,! ,criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ,,! ,,morse ,,lectures ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,! ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,by ,,william ,,s&ay1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo #a4ge net ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,!ology4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,fairbairn1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo #b4ej ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,japan4 ,by ,,william ,,elliot ,,griffis4 #abmo #b4jj ,,! ,,:5ce ,,& ,,! ,,:i!r ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,john ,m4 ,,tyl]4 #abmo #a4ge ,,! ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,,eight ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,morse ,,f\ndation1 ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,union ,,sem9>y1 ,,new ,,york ,,9 ,,octob] ,,& ,,novemb]1 #aijd ,,by ,,william ,,s&ay1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,litt4,d4 ,,lady ,,m>g>et ,,pr(essor1 ,,& ,,canon ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*1 ,,ox=d ,,hon4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,exet] ,,college2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,academy ,,*apla9 ,,9 ,,ord9>y ,,to ,,! ,,k+ ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aije ,,to ,,my ,,am]ican ,,fri5ds ,,preface ,^! lectures 7 deliv]$ 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ! ,morse f\ndation 9 ! ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york1 betwe5 ,octob] #ab & ,novemb] #d1 #aijd2 & !y 7 aft]w>ds repeat$1 ) "s *anges1 9 ,ox=d4 ,i h tri$ to improve _! =m bo? :ile !y 7 be+ deliv]$ & s9ce4 ,b ,i h be5 cont5t to /ate ! case = ! mo/ "p broadly & con/ructively1 & h n 7z ,i _h at "o "t int5d$7 burd5$ ! pages ) notes & detail$ discussions4 ,i am consci\s ( inadequate treatm5t ?r\gh\t1 b especially p]haps 9 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,!re has be5 a movem5t ( ?\ght go+ on ev] s9ce ! lectures 7 begun2 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! burn+ po9t ( ! :ole controv]sy has come to re/ m & m ^u ! "q discuss$ 9 ?is lecture4 ,b on nei!r side has ! real issue be5 press$ home ) any ?or\ghness4 ,critical writ]s are 9 ! habit ( assum+ ) v little pro( t ! !ology ( ,/4 ,john is simply a developm5t ( t ( ,/4 ,paul1 & t ! !ology ( ,/4 ,paul 0 f "o end to ! o!r ! ,apo/le's own creation4 ,i _c ?9k t ?is is a true repres5tation ( ! facts2 x seems to me to ignore f> too mu* ! ,"m ,*ur* & t :i* gave its life to ! ,"m ,*ur*4 ,at ! same "t ,i am q aw>e t :at ,i h giv5 is r a sket* = a possible answ] to ?is "q1 ?an a really satisfactory discussion ( x4 ,!re are n want+ signs t a full] exam9ation ( ! relations betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ on ! "o h& & ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john on ! o!r is ! next great debate t lies be=e u4 ,9 ?is debate ! "q ( ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel w be b an episode4 ,x is a matt] ( regret to me t ! subject ( ^! lectures %\ld h be5 s pr$om9antly controv]sial4 ,i _c help feel+ ! deep cleft :i* divides me f _m ( ! writ]s ^: views ,i h discuss$--a cleft t ext5ds to matt]s m fundam5tal /ill ?an ! criticism ( ! ,gospel4 ,i f9d x 9 "s ways a relief to ?9k ( ! division betwe5 u z great] ev5 ?an x is4 ,:]e !re is frank & op5 ho/ility1 ! approa*es t are made by ! "o side to ! o!r are m highly valu$4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view !re is mu* 9 ! writ+s ( ^? ( :om ,i am oblig$ to ?9k z oppon5ts t greatly appeals to me4 ,z typical ( ?is ,i may m5tion ! pamphlet by ,freih]r von ,sod5 entitl$ ,die wi*tig/5 ,frag5 im ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,i h ref]r$ to ?is pamphlet 9 a note on p4 #abi1 9 t]ms t are n ^? ( praise2 & x true t ! critical portion ( ! pamphlet1 especially s f> z x deals ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 seems to me v defective4 ,i also _c disguise f myself t ! au?or explicitly d5ies :at ,i %\ld mo/ wi% t he affirm$ 7op4 cit41 p4 #ib74 ,b1 :5 ,i h said ?is1 x is only j to add t ,i h read ! conclud+ sections ( 8 essay ) w>m respect & admiration4 ,& :at is true ( ?is essay is true ( mu* beside4 ,i console myself by ?9k+ t ,g]man criticism ) :i* ,i h _h to break a lance m (t5 ?an ) any o!r1 has a wond]ful faculty = correct+ itself4 ,only 9 ! la/ few ye>s we h _h1 fir/ ! discussions />t$ by ,wellhaus5 ab\t ! title ,son ( ,man1 & !n ^? set on foot by ,wr$e 9 8 book ,das ,messiasgeheimnis 9 d5 ,evangeli51 & 9 ea* case criticism seems to be work+ its way ?r\gh to a view t is really "r & reasonable4 ,9 l mann] ! extravagant e/imate ( ! apocalyptic elem5t 9 ! ,gospels :i* has be5 9 vogue 9 rec5t ye>s seems to be r$uc+ itself to s\nd] dim5sions4 ,9 ea* case !re is error2 b 9 ea* case ! error is correct$1 & some?+ is le>nt & ga9$ by ! way4 ,may we n hope t on ?is "q ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ! /ill m vital matt]s ) :i* x is b\nd up1 by degrees ! t5sion may be relax$1 & !re may be ! same exp]i5ce ( p]man5t ga98 ,already "o may see great pot5tialities ( good 9 mu* t z x at pres5t /&s may well give cause = conc]n4 ,"o common =m ( criticism t may be direct$ aga9/ ?is book ,i confess t ,i %\ld r deprecate4 ,ev5 my fri5d ,dr4 ,*eyne1 ^: sympa?ies are s l>ge1 all[s himself to write3 #8,apologetic consid]ations are br\ght 9 to limit our fre$om4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel mu/ be ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & mu/ be 9 ! ma9 hi/orical1 because ! inh]it$ or?odoxy requires x' 7,bible ,problems1 p4 #dj f474 ,does he really ?9k t ?is is our only reason = hold+ ^? p>adoxical positions8 ,or r1 ,i w\ld put my "q 9 ano!r way2 ,does he really ?9k t #8! inh]it$ or?odoxy' is no?+ bett] ?an a taskma/] t /&s ov] u ) a :ip1 to keep u f /ray+8 ,is t 8 view ( ! div9e mean+ 9 ! hi/ory & developm5t ( n9ete5 c5turies8 ,i h _h occasion incid5tally to def9e my attitude on ?is subject1 & ,i may p]haps ref] to ! pages on :i* ,i h done s 7pp4 #c-e2 comp4 pp4 #bcc-bce2 #bfb f474 ,i hope t ?is attitude is at lea/ z consi/5t ) an e>ne/ pursuit ( tru? z t :i* appe>s to assume t or?odox or traditional op9ions are always wrong4 ,aga91 ,i am n consci\s ( t #8p>alyz+ dread ( new facts' ( :i* my fri5d speaks4 ,x may be true t new !ories p]haps1 r ?an new facts1 h a great] attraction = "s ( u ?an = o!rs4 ,b1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 if ,i h be5 sil5t 9 public on "s ( ! no d\bt important que/ions rais$1 ! cause has be5 *iefly want ( "t4 ,life is v %ort1 & v cr[d$1 & we are n all rapid work]s1 or gift$ ) ! p[] ( fac+ 9 _m directions at once4 ,& yet ,i h tri$ to keep pace ) ! progress ( ?\ght2 ! problems :i* ,dr4 ,*eyne prop\nds are n unfamili> to me2 & ,i am n )\t m or less delib]ate views ab\t !m4 ,dr4 ,*eyne's book is en\gh to conv9ce me t ! problems are really urg5t2 & ,i %all d my be/ to say :at ,i h to say ^u !m z soon z ,i c4 ,p]haps x %\ld be expla9$ t ! enum]ation ( books & writ]s does n pr(ess to be exhau/ive4 ,9 ! ma9 ,i h conf9$ myself to ! m rec5t1 & to :at may be call$ #8liv+' lit]ature4 ,"s few ?+s may h dropp$ out because !y did n happ5 to fall 9 ) ! me?od ( treatm5t adopt$4 ,( ^! ! v>i\s writ+s ( ,dr4 ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbott are ! mo/ important t ,i c rememb]4 ,to ! old] works m5tion$ on pp4 #ab-ae !re %\ld h be5 add$ ,ar*deacon ,watk9's ,bampton ,lectures = #ahij z a summ>y ( e>li] criticism4 ,! abs5ce ( ref]5ce to ! elaborate "w ( ,dr4 ,joh4 ,krey5bhl 7,das ,evangelium d] ,wahrheit1 vol4 i1 #aijj2 vol4 ii1 #aije7 is due 9 "p to ! accid5tal loss ( my copy ( ! fir/ volume4 ,b x w\ld be wrong to sugge/ t ,i %\ld h _h pati5ce en\gh to discov] :at !re is ( sanity 9 its le>n$ b fanta/ic pages4 ,x only rema9s = me to express my he>tfelt ?anks to ^? :o s k9dly invit$ me to deliv] ^! lectures1 & to ^? :o gave me su* g5]\s & consid]ate hospitality1 :ile !y 7 be+ deliv]$4 ,my visit to ,am]ica 0 deeply int]e/+ to me4 ,i return$ home1 n only ) ! feel+ t ,i _h made new & valu$ fri5ds1 b also ) a greatly /r5g!n$ hope & desire t ,am]ican & ,engli% work]s may long be f\nd side by side--n z ?\gh ei!r ( !m _h already obta9$1 or 7 already made p]fect1 b press+ on1 if s be t !y may appreh5d t = :i* also !y 7 appreh5d$ by ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,i mu/ also add a ^w ( v s9c]e ?anks to my fri5ds ,dr4 ,lock1 :o read ! :ole1 & ,mr4 ,ll4 ,j4 ,m4 ,bebb1 :o read a "p ( ! pro(s ( ^! lectures1 & to ^: k9dness & c>e ,i owe x t !y are n m faulty ?an !y are4 ,,ox=d4 ,ea/]1 #aije4 ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,i ,,survey ,,( ,,rec5t ,,lit]ature #a ,,lecture ,,ii ,,critical ,,me?ods4 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel #db ,,lecture ,,iii ,,! ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,! ,,au?or #gd ,,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,pragmatism ,,( ,,! ,,gospel #aji ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,n>rative #adb ,,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,logos1 ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,gospel #ahe ,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,! ,,gospel #bje ,,lecture ,,viii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gospel #bcf ,,lecture ,i ,,survey ,,( ,,rec5t ,,lit]ature ,! ,situation 9 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,! subject ( ^! lectures illu/rates 9 a /rik+ way ! fluctuations & vicissitudes ( critical op9ion z pres5t$ be=e ! public4 ,! facts rema9 ! same1 & ! balance ( ess5tial tru? & error 9 reg>d to !m also rema9s ! same2 b ! balance ( publi%$ op9ion is a diff]5t matt]1 & 9 reg>d to ?is ! *anges are (t5 v m>k$ & v rapid4 ,9 ,novemb] la/ 7#aijc71 :5 ,i def9itely accept$ ! invitation s k9dly giv5 me by y\r ,presid5t1 & def9itely propos$ ! subject on :i* ,i am ab\t to speak1 ! criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel _h rea*$ a po9t :i*1 9 my op9ion1 0 fur!r remov$ f tru? & reality ?an at any p]iod )9 my recollection4 ,!re _h foll[$ "o ano!r 9 quick succession f\r books--or :at 7 practically books--?ree at lea/ ( :i* 7 ( conspicu\s ability1 & yet all z x seem$ to me s]i\sly wrong bo? 9 _! conclusions & 9 _! me?ods4 ,to ! ye> #aija belong ! ?ird & f\r? editions1 publi%$ toge!r1 ( ! ju/ly prais$ & l>gely circulat$ ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ,pr(essor ,jli*] ( ,m>burg 7n[ translat$ into ,engli% by ! accompli%$ daught] ( ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d71 ! second volume ( ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 conta9+ a massive article on #8,john1 ,son ( ,zeb$ee1' by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el ( ,zri*1 & a monograph on ! ,f\r? ,gospel by ,m4 ,jean ,rville ( ,p>is4#a ,to ^! 0 add$ 9 ! autumn ( la/ ye> a complete comm5t>y on ! ,gospel by ! ,abb ,loisy1 ^: m popul> writ+s 7 at ! "t attract+ s mu* att5tion4 ,a pr(\nd diss5t f ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ^! works 0 "o ( my ma9 reasons 9 (f]+ to discuss ! subject be=e y4 ,! feel+ 0 /rong )9 me t 9 ?is portion ( ! critical field--& ,i d n "k any o!r s vital--! "t 0 "o ( tr\ble & rebuke2 t !re 0 a call to me to speak2 & t1 h[ev] inadequate ! response to ! call might be1 "s response ought to be attempt$4 ,^! 7 ! motives pres5t to my m9d 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb] :5 ,i *ose my subject4 ,b by ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 7#aijd7 ! position ( ?+s by :i* !y _h be5 prompt$ 0 v l>gely *ang$4 ,! urg5cy 0 no long] ne>ly s great4 ,two books _h appe>$1 bo? 9 ! ,engli% tongue1 :i* did bett] ?an ,i c\ld hope to d ! v ?+ t ,i desir$--"o m limit$1 ! o!r m ext5d$ 9 its scope1 b bo? ma9ta9+ :at ,i believe to be ! "r cause 9 :at ,i believe to be ! "r way4 ,^! books 7 ,! ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,"p ,i1 by ,pr(essor ,v4 ,h4 ,/anton ( ,cambridge1 & ,! ,"* & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel by ,dr4 ,james ,drummond1 ,pr9cipal ( ,man*e/] ,college4 ,i %\ld be well cont5t to re/ ! case1 z ,i %\ld wi% x to be /at$1 on ^! two books1 especially ! second4 ,b by ! "t :5 !y appe>$ ,i 0 already committ$ to my task4 ,z ,i h said1 "o ( !m is limit$ 9 its scope2 & ! o!r--admirable z x is1 & he>tily z ,i agree ) its pr9ciples z well z ) mo/ ( its details--is p]haps n q s complete on all po9ts z x is on "s2 s t !re may /ill be room = su* a brief c\rse ( lectures z y ask ( me1 p>tly to re9=ce po9ts already made1 & p>tly1 x may be1 9 "s small degree to supplem5t !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at ,i h be5 say+ am\nts to a confession t my purpose is apologetic4 ,i propose to def5d ! traditional view1 or 7z an alt]native7 some?+ s ne> to ! traditional view t x w c\nt z ! same ?+4 ,x is bett] to be cle> on ?is po9t at />t+4 ,& yet ,i "k t !re are _m m9ds--& ^? j ! m9ds to :i* ,i %\ld mo/ l to appeal--to :i* ?is w seem to be a real drawback4 ,!re is an impression abroad--a v natural impression--t #8apologetic' is oppos$ to #8sci5tific4' ,9 reg>d to ?is !re are j "o or two ?+s t ,i w\ld ask leave to say4 7#a7 ,we are all really apologi/s1 9 ! s5se t = all ( u "s conclusions are m acceptable ?an o!rs4 ,no "o und]takes to write on any subject ) 8 m9d 9 ! /ate ( a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,we all />t ) a numb] ( g5]al pr9ciples & g5]al beliefs1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 fix$ or provisional4 ,we all naturally give a pref]5ce to t :i* h>monizes be/ ) ^! beliefs1 ?\gh all ! "t a process ( adju/m5t may be go+ on1 by :i* we assimilate l>g] conclusions to small] z well z small] to l>g]4 7#b7 ,ev5 9 ! /ricte/ sci5ce x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! evid5ce w always po9t ! same way4 ,! prima facie conclusion w n always be necess>ily ! "r "o4 ,x _c be1 because x is v possible t x may conflict ) "s o!r conclusion t is already well e/abli%$4 ,a balance has to be /ruck1 & "s adju/m5t has to be attempt$4 7#c7 ,if ,i def5d a traditional /atem5t z to a pla9 matt] ( fact1 ,i am ! m ready to d s because ,i h f\nd--or seem$ to myself to f9d--z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 t su* /atem5ts are f> m (t51 9 ! ma91 "r ?an wrong4 ,x is a satisfaction to me to ?9k t 9 ?is exp]i5ce1 s f> z x relates to ! fir/ two c5turies ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 ,i h ! di/+ui%$ support ( ,pr(essor ,h>nack1 :o has express$ a delib]ate op9ion to ?is effect1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly did n />t ) any prejudice 9 fav\r ( tradition4 ,( c\rse "o sits loosely to a g5]alization l ?is4 ,x only means t ! burd5 ( pro( lies ) ^? :o reject su* a /atem5t r ?an ) ^? :o accept x4 7#d7 ,i _c b believe t !re is a real presumption t ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* has play$ s va/ a p[] 9 :at appe> to be ! designs ( ! ,p[] t rules ! _w1 is n bas$ ^u a s]ies ( deceptions4 ,i consid] t1 on any ( ! l>ge que/ions1 t view is pref]able :i* does n involve an abrupt break ) ! pa/4 ,x is v likely t !re may be involv$ "s modification or re/atem5t1 b n complete d5ial or rev]sal4 ,to say ?is is some?+ m ?an ! in/9ct ( cont9uity--some?+ m ?an ! in/9ct express$ 9 su* words z-- #8,i c\ld wi% my days to be ,b\nd ea* to ea* by natural piety4' ,x is ! settl$ belief t !re is a ,provid5ce t %apes our ends1 & t ?is ,provid5ce nev] has :olly to undo its own "w1 b t !re is a cont9u\s purpose runn+ ?r\gh ! ages4 ,t is ! s5se--& ,i d n ?9k m ?an t--9 :i* ,i plead guilty to be+ an apologi/4 ,i hope !re is su* a ?+ z #8sci5tific apology' or #8apologetic sci5ce1' & t ?is is entitl$ to fair consid]ation along ) o!r k9ds ( sci5ce4 ,i w\ld n = a mom5t ask t any?+ ,i may urge %\ld be judg$ o!rwise ?an /rictly on its m]its4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i began by say+ t ! ne>] pa/1 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 has be5 di/+ui%$ by ! successive appe>ance ( a numb] ( prom95t books on ! criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i* h be5 all on ! negative side4 ,^? ,i m5tion$ are n only negative1 b !y h tak5 ! m extreme =m ( negation4 ,n cont5t ) d5y+ t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john1 !y insi/ at once t ! true au?or is entirely unkn[n1 & t :oev] he 0 he /ood 9 no direct relation to ! ,apo/le4 ,x has be5 ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ few ye>s1 z comp>$ ) ! prec$+ p]iod1 t ?is m extreme position has be5 held by writ]s ( note & influ5ce4 ,if we take ! p]iod f #ahhi to #aijj--or ev5 if we g fur!r back1 say1 f #ahgj to #aijj1 ! dom9ant t5d5cy _h be5 diff]5t4 ,op9ion _h seem$ to gravitate m & m t[>ds a sort ( middle position1 9 :i* ! two sides 9 ! debate c\ld almo/ rea* h&s to ea* o!r4 ,!re 0 a di/9ct recognition on ! critical side ( an elem5t 9 ! ,gospel ( g5u9e & au!ntic hi/ory4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 an equally cle> recognition among cons]vative writ]s t ! disc\rses ( our ,"l 9 p>ticul> 7 report$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om1 n z !y _h be5 actually spok5 b z !y came back to ! memory ( ! ,apo/le aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,:ile ! critics c\ld n br+ !mselves to accept ! composition ( ! ,gospel by ! son ( ,zeb$ee himself1 !y seem$ increas+ly dispos$ to admit t x might be ! "w ( a ne> disciple ( ! ,apo/le1 su* z ! suppos$ second ,john1 commonly kn[n z #8! ,presbyt]4' ,if ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s six or sev5 ye>s ago1 & if ?is description might be giv5 ( ! g5]al t5d5cy ( rese>* 9 ! decade or two prec$+1 ! same c be said no long]4 ,! ?reads t seem$ to be draw+ toge!r h aga9 sprung asund]4 ,! %>p anti!ses1 t seem$ 9 ! way to be s(t5$ d[n & h>moniz$1 h ass]t$ !mselves aga9 9 all _! old abruptness4 ,! alt]natives are once m n s mu* betwe5 /rict] & less /rict hi/ory z betwe5 hi/ory & d[nright fiction1 n s mu* betwe5 ! ,apo/le & a disciple or y\ng] contempor>y ( ! ,apo/le z betwe5 a memb] ( ! ,apo/olic g5]ation & "o :o 0 9 no connexion ) x4 ,i am speak+ ( ! m pron\nc$ op9ions on ei!r side4 ,:]eas sev5 or eight or fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago ! mo/ prom95t s*ol>s 7 work+ t[>ds conciliation1 at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 ! ne> pa/1 ! mo/ /rongly express$ op9ions h be5 ! mo/ extreme4 ,! old au?orities1 happily = ! mo/ "p1 /ill rema9 ^u ! sc5e1 & !y h n )drawn ! views :i* !y _h express$2 b o!r1 y\ng] writ]s h come to ! front1 & !y h n %[n ! same disposition = compromise4 ,!y "k _! own m9ds1 & !y are ready en\gh to proclaim !m )\t hesitation & )\t res]ve4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! situation1 z we look out ^u x1 pres5ts m v>iety ?an x did4 ,!re are _m %ades ( op9ion1 "s ( !m /rongly oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,x is no long] possible to /rike an av]age1 or to speak ( a g5]al t5d5cy4 ,! only ?+ to be done is = ea* ( u to /ate 8 view ( ! case z he sees x1 & to appeal to ! public1 to ! jury ( pla9 m51 & to ! ris+ g5]ation1 to decide betwe5 ! compet+ !ories4 #a4 ,cons]vative ,op9ion4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t cons]vative s*ol>s h %[n any weak5+ ( confid5ce 9 _! cause4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,! late/ p]iod1 :i* has se5 s mu* recrudesc5ce ( opposition1 has also se5 n only ! old positions ma9ta9$ by ^? :o _h ma9ta9$ !m be=e1 b an important accession to ! lit]ature on ! ,f\r? ,gospel--f ! h& ( a vet]an inde$1 b a vet]an :o _h n be=e treat$ ! subject q directly4 ,i ref] to ,zahn's monum5tal ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #b vols41 publi%$ 9 #ahii1 ) :i* may be tak5 vol4 vi ( ! same writ]'s ,=s*ung5 z4 ,ges*4 d4 neute/4 ,kanons publi%$ 9 #aijj4 ,x is no disp>agem5t to o!r work]s 9 ! field ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature to say t ,dr4 ,zahn is ! mo/ le>n$ ( !m all4 ,we c\ld inde$ c\nt ^u our f+]s sev]al :o "k all t really ne$s to be kn[n2 b ,dr4 ,zahn has a s+ul> comm& ( ! :ole ( ?is mat]ial 9 its remote/ recesses4 ,he keeps a ke5 eye n only on !ological lit]ature prop]1 b on ev]y?+ t appe>s 9 ! _w ( s*ol>%ip t might h any be>+ ^u ! que/ions at issue4 ,an indefatigable indu/ry he %>es ) m ?an "o ( 8 colleagues2 b he is surpass$ by none 9 ! vig\r & en]gy ( m9d ) :i* he works up 8 k4 ,& yet1 ) all 8 ma/]ly erudition1 & impos+ z is ! monum5t :i* he has erect$ ( x1 ,i am afraid t ,i %\ld h to call x 9 "s ways a r isolat$ monum5t4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ,dr4 ,zahn's "w & 9 8 position t is r solit>y4 ,he has inde$ 8 fidus ,a*ates 9 ,pr(essor ,haussleit] ( ,greifswald1 & ,i d n d\bt t 8 influ5ce is widely felt among !ologians ( ! ,"r4 ,x is an enc\ragem5t to all :o are l-m9d$ to "k t ?is /rong t[] ( le>n+ & "* is ) !m4 ,b x is h>dly to be expect$ t ,dr4 ,zahn's writ+s1 especially 8 great] writ+s1 %\ld ev] be popul>4 ,^? closely pack$ pages1 ) long unbrok5 p>agraphs & few helps to ! eye & to read9ess ( appreh5sion1 are a sev]e ex]cise = ! mo/ det]m9$ /ud5t3 to any "o else !y mu/ be =bidd+4 ,& :5 su* a /ud5t has made 8 way into !m1 he is apt to f9d 9 !m e quality b "o4 ,! views express$ on all po9ts1 l>g] & small]1 te/ify unfail+ly to ! p[]s ( m9d t lie beh9d !m1 b ! "o ?