu4 ,! gods ( ! multitude are said  to
 be only ! fifty names ( ! ,creator4 ,to
 him is ascrib$ !  regulation ( ! />s1 !
 nam+ ( ! angels1 & ! subjection  ( !   
subord9ate demi-gods1 & m>g9al notes    
expressly /ate t  ! sev]al titles "u :i*

 ! ,creator is address$ on ! obv]se  ( !
 tablets1 all belong to "o & ! same     
div9ity4    ,9 ! popul> my?ology ! "p ( 
! ,creator 0 usually assign$  to        
,m]oda*4 ,?us we f9d ! latt] deity      
address$ z foll[s 9 a  mutilat$ bil+ual 
hymn 7,k #bifb ,obv473--    #a4 ,k+ ( ! 
l&1 "l ( ! _w1    #b4 444 protector (   
heav5 & e>?1    #c4 fir/born ( ! god    
,hea1    #d4 ! re/or] ( heav5 & e>?1    
#e4 444 mighty "l ( mank9d1 k+ ( ! _w4  
#f4 444 ! god ( gods1    #g4 7"l7 (     
heav5 & e>?1 :o ha/ no equal1    #h4    
companion ( ,anu & ,bel1    #i4 !       
m]ciful "o among ! gods1    #aj4 !      
m]ciful :o raise/ ! dead to life1       
#aa4 ,m]oda*1 ! k+ ( heav5 & e>?1       
#ab4 ! k+ ( ,babylon1 ! "l (            
,bit-,saggil1    #ac4 ! k+ ( ,bit-,zida1
 ! "l ( ! mighty temple ( life1    #ad4 
heav5 & e>? are ?9e1    #ae4 ! circuit (
 heav5 & e>? is ?9e1    #af4 ! *>m 7to  
produce7 life is ?9e1    #ag4 ! philtre 
( life is ?9e1    #ah4 ! ,illu/ri\s ,k+1
 ! m\? ( ! ,abyss1 is ?9e2    #ai4      

mank9d1 7ev57 ! m5 ) ! black heads1     
#bj4 liv+ creatures1 z _m z are call$ by
 a "n1 z exi/ 9 !  l&1    #ba4 ! f\r    
qu>t]s ( ! _w1 z _m z !re are1    #bb4 !
 angels ( ! ho/s ( heav5 & e>?1 z _m z  
!re are1  7are ?9e74    ,9 ^! ref]5ces  
to ! names ( ! liv+ creatures made by ! 
,creator at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 we are     
irresi/ibly rem9d$ (  ! passage 9       
,g5esis ii4 #ai41 :]e we read t 8out ( !
 gr\nd  ,god =m$ e bea/ ( ! field & e   
f[l ( ! air2 &  br\ght !m to ,adam to   
see :at he w\ld call !m3 & :atsoev]     
,adam call$ e liv+ creature1 t 0 ! "n   
!re(40    ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s /atem5ts   
made 9 ^! hymns is t ! race  ( m5 creat$
 by ! deity 0 black-head$4 ,! same race 
( m5  is m5tion$ else:]e 9 ! anci5t     
lit]ature ( ! ,accadians4  ,?us 9 a hymn
 to ! goddess ,gula1 ! goddess is       
describ$ z 8!  "m :o bore ! m5 ( ! black
 heads10 & 9 ano!r hymn !  sun-god is   
decl>$ to 8direct ! m5 ( ! black heads40
 ,s>gon (  ,agan is fur!r describ$ z    
rul+ ov] 8all ! m5 ( ! black  heads10 & 

9 imitation ( ?is mode ( expression     
,s5na*]ib 9  lat] days speaks ( hav+    
ov]come 8all ! black-head$ race40 ,!    
black-head$ race ( ,s5na*]ib1 h[ev]1 0 !
 ,turanian population  ( ,elam & !      
adjo9+ di/ricts on ! ea/ ( ,babylonia1  
:]eas  x is pla9 t ! ,accadian hymns    
mean by ! black-head$ race !  ,accadian 
p itself4 ,x 0 ov] !m t ,s>gon ( ,agan1 
!  ,semite1 boa/s ( hav+ ext5d$ 8 sway1 
?\gh accord+ to an old  geographical li/
 x 0 ,sum] or ,%9> r ?an ,accad1 :i* 0  
inhabit$ by ! p ( 8! black-face40 ,b    
aft] all !re is no  contradiction betwe5
 ! /atem5ts ( ,s5na*]ib & ( ! hymns4  ,!
 ,accadians belong$ to ! same race z !  
,turanian inhabitants (  ,elam1 & spoke 
a simil> language to !irs4    ,n[ we    
%all f9d 9 ! acc\nt ( ! exploits (      
,dibb>a1 :i* w  be translat$ 9 a        
subsequ5t *apt]1 t ! black race1 :i* is 
id5tifi$ ) ! ,accadians1 is contra/$ ) !
 p ( ,syria1  :ile 9 ! bil+ual tablets1 
! black race is simil>ly contra/$  ) !  
:ite race4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! :ite race

 0 !  same z ! ,syrians1 & s9ce !       
,syrians 7 ,semites1 ! :ite  race mu/ h 
be5 synonym\s 9 ! language ( !          
,accadians )  ,semitic4 ,z a matt] (    
fact1 ! ,semites belong to ! :ite-sk9n$ 
division ( mank9d1 & 7 accord+ly pa9t$  
yell[ by !  ,egyptians4 ,! ,accadian    
population1 on ! o!r h&1 belong$ to !   
d>k-sk9n$ division1 ?\gh x is n necess>y
 to suppose !m to  h be5 z black z !    
negro or ! 8blameless ,e?iopian40 ,9 !  
bil+ual tablets1 ! black race is r5d]$ 9
 ,assyrian by ! ^w  ,adamatu or         
8r$-sk9s40    ,a popul> etymology       
connect$ ?is ^w ,adamatu ) ! ^w ,adamu  
or admu1 8man10 p>tly on acc\nt ( !     
simil>ity ( s\nd1 p>tly  because 9 ! age
 ( ,accadian supremacy & lit]ature1 ! m5
 p>  excell5ce1 ! special human be+s    
made by ! ,creator1 7 !  d>k-sk9n$ race 
( ,accad4 ,! ,accadian ,adam or 8man0 0 
d>k2 x  0 only :5 ! culture ( !         
,accadians _h be5 h&$ on to _!  ,semitic
 successors t he became fair4    ,!     
discov]y t ! ,biblical ,adam is id5tical

 ) ! ,assyrian  ,adamu or 8man10 & t !  
,assyrian ,adamu goes back to !         
fir/-creat$ man ( ,accadian tradition :o
 belong$ to ! black1 t  is1 to !        
,accadian race1 is due to ,sir ,h5ry    
,rawl9son4 ,he has also  sugge/$ t !    
contra/ betwe5 ! black & ! :ite races1  
betwe5 ! ,accadian & ! ,semite1 is      
indicat$ 9 ! six? *apt]  ( ,g5esis1 :]e 
a contra/ is drawn betwe5 ! daught]s (  
m51 or  ,adamu1 & ! sons ( ,god4 ,x 0   
ow+ to ! int]m>riage ( !  sons ( ,god ) 
! ,adamites t ! evils 7 spread :i*      
br\ght  d[n ^u ! _w ! puni%m5t ( !      
,deluge4    ,x 0 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son :o
 fur!r po9t$ out t ! ,biblical  ,gn     
,ed51 or 8,g>d5 ( ,ed510 is             
,gan-,duniyas 7also call$ ,gun-duni71  a
 "n "u :i* ,babylonia is frequ5tly kn[n 
9 ! ,assyrian  inscriptions4            
,gan-,duniyas signifies 8! enclosure0 or
 8=tress ( !  god ,duniyas10 a deity ^: 
nature & attributes are /ill obscure1  &
 :o may h be5 m]ely a deifi$ mon>* ( !  
c\ntry4 ,two  ( ! f\r riv]s ( ,p>adise  

are ! two great riv]s t enclose  !      
fruitful pla9 ( ,babylonia1 ! ,tigris1 &
 ! ,euphrates4 ,!  ,euphrates 0 call$   
,purrat1 or 8! curv+ wat]0 9 ,accadian f
  its %ape2 ! ,tigris 0 kn[n "u ! "n (  
,masgug>1 8!  curr5t10 ,tigg>1 & ,idikna
 or ,idikla1 f ! latt] ( :i* comes  !   
,hiddekhel ( ,g5esis1 ) prefix$         
,accadian hid1 8riv]40 ,gihon  is       
id5tifi$ ) ! ,arakhtu or ,araxes1 8!    
riv] ( ,babylon10  :i* fl[$ we/w>d into 
! des]t ( ,arabia or ,cu%1 ?\gh ,sir ,h4
  ,rawl9son sugge/s its id5tity ) !     
mod]n ,jukh1 :i* runs pa/  ! site (     
,eridu1 :ile ,s>gon calls ,elam ! c\ntry
 ( 8! f\r  riv]s40#aa    ,! tree ( life 
0 well kn[n to ! ,accadians & !         
,assyrians  aft] !m1 & ! bas-reliefs (  
,n9eveh frequ5tly pres5t u )  a         
repres5tation ( x1 gu>d$ on ei!r side by
 a w+$ *]ub :o  has ! head sometimes ( a
 man1 sometimes ( an eagle4 ,! tree     
always  assumes a conv5tional =m1 & s9ce
 x g5]ally be>s fir-cones  we may inf] t
 ! ,accadians br\ght ! tradition ( x )  

!m  f _! orig9al seat 9 ! cold] m\nta9\s
 l& ( ,m$ia1 :]e  ! fir 0 pl5tiful1 &   
id5tifi$ x ) ! palm-tree only aft]  _!  
settlem5t 9 ,*aldea4 ,an old "n (       
,babylon1 or ( a "p (  ,babylon1 0      
,d9-,tir1 8! life ( ! =e/10 :i* may     
possibly h  "s connection ) ! tree (    
life4 ,! special spot1 h[ev]1 9  :i* !  
site ( ! tree ( life 0 localiz$ 0 close 
to ! city  ( ,eridu1 n[ repres5t$ by    
,dhib accord+ to ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son1 :]e
  ! sol> h]o ,tammuz 0 suppos$ to h     
receiv$ ! dea?-bl[  :i* oblig$ him to   
sp5d "o half ! ye> 9 ! l[] _w4          
,illu/ration3 ,,sacr$ ,,tree1 ,,or      
,,grove1 ,,) ,,att5dant ,,*]ubim1 ,,f   
,,assyrian ,,cyl9d]4    ,a fragm5t>y    
bil+ual hymn speaks ?us ( ! sacr$ spot1 
& ( !  tree ( life t grew !re93--    #a4
 ,9 ,eridu a d>k p9e grew1 9 an         
illu/ri\s place x 0 plant$4    #b4 ,its 
7root7 0 ( :ite cry/al :i* spread t[>ds 
! deep4    #c4 ,! 7%r9e87 ( ,hea 707 its
 pa/urage 9 ,eridu1 a canal full (      
7wat]74    #d4 ,its seat 707 ! 7c5tral7 

place ( ?is e>?4    #e4 ,its %r9e 707 ! 
c\* ( "m ,zicum1 7! "m ( gods &  m574   
#f4 ,! 7ro(7 ( its illu/ri\s temple l a 
=e/ spread its %ade2  !re 707 none :o )9
 ent]$4    #g4 7,x 0 ! seat7 ( ! mighty 
"m 7,zicum71 ! begett] ( ,anu4    ,eridu
 0 ! special seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,hea1 & 0
 (t5 kn[n  z 8! good city40    ,! flam+ 
sword1 :i* accord+ to ,g5esis gu>d$ !   
approa* to  ! tree ( life is p>allel$ by
 ! flam+ sword ( ,m]oda*1 :i*  is       
expla9$ to be ! lightn+4 ,x 0 ) ?is     
sword :i* is  repres5t$ on ! monum5ts z 
hav+ ! =m ( a sickle l !  sword ( !     
,greek h]o ,p]seus1 t ,m]oda* ov]?rew ! 
dragon &  ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,a hymn put 
into ! m\? ( ,m]oda*1 ?us  speaks ( x3--
    ,! sun ( fifty faces1 ! l(ty weapon 
( my div9ity1 ,i be>4    ,! h]o t /rike?
 ! m\nta9s1 ! propiti\s sun ( !  morn+1 
t is m9e1 ,i be>4    ,my mighty weapon1 
:i* l an orb smites 9 a circle ! corpses
 (  ! fight]s1 ,i be>4    ,! /rik] (    
m\nta9s1 my murd]\s weapon ( ,anu1 ,i   
be>4    ,! /rik] ( m\nta9s1 ! fi% ) sev5

 tails1 t is m9e1 ,i  be>4    ,! t]ror (
 battle1 ! de/roy] ( rebel l&s1 t is    
m9e1 ,i  be>4    ,! def5d] ( conque/s1 !
 great sword1 ! fal*ion ( my  div9ity1  
,i be>4    ,t f ^: h& ! m\nta9 escapes  
n1 ! h& ( ! h]o (  battle1 :i* is m9e1  
,i be>4    ,! delight 787 ( h]oes1 my   
spe> ( battle1 7,i be>74    ,my cr[n :i*
 /rikes aga9/ m51 ! b[ ( ! lightn+1 7,i 
be>74    ,! cru%] ( ! temples ( rebel   
l&s1 my club & buckl] (  battle1 7,i    
be>74    ,! lightn+ ( battle1 my weapon 
( fifty heads1 7,i be>74    ,! fea!r$   
mon/] ( sev5 heads1 l ! huge s]p5t (    
sev5  heads1 7,i be>74    ,l ! s]p5t t  
beats ! sea1 7:i* attacks7 ! foe 9 !    
face1    ! deva/ator ( =ceful battle1 "l
 ov] heav5 & e>?1 !  weapon ( 7sev57    
heads1 7,i be>74    ,t :i* make? ! light
 come =? l day1 god ( ! ,ea/1 my  burn+ 
p[]1 7,i be>74    ,! e/abli%] ( heav5 & 
e>?1 ! fire-god1 :o has n 8  rival1 7,i 
be>74    ,illu/ration3 ,,sacr$ ,,tree1  
,,seat$ ,,figure ,,on ,,ea* ,,side1 ,,& 
,,s]p5t ,,9  ,,backgr\nd1 ,,f ,,an      

,,e>ly ,,babylonian ,,cyl9d]4           
,allusion is made 9 ?is hymn1 x w be    
notic$1 to a fabul\s  s]p5t ) sev5      
heads1 :i* beats ! sea into waves4 ,?is 
s]p5t  0 orig9ally id5tical ) ! dragon (
 ! deep1 combat$  by ,m]oda*1 z we %all 
le>n f a fragm5t to be translat$        
h]eaft]1 t is to say ) ! pr9ciple ( *aos
 & d>kness1  call$ ,mummu ,tiamtu1 8!   
*aos ( ! deep10 9 ! acc\nt ( !          
creation4 ,x is also describ$ z 8! s]p5t
 ( night10 8! s]p5t  ( d>kness10 8!     
wick$ s]p5t10 & 8! mightily /rong       
s]p5t10  epi!ts :i* %[ t x 0 on ! "o h& 
! embodim5t ( moral  evil1 & on ! o!r 0 
primitively no?+ m ?an ! d>kness        
de/roy$ by ! sun1 ! bright p[] ( day4 ,x
 is difficult n  to comp>e ! s]p5t (    
,g5esis ) ?is s]p5t ( ,babylonian       
my?ology4 ,no ,*aldean leg5d ( ! ,fall  
has z yet be5 f\nd1 b  :5 we rememb] h[ 
few ,*aldean leg5ds h be5 discov]$1 &  t
 ev5 = ^! we are dep5d5t on ! selection 
& copies (  ,assyrian scribes1 we ne$ n 
be surpris$ t su* %\ld be !  case4 ,!   

,babylonian col\r+ ( ! hi/ory 9 ,g5esis1
 ! fact t  ! riv]s ( ,p>adise are       
,babylonian riv]s1 & t ! tree ( life  0 
famili> to ,babylonian art & tradition1 
make x probable t we  %all yet discov] !
 ,*aldean v]sion ( ! ,fall ( ,man z soon
 z  ! libr>ies ( ,babylonia h be5       
explor$4 ,inde$1 ?is is made  almo/     
c]ta9 by ! exi/5ce ( an e>ly ,babylonian
 seal1 n[ 9  ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* a
 tree is repres5t$ ) a human figure     
seat$ on ei!r side ( x1 ) ! h&s /ret*$  
out t[>ds !  fruit1 & a s]p5t /&+ erect 
beh9d "o ( !m4 ,we "k t  ! devices on ^!
 e>ly seals 7 tak5 f ! popul> leg5ds  & 
my?s4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! two 
figures seem bo?  to be males4    ,b if 
ref]5ces to ! ,fall are few & obscure1  
!re c be  no d\bt t ! ,sabba? 0 an      
,accadian in/itution1 intimately        
connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sev5 planets4 ,!
 a/ronomical  tablets h %[n t ! sev5-day
 week 0 ( ,accadian orig91  ea* day ( x 
be+ d$icat$ to ! sun1 moon1 & five      
planets1 &  ! ^w ,sabba? itself1 "u ! =m

 ( ,sabattu1 0 kn[n to !  ,assyrians1 & 
expla9$ by !m z 8a day ( re/ = ! he>t40 
,a  cal5d> ( ,sa9t's days = ! mon? ( !  
int]cal>y ,elul makes  ! #g?1 #ad?1     
#ai?1 #ba/1 & #bh? days ( ! lun> mon?   
,sabba?s  on :i* no "w 0 all[$ to be    
done4 ,! ,accadian words by :i*  ! idea 
( ,sabba? is d5ot$1 lit]ally mean1 8a   
day on :i* "w is  unlawful10 & are      
int]pret$ 9 ! bil+ual tablets z signify+
  8a day ( peace0 or 8completion (      
lab\rs40 ,! cal5d> lays d[n !  foll[+   
injunctions to ! k+ = ea* ( ^!          
sabba?s3--    ,a ,sabba?3 ! pr9ce ( _m  
nations ! fle% ( animals & cook$  food  
may n eat4    ,! g>m5ts ( 8 body he may 
n *ange4 ,:ite robes he may n put  on4  
,sacrifice he may n (f]4 ,! k+ may n    
ride 9 8 *>iot4    ,9 royal fa%ion he   
may n legislate4 ,a review ( ! army !   
g5]al  may n hold4    ,m$ic9e = 8       
sickness ( body he may n apply4         
,illu/ration3 ,,m]oda* ,,attack+ ,,!    
,,s]p5t1 ,,on ,,an ,,assyrian ,,cyl9d]1 
,,9 ,,! ,,possession ,,( ,,dr4 ,s4      

,,wells ,,williams1 ,,ne:av54    ,!     
antiquity ( ?is text is evid5t n only f 
! fact t x  has be5 translat$ f an      
,accadian orig9al1 b also f ! ^w  r5d]$ 
8pr9ce10 :i* lit]ally means 8a %eph]d10 
& takes u  back to ! e>ly times :5 !    
,accadian mon>*s /ill rememb]$  t _!    
pr$ecessors _h be5 only %eph]d-*iefta9s4
    ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 x mu/ be  
not$ t ! ^w  translat$ 8! sea10 9 l9es  
?ree & sev5 ( ! rev]se ( !  hymn to !   
,creator1 is ,tiamtu1 :i*1 z we h se51 0
 ! "n  appli$ to ! deep1 ^u :i* !       
,babylonians believ$ t ! e>?  re/$1 &   
out ( :i* x _h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce4 
,,footnotes3    #h ,! sev5 8%eep 7or    
ox57 ( ! h]o0 ,tammuz 7,orion71 ( :i*  !
 fir/ 0 8! pl\gh-h&le10 p]haps ,b5elna%4
 ,"o ( ! o!rs  0 8! %eph]d ( ! heav5ly  
flock0 or ,arcturus4    #i ,?is is ,dr4 
,opp]t's r5d]+ ( a l9e :i* is s mutilat$
 z  to make any attempt at translation  
extremely d\btful4    #aj ,! ^w us$ "h  
is ,accadian 7ba-an-an-me74    #aa      
,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a bil+ual tablet /ates t !

 pronunciation  ( ! ,accadian ^w = 8!   
des]t0 :i* lay on ! we/ side ( !        
,euphrates 7:]e ,ur 0 built7 0 ed9na1 x 
is possible t 8!  ,g>d5 ( ,ed50 (       
,g5esis may be ! cultivat$ portion (    
ed9na1  8! des]t10 9 ! neighb\rhood (   
,eridu4          ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,,o!r 
,,babylonian ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,!          
,,creation4     ,cunei=m acc\nts        
orig9ally                               
traditions4--,v>iations4--,acc\nt   (   
,b]osus4--,tablet f                     
,cu?a4--,translation4--,composite       
animals4--,eagle-head$ m54--,sev5       
bro!rs4--,de/ruction ( m54--,sev5       
wick$ spirits4--,my?ical explanation (  
lun> eclipses4--,hymn   to ! ,god (     
,fire4--,w> 9                           
heav54--,tiamat-,m]oda*4--,! great      
dragon4--,p>allel ,biblical acc\nt4     
,! traditions embodi$ by ,accadians &   
,assyrians 9 ! lit]ature  ( :i* specim5s
 h be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 _h  be5   
h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\? ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 
&  committ$ to writ+ only at a          

comp>atively late p]iod4 ,:5 su*  is !  
case1 traditions are naturally liable to
 v>y1 sometimes v  widely1 accord+ to ! 
p]iod & condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,?us  _m  
diff]5t v]sions ( a /ory arise1 & !re c 
be no d\bt  t ?is 0 actually ! case ) ! 
,creation leg5ds4 ,! acc\nt  ( !        
,creation 9 six days 0 n ! only acc\nt (
 ! ,creation  curr5t among ! inhabitants
 ( ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,x 0 b  "o out
 ( _m :i* _h sl[ly gr[n up among ! p1 & 
be5 f9ally ?r[n into a lit]>y =m4 ,!    
/ory ( ! ,creation  transmitt$ ?r\gh    
,b]osus 7see *apt] iii4 pp4 #cd-cf71 =  
example1  supplies u ) an acc\nt :i*    
diff]s entirely f ! cunei=m  acc\nt 9 ! 
la/ *apt] z well z f ! ,g5esis acc\nt1 &
  "s fragm5ts ( tablets f ,k\yunjik     
belong+ to ! libr>y (  ,assur-bani-pal  
give a copy1 mutilat$ z usual1 ( a ?ird 
v]sion  :i* has1 h[ev]1 po9ts ( agreem5t
 ) ! acc\nt ( ,b]osus4  ,?is leg5d1 (   
:i* ! foll[+ is a translation1 is /at$  
to be  copi$ f a tablet at ,cu?a4       
,leg5d ( ,creation f ,cu?a tablet4      

7,_m l9es lo/ at comm5cem5t47    #a4    
4444 8 "l1 ! cr[n ( ! gods 4444    #b4 !
 spe>m5 ( 8 ho/1 ! spe>m5 ( 787 ho/ 4444
    #c4 "l ( ^? above & ^? bel[1 "l ( ! 
angels 4444    #d4 :o drank turbid wat]s
 & pure wat]s did n dr9k 4444    #e4 :o 
) 8 flame1 z a weapon1 t ho/ enclos$1   
#f4 has tak51 has dev\r$4    #g4 ,on a  
memorial-/one he wrote n1 he disclos$ n1
 & bodies &  produce    #h4 9 ! e>? he  
caus$ n to come =?1 & ,i approa*$ him n4
    #i4 ,w>riors ) ! bodies ( birds ( ! 
des]t1 m5    #aj4 ) ! faces ( rav5s1    
#aa4 ^! ! great gods creat$1    #ab4 9 !
 e>? ! gods creat$ _! city4    #ac4     
,tiamtu gave !m suck1    #ad4 _! life   
787 ! mi/ress ( ! gods creat$4    #ae4  
,9 ! mid/ ( ! e>? !y grew up & became   
/rong1 &    #af4 increas$ 787 9 numb]1  
#ag4 ,sev5 k+s1 bre?r51 7 made to come z
 begett]s2    #ah4 six ?\s& 9 numb] 7 _!
 armies4    #ai4 ,! god ,ban9i _! fa!r 0
 k+1 _! "m    #bj4 ! que5 0 ,melili1    
#ba4 _! elde/ bro!r :o w5t be=e !m1     
,memangab 0 8 "n1    #bb4 _! second     

bro!r ,m$udu 0 8 "n1    #bc4 _! ?ird    
bro!r 4444 pakh 0 8 "n1    #bd4 _! f\r? 
bro!r 4444 dada 0 8 "n1    #be4 _! fif? 
bro!r 4444 takh 0 8 "n1    #bg4 _! six? 
bro!r 4444 ruru 0 8 "n1    #bh4 _! sev5?
 bro!r 4444 7r>a7 0 8 "n4      ,,column 
,,ii4    7,_m l9es lo/47    #a4 44444 ! 
evil curse 4444    #b4 ,! man 8 w turn$ 
4444    #c4 on a 4444 ,i arrang$4    #d4
 ,on a 7tablet7 ! evil curse 7:i*7 9    
blood he rais$    #e4 7,i wrote & !     
*ildr5 (7 ! g5]als ,i urg$ on4    #f4   
,sev5 7aga9/ sev5 97 bread? ,i arrang$  
!m4    #g4 7,i e/abli%$7 ! illu/ri\s    
7ord9ances87    #h4 ,i pray$ to ! great 
gods    #i4 ,i/>1 44441 ,zamama1        
,anunit1    #aj4 ,nebo 4444 & ,samas !  
w>rior1    #aa4 ! son ( 7! moon-god71 ! 
gods t g 7be=e me74    #ab4 4444 he did 
n give &    #ac4 ?us ,i said 9 my he>t1 
#ad4 t1 ,"h am ,i &    #ae4 may ,i n g  
4444 7b5ea?7 ! gr\nd4    #af4 may ,i n g
 444444 may ! pray]    #ag4 g :5 4444 my
 he>t1    #ah4 may ,i r5ew1 ! iron 9 my 
h& may ,i take4    #ai4 ,! fir/ ye> 9 ! 

c\rse ( x    #bj4 "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&
 soldi]s ,i s5t out1 & among !m    #ba4 
n "o return$4    #bb4 ,! second ye> 9 ! 
c\rse ( x1 n9ety ?\s& ,i s5t out1  & n  
"o return$4    #bc4 ,! ?ird ye> 9 !     
c\rse ( x1 sixty ?\s& sev5 hundr$ ,i    
s5t out1 & n "o return$4    #bd4 ,!y 7  
root$ out1 !y 7 smitt5 ) sickness2 ,i   
ate1    #be4 ,i rejoic$1 ,i re/$4       
#bf4 ,?us ,i said to my he>t t1 ,"h am  
,i &    #bg4 = my reign :at is left 7to 
rule ov]78    #bh4 ,i ! k+1 am n !      
repl5i%] ( 8 c\ntry1      ,,column      
,,iii4    #a4 & 7,i71 ! %eph]d1 am n !  
repl5i%] ( 8 p1    #b4 s9ce ,i e/abli%$ 
corpses1 & a des]t is left4    #c4 ,!   
:ole ( ! c\ntry 7&7 m5 ) night1 dea? 7&7
 plague ,i  curs$ x4    #d4 7,i afflict$
 !m7 z _m z exi/4    #e4 444444 !re     
desc5d$    #f4 444444 a :irlw9d4    #g4 
444444 its :irlw9d4    #h4 44444444444  
all4    #i4 ,! f\ndations 7( ! e>? 7    
%ak587    #aj4 ,! gods 4444444    #aa4  
,?\ did/ b9d & 44444    #ab4 & !y 7 b\nd
 787 4444    #ac4 ,?\ protect$/ 44444   

#ad4 ,a memorial ( 44444444    #ae4 9   
supplication to ,hea 4444    #af4       
,illu/ri\s memorial sacrifices 4444     
#ag4 ,illu/ri\s t]eti 444444    #ah4 ,i 
collect$2 ! *ildr5 ( ! g5]als 7,i urg$  
on74    #ai4 ,sev5 aga9/ sev5 9 bread?  
,i arrang$4    #bj4 ,i e/abli%$ !       
illu/ri\s ord9ances 787    #ba4 ,i pray$
 to 7! great7 gods1    #bb4 ,i/> 4444   
7,zamama1 ,anunit17    #bc4 ,nebo 444 7&
 ! ,sun-god1 ! w>rior17    #bd4 ! son 7(
 ! ,moon-god1 ! gods :o g be=e me74     
,,column ,,iv4    7,sev]al l9es lo/ at  
comm5cem5t47    #a4 ,?\ ,o k+1 vic]oy1  
%eph]d1 or any "o else1    #b4 :om ,god 
%all call to rule ! k+dom1    #c4 ?is   
tablet ,i made = !e1 ?is record-/one ,i 
wrote = !e1    #d4 9 ! city ( ,cu?a1 9 !
 temple ( ,gallam1    #e4 9 ! sanctu>y (
 ,n]gal1 ,i leave = !e2    #f4 ?is      
record-/one see1 &1    #g4 to ! words ( 
?is record-/one li/51 &    #h4 d n      
rebel1 d n fail1    #i4 d n fe>1 & d n  
curse4    #aj4 ,?y f\ndation may he     
e/abli%6    #aa4 ,z = !e1 9 ?y works may

 he make spl5d\r4    #ab4 ,?y =ts %all  
be /rong1    #ac4 ?y canals %all be full
 ( wat]1    #ad4 ?y papyri1 ?y corn1 ?y 
silv]1    #ae4 ?y furniture1 ?y goods1  
#af4 & ?y in/rum5ts1 %all be multipli$4 
7,a few m mutilat$ l9es47               
,illu/ration3 ,,sacr$ ,,tree1 ,,att5dant
 ,,figures ,,& ,,eagle-,,head$ ,,m51    
,,f ,,! ,,seal ,,( ,a ,,syrian ,,*ief1  
,,n9? ,,c5tury ,b4,c4    ,?is is a v    
obscure inscription1 ! fir/ column1     
h[ev]1 =ms  "p ( a relation simil> to t 
( ,b]osus 9 8 hi/ory ( !  ,creation2 !  
be+s :o 7 kill$ by ! light1 & ^? ) m5's 
heads & bird's bodies1 & bird's heads & 
m5's bodies1 agree  ) ! composite mon/]s
 ( ,b]osus1 :ile ! goddess ( *aos1      
,tiamtu1 :o is ov] !m1 is ! same z !    
,?alat? ( ! ,greek  writ]4 ,x may be    
rem>k$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,greek           
philosoph]1  ,anaxim&]1 t man has       
develop$ out ( creatures ( v>i\s %ape1  
& once l ! fi% 0 an inhabitant ( ! wat]1
 is b a  rem9isc5ce ( ! old ,babylonian 
leg5d4    ,! relation 9 ! ?ird column ( 

! inscription is difficult1 &  does n   
correspond ) any kn[n incid5t4 ,! f\r?  
column conta9s  an address to any future
 k+ :o %\ld read ! inscription :i*  0   
deposit$ 9 ! temple ( ,n]gal at ,cu?a4  
,x is possible t ?is leg5d 0 suppos$ to 
be ! "w ( "o (  ! my?ical k+s ( ,*aldea1
 :o describes ! condition & hi/ory  ( ! 
_w be=e 8 "t4    ,! w> c>ri$ on aga9/ ! 
mon/r\s creations ( ,tiamtu1 describ$  9
 ?is my?1 0 b "o v]sion ( ! w> wag$     
aga9/ ,tiamtu1 or  ,*aos1 h]self by !   
sun-god ,m]oda*4 ,! mo/ fam\s =m tak5 by
  ! /ory ( ?is w> 0 t :i* describ$ !    
attack ( ! sev5  wick$ spirits1 or      
/orm-demons1 aga9/ ! moon1 & _! f9al    
discomfiture by ! bright p[] ( day4 ,?is
 attack 0 a primitive  attempt to acc\nt
 = lun> eclipses1 dress$ up 9 poetry1 & 
may be  comp>$ ) ! ,*9ese belief t :5 ! 
moon is eclips$ x has  be5 dev\r$ by !  
dragon ( night4 ,simil>ly ! ,egyptians  
told h[  ,set or ,typhon pursu$ ! moon1 
! eye ( ,horus1 h[ x wan$ week by  week 
z he /ruck x1 & f9ally pass$ into       

eclipse :5 he bl9d$  x altoge!r4        
,accord+ to ,h9du leg5d1 ! immortal head
 ( !  s]p5t-demon ,rhu1 cut (f by ,vi%nu
 :o _h be5 in=m$ by ! sun  & moon ( 8   
!ft ( ! dr9k ( immortality1 incessantly 
pursues  ! two in=m]s 9 ord] to dev\r   
!m1 & a ,sc&9avian my?  makes ! sun &   
moon to be always pursu$ by two wolves1 
,skll &  ,hati1 ! latt] ( :om1 also     
call$ ,mnag>mr or dog ( ! moon1  w at ! 
end ( ! times swall[ up ! *ief lum9>y ( 
night4      ,tablet ) ! /ory ( ! ,sev5  
,wick$ ,spirits4    ,,column ,i4    #a4 
,! recurr+ days#ab are ! wick$ gods4    
#b4 ,! rebelli\s spirits1 :o 9 ! l[] "p 
( heav5    #c4 _h be5 creat$1    #d4    
wr\ght _! evil "w    #e4 devis+ ) wick$ 
heads 7at7 sunset2    #f4 7l7 a         
sea-mon/] to ! riv] 7!y m>*$74    #g4   
,among ! sev5 ( !m ! fir/ 0 a scorpion  
7or fi]y /+7  ( ra94    #h4 ,! second 0 
a ?und]bolt :i* no man c\ld face4    #i4
 ,! ?ird 0 a leop>d 4444    #aj4 ,! f\r?
 0 a s]p5t 4444    #aa4 ,! fif? 0 a     
wat*-dog :i* 7rages7 aga9/ 78 foes74    

#ab4 ,! six? 0 a rag+ tempe/ :i* to god 
& k+ submits n4    #ac4 ,! sev5? 0 !    
mess5g] ( ! evil w9d :i* 7,anu7 made4   
#ad4 ,! sev5 ( !m 7are7 mess5g]s ( ! god
 ,anu _! k+4    #ae4 ,9 city aft] city  
!y set _! return+ feet4    #af4 ,! rag+ 
w9d :i* 7is7 9 heav51 fi]cely ha? be5   
b\nd to  !m4    #ag4 ,! fleecy ra9-cl\ds
 7are !y7 :i* 9 heav5 e/abli% cl\dy     
d>kness4    #ah4 ,! lightn+ ( ! tempe/1 
! rag+ tempe/s :i* 9 !  bright day      
#ai4 e/abli% gloom1 are !y4    #bj4 ,)  
evil tempe/1 baleful w9d1 !y began3     
#ba4 ! /orm ( ,rimmon1 t 0 _! might1    
#bb4 at ! "r h& ( ,rimmon did !y m>*2   
#bc4 f ! f\ndations ( heav5 l lightn+   
7!y d>t$71    #bd4 7l7 a sea-mon/] to ! 
riv] 9 front !y m>*$4    #be4 ,9 ! wide 
heav5s ! seat ( ,anu ! k+    #bf4 ) evil
 purpose did !y abide1 & a rival !y _h  
n4    #bg4 ,!n ,bel ( ?is matt] he>d &  
#bh4 ! ^w sank into 8 he>t4    #bi4 ,)  
,hea ! supreme advis] ( ! gods he took  
c\nsel1 &    #cj4 ,s9 7! moon71 ,samas  
7! sun71 & ,i/> 7,v5us7 9 ! l[]  "p (   

heav5 to direct x he _h appo9t$4    #ca4
 ,) ,anu ! lord%ip ( ! ho/s ( heav5 he  
made !m %>e4    #cb4 ,! ?ree ( !m1 ^?   
gods 8 *ildr51    #cc4 night & day he _h
 e/abli%$2 t !y break n ap>t1    #cd4 he
 urg$ !m4    #ce4 ,!n ^? sev51 ! evil   
gods1    #cf4 9 ! l[] "p ( heav5        
comm5c+1    #cg4 be=e ! light ( ,s9     
fi]cely !y came1    #ch4 ! h]o ,samas & 
,rimmon 7! god ( ! atmosph]e7 ! w>rior  
to _! qu>t]s return$ &    #ci4 ,i/> )   
,anu ! k+ a noble seat    #dj4 *ooses & 
9 ! gov]nm5t ( heav5 is glori\s4        
,illu/ration3 ,,m]oda* ,,deliv]+ ,,!    
,,moon-,,god ,,f ,,! ,,evil ,,spirits2  
,,f ,a ,,babylonian ,,cyl9d]4           
,,column ,,ii4    ,! second column1 :i* 
is mu* mutilat$ at ! beg9n+1 goes on to 
describe 8! tr\ble0 ( ! moon-god1 h[    
8night & day 9 eclipse1  9 ! seat ( 8   
dom9ion he sat n40 ,b    #a4 ,! wick$   
gods ! mess5g]s ( ,anu _! k+    #b4     
devis+ ) wick$ heads assi/$ "o ano!r4   
#c4 ,evil !y plott$ toge!r4    #d4 ,f ! 
mid/ ( heav5 l ! w9d on mank9d !y       

swoop$4    #e4 ,bel ! eclipse ( ! h]o   
,s9    #f4 9 heav5 saw &    #g4 ! god to
 8 mess5g] ! god ,nusku 7,nebo7 said3   
#h4 8,my mess5g]1 ,nebo1 my ^w to ! deep
 c>ry3    #i4 ! news ( my son ,s9 :o 9  
heav5 is griev\sly eclips$    #aj4 to ! 
god ,hea 9 ! deep repeat40 ,!n    #aa4  
,nebo ! ^w ( 8 "l obey$1 &    #ab4 to   
,hea 9 ! deep desc5d$ & w5t4    #ac4 ,to
 ! pr9ce1 ! supreme c\ncillor1 ! "l1 !  
"l (  mank9d1    #ad4 ,nebo ! message ( 
8 "l 9 t qu>t] at once repeat$4    #ae4 
,hea 9 ! deep t message he>d1 &    #bh4 
8 lips he bit1 & ) outcry 8 m\? he      
fill$4    #bi4 ,hea 8 son ! god ,m]oda* 
call$1 & ! ^w he spake3    #cj4 8,g1 my 
son ,m]oda*6    #ca4 ! light ( ! sky1 my
 son ,s91 :om heav5 is griev\sly        
eclips$1    #cb4 797 8 eclipse f heav5  
is dep>t+4    #cc4 ,^? sev5 wick$ gods1 
s]p5ts#ac ( dea?1 hav+ no fe>1          
,illu/ration3 ,,eagle-,,head$ ,,man4 ,,f
 ,,nimr\d ,,sculpture4    #cd4 ^? sev5  
wick$ gods1 :o l a :irlw9d    #ce4      
7de/roy7 ! life ( mank9d1    #cf4 aga9/ 

! e>? l a /orm !y come d[n4    #cg4 ,9  
front ( ! bright "o ,s9 fi]cely !y came1
    #ch4 ! h]o ,samas & ,rimmon !       
w>rior1 to _! qu>t]s 7return$71    #ci4 
7,i/>1 ) ,anu ! k+1 an illu/ri\s seat   
*ooses1 & 9 !  dom9ion ( heav5 is       
glori\s74    ,mo/ ( ! rema9d] ( ! leg5d1
 consi/+ ( "s =ty l9es1 is  un=tunately 
lo/1 ow+ to a fracture ( ! tablet4 ,:at 
is left1  h[ev]1 %[s t ,m]oda*1 8!      
brilliance ( ! sun10 = su* is  ! mean+ (
 8 "n1 :o always appe>s 9 ! ,accadian   
hymns z a  k9d ( ,babylonian ,prome!us &
 univ]sal b5efactor1 comes to !  help ( 
! 8lab\r+0 moon1 & 8awe0 goes be=e him4 
,dress$ 9  8gli/5+ arm\r ( unsoil$ clo?s
 & broad g>m5ts10 he ent]s  8! gate ( ! 
palace10 8a k+1 ! son ( 8 god1 :o1 l !  
bright "o1 ! moon-god1 su/a9s ! life ( !
 l&10 & !re  ) a helmet ( 8light l !    
fire0 ^u 8 head1 successfully  ov]?r[s !
 sev5 p[]s ( d>kness4 ,! poem concludes 
) a  pray] t !y may nev] desc5d into !  
l&1 & trav]se its  bord]s4    ,9 ?is    
/ory1 :i* diff]s aga9 f all ! o!rs1 ,bel

 is suppos$  to place 9 ! heav5 ! ,moon1
 ,sun1 & ,v5us1 ! repres5tative (  !    
/>s4 ,! details h no analogy ) ! o!r    
/ories1 & ?is  c only be consid]$ a     
poetical my? ( ! ,creation4    ,?is     
leg5d is "p ( ! sixte5? tablet ( ! s]ies
 on evil  spirits2 b ! tablet conta9s   
o!r matt]s z well1 ! leg5d  app>5tly be+
 only quot$ 9 x4 ,!re is ano!r rem>kable
 leg5d  ( ! same sort 9 praise ( !      
fire-god1 on ano!r tablet ( ?is  s]ies  
publi%$ 9 8,cunei=m ,inscriptions10 vol4
 iv4 p4 #ae4 ,!  :ole ( ?is s]ies       
conc]ns ! w&]+s ( ! god ,m]oda*1  :o    
goes ab\t ! _w seek+ to remove curses & 
spells1 & 9  e difficulty apply+ to 8   
fa!r ,hea to le>n h[ to combat !        
influ5ce ( ! evil spirits1 to :om all   
mis=tunes 7 attribut$4    ,! sev5 evil  
spirits illu/rate well ! way 9 :i* a    
moral  signification may come to be     
atta*$ to :at 0 orig9ally a purely      
physical my?4 ,!y are frequ5tly m5tion$ 
9 ! lit]ature (  anci5t ,accad4 ,?us !  
tw5ty-?ird book1 on eclipses ( ! moon1  

( ! great "w on a/ronomy compil$ =      
,s>gon ( ,agan1 /ates  t3 8,:5 ! moon   
%all describe a section 797 ! upp]      
circle  7( its revolution71 ! gods (    
heav5 & e>? br+ ab\t de>?  ( m5 7&7 _!  
ov]?r[2 & 7!re is7 eclipse1 inundation1 
sickness1 7&7 dea?2 ! sev5 great spirits
 be=e ! moon are  brok540 ,else:]e1 an  
,accadian hymn1 :i* has an int]l9e>     
,assyrian  translation atta*$ to x1     
speaks z foll[s ( ^! dread$ spirits3--  
#a4 ,sev5 7!y7 are1 sev5 !y 7are74      
#b4 ,9 ! abyss ( ! deep sev5 !y 7are74  
#c4 ,! spl5d\rs ( heav5 7are7 ^? sev54  
#d4 ,9 ! abyss ( ! deep1 797 a palace1  
707 _! gr[?4    #e4 ,male !y 7are7 n1   
female !y 7are7 n4 ,! ,accadian text1  9
 accordance ) ! respect paid to wom5 9  
,accad1 rev]ses ?is  ord]4    #f4 ,z =  
!m1 ! deep 7is7 _! b9d]4    #g4 ,wife !y
 h n1 son is n born to !m4    #h4       
,rev]5ce 7&7 k9dness "k !y n4    #i4    
,pray] & supplication he> !y n4    #aj4 
7,among7 ! ?orns 787 on ! m\nta9 707 _! 
gr[?4    #aa4 ,to ,hea are !y foes4     

#ab4 ,! ?rone-be>]s ( ! gods 7are7 !y4  
#ac4 ,de/roy+ ! roads on ! pa?s are !y  
set4    #ad4 ,wick$ 7are7 !y1 wick$     
7are7 !y2    #ae4 sev5 7are7 !y1 sev5   
7are7 !y1 sev5 twice aga9 7are7 !y4     
,ano!r ,accadian poet1 :o liv$ at       
,eridu1 ! suppos$ site (  ,p>adise1 at !
 junction ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 has 
left ano!r  acc\nt ( ! ,sev5 wick$      
spirits 9 ! hymn to ! fire-god  m5tion$ 
above4 ,he says ( !m3--    #a4 ,o god ( 
fire1 ^? sev5 h[ 7 !y begott51 h[ grew  
!y up8    #b4 ,^? sev5 9 ! m\nta9 ( !   
sunset 7 born2    #c4 ^? sev5 9 ! m\nta9
 ( ! sunrise grew up4    #d4 ,9 ! deep  
places ( ! e>? h !y _! dwell+4    #e4 ,9
 ! high places ( ! e>? h !y _! "n4      
#f4 ,z = !m1 9 heav5 & e>? wide is _!   
habitation4    #g4 ,among ! gods _! c\* 
!y h n4    #h4 ,_! "n 9 heav5 7&7 e>?   
exi/s n4    #i4 ,sev5 !y 7are72 9 !     
m\nta9 ( ! sunset d !y rise4    #aj4    
,sev5 !y 7are72 9 ! m\nta9 ( ! sunrise  
did !y set4    #aa4 ,9 ! deep places ( !
 e>? did !y re/ _! feet4    #ab4 ,on !  

high places ( ! e>? d !y lift up _!     
head4    #ac4 ,z = !m1 goods !y "k n1 9 
heav5 7&7 e>? are !y  n le>n$4          
,m]oda* is !n ord]$ to fet* 8! laurel1 !
 baleful tree t  breaks 9 pieces !      
incubi1 ! "n :]e( ,hea rememb]s 9 8     
he>t1 9 ! mighty enclosure1 ! girdle (  
,eridu10 9 ord] t !  sev5 evil spirits  
may be driv5 away4 ,c ?is laurel-tree be
 ! tree  ( ! k ( good & evil8 ,x mu/ be 
rememb]$ t ,hea 0  8! "l ( wisdom10 & "u
 ! =m ( a fi% z ,oannes or ,hea  ,khan 0
 suppos$ to h asc5d$ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 
& taught  ! primitive ,babylonians !    
elem5ts ( culture & civilization4    ,at
 ! head ( ! sev5 evil spirits /ood      
,tiamtu1 ! repres5tative  ( *aos &      
d>kness4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable          
,babylonian leg5ds  yet discov]$ is "o  
:i* tells ( ! primval /ruggle betwe5    
,tiamtu & ,m]oda*1 betwe5 light &       
d>kness or good & evil1  & :i* does b   
embody 9 a new %ape ! conception :i*    
f\nd  expression 9 ! my? ( ! w> aga9/ ! 
moon4 ,! tablets :i*  conta9 ?is leg5d  

are un=tunately 9 a v fragm5t>y         
condition4    ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,k #dhcb1 
too mutilat$ to translate2 x conta9s    
spee*es ( ! gods be=e ! w>4    ,! second
 fragm5t1 ,k #cdgc1 conta9s also        
spee*es1 & %[s ! gods  prep>+ = battle4 
,x is s t]ribly brok5 t translation is  
impossible1 & all t c be made out is a  
l9e "h & !re4    ,! ?ird fragm5t1 ,k    
#cich1 is on ! same subject2 "s l9es (  
?is  give ! foll[+ g5]al mean+3--    #a4
 w+$ ?und]bolts 4444    #b4 fe> he made 
to c>ry 4444    #c4 _! sight v great 787
 4444    #d4 _! bodies may he de/roy &  
4444    #e4 he rais$2 x 0 suitable1 !   
/rong s]p5t 4444    #f4 ,udgallum1      
,urbat#ad & ! god 4444    #g4 days      
arrang$1 five 787 4444    #h4 c>ry+     
weapons unyield+ 4444    #i4 h] brea/1  
h] back 4444    #aj4 fl[+ 787 & fir/    
4444    #aa4 among ! gods collect$ 4444 
#ab4 ! god ,k+u subdu$ 4444    #ac4 m>*+
 9 front be=e 4444    #ad4 c>ry+ weapons
 ?\ 444    #ae4 ^u w> 4444    #af4 8 h& 
appo9t$ 4444    ,!re are _m m simil>    

brok5 l9es1 & on ! o!r side  fragm5ts ( 
a spee* by "s be+ :o desires ,tiamtu to 
make w>4    ,all ^! fragm5ts are n      
suffici5tly complete to all[ u to       
translate !m ) c]ta9ty1 or ev5 to       
asc]ta9 _! ord]4    ,! f\r? fragm5t1 ,k 
#cddi1 relates to ! mak+ ( weapons to   
arm  ! god :o %\ld meet 9 w> ! dragon4  
,?is reads ) "s d\bt on acc\nt ( its    
mutilation3    #a4 ,! scimit> he _h made
 ! gods saw    #b4 & !y saw also ! b[ h[
 x _h be5 /or$ up4    #c4 ,! "w he _h   
wr\ght 7on 8 %\ld]7    #d4 he rais$ &   
,anu 9 ! assembly ( ! gods    #e4 kiss$ 
! b[2 x 7he address$71    #f4 & he spake
 ( ! b[ ?us 7& said7    #g4 ,! illu/ri\s
 wood ,i h drawn out once & twice1      
#h4 ?rice also1 h] puni%m5t ! /> ( ! b[ 
9 heav5 7%all  effect7    #i4 & ,i h    
made 7x7 ! protection 7( mank9d74       
#aj4 ,f ! *oice ( 4444    #aa4 & place 8
 ?rone 4444    ,illu/ration3 ,,bel      
,,enc\nt]+ ,,! ,,dragon2 ,,f            
,,babylonian ,,cyl9d]4    ,! next       
fragm5t or collection ( fragm5ts gives !

 f9al /ruggle  betwe5 ,tiamtu & ,bel    
,m]oda*4 ,! sap>u1 or sickle-%ap$ sword1
  is always repres5t$ bo? 9 ! sculptures
 & inscriptions z a  weapon ( ,bel      
,m]oda* 9 ?is w>4      ,six? ,fragm5t4  
#a4 4444 he fix$ x 4444    #b4 ! weapon 
) 8 "r h& he took    #c4 4444 & ! quiv] 
f 8 h& he hung1    #d4 & he hurl$ !     
lightn+ be=e him1    #e4 heat fill$ 8   
body4    #f4 ,he made also ! scimit> 7to
 produce7 calm 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea         
7,tiamtu74    #g4 ,! f\r w9ds he        
imprison$ t !y might come =? f its      
calm1    #h4 ! ,s\?1 ! ,nor?1 ! ,ea/1 & 
! ,we/ w9ds4    #i4 ,8 h& caus$ !       
scimit> to approa* ! b[ ( 8 fa!r ,anu4  
#aj4 ,he creat$ ! evil w9d1 ! ho/ile    
w9d1 ! tempe/1 ! /orm1    #aa4 ! f\r    
w9ds1 ! sev5 w9ds1 ! :irlw9d1 ! unceas+ 
w9d4    #ab4 ,he s5t =? also ! w9ds he  
_h creat$1 sev5 ( !m2    #ac4 into !    
mid/ ( ! sea 7,tiamtu7 !y 7 laun*$ to   
di/urb1  !y came aft] him4    #ad4 ,he  
lift$ up ! weapon1 ! ?und]bolt1 8 mighty
 weapon2    #ae4 9 a *>iot t sweeps away

 all 9 front1 :i* gives re/1 he  rode4  
#af4 ,he fix$ x & f\r yoke-?ongs on its 
pole he hung1    #ag4 4444 ! unyield+1 !
 ov]:elm+1 he t pursues h]4    #ah4 4444
 ) _! /+ br++ poison    #ai4 4444 sweep+
 away k 787    #bj4 4444 de/ruction &   
fight+4    7,sev]al o!r fragm5t>y l9es47
      ,rev]se4    #a4 ,unprevail+ 7is7  
?y troop2 may ?y arms /rike _! bodies6  
#b4 ,i also /& firm1 & ) !e make battle4
    #c4 ,tiamtu 7! sea7 on he>+ ?is     
#d4 z be=e us$ spells1 %e *ang$ h]      
resolution4    #e4 ,tiamtu also rais$   
h]self2 w>ily %e asc5d$4    #f4 ,at !   
roots fully %e gr\nd$ 7h]7 f\ndations4  
#g4 ,%e told ov] ! spell2 %e det]m9$    
return 7to *aos71    #h4 & ! gods = ! w>
 ask$ = !mselves _! weapons4    #i4 ,!n 
,tiamtu attack$ ! pr9ce ( ! gods1       
,m]oda*1    #aj4 :o _h made *>ms z =    
combat = ! conflict 9 battle4    #aa4   
,!n ,bel made %>p 8 scimit>2 he smote   
h]4    #ab4 ,! evil w9d t seizes beh9d f
 be=e him fl$4    #ac4 ,& ,tiamtu op5$  
h] m\? to swall[ him4    #ad4 ,! evil   

w9d he made to desc5d s t %e c\ld n     
close h]  lips2    #ae4 ! =ce ( ! w9d h]
 /oma* fill$1 &    #af4 %e 0 sick5$ 9   
he>t1 & h] m\? x di/ort$4    #ag4 ,%e   
bit ! %aft 7( ! sword72 h] /oma*        
fail$2#ae    #ah4 h] inside x cut       
asund]1 x conqu]$ ! he>t2    #ai4 x     
consum$ h]1 & h] life x end$4    #bj4   
,h] dea? he complet$1 ov] h] he fixes   
7x74    #ba4 ,:5 ,tiamat _! lead] he _h 
conqu]$1    #bb4 h] ranks he broke1 h]  
assembly 0 scatt]$2    #bc4 & ! gods h] 
help]s :o w5t beside h]    #bd4 return$ 
9 fe>1 !y fl$ back beh9d !m4    #be4 ,!y
 fl$ & fe>$ = _! life4    #bf4 ,!y are  
companions 9 flight1 p[]less4    #bg4   
,he trampl$ on !m & _! weapons he broke4
    #bh4 ,l a scimit> are !y laid1 & z 9
 d>kness !y sat4    #bi4 7,!y seek7 _!  
qu>t]s1 !y are full ( grief2    #cj4 :at
 0 left !y take away1 !y pull back l a  
rope1    ,illu/ration3 ,,m]oda*1 ,,or   
,,bel1 ,,arm$ ,,= ,,! ,,conflict ,,) ,,!
  ,,dragon2 ,,f ,,assyrian ,,cyl9d]4    
#ca4 & elev5fold (fspr+ f fe> !y produce