+ t !y d (t5 fail to d is to conv9ce4 ,!re has fall5 ^u ! %\ld]s ( ,dr4 ,zahn too mu* ( ! mantle ( von ,h(mann3 if he 7 a little less orig9al1 he w\ld c>ry ! read] ) him m4 ,ano!r vet]an s*ol>1 :o has cont9u$ 8 labori\s & unre/+ "w ^u ! ,f\r? ,gospel dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,dr4 ,b]nh>d ,weiss#b1 suff]s less f ?is cause4 ,n t ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,weiss are mu* easi] 7!y are a little easi]7 or m attractive 9 outw>d =m4 ,b "o has a feel+ t ! ,b]l9 ,pr(essor is m 9 ! ma9 /ream--t he is m 9 t\* ) o!r op9ion on ! "r h& & on ! left4 ,= ?is reason "o f9ds him1 on ! :ole1 m helpful4 ,e "q1 z x arises1 is ?\ghtfully weigh$1 & a /rong judgem5t is br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,ea* edition ( ,dr4 ,weiss' books is consci5ti\sly revis$ & br\ght1 s f> z c be reasonably expect$1 up to date4 ,?is untir+ work]1 z he ent]s ^u ! decl9e ( a long life1 has ! satisfaction ( look+ back ^u a s]ies ( volumes1 always s\nd & always sob]1 :i* h contribut$ z mu* z any 9 ?is g5]ation to tra9 up 9 good & :olesome ways ^? :o are to foll[4 ,dr4 ,weiss' "w ^u ! ,f\r? ,gospel is di/+ui%$ at once by 8 /eady ma9t5ance ( ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip & by 8 /eady insi/5ce on ! necessity ( all[+ = a c]ta9 fre$om ( h&l+4 ,?is fre$om 9 ! treatm5t1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! disc\rses1 ,dr4 ,weiss 0 practically ! fir/ writ] to ass]t on ! cons]vative side4 ,he has sometimes /at$ x 9 a way t ,i _c b ?9k r exagg]at$4 ,along ) ,b]nh>d ,weiss x is natural to "n ,dr4 ,willibald ,beys*lag1 ( ^: dignifi$ conduct ( ! proce$+s at ! ,halle ,t]c5t5>y reports rea*$ u 9 ,engl&1 foll[$--z x seem$1 too soon--by ! news ( 8 dea? on ,nov4 #be1 #aijj4 ,beys*lag 0 a good av]age repres5tative ( ! lib]al w+ ( ! def5d]s ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :o also comb9e its data ) ^? ( ! ,synoptics 9 recon/ruct+ ! ,life ( our ,"l4 ,8 /yle has m rhetorical ease & fl[ ?an t ( ,weiss1 & he /ates 8 views ) confid5ce & vig\r2 b "o feels t 9 8 h&s problems are apt to become less difficult ?an !y really are4 ,= a reasonable middle position1 a compromise betwe5 extremes on bo? sides1 we may g to ,beys*lag z well z to any "o2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r he really s\nds ! dep?s ( ! ,gospel#c4 ,9 ?is respect writ]s l ,lu?>dt 7di$ ,sept4 #ba1 #aijb7 & ,godet 7di$ ,oct4 #bi1 #aijj71 :o are ne>] to ! old-fa%ion$ or?odoxy1 are m satisfactory4 ,( ^! writ]s we h fairly rec5t editions3 ,lu?>dt's ,kurzgefas/] ,komm5t> came out 9 a second edition 9 #ahid1 & a po/hum\s edition ( ,godet's elaborate & weighty "w began to appe> 9 #aijb4 ,) su* books z ^! we may gr\p ! repr9t ( ! comm5t>y by ,drs4 ,milligan & ,m\lton 7,ed9burgh1 n4 d47 & ! two comm5t>ies1 9 ,! ,expositor's ,bible 7#ahia-b7 & 9 ,! ,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t1 #ahig1 by ,dr4 ,m>cus ,dods4 ,9 ! same connexion may also be m5tion$ a little gr\p ( ,fr5* writ+s1 head$ by ,six ,leons sur les vangiles 7,p>is1 #ahig71 by ,abb 7n[ ,monsignor7 ,pi]re ,batiffol--slight1 b ) a note ( real di/9ction bo? 9 /yle & matt]2 an ,introduction by ,abb ,jacqui] 7,hi/oire des ,livres du ,n4 ,t41 ,p>is1 #aijc71 & a comm5t>y by ,pre ,calmes 7,p>is & ,rome1 #aijd7--;bo? 7z x w\ld seem7 suffici5tly compet5t & mod]n b n specially rem>kable4 ,besides ^! !re are ?ree works on ! cons]vative side :i* ,engli%-speak+ read]s at lea/ c nev] =get--! se>*+ exam9ation ( ! ext]nal evid5ce by ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot 7,bo/on1 #ahhj1 repr9t$ 9 ,critical ,essays1 #ahhh72 articles 9 ,! ,expositor = ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahij by ,bp4 ,lightfoot 7repr9t$ ) o!r matt] be>+ ^u ! subject 9 ,biblical ,essays1 #ahic72 & ! classical comm5t>y on ! ,gospel 7fir/ publi%$ z "p ( ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y7 by ,dr4 ,we/cott4 ,( ^! ?ree works two /& out z l&m>ks 9 !ological lit]ature2 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's pap]s 7 some:at slight] & less p]man5t 9 =m1 consi/+ 9 "p ( ,notes = ,lectures1 ?\gh !y be> all ! m>ks ( 8 lucid & judici\s s*ol>%ip1 & ?\gh !y are ,i ?9k /ill specially useful = /ud5ts4 ,an ,engli%man address+ an ,am]ican audi5ce mu/ ne$s pause = a mom5t ov] ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree names#d4 ,x is ! m incumb5t on me to d ?is because z a "y man1 at a "t :5 enc\ragem5t is mo/ valu$1 ,i 0 "o ( _m :o pr(it$ by ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot's g5]\s & self-d5y+ k9dness4 ,he op5$ a correspond5ce ) me1 & s5t me n only 8 own books b "s by o!r writ]s t ,i might be presum$ n to possess1 & x 0 t\*+ to see ! c>e ) :i* corrections 7 made 9 ^! 9 8 own f9ely =m$ h&4 ,i w\ld fa9 n only pay a tribute ( rev]5ce to ! memory ( ,dr4 ,abbot1 b also1 if ,i may1 repay a little ( my own debt by hold+ up 8 example to ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ,am]ican s*ol>s z "o t ,i w\ld e>ne/ly entreat !m to adopt & foll[4 ,i d n "k h[ f> ,i am "r1 b ,i h always tak5 ! qualities ( ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot's "w z specially typical ( ! ,am]ican m9d at its be/4 ,8 "w rem9ds "o 9 its exactness & precision ( ^? f9e me*anical in/rum5ts 9 :i* ,am]ica has s excell$4 ,to set = oneself ! highe/ possible /&>d ( accuracy1 & to ?9k no "t & no pa9s missp5t 9 ! pursuit ( x1 is a wor?y object ( a "y s*ol>'s ambition4 ,9 l mann] we1 9 ,engl&1 h a /&>d propos$ to u by ,dr4 ,we/cott's fam\s ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,john4 ,x is ! culm9at+ product ( a life t 0 also devot$ to ! highe/ ends4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,dr4 ,we/cott t ! ,comm5t>y 01 ,i believe1 h>dly alt]$ 9 its lat] editions f ! =m 9 :i* x fir/ appe>$4 ,?is 0 due to ! ?or\ghness & circumspection ) :i* ! au?or _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance c>ri$ out 8 task4 ,i believe t 9 spite ( ! lapse ( "t ,dr4 ,we/cott's ,comm5t>y rema9s1 & w /ill = long rema91 ! be/ t we h on ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 z x is also 7) ! article on ,orig57 ! be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic "w t its au?or bequea!d to ! _w4 ,9 ?is connexion ,i mu/ ne$s m5tion ano!r ,am]ican s*ol> & div9e1 to :om ,i am also b\nd by p]sonal ties ( affectionate reg>d--! vet]an ,dr4 ,george ,p>k ,fi%] ( ,yale4 ,x is matt] = ?ankfulness t he has be5 able to give to ! _w1 c>efully br\ght up to date1 a new edition ( 8 ,gr\nds ( ,!i/ic & ,*ri/ian ,belief 7#aijb74 ,! pages devot$ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel are1 l ! re/1 full ( k & suffus$ ) sweet reasonabl5ess & mild wisdom4 ,dr4 ,fi%]'s attitude is p]haps n exactly t ( ! y\ng] m51 b x c]ta9ly is n any less ne> to ! ideal4 ,if ,i 7 a tutor or pr(essor 9 an ,am]ican sem9>y1 !re is no book t ,i %\ld m w>mly recomm5d to my pupils4 ,to imbibe its _s w\ld be ! be/ tra9+ !y c\ld h4 ,i %\ld ?9k x especially excell5t z a />t+-po9t = fur!r /udy4 ,x w\ld implant no?+ t w\ld h to be unle>nt4 ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot has 9 _m ways f\nd a wor?y inh]itor 9 ,dr4 ,drummond2 & x is p]haps true t ! positive results :i* he obta9$ are adequately embodi$ 9 ,dr4 ,drummond's book1 ?\gh z a model = "w ( ! k9d ! old] essay c nev] become antiquat$4 ,b1 speak+ g5]ally1 ,i %\ld ?9k x a great mis=tune if ! bett] examples ( ?is old] lit]ature 7 ?ru/ out ( use by ! new] & m advanc$ criticism4 ,i believe x to be "o ( ! weak po9ts 9 t criticism t x too mu* =gets :at has be5 done4 ,x cont5ts itself ) an acceptance t is (t5 grudg+ or p]functory & always inadequate ( results t h be5 really obta9$4 ,! s*eme ( argum5t common to ! old] writ]s 0 to prove1 9 gradually contract+ circles1 7#a7 t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 a ,jew2 7#b7 t he 0 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e2 7#c7 t he 0 a contempor>y2 & 7#d7 an actual companion & eye-witness ( ! m9i/ry ( our ,"l4 ,we mu/ expect ! la/ two propositions to be matt] = "s controv]sy1 & ,i %all return to !m lat]2 b x seems to me t scant ju/ice is done to ! argum5t z a :ole4 ,s9ce ?is p>agraph 0 writt5 ,i h come across "s words ( ,pr(essor von ,dobs*tz1 :i* are s mu* to ! po9t t ,i am tempt$ to quote !m3 #8,t ! ,gospel n only %[s a good k ( ,pale/9ian localities b also a ?or\ghly ,jewi% /amp 9 ?\ght & expression1 is "o ( ! tru?s rightly emphasiz$ by cons]vative !ology :i* critical !ology is already1 ?\gh reluctantly1 mak+ up its m9d to admit3 ! ,hell5ism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 toge!r ) its unity1 belongs to ^? only too frequ5t pre-conceiv$ op9ions1 on ! critical side too1 :i* are all ! m ob/9ately ma9ta9$ ! m unf\nd$ !y are#e4' ,w\ld t all critical writ]s 7 s cle>-sight$ & s c&id6 #b4 ,m$iat+ ,!ories4 ,! really crucial po9t 9 ! argum5t relat+ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is :e!r or n ! au?or 0 an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts :i* he describes4 ,9 any case1 if we are to take ! indications ( ! ,gospel itself1 ! au?or mu/ be id5tifi$ ) #8! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4' ,b x does n q necess>ily foll[ t ?is disciple is also to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,apo/le ,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,int]nally !re seems to be a fair presumption t he is2 & ext]nally1 ! evid5ce seems to be cle> f ! "t ( ,ir5aeus 7#ahj-ij7 onw>ds4 ,b nei!r ! presumption 9 ! "o case1 nor ! evid5ce 9 ! o!r1 is s /r+5t z to exclude all possibility ( d\bt4 ,we %all h pres5tly to consid] ! :ole "q ^u its m]its4 ,b 9 ! meantime we note t 9 rec5t ye>s ! hypo!sis has be5 def9itely put =w>d t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 n ! ,apo/le ,john1 b ano!r disciple--"s w\ld say a disciple ( 8--( ! same "n1 commonly kn[n = di/9ction z #8! ,presbyt]4' ,! exi/5ce ( ?is second ,john1 if he really did exi/1 re/s ^u a s+le l9e ( an extract f ,papias1 a writ] ( ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,he too is call$ a #8disciple ( ! ,"l'2 s t he too may h be5 an eye-witness z fully1 or almo/ z fully1 z ! ,apo/le4 ,! hypo!sis :i* ascribes ! ,gospel to ?is ,john ! ,presbyt] has tak5 diff]5t =ms1 "s m & "s less fav\rable to ! hi/orical tru? & au?ority ( ! ,gospel4 ,f a cons]vative po9t ( view ! mo/ attractive =m ( ! hypo!sis is t put =w>d by ! late ,dr4 ,hugo ,delff1 ( ,husum1 9 ,hanov]#f1 to "s ext5t adapt$ & def5d$ by ,b\sset 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 & by "o or two o!rs4 ,! !ory is t ! belov$ disciple 0 n ( ! numb] ( ! ,twelve1 b t he 0 a native ( ,j]usalem1 ( a prie/ly family ( weal? & /&+4 ,we are expressly told t he 0 #8kn[n to#g' ! high prie/ 7,john xviii4 #ae72 & he seems to h _h special in=mation z to :at w5t on at meet+s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7vii4 #de-eb1 xi4 #dg-ec1 xii4 #aj ff474 ,^! facts are fur!r connect$ ) ! /atem5t by ,polycrates1 ,bi%op ( ,ephesus1 t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 t ! ,john :o lay ^u ! brea/ ( ! ,"l #8became1 or act$ z1 prie/ & wore ! frontlet ( gold' 7,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 v4 #bd4 #b ff474 ,?is ,john is claim$ z "o ( ! #8great lights' ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia4 ,! !ory op5s up int]e/+ vi/as1 ! discussion ( :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be res]v$4 ,x is consi/5t ) ! attribution ( a high degree ( au!nticity to ! ,gospel4 ,at ! same "t x ought to be said t ,delff himself reg>d$ c]ta9 portions ( our pres5t ,gospel--m p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to ! ,galilean m9i/ry--z int]polations4 ,)\t go+ all ! way ) ,delff1 & )\t rais+ ! "q z to ! id5tity ( ! belov$ disciple1 o!r writ]s :o h incl9$ t[>ds a middle position took ! view t ! ,gospel 0 ! "w ( ,john ! ,presbyt]1 :om "s ( !m reg>d$ z a disciple ( ,john ! ,apo/le4 ,at ! head ( ?is gr\p w\ld /& ,h>nack & ,s*r]1 :o h exam9$ ! ext]nal evid5ce v closely4 ,! assign+ ( ! ,gospel to ,john ! ,presbyt]1 or to "s unnam$ disciple ( ! ,apo/le1 0 inde$ ! key to ! compromise (f]$ by ^? :o came ne>e/ to ! traditional position at ! end ( ! eighties & 9 ! e>ly n9eties4 ,"o ( ! v be/ ( ^! attempts is by ,pr(essor von ,dobs*tz1 ( ,j5a1 9 8 brightly writt5 ,probleme des apo/olis*5 ,zeitalt]s#h 7,leipzig1 #aijd71 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,dr4 von ,dobs*tz goes ) ,delff 7:om he does n m5tion7 s f> z to describe ! f\r? ,evangeli/ z a native ( ,j]usalem1 & to id5tify him ) ,john ( ,ephesus4 ,he does n1 h[ev] 7at lea/ explicitly71 id5tify him ) ! belov$ disciple2 & he treats him z r ! figure beh9d ! au?or1 ?an ! actual au?or1 ( ! ,gospel4 ,he also1 ,i _c b ?9k1 makes ! mi/ake ( que/ion+ ! unity ( ! ,gospel4 ,probably1 if we _h 8 views 9 full--:i* z yet we h n--!y w\ld come "u ! next head1 & n "u t ( :i* we are n[ speak+4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 a !ory simil> to ,h>nack's has f\nd expression 9 ,dr4 ,james ,m(fatt's ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t 7,ed9burgh1 #aija71 & 9 o!r qu>t]s4 ,9 ,am]ica1 x is repres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,mc,giffert1 &1 m or less ne>ly1 by ,pr(essor ,bacon4 ,( ! latt] ,i hope to say a ^w pres5tly2 ! =m]1 if ,i might haz>d ! op9ion1 has n yet said 8 la/ ^w on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,:ile ,i recognize 9 :at he has writt5 _m s\nd & true obs]vations1 !re seem to be two /ra9s 9 8 ?\ght :i* are n z yet fully h>moniz$4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,h>nack1 ^: influ5ce is greate/1 has n1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be5 q consi/5t 9 ! view t he has tak54 ,! ,gospel may be assign$ to ! ,presbyt] or to "s o!r disciple1 & yet h diff]5t degrees ( value ascrib$ to x z a hi/orical docum5t4 ,9 ?is respect x seems to me t ,dr4 ,h>nack has r bl[n hot & cold3 9 8 ,*ronologie d4 alt*ri/li*5 ,litt]atur he blew hot2 9 8 m rec5t lectures 7,e4 ,tr4 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 p4 #ai f471 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 on ,monday la/ he blew cold#i4 ,a good deal turns on ! description ( ,john ! ,presbyt] by ,papias4 ,9 ! text ( ! extract z x /&s bo? ,john ! ,presbyt] & ,ari/ion are call$ #8disciples ( ! ,"l4' ,!re is "s t5d5cy among critical writ]s to get rid ( ^! words z a gloss2 if !y are reta9$1 !y may be tak5 9 a /rict] or a lax] s5se2 b if !y really cov] a relation su* z t ( ! #8belov$ disciple1' !re c\ld n be a bett] gu>antee ( au!nticity4 ,h[ev] ?is may be--& ! subject is "o ( :i* ,i hope to speak 9 m detail--9 any case x mu/ be some:]e )9 ! limits m>k$ out by ,delff on ! "o h&1 & ,h>nack ) 8 allies & foll[]s on ! o!r1 or else by means ( ! !ories t ,i am j ab\t to m5tion1 t an und]/&+ mu/ be rea*$ betwe5 ! two sides1 if t und]/&+ is at all to take ! =m ( compromise4 #c4 ,p>tition ,!ories4 ,:]e two or m p]sons are conc]n$ 9 ! composition ( a book1 ! relation betwe5 !m may be ?r\gh a writt5 docum5t1 or x may be oral4 ,hi!rto we h be5 go+ ^u ! latt] assumption3 ! m$iat+ !ories t we h be5 consid]+1 s f> z !y 7 m$iat+1 h treat$ ! writ] ( ! ,gospel1 :atev] 8 "n1 z a disciple or associate ( ,/4 ,john ! ,apo/le2 & ! in=mation d]iv$ f him is suppos$ to h come by way ( p]sonal int]c\rse4 ,b x is q conceivable t ,/4 ,john may h set d[n some?+ on pap]1 & t "s lat] ,*ri/ian--disciple or n--took ?is & work$ x up into our pres5t ,gospel4 ,accord+ly1 v>i\s attempts h be5 made at diff]5t times to m>k (f a ,gospel )9 ! ,gospel1 an orig9al au!ntic docum5t d]iv$ f a fir/-h& au?ority--ei!r ! ,apo/le or ! ,presbyt]--& c]ta9 add$ mat]ial incorporat$ 9 ! ,gospel z we n[ h x4 ,_m ( ^! attempts are obsolete & d n ne$ discussion4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ,delff--)\t any cle> necessity ev5 f 8 own po9t ( view--cuts out m p>ticul>ly ! ,galilean passages & "s o!rs ) !m z int]polations4 ,^! additions to ! ,gospel he reg>ds z ! "w ( ! au?or ( *ap4 xxi#aj4 ,b ! mo/ sy/ematic & important exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction are ^? ( ,dr4 ,w5dt & ,dr4 ,briggs4 ,aft] a prelim9>y sket* ( 8 !ory 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,lehre ,jesu 7#ahhf71 i4 #bae-cdb1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w5dt br\ght out 9 #aijj an elaborate & fully argu$ analysis ( ! ,gospel1 c>efully dissect+ ea* section & assign+ ! p>ts ei!r to ! ,apo/olic au?or or to ! lat] r$actor4 ,approximately simil> results 7 obta9$ indep5d5tly ) a less am\nt ( publi%$ argum5t1 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs 9 8 ,g5]al ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,holy ,scripture 7#ahii71 p4 #cbg1 & 9 8 ,new ,light on ! ,life ( ,jesus 7#aijd71 pp4 #adj-eh4 ,a l !ory has be5 put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,soltau 7,zeits*rift f4 d4 neute/4 ,wiss5s*aft1 #aija1 pp4 #adj-i74 ,9 my op9ion all attempts ( ?is k9d are =e-doom$ to failure4 ,! und]ly+ motive is to rescue "s portion ( ! ,gospel z hi/orical1 :ile o!rs are dismiss$ z untru/wor?y4 ,at ! same "t x is all[$ t ! sep>ation c only be made :]e !re is a real break 9 ! connexion4 ,on ?is ,s*mi$el p]t95tly rem>ks3-- #8,!re is mu* reason to fe> t di/ru/ ( ! au!nticity ( ! sub/ance (t5 causes an int]ruption ( ! connexion to be imag9$ :]e 9 reality !re is none4 ,_m passages ( ! same sort z o!rs1 :i* give ,w5dt occasion = ! sep>at+ process1 are left by him unt\*$1 :5 ! result w\ld n be removal ( "s piece held to be op5 to exception 9 respect to its cont5ts2 ! gr\nd = exception :i* he actually takes1 on ! o!r h&1 is (t5 altoge!r non-exi/5t#aa4' ,i look ) consid]able di/ru/ on _m ( ! attempts t are made to divide up docum5ts on ! gr\nd ( want ( connexion4 ,i suspect t ! /&>d ( consecutiv5ess appli$ is (t5 too ,we/]n & too mod]n4 ,b ! "o rock on :i* x seems to me t any p>tition !ory mu/ be wreck$ is ! deep-seat$ unity ( /ructure & composition :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gospel4 ,dr4 ,briggs turns ! edge ( ?is argum5t by ref]r+ ! unity to ! ma/]ful h& ( ! editor4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 op5 to him to d s2 b we may obs]ve t1 if 9 ?is way he makes ! !ory difficult to disprove1 he also makes x difficult to prove4 ,i mu/ ne$s ?9k t bo? 9 ?is case & 9 ,dr4 ,w5dt's ! pro( is q insuffici5t4 ,i w\ld und]take to %[ t ! di/9ctive features ( ! ,gospel are j z pl5tiful 9 ! passages excis$ z 9 ^? t are reta9$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ tangible po9t made by ! two critics is ! attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! words = #8miracle'3 #8works' !y w\ld assign to ! e>li] writ]1 & #8signs' to ! lat]4 ,we rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! comb9ation ( #8signs' & #8wond]s' occurs m>k$ly 9 ,/4 ,paul1 e4 g4 ,rom4 xv4 #ai1 #b ,cor4 xii4 #ab1 & is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature long be=e ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt54 ,ano!r v orig9al sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,briggs' :i* w\ld be helpful if we c\ld accept x1 is t we are n ti$ d[n to ! *ronological ord] ( ! ,gospel z we h x1 b t ?is too is due to ! lat] editor1 :o has arrang$ ! sections ( 8 n>rative r accord+ to subject ?an to sequ5ce 9 "t4 ,i am prep>$ to all[ t ! n>rative may n be always /rictly 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts occurr$2 & x is true t !re are "s difficulties :i* ! hypo!sis w\ld meet4 ,at ! same "t we _c b notice t ! ord] is by no means accid5tal1 b t att5tion is expressly drawn to x 9 ! ,gospel itself2 see 7e4 g4 ii4 #aa1 iv4 #ed1 xxi4 #ad74 ,& "s incid5ts seem cle>ly to hang toge!r :i* ,dr4 ,briggs has divid$#ab 7e4 g4 i4 #bi1 #ce1 #dc1 :]e ! connexion is natural hi/orically1 z well z expressly not$ by ! ,evangeli/74 ,i fe> t ! le>n$ ,pr(essor is seek+ 9 a wrong direction = a solution ( ! problem ( ! ,gospel4 ,b ,i w\ld be ! la/ to und]value ! vigor\s indep5d5ce & ! fe>lessness & f]tility 9 exp]im5t t are conspicu\s 9 all 8 writ+s4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld be "r 9 say+ a few words at ?is po9t ab\t ,pr(essor ,b4 ,w4 ,bacon ( ,yale4 ,8 view is n z yet 7,i believe7 q suffici5tly develop$ 9 pr9t = me to be cle> h[ mu* he w\ld ref] to oral transmission & h[ mu* to a writt5 s\rce4 ,he di/+ui%es ?ree h&s 9 ! ,gospel4 ,i ga!r t ! fir/ w\ld be t ( ! ,apo/le1 b he z yet /&s dimly 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,!n comes ! ma9 body ( ! ,gospel1 )\t ! ,app5dix4 ,?is is ascrib$ to ,john ! ,presbyt]1 :om--r by a p>adox--,pr(essor ,bacon w\ld seek 9 ,pale/9e & n 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,la/ly !re is ! editor :o works ov] ! :ole4 ,! two articles lately contribut$ to ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 7i4 #eaa ff41 ii4 #cbc ff47#ac are highly orig9al1 v incisive1 & exce$+ly clev]4 ,my objection to !m w\ld be t !y are too clev]4 ,pr(essor ,bacon has be5 to ,g]many1 & le>nt 8 lesson !re too well4 ,at lea/ ,i f9d myself diff]+ pr(\ndly f 8 :ole me?od ( argum5t4 ,! broad simple argum5ts t seem to me really ( importance 7,ir5aeus1 ,h]acleon1 ,polycrates1 ,tatian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria7 he puts aside1 & !n he sp5ds 8 /r5g? 9 mak+ bricks ) a m9imum ( /raw1 & ev5 ) no /raw at all 7! argum5t f sil5ce74 #d4 ,uncompromis+ ,rejection4 ,i began by say+ t ! t5d5cy t[>ds rappro*em5t :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! eighties & n9eties1 gave way t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 & has be5 succe$$ 9 rec5t ye>s by conspicu\s in/ances ( uncompromis+ d5ial1 at once ( ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel & ( its hi/orical "*4 ,! names ( ,jli*]1 ,s*mi$el1 ,wr$e1 ,w]nle1 ,jean ,rville & ,loisy are suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is4 ,we %all probably n be wrong 9 class+ ) ^! writ]s ! em95t s*ol> ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann ( ,/rassburg4 ,x is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( ,dr4 ,holtzmann's me?od to avoid any?+ l dogmatic ass]tion ( 8 own op9ion1 to "w 9 ) subtle skill a kaleidoscopic pres5tation ( ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :ile himself rema9+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,he does inde$ leave room = a r l>g] am\nt ( au!ntic tradition 9 ! ,gospel ?an ! o!r writ]s m5tion$4 ,/ill1 9 ! ma9 8 position is sceptical1 bo? z to ! ,asian tradition ( ,/4 ,john1 & z to ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,gospel4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+ t ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann ( ,/rassburg %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f 8 y\ng] c\s9 ,osc> ,holtzmann1 :o is n[ ,pr(essor at ,giess54 ,dr4 ,osc> ,holtzmann publi%$ a monograph on ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 #ahhg1 & he has s9ce br\ght out a ,life ( ,*ri/ :i* has lately be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,! two c\s9s occupy mu* ! same g5]al position2 ! y\ng] has n ! di/9ction ( ! eld]1 b he comp5sates to "s ext5t by great] cle>ness & def9it5ess 9 ! expression ( 8 views4 ,ano!r ( ! old] writ]s1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,pfleid]]1 is ev5 m ?or\gh-go+ z an allegori/4 ,= him ! ,gospel is f fir/ to la/ a didactic "w 9 ! guise ( hi/ory2 x is a #8transp>5t allegory ( religi\s & dogmatic ideas#ad4' ,he w\ld place ! fir/ draft ( ! ,gospel ab\t ! ye> #ace1 ! la/ *apt] & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ab\t #aejae4 ,b ,i h long ?\ght t ?is attractive writ]1 ?\gh int]e/+ & in/ructive z a hi/orian ( ?\ght1 is a #8negligible quantity' 9 ! field ( criticism prop]4 ,! o!r f\r ,g]man writ]s :om ,i h m5tion$ all belong to ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,dr4 ,s*mi$el 7:o ?\gh a ,swiss ,pr(essor is1 ,i believe1 ,g]man by bir?7 is ! elde/1 & he is n yet q fifty-?ree3 ,jli*]1 ! next on ! li/1 is =ty-sev54 ,& z !y belong to ! y\ng] g5]ation1 s also !y may be said to m>k ! rise ( a new ,s*ool1 or new me?od ( treatm5t1 9 ,g]man ,!ology4 ,! ,g]many = :i* !y speak is n ! dream+1 wi/ful1 ineffective1 romantic ,g]many ( ! pa/1 b ! practical1 =ceful1 en]getic & ass]tive ,g]many ( ! pres5t4 ,all1 z ,i h said1 are able writ]s2 & ! type ( _! ability has mu* 9 common1 ?\gh !y h also _! little individual diff]5ces4 ,!y h all a m>k$ directness & lucidity ( /yle4 ,:at !y ?9k !y say1 )\t hesitation & )\t res]ve2 no "o c ev] be 9 any d\bt z to _! mean+4 ,!y are all apt to be some:at contemptu\s1 n only ( div]g5t views1 b ( a type ( m9d t diff]s f _! own4 ,( ! f\r1 ,jli*] & especially ,w]nle h ! w>m] temp]am5t2 ,s*mi$el & ,wr$e are cold & sev]e4 ,wr$e writes l a ma!matician1 :o puts ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 at ! end ( ea* /ep 9 ! argum5t--?\gh x w\ld be a mis=tune if ! demon/ration 7 tak5 to be z complete z he ?9ks x4 ,s*mi$el is r ! lawy] :o pursues 8 adv]s>y f po9t to po9t ) rel5tless acum53 if we c\ld grant ! major premises ( 8 argum5t1 !re w\ld be mu* to admire 9 8 h&l+ ( ! m9or2 b ! major premises1 z ,i ?9k ,i %all %[1 are (t5 at fault4 ,jli*] is j ! d[nright capable p]son1 :o sees vividly :at he sees & is intol]ant ( t :i* does n appeal to him4 ,w]nle alt]nately attracts & repels2 he attracts by 8 real en?usiasm = t ) :i* he sympa?izes1 by 8 skill 9 pres5tation1 & 8 c>eful obs]vance ( p]spective & proportion2 he repels by aggressiv5ess & self-confid5ce4 ,! two ,fr5* writ]s also h some?+ 9 common1 ?\gh !y belong to diff]5t communions4 ,we are n surpris$ to f9d t bo? h an easy grace ( /yle1 to :i* we might 9 bo? cases also give ! epi!t #8airy1' because bo? are fond ( speak+ 9 g5]alities :i* are n always 9 ! close/ contact ) facts2 bo? are ?or\gh-go+ allegori/s1 & reg>d ! :ole ,gospel z a pure product ( ideas & n lit]al hi/ory4 ,9 spite ( _! diff]5ce ( communion1 ,m4 ,loisy is on ! critical side ( 8 m9d z ess5tially rationali/ z 8 ,prote/ant confrre1 ?\gh he br+s back1 by an act ( fai? :i* "s ( u w\ld call a t\r de =ce1 9 ! region ( dogmatics :at he _h tak5 away 9 ! field ( criticism4 ,x seems to me t !re is "o ^w t requires to be said1 ?\gh ,i am anxi\s n to h my motive misund]/ood 9 say+ x4 ,i d n wi% to d s 9 ! lea/ ad invidiam4 ,controv]sy is1 ,i hope1 no long] conduct$ 9 t mann]4 ,i speak simply ( an objective fact :i* has too important a be>+ on ! :ole "q to be ignor$4 ,:5 ,i read an argum5t by ,pr(essor ,s*r]1 & try to reply to x1 ,i am consci\s t we are argu+ 7s to speak7 9 ! same plane4 ,i feel t ! attitude ( my oppon5t to ! evid5ce is sub/antially ! same z my own4 ,:atev] ! presuppositions may be deep d[n 9 8 m9d1 he at any rate keeps !m 9 abeyance4 ,no d\bt we diff] widely en\gh z to detail2 b 9 pr9ciple ,i %\ld cr$it my oppon5t ) an attitude t is really judicial1 t tries to keep dogmatic consid]ations1 or que/ions ( ultimate belief z mu* 9 susp5se z possible1 & to weigh ! argum5ts = & aga9/ 9 equal scales4 ,b :5 ,i pass ov] to ! y\ng] !ologians1 ,i no long] feel t ?is is s2 we seem to be argu+1 n 9 ! same1 b 9 diff]5t planes4 ,!re is a f>-rea*+ presupposition n m]ely f> back b ne> ! front ( _! m9ds4 ,i _c reg>d !m z fell[ seek]s 9 ! s5se t we are bo? do+ our be/ to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! ev5ts ( ! ,gospel hi/ory really transc5d$ common exp]i5ce4 ,i take x t on ?is po9t _! m9ds are made up be=e !y beg9 to put p5 to pap]4 ,!y all />t ) ! #8r$uc$' conception ( ,*ri/ianity curr5t 9 s _m qu>t]s1 t is ak9 to ! anci5t ,ebionism or ,arianism4 ,b s f> z !y d ?is _! v]dict z to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is det]m9$ = !m be=eh&4 ,! position is /at$ ) great frankness by ,mr4 ,conybe>e3 #8,x may inde$ be said t if ,a?anasius _h n _h ! ,f\r? ,gospel to draw texts f1 ,arius w\ld nev] h be5 confut$4 ,_h ! fa!rs ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? c5turies n kn[n ?is ,gospel1 or n embrac$ x z au!ntic1 ! ,*ur* w\ld h rema9$ semi-,ebionite1 & ! c\ncils ( ,nice & ,ephesus w\ld nev] h tak5 place#af4' ,?is does n inde$ q correspond to ! facts4 ,to make x d s1 we %\ld h to blot out ,/4 ,paul1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z well z ,/4 ,john4 ,b j s f> z ! reason+ holds good1 x is obvi\s t we may inv]t x4 ,if a writ] />ts ) a conception ( ,*ri/ianity t is #8semi-,ebionite' or #8semi-,arian1' he is b\nd at all co/s to rule out ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 n only z a dogmatic au?ority1 b z a record ( hi/orical fact4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is common to ! writ]s ( ! ,s*ool ( :i* we are speak+4 ,! complexity ( a critical hypo!sis v r>ely /&s 9 ! way ( its adoption2 b a v little psy*ological complexity acts z a det]r5t4 ,= in/ance1 aft] quot+ f ,b4 ,weiss "s r exagg]at$ language z to ! fre$om us$ by ! evangeli/ 9 reproduc+ ! disc\rses1 ,s*mi$el goes on ?us3 #8,z comp>$ ) su* a l9e ( def5ce1 !re is a positive relief f an intol]able burd5 z soon z ! /ud5t has made up 8 m9d to give up any su* !ory z t ( ! 8g5u95ess0 ( ! ,gospel1 z also ( its au!nticity 9 ! s5se ( its be+ ! "w ( an eye-witness :o meant to record actual hi/ory#ag4' ,s f> f be+ an #8intol]able burd51' x seems to me t ,weiss' !ory is n only 9 itself p]fectly natural1 nay inevitable1 b t x is also specially helpful z enabl+ u to acc\nt at "o & ! same "t = ! elem5ts t are1 & ^? t are n1 /rictly g5u9e 9 ! report ( ! disc\rses4 ,jli*] writes to mu* ! same effect z ,s*mi$el2 & ! passage :i* foll[s is inde$ v *>act]i/ic ( 8 habit ( m9d3 #8,! def5d]s ( ! 8g5u95ess0 ( ! ,gospel inde$ = ! mo/ "p all[ t ,john has c>ri$ out a c]ta9 idealization ) ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 t 9 writ+ he has f\nd himself 9 a slight condition ( ec/asy1 9 %ort1 t 8 pres5tation ( 8 h]o is some?+ m ?an hi/orical4 ,) su* my/icism or phraseology sci5ce c h no conc]n2 9 ! ,johannean v]sion ( ,*ri/'s disc\rses =m & sub/ance _c be sep>at$1 ! =m to be assign$ to ! lat] writ]1 & ! sub/ance to ,jesus ,himself3 s9t ut sunt aut non s9t6444' ,to please ,pr(essor ,jli*] a picture mu/ be all black or all :ite2 he is intol]ant ( half-%ades t pass f ! "o into ! o!r4 ,& no d\bt !re are "s problems = ! treatm5t ( :i* su* a habit is an advantage1 b h>dly ^? :i* h to d ) liv+ human p]sonalities4 ,! ,fr5* writ]s1 l ! ,g]man1 h a c]ta9 resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,to "s ( ^! po9ts ,i %all h to come back 9 detail lat]4 ,i w only note = ! pres5t t !y are bo? allegori/s ( an extreme k9d4 ,i w\ld j = ! pres5t comm5d to bo? a passage ( ,w]nle's3 #8,?is conception1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel z a philosophical "w1 to :i* ! ,alex&r9es fir/ gave curr5cy1 & :i* is /ill widely held to-day1 is a radically wrong "o4 ,john's ma9 idea1 ! desc5t ( ! ,son ( ,man to reveal ! ,fa!r1 is unphilosophical4444 ,s1 too1 ! ,johann9e miracles are nev] int5d$ to be tak5 9 a purely allegorical s5se4 ,! fact ( _! actual occurr5ce is ! irrefragable pro( ( ,god's appe>ance ^u e>?#ah4' ,if ! miracles ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 7 facts !re 0 "s po9t 9 ! con/ant appeals t ! ,gospel makes to !m2 b !re w\ld be no po9t if ^! appeals 7 to a set ( didactic fictions4 ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s a monograph has appe>$1 :i* f its g5]al t5d5cy may be rang$ ) ! works ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ?\gh 9 its me?od x r /&s by itself1 ,e4 ,s*w>tz1 ,ueb] d5 ,tod d] ,shne ,zeb$aei 7,b]l91 #aijd74 ,dr4 ,s*w>tz is ! editor ( ,eusebius 9 ! ,b]l9 s]ies1 & 8 po9t ( view is prim>ily philological4 ,he writes 9 a disagreeable _s1 at once c>p+ & sup]cili\s4 ,! only g5]\s words 9 8 pap] are a few 9 ref]5ce to ! ,*ur* hi/orian4 ,he exemplifies copi\sly mo/ ( ! proc$ure specially deprecat$ 9 ^! lectures4 ,8 monograph has1 h[ev]1 a value ( its own1 f ! precise & c>eful way 9 :i* he has collect$ & discusses ! mat]ial be>+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,evangeli/ & ( ! ,gospel 9 ! fir/ & e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury4 #e4 ,rec5t ,reaction4 ,f> z ,i conceive t all ^! writ]s h travell$ away f ! tru?1 !y foll[$ ea* o!r 9 su* quick succession t x w\ld h be5 /range if public op9ion _h n be5 affect$ by !m4 ,to "o :o himself firmly believ$ 9 ,/4 ,john's au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel1 & 9 its value z a record ( ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! outlook la/ autumn seem$ z1 ,i said1 v black4 ,a s+le book dispell$ ! cl\ds & cle>$ ! air4 ,dr4 ,drummond's ,"* & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ( special value to ! def5d]s ( ! ,gospel = two reasons3 7#a7 because x is ! "w ( "o :o _c 9 any case be accus$ ( dogmatic prepossessions1 z x w\ld to all appe>ance be m fav\rable to 8 g5]al position t ! ,gospel %\ld n be g5u9e or au!ntic2 & 7#b7 because ! :ole "w is some?+ m ?an a def5ce ( ! ,gospel2 x is a /rik+ application to a p>ticul> problem ( pr9ciples ( criticism 9 _m respects diff]+ f ^? at pres5t 9 vogue1 & at ! same "t1 z ,i _c b ?9k1 a m>k$ improvem5t on !m4 ,to ^! po9ts mu/ be add$ ! inh]5t qualities ( ! book itself--! ?or\gh k ) :i* x is writt51 its evid5t s9c]ity & ef=t to get at realities1 its n]v\s directness & =ce ( /yle1 its judicial habit ( weigh+ all t is to be said on bo? sides4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important & ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ( all ! corrections ( curr5t practice is a passage 9 ! text ) ! note app5d$ to x ^u ! argum5t f sil5ce4 ,! text is deal+ ) ! common assumption t because ,ju/9 quotes less freely f ! ,f\r? ,gospel ?an f ! o!r ?ree1 !re=e he mu/ h ascrib$ to x a l[] degree ( au?ority4 #8,b :y1 !n1 x may be ask$1 has ,ju/9 n quot$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel at lea/ z (t5 z ! o!r ?ree8 ,i _c tell1 any m ?an ,i c tell :y he has nev] nam$ ! suppos$ au?ors ( 8 ,memoirs1 or has m5tion$ only "o ( ! p>ables1 or made no ref]5ce to ! ,apo/le ,paul1 or n[h]e quot$ ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh he believ$ x to be an apo/olic & prophetical "w4 ,8 sil5ce may be due to pure accid5t1 or ! book may h seem$ less adapt$ to 8 apologetic purposes2 b consid]+ h[ _m ?+s !re are ab\t :i* he is sil5t1 we _c admit t ! argum5tum a sil5tio possesses 9 ?is case any validity4' ,to ?is is add$ a note :i* raises ! :ole g5]al "q3 #8,an in/ructive in/ance ( ! dang] ( argu+ f :at is n told is furni%$ by ,!ophilus ( ,antio*4 ,he does n m5tion ! names ( ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels1 except ,john2 he does n tell u any?+ ab\t any ( !m2 he says no?+ ab\t ! orig9 or ! date ( ! ,gospels !mselves1 or ab\t _! use 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,he quotes f !m extremely little1 ?\gh he quotes copi\sly f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b mo/ s+ul> ( all1 9 a def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity he tells u no?+ ab\t ,*ri/ ,himself2 if ,i am n mi/ak51 he does n s mu* z "n ,him or allude to ,him2 &1 if ! supposition 7 n absurd1 x might be argu$ ) great plausibility t he _c h kn[n any?+ ab\t ,him4 ,= he und]takes to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ^w ,*ri/ian2 b !re is n a ^w ab\t ,*ri/1 & 8 conclusion is 7,ad ,autol4 i4 #ab74 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :5 he w\ld e/abli% ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 y c\ld n imag9e t he _h he>d ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/2 & in/ead ( ref]r+ to ?is1 he has rec\rse to ! *ang+ seasons1 ! =tune ( se$s1 ! dy+ & reappe>ance ( ! moon1 & ! recov]y f illness4 ,we may le>n f ^! curi\s facts t x is n correct to say t a writ] kn[s no?+ ( c]ta9 ?+s1 simply because he _h n occasion to ref] to !m 9 8 only extant writ+3 or ev5 because he does n m5tion !m :5 8 subject w\ld seem naturally to lead him to d s#ai4' ,! rem>kable ?+ 9 ?is note is n only its indep5d5ce & sagacity1 b m p>ticul>ly ! tra9$ sagacity :i* br+s to be> ^u ! argum5t j ^? examples :i* are mo/ directly 9 po9t & mo/ tell+4 ,pr(essor ,bacon1 9 ! fir/ ( 8 rec5t articles 7,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 i4 #eac71 good-natur$ly def5ds ! pres5t writ] f ! *>ge ( wi%+ to discr$it ! argum5t f sil5ce 9 g5]al4 ,& x is true t 9 ! place to :i* he ref]s ,i _h 9 m9d only a p>ticul> application ( ! argum5t4 ,/ill ,i am afraid t ,i d wi% to see its cr$it abat$4 ,at lea/ x is my belief t too mu* use is made ( ! argum5t1 & t too mu* weight is atta*$ to x4 ,!re are two ma9 objections to ! way 9 :i* ! argum5t is (t5 h&l$4 7#a7 ,! critic does n ask himself :at is sil5t--:at ext5t ( mat]ial does ! argum5t cov]8 ,(t5 ?is ext5t is s small t1 on ! doctr9e ( *ances1 no inf]5ce c rightly be drawn f x4 ,& 7#b7 exp]i5ce %[s t ! argum5t is (t5 mo/ fallaci\s4 ,dr4 ,drummond's examples ( ?is w ,i hope become classical#bj4 ,dr4 ,drummond's book conta9s a multitude ( passages l ! above & exhibit+ ! same qualities4 ,_m ( !m are a v9dication ( popul> judgem5t z aga9/ ! f>-fet*$ argum5ts ( pr(ess$ s*ol>s4 ,! excell5ce ( 8 me?od seems to me to consi/ l>gely 9 ?is1 t he beg9s by mak+ = himself an imag9ative picture ( ! conditions ) :i* he has to deal1 n only ( ! p>ticul> piece ( evid5ce :i* %[s ^u ! surface1 b ( ! inf]5tial backgr\nd ly+ beh9d x2 t he ?us escapes ! dang] ( ! doctr9aire :o argues /raight f ! "o bit ( evid5ce be=e him to ! conclusion2 & t he also con/antly te/s ! process ( 8 argum5t by ref]5ce to p>allel conditions & circum/ances 9 our own day :i* we c v]ify = ourselves4 ,if ,i 7 to express an op9ion on ! *>act]i/ic positions :i* ,dr4 ,drummond takes up1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be t1 :]eas he seems to me to ov]/ate a little--b only a little--! ext]nal evid5ce = ! ,gospel1 he at ! same "t some:at und]/ates ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,he gives 8 decision aga9/ ! ,f\r? ,gospel sometimes :]e ,i _c help ?9k+ t a writ] ( equal imp>tiality w\ld n necess>ily d s4 ,x w\ld also be unfair if ,i did n say t 8 g5]al e/imate ( ! hi/orical tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospel is l[] ?an ,i %\ld =m myself4 ,i h spok5 ( ,dr4 ,drummond's book fir/ because ( its importance z a l&m>k 9 ! /udy ( ! ,gospel1 & because x cov]s ! :ole ( ! gr\nd ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,b ano!r book prec$$ x by a week or two 9 ! date ( its publication1 :i* z yet deals only ) a limit$ portion ( ?is gr\nd1 & yet :i*1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 pres5ts qualities simil> 9 g5]al "* to ^? ( ,dr4 ,drummond1 ?\gh p]haps ! expression ( !m is r less /rik+4 ,i ref] to ,dr4 ,/anton's ,! ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,"p ,i4 ,dr4 ,/anton's book is plann$ on a l>g] scale ?an ,dr4 ,drummond's 9 s f> z x includes all f\r ,gospels2 b z yet he has only dealt ) ! ext]nal evid5ce be>+ ^u _! e>ly use4 ,an important "p ( ! volume is naturally t devot$ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,l ,dr4 ,drummond1 ,dr4 ,/anton also pres5ts a m>k$ contra/ z to me?od ) ! gr\p ( cont95tal writ]s t we h j be5 consid]+4 ,x 0 !re=e a matt] ( special int]e/ t 8 book %\ld be review$ a few mon?s aft] its appe>ance by ,dr4 ,s*mi$el 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 7ii4 #fjg-ab74 ,x is n v surpris+ t ,dr4 ,/anton 0 mov$ to reply to 8 critic 9 ! next numb] 7pp4 #hjc-g74 ,!re is a direct anti!sis ( contra/$ & compet+ pr9ciples4 ,x may naturally be ?\ght t ,i am a bias$ judge 9 su* a case2 b ,i confess t x seems to me t ! advantage is v mu* on ! side ( my c\ntryman4 ,he %[s )\t mu* difficulty t ,dr4 ,s*mi$el has s]i\sly misrepres5t$ him4 ,inde$ "o might say t ! critic's repres5tation ( views & argum5ts 0 n s mu* d]iv$ f ! book he 0 review+ z f 8 own int]nal consci\sness ( :at might be expect$ f an apologi/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! p]sonal1 & m ephem]al1 aspect ( ! controv]sy4 ,x is ( m g5]al int]e/ to note ! critical assumptions made 9 ! c\rse ( ! review4 ,! writ] admits t 8 oppon5t #8n unfrequ5tly gives ! impression ( be+ animat$ by ! s9c]e resolve to ma9ta9 no?+ save only :at c be assum$ ) c]ta9ty4' #8,) c]ta9ty' is *>act]i/ic2 ! writ] attributes to ,dr4 ,/anton 79 ?is case7 :at he w\ld h aim$ at do+ himself4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! s*ool to :i* ,dr4 ,s*mi$el belongs1 ,i w n say exactly t all ! data ( :i* !y approve are c]ta91 b !y are treat$ v mu* z if !y 72 9 build+ up an argum5t ^u !m1 possibilities easily & imp]ceptibly glide into probabilities1 & probabilities into c]ta9ties4 ,dr4 ,/anton disclaims ! idea ( deal+ ) c]ta9ties2 he w\ld only pr(ess to adduce facts on a nicely graduat$ scale ( probability1 :i* by _! cumulative weight w5t "s way to c>ry conviction4 #8,conc]n+ ,b>n4 iv4 #ad1 ,dr4 ,/anton says 7p4 #cc7 ) ju/ice t ?is is our e>lie/ in/ance ( ! citation ( a say+ ( ,*ri/ z 8scripture40 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #acj1 ! date ^u :i* he rightly fixes = ! composition ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ?is e/imate ( ! ,gospels w\ld h be5 9 ! highe/ degree surpris+1 s9ce x is n until ,a4,d4 #agj t ! next examples ( su* an e/imate make _! appe>ance4' ,dr4 ,s*mi$el goes on 7#a7 to h rec\rse to ! accu/om$ exp$i5t ( sugge/+ t ,b>nabas is quot+1 n f ! words ( ! ,gospel :i* are id5tical1 b f a passage 9 #d ,ezra :i* is q diff]5t2 & 7#b7 if t exp$i5t fails1 to repres5t ! quotation z a #8w+$ ^w1' ?\gh x is expressly introduc$ by ! =mula #8x is writt54' ,h[ev]1 x is n ( ei!r ( ^! po9ts t ,i wi% to speak1 b r to call att5tion to :at ,dr4 ,s*mi$el ?9ks w\ld be #89 ! highe/ degree surpris+4' ,:y s surpris+8 ,:at sub/antial gr\nd h we = expect+ any?+ else8 ,9 ! fir/ place ,dr4 ,s*mi$el beg9s by exagg]at+ ! significance ( ! phrase #8x is writt51' z ?