    #cb4 7,?r\gh7 ! flood ! demons g    
7all ( !m874    #cc4 ,he laid !         
ho/ility1 8 h& 4444    #cd4 "p ( _!     
opposition "u him 4444    #ce4 & ! god  
,k+u aga9 4444    ,aga9 ! ma9 difficulty
 arises f ! fragm5t>y /ate ( !          
docum5ts1 x be+ impossible ev5 to decide
 ! ord] ( !  fragm5ts4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1
 t ! gods h fa%ion$ = !m a  scimit> & a 
b[ to fight ! dragon ,tiamtu1 & ,anu    
proclaims great  hon\r 7f\r? fragm5t1   
l9es #g to #aa7 to any ( ! gods :o w    
engage 9 battle ) h]4 ,bel or ,m]oda*   
volunte]s1 & goes =?  arm$ ) ^! weapons 
to fight ! dragon4 ,tiamtu is enc\rag$  
by "o ( ! gods :o has become h] husb&1 &
 meets ,m]oda* 9  battle4 ,! description
 ( ! fight & ! subsequ5t triumph ( !    
god are v f9e1 & rem>kably curi\s 9 _!  
details1 b !  connection betwe5 !       
fragm5ts is s unc]ta9 at pres5t t x is  
bett] to res]ve comm5t ^u !m until !    
text is m complete4  ,! scimit> ) :i*   
,m]oda* is arm$ is %[n by ! cyl9d]s &   
bas-reliefs to h be5 ( ! %ape ( a       

sickle1 & is !re=e  ! same z ! h>p or   
kh]eb ) :i* ! ,greek h]o ,p]seus  0 arm$
 :5 he w5t =? to fight aga9/ ! dragon ( 
! sea  at ,joppa4 ,! dragon itself1     
accord+ to ! repres5tations ( !         
monum5ts1 0 a composite mon/]1 ) ! tail1
 horns1 claws1 &  w+s ( ! m$ival devil4 
,! :ole w> betwe5 ! p[]s ( good  & evil1
 *aos & ord]1 f9ds its p>allel 9 ! w>   
betwe5  ,mi*ael & ! dragon 9 ,revelation
 xii4 #g to #i1 :]e ! dragon is  call$  
8! great dragon1 t old s]p5t1 call$ !   
devil & ,satan1  :i* deceive? ! :ole    
_w40 ,?is description is /rik+ly l  !   
impression ga!r$ f ! fragm5ts ( !       
cunei=m /ory2 !  dragon ,tiamtu :o f\ght
 aga9/ ! gods1 & ^: fate x 0 to be      
conqu]$ 9 a cele/ial w>1 closely        
corresponds 9 all ess5tial  po9ts ) !   
dragon conqu]$ by ,mi*ael4 ,t ! dragon  
orig9ally  symboliz$ ! sea is "o pro(   
out ( _m t ! ,accadians 7 a  seaf>+ p1  
well acqua9t$ ) ! t]rors ( ! deep1 :5  !
 waves conspire ) ! /orm-cl\ds1 ^? sev5 
evil spirits1 to  ?r[ all nature once m 

into its primeval an>*y4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fight ,,betwe5 ,,bel ,,&
 ,,! ,,dragon1 ,,f ,,babylonian         
,,cyl9d]4      ,,footnotes3    #ab ,!   
sev5 mu/akridht ( ,syria1 ! sev5 days   
betwe5 ,febru>y  ! #be? & ,m>* #crd1 :5 
evil spirits are suppos$ to h special   
p[]4    #ac ,?is is ! ,assyrian         
translation4 ,! ,accadian orig9al has   
simply  8m5 ( dea?40 ,! lightn+s are    
/ill reg>d$ z s]p5ts by !  ,canadian    
,indians :o call ! ?und] _! hiss+       
7,b>+-,g\ld1  8,curi\s ,my?s10 ii4 p4   
#adf74    #ad ,a con/ellation :i* rose  
heliacally 9 ,m>*esvan or ,octob]4  ,!  
^w means 8,dog ( dea?40    #ae ,comp>e  
,j]4 li4 #cd4          ,,*apt] ,,vii4   
,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,zu4     ,god   
,zu4--,obscurity (                      
leg5d4--,translation4--,s9 ( ,zu4--,ang]
 ( !   gods4--,spee*es ( ,anu to        
,rimmon4--,rimmon's answ]4--,spee* (    
,anu   to ,nebo4--,answ] (              
,nebo4--,lugal-turda4--,*anges to a     
bird4--,! ,zu   bird4--,bird (          

prey4--,lugal-turda "l (                
,am>da4--,prome!us4      ,among ! leg5ds
 ( ! gods1 companion /ories to ! acc\nts
 ( !  ,creation & ,deluge1 "o ( ! mo/   
curi\s is ! leg5d ( ! s9  committ$ by ! 
god ,zu4    ,?is leg5d /&s q alone1 its 
incid5ts & its pr9cipal actor  be+      
o!rwise almo/ unkn[n f cunei=m s\rces4  
,only "o copy  ( ! /ory has at pres5t   
be5 detect$1 & ?is is 9 s mutilat$  a   
condition t x _c be connect$ ) any o!r (
 ! leg5ds4  ,x belongs to ! same cycle (
 my?s z ! my? ( ! exploits (  ,dibb>a1  
:i* w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4    ,!     
pr9cipal actor 9 ! leg5d is a god nam$  
,zu1 ! "n be+  f\nd 9 all ! ?ree cases (
 an ,assyrian n\n ,zu1 ,za1 & ,zi4      
,analogy w\ld lead u to inf] t ! "n _h  
be5 borr[$ by !  ,assyrians f !         
,accadians1 z well z ! /ory ) :i* x is  
connect$4    ,mr4 ,smi? comp>$ ! leg5d )
 t ( ! mutilation ( ,uranus  by 8 son   
,kronus1 & ) ! hi/ory ( ! outrage ( ,ham
 on 8  fa!r ,noah2 b its real analogue  
is ! my? ( ,prome!us1 !  b5efactor ( m51

 :o /ole ! fire ( heav5 = _! sake1 &    
br\ght ^u himself ! ang] & puni%m5t (   
,zeus4 ,x conta9s two  difficult words1 
p>tsi & t]eti4 ,! fir/ is ambigu\s1     
mean+  ei!r 8oracles0 or 8%r9es10 b s9ce
 x is c\pl$ ) dup-simi1  8tablets (     
de/9y10 x is probably to be r5d]$       
8oracles40 ,t]eti  is v obscure4 ,!     
sun-god is call$ 8! "l ( t]eti0 & !  ^w 
occurs 9 ! hymn to ! ,creator1 ,rev4 #ag
 7p4 #gi71 :]e also x  is unit$ ) p>tsi1
 8comm&0 or 8oracle40 ,x may signify    
8lots40  ,! tablets ( de/9y1 /ol5 by    
,zu1 = ! b5efit1 app>5tly1 (  mank9d1   
=m$ ! vault ( ! palace ( ! "u-_w4 ,we   
may  comp>e ! books :i* are to be op5$  
on ! day ( judgm5t 9 ,dan4  vii4 #aj1 & 
,rev4 xx4 #ab4    ,! tablet conta9+ !   
acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ,zu1 ,k #cded1 9 !      
,museum collection1 orig9ally conta9$   
f\r columns ( text1 ea*  column hav+    
ab\t sixty l9es ( writ+4 ,! fir/ & f\r? 
columns are almo/ entirely lo/1 !re n   
be+ en\gh any:]e to  translate f4 ,!    
mutilation ( ! text s]i\sly adds to !   

difficulties ( translation4    ,! s+le  
fragm5t pres]v$1 belong+ to ! fir/      
column1 m5tions  "s be+ :o 0 ! se$ or   
fir/born ( ,bel1 ) a numb] (  titles1   
su* z 8w>rior1 soldi] ( ! temple (      
,bel10 & ! "n  ( ! god ,zu occurs1 b n s
 z to prove ^! titles to be 84    ,!    
foll[+ is a p>tial translation ( !      
rema9s ( ?is tablet3--      ,k4 #cded4  
,,column ,i4 lo/4    ,,column ,,ii4     
#a4 4444 ( ! gods all ( !m he urg$ on4  
#b4 44444444 ! image1 ,zu grew old 7&7  
#c4 ,zu8 l 4444 ,bel seiz$ 8 heel4      
#d4 ,?ree /reams8 ( wat] 9 front also   
#e4 ! "w ( ,bel 9 44444444 he dreams (  
7or pond]s7 9 himself4    #f4 ,! cr[n ( 
8 maje/y1 ! clo?+ ( 8 div9ity1    #g4 ! 
tablets ( de/9y1 himself1 ,zu1 he dreams
 (1 &    #h4 he dreams t he is ! fa!r ( 
! gods also1 ! protector (  heav5 & e>?4
    #i4 ,! desire to be ,bel is tak5 9 8
 he>t1    #aj4 ,zu dreams t he is also !
 fa!r ( ! gods1 ! protector (  heav5 &  
e>?4    #aa4 ,! desire to be ,bel is    
tak5 9 8 he>t3    #ab4 ,let me too seize

 ! tablets ( de/9y ( ! gods1    #ac4 & !
 t]eti ( ! gods all ( !m let me k9dle1  
#ad4 may my ?rone also be e/abli%$1 let 
me lift up ! oracles1    #ae4 let me    
urge on ! :ole ( all ( !m1 ev5 ! angels4
    #af4 ,s he lift$ up 8 he>t 9        
opposition1    #ag4 9 ! l[] "p ( ! =e/  
:]e he 0 dream+ he kept 8  head away f !
 day4    #ah4 ,:5 ,bel p\rs out ! bright
 wat]s1    #ai4 spread out also on !    
?rone 8 cr[n 0 plac$1    #bj4 ! tablets 
( doom 8 h& took1    #ba4 ! attributes (
 ,bel he seiz$1 he laid hold ( !        
oracles4    #bb4 ,zu fl$ away & a rugg$ 
m\nta9 conceal$ 7him74    #bc4 ,he      
spread d>kness1 & made a commotion 7874 
#bd4 ,! fa!r1 _! k+1 ! rul] ,bel    #be4
 44444 outp\r$ ! glory ( ! gods4    #bf4
 444444444    #bg4 ,anu 8 m\? op5$1 he  
speaks    #bh4 & says to ! gods 8 sons3 
#bi4 ,:oev] w1 let him slay ,zu1 &      
#cj4 among all m5 may 8 "n be r5[n$4    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ca4 7,to ,rimmon7 ! p[]ful fir/born !  

son ( ,anu    #cb4 8 w also to him he   
decl>es3    #cc4 ,to ,rimmon ! p[]ful   
fir/born ! son ( ,anu    #cd4 8 w to him
 he decl>es4    #ce4 7,o mighty7        
,rimmon1 companion1 may ?y p[] ( fight+ 
nev] fail4    #cf4 7,slay7 ,zu ) ?y     
weapon4    #cg4 7,may ?y "n7 be r5[n$ 9 
! assembly ( ! great gods1    #ch4 4444 
a rival h ?y bro!rs    #ci4 may !y      
supply & build ( brick 7?y7 alt>s1      
#dj4 9 ! f\r regions may !y e/abli% ?y  
/ronghold4    #da4 ,may ?y /ronghold be 
exalt$ to become a %r9e4    #db4 ,!y    
%all cry 787 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods &     
bless$ be ?y  "n4    #dc4 ,rimmon answ]$
 ! spee*1    #dd4 to 8 fa!r ,anu a ^w he
 speaks2    #de4 ,my fa!r1 to an        
imp5etrable m\nta9 d ?\ consign 7him74  
#df4 ,let ,zu nev] associate among !    
gods ?y sons4    #dg4 ,! tablets ( de/9y
 8 h& took2    #dh4 ! attributes ( ,bel 
he seiz$1 lay+ hold ( ! oracles1    #di4
 ,zu fl$ away & a rugg$ m\nta9 conceal$ 
7him74    #ej4 4444 ! op5+ ( 787 m\?    
#ea4 44444444 l mud    #eb4 4444 ! gods 

sweep away    #ec4 4444 ,i w n g he     
said4                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
7,sixte5 l9es lo/ "h1 "p on ?is column1 
"p on ,column ,,iii47    ,,column ,,iii4
    #a4 ,zu fl$ away & a rugg$ m\nta9   
conceal$ 7him74    #b4 4444 ! op5+ ( 8  
m\? 444 ! protector ( heav5 & e>?    #c4
 44444444 l mud    #d4 4444 ! gods sweep
 away    #e4 4444 ,i w n g he said4     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#f4 ,to ,nebo ! p[]ful 4444 ! elde/ son 
( ,i/>1    #g4 7,anu 8 w7 to him also   
decl>es3    #h4 ,o mighty ,nebo1        
companion1 may ?y p[] ( fight+ nev]     
fail6    #i4 7,slay7 ,zu ) ?y weapon4   
#aj4 ,may 7?y "n7 be r5[n$ 9 ! assembly 
( ! great gods1    #aa4 44444 among !   
gods ?y bro!rs a rival h 787    #ab4    
,may !y supply & build 7?y7 alt>s2      
#ac4 9 ! f\r regions may !y e/abli% ?y  
/ronghold4    #ad4 ,may ?y /ronghold be 
exalt$ to become a %r9e4    #ae4 ,!y    

%all cry 787 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods &     
bless$ be ?y  "n4    #af4 ,nebo answ]$ !
 spee*1    #ag4 to 8 fa!r ,anu a ^w he  
speaks3    #ah4 ,my fa!r1 to a trackless
 m\nta9 d ?\ consign him4    #ai4 ,let  
,zu nev] associate ) ! gods ?y sons4    
#bj4 ,! tablets ( de/9y 8 h& took1      
#ba4 ! attributes ( ,bel he seiz$1 lay+ 
hold ( ! oracles4    #bb4 ,zu fl$ away &
 a rugg$ m\nta9 conceal$ him4    #bc4   
4444 ! op5+ ( 8 m\? 444 ! protector (   
heav5 & e>?    ,! re/1 includ+ ,column  
,,iv41 is lo/4    ,su* are ! fragm5ts ( 
! /ory s f> z !y c be translat$ at      
pres5t4 ,! div9e ,zu "h m5tion$1 ^: s9  
is spok5 (1 is nev]  c\nt$ among ! gods1
 & !re w\ld be no clue to 8 nature 7  x 
n = a curi\s tablet pr9t$ 9 8,cunei=m   
,inscriptions10 vol4  iv4 p4 #ad1 :i*   
?r[s light on 8 orig9 & "*4 ,?is tablet 
gives ! foll[+ curi\s relation3    #a4  
,! god ,lugal-turda 7! valiant k+7 fl$  
to ! m\nta9s1 a  place remote2    #b4 9 
! m\nta9s ( ,sabu he dwelt4    #c4 ,no  
"m gave him life#af or 7suckl$ him74    

#d4 ,no fa!r gave him life or ) him     
7associat$74    #e4 ,no noble :o knew   
him 7help$ him74    #f4 ,( ! resolution 
( 8 he>t ! resolution he 7*ang$7 n4     
#g4 ,9 8 own he>t ! resolution 7he      
kept74    #h4 ,into ! lik5ess ( a bird 0
 he trans=m$2    #i4 into ! lik5ess ( ! 
div9e /orm bird 7or ,zu bird7 0 he      
trans=m$4    #aj4 ,! face ( 8 wife :o   
has fac$8    #aa4 ,! wife ( ! ,div9e ,zu
 bird1 ! son ( ! div9e ,zu bird1    #ab4
 9 companion%ip he made sit4    #ac4 ,! 
goddess ,enna1 ! lady ( ,tig5na1    #ad4
 9 ! m\nta9 he br\ght back4    #ae4 ,a  
woman fa%ion$ 0 h] "m accord+ to lik5ess
 made1    #af4 ! goddess ( p]fumes a    
woman fa%ion$ 0 h] "m accord+  to       
lik5ess made4    #ag4 ,h] hair 0 :ite   
cry/al2    #ah4 ,h] navel 0 pure ) silv]
 & gold1    #ai4 brightness 0 fix$ 9 !  
womb2    #bj4 9 ! womb dwelt p]fection  
7874    ,_m l9es are lo/ "h1 & ! /ory   
recomm5ces on rev]se4    #a4 4444 a     
turban he plac$ on 8 head    #b4 7:57 f 
! ne/ ( ! god ,zu he came4              

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,?is ,zu bird is pla9ly ! same z ! god  
,zu ( ! =m] leg5d1  & 8 nature is %[n by
 a passage 9 ! annals ( ,assur-nazir-pal
  78,cunei=m ,inscriptions10 vol4 i4 p4 
#bb1 col4 ii4 l4 #ajg71 :o says  t 8    
w>riors 8l ! div9e ,zu bird ^u !m d>t$40
 ,?is bird  is call$ ! cl\d or          
/orm-bird1 ! fle%-eat+ bird1 ! lion or  
giant bird1 ! bird ( prey1 ! bird ) %>p 
beak2 & x is n  difficult to see :at !  
deifi$ bird really 04 ,x 0 cle>ly !     
/orm-cl\d1 :i* appe>s 9 ,aryan folklore 
"u ! v>y+ =ms  ( ! eagle1 ! woodpeck]1 &
 ! rob9 r$brea/1 ! bird (  ,?or2 :ile 9 
,*9ese my?ology ! /orm-bird is describ$ 
z 8a  bird :i*1 9 fly+1 obscures ! sun1 
& ( ^: quills are made  wat]-tuns40 ,!  
roc ( ! 8,arabian ,nights10 ) its w+s ( 
t5  ?\s& fa?oms 9 wid?1 & its egg1 :i* x
 0 a s9 9 ,aladd9  to wi% to take f !   
place :]e x hung1 is b an e*o ( !       
,*9ese /orm-bird2 & ! id5tity ( !       
,*aldean ,zu ) ! latt]  is demon/rat$ by

 its ,accadian "n1 :i* signifies 8! bird
 ( !  div9e /orm-cl\d40 ,j z ,prome!us  
br\ght ! lightn+ f  heav5 to e>?1 &     
suff]$ ! p5alty ( en*a9m5t to a des]t   
rock1 s1 too1 ! /orm-bird ( ,accad /ole 
! secrets ( ! gods1  & 0 puni%$ by exile
 f !m1 & trans=mation into a bird4  ,:5 
once ! /orm-cl\d _h be5 lik5$ to a bird1
 x 0 easy  en\gh to id5tify x ) an      
actual bird ( simil> "n :i* swoop$  ^u  
its prey ) %>p beak4 ,t ! lightn+ :i*   
d>t$ f  ! bosom ( ! black tempe/ really 
=m$ ! tablets ( de/9y  0 a ready        
conclusion to a p :o read ! future 9 !  
message  s5t ?r\gh ! lightn+ f heav5 to 
e>?4 ,ev5 ! ,hebrews saw  9 ! ?und] 8!  
voice ( ,god40 ,lugal-turda1 x may be   
add$1 0  ! patron ( ! city ( ,am>da or  
,m>ad1 & is said to h be5 !  deity      
wor%ipp$ by ,izdub>4    ,9 ! /ory ( !   
(f5ce ( ,zu !re is ano!r in/ance ( !    
v>iations :i* con/antly occur 9 !       
,assyrian inscriptions )  respect to !  
relation%ip ( ! gods4 ,nebo is usually  
call$ son (  ,m]oda*1 b 9 ?is           

inscription he is call$ son ( ,anu4 ,!  
"p  t he plays 9 x is due to ! fact t he
 0 id5tifi$ ) !  8m]idian sun40         
,,footnotes3    #af ,?is is ! read+ ( ! 
orig9al ,accadian text4 ,! ,assyrian    
translation has1 80 8 e/abli%]40        
,,*apt] ,,viii4    ,,! ,,exploits ,,(   
,,dibb>a4     ,dibb>a4--,god (          
,pe/il5ce4--,itak4--,! ,plague4--,sev5  
w>rior   gods4--,de/ruction (           
p4--,anu4--,goddess ( ,k>rak4--,spee* ( 
,bel4--,s9 & de/ruction (               
,babylonians4--,samas4--,s9 & de/ruction
   ( ,ere*4--,i/>4--,! great god &      
,duran4--,cu?a4--,int]nal w>s4--,itak   
goes to ,syria4--,p[] & glory (         
,dibb>a4--,song ( ,dibb>a4--,bless+s    
on 8 wor%ip4--,god ,n]4--,pray] to arre/
 ! ,plague4--,antiquity ( !             
leg5d4--,itak4      ,! tablets record+  
?is /ory are five 9 numb]1 b a few      
fragm5ts only ( !m h z yet be5 f\nd4 ,f 
! indications  pres5t$ by ^! fragm5ts ! 
fir/ f\r tablets seem ea* to h  _h f\r  
columns ( writ+1 :ile ! fif? tablet 0 a 

small] "o  ( two columns conta9+ !      
rema9d] ( ! /ory4    ,! god ^: exploits 
are pr9cipally record$ 0 ! lead] ( !    
plague-demons1 & be>s ! "n ( ,dibb>a4   
,he has ! title (  8! d>k5+ "o10 :i*    
recalls ! passage 9 ,psalm xci4 #f1 8!  
pe/il5ce t walke? 9 d>kness40    ,he has
 a companion deity nam$ ,itak :o m>*es  
be=e him1 & sev5  gods :o foll[ him 9 8 
de/ructive c\rse4 ,! latt] are ! sev5   
evil spirits 9 a new =m4    ,! po9t ( ! 
/ory 9 ^! tablets appe>s to be1 t ! p  (
 ! _w _h (f5d$ ,anu ! god ( heav51 &    
accord+ly t  deity ord]$ ,dibb>a to g =?
 & /rike ! p ) ! pe/4  ,x is evid5t "h t
 exactly ! same views prevail$ 9        
,babylonia  z among ! ,jews1 visitations
 f pe/il5ce or fam9e be+ always  suppos$
 to be s5t by ! deity 9 puni%m5t = "s   
s94 ,9 fact1  ! acc\nt ( ! pe/il5ce     
inflict$ ^u ! ,israelites on acc\nt  (  
,david's s9 9 numb]+ ! p is a /rik+     
p>allel to !  ,accadian leg5d :i*       
foll[s4 ,! angel ( ! pe/il5ce se5 by    
,david1 ) 8 sword drawn1 may be comp>$ )

 ,dibb>a1 ! ,accadian  p]sonification ( 
! pe/4    ,! :ole ( ?is s]ies ( tablets 
may be describ$ z a poetical  picture ( 
! de/ruction caus$ by a plague1 sweep+  
ov] di/rict  aft] di/rict1 & de/roy+    
ev]y?+ be=e x4    ,! fragm5t :i* appe>s 
to come fir/ 9 ! s]ies is a v  mutilat$ 
portion ( a tablet1 conta9+ p>ts ( ?ree 
columns (  writ+4 ,only a fragm5t ( !   
fir/ column is p]fect en\gh to          
translate1 & ! *>act]s on ?is are s worn
 t ! translation  _c be o!r ?an d\btful4
 ,x seems to read    #a4 ,aga9/ ! pal+  
he /ruck & 4444    #b4 ! fif? "t he     
smote 787 above & bel[ seek+ 44444      
#c4 sev5 444444    #d4 ,! words ( !     
acc\nt ( ! sev5 gods all ( !m ,anu _h   
he>d4    #e4 ,he 4444 !m also to ,dibb>a
 ! w>rior ( ! gods3 ,may ?y h&s  g      
#e7sic474 :5ev] ! p ( ! nations _! %ame 
or alliance  h de/roy$4    #g4 ,i h set 
?y he>t also to make d>kness4    #h4 ,! 
p ( ! black heads to ru9 ?\ %alt /rike )
 !  desolation ( ! god ,n]2    #i4 may  
?y weapons 7ov]?r[7 !m1 & may ?y h&s g4 

#aj4 ,z = !m 44444 _! weapons4    #aa4  
,he said to ,dibb>a3 444444    ,! spee* 
( ,anu :i* foll[s is writt5 9 *>act]s s 
brok5 &  indi/9ct z to make any attempt 
at translation impossible4    ,! next   
fragm5t is ( a diff]5t "*1 b appe>s f   
its  /yle to belong to ! same s]ies4    
#a4 4444 he 4444    #b4 44 spake to him 
& he expla9$ 787 4444    #c4 44 spake to
 him & he le>n$ 787 4444    #d4 ,anu at 
! do+ ( ,hea %\t$ = joy & 4444    #e4 ! 
gods ( heav5 & e>? z _m z exi/ :osoev]  
?us  answ]$2    #f4 8 comm& :i* 0 l !   
comm& ( ,anu :osoev] appo9t$    #g4 4444
 ext5d+ f ! horizon ( heav5 to ! top (  
heav5    #h4 4444 he look$ & 8 fe> he   
saw    #i4 4444 ,anu :o 4444 ov] him    
4444 made    #aj4 4444 ( ,hea 8 calamity
 787 made    #aa4 4444 a fi]ce "l to    
lat] days to 4444    #ab4 4444 se$ (    
mank9d    #ac4 4444 triumphantly ! net  
787 44 he broke    #ad4 4444 to heav5 he
 _h asc5d$1 %e ?us    #ae4 4444 #d1jba p
 he _h plac$    #af4 4444 ! illness :i* 
0 on ! body ( ! p he _h plac$    #ag4   

4444 ! illness ! goddess ( ,k>rak made  
to cease4    ,! next portion ( ! leg5d  
is a consid]able "p ( "o ( !  tablets1  
probably ! f\r?1 all f\r columns ( writ+
 be+  repres5t$4 ,!re are _m curi\s     
po9ts 9 ?is tablet1 beside !  special   
purpose ( ! leg5d1 su* z ! peoples      
enum]at$ 9 !  f\r? column1 ! action ( ! 
gods ( ! v>i\s cities1 c4      ,,column 
,i4    #a4 ,bel 4444 8 yokes &    #b4 79
 87 he>t he says3    #c4 ,dibb>a is     
cr\*+ at 8 gate1 among ! corpses ( *iefs
 &  slaves2    #d4 ,dibb>a is cr\*+ at 8
 gate2 ?\ kn[e/ 8 seat4    #e4 ,babylon 
_! foes besieg$1 &    #f4 _! curse art  
?\4    #g4 ,to ! floor ?\ did/ trample  
!m & ?\ did/ make a passage1    #h4 ,o  
w>rior ,dibb>a4    #i4 ,?\ did/ leave ! 
l&1 ?\ did/ g =? aga9/ o!rs2    #aj4 !  
de/ruction ( ! nobles wa/ ?\ made1 & ?\ 
did/  desc5d into ! palace4    #aa4 ,! p
 also saw !e2 _! weapons 7 %att]$4      
#ab4 ,! high prie/ ! av5g] ( ,babylon   
sets 8 he>t1    #ac4 :5 ! ranks ( !     
enemies to spoil he urges on 8 soldi]s4 

#ad4 ,be=e ! face ( ! p !y did evil4    
#ae4 ,to t city :i!r ,i %all s5d !e1 ?\ 
a man    #af4 %alt n fe>1 %alt n respect
 a man4    #ag4 ,small & great z "o man 
ca/ d[n &    #ah4 ( t evil race ?\ %alt 
n save any "o4    #ai4 ,! collection ( !
 goods ( ,babylon ?\ spoile/2    #bj4 ! 
p ( ! k+ 7:i*7 is ga!r$ toge!r1 & ent]$ 
into ! city1    #ba4 %ak+ ! b[1 plant+ !
 sword 787    #bb4 ( ! soldi]s ! help1 !
 transgression 7transgressors7 aga9/    
,anu & ,dagon1    #bc4 _! weapons ?\    
plante/1    #bd4 _! corpses l ! p\r+ d[n
 ( ra9 ?\ do/ ca/ d[n 9  ! /reets ( !   
city1    #be4 & _! treasures 787 ?\     
op5e/1 & do/ sweep into ! riv]4    #bf4 
,! spell ,m]oda* saw & angrily 787      
spoke1    #bg4 8 he>t 0 tak51    #bh4 an
 unsp>+ curse 9 8 m\? 0 =m$1    #bi4    
4444 ! riv] he did n 4444      ,,column 
,,ii4    ,_m l9es lo/4    #a4 4444 t    
city :i* ! "l ( ! e>? 444    #b4 a      
:irlw9d he did n 7make7 4444    #c4 )\t 
,samas 8 t[] ?\ crosse/1 ! l& ?\ give/  
787    #d4 ( ,ere* ! seat ( ,anu & ,i/>1

    #e4 ! city ( 7! h&maids7 ,samkhati &
 ,kh>imati1 ! *oirs (    #f4 ,i/>4 ,dea?
 !y fe> 7&7 !y are deliv]$ into ?y h&s  
7874    #g4 ,! ,suti 7,arab nomads7 ) ! 
,suti are plac$ 9 4444    #h4 !y are    
sla92 ! temple ( ,anu ! prie/s1 !       
fe/ival mak]s1    #i4 :o1 to make ! p ( 
,i/> wor%ip1 _! manhood devot$1    #aj4 
c>ry+ swords1 c>ry+ razors1 dupe1 &     
knives1    #aa4 :o to rejoice ! glory ( 
,i/> tru/$1    #ab4 ,o fi]ce high prie/1
 ! b[+-d[n ( ! face ov] !m ?\  ha/ made4
    #ac4 ,_! f\ndations also1 _! %r9es  
4444    #ad4 ,i/> cri$ out & 0 tr\bl$   
ov] ! city ( ,ere*1    #ae4 ! enemy %e  
/rikes & l corn on ! face ( ! wat]s %e  
scatt]s4    #af4 ,dwell+ 9 8 4444       
,bit-,p>ra 4444    #ag4 444 %e re/s n f 
! w>4    #ah4 ,! enemy :om ?\ ha/ /rick5
 obeys n 4444    #ai4 ,! great god      
answ]$ ! spee*3    #bj4 ,! city ( ,duran
 to /reams ( blood 4444    #ba4 ! p :o  
dwell 9 ! mid/ ( x l re$s 7are trembl+72
    #bb4 4444 be=e ! wat]s _! alliance  
4444    #bc4 & 444 ?\ do/ n 4444    #bd4

 to ! ,suti 44444444    #be4 ,i 9 my    
city ,duran judge uprightly    #bf4 ,i d
 n 44444444    #bg4 evil 787 ,i d n give
 & 4444    #bh4 ! upright p ,i leave    
4444    ,five o!r brok5 l9es4           
,,column ,,iii4    ,_m l9es lo/4    #a4 
4444 ! h\se he _h built 4444    #b4 ?is 
he did1 & ,i 4444    #c4 ! day he br\ght
 me my fate ,i 4444    #d4 him1 8 camp  
787 also he caus$ to de/roy 44    #e4   
,aft]w>ds may !y de/roy1 & to ano!r     
#f4 ,o w>rior ,dibb>a1 ! e/abli%$ also 9
 ,gutium1    #g4 ! une/abli%$ also 9    
,gutium1    #h4 :o s9 aga9/ !e also 9   
,gutium1    #i4 :o d n s9 aga9/ !e also 
9 ,gutium1    #aj4 4444 ! de/roy] 787 ( 
! clo!s ( ! god ( ,gutium1    #aa4 4444 
! mov] ( ! head ( ! k+4    ,two o!r     
mutilat$ l9es4      ,,column ,,iv4      
#a4 ,may ! planet ,m]cury cause 8       
spl5d\r to wane2    #b4 to 8 resolutions
 787 is he b\nd3    #c4 he rejoices n ! 
m\? ( 8 7wor%ipp]s7    #d4 :o ! /ructure
 4444444    #e4 to ! seat ( ! k+ ( !    
gods may he urge & 4444    #f4 ,! w>rior

 ,dibb>a he>d x also1    #g4 ! ^w 7:i*7 
! god ,itak spake to him 44    #h4 & ?us
 spake ! w>rior ,dibb>a3    #i4 ,sea    
aga9/ sea1 ,sub>tu 7,syria7 aga9/       
,sub>tu1 ,assyria aga9/  ,assyria1      
#aj4 ,elam aga9/ ,elam1    #aa4 ,kossan 
aga9/ ,kossan1    #ab4 ,sutu aga9/      
,sutu1    #ac4 ,gutium aga9/ ,gutium1   
#ad4 ,lullubu aga9/ ,lullubu1    #ae4   
c\ntry aga9/ c\ntry1 h\se aga9/ h\se1   
man aga9/ man1    #af4 bro!r aga9/ bro!r
 also1 may !y de/roy ea* o!r1    #ag4 & 
aft]w>ds may ,accad come &    #ah4 !    
:ole ( !m de/roy1 & fight aga9/ !m4     
#ai4 ,! w>rior ,dibb>a to ,itak :o goes 
be=e him a ^w speaks3    #bj4 ,g also   
,itak1 9 ! ^w ?\ ha/ spok5 d accord+ to 
all ?y  he>t4    #ba4 ,itak aga9/ ! l& (
 ,khikhi 7,phnicia7 set 8 face1    #bb4 
& ! sev5 w>rior gods unequall$    #bc4  
m>*$ aft] him4    #bd4 ,to ! c\ntry (   
,khikhi to ! m\nta9s ! w>rior w5t1      
#be4 8 h& he also lift$ & de/roy$ ! l&1 
#bf4 ! l& ( ,khikhi he c\nt$ z 8 own    
c\ntry4    ,! next fragm5ts ( ! /ory are

 on a mutilat$ copy ( ! la/  tablet1 ,k4
 #abhb4 ,?is tablet1 z has be5 be=e     
/at$1 is only a  small] supplem5tal "o  
to include ! end ( ! /ory1 :i* c\ld  n  
be writt5 on ! f\r? tablet4      ,k4    
#abhb4    ,obv]se4    #a4 ,f ,dibb>a    
4444    #b4 ! gods all ( !m 4444    #c4 
! angels & spirits all 4444    #d4      
,dibb>a 8 m\? op5$ & 4444    #e4 a voice
 also ! :ole ( y 4444    #f4 ,i also 9 !
 fir/ s9 4444    #g4 9 he>t ,i cri$ out 
& 4444    #h4 l a flock ( %eep may 4444 
#i4 )\t ! plant+ ( b\nd>ies aga9/ 444   
#aj4 l ! spoil+ ( ! c\ntry /eadfa/ & 44 
#aa4 9 ! m\? ( ! high noble 4444    #ab4
 & ! place 4444    ,fifte5 l9es mu*     
brok5 "h4    #bh4 4444 ! l& ( ,accad its
 /r5g? 4444    #bi4 ,may "o slay sev5 l 
4444    #cj4 8 cities to ru9s & m\nds ?\
 do/ r$uce 4444    #ca4 8 great spoil ?\
 do/ spoil1 to ! mid/ ( 4444    #cb4 !  
gods ( ! c\ntry 4444 ?\ remove/ af> (f  
4444    #cc4 ! god ,n] & ! ,god ,s]akh  
?\ direct$/ 4444    #cd4 ! c\ntries _!  
productions1 ! sea ?\ 44    #ce4 its    

int]ior !y de/roy$ 4444    ,f\r mutilat$
 l9es "h4      ,rev]se4    #a4 ,= ye>s  
untold ! glory ( ! great "l ! god 4444  
#b4 ,:5 ,dibb>a _h cri$ out & to sweep !
 c\ntries 4444    #c4 _h set 8 face     
#d4 ,itak 8 advis] _h quiet$ him & /ay$ 
444    #e4 ga!r+ toge!r 8 =ces to !     
glori\s "o ( ! gods1  ,m]oda* ! son (   
7,hea74    #f4 ,9 ! h\r ( night he s5t  
him1 & :5 9 ! ye> 4444    #g4 ,n any "o 
4444    #h4 4444 & s5t n d[n aga9/ 4444 
#i4 8 4444 also ,dibb>a receiv$ be=e    
4444    #aj4 4444 ,itak :o goes be=e    
him1 ! illu/ri\s god 4444    #aa4 are   
all ( !m laid ) him4    #ab4 ,any "o :o 
speaks ( ! w>rior ,dibb>a    #ac4 & t   
song %all glorify1 9 8 place ?\ wilt    
keep 787  canals1    #ad4 4444 nev] may 
he fall 787 4444    #ae4 ! heav5s h     
caus$ ! bord]s ( 787 regions to         
increase4    #af4 ,:oev] ! glory ( my   
h]oism %all rec\nt1    #ag4 an adv]s>y  
nev] may he h4    #ah4 ,! musician :o   
%all s+1 %all n die by ! *a/isem5t2     
#ai4 high] ?an k+ & pr9ce may t man     

asc5d4    #bj4 ,! tablet writ] :o /udies
 x 7&7 flees f ! ho/ile1  %all be great 
9 ! l&4    #ba4 ,if 9 ! places ( ! p1 ! 
e/abli%$ place1 my "n !y  proclaim1     
#bb4 _! e>s ,i op54    #bc4 ,9 ! h\se1 !
 place :]e _! goods are plac$1 if ,i    
,dibb>a  am angry    #bd4 may ! sev5    
gods turn him aside1    #be4 may !      
*a/is+ sword n t\* him ^: face ?\       
e/abli%e/4    #bf4 ,t song = ev] may !y 
e/abli% & may !y fix ! "p 4444    #bg4  
may all ! _w he>1 & glorify my h]oism2  
#bh4 may ! m5 ( all nations see1 & exalt
 my "n4    ,fif? tablet ( ! exploits ( !
 god 7,dibb>a74                         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,"h we see a picture ( ,ori5tal feel+ ) 
ref]5ce to natural  ph5om5on or disa/]  
to mank9d4 ,x is suppos$ t "s deity or  
angel /&s ) a sword ov] ! devot$ p &    
sweeps !m into  et]nity4    ,! fir/     
fragm5t %[s ! ang] ( ,anu at ! s9 ( "s  
doom$  race1 & 8 comm& to ,dibb>a to    
take 8 weapon1 slay ! p1  & desolate !  

l& l ! god ,n]4 ,?is god ,n] 0 "o ( !   
my?ical k+s ( ,babylon :o reign$ aft] ! 
flood1 & is m5tion$  z hav+ a t]rible "n
 & be+ ) ,etana a dwell] 9 ,hades4 ,!   
allusion to him 9 ?is passage seems to  
imply t he 0 believ$ to  h once rescu$  
,babylon f a ho/ile attack4    ,! next  
fragm5t exhibits ! goddess ( ,k>rak z   
heal+ ! illness  ( "s ( ! p1 #d1ajb be+ 
m5tion$ z /ruck ) disease4    ,9 ! next 
& l>ge/ fragm5t ! /ory becomes a little 
m  connect$2 x comm5ces ) a description 
( prep>ation = battle1  & goes on ?r\gh 
spee*es & actions to describe ! c\rse ( 
,dibb>a & 8 plague t he inflicts ^u     
,babylon1 & its besieg]s  :]e he sp>es  
nei!r *ief nor slave1 & ent]s ev5 !     
palace4  ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( !        
,babylonians arose f ! *ief  prie/ or   
gov]nor ( ! city arm+ ! troops & s5d+ !m
 out  to plund] ! enemy4 ,= ?is ! plague
 is s5t1 & its progress  is graphically 
describ$4 ,m]oda* ! special protector ( 
,babylon  at la/ int]f]es1 & ! god (    
pe/il5ce is *eck$ 9 8  c\rse4 ,! next   

city visit$ belongs to ,samas1 be+ ei!r 
,l>sa1 or  ,sipp>a1 & !n ! plague rea*es
 ,ere*4 ,! "* ( ?is city  is describ$1 !
 wor%ip ( ,v5us1 ) h] h&maids ,samkhati 
&  ,kh>imati1 or 8,joy0 & 8,s$uction10 !
 prie/s & c]emonies1 &  ! progress ( !  
plague ov] ! place4 ,!n ! great god !   
deity  ( ,duran comes =w>d & pleads = 8 
city1 call+ to m9d its  uprightness &   
ju/ice1 & pray+ = its exemption f !     
plague4    ,9 ! ?ird column m5tion is   
made ( ,gutium1 "u :i* "n !  ,accadians 
designat$ ! :ole tract ( c\ntry :i*     
ext5d$ f  ! ,tigris to ! ea/]n bord]s ( 
,m$ia1 includ+ ! di/rict  aft]w>ds kn[n 
z ,assyria4 ,! l& ( ,nizir1 9 :i* rose !
  m\nta9 ( ,elw5d1 on ! top ( :i* !     
,accadians suppos$ !  ark to h re/$1    
also =m$ "p ( ?is va/ tract4 ,sir ,h5ry 
,rawl9son long ago po9t$ out t ,gutium  
mu/ be ! ,goyim ( !  #ad? *apt] (       
,g5esis1 rul$ by ,tidal1 or r1 accord+  
to !  read+ ( ! ,septuag9t1 ,tur-gal 8! 
great ,son40    ,! f\r? column next     
describes a prophecy ( ,dibb>a t !re    

%\ld be int]nal w> among ! peoples ( !  
,p]sian ,gulf1 (  ,syria1 ,assyria1     
,elam1 ,gutium1 ,lullubu & ! ,kossans1 f
 all :i*  tr\bles b5efit %\ld come to ! 
,accadians or nor!rn ,babylonians4  ,!  
,kossans or ,cassi inhabit$ ! nor!rn "p 
( ,elam1 & "u  ,khammuragas conqu]$     
,babylonia & f\nd$ !re a dyna/y :i*     
la/$ a long "t4 ,lullubu lay nor?w>d (  
,mesopotamia & ,nizir4    ,!n accord+ to
 8 wi% ,dibb>a s5ds ! god ,itak 8       
s]vant1 )  ! sev5 w>rior gods1 to       
deva/ate1 & ,itak sweeps ov] ! c\ntry  &
 de/roys x4#ag    ,! la/ tablet deals 9 
g5]alities po9t+ out ! action (  ,dibb>a
 :5 8 praise 0 neglect$1 & tell+ all !  
glories  & good t %\ld come to ^? :o    
%\ld celebrate ?is deity 9  song4 ,on ! 
spread ( a plague x is evid5t t !       
,babylonians _h  no bett] means ( arre/+
 x ?an to pray & praise ! suppos$       
t]rible deity ( ! sc\rge1 t he might    
%ea! 8 sword ( ang]4    ,! antiquity ( !
 leg5d is evid5t f ! geographical names 
:i* occur 9 x4 ,a geographical li/ :i*  

seems bas$ on an ,accadian  orig9al is !
 only o!r docum5t :i* speaks ( ,phnicia1
 or r  a "p ( ,phnicia1 "u ! "n (       
,khikhi2 & ! fact t no  ref]5ce is made 
to ! ,hittites %[s t ! poem is e>li] ?an
  ! sixte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 !         
,hittites fir/ rose into p[]  9 we/]n   
,asia4 ,sub>tu is d]iv$ f ! ,accadian   
sub> 8high10  appli$ by ! ,accadians to 
! highl&s ( ,aram or ,syria4            
,,footnotes3    #ag ,itak _h 8 wor%ipp]s
 z well z ,dibb>a4 ,?us an ,accadian    
seal 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s be>s 
a leg5d /at+ t x  belong$ to            
8,ruru-lukh1 ! s]vant ( ,itak1 !        
/reet-trav]s]40 ,!  god is repres5t$ on 
?is seal z a man 9 a fl\nc$ dress1 to   
:om  a kid is be+ (f]$1 & is symboliz$  
by two animals "o ( :i*  looks l a      
locu/1 ! o!r l a monkey4                
,,*apt] ,,ix4    ,,babylonian ,,fables4 
,fables4--,common 9 !                   
,ea/4--,description4--,p[] ( spee* 9    
animals4--,/ory ( !                     
eagle4--,s]p5t4--,samas4--,! eagle      

caught4--,eats   ! s]p5t4--,ang] (      
,birds4--,etana4--,sev5 gods4--,?ird    
tablet4--,spee*   ( eagle4--,/ory ( !   
fox4--,8 cunn+4--,judgm5t ( ,samas4--,8 
%[ ( sorr[4--,8 puni%m5t4--,spee* (     
fox4--,fable ( !   horse & ox4--,!y     
consort toge!r4--,spee* ( ! ox4--,8 good
   =tune4--,contra/ ) ! horse4--,hunt+ !
 ox4--,spee* ( !   horse4--,(f]s to     
rec\nt /ory4--,/ory ( ,i/>4--,fur!r     
tablets4      ,comb9$ ) ^! /ories ( !   
gods1 traditions ( ! e>ly  hi/ory ( man1
 & acc\nts ( ! ,creation1 are fragm5ts (
 a  s]ies 9 :i* v>i\s animals speak &   
act4 ,z ^! resemble !  bea/-fables ( o!r
 races1 m especially ! ,african1 !y may 
be  conv5i5tly class$ "u ! g5]al head+ (
 8,fables40 ,! idea  t animals c speak1 
or h spok5 9 "s =m] age ( ! _w1  ev5    
occurs 9 ,g5esis1 :]e we h a speak+     
s]p5t2 9 ,numb]s1  :]e ,balaam's ass    
reproves 8 ma/]2 & 9 ! /ories ( ,jo?am  
& ,joa%1 :]e ! trees are made to talk2 z
 also 9 ! ,izdub>  leg5ds1 :]e ! trees  
answ] ,hea-bani4    ,f\r fables h be5   

pres]v$ among ! fragm5t>y records (     
,assur-bani-pal's libr>y4    ,! fir/    
conta9$ at lea/ f\r tablets ea* hav+ f\r
 columns (  writ+4 ,two ( ! act+ animals
 9 x are ! eagle & ! s]p5t4    ,! second
 is simil> 9 "*1 ! lead+ animal be+ !   
fox or  jackal1 b !re are only f\r      
fragm5ts ( x2 x may belong to !  same   
s]ies z ! fable ( ! eagle4    ,! ?ird is
 a s+le tablet ) two columns ( writ+1 & 
conta9s  a discussion betwe5 ! horse &  
ox4    ,! f\r? is a s+le fragm5t 9 :i* a
 calf speaks1 b !re is  no?+ to %[ !    
nature ( ! /ory4      ,i4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,(
 ,,! ,,eagle4    ,?is /ory appe>s to be 
! longe/ & mo/ curi\s ( ! fables1  b ! v
 mutilat$ condition ( ! v>i\s fragm5ts  
gives z  usual consid]able difficulty 9 
attempt+ a translation ( x4 ,"o  ( !    
actors 9 ! /ory is an anci5t mon>* nam$ 
,etana1 :o1  l ,n]1 rul$ ov] ,babylon 9 
! my?ical p]iod t foll[$ !  ,deluge1 &  
^: phantom 0 believ$ to sit1 cr[n$1 on a
 ?rone  9 ,hades along ) ! %ades ( ! o!r
 h]oes ( old "t4 ,!  /ory ( ,etana 0    

suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by an e>ly poet 
nam$  ,nis-,s94    ,x is impossible to  
det]m9e ! prop] ord] ( ! fragm5ts (  !  
/ory ow+ to _! mutilat$ condition2 !y   
mu/ !re=e be  translat$ z !y come4      
,k #bebg4    ,_m l9es lo/ at !          
comm5cem5t4    #a4 ,! s]p5t 9 444    #b4
 ,i gave a comm& 787 44444    #c4 to !  
eagle 44444    #d4 ,aga9 ! ne/ 44444    
#e4 my ne/ ,i h left 9 44444    #f4 !   
assembly8 ( my p 44444    #g4 ,i w5t d[n
 & ent]$3    #h4 ! s5t5ce :i* ,samas has
 pron\nc$ on me 44444    #i4 ! e> ( corn
 787 :i* ,samas ?y field ! e>? 4444     
#aj4 ?is ?y fruit 4444    #aa4 9 ?y     
field let me n 4444    #ab4 ! do+ ( evil
 ! goddess ,bahu 7,gula7 4444    #ac4 ,!
 sorr[ ( ! s]p5t ,samas saw &    #ad4   
,samas op5$ 8 m\? & a ^w he spoke3      
#ae4 ,g1 along ! way pass 4444    #af4  
he cov]$ !e 4444    #ag4 op5 also 8 he>t
 4444    #ah4 4444 he plac$ 787 4444    
#ai4 4444 birds ( heav5 4444            
,rev]se4    #a4 ,! eagle ) !m 4444      
#b4 ! god8 _h kn[n 4444    #c4 he       

desc5d$1 ! fle% he 4444    #d4 to cov] !
 4444    #e4 to ! mid/ at 8 ent]+ 4444  
#f4 ! cutt+ (f ( ! fea!rs ( 8 w+s 4444  
#g4 8 claws8 & 8 p9ions to 4444    #h4  
dea? by hung] & ?ir/ 4444    #i4 = ! "w 
( ,samas ! w>rior1 ! s]p5t 4444    #aj4 
he took also ! s]p5t 4444    #aa4 he    
op5$ also 8 he>t 4444    #ab4 seat he   
plac$ 4444    #ac4 peace ! birds ( heav5
 4444    #ad4 ,may ! eagle 4444    #ae4 
) ! "y ( ! birds 4444    #af4 ,! eagle  
op5$ 8 m\? 4444    ,five o!r mutilat$   
l9es4    ,on ano!r fragm5t are ! foll[+ 
few words3--      ,obv]se4    #a4 4444  
fi]ce to him also 4444    #b4 4444 ! god
 787 my fa!r 4444    #c4 l ,etana ?y    
dea? 4444    #d4 l !e 4444    #e4 ! god 
,etana ! k+ 4444    #f4 !y /ripp$ him 9 
4444      ,rev]se4    #a4 ,)9 ! gate (  
,anu1 ,bel 7& ,hea7    #b4 !y are       
e/abli%$ 4444    #c4 )9 ! gate ( ,s91   
,samas1 ,rimmon1 & 4444    #d4 4444 ,i  
op5$ 4444    #e4 its 444 ,i deva/at$    
4444    #f4 4444 9 ! mid/ 4444    #g4 ! 
k+ 4444    #h4 ! god also 4444    #i4 ,i

 ov]%ad[$ ! ?rone 4444    #aj4 ,i took  
787 also 4444    #aa4 to ! great "o also
 ,i h expla9$ 787 4444    #ab4 ,! eagle 
to him also ev5 to ,etana 4444    #ac4 8
 4444 ! m\? 4444    #ad4 may ?y city    
submit 4444    ,! next fragm5t1 ,k      
#bfjf1 is curi\s1 z conta9+ an acc\nt ( 
"s e>ly leg5d>y /ory 9 ,babylonian      
hi/ory4 ,?is tablet =m$  ! ?ird 9 !     
s]ies1 & f x we ga9 "p ( ! title ( !    
tablets4      ,k #bfjf4    #a4 4444444 !
 god _h plac$ 4444    #b4 ( ! city he _h
 fix$ its brickwork 4444    #c4 he _h   
%eph]d$ !m 4444    #d4 ,etana gave !m   
4444    #e4 4444 corn 4444    #f4 ! sev5
 spirits ( e>? 4444    #g4 4444 !y took 
_! c\nsel 4444    #h4 4444 ! _w 4444    
#i4 4444 all ( !m ! angels 4444    #aj4 
4444 !y 4444    #aa4 ,9 ^? days also    
4444    #ab4 & a sceptre ( cry/al 4444  
#ac4 ! b[+ d[n ( ! _w 4444    #ad4 !    
sev5 gods ov] ! p rais$ 4444    #ae4 ov]
 ! m5 !y rais$ 4444    #af4 ! city ( !  
angels ,surippak    #ag4 ,i/> ! /reets  
4444    #ah4 & ! k+ flew 4444    #ai4 ! 

god ,inn9na ! /reets 4444    #bj4 & ! k+
 flew 4444    #ba4 ,bel encircl$ 787 !  
sanctu>y ( ! god 4444    #bb4 he        
wor%ipp$ also 4444    #bc4 9 ! wide     
c\ntry 4444    #bd4 ! k+dom 4444    #be4
 he br\ght & 4444    #bf4 ! gods ( !    
c\ntry 4444      ,rev]se4    ,_m l9es   
lo/4    #a4 f ( old he caus$ him to wait
 4444                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#b4 ,?ird tablet ( 8,! city he left 787 
44440                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 ,! eagle 8 m\? op5$ & to ,samas 8 "l
 he spake4    ,! next fragm5t is a small
 portion probably ( ! f\r? tablet4      
#a4 ,! eagle 8 m\? 7op5$7 4444    #b4   
4444444444    #c4 ! p ( ! birds 4444    
#d4 4444444444    #e4 peace he speaks   
4444    #f4 peace ,i speak 4444    #g4 9
 ! m\? ( ,samas ! w>rior 4444    #h4 ! p
 ( ! birds 4444    #i4 ,! eagle 8 m\?   
op5$ & 4444    #aj4 ,:y d ,i g 4444     

#aa4 ! god ,etana 8 m\? op5$ & 4444     
,su* are ! pr9cipal fragm5ts ( ?is      
curi\s leg5d4 ,accord+ to  ! fragm5t ,k 
#bebg1 ! s]p5t _h committ$ "s s9 = :i* x
  0 condemn$ by ! god ,samas to be eat5 
by ! eagle2 b ! eagle  decl9$ ! repa/4  
,aft] ?is1 "s "o1 ^: "n is lo/1 baits a 
trap = ! eagle1  & ! bird go+ to get !  
meat1 falls into ! trap & is caught4    
,n[ ! eagle is left1 until dy+ = want ( 
food x is glad to  eat ! s]p5t1 :i* x   
takes & te>s op54 ,! o!r birds !n       
int]f]e1 b ! tablet is too mutilat$ to  
all[ u to discov] =  :at purpose4    ,! 
o!r fragm5ts conc]n ! build+ ( "s city1 
,etana be+  k+1 & 9 ^! relations ! eagle
 aga9 appe>s2 !re are sev5  spirits or  
angels pr9cipal actors 9 ! matt]1 b !   
:ole /ory  is obscure at pres5t1 & a    
connect$ plot _c be made out4    ,?is   
fable has evid5tly "s direct connection 
) ! my?ical  hi/ory ( ,babylonia1 =     
,etana is m5tion$ z an anci5t           
,babylonian  mon>* 9 ! ,izdub> leg5ds4  
,he seems to be ! ,titan ( ! ,greek     

writ]s1 :o liv$ aft] ! ,deluge & made w>
 aga9/ ,kronos or ,hea  %ortly aft] !   
confusion ( tongues4 ,! city built by   
,etana may  be ! city m5tion$ 9 ,g54 xi4
 #d z built at ! same "t z !  ,t[] (    
,babel4 ,if ! ,sibyl c be tru/$ ,titan 0
 a contempor>y  ( ,prome!us1 9 :om we   
may p]haps see ! ,inn9na ( ! cunei=m    
inscription4 ,t ,etana 0 closely        
associat$ ) ! /ory ( !  ,deluge appe>s  
pla9 f ! fact t he rul$ at ,surippak1 ! 
home  & k+dom ( ! ,*aldean ,noah4 ,!    
leg5d ( ,etana seems 9 !  fable to be   
put into ! m\? ( ! eagle4      ,,ii4    
,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fox4    ,! next fable1 
t ( ! fox1 0 ascrib$ to an au?or call$  
,lal-,m]oda*1 ! son ( ,eri-,turnunna1 b 
! fragm5ts are s  disconnect$ t !y mu/  
be giv5 )\t any attempt at arrangem5t4  
,k #cfda4    ,,column ,i4    #a4 he _h  
rais$ life 4444    #b4 ?\ 9 t day also  
did/ e/abli% 4444    #c4 ?\ kn[e/ plots 
7&7 ! mak+ ( sn>es 4444    #d4 ( 4444   
*a9s1 8 comm& he 4444    #e4 f ! "t !   
fox approa*es he urg$ me2 let n 4444    

#f4 9 tread+ d[n 4444 he _h e/abli%$ on 
my feet1    #g4 aga9 by comm& is !      
fecundity ( life4    #h4 ,samas by ?y   
judgm5t is rul]2 nev] may he g =?2      
#i4 if ne$ be1 ) ! mak+ ( sn>es let !m  
put to dea? ! fox4                      
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  #aj4 ,! 
fox on he>+ ?is1 rais$ 8 head 9 !       
pres5ce ( ,samas  & weeps4    #aa4 ,to !
 pres5ce ( ! spl5d\r ( ,samas 8 te>s    
w5t3    #ab4 by ?is judgm5t ,o ,samas ?\
 do/ n make me fecund4      7,columns   
,,ii4 & ,,iii4 lo/47    ,,column ,,iv4  
#a4 ,i w5t to my =e/1 ,i turn$ n back   
aft] him    #b4 & 9 peace ,i came n =?1 
& ! sun sees n4    #c4 ,z = !e1 nev] may
 man imprison 7!e71    #d4 s9ce 9 !     
pride ( my he>t & ! /r5g? ( my face ?\  
goe/ /raight be=e 7me74    #e4 ,may ,i  
conf9e !e & n s5d 7!e7 away4    #f4 ,may
 ,i take hold ( !e & ?\ lac]ate n 4444  
#g4 ,may ,i seize !e & n te> 7!e7 to    
pieces4    #h4 ,may ,i te> ?y limbs to  
pieces & 7n7 4444    #i4 ,! fox weeps   

4444    #aj4 he b[$ 8 face 4444    #aa4 
,i w5t & 4444    ,five o!r mutilat$     
l9es4    ,! next fragm5t has lo/ !      
comm5cem5ts & ends ( all ! l9es4    #a4 
4444 he c>ries 787 9 ! m\? 4444    #b4  
4444 ! face ( 8 4444    #c4 4444 ?\     
kn[e/ wisdom all 4444    #d4 4444 9 !   
pa?way ! fox !y are 4444    #e4 4444 9 !
 field ! fox a combatant 4444    #f4    
4444 0 decid$ "u ! rul] 4444    #g4 4444
 all 7871 ! ly+ d[n ( 8 feet at dawn    
4444    #h4 4444 a sign he set up & he  
fl$ 4444    #i4 4444 no "o 4444    #aj4 
4444 may x become old to !e 4444 & take 
4444    #aa4 4444 9 ^? days also ! fox  
c>ri$ 4444    #ab4 4444 to ! p he spoke4
 ,:y 4444    #ac4 4444 ! dog is remov$ &
 4444    ,! foll[+ fragm5t is 9 a simil>
 condition4    #a4 4444 ,! limbs ,i did 
n 4444    #b4 4444 ,i did n weave &     
aga9/ ! unclo!d 787 ,i did n 4444    #c4
 4444 a /rang] ,i cov] 4444    #d4 4444 
,i caught & ,i surr\nd$ 787 4444    #e4 
4444 f ( old also ! dog 0 my bro!r 4444 
#f4 4444 he begot me1 a firm place 4444 

#g4 4444 ( ! city ( ,nis92 ,i ( ,bel    
4444    #h4 4444 limbs & ! bodies did n 
/& 444    #i4 4444 life ,i did n end 787
 4444    ,! f\r? fragm5t conta9s only   
five legible l9es4    #a4 4444 0 plac$  
also "r 7& left7 4444    #b4 4444 _!    
%eph]d 0 pro/rate 4444    #c4 4444 let x
 n be 4444    #d4 4444 !y gu>d$ & did n 
?r[ d[n 8 spoil 444                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#e4 444444 ! fox 9 ! trap 787 4444    ,!
 la/ fragm5t is a small scrap1 at ! end 
( :i* ! fox  petitions ,samas to sp>e   
him4    ,! incid5tal allusions 9 ^!     
fragm5ts %[ t ! fox 0 ev5  !n consid]$  
cunn+1 & ! animal 9 ! /ory 0 evid5tly a 
wat]y specim51 z he br+s te>s to 8      
assi/ance :5ev] any?+  is to be ga9$ by 
x4 ,he _h (f5d$ ,samas by "s means & !  
god  s5t5c$ him to dea?1 a s5t5ce :i* he
 escap$ ?r\gh p[]ful  plead+ on 8 own   
behalf4      ,,iii4 ,,fable ,,( ,,!     
,,horse ,,& ,,ox4    ,! next fable1 t ( 
! horse & ! ox1 is a s+le tablet )  only

 two columns ( text4 ,! date ( ! tablet 
is 9 ! reign (  ,assur-bani-pal1 & !re  
is no /atem5t t x is copi$ f an  e>li]  
text4 ,!re are altoge!r f\r portions ( !
 text1 b only  "o is p]fect en\gh to be 
wor? translat+4 ,?is l>ge/ fragm5t1 ,k  
#cdef1 conta9s ab\t "o-?ird ( ! /ory4   
,k #cdef4    7,sev]al l9es are lo/ at ! 
comm5cem5t47    #a4 44444 ! riv] 4444   
#b4 ( food 787 4444 re/ 4444    #c4 full
 flood 4444 ! ,tigris 4444    #d4 !y    
re/ra9$ 4444 !y _h ! face 444    #e4 !  
wat]-lily 4444 n 9 ! neighb\rhood    #f4
 ! high place 4444 appe>ance    #g4 !   
valley 4444 ! m\nta9 70 p]i%+71    #h4  
at ! appe>ance 4444 ! timid fl$ 7n71    
#i4 a b\ndless place 4444 he turn$      
#aj4 9 ! side 4444    #aa4 ( ! wa/e 4444
 e>? 0 free )9 x2    #ab4 ! tribes (    
cattle rejoic$ 9 companion%ip &         
fri5d%ip1    #ac4 ! ox & ! horse made   
fri5d%ip1    #ad4 _! maw rejoic$ :5 to  
fri5d%ip    #ae4 x incl9$1 & _! he>t 0  
glad2 !y made agreem5t  toge!r4         
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------------     
#af4 ,! ox op5$ 8 m\?1 & speaks2 he says
 to ! horse glori\s  9 w>3    #ag4 ,i am
 pond]+ n[ ^u ! good =tune at my h&4    
#ah4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> & ! end ( !   
ye> ,i dream 7or  pond]7 ( fodd]4       
#ai4 ,! abundant floods _h be5 dri$ up1 
! wat]s ( ! canals  7 r$uc$1    #bj4 !  
wat]-lily _h droop$1 x 0 suff]+ !       
summ]-heat1    #ba4 ! valleys 7 /ony1 my
 m\nta9 0 p]i%+1    #bb4 ! high places  
_h p]i%$1 ! zambatu langui%$1    #bc4 at
 ! sight ( my horn ! timid fl$ n4       
#bd4 ,a b\ndless place is portion$ = 8  
4444    #be4 ! man 4444 :o knew ceas$   
4444    #bf4 he smote ! ropes 787 &     
wait$ 4444    #bg4 & ! horse 4444       
#bh4 cut (f ?yself ?y 4444    #bi4 he   
asc5ds also 4444                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,"h ! ox describes ! /ate ( ! c\ntry    
dur+ ! dr\ght (  summ]1 & makes a league
 ) ! horse1 app>5tly = ! purpose  ( %>+ 
) him ! same pa/ures4 ,mo/ ( ! spee*es1 

h[ev]1  made by ! two animals are lo/ or
 only pres5t 9 small fragm5ts1  & ! /ory
 recomm5ces on ! rev]se ) ! end ( a     
spee* f  ! horse4    #a4 fate 4444      
#b4 /rong brass8 4444    #c4 z ) a cloak
 ,i am clo!d 4444    #d4 ov] me a *ild n
 suit$ 4444    #e4 k+1 high prie/1 "l & 
pr9ce d n seek ! pla9 4444              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#f4 ,! ox op5$ 8 m\? & spake & says to !
 horse glori\s 79  w>73    #g4 ,!e !y   
/rike & ?\ allie/ 4444    #h4 9 ?y      
fight+ :y 4444    #i4 ! "l ( ! *>iot    
4444    #aj4 9 my body firmness 4444    
#aa4 9 my inside firmness 4444    #ab4 !
 w>rior draws out ! quiv] 4444    #ac4  
/r5g? c>ries a curse 4444    #ad4 !     
weapon 787 ( ?y ma/]s ov] 4444    #ae4  
he causes to see s]vitude l 4444    #af4
 %udd] & 9 !e is n 4444    #ag4 he      
causes to g on ! pa? ov] 7! m>%7 44     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ah4 ,! horse op5$ 8 m\? & spake 7& said

 to ! ox7 4444    #ai4 ,9 my he>+ 4444  
#bj4 ! weapon 787 4444    #ba4 ! swords 
4444    #bb4 444444    #bc4 /r5g?8 ( !  
he>t :i* 4444    #bd4 9 cross+ t riv]   
4444    #be4 9 ! pa? ( ?y m\nta9s 4444  
#bf4 ,i reveal8 & ! ox ! /ory 4444      
#bg4 9 ?y appe>ance1 x is n 4444    #bh4
 ?y (fspr+ is subdu$8 4444    #bi4 :5 ?\
 runne/1 ,o horse 4444                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#cj4 ,! ox op5$ 8 m\? & spake & says to 
7! horse glori\s  9 w>7 4444    #ca4 ,9 
addition to ! /ories :i* ?\ ha/ told    
#cb4 op5 fir/ 7t (7 8,behold ,i/> !     
noble 44440        7,colophon7          
,palace ( ,assur-bani-pal1 k+ ( nations1
 k+ 7( ,assyria74    ,x appe>s f ^!     
fragm5ts t ! /ory describ$ a "t :5  !   
animals associat$ toge!r1 & ! ox & horse
 fell into a  fri5dly conv]sation4 ,!   
ox1 comm5c+ ! discussion1 prais$        
himself2 ! answ] ( ! horse is lo/1 b :]e
 ! /ory  recomm5ces x appe>s t ! ox     
objects to ! horse draw+ !  *>iot f :i* 

he himself is hunt$1 & ! horse          
ultimately  (f]s to tell ! ox a /ory1 ! 
ox *oos+ ! /ory call$ 8,behold  ,i/>10  
probably "s /ory ( ! same "* z t (      
,i/>'s  desc5t into ,hades4    ,x is    
unc]ta9 if any o!r tablet foll[$ ?is2 x 
is1 h[ev]1  probable t !re 0 "o conta9+ 
! /ory told by ! horse4  ,al?\gh !re is 
no indication to %[ ! date ( ?is fable1 
!  fact t x is n /at$ to h be5 copi$ f  
an old] docum5t  seems to %[ t x is n   
e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,assur-bani-pal4  ,!   
loss ( ! tablet conta9+ ! /ory ( ,i/>1  
told by ! horse  to ! ox1 is un=tunate4 
,! la/ fable is a m]e fragm5t simil> to 
! o!rs1 conta9+ a /ory 9 :i* ! calf     
speaks4 ,!re is n  en\gh ( x to make x  
wor? translation4          ,,*apt] ,x4  
,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,miscellane\s ,,texts4  
,at>pi4--,puni%m5t ( _w4--,riddle ( wise
 man4--,nature &   univ]sal pres5ce (   
air4--,s9uri4--,div9+ by fracture (     
re$4--,!   f\ndl+4--,t[] (              
,babel4--,obscurity ( leg5d4--,n notic$ 
by   ,b]osus4--,fragm5t>y               

tablet4--,de/ruction (                  
,t[]4--,disp]sion4--,site (   !         
,t[]4--,mean+ (                         
,babel4--,*$or-laom]4--,! de/ruction (  
,sodom   & ,gomorrah4      ,a numb] (   
/ories ( a simil> "* to ^? ( ,g5esis1   
?\gh  n directly connect$ ) ! latt]1 h  
be5 includ$ 9 ?is  *apt]1 toge!r ) two  
fragm5ts :i* probably relate1 ! "o to  !
 ,t[] ( ,babel1 ! o!r to ! de/ruction ( 
! cities ( !  ,pla94 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal 
text is ! /ory ( ,at>pi1 or ,at>pi      
nisu1 8,at>pi ! man40 ,?is /ory is on a 
tablet 9 six columns1 &  !re is only "o 
copy ( x4 ,x is t]ribly mutilat$1 v     
little  be+ pres]v$ except ,column      
,,iii41 b !re are num]\s repetitions    
?r\gh\t ! text4 ,! inscription has      
orig9ally be5 a long "o1  probably      
ext5d+ to ab\t #djj l9es ( writ+1 & !   
text diff]s  f ! g5]ality ( ^!          
inscriptions1 be+ v obscure &           
difficult4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is & o!r    
reasons1 only an outl9e (  mo/ ( ! /ory 
is giv5 "h4    ,we are fir/ told ( a    

qu>rel betwe5 a "m nam$ ,zibanit & h]   
daught]1 & t ! "m %uts ! door ( ! h\se1 
& turns  h] daught] adrift1 ! words ( ! 
orig9al be+ 8! "m to  ! daught] op5s n  
h] door40 ,! do+s ( a man nam$ ,zamu h  
"s connection ) ! affair1 8 8desc5d+    
into ! /reet on  gett+0 some?+ be+      
m5tion$ imm$iately be=e ! expulsion (  !
 daught]2 & at ! close we are told (    
,at>pi1 sometimes call$  ,at>pi-nisu1 or
 ,at>pi ! 8man0 :o _h 8 c\* beside !    
riv]  ( ! nor?1 & 0 pi\s to ! gods1 b   
took no notice ( ^!  ?+s4 ,:5 ! /ory    
next op5s1 we f9d ! god ,bel call+      
toge!r  an assembly ( ! gods 8 sons1 &  
relat+ to !m t he is angry  at ! s9 ( ! 
_w1 /at+ also t he w br+ d[n ^u x       
disease1 tempe/1 di/ress1 madness1 burn+
 & sickness4 ,?is is  foll[$ by !       
/atem5t t ^! ?+s came to pass1 & ,at>pi 
!n invok$ 8 god ,hea to remove ^! evils4
 ,= a :ole ye>1 x  w\ld seem1 he int]c$$
 = ! p1 & at la/ ,hea answ]$1 &  ann\nc$
 8 resolve to de/roy ! p4 ,aft] ?is !   
/ory reads3    #a4 7,hea call$7 8       

assembly 7by ! riv]7 ( ! nor?2 he said  
to  ! gods 8 sons3    #b4 444444 ,i made
 !m    #c4 4444 %all n /ret* until be=e 
he turns4    #d4 ,_! fam9e ,i obs]ve1   
#e4 _! %ame ! woman takes n2    #f4 ,i w
 look to judge ! p8    #g4 9 _! /oma*   
let fam9e dwell1    #h4 above let       
,rimmon dr9k up 8 ra91    #i4 let him   
dr9k up bel[1 let n ! flood be c>ri$ 9 !
 canals1    #aj4 let x remove f ! field 
its inundations1    #aa4 let ! corn-god 
give ov] increase1 let blackness        
ov]spread !  corn1    #ab4 let ! pl[$   
fields br+ =? ?orns1    #ac4 let ! gr[? 
( _! fruit p]i%1 let food n come =? f   
x1 let bread n be produc$1    #ad4 let  
di/ress also be spread ov] ! p1    #ae4 
may fav\r be %ut up1 & good n be giv54  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#af4 ,he look$ also to judge ! p1       
#ag4 9 _! /oma* dwelt fam9e1    #ah4    
above ,rimmon drank up 8 ra91    #ai4 he
 drank x up bel[1 ! flood 0 n c>ri$ 9 ! 
canals1    #bj4 x remov$ f ! field its  

inundations1    #ba4 ! corn-god gave ov]
 increase1 blackness spread ov] ! corn1 
#bb4 ! pl[$ fields br\ght =? ?orns1 !   
gr[? ( _! fruit  p]i%$1    #bc4 food    
came n =? f x1 bread 0 n produc$1       
#bd4 di/ress 0 spread ov] ! p1    #be4  
fav\r 0 %ut up1 good 0 n giv54          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,?is w s]ve to %[ ! /yle ( ! tablet4 ,! 
in/rum5t (  puni%m5t 0 app>5tly fam9e f 
want ( ra94    ,"h ! /ory is aga9 lo/1 &
 :]e x recomm5ces ,hea is mak+ a  spee*1
 direct+ ano!r p]son to cut some?+ into 
portions1 &  place sev5 on ea* side1 &  
!n to build brickwork r\nd !m4 ,aft]    
?is comes a s+le fragm5t1 ! connection (
 :i* ) ! =m]  "p is obscure4    #a4     
,seat$ 0 ! goddess 4444    #b4 to h]    
face also he gave 4444                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 ,anu op5$ 8 m\? & speaks2 he said to
 7,nusku72    #d4 ,nusku op5 ?y gate2 ?y
 weapons 7take7    #e4 9 ! assembly ( ! 

great gods :5 4444    #f4 _! spee*8 4444
    #g4 ,anu s5t m 4444    #h4 y\r k+   
s5t 4444    ,at pres5t no satisfactory  
/ory c be made out ( ! deta*$  fragm5ts 
( ?is tablet1 b x evid5tly belongs to ! 
my?ical  portion ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 &
 x is impossible n to comp>e  !         
unsuccessful int]cession ( ! righte\s   
man ,at>pi ) !  plead+s ( ,abraham on   
behalf ( ! cities ( ! pla94    ,! next  
text is a s+le fragm5t1 ,k #bdjg1       
belong+ to a curi\s  /ory ( a wise man  
:o puts a riddle to ! gods4      ,k     
#bdjg4    7,_m l9es lo/47    #a4 ,!     
clo?+ ( ! god 4444    #b4 ,:at 9 ! h\se 
is 7fix$7 4444    #c4 ,:at 9 ! secret   
place is 4444    #d4 :at is 9 !         
f\ndation ( ! h\se 4444    #e4 :at on ! 
floor ( ! h\se is fix$1 :at 444    #f4  
:at ! l[] "p 4444    #g4 :at by ! sides 
( ! h\se goes d[n 4444    #h4 :at 9 !   
dit* ( ! h\se broad nigit/si 4444    #i4
 :at ro>s l a bull1 :at brays l an ass1 
#aj4 :at flutt]s l a sail1 :at bleats l 
a %eep1    #aa4 :at b>ks l a dog1       

#ab4 :at gr[ls l a be>1    #ac4 :at into
 ! fundam5t ( a man ent]s1 :at into !   
fundam5t (  a woman ent]s4    #ad4 ,!n  
,lugal-girra 7,n]gal7 he>d ! wise ^w !  
son ( ! p    #ae4 ask$1 & all ! gods he 
urg$ 7to solve x73    #af4 ,let y\r     
solution be produc$1 t ,i may br+ back  
y\r answ]4    ,aft] ?is !re is a        
mutilat$ passage conta9+ ! names1       
titles1  & actions ( ! gods :o consid] !
 riddle4 ,x is evid5t t x  is air or w9d
 :i* ! wise man means 9 8 riddle1 = ?is 
is  ev]y:]e1 & 9 its s\nds imitates !   
cries ( animals4    ,next we h ano!r    
s+le fragm5t ab\t a p]son nam$ ,s9uri1  
:o  uses a div9+ rod to asc]ta9 ! mean+ 
( a dream4    #a4 ,s9uri ) ! cut re$    
pond]$ 4444    #b4 ) 8 "r h& he broke x1
 & ,s9uri speaks & ?us says3    #c4 ,n[ 
! plant ( ,nusku1 ! %rub8 ( ,samas art  
?\4    #d4 ,judge1 ?\ judge/ 7or        
div9e/71 div9e conc]n+ ?is dream1    #e4
 :i* 9 ! ev5+1 at midnight1 or 9 !      
morn+1    #f4 has come1 :i* ?\ kn[e/1 b 
,i d n "k4    #g4 ,if x be good may its 

good n be lo/ to me1    #h4 if x be evil
 may its evil n happ5 to me4    ,!re are
 "s m obscure & brok5 l9es1 b no        
indication z to  ! /ory to :i* x        
belongs4    ,a specim5 ( e>ly           
,babylonian folklore may fitly be add$  
"h4 ,x is  a bil+ual fragm5t :i* treats 
( a f\ndl+ :o 0 pick$ up 9  ! /reets &  
f9ally became a great s*ol>4            
,un=tunately bo? !  beg9n+ & ! end ( !  
/ory are want+4    #a4 ,he :o fa!r & "m 
_h n1    #b4 :o 8 fa!r 7&7 8 "m knew n1 
#c4 9 ! gutt] 707 8 go+1 9 ! /reet 787  
ent]+4    #d4 ,f ! m\? ( ! dogs "o took 
him1    #e4 f ! m\? ( ! rav5s "o put him
 away4    #f4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! soo?say] 
! 4444 ( 8 m\? "o took4    #g4 ,! sole (
 8 feet ) ! seal ! soo?say] has m>k$4   
#h4 ,to a nurse he gave him4    #i4 ,to 
8 nurse = ?ree ye>s1 corn1 a cradle 787 
#aj4 7&7 clo?+ he gu>ante$4    #aa4 ,!n 
& ev] he hid f him h[ he 0 tak5 7f !    
/reets74    #ab4 ,8 re>] he root$ out   
7874    #ac4 ,! 44444 ( ! milk ( mank9d 
he gave him1 &    #ad4 z 8 own son he   

made him4    #ae4 ,z 8 own son he       
inscrib$ him4    #af4 ,a k ( writ+ he   
made him possess4    #ag4 ,= 8 education
 7he c>$74    ,"o ( ! mo/ obscure       
incid5ts 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis is         
und\bt$ly  ! build+ ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4  
,s f> z we c judge f !  fragm5ts ( 8    
copyi/s1 !re 0 no ref]5ce to x 9 ! "w  (
 ,b]osus1 & e>ly writ]s _h to quote f   
writ]s ( m ?an  d\btful au?ority 9 ord] 
to confirm x4    ,illu/ration3 ,,m5     
,,engag$ ,,9 ,,build+ ,,columns2 ,,f    
,,babylonian  ,,cyl9d]4    ,!re is also 
no repres5tation on any ( ! ,babylonian 
gems :i* c  ) any c]ta9ty be describ$ z 
belong+ to ?is /ory4 ,mr4 ,smi?1  h[ev]1
 pick$ out ?ree f a s]ies ( ^! c>v+s :i*
 he  ?\ght might be di/ort$             
repres5tations ( ! ev5t4 ,9 ^! &  "s    
o!rs ( ! same "*1 figures h _! h&s on   
tall  piles1 z if erect+ !m2 & !re is a 
god always repres5t$ ne>  9 mu* ! same  
attitude4 ,!re is no prop] proportion   
betwe5 !  suppos$ /ructure & ! m51 & no 
/ress c consequ5tly be laid  on !       

repres5tations4 ,! ,babylonian orig9 ( !
 /ory is1 h[ev]1  self-evid5t4 ,accord+ 
to ,g5esis1 mank9d aft] ! flood travell$
  f ! ea/1 t is f ,kh>sak-kurra1 8!     
m\nta9 ( ! ,ea/10  n[ ,elw5d1 :]e !     
,accadians believ$ ! ark to h re/$1 to  
! pla9 ( ,%9> or ,sumir4 ,bo? ,alex&]   
,polyhi/or & ,abyd5us  /ate t ! build+ (
 ! ,t[] ( ,babel 0 kn[n to ,babylonian  
hi/ory1 ,babel1 9 fact1 be+ ! native =m 
( ! "n :i* !  ,greeks *ang$ into        
,babylon4 ,! leg5d ( ,etana giv5 9 ! la/
  *apt] seems to imply t ! ,t[] 0       
suppos$ to h be5 built  "u ! sup]9t5d5ce
 ( ?is my?ical h]o4 ,h[ev] t may be1 a  
fragm5t ( ! native /ory ( its           
con/ruction 0 discov]$ by ,mr4  ,smi?1 &
 ?\gh %ock+ly mutilat$1 is suffici5t to 
%[ :at !  ,babylonians !mselves believ$ 
on ! matt]4    ,x is evid5t f ! word+ ( 
! fragm5t t x 0 prec$$  by at lea/ "o   
tablet1 describ+ ! s9 ( ! p 9 build+  ! 
t[]4 ,! fragm5t pres]v$ belongs to a    
tablet conta9+ f  f\r to six columns (  
writ+1 ( :i* portions ( f\r rema94 ,!   

pr9cipal "p is ! beg9n+ ( ,column ,i4   
,,column ,i4    #a4 4444 !m ! fa!r 4444 
#b4 ! ?\ght ( 8 he>t 0 evil1    #c4 4444
 he ! fa!r ( all ! gods _h repudiat$2   
#d4 ! ?\ght ( 8 he>t 0 evil1    #e4 4444
 ( ,babylon he ha/5s to ! submission    
7871    #f4 small & great he conf\nd$   
7on7 ! m\nd4    #g4 4444 ( ,babylon he  
ha/5s to ! submission1    #h4 small &   
great he conf\nd$ 7on7 ! m\nd4    #i4   
,_! walls all ! day he f\nd$2    #aj4 = 
_! de/ruction 7puni%m5t7 9 ! night      
#aa4 4444 he did n leave a rema9d]4     
#ab4 ,9 8 ang] also 787 secret c\nsel he
 p\rs out3    #ac4 to conf\nd 7_!7      
spee*es he set 8 face4    #ad4 ,he gave 
! comm&1 he made /range _! c\nsel       
#ae4 4444 ! go+ he inspect$ x4    #af4  
4444 he took 7select$7 a %r9e4    ,!re  
is a small fragm5t ( ,column ,,ii41 b ! 
connection ) ,column  ,i4 is n app>5t4  
,,column ,,ii4    #a4 ,s>-tuli-elli 7!  
k+ ( ! illu/ri\s m\nd1 i4e4 ,anu7       
de/roys 7or puni%es74    #b4 ,9 front _h
 ,anu lift$ up 4444    #c4 to ,bel-esir 

8 fa!r 4444    #d4 ,s9ce 8 he>t also    
4444    #e4 :o c>ri$ ! comm& 4444    #f4
 ,9 ^? days also 4444    #g4 he lift$   
him up 4444    #h4 ,! goddess ,dav-k9a  
4444    #i4 ,my son ,i rise & 4444      
#aj4 8 numb] 787 4444    #aa4 he did n  
4444    ,!re is a ?ird portion on ! same
 tablet belong+ to a column on  ! o!r   
side1 ei!r ! ?ird or ! fif?4            
,,rev]se ,,column ,,iii4 ,,or ,v4    #a4
 ,9 4444    #b4 !y blew & 4444    #c4 = 
future times 4444    #d4 ,! god ( no    
gov]nm5t w5t 4444    #e4 ,he said1 l    
heav5 & e>? 4444    #f4 8 pa? !y w5t    
4444    #g4 fi]cely !y front$ 8 pres5ce 
4444    #h4 ,he saw !m & ! e>? 4444     
#i4 ,s9ce a /op !y did n 7make7 4444    
#aj4 ( ! gods 4444    #aa4 ! gods !y    
revolt$ aga9/ 4444    #ab4 (fspr+ 4444  
#ac4 ,!y weep hot te>s = ,babylon2      
#ad4 bitt]ly !y wept 7= ,babylon72      
#ae4 _! he>t also 4444    ,^! fragm5ts  
are s rem>kable t x is mo/ un=tunate we 
h  n ! rema9d] ( ! tablet4    ,9 ! fir/ 
"p we h ! ang] ( ,bel1 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 

at  ! s9 ( ^? :o 7 build+ ! walls (     
,babylon & ! m\nd  ( t[] or palace4 ,?is
 m\nd is t]m$ 8! illu/ri\s10 & ! god    
,anu :o de/roy$ ! build]s is accord+ly  
call$ ,s>-tuli-elli1  8! k+ ( !         
illu/ri\s m\nd40 ,s9ce ! ,accadian "n ( 
!  mon? ,tisri1 our ,octob]1 0 8! mon? (
 ! illu/ri\s m\nd10 x  w\ld appe> t !   
con/ruction ( x 0 believ$ to h tak5     
place at ! "t ( ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,!   
build]s 7 puni%$  by ! deity1 & ! walls 
t _h be5 set up 9 ! day 7  de/roy$ at   
night4 ,pr(4 ,delitzs* has drawn        
att5tion to a possible  ref]5ce to ?is  
leg5d 9 an ,accadian hymn 9 :i* ! poet  
says  to ,m]oda*1 8f\nd dur+ ! day1     
de/roy dur+ ! night40 ,x is  pla9 f !   
fir/ l9es t ! :ole attempt 0 direct$    
aga9/  ! gods2 9 fact1 t l ! giants &   
,titans 9 ,greek my?ology1  ^: assault  
on ,zeus is probably b an e*o ( ! old   
,babylonian  tale1 convey$ to ,greece   
?r\gh ! h&s ( ! ,phnicians1 !  build]s (
 ! ,t[] ( ,babylon int5d$ to scale !    
sky4 ,!y 71  h[ev]1 conf\nd$ on ! m\nd1 

z well z _! spee* 7tammasle74  ,x is    
int]e/+ to f9d ! v same ^w signify+ 8to 
conf\nd0  us$ 9 ! ,babylonian z 9 !     
,hebrew acc\nt1 namely blal1 or  r blh4 
,we may also notice t ! ,hebrew writ]   
once 7,g54  xi4 #g47 adopts ! poly!i/ic 
language ( ! ,accadian scribe2 !  ,"l   
be+ made to say 8,let u g d[n1 & !re    
conf\nd _!  language40    ,illu/ration3 
,,view ,,( ,,! ,,birs ,,nimrud1 ,,!     
,,suppos$ ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,t[]  ,,(     
,,babel4    ,! la/ column %[s t ! w9ds  
f9ally de/roy$ ! impi\s "w  ( !         
,babylonians4 ,?is fully accords ) !    
leg5d report$ by  ,alex&] ,polyhi/or4 ,=
 a "t ,babylon 0 giv5 ov] to ! god (    
lawlessness2 b at la/ ! gods rep5t$ ( ! 
evil !y _h done1  & ord] 0 once m       
re/or$4 ,! %r9e m5tion$ 9 ! sixte5?  l9e
 ( ! fir/ column may receive "s light f 
! fact t !  ,accadian "n ( ,nisan or    
,m>* 0 8! mon? ( ! upright alt>10  or 8(
 ! alt> ( ,bel10 & t ,nisan correspond$ 
) ! v]nal  equ9ox j z ,tisri did ) !    
autumnal equ9ox4    ,illu/ration3 ,,view

 ,,( ,,! ,,babil ,,m\nd ,,at ,,babylon1 
,,! ,,site ,,( ,,!  ,,temple ,,( ,,bel4 
,! etymology ( ! "n ( ,babel f balbel1  
8to conf\nd10  sugge/$ 9 ,g5esis is "o (
 ^? 8popul> etymologies0 or plays  on   
words ( :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s are s
 fond4 ,?us1 =  in/ance1 ! "n ( ,joseph 
is connect$ fir/ ) 'saph 8to  take      
away10 & !n ) ysaph 8to add0 7,g54 xxx4 
#bc1 #bd471 &  ! "n ( ! ,moabite city   
,dibon is *ang$ into ,dimon by ,isaiah  
7xv4 #i7 to indicate t its 8wat]s %all  
be full ( blood10 ,hebrew  dm4 ,babel is
 ! ,assyrian ,bab-ili 8! gate ( ,god0   
7or1 z x  is occasionally writt5 9 !    
plural1 ,bab-ili 8,gate ( ! gods071  :i*
 0 ! ,semitic translation ( ! old       
,accadian "n ( ! t[n  ,ca-dimirra ) !   
same mean+4 ,?is is n ! only in/ance 9  
:i* ! orig9al ,accadian names (         
,babylonian cities 7 lit]ally  translat$
 into ,semitic ,babylonian aft] !       
,semitic conque/ (  ! c\ntry4 ,x is     
possible t ! "n _h "s ref]5ce to !      
build+ ( ! ,t[]4 ,babylon 0 fir/ made a 

capital by ,khammuragas1  ! lead] ( !   
,cossan dyna/y1 a position :i* x nev]   
aft]w>ds lo/2 b ! fir/ ant$iluvian k+ ( 
,*aldea1 ,alorus1  accord+ to ,b>osus1 0
 a native ( ! place4    ,illu/ration3   
,,t[] ,,9 ,,/ages1 ,,f ,,an ,,assyrian  
,,bas-,,relief4    ,! actual site ( !   
,t[] ( ,babel1 beyond ! m]e fact t x  0 
some:]e 9 ,babylon1 has n yet be5       
settl$4 ,x is g5]ally  consid]$ to be   
repres5t$ by ! great pile ( ,birs       
,nimrud1 :i*  /ood 9 ,borsippa1 ! suburb
 ( ,babylon1 & 0 d$icat$ to ,nebo  &    
call$ 8! ,temple ( ! ,sev5 ,lights0 or  
planets4 ,?is ru9 has  be5 exam9$ by    
,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son2 details ( 8       
op]ations "h  are giv5 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! 
,royal ,asiatic ,society10 vol4 xviii41 
& ,rawl9son's 8,anci5t ,mon>*ies10 p4   
#edd4 ,sir ,h5ry discov]$  by excavation
 t ! t[] consi/$ ( sev5 /ages (         
brickwork  on an e>!n plat=m1 ea* /age  
be+ ( a diff]5t col\r4 ,?is  is expla9$ 
by ! fact t x 0 devot$ to ! sev5        
planets4  ,! height ( ! e>!n plat=m 0 n 

asc]ta9$1 b ! fir/  /age1 :i* 0 an exact
 squ>e1 0 #bgb feet ea* way1 & #bf feet 
high1 ! bricks be+ black5$ ) bitum52 ?is
 /age is suppos$  to h be5 d$icat$ to ! 
planet ,saturn4 ,! second /age 0 a      
squ>e ( #bcj feet1 #bf feet high1 fac$ )
 orange-col\r$ bricks2  suppos$ to h be5
 d$icat$ to ,jupit]4 ,! ?ird /age1 #ahh 
feet  squ>e1 & #bf feet high1 fac$ ) r$ 
bricks1 0 probably d$icat$  to ,m>s4 ,! 
f\r? /age1 #adf feet squ>e1 & #ae feet  
high1 0  probably d$icat$ to ! ,sun1 &  
is ?\ght by ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son to  h be5
 orig9ally plat$ ) gold4 ,! fif? /age is
 suppos$ to  h be5 #ajd1 ! six? #fb1 & !
 sev5? #bj feet squ>e1 b !  top 0 too   
ru9\s to decide ^! measurem5ts4 ,^!     
/ages 7  probably d$icat$ to ,v5us1     
,m]cury1 & ! ,moon4 ,ea* /age ( !       
build+ 0 n set 9 ! c5tre ( ! /age on :i*
 x re/$1  b 0 plac$ #cj feet f ! front1 
& #ab feet f ! back4 ,!  ru9 at pres5t  
rises #aed feet above ! level ( ! pla91 
& is !  mo/ impos+ pile 9 ! :ole c\ntry4
 ,accord+ to ,nebu*adnezz>  x _h be5    

built to ! height ( #db cubits by 8a =m]
 k+10 :o  h[ev] _h n complet$ its       
summit1 & x _h long be5 9 a ru9\s       
condition :5 ,nebu*adnezz> und]took to  
re/ore & f9i% x4 ,pr(4  ,s*rad] imag9es 
t ! long p]iod dur+ :i* x _h rema9$  an 
unf9i%$ ru9 caus$ ! gr[? ( ! leg5d :i*  
saw 9 x  a monum5t ( ! ov]?r[ ( human   
presumption1 ! div]sity (  languages 9  
,babylonia be+ suffici5t to acc\nt = !  
localization  ( ! confusion ( tongues 9 
! c\ntry4    ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son n[    
proposes to place ! ,t[] or tul ellu at 
! ru9s n[ call$ ,amrn1 )9 ! city (      
,babylon itself4 ,"h  he ?9ks 7 ! temple
 ( ,anu1 on ! site ( ! ru9$ ,t[]1 a     
*apel d$icat$ to ,nebo1 an alt> (       
,m]oda*1 ! royal palace 7n[  repres5t$  
by ! m\nd ( ! ,kasr71 & ! hang+ g>d5s1  
all  enclos$ by a common wall4 ,! qu>t] 
( ,babylon ?us enclos$ he  w\ld id5tify 
) ! ,calneh ( ! ,bible1 pr9cipally on ! 
gr\nd  t ! ,septuag9t r5d]+ ( ,isaiah x4
 #i is1 8,h ,i n tak5 !  region above   
,babylon & ,*alanne :]e ! t[] 0 built80 

,a ?ird site has be5 claim$ = ! ,t[] on 
! ,babil or ,mujellibeh  m\nd on ! nor? 
side ( ,babylon4 ,?is repres5ts ! fam\s 
temple  ( ,belus or ,bel1 ^: great      
fe/ival m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>  & ! v]nal
 equ9ox4 ,b !re is no evid5ce to support
 ?is ?ird  op9ion4    ,9 ! ,babylonian &
 ,assyrian sculptures !re are           
occasionally  repres5tations ( t[]s     
simil> 9 /yle to ! suppos$ ,t[] (       
,babel2 "o ( ^! is giv5 on ! /one (     
,m]oda* ,baladan ,i41  opposite p4 #bcf 
( ,mr4 ,smi?'s 8,assyrian ,discov]ies20 
ano!r occurs  on ! sculptures at        
,n9eveh1 repres5t+ ! city ( ,babylon2   
?is  t[]1 h[ev]1 _c repres5t ! ,borsippa
 pile1 s9ce x consi/s  ( only five      
/ages4    ,besides ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 !   
de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah by  fire
 f heav5 may also h be5 kn[n to !       
,accadians4 ,we le>n  f ,g5esis xiv4 t !
 cities ( ! pla9 7 among ! conque/s  (  
,*$or-laom] & 8 allies1 & !re is "s     
reason = ?9k+  t ! hi/ory (             
,*$or-laom]'s campaign may h be5 d]iv$  

f ! ,babylonian /ate ar*ives4 ,at all   
ev5ts ,amraphel or ,am>pel1  ! k+ (     
,sumir1 is m5tion$ fir/1 al?\gh         
,*$or-laom] 0 !  p>am\nt sov]eign & !   
lead] ( ! exp$ition4 ,! exp$ition  mu/ h
 tak5 place dur+ ! p]iod :51 z we le>n f
 !  inscriptions1 ,babylonia 0 subject  
to ! mon>*s ( ,elam1 ?\gh  subord9ate   
pr9ces 7 rul+ ov] ! /ates into :i* x 0  
divid$ at ! "t4 ,?\gh ! "n ( ,*$or-laom]
 has n be5  f\nd1 ,laom] or ,lagam>     
appe>s z an ,elamite god1 & sev]al (  ! 
,elamite k+s bore names comp\nd$ )      
,kudur 8a s]vant10 z  ,kudur-,nankhunte1
 8! s]vant ( ! god ,nankhunte10         
,kudur-,mabug1  8! s]vant ( ,mabug10 & !
 l4 ,ario*1 k+ ( ,ellas>1 :i*  probably 
/&s = al ,l>sa1 8! city ( ,l>sa10 has ! 
same "n  z ,eri-,acu 78! s]vant ( !     
moon-god071 ! son ( ! ,elamite  mon>*   
,kudur-,mabug1 :o reign$ ov] ,l>sa dur+ 
8 fa!r's  lifetime1 & 0 ev5tually       
ov]?r[n by ! ,cossan conqu]or           
,khammuragas4    ,! text :i* p]haps     
relates to ! de/ruction ( ! guilty      

cities  is a bil+ual "o1 mu* mutilat$1 &
 runs z foll[s3--    #a4 ,an ov]?r[ came
 f ! mid/ ( ! deep 7! wat]s above !     
firmam5t74    #b4 ,! fat$ puni%m5t f !  
mid/ ( heav5 desc5d$4    #c4 ,a /orm l a
 plummet ! e>? 7ov]:elm$74    #d4 ,t[>ds
 ! f\r w9ds ! de/roy+ flood l fire      
burnt4    #e4 ,! inhabitants ( ! city x 
_h caus$ to be torm5t$2 _!  bodies x    
consum$4    #f4 ,9 city & c\ntry x      
spread dea?1 & ! flames z !y rose       
ov]?rew4    #g4 ,freeman & slave 7      
equal1 & ! high places x fill$4    #h4  
,9 heav5 & e>? l a ?und]/orm x _h ra9$2 
a prey x  made4    #i4 ,to a place (    
refuge ! gods ha/5$1 & 9 a ?rong        
collect$4    #aj4 ,its mighty 7onset7 !y
 fl$ f1 & l a g>m5t x conceal$  7!      
guilty74    #aa4 ,!y 7fe>$71 & dea?     
7ov]took !m74    #ab4 7,_!7 feet & h&s  
7x embrac$74    #ac4 4444444444    #ad4 
,_! body x consum$4    #ae4 44444 z = ! 
city1 its f\ndations x defil$4    #af4  
4444 ) 7glory87 & bread? 8 m\? he fill$4
    #ag4 ,?is man ! voice 7( ! ?und]7   

call$2 ! ?und]bolt  desc5d$2    #ah4    
dur+ ! day x fla%$2 griev\sly 7x fell74 
,"h ! fragm5t breaks (f4 ,x is possible 
t ! p]son ref]r$  to 9 l9e #ag 0 ! pi\s 
man :o l ,lot escap$ ! de/ruction  t    
befell 8 neighb\rs4                     
,illu/ration3 ,,izdub> ,,/rangl+ ,a     
,,lion4 ,,f ,,khorsabad ,,sculpture4    
,,*apt] ,,xi4    ,,! ,,izdub> ,,leg5ds4 
,izdub>4--,mean+ ( ! "n4--,a sol>       
h]o4--,prototype (   ,h]akles4--,age (  
,leg5ds4--,babylonian cyl9d]s4--,notices
   ( ,izdub>4--,surippak4--,ark         
,city4--,twelve tablets4--,ext5t (      
,leg5ds4--,description4--,introduction4-
-,meet+ ( ,hea-bani   &                 
,izdub>4--,de/ruction ( tyrant          
,khumbaba4--,adv5tures   (              
,i/>4--,illness & w&]+s (               
,izdub>4--,description   ( ,deluge &    
conclusion4--,fir/ ,tablet4--,k+dom (   
,nimrod4--,traditions4--,id5tifications4
--,translation4--,elamite               
conque/--,dates4      ,we n[ come to !  
great ,epic ( e>ly ,*aldea1 fir/        

discov]$ by ,mr4  ,smi? 9 #ahgb4 ,! h]o 
( ?is ,epic is provisionally call$      
,izdub>1  ?\gh ?is is c]ta9ly n ! "r    
read+ ( 8 "n4 ,! fir/  & la/ *>act]s :i*
 compose x toge!r =m a comp\nd ideograph
  signify+ 8fire10 & pron\nc$ gibil 9   
,accadian1 isatu 9  ,assyrian1 :ile !   
middle "*1 dhu or dhun1 meant 8a  mass0 
or 8a go+40 8,a mass ( fire0 w\ld h be5 
by no means an  inappropriate "n = a    
h]o1 :o1 z we %all see1 0 orig9ally  !  
,accadian fire-god1 & !n a p]sonifi$ =m 
( ! sun-god4  ,! two la/ *>act]s ( ! "n1
 h[ev]1 :5 us$ z a comp\nd  ideograph1  
d5ot$ 8! "u-lip10 & ! fir/ "* symbolizes
  8wood40    ,mr4 ,smi? believ$ t       
,izdub> 0 ! ,biblical ,nimrod1 & 0 almo/
  incl9$ to ?9k t ?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! "n
 ought to be  phonetically r5d]$4 ,"o   
passage1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! la/ syllable  is
 foll[$ by ! syllable ra seems to imply 
t ! f9al lett]  0 r4    ,! orig9ally    
sol> "* ( ! h]o 0 /ill rememb]$ at !  "t
 :5 ! great ,epic ( ! ,accadians 0 put  
toge!r4 ,z 0  po9t$ out by ,sir ,h5ry   

,rawl9son %ortly aft] ,mr4 ,smi?'s fir/ 
discov]y ( x1 x is arrang$ ^u an        
a/ronomical pr9ciple1 its  twelve books 
or tablets correspond+ ) ! twelve signs 
( !  ,zodiac1 ?r\gh :i* ! sun passes 9 8
 ye>ly c\rse4 ,?us !  elev5? tablet1 :i*
 conta9s ! episode ( ! ,deluge1 answ]s  
to  ,aqu>ius ! elev5? sign ( ! ,zodiac1 
& ! elev5? mon? ( !  ,accadian ye> call$
 8! ra9y20 & ! six? tablet1 describ+ 8  
c\rt%ip by ,i/>1 answ]s to ,virgo ! six?
 sign ( ! ,zodiac1 &  ! six? ,accadian  
mon? call$ t 8( ! err& ( ,i/>40 ,x is 9 
! second mon?1 t ( 8! direct+ bull10 &  
"u ! sign (  ,taurus1 t ,hea-bani1      
half-man1 half-bull1 is br\ght to       
,izdub> 9  ! second tablet2 ! lion is   
sla9 by ,izdub> "u ! ,zodiacal ,leo1  & 
! lam5tation he makes ov] ! corpse ( 8  
fri5d & se]  ,hea-bani is made 9 8! d>k 
mon?0 ( ,ad>1 z x 0 t]m$1 at !  end ( ! 
ye>4 ,l ! autumnal sun1 too1 ,izdub>    
sick5s 9 !  eigh? book correspond+ ) !  
mon? ( ,octob]1 & only recov]s  8 heal? 
& brilliance aft] ba?+ 9 ! wat]s ( !    

ea/]n  ocean at ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>4   
,if any?+ 7 ne$$ to confirm ! sol> "* ( 
,izdub> &  8 hi/ory1 x w\ld be af=d$ by 
a comp>ison ) ! leg5ds (  ! ,greek sol> 
h]o1 ,h]akles4 ,l mu* else ( ,greek     
my?ology1 !  twelve adv5tures ( ,h]akles
 7 br\ght to ,greece f ,babylonia  ?r\gh
 ! h&s ( ! ,phnicians1 & x has long be5 
recogniz$  t ,h]akles is b a =m ( ,baal 
,melk>?1 ! sun-god ( ,tyre4  ,hea-bani  
reappe>s 9 ,*eiron1 ! c5taur1 ! fri5d & 
in/ructor  ( ,h]akles1 & j z ,hea-bani 0
 creat$ by ,hea1 ,*eiron 0 said  to be !
 son ( ,kronos1 :o is id5tifi$ by       
,b]osus ) ,hea 9 !  acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4 
,! lion sla9 by ,izdub> is ! lion (     
,nemea  sla9 by ,h]akles2 ! w+$ bull    
made by ,anu is ! fam\s bull (  ,krete2 
! tyrant ,khumbaba is ! tyrant ,g]yon2 !
 gems borne by !  trees ( ! =e/ beyond !
 gateway ( ! sun are ! apples ( !       
,hesp]ides2 & ! deadly sickness (       
,izdub> himself is b ! fev]  ( ,h]akles1
 caus$ by ! poison$ tunic ( ,nessus4    
,a v slight inspection ( ! ,epic is     

suffici5t to %[ t x  has be5 piec$      
toge!r out ( a numb] ( previ\sly exi/+ &
  indep5d5t mat]ials4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( ! 
,deluge1 :i* is itself  b an episode    
some:at viol5tly foi/$ into ! leg5d (   
,izdub>  9 ord] to pres]ve ! a/ronomical
 arrangem5t ( ! ,epic1 may be  %[n to h 
consi/$ ( at lea/ two old] poems on !   
subject2 &  a c>eful exam9ation ( o!r   
portions ( ! ,epic br+s ! same  fact to 
light else:]e4    ,z1 h[ev]1 !re is cle>
 pro( t ! ,epic 0 orig9ally compos$  9  
,accadian1 our pres5t text be+ m]ely !  
,semitic translation (  ! ,accadian     
orig9al1 x mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* we  
n[  h x be=e ! age ( ,s>gon & !         
ext9ction ( ! ,accadian  language 9     
,*aldea4 ,we %all n be f> wrong1 !re=e1 
9 ascrib+  its composition to ab\t      
,b4,c4 #bjjj1 or a little e>li]4 ,! old]
  lays or poems out ( :i* x 0 =m$ mu/   
!re=e date be=e  ?is p]iod4 ,!re seems  
to h be5 a consid]able numb] ( !m1  ea* 
incid5t 9 ! cycle ( anci5t ,accadian    
my?ology hav+ be5  ! subject ( v>i\s    

poems4 ,_m ( ^! orig9at$ 9 diff]5t  p>ts
 ( ! c\ntry1 s t a long p]iod ( "t mu/  
be all[$ =  _! gr[? & subsequ5t r$uction
 to a lit]>y =m4 ,b z !  leg5ds !y      
celebrat$ 7 traditions 9 ! c\ntry be=e  
!y 7  embodi$ 9 poems & committ$ to     
writ+1 we mu/ g back to q a  remote epo*
 = _! fir/ />t+-po9t4    ,! e>lie/      
evid5ce we h ( !m is 9 ! c>v+s on e>ly  
,babylonian cyl9drical seals4 ,among !  
e>lie/ kn[n devices on  ^! seals we h   
sc5es f ! leg5ds ( ,izdub>1 & f !  /ory 
( ! ,creation4 ,! seals mo/ly belong to 
! age ( ! k+s  ( ,ur1 & "s ( !m are a   
good deal old] ?an ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,!     
pr9cipal incid5ts repres5t$ on !m are ! 
/ruggles ( ,izdub>  & 8 companion       
,hea-bani ) ! lion & ! bull1 ! j\rney ( 
,izdub> 9 se>* ( ,xisu?rus1 ,noah or    
,xisu?rus 9 8 ark1 & !  w> betwe5       
,tiamtu ! sea-dragon & ! god ,m]oda*4   
,!re is a  fragm5t ( a docum5t 9 !      
,briti% ,museum :i* claims to be copi$  
f an om5 tablet belong+ to ! "t (       
,izdub> himself1 b x  is probably n     

e>li] ?an ,b4,c4 #afjj1 :5 _m simil>    
tablets 7  writt54    ,!re is an        
incid5tal notice ( ! %ip or ark ( 8! god
 ,izdub>0  9 a tablet pr9t$ 9 8,cunei=m 
,inscriptions10 vol4 ii4 p4 #df4  ,he is
 "h call$ 8! k+ :o be>s ! sceptre40 ,?is
 tablet1  :i* conta9s li/s ( wood5      
objects1 0 writt5 9 ! "t (              
,assur-bani-pal1 b is copi$ f an        
orig9al1 :i* mu/ h be5  writt5 at lea/  
eighte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4
  ,! geographical notices on ?is tablet 
suit ! p]iod be=e !  rise ( ,babylon4   
,surippak is call$ 9 x ! %ip or ark     
city1 ?is  "n =m+ ano!r ref]5ce to !    
,flood leg5ds4 ,izdub> is also  m5tion$ 
9 a s]ies ( tablets relat+ to wit*craft1
 & on a  tablet conta9+ pray]s to him z 
a god2 ?is la/ %[+ t  he 0 deifi$1 :i*1 
h[ev]1 0 an hon\r also giv5 to sev]al   
,babylonian k+s4    ,z already /at$1 !  
leg5ds ( ,izdub> are inscrib$ on twelve 
tablets1 ( :i* !re are rema9s ( at lea/ 
f\r editions4 ,all  ! tablets are 9     
fragm5ts1 & none ( !m are complete2 b  x

 is a =tunate circum/ance t ! mo/ p]fect
 tablet is !  elev5?1 :i* describes !   
,deluge1 ?is be+ ! mo/ important  ( !   
s]ies4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ! successive /eps
 9 !  discov]y ( ^! leg5ds h be5 already
 describ$1 & we may n[  !re=e pass on to
 ! description & translation ( ! v>i\s  
fragm5ts4 ,all ! fragm5ts ( our pres5t  
copies belong to ! reign  (             
,assur-bani-pal1 k+ ( ,assyria1 9 !     
sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,f  ! mutilat$      
condition ( _m ( !m x is impossible at  
pres5t  to ga9 an accurate idea ( ! :ole
 scope ( ! leg5ds1 & _m  p>ts :i* are   
lo/ h to be suppli$ by conjecture2 !    
ord] ev5  ( "s ( ! tablets _c be        
det]m9$1 & x is unc]ta9 if  we h        
fragm5ts ( ! :ole twelve 9 :at foll[s4  
,mr4 ,smi? has1  h[ev]1 conjecturally   
divid$ ! fragm5ts into gr\ps correspond+
  r\ghly ) ! subjects ( ! tablets4 ,ea* 
tablet :5 complete  conta9$ six columns 
( writ+1 & ea* column _h g5]ally f  =ty 
to fifty l9es ( writ+1 !re be+ 9 all    
ab\t #c1jjj l9es  ( cunei=m text4 ,!    