\gh on its fir/ extant occurr5ce x w\ld necess>ily imply full canonical au?ority4 ,& !n he goes on to lay /ress ^u :at is really little m ?an ! abs5ce ( lit]ature4 ,if we take ! :ole extant ,*ri/ian lit]ature betwe5 ! ye>s #acj & #agj ,a4,d41 x w\ld n fill m ?an a ?9 octavo volume1 & by f> ! great] "p ( t is tak5 up ) ext]nal controv]sy4 ,:at sort ( argum5t c be drawn f su* a /ate ( ?+s z to ! exact e/imate :i* ,*ri/ians =m$ ( _! own sacr$ books8 ,no valid argum5t c be drawn f x ei!r way1 & x is f> bett] simply to confess our ignorance4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t !re 0 a gradual developm5t 9 ! process by :i* ! ,gospels atta9$ to ! position t we call canonical2 b ! data to :i* we h access d n all[ u to map out its /ages ) any precision4 ,x seems to me to be a fundam5tal defect 9 ! reason+ ( ,dr4 ,s*mi$el & 8 s*ool t !y fail to see t ! real "q is1 n simply1 ,:at is ! evid5ce = ?is or t proposition8 b1 ,:at is ! relation :i* ! extant evid5ce be>s to ! :ole body ( t :i* once exi/$1 & h[ f> c we tru/ ! inf]5ces drawn f x8 ,i pass ov] "s q unw>rantable assumptions :i* ,dr4 ,s*mi$el makes z to ! apologetic po9t ( view3 su* z t1 #8if !re c be %[n to be resemblance betwe5 a canonical & a non-canonical writ+1 ! =m] is uni=mly to be reg>d$ z ! e>li]'2 & t #8,apocryphal ,gospels w\ld n h be5 us$ 9 ! influ5tial circles ( ! ,*ur*4' ,apologi/s w\ld lay d[n no?+ ( ! k9d1 ?\gh 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( concrete cases !y may ?9k t ! priority ( a canonical to a non-canonical writ+ does n ne$ argu+1 & ?\gh !y may also ?9k t 9 "s p>ticul> case ! evid5ce = ! use ( an ,apocryphal ,gospel by a ,*ur* writ] is insuffici5t4 ,dr4 ,s*mi$el easily satisfies himself t he has refut$ an argum5t be>+ on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,pr(essor ,/anton _h rightly ma9ta9$1 #8,!re mu/ h be5 good gr\nds = believ+ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 f\nd$ ^u ! apo/olic te/imony 9 ord] to ov]come ! prejudice t w\ld be creat$ by ! contra/s betwe5 x & ! ,synoptics4' ,he has %[n1 ,i ?9k1 9 8 reply1 t ! in/ances alleg$ aga9/ ?is are n relevant1 & also t ! "p play$ by ! two ideas ( ,apo/olicity & ,ca?olicity 9 ! =m+ ( ! ,canon are n q correctly /at$ by 8 oppon5t4 ,b ev5 if !y _h be5 z /at$ ! orig9al cont5tion w\ld /ill h be5 left /&+1 because agreem5t ) previ\sly accept$ writ+s 0 "p ( ! idea ( ,ca?olicity4 ,x is a s\nd argum5t to say t a "w s indep5d5t z ! ,f\r? ,gospel mu/ h come ) good cr$5tials to obta9 ! place :i* x held4 ,la/ly1 :5 ,dr4 ,s*mi$el speaks s impos+ly ( #8! sil5ce ( ! entire fir/ half ( ! second c5tury 9 reg>d to ! soj\rn ( ! ,apo/le ,john 9 ,ephesus1' ,i w\ld once m ask him :at ?is sil5ce am\nts to4 ,:at is ! total bulk ( ! lit]ature on :i* ! argum5t is bas$8 ,is x possible to draw f x an inf]5ce ( any value at all#ba8 ,footnote #a3 ,x is ?is la/ "w t ,i consid] an exception to ! high /&>d ( ability 9 ! gr\p ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,x is absolutely "o-sid$4 ,i d n d\bt ! writ]'s s9c]ity1 b he is blissfully unconsci\s t !re is ano!r side to ! argum5t4 ,footnote #b3 ,e9leitung 9 d4 ,n4 ,t41 #crd ed41 #ahig2 ,das ,johannes-,evangelium1 #i? ed4 7#d? ( ^? und]tak5 by ,dr4 ,weiss71 #ahib4 ,footnote #c3 ,= ,beys*lag's treatm5t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel see ,zur johanneis*5 ,frage1 repr9t$ f ,!ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik5 7,go?a1 #ahgf72 ,neute/4 ,!ologie 7,halle a4 ,s41 #ahia71 i4 #bab-ai2 ,leb5 ,jesu 7#crd ed41 ,halle1 #ahic74 ,footnote #d3 ,engli% read]s may be rem9d$ t ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot 0 an ,am]ican ,unit>ian :o di$ 9 #ahhd4 ,he 0 a lead+ memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,committee :i* jo9$ 9 ! production ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 &1 aft] s]v+ z ,assi/ant ,libr>ian1 became ,pr(essor ( ,new ,te/am5t ,criticism 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 9 #ahgb4 ,he 0 a s*ol> ( retir+ habits1 & 0 "o ( ^? :o sp5d 9 help+ & improv+ ! "w ( o!rs "t t might h be5 giv5 to great "w ( _! own4 ,8 lit]>y rema9s 7 religi\sly collect$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,footnote #e3 ,probleme d4 apo/4 ,zeitalt]s1 p4 #ib f4 ,footnote #f3 ,! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,delff t be> ^u ! subject ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel are ,die ,ges*i*te d4 ,rabbi ,jesus v4 ,naz>e? 7,leipzig1 n4 d41 b ! preface is dat$ #ahhi72 ,das vi]te ,evangelium wi$]h]ge/ellt 7,husum1 #ahij72 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,kritik und ,erklrung des vi]t5 ,evangeliums 7,husum1 #ahij74 ,footnote #g3 ,b\sset ?9ks t ?is may mean #8relat$ to' ! high prie/ 7,(f5b4 p4 #df n472 b ?is is que/ion$ by ,zahn 7,e9l4 ii4 #dhc74 ,footnote #h3 ,?is book is n to be confus$ ) ,die ur*ri/li*5 ,geme9d5 publi%$ two ye>s e>li]1 & n[ translat$ "u ! title ,*ri/ian ,life 9 ! ,primitive ,*ur*4 ,footnote #i3 ,pr(essor ,h>nack gave a lecture1 :i* ,i 0 privileg$ to he>1 at ! ,union ,sem9>y on ,octob] #aj1 #aijd4 ,footnote #aj3 ,das vi]te ,evang4 p4 #ab ff4 ,footnote #aa3 ,enc4 ,bibl4 ii4 #beee4 ,footnote #ab3 ,new ,light1 c41 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a ?ird article1 on ! int]nal evid5ce1 appe>$ 9 ,janu>y ( ! pres5t ye>1 iii4 #cec ff4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ur*ri/5tum 7ed4 #b1 ,b]l91 #aijb71 ii4 #chi4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #af3 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ii4 #fbj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,enc4 ,bibl4 ii4 #beed4 ,footnote #ah3 ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #aff ff42 cf4 von ,dobs*tz1 ,probleme1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #ai3 ,"*1 c41 p4 #aeg f4 ,footnote #bj3 ,an incid5tal passage 9 ,dr4 ,dill's ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7p4 #abj f47 des]ves to be set by ! side ( ,dr4 ,drummond's4 ,he is speak+ ( ! ,satiricon ( ,petronius4 #8,^? :o h attribut$ x to ! fri5d & victim ( ,n]o h be5 confront$ ) ! sil5ce ( ,qu9tilian1 ,juv5al1 & ,m>tial1 ) ! sil5ce ( ,tacitus z to any lit]>y "w by ,petronius1 ^: "* & end he has describ$ ) a curi\s sympa?y & c>e4 ,x is only late critics ( ! l[] empire1 su* z ,macrobius1 & a dilettante ari/ocrat l ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 :o pay any att5tion to ?is rem>kable "w ( g5ius4 ,& ,sidonius seems to make its au?or a citiz5 ( ,m>seilles4 ,yet sil5ce 9 su* cases may be v deceptive4 ,m>tial & ,/atius nev] m5tion "o ano!r1 & bo? might seem unkn[n to ,tacitus4 ,& ,tacitus1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,roman ari/ocrat1 9 pa9t+ ! "* ( ,petronius1 may n h ?\ght x relevant or important to notice a light "w su* z ! ,satiricon1 ev5 if he _h ev] se5 x4 ,he does n ?9k x wor? :ile to m5tion ! hi/ories ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 ! trag$ies ( ,s5eca1 or ! ,punica ( ,silius ,italicus4' ,footnote #ba3 ,! two books ( ,drs4 ,drummond & ,/anton 7 review$ by ,m4 ,loisy 9 ! ,revue ,critique1 #aijd1 pp4 #dbb-d1 & ,dr4 ,drummond's by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann 9 ,!ol4 ,lit]aturzeitung1 #aije1 cols4 #acf-i4 ,bo? reviews 7 disappo9t+1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,holtzmann's conta9s ! usual am\nt ( pa9/ak+ detail4 ,x is natural t play %\ld be made ) ! real inconsi/5cies ( ,dr4 ,drummond's position2 b 8 weighti] argum5ts are 9 nei!r case directly grappl$ )4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,critical ,,me?ods4 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,i4 i4 ,defects 9 ! ,me?ods ( curr5t ,criticism4 ,x is n[ r m ?an eight ye>s s9ce ,h>nack wrote ! fam\s ,preface to 8 ,*ronologie d] alt*ri/li*5 ,litt]atur4 ,x 0 an in/ance ( ! g5ial insight ( ! writ]1 & a ke5 diagnosis ( ! criticism ( ! day4 ,! ma9 outl9e ( ! ,preface w be rememb]$4 ,look+ back ov] ! p]iod f :i* ,sci5ce 0 j beg9n+ to em]ge1 ! writ] *>act]iz$ x z "o 9 :i* all ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature includ+ ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 treat$ z a tissue ( illusions & falsifications4 ,t "t1 he w5t on to say1 0 pa/4 ,= ,sci5ce x _h only be5 an episode1 dur+ :i* mu* _h be5 le>nt & aft] :i* mu* _h to be =gott54 ,8 own rese>*es1 ,h>nack expla9$1 w\ld be f\nd to g 9 a reaction>y direction ev5 beyond ! middle position ( curr5t criticism4 ,! results might be summ$ up by say+ t ! olde/ lit]ature ( ! ,*ur*1 9 its ma9 po9ts & 9 mo/ ( its details1 f ! po9t ( view ( lit]>y hi/ory1 0 v]aci\s & tru/wor?y4 ,9 ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t !re 0 probably only a s+le writ+ t c\ld be call$ pseudonym\s 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 ! s-call$ ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]2 &1 ap>t f ! ,gno/ic fictions1 ! :ole numb] ( pseudonym\s writ+s d[n to ,ir5aeus 0 v small1 & 9 "o case 7! ,acts ( ,!cla7 ! production ( su* a "w 0 expressly condemn$4 ,9 l mann] ! am\nt ( int]polation 0 also f> less ?an _h be5 suppos$2 & ! tradition relat+ to ?is e>ly p]iod might 9 ! ma91 & ) "s res]vations1 be tru/$4 ,baur & 8 s*ool _h ?\ght !mselves compell$1 9 ord] to give an intelligible acc\nt ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 to ?r[ ov] bo? ! /atem5ts 9 ! writ+s !mselves & ^? ( tradition ab\t !m1 & to po/-date _! composition by sev]al decades4 ,!y 7 driv5 to d ?is by mi/ak5 premises4 ,/>t+ ) ! assumption t all ^! writ+s 7 compos$ ) a def9ite purpose1 to comm5d "s sectional view ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y 7 con/antly on ! wat* = traces ( t purpose1 & !y f\nd !m 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places4 ,! views ( ,baur & 8 foll[]s _h be5 g5]ally giv5 up2 b ! t5d5cies set on foot by !m rema9$4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ+s 7 /ill approa*$ 9 an attitude ( suspicion2 !y 7 cross-exam9$ 9 ! _s ( a ho/ile attorney2 or else !y 7 treat$ aft] ! mann] ( a petit matre1 fa/5+ ^u all sorts ( small details1 & argu+ f !m 9 ! face ( cle> & decisive indications4 ,baur ?\ght t ev]y?+ _h a motive1 & an int]e/$ motive4 ,b1 :]eas he s\ght = ! motive on broad l9es1 8 m rec5t successors ei!r gave !mselves up to ! se>* = m9or incid5tal motives1 or = int]polations on a l>ge scale1 or else !y gave way to a ?or\gh-go+ scepticism :i* confus$ toge!r probabilities & improbabilities z ?\gh !y 7 all ! same4 ,h>nack w5t on to describe ! results ( ! lab\rs ( ! la/ two decades 7#ahgf-if7 z con/itut+ a def9ite #8return to tradition4' ,?is return to tradition he reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod 9 :i* he 0 writ+2 inde$ he look$ =w>d to a "t :5 ! que/ions ( lit]>y hi/ory :i* _h excit$ s mu* int]e/ w\ld d s no long]1 because x w\ld come to be g5]ally und]/ood t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian traditions 7 9 ! ma9 "r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ,preface ( ,h>nack's attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & probably n[h]e m ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,engli% /ud5ts hail$ x z ! beg9n+ ( a new epo*1 & "o 9 :i* !y c\ld be m at home4 ,x fell 9 ) c]ta9 m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,engli% m9d4 ,ev5 ! progressive elem5t 9 t m9d naturally works on cons]vative l9es2 x has be5 reluctant to break away f ! pa/4 ,! v advances ( fre$om1 s /eady & s sure1 h n be5 revolution>y2 !y h be5 advances #8,( fre$om sl[ly broad5+ d[n ,f prec$5t to prec$5t4' ,b x 0 n only ! de/ructive conclusions ( cont95tal criticism ) :i* dissatisfaction 0 felt1 & :i* gave an apologetic col\r to mu* ,engli% "w4 ,! me?ods 7 9 _m ways n less di/a/eful ?an ! conclusions4 ,engli%m5 felt1 :e!r !y said s or n1 t !re 0 some?+ wrong4 ,& !re=e1 :5 a s*ol> ( ,h>nack's di/9ction put _! ?\ghts into words & po9t$ to ! v defects ( :i* !y seem$ to be consci\s1 _! hopes 7 rais$ t at la/ a movem5t 0 begun :i* !y c\ld foll[ ) sympa?y1 & 9 :i* !y might p]haps to "s ext5t be> a "p4 ,:5 ,i take ^u myself to speak 9 ?is way ( #8,engli% /ud5ts1' ,i ( c\rse d s ) "s res]vations4 ,i h 9 m9d ! r consid]able majority ( ! !ological faculties 9 our ,univ]sities1 & ,i might say ! majority ( ! tea*+ /affs ( all d5om9ations ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita92 = !re are excell5t relations1 & a great am\nt ( solid>ity1 among ,briti% tea*]s ( ,!ology 9 all ! *ur*es4 ,a good g5]al repres5tation ( ! av]age views w\ld be f\nd 7e4 g47 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 ,no d\bt !re is also ! o!r type--! type repres5t$ by ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica4 ,!re are n a few among u :o are less dissatisfi$ ) ,cont95tal me?ods1 & :o pursue ^? me?ods !mselves ) ability & indep5d5ce4 ,& beyond ^! !re are v _m m1 especially among ! cultivat$ & int]e/$ laity1 :o are acqua9t$ 9 a g5]al way ) :at has be5 done on ! ,cont95t1 & :o are impress$ by :at !y take to be ! results1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p !y h n "t to te/ ! processes4 ,i say advis$ly t ?is class is impress$ by :at x conceives to be results1 because ,i imag9e t1 :ile !re is a feel+ t ,cont95tal s*ol>s are fre] 9 _! rese>*es & less trammell$ ?an our own1 !re is also "s res]ve ow+ to ! consci\sness t ! results h n be5 fully te/$4 ,to ?is ext5t ,i %\ld say t ! intellectual po/ure ( ?is class 0 "o ( wait+--s]i\s & int]e/$ wait+--r ?an ( complete committal ei!r to "o side or to ! o!r4 ,s9ce my visit to ,am]ica ,i seem to be bett] able to speak ( ! situation !re1 ?\gh clos] acqua9tance did b 9 ! ma9 confirm & def9e ! op9ion t ,i _h previ\sly =m$4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5ces betwe5 ! conditions 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic !re are probably great] inequalities ( !ological in/ruct$ness4 ,!y h a great] numb] ( ,univ]sities & ,sem9>ies1 9 :i* ! /&>d v>ies m ?an x does ) u4 ,& :ile on ! "o h& g5]al culture & t k9d ( vague k ( ! nature & t5d5cies ( criticism :i* goes ) g5]al culture is m widely diffus$ 9 ^! isl&s1 on ! o!r h& ,i %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t a real fir/-h& k ( critical "w is m (t5 to be f\nd !re ?an x is "h4 ,?is is due to ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( ! able/ pr(essors & tea*]s h be5 !mselves tra9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ^! diff]5ces & inequalities1 !re is a g5]al t5d5cy1 :i* seem$ to me to embrace ! :ole nation4 ,x 0 summ$ up 9 a few words by "o ( ! ,me?odi/ ,bi%ops 7x w be rememb]$ t ! ,episcopalian ,me?odi/s are /rong 9 ,am]ica7 ) :om ,i _h "s conv]sation4 ,he _h1 ,i believe1 be5 secret>y ( "s ,bo>d ( ,religi\s ,education1 & spoke ) wide k4 ,i %\ld be afraid to say h[ _m /ud5ts _h pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,&1 speak+ ( ^! /ud5ts1 he said t _! g5]al attitude 0 ?is3 #8,!y want to keep _! fai?2 & yet !y also want to see ! realities ( ?+s4' ,! same description w\ld1 ,i believe1 fit ! tea*]s & pr(essors z well z ! /ud5ts1 includ+ ^? tra9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,!y too want to keep _! fai?1 & to help _! /ud5ts to keep _! fai?4 ,z comp>$ ) ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,g]many1 !re is a m g5]al & su/a9$ ef=t to make _! tea*+ positive & con/ructive2 & ?is con/ructive tea*+ takes1 ,i suspect1 9 mo/ cases v simil> l9es--,i %\ld describe x z 9 ! ma9 ,rits*lianism ( ! ,"r4 ,at ! same "t1 !y too want to see ! reality ( ?+s2 9 o!r words1 !y want to tea* by /rictly sci5tific me?ods4 ,& ! only fur!r rem>k t ,i %\ld h to make w\ld be t !y are p]haps a little incl9$--& x naturally c\ld n be o!rwise--to look at ^! me?ods ?r\gh ,g]man spectacles4 ,n[ ,i w\ld n hesitate to c>ry ?is g5]alization /ill fur!r4 ,we1 9 ?is c\ntry1 h probably a great] numb] ( cross curr5ts2 !re is a great] numb] ( m$ia t /& betwe5 ! individual & 8 ultimate aims & wi%es1 9 ! %ape ( loyalties to ?is or t *ur* or p>ty4 ,& yet ,i ?9k t1 broadly speak+1 we %\ld n be wrong 9 summ+ up :at is really at ! bottom ( ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! :ole ,anglo-,saxon race 9 ! same words3 #8,!y want to keep _! fai?2 & yet !y also want to see ! realities ( ?+s4' ,x is ! equilibrium ( ^! two propositions t is mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,i fully believe t motives ( ! same k9d are pres5t among ! ,g]mans z well z ourselves4 ,i c\ld easily "n a numb] ( ,g]man pr(essors :o1 ,i feel sure1 are z anxi\s to keep _! fai? z we are4 ,at ! head ( ! li/ ,i %\ld put ,h>nack himself1 ^: views h be5 s mu* discuss$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great] div]sity ( attitude among ! pr(essorial body z a :ole4 ,& s f> z !y 7 agre$--,i am speak+ especially ( ! widespread lib]al bran*--!y w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 all inv]t ! ord] ( ! two propositions3 !y w\ld give prec$5ce to ! desire to get at realities2 & !y w\ld id5tify ?is gett+ at realities ) ! use ( sci5tific me?od4 ,! reason is t 9 ,g]many1 m ?an else:]e1 ! preval5t /&>ds ( judgem5t are ess5tially academic4 ,! ,univ]sities give ! lead & set ! tone = ! :ole nation2 & ! ,univ]sities h n[ be5 accu/om$ = _m g5]ations to an atmosph]e ( free ?\ght4 ,n[ x is f> f my int5tion to und]value1 ei!r ! use ( sci5tific me?od 9 g5]al1 or ,g]man sci5ce 9 p>ticul>4 ,i h ! highe/ op9ion ( bo?4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! advance t has be5 made 9 ,!ology--& ,i believe t a great advance has be5 made 9 our own c\ntry z well z else:]e--,i w\ld aga9 appeal to ,ha/+s' ,diction>y z repres5t+ a sort ( av]age--has be5 due to ! /rict] application ( sci5ce2 & a great "p ( ?is has be5 ,g]man sci5ce4 ,hon\r mu/ be giv5 :]e hon\r is due4 ,we mu/ n hold back ! full recognition t at ! pres5t "t ,g]many holds ! fir/ place 9 ,sci5ce1 & t its output ( sci5tific "w is p]haps z great z t ( all ! re/ ( ! _w besides4 ,i am n sure :e!r ?is is an exagg]ation1 b ,i h>dly ?9k x is4 ,b 9 all ! m t5tative =ms ( sci5ce1 su* z philosophy1 hi/ory1 & !ology1 !re is1 or at lea/ has be5 s f>1 a d\ble elem5t1 "o t is /able & p]man5t1 & ano!r t is m or less local & ephem]al4 ,if ,i proce$ to (f] "s criticisms ^u ,g]man critical me?ods1 ,i am p]fectly well aw>e t ! ,g]mans 9 turn w\ld h some?+ to criticize 9 ours4 ,at ! pres5t day discussion is n limit$ to any "o c\ntry1 b is int]national4 ,x is by s*ol>s ( diff]5t race & tra9+ comp>+ notes toge!r t mi/akes are correct$1 me?ods gradually p]fect$1 & results e/abli%$4 ,i %all n hesitate !re=e to po9t out :]e x seems to me t ,g]man me?ods h gone wrong4 ,& ,i feel t ,i c d ?is ! m freely :5 a s*ol> ( ,h>nack's high /&+ has set ! example4 ,! faults t we seem to h notic$ 9 ,g]man criticism are v mu* ^? :i* he has indicat$3 x has be5 too academic1 too doctr9aire1 too artificial1 too mu* made 9 ! /udy & too little *eck$ by obs]vation ( ! facts ( daily life4 ,! v excell5ces ( ! ,g]man m9d h 9 "s ways contribut$ to ! =mation ( wrong /&>ds ( judgem5t4 ,m ?an o!r p ! ,g]mans h ! p[] ( su/a9$ ab/ract ?\ght1 ( ?or\ghness 9 mu/]+ & review+ all ! elem5ts ( a problem1 ( ?9k+ a problem out 9 su* a way z n to leave gaps & inconsi/5cies4 ,h5ce !y are too ready to assume t all ! re/ ( ! _w w d ! same1 t if an important piece ( evid5ce is omitt$ 9 an argum5t x c only be because x 0 n kn[n1 t c>elessness & ov]sights & inconsi/5cies are ?+s t ne$ n be reckon$ )4 ,& !re is also too great a t5d5cy to argue z ?