divisions adopt$ by ,mr4 ,smi? w be se5 
by  ! foll[+ summ>y1 :i* exhibits our   
pres5t k ( !  fragm5ts4      ,"p        
,i4--,introduction4    ,tablet          
,i4--,numb] ( l9es unc]ta91 probably    
ab\t #bdj4 ,fir/ column  initial l9e    
pres]v$1 second column lo/1 ?ird column 
tw5ty-six  l9es pres]v$1 f\r? column    
d\btful fragm5t ins]t$1 fif? &  six?    
columns lo/4    ,probable subjects3     
conque/ ( ,babylonia by ! ,elamites1    
bir? &  p>5tage ( ,izdub>4      ,"p     
,,ii4--,meet+ ( ,hea-bani & ,izdub>4    
,tablet ,,ii4--,numb] ( l9es unc]ta91   
probably ab\t #bdj4 ,fir/ &  second     
columns lo/1 ?ird & f\r? columns ab\t   
half-pres]v$1  fif? & six? columns lo/4 
,tablet ,,iii4--,numb] ( l9es ab\t #bgj4
 ,fir/ column f\rte5 l9es  pres]v$1     
second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? columns ne>ly
 p]fect1  six? column a fragm5t4        
,probable subjects3 dream ( ,izdub>1    
,hea-bani invit$ comes to ,ere*1  &     
expla9s ! dream4      ,"p               
,,iii4--,de/ruction ( ! tyrant          

,khumbaba4    ,tablet ,,iv4--,numb] (   
l9es probably ab\t #bfj4 ,ab\t "o-?ird (
  fir/1 second1 & ?ird columns1 d\btful 
fragm5ts ( f\r?1 fif?1  & six? columns4 
,tablet ,v4--,numb] ( l9es ab\t #bfj4   
,mo/ ( fir/ column1 & "p  ( second      
column pres]v$1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif?      
columns lo/1  fragm5t ( six? column4    
,probable subjects3 conte/s ) wild      
animals1 ,izdub> & ,hea-bani  slay !    
tyrant ,khumbaba4      ,"p              
,,iv4--,adv5tures ( ,i/>4    ,tablet    
,,vi4--,numb] ( l9es ab\t #baj4 ,mo/ (  
fir/ column pres]v$1  second column     
ne>ly p]fect1 ?ird & f\r? columns p>tly 
pres]v$1 fif? & six? columns ne>ly      
p]fect4    ,tablet ,,vii4--,numb] ( l9es
 probably ab\t #bdj4 ,fir/ l9e ( fir/   
column pres]v$1 second column lo/1 ?ird 
& f\r? column p>tly  pres]v$1 fif? &    
six? columns conjecturally re/or$ f     
tablet  ( desc5t ( ,i/> into ,hades4    
,probable subjects3 ,i/> loves ,izdub>1 
h] am\rs1 h] asc5t to  heav51 de/ruction
 ( h] bull1 h] desc5t to ,hades4        

,"p ,v4--,illness & w&]+s ( ,izdub>4    
,tablet ,,viii4--,numb] ( l9es probably 
ab\t #bgj4 ,conjectur$ fragm5ts  ( fir/1
 second1 & ?ird columns1 f\r? & fif?    
columns lo/1  conjectur$ fragm5ts ( six?
 column4    ,tablet ,,ix4--,numb] ( l9es
 ab\t #aij4 ,portions ( all six columns 
pres]v$4    ,tablet ,x4--,numb] ( l9es  
ab\t #bgj4 ,portions ( all six columns  
pres]v$4    ,probable subjects3 disc\rse
 to trees1 dreams1 illness ( ,izdub>1   
dea? ( ,hea-bani1 w&]+s ( ,izdub> 9 se>*
 ( ! h]o ( !  ,deluge4      ,"p         
,,vi4--,description ( ,deluge1 &        
conclusion4    ,tablet ,,xi4--,numb] (  
l9es #bid4 ,all six columns ne>ly       
p]fect4    ,tablet ,,xii4--,numb] ( l9es
 ab\t #bjj4 ,portions ( fir/ f\r columns
  pres]v$1 two l9es ( fif? column1 six? 
column p]fect4    ,probable subjects3   
description ( ,deluge1 cure ( ,izdub>1 8
  lam5tation ov] ,hea-bani4             
,,tablet ,i4    ,! op5+ words ( ! fir/  
tablet are pres]v$1 & =m z usual  !     
title ( ! s]ies1 b ! expressions us$ are

 obscure f want  ( any context to expla9
 !m4 ,!re are two pr9cipal or key-words1
  naqbi & kug>2 ! fir/ ( :i* means 8a   
*annel10 & is m  p>ticul>ly appli$ to ! 
canals ) :i* ,babylonia 0 int]sect$  &  
wat]$1 :ile ! second is ! comp\nd       
ideograph :i* lit]ally  signifies       
8m9i/]0 or 8s]vant ( "w40 ,x 0 ! special
 title  ( ,izdub>1 :o1 l 8 ,greek d\ble 
,h]akles1 0 celebrat$ =  #8! twelve     
lab\rs' he successfully und]took4 ,!    
title _h no d\bt  be5 orig9ally giv5 to 
! fire-god1 9 :om primitive man sees 8  
mo/ useful s]vant & workman4 ,! fir/ l9e
 ( ! ,epic w\ld  consequ5tly h run3 8,! 
canals1 ! toil+ h]o1 ! god ,izdub>1  _h 
se540 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ! title ( ,izdub>
 is writt5 ,zic>1  t is1 8! male0 or    
8h]o40    ,aft] ! head+ & op5+ l9e !re  
is a consid]able blank 9 !  /ory1 two   
columns ( writ+ be+ entirely lo/4 ,x is 
probable t  ?is "p conta9$ ! acc\nt ( ! 
p>5tage & previ\s hi/ory  ( ,izdub>1 =m+
 ! introduction to ! /ory4 ,9 !         
subsequ5t  portions ( ! hi/ory !re is v 

little in=mation to supply !  loss ( ?is
 "p ( ! inscription2 b x appe>s t ! "m  
( ,izdub> 0 nam$ ,dannat1 :i* signifies 
8! p[]ful lady40 ,8  fa!r is n nam$ 9   
any ( our pres5t fragm5ts1 b he is      
ref]r$  to 9 ! ?ird tablet4 ,he 0 no    
d\bt a deity1 possibly ! ,sun-god1  :o  
is suppos$ to int]f]e v mu* 9 8 behalf4 
,:5 ,izdub>1  ! old god ( fire1 aft]    
fir/ becom+ a =m ( ! sol> deity1  0     
f9ally p]sonifi$ & reg>d$ z a mighty    
lead]1 /rong 9 w>  & hunt+1 he 0 turn$  
into a giant1 "o ( ! my?ical mon>*s  :o 
_h rul$ 9 ,babylonia 9 long-pa/ days1 & 
_h subdu$ ! _m  petty k+doms into :i* ! 
valley ( ! ,euphrates 0 !n divid$4    ,!
 c5tre ( ! empire ( ,izdub> is laid 9 ! 
region ( ,%9>1  or ,sumir1 ,ere* 8!     
l(ty0 be+ ! *ief seat ( 8 p[]1 &  ?us   
agrees ) ! site ( ! k+dom ( ,nimrod1    
accord+ to  ,g5esis x4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 :]e 
we read3 8,& ,cu% begat ,nimrod3 he     
began  to be a mighty "o 9 ! e>?4 ,he 0 
a mighty hunt] be=e !  ,"l3 :]e=e x is  
said1 ev5 z ,nimrod ! mighty hunt] be=e 

! ,"l4 ,& ! beg9n+ ( 8 k+dom 0 ,babel1 &
 ,ere*1 &  ,accad1 & ,calneh1 9 ! l& (  
,%9>40 ,we _c ov]look ! fact  t ! "* (  
,izdub> z hunt]1 lead]1 & k+1           
corresponds  ) t ( ,nimrod4 ,cu%1 ! fa!r
 ( ,nimrod1 may be id5tifi$  ) ,cusu1   
,cusi or ,cus1 ! ,accadian deity (      
sunset & night4 ,!  ^w 9 ,accadian      
signifi$ 8re/0 & 8d>kness10 & is        
translat$  by ! ,assyrian nakhu 8to     
re/10 & nukhu or nukh 8re/40 ,?is  latt]
 ^w is id5tical ) ! ,biblical ,noah4 ,x 
is v possible1  !re=e1 t ,cu%1 ! fa!r ( 
,nimrod1 has no?+ to d )  ,cu% or       
,e?iopia1 ! son ( ,ham1 ! two be+ set   
side by side 9  ,g5esis m]ely on acc\nt 
( ! simil>ity ( _! names4 ,9 ?is  case  
all ! e?nological difficulties occasion$
 by ! belief t  ! ,accadians (          
,babylonia 7 ,cu%ites1 & connect$ )     
,egypt or  ,e?iopia1 w be avoid$4 ,x is 
curi\s to f9d ! ,*ri/ian writ]s         
id5tify+ ,nimrod ) ,eve*\s1 ! fir/ k+ ( 
,babylon1 accord+  to ,b]osus1 aft] !   
flood4    ,! next passage 9 ,g5esis aft]

 ! "o describ+ ,nimrod's dom9ion  may   
also ref] to ,nimrod1 if we read ) !    
m>g91 8,out ( t l&  he w5t =? to        
,assyria10 in/ead ( 8,out ( t l& w5t =? 
,assur40 ,^! v]ses w !n read 7,g5esis x4
 #aa1 #ab73 8,out ( t  l& he w5t =? to  
,assyria1 & build$ ,n9eveh1 & ! suburbs 
(  ! city1 & ,calah1 & ,res51 betwe5    
,n9eveh & ,calah3 ! same is  a great    
city40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t     
,assur 0 reg>d$  by ! ,assyrians z _!   
supreme god & eponym\s f\nd]1 & t  9    
,micah v4 #f1 8! l& ( ,assur0 & 8! l& ( 
,nimrod0 seem to  be contra/$ ) "o      
ano!r4 ,b x is possible to consid] !    
two expressions 9 ! latt] passage to be 
bo? appli$ to ! same  c\ntry4    ,aft] !
 date ( ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  
we "k no?+  ( ,nimrod = "s "t2 x is     
probable t he 0 fully m5tion$  by       
,b]osus 9 8 hi/ory1 b 8 acc\nt ( ! giant
 hunt] has  be5 lo/4 ,! reason ( ?is    
appe>s to be1 t a belief _h gr[n  up    
among e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s t ! ,biblical
 ,nimrod 0 !  fir/ k+ ( ,babylonia aft] 

! ,flood1 & look+ at ! li/ (  ,b]osus !y
 f\nd t aft] ! ,flood accord+ to him    
,eve*\s  fir/ reign$ 9 ,babylonia1 & at 
once assum$ t ! ,eve*\s (  ,b]osus 0 !  
,nimrod ( ! ,bible2 b z ,eve*\s has giv5
 to him  ! extravagant reign ( f\r n]s  
or #b1djj ye>s1 & 8 son &  successor1   
,*omasbelus1 f\r n]s & five sosses1 or  
#b1gjj ye>s1 ?is  id5tification gives   
little hope ( our f9d+ an hi/orical     
,nimrod4    ,x is possible t ?is        
id5tification ( ,nimrod ) ,eve*\s1 made 
by ! e>ly *ronologi/s1 has caus$ !m to  
ov]look 8 "n &  true epo* 9 ! li/ (     
,b]osus1 & has ?us lo/ to u 8 position  
9 ! s]ies ( ,babylonian sov]eigns4      
,belong+ to ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian
 era are ! works (  v>i\s ,jewi% &      
,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o h made u famili> ) a
  numb] ( lat] traditions conc]n+       
,nimrod4 ,josephus decl>es t  he 0 a    
prime mov] 9 build+ ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 an 
enemy ( ,god1  & t he reign$ at ,babylon
 dur+ ! disp]sion4 ,lat] writ]s  make   
him a contempor>y ) ,abraham1 ! inv5tor 

( idol wor%ip1  & a furi\s wor%ipp] (   
fire4 ,at ! city ( ,orfa1 9 ,syria1 he  
is  said to h ca/ ,abraham into a burn+ 
fi]y furnace because he w\ld  n b[ d[n  
to 8 idols4 ,^! leg5ds h be5 tak5 up by 
!  ,arabs1 & al?\gh 8 hi/ory has be5 lo/
 & replac$ by absurd  & wor?less /ories1
 ,nimrod /ill rema9s ! mo/ prom95t "n 9 
! traditions ( ! c\ntry2 ev]y?+ good or 
evil is attribut$ to  him1 & ! mo/      
important ru9s are ev5 n[ call$ aft] 8  
"n4  ,f ! "t ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s   
d[n to to-day1 m5 h  be5 busy fram+     
sy/ems ( g5]al *ronology1 & s9ce ,nimrod
 0  always kn[n z a fam\s sov]eign x 0  
necess>y to f9d a def9ite  place = him 9
 ea* *ronological s*eme4 ,africanus &   
,eusebius held  t he 0 ! ,eve*\s (      
,b]osus1 & reign$ fir/ aft] ! ,flood4   
,moses ( ,khor5e id5tifi$ him ) ,bel1 ! 
great god ( ,babylon2  & he is said to h
 ext5d$ 8 dom9ions to ! foot ( !        
,arm5ian m\nta9s1 fall+ 9 battle !re :5 
attempt+ to en=ce  8 au?ority ov] ,haic1
 k+ ( ,arm5ia4 ,o!r writ]s id5tifi$     

,nimrod ) ,n9us1 ! my?ical f\nd] ( !    
city ( ,n9eveh4 ,^!  rema9$ ! pr9cipal  
id5tifications be=e mod]n rese>* took up
  ! matt]2 b s wide a door 0 op5 to     
conjecture1 t "o writ]  actually        
id5tifi$ ,nimrod ) ! ,alorus ( ,b]osus1 
! fir/ k+  ( ,babylonia be=e ! ,flood4  
,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s !ories ab\t ,nimrod1 
sugge/$ 9 mod]n  times1 0 gr\nd$ on !   
8,book ( ,nabatean ,agriculture40 ,?is  
"w is  a comp>atively mod]n =g]y1       
pret5d+ to be a lit]>y production  ( !  
e>ly ,*aldean p]iod4 ,9 ?is "w ,nimrod  
heads a li/ (  ,babylonian k+s call$    
,canaanite1 & a writ] 9 ! 8,j\rnal (    
,sacr$ ,lit]ature0 has argu$ )          
consid]able =ce 9 fav\r (  ^!           
,canaanites be+ ! ,arabs ( ,b]osus1 :o  
reign$ ab\t ,b4,c4  #aeej to #acjj4 ,!  
s\!rn half ( ,arabia is kn[n z ,cu% 9 ! 
,old  ,te/am5t l ! opposite coa/ (      
,africa1 &1 z ,nimrod is call$  a       
,cu%ite 9 ,g5esis1 !re 0 a great        
temptation to id5tify him  ) ! lead] ( !
 ,arab dyna/y4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 ga9$   

little  fav\r1 & has n be5 held by any  
section ( inquir]s z fix+  ! position ( 
,nimrod4 ,! discov]y ( ! cunei=m        
inscriptions  ?rew a new light on !     
subject ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 & soon    
aft]  ! deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions     
att5tion 0 direct$ to !  "q ( ! id5tity 
& age ( ,nimrod4 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 !
  fa!r ( ,assyrian discov]y1 fir/       
s]i\sly attempt$ to fix ! "n  ( ,nimrod 
9 ! cunei=m inscriptions1 & he endeav\r$
 to f9d  ! "n 9 t ( ! second god ( !    
great ,*aldean triad4 7,see  ,rawl9son's
 8,anci5t ,mon>*ies10 vol4 i4 p4 #aag47 
,! names ( ?is  deity are really ,enu1  
,elum1 & ,bel1 & he 0 evid5tly wor%ipp$ 
at  ! dawn ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 & is 9 
fact repres5t$ z "o (  ! creators ( !   
_w2 "t1 moreov]1 has %[n t ! cunei=m    
*>act]s on :i* ! id5tification 0 gr\nd$ 
d n be> !  phonetic values !n suppos$4  
,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son also sugge/$       
78,anci5t ,mon>*ies10 p4 #acf7 t  ! god 
,n]gal 0 a deification ( ,nimrod4       
,n]gal1 h[ev]1 :i*  means lit]ally 8!   

illum9ator ( ,hades10 0 a god ( ! l[]   
_w1 & ev5 if ,nimrod 0 deifi$ "u ! "n ( 
,n]gal ?is  does n expla9 8 position or 
epo*4    ,canon ,rawl9son1 bro!r ( ,sir 
,h5ry1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8  8,anci5t    
,mon>*ies10 p4 #aec1 & foll[+1 makes "s 
judici\s  rem>ks on ! *ronological      
position ( ,nimrod1 & sugge/s t he  may 
h reign$ a c5tury or two be=e ,b4,c4    
#bbhf2 he ass]ts !  hi/orical "* ( 8    
reign1 & supposes him to h f\nd$ !      
,babylonian mon>*y1 b does n himself    
id5tify him ) any k+  kn[n f !          
inscriptions4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is 0 writt5  
7#ahga71  ! conclusions ( ,canon        
,rawl9son 7 ! mo/ satisfactory t  _h be5
 advanc$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ! cunei=m    
inscriptions4  ,s9ce ?is "t1 h[ev]1 "s  
new !ories h be5 />t$1 ) !  idea (      
id5tify+ ,nimrod2 "o ( ^!1 br\ght =w>d  
by ,pr(essor  ,opp]t1 makes ! ^w a      
geographical t]m1 b su* an explanation  
is  evid5tly q insuffici5t to acc\nt = !
 traditions atta*$ to  ! "n4    ,ano!r  
!ory br\ght =w>d by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4     

,sayce & ,josef  ,grivel1 8,transactions
 ( ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology10 vol4
 ii4  "p #b1 p4 #bdc1 & vol4 iii4 "p #a1
 p4 #acf1 id5tifies ,nimrod )  ,m]oda*1 
! god ( ,babylon2 p>tly on ! gr\nd ( !  
simil>ity (  "n1 ,m]oda* be+ ,am>-utuci 
or ,am>-ud 9 ,accadian1 p>tly because   
,m]oda* ! patron-deity ( ,babylon /ood 9
 ! same relation to t  city t ,as%ur did
 to ,assyria 7see ,micah v4 #f71 & p>tly
 s9ce we  f9d ,m]oda* call$ 8a h]o0 l   
,nimrod 9 ,g5esis1 & assign$  8f\r div9e
 dogs0 z ?\gh he 7 a hunt]4 ,^! dogs are
 ,uccumu  8! despoil]10 ,acculu 8!      
dev\r]10 ,icsuda 8! captur]10 &  ,iltebu
 8! c>ri] away40 ,m]oda*1 x mu/ be      
rememb]$1 is always  repres5t$ z a man1 
& is arm$ ) weapons ( w>4    ,mr4 ,smi? 
fir/ fanci$ t ,nimrod might be          
,khammuragas1 :om he  id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ 
,arab k+ ( ,b]osus1 z ?is l9e ( k+s     
appe>$ to be connect$ ) ! ,cossans4 ,?is
 id5tification  fail+1 aft] ! discov]y (
 ! ,deluge tablet 9 #ahgb1 he           
conjectur$ t ! h]o ^: "n is             

provisionally read ,izdub> is  ! ,nimrod
 ( ! ,bible1 a conjecture :i* has s9ce  
be5 adopt$ by  sev]al o!r s*ol>s4    ,! 
supposition t ,nimrod 0 an e?nic or     
geographical "n1  :i* 0 at "o "t fav\r$ 
by ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 & has s9ce  be5
 urg$ by ,pr(essor ,opp]t1 is q         
unt5able1 = x w\ld be  impossible on ?is
 !ory to acc\nt = c]ta9 features 9 :at  
we  are told ( ! h]o4    ,mr4 ,smi?'s   
op9ion t he 0 ! h]o ( ! ,izdub> ,epic 0 
fir/  f\nd$ on ! discov]y t ! latt] =m$ 
! c5tre ( !  national hi/orical poetry1 
& 0 ! h]o ( ,babylonian leg5d--9  fact1 
occupies mu* ! same place z ,nimrod 9   
lat] ,arab tradition4    ,izdub>1       
moreov]1 agrees exactly 9 "* ) ,nimrod2 
he 0  a hunt]1 accord+ to ! cunei=m     
leg5ds1 :o cont5d$ ) &  de/roy$ ! lion1 
tig]1 leop>d1 & wild bull or buffalo1   
animals  ! mo/ =midable 9 ! *ase 9 any  
c\ntry4 ,he rul$ fir/ 9  ,babylonia ov] 
! region :i* f o!r s\rces we "k to h    
be5 ! c5tre ( ,nimrod's k+dom4 ,!       
pr9cipal sc5e1 too1 (  8 exploits &     

triumphs 0 ! city ( ,ere*1 :i*1 accord+ 
to  ,g5esis1 0 ! second capital (       
,nimrod4    ,!re rema9s ! fact t !      
cunei=m "n ( ?is h]o is  undeciph]$1 !  
"n ,izdub> be+ a m]e make%ift4 ,x is    
possible  t :5 ! phonetic read+ ( !     
*>act]s is f\nd x w turn  out to        
correspond ) ! "n ,nimrod4 ,at all ev5ts
 x is notewor?y  t ,izdub> seems to h   
be5 specially connect$ ) ! t[n (  ,m>ad1
 ! orig9al ,accadian "n ( :i* 0 ,am>da1 
& t !  ,accadian an ,am>da or 8god (    
,am>da10 closely corresponds ) !        
,biblical "n ( ,nimrod4 ,! translations 
& notes giv5 9 ?is book  w lead1 p]haps1
 to ! g5]al admission ( ! id5tity ( !   
h]o ,izdub> ) ! traditional ,nimrod2 b  
?is result c be firmly  e/abli%$ only :5
 m evid5ce is be=e u ?an t :i* we  h at 
pres5t4    ,at ! "t ( ! op5+ ( ! ,epic1 
! great city ( ! s\?  ( ,babylonia1 & ! 
capital ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 0 ,uruk1   
call$ 9 ,g5esis1 ,ere*4 ,ere* 0 devot$  
to ! wor%ip ( ,anu1 !  god ( heav51 & 8 
wife1 ! goddess ,anatu1 z well z ( ,i/>1

  ! ,phnician ,a%tore?1 or ,a/>te1 ! my?
 ( ^: love = !  ,sun-god ,dumuzi or     
,tammuz1 ! ,adonis ( ,greek /ory1 is    
allud$ to 9  ! c\rse ( ! poem4 ,! wor%ip
 ( ,anatu1 h[ev]1 0 subsequ5t  to !     
,semitic occupation ( ! c\ntry1 s9ce !  
necessity (  provid+ a female deity by !
 side ( e male "o 0 n felt  until !     
,accadians1 ^: language 0 unacqua9t$ )  
g5d]s1 7  succe$$ by ! ,semites ) _!    
n\ns ei!r mascul9e or fem99e4    ,"h may
 provisionally be plac$ ! fir/ fragm5t (
 ! ,izdub>  leg5ds1 ,k #cbjj4 ,?is      
fragm5t consi/s ( "p ( ! ?ird column (  
a tablet1 :i* is probably ! fir/2 & x   
gives an acc\nt ( a  conque/ ( ,ere* by 
its enemies4 ,! fragm5t reads3--    #a4 
8 44444 he left    #b4 4444444 & he goes
 d[n to ! riv]1    #c4 4444 9 ! riv] 8  
%ip is made good4    #d4 4444 he is 4444
 & he weeps bitt]ly    #e4 4444 plac$1 !
 city ( ,ganganna :i* _h 7suff]$7       
de/ruction4    #f4 4444 _! samuri 777 %e
 asses    #g4 4444 _! raburi 777 great  
wild bulls4    #h4 ,l cattle ! p fe>s1  

#i4 l doves ! slaves m\rn4    #aj4 ,!   
gods ( ,ere* ! l(ty    #aa4 turn$ to    
flies & brood 9 sw>ms4    #ab4 ,!       
spirits 7s$u7 ( ,ere* ! l(ty    #ac4    
turn$ to cocks & w5t =? 9 outpo/s4      
#ad4 ,= ?ree ye>s ! city ( ,ere* does ! 
enemy besiege1    #ae4 ! great gates 7  
?r[n d[n & trampl$ ^u1    #af4 ! goddess
 ,i/> be=e its enemies c\ld n lift h]   
head4    #ag4 ,bel 8 m\? op5$ & speaks1 
#ah4 to ,i/> ! que5 a spee* he makes3   
#ai4 44444 9 ! mid/ ( ,nipur my h&s h   
plac$1    #bj4 4444 my c\ntry8 ,babylon 
7,d9-tir7 ! h\se ( my delight1    #ba4  
my 4444 ,i gave my h&s4    #bb4 44444 he
 0 fav\rable to ! sanctu>ies    #bc4    
44444 9 ! day 4444    #bd4 44444 ! great
 gods4 4444    ,"h we h a graphic acc\nt
 ( ! condition ( ,ere*1 :5 !  enemy     
ov]ran ! c\ntry1 & ! fir/ "q :i* occurs 
is1 :o  7 ^! conqu]ors8 ,conjecture is  
idle 9 ! want ( evid5ce4  ,!y may h be5 
! ,semitic successors ( ! ,accadians1 !y
 may  h be5 ! ,m$es ( ,b]osus1 or !y may
 h be5 tribes :o belong  only to ! realm

 ( my?ology4 ,mr4 ,smi? believ$ t !y 7 !
  subjects ( ,khumbaba1 ! tyrant ^: dea?
 is relat$ 9 ! f\r?  book ( ! ,epic1 &  
:o rul$ ov] ! l& ( ,elam4    ,! "n (    
,khumbaba1 or ,khubaba1 z x is          
occasionally writt51 is  probably a     
comp\nd ( 8,khumba10 or 8,khumbume10 !  
"n ( "o ( !  *ief ,elamite gods4 ,_m o!r
 ,elamite names comp\nd$ ) ,khumba  are 
m5tion$ 9 ! inscriptions3 ,khumba-sidir1
 an e>ly *ief2  ,khumba-undasa1 an      
,elamite g5]al oppos$ to ,s5na*]ib2     
,khumba-nigas1  an ,elamite mon>* oppos$
 to ,s>gon2 ,tul-khumba1 an ,elamite    
city1 c4    ,! notice ( =eign dom9ion1 &
 p>ticul>ly ( ,elamite supremacy  at ?is
 "t1 may1 p]haps1 =m a clue f :i* to    
asc]ta9 !  approximate age ( ! poems z  
we h !m4 ,we "k t my?s are  localiz$ 9 !
 c\ntry ( ^? :o h& !m d[n to po/]ity1 & 
assign$ to an age :i* has made an       
impression on _! n>rators4  ,!re mu/ h  
be5 "s reason = ! leg5d>y siege &       
capture (  ,ere*1 "s actual ev5t ar\nd  
:i* ! /ory ( ,izdub> has entw9$  itself4

    ,look+ at ! fragm5ts ( ,b]osus & !  
notices ( ,greek & ,roman  au?ors1 we   
may ask :e!r !re is any epo* ( conque/ &
 =eign  dom9ion :i* c be fix$ ^u z      
repres5t+ su* an actual ev5t8  ,let u   
glance = a mom5t at ! e>li] hi/ory (    
,babylonia s f>  z x is kn[n to u4    ,!
 e>li] "p ( ! li/ ( dyna/ies quot$ f    
,b]osus gives !  foll[+ p]iods f !      
,flood d[nw>ds3--     #hf ,*aldean k+s f
 ! ,flood d[n to ! ,m$ian conque/1      
reign+   = #cd1jhj or #cc1jia ye>s4     
#h ,m$ian k+s :o conqu]$ & held         
,babylon1 #bcd1 or #bbd1 or #aij   ye>s4
     #aa o!r k+s1 race & duration       
unkn[n4     #di ,*aldean k+s1 = #deh    
ye>s4    ,! la/ ( ^! dyna/ies prec$$ a  
dyna/y ( k+s call$ ,arabian  by !       
copyi/s ( ,b]osus1 & ?\gh nei!r ! numb] 
( ! reigns  nor ! l5g? ( "t assign$ to !
 dyna/y agrees ) :at !  monum5ts tell u 
( ! ,cassite or ,cossan l9e ( k+s1 !re  
is  no o!r l9e :i* c 9 any way be       
id5tifi$ ) ! ,arabians  ( ! ,babylonian 
hi/orian4 ,! #di ,*aldean k+s mu/1      

!re=e1  h reign$ be=e ,khammuragas1 t is
 be=e ,b4,c4 #bjjj-agej4 ,n[  an        
inscription ( ,nabonidus in=ms u t      
,lig-bagas1 ! fir/  mon>* ( all ,*aldea 
( :om we "k1 fl\ri%$ #gjj ye>s ant]ior  
to ! reign ( ,khammuragas2 he w\ld1     
!re=e1 come among ! #aa  nameless k+s ( 
,b]osus1 suppos+ any reliance c be plac$
 on !  /atem5ts ( ! latt]1 & ab\t #bej  
ye>s be=e ! accession (  ! ,*aldean     
dyna/y4 ,b ! engrav$ cyl9d]s & seals ( !
  age ( ,lig-bagas %[ t ! leg5d (       
,izdub> 0 already popul>1  & we mu/     
accord+ly seek a /ill old] p]iod 9 :i*  
to place  its orig9 & atta*m5t to a     
p>ticul> hi/orical ev5t4 ,h5ce x  may   
well be t ! siege ( ,ere*1 ! memory (   
:i* is pres]v$  9 ! fir/ book ( !       
,izdub> ,epic1 0 ! "w ( ^? =eign        
invad]s :om ! ,babylonian hi/orian has  
t]m$ ,m$ian4    ,n[ x is n improbable t 
! ,m$ian dyna/y 0 really ,elamite2 or   
at all ev5ts belong$ to ! same race z ! 
primitive inhabitants (  ,elam4 ,?is    
race 0 closely alli$ to ! ,accadians2 & 

x 0 spread  ov] ! :ole range ( c\ntry   
:i* /ret*$ f ! s\!rn  %ores ( ! ,caspian
 to ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! ,protom$es1 z !y
 are  sometimes call$1 7 n conqu]$ &    
supplant$ by ,aryan invad]s  f ! ea/    
till ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x 0 9 _!      
c\ntry t  ,kh>sak-kurra1 8! ,m\nta9 ( ! 
,ea/10 0 localiz$ :]eon !  ,accadians & 
_! k9sfolk 9 ,elam & ,m$ia believ$ ! ark
 to  h re/$ aft] ! ,flood1 & :i* !y     
reg>d$ z ! cradle  ( _! race4 ,x 0 !re=e
 pre-em95tly 8! l&10 mada 9  ,accadian1 
& f ?is mada !re is e reason to ?9k ! "n
  ( ,m$ia has be5 d]iv$4 ,consequ5tly1 !
 ,m$ians ( ,b]osus1 !  inhabitants (    
mada 8! l&0 ( ! ea/1 ne$ n h be5 m  ?an 
"o ( ! _m ,elamite sw>ms t f "t to "t   
desc5d$  into ! f]tile pla9s (          
,babylonia1 & n unfrequ5tly obta9$  a   
settlem5t !re4 ,su* 7 ! ,accadians1 or  
8,highl&]s0  !mselves2 su*1 too1 ! two  
,cassite or ,cossan dyna/ies :i* we     
le>n f ! monum5ts long held sway ov]    
,*aldea4    ,illu/ration3 ,,migration   
,,( ,,ea/]n ,,tribe2 ,,f ,,e>ly         

,,babylonian  ,,cyl9d]4    ,an e>ly     
,babylonian cyl9d]1 :i* came f ,ere* &  
orig9ally  belong$ to a memb] ( ! royal 
family ( t city1 pres5ts u  ) a curi\s  
picture ( a rude nomad tribe app>5tly   
arriv+ 9  ,babylonia4 ,! *ief m>*es 9   
front arm$ ) b[ & arr[s1 &  we>+ ! same 
k9d ( boots ) turn$-up ends z di/+ui%$ !
  ,hittites 9 anci5t times & are /ill   
worn 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,greece4  ,!y      
indicate t ! we>] came f a cold &       
m\nta9\s c\ntry4  ,! animals' sk9s :i*  
compose ! dresses ( 8 ?ree reta9]s  also
 po9t to a simil> conclusion4 ,besides !
 reta9]s1 ! wife (  ! *ief is depict$1 z
 well z two slaves :o c>ry "s objects   
on _! %\ld]s4 ,un=tunately no light is  
ca/ ^u ! gr\p  by ! inscription1 :i*    
simply /ates t ! cyl9d] belong$  to     
8,gibil-dur 7or ,ne-,zicum71 ! bro!r ( !
 k+ ( ,ere*1 !  libr>ian1 ?y s]vant40   
,all we c ga!r f x is t ! fam\s  libr>y 
( ,ere*1 :i* furni%$ ,assur-bani-pal & 8
 scribes )  ! orig9al texts ( ! ,izdub> 
,epic1 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 &  t ! (fice

 ( libr>ian 0 consid]$ hon\rable en\gh  
to be  borne by a bro!r ( ! reign+      
mon>*4    ,if ! leg5d>y siege ( ,ere* is
 n to be ref]r$ to ! epo*  ( ! ,m$ian   
conque/1 x may h fall5 at ! "t :5 !     
image ( ! goddess ,nana 0 c>ri$ away f  
,ere* by ! ,elamite  k+                 
,kudur-nankhundi1 #afce ye>s be=e !     
capture ( ,%u%an1 !  capital ( ,elam1 by
 ! ,assyrians 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #fde71 &     
consequ5tly  ab\t ,b4,c4 #bbhj4 ,a      
fragm5t :i* ref]s to ?is p]iod 9        
8,cunei=m  ,inscriptions10 vol4 iii4 p4 
#ch1 relates ! de/ruction wr\ght 9 !    
c\ntry by ! ,elamites1 & makes          
,kudur-nankhundi foll[ "o ( !  o!r      
mon>*s ( an ,elamite dyna/y & exce$ 8   
pr$ecessors 9 !  injury he did to !     
c\ntry4    ,putt+ toge!r ! deta*$       
notices ( ?is p]iod1 ! foll[+ may       
approximately repres5t ! *ronology1 !   
dates be+ und]/ood z  r\nd numb]s4    8 
,b4,c4 #bgej1 ,elamites 7,m$es7 ov]run  
,babylonia4    ,b4,c4 #bbhj1            
,kudur-nankhundi1 k+ ( ,elam1 ravages   

,ere*4    ,b4,c4 #ahjj1 ,khammuragas    
conqu]s ,babylonia4    ,al?\gh ! dates  
transmitt$ ?r\gh anci5t au?ors are z a  
rule  vague & d\btful1 !re are _m       
indep5d5t notices :i* seem to  po9t to  
some:]e ab\t ! tw5ty-?ird c5tury be=e ! 
,*ri/ian  era = ! f\ndation ( !         
,babylonian & ,assyrian p[]4 ,sev]al  ( 
^! dates are connect$ ei!r directly or  
by implication )  ,nimrod1 :o fir/ =m$ a
 unit$ empire ov] ^! regions4    ,!     
foll[+ are "s ( ^! notices3--           
,simplicius relates t ,calli/h5es1 !    
fri5d ( ,alex&]1 s5t to  ,ari/otle f    
,babylon a s]ies ( /ell> obs]vations    
rea*+ back  #a1ijc ye>s be=e ! tak+ (   
,babylon by ,alex&]4 ,?is w\ld make     
#aijc  #cca  ,b4,c4 #bbcd4    ,b]osus & 
,critodemus are said by ,pl9y to h made 
! inscrib$  /ell> obs]vations rea* to   
#dhj ye>s be=e ! era ( ,phoroneus2 z  ! 
latt] date 0 suppos$ to be ab\t ! middle
 ( ! eighte5?  c5tury ,b4,c41 #dhj ye>s 
be=e x comes also to ab\t ! p]iod (     
,kudur-nankhundi4    ,diodorus makes !  

,assyrian empire comm5ce a ?\s& ye>s or 
m  be=e ! ,trojan w>4    ,ctesias &     
,cephalion make its f\ndation e>ly 9 !  
tw5ty-second  c5tury ,b4,c4    ,! two   
la/ /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 are probably d]iv$ 
f ,ctesias1  ^: s-call$ hi/ory has be5  
%[n by cunei=m deciph]m5t to  h be5 a   
m]e fiction put toge!r out ( misund]/ood
 my?s  & fragm5ts ( !ology4 ,9 any case1
 too1 !y apply only to !  f\ndation ( ! 
,assyrian p[]1 :i* 0 mod]n z comp>$ )  t
 ( ,babylonia1 9 spite ( ! ass]tion (   
,s>gon1 :o boa/s (  hav+ be5 prec$$ on !
 ?rone by #cej k+s4    ,( ! latt] "p ( !
 fir/ tablet ( ! ,izdub> ,epic we h z   
yet no k4          ,,*apt] ,,xii4       
,,meet+ ,,( ,,hea-,,bani ,,& ,,izdub>4  
,dream ( ,izdub>4--,hea-bani4--,8       
wisdom4--,8 solit>y life4--,izdub>'s    
petition4--,zaidu4--,kh>imtu &          
,samkhat4--,tempt ,hea-bani4--,might &  
fame   ( ,izdub>4--,spee* (             
,hea-bani4--,8 j\rney to ,ere*4--,!     
midannu or   tig]4--,fe/ival at         
,ere*4--,dream ( ,izdub>4--,fri5d%ip )  

,hea-bani4      ,9 ?is *apt] are includ$
 ! fragm5ts ( :at appe> to be !  second 
& ?ird tablets or books4 ,9 ?is section 
( ! /ory ,izdub>  comes prom95tly =w>d1 
& meets ) ,hea-bani4 ,! notice ( 8  "m  
,dannat appe>s 9 "o ( ! tablets giv5 9  
?is *apt]4    ,izdub>1 9 ! ,babylonian &
 ,assyrian sculptures1 is always        
repres5t$ ) a m>k$ physiognomy1 & 8     
peculi>ities c be  se5 by notic+ !      
photograph f a ,babylonian gem at !     
beg9n+  ( ! book1 ! engrav+ f an        
,assyrian sculpture 9 ! la/  *apt]1 & ! 
engrav+ 9 page #bdi %[+ ,izdub> &       
,hea-bani  /ruggl+ ) wild animals4 ,9   
all ^! cases1 & 9 e o!r  in/ance :]e    
,izdub> is repres5t$1 he is indicat$ z a
 man )  masses ( curls ov] 8 head & a   
l>ge curly be>d4 ,! type is s  m>k$ & s 
di/9ct f ei!r ! ,assyrian or !          
,babylonian "o  t x is h>d to say to :at
 race x %\ld be atta*$4    ,! deity (   
,izdub> 0 ,lugal-turda1 ! god :o 0 *ang$
 into !  bird ( /orm accord+ to ! old   
my?1 f :i* x may be suppos$  t he 0 a   

native ( ! di/rict ( ,am>da or ,m>ad1   
:]e t  god 0 wor%ipp$4 ,?is di/rict ,mr4
 ,smi? ?\ght 0 probably !  ,amordacia or
 ,m>doca ( ,ptolemy1 b its situation is 
unc]ta94    ,! fragm5ts ( ! second &    
?ird tablets assume by _! notices  t    
,izdub> 0 already kn[n z a mighty hunt]1
 & x appe>s a  little lat] t he claim$  
desc5t f ! old ,babylonian h]oes1 z  he 
calls ,xisu?rus1 ! ,*aldean ,noah1 8    
8fa!r40      ,,tablet ,,ii4    ,a s+le  
fragm5t :i* ,mr4 ,smi? believ$ to belong
 to ?is tablet has  be5 f\nd2 x is ,k   
#cchi1 & conta9s "p ( ! ?ird & f\r?     
columns ( writ+4 ,x appe>s f ?is t      
,izdub> 0 !n at  ,ere*1 & _h a curi\s   
dream4 ,he ?\ght he saw ! />s ( heav5   
fall to ! gr\nd1 & 9 _! desc5t !y /ruck 
^u 8 back4  ,he !n saw /&+ ov] him a    
t]rible be+1 ! aspect ( ^:  face 0      
fi]ce1 & :o 0 arm$ ) claws1 l ! claws ( 
lions4  ,! great] "p ( ! description ( !
 dream is lo/2 x probably  occupi$      
,columns ,i4 & ,,ii4 ( ! second tablet4 
,?9k+ t !  dream port5d$ "s fate to     

himself1 ,izdub> calls on all ! wise m5 
to expla9 x1 & (f]s a rew>d to any "o :o
 c int]pret !  dream4 ,"h ! fragm5t ,k  
#cchi comes 93      ,,column ,,iii4     
#a4 4444 ru kili ,i 4444    #b4 4444 he 
& ! pr9ces may he 444    #c4 4444 9 !   
vic9ity s5d him1    #d4 4444 may !y     
ennoble 8 family1    #e4 4444 at ! head 
( 8 fea/ may he set !e    #f4 4444 may  
he array !e 9 jewels & gold    #g4 4444 
may he enclose !e    #h4 4444 9 8 4444  
seat !e    #i4 into ! h\ses ( ! gods may
 he cause !e to ent]    #aj4 4444 sev5  
wives    #aa4 4444 cause illness 9 8    
/oma*    #ab4 4444 w5t up alone    #ac4 
4444 8 heav9ess to 8 fri5d    #ad4 4444 
a dream ,i dream$ 9 my sleep    #ae4    
4444 ! />s ( heav5 fell to ! e>?    #af4
 4444 ,i /ood /ill    #ag4 4444 8 face  
#ah4 4444 8 face 0 t]rible    #ai4 4444 
l ! claws ( a lion1 7 8 claws4    #bj4  
4444 ! /r5g? 9 me    #ba4 4444 he slew  
#bb4 4444 me    #bc4 4444 ov] me    #bd4
 4444 corpse 4444    ,! fir/ "p ( ?is   
fragm5t appe>s to rec\nt ! hon\rs (f]$  

by ,izdub> to any "o :o %\ld int]pret ! 
dream4 ,^! includ$  ! ennobl+ ( 8       
family1 8 recognition 9 assemblies1 8   
be+  inve/$ ) jewels ( hon\r1 & 8 wives 
be+ increas$4 ,a  description ( ! dream 
( ! h]o1 mu* mutilat$1 foll[s4 ,!       
conduct ( ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! ,book (     
,daniel1 ) ref]5ce to 8  dreams1 be>s "s
 resemblance to t ( ,izdub>4    ,aft]   
?is fragm5t we h aga9 a blank 9 ! /ory1 
& x w\ld  appe> t 9 ?is int]val         
application 0 made to a nondescript     
creature nam$ ,hea-bani t he w\ld g to !
 city ( ,ere* &  int]pret ! dream (     
,izdub>4    ,hea-bani appe>s1 f !       
repres5tations on seals & o!r objects   
on :i* he is figur$1 to h be5 a satyr or
 faun4 ,he is always  drawn ) ! feet &  
tail ( an ox1 & ) horns on 8 head4 ,he  
is said to h liv$ 9 a cave among ! wild 
animals ( ! =e/1  & 0 suppos$ to possess
 wond]ful k bo? ( nature &  human       
affairs4 ,9 appe>ance he resembles !    
se'irim or hairy  demons1 half m51 half 
goats1 :o inhabit$ ! des]ts & 7  a t]ror

 to pass]s-by4 ,ref]5ce is made to !m 9 
,lev4 xvii4 #g1  #b ,*ron4 xi4 #ae1 ,is4
 xiii4 #ba1 xxxiv4 #ad1 f :i* we le>n t 
wor%ip 0 paid to !m1 & t !y 7 suppos$ to
 be specially  connect$ ) ! neighb\rhood
 ( ,babylon4 ,hea-bani 0 angry at !     
reque/ t he %\ld ab&on 8 solit>y life = 
! fri5d%ip (  ,izdub>1 & :]e our        
n>rative reop5s ! god ,samas is p]suad+ 
him to accept ! (f]4 ,x may be add$ t ! 
"n ,hea-bani  signifies 8,hea creat$    
me10 f :i* we may inf] t ! mon/]  0     
believ$ to h orig9ally asc5d$ l ,oannes 
out ( ! abysses  ( ! sea4      ,,column 
,,iv4    #a4 444 me    #b4 444 on my    
back                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 ,& ,samas op5$ 8 m\?    #d4 & spake 
& f heav5 said to him3    #e4 4444 & !  
female ,samkhat ?\ %alt *oose    #f4 !y 
%all array !e 9 trapp+s ( div9ity    #g4
 !y %all give !e ! insignia ( royalty   
#h4 !y %all make !e become great    #i4 
& ,izdub> ?\ %alt call & incl9e him     

t[>ds !e    #aj4 & ,izdub> %all make    
fri5d%ip unto !e    #aa4 he %all cause  
!e to recl9e on a gr& c\*    #ab4 on a  
beautiful c\* he %all seat !e    #ac4 he
 w cause !e to sit on a com=table seat a
 seat on ! left    #ad4 ! k+s ( ! e>?   
%all kiss ?y feet    #ae4 he %all enri* 
!e & ! m5 ( ,ere* he %all make sil5t    
be=e !e    #af4 & he aft] !e %all take  
all 4444    #ag4 he %all clo! ?y body 9 
raim5t & 4444                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ah4 ,hea-bani he>d ! words ( ,samas !  
w>rior    #ai4 & ! ang] ( 8 he>t 0      
appeas$    #bj4 4444 0 appeas$    ,"h we
 are /ill deal+ ) ! hon\rs :i* ,izdub>  
promises to  ! int]pret] ( 8 dream1 & ^!
 seem to %[ t ,izdub> _h  "s p[] at     
,ere* at ?is "t2 he does n1 h[ev]1 appe>
 to h  be5 an indep5d5t k+1 & x is      
probable t ! next two columns  ( ?is    
tablet1 n[ lo/1 conta9 negotiations =   
br++ ,hea-bani to  ,ere*1 ! subject be+ 
cont9u$ on ! ?ird tablet4      ,,tablet 

,,iii4    ,?is tablet is f> bett]       
pres]v$ ?an ! two previ\s ones2 x  gives
 ! acc\nt ( ! successful mission to br+ 
,hea-bani to ,ere*1  op5+ ) a brok5     
acc\nt ( ! wisdom ( ,hea-bani4          
,,column ,i4    #a4 4444 kn[s all ?+s   
#b4 4444 & difficult    #c4 4444 wisdom 
( all ?+s    #d4 4444 ! k t is se5 & t  
:i* is hidd5    #e4 4444 br+ ^w ( peace 
to 4444    #f4 f a f> (f road he w come 
& ,i re/ & 4444    #g4 4444 on tablets &
 all t re/s 4444    #h4 4444 & t[] (    
,ere* ! l(ty    #i4 4444 beautiful      
#aj4 4444 :i* l 4444    #aa4 4444 ,i    
/rove ) him n to leave 4444    #ab4 4444
 god8 :o f 4444    #ac4 4444 c>ry 4444  
#ad4 4444 leave 4444    7,_m l9es lo/47 
,,column ,,ii4    #a4 ,izdub> did n     
leave 44444    #b4 ,daught] ( a w>rior  
4444444    #c4 _! might 444444    #d4 ! 
gods ( heav51 "l 444444    #e4 ?\ make/ 
to be sons & family8 44444    #f4 !re is
 n any o!r l !e 444444    #g4 9 ! dep?  
made 444444    #h4 ,izdub> did n leave1 
! son to 8 fa!r day & night 444444      

#i4 he ! rul] also ( ,ere* 444444       
#aj4 he _! rul] & 444444    #aa4 made   
firm8 & wise 444444    #ab4 ,izdub> did 
n leave ,dannat1 ! son to 8 "m 444444   
#ac4 ,daught] ( a w>rior1 wife ( 44444  
#ad4 _! might ! god 4444 he>d & 444     
#ae4 ,aruru /rong & great1 ?\ ,aruru ha/
 made 444444    #af4 aga9 mak+ 8 /r5g?1 
"o day 8 he>t 444444    #ag4 he *ang$ & 
! city ( ,ere* 444444    #ah4 ,aruru on 
he>+ ?is1 ! /r5g? ( ,anu made 9 ! mid/  
444444    #ai4 ,aruru put 9 h] h&s1 %e  
b[$ h] brea/ & lay on ! gr\nd    #bj4   
444 ,hea-bani %e made a w>rior1 begott5 
( ! se$ ( !  soldi] ,n9ip    #ba4 444444
 cov]$ 8 body1 retir+ 9 companion%ip l a
 woman1    #bb4 ! features ( 8 aspect 7 
conceal$ l ! corn god    #bc4 possess+ k
 ( m5 & c\ntries1 9 clo?+ clo!d l  ! god
 ,n]    #bd4 ) ! gazelles he ate food 9 
! night    #be4 ) ! bea/s ( ! field he  
consort$ 9 ! day    #bf4 ) ! creep+ ?+s 
( ! wat]s 8 he>t delight$    #bg4 ,zaidu
 cat*] ( m5    #bh4 9 front ( t field   
confront$ him    #bi4 ! fir/ day !      

second day & ! ?ird 9 ! front ( t  field
 ! same1    #cj4 ! c\rage ( ,zaidu dri$ 
up be=e him    #ca4 & he & 8 bea/ ent]$ 
into 8 h\se &    #cb4 4444 fe> dri$ up &
 ov]come    #cc4 4444 8 c\rage grew be=e
 him    #cd4 4444 8 face 0 t]rible      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,,column ,,iii4    #a4 ,zaidu op5$ 8 m\?
 & spake & said to 444444    #b4 ,my    
fa!r ! fir/ lead] :o %all g 4444    #c4 
9 ! l& ( 444444    #d4 l ! soldi] ( ,anu
 444444    #e4 %all m>* ov] ! c\ntry    
444444    #f4 & firmly ) ! bea/ 444444  
#g4 & firmly 8 feet 9 ! front ( ! field 
444    #h4 ,i fe>$ & ,i did n approa* x 
#i4 he fill$ ! cave :i* he _h dug       
#aj4 44444    #aa4 ,i asc5d$ on my h&s  
to ! 4444    #ab4 ,i did n rea* to !    
44444                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ac4 4444 & said to ,zaidu    #ad4 4444 
,ere*1 ,izdub>    #ae4 4444 asc5d 8     
field    #af4 4444 8 might    #ag4 4444 

?y face    #ah4 4444 ! might ( a man    
#ai4 444444    #bj4 4444 l a *ief       
#ba4 444444 field    #bb to #bd4 ?ree   
l9es ( directions4    #be4 ,accord+ to !
 advice ( 8 fa!r 4444    #bf4 ,zaidu w5t
 44444    #bg4 he took ! road & 9 ! mid/
 ( ,ere* he halt$    #bh4 4444 ,izdub>  
4444    #bi4 ! fir/ lead] :o %all g 4444
    #cj4 9 ! l& ( 4444    #ca4 l !      
soldi] ( ,anu 4444    #cb4 %all m>* ov] 
! c\ntry 4444    #cc4 & firmly ) ! bea/ 
4444    #cd4 & firmly 8 feet 4444       
#ce4 ,i fe>$ & ,i did n approa* x       
#cf4 he fill$ ! cave :i* he _h dug      
#cg4 444444    #ch4 ,i asc5d$ on my h&s 
44444    #ci4 ,i 0 n able to rea* to !  
cov]t4                                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#dj4 ,izdub> to him also said to ,zaidu3
    #da4 g ,zaidu & ) !e ,kh>imtu1 &    
,samkhat take1    #db4 & :5 ! bea/ 444 9
 front ( ! field    #dc to #de4         
directions to ! wom5 h[ to entice       
,hea-bani4                              

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#df4 ,zaidu w5t & ) him ,kh>imtu1 &     
,samkhat he took1 &    #dg4 !y took !   
road1 & w5t along ! pa?4    #dh4 ,on !  
?ird day !y rea*$ ! l& :]e ! flood      
happ5$4    #di4 ,zaidu & ,kh>imtu 9 _!  
places sat1    #ej4 ! fir/ day & !      
second day 9 front ( ! field !y sat1    
#ea4 ! l& :]e ! bea/ drank ( dr9k1      
,,column ,,iv4    #a4 ! l& :]e ! creep+ 
?+s ( ! wat] rejoic$ 8 he>t4    #b4 ,&  
he ,hea-bani _h made = himself a m\nta9 
#c4 ) ! gazelles he ate food1    #d4 ) !
 bea/s he drank ( dr9k1    #e4 ) !      
creep+ ?+s ( ! wat]s 8 he>t rejoic$4    
#f4 ,samkhat ! entic] ( m5 saw him    #g
 to #bf4 details ( ! actions ( ! female 
,samkhat & ,hea-bani4                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#bg4 ,& ,hea-bani approa*$ ,kh>imtu !n1 
:o be=e _h n entic$  him4    #bh4 ,& he 
li/5$ 4444 & 0 att5tive1    #bi4 & he   
turn$ & sat at ! feet ( ,kh>imtu4       

#cj4 ,kh>imtu b5t d[n h] face1    #ca4 &
 ,kh>imtu spake2 & 8 e>s he>d    #cb4 & 
to him also %e said to ,hea-bani3       
#cc4 ,fam\s ,hea-bani l a god art ?\1   
#cd4 ,:y do/ ?\ associate ) ! creep+ ?+s
 9 ! des]t8    #ce4 ,i desire ?y company
 to ! mid/ ( ,ere* ! l(ty1    #cf4 to ! 
temple ( ,elli-t>dusi ! seat ( ,anu &   
,i/>1    #cg4 ! dwell+ ( ,izdub> !      
mighty giant1    #ch4 :o also l a bull  
t[]s ov] ! *iefs4    #ci4 ,%e spake to  
him & be=e h] spee*1    #dj4 ! wisdom ( 
8 he>t flew away & disappe>$4    #da4   
,hea-bani to h] also said to ,kh>imtu3  
#db4 ,i jo9 to ,samkhat my companion%ip1
    #dc4 to ! temple ( ,elli-t>dusi !   
seat ( ,anu & ,i/>1    #dd4 ! dwell+ (  
,izdub> ! mighty giant1    #de4 :o also 
l a bull t[]s ov] ! *iefs4    #df4 ,i w 
meet him & see 8 p[]1      ,,column ,v4 
#a4 ,i w br+ to ! mid/ ( ,ere* a tig]1  
#b4 & if he is able he w de/roy x4      
#c4 ,9 ! des]t x is begott51 x has great
 /r5g?1    #d4 444444 be=e !e    #e4    
4444 ev]y?+ !re is ,i "k    #f4         

,hea-bani w5t to ! mid/ ( ,ere* ! l(ty  
#g4 4444 ! *iefs 444 made submission    
#h4 9 t day !y made a fe/ival    #i4    
44444 city    #aj4 44444 daught]    #aa4
 44444 made rejoic+    #ab4 44444 becom+
 great    #ac4 44444 m+l$ &    #ad4     
44444 ,izdub> rejoic+ ! p    #ae4 w5t   
be=e him    #af4 ,a pr9ce ?\ become/    
glory ?\ ha/    #ag4 4444 fills 8 body  
#ah4 4444 :o day & night    #ai4 4444   
de/roy ?y t]ror    #bj4 4444 ! god      
,samas loves him &    #ba4 4444 & ,hea h
 giv5 intellig5ce to 8 e>s    #bb4 he   
has come f ! m\nta9    #bc4 to ! mid/ ( 
,ere* he w pond] ?y dream    #bd4       
,izdub> 8 dream reveal$ & said to 8 "m  
#be4 ,a dream ,i dream$ 9 my sleep      
#bf4 4444 ! />s ( heav5    #bg4 4444    
/ruck ^u my back    #bh4 4444 ( heav5   
ov] me    #bi4 4444 did n rise ov] x    
#cj4 4444 /ood ov] 44444    #ca4 444444 
him &    #cb4 44444 ov] him    #cc4 4444
 8 4444    #cd4 4444444 pr9cess    #ce4 
4444444 me    #cf4 44444 ,i "k    #cg4  
44444 to ,izdub>    #ch4 44444 ( heav5  

#ci4 44444 ov] ?y back    #dj4 44444 ov]
 !e    #da4 44444 did n rise ov] x      
#db4 44444 my 44444    #dc4 44444 !e    
,!re is "o o!r mutilat$ fragm5t ( ?is & 
! next column )  "p ( a relation        
respect+ bea/s & a fragm5t ( a          
conv]sation  betwe5 ,izdub> & 8 "m4     
,! :ole ( ?is tablet is curi\s1 & x     
c]ta9ly gives !  successful issue ( !   
attempt to br+ ,hea-bani to ,ere*1 & 9 v
  fragm5t>y condition ! dream ( ! mon>*4
    ,x appe>s t ! females ,samkhat &    
,kh>imtu prevail$ ^u  ,hea-bani to come 
to ,ere* & see ! exploits ( ! giant     
,izdub>1  & he decl>$ t he w\ld br+ a   
,midannu1 mo/ probably a tig]1  to      
,ere*1 9 ord] to make trial ( ! /r5g? ( 
,izdub>1 & to see  if he c\ld de/roy x4 
,! ,midannu is m5tion$ 9 ! ,assyrian    
texts z a fi]ce c>nivor\s  animal alli$ 
to ! lion & leop>d2 x is call$ ,midannu1
 ,m9d9u1  & ,m&9u4 ,9 a li/ ( animals x 
is associat$ ) ! dumamu or  cat4    ,9 !
 fif? column1 aft] ! description ( !    
fe/ivities :i*  foll[$ ! arrival (      

,hea-bani1 !re appe>s a break betwe5    
l9es  #ae & #af1 "s "p ( ! orig9al /ory 
be+ probably omitt$ "h4  ,! ,assyrian   
copy probably is "h defective1 at lea/  
"o l9e be+  lo/4 ,! portion "h omitt$   
seems to h /at$ t ! foll[+  spee* 0 made
 by ! "m ( ,izdub>1 :o figures prom95tly
 9  ! e>li] "p ( ^! leg5ds4             
,,*apt] ,,xiii4    ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! 
,,tyrant ,,khumbaba4     ,my?ical       
geography4--,=e/                        
region4--,khumbaba4--,conv]sation4--,pet
ition   to ,samas4--,j\rney to          
=e/4--,dwell+ ( ,khumbaba4--,entrance to
   =e/4--,meet+ ) ,khumbaba4--,dea? (   
,khumbaba4--,izdub> k+4      ,! wret*$ly
 mutilat$ condition ( ! fragm5ts t      
belong to !  two next tablets or books (
 ! ,epic makes x impossible to asc]ta9  
_! correct ord] & arrangem5t4 ,!        
arrangem5t giv5 "h1  accord+ly1 mu/ be  
reg>d$ z m]ely provisional4 ,x may1     
h[ev]1  be tak5 z c]ta9 t !y all =m "p (
 ! f\r? & fif?  tablets1 & relate !     
conte/ betwe5 ,izdub> & ,khumbaba4      

,khumbaba1 ! ,kombabos ( ! ,greeks1 0 ! 
prototype ( ,g]yon4  ,he dwelt f> away 9
 ! =e/ ( p9es & %]b9 c$>s1 :]e  ! gods &
 spirits _h _! abode4 ,x 01 consequ5tly1
 9 !  cold region ( ! ,accadian         
,olympus1 n[ ,m\nt ,elw5d1 t he 0  plac$
 by ! old my?ology1 & ! simil>ity ( 8 "n
 to t  ( ! ,elamite god ,khumba or      
,khumbume makes x possible t he 0       
orig9ally id5tical ) ! latt]4 ,9 ?is    
case ! antagonism  betwe5 ,khumbaba &   
,izdub> w\ld h be5 m]ely a reflection ( 
! antagonism t exi/$ betwe5 !           
inhabitants ( ,babylonia &  ! subjects (
 ! ,elamite empire4 ,mr4 ,smi? ev5 ?\ght
 t !  ov]?r[ ( ,khumbaba might h be5 an 
e*o ( ! ov]?r[ ( "s  ,elamite dyna/y by 
a ,*aldean "o4    ,9 ! case ( ! f\r?    
tablet ,mr4 ,smi? believ$ t he _h f\nd  
fragm5ts ( all six columns1 b "s ( ^!   
fragm5ts are useless  until we h fur!r  
fragm5ts to complete !m4      ,,tablet  
,,iv4    ,,column ,i4    #a4 4444 mu    
4444    #b4 4444 ?y 4444    #c4 4444 me1
 return    #d4 4444 ! birds %all r5d him

    #e4 4444 9 ?y pres5ce    #f4 4444 ( 
! =e/ ( p9e trees    #g4 4444 all !     
battle    #h4 4444 may ! birds ( prey   
surr\nd him    #i4 4444 t1 8 c>cass may 
!y de/roy    #aj4 4444 to me & we w     
appo9t !e k+1    #aa4 4444 ?\ %alt      
direct aft] ! mann] ( a k+              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ab4 ,izdub> op5$ 8 m\? & spake1    #ac4
 & said to ,hea-bani3    #ad4 444 he    
goes to ! great palace    #ae4 4444 !   
brea/ ( ! great que5    #af4 44444 k1   
ev]y?+ he kn[s    #ag4 444444 e/abli% to
 our feet    #ah4 4444444 8 h&    #ai4  
4444444 ,i to ! great palace    #bj4    
444444444 ! great que5    7,probably ov]
 tw5ty l9es lo/ "h47      ,,column ,,ii4
    #a4 4444 ent]    #b4 4444 he rais$  
#c4 4444 ! ornam5ts ( h] 4444    #d4    
4444 ! ornam5ts ( h] brea/    #e4 4444 &
 h] cr[n ,i divid$    #f4 4444 ( ! e>?  
he op5$    #g4 he 4444 he asc5d$ to !   
city    #h4 he w5t up to ! pres5ce (    
,samas he made a sacrifice8    #i4 he   

built an alt>4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,samas he 
lift$ 8 h&s3    #aj4 ,:y ha/ ?\ e/abli%$
 ,izdub>1 9 ?y he>t ?\ ha/ giv5 him     
protection1    #aa4 :5 ! son 4444 & he  
goes    #ab4 on ! remote pa? to         
,khumbaba4    #ac4 ,a battle he kn[s n  
he w confront1    #ad4 an exp$ition he  
kn[s n he w ride to1    #ae4 = long he w
 g & w return1    #af4 to take ! c\rse  
to ! =e/ ( p9e trees1    #ag4 to        
,khumbaba ( :om 8 city may he de/roy1   
#ah4 & e "o :o is evil :om ?\ hate/ 444 
#ai4 ,9 ! day ( ! ye> he w 4444    #bj4 
,may %e n return at all1 may %e n 444   
#ba4 him to fix 4444    7,ab\t t5 l9es  
lo/ "h47    ,"h we see t ,izdub>1       
impress$ ) ! magnitude ( ! task he  _h  
und]tak51 makes a pray] & sacrifice to  
,samas to aid him 9 8  task4 ,! next    
fragm5t appe>s also to belong to ?is    
column1 & may  ref] to prelim9>ies =    
sacrific+ to ,i/>1 ) a view also to  ga9
 h] aid 9 ! ent]prise4    ,?is fragm5t (
 ,column ,,ii4 reads    #a4 4444        
neighb\rhood ( ,ere* 4444    #b4 4444   

/rong & 444    #c4 he bur/ op5 ! road   
4444    #d4 & t city 4444    #e4 & !    
collection 4444    #f4 plac$ ! p toge!r 
4444    #g4 ! p 7 end$ 4444    #h4 l ( a
 k+ 4444    #i4 :i* = a long "t _h be5  
made 4444    #aj4 to ! goddess ,i/> ! b$
 4444    #aa4 to ,izdub> l ! god ,sakim 
4444    #ab4 ,hea-bani op5$ ! great gate
 ( ! h\se ( assembly 4444    #ac4 =     
,izdub> to ent] 4444    #ad4 4444 9 !   
gate ( ! h\se 444444444444      ,,column
 ,,iii4    #a4 ! corpse ( 4444    #b4 to
 4444    #c4 to ! ris+ ( 4444    #d4 !  
angels 4444    #e4 may %e n return 4444 
#f4 him to fix 4444    #g4 ! exp$ition  
:i* he kn[s n 4444    #h4 may he de/roy 
also 4444    #i4 ( :i* he kn[s 4444     
#aj4 ! road 4444    ,five m mutilat$    
l9es1 ! re/ ( ! column be+ lo/4    ,?is 
fragm5t %[s ,izdub> /ill invok+ ! gods =
 8 com+  exp$ition4 ,"u ! next column   
,mr4 ,smi? plac$ a fragm5t1 !  position 
& mean+ ( :i* are q unkn[n4             
,,column ,,iv4--,,unc]ta9 ,,fragm5t4    
#a4 he 0 heavy 4444    #b4 ,hea-bani 0  

4444    #c4 ,hea-bani /rong n ris+ 4444 
#d4 ,:5 4444    #e4 ) ?y song8 4444     
#f4 ! si/] ( ! gods fai?ful 4444    #g4 
w&]+ he fix$ to 4444    #h4 ! si/] ( !  
gods lift$ 4444    #i4 & ! daught]s ( ! 
gods grew 4444    #aj4 ,i ,hea-bani 4444
 he lift$ to 4444    ,some:]e "h %\ld be
 ! /ory1 n[ lo/1 ( ! />t+ (  ,izdub> on 
8 exp$ition accompani$ by 8 fri5d       
,hea-bani4 ,!  sequel %[s !y arrive at !
 palace or resid5ce ( ,hea-bani1 :i*  is
 surr\nd$ by a =e/ ( p9e & c$>1 ! :ole  
be+ enclos$  by "s b>ri] or wall1 ) a   
gate = entrance4 ,hea-bani & ,izdub>    
op5 ?is gate :]e ! /ory reop5s on ! fif?
 column4      ,,column ,v4    #a4 ! %>p 
weapon    #b4 to make m5 fe> him 4444   
#c4 ,khumbaba p\r$ a tempe/ out ( 8 m\? 
4444    #d4 he he>d ! gate ( ! =e/ op5  
#e4 ! %>p weapon to make m5 fe> him he  
took    #f4 & 9 ! pa? ( 8 =e/ he /ood & 
wait$                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#g4 ,izdub> to him also said to         

,hea-bani    ,"h we see ,khumbaba wait+ 
= ! intrud]s1 b ! re/ ( !  column is    
lo/2 x appe>s to h pr9cipally consi/$ ( 
spee*es by  ,izdub> & ,hea-bani on !    
magnific5t trees !y saw1 & ! "w  be=e   
!m4 ,a s+le fragm5t ( ,column ,,vi41    
conta9+ fragm5ts (  six l9es1 %[s !m    
/ill at ! gate1 & :5 ! next tablet1 ,no4
  ,v41 op5s1 !y _h n yet ent]$4         
,,tablet ,v4    ,! fif? tablet is m     
c]ta9 ?an ! la/2 x appe>s to ref]  to ! 
conque/ ( ,khumbaba4 ,only fragm5ts (   
?is tablet1 :i*  op5s ) a description ( 
! retreat ( ,khumbaba1 h z yet be5      
discov]$4      ,,column ,i4    #a4 ,he  
/ood & survey$ ! =e/    #b4 ( p9e trees1
 he p]ceiv$ its height1    #c4 ( ! =e/  
he p]ceiv$ its approa*1    #d4 9 ! place
 :]e ,khumbaba w5t 8 /ep 0 plac$1    #e4
 on a /raight road & a good pa?4    #f4 
,he saw ! l& ( ! p9e trees1 ! seat ( !  
gods1 !  sanctu>y ( ! angels1    #g4 9  
front8 ( ! se$ ! p9e tree c>ri$ its     
fruit1    #h4 good 0 its %ad[1 full (   
pleasure1    #i4 an excell5t tree1 !    

*oice ( ! =e/1    #aj4 4444 ! p9e heap$ 
4444    #aa4 4444 = "o kaspu 7#g miles7 
444    #ab4 4444 c$> two-?irds ( x 444  
#ac4 4444 gr[n 4444    #ad4 4444 l x 444
    7,ab\t #aj l9es lo/ "h47    #be4    
4444 he look$ 4444    #bf4 4444 he made 
& he 4444    #bg4 4444 drove to 4444    
#bh4 4444 he op5$ & 4444                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#bi4 ,izdub> op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 & said 
to ,hea-bani3    #cj4 ,my fri5d 4444    
#ca4 4444 ) _! slaught] 4444    #cb4    
4444 he did n speak be=e h]1 he made )  
him 4444    #cc4 4444 k ( w> :o made    
fight+1    #cd4 9 ent]+ to ! h\se ?\    
%alt n fe> 444    #ce4 4444 & l ,i take 
h] also !y 4444    #cf4 to an end may !y
 seat 4444    #cg4 4444 ?y h& 4444      
#ch4 4444 took my fri5d fir/ 4444       
#ci4 4444 8 he>t prep>$ = w>1 t ye> &   
day also    #dj4 4444 on 8 fall+ appo9t 
! p    #da4 4444 slay him1 8 corpse may 
! birds ( prey surr\nd    #db4 444444 ( 
!m he %all make    #dc4 4444 go+ he took

 ! weight    #dd4 !y p]=m$ x1 _! w !y   
e/abli%$                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#de4 4444 !y ent]$ into ! =e/           
,,column ,,ii4    7,five l9es mutilat$47
    #f4 !y pass$ ?r\gh ! =e/ 4444       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#g4 ,khumbaba 4444    #h4 he did n come 
4444    #i4 he did n 4444    7,sev5 l9es
 lo/47    #ag4 heavy 4444    #ah4       
,hea-bani op5$ 8 m\? 4444    #ai4 4444  
,khumbaba 9 4444    #bj4 4444 "o by "o &
 4444    7,_m o!r brok5 l9es47    ,!re  
are a few fragm5ts ( ,columns ,,iii41   
,,iv41 & ,v41 & a small  portion (      
,column ,,vi41 :i* reads3    #a4 4444   
c$> to 4444    #b4 4444 he plac$ & 4444 
#c4 4444 #abj 4444 ,hea-bani 4444    #d4
 4444 ! head ( ,khumbaba 4444           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#e4 4444 8 weapon he %>p5$ 4444    #f4  
4444 tablet ( ! /ory ( fate ( 4444    ,x

 appe>s f ! v>i\s mutilat$ fragm5ts (   
?is tablet t  ,izdub> & ,hea-bani conqu]
 & slay ,khumbaba & take 8 goods1 b  mu*
 is want$ to connect ! fragm5ts4    ,!  
conclusion ( ?is /age ( ! /ory & triumph
 ( ,izdub>  are giv5 at ! comm5cem5t ( !
 six? tablet4 ,! conque/ (  ,khumbaba   
gave ,izdub> ! cr[n & attributes ( 8    
fall5 rival1  :o seems to h be5 a       
sun-god1 & ?is caus$ ,i/>1 :o already   
appe>s z ! bride ( ! sun 9 ! my? (      
,tammuz1 to woo !  triumphant h]o4      
,,*apt] ,,xiv4    ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,(   
,,i/>4     ,triumph ( ,izdub>4--,i/>'s  
love4--,h] (f] ( m>riage4--,h]          
promises4--,izdub>'s                    
answ]4--,tammuz4--,am\rs ( ,i/>4--,8    
refusal4--,i/>'s ang]4--,asc5ds to      
,heav54--,! bull4--,sla9 by             
,izdub>4--,i/>'s curse4--,izdub>'s      
triumph4--,! fea/4--,i/>'s              
despair4--,h] desc5t to                 
,hades4--,description4--,! sev5         
gates4--,!   curses4--,atsu-sunamir !   
,sph9x4--,release ( ,i/>4--,! dog ( !   

dawn4--,lam5t = ,tammuz4      ,9 ?is    
*apt] are includ$ ! six? & sev5?        
tablets1 :i* bo?  prim>ily ref] to !    
do+s ( ,i/>4      ,,tablet ,,vi4    ,!  
six? tablet is 9 bett] condition ?an any
 ( ! =m] ones1  & all[s ( some?+ l a    
connect$ translation4      ,,column ,i4 
#a4 4444 8 weapon1 he made bright 8     
weapon4    #b4 ,l a bull 8 m\nta9 he    
asc5d$ aft] him4    #c4 ,he de/roy$ him 
& clo!d himself ) 8 spoils4    #d4 ,!   
444 he put on & ! fa/5+ ( ! cr[n he     
tore4    #e4 ,izdub> 8 cr[n put on 7& ! 
fa/5+ ( ! cr[n he tore74    #f4 ,= !    
fav\r ( ,izdub> ! pr9cess ,i/> lift$ !  
eyes3    #g4 ,i w make !e also ,izdub>  
my husb&1#ah    #h4 ?y oa? to me %all be
 ?y bond1    #i4 ?\ %alt be husb& & ,i w
 be ?y wife4    #aj4 ,i w make 7?y7     
*>iot gli/5 ) cry/al & gold1    #aa4 (  
:i* ! body is gold & its horns are      
/rong4    #ab4 ,i w cause ?y days to f9d
 gifts1 ,o judge 787 ( ! great4    #ac4 
,into our h\se ent]1 mid ! sc5t ( !     
p9es4    #ad4 ,:5 ?\ ent]e/ our h\se    

#ae4 may ! riv] ,euphrates kiss ?y feet4
    #af4 ,!re %all be "u !e k+s1 lords1 
& pr9ces4    #ag4 ,! tribute ( ! m\nta9s
 & pla9s may !y br+ to !e z  an (f]+4   
#ah4 ,may ?y h]ds & flocks br+ =? tw9s1 
#ai4 may ! increase ( ! c[s come unto   
7!e71    #bj4 may ?y 7horse7 be /rong1  
)\t ceas+1 9 ! *>iot1    #ba4 may 7?y   
/e$7 9 ! yoke nev] h a rival4           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#bb4 7,izdub>7 op5$ 8 m\? & speaks2     
#bc4 7he says7 to ! pr9cess ,i/>3       
#bd4 4444 to !e ?y possession    #be4   
4444 body & rott5ness 787    #bf4 4444  
baldness & fam9e    #bg4 4444 ,i keep   
back ! in/rum5ts ( div9ity    #bh4 4444 
in/rum5ts ( royalty    #bi4 4444 /orm   
787    #cj4 444444 he p\r$ 787    #ca4  
444444 ,i l+]$    #cb4 444444 ,i took !e
    #cc4 444444 caus$ to ent]    #cd4 ! 
door aft]w>ds 4444 end$ w9d & %[]s      
#ce4 palace 4444 ! h]o    #cf4 m\? 4444 
*eck h]    #cg4 t sign 4444 c>ry h]     
#ch4 body glori\s 787 4444 c>ry h]      

#ci4 gr& 4444 t[] ( /one    #dj4 !y h   
dwelt 797 ! l& ( ! enemy    #da4 may %e 
4444 h] "l    #db4 nev] may he woo !e = 
ev]    #dc4 nev] may a god praise !e    
#dd4 ,i took also ! tor*8 4444 ,i lov$  
!e      ,,column ,,ii4    #a4 ,re/ !e & 
44444    #b4 z = ,tammuz ! lov] ( 7?y7  
y\?    #c4 ye> aft] ye> ?\ ha/ we>i$ him
 ) ?y love4    #d4 ,allala ! eagle also 
?\ love/ &    #e4 ?\ did/ /rike him1 & 8
 w+s ?\ did/ break2    #f4 he /ood 9 !  
=e/1 he begg$ = w+s4    #g4 ,?\ love/   
also a lion lu/y 9 might1    #h4 ?\ did/
 te> out by sev5s 8 claws4    #i4 ,?\   
love/ also a horse glori\s 9 w>1    #aj4
 he yield$ himself & ?\ did/ we>y 8 love
 ov]mu*4    #aa4 ,= sev5 kaspu 7f\rte5  
h\rs7 ?\ did/ we>y 8 love )\t  ceas+1   
#ab4 tr\bl$ & ?ir/+ ?\ did/ we>y him4   
#ac4 ,to 8 "m ,silele ?\ did/ s5d him   
we>i$ ) ?y love4    #ad4 ,?\ love/ also 
! %eph]d ,tabulu1    #ae4 ( :om         
cont9ually ?\ did/ ask = ?y /ibium4     
#af4 ,e day he propitiat$ !e ) (f]+s1   
#ag4 ?\ did/ /rike him & to a hy5a ?\   

did/ *ange him2    #ah4 8 own village   
drove him away2    #ai4 8 dogs tore 8   
w\nds4    #bj4 ,?\ love/ also ,isullanu 
! husb&man ( ?y fa!r1    #ba4 :o        
cont9ually 0 subject to ?y ord]2    #bb4
 ea* day _h he made bright ?y di%4      
#bc4 ,! eyes ?\ did/ take f him & did/  
put him 9 *a9s1    #bd4 7say+73 ,o      
,isullanu1 cut ?y h&1 eat 7?y7 eyes6    
#be4 ,& ?y h& ?\ did/ br+ out & ?\ did/ 
/rike8 4444    #bf4 ,isullanu says to   
!e3    #bg4 ,z = me :at do/ ?\ ask ( me8
    #bh4 ,my "m1 ?\ art n beautiful1 &  
,i eat n4    #bi4 ,! food ,i h eat5 is  
pl5tiful1 ev5 pa9 & wak+2    #cj4       
trembl+ & fa9tness ov]come me 787       
#ca4 ,?\ did/ he> also ?is 4444    #cb4 
?\ did/ /rike him2 to a pill>#ai ?\ did/
 *ange him1    #cc4 ?\ did/ place him   
also 9 ! mid/ ( ! l& 4444    #cd4 t he  
rise n up1 t he g n 4444    #ce4 ,& z = 
me do/ ?\ love me1 & l to him wilt ?\   
s]ve  me8                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     

#cf4 ,:5 ,i/> 7he>d7 ?is1    #cg4 ,i/> 0
 angry & to heav5 %e asc5d$2    #ch4    
,i/> w5t also to ! pres5ce ( ,anu h]    
fa!r1    #ci4 to ! pres5ce ( ,anatu h]  
"m %e w5t & says3    #dj4 ,my fa!r1     
,izdub> hates me1 &      ,,column ,,iii4
    #a4 ,izdub> despises my beauty1     
#b4 my beauty & my *>ms4                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 ,anu op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 &    #d4   
says to ! pr9cess ,i/>3    #e4 ,my      
daught] ?\ %alt remove 4444    #f4 &    
,izdub> w c\nt ?y beauty1    #g4 ?y     
beauty & ?y *>ms4                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#h4 ,i/> op5$ h] m\? & spake1 &    #i4  
says to ,anu h] fa!r3    #aj4 ,my fa!r1 
create ! bull ( ,anu#bj &    #aa4       
,izdub> 4444    #ab4 :5 he is fill$ 4444
    #ac4 ,i w /rike 4444    #ad4 ,i w   
jo9 4444    #ae4 44444444    #af4 ov]   
4444                                    
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------------     
#ag4 ,anu op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 &    #ah4 
says to ! pr9cess ,i/>3    #ai4 4444 ?\ 
%alt jo9 4444    #bj4 4444 ( noble names
    #ba4 4444 maskhi 4444    #bb4 4444  
:i* is magnifi$ 4444                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#bc4 ,i/> op5$ h] m\? & spake1 &    #bd4
 says to ,anu h] fa!r3    #be4 4444 ,i w
 /rike    #bf4 4444 ,i w break    #bg4  
4444 ( noble names    #bh4 4444 r$uc]   
#bi4 4444 ( foods    #cj4 4444 ( him    
7,"s l9es lo/ "h47      ,,column ,,iv4  
7,"s l9es lo/47    #a4 4444 w>riors     
#b4 4444 to ! mid/    #c4 4444 ?ree     
hundr$ w>riors    #d4 4444 to ! mid/    
#e4 4444 slay ,hea-bani    #f4 9 two    
divisions he p>t$ 9 ! mid/ ( x    #g4   
two hundr$ w>riors 4444 made1 ! bull (  
,anu 4444    #h4 9 ! ?ird division 4444 
8 horns    #i4 ,hea-bani /ruck8 4444 8  
might    #aj4 & ,hea-bani pi]c$ 44444444
    #aa4 ! bull ( ,anu by 8 head he took
 hold ( 4444    #ab4 by ! ?ickness ( 8  

tail 4444                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ac4 ,hea-bani op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 &    
#ad4 says to ,izdub>3    #ae4 ,my fri5d1
 we h /r5g!n$ 4444    #af4 :5 we ov]?r[ 
444    #ag4 ,my fri5d1 ,i see 4444      
#ah4 & ! might 4444    #ai4 may ,i      
de/roy 4444    7,?ree l9es lo/474       
#bc4 4444 h&s 4444 to ,rimmon & ,nebo   
#bd4 4444 t>ka 4444 um 4444    #be4 4444
 ,hea-bani took hold 4444 ! bull ( ,anu 
#bf4 4444 he 4444 also 4444 by 8 tail   
#bg4 44444444 ,hea-bani      ,,column   
,v4    #a4 ,& ,izdub> l a 4444    #b4 ! 
h]o & 78 fri5d7    #c4 9 ! vic9ity ( !  
middle ( 8 horns 4444    #d4 f ! city !y
 de/roy$1 ! he>t 4444    #e4 to !       
pres5ce ( ,samas 4444    #f4 !y _h gone 
to ! pres5ce ( ,samas 4444    #g4 he    
plac$ at ! side ! bulk 787 4444         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#h4 ,& ,i/> asc5d$ ov] ! =tress ( ,ere* 
! l(ty1    #i4 %e de/roy$ ! bull1 %e    

utt]$ a curse3    #aj4 ,woe to ,izdub>  
:o has ov]?r[n me1 has sla9 ! bull (    
,anu4    #aa4 ,hea-bani also he>d ?is   
spee* ( ,i/>1    #ab4 & he cut (f !     
memb] ( ! bull ( ,anu & be=e h] he laid 
x2    #ac4 ,& :at ( x8 s9ce ,i conqu]$  
!e :5 him also 7i4e4  ,izdub>7    #ad4  
,i caus$ !e to li/5 to2    #ae4 its sk9 
also ,i h hung up at ?y side4    #af4   
,i/> ga!r$ h] maid5s    #ag4 ,samkhati &
 ,kh>imati1#ba    #ah4 ov] ! memb] ( !  
bull ( ,anu a m\rn+ %e made4    #ai4    
,izdub> call$ on ! p1 ! multitude       
#bj4 all ( !m3    #ba4 ) ! ?ickness ( 8 
horns ! "y m5 7 glori\s1    #bb4 #cj    
manehs ( cry/al 707 _! sub/ance1    #bc4
 ! %>pness ( ! po9ts 0 de/roy$1    #bd4 
#f gurs its mass altoge!r4    #be4 ,= ! 
food ( 8 god ,lugal-turda he cut x up2  
#bf4 he see!d x & hangs x up 9 ! ris+ ( 
8 fire2    #bg4 9 ! riv] ,euphrates !y  
wa%$ _! h&s4    #bh4 ,!y _h be5 tak5 &  
gone    #bi4 ?r\gh ! /reet ( ,ere* rid+1
    #cj4 ! assembly ( ! w>riors ( ,ere* 
put tru/ 9 !m4    #ca4 ,izdub> to !     

inhabitants ( ,ere*    #cb4 4444 a      
proclamation made4      ,,column ,,vi4  
#a4 8,if anyone is ( ability among !    
*iefs1    #b4 if any is noble among !   
m51    #c4 ,izdub> is able among !      
*iefs1    #d4 ,izdub> is noble among !  
m51    #e4 4444 our /r5g?    #f4 4444 he
 has n    #g4 4444 8 44440              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#h4 ,izdub> 9 8 palace made a rejoic+1  
#i4 ! *iefs recl9+ lie on c\*es at      
night4    #aj4 ,hea-bani lies d[n1 a    
dream he dreams4    #aa4 ,hea-bani came 
& ! dream he expla9s1    #ab4 & says to 
,izdub>4      ,,tablet ,,vii4    ,!     
sev5? tablet op5s ) ! words1 8,my fri5d1
 :at is ?is  c\nsel ! great gods are    
tak+80 ,x is unc]ta9 if any o!r  portion
 ( ?is tablet has be5 f\nd1 b "p ( a    
rem>kable  fragm5t1 ) a cont9uation ( ! 
/ory ( ,i/>1 has be5 plac$  "h4 ,x      
appe>s t ! goddess1 fail+ 9 h] attempt 9
 heav5 to  av5ge h]self on ,izdub> = 8  
slight1 resolv$ to desc5d to hell1  to  

se>* out1 if possible1 new modes (      
attack+ him4    ,columns ,i4 & ,,ii4 are
 lo/1 ! fragm5ts recomm5c+ on ,column   
,,iii4      ,,column ,,iii4    #a4 4444 
p8 to de/roy 8 h& approa*$    #b4 4444  
raise 9 ?y pres5ce    #c4 4444 l be=e   
#d4 4444 ,zaidu 7%all accompli%7 ! wi% (
 8 he>t    #e4 ) ! female ,samkhat 4444 
he br\ght    #f4 4444 !e1 ! female      
,samkhat w expel !e    #g4 7homage7 !y  
did n p]=m 444444    #h4 assemble ?\ a  
great assembly2    #i4 4444 ! /rong "o  
has caus$ !e to be /ruck1 ev5 !e4       
#aj4 444 goods ( ! h\se ( ?y fulness    
,aft] _m l9es de/roy$1 ! /ory recomm5ces
 9 ! f\r? column4      ,,column ,,iv4   
#a4 ,to ,hades ! c\ntry :5ce none return
 ,i turn myself1    #b4 ,i spread l a   
bird my h&s4    #c4 ,i desc5d1 ,i desc5d
 to ! h\se ( d>kness1 ! dwell+ ( !  god 
,irkalla3    #d4 to ! h\se out ( :i* !re
 is no exit1    #e4 to ! road f :i* !re 
is no return3    #f4 to ! h\se f ^:     
entrance ! light is tak51    #g4 ! place
 :]e du/ is _! n\ri%m5t & _! food mud4  

#h4 ,its *iefs also are l birds cov]$ ) 
fea!rs2    #i4 ! light is nev] se51 9   
d>kness !y dwell4    #aj4 ,9 ! h\se1 ,o 
my fri5d1 :i* ,i w ent]1    #aa4 = me is
 treasur$ up a cr[n2    #ab4 ) ^? we>+  
cr[ns :o f days ( old rul$ ! e>?1       
#ac4 to :om ! gods ,anu & ,bel h giv5   
names ( rule4    #ad4 ,wat] 787 !y h    
giv5 to qu5* ! ?ir/ !y dr9k limpid      
wat]s4    #ae4 ,9 ! h\se1 ,o my fri5d1  
:i* ,i w ent]1    #af4 dwell ! "l & !   
unconqu]$ "o1    #ag4 dwell ! prie/ & ! 
great man1    #ah4 dwell ! worms ( !    
deep ( ! great gods2    #ai4 !re dwells 
,etana1 !re dwells ! god ,n]1    #bj4   
7!re dwells7 ! que5 ( ! l[] regions1    
,allat1    #ba4 ! mi/ress ( ! fields !  
"m ( ! que5 ( ! l[]  regions be=e h]    
submits1    #bb4 & !re is n any "o t /&s
 aga9/ h] 9 h] pres5ce4    #bc4 ,i w    
approa* h] & %e w see me    #bd4 444 &  
%e w br+ me to h]    ,"h ! /ory is aga9 
lo/1 ,columns ,v4 & ,,vi4 be+ abs5t4 ,x 
w\ld seem t ,hea-bani is "h tell+ 8     
fri5d h[ he mu/ die  & desc5d into !    

h\se ( ,hades4 ,mr4 ,smi?1 h[ev]1 ?\ght 
t  9 ! ?ird column "s "o is speak+ to   
,i/>1 try+ to p]suade  h] n to desc5d to
 ,hades1 :ile 9 ! f\r? column ! goddess1
  :o is suff]+ all ! pangs ( jeal\sy &  
hate1 revels 9 !  d>k details ( !       
description ( ! l[] regions1 & decl>es  
h]  det]m9ation to g !re4    ,if ?is    
view is correct1 ?is "p ( ! leg5d w\ld  
be connect$  ) ! beautiful /ory ( !     
,desc5t ( ,i/> into ,hades :i*          
describes h[ ! goddess desc5d$ into !   
l[] _w 9 se>* (  h] husb& ,tammuz1 !    
,sun-god1 :o _h be5 sla9 by ! bo>'s tusk
  ( w9t]4 ,tammuz became ,adonis1 !     
,phnician adonai 8"l10 among  ! ,greeks1
 to :om ! /ory ( ,aphrodit & ,adonis _h 
be5 c>ri$  by ! ,phnicians4 ,! /ory is  
"o :i* meets u 9 ! my?ologies  ( _m     
races & nations ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & has gr[n
 9 ea*  case out ( ! w9t]-sleep ( ! sun 
& 8 resurrection 9 !  spr+4 ,its la/ e*o
 9 our own ,european folklore may be    
he>d 9 !  tale ( ! ,sleep+ ,beauty4 ,a  
cal5d> f\nd among ! bank+ records  ( !  

,egibi firm 9 ,babylonia notes on ! #ae?
 day ( ! mon?  ,tammuz or ,june 8an     
eclipse ( ! ,moon10 app>5tly 9 ref]5ce  
to !  desc5t ( ! ,moon-goddess ,i/> into
 ,hades4 ,! leg5d survives 9  a *ang$ =m
 9 ! ,talmud 7,yoma #fi;b1 ,sanh$rim    
#fj;a74 ,"h  x is said t aft] !         
,captivity ! eld]s ( ! nation1 head$  by
 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 bes\ght ,god t !    
demon ( lu/ might be  deliv]$ into _!   
h&s4 ,9 spite ( a prophetic voice :i*   
w>n$  !m ( ! consequ5ces ( _! reque/1 x 
0 p]si/$ 91 & !  demon 0 giv5 up to !m &
 imprison$4 ,b be=e ?ree days 7  ov]1 ! 
:ole c\rse ( ! _w 0 ?r[n into disord]4  
,no eggs  ev5 7 to be _h1 & ! ,jewi%    
eld]s 7 oblig$ to confess  _! mi/ake &  
release ! demon f 8 fett]s4    ,! desc5t
 ( ,i/> into ,hades f ,k #afb4    #a4   
,to ,hades ! l& :5ce none return1 ! l&  
7( d>kness71    #b4 ,i/> daught] ( ,s9  
7! moon7 h] e> 7incl9$72    #c4 incl9$  
also ! daught] ( ,s9 h] e>1    #d4 to ! 
h\se ( d>kness ! dwell+ ( ! god         
,irkalla1    #e4 to ! h\se out ( :i* !re

 is no exit1    #f4 to ! road f :i* !re 
is no return1    #g4 to ! h\se f ^:     
entrance ! light is tak51    #h4 ! place
 :]e du/ is _! n\ri%m5t & _! food mud4  
#i4 ,light is nev] se51 9 d>kness !y    
dwell4    #aj4 ,its *iefs also are l    
birds cov]$ ) fea!rs1    #aa4 ov] ! door
 & bolts is scatt]$ du/4    #ab4 ,i/> on
 h] arrival at ! gate ( ,hades1    #ac4 
to ! keep] ( ! gate a comm& %e          
addresses3    #ad4 ,keep] ( ! wat]s1 op5
 ?y gate1    #ae4 op5 ?y gate t ,i may  
ent]4    #af4 ,if ?\ op5e/ n ! gate t ,i
 may ent]1    #ag4 ,i w /rike ! door1 ! 
bolts ,i w %att]1    #ah4 ,i w /rike !  
?re%old & w pass ?r\gh ! doors2    #ai4 
,i w raise up ! dead to dev\r ! liv+1   
#bj4 above ! liv+ ! dead %all exce$ 9   
numb]s4    #ba4 ,! keep] op5$ 8 m\? &   
speaks1    #bb4 he says to ! pr9cess    
,i/>3    #bc4 ,/ay1 lady1 ?\ do/ n      
glorify h]1    #bd4 let me g & ?y "n    
repeat to ! que5 ,allat4    #be4 ,!     
keep] desc5d$ & says to ,allat3    #bf4 
,?is wat] 7( life7 ?y si/] ,i/> 7comes  

to seek74    #bg4 ,! que5 ( ! great     
vaults 7( heav57 4444    #bh4 ,allat on 
he>+ ?is says3    #bi4 ,l ! cutt+ (f ( !
 h]b has 7,i/>7 desc5d$ 7into ,hades71  
#cj4 l ! lip ( a deadly insect 787 %e   
has 444    #ca4 ,:at w h] he>t br+ me   
7i4e4 matt] to me71 :at w h]  ang] 7br+ 
me78    #cb3 7,i/> replies37 ,?is wat] )
 7my husb&7    #cc4 l food w\ld ,i eat1 
l be] w\ld ,i dr9k4    #cd4 ,let me weep
 ov] ! /rong :o h left _! wives4    #ce4
 ,let me weep ov] ! h&maids :o 7h lo/7 !
 embraces (  _! husb&s4    #cf4 ,ov] !  
only son let me m\rn1 :o ere 8 days are 
come is tak5  away4    #cg4 7,allat     
says37 ,g keep] op5 ?y gate to h]1      
#ch4 bewit* h] also accord+ to ! anci5t 
rules4    #ci4 ,! keep] w5t & op5$ 8    
gate3    #dj4 ,ent]1 ,o lady1 let ! city
 ( ,cu?a#bb receive !e2    #da4 let !   
palace ( ,hades rejoice at ?y pres5ce4  
#db4 ,! fir/ gate he caus$ h] to ent] & 
t\*$ h]1 he ?rew  d[n ! great cr[n ( h] 
head4    #dc4 ,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ ?r[n
 d[n ! great cr[n ( my head8    #dd4    

,ent]1 ,o lady1 ( ,allat ?us is ! ord]4 
#de4 ,! second gate he caus$ h] to ent] 
& t\*$ h]1 he ?rew  away ! e>r+s ( h]   
e>s4    #df4 ,:y1 keep]1 ha/ ?\ ?r[n    
away ! e>r+s ( my e>s8    #dg4 ,ent]1 ,o
 lady1 ( ,allat ?us is ! ord]4    #dh4  
,! ?ird gate he caus$ h] to ent] & t\*$ 
h]1 he ?rew  away ! necklace#bc ( h]    
neck4    #di4 ,:y1 keep]1 ha/ ?\ ?r[n   
away ! necklace ( my neck8    #ej4      
,ent]1 ,o lady1 ( ,allat ?us is ! ord]4 
#ea4 ,! f\r? gate he caus$ h] to ent] & 
t\*$ h]1 he ?rew  away ! ornam5ts ( h]  
brea/4    #eb4 ,:y1 keep]1 ha/ ?\ ?r[n  
away ! ornam5ts ( my brea/8    #ec4     
,ent]1 ,o lady1 ( ,allat ?us is ! ord]4 
#ed4 ,! fif? gate he caus$ h] to ent] & 
t\*$ h]1 he ?rew  away ! gemm$ girdle ( 
h] wai/4    #ee4 ,:y1 keep]1 ha/ ?\ ?r[n
 away ! gemm$ girdle ( my wai/8    #ef4 
,ent]1 ,o lady1 ( ,allat ?us is ! ord]4 
#eg4 ,! six? gate he caus$ h] to ent] & 
t\*$ h]1 he ?rew  away ! bracelets ( h] 
h&s & h] feet4    #eh4 ,:y1 keep]1 ha/  
?\ ?r[n away ! bracelets ( my h&s & my  

feet8    #ei4 ,ent]1 ,o lady1 ( ,allat  
?us is ! ord]4    #fj4 ,! sev5? gate he 
caus$ h] to ent] & t\*$ h]1 he ?rew     
away ! cov]+ robe ( h] body4    #fa4    
,:y1 keep]1 ha/ ?\ ?r[n away ! cov]+    
robe ( my body8    #fb4 ,ent]1 ,o lady1 
( ,allat ?us is ! ord]4    #fc4 ,:5 = a 
long "t ,i/> into ,hades _h desc5d$1    
#fd4 ,allat saw h] & at h] pres5ce 0    
arrogant2    #fe4 ,i/> did n take       
c\nsel1 at h] %e swore4    #ff4 ,allat  
h] m\? op5$ & speaks1    #fg4 to ,namt> 
7! plague-demon7 h] mess5g] a comm& %e  
addresses3    #fh4 ,g ,namt> take ,i/> f
 me &    #fi4 take h] out to 4444 ev5   
,i/>    #gj4 diseas$ eyes 7/rike7 h] )1 
#ga4 diseas$ side 7/rike7 h] )1    #gb4 
diseas$ feet 7/rike7 h] )1    #gc4      
diseas$ he>t 7/rike7 h] )1    #gd4      
diseas$ head 7/rike7 h] )1    #ge4 /rike
 h]1 ! :ole ( h] /rike ) disease4       
#gf4 ,aft] ,i/> ! lady into ,hades _h   
desc5d$1    #gg4 ) ! c[ ! bull w\ld n   
unite1 & ! ass ! female ass  w\ld n     
approa*2    #gh4 ! female slave 9 !     

/reets w\ld n let h]self be t\*$4       
#gi4 ,! freeman ceas$ to give 8 comm&1  
#hj4 ! female slave ceas$ to give h]    
gift4      ,,column ,,ii4    #a4        
,papsukul1 ! mess5g] ( ! great gods b[$ 
8 face be=e  7,samas72    #b4           
44444444444444    #c4 ,samas 7! sun-god7
 w5t & 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fa!r !  moon-god 
he /ood1    #d4 into ! pres5ce ( ,hea ! 
k+ he w5t 9 te>s3    #e4 ,i/> into ! l[]
 regions has desc5d$1 %e has n asc5d$   
back2    #f4 = a long "t ,i/> into      
,hades has desc5d$1    #g4 ) ! c[ ! bull
 w n unite1 ! ass ! female ass w  n     
approa*2    #h4 ! female slave 9 ! /reet
 w n let h]self be t\*$2    #i4 !       
freeman has ceas$ to give 8 comm&1      
#aj4 ! female slave has ceas$ to give h]
 gift4    #aa4 ,hea 9 ! wisdom ( 8 he>t 
=m$ a resolution1    #ab4 & made        
,atsu-sunamir#bd ! sph9x3#be    #ac4 ,g 
,atsu-sunamir t[>ds ! gates ( ,hades set
 ?y face2    #ad4 may ! sev5 gates (    
,hades be op5$ at ?y pres5ce2    #ae4   
may ,allat see !e & rejoice at ?y       

pres5ce2    #af4 :5 %e %all be at re/ 9 
h] he>t1 & h] liv] be appeas$4    #ag4  
,conjure h] by ! "n ( ! great gods4     
#ah4 ,raise ?y heads1 to ! ro>+ /ream   
set ?y e>2    #ai4 may ! lady 7,i/>7    
ov]ma/] ! ro>+ /ream1 ! wat]s 9  ! mid/ 
( x may %e dr9k4    #bj4 ,allat on he>+ 
?is1    #ba4 beat h] brea/1 %e bit h]   
?umb1    #bb4 %e turn$ aga91 a reque/ %e
 ask$ n3    #bc4 ,g1 ,atsu-sunamir1 may 
,i imprison !e 9 ! great prison1    #bd4
 may ! g>bage ( ! f\ndations ( ! city be
 ?y food1    #be4 may ! dra9s ( ! city  
be ?y dr9k1    #bf4 may ! d>kness ( !   
dungeon be ?y dwell+1    #bg4 may a /ake
 be ?y seat1    #bh4 may hung] & ?ir/   
/rike ?y (fspr+4    #bi4 ,allat h] m\?  
op5$ & speaks1    #cj4 to ,namt> h]     
mess5g] a comm& %e addresses3    #ca4   
,g1 ,namt>1 /rike ! firmly-fix$ palace1 
#cb4 ! a%rim#bf adorn ) /ones ( ! dawn1 
#cc4 bid ! spirits ( e>? come =?1 on a  
?rone ( gold seat  7!m71    #cd4 unto   
,i/> give ! wat]s ( life & br+ h] be=e  
me4    #ce4 ,namt> w5t1 he /ruck !      

firmly-fix$ palace1    #cf4 ! a%rim he  
adorn$ ) /ones ( ! dawn1    #cg4 he     
br\ght =? ! spirits ( e>?1 on a ?rone ( 
gold he  seat$ 7!m74    #ch4 ,to ,i/> he
 gave ! wat]s ( life & took h]4    #ci4 
,! fir/ gate he pass$ h] out (1 & he    
re/or$ to h] !  cov]+ robe ( h] body4   
#dj4 ,! second gate he pass$ h] out (1 &
 he re/or$ to h] !  bracelets ( h] h&s &
 h] feet4    #da4 ,! ?ird gate he pass$ 
h] out (1 & he re/or$ to h] !  gemm$    
girdle ( h] wai/4    #db4 ,! f\r? gate  
he pass$ h] out (1 & he re/or$ to h] !  
ornam5ts ( h] brea/4    #dc4 ,! fif?    
gate he pass$ h] out (1 & he re/or$ to  
h] !  necklace ( h] neck4    #dd4 ,!    
six? gate he pass$ h] out (1 & he re/or$
 to h] !  e>r+s ( h] e>s4    #de4 ,!    
sev5? gate he pass$ h] out (1 & he      
re/or$ to h] !  great cr[n ( h] head4   
#df4 ,s9ce ?\ ha/ n paid1 7he says7 a   
ransom = ?y deliv]ance to  h] 7i4e4     
,allat71 s to h] aga9 turn back    #dg4 
= ,tammuz ! husb& ( 7?y7 y\?2    #dh4 ! 
gli/5+ wat]s p\r ov] 7him71 ! drops     

7spr9kle ^u  him72    #di4 9 spl5did    
clo?+ dress him1 ) a r+ ( cry/al adorn  
7him74    #ej4 ,may ,samkhat appease !  
grief 7( ,i/>71    #ea4 &1 ,kh>imat1#bg 
give to h] com=t4    #eb4 ,! preci\s    
eye-/ones also %e de/roy$ n1    #ec4 !  
w\nd ( h] bro!r 7,tammuz7 %e he>d1 %e   
smote 7h]  brea/71 %e1 ev5 ,kh>imat1    
gave h] com=t2    #ed4 ! preci\s        
eye-/ones1 h] amulets1 %e comm&$ n1     
#ee4 7say+73 ,o my only bro!r1 ?\ do/ n 
lam5t = me4    #ef4 ,9 ! day t ,tammuz  
adorn$ me1 ) a r+ ( cry/al1 ) a         
bracelet ( em]alds1 toge!r ) himself he 
adorn$ me1    #eg4 ) himself he adorn$  
me2 may m5 m\rn]s & wom5 m\rn]s    #eh4 
on a bi] place 7him71 & assemble ! wake4
    ,?is rem>kable text %[s ,i/>        
fulfill+ h] ?reat & desc5d+  to ,hades1 
b x does n appe> t %e _h z yet          
accompli%$ h]  v5geance aga9/ ,izdub>4  
,at ! op5+ ( ! six? tablet we h ! f9al  
sc5e ( !  conte/ ) ,khumbaba4 ,izdub>1  
aft] slay+ ,khumbaba1 takes !  cr[n f ! 
head ( ! mon>* & places x on 8 own head1

 ?us  signify+ t he assum$ ! empire4    
,!re 71 z we are in=m$  9 sev]al places1
 k+s1 lords1 & pr9ces1 m]ely local      
rul]s1 b  ^! g5]ally submitt$ to !      
greate/ p[]2 & j z !y _h  b[$ to        
,khumbaba1 s !y 7 ready n[ to submit to 
,izdub>4 ,!  k+dom promis$ to ,izdub> :5
 he />t$ to enc\nt] ,khumbaba n[  became
 8 by "r ( sup]ior =ce1 & he ent]$ !    
halls ( !  palace ( ,ere* & fea/$ ) 8   
h]oes4    ,we are ?us br\ght to a curi\s
 "p ( ! /ory1 ! romance  ( ,izdub> &    
,i/>4 ,"o ( ! /range & d>k features ( ! 
,babylonian religion 0 ! ,i/> or ,v5us  
wor%ip1 :i* 0 an  adoration ( !         
reproductive p[] ( nature1 accompani$ by
  c]emonies :i* 7 a reproa* to ! c\ntry4
 ,! city ( ,ere*1  orig9ally a seat ( ! 
wor%ip ( ,anu1 0 n[ "o ( ! =emo/  cities
 9 ?is ,i/> wor%ip4 ,tammuz1 ! "y &     
beautiful ,sun-god1  ! dead bridegroom (
 ,i/>1 seems to be also spok5 ( z !     
bro!r  ( h] h&maid ,kh>imat4 ,?is       
expla9s1 z ,m4 ,l5ormant has po9t$  out1
 ! passage 9 ,j]emiah xxii4 #ah1 :i*    

pres]ves a portion (  ! wail+ cry utt]$ 
by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,tammuz or ,adonis :5  
celebrat+ 8 untimely dea?4 ,?is %\ld be 
r5d]$3 8,ah me1 my  bro!r1 & ah me1 my  
si/]6 ,ah me1 ,adonis1 & ah me1 8 lady60
  ,ref]5ce is made to ! wor%ip (        
,tammuz1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on  )9 ! ,temple   
itself at ,j]usalem1 9 ,ezek4 viii4 #ad1
 ,amos viii4  #aj1 7:]e we %\ld         
translate 8z at ! m\rn+ = ! only son0   
,tammuz71 & ,ze*4 xii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,tammuz
 is ! ,semitic =m ( !  ,accadian ,dumuzi
 :i* signifi$ 9 t language 8! only son40
    ,illu/ration3 ,,b[>eyeh ,,m\nd ,,at 
,,w>ka 7,,ere*71 ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,temple
 ,,(  ,,i/>4    ,! /ruggle ) a bull on !
 "p ( ,izdub> & ,hea-bani1  repres5t$ on
 ! ,babylonian cyl9d] figur$ on ! next  
page1 &  num]\s simil> repres5tations1  
ref] to ! /ruggle ) ! bull  creat$ by   
,anu to av5ge ! slight (f]$ to ,i/>4    
,x w\ld appe> f ! brok5 fragm5ts (      
,column ,,iv4 t ,hea-bani  laid hold ( !
 bull by ! head & tail :ile ,izdub>     
kill$ x1 &  ,hea-bani 9 ! engrav+ is    

repres5t$ hold+ ! bull by its head  &   
tail4    ,at ! close ( ! six? tablet !  
/ory is aga9 lo/1 only portions  ( !    
?ird & f\r? columns ( ! next tablet be+ 
pres]v$1  b light is ?r[n on ?is portion
 ( ! n>rative by ! rem>kable  tablet    
describ+ ! desc5t ( ,i/> into ,hades4 ,x
 is possible  t ?is tablet =m$ an       
episode 9 ! six? tablet ( ! ,izdub>     
leg5ds4    ,illu/ration3 ,,izdub> ,,&   
,,hea-,,bani ,,9 ,,conflict ,,) ,,!     
,,lion ,,& ,,bull4    ,?is tablet       
conta9+ ! desc5t ( ,i/> into ,hades 0   
fir/  notic$ by ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot 9 !   
8,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society  (   
,lit]ature10 b 8 attempt at a           
translation 0 a failure4 ,mr4  ,smi?    
subsequ5tly publi%$ a %ort notice ( x 9 
! 8,nor? ,briti%  ,review10 & aft]w>ds a
 translation ( x 9 ! 8,daily            
,telegraph40  ,pr(4 ,s*rad] br\ght out a
 monograph ^u x 9 #ahgd1 & bo? ,m4      
,l5ormant & ,dr4 ,opp]t h work$ at x4 ,!
 mo/ rec5t translation  is "o made into 
,italian by ,m4 ,l5ormant 9 a           

publication entitl$  8,il mito di       
,adone-,tammuz10 #ahgi1 ^u ! basis ( !  
"o made by ,dr4  ,opp]t4    ,! /ory ( ! 
desc5t ( ,i/> into ,hades is "o ( ! mo/ 
beautiful my?s 9 ! ,assyrian            
inscriptions2 x has1 h[ev]1 receiv$  s  
mu* att5tion1 & be5 s fully comm5t$ ^u  
by v>i\s  s*ol>s1 t little ne$ be said  
on ! subject "h4    ,x is evid5t t we   
are deal+ ) ! same goddess z ! ,i/>1    
daught] ( ,anu1 9 ! ,izdub> leg5ds1     
al?\gh %e is "h call$  daught] ( ,s9 7! 
moon-god74    ,! description ( ! region 
( ,hades is mo/ graphic1 & vividly      
portrays ! suff]+s ( ! prison]s !re4    
,atsu-sunamir1 creat$  by ,hea to deliv]
 ,i/>1 is describ$ z a composite animal1
 half bit*  & half man1 ) m ?an "o head1
 & corresponds ) ! two  dogs ( ! ,h9du  
,rig-,v$a1 :i* h f\r eyes & broad sn\ts1
 &  gu>d ! road to ! abode ( ,yama ! k+ 
( ! dep>t$4 ,!y are  also said to move  
among m51 fea/+ on _! lives1 z !        
mess5g]s  ( ,yama2 & z ! (fspr+ ( ,s>am1
 ! dawn1 !y are call$  ,srameyas1 :i*   