\gh m5 7 all made ^u "o patt]n4 ,!re is a want ( ela/icity ( conception4 ,&1 to sum up _m po9ts 9 "o1 !re is a great t5d5cy to purism or ov]-/rictness 9 ! wrong place1 & to ov]-laxity also 9 ! wrong place1 to /ra9 out ! gnat & swall[ ! camel4 ,:at "o desid]ates mo/ is great] simplicity1 great] read9ess to believe t z a rule1 9 anci5t times z well z mod]n1 p meant :at !y said & said :at !y meant1 & t m (t5 ?an n !y _h "s sub/antial reason = say+ x4 ii4 ,in/ances 9 :i* ,criticism has correct$ itself4 ,^! are n m]ely a priori reflections1 b !y are bas$ ^u exp]i5ce ( ! actual c\rse t criticism has tak54 ,by ?is "t criticism has a consid]able hi/ory beh9d x4 ,x has correct$ "s ( its mi/akes1 & is able to look back ^u ! c\rse by :i* x came to make !m4 ,9 ?is way x %\ld le>n "s :olesome lessons4 ,i w take ?ree r conspicu\s examples 9 :i* criticism has at fir/ gone wrong & has aft]w>ds come to set itself "r1 9 ! hope t !y may tea* u :at to avoid 9 future4 ,i imag9e t !y may be f\nd to ?r[ "s side-light ^u ! p>ticul> problem ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! fir/ example t ,i w take %all be f ! criticism ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,i may assume t ! ,sev5 ,epi/les are n[ g5]ally all[$ to be g5u9e1 & writt5 by ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 on 8 way to m>tyrdom at ,rome sometime be=e ! end ( ! reign ( ,trajan 7i4 e4 be=e #aag74 ,?is result is due especially to ! lab\rs ( two s*ol>s1 ,zahn & ,lightfoot4 ,x is in/ructive to note ) :at k9d ( argum5t !y _h to cont5d4 ,bo? 9 _! day _h to /em a =midable curr5t ( op9ion4 ,bi%op ,lightfoot wrote 9 ! ,preface to 8 great "w dat$ #8,/4 ,pet]'s day1 #ahhe'3 #8,we h be5 told m ?an once t 8all imp>tial critics0 h condemn$ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les z spuri\s4 ,b ?is moral intimidation is unwor?y ( ! em95t writ]s :o h sometimes indulg$ 9 x1 & w c]ta9ly n be p]mitt$ to =eclose ! inve/igation4 ,if ! ecclesia/ical t]rorism ( pa/ ages has lo/ its p[]1 we %all1 9 ! int]e/s ( tru?1 be ju/ly jeal\s ( all[+ an academic t]rorism to usurp its place4' ,i %\ld n f9d x difficult to produce p>allels to ?is k9d ( intimidation 9 ! case ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,to look back 9 face ( !m ^u ! issue ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy is consol+4 ,mu* 0 said 9 ! c\rse ( ! controv]sy ab\t c]ta9 features ( /yle & "* z unwor?y ( an ,apo/olic fa!r4 ,x 0 en\gh to answ] ) ,bi%op ,lightfoot t #8objections ( ?is class re/ = ! mo/ "p on ! assumption t an ,apo/olic fa!r mu/ be a p]son ( ideal p]fections intellectually z well z morally--an assumption :i* has only to be nam$ 9 ord] to be refut$#bb4' ,x is true t ! lett]s conta9$ exagg]at$ language ( humility1 & also an exagg]at$ eag]ness = m>tyrdom4 ,beside ^! g5]al features1 !re 7 a good _m /range & crude expressions ( o!r k9ds4 ,x is ne$less to say t x did n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t su* expressions c\ld n h be5 us$ by ,ignatius4 ,b if ! critics _h be5 will+ to /udy ! lett]s a little deep] & ) a little m sympa?y1 !y might h f\nd reason to *ange _! e/imate ev5 ( ^! ackn[l$g$ flaws4 ,9 deal+ ) ,ignatius x is always important to rememb] t we h to d ) a ,syrian & n a ,greek4 ,c]ta9ly ! language t he wrote 0 n 9 8 h& a pliant in/rum5t4 ,x always co/ him a /ruggle to express 8 ?\ght2 & ! expression is v (t5 f> f p]fect4 ,! figure ( ! writ] t "o pictures to oneself is rugg$1 %aggy 7if "o may use ! ^w71 unc\?2 & yet !re is a virile1 n]v\s /r5g? ab\t 8 language :i* is at times v impressive4 ,& ev5 8 extravagances diff] 9 ?is f _m l extravagances1 t !y are n 9 ! lea/ ins9c]e4 ,= in/ance1 if we read ?r\gh ! lett] to ,polyc>p1 we %all see 9 x a really great p]sonality4 ,& ,ignatius _h a v consid]able p[] ( ?\ght z well z ( "*4 ,outside ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he is ! fir/ great ,*ri/ian ?9k]2 & he is "o :o left a deep m>k on all subsequ5t ?9k+4 ,i h little d\bt t ! /rong expressions ( humility t are f\nd f "t to "t 9 ,ignatius are wrung f him by ! recollection ( ! life t he l$ be=e he became a ,*ri/ian4 ,!y are d\btless sugge/$ by ,/4 ,paul1 & !y spr+ f a feel+ n less int5se ?an 84 ,! humility ( ,/4 ,john is a diff]5t matt]4 ,b z v %all[ & obtuse criticisms are sometimes pass$ ^u x1 ! ,ignatian p>allel may s]ve z a :olesome w>n+4 ,i %all h occasion to return to ?is po9t lat]4 ,! ma9 argum5ts aga9/ ! ,ignatian au?or%ip ( ! lett]s 7 drawn f ! seem+ly advanc$ condition ( ?+s :i* !y impli$ 9 ! way ( h]etical tea*+ on ! "o h&1 & *ur* organization on ! o!r4 ,! objections on ^! gr\nds h be5 q cle>$ up2 & n[ ! lett]s supply "s ( ! mo/ important data t ! hi/orian has to g ^u4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,bi%op ,lightfoot began by conv]t+ himself be=e he conv]t$ o!rs4 ,he _h be5 incl9$ to ?9k at "o "t t ! %ort] ,syriac v]sion repres5t$ ! true ,ignatius4 ,he tells u himself h[ he came to give up ?is op9ion4 ,he says3 #8,i f\nd t to ma9ta9 ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s ,i 0 oblig$ f "t to "t to ascribe to ! suppos$ ,ignatian =g] feats ( +5uity1 k1 intuition1 skill1 & self-re/ra9t1 :i* transc5d$ all b\nds ( probability' 7,preface to ! ,fir/ ,edition74 ,?is is ano!r bit ( exp]i5ce t x may be wor? :ile to be> 9 m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my second example is p]haps 9 ?is s5se n q s cle> a case1 t !re is n z yet z complete a cons5sus 9 reg>d to x z !re is 9 reg>d to ! ,ignatian ,lett]s4 ,x is tak5 f ! discussions :i* h be5 go+ on at v>i\s times 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s z to ! g5u95ess ( ! treatise ,de ,vita ,contemplativa :i* has come d[n to u among ! works ( ,philo4 ,a m>k$ impression 0 made on ! side ( ! attack by a monograph by ,lucius1 ,die ,!rapeut5 u4 ihre ,/ellung 9 d4 ,ges*4 d] ,askese1 publi%$ 9 #ahgi4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! acceptance at lea/ ( ! negative "p ( its result by ,s*r]1 inaugurat$ a p]iod dur+ :i* op9ion 0 on ! :ole r unfav\rable to ! treatise4 ,a reaction began ) two articles by ,massebieau 9 #ahhh1 foll[$ by ! important & valuable "w ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 ,philo ab\t ! ,contemplative ,life1 ,ox=d1 #ahie4 ,! success ( ?is def5ce may be reg>d$ z cl5*$ by ! accession ( su* excell5t & imp>tial au?orities z ,cohn & ,w5dl&1 :o are br++ out ! great new edition ( ,philo1 & ( ,dr4 ,james ,drummond4 ,x is true t ,s*r] review$ ,mr4 ,conybe>e 9 an adv]se s5se s f> z 8 ma9 conclusion 0 conc]n$1 & t he /ill ma9ta9s 8 op9ion 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,ges*i*te d4 ,jdis*5 ,volkes 7#ahih72 b ,i mu/ ne$s ?9k t 8 argum5ts 7 satisfactorily & decisively answ]$ by ,dr4 ,drummond 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review = #ahif4 ,"o or two po9ts 9 ?is reply ( ,dr4 ,drummond h a g5]al be>+1 relevant to our pres5t subject4 ,lucius _h ma9ta9$ t ! treatise 0 ( ,*ri/ian orig91 & t x 0 compos$ n long be=e ! "t ( its fir/ m5tion by ,eusebius4 ,! hi/ory ( ! text is oppos$ to ?is2 & ,dr4 ,drummond is q "r 9 say+ #8! argum5t seems valid t ,eusebius did n make 8 extracts f a "w :i* _h be5 rec5tly sprung ^u ! m>ket1 b f "o :i* _h already und]gone a long process ( transcription4' ,i may po9t to ,dr4 ,s*mi$el's article 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica z "o ( _m examples ( reason+ simil> to t ( ,lucius 9 reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is a common ?+ among critics to ?9k x unnecess>y to all[ any b ! smalle/ int]val betwe5 ! fir/ production ( a book & ! date ( its fir/ m5tion 9 ! lit]ature t happ5s to be extant4 ,i w\ld n lay d[n an absolute rule4 ,circum/ances v>y 9 diff]5t cases4 ,b ,i w\ld cont5d t 9 any case !y ne$ c>eful consid]ation1 & t assumptions l ^? ( ,lucius & ,s*mi$el are highly prec>i\s4 ,! next po9t ,i w\ld notice is ! argum5t f id5tity ( ?\ght & /yle4 ,"o ( ! /rik+ features 9 ,mr4 ,conybe>e's book 0 ! va/ accumulation ( p>allels bo? 9 ?\ght & expression betwe5 ! ,de ,vita ,contemplativa & ! c]ta9ly g5u9e works ( ,philo4 ,dr4 ,s*r] ?9ks t ?is might be due to imitation4 ,on t head ,i %\ld l to quote ,dr4 ,drummond3 #8,! purely lit]>y evid5ce w affect diff]5t m5 diff]5tly4 ,to ^? :o h no difficulty 9 attribut+ to ! =g] a b\ndless p[] ( ref9$ imitation x w c>ry little weight4 ,to o!rs :o act ^u ! prov]b1 ex p$e ,h]culem1 & believe t successful =g]y 9 ! "n ( an au?or1 if n ( high g5ius1 at lea/ ( unusual ability & di/+ui%$ /yle1 is an exce$+ly difficult art1 ?is l9e ( evid5ce w come ) almo/ ov]:elm+ =ce4 ,x is easy en\gh to imitate tricks ( /yle1 or to borr[ "s peculi>ities ( phrase2 b to write 9 a requir$ /yle1 )\t betray+ any signs ( imitation2 to introduce p]petual v>iation into s5t5ces :i* are nev]!less *>act]i/ic2 to h %ades ( ?\ght & sugge/ion1 :i* rem9d "o ( :at has be5 said else:]e1 & nev]!less are delicately modifi$1 & pass easily into ano!r subject2 9 a ^w1 to pres]ve ! :ole flav\r ( a writ]'s composition 9 a treatise :i* has a !me ( its own1 & foll[s its own indep5d5t developm5t1 may well seem beyond ! rea* ( ! =g]1 & mu/ be held to gu>antee ! g5u95ess ( a "w1 unless v weighty argum5ts c be advanc$ on ! o!r side4' ,?is p>agraph seems to be v mu* 9 po9t = ^? :o1 l ,s*mi$el1 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann & ,pr(essor ,bacon1 w\ld di/+ui% ! au?or ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john f ! au?or ( ! ,gospel4 ,on ?is po9t x is also wor? :ile to consid] ,dr4 ,drummond's replies to ! inconsi/5cies alleg$ to exi/ betwe5 p>ticul> details 9 ! ,de ,vita ,contemplativa & ! o!r ,philonic writ+s4 ,!re is always a t5d5cy 9 ! critical s*ool to make too mu* ( ^! little prima facie diff]5ces1 :i* g5]ally %r9k a good deal on clos] exam9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my la/ example %all be tak5 f ! ,vita ,antonii1 ascrib$ to1 & n[ g5]ally believ$ to be a g5u9e "w (1 ,/4 ,a?anasius4 ,! ,vita ,antonii holds an important place 9 ! lit]ature ( ! beg9n+s ( ,mona/icism4 ,z su* x 0 involv$ 9 ! :olesale scepticism on t subject :i* 0 pu%$ to its fur!/ limits by ! late ,pr(essor ,we+>t5 9 ! sev5ties & eighties4 ,h[ complete ! reaction has be5 may be se5 9 ! rec5t edition ( ! ,hi/oria ,lausiaca by ,dom ,cu?b]t ,butl]4 ,among ,we+>t5's conv]ts 0 our ,engli% s*ol>1 ,pr(essor ,gwatk92 & ,i d n ?9k t any?+ c\ld speak m eloqu5tly ?an j to transcribe ! li/ ( objections br\ght aga9/ ! ,vita ,antonii by ,pr(essor ,gwatk9 9 8 ,/udies ( ,arianism 7,cambridge1 #ahhb74 ,i proce$ to give ! m important ( !m 9 an abridg$ =m3 #8,9 ! re/ ( ! works ( ,a?anasius !re is no trace ( ,antony's exi/5ce4 ,consid]+ ! gr&eur ( ! sa9t's position1 & 8 intimate relations ) ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 ?is fact alone %\ld be decisive4' ,obs]ve ! argum5t f sil5ce1 :i* is enl>g$ ^u 9 ! rema9d] ( ! p>agraph4 #a4 ,! treatise is address$ to ! monks ( ! ,we/1 :]eas #8mona/icism 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! reign ( ,val5t9ian1 & at ,rome 9 p>ticul> :5 ,j]ome w5t into ! ,ea/ 9 #cgc2 & at ,milan x _h only lately be5 introduc$ by ,ambrose at ! "t ( ,augu/9e's visit 9 #che4' #b4 #8,ap>t f its num]\s miracles1 ! g5]al tone ( ! ,vita is unhi/orical4 ,x is a p]fect romance ( ! des]t1 )\t a trace ( human s9fulness to m> its beauty4 ,! sa9t is an idealiz$ ascetic h]o1 ! mons ,antonii a p>adise ( peaceful hol9ess4 ,we _c pass f ! ,scriptores ,erotici to ! ,vita ,antonii )\t notic+ ! same atmosph]e ( unreality 9 bo?4 ,f ,an?anasius !re is all ! diff]5ce ( ! novel writ] f ! orator--( ! ,cyropa$ia f ! de ,corona4' #c4 #8,?\gh ,a?anasius _h ample room = miracles 9 ! adv5tures ( 8 long life1 he nev] records any?+ ( ! sort4444 ,b miracles1 (t5 ( ! mo/ pu]ile description1 are ! /aple ( ! ,vita ,antonii1 & "s ( !m are said to h be5 done be=e ! eyes ( ,a?anasius himself1 :o c\ld n h omitt$ all ref]5ce to !m 9 ! writ+s ( 8 exile4' ,aga91 ! argum5t f sil5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 #8,antony is repres5t$ z an illit]ate ,copt1 dep5d5t on memory ev5 = 8 k ( ,scripture4' ,yet he alludes to ,plato1 ,plot9us1 c41 & 9 g5]al reasons l a le>n$ philosoph]4 #e4 #8,! ,vita ,antonii has co9cid5ces ) ,a?anasius 9 language & doctr9e1 z we %\ld expect 9 any pr(ess$ "w ( 84444 ,b ! div]g5ces are s]i\s'4444 #f4 ,x is impli$ ?r\gh\t ! ,vita ,antonii t ! monks 7 extremely num]\s ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ dur+ ,antony's lifetime4 ,n[ !re 7 monks 9 ,egypt1 monks ( ,s]apis1 long be=e2 b ,*ri/ian monks !re 7 none' 7,/udies ( ,arianism1 pp4 #ajj-b74 ,n[ ,i am n = a mom5t go+ to disp>age ?is display ( le>n+4 ,x is v clev]2 x is v s*ol>ly3 9 ! /ate ( k :5 x 0 writt5 x 0 at lea/ v excusable 9 its /atem5ts4 ,altoge!r x 0 z brilliant a piece ( criticism z "o w\ld wi% to see4 ,to ?is day ! objections read q =midably4 ,& yet ! inf]5ce drawn f !m is pretty c]ta9ly wrong2 inde$ ! :ole array is little m ?an an impressive bugbe>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) su* w>n+s f ! pa/ be=e our eyes1 ,i ?9k we %\ld be incl9$ to scrut9ize r closely argum5ts ( a l k9d :5 !y meet u 9 ! c\rse ( our pres5t inve/igation4 iii4 ,examples ( ,mi/ak5 ,me?od z appli$ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,at ?is po9t we may g back to ,h>nack's ,preface4 ,& "h ,i _c help express+ my regret t x has n _h m ( ! influ5ce t x des]v$ to h1 bo? 9 ! c\ntry ( its au?or & else:]e4 ,i am ev5 tempt$ to g a little fur!r1 & express my regret t x has n _h m influ5ce ^u ! au?or himself4 ,i w h5ce=w>d conf9e myself m /rictly to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,& x seems to me t1 9 8 incid5tal treatm5t ( ?is1 ,h>nack has m ?an once =gott5 8 own precepts4 ,he exp5ds endless +5uity 9 try+ to prove t !re 0 a confusion1 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! second c5tury1 betwe5 ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john & a c]ta9 #8,presbyt]' ( ! same "n1 :o really liv$1 z ! ,apo/le 0 suppos$ to h liv$1 at ,ephesus 9 ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,an important difficulty 9 ! way ( ?is pro( is ! explicit te/imony ( ,ir5aeus4 ,to meet ?is difficulty1 ! attempt is made to %[ t ,ir5aeus d]iv$ all 8 k1 or suppos$ k1 ab\t ,/4 ,john & 8 surr\nd+s f two s\rces1 a v brief int]c\rse 9 e>ly y\? ) ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 & ! book ( ,papias1 call$ ,expositions ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,x is l ,n]o wi%+ t ,rome _h "o neck1 9 ord] t x might be cut at a s+le /roke4 ,by r$uc+ ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ,ir5aeus receiv$ 8 k to ^! two1 x became m possible t if !y happ5$ 9 any way to l5d !mselves to ! confusion1 t confusion %\ld really take hold ( 8 m9d & express itself 9 8 writ+s4 ,! le>n+ & +5uity & skill display$ are admirable4 ,b h[ futile1 f ! v fir/1 to suppose t all ! in=mation ,ir5aeus possess$ ab\t ! greate/ lead] ( ! ,*ur* ( 8 own home came only ?r\gh ^! two *annels & no o!rs2 inde$1 t he 0 l ! pr9cess 9 ! fairy tale1 %ut up 9 a t[] & cut (f f all communication ) ! out] _w4 ,we "k t two at lea/ ( 8 companions 9 ! ,gallic *ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons came f ! same region z himself4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ^! *ur*es _h z a nucleus a little colony f ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 8 ,f\r? ,book ,ir5aeus (t5 ref]s to a c]ta9 ,presbyt]1 :om ,h>nack rightly %[s to h be5 n a direct he>] ( ! ,apo/les1 b at "o degree remov$ f !m1 a disciple ( ^? :o _h he>d f ! ,apo/les4 ,x is natural1 ) ,lightfoot1 to id5tify ?is ,presbyt] ) ,po?9us1 ,ir5aeus' own pr$ecessor 9 8 see1 :o _h pass$ ! age ( n9ety :5 he di$ 9 ! p]secution ( ! ye> #agg4 ,9 any case1 ,po?9us mu/ h be5 a /ore-h\se ( traditions & memories1 to :i* ,ir5aeus w\ld h con/ant access4 ,we "k also t aft] ! p]secution ,ir5aeus 0 9 ,rome2 & !re is "s reason to ?9k t he _h resid$ !re m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e#bc4 ,?is 0 ano!r great c5tre ) :i* he 0 famili>1 & to :i* news & traditions ( ! pa/ came /ream+ 9 f e qu>t] ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,& yet we are ask$ to believe t ,ir5aeus 0 ! victim ( a confusion t 9 any numb] ( ways might h be5 correct$4 ,z ,dr4 ,drummond well says1 #8,critics speak ( ,ir5aeus z ?\gh he _h fall5 out ( ! moon1 paid two or ?ree visits to ,polyc>p's lecture-room1 & nev] kn[n any "o else4 ,9 fact1 he mu/ h kn[n all sorts ( m51 ( all ages1 bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 & among o!rs 8 v5]able pr$ecessor ,po?9us1 :o 0 upw>ds ( n9ety at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,he mu/ h _h num]\s l9ks ) ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury#bd4' ,aga9 ! same writ] says3 #8,! te/imonies ( ,ir5aeus1 ( ,polycrates1 & ( ,clem5t are ^? on :i* we mu/ ma9ly rely4 ,9 judg+ ( ! collective =ce ( ! evid5ce1 we mu/ n =get t ! second c5tury 0 a lit]>y age4 ,! *ur*es freely communicat$ ) "o ano!r by lett]s1 & !re 0 an abundant !ological lit]ature ( :i* only a few fragm5ts h surviv$4 ,i see no reason :y ! *ur*es ( ,asia %\ld n h _h z well-gr\nd$ a c]ta9ty t ,john _h be5 once among !m z we h t ,goldsmi? 0 once 9 ,london#be4' ,to deal ) all ?is body ( evid5ce z ,h>nack deals ) x is v l #8argu+ on ! /r5g? ( a few p>ticul>s 9 ! face ( cle> & decisive indications#bf4' ,"h is ano!r in/ance ( ! v ?+ t ,h>nack himself compla9$ (4 ,he has made up 8 m9d t *ap4 xxi ( ! ,gospel c\ld n h be5 writt5 until aft] ! dea? ( ! au?or4 ,b 9 v]4 #bd ! editors ( ! ,gospel say expressly t ! ,apo/le :o figures s conspicu\sly 9 x 0 ! au?or ( ! :ole book 7#8?is is ! disciple :o be>e? witness ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s'74 ,?is1 accord+ to ,h>nack1 only convicts !m ( a delib]ate untru?1 contradict$ by ! v]ses imm$iately prec$+4 ,if we mu/ ne$s accuse ! un=tunate editors ( falsification1 we might at lea/ give !m cr$it = ! s5se to take c>e t _! falsehood 0 n expos$ by _! own words1 & almo/ 7z x 77 9 ! same brea?4 ,b ! fact is t ! premiss1 f :i* ,h>nack argues1 is purely gratuit\s1 z ,i hope to %[ 9 ! next lecture4 ,p]haps x is ! same p]sons1 ! editors ( ! ,gospel--9 any case x is ! ,presbyt]s :o 7 closely connect$ ) !m--:o are *>g$ ) ano!r piece ( di%one/y4 ,h>nack sees t m]e accid5t w n acc\nt = ! suppos$ confusion ( ,john ! ,presbyt] ) ,john ! ,apo/le4 ,he !re=e does n %r9k f imput+ delib]ate fraud4 #8,! leg5d purposely set on foot t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 c4#bg' #8,b ,papias1 ?r\gh ! oral traditions ab\t :i* he took s mu* tr\ble1 already /ood "u ! influ5ce ( ,presbyt]s1 ( :om "s p]haps purposely />t$ ! leg5d t ! ,presbyt] ,john 0 ! ,apo/le#bh4' #8,! ,john :o _h ! enc\nt] ) ,c]9?us1 aft] :at has be5 said c only be ! ,presbyt]4 ,b 9 ! confusion1 8! unconsci\s0 alone c h>dly h be5 involv$4' ,! di%one/y w5t beyond ! confusion ( ! two p]sons4 ,x is also se5 9 ! def9ite ascription ( ! ,gospel to ! ,apo/le4 #8,! tw5ty-f\r? v]se ( ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ab\t :i* we h spok51 w always rema9 a /rong indication ( ! fact t 9 ,ephesus ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 delib]ately put out aft] ! dea? ( its au?or z a "w ( ! ,apo/le1 & s t ! ,apo/le & ! ,presbyt] 7 delib]ately id5tifi$1 z ,philip ! ,evangeli/ 0 made to *ange places ) ,philip ! ,apo/le#bi4' ,facilis desc5sus4 ,:5 once we beg9 imput+ fraudul5t actions we may v easily f9d t we h to g on do+ s4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! gr\nd = all ?is is no assur$ fact1 b only ! exig5cies ( a complicat$ !ory :i*1 q ap>t f ?is1 has a load ( improbability to cont5d )4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w give "o fur!r example ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! criticism t has be51 & /ill is l>gely 9 vogue1 is to give :at seems to me q undue weight to ! exceptional1 ! abnormal1 ! ecc5tric1 z comp>$ ) t :i* is normal & regul>4 ,9 ! controv]sy ov] ! ,f\r? ,gospel "o ( ! que/ions has be5 z to ! exact degree ( importance to be atta*$ to ! s-call$ ,alogi1 :o1 ab\t ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 d5i$ ,/4 ,john's au?or%ip ( ! writ+s attribut$ to him1 includ+ ! ,gospel1 & by a piece ( %e] bravado ascrib$ x to ! h]etic ,c]9?us4 ,h>nack's acc\nt ( ?is--cot]ie p]haps r ?an sect--is j4 #8,! attack did n spread2 x 0 soon defeat$2 b ! memory ( x l+]$ on1 & ! policy ( ! ,*ur*1 auspici\sly begun by ,ir5aeus1 came to be t ( tea*+ ! absolute equality 9 rank & value ( ! f\r compon5t p>ts ( ! ,gospel#cj4' ,b ! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to call att5tion is t ! ,*ur* writ]s did n all[ ! exi/5ce ( ^! ,alogi to prev5t !m f class+ ! ,gospel among ! ,homolog\m5a1 or books ab\t ! canonicity ( :i* all ,*ri/ians 7 agre$4 ,eusebius uses /rong language4 ,he says t bo? ! ,gospel & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le 7 accept$ )\t dispute by 8 own contempor>ies z well z by ! anci5ts 7,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bd4 #ag74 ,&1 if x is said t ,eusebius 0 writ+ a c5tury & a half aft] ! ,alogi1 :5 t little side-eddy ( op9ion _h subsid$ & be5 =gott51 x is n ,eusebius alone :o ignores _! exi/5ce 9 ?is mann]4 ,ir5aeus is "o ( ^? :o c]ta9ly knew ab\t !m2 & yet he reg>ds ! ,f\r ,gospels1 our pres5t f\r1 z a sort ( div9e in/itution1 deeply implant$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 directly presid$ ov] & inspir$ by ,*ri/ ! ,^w 7adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #i74 ,a little lat] ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria speaks ( ! same ,f\r ,gospels z specially h&$ d[n among ,*ri/ians 7,/rom4 iii4 #ac4 #ic74 ,&1 aga91 a little lat] ,orig5 describes !m z #8alone unque/ion$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,god "u heav5' 7,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #be4 #d74 ,/ill e>li]1 a contempor>y ( ! ,alogi1 ,tatian1 gave effect to ! same belief by compos+ 8 ,diatess>on4 ,& ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t also endorses x4 ,?is /rik+ unanimity f all p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w s]ves to r$uce ! ,alogi to _! "r dim5sions4 ,! reason :y !y h bulk$ r l>g] ?an !y %\ld d is1 ,i believe1 because !y wield$ ! p54 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,dr4 ,salmon 0 = r$uc+ !m to ! s+le p]son ( ,caius ( ,rome4 ,s*w>tz also argues t n m ?an a s+le writ] may be meant4 ,he ?9ks t 9 any case ,epiphanius _h a book be=e him#ca4 ,! ,alogi 7 9 any case a v ephem]al ph5om5on1 *iefly significant 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 z m>k+ ! slight elem5t ( resi/ance to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gr\p ( ,f\r ,gospels4 ,,ii4 ,! ,olde/ ,solution ( ! ,problem ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,y w ?9k p]haps t ,i h be5 a long "t 9 approa*+ ! direct treatm5t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is q true t ,i h ?\ght well to beg9 ! approa* f a di/ance1 z x 7 by sap & tr5*1 be=e plant+ my guns--su* z !y are4 ,i h inde$ ! ambition 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures n only to /ate a case 9 reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b also at ! same "t to contribute1 if ,i may1 to ! "w s admirably initiat$ by ,dr4 ,drummond1 ( comm5d+ by ! way :at ,i conceive to be s\nd pr9ciples ( criticism1 z contra/$ ) o!rs :i* ,i consid] uns\nd4 ,x happ5s t a discussion ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel specially l5ds itself to ?is purpose4 ,9 accordance ) :at ,i h be5 say+1 y w n expect ( me any new & />tl+ !ory to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,i am cont5t to g back to ! olde/ categorical /atem5t 9 respect to x t hi/ory has h&$ d[n to u4 ,x seems to me t ?is /atem5t1 pla9 & direct z x is1 really gives an adequate explanation1 if n exactly ( ev]y?+1 yet at lea/ ( all ! sali5t po9ts t ne$ expla9+4 ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 vi4 #ad4 #g7 has pres]v$ = u ! sub/ance ( a passage f ! ,hypotyposes1 or ,outl9es1 ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :i* he says t ,clem5t d]iv$ f ! #8e>ly ,presbyt]s' 7 71 & :i* dealt among o!r ?+s ) ! ord] ( ! ,gospels4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 he says t #8la/ ( all ,john p]ceiv+ t ! bodily 7or ext]nal7 facts _h be5 set =? 9 ! 7o!r7 ,gospels1 at ! in/ance ( 8 disciples & ) ! inspiration ( ! ,_s compos$ a spiritual ,gospel4' ,a v simil> tradition _h be5 giv5 by ,eusebius 9 an e>li] book 7iii4 #bd74 ,he heads ! *apt]1 #8,on ! ,ord] ( ! ,gospels1' & 9 ! c\rse ( x he writes z foll[s3 #8,nev]!less1 ( all ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 only ,mat!w & ,john h left u writt5 memoirs1 & !y are report$ 7 #cb7 to h be5 l$ to write "u pressure ( necessity4 ,mat!w1 hav+ previ\sly prea*$ to ! ,hebrews1 :5 he 0 ab\t to g to o!r peoples1 committ$ to writ+ ! ,gospel t be>s 8 "n 9 8 native tongue1 & s by ! writt5 book comp5sat$ ^? :om he 0 leav+ = ! loss ( 8 pres5ce4 ,& :5 ,m>k & ,luke _h by t "t publi%$ _! ,gospels1 !y say t ,john1 hav+ be=e sp5t all 8 "t 9 oral prea*+1 at la/ came also to write = "s su* reason z ?is4 ,! ?ree ,gospels fir/ writt5 hav+ be5 by ?is di/ribut$ ev]y:]e1 & hav+ come into 8 h&s1 !y say t he accept$ !m1 be>+ witness to _! tru?1 b 7add+7 t !re 0 only want+ to _! record ! n>rative ( :at 0 done by ,*ri/ at fir/ & at ! beg9n+ ( ,8 prea*+4' ,at ?is po9t ,eusebius digresses to %[ t :at 0 said 0 true4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s began ! ma9 body ( _! n>rative aft] ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ca/ into prison2 b ,/4 ,john expressly tells u t1 at ! "t ( ! ev5ts relat$ 9 8 e>ly *apt]s1 ,john 0 n yet 9 prison4 ,any "o att5d+ to ?is1 ,eusebius said1 w\ld no long] suppose t ! ,gospels 7 at v>iance ) ea* o!r1 & w\ld see t ,john _h reason = be+ sil5t z to ! g5ealogy ( our ,savi\r's human desc5t1 z ?is _h be5 already writt5 by ,mat!w & ,luke1 & = beg9n+ ) ,8 div9ity1 z ?\gh ?is _h be5 res]v$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ = him z "o great] ?an !y4 ,^! la/ are ! words ( ,eusebius1 :o is v probably influ5c$ by 8 recollection ( ! language ( ,clem5t4 ,un=tunately we _c locate ! re/ ( ! tradition4 ,x w\ld be only a guess to suppose t x came f ,hippolytus1 at ! "t ( 8 controv]sy ) ,caius4 ,b 9 any case !re is a good deal ( evid5ce to %[ t ! op5+ sections ( ! ,gospels 7 be+ mu* canvass$ t[>ds ! end ( ! second & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! passage is 9 g5]al agreem5t ) ,clem5t1 & avoids 8 mi/ake 9 say+ t ! two ,gospels conta9+ ! g5ealogies 7 ! fir/ to be writt54 ,really ,clem5t alone has all ! ess5tial po9ts1 :i* are ^!3 #a4 ,! ,gospel is ! "w ( ,/4 ,john ! ,apo/le--= !re is no d\bt t he is int5d$4 #b4 ,x 0 writt5 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 aft] ! publication ( ! o!r ?ree4 #c4 ,! ?ree ,gospels 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,apo/le1 & he _h read & up to a c]ta9 po9t approv$ ( !m4 #d4 ,:at he himself und]took to write 0 a ,gospel1 n a biography2 ! diff]5ce is important4 #e4 ,9 contra/ ) ! o!r ,gospels x 0 recogniz$ z be+ 9 a special s5se #8a spiritual ,gospel4' ,i believe t ^! data w enable u to und]/& all ! facts1 bo? ^? :i* are m fav\rable to ! ,gospel & ^? :i* are 9 a s5se less fav\rable4 #a4 ,! be/ ( reasons is giv5 = all ^? m>ks ( an eye-witness :i* we %all see to be pres5t 9 great numb] & /r5g?4 ,!y po9t to a fir/-h& relation betwe5 ! au?or & ! facts :i* he records4 ,if ! ,gospel is n ! "w ( an eye-witness1 !n ! writ] has made a v su/a9$ & extraord9>y ef=t to give ! impression t he 0 "o4 #b4 ,by ?r[+ ! ,gospel to ! end ( ! ,apo/le's life1 a consid]able int]val is plac$ betwe5 ! ev5ts & ! date ( its composition4 ,t means t ! facts w h pass$ ?r\gh a m$ium4 ,unconsci\sly ! m9d 9 :i* !y lay w h br\ght its own exp]i5ce to be> ^u !m2 x w h a t5d5cy to mix up ! pla9 /atem5t ( :at 0 said & done ) an elem5t ( int]pretation sugge/$ by its own exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is w be done 9 a way t we %\ld call #8nave1' i4 e4 )\t any consci\s self-analysis4 ,! m+l+ ( objective & subjective w take place spontane\sly & )\t reflection4 ,! details w n be giv5 out exactly z !y w5t 92 & yet ! writ] w n be himself aw>e t he is sett+ d[n any?+ b :at he he>d & saw4 #c4 ,! relation ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel to its pr$ecessors accurately corresponds to t describ$ 9 ! tradition4 ,on ! "o h& _! cont5ts are v l>gely assum$2 & on ! o!r h& ! au?or does n hesitate1 :]e he ?9ks x necess>y1 to correct !m4 ,! relation is easy & natural2 x at once acc\nts = ! selection ( ! incid5ts n>rat$4 ,! au?or evid5tly felt himself at lib]ty to select j ^? incid5ts :i* suit$ 8 purpose4 #d4 ,& t purpose1 x is important to rememb]1 0 n by any means purely hi/orical4 ,! au?or 0 writ+ a ,gospel1 n a biography 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,8 object 0 def9itely religi\s1 & n lit]>y4 ,he tells u 9 set t]ms :at he propos$ to d3 #8,^! ?+s are writt51 t ye may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+ ye may h life 9 ,8 "n4' ,he did n really aim at a complete n>rative ( ext]nal ev5ts or an exhau/ive /udy ( a complex human "*4 ,he aim$ at produc+ fai?2 & he s\ght to produce x by describ+ at l5g? a few significant incid5ts1 tak5 out ( a mu* l>g] :ole4 #e4 ,! previ\s writ+s t came into 8 h&s 7 also ,gospels2 & !y too 7 int5d$ to produce fai?4 ,b 9 ?is direction ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel felt t some?+ m rema9$ to be done4 ,*ri/5dom _h its ,gospels1 b n z yet exactly #8a spiritual ,gospel4' ,a #8spiritual ,gospel' meant "o t s\ght to br+ out ! div9e side ( its subject4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans draws an anti!sis betwe5 ! ,son ( ,david #8accord+ to ! fle%' & ! ,son ( ,god #8accord+ to ! _s ( hol9ess1' he is anticipat+ exactly ?is lat] contra/ betwe5 ! ,gospels ( ! bodily life & ( ! _s4 #8,spiritual' means #8indwelt by ! ,_s ( ,god4' ,& x 0 t side ( ! life ( ,*ri/ 9 :i* ! ,_s ( ,god 0 se5 liv+ & work+ 9 ,him t ! f\r? evangeli/ und]took specially to describe4 ,if1 !n1 x is object$ t ! ,gospel is onesid$1 t x gives undue prom95ce to ?is div9e side1 we beg9 by ask+ :at is meant by undue1 :at /&>d ( measurem5t m>ks x z undue4 ,obvi\sly ! /&>d is t :i* we h j dismiss$ z altoge!r beside ! m>k1 ! /&>d ( ! mod]n biography4 ,! ,gospel does n 9 ! lea/ pr(ess to d :at ! mod]n biograph] does2 b :at ! writ] does pr(ess to d1 he 0 p]fectly )9 8 "r 9 do+4 ,he desir$ to set =? ,*ri/ z ,div9e4 ,if t is to be onesid$1 ( c\rse he is onesid$4 ,clem5t tells u :y he did x4 ,x 0 because he ?\ght t ! physical & ext]nal side1 ! human side ( 8 subject1 _h _h ju/ice done to x already4 ,9 ?is respect ! old] ,gospels 7 adequate1 & he _h no special wi% to add to !m4 ,! "o ?+ he did feel call$ ^u to add1 & t he knew he c\ld add1 0 a full] del9eation ( ! div9e side4 ,he is n to be blam$ = do+ ! v ?+ :i* he propos$4 ,! p>agraph 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria is /at$ by him to be d]iv$ f #8! e>ly presbyt]s4' ,!y 7 a good au?ority2 probably1 if n altoge!r id5tical ) ! gr\p drawn ^u by ,papias1 yet at lea/ 9 "p id5tical ) x4 ,papias & ,ir5aeus on ! "o h&1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria on ! o!r1 are j two bran*es ( ! same tree1 or at lea/ two suck]s f ! same root4 ,t root is (t5 call$ ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x is f ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,john t !y ultimately d]ive _! in=mation ab\t ,/4 ,john4 ,:at au?ority c\ld be bett]8 ,x is n possible to say h[ f> ! language ( ,clem5t comes f ! ,presbyt]s1 & h[ f> x is 8 own4 ,! phrase #8a spiritual ,gospel' may be 8 own co9age1 an e>ly ef=t ( descriptive criticism1 putt+ into words :at he felt to be ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 any case ! phrase is a happy "o2 x j expresses1 9 ! briefe/ compass1 t :i* really mo/ diff]5tiates ! ,f\r? ,gospel f ! o!r ?ree4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ignatius1 i4 #dje4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ! /ory 9 ! ,mosc[ ,,ms4 ( ! ,m>tyrium ,polyc>pi 7,lightfoot1 ,ignatius1 iii4 #djb71 :i* pr(esses to be tak5 f #8! writ+s ( ,ir5aeus4' ,footnote #bd3 ,"* & ,au?or%ip1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #be3 ,ibid4 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #bf3 ,*ronologie1 p4 ix4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 p4 #fgh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,*ronologie1 p4 #fgi4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid41 p4 #fhj4 ,footnote #cj3 ,*ronologie1 p4 #fie4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ueb] d4 ,tod1 c41 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #cb3 ,on ?is phrase see ,hort1 ,judai/ic ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #agj-c4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,! ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,i4 ,! ,gospel is put =w>d z ! ,"w ( an ,eye-witness4 ,!re are a numb] ( passages 9 ! ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john :i* g to %[ t ! au?or ei!r 01 or at lea/ int5d$ to give ! impression t he 01 an eye-witness ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,we w leave x an op5 "q = ! pres5t :i* ( ^! two alt]natives we are to *oose4 ,& we w beg9 by collect+ ! passages1 & ju/ify+ ! description t has j be5 giv5 ( !m4 ,! passages fall into gr\ps2 ! fir/ small b important1 ! o!rs l>g] b1 except 9 a few cases1 m indef9ite4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( criticism on :i* we are go+1 we %all assume t ! ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le t be> ! "n ( ,/4 ,john are by ! same au?or1 & t1 s f> z ! au?or%ip is conc]n$1 :at holds good = ! "o w hold good also = ! o!r4 ,! pro( is n absolutely /r+5t4 ,id5tity ( /yle1 & close resemblance ( ideas1 are compatible ) duality ( au?or%ip1 because "o writ] may imitate ano!r4 ,b 9 practice1 unless ! reasons = lay+ /ress ^u x are /rong & cle>1 a ref9em5t l ?is may be left out ( acc\nt4 ,( c\rse !re is ! di/9ction :i* ,bacon not$ betwe5 ! m9ds t are quick to obs]ve resemblances & ^? t are quick to obs]ve diff]5ces4 ,?is "q ( ! relation ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le is a t\*/one by :i* su* m9ds may be di/+ui%$4 ,i all[ t ! two works may be assign$ to diff]5t au?ors#cc4 ,i all[ x 9 ! way 9 :i* on mo/ que/ions1 if we attempt a nice enum]ation ( conditions1 !re is usually "s remote possibility to be all[$ =4 ,! quotation f ,dr4 ,drummond on ! ,de ,vita ,contemplativa t ,i gave 9 ! la/ lecture may help u to measure h[ remote ! o!r possibility is4 ,z a practical p]son1 deal+ ) ^! que/ions on a practical scale1 ,i %all v5ture to assume t ! ,gospel & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le are by ! same h&4 ,x is ( c\rse op5 to any "o to ignore argum5ts bas$ on ?is assumption1 if he pref]s to d s4 i4 ,passages :i* make a direct claim4 ,i am tread+ on v famili> gr\nd1 b ,i mu/ ask y to =give me if ,i beg9 by quot+ ! op5+ words ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le3 #8,t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1 t :i* we h he>d1 t :i* we h se5 ) our eyes1 t :i* we beheld1 & our h&s h&l$1 conc]n+ ! ,^w ( life 7& ! life 0 manife/$1 & we h se51 & be> witness1 & decl>e unto y ! life1 ! et]nal life1 :i* 0 ) ! ,fa!r1 & 0 manife/$ unto u72 t :i* we h se5 & he>d decl>e we unto y also1 t ye also may h fell[%ip ) u3 yea1 & our fell[%ip is ) ! ,fa!r1 & ) 8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/3 & ^! ?+s we write1 t our joy may be fulfill$' 7#a ,john i4 #a-c74 ,! prima facie view ( ?is passage und\bt$ly is t ! writ] is speak+ z "o ( a gr\p ( eye-witnesses4 ,b !re are two ways 9 :i* ?is inf]5ce is turn$ aside4 #a4 ,h>nack#cd & "s o!rs take x z ref]r+ n to bodily b to my/ical vision4 #b4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ?9k ( ! writ] z speak+ 9 ! "n ( a :ole g5]ation1 or ( ,*ri/ians g5]ally4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! explanations we note t ! ^w is us$ tw5ty-two times 9 all ! ,new ,te/am5t1 includ+ ! pres5t passage2 & 9 e "o ( bodily & n ( m5tal or spiritual vision4 ,& :atev] s5se we may put ^u see+ or he>+1 x is difficult to expla9 su* a /rong expression z #8t :i* 444 our h&s h h&l$1' :]e ! writ] seems to g out ( 8 way to exclude any ambiguity1 9 any o!r s5se ?an ( physical h&l+4 ,9 reg>d to ! second explanation we obs]ve t !re is a contra/ betwe5 #8we' & #8y1' betwe5 tea*]s & taught4 ,! tea*]s are 9 any case a small body2 & !y seem to re/ _! au?ority1 or at lea/ ! impulse to tea*1 on ! desire to communicate to o!rs :at !y _h !mselves exp]i5c$4 ,i h !re=e little d\bt t ! prima facie view ( ! passage is ! "r "o4 ,! writ] speaks ( himself z a memb] ( a small gr\p1 l t ( ! ,apo/les1 b a gr\p t may include all :o _h really se5 ! ,"l & :o aft]w>ds took up ! "w ( witness+ to ,him4 ,! o!r passage1 ,john i4 #ad1 is m ambigu\s3 #8! ,^w became fle%1 & dwelt among u 7& we beheld 8 glory1 glory z ( ! only begott5 f ! ,fa!r71 full ( grace & tru?4' ,if ?is _h /ood alone1 x might h seem$ an op5 "q :e!r #8we beheld' 0 n us$ 9 a vague s5se ( ,*ri/ians g5]ally--or ev5 ( ! human race1 z #8tab]nacl$ among u' j be=e might mean #8among m54' ,b ! m specific ref]5ce w\ld be m po9t$2 & x is fav\r$ by ! analogy ( ! passage ( :i* we h j be5 speak+ z well z ( ^? :i* foll[4 ,9 bo? ! above cases ! writ] is speak+ 9 8 own p]son4 ,?is is n q s cle> 9 xix4 #ce1 :]e1 aft] describ+ ! lance-?ru/ & ! pi]c$ side1 ! n>rative goes on1 #8,& he t ha? se5 ha? borne witness1 & 8 witness is true3 & he 77 kn[e? t he sai? true1 t ye also may believe4' ,is ! writ] by ^! words objectify+1 & z x 7 look+ back ^u himself1 or is he po9t+ to "s ?ird p]son unnam$ 9 ! backgr\nd8 ,bo? views are antec$5tly possible4 ,p]haps ! latt] is m consi/5t ) ! ord9>y use ( 4 ,if we accept x1 !n ,i %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k ) ,zahn t po9ts to ,*ri/4 ,x w\ld be j a =mula ( /rong assev]ation1 l #8,god kn[e?' 9 #b ,cor4 xi4 #aa1 #ca1 c4 ,!re w\ld be a ne> p>allel 9 #c ,john #ab1 #8,demetrius ha? ! witness ( all m51 & ( ! tru? itself3 yea1 we also be> witness2 & ?\ kn[e/ t our witness is true4' ,?is view is ! m attractive because x is 9 keep+ ) ! habit ( ?\ght disclos$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,z ! ,son appeals to ! witness ( ! ,fa!r1 z x 7 dimly se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 s also x w\ld ,i ?9k be natural = ! belov$ disciple to appeal to ! ,ma/] :o is no long] at 8 side 9 bodily pres5ce1 b :o is pres5t ) him & ) ! ,*ur* 9 _s3 #8he :o saw ! sight has set x d[n 9 writ+ 444 & !re is "o above :o kn[s t he is tell+ ! tru?4' ,?is is ! view t1 aft] giv+ to x ! be/ consid]ation ,i c1 ,i am on ! :ole incl9$ to accept4 ,i c\ld n1 h[ev]1 agree t !re is any?+ really unt5able 9 :at may be call$ ! common view1 t ! assev]ation is ( a l[] k9d1 & t ! au?or is simply turn+ back ^u himself & prote/+ 8 own v]acity4 ,! use ( to take up ! subject ( a s5t5ce is specially frequ5t & specially *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,gospel2 & z ! au?or sy/ematically speaks ( himself 9 ! ?ird p]son1 x seems to me t ! ^w may also naturally ref] to himself s objectifi$3 #8he :o saw ! sight has set x d[n 444 & he is well assur$ t :at he says is true4' ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ ne$s ?9k t ! be>+ witness is t ( ! writt5 ,gospel1 & t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel is ! same z he :o saw ! sight4 ,! id5tity is1 x seems to me1 cl5*$ by xxi4 #bd1 to :i* ,i %all come back 9 a mom5t4 ,at ?is po9t ,i may be p]mitt$ to int]ject a speculation--%all ,i call x a pi\s speculation8 x c]ta9ly does n pr(ess to be m--z to ! orig9 ( ! peculi> way ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ has ( ref]r+ to himself4 ,! idea c only be ent]ta9$ by ^? :o ?9k t ! writ] 0 really a companion ( ! ,"l1 ei!r an ,apo/le or "o v ne> to ! ,apo/les4 ,is x n possible t su* a "o may h be5 influ5c$ by ! way 9 :i* ! ,ma/] ref]r$ to ,himself8 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,synoptic ,*ri/ t ,he con/antly speaks ( ,himself objectively z #8! ,son ( ,man4' ,may we n suppose t ! ,evangeli/1 ?r\gh long & famili> int]c\rse1 came ins5sibly & in/9ctively to adopt = himself a simil> me?od ( oblique & allusive ref]5ce8 ,x is ( c\rse n q ! same ?+2 b !re seems to be en\gh resemblance = ! "o usage to sugge/ ! o!r4 ,! belov$ disciple _h a special reason = n wi%+ to obtrude 8 own p]sonality4 ,he 0 consci\s ( a great privilege1 ( a privilege t w\ld s+le him out = all "t among ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,he c\ld n resi/ ! temptation to speak ( ?is privilege4 ,! impulse ( affection respond+ to affection prompt$ him to claim x4 ,b ! consci\sness t he 0 do+ s1 & ! reaction ( mode/y l$ him at ! same mom5t to suppress1 :at a vulg> egotism might h acc5tuat$1 ! l[] plane ( 8 own individuality4 ,! son ( ,zeb$ee 7if x 0 he7 desir$ to be m]g$ & lo/ 9 #8! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4' ,!re is no?+ 9 ! lea/ unnatural 9 ?is2 x is a little complex p]haps1 b only ) ! complexity ( life1 :5 diff]5t motives cla% 9 a f9e nature4 ,! delicacy ( attitude corresponds to an innate delicacy ( m9d4 ,:5 "o reads "s ( ! criticisms on ?is attitude1 "o is rem9d$ ( a s5t5ce 9 an ,engli% classic1 ,c[p]'s indignant remon/rance at ,johnson's treatm5t ( ,milton4 #8,z a poet1 he has treat$ him ) sev]ity en\gh1 & has pluck$ "o or two ( ! mo/ beautiful fea!rs out ( 8 ,muse's w+1 & trampl$ !m "u 8 great foot#ce4' ,samuel ,johnson1 excell5t p]son z he 01 is n ! only critic :o has _h ! mis=tune to be born 7metaphorically1 if n physically7 ) a #8great foot' & a heavy h&4 ,! ,gospel closes ) a sc5e 9 :i* ! writ] ref]s 9 8 usual oblique way to himself4 ,i _c ?9k t !re is any real reason = ! assumption1 :i* is s (t5 & s confid5tly made1 t ! la/ *apt] is an app5dix writt5 aft] ! au?or 0 dead4 ,on ?is po9t1 aga91 ,i entirely agree ) ,dr4 ,drummond1 #8,x is surely conceivable t ! ag$ disciple1 feel+ dea? /eal+ ^u him1 might po9t out t no words ( ,jesus ju/ifi$ ! expectation :i* _h aris5 among "s ( 8 devot$ fri5ds#cf4' ,! complete id5tity ( ?\ght & /yle1 & ! way 9 :i* ?is la/ *apt] is dovetail$ into ! prec$+ 7#8,?is is n[ ! ?ird "t t ,jesus 0 manife/$ to ! disciples'2 comp>e at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel ! c\nt+ up ( ! fir/ ,galilean miracles1 ii4 #aa1 iv4 #ed71 seem to prove t ! la/ *apt] is by ! same h& z ! re/ ( ! ,gospel#cg4 ,b at ! v end ano!r h& does take up ! p52 & ?is "t ! writ] speaks 9 ! "n ( a plurality2 #8,?is is ! disciple :i* be>e? witness ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s3 & we "k t 8 witness is true' 7xxi4 #bd74 ,! critics :o ass]t t ! ,gospel is n ! "w ( an eye-witness1 & ev5 ^? :o say t ! la/ *apt] 0 n writt5 by ! au?or ( ! :ole1 wantonly accuse ^! la/ words ( untru?4 ,t is ano!r ( ! me?ods ( mod]n criticism t seem to me sorely 9 ne$ ( re=m+4 ,i hope t a "t may come :5 x w be consid]$ z wrong to libel ! dead z x is to libel ! liv+4 ,i accept1 !n1 ?is la/ v]se z weighty te/imony to ! autoptic "* ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is easy to see t ! two conclud+ v]ses are add$ on ! occasion ( its publication by ^? :o publi%$ x4 ,!y1 z x 71 endorse ! witness :i* x _h borne to itself4 ii4 ,passages 9 :i* ! impression convey$ is indirect4 ,we h be5 ?r\gh ! few sali5t passages :i*1 9 spite ( ! criticism to :i* !y h be5 expos$1 /ill proclaim 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms ! fir/-h& "* ( ! "w to :i* !y belong4 ,i n[ g on to collect a numb] ( passages :i* are m indirect 9 _! evid5ce1 & j because ( ?is indirectness h a special value1 because ! evid5ce :i* !y af=d is unconsci\s & undesign$4 ,= ! pres5t ,i %all speak only ( two gr\ps3 fir/1 a s]ies ( passages 9 :i* ! au?or seems to write z ?