,pr(4 ,max ,mll] comp>es ) ! ,greek     
,h]ms4 ,at  any rate1 ! same conception 
( a dog ( ! dawn :i* gu>ds !  approa* to
 ! realm ( ,hades is f\nd 9 ! ,greek    
,k]b]os )  8 fifty heads 7or ?ree heads1
 accord+ to lat] writ]s71 z well  z 9 ! 
dog ( ,g]yon nam$ ,or?ros or 8! dawn10  
:o seems to be  id5tical ) ! ,v$ic      
,vritra ! demon ( night4 ,x w\ld appe>1 
!re=e1 t 9 ! primitive my?ology bo? ( ! 
,h9dus & (  ! ,accadians ! 8fleet0 dawn 
0 lik5$ to a dog1 sometimes reg>d$  z   
c>ry+ m5 away to ! d>k "u-_w1 sometimes 
z br++  light to ! "u-_w itself4    ,!  
latt] "p ( ! tablet is some:at obscure1 
b ref]s to !  cu/om ( lam5t+ = ,dumuzi  
or ,tammuz4      ,,footnotes3    #ah    
,ano!r copy ( ! leg5d reads 8lov]40     
#ai ,lit]ally1 8a ?+ hung up40    #bj   
,or 8bull ( heav540 ,x 0 a con/ellation1
 p]haps ,taurus4    #ba 8,joy0 &        
8,s$uction40    #bb ,a great necropolis 
seems to h exi/$ 9 ,cu?a4    #bc        
,lit]ally 8preci\s /ones40    #bd ,t is1
 8,g =?1 cause x to be light60    #be   

,lit]ally 8! man :o is a female dog10 or
 8lion40    #bf ,lit]ally 8/one /akes0  
or 8cones10 ! symbols ( ! goddess       
,a%rah4 ,cf4 #a ,k+s vii4 #ae-bb4    #bg
 ,tillili1 ! ,accadian "n ( ,kh>imat1 is
 "h us$4 ,tillili 0  ! wife ( ! ,sun-god
 ,alala symboliz$ by ! eagle1 :i* we are
  told 0 8! symbol ( ! s\!rn0 or        
8m]idian sun40 ,:at ,sir ,h4  ,rawl9son 
calls ! mono!i/ic p>ty among !          
,babylonians resolv$  ,tillili into     
,anatu & ,alala into ,anu4              
,,*apt] ,,xv4    ,,illness ,,& ,,w&]+s  
,,( ,,izdub>4     ,hea-bani & !         
trees4--,illness ( ,izdub>4--,dea? (    
,hea-bani4--,j\rney   ( ,izdub>4--,8    
dream4--,scorpion m54--,! ,des]t (      
,mas4--,siduri   & ,sabitu4--,nes-,hea !
 pilot4--,wat] ( dea?4--,mua4--,!       
conv]sation4--,xisu?rus4      ,( ! ?ree 
tablets 9 ?is section1 ! fir/ "o is v   
unc]ta91  & is put toge!r f two sep>ate 
s\rces3 ! o!r two are m  complete &     
satisfactory4      ,,tablet ,,viii4     
,x is aga9 unc]ta9 if any ( ?is tablet  

has be5 discov]$2  provisionally "s     
fragm5ts ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & six? 
columns ( a tablet :i* may belong to x  
are plac$ "h1 b !  only fragm5t wor?    
translat+ at pres5t is "o giv5 9 ,mr4   
,smi?'s  8,assyrian ,discov]ies10 p4    
#agf4 ,9 "s portions ( ^! fragm5ts  !re 
are ref]5ces to ! /ory ( ,khumbaba1 b z 
! fragm5t  appe>s to ref] to ! illness (
 ,izdub> x probably belongs "h4      ,k4
 #cehh4    ,,column ,i4    #a4 4444     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#b4 ,hea-bani 78 m\? op5$ & spake &7    
#c4 said to 4444    #d4 ,i w5t 787 4444 
#e4 9 ! 4444    #f4 ! door 4444    #g4 (
 4444    #h & #i4 4444    #aj4 9 4444   
#aa4 ,hea-bani 4444444444    #ab4 ) !   
door 4444 ?y 444    #ac4 ! door on its  
sides does n 444    #ad4 ! creation ( h]
 e>s !y are n 444    #ae4 = tw5ty kaspu 
7#adj miles7 ,i climb$ up 444    #af4 z 
f> z ! p9e tree a %rub 787 ,i _h se5 444
    #ag4 ?y tree 787 has n ano!r 444    
#ah4 ,six g>s 7#abj feet7 is ?y height1 

two g>s 7#dj feet7 is ?y  bread? 4444   
#ai4 ?y /reet1 ?y blackness 787 ?y ra9  
444    #bj4 ,i made !e1 ,i rais$ !e 9 ! 
city ( ,nipur 4444    #ba4 yea ,i knew  
?y door l ?is 444    #bb4 & ?is 444     
#bc4 ,i rais$ its face1 ,i 444    #bd4  
,i w fill ?y bank 787 44444    #be4     
44444    #bf4 = he took 444    #bg4 !   
p9e tree1 ! c$>1 444    #bh4 9 its cov] 
444    #bi4 ?\ also 4444    #cj4 may    
take 444    #ca4 9 ! collection ( ev]y?+
 444    #cb4 a great de/ruction 444     
#cc4 ! :ole ( ! trees 44    #cd4 9 ?y l&
 ( ! tree manubani 444    #ce4 ?y bu%8  
is n /rong 444    #cf4 ?y %ad[ is n     
great 444    #cg4 & ?y smell is n       
agreeable 444                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ch4 ,! manubani tree 0 angry 444       
#ci4 made a lik5ess8    #dj4 l ! tree   
444    444444    ,! second1 ?ird1 f\r? &
 fif? columns appe> to be entirely      
abs5t1 ! inscription reappe>+ on a      
fragm5t ( ! six? column4      ,,column  

,,ii4    7,_m l9es lo/47    #a4 ,! dream
 :i* ,i saw 4444    #b4 ! tops ( !      
m\nta9 4444    #c4 444 he /ruck 4444    
#d4 he /ruck :5 ?y royal raim5t 4444    
#e4 he begat also 9 4444    #f4 ,he     
rec\nt$ to 8 fri5d ,hea-bani ! dream 444
    #g4 ,my fri5d1 ! good om5 ( ! dream 
4444    #h4 ! dream 0 deceptive 4444    
#i4 ,my fri5d1 ! m\nta9 :i* ?\ did/ see 
4444    #aj4 :5 ,i captur$ ,khumbaba we 
4444    #aa4 444 ( 8 help]s ,nitakh-g>ri
 4444    #ab4 at ! "t ( dawn 4444       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ac4 ,= tw5ty kaspu !y j\rney$ a /age   
#ad4 at ?irty kaspu !y fix$    #ae4 9 ! 
pres5ce ( ,samas !y dug out a pit 787   
4444    #af4 ,izdub> asc5d$ also ov]    
4444    #ag4 by ! side ( 8 h\se he      
cross$ ov] 4444    #ah4 444 he br\ght ! 
dream 4444    #ai4 he made x & ! god    
4444      ,,column ,,iii4    #a4 444 he 
br\ght ! dream 4444    #b4 he made x & !
 god 4444    #c4 444 turban8 4444    #d4
 he ca/ him d[n & 4444    #e4 ! m\nta9 l

 corn ( ! field 4444    #f4 ,izdub> at !
 de/ruction 787 set up 4444    #g4      
,anatu ! tr\bl] ( m5 ^u him /ruck1      
#h4 & 9 ! /ruggle 8 go+ he /ay$4    #i4 
,he spake & said to 8 fri5d3    #aj4 ,my
 fri5d ?\ do/ n ask me :y ,i am nak$1   
#aa4 ?\ do/ n inquire ( me :y ,i am     
spoil$1    #ab4 because ! god pass$ ov]1
 :]e=e my limbs are hot4    #ac4 ,my    
fri5d ,i saw a ?ird dream2    #ad4 t    
dream :i* ,i saw entirely disappe>$4    
#ae4 ,!y pray$2 ! god ?und]s on ! gr\nd4
    #af4 ,he burnt up ! exit ( !        
d>kness2    #ag4 ! lightn+ /ruck2 a fire
 0 k9dl$2    #ah4 4444 !y took away2 x  
ra9$ dea?4    #ai4 ,! gl[ also          
7disappe>$71 ! fire sank1    #bj4 4444  
!y /ruck2 x turn$ to a palm tree1       
#ba4 9 ! des]t also ?y "l took 787 pa?  
7874    #bb4 ,& ,hea-bani 8 dream       
consid]$2 he said to ,izdub>3    #bc4   
4444 ,samas ?y "l1 ! creator 4444    ,! 
f\r? & fif? columns ( ?is tablet are    
lo/4 ,?is "p ( !  leg5d appe>s to ref]  
to ! illness ( ,izdub>4      ,,column   

,,vi4    #a4 ,my fri5d 444 ! dream :i*  
is n 444    #b4 ! day he dream$ ! dream1
 ! end 444                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 ,hea-bani lay d[n also "o day 444   
#d4 :i* ,hea-bani on 787 b$ 444    #e4 !
 ?ird day & ! f\r? day :i* 444    #f4 ! 
fif?1 & six?1 & sev5? 7days7 444    #g4 
! eigh? 7& n9?1 & t5? days7 4444    #h4 
:5 ,hea-bani 0 sick 444    #i4 ! elev5? 
& twelf? 7days7 444    #aj4 ,hea-bani on
 787 b$ 444    #aa4 ,izdub> read also   
444    #ab4 ,did my fri5d def5d me 444  
#ac4 :5ev] 9 ! mid/ ( fight 444    #ad4 
,i turn 787 to battle & 444    #ae4 my  
fri5d :o 9 battle 444    #af4 ,i 9      
444444    ,x mu/ "h be not$ t ,mr4      
,smi?'s gr\nds = mak+ ?is !  eigh?      
tablet 7 extremely d\btful1 & x is      
possible t !  fragm5ts are ( diff]5t    
tablets2 b !y fill up an evid5t blank  9
 ! /ory "h1 & !y are consequ5tly ins]t$ 
p5d+ fur!r  discov]ies z to _! true     
position4    ,9 ! fir/ column ,hea-bani 

appe>s to be address+ c]ta9 trees1  & !y
 are suppos$ to h ! p[] ( he>+ & answ]+ 
him4 ,hea-bani praises "o tree & sne]s  
at ano!r1 b f !  mutilation ( ! text x  
does n appe> :y he acts s4 ,we may      
conjecture he 0 seek+ a *>m to op5 a    
door he m5tions1 & t  accord+ to ! /ory 
?is *>m 0 kn[n to ! trees4 ,! fragm5t  (
 ! six? column %[s ,hea-bani unable to  
int]pret a dream1 :ile  ,izdub> asks 8  
fri5d to fight4    ,aft] ?is happ5$ !   
viol5t dea? ( ,hea-bani1 :i* add$ to !  
mis=tunes ( ,izdub>2 b no fragm5t ( ?is 
"p ( ! /ory is  pres]v$4      ,,tablet  
,,ix4    ,?is tablet is 9 a some:at     
bett] /ate ?an ! o!rs1 & all  ! n>rative
 is cle>] f ?is po9t1 n a s+le column ( 
!  inscription be+ entirely lo/4 ,! n9? 
tablet comm5ces ) !  sorr[ ( ,izdub> at 
! dea? ( ,hea-bani4      ,,column ,i4   
#a4 ,izdub> ov] ,hea-bani 8 fri5d    #b4
 bitt]ly weeps1 & trav]ses ! des]t4     
#c4 ,i h no judgm5t l ,hea-bani "h2     
#d4 sickness ent]$ into my /oma*2    #e4
 dea? ,i fe>$1 & trav]se ! des]t4    #f4

 ,to ! maje/y ( ,xisu?rus1 son (        
,ub>a-tutu1    #g4 ! road ,i am tak+1 & 
quickly ,i g2    #h4 to ! l[l&s ( !     
m\nta9s ,i take 7my way7 at night4      
#i4 4444 a 7dream7 ,i saw1 & ,i fe>$4   
#aj4 ,i 7b[7 on my face1 to ,s9 7! moon 
god7 ,i pray2    #aa4 & into ! pres5ce (
 ! gods came my supplication2    #ab4   
,grant ?\ 7heal?7 to me1 ev5 unto me6   
#ac4 4444444 dream4    #ad4 7,?r\gh7 !  
dream 7s5t by7 ,s9 7my7 life _h be5     
gladd5$4    #ae4 ,preci\s /ones 787 444 
to 8 h&4    #af4 ,he pull$ out 44444 8  
girdle    #ag4 l a 444 _! 444 he /ruck  
#ah4 he /ruck 4444 he smote1 he broke   
#ai4 & 4444 !y rejoic$1 &    #bj4 he    
?rew 787 4444    #ba4 he remov$ 4444    
#bb4 ! =m] "n 4444    #bc4 ! new "n 4444
      7,ab\t eight l9es lo/ "h47    ,!  
second column %[s ,izdub> 9 "s fabul\s  
region1 :i!r he  has w&]$ 9 se>* (      
,xisu?rus4 ,"h he sees composite mon/]s 
) _! feet re/+ 9 ,hades & _! heads rea*+
 heav54 ,^!  be+s are suppos$ to guide &
 direct ! sun at its ris+ &  sett+4 ,?is

 passage is z foll[s3--      ,,column   
,,ii4    #a4 ,( ! m\nta9s he>+ him z _m 
z 4444    #b4 ,to ! m\nta9 ( ,masu 9 8  
c\rse 4444    #c4 :o all day long gu>d !
 ris+ 7sun74    #d4 ,_! cr[n 0 at !     
lattice ( heav51    #e4 bel[ ,hades 0 _!
 foot+4    #f4 ,scorpion-m5 gu>d its    
gate1    #g4 burn+ ) t]ribl5ess1 & _!   
appe>ance 0 dea?1    #h4 ! greatness (  
_! bulk ov]?r[s ! =e/s4    #i4 ,at !    
ris+ ( ! sun & ! sett+ ( ! sun1 !y gu>d 
!  sun1 &    #aj4 ,izdub> saw !m & fe> &
 t]ror seiz$ 8 face4    #aa4 ,he took 8 
c\nsel & approa*$ be=e !m4    #ab4 ,!   
scorpion-man ( 8 female ask$3    #ac4   
,:o has gone to u ) 8 body ! fle% ( !   
gods8    #ad4 ,to ! scorpion-man 8      
female answ]$3    #ae4 ,8 go+ 7is7 t ( a
 god1 b 8 feeble gait 7is7 t ( a  man4  
#af4 ,! scorpion-man ( ! h]o ask$1      
#ag4 4444 ( ! gods ! ^w he rec\nts3     
#ah4 4444 di/ant road    #ai4 4444 up to
 ! pres5ce    #bj4 4444 ( :i* ! passage 
is difficult4    #ba4 4444 ?y 4444 ?\   
putte/ on4    #bb4 4444 m\nta9s situat$4

    #bc4 4444 ?\ putte/ on4    ,! re/ ( 
?is column is lo/4 ,9 x ,izdub> conv]ses
 ) !  mon/]s1 & :]e ! ?ird column beg9s 
he is tell+ !m 8  purpose ( seek+       
,xisu?rus4      ,,column ,,iii4    7#a &
 #b lo/47    #c4 ,he ,xisu?rus my fa!r  
44444    #d4 :o has be5 e/abli%$ also 9 
! assembly 7( ! gods7    #e4 dea? & life
 are kn[n to him4    #f4 ,! scorpion-man
 op5$ 8 m\? 7& spake72    #g4 !y say to 
,izdub>3    #h4 ,izdub> 0 n 4444    #i4 
( ! m\nta9 4444    #aj4 = twelve kaspu  
7#hd miles7 is ! j\rney2    #aa4 on !   
b\nd>y ( ! field did he c>ry himself1 & 
7!re is7  no light4    #ab4 ,to ! ris+  
sun 4444    #ac4 to ! sett+ sun 4444    
#ad4 to ! sett+ sun 4444    #ae4 !y     
desc5d$ 4444    ,9 ?is mutilat$ passage1
 ! mon/] describes ! j\rney to be  tak5 
by ,izdub>2 !re are n[ _m l9es want+1   
until we come to  ! f\r? column4        
,,column ,,iv4    #a4 ,9 787 sickness   
4444    #b4 9 difficulty & 4444    #c4 9
 lam5tation & 4444    #d4 aga9 ?\ 4444  
#e4 ! scorpion-man 4444    #f4 7said7 to

 ,izdub> 4444    #g4 ,g ,izdub> 4444    
#h4 ! m\nta9s ( ,mas 4444    #i4 !      
m\nta9s1 ! pa? 7( ! ,sun7 4444    #aj4  
may ! wom5 4444    #aa4 ! great gate ( !
 l& 4444    #ab4 ,izdub> 4444    #ac4 = 
a memorial 4444    #ad4 ! road ( ! sun  
4444    #ae4 #a kaspu 7he w5t7 4444     
#af4 on ! b\nd>y ( ! field 4444    #ag4 
he 0 n able 7to look beh9d him74    #ah4
 #b kaspu 7he w5t7 4444    ,?is is !    
bottom ( ! f\r? column2 !re are five    
l9es lo/ at  ! top ( ! fif? column1 & !n
 ! n>rative reop5s2 ! text  is1 h[ev]1  
mutilat$ & d\btful4      ,,column ,v4   
#f4 #d 7kaspu he w5t7 4444    #g4 on !  
b\nd>y 7( ! field74444    #h4 he 0 n    
able 7to look beh9d him74    #i4 #e     
kaspu 7he w5t7 4444    #aj4 on ! b\nd>y 
( ! field 4444    #aa4 he 0 n able 7to  
look beh9d him74    #ab4 #f kaspu he w5t
 4444    #ac4 on ! b\nd>y ( ! field did 
he c>ry himself 7& !re is no  light74   
#ad4 ,he 0 n able 7to look beh9d him74  
#ae4 #g kaspu 7he w5t7 4444    #af4 on !
 b\nd>y ( ! field 0 x situat$ & n 4444  

#ag4 he 0 n able to look beh9d him4     
#ah4 #h kaspu l a 4444 he m\nts up2     
#ai4 on ! b\nd>y ( ! field 7did he c>ry 
himself &7 !re is no  light4    #bj4 ,he
 0 n able to look beh9d him4    #ba4 #i 
kaspu he w5t 4444 to ! nor?    #bb4 4444
 8 face    #bc4 7on ! b\nd>y ( ! field  
did he c>ry himself &7 !re is no  light2
    #bd4 7he 0 n able7 to look beh9d    
him4    #be4 7#aj kaspu he w5t7 4444 him
    #bf4 4444 a meet+    #bg4 4444 #d   
kaspu    #bh4 4444 f ! %ad[ ( ! sun     
#bi4 4444 sight 0 e/abli%$    #cj4 to ! 
=e/ ( ! trees ( ! gods 9 appe>ance x 0  
equal4    ,illu/ration3 ,,izdub> ,,among
 ,,! ,,trees ,,( ,,! ,,gods 787 ,,f ,a  
,,babylonian ,,cyl9d] ,,f\nd ,,9        
,,cyprus ,,by ,,g54 ,,di ,,cesnola4     
#ca4 ,em]alds x c>ri$ z its fruit1      
#cb4 ! bran* refuses n to support a     
canopy4    #cc4 ,cry/als !y c>ry z %oots
 787    #cd4 fruit !y c>ry1 & to ! sight
 x is gli/5+4    ,"s ( ! words 9 ?is    
fragm5t are obscure1 b ! g5]al mean+  is
 cle>4 ,9 ! next column ! w&]+s (       

,izdub> are cont9u$1  & he comes to a   
c\ntry ne> ! sea4 ,fragm5ts ( sev]al    
l9es  ( ?is column are pres]v$1 b too   
mutilat$ to translate )  c]ta9ty4 ,!    
fragm5ts are3--      ,,column ,,vi4     
7,ab\t six l9es lo/47    #a4 ! p9e tree 
4444    #b4 its ne/ ( /one 4444    #c4 n
 sweep+ away ! sea 4444 jet /ones    #d4
 l ! tree ( ,elam & ! tree ( ! pr9ce    
4444 em]alds    #e4 a locu/ 4444    #f4 
jet /one1 ka /one 4444 ! goddess ,i/>   
#g4 l bronze & 4444 he c>ri$    #h4 l   
4444 ob/acles    #i4 :i* 4444 ! sea     
#aj4 x has1 & 4444 may he raise    #aa4 
,izdub> saw ?is 9 8 travell+1    #ab4 on
 ?is sea he c>ri$ 4444    #ac4          
,colophon4 ,! wom5 ,siduri & ,sabitu 7:o
 on ! %ore7 ( ! sea  dwelt4    #ad4 4444
 tablet ( ! s]ies3 8,:5 ! h]o ,izdub>   
saw !  f\nta940                         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,?is tablet br+s ,izdub> to ! region ( !
 sea-coa/1 b 8 way  is !n b>r$ by two   
wom51 "o nam$ ,siduri & ! o!r ,sabitu4  

,8  fur!r adv5tures are giv5 on ! t5?   
tablet1 :i* op5s3      ,,tablet ,x4     
#a4 ,siduri & ,sabitu 7:o 9 ! l& beside 
! sea7    #b4 dwelt & 4444    #c4 x 0 ! 
moon1 x 0 ! moon 4444    #d4 a cov]+ (  
fire 787 ye accompli%4    #e4 ,izdub>   
approa*$ & 4444    #f4 ! ulc] cov]+ 787 
sk9    #g4 he _h ! br& ( ! gods on 787  
4444    #h4 !re is %ame ( face on 4444  
#i4 to g on ! di/ant pa? 8 face 70 set74
    #aj4 ,sabitu af> (f pond]$1    #aa4 
%e c\nsell$ to h] he>t 7?is7 plan4      
#ab4 ,)9 h]self also %e 7consid]$73     
#ac4 ,:at is ?is message 4444    #ad4   
,may no "o come /raight 9 78 pa?74      
#ae4 ,:5 ,sabitu saw him %e ent]$ 7h]   
gate72    #af4 h] gate %e ent]$ & ent]$ 
h] 4444    #ag4 ,& he ,izdub> _h e>s to 
7he> h]72    #ah4 he _h /ruck 8 h&s &   
made 4444                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ai4 ,izdub> to h] also ev5 said 7to    
,sabitu37    #bj4 ,sabitu :at did/ ?\   
see 7t7    #ba4 ?y gate ?\ b>re/ 4444   

#bb4 ,i =ce ! door 4444    ,! re/ ( ?is 
column is lo/1 b x mu/ h describ$ !     
meet+  ( ,izdub> ) a boatman nam$       
,ur-,hea or ,lig-,hea1 call$ ,nes-,hea  
8!  lion0 or 8dog ( ,hea0 9 ,assyrian4  
,9 ! second column !y comm5ce  a j\rney 
by wat] toge!r 9 a boat4 ,b little ( ?is
 column is  pres]v$2 two fragm5ts only  
are giv5 "h4      ,,column ,,ii4    #a4 
4444 he ! ^w ( 8 fri5d 4444    #b4 4444 
! ^w ( ,hea-bani 4444    #c4 4444 ,i    
trav]se 7! des]t74    #d4 4444 797 ! du/
 he _h 4444    #e4 7! fri5d :om ,i h    
lov$ decl>$7 lov+ly2 ,hea-bani !  fri5d 
:om ,i h lov$ made 4444    #f4 7,i am n 
z he7 & w\ld we _h nev] gone up 4444    
#g4 7,i did n make7 ! =tress ( 4444     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#h4 7,izdub> to7 h] also speaks1 ev5 to 
,sabit3    #i4 7,aga97 ,o ,sabit :at is 
! way to ,xisu?rus8    #aj4 ,expla9 !   
tok5s ( x to me2 yea1 expla9 ! tok5s ( x
 to me4    #aa4 ,if x be suitable ! sea 
let me cross1    #ab4 if x be n suitable

 ! des]t let me trav]se4                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ac4 ,sabit to him also speaks1 ev5 to  
,izdub>3    #ad4 ,!re 0 no cross+ 7( !  
sea71 ,o ,izdub>1 at any "t1    #ae4 &  
no "o f remote times onw>ds has cross$ !
 sea4    #af4 ,f cross+ ! sea ,samas !  
h]o ,i ! "m prev5t$2 7yet7  ,samas      
cross$1 :oev]    #ag4 8 m\? ! passage   
4444 its road1    #ah4 & ! well ( !     
wat]s ( dea? :i* ext5d be=e x    #ai4 ,i
 approa*1 &1 ,izdub>1 ?\ crosse/ ! sea4 
#bj4 ,:5 ?\ ha/ come r\nd to ! wat]s (  
dea?1 ?\ contrive/  h[    #ba4 = ,izdub>
 !re is ,ur-,hea ! boatman ( ,xisu?rus4 
#bb4 ,preci\s /ones ) him 9 ! mid/ ( !  
=e/ 4444    #bc4 4444 may !y see ?y     
face4    #bd4 4444 & to cross ) him if x
 is n suitable ha/5 beh9d him    #be4   
4444 ^u he>+ ?is1    #bf4 4444 an axe 9 
! h&4    #bg4 4444 to _! well he        
returns4    #bh1 #bi1 #cj4 4444    #ca4 
4444 ,izdub>    #cb4 4444 & 8 l[] "p    
#cc4 4444 ! %ip    #cd4 4444 7! wat]s7 (

 dea?    #ce4 4444 wide    #cf4 4444 !  
field    #cg4 4444 to ! riv]    #ch4    
4444 %ip    #ci4 4444 ! well    #dj4    
4444 ! boatman    #da4 4444 he desc5d$  
#db4 4444 to !e    ,"h !re are _m l9es  
lo/1 !n recomm5c+ ! /ory proce$s on  !  
?ird column4      ,,column ,,iii4    #a4
 my fri5d :om ,i h lov$ made 4444    #b4
 ,i am n z he & w\ld we _h nev] gone up 
4444                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#c4 ,izdub> to him also speaks1 ev5 to  
,ur-,hea2    #d4 ,aga91 ,ur-,hea1 :at   
7is ! way to ,xisu?rus87    #e4 :at are 
its signs expla9 to me2 yea1 expla9 7to 
me its signs74    #f4 ,if x be suitable 
! sea let me cross2 if x be n suitable !
  des]t let me trav]se4                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#g4 ,ur-,hea to him also speaks1 ev5 to 
7,izdub>73    #h4 ,?y h&1 ,izdub>1 x    
prev5ts 4444    #i4 ?\ hide/ among !    
preci\s /ones ?\ 444    #aj4 ! preci\s  

/ones 7are7 a hid+-place or canopy & !y 
are  n 444    #aa4 ,take1 ,izdub>1 an   
axe 9 7?y h&s7 4444    #ab4 g d[n to !  
=e/ & a cle>+ ( five g> 7make74    #ac4 
,bury & make a tumulus2 c>ry 4444       
#ad4 ,izdub> on 8 he>+ ?is1    #ae4 took
 ! axe 9 8 h& 4444    #af4 he w5t d[n to
 ! =e/ & a cle>+ ( five g> 7made73      
#ag4 he buri$ & made a tumulus2 he c>ri$
 4444    #ah4 ,izdub> & ,ur-,hea rode 79
 ! %ip72    #ai4 ! %ip ! waves took & !y
 4444    #bj4 a j\rney ( "o mon? &      
fifte5 days4 ,on ! ?ird day 9 _!  c\rse 
#ba4 ,ur-,hea also rea*$ ! wat]s ( dea? 
4444      ,,column ,,iv4    #a4 ,ur-,hea
 to him also speaks1 ev5 to ,izdub>3    
#b4 ,! tablets ,o ,izdub> 4444    #c4 ,!
 wat]s ( dea? smite2 nev] maye/ ?\ ent] 
! dome ( !  h\se 7( ! abyss74    #d4 ,! 
second "t1 ! ?ird "t1 & ! f\r? "t g1 ,o 
,izdub>  4444    #e4 ! fif?1 six?1 &    
sev5? "t g1 ,o ,izdub> 4444    #f4 !    
eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? "t g1 ,o ,izdub> 4444 
#g4 ! elev5? & twelf? "t g1 ,o ,izdub>  
4444    #h4 on ! "o hundr$ & tw5tie? "t 

,izdub> f9i%$ 4444    #i4 & he /ruck !  
middle ( x 4444    #aj4 ,izdub> seiz$ ! 
4444444    #aa4 on 8 w+s an embankm5t he
 complet$ 444    #ab4 ,xisu?rus ov] him 
af> (f pond]$1    #ac4 he c\nsell$ 7?is7
 plan )9 8 he>t4    #ad4 ,) himself also
 he consid]$3    #ae4 ,:y is !          
hid+-place ( ! %ip 4444    #af4 & !     
pilot 4444    #ag4 ! man :o w5t also is 
n2 & 4444    #ah4 ,i pond]1 & ,i d n    
4444    #ai4 ,i pond]1 & ,i d n4444     
#bj4 ,i pond]1 & ,i d n4444             
,illu/ration3 ,,izdub>1 ,,composite     
,,figures1 ,,& ,,ur-,,hea ,,9 ,,!       
,,boat2 ,,f  ,,an ,,e>ly ,,babylonian   
,,cyl9d]4    ,"h !re is a blank1 ! ext5t
 ( :i* is unc]ta91 & :]e !  n>rative    
recomm5ces x is on a small fragm5t ( !  
?ird & f\r?  columns ( ano!r copy4 ,x   
appe>s t ! lo/ l9es record !  meet+     
betwe5 ,izdub> & a female be+ nam$      
,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i1  or ! 8,wat]s ( dawn 
at daylight40 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1  
,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i is m5tion$ z br++ !   
black cl\ds f !  horizon ( heav54 ,x 0  

"h1 beyond ! circul> b\nd>y ( !  e>?1 & 
on ! %ores ( ! ocean :i* surr\nd$ x1 t  
,izdub>  is n[ suppos$ to be4    ,x is  
curi\s t1 :5ev] ,izdub> speaks to ?is   
be+1 ! "n  ,mua is us$1 :ile1 :5ev]     
,izdub> is spok5 to1 ! full "n          
,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i occurs4 ,:]e ! /ory   
reop5s ,izdub> is in=m+  ,mua ( 8 fir/  
connection ) ,hea-bani & 8 (f]s to him  
:5 he  desir$ him to come to ,ere*4     
,,column ,,iii4 7fragm5t74    #a4 = my  
fri5d4444    #b4 free !e4444    #c4     
weapon4444    #d4 bright />4444         
,,column ,,iv4 7fragm5t74    #a4 ,on a  
beautiful c\* ,i w seat !e1    #b4 ,i w 
cause !e to sit on a com=table seat on !
 left1    #c4 ! k+s ( ! e>? %all kiss ?y
 feet4    #d4 ,i w enri* !e & ! m5 (    
,ere* ,i w make sil5t be=e  !e1    #e4 &
 ,i aft] !e w take all4444    #f4 ,i w  
clo! ?y body 9 raim5t &4444             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#g4 ,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i on he>+ ?is    #h4
 8 fett]s loos$ 4444    ,! spee* ( ,mua 

to ,izdub> & ! re/ ( ! column are lo/1 !
  n>rative recomm5c+ on ,column ,v4 )   
ano!r spee* ( ,izdub>4      ,,column ,v4
 7fragm5t74    #a4 4444 to me    #b4    
4444 my 444 ,i wept    #c4 4444 bitt]ly 
,i spoke    #d4 4444 my h&    #e4 4444  
asc5d$ to me    #f4 4444 to me          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#g4 4444 hyna ( ! des]t      ,,column   
,v4    #a4 ,izdub> op5$ 8 m\? & said to 
,mu    #b4 4444 my pres5ce8    #c4 4444 
n /rong    #d4 4444 my face    #e4 4444 
lay d[n 9 ! field1    #f4 4444 ( !      
m\nta91 ! hyna ( ! field1    #g4        
,hea-bani my fri5d 4444 ! same4    #h4  
,no "o else 0 ) u1 we asc5d$ ! m\nta94  
#i4 ,we took x & ! city we de/roy$4     
#aj4 ,we conqu]$ also ,khumbaba :o 9 !  
=e/ ( p9e trees dwelt4    #aa4 ,aga9 :y 
did 8 f+]s lay hold to slay ! lions8    
#ab4 ,?\ w\ld/ h fe>$ & ?\ w\ld/ n h 44 
all !  difficulty4    #ac4 ,& he did n  
succe$ 9 slay+ ! same2    #ad4 8 he>t   
fail$1 & he did n /rike 4444 ov] him ,i 

wept1    #ae4 he cov]$ also my fri5d l a
 corpse 9 a grave1    #af4 l a lion8 he 
tore8 him    #ag4 l a lioness8 plac$    
4444 field    #ah4 he 0 ca/ d[n to !    
face ( ! e>?    #ai4 he broke8 & de/roy$
 8 def5ce8 4444    #bj4 he 0 cut (f &   
giv5 to p\r out8 4444                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ba4 ,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i on he>+ ?is      
,"h ! record is aga9 mutilat$1 b ,izdub>
 fur!r in=ms ,mua  :at he did 9         
conjunction ) ,hea-bani4 ,:]e ! /ory    
reop5s on  ,column ,,vi4 ,izdub> relates
 "p ( _! adv5ture ) ,khumbaba4          
,,column ,,vi4    #a4 4444 tak+    #b4  
4444 to !e    #c4 4444 ?\ art great     
#d4 4444 all ! acc\nt                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#e4 4444 =e/ ( p9e trees    #f4 4444 w5t
 night & day    #g4 4444 ! ext5t ( ,ere*
 ! l(ty    #h4 4444 he approa*$ aft] u  
#i4 4444 he op5$ ! l& ( =e/s    #aj4    
4444 we asc5d$    #aa4 4444 9 ! mid/ l  

?y "m    #ab4 4444 c$> & p9e trees      
#ac4 4444 ) our /r5g?    #ad4 4444 sil5t
    #ae4 4444 he ( ! field    #af4 4444 
by h] side    #ag4 4444 ! ,euphrates    
,"h aga9 our n>rative is lo/1 & :]e we  
aga9 meet ! /ory  ,izdub> is conv]s+ )  
,xisu?rus4 ,! conv]sation is conta9$  9 
! brok5 fif? column ( ,k #cchb1 fir/    
notic$ & copi$ by ,mr4  ,p9*es4         
,,column ,v4    #a4 4444 ,mua    #b4    
4444 my 444    #c4 4444 !y are n l4     
#d4 4444 be=e me4    #e4 4444 trav]s$ ! 
des]t4    #f4 4444 ! gl>e ( ! des]t4    
#g4 4444 ! same4    #h4 4444 ! m\nta94  
#i4 4444 we de/roy4    #aj4 4444 7among7
 ! royal tree 7&7 ! p9e !y dwell4       
#aa4 4444 lions4    #ab4 4444 times to  
come4    #ac4 4444 7 sla91 ! same4      
#ad4 4444 ov] him ,i wept4    #ae4 4444 
burial4    #af4 4444 him4    #ag4 4444 !
 des]t4    #ah4 4444 ov] me2 ?\ ha/ gone
 r\nd 4444    #ai4 4444 ,i turn$ back2 !
 %ip 787 ,i 4444    #bj4 7my fri5d7 :om 
,i h lov$ decl>$ lov+ly2 ,hea-bani my   
fri5d  7made7 4444    #ba4 7,i7 am n z  

he1 & w\ld we _h nev] gone up2 ,i did n 
make a  =tress 4444                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#bb4 ,izdub> to him also speaks1 ev5 to 
,xisu?rus3    #bc4 ,?us may ,i g &      
,xisu?rus af> (f1 :o has conv]s$ ) him1 
may ,i see4    #bd4 ,i w5t r\nd1 ,i w5t 
?r\gh all c\ntries2    #be4 ,i pass$    
?r\gh difficult l&s2    #bf4 ,i cross$  
all seas4    #bg4 ,a good 4444 !y did n 
dwell be=e me4    #bh4 ,i exhau/$ myself
 ?r\gh weakness2 ) my 4444 ! cr[n ,i    
fill$4    #bi4 4444 ! h\se ,i did n     
rea*1 & my clo?+ 0 decay$4    #cj4 4444 
( a leop>d1 a tig]1 a rag+ w+$ bull 4444
    #ca4 _! 7lairs7 ,i approa*$2 _! sk9s
 ,i /ripp$ (f 4444    #cb4 4444 may !y  
b> its gate2 ) mu* bitum5 4444    #cc4  
4444 ! cont5ts 4444    #cd4 4444 ! sides
 4444                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ce4 7,xisu?rus7 to him speaks1 ev5 to  
,izdub>3    #cf4 4444 ,o ,izdub>1       

sickness 4444    #cg4 4444 gods & m5    
4444    #ch4 4444 ?y 7fa!r7 & ?y "m made
 4444    ,we n[ come to a fragm5t :i*   
=ms ! rev]se ( ! tablet already         
translat$1 & rec\nts ! visit ( ,izdub>  
to ! two wom5 ,siduri  & ,sabitu4 ,?is  
reads z foll[s3--    #a4 ,i 0 angry 787 
4444    #b4 ,if at any "t we built a    
h\se1 if ev] we e/abli% 4444    #c4 ,if 
ev] bro!rs fix$ 4444    #d4 ,if ev]     
hatr$ is 9 4444    #e4 ,if ev] ! riv]   
makes a 7great7 flood4    #f4 7,if ev]7 
revil+ )9 ! m\? 4444    #g4 ! face t w  
b[ be=e ,samas 4444    #h4 f ( old is n 
4444    #i4 ,spoil+ & dea? toge!r 4444  
#aj4 ( dea? ! image !y gu>d$ n 4444     
#aa4 ,! man or s]vant on approa*+       
7dea?71    #ab4 ! spirits ( ! e>? !     
great gods are !y4    #ac4 ,! goddess   
,mammetu mak] ( fate1 to !m _! fate     
br+s1    #ad4 %e has fix$ dea? & life2  
#ae4 ( dea? its days are n kn[n4        
,illu/ration3 ,,composite ,,figures     
7,,scorpion ,,m572 ,,f ,,an ,,assyrian  
,,cyl9d]4    ,?is /atem5t closes ! t5?  

tablet & leads to ! next "q  ( ,izdub> &
 its answ]1 :i* includes ! /ory ( !     
,flood4    ,! pres5t division ( ! leg5ds
 has its own peculi> difficulties2  9 ! 
fir/ place x does n appe> h[ ,hea-bani 0
 kill$4 ,possibly  he fell 9 an attempt 
to slay a lion4    ,! l& ( ,mas or des]t
 ( ,mas ov] :i* ,izdub> travels 9 ?is   
tablet is ! des]t on ! we/ ( !          
,euphrates1 & ! "n  rem9ds u ( !        
,biblical ,ma% :o is call$ a son ( ,aram
 9 ,g5esis  x4 #bc2 on ! six? column !  
fragm5ts appe> to ref] to "s bird  )    
magnific5t fea!rs l preci\s /ones1 se5  
by ,izdub> on 8  j\rney4                
,,*apt] ,,xvi4    ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,!    
,,flood ,,& ,,conclusion4     ,elev5?   
tablet4--,! gods4--,s9 ( ! _w4--,comm&  
to build   ! ark4--,its cont5ts4--,!    
build+4--,! ,flood4--,de/ruction   (    
p4--,fe> ( ! gods4--,end (              
,deluge4--,nizir4--,re/+ (   ark4--,!   
birds4--,! desc5t f ! ark4--,!          
sacrifice1 cov5ant1   & ra9b[4--,spee*es
 ( gods4--,translation (                

,adra-,khasis4--,cure   ( ,izdub>4--,8  
return4--,lam5t ov]                     
,hea-bani4--,resurrection (             
,hea-bani4--,burial ( w>rior4--,age &   
composition ( ! ,deluge                 
tablet4--,comp>ison ) ,g5esis4--,syrian 
nation4--,connection (   leg5ds4--,po9ts
 ( contact4--,duration ( ,deluge4--,m\nt
 ( desc5t4--,t5   g5]ations4--,e>ly     
cities4      ,! elev5? tablet ( !       
,izdub> s]ies is ! "o :i* fir/  attract$
 att5tion1 & is c]ta9ly ! mo/ important 
on acc\nt (  its conta9+ ! /ory ( !     
,flood4 ,?is tablet is ! mo/ p]fect  9 !
 s]ies1 sc>cely any l9e be+ entirely    
lo/4 ,a new fragm5t  ( x1 belong+ to    
ano!r edition ( ! /ory1 has be5 rec5tly 
br\ght to ! museum by ,mr4 ,hormuzd     
,rassam4      ,,tablet ,,xi4    ,,column
 ,i4    #a4 7,izdub>7 to him also speaks
 ev5 to ,xisu?rus af> (f3    #b4 ,o     
,xisu?rus1    #c4 7:y7 do/ ?\ n aga9 7to
 me7 z ,i 7to !e78    #d4 7:y7 do/ ?\ n 
aga9 7to me7 z ,i 7to !e78    #e4 4444  
my he>t to make w>    #f4 4444 ,i come  

up aft] !e1    #g4 :5 ?\ did/ take1 & 9 
! assembly ( ! gods did/ obta9  life4   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#h4 ,xisu?rus to him also speaks1 ev5 to
 ,izdub>3    #i4 ,let me reveal to !e   
7,izdub>7 ! /ory ( my pres]vation1      
#aj4 & ! judgm5t ( ! gods let me relate 
to !e4    #aa4 ,! city ,surippak ! city 
:i* ?\ kn[e/ on ! ,euphrates is  plac$1 
#ab4 t city is anci5t & ! gods are )9 x4
    #ac4 ,to make a deluge or :irlw9d ! 
great gods h br\ght _!  he>t2    #ad4   
ev5 he _! fa!r1 ,anu1    #ae4 _! k+1 !  
w>rior ,bel1    #af4 _! ?rone-be>]1     
,n9ip1    #ag4 _! m9i/]1 ! "l ( ,hades1 
,n9-si-kha 7wife (7 ,hea )  !m sat1 &   
#ah4 _! w he 7i4e4 ,hea7 repeat$3 to 8  
m9i/] ! m9i/]  ( ! city ( ,kis1 he      
decl>$ :at he _h 79 m9d72#bh    #ai4 8  
m9i/] he>d & proclaim$ att5tively3      
#bj4 ,man ( ,surippak1 son ( ,ub>a-tutu1
    #ba4 build a h\se1 make a %ip to    
pres]ve ! sleep ( plants 7&7  liv+ be+s2
    #bb4 /ore ! se$ & vivify life1      

#bc4 cause also ! se$ ( life ( e k9d to 
g up into ! mid/  ( ! %ip4    #bd4 ,!   
%ip :i* ?\ %alt make1    #be4 #fjj      
cubits 7%all be7 its measure 9 l5g?1    
#bf4 #fj cubits ! am\nt ( its bread? &  
its height4    #bg4 444 & on ! deep cov]
 x1 ev5 x1 ) a ro(4    #bh4 ,i und]/ood 
& say to ,hea my "l3    #bi4 ,! build+ (
 ! %ip :i* ?\ comm&e/ ?us1    #cj4 4444 
,i %all h made1    #ca4 4444 ! sons ( ! 
ho/ & ! old m54    #cb4 7,hea op5$ 8 m\?
 &7 speaks & says to me 8 s]vant3       
#cc4 444444 ?\ %alt say unto !m1    #cd4
 444444 he has reject$ me &    #ce4     
444444 x is ^u me    #cf4 4444 l caves  
4444    #cg4 444 may ,i judge above &   
bel[ 4444    #ch4 444 close ! %ip 444   
#ci4 444 at ! season :i* ,i w make kn[n 
to y1    #dj4 into x ent] & ! door ( !  
%ip turn4    #da4 ,into ! mid/ ( x ?y   
gra91 ?y furniture1 ?y goods1    #db4 ?y
 weal?1 ?y woman slaves1 ?y h&maids1 & !
 sons ( !  ho/1    #dc4 7! bea/s7 ( !   
field1 ! wild animals ( ! field1 z _m  z
 ,i w\ld protect1    #dd4 ,i w s5d to   

!e1 & ?y door %all gu>d 7!m74           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#de4 ,adrakhasis#bi 8 m\? op5$ & speaks1
 &    #df4 says to ,hea 8 "l3    #dg4   
,no "o a %ip has made 444    #dh4 9 !   
l[] "p ( ! %ip has %ut up 4444    #di4  
4444 & may ,i see ! %ip 4444    #ej4    
4444 9 ! l[] "p ( ! %ip 4444    #ea4 !  
build+ ( ! %ip :i* ?\ comm&e/ me 7?us71 
#eb4 :i* 9 4444      ,,column ,,ii4     
#a4 /rong 4444    #b4 on ! fif? day 4444
 x rose4    #c4 ,9 its circuit #ad 9 all
 777 its gird]s4    #d4 #ad 9 all x     
conta9$ 444 above x    #e4 ,i plac$ its 
ro(2 x 4444 ,i enclos$ x4    #f4 ,i rode
 9 x ! six? "t2 ,i divid$ its passages !
 sev5? "t2    #g4 its int]ior ,i divid$ 
! eigh? "t4    #h4 ,leaks = ! wat]s )9 x
 ,i cut (f4    #i4 ,i saw ! r5ts & !    
want+ p>ts ,i add$4    #aj4 #ccj s>i (  
bitum5 ,i p\r$ ov] ! outside4    #aa4   
#ccj s>i ( bitum5 ,i p\r$ ov] ! inside4 
#ab4 #c s>i ( m5 c>ry+ baskets1 :o c>ri$
 on _! heads food4    #ac4 ,i add$ a    

s>os ( food :i* ! p %\ld eat2    #ad4   
two s>i ( food ! boatm5 %>$4    #ae4 ,to
 4444 ,i sacrific$ ox5    #af4 ,i       
7e/abli%$7 44444444 ea* day    #ag4 ,i  
7e/abli%$7 44444444 be]1 food1 & w9e2   
#ah4 7,i collect$ !m7 l ! wat]s ( a     
riv]1 &    #ai4 7,i collect$7 l ! du/ ( 
! e>?1 &    #bj4 79 ! %ip7 ! food ) my  
h& ,i plac$4    #ba4 7,?r\gh ! help (7  
,samas ! seawor?9ess ( ! %ip 0          
accompli%$4    #bb4 444 !y 7 /rong &    
#bc4 ! tackl+ ( ! %ip ,i caus$ to br+   
above & bel[4    #bd4 44444444 !y w5t 9 
two-?irds ( x4                          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#be4 ,all ,i possess$ ,i collect$ x1 all
 ,i possess$ ,i collect$ x 9  silv]1    
#bf4 all ,i possess$ ,i collect$ x 9    
gold1    #bg4 all ,i possess$ ,i        
collect$ x 9 ! se$ ( life ( all k9ds4   
#bh4 ,i caus$ ev]y?+ to g up into ! %ip1
 my slaves & my  h&maids1    #bi4 ! bea/
 ( ! field1 ! wild animal ( ! field1 !  
sons (  ! p all ( !m1 ,i caus$ to g up4 

#cj4 ,! season ,samas fix$ &    #ca4 he 
spake say+3 ,9 ! night ,i w cause x to  
ra9 f heav5  heavily1    #cb4 ent] into 
! mid/ ( ! %ip & %ut ?y door4    #cc4 ,t
 season came r\nd 7( :i*7    #cd4 he    
spake say+3 ,9 ! night ,i w cause x to  
ra9 f heav5  heavily4    #ce4 ,( ! day  
,i rea*$ its ev5+1    #cf4 ! day ( wat*+
 fe> ,i _h4    #cg4 ,i ent]$ into ! mid/
 ( ! %ip & %ut my door4    #ch4 ,on     
clos+ ! %ip to ,buzur-sadi-rabi !       
boatman    #ci4 ! habitation ,i gave )  
its goods4                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#dj4 ,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i    #da4 arose1 f 
! horizon ( heav5 a black cl\d4    #db4 
,rimmon 9 ! mid/ ( x ?und]$1 &    #dc4  
,nebo & ! ,w9d-god w5t 9 front1    #dd4 
! ?rone-be>]s w5t ov] ! m\nta9 & pla91  
#de4 ,n]gal ! mighty removes ! wick$1   
#df4 ,n9ip goes 9 front1 he ca/s d[n1   
#dg4 ! spirits ( e>? c>ri$ de/ruction1  
#dh4 9 _! t]ror !y %ake ! e>?2    #di4 (
 ,rimmon 8 flood rea*$ to heav54    #ej4

 ,! d>k5$ 7e>? to a wa/e7 0 turn$1      
,,column ,,iii4    #a4 ! surface ( ! e>?
 l 4444 !y cov]$1    #b4 7x de/roy$ all7
 liv+ be+s f ! face ( ! e>?2    #c4 !   
rag+ 7deluge7 ov] ! p1 rea*$ to heav54  
#d4 ,bro!r saw n 8 bro!r1 m5 did n "k "o
 ano!r4 ,9 heav5    #e4 ! gods fe>$ !   
:irlw9d &    #f4 s\ght a refuge2 !y     
asc5d$ to ! heav5 ( ,anu4    #g4 ,! gods
 l dogs 7 fix$1 9 a heap did !y lie d[n4
    #h4 ,spake ,i/> l a *ild1    #i4 !  
great goddess utt]$ h] spee*3    #aj4   
,all to clay are turn$ &    #aa4 t :i*  
,i 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods prophesi$ 7ev5  
evil has  happ5$74    #ab4 ,z ,i        
prophesi$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods evil1    
#ac4 to evil 77 devot$7 all my p1 !     
tr\ble ,i prophesi$  ?us3    #ad4 ,i !  
"m h begott5 my p1 &    #ae4 l ! "y ( ! 
fi%es !y fill ! sea4 ,&    #af4 ! gods  
because ( ! spirits ( e>? are weep+ )   
me4    #ag4 ,! gods on seats are seat$ 9
 lam5tation1    #ah4 cov]$ 7 _! lips = !
 com+ evil4    #ai4 ,six days & nights  
#bj4 pass$1 ! w9d1 ! :irlw9d1 7&7 !     