\gh f ! inn] circle ( ! disciples & companions ( ,jesus2 &1 secondly1 ano!r s]ies 9 :i* he ref]s to ! way 9 :i* impressions receiv$ at ! "t 7 correct$ or int]pret$ by subsequ5t exp]i5ce & reflection4 ,! ,gospel has n long op5$ be=e we beg9 to receive t subtle impression :i* is giv5 :5 "o :o has himself tak5 "p 9 a sc5e reproduces x z hi/ory4 ,i "k t ?is k9d ( effect may be produc$ by imag9ation2 & ,i w n assume z yet t x may n be s produc$ 9 ?is in/ance2 ,i cont5t myself = ! pres5t ) po9t+ out t x exi/s4 ,:5 we take ! la/ two p>agraphs ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,gospel 7i4 #ce-ea71 ,i ?9k we %all feel z ?\gh we 7 be+ introduc$ to a little circle ( neighb\rs & acqua9tances4 ,two fri5ds1 "o ( :om is call$ ,&rew1 & ! o!r is unnam$1 are int]e/$ 9 :at !y h se5 ( ,jesus & 9 :at ! ,bapti/ _h said ab\t ,him1 & !y ask leave to jo9 ,him4 ,!y rema9 = "s h\rs 9 ,8 company2 & x is cle> t _! int]e/ is n dim9i%$4 ,&rew f9ds 8 bro!r ,simon1 & he too is br\ght up & introduc$4 ,jesus ,himself takes ! initiative 9 invit+ a f\r?1 ,philip4 ,we are told expressly t ,philip 0 f ! same city z ! two be=e nam$2 & he 9 turn f9ds & introduces 8 fri5d ,na?anael4 ,!re is j "o ( ! five ^: "n is n giv54 ,he is ! sil5t spectator 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,:at if x 7 he to :om we owe ! /ory8 ,9 any case !re is ?is little gr\p1 all app>5tly f ! same locality1 :o naturally en\gh f9d !mselves toge!r1 drawn at fir/ by ! prea*] ( rep5tance1 b leav+ him to jo9 "o great] ?an he4 ,we pass ov] to ! next *apt]2 b t w give u m to say "u ! next head4 ,!re are _m po9ts ^u :i* we might pause1 b ,i w pass on to ! middle ( *ap4 iii 7v]s4 #bb-f74 ,!re we h ! description ( :at h n[ become two gr\ps1 ! disciples ( ,jesus & ! disciples ( ,john1 9 ne> proximity to ea* o!r1 & ) easy int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 ,! n>rative seems to be writt5 f ! /&po9t ( ! disciples4 ,! two pr9cipals are 9 ! backgr\nd1 b we foll[ ! ev5ts ( ! day among _! ent\rage4 ,!re is a little discussion betwe5 "s ( ,john's disciples & a /rang] 7,r4 ,v47 ab\t a "q naturally connect$ ) baptism4 ,su* a discussion might h int]e/$ at ! "t "o :o 0 ne> at h& & 9 fri5dly relation ) ^? :o took "p 9 x4 ,b x w\ld be h>d to f9d any o!r motive t c\ld sugge/ x to a ,*ri/ian at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x is inde$ q possible & p]haps probable t ,bald5sp]g] 7,d] ,prolog des vi]t5 ,evangeliums1 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahih7 is "r 9 suppos+ t among ! motives pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,evangeli/ 0 t ( m>k+ ! subord9ate position ( ! ,bapti/ z comp>$ ) ! ,messiah1 to :om he bore witness4 ,we c q believe t at ,ephesus1 at ! "t :5 ! ,gospel 0 writt51 !re /ill rema9$ "s :o _h only be5 baptiz$ into ! baptism ( ,john1 l ! disciples m5tion$ 9 ,acts xix4 #a-g4 ,!re may be a c]ta9 am\nt ( polemical or apologetic ref]5ce to su* a sect z ?is4 ,! latt] "p ( *ap4 iii 7#8he mu/ increase1 b ,i mu/ decrease'7 may be ( ?is "*2 b ! purely hi/orical /atem5ts 9 v]s4 #bb-f h 9 !m no?+ polemical2 !y h f> m ! appe>ance ( p]sonal rem9isc5ces1 introduc$ only because !y came back to ! memory ( ! writ]4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,gospel conta9s sev]al ref]5ces to #8purify+'3 e4 g4 ii4 #f 7! wat]pots at ,cana #8set !re aft] ! ,jews' mann] ( purify+'71 ! pres5t passage1 iii4 #bb2 ! description1 9 xi4 #ee1 ( ! ,jews go+ up to purify !mselves be=e ! ,passov]1 & ! /atem5t 7xviii4 #bh7 t ! accus]s ( our ,"l did n ent] ! praetorium #8t !y might n be defil$1 b might eat ! ,passov]4' ,no?+ is made ( ^! allusions2 no argum5t is bas$ ^u !m2 b !y w\ld be v natural if ! ,evangeli/ began life z a disciple ( ! ,bapti/ & _h be5 e>ly int]e/$ 9 su* que/ions4 ,turn+ to ! disc\rse ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia we obs]ve h[ x is fram$ z x 7 9 ! movem5ts ( ! disciples3 9 v]4 #h !y g into ! city to buy provisions2 9 v]4 #bg !y return1 & are surpris$ to f9d _! ,ma/] engag$ 9 conv]sation ) a woman--contr>y to ! practice & maxims ( ! ,rabbis4 ,!y are surpris$1 b !y d n v5ture ^u any remon/rance4 ,!y _h left _! ,ma/] we>y & way-worn1 & !y f9d ,him refre%$4 ,!y d n und]/& h[ refre%m5t ( ! m9d c>ries ) x t ( ! body2 & !y speculate z to :e!r food _h n be5 br\ght to ,him dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,?is is ano!r sc5e 9 :i* ! po9t ( view seems to be t ( ! disciples1 & 9 :i* we1 z x 71 ov]he> _! comm5ts4 ,x has (t5 be5 object$ t !re 7 no witnesses ( ! disc\rse ) ! woman1 & !re=e t ! n>rative ( x mu/ be imag9>y4 ,x is full ( t\*es1 z we %all see pres5tly1 :i* are s appropriate to ! circum/ances t ,i f9d x difficult to ?9k ( !m z imag9>y4 ,b h[ d we "k t !re 7 no witnesses ( ! disc\rse8 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be too mu* to assume t e allusion to ! disciples 9 a body meant ( necessity ! :ole numb] ( ! ,twelve4 ,we mu/ rememb] by ! way t ! ,twelve 7 n yet *os52 b 9 any case we mu/ expect language to be r\gh & approximate4 ,if we are really to ?9k ( ! au?or ( ! ,gospel z #8! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1' we %\ld d\btless be "r 9 assum+ t ! love 0 ard5tly return$4 ,we may ?9k ( ! ,apo/le z a y\?1 only j out ( boyhood1 & ) some?+ ( ! fidelity ( a dog = 8 ma/]1 :o does n l to be long out ( 8 sight4 #8,sicut oculi s]vorum 9 manibus dom9orum suorum1 sicut oculi ancillae 9 manibus dom9ae suae#83 we may picture to ourselves ?is g5tle y\? seat$ a pace or two away1 & n wi%+ to obtrude 8 pres5ce1 b eag]ly dr9k+ 9 all t pass$4 ,9 *ap4 v1 ! disciples are n prom95t2 b 9 *ap4 vi1 be=e ! fe$+ ( ! multitude1 we h "o ( ^? little dialogues :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,gospel1 br++ 9 two ( ! disciples :o are bo? m5tion$ by "n 7vi4 #e-aj74 ,at ! end ( ! *apt] 7v]s4 #fj-ga7 we are aga9 tak5 into ! mid/ ( ! circle ( ! disciples4 ,we see "s p]plex$1 & "s fall+ away1 & an e*o rea*es u ( ,/4 ,pet]'s confession4 ,at ! same "t we h a premonitory h9t1 su* z we may be sure t o!r memb]s ( ! ,twelve recall$ aft] ! fact1 t "o ( _! numb] 0 a traitor4 ,ab\t *ap4 vii ,i %all h occasion to speak lat]4 ,i w only n[ po9t to ! discussion ) :i* x beg9s betwe5 ,jesus & ,8 bre?r5 7v]s4 #c-h74 ,?is aga9--if x is n pure inv5tion--is only likely to h be5 report$ by "o :o 0 9 ! close/ intimacy1 n only ) ! disciples ( ,jesus b ) ,8 dome/ic circle4 ,& aga9 we h to ask1 :at motive !re c\ld be = inv5tion4 ,if ! ,gospel gives examples ( belief1 & tries to promote belief1 x does n on t acc\nt suppress examples ( unbelief1 ev5 among ! ne>e/ relations4 ,?is episode is ,/4 ,john's c\nt]p>t to ,m>k iii4 #ba3 #8,8 fri5ds 7 ' 7 444 w5t out to lay hold on him3 = !y said1 ,he is beside himself4' ,! next occasion on :i* we are rem9d$ ( ! intimate p]sonal side ( our ,"l's m9i/ry is ! /ory ( ,laz>us4 ,"h we h two gr\ps1 into ! int]ior ( :i* we are all[$ "s glimpses4 ,! family at ,be?any is "o1 ! company ( ! ,twelve is ! o!r4 ,"h once m we see :at pass$ f )94 ,! passage1 v]s4 #g-af1 is full ( delicate portraiture4 ,we h ! remon/rances ( ! ,twelve z a body2 mov+ 9 a high] plane ?an ^!1 we h ! div9e insight :i* sees :at !y _c see1 & kn[s :at x w d2 & la/ly1 we h ! impulsive1 despond5t1 fai?ful ,?omas--a figure s cle>ly drawn 9 ! few /rokes t are allott$ to x--fully recogniz+ & p]haps exagg]at+ ! dang]s1 & yet n lett+ its loyalty yield to !m3 #8,let u also g1 t we may die ) ,him4' ,p>allel to ?is description ( :at pass$ among ! ,twelve is ! description fur!r on ( ! int]ior ( ! h\sehold1 ! diff]5t behavi\r ( ! two si/]s & _! ,jewi% sympa?iz]s4 ,if ?is is n a picture con/ruct$ :olly by art1 x repres5ts ! recollections ( "o :o _h himself be5 pres5t at ! ev5ts ( ! day1 & :o _h mov$ freely to & fro1 & v probably talk$ !m ov] aft] ! day 0 done4 ,a natural sequel to ?is sc5e is ! supp] 9 ! same h\se six days be=e ! ,passov]4 ,&1 z we might expect1 ! attitude & /&po9t ( ! n>rator are /ill ! same4 ,he %[s ! same intimacy ) ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold & ) 8 own companions4 ,he rememb]s ! ung5]\s %ort-sight$ spee* ( ,judas ,isc>iot1 to :om1 ) natural antipa?y1 he attributes ! wor/ motives4 ,! incid5t ( ! com+ ( ! ,greeks1 ) its accurate s+l+ out ( ! two fri5ds ,philip & ,&rew & ! acc\nt ( ! "p play$ by !m1 also reflects ! /&po9t ( a by/&] :o is ne> ! c5tre4 ,/ill m does ?is come out 9 ! :ole n>rative ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,"o or two episodes /& out z specially graphic & life-l4 ,! fir/ is ! :ole description ( ! ,feet-wa%+ 7v]s4 #c-ab74 ,! o!r is ! indication ( ! traitor 7v]s4 #ba-cj74 ,bi%op ,lightfoot notic$ long ago ! c>eful use ( t]ms 9 ?is la/ passage4 ,9 ! book by :i* he prep>$ ! way = ! und]tak+ ( a ,revis$ ,v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 happily accompli%$ t5 ye>s lat]1 he call$ att5tion to ! defects ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ,john xiii4 #bc1 #be3 #8,x makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! recl9+ position ( ! belov$ disciple ?r\gh\t ! meal1 describ$ by 1 & ! sudd5 *ange ( po/ure at ?is mom5t1 introduc$ by 4 ,?is di/9ction is fur!r en=c$ 9 ! orig9al by a *ange 9 bo? ! prepositions & ! n\ns1 f to 1 & f to 4 ,/4 ,john 0 recl9+ on ! bosom ( 8 ,ma/] & he sudd5ly ?rew back 8 head ^u 8 brea/ to ask a "q4' ,aft] ref]r+ also to xxi4 #bj1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot adds3-- #8,?is is among ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^? vivid descriptive traits :i* di/+ui% ! n>rative ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel g5]ally1 & :i* are especially rem>kable 9 ^! la/ sc5es ( ,jesus' life1 :]e ! belov$ disciple 0 himself an eye-witness & an actor#ch4' ,x has be5 object$ t too high a place is giv5 to ! #8belov$ disciple1' & t ! /ress laid on ?is is a m>k ( egotism4 ,b ,bi%op ,we/cott has %[n 7ad loc47 t ?is criticism re/s on a mi/ak5 view ( ! ord] ( prec$5ce4 ,! place ( hon\r 0 9 ! c5tre1 & ! gue/s recl9$ on ! left side4 ,pet] occupies ! second place beh9d 8 ,ma/]4 ,! belov$ disciple has ! ?ird place1 :]e 8 head w\ld naturally be 9 8 ,ma/]'s bosom4 ,:5 we realize ?is all ! details ( ! n>rative become pla94 ,:at we h said ( ! ,la/ ,supp] applies also to ! la/ disc\rses :i* foll[$ ^u x4 ,!re too we h ! same di/9ct recollection ( p]sons1 ( ! que/ions put by ea*1 & ! replies :i* !y receiv$4 ,?omas & ,philip /& out 9 ! dialogue ( xiv4 #d-i4 ,b :at is p]haps /ill m noticeable is ! c>eful specification ( ,judas 7n ,isc>iot71 a disciple o!rwise obscure & ( little prom95ce1 9 v]4 #bb4 ,if ?is is art1 x is art t is wond]fully l nature4 ,we notice also ! disciples' comm5ts1 evid5tly spok5 9 an und]tone1 9 xvi4 #ag4 ,:at c\ld be m easy or m natural ?an ! description ( ,ge?semane 9 xviii1 #a1 #b1 & ! explanation t x 0 a famili> haunt ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples8 ,?is is j su* a rem9isc5ce z we might expect f "o :o _h be5 himself a disciple4 ,!re is an #8undesign$ co9cid5ce' 9 ! fact t ! unnam$ disciple is describ$ z be+ #8kn[n to ! high prie/1' & t ! ,gospel1 ( :i* he may be presum$ to be ! writ]1 alone gives ! "n ( ! high prie/'s s]vant1 ^: e> ,pet] cut (f1 z ,mal*us1 & alone kn[s t "o ( ! s]vants :o que/ion$ ,pet] 0 8 k9sman 7xviii4 #aj1 #ae1 #bf74 ,x 0 app>5tly because ! unnam$ disciple 0 a privileg$ p]son1 t he 0 n call$ ^u to give an acc\nt ( himself z ,pet] 04 ,we ne$ n g ! :ole l5g? ( ! way ) ,delff1 & may yet feel sure t x is n an accid5t t ?is same disciple1 :o is s mu* at home 9 ! high prie/'s h\se1 %\ld also h special k ( p]sons l ,joseph ( ,arima?aea & ,nicodemus1 bo? memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,o!r portions ( *aps4 xviii & xix w come be=e u 9 o!r connexions4 ,! important passage xix4 #cd1 #ce has already be5 discuss$ 9 "p1 & we %all h to return to x lat]4 ,! :ole ( *ap4 xx is really significant = our purpose4 ,x is a record ( ev5ts t imm$iately foll[$ ! ,resurrection1 & is told ?r\gh\t f ! po9t ( view ( ! disciples4 ,! delicate precision ( ! n>rative is specially notewor?y 9 v]s4 #c-aj1 :]e aga9 we h ! unnam$ disciple 9 ! company ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! /ory is briefly told1 b !re is en\gh detail to let u see ! diff]5t *>act]ization ( ! two m54 ,we %all n be wrong 9 ?9k+ ( ! unnam$ disciple z ! y\ng] ( ! two1 inde$ 9 ! fir/ flu% ( y\?4 ,he is fleet ( foot & out/rips 8 companion2 b he is also ( a f9] & m s5sitive m\ld1 & :5 he rea*es ! tomb a feel+ ( awe comes ov] him1 & he pauses = a mom5t outside4 ,! impetu\s ,pet] has few] scruples1 & he hurries at once into ! tomb1 & makes 8 exam9ation ( its cont5ts4 ,! spell is brok51 & ! "y disciple also ent]s4 ,i %all h a ^w to say lat] ( ! effect on bo? disciples ( :at !y see4 ,9 ! re/ ( ! *apt] ! read]1 ) ! au?or1 is drawn a little aside & all[$ to witness ! ev5ts "o by "o2 fir/1 ! appe>ance to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & !n ! two appe>ances to ! collect$ disciples1 :5 ,?omas is abs5t & aft]w>ds :5 he is pres5t4 ,a l po9t ( view appe>s 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! n>rator is himself nev] f> away f ! ev5ts he is record+4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! *apt] he is pu%$ =w>d into a prom95ce t is only fa9tly disguis$4 ,9 ! sc5e on ! lake !re comes back to him ! feel+ t _h fir/ pass$ ?r\gh 8 own m9d z well z ^? ( 8 companions4 ,!y did n recognize ! figure t 9 ! grey dawn call$ to !m f ! %ore4 ,! in/9ct ( love 0 ! fir/ to awake t s5sitive quick p]ception3 ! old p>ts are aga9 repeat$2 x is ! unnam$ disciple :o speaks & ,pet] :o acts4 ,b ! two are fri5ds2 & pres5tly1 :5 ,pet] has be5 r h>d press$ by 8 ,"l's se>*+ inquiry & ! prophetic =eca/ ) :i* x ends1 a sudd5 impulse leads him to turn ! conv]sation to 8 companion4 ,he w\ld fa9 h ! =eca/ ext5d$ to him4 ,8 int]e/1 or curiosity1 is baffl$ by an ambigu\s reply4 ,& "h1 once m1 ! writ] /eps 9 to prev5t a wrong inf]5ce be+ drawn f its ambiguity4 ,s f> we h be5 foll[+ a s]ies ( passages :i* place u at ! /&po9t ( ! disciples at ! "t ( ! ev5ts ( :i* !y 7 witnesses4 ,! writ] = ! mom5t revives 9 himself1 or seems to revive1 ! old impression4 ,if x is n a spontane\s recurr5ce to ! pa/1 x is at lea/ successful 9 giv+ ! appe>ance ( spontaneity4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( passages :]e ! proc$ure is r m complex2 :]e ! writ] n only ?r[s himself back into ! pa/1 b also looks back ^u ! pa/ 9 ! light ( 8 subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no bett] example ( ?is ?an ! v fir/ t meets u3 #8,& to !m t sold ! doves he said1 ,take ^! ?+s h5ce2 make n my ,fa!r's h\se a h\se ( m]*&ise4 ,8 disciples rememb]$ t x 0 writt51 ,! zeal ( ?9e h\se %all eat me up4 ,! ,jews !re=e answ]$ & said unto him1 ,:at sign %ewe/ ?\ unto u1 see+ t ?\ doe/ ^! ?+s8 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up4 ,! ,jews !re=e said1 ,=ty & six ye>s 0 ?is temple 9 build+1 & wilt ?\ raise x up 9 ?ree days8 ,b he spake ( ! temple ( 8 body4 ,:5 !re=e he 0 rais$ f ! dead1 8 disciples rememb]$ t he spake ?is2 & !y believ$ ! scripture1 & ! ^w :i* ,jesus _h said' 7,john ii4 #af-bb74 ,"h we h two allusions to ! disciples z #8rememb]+' some?+ t _h happ5$1 & comb9+ x 9 _! m9ds ) an idea ( int]pretation4 ,bi%op ,we/cott di/+ui%es betwe5 ! two occasions4 ,he ?9ks t ! expulsion ( ! buy]s & sell]s recall$ to ! disciples at once ! passage ( ! psalm 7,ps4 lxix4 #i73 he ?9ks t !y appli$ x to ! act :ile x 0 go+ on4 ,on ! o!r h& v]4 #bb is explicit to ! effect t ! disciples did n be?9k !m ( ! say+1 & see :at !y conceive to be ! mean+1 until aft] ! ,"l 0 ris5 f ! dead4 ,i am n s sure t any contra/ is int5d$4 ,! t5se 77 9 ! fir/ in/ance is indef9ite1 & all[s u to ?9k t ! application ( ! psalm 0 an aft]-?\ght2 & ! attitude ( m9d :i* 0 on ! wat* = fulfilm5ts ( scripture came lat]4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 ! second in/ance at lea/1 we cle>ly h :at pr(esses to be a bit ( autobiography--autobiography 9 :i* ! writ] speaks = 8 fell[s z well z himself4 ,exactly simil> to ?is is ! comm5t on ! ,triumphal ,entry1 & ! passages ( ,scripture :i* x too recall$3 #8,^! ?+s und]/ood n 8 disciples at ! fir/3 b :5 ,jesus 0 glorifi$1 !n rememb]$ !y t ^! ?+s 7 writt5 ( him1 & t !y _h done ^! ?+s unto him' 7xii4 #af74 ,x is an apt description ( a process t we may be sure 0 con/antly go+ on 9 ! m9ds ( ! fir/ disciples4 ,x is a r diff]5t k9d ( allusion :5 at ! ,la/ ,supp] ! ,"l expla9s to ,pet] 9 ref]5ce to ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet1 #8,:at ,i d ?\ kn[e/ n n[2 b ?\ %alt und]/& h]eaft]4' ,?is po9ts to ! int]pretation :i* 0 to come1 n s mu* f ,scripture z f exp]i5ce & reflection4 ,! la/ disc\rses conta9 _m passages ( ?is latt] k9d4 ,_! g5]al "* is prophetic2 b ! writ] & 8 companions _h liv$ to see ! prophecies fulfill$4 ,x is v natural1 & we _c be surpris$ if ! effect ( ! fulfilm5t is traceable 9 ! =m giv5 to ! pr$iction4 ,! _s 9 :i* ! writ] looks back ^u ! ev5ts t happ5$ aft] ! ,resurrection is t express$ 9 xiv4 #bi1 #8,& n[ ,i h told y be=e x come to pass1 t1 :5 x is come to pass1 ye may believe4' ,"h is a retrospect3 #8,!y %all put y out ( ! synagogues3 yea1 ! h\r come?1 t :osoev] kille? y %all ?9k t he (f]e? s]vice unto ,god4444 ,b ^! ?+s h ,i spok5 unto y1 t :5 _! h\r is come1 ye may rememb] !m1 h[ t ,i told y' 7xvi4 #b1 #d74 ,& ?is is ano!r3 #8,behold1 ! h\r come?1 yea1 is come1 t ye %all be scatt]$1 e man to 8 own1 & %all leave me alone' 7xvi4 #cb74 ,a lat] /age ( ! ,apo/les' exp]i5ce is reflect$ 9 ! foll[+3 #8,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 t ye %all weep & lam5t1 b ! _w %all rejoice3 ye %all be sorr[ful1 b y\r sorr[ %all be turn$ into joy4 ,a woman :5 %e is 9 travail ha? sorr[1 because h] h\r is come3 b :5 %e is deliv]$ ( h] *ild1 %e rememb]e? no m ! angui%1 = ! joy t a man is born into ! _w4 ,& ye !re=e n[ h sorr[3 b ,i w see y aga91 & y\r he>t %all rejoice1 & y\r joy no "o take? away f y' 7xvi4 #bj-b74 ,! great sali5t fact t /ood out 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! fir/ disciples 0 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s & its effect ^u !mselves4 ,?is is vividly reflect$ 9 a s]ies ( passages3 #8,^! ?+s h ,i spok5 unto y1 :ile yet abid+ ) y4 ,b ! ,com=t]1 ev5 ! ,holy ,_s1 :om ! ,fa!r w s5d 9 my "n1 he %all tea* y all ?+s1 & br+ to y\r remembrance all t ,i said unto y4 ,peace ,i leave ) y2 my peace ,i give unto y3 n z ! _w give?1 give ,i unto y4 ,let n y\r he>t be tr\bl$1 nei!r let x be fe>ful' 7xiv4 #be-g74 #8,b :5 ! ,com=t] is come1 :om ,i w s5d unto y f ! ,fa!r1 ev5 ! ,_s ( tru?1 :i* proce$e? f ! ,fa!r1 he %all be> witness ( me3 & ye also be> witness1 because ye h be5 ) me f ! beg9n+' 7xv4 #bf1 #bg74 #8,h[beit :5 he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is come1 he %all guide y into all ! tru?3 = he %all n speak f himself2 b :at ?+s soev] he %all he>1 ^! %all he speak3 & he %all decl>e unto y ! ?+s t are to come4 ,he %all glorify me3 = he %all take ( m9e1 & %all decl>e x unto y' 7xvi4 #ac1 #ad74 ,x might be said t ^! passages are a summ>y sket* ( ! m5tal hi/ory ( ! ,evangeli/ f ! day ( ,p5teco/ onw>ds4 ,!y %[ him to u look+ back ^u ! ev5tful "t ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$ ) ev] broad5+ intellig5ce4 ,!y conta9 ! :ole secret ( ! way 9 :i* he came to write ! #8spiritual ,gospel4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am aw>e t ! probative =ce ( ! ph5om5a :i* ,i h be5 review+ w be diff]5tly e/imat$4 ,i %\ld myself n h laid s mu* /ress ^u !m if !y _h /ood alone1 or if !y _h occurr$ 9 a diff]5t class ( lit]ature4 ,! novel writ]s & imag9ative biograph]s ( ! pres5t day make a po9t ( keep+ up ! illusion ( only all[+ ! suppos$ au?or to use ! language appropriate to ! exact situation 9 :i* he is plac$ at ! "t :5 he is conceiv$ to be writ+4 ,b ! writ]s ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 7 n s scrupul\s1 & :at is natural to u w\ld be v unusual ) !m4 ,/ill ,i d n d5y t a writ] ^: habit ( m9d x 0 to ?r[ himself back into an assum$ position1 might by ! ex]cise ( a special gift h be5 able to keep up ! position s assum$4 ,b 9 ! case be=e u1 we h ! in/ances :i* ,i began by quot+ :]e ! au?or claims = himself or o!rs claim = him t he is record+ :at he _h himself he>d & se54 ,?is at once puts 9 our h&s a f> simpl] & easi] hypo!sis1 a hypo!sis :i* really makes no dem&s ^u our con/ructive p[]s at all4 ,:]eas x is probable t n "o anci5t 9 a ?\s&1 or "o 9 t5 ?