/orm1 ov]:elm$4    #ba4 ,on ! sev5? day 
at its approa* ! ra9 0 /ay$1 ! rag+     
:irlw9d    #bb4 :i* _h smitt5 l an      
e>?quake1    #bc4 0 quiet$4 ,! sea began
 to dry1 & ! w9d & deluge end$4    #bd4 
,i wat*$ ! sea mak+ a noise1    #be4 & !
 :ole ( mank9d 0 turn$ to clay1    #bf4 
l re$s ! corpses float$4    #bg4 ,i op5$
 ! w9d[1 & ! light smote ^u ! =tress (  
my  no/rils4    #bh4 ,i 0 griev$ & sat  
d[n2 ,i weep1    #bi4 ov] ! =tress ( my 
no/rils w5t my te>s4    #cj4 ,i wat*$ ! 
regions at ! b\nd>y ( ! sea1    #ca4    
t[>ds all ! twelve po9ts ( ! compass    
7!re 07 no l&4    #cb4 ,9 ! c\ntry (    
,nizir re/$ ! %ip2    #cc4 ! m\nta9 (   
,nizir /opp$ ! %ip1 & to pass ov] x x 0 
n able4    #cd4 ,! fir/ day1 ! second   
day1 ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir /opp$ !  %ip4    
#ce4 ,! ?ird day1 ! f\r? day1 ! m\nta9 (
 ,nizir /opp$ !  %ip4    #cf4 ,! fif?   
day1 ! six? day1 ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir /opp$
 !  %ip4    #cg4 ,on ! sev5? day at its 
approa*                                 
----------------------------------------

------------------------------------    
#ch4 ,i s5t =? a dove & x left4 ,! dove 
w5t1 x return$1 &    #ci4 a re/+-place x
 did n f9d1 & x came back4    #dj4 ,i   
s5t =? a swall[ & x left4 ,! swall[ w5t1
 x return$1  &    #da4 a re/+-place x   
did n f9d1 & x came back4    #db4 ,i s5t
 =? a rav5 & x left4    #dc4 ,! rav5    
w5t1 & ! c>rion on ! wat] x saw1 &      
#dd4 x did eat1 x swam1 & turn$ away1 x 
did n come back4    #de4 ,i s5t 7!      
animals7 =? to ! f\r w9ds1 ,i sacrific$ 
a  sacrifice1    #df4 ,i built an alt>  
on ! peak#ca ( ! m\nta91    #dg4 by     
sev5s vessels ,i plac$1    #dh4 at !    
bottom ( !m ,i spread re$s1 p9es1 &     
junip]4    #di4 ,! gods smelt ! sav\r1 !
 gods smelt ! good sav\r2    #ej4 ! gods
 l flies ov] ! sacrific] ga!r$4    #ea4 
,f af> also ! great goddess at h]       
approa*    #eb4 lift$ up ! mighty ar*es 
7i4e4 ! ra9b[7 :i* ,anu _h  creat$ z 8  
glory4    #ec4 ,! cry/al ( ^? gods be=e 
me 7i4e4 ! ra9b[7 nev] may  ,i =get2    
,,column ,,iv4    #a4 ^? days ,i devis$ 

) long+ t ,i might nev] =get4    #b4    
#8,may ! gods come to my alt>1    #c4   
may ,bel nev] come to my alt>1    #d4 = 
he did n consid] & _h made a :irlw9d1   
#e4 & my p he consign$ to ! abyss4'     
#f4 ,f af> also ,bel at 8 approa*    #g4
 saw1 ! %ip he /opp$2 ,bel 0 fill$ )    
ang] aga9/ ! gods  & ! spirits ( heav53 
#h4 #8,let no "o come out alive1 nev]   
may a man live 9 ! abyss4'    #i4 ,n9ip 
8 m\? op5$1 & spake2 he says to ! w>rior
 ,bel3    #aj4 #8,:o is x except ,hea t 
=ms a resolution8    #aa4 & ,hea kn[s & 
all ?+s he 444'    #ab4 ,hea 8 m\? op5$ 
& spake1 he says to ! w>rior ,bel3      
#ac4 #8,?\ mess5g] ( ! gods1 w>rior1    
#ad4 z ?\ did/ n consid] a deluge ?\    
made/4    #ae4 ,! do] ( s9 bore 8 s91 ! 
blasphem] bore 8 blasphemy4    #af4     
,nev] may ! j pr9ce be cut (f1 nev] may 
! fai?ful 7be  de/roy$74    #ag4 ,in/ead
 ( ?y mak+ a deluge1 may lions come & m5
 be  dim9i%$2    #ah4 in/ead ( ?y mak+ a
 deluge1 may hynas come & m5 be         
dim9i%$2    #ai4 in/ead ( ?y mak+ a     

deluge1 may a fam9e happ5 & ! c\ntry  be
 7de/roy$72    #bj4 in/ead ( ?y mak+ a  
deluge1 may pe/il5ce come & m5 be       
de/roy$4    #ba4 ,i did n reveal !      
judgm5t ( ! gods4    #bb4 ,to           
,adrakhasis 7,xisu?rus7 a dream ,i s5t1 
& ! judgm5t ( !  gods he he>d4'    #bc4 
,aga9 also ,bel consid]s1 7lit]ally1    
aga9 consid]ation 0  consid]$72 he      
approa*es ! mid/ ( ! %ip4    #bd4 ,he   
took my h& & caus$ me to asc5d up1      
#be4 he caus$ 7me7 to asc5d2 he unit$ my
 wife to my side2    #bf4 he turn$ unto 
u & fixes himself 9 cov5ant ) u2 he     
approa*es u3    #bg4 #8,=m]ly           
,adrakhasis 707 mortal1 b    #bh4 aga9  
also ,adrakhasis & 8 wife to live z gods
 are tak5 away1  &    #bi4 ,adrakhasis  
also dwells 9 a remote place at ! m\? ( 
!  riv]s4'    #cj4 ,!y took me1 & 9 a   
remote place at ! m\? ( ! riv]s !y      
caus$ me to dwell4    #ca4 ,aga9 also z 
= !e :omsoev] ! gods h *os5 also1       
#cb4 = ! heal? :i* ?\ seeke/ & aske/1   
#cc4 ! bulw>ks %all be m\nt$ six days & 

sev5 nights1    #cd4 l "o :o sits 9 !   
vic9ity ( 8 ne/1    #ce4 a way l a /orm 
%all be laid ^u him4    #cf4 ,adrakhasis
 to h] also says1 ev5 to 8 wife3    #cg4
 ,i ann\nce t ! *ief :o has s\ght heal? 
#ch4 ! way l a /orm %all be laid ^u him4
    #ci4 ,8 wife to him also says ev5 to
 ,adrakhasis af> (f3    #dj4 ,turn him1 
& let ! man be s5t away2    #da4 by !   
road t he came may he return 9 peace1   
#db4 ?ro' ! great gate go+ =? let him   
return to 8 c\ntry4    #dc4 ,adrakhasis 
to h] also says1 ev5 to 8 wife3    #dd4 
,! pa9 ( ! man pa9s !e1    #de4 m\nt !  
bulw>ks2 8 baldness place on 8 head4    
#df4 ,& ! day :5 he _h m\nt$ ! side ( ! 
%ip1    #dg4 %e m\nt$1 8 baldness %e    
plac$ on 8 head4    #dh4 ,& ! day :5 he 
_h m\nt$ ! side ( ! %ip1    #di4 fir/ ! 
sabusat ( 8 baldness1    #ej4 second !  
mussukat1 ?ird ! radbat1 f\r? %e op5$ 8 
zikaman1    #ea4 fif? ! sibu %e plac$1  
six? ! bassat1      ,,column ,v4    #a4 
sev5? 9 ! outlet %e turn$ him & let !   
man g free4                             

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#b4 ,izdub> to him also says ev5 to     
,xisu?rus af> (f3    #c4 ,9 ?is way ?\  
wa/ compassionate 787 ov] me1    #d4    
quickly ?\ ha/ begott5 me1 & ?\ ha/ set 
eyes 7on me74    #e4 ,xisu?rus to him   
also says ev5 to ,izdub>4    #f4 4444444
 ?y baldness1    #g4 4444444 ,i sep>at$ 
!e1    #h4 4444444 ?y baldness1    #i4  
second ! mussukat1 ?ird ! radbat1       
#aj4 f\r? ,i op5$ ?y zikaman1    #aa4   
fif? ! sibu ,i plac$1 six? ! bassat1    
#ab4 sev5? 9 ! op5+ ,i turn$ !e4    #ac4
 ,izdub> to him also says ev5 to        
,xisu?rus af> (f3    #ad4 444444        
,xisu?rus :i!r may ,i g8    #ae4 444444 
!y %ipp$    #af4 444444 dwell+ 9 dea?1  
#ag4 444444 8 tail dies also4           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ah4 ,xisu?rus to him also says ev5 to  
,nis-,hea ! boatman3    #ai4 ,nis-,hea1 
may ?y 7o>7 accompli% a passage = !e4   
#bj4 ,he :o 44444 on ! %ore ( 7! gods7  

4444    #ba4 ! man :om ?\ goe/ be=e1    
disease has cov]$ 8 body2    #bb4       
illness has ov]ma/]$ ! /r5g? ( 8 limbs4 
#bc4 ,take him1 ,nis-,hea1 to cleanse   
c>ry him1    #bd4 may he cleanse 8      
disease 9 ! wat] l purity1    #be4 may  
he ca/ (f 8 illness1 & may ! sea c>ry x 
away1 may  heal? cov] 8 sk91    #bf4 may
 x re/ore ! hair ( 8 head1    #bg4 !    
hair clo?+1 ! cov]+ ( 8 lo9s4    #bh4 ,t
 he may g to 8 c\ntry1 t he may take 8  
road1    #bi4 nev] may ! hair become old
 & alone may he be alone 7i4e4          
unrivall$74    #cj4 ,nis-,hea took him1 
to cleanse he c>ri$ him1    #ca4 8      
disease 9 ! wat] l purity 7beauty7 he   
cleans$1    #cb4 he ca/ (f 8 illness1 & 
! sea c>ri$ x away1 heal?  cov]$ 8 sk91 
#cc4 ! hair ( 8 head 0 re/or$1 ! hair   
clo?+ ! cov]+  ( 8 lo9s4    #cd4 ,t he  
might g to 8 c\ntry1 t he might take 8  
road1    #ce4 ! hair he did n ca/ (f1 b 
alone he 0 alone4    #cf4 ,izdub> &     
,nis-,hea rode 9 ! %ip1    #cg4 :]e he  
_h plac$ !m !y rode4                    

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ch4 ,8 wife to him also says ev5 to    
,xisu?rus af> (f3    #ci4 ,izdub> goes  
away1 he is at re/1 he p]=ms    #dj4 :at
 ?\ ha/ giv5 7him to d71 & returns to 8 
c\ntry4    #da4 ,& he ev5 ,izdub> lift$ 
up ! o> 7872    #db4 ! %ip t\*$ ! %ore4 
#dc4 ,xisu?rus to him also says ev5 to  
,izdub>3    #dd4 ,izdub>1 ?\ goe/ away1 
?\ art at re/1 ?\ p]=me/    #de4 :at ,i 
gave !e 7to d71 & ?\ returne/ to ?y     
c\ntry4    #df4 ,let ! /ory ( my        
pres]vation be reveal$1 ,o ,izdub>1     
#dg4 & let ! judgm5t ( ! gods be relat$ 
to !e4    #dh4 ,?is acc\nt 787 l        
44444444    #di4 its r5[n 787 l !       
,amurd9 tree 4444    #ej4 if he takes ! 
:ole ( x 9 ! h& 4444    #ea4 ,to ,izdub>
 he reveal$ ?is 9 8 he>+1 & 4444    #eb4
 he b\nd toge!r heavy /ones 4444        
,,column ,,vi4    #a4 !y dragg$ x & to !
 deep 4444    #b4 he ev5 ,izdub> took ! 
animal 4444    #c4 he cut ! heavy /ones 
4444    #d4 "o hom] he p\r$ out 9       

libation to x = 8 %ip4                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#e4 ,izdub> to him also says ev5 to     
,nis-,hea1 ! boatman3    #f4 ,o         
,nis-,hea1 ! :ole ( ?is1 ev5 ! :ole ( ! 
/ory1    #g4 ( :i* a man 9 8 he>t %all  
take its /ory1    #h4 may he br+ x to ! 
mid/ ( ,ere* ! l(ty1 may he complete    
7x7 l 4444    #i4 4444 spl5d\r 7:i*7 is 
dim9i%$ 4444    #aj4 ,may ,i record &   
return to p]=m my v5geance 7874    #aa4 
,= #aj kaspu 7#gj miles7 !y j\rney$ !   
/age1 = #bj kaspu 7#adj  miles7 !y made 
ho/ility2    #ab4 ,izdub> saw a well :i*
 ! wat]s 7 excavat+4    #ac4 ,he turn$  
to ! bright wat]s & smells 787 ! wat]s2 
4444  grant me ?y image 787    #ad4 4444
 ! m5 he approa*$ & 7_!7 goods he took  
away 787    #ae4 at 8 return !y tore !  
hair4    #af4 ,izdub> approa*$ 787 4444 
#ag4 ov] ! =tress ( 8 no/rils c\rs$ 8   
te>s1 & he says to  ,nis-,hea ! boatman3
    #ah4 ,:at is x to me1 ,nis-,hea1 t  
my h&s re/8    #ai4 ,:at is x to me t my

 he>t lives8    #bj4 ,i h n done good to
 my own self2    #ba4 & yet ! lion ( !  
e>? does good 7to himself74    #bb4     
,aga9 = #bj kaspu 7#adj miles7 alone ,i 
take ! way1 &    #bc4 :5 ,i _h op5$ !   
4444 ,i heap$ up ! tackl+1    #bd4 ! sea
 aga9/ its long wall ,i urg$4    #be4 ,&
 he left ! %ip by ! %ore1 #bj kaspu     
7#adj miles7 !y  j\rney$ ! /age4    #bf4
 ,= #cj kaspu 7#baj miles7 !y p]=m$ !   
lab\r1  !y came into ! mid/ ( ,ere* !   
l(ty4                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#bg4 ,izdub> to him also says1 ev5 to   
,nis-,hea ! boatman3    #bh4 ,asc5d1    
,nis-,hea1 ov] ! =tress ( ,ere* g2      
#bi4 ! f\ndation-/one is scatt]$1 !     
bricks ( its int]ior are  n made1       
#cj4 & its f\ndation is n laid to ?y    
height 7872    #ca4 #a s>os 7is7 ?y     
city1 #a s>os ! plantations1 #a s>os !  
b\nd>y ( ! temple ( ,nantur ! h\se (    
,i/>1    #cb4 #c s>i toge!r ! city (    
,ere* 444                               

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,! op5+ l9e ( ! next tablet is pres]v$1 
x reads3 8,!  gad-fly 9 ! h\se ( !      
s]v+-man 0 left40 ,aft] ?is ! /ory  is  
aga9 lo/ = sev]al l9es1 & :]e x reappe>s
 ,izdub> is  m\rn+ = ,hea-bani4    ,!   
fragm5ts ( ?is tablet are3--            
,,column ,i4    #a4 ,! gad-fly 9 ! h\se 
( ! s]v+-man 0 left4      7,sev]al l9es 
lo/47    #a4 ,izdub> 7lam5t$ ?us ov]    
,hea-bani 8 fri5d37    #b4 ,if to 4444  
#c4 to happ9ess ?\ 7art n admitt$72     
#d4 a %9+ cloak 7?\ do/ n we>71    #e4 l
 a mis=tune 787 ?\ 4444    #f4 ,fat 7&7 
goodly food ?\ do/ n %>e2    #g4 to     
7come to7 its sav\r !y d n *oose !e4    
#h4 ,! b[ aga9/ ! gr\nd ?\ do/ n aim1   
#i4 :at ! b[ has /ruck escapes !e3      
#aj4 ! /aff to ?y h&s ?\ do/ n lift1    
#aa4 ! captive w n curse !e3    #ab4    
s&als to ?y feet ?\ do/ n b9d1    #ac4 a
 ?ru/ aga9/ ! gr\nd ?\ do/ n make4      
#ad4 ,?y wife :om ?\ love/ ?\ do/ n     
kiss1    #ae4 ?y wife :om ?\ hate/ ?\   

do/ n /rike2    #af4 ?y *ild :om ?\     
love/ ?\ do/ n kiss1    #ag4 ?y *ild :om
 ?\ hate/ ?\ do/ n /rike4    #ah4 ,!    
de/ruction ( ! e>? has seiz$ !e4    #ai4
 ,n9azu1 ( d>kness ! "m1 ( d>kness1 (   
d>kness1    #bj4 h] illu/ri\s /ature z 8
 mantle cov]s him1 &    #ba4 h] feet l a
 deep well beget or d>k5 him4    ,?is is
 ! bottom ( ! fir/ column4 ,! next      
column has lo/ all  ! upp] "p3 x appe>s 
to h conta9$ ! rema9d] ( ?is  lam5t1 an 
appeal to "o ( ! gods on behalf (       
,hea-bani1 & a  repetition ( !          
lam5tation1 ! ?ird p]son be+ us$ in/ead 
(  ! second4 ,! fragm5ts comm5ce 9 !    
middle ( ?is3    #a4 8 wife :om he hates
 he /rikes1    #b4 8 *ild :om he loves  
he kisses2    #c4 8 *ild :om he has hat$
 he /rikes1    #d4 ! de/ruction ( ! e>? 
takes him4    #e4 ,n9azu1 ( d>kness ! "m
 ( d>kness1 ( d>kness6    #f4 ,h]       
illu/ri\s /ature z a mantle cov]s him1  
#g4 h] feet l a deep well beget him4    
#h4 ,lo6 ,hea-bani f ! e>? to 44444     
#i4 ,! plague-demon did n take him1 fev]

 did n take him1 ! e>?  took him4       
#aj4 ,! re/+-place ( ,n]gal ! unconqu]$ 
did n take him1 !  e>? took him4    #aa4
 ,! place ( ! battle ( h]oes did n /rike
 him1 ! e>?  took him4    #ab4 ,lo6 4444
 ni son ( ! goddess ,n9sun#cb = 8 s]vant
 ,hea-bani  wept2    #ac4 to ! h\se (   
,bel alone he w5t4    #ad4 8,fa!r ,bel1 
a gad-fly to ! e>? /ruck me1    #ae4 a  
deadly w\nd to ! e>? /ruck me10         
,,column ,,iii4    #a4 ,hea-bani :o to  
re/ 70 n admitt$71    #b4 ! plague-demon
 did n take him1 7! e>? took him72      
#c4 ! re/+-place ( ,n]gal ! unconqu]$   
did n take him1 7!  e>? took him74      
#d4 ,9 ! place ( ! battle ( h]oes !y did
 n 7/rike him1 !  e>? took him74    #e4 
,fa!r ,bel1 a judgm5t did n take him4   
#f4 ,fa!r ,s91 ! gad-fly 7/ruck him72   
#g4 a deadly w\nd 7to ! e>? /ruck him74 
#h4 ,hea-bani :o to re/ 70 n admitt$71  
#i4 ! plague-demon did n take him1 7!   
e>? took him72    #aj4 ! re/+-place (   
,n]gal 7! unconqu]$ did n take him74    
7,ab\t #ab l9es lo/1 conta9+ a          

repetition ( ?is passage47    #bc4 ,!   
plague-demon 4444    #bd4 ! re/+-place (
 ,n]gal ! unconqu]$ 7did n take him72   
#be4 ! place ( ! battle ( h]oes did n   
7take him74    #bf4 ,fa!r ,hea 4444     
#bg4 ,to ! w>rior ,m]oda* 4444    #bh4  
,h]oic w>rior 7,m]oda*7 4444    #bi4 he 
creat$ him ! ^w 4444    #cj4 ! _s 4444  
#ca4 ,to 8 fa!r 4444    #cb4 ! h]oic    
w>rior ,m]oda* 7son ( ,hea7    #cc4     
creat$ him ! ^w1 ! e>? op5$1 &    #cd4 !
 _s 7or gho/7 ( ,hea-bani l du/ f ! e>? 
7arose73    #ce4 44444 & ?\ expla9e/1   
#cf4 he pond]$ & repeat$ ?is3           
,,column ,,iv4    #a4 ,tell1 my fri5d1  
tell1 my fri5d1    #b4 ! secrets ( ! e>?
 :i* ?\ ha/ se51 tell 7me74    #c4 ,i _c
 tell !e1 my fri5d1 ,i _c tell !e1      
#d4 7h[7 c ,i tell !e ! secrets ( ! e>? 
:i* ,i h se58    #e4 44444 ,i sit weep+ 
#f4 44444 may ,i sit & may ,i weep      
#g4 44444 ( gr[? & ?y he>t rejoic$      
#h4 44444 ?\ gr[e/ old1 ! worm ent]$    
#i4 44444 ( y\? & ?y he>t rejoic$       
#aj4 44444 du/ fill+    #aa4 44444 he   

pass$ ov]    #ab4 44444 he pass$ ov]    
#ac4 44444 ,i saw    ,"h !re is a s]i\s 
blank 9 ! inscription1 ab\t tw5ty l9es  
be+ lo/1 & ,mr4 ,smi? has conjecturally 
ins]t$ a fragm5t :i*  appe>s to belong  
to ?is "p ( ! n>rative4 ,x is v curi\s  
f ! geographical names x conta9s4    #a4
 4444 ,i p\r$ out 4444    #b4 4444 :i*  
?\ tru/$ 4444    #c4 4444 city (        
,babylon ri 4444    #d4 4444 :i* he 0   
bless$ 4444    #e4 4444 may he m\rn = my
 fault 4444    #f4 4444 may he m\rn =   
him & = 4444    #g4 4444 ,kisu &        
,kh>sak-kalama1 may he m\rn 44444    #h4
 4444 8 4444 ,cu?a 4444    #i4 4444     
,eridu8 & ,nipur 4444    ,! re/ (       
,column ,,iv4 is lo/1 & ( ! next column 
!re are only  rema9s ( ! fir/ two l9es4 
,,column ,v4    #a4 l a good pr9ce :o   
4444    #b4 l 4444    ,"h !re are ab\t  
?irty l9es miss+1 ! /ory recomm5c+ )    
,column ,,vi41 :i* is p]fect4           
,,column ,,vi4    #a4 ,on a c\* he      
recl9es &    #b4 pure wat] dr9ks4    #c4
 ,he :o 9 battle is sla91 ?\ see/ & ,i  

see4    #d4 ,8 fa!r 7&7 8 "m 7support7 8
 head1    #e4 7&7 8 wife addresses !    
corpse4    #f4 ,8 fri5ds 9 ! field 7are 
/&+71    #g4 ?\ see/ & ,i see4    #h4 ,8
 spoil on ! gr\nd is uncov]$1    #i4 ( 8
 spoil he has no ov]sight4    #aj4 ,?\  
see/ & ,i see4    #aa4 ,8 t5d] orphans  
long = bread2 ! food    #ab4 :i* 9 !    
t5ts is plac$ is eat54                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
#ac4 ,! twelf? tablet ( ! leg5ds (      
,izdub>4    #ad4 ,l ! anci5t copy writt5
 & made cle>4    ,illu/ration3          
,,xisu?rus ,,or ,,noah ,,& ,,izdub>2 ,,f
 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,babylonian  ,,cyl9d]4    
,?is passage closes ! great ,epic ( !   
anci5t ,*aldeans1 :i* ev5  9 its pres5t 
mutilat$ =m is ( ! greate/ importance 9 
relation  to ! civilization1 mann]s1 &  
cu/oms ( t e>ly p4 ,!  ma9 feature 9 ?is
 "p ( ! ,izdub> leg5ds is ! description 
(  ! ,flood 9 ! elev5? tablet1 :i*      
evid5tly ref]s to ! same  ev5t z !      
,flood ( ,noah 9 ,g5esis4    ,! episode 

( ! ,flood has be5 introduc$ into !     
,izdub> ,epic  9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple
 ^u :i* x has be5 =m$4 ,!  elev5? tablet
 or book answ]s to ! sign ( ,aqu>ius & !
 mon?  call$ 8! ra9y0 by ! ,accadians1 &
 x 0 !re=e rightly  occupi$ by ! /ory ( 
! ,flood4 ,! compil] ( ! ,epic seems to 
h us$ = ?is purpose two indep5d5t poems 
relat+ to ! ev5t2  at lea/ x is o!rwise 
difficult to acc\nt = ! repetitions     
obs]vable 9 c]ta9 l9es :i* sometimes    
diff] slightly f "o  ano!r1 z well z =  
c]ta9 inconsi/5cies :i* ! skill ( !     
compil] has n be5 able entirely to      
remove4 ,?us accord+ to ,i4 #ac1  !     
,deluge 0 caus$ by all 8! great gods20  
accord+ to ,,ii4 #cj1 by  ,samas only2  
accord+ to ,,iv4 #d1 #e1 by ,bel4 ,!re  
is little d\bt t  _m indep5d5t v]sions (
 ! hi/ory ( ! ,deluge 7 curr5t 9  a     
poetical =m2 inde$1 a fragm5t ( "o ( ^!1
 conta9+ !  orig9al ,accadian text along
 ) ! ,assyrian translation has be5      
pres]v$1 & ! v]sion f\nd 9 ,b]osus      
diff]s 9 sev]al notable  po9ts f !      

v]sion embodi$ 9 ! great ,*aldean ,epic4
    ,! fragm5t ( ! v>iant v]sion ( :i* !
 ,accadian text has be5  pres]v$ is z   
foll[s3--    #a4 4444 !n l a b[l (      
sacrificial w9e ! m\nta9 4444    #b4    
4444 c\ntry to c\ntry ran toge!r4    #c4
 ,! female-slave to h] "m 787 x _h caus$
 to asc5d4    #d4 ,! freeman f ! h\se ( 
8 fecundity x _h caus$ to g  =?4    #e4 
,! son f ! h\se ( 8 fa!r x _h caus$ to g
 =?    #f4 ,! doves f _! cotes _h fl$   
away4    #g4 ,! rav5 on its w+ x _h     
caus$ to asc5d4    #h4 ,! swall[ f 8 ne/
 x _h caus$ to dep>t4    #i4 ,! ox5 x _h
 scatt]$1 ! lambs x _h scatt]$4    #aj4 
7,x 07 ! great days :5 ! evil spirits   
hunt4    #aa4 ,! univ]se !y subject$    
unto !mselves4    #ab4 ,among ! bricks (
 ! f\ndations 7!y dealt de/ruction74    
#ac4 ,! e>? l a pot%]d 7!y %att]$74     
#ad4 ,bel & ,beltis ! supreme ones !    
mighty tablets 7( de/9y  consult$74     
#ae4 ,! foot to ! e>? !y did n 7put74   
#af4 ,! highways ( ! e>? !y did n       
7tread74    ,if we comp>e ! ,babylonian 

acc\nt ( ! ,deluge conta9$ 9 !  ,epic ) 
! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis we %all f9d "s       
diff]5ces betwe5  !m2 b if we consid] ! 
diff]5ces t exi/$ betwe5 ! two  c\ntries
 ( ,pale/9e & ,babylonia ^! v>iations d 
n appe>  great] ?an we %\ld expect4     
,*aldea 0 ess5tially a m]cantile &      
m>itime c\ntry1 well wat]$ & flat1 :ile 
,pale/9e 0 a hilly  region ) no great   
riv]s1 & ! ,jews 7 %ut out f ! coa/1  ! 
m>itime regions be+ mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( !   
,phili/9es  & ,phnicians4 ,!re 0 a total
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! religi\s  ideas ( !  
two peoples1 ! ,jews believ+ 9 "o ,god1 
! creator  & "l ( ! ,univ]se1 :ile !    
,babylonians wor%ipp$ gods &  lords _m1 
e city hav+ its local deity1 & ^! be+   
jo9$  by complicat$ relations 9 a       
poetical my?ology1 :i* 0 9 m>k$  contra/
 to ! sev]e simplicity ( ! ,jewi% sy/em4
 ,) su*  diff]5ces x 0 only natural t1 9
 relat+ ! same /ories1  ea* nation %\ld 
col\r !m 9 accordance ) its own ideas1 &
  /ress w\ld naturally 9 ea* case be    
laid ^u po9ts ) :i* !y  7 famili>4 ,?us 

we %\ld expect be=eh& t !re w\ld be     
diff]5ces 9 ! n>rative su* z we actually
 f9d1 & we may also  notice t ! cunei=m 
acc\nt does n always co9cide ev5 )  !   
acc\nt ( ! same ev5ts giv5 by ,b]osus f 
,*aldean s\rces1  f :i*1 z already      
obs]v$1 we may inf] t !re 0 m ?an  "o   
v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! ,deluge curr5t 9    
,babylonia itself4    ,! great value ( !
 inscriptions describ+ ! ,flood consi/s 
9 ! fact t !y =m an indep5d5t te/imony  
to ! ,biblical  n>rative at a mu* e>li] 
date ?an any o!r evid5ce4 ,! pr9cipal   
po9ts 9 ! two n>ratives comp>$ 9 _! ord]
 w s]ve to %[  ! correspond5ces &       
diff]5ces betwe5 ! two4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1  
be rememb]$ t ! ,biblical n>rative is   
compos$ ( two diff]5t  acc\nts ( !      
,flood1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,elohi/ic &    
,jehovi/ic1  &1 z ,m4 ,l5ormant has     
obs]v$1 x is ) ! union ( ! two 9  our   
pres5t ,hebrew text r ?an ) ei!r "o ( !m
 alone t  ! ,babylonian v]sion          
corresponds4 ,! repetitions obs]vable 9 
!  ,hebrew text are n to be f\nd 9 !    

cunei=m text4                           
,g5esis3          ,babylonian           
,elohi/4     ,jehovi/4     ,acc\nt4     
#a4 ,ann\ncem5t ( !        ,deluge      
vi4 #aa-ac4      vi4 #e-h4    i4 #ab-bc4
     #b4 ,comm& to build !        ark   
vi4 #ad-af4                  i4 #bj-bg4 
#c4 ,:at 0 to ent] !        ark         
vi4 #ai-ba4    vii4 #b1 #c4    i4       
#da-dc4     #d4 ,size ( ! ark           
vi4 #ae1 #af4                 i4 #be1   
#bf4     #e4 ,spee* ( ,xisu?rus         
i4 #de-eb4     #f4 ,! build+ ( ! ark    
vi4 #bb4       vii4 #e4    ii4 #b-bd4   
#g4 ,! coat+ )9 &        )\t ) bitum54  
vi4 #ad4                ii4 #aj1 #aa4   
#h4 ,food tak5 9 ! ark4          vi4    
#ba4                 ii4 #ab-bj4     #i4
 ,! com+ ( ! ,flood     vii4 #aj-ab4    
vii4 #aj4  ii4 #ad1 c4    #aj4          
,de/ruction ( ! p  vii4 #ba1 #bb4       
vii4 #bc4   iii4 #b-ae4    #aa4         
,duration ( ! ,deluge     vii4 #ab1 #bd4
      vii4 #ag4  iii4 #ai-ba4    #ab4   
,assuag+ ( ! wat]s        viii4 #a4     

viii4 #b4  iii4 #ba-bc4    #ac4 ,op5+ ( 
w9d[                            viii4   
#f4     iii4 #bg4    #ad4 ,ark re/s on a
 m\nta9        viii4 #d4                
iii4 #cc-cf4    #ae4 ,s5d+ =? ( ! birds 
viii4 #f-ab4  iii4 #ch-dd4    #af4 ,ord]
 to leave ! ark     viii4 #ae-ag4       
#ag4 ,leav+ ! ark           viii4 #ah1  
#ai4                   iii4 #de4    #ah4
 ,build+ ! alt> &        sacrifice      
viii4 #bj4  iii4 #df-dh4    #ai4 ,!     
sav\r ( ! (f]+                  viii4   
#ba4     iii4 #di4    #bj4 ,a deluge n  
to happ5        aga9                    
ix4 #aa4  viii4 #ba1 #bb4   iv4 #ae-bj4 
#ba4 ,! ,cov5ant                 ix4    
#i-aa4                     iv4 #bf4     
#bb4 ,! ra9b[ a pl$ge (        ! cov5ant
                ix4 #ac-ag4             
iii4 #ea1 #eb4    #bc4 ,! ,deluge caus$ 
by !        s9 ( m5                 vi4 
#aa-ac4       vi4 #e-g4  iv4 #ad1 #ae4  
#bd4 ,noah sav$ by 8        righte\sness
                           vi4 #h41 vii4
   #a4 iv4 #af4    #be4 ,! translation (

 !        patri>* 79 ,g5esis (          
,eno*7                          v4 #bd4 
iv4 #bh-cj4    ,"o ( ! fir/ po9ts t     
/rike u on comp>+ ! ,biblical &  cunei=m
 acc\nts toge!r is t !y bo? agree 9     
repres5t+  ! ,flood z a puni%m5t = ! s9s
 ( mank9d4 ,?is agreem5t is  r5d]$      
rem>kable by ! abs5ce ( su* a moral     
cause 9 ! leg5ds  ( a deluge curr5t     
among o!r nations2 x is want+ ev5 9 !   
v]sion ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt giv5 by   
,b]osus4 ,equally rem>kable  is !       
agreem5t ( ! two acc\nts 9 ! n>rative ( 
! s5d+  =? ( ! birds1 two ( :i*1 ! rav5 
& ! dove1 are ! same  9 bo?4 ,"s ( !    
actual phrases & words f\nd 9 ,g5esis   
are also  f\nd 9 ! cunei=m tablet2 ?\gh 
sometimes !y are modifi$1 z  :5 ,g5esis 
says ( ! entrance ( ,noah into ! ark3   
8,! ,"l %ut  him 920 :]eas 9 !          
,babylonian n>rative ! clos+ ( ! door is
  ascrib$ to ,xisu?rus himself4         
,positive discrepancies1 h[ev]1 occur   
betwe5 ! two records4  ,?us !y diff] z  
reg>ds ! size ( ! ark4 ,accord+ to !    

cunei=m acc\nt1 its l5g? & bread? 7 9 ! 
proportion (  t5 to "o & ! height &     
bread? 7 ! same2 b ! ,bible  makes !    
proportion z six to "o1 & describes !   
height z be+  ?irty cubits & ! bread?   
fifty4 ,! v]sion ( ! /ory giv5 by       
,b]osus1 on ! o!r h&1 agrees 9 ?is matt]
 nei!r ) ,g5esis  nor ) ! tablet f      
,ere*4 ,x measures ! ark by /adia & n   
by cubits1 makes ! proportion ( its l5g?
 & bread? z five to  two1 & says no?+ ( 
! height4    ,ano!r diff]5ce may be f\nd
 9 ! description ( ! patri>*  :o escapes
 ! ,flood4 ,xisu?rus is a k+ :o ent]s ! 
ark )  8 s]vants1 p1 & pilot1 :ile 9 !  
,bible only ,noah & 8  family are sav$4 
,s1 too1 no ref]5ce is made 9 !         
,babylonian  acc\nt to ! di/9ction      
betwe5 ! clean & unclean animals        
m5tion$ by ! ,jehovi/1 ?\gh sev5 0 a    
sacr$ numb] among !  ,babylonians4 ,!   
mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! 
two acc\nts is ) respect to ! duration (
 ! ,deluge4 ,on ?is  po9t ! inscription 
gives sev5 days = ! ,flood1 & sev5 days 

= ! re/+ ( ! ark on ! m\nta91 :ile !    
,elohi/ puts  ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,flood on
 ! #ag? day ( ! second mon?  7,m>*esvan7
 & its t]m9ation on ! #bg? day ( !      
second mon?  9 ! foll[+ ye>1 mak+ a     
total duration ( "o lun> ye> &  elev5   
days4 ,?is exactly accords ) ! climatic 
conditions (  ,babylonia1 :]e ! ra9s    
beg9 at ! end ( ,novemb]4 ,! ,euphrates 
& ,tigris !n beg9 to rise1 ! c\ntry is  
inundat$ 9 ,m>*1 !  sev5? mon? ( !      
,hebrew n>rative1 & f ! end ( ,may      
onw>ds  ! wat]s g d[n4 ,accord+ to !    
,jehovi/1 h[ev]1 ! ,deluge is  ann\nc$  
to ,noah only sev5 days be=e x takes    
place2 ! wat]s are  at _! height = =ty  
days & !n decrease dur+ ano!r =ty  days1
 aft] :i* ! patri>* s5ds out ! birds at 
int]vals (  sev5 days1 s t x 0 n till   
tw5ty-"o days aft] he has fir/  op5$ !  
w9d[ t he f9ally leaves ! ark4 ,?is is 9
 practical  agreem5t ) ! cunei=m acc\nt1
 s9ce sev5 0 a sacr$ numb]  among !     
,babylonians j z =ty is 9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t4 ,z ,m4  ,l5ormant po9ts out1 !

 date ( ! #ae? ( ,dsius 7or ,may7 giv5  
by ,b]osus mu/ be due to a scribe's     
error1 s9ce ?is w\ld place  ! ,flood at 
a "t :5 ! wat]s 7 go+ d[n4 ,!re is aga9 
a diff]5ce z to ! m\nta9 on :i* ! ark   
re/$2 ,nizir1 !  place m5tion$ 9 !      
cunei=m text1 be+ ea/ ( ,assyria1 &  its
 m\nta91 also call$ 8! m\nta9 ( ! _w0   
:]e ! gods  7 suppos$ to dwell1 be+ !   
pres5t peak ( ,elw5d1 :ile !  m\nta9s ( 
,ar>at m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible 7 nor? (      
,assyria1 ne>  ,lake ,van4 ,x is evid5t 
t diff]5t traditions h plac$ !  m\nta9 (
 ! ark 9 totally diff]5t positions1 &   
!re is n  positive pro( z to :i* is !   
e>li] tradition>y spot4 ,! ^w  ,ar>at is
 connect$ ) a ^w ,urdhu1 mean+ 8highl&10
 & might  be a g5]al t]m = any "p ( !   
hilly c\ntry to ! nor?-ea/  ( ,assyria4 
,x is int]e/+ to f9d ref]5ces 9 !       
,jehovi/ic acc\nt to  ! sacr$           
,babylonian numb] sev5 & ! sev5-day     
week4 ,j z  ,xisu?rus set vessels by    
sev5s on ! alt> ( sacrifice1 s ,noah    
(f]$ clean bea/s & f[ls :i* _h be5 tak5 

by sev5s into  ! ark4 ,& ! n>rative ( ! 
s5d+-out ( ! birds conta9s a  cle>      
ref]5ce to ! sev5-day week1 :i* 0 kn[n f
 v e>ly  times to ! ,accadians1 :o _h   
nam$ ea* day aft] "o ( ! sev5  planets4 
,! ,sabba? also1 :i* occurr$ on ! #g?1  
#ad?1 #ai?1 #ba/  & #bh? days ( ! lun>  
mon?1 0 rigor\sly obs]v$ by !m4  ,!y    
call$ x 8a day ( completion ( lab\rs10  
or 8a day unlawful  to "w ^u10 & a sort 
( sa9ts' cal5d> = ! mon? ( !            
int]calatory ,elul says t ^u x 8! %eph]d
 ( _m peoples  may n eat ! fle% ( birds 
787 or cook$ fruit4 ,! g>m5ts (  8 body 
he mu/ n *ange4 ,:ite robes he may n put
 on4 ,sacrifice  he may n (f]4 ,! k+ 9 8
 *>iot may n ride4 ,he may n  legislate 
9 royal fa%ion4 ,a place ( g>rison !    
g5]al by ^w  ( m\? may n appo9t4 ,m$ic9e
 = ! sickness ( ! body "o  may n apply40
 ,! v ^w ,sabattu or ,sabba? 0 us$ by ! 
,assyrians1 & a bil+ual tablet expla9s x
 z 8a day ( re/ = !  he>t40    ,"o /rik+
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! descriptions ( !     
,deluge giv5  9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 !   

,epic ( ,izdub> is due to ! fact  t !   
,hebrews 7 an inl& p1 :]eas ! ,accadians
 7 a  m>itime1 or r fluviatile "o4 ,h5ce
 x is t :ile ! ark  is call$ 9 !        
,babylonian v]sion 8a %ip10 x is call$  
tbh1  t is1 8a c(f]0 9 ,g5esis4 ,9      
,g5esis1 too1 no?+ is said ab\t  laun*+ 
! ark1 te/+ its seawor?9ess1 or entru/+ 
x to a  pilot4 ,h[ev]1 ! n>rative 9     
,g5esis pres]ves a recollection (  !    
bitum5 = :i* ! ,babylonian pla9 0 fam\s1
 & l !  cunei=m n>rative /ates t ! ark 0
 pit*$4    ,"s ( ! o!r diff]5ces        
obs]vable 9 ! two acc\nts are  evid5tly 
due to ! opposite religi\s sy/ems ( !   
two c\ntries1  b !re is aga9 a curi\s   
po9t 9 connection ) ! close ( !         
,*aldean leg5d3 ?is is ! translation ( !
 h]o ( ! ,flood4    ,9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis
 x is n ,noah b ! sev5? patri>* ,eno*   
:o is translat$1 ?ree g5]ations be=e !  
,flood4    ,!re appe>s to h be5 "s      
connection or confusion betwe5 ,eno*  & 
,noah 9 anci5t tradition2 bo? are holy  
m51 & ,eno* is said1  l ,noah1 to h     

pr$ict$ ! ,flood4    ,x is a curi\s fact
 t ! dyna/y ( gods1 ) :i* ,egyptian     
my?ical hi/ory comm5ces1 resembles 9 "s 
respects ! li/ (  ant$iluvian k+s (     
,babylonia giv5 by ,b]osus z well z !   
li/ (  ant$iluvian patri>*s 9 ,g5esis4  
,?is dyna/y has sometimes sev51         
sometimes t5 reigns1 & 9 !  ,tur9       
,papyrus ( k+s1 :i* gives t5 reigns1 !re
 is ! same "n  = ! sev5? & t5? k+s1 bo? 
be+ call$ ,horus1 & !  sev5? k+ is /at$ 
to h reign$ #cjj ye>s1 :i* is ! l5g?  ( 
life ( ! sev5? patri>* ,eno* aft] ! bir?
 ( 8 son4    ,"h are ! ?ree li/s (      
,egyptian gods1 ,hebrew patri>*s1 &     
,*aldean k+s4      ,egypt4    ,patri>*s4
    ,*aldean ,k+s4    ,ptah4            
,adam4          ,alorus4    ,ra4        
,se?4          ,alap>us4    ,su4        
,enos4          ,almelon4    ,seb4      
,ca9an4        ,amm5on4    ,hosiri4     
,mahalaleel4    ,amegal>us4    ,set4    
,j>$4         ,daonus4 7,dun 9 !        
inscriptions47    ,hor4         ,eno*4  
dora*us4    ,tut4         ,me?uselah4   

,amemps94    ,ma4          ,lame*4      
,oti>tes 7,op>tes74    ,hor4            
,noah4          ,xisu?rus4    ,x is well
 kn[n t ,enos1 l ,adam1 signifies 8man20
 h5ce "s  writ]s h suppos$ t ! li/ (    
,noah's ance/ors 0 orig9ally  c\nt$ f   
,enos1 s t ,lame*1 ,noah's fa!r1 w\ld h 
be5 !  sev5? 9 desc5t4 ,!re is1 moreov]1
 a curi\s resemblance betwe5  ! names ( 
! desc5dants ( ,se? & ^? ( ! desc5dants 
(  ,ca91 ,me?uselah1 inde$1 be+ app>5tly
 m correctly writt5  ,me?usael 7,g54 iv4
 #ah71 :i* is ! ,assyrian ,mutu-sa-ili1 
8,man (  ,god40 ,n[ ,lame*1 ! desc5dant 
( ,ca91 is ! sev5? f ,adam4  ,x may be  
notic$ t ,irad or ,j>$ is ! same ^w z ! 
,assyrian  ,arad1 8s]vant10 & ,arad or  
,ardutu is ! ,assyrian r5d]+  ( !       
,accadian ,ub>a1 ! fir/ "p ( ! "n ( !   
fa!r (  ,xisu?rus1 :o is actually call$ 
,ardates by ,abyd5us4    ,mr4 ,george   
,smi? believ$ t ! real connection betwe5
 !  traditions ( ,babylonia & ,pale/9e  
w\ld nev] be cle>$ up until  ! lit]ature
 ( ! ,syrian population :i* int]v5$ is  

recov]$4  ,x is v possible t light may  
be ?r[n ^u ! "q by !  excavations n[ be+
 made at ,j]ablus1 ! site ( ,c>*emi%1 ! 
capital ( ! anci5t ,hittites4 ,t]ah may 
be ! same ^w z ,t>khu1  :o seems to h   
be5 wor%ipp$ z a god by ! ,hittites2 &  
,lucian  has pres]v$ a leg5d ( ! ,flood 
& ! patri>* ,sisy!s1 :o  is evid5tly !  
,xisu?rus ( ! ,babylonians1 :i* 0 curr5t
  at ,hi]apolis or ,mabug1 a little to !
 s\? ( ,j]ablus4 ,9 ?is  leg5d ! ark has
 become a c(f]1 ,sisy!s & 8 family are  
alone  pres]v$1 & ! ,flood 0 s5t to     
puni% ! wick$ness ( mank9d4    ,!re is  
"o po9t :i* /ill des]ves notice3 ^!     
traditions are  n fix$ to any localities
 9 or ne> ,pale/9e1 b ev5 on !  %[+ ( ! 
,jews !mselves1 belong to ! neighb\rhood
 ( !  ,euphrates valley1 & ,babylonia 9 
p>ticul>2 ?is ( c\rse is  cle>ly /at$ 9 
! ,babylonian inscriptions & traditions4
    ,ed51 accord+ ev5 to ! ,jews1 0 by !
 ,euphrates & ,tigris2  ! cities (      
,babylon1 ,l>an*a1 & ,sipp>a 7 suppos$  
by !  ,babylonians to h be5 f\nd$ be=e !

 ,flood4 ,surippak 0  ! city ( ! ark1 ! 
m\nta9s ea/ ( ! ,tigris 7 !  re/+-place 
( ! ark1 ,babylon 0 ! site ( ! t[]1 &   
,ur (  ! ,*aldees ! bir?place (         
,abraham4 ,^! facts & ! fur!r  /atem5t t
 ,abraham1 ! fa!r & fir/ lead] ( !      
,hebrew race1  migrat$ f ,ur to ,h>ran 9
 ,syria1 & f !nce to ,pale/9e1  are all 
s mu* evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis t    
,*aldea 0  ! orig9al home ( ^! /ories1 &
 t ! ,jews receiv$ !m  orig9ally f !    
,babylonians2 b on ! o!r h& !re are su* 
/rik+ diff]5ces 9 "s p>ts ( ! leg5ds1   
p>ticul>ly 9 !  names ( ! patri>*s be=e 
! ,flood1 t x is evid5t fur!r  in=mation
 is requir$ be=e we c det]m9e h[ or :5  
!y 7  receiv$ by ! ,jews4    ,to pass1  
n[1 to ! twelf? tablet ( ! ,izdub>      
,epic1 a curi\s  fragm5t has be5        
provisionally plac$ by ,mr4 ,smi? 9 !   
f\r?  column1 9 :i* ,izdub> appe>s to   
call on 8 cities to m\rn )  him = 8     
fri5d4 ,?is tablet is rem>kable = !     
numb] ( cities  m5tion$ z already exi/+ 
9 ! "t ( ,izdub>4 ,comb9+ ?is  notice ) 

o!r e>ly inscriptions1 ! /atem5ts (     
,b]osus & !  notice ( ! cities ( ,nimrod
 9 ,g5esis1 we get ! foll[+ li/ (  !    
olde/ kn[n cities 9 ! ,euphrates        
valley3--       #a4 ,babylon & its      
suburb     #b4 ,borsippa4     #c4 ,cu?a4
     #d4 ,l>sa4     #e4 ,surippak1 call$
 ,l>an*a by ,b]osus4     #f4 ,eridu4    
#g4 ,nipur4     #h4 ,ere*4     #i4      
,calneh4    #aj4 ,sipp>a4 7,seph>vaim47 
#aa4 ,kisu 7or ,kis74    #ab4 ,ganganna4
    #ac4 ,am>da or ,m>ad4    #ad4 ,ur   
#ae4 ,nis9 or ,k>rak4    #af4 ,agan4    
#ag4 ,duban or ,duran4    #ah4 ,abnunna 
or ,mullias4    #ai4 ,zirghul4    ,to ^!
 we may also add ! great cities (       
,assyria3--      #bj4 ,assur1 !         
primitive capital4    #ba4 ,n9ua or     
,n9eveh4    #bb4 ,calah4    #bc4 ,res5  
7,assyrian ,res-eni1 8! head ( ! spr+407
      ,s f> z ! v>i\s /atem5ts g1 all ^!
 cities & probably _m  o!rs 7 9 exi/5ce 
9 ! "t ( ,nimrod1 & "s ( !m ev5  be=e ! 
,flood2 ! fact t ! ,babylonians f\r ?\s&
 ye>s ago  believ$ _! cities to be ( su*

 antiquity1 %[s t !y 7 n  rec5t         
f\ndations1 & ! atta9m5ts ( ! p at t "t 
9  ! arts & sci5ces prove t _!          
civilization _h already kn[n  ages (    
progress4 ,! leg5d>y epo* ( ,izdub> mu/ 
be consid]$ at  pres5t z ! comm5cem5t ( 
! unit$ mon>*y 9 ,babylonia1 &  z m>k+ !
 fir/ ( ! s]ies ( great conque/s 9      
,we/]n ,asia2  b h[ f> back we h to g f 
our e>lie/ kn[n monum5ts to  rea* ?is   
era we _c n[ tell4    ,e nation has its 
h]o1 & x 0 only natural t :5 !          
,accadian k+s ( ,ur at la/ succe$$ 9    
e/abli%+ an unit$ empire  ?r\gh\t       
,babylonia1 ! leg5ds ( ! national h]o   
%\ld be  col\r$ by ! new conception (   
imp]ial unity4      ,,footnotes3    #bh 
,?is la/ s5t5ce is f\nd only 9 ! fragm5t
 discov]$ by ,mr4  ,rassam4    #bi ,or3 
,he !n intellig5tly4    #cj ,! fragm5t  
br\ght to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,rassam reads  
#f4    #ca ,! ^w us$ "h is ziggurrat1   
:i* is employ$ to d5ote !  t[]s atta*$  
to ,babylonian temples4 ,^! t[]s 7      
commonly us$  z obs]vatories4    #cb    

,bricks h be5 f\nd at ,w>ka or ,ere*    
be>+ ! "n ( a  c]ta9 k+ ,s9-kudur1 :o   
calls himself ! son ( ?is same goddess1 
& describes himself z ! build] ( !      
temple ( ,anu at ,ere*4          ,,*apt]
 ,,xvii4    ,,conclusion4     ,notices (
 ,g5esis4--,correspond5ce (             
names4--,abram4--,ur (                  
,*aldees4--,i%mael4--,s>gon ( ,agan4--,8
 bir?4--,conceal$   9                   
ark4--,creation4--,g>d5 (               
,ed54--,oannes4--,b]osus4--,izdub>      
leg5ds4--,babylonian seals4--,egyptian  
names4--,assyrian sculptures4           
,scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s cunei=m            
inscriptions are o!r notices1  names1 or
 passages1 connect$ ) ! ,book ( ,g5esis4
 ,al?\gh  ! names ( ! ,g5esis patri>*s  
are n 9 ! inscriptions  :i* give !      
hi/ory ( ! my?ical p]iod1 nev]!less "s (
  ! patri>*al names ( ,g5esis are f\nd  
"h & !re 9 !  inscriptions4    ,! "n    
,adam is 9 ! ,creation leg5ds1 b only 9 
a g5]al  s5se z man1 z 9 ,g54 i4 #bf1   
#bg1 #bh42 v4 #a1 n z a prop] "n4       

,sev]al ( ! o!r names ( ant$iluvian     
patri>*s correspond )  ,babylonian words
 & roots1 su* z ,me?usael 7,g54 iv4     
#ah71 :i* is  ! ,assyrian mutu-sa-ili1  
8man ( ,god10 & has be5 *ang$ into      
,me?uselah 7,g54 v4 #ba7 9 ord] to      
assimilate x to ! g5ius (  ! ,hebrew    
language1 or ,noah1 ! ,assyrian nukhu1  
8re/20 b1 besides  ^!1 c]ta9 names appe>
 z prop] names also 9 ,babylonia1 among 
!m ,ca9an1 ,lame*1 & ,laban4    ,ca9an  
is f\nd z ! "n ( a ,babylonian t[n      
,kan-nan2 !  inhabitants ( :i* 7        
sometimes call$ ,kanunai1 :i* mu/ n be  
conf\nd$ ) ! "n ( ! ,canaanites or      
8l[l&]s10 orig9ally  ! inhabitants ( !  
coa/l& ( ,phnicia & !n1 by ext5sion1 (  
all ,pale/9e4    ,lame* has already be5 
po9t$ out by ,palm] 78,egyptian         
,*ronicles10  vol4 i4 p4 #ef71 9 ! "n ( 
! deifi$ ,phnician patri>* ,diami*2  ?is
 "n is f\nd 9 ! cunei=m texts z ,dumugu 
& ,lamga1 two  =ms ( ! ,accadian "n ( ! 
moon4    ,! two wives ( ,lame*1 ,adah & 
,zillah1 seem to be ! ,assyrian  edhutu 

or edhatu 8d>kness10 & tsillatu 8! %ades
 ( night20  & ! names ( 8 two sons      
,jabal & ,jubal are b v>y+ =ms  ( !     
,assyrian abil 8son40 ,dr4 ,opp]t long  
ago po9t$ out t  ?is ,assyrian ^w 0 !   
orig9 ( ! "n ,abel :i* has be5          
assimilat$ 9 spell+ to a ,hebrew ^w     
signify+ 8m]e brea?40    ,"s ( ! names (
 ! patri>*s aft] ! ,flood are f\nd z    
names  ( t[ns 9 ,syria1 b n 9           
,babylonia2 among ^! are ,reu or ,ragu1 
,s]ug1 & ,h>ran4    ,laban1 on ! o!r h&1
 z 0 fir/ notic$ by ,dr4 ,delitzs*1 is  
m5tion$ 9 a li/ ( gods giv5 9 a cunei=m 
tablet 7publi%$ 9  ! 8,cunei=m          
,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia10 iii4 #ff1
 #f47    ,illu/ration3 ,,mugheir1 ,,!   
,,site ,,( ,,ur ,,( ,,! ,,*aldees4    ,!
 "n ( ,abramu or ,abram is f\nd 9 !     
,assyrian inscriptions 9  ! "t (        
,es>haddon4 ,aft] ! captivity ( ! t5    
tribes1 "s (  ! ,israelites prosp]$ 9   
,assyria1 & rose to positions ( tru/  9 
! empire4 ,abram 0 "o ( ^!1 he 0 sukulu 
rabu or 8great  att5dant0 ( ,es>haddon1 

& 0 eponym 9 ,assyria1 ,b4,c4 #fgg4     
,v>i\s  o!r ,hebrew names are f\nd 9    
,assyria ab\t ?is "t1 includ+  ,pekah1  
,ho%ea1 & sev]al comp\nd$ ) ! two ,div9e
 names  ,elohim & ,jehovah1 %[+ t bo? ^!
 names 7 9 use among  ! ,israelites4 ,! 
pres5ce ( prop] names f\nd$ on ! ,g5esis
  /ories1 l ,abram1 & ! use at ?is "t ( 
^! =ms ( !  ,div9e "n1 %\ld be tak5 into
 consid]ation 9 discuss+ !  evid5ce ( ! 
antiquity ( ,g5esis4    ,ur1 n[         
repres5t$ by ! m\nds ( ,mugheir1 on !   
we/]n bank (  ! ,euphrates to ! s\? (   
,babylon1 0 ! capital ( ! e>lie/        
,accadian dyna/y ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 
,x 0 specially devot$  to ! wor%ip ( !  
moon-god1 ! ru9s ( ^: temple h be5      
discov]$ !re4 ,ur 0 ! bir?place (       
,abraham1 9 :om we mu/  see "o ( ^?     
,semitic intrud]s :o settl$ among !     
,accadians1  & aft] adopt+ _! culture & 
civilization f9ally succe$$  9 ov]com+ &
 supplant+ !m4 ,x is probable t x is    
call$  ,ur ,casdim1 8,ur ( ! ,casdim10 9
 ,g5esis only proleptically1 s9ce       

,casdim appe>s to be ! repres5tative (  
an ,assyrian ^w mean+  8conqu]ors0--a   
suitable epi!t = ! ,semitic tribes aft] 
_!  conque/ ( ,babylonia4 ,! ,greek     
names ,*aldean & ,*aldea are ( mu*  lat]
 date1 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,kaldai1 a small   
tribe settl$ on !  ,p]sian ,gulf & fir/ 
m5tion$ 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 :o "u    
,m]oda*-,baladan 7,b4,c4 #gba-gji7      
possess$ !mselves ( ,babylonia &  became
 s integral a portion ( its inhabitants 
z to give _! "n  to ! :ole ( !m 9       
classical times4    ,"s ( ! ,g5esis     
names are f\nd at a comp>atively e>ly   
date1 !  fir/ :i* appe>s on a           
contempor>y monum5t be+ ,i%mael4 ,9 !   
reign ( ,khammuragas among ! witnesses  
to "s docum5ts at ,l>sa 9  ,babylonia1  
appe>s a man nam$ 8,abuha son (         
,i%mael40    ,aft] ! "t ( ,abraham !    
book ( ,g5esis is conc]n$ ) !  affairs (
 ,pale/9e1 & ( ! c\ntries 9 its imm$iate
 vic9ity1  & x has no connection )      
,babylonian hi/ory & traditions2  h[ev]1
 ! cunei=m records conta9 "o /ory :i*   

has a /rik+  lik5ess to t ( ,moses 9 !  
ark1 & :i*1 al?\gh n )9  ! p]iod cov]$  
by ,g5esis1 is ( great int]e/ 9         
connection )  ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,jews4  
,s>g9a or ,s>gon ,i4 0 a ,babylonian    
mon>* :o reign$ 9 ! city  ( ,agan ab\t  
,b4,c4 #ahjj4 ,! "n ( ,s>gon signifies !
 "r1 true1  or legitimate k+1 & may h   
be5 assum$ on 8 asc5d+ !  ?rone4 ,s>gon 
0 probably ( obscure orig91 & h5ce ! my?
 t  atta*$ itself to him 9 lat] popul>  
belief4 ,?is curi\s /ory is  f\nd on    
fragm5ts ( tablets f ,k\yunjik1 & reads 
z foll[s3    #a4 ,s>g9a ! p[]ful k+ ! k+
 ( ,agan am ,i4    #b4 ,my "m 0 a       
pr9cess1 my fa!r ,i did n "k1 a bro!r ( 
my  fa!r *ose ! m\nta9s4    #c4 ,9 !    
city ( ,azupiranu :i* by ! side ( ! riv]
 ,euphrates is  situat$    #d4 7my7 "m !
 pr9cess conceiv$ me2 9 an inaccessible 
place %e  br\ght me =?4    #e4 ,%e plac$
 me 9 a basket ( ru%es1 ) bitum5 my exit
 %e seal$  up4    #f4 ,%e laun*$ me on !
 riv] :i* did n dr[n me4    #g4 ,! riv] 
c>ri$ me1 to ,akki ! irrigator x br\ght 

me4    #h4 ,akki ! irrigator 9 t5d]ness 
( b[els lift$ me up2    #i4 ,akki !     
irrigator z 8 *ild br\ght me up1    #aj4
 ,akki ! irrigator z 8 woodman set me1  
#aa4 & 9 my woodman%ip ,i/> lov$ me4    
#ab4 #de8 ye>s ! k+dom ,i rul$1    #ac4 
! p ( ! black heads ,i gov]n$1 ,i 44    
#ad4 ov] rugg$ c\ntries 9 _m *>iots (   
bronze ,i rode1    #ae4 ,i gov]n$ ! upp]
 c\ntries1    #af4 ,i rul$8 ov] ! *iefs 
( ! l[] c\ntries4    #ag4 ,to ! sea coa/
 ?ree times ,i advanc$1 ,dilvun 79 !    
,p]sian  ,gulf7 submitt$1    #ah4       
,durankigal b[$1 c4 c4    ,aft] ?is     
foll[s an address to any k+ :o %\ld at a
 lat] "t  notice ! inscription4    ,?is 
my? is b a repetition ( ! (t-told /ory1 
h[ ! h]o (  noble bir? is born 9 secret1
 is expos$ to dea?1 b is rescu$ &       
br\ght up 9 a humble sph]e ( life until 
! "t comes :5 8  true orig9 & "* are    
reveal$1 & he becomes a mighty pr9ce  & 
conqu]or4 ,! leg5d 0 told ( ,p]seus 9   
,greece1 ( ,romulus 9  ,italy1 ( ,cyrus 
9 ,p]sia4 ,b j z ,cyrus 0 a real        

p]sonage ^u  :om ! leg5d 0 fa/5$1 s too 
,s>gon 0 a real p]sonage1 :o  f\nd$ !   
great libr>y ( ,agan1 & ext5d$ 8        
conque/s z f>  z ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 :i*  
he conqu]$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( 8  reign4     
,! mo/ haz>d\s ( ! !ories put =w>d 9 !  
prec$+  *apt]s is ! "o :i* id5tifies    
,izdub> ) ,nimrod1 & makes him  reign 9 
! leg5d>y p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory4   
,?is !ory is  f\nd$ on sev]al plausible1
 b probably m]ely sup]ficial gr\nds2  & 
if any "o accepts ,mr4 ,smi?'s view on !
 po9t1 x w be only  = simil> reasons to 
^? :i* caus$ him to propose x2 namely1  
because1 fail+ ?is1 we h no clue :atev] 
to ! age & position  ( ! mo/ fam\s h]o 9
 ,ori5tal tradition4    ,we mu/ nev]    
lose sight ( ! fact t1 ap>t f ! m p]fect
  & ma9 p>ts ( ^! texts1 bo? 9 !        
deciph]m5t ( ! brok5  fragm5ts & 9 !    
v>i\s !ories project$ respect+ !m1 !    
,assyrian s*ol> mu/ *ange 8 op9ions _m  
times1 & no d\bt any  accession ( new   
mat]ial w\ld *ange aga9 our views       
respect+ !  p>ts affect$ by x4 ,^!      

!ories & conclusions1 h[ev]1 al?\gh  n  
always correct1 h1 on _! way1 assi/$ !  
inquiry1 & h  l$ to ! m accurate k ( !  
texts2 = c]ta9ly 9  cunei=m matt]s we h 
(t5 _h to advance ?r\gh error to tru?4  
,9 adopt+ ,mr4 ,smi?'s !ory = ! position
 ( ,nimrod1 "o ?+  is c]ta9ly cle>3 he  
is plac$ z l[ 9 ! *ronology z x is      
possible to make him4    ,! /ories &    
my?s giv5 9 ! =ego+ pages h1 probably1  
v diff]5t values2 "s are g5u9e          
traditions--"s compil$ to  acc\nt =     
natural ph5om5a1 & "s pure romances4 ,at
 ! head (  _! hi/ory & traditions !     
,babylonians plac$ an acc\nt ( !        
creation ( ! _w2 &1 al?\gh diff]5t =ms (
 ?is /ory 7  curr5t1 9 c]ta9 features !y
 all agre$4 ,beside ! acc\nt ( !  pres5t
 animals1 !y relat$ ! creation ( legions
 ( mon/] =ms  :i* disappe>$ be=e ! human
 epo*1 & !y acc\nt$ = !  great problem (
 humanity--! pres5ce ( evil 9 ! _w--by  
mak+  out t x proce$$ f ! orig9al *aos1 
! _s ( confusion  & d>kness1 :i* 0 !    
orig9 ( all ?+s1 & :i* 0 ev5  old] ?an !

 gods4    ,! pr9cipal /ory ( !          
,creation1 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,v41           
sub/antially  agrees1 z f> z x is       
pres]v$1 ) ! ,biblical acc\nt4 ,accord+ 
to x1 !re 0 a *aos ( wat]y matt] be=e ! 
,creation1 & f  ?is all ?+s 7 g5]at$4   
,we h !n a consid]able blank1 ! cont5ts 
( :i* we c only  conjecture1 & aft] ?is 
we come to ! creation ( ! heav5ly orbs4 
,! fif? tablet 9 ! s]ies relates h[ ,god
 creat$ !  con/ellations ( ! />s1 !     
signs ( ! zodiac1 ! planets  & o!r />s1 
! moon & ! sun4 ,aft] ano!r blank we h a
  fragm5t :i* relates to ! creation (   
wild & dome/ic animals2  x is curi\s "h 
t ! orig9al tam+ ( dome/ic animals 0    
ev5 !n s f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race t  
all k (  x 0 lo/1 & ! 8animals ( !      
city10 or dome/ic animals1 7  consid]$  
diff]5t creations f ! 8animals ( !      
des]t10 or  8field10 or wild animals4   
,we next come to ! w> betwe5 ! dragon & 
p[]s ( evil1 or  *aos1 on "o side & !   
gods on ! o!r4 ,! gods h weapons  =g$ = 
!m1 & ,m]oda* und]takes to lead !       

heav5ly ho/  aga9/ ! dragon4 ,! w>1 :i* 
is describ$ ) _s1 ends (  c\rse 9 !     
triumph ( ! pr9ciple ( good1 & ! ov]?r[ 
(  primeval an>*y4    ,9 ,*apt] ,v4     
ano!r acc\nt ( ! ,creation is giv5 :i*  
diff]s  mat]ially f ! fir/4 ,! pr9cipal 
feature 9 ! second acc\nt  is !         
description ( ! eagle-head$ m5 ) _!     
family (  lead]s--?is leg5d cle>ly %[+ !
 orig9 ( ! eagle-head$  figures         
repres5t$ on ! ,assyrian sculptures4    
,x is probable t "s ( ^! ,babylonian    
leg5ds conta9$ detail$  descriptions ( !
 ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 :i* seems to h be5 !     
di/rict ( ,eridu 9 ! s\? ( ,babylonia1 z
 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son  believes4    ,!re
 are co9cid5ces 9 respect to ! geography
 ( ! region &  its "n :i* r5d] !        
id5tification v probable2 ( ! f\r  riv]s
 9 ea* case1 two1 ! ,euphrates &        
,tigris1 are id5tical2  !n1 aga91 ! kn[n
 f]tility ( ! region1 its "n sometimes  
,gan-duni1 s simil> to ,gan-ed5 7! ,g>d5
 ( ,ed571 & o!r  consid]ations1 all t5d 
t[>ds ! view t x is ! ,p>adise (        

,g5esis4    ,!re are evid5ces ( ! belief
 9 ! tree ( life1 :i* is "o  ( ! mo/    
common emblems on ! seals & l>g]        
sculptures1 & is  ev5 us$ z an ornam5t  
on dresses2 a sacr$ tree is also sev]al 
times m5tion$ 9 ! leg5ds & hymns1 b at  
pres5t !re is no  direct connection kn[n
 betwe5 ! tree & ! ,fall1 al?\gh ! gem  
engrav+s r5d] x v probable t !re 0 a    
leg5d ( ?is k9d  l ! "o 9 ,g5esis4    ,9
 ! hi/ory ( ,b]osus m5tion is made ( a  
composite be+1 half  man1 half fi%1 nam$
 ,oannes1 :o 0 suppos$ to h appe>$ out  
( ! sea & to h taught ! ,babylonians all
 _! le>n+4 ,!  ,babylonian & ,assyrian  
sculptures h made u famili> ) !  figure 
( ,oannes1 & h s f> giv5 evid5ce t      
,b]osus has truly  describ$ ?is         
my?ological figure2 b x is a curi\s fact
 t !  leg5d ( ,oannes1 :i* mu/ h be5 "o 
( ! ,babylonian /ories  ( ! ,creation1  
has n yet be5 recov]$4 ,9 fact1 z       
previ\sly  notic$ 7p4 #ab71 !re is only 
"o fragm5t :i* c be at all  ref]r$ to x1
 & ?is has be5 accid5tally pres]v$ among

 a s]ies  ( extracts f v>i\s ,accadian  
works 9 a bil+ual read+-book  compil$ = 
! use ( ,assyrian /ud5ts ( ,accadian4 ,!
 fragm5t is  z foll[s3--                
,illu/ration3 ,,oannes4 ,,f ,,nimr\d    
,,sculpture4    #a4 ,to ! wat]s _! god  
#b4 has return$3    #c4 to ! h\se (     
bright ?+s    #d4 he desc5d$ 7z7 an     
icicle3    #e4 on a seat ( sn[    #f4 he
 grew n old 9 wisdom4    ,! leg5d (     
,oannes1 ^: "n may possibly be !        
,accadian ,hea-khan1  8,hea ! fi%10     
conc]n$ ! ,babylonians only1 & s did n  
int]e/  ! ,assyrians1 :o did n c>e to h 
x 9 _! libr>ies4    ,besides ! leg5d (  
,oannes1 h[ev]1 !re are evid5tly _m     
/ories  ( e>ly times /ill unkn[n1 or    
only kn[n by m]e fragm5ts or  allusions4
    ,! fables giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 =m a  
s]ies q diff]5t 9  "* f ! leg5ds1 & !   
only excuse = ins]t+ !m  "h is ! ne$ (  
exhibit+ z cle>ly & fully z possible !  
lit]ature ( ! great epo* :i* produc$ !  
,g5esis tablets4    ,mo/ ( ! o!r /ories 
app>5tly relate to ! great p]iod be=e  !

 ,flood1 :5 cele/ial visitors came to & 
f ! e>?1 & !  inhabitants ( ! _w 7 v    
di/9ctly divid$ into ! good &  bad1 b ! 
/ories are only fables ) a moral atta*$1
 & h  little connection ) ,babylonian   
hi/ory4    ,two ( ^! /ories are v       
curi\s1 & may h]eaft] turn out to be  ( 
great importance2 "o is ! /ory ( ! s9   
committ$ by ! god  ,zu1 & ! o!r ! /ory (
 ,at>pi4    ,b]osus 9 8 hi/ory has giv5 
an acc\nt ( t5 ,*aldean k+s :o  reign$  
be=e ! ,flood1 & ! close ( ?is p]iod is 
well kn[n  f ! descriptions ( ! ,deluge 
9 ! ,bible1 ! ,deluge tablet1  & ! "w ( 
! ,greek writ]4 ,accord+ to ,b]osus     
sev]al ( !  ,babylonian cities 7 built  
be=e ! ,flood1 & v>i\s arts 7  kn[n1    
includ+ writ+4 ,! enorm\s reigns giv5 by
 ,b]osus to  8 t5 k+s1 mak+ a total (   
#dcb1jjj ye>s1 =ce u to disc>d  ! idea t
 ! details are hi/orical1 al?\gh !re may
 be "s  f\ndation = 8 /atem5t ( a       
civilization be=e ! ,deluge4  ,! details
 giv5 9 ! inscriptions describ+ ! ,flood
 leave no  d\bt t bo? ! ,bible & !      

,babylonian /ory describe ! same  ev5t1 
& ! ,flood becomes ! />t+-po9t = ! mod]n
 _w  9 bo? hi/ories4 ,accord+ to ,b]osus
 #hf k+s reign$ = #cd1jhj  ye>s aft] !  
,flood d[n to ! ,m$ian conque/4 ,if ^!  
k+s are  hi/orical1 x is d\btful if !y  
=m$ a cont9u\s l9e1 & !y  c\ld sc>cely  
cov] a long] p]iod ?an #b1jjj ye>s4 ,!  
,m$ian or  ,elamite conque/ took place  
ab\t ,b4,c4 #bgjj1 &1 if we all[ ! r\nd 
numb] #b1jjj ye>s = ! previ\s p]iod1 x w
 make ! ,flood fall  ab\t ,b4,c4 #dgjj4 
,9 a fragm5t>y inscription ) a li/ (    
,babylonian  k+s1 "s names are giv5 :i* 
appe> to belong to ! #hf k+s  ( ,b]osus1
 b our in=mation ab\t ?is p]iod is s    
scanty t  no?+ c be said ab\t ?is       
dyna/y1 & a sugge/ion z to !  date ( !  
,deluge mu/ be receiv$ ) m ?an ! usual  
gra9 (  salt4    ,we c see1 h[ev]1 t !re
 0 a civiliz$ race 9 ,babylonia  be=e ! 
,m$ian ,conque/1 ! progress ( :i* mu/ h 
receiv$  a rude %ock :5 ! c\ntry 0      
ov]run by ! unciviliz$ ,ea/]n  bord]]s4 
,among ! fragm5t>y notices ( ?is        

semi-my?ical p]iod is !  portion ( !    
inscription describ+ ! build+ ( ! ,t[] (
  ,babel & ! disp]sion4    ,x is        
probable f ! fragm5ts ( ,b]osus t !     
incursions &  dom9ion ( ! ,m$ian        
,elamites la/$ ab\t two hundr$ ye>s1    
dur+  :i* ! c\ntry suff]$ greatly f !m4 
,! leg5ds ( ,izdub> or ,nimrod comm5ce )
 a description ( !  evils br\ght ^u     
,babylonia by =eign invasion1 ! conque/ 
&  sack+ ( ! city ( ,ere* be+ "o ( !    
incid5ts 9 ! /ory4  ,izdub>1 a fam\s    
hunt]1 :o claim$ desc5t f a long l9e (  
k+s1 rea*+ up to ! "t ( ! ,flood1 n[    
comes =w>d2 he has  a dream1 & aft] mu* 
tr\ble a half-human creature nam$       
,hea-bani  is p]suad$ by ,zaidu1 !      
hunt]1 & two females1 to come to ,ere*  
& int]pret ! dream ( ,izdub>4 ,hea-bani1
 hav+ he>d ! fame  ( ,izdub>1 br+s to   
,ere* a midannu or tig] to te/ 8 /r5g?1 
& ,izdub> slays x4 ,aft] ^! ?+s1 ,izdub>
 & ,hea-bani become  fri5ds1 &1 hav+    
invok$ ! gods1 !y />t to attack ! tyrant
  ,khumbaba4 ,khumbaba dwelt 9 a ?ick   

=e/1 surr\nd$ by a wall1 &  "h he 0     
visit$ by ! two fri5ds1 :o slew him &   
c>ri$ (f  8 spoils4    ,izdub> 0 n[     
proclaim$ k+1 & ext5d$ 8 au?ority ov] ! 
,babylonian _w1 8 c\rt & palace be+ at  
,ere*4 ,! goddess  ,i/>1 daught] ( ,anu 
accord+ to "o my?1 ( ,bel accord+ to    
ano!r1 ( ,s91 ! moon god1 accord+ to a  
?ird1 :o _h lov$ !  %eph]d ,tammuz1 !   
,sun-god1 fell 9 love ) ,izdub>4 ,he    
refus$ h]  (f]s1 & ! goddess1 angry at 8
 answ]1 asc5d$ to heav5 &  petition$ h] 
fa!r ,anu to create a bull = h]1 to be  
an in/rum5t  ( h] v5geance4 ,anu        
compli$1 & creat$ ! bull1 on :i* ,izdub>
  & ,hea-bani collect$ a b& ( w>riors & 
w5t aga9/ x4 ,hea-bani  took hold ( !   
animal by its head & tail1 :ile ,izdub> 
slew x4    ,i/> on ?is curs$ ,izdub>1 & 
desc5d$ to ,hades to attempt once  m to 
summon une>?ly p[]s aga9/ ! h]o4 ,%e    
desc5ds to !  inf]nal regions1 :i* are  
vividly describ$1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh  _!    
sev5 gates1 is u%]$ into ! pres5ce ( !  
que5 ( !  dead4 ,! _w ( love goes wrong 

9 ! abs5ce ( ,i/>1 & on !  petition ( ! 
gods %e is once m br\ght to ! e>?1      
ultimately  ,anatu1 h] "m1 satisfy+ h]  
v5geance by /rik+ ,izdub> ) a  loa?some 
disease4    ,hea-bani1 ! fri5d (        
,izdub>1 is n[ kill$1 & ,izdub>1 m\rn+  
8 d\ble affliction1 ab&ons 8 k+dom &    
w&]s into ! des]t  to seek ! advice (   
,xisu?rus 8 ance/or1 :o _h be5 translat$
  = 8 piety & n[ dwelt ) ! gods4        
,izdub> n[ _h a dream1 & aft] ?is w&]$  
to ! region :]e  gigantic composite     
mon/]s held & controll$ ! ris+ & sett+  
sun3 f ^! he le>n$ ! road to ! region ( 
! bless$1  &1 pass+ across a great wa/e 
( s&1 arriv$ at a region :]e  spl5did   
trees 7 lad5 ) jewels in/ead ( fruit4   
,izdub> !n met two females1 nam$ ,siduri
 & ,sabitu1 aft] an  adv5ture ) :om he  
f\nd a boatman nam$ ,nes-,hea1 :o       
und]took to  navigate him to ! region   
:]e ,xisu?rus dwelt4    ,com+ ne> !     
dwell+ ( ! bless$1 he f\nd x surr\nd$ by
 !  wat]s ( dea?1 :i* he _h to cross 9  
ord] to rea* ! l& (  :i* he 0 9 se>*4   

,on arriv+ at ! o!r side1 ,izdub> 0 met 
by ,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i1  8! wat]s ( dawn  
at daybreak10 :o engag$ him 9           
conv]sation ab\t  ,hea-bani1 & !n       
,xisu?rus1 tak+ up ! conv]sation1       
describ$  to him ! ,deluge4 ,izdub> 0   
aft]w>ds cur$ ( 8 illness &  return$ )  
,nes-,hea to ,ere*1 :]e he m\rn$ anew = 
8 fri5d  ,hea-bani1 & on int]cession ) !
 gods ! gho/ ( ,hea-bani arose  f !     
gr\nd :]e ! body _h la94    ,! details (
 ?is /ory1 & especially ! acc\nts ( !   
regions  inhabit$ by ! dead1 are v      
/rik+1 & illu/rate1 9 a  wond]ful mann]1
 ! religi\s views ( ! p4    ,x is wor?  
:ile "h to pause1 & consid] ! evid5ce ( 
!  exi/5ce ( ! leg5ds rec\nt$ 9 ! prec$+
 pages f !  close ( ! my?ical p]iod d[n 
to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4    ,we h fir/ !
 seals3 ( ^! !re are "s hundr$s 9       
,european  museums1 & among ! e>lie/ are
 _m specim5s c>v$ ) sc5es  f ! ,g5esis  
leg5ds2 "s ( ^! are a good deal old] ?an
 ,b4,c4  #bjjj1 o!rs may be rang$ at    
v>i\s dates d[n to ,b4,c4 #aejj4    ,)  

?ree exceptions1 :i* are ( ,assyrian    
orig91 all ! seals  engrav$ 9 ! pres5t  
volume are ,babylonian4 ,"o v f9e & e>ly
  example is photograph$ z !            
frontispiece ( ! book4 ,! "*  & /yle ( !
 cunei=m leg5d :i* accompanies ?is %[s x
 to  be "o ( ! mo/ anci5t specim5s2 x is
 engrav$ on a h>d jasp]  cyl9d] 9 bold  
/yle1 & is a rem>kable example ( e>ly   
,babylonian  art4 ,_m o!r simil> cyl9d]s
 ( ! same p]iod are kn[n2 !  relief on  
!m is bold] ?an on ! lat] seals1 on :i* 
f ab\t  ,b4,c4 #afjj or #agjj1 a *ange 9
 ! inscriptions becomes g5]al4    ,!    
num]\s illu/rations to ! pres5t "w1 :i* 
h be5  collect$ f ^! e>ly ,babylonian   
seals1 w s]ve to %[ t  ! leg5ds 7 well  
kn[n1 & =m$ "p ( ! lit]ature ( !  c\ntry
 be=e ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4    ,aft]
 ,b4,c4 #aejj1 ! lit]ature ( ,babylonia 
is unkn[n1 & we lose  sight ( all       
evid5ce ( its leg5ds = "s c5turies4 ,9 !
  meantime ,egypt supplies a few notices
 be>+ on ! subject1 :i*  s]ve to %[ t k 
( !m 0 /ill kept up4 ,ne>ly ?irte5      

hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era "o ( !  
,egyptian poems lik5s  a h]o to !       
,assyrian *ief1 ,kaz>tu1 a great hunt]4 
,kaz>tu probably  means a 8/rong0 or    
8p[]ful0 "o1 & x has already be5 sugge/$
  t ! ref]5ce is to ! h]o ,nimrod4 ,a   
little lat]1 9 ! p]iod  ext5d+ f ,b4,c4 
#ajjj to #hjj1 we h 9 ,egypt sev]al     
p]sons nam$  ,namurot1 :i* seems to be  
an e*o ( ! "n ( ! mighty hunt]4    ,on !
 revival ( ! ,assyrian empire1 ab\t     
,b4,c4 #iij1 we come aga9 to  num]\s    
ref]5ces to ! ,g5esis leg5ds1 & ^!      
cont9ue ?r\gh  almo/ e reign d[n to !   
close ( ! empire4 ,! ,assyrians  c>v$ ! 
sacr$ tree & *]ubim on _! walls1 !y     
depict$  9 ! temples ! /ruggle betwe5   
,m]oda* & ! dragon1 !y  decorat$ _!     
portals ) ! figure ( ,izdub> /rangl+ a  
lion1  & c>v$ ! /ruggles ( ,izdub> &    
,hea-bani ) ! lion & !  bull ev5 on _!  
/one vases4    ,j z ! sculptures ( !    
,greek temples1 ! pa9t+s on ! vases  & !
 c>v+ on _! gems 7 tak5 f _! my?s &     
leg5ds1  s ! s]ies ( my?s & leg5ds      

belong+ to ! valley ( !  ,euphrates     
furni%$ mat]ials = ! sculptor1 !        
engrav]1 & !  pa9t]1 among ! anci5t     
,babylonians & ,assyrians4    ,9 ?is way
 we h cont9u$ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ^!  
leg5ds d[n to ! "t ( ,assur-bani-pal1   
,b4,c4 #fgc to #fbf1 :o caus$  ! pres5t 
kn[n copies to be made = 8 libr>y at    
,n9eveh4    ,se>* 9 ,babylonia w\ld1 no 
d\bt1 yield mu* e>li] copies (  all ^!  
works1 b t se>* has n yet be5 in/itut$1 
&  = ! pres5t we h to be cont5t$ ) our  
,assyrian copies4  ,look+1 h[ev]1 at !  
_w-wide int]e/ ( ! subjects1 &  at !    
important evid5ce :i* p]fect copies ( ^!
 works w\ld  und\bt$ly give1 !re c be no
 d\bt t fur!r progress w be  made 9     
rese>* & discov]y1 & t all t is "h      
writt5 w  "o day be sup]s$$ by new]     
texts & full] & m p]fect light4         
,,index4        ,abel1 #caf4            
,abram1 #cag4      ,abyd5us1 #dj4       
,accad or ,akkad1 #bj4      ,adam1 #hc1 
#cae4      ,adrakhasis1 #bhh4           
,agan1 #cac4      ,age ( docum5ts1 #ba4 

,alap>us1 #ci4      ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 
#cb1 #dc4      ,alex&] ! ,great1 #a4    
,alorus1 #ci1 #dj1 #ahg4      ,am>da1   
#cac4      ,amemps91 #dj4               
,amill>us1 #dj4      ,amm5on1 #da4      
,anatu1 #di4      ,anem5tus1 #da4       
,animals1 creation (1 #ga4              
,antiquity ( leg5ds1 #bb4      ,anu1    
#dh1 #di1 #ajh1 #abj4      ,anus1 #dd4  
,apason1 #dc4      ,apollodorus1 #ci4   
,ar>at1 #cjg4      ,ardates1 #cf1 #caa4 
,ario*1 #agb4      ,ark1 #db1 #bhj1     
#bha1 #cji1 #cai4      ,arm5ia1 #db4    
,arnold1 ,mr4 ,e41 #f4      ,arrangem5t 
( tablets1 #ad1 #ae4      ,a%]im1 #bdd4 
,assorus1 #dd4      ,assur1 #bf1 #cac4  
,assur-bani-pal1 #f1 #bg4               
,assur-nazir-pal1 #cf4      ,assyrian   
excavations1 #f4      ,at>pi1 /ory (1   
#aee1 #aef4      ,aus1 #dd4             
,babel1 #afa1 #afc1 #afh4      ,babil   
m\nd1 #aga4      ,babylon1 #ci1 #db1    
#cac4      ,babylonia1 #ch4             
,babylonian cities1 #bic4      leg5ds1  
#c4      seals1 #agh1 #ccj4      s\rces 

( lit]ature1 #af4      ,bel1 #dg1 #ec1  
#aac4      ,belat1 #ec4      ,belus1    
#cf1 #dd4      ,b]osus1 #a1 #cb4        
,birs ,nimrud1 #afg4      ,borsippa1    
#cac4      ,bull1 de/ruction (1 #bca4   
,ca9an1 #caf4      ,calah1 #cac4        
,calneh1 #ge1 #cac4      ,c>a-indas1    
#ah4      ,casdim1 #cah4      ,c$>s1    
#baf4      ,*aldean acc\nt ( deluge1 #f4
      a/rology1 #bj4      dyna/ies1     
#aie4      ,*ange 9 ,assyrian language1 
#ag4      ,*aos1 #fj4      ,*$or-laom]1 
#agb4      ,*ronology1 #ah1 #aih1 #aii4 
,clay records1 #af4      ,com+ ( deluge1
 #bgi4      ,comp>ison ( acc\nts (      
creation1 #ff-fi4      ( deluge1        
#bhd-bhi4      ,composite creatures1    
#cd1 #ce1 #ic1 #ig4      ,conclusion1   
#bie4      ,conque/ ( ,babylon1 #ai1    
#aie4      ( ,ere*1 #aih4      (        
,khumbaba1 #bbd4      ,con/ellations1   
creation (1 #fd4      ,cont5ts ( libr>y1
 #bh-cj4      ,copies ( texts1 #cje4    
,cory1 translations (1 #ca-dc4          
,creation1 #a1 #g1 #aa1 #ef1 #ib1 #cbc4 

,creation ( animals1 #ga4      ( man1   
#cf1 #gb1 #ha1 #ic4      ,creation (    
moon1 #fe4      ( />s1 #fd4      ( sun1 
#gj4      ,cure ( ,izdub>1 #bia4        
,cu%1 #ahe4      ,cu?a1 #bc1 #ib1 #bii1 
#cac4        ,da*e1 #dd1 #fj4           
,da*us1 #dd1 #fj4      ,dsius1 mon?1    
#da4      8,daily ,telegraph10 #f4      
,damascius1 #dc4      ,dannat1 #bjg4    
,daonus1 #ci4      ,daos1 #da4          
,date ( ,nimrod1 #cjb4      ,davce1 #dd4
      ,davk9a1 #eb4      ,dea? (        
,hea-bani1 #bgf4      ,delitzs*1 ,dr41  
#caf4      ,deluge1 #a1 #d1 #e1 #cg1    
#da1 #agg1 #cja4      tablet1 #i4       
pr$ict$1 #bgi4      comm5cem5t (1 #bhc4 
de/ruction wr\ght by1 #bhd4      end (1 
#bhe4      v>iant acc\nts (1 #cja4      
comp>ison ) ,g5esis1 #cjb1 c4      l5g? 
(1 #cjf4      ,desc5t to ,hades1 #bci4  
,description ( ,hades1 #bci4      (     
,izdub> leg5ds1 #ahj-ahc4      ,dibb>a1 
#aa4      exploits (1 #abe4             
,dome/ic animals1 #cbc4      ,dragon1   
#aab1 #aac4      ,dreams ( ,izdub>1     

#bjd1 #beh4        ,eagle1 #aa4         
,eagle-head$ m51 #ig4      ,eagle1 fable
 (1 #ada4      ,ed51 #c1 #gb1 #hd1 #caa4
      ,elamites1 #ah1 #ach1 #aif4       
,eneub\lus1 #da4      ,eneugamus1 #da4  
,eno*1 #cji4      ,enos1 #caj4          
,ere*1 #acj1 #aib1 #cac4      ,eridu1   
#df1 #gb1 #hj1 #he1 #aje1 #cac4         
,es>haddon1 #bg4      ,etana1 #aa1 #ada1
 #adf4      ,eu$ocus1 #da4              
,eu$ora*us1 #ci4      ,eu$ores*us1 #da4 
,evil spirits1 leg5d (1 #ii1 #ajd4      
,exp$ition to ,assyria1 #g4             
,exploits ( ,dibb>a1 #abe4              
,fables1 #adj4      ,fall1 #h1 #gb1 #ge4
      ,fill+ ! ark1 #bhb4      ,fir/    
tablet ( ! creation1 #eg4      ,flam+   
sword1 #hf4      ,folk-lore1            
,babylonian1 #afj4      ,=e/ (          
,khumbaba1 #bbb1 #bgb4      ,fox1 fable 
(1 #adg4      ,fox ,talbot1 ,mr41 #bdi4 
,ganganna1 #aic1 #cac4      ,g5]ation ( 
! gods1 #fa4      ,g5esis1 #a1 #c1 #cjd4
      /ories1 #aee4        ,hea1 #ea1   
#ajf1 #agg4      ,hea-bani1 #f1 #bjd1   

#bje4      ,hea-bani comes to ,ere*1    
#bjf4      ,h]akles1 #agg4              
,hesp]ides1 #agg4      ,hittites1 #caa4 
,horse & ox1 fable (1 #aej4             
,ill9us1 #dd4      ,i%mael1 #cah4       
,i/>1 #aa1 #di1 #ea1 #acg1 #bbf4        
loves ,izdub>1 #bbg4      am\rs (1 #bbi4
      ang] (1 #bcj4      desc5t to      
,hades1 #bci4      9 ,hades1 #bdc4      
return (1 #bde4      ,itak1 #abe1 #ach4 
,izdub>1 #e1 #age1 c4      leg5ds1 #f1  
#aa1 #ba1 #age1 c4      same z ,nimrod1 
#agf4      p>5tage1 #ahc4      exploits 
(1 #ahd1 c4      conqu]s ,khumbaba1     
#bag4      lov$ by ,i/>1 #bbg4          
/ruck ) disease1 #bec4      meets       
scorpion m51 #bei4      meets ,sabitu & 
,siduri1 #bfe4      meets ,nis-,hea1    
#bfe4      sees ,xisu?rus1 #bfi4        
he>s ! /ory ( ! flood1 #bgi4      cur$ (
 8 illness1 #bij4      returns to ,ere*1
 #bid4      m\rns = ,hea-bani1 #bie4    
au?or ( ,epic1 #ab4        ,j>$1 #caa4  
,jewi% traditions1 #cjc4        ,k>rak1 
#be1 #abh1 #cac4      ,kaz>tu1 #cca4    

,khammuragas1 #ai1 #aij1 #aih4          
,kh>sak-kalama1 #bii4      ,khumbaba1   
#baf1 c4      ,kiss>e1 #dd4      ,kisu1 
#bii1 #cac4      ,k\yunjik1 #b1 #ac4    
,kudur-mabuk1 #be4        ,laban1 #caf4 
,lame*1 #caj1 #caf4      ,lam5t (       
,izdub>1 #bie4      ,language (         
inscriptions1 #ag1 #ba4      ,l>an*a1   
#dj1 #cac4      ,l>sa1 #be1 #cac4       
,lay>d1 ,sir ,a4 ,h41 #b4      ,lecture 
on ! deluge1 #e4      ,l5ormant1 ,m4    
,f41 #ei1 #bdi1 #cjg4      ,libr>ies1   
#ae4      ,libr>y ( ,assur-bani-pal1    
#bg4      ,lig-,bagas1 #bd1 #aie4       
,lit]ature1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian1    
#ac4      ,local my?ology1 #df4         
,lot1 #agd4      ,lugal-turda1 #aba1    
#abd1 #bjb1 #bcd4        ,mammetu1 #bgf4
      ,man1 creation (1 #gb4      ,mas1 
m\nta9 (1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bgf4      ,m$ia1 
#aif4      ,megal>us1 #ci4      ,m]oda*1
 #eb1 #hf1 #ajc1 #aij4      ,me?uselah1 
#caj1 #cae4      ,moon1 creation (1 #fe4
      ,moymis1 #dc4      ,mummu-tiamatu1
 #ei4      ,mll]1 ,pr(4 ,max1 #bej4     

,mu-s]i-ina-nam>i or ,mua1 #bgj1 c41    
#bhc4      ,my?ology1 #de4              
,nabu-bal-id9a1 #bf4      ,names 9      
,g5esis1 #bie4      ,n>am-,s91 #ai4     
,natural hi/ory1 #bi4      ,nebo1 #eb1  
#abj4      ,nebu*adnezz>1 #cj1 #aga4    
,n]1 #ada4      ,n]gal1 #dg1 #ed4       
,nes-,hea or ,ur-,hea1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bfh1
 #bia1 c4      ,nimrod1 #agf1 #ahd-ahf1 
#cba4      ,n9eveh1 #cac4      ,n9ip1   
#dg1 #ed4      ,n9sun1 #big4            
,nipur1 #cac4      ,nis-,s91 #ada4      
,nizir1 #d1 #acg1 #bhe1 #cjg4           
,noah1 #caf4      ,nusku1 #dh4          
,oannes1 #ab1 #cc1 #ci1 #dj1 #ajf1 #cbd4
      ,odacon1 #dj4      ,omoroca1 #ce4 
,opp]t1 ,pr(41 #fe1 #gf1 #bdi1 #caf4    
,orion1 #fd4      ,oti>tes1 #dj4        
,pantibiblon1 #ci4      ,p>adise1 #gb1  
#hd4      ,patri>*s1 #bij4      ,p9*es1 
,mr41 #bgc4      ,p9e trees1 #baf4      
,prome!us1 #dc1 #abc4        ,rassam1   
,mr4 ,hormuzd1 #g1 #bgh4      ,rawl9son1
 ,sir ,h4 ,c41 #b1 #c1 #hd1 #he1 #acg1  
#afi1 #aga1 #agf1 #ahh1 #bdf1 #cbc4     

,res51 #ahe1 #cac4      ,resurrection ( 
,hea-bani1 #bih4      ,riddle ( ! wise  
man1 #aei4      ,rim-,agu1 #ag4         
,sabba?1 #hi1 #cjh4      ,sabitu1 #bfd4 
,sacrifice1 #bhf4      ,samas1 #dg1 #ed1
 #ajj1 #bje1 #cja4      ,s>gon1 #ai1    
#bg1 #hb1 #cai4      sav$ 9 ark1 #cai4  
,s>-tuli-elli1 #gd1 #ge1 #afd1 #aff4    
,satyrs1 #bjd4      ,scorpion m51 #bei4 
,semitic race1 #ai1 #hc4      ,s5a>1    
#db4      ,s5d+ out birds1 #bhf4        
,s5na*]ib1 #bg4      ,s]p5t1 #hh1 #ada1 
#adb4      ,sev5 evil spirits1 #ii1     
#ajd4      ,%almanes] ,,ii41 #bf4       
,sibyl1 #dc4      ,siduri1 #bfd4        
,s91 #dg1 #ec4      ,s9 ( ,zu1 #abc4    
,s9-lici-unn9i1 #ab4      ,s9uri1 #afj4 
,sipp>a1 #cg1 #ci1 #cac4      ,sisi?rus1
 #da4      ,sisy!s1 #caa4      ,society 
( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 #e4      ,sodom &
 ,gomorrah1 de/ruction (1 #agb1 #agc4   
,sons ( ,god1 #hc4      ,speak+ trees1  
#beg4      ,/>s1 creation (1 #fd4       
,sumir1 #bj4      ,sun1 creation (1 #gj4
      ,surippak1 #cac4        ,table (  

gods1 #ee4      ,tablets1 mutilation (1 
#i4      ,tammuz1 #fd1 #he1 #aib1 #bbi1 
#bch1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg4      ,tau!1 #dc4
      ,?alassa1 #ce4      ,?alat?1 #ce4 
,tiamat1 #aa1 #dc1 #ei1 #fj1 #aji1 #aac4
      ,tigla? ,piles]1 #bf4      ,titan1
 #dc1 #adf4      ,t[] 9 /ages1 #afi1    
#agj4      ,t[] ( ,babel1 #g1 #db1      
#afa-agb4        ,ur1 #bj1 #bd1 #cac1   
#cah4        ,w> 9 heav51 #aac4         
,xisu?rus1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #bgi1 c4      
,zaidu1 #bjh1 #bji4      ,zibanit1 #aef4
      ,zillah1 #caf4      ,zirat-banit1 
#eb4      ,zirghul1 #cac4      ,zodiac1 
#fh1 #agf1 #cja4      ,zu1 #aae1 #abc4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,new ,,edition ,,n[ ,,ready ,,(     
,assyrian ,discov]ies4       ,an ,acc\nt
 ( ,explorations & ,discov]ies on !     
,site ( ,n9eveh                         
dur+ #ahgc & #ahgd4                     
,by ,,george ,,smi?1       ,late ( !    
,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,antiquities1      
,briti% ,museum4           ,) ,maps1    
,wood-,cuts1 & ,photographs4      ,"o   

,vol4 #hvo4                             
,clo?1 #d4jj4                           
,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4    ,f ! ,n4  
,y4 ,daily ,tribune4    8,mr4 ,smi?     
appe>s to h engag$ 9 8 "w ) equal ardor1
  p]sev]ance1 & good judgm5t4 ,8 habits 
z a s*ol> h n  impair$ 8 effici5cy z a  
practical man4 ,! recital ( 8  exp]i5ce 
is m>k$ by frankness1 mode/y1 & great   
intellig5ce40    ,f ! ,/4 ,l\is         
,democrat4    8,! book reveals mu* ( !  
hi!rto hidd5 hi/ory ( ! ,assyrian       
empire1 & %[s t its p 7 wise 9 _m ?+s4  
,! maxims  translat$ f ! records1 & !   
curi\s devices & pictures  br\ght to !  
e>?'s surface1 give u a cle>] k ( !  "* 
( ! p t inhabit$ t nation ?an we h ga9$ 
f any o!r s\rce4 99 99 99 ,x is a "w (  
great importance1 & w  be welcom$ by all
 s*ol>s & antiqu>ies40    ,f ! ,n4 ,y4  
,ev5+ ,po/4    8,mr4 ,smi?'s book is1 9 
cle>ness & accuracy1 all t c\ld be      
wi%$2 himself a great au?ority on       
,assyrian antiquities1 he has  prep>$ a 
"w :i* no p]son :o has /udi$1 or int5ds 

to /udy1  ?is fasc9at+ subject %\ld fail
 to read40    ,f ! ,c9c9nati ,comm]cial4
    8,x is 9 ! hope t ^! ri*1 fir/      
fruits ( inve/igation w  /imulate       
inquiry1 & induce ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to
 take hold (  ! matt]1 & br+ its        
influ5ce to be> 9 su* a mann] ^u !      
,ottoman ,gov]nm5t z to secure its      
co-op]ation 9 prosecut+ a  ?or\gh sy/em 
( inve/igation1 t we close ,mr4 ,smi?'s 
absorb+ly  int]e/+ book40    ,f !       
,wat*man & ,reflector4    8,8 book is a 
simple1 /raight=w>d record ( :at he     
accompli%$1  writt5 n to cat* ! applause
 ( ! ignorant1 b to in=m !  wise & !    
?\ghtful4 ,! n>rative ( p]sonal exp]i5ce
 is  int]e/+1 )\t trace ( /ra9+ =       
s5sational effect4 ,b !  *ief value ( ! 
"w is = its acc\nt ( ?+s accompli%$40   
,= sale by all booksell]s1 or s5t1      
po/-paid1 ^u receipt (  price1 by       
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 ,,publi%]s1
    #gdc ,,& #gde ,,broadway1 ,,new     
,,york4               ,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? 
( ,religion1 z ,illu/rat$ by            

,,! ,,religion ,,(                      
,,anci5t ,,egypt4                       
,by ,p4 ,,le ,,page ,,r5\f4             
7,! ,hibb]t ,lectures = #ahgi47         
,"o volume1 #abmo1      #a4ej     ,m4   
,le ,page ,r5\f's great reputation z an 
,egyptologi/ l$ to 8   selection to     
deliv] ! second c\rse ( ! already       
celebrat$   ,hibb]t s]ies4 ,8 lectures  
are ! fit companions ( ,pr(essor        
,mll]'s1 bo? 9 le>n+ & 9 int]e/4 ,!     
glimpses labori\sly   ga9$ by ! aid (   
long undeciph]$ hi]oglyphics into "o ( !
   mo/ my/ical & pr(\nd ( all ! anci5t  
beliefs1 h always _h   a special        
fasc9ation2 & ! "t has n[ come :5 x is  
possible   to jo9 _! results into a     
fairly complete picture4 ,done z ?is is 
by ,m4 ,r5\f1 ) a c]ta9 ,fr5* vividness 
& cle>ness1 x has a   v unusual1 &1     
inde$1 unique int]e/4    ,,critical     
,,notices4    8,! n>rative is s well put
 toge!r1 ! *a9 ( reason+ &  inf]5ce s   
obvi\s1 & ! illu/ration s apt1 t ! g5]al
  read] c g ?r\gh x ) unabat$           

int]e/40--,h>t=d ,po/4    8,no "o c rise
 f read+ ?is book1 9 :i*1 by ! way1 !   
au?or is c>eful ab\t draw+ 8            
conclusions1 )\t hav+  increas$ respect 
= ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt1 & h>dly   
less  ?an admiration = its e?ical       
sy/em40--,! ,*ur*man4    8,^! lectures  
are invaluable to /ud5ts ( ,egyptology1 
& z !  religion ( anci5t ,egypt /&s     
alone & unconnect$ ) o!r  religions1    
except ^? :i* h be5 modifi$ by x1 itself
 be+  app>5tly orig9al & und]iv$1 !y    
%\ld be highly int]e/+  to all /ud5ts ( 
religi\s hi/ory4444 ,x is impossible 9 a
 brief  notice to convey an adequate    
idea ( ,pr(essor ,r5\f's admirable      
lectures40--,n4 ,y4 ,_w4    8,! pres5t  
"w =ms a rem>kably intellig5t & acutely 
critical  contribution to ! hi/ory ( !  
orig9 & gr[? ( religion1  z illu/rat$ by
 ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,z a       
speciali/1  ,pr(essor ,r5\f is able to  
br+ =? mu* in=mation n ord9>ily         
accessible to ! g5]al read]1 & ?is he   
does 9 su* a c>efully  dige/$ =m z to   

make ! "w ent]ta9+ & in/ructive 9 !     
highe/ degree40--,bo/on ,c\ri]4     ,=  
sale by all booksell]s1 or s5t1         
po/-paid1 ^u receipt (  price1 by       
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 ,,publi%]s1
    #gdc ,,& #gde ,,broadway1 ,,new     
,,york4        ,,new1 ,,revis$1 ,,&     
,,enl>g$ ,,edition ,,( ,,dr4            
,,s*liemann',s ,,great ,,"w4            
,,discov]ies ,,& ,,rese>*es             
on ! sites (                            
,,anci5t ,,myc5 ,,& ,,tiryns4           
,by ,,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,s*liemann1 ,au?or (  
8,troy & its ,rema9s40                  
,) ,preface by ! ,,hon4 ,w4 ,e4         
,,glad/one4       ,) ,maps1 ,color$     
,plates1 ,views & ,cuts1 repres5t+      
sev]al          ,hundr$ ,objects (      
,antiquity discov]$ on ! ,sites4        
,,9 ,,all1 ,,five ,,hundr$              
,,illu/rations4                         
,,critical ,,notices4     8,9 ?is       
magnific5t volume we h f9ally ! /ory (  
,dr4   ,s*liemann's la/ & mo/ important 
discov]ies4 ,he has be5 !   mo/ =tunate 

( ar*ological explor]s2 = ev5 a great]  
luck   ?an rew>d$ him 9 ! ,troad has    
fall5 to 8 portion 9 ,argolis4   99 99  
99 ,we suspect t ! f9al v]dict ( s*ol>s 
w t ,dr4   ,s*liemann has actually      
discov]$ ! rema9s ( ! man1 "s "p   ( ^: 
hi/ory1 at lea/1 is pres]v$ 9 !         
,agamemnon ( ,hom] &   s*ylus40--,! ,n4 
,y4 ,tribune4     8,dr4 ,s*liemann's    
book is wor? all ! prolegom5s &         
comm5t>ies   ^u ,hom] t h be5 writt5    
s9ce ! revival ( le>n+40--,!   ,bo/on   
,globe4     8,! int]e/ ( ! "w is n      
conf9$ to ei!r ,engl& or   ,am]ica4 ,e  
enlight5$ nation w welcome x1 = x op5s  
up a   new _w to ! mod]n g5]ation4 ,no  
"w ( ! "t has attract$   wid]           
att5tion40--,bo/on ,po/4     8,?is      
spl5did volume is a museum ( itself :i* 
e lov] (   hi/ory & classical lit]ature 
w feel t he mu/ possess1 &   :i* any    
intellig5t read] is compet5t to und]/& &
 enjoy by   means ( its abundant & truly
 spl5did illu/rations40--,buffalo       
,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4     8,dr4         

,s*liemann has made ! mo/ important     
contribution ( !   pres5t c5tury to     
,greek ar*ology40--,! ,nation4     8,we 
comm5d ! volume1 ) its admirable        
typography &   multitud9\s illu/rations1
 to ! att5tion ( our read]s1   assur+ !m
 t !y w f9d x possess$ ( a r>e & endur+ 
int]e/40--,bo/on ,j\rnal4     8,we add  
our te/imony 9 say+ t a copy ( ,myc5 is 
necess>y   to ! libr>y ( e s*ol>1 &--:i*
 is no mean praise--t   ! pr9t+ &       
illu/rations ( ?is "w are wor?y ( !     
matt]40--,baltimore ,gazette4    ,"o    
vol4 qu>to1 sup]bly pr9t$ on sup]f9e    
pap]1 clo? extra1  #g4ej4     ,= sale by
 all booksell]s1 or s5t1 po/-paid1 ^u   
receipt (  price1 by      ,,*>les       
,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 ,,publi%]s1    #gdc
 ,,& #gde ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4     
,!                         ,conflict (  
,*ri/ianity                             
,,) ,,hea!nism4                         
,by ,,dr4 ,,g]h>d ,,uhlhorn4            
,,translat$ ,,by                ,,pr(4  
,,egb]t ,c4 ,,smy? & ,,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,h4 

,,ropes4                         ,"o    
,volume1 ,cr[n #hvo1 #b4ej4     ,?is    
volume describes ) extraord9>y vividness
 & _s !   religi\s & moral condition ( !
 ,pagan _w1 ! rise & spread   (         
,*ri/ianity1 its conflict ) hea!nism1 & 
its f9al victory4   ,!re is no "w t     
portrays ! h]oic age ( ! anci5t *ur*   )
 equal _s1 elegance1 & incisive p[]4 ,! 
au?or has made   ?or\gh & indep5d5t /udy
 bo? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature   &    
also ( ! contempor>y records ( classic  
hea!nism4    ,,critical ,,notices4      
8,x is easy to see :y ?is volume is s   
highly e/eem$4 ,x is  sy/ematic1 ?or\gh1
 & concise4 ,b its p[] is 9 ! wide m5tal
  vision & well-balanc$ imag9ation ( !  
au?or1 :i* enable him to  recon/ruct !  
sc5es ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,an exceptional  
cle>ness &  =ce m>k 8 /yle40--,bo/on    
,adv]tis]4    8,"o might read _m books  
)\t obta9+ m ?an a fraction (  !        
pr(itable in=mation "h convey$2 & he    
might se>* a long  "t be=e f9d+ "o :i*  
w\ld s ?or\ghly fix 8 att5tion &  comm& 

8 int]e/40--,phil4 ,s4 ,s4 ,times4      
8,dr4 ,uhlhorn has describ$ ! great     
conflict ) ! p[] ( a  ma/]4 ,8 /yle is  
/rong & attractive1 8 descriptions vivid
 &  graphic1 8 illu/rations highly      
color$1 & 8 pres5tation ( !  subject    
e>ne/ & effective40--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4
    8,! "w is m>k$ = its broad          
humanit>ian views1 its le>n+1 &  ! wide 
discretion 9 select+ f ! great field !  
po9ts (  deepe/ int]e/40--,*icago       
,int]-,ocean4    8,?is is "o ( ^? cle>1 
/rong1 ?or\gh-go+ books :i* are a       
s*ol>'s delight40--,h>t=d ,religi\s     
,h]ald4     ,= sale by all booksell]s1  
or s5t po/-paid ^u receipt (  price1 by 
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1    ,,nos4  
#gdc ,,& #gde ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4