\s&1 w\ld h writt5 z ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel has done1 if he _h n be5 an eye-witness2 x w\ld h be5 only ! natural way = him to write1 if he _h be5 an eye-witness4 ,?is latt] hypo!sis !re=e seems mu* pref]able to ! o!r4 ,x is confirm$ by ! really rem>kable consi/5cy ) :i* ! po9t ( view is c>ri$ out1 & by ano!r l>ge class ( ph5om5a :i* w come be=e u 9 ! next lecture4 ,,ii4 ,! ,id5tity ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,be=e we pass on1 h[ev]1 x may be conv5i5t at ?is po9t to consid]1 on ! assumption t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 really an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts1 :at are ! indications z to 8 p]sonal id5tity4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel itself1 x w\ld n foll[ ) any /r+5cy t he 0 ! ,apo/le ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,! portion ( ! ,gospel t contributes mo/ to ! id5tification is ! la/ *apt]1 ! sc5e by ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 :]e we are expressly told t ! sons ( ,zeb$ee 7 pres5t 7xxi4 #b74 ,b we are also told t !re 7 two o!r disciples ( :om ! au?or ( ! ,gospel may h be5 "o4 ,if we beg9 by suppos+--& ! supposition is v natural--t 9 ord] to /& 9 ! intimate relation 9 :i* he appe>s to h /ood to ,*ri/1 ! au?or mu/ h be5 an ,apo/le1 !n by a process ( elim9ation we %\ld arrive at ,/4 ,john2 & x is no d\bt an important fact t 9 ?is way int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce w\ld conv]ge ^u ! same result4 ,b if we look at "s sides ( ! int]nal evid5ce1 & br+ 9 only a select few ( ! indications f )\t1 ano!r hypo!sis t has be5 actually put =w>d w\ld h great claims ^u our att5tion4 ,x is n on ! face ( x c]ta9 t #8! disciple :om ,jesus lov$' mu/ h be5 "o ( ! ,twelve4 ,he may h be5 :at might p]haps be call$ a sort ( sup]num]>y ,apo/le4 ,i mean t he may h be5 "o :o al?\gh1 p]haps on acc\nt ( 8 y\?1 n actually admitt$ to ! numb] ( ! ,twelve1 yet _h all--& ev5 m ?an all--( _! privileges4 ,we h be5 l$ to ?9k ( ! belov$ disciple z a y\? :o1 s f> z he c\ld help x1 nev] left 8 ,ma/]'s side4 ,we %\ld only h to subtract a c\ple ( ye>s1 & ! "y ,apo/le ( eighte5 or tw5ty w\ld become a /ripl+--highly fav\r$1 ?\gh n an ,apo/le--( sixte5 to eighte51 or ev5 fifte5 to sev5te54 ,i am n sure t ?is po9t ( ! y\?fulness t may be attribut$ to ! belov$ disciple 0 mu* br\ght out by ! au?or ( ! !ory4 ,& yet x w\ld be a real advantage4 ,we are told t ! ,john :o wrote ! ,gospel liv$ till ! "t ( ,trajan 7i4 e4 till #ih ,a4,d474 ,9 t case1 if he 7 born ab\t #aa or #ab ,a4,d41 he ne$ n h be5 m ?an eighty-six or eighty-sev5 at ! "t ( 8 dea?2 ! ma9 body ( ! ,gospel might q well h be5 writt5 7probably f dictation7 eight or t5 ye>s e>li]1 & ! ,app5dix 7*ap4 xxi7 add$ :5 ! writ] felt 8 /r5g? beg9n+ to fail4 ,all ^! w\ld be q reasonable dates2 :]eas if ! writ] 0 a full adult 9 ! ye>s #bg-i1 t w\ld make him r old by ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,we mu/ keep d[n ! dates z mu* z we rightly c4 ,b x is "t t ,i gave a full] acc\nt ( ! !ory ( :i* ,i am speak+1 z x 0 put =w>d by its au?or--9 "s ways a r ecc5tric p]son--! late ,dr4 ,delff ( ,husum4 ,i w try at ! same "t1 z well z ,i c1 to balance ! argum5ts = & aga9/ x4 ,dr4 ,delff is n cont5t ) di/+ui%+ ! belov$ disciple f ! ,apo/le4 ,= him ! =m] is no ,galilean at all b a native ( ,j]usalem2 he is n a fi%]man1 b a memb] ( ! high] ari/ocracy1 n only acqua9t$ ) ! high prie/ b himself belong+ to "o ( ! high-prie/ly families4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is connexion t ,polycrates1 bi%op ( ,ephesus1 came to make ! rem>kable /atem5t ab\t him t he wore ! frontlet or gold5 plate 7 7 ( ! high prie/ 7,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ca4 #c74 ,x w be se5 t ?is is a bold recon/ruction2 b 9 ?is case ! boldness has a good deal ( ju/ification4 ,!re are a numb] ( v tangible data :i* ! !ory works up into a coh]5t :ole4 i4 ,! !ory might be said to take its />t f ,john xviii4 #ae1 #8,& ,simon ,pet] foll[$ ,jesus1 & s did ano!r disciple4 ,n[ t disciple 0 kn[n unto ! high prie/1 & ent]$ 9 ) ,jesus into ! c\rt ( ! high prie/4' ,x is natural to suppose t ! unnam$ disciple "h is ! same ^: pres5ce is h9t$ at s my/]i\sly ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel4 ,b1 if t is s1 ! relation 9 :i* he is said to /& to ! high prie/ expla9s at once a s]ies ( facts4 ,x expla9s h[ x 0 t ! ,evangeli/ came to "k t ! "n ( ! high prie/'s s]vant1 ^: e> _h be5 cut (f1 0 ,mal*us2 & also h[ x 0 t he came to recognize "o ( ^? :o que/ion$ ,pet] z a k9sman ( ?is ,mal*us4 ,x expla9s aga9 ! special in=mation t ! ,evangeli/ seems to h ab\t ,nicodemus1 a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r91 :o is m5tion$ by "n 9 ?ree diff]5t contexts 9 ! ,gospel4 ,along ) ?is x w\ld expla9 ! special in=mation :i* ! ,evangeli/ also seems to possess z to :at w5t on at meet+s1 & ev5 secret meet+s1 ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,we h a graphic acc\nt ( ! debate at "o su* meet+ 9 vii4 #de-eb1 & aga9 9 xi4 #dg-ec2 & ! ,gospel has "s precise details n f\nd else:]e z to ! "p play$ by ,annas1 z well z ,caiaphas1 9 ! prelim9>y exam9ation ( our ,"l4 ,?is :ole gr\p ( facts is 9 any case "o ( :i* we mu/ take notice4 ,9 any case x =ms an important elem5t 9 ! portrait t we are to con/ruct = ourselves ( ! ,evangeli/1 ev5 if we suppose him to be ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,!re is no antec$5t reason :y ,zeb$ee & 8 sons %\ld n h _h fri5ds1 & ev5 fri5ds 9 high places1 9 ,j]usalem4 ,x w\ld seem t ,zeb$ee himself 0 a p]son ( sub/ance3 he has #8hir$ s]vants' ) him 9 ! %ip1 & ,salome--if t is ! "n ( 8 wife--0 "o ( ^? :o contribut$ to ! support ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! practice ( a trade or h&icraft 0 n held to be d]ogatory among ! ,jews z x 0 among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 also ! o!r possibility t ! acqua9tance ( ! ,evangeli/ ) ! high prie/ is n to be tak5 too /rictly1 b t x meant r acqua9tance ) "s memb] ( 8 h\sehold4 ,! acc\nt ( :at happ5$ to ,pet] might well seem to be told f ! po9t ( view ( :at we %\ld describe z ! s]vants' hall4 ii4 ,ano!r set ( ph5om5a :i* ,delff's !ory at once expla9s is ! ext5t to :i* ! ,gospel is conc]n$ ) ev5ts t happ5$ 9 ,j]usalem & ,judaea4 ,delff himself c>ries out ?is ) a logical sev]ity t h>dly seems necess>y4 ,he cuts out all ! ,galilean incid5ts 9 ! ,gospel z lat] ins]tions4 ,ev5 s he _c be q ?or\gh en\gh1 because he leaves ! latt] half ( *ap4 i1 :i* introduces to u ! unnam$ disciple 9 ! company ( ,&rew & ,pet]1 natives ( ,be?saida4 ,?is disciple & ,pet] 7 evid5tly fri5ds3 !y lodg$ toge!r 9 ,j]usalem 7xx4 #b7 & g toge!r to ! tomb1 & !y ea* take an affectionate int]e/ 9 ! o!r 7xxi4 #bj74 ,?is la/ po9t is 9 agreem5t ) ! way 9 :i* ,pet] & ,john are f\nd act+ toge!r 9 ! o!r ,gospels & 9 ! ,acts 7,m>k v4 #cg1 c42 ,acts iii4 #a1 #aa2 iv4 #ac2 viii4 #ad2 cf4 ,gal4 ii4 #i74 ,on ! o!r h& ! sc5e at ! foot ( ! cross 7,john xix4 #bf1 #bg7 w\ld seem to be r 9 fav\r ( ! ,j]usalem !ory1 especially if we are to connect ! words1 #8,& f t h\r ! disciple took h] unto 8 own 7home71' ) ! tradition t ,john _h a h\se 9 ,j]usalem4 iii4 ,9 ano!r direction ,delff's !ory fits 9 well ) "s portions ( ! patri/ic evid5ce4 ,we h se5 h[ x w\ld acc\nt = ! curi\s expression us$ by ,polycrates 7circa #aie ,a4,d474 ,delff ?9ks t ! belov$ disciple mu/ h actually p]=m$ ! functions ( ! high prie/4 ,! high prie/ only wore 8 full dress on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 b on an em]g5cy 8 place might be tak5 = him by a sub/itute2 & x is 9 ?is capacity t ,john ( ,ephesus is suppos$ to h act$4 ,t does n on ! face ( x appe> v probable2 b we c m easily conceive t 9 ! e>ly days1 be=e liturgical details 7 settl$1 & :5 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h n yet :olly outgr[n its ,jewi% antec$5ts1 "o :o _h ! blood ( high prie/s 9 8 ve9s might on "s solemn occasion 7e4 g4 at ,ea/]7 h assum$ a "p ( 8 di/9ctive dress4 iv4 ,yet ano!r alleg$ po9t 9 ! te/imony ( ,papias w\ld be expla9$ on ?is !ory1 & is n easily expla9$ on ! view :i* id5tifies ! ,john :o wrote ! ,gospel ) ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,de ,boor's ,fragm5t 7,cod4 ,b>occ4 #adbci7 we h two au?orities in/ead ( "o = ! express /atem5t t ,papias 9 8 second book ass]t$ t bo? ! sons ( ,zeb$ee 7 #8sla9 by ! ,jews4' ,:5 att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is /atem5t1 ! t5d5cy among s*ol>s 0 to expla9 x away1 to suppose t !re _h be5 "s corruption ( ! text1 or "s confusion betwe5 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,( c\rse !re may h be5 some?+ ( ! k9d2 & yet ! /atem5t is q explicit z x /&s1 & "o does n l em5d+ away j ! words t cause a difficulty4 ,h5ce !re is an increas+ t5d5cy among s*ol>s to reg>d ! /atem5t z hav+ "s real f\ndation4 ,s*w>tz1 ! editor ( ,eusebius1 has lately put =? a monograph#dj1 ! :ole argum5t ( :i* turns on ! assumption t ! /atem5t is true4 ,if x 7 true1 ! pr$iction ( our ,"l 9 ,m>k x4 #ch1 #ci1 w h be5 lit]ally fulfill$3 bo? ! sons ( ,zeb$ee w h suff]$ #8r$ m>tyrdom1' & n "o r$ & "o :ite4 ,wellhaus5 is among ^? :o ?9k t ?is 0 probably ! case4 v4 ,n[ ,s*w>tz assumes t if ,john p]i%$ by ! sword l 8 bro!r ,james1 he did s at ! same "t & at ! h&s ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i1 9 ! ye> #da4 ,( c\rse he c only d ?is by ?r[+ ov] ! data 9 ! ,acts1 :i* ,i d n ?9k t he is w>rant$ 9 do+4 ,i h little d\bt t ! ,john :o 0 /ill a pill> ( ! ,*ur* at ! "t ref]r$ to 9 ,gal4 ii4 #i 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,b x is q cr$ible t he may h p]i%$1 if n at ! same "t z ,james ! ,eld]1 yet ab\t ! same "t z ,james ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l1 or 9 ! tr\bl\s times :i* prec$$ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 vi4 ,if ! y\ng] son ( ,zeb$ee _h di$ 9 ?is or "s o!r way1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t u f suppos+ t ! ,john :o took up 8 abode at ,ephesus 0 ! belov$ disciple4 ,& x w\ld really simplify ! hi/ory1 & make ev]y?+ m compact1 if we c\ld suppose t ! belov$ disciple1 & ! ,john :o wrote ! ,gospel & ,epi/les1 & ! ,john :o appe>s to h call$ himself1 & to h be5 call$ by o!rs #8! ,presbyt]1' 7 "o & ! same p]son4 vii4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t "s ( our be/ au?orities1 :ile !y leave no d\bt z to ! id5tification ( ! ,john :o figur$ s conspicu\sly at ,ephesus ) ! belov$ disciple1 ab/a9 f expressions t w\ld id5tify him ) ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,ir5aeus mo/ (t5 calls him #8! disciple ( ! ,"l1' :i* we rememb] is ! v phrase us$ by ,papias ( ! ,presbyt]4 ,he also m ?an once describes him z hav+ la9 ^u ! brea/ ( ! ,"l1 b he n[h]e 7,i believe7 speaks ( him z "o ( ! ,twelve or z ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,polycrates uses ! same designation1 #8,john :o lay ^u ! brea/ ( ! ,"l'2 & ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t speaks ( him z #8"o ( ! disciples'3 b nei!r ( ^! witnesses ev] calls him an ,apo/le4 ,ir5aeus1 h[ev]1 does p]haps h9t at ?is title :]e he says t ! ,*ur* at ,ephesus1 #8hav+ be5 f\nd$ by ,paul1 & ,john hav+ resid$ among !m until ! "t ( ,trajan1 is a true witness ( ! tradition ( ! ,apo/les' 7,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bc4 #d74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria also & ,t]tullian unequivocally call ,john an ,apo/le4 viii4 ,if ^! expressions _h /ood alone1 !re ne$ be no great difficulty4 ,we may be pretty sure t ! belov$ disciple1 ev5 if he _h n be5 "o ( ! orig9al ,twelve1 w\ld be call$ an ,apo/le 9 ! wid] s5se1 l ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,b>nabas & ,james ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,& x w\ld be only natural t he %\ld seem to /ep into ! place ( ! old] ,john 7on ! hypo!sis ( 8 m>tyrdom71 j z ,james ! ,"l's ,bro!r 9 a mann] /epp$ into ! place ( ! old] ,james4 ,x is wor? :ile to be> 9 m9d t ! title #8,apo/le' 0 us$ m freely 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur* ?an we are 9 ! habit ( us+ x4 ,x 0 n till ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury t 7except 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,b>nabas & "o or two o!rs7 x came to be z a rule n>r[$ d[n to ! ,twelve4 ,9 ! e>lie/ usage ( all ! ^w _h its prop] mean+ ( #8"o :o is s5t on a mission4' ,b ?is usage 0 gradually lo/ sight (1 & x took ! place ( ! primitive 4 ,9 view ( ?is hi/ory ( ! t]ms1 x w be und]/ood h[ easily "o :o 0 9 ! position ( ! belov$ disciple w\ld come to be spok5 ( z an ,apo/le1 & 9 "t to be confus$ ) ! old] ,apo/les :o bore ! same "n4 ,9 su* a process !re w\ld be no ne$1 z ,h>nack does1 to br+ 9 ! hypo!sis ( fraud2 e /ep 9 ! process w\ld be really innoc5t & natural4 ,h>nack ( c\rse gets into 8 difficulties by m9imiz+ ! designation #8disciple ( ! ,"l' z appli$ to ,john ! ,presbyt]1 :o is also ,john ( ,ephesus4 ,"o :o /ood to ! ,"l 9 ! relation ( ! belov$ disciple w\ld h a "r to ! "n ,apo/le :i* ! ,presbyt]1 z ,h>nack conceives him1 w\ld n4 ix4 ,s f> x w\ld seem t a really /rong case c be made out = di/+ui%+ ! ,evangeli/ f ! son ( ,zeb$ee & id5tify+ him ) ! belov$ disciple4 ,my wi% is n to make out a case ei!r way1 b to /ate ! facts z imp>tially z ,i c4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re seem to be two s]i\s difficulties 9 ! way ( ,delff's hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ is t x puts asund] two sets ( ph5om5a t we feel sure ought to be comb9$4 ,we h se5 t ! ,gospel repres5ts ! belov$ disciple & ,/4 ,pet] z close fri5ds4 ,& we h also se5 t ! o!r ,gospels1 ! ,acts &1 we might add1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 repres5t ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john z con/antly act+ toge!r4 ,x may inde$ j be said t ?is jo9t action is a sort ( (ficial relation1 :i* is a diff]5t ?+ f ! private fri5d%ip impli$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,& yet we _c d\bt t ! m natural & obvi\s view w\ld be to reg>d ! lat] relation z ! direct cont9uation ( ! e>li]1 & s to id5tify ! belov$ disciple ) ! lead+ ,apo/le4 ,delff's !ory w\ld make two pairs1 :o w\ld be too mu* ! d\bles ( ea* o!r4 x4 ,& ano!r difficulty1 or set ( difficulties1 turns r\nd ! /atem5t ( ,de ,boor's ,fragm5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t ?is /atem5t appe>s 9 no o!r e>ly au?ority1 & especially t no h9t ( x is f\nd 9 ,eusebius4 ,i am n sure t ?is w\ld weigh ) me s mu* z x w\ld ) o!rs1 because ,i always disc\nt ! argum5t f sil5ce1 ev5 :]e x is app>5tly /rong1 z x is 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,b !re is some?+ m ?an sil5ce4 ,! common tradition ( ! *ur* did n ascribe to ,/4 ,john a viol5t dea?4 ,& we _c escape ! inf]5ce by say+ t ! common tradition relates to ,john ( ,ephesus & n to ! son ( ,zeb$ee2 because ! e>lie/ au?ority = ! tradition1 ! ,apocryphal ,acts ( ,john1 a second-c5tury "w1 )\t any ambiguity id5tifies ! two4 xi4 ,we might p]haps sum up ! :ole case ?us4 ,! ,life ( ! ,evangeli/ falls into ?ree p]iods3 fir/1 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,gospel 9 :i* he appe>s z ! belov$ disciple2 !n1 at ! end ( 8 c>e]1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* he appe>s z ,john ( ,ephesus3 &1 betwe5 ^! two1 ! p]iod ( "s =ty ye>s :i* connects !m toge!r4 ,n[ we might say ( ,delff's !ory1 t x gives a q satisfactory acc\nt ( ! fir/ p]iod1 & also 9 mo/ ways ( ! la/1 & t 9 p>ticul> x enables u to "w 9 ! /atem5t z to ! dea? ( ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee2 b t its difficulties come out *iefly 9 reg>d to ! connexion betwe5 ! fir/ /age ( ! hi/ory & ! la/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! common view gives :at ,i ?9k is really on ! :ole z good an acc\nt ( ! fir/ p]iod1 & raises no special difficulties z to ! second1 b x does leave "s obscurities :i* ) our pres5t k x is difficult to cle> away z to ! ?ird4 ,& x also leaves ! alleg$ /atem5t ( ,papias an enigma = :i* we h no c]ta9 solution4 ,at ! same "t1 al?\gh ! cohesion is on ei!r view n q complete1 x is 9 ea* case f> too complete to be reject$ 9 ! int]e/s ( an agno/icism :i* only pres5ts no t>get = objections because x has no tangible =m or sub/ance4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! division ( op9ion 9 ?is case is among ! m radical critics !mselves4 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann1 ,s*mi$el1 & ,pr(essor ,bacon are on ! "o side3 ,jli*]1 ,wr$e1 & ,w]nle are on ! o!r2 & 9 ea* ( ^! in/ances ! op9ion is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic2 ! subtle & acute m9ds are rang$ aga9/ ^? t are /rong] on ! side ( :at we %\ld call pla9 common s5se4 ,footnote #cd3 ,*ronologie1 c41 p4 #fgf4 ,footnote #ce3 ,lett] to ! ,rev4 ,william ,unw91 dat$ ,oct4 #ca1 #aggi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,"*1 c41 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #cg3 ,= ! pro( see especially ,lightfoot4 ,footnote #ch3 ,on a ,fre% ,revision ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#ahga71 pp4 #gb1 #gc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,texte u4 ,unt]su*4 v4 #b1 p4 #agj4 ,! o!r au?ority is a s+le ,,ms4 7b ! olde/ & mo/ int]e/+7 ( ! n9?-c5tury writ] ,georgius ,mona*us or ,georgius ,ham>tolus 7ed4 ,de ,boor1 p4 #ddg 1 :]e ! o!r ,,mss4 h 74 ,! "q ( ! relation ( ! texts is judici\sly discuss$ by ,de ,boor 7,preface1 pp4 lx-lxxi71 b ! full] /atem5t ( p>ticul>s is res]v$ = a ?ird volume4 ,footnote #dj3 ,ueb] d5 ,tod d] ,shne ,zeb$aei 7,b]l91 #aijd74 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,pragmatism ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,precision 9 ,detail4 ,i hope ! title t ,i h giv5 to ?is lecture is n an affectation4 ,! ^w #8,pragmatism' is m common 9 ,g]man ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ,engli% x is *iefly us$ z ! "n = a p>ticul> k9d ( philosophy :i* lays /ress ^u conduct or practice r ?an !ory4 ,b we want ! ^w1 or some?+ l x1 9 criticism z well z 9 philosophy4 ,we want a ^w :i* %all express a t5d5cy 9 a giv5 writ] or a giv5 book1 )\t begg+ any que/ions z to ! relation betwe5 ?is t5d5cy 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] & ! facts t he pr(esses to describe2 ,i mean ! t5d5cy to ?r[ 8 ?\ghts into ! =m ( concrete pictorial hi/ory1 :e!r t hi/ory is real or imag9$4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,i use ! ^w3 ,i use x to describe a v m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! abundance ( detail--to all appe>ance precise detail--) :i* x pres5ts its pictures4 ,b ,i d n z yet say any?+ fur!r z to ! nature ( ?is detail or ! inf]5ce to be drawn f x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ uncompromis+ critics ( ! ,gospel#da calls ?is app>5t precision1 m especially 9 ! notes ( place & "t1 a #8trump-c>d' 9 ! h&s ( ! def5d]s ( ! ,gospel4 ,he goes on to give a meagre li/1 j ( "s ( ^! notes ( place & "t1 & no?+ else4 ,8 only comm5t on !m is t !y #8fail to imp>t to ! pres5tation life1 col\r1 & movem5t4' ,z ?\gh life1 9 ! s5se ( active life1 & movem5t 7 ! only gu>antees ( reality4 ,x is true t ,/4 ,john is n :at we %\ld call a dramatic writ]2 8 n>rative has n rapidity ( movem5t4 ,he is contemplative r ?an en]getic1 & yet he has a quiet int5sity ( vision t is 9 its way n less valuable4 ,he mu/ be judg$ accord+ to 8 type3 we d n 7e4 g47 apply to a ,maet]l9ck ! same sort ( measure z to a ,/anley ,weyman4 ,wr$e's is a specim5 ( :at ,i consid] poor criticism4 ,x is 9 /rik+ contra/ to t :i* ,dr4 ,drummond has devot$ to ! same subject4 ,dr4 ,drummond discusses 9 8 judicial mann] ?is ph5om5on t ,i h call$ #8,pragmatism4' ,he beg9s by not+ h[ ! writ] #8specifies p>ticul> days1 = no app>5t reason except t he rememb]$ !m1 & sometimes ev5 m5tions ! h\r4 ,he (t5 names ! disciple :o 0 ! speak]1 ev5 :5 ! rem>k is n ( great consequ5ce4' ,we h said en\gh on ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,b he n only specifies times & p]sons b also places1 ) :i* he connects v>i\s incid5ts1 #8frequ5tly = no discov]able reason beyond ! fact itself4' ,!n aga9 !re is1 g5]ally speak+1 ! graphic "* ( ! "w4 ,on ?is ,dr4 ,drummond has "s discrim9at+ rem>ks3-- #8,! ,gospel is sometimes spok5 ( z ?\gh x 7 a monoton\s unfold+ ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 & br\ght be=e u a numb] ( %ad[y puppets1 m>k$ by no di/+ui%+ features4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is view is p>tly ow+ to ! prepossession ( critical dogmatism1 b p>tly also to ! id5tity ( /yle & tone :i*1 :]ev] y may op5 ! book1 at once betrays ! au?or4 ,! simplicity is n ! simplicity ( ,g5esis or ,hom]1 9 :i* we =get all b ! p]sons & ev5ts t are br\ght be=e u2 ! dramatic p[] is n t ( ,%akespe>e1 9 :i* ! au?or is hidd5 beh9d 8 own creations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ seems m or less transfus$ ) ! individuality ( ! writ]2 & ,i ?9k ?is fact sometimes causes u to ov]look ! wond]ful v>iety ( "* t passes be=e u1 & ! graphic nature ( "s ( ! descriptions1 :i* impr9ts ! sc5es = ev]more on ! imag9ation' 7,! ,"* & ,au?or%ip1 c41 p4 #cgf74 ,i am n sure t we might n say t1 s f> z ! n>rative is conc]n$1 ! simplicity is really l t ( ,g5esis3 !re is a ,biblical /yle ( n>ration1 :i* desc5d$ d[n ! c5turies1 & :i* ! writ] has ?or\ghly assimilat$4 ,b !n 8 own p]sonality mu/ be add$ to ?is1 & !re 0 mu* m 9 8 m9d besides ! impulse ( simple n>ration4 ,x is1 z we %all see1 ! disc\rses1 & especially ! long] disc\rses1 9 :i* ?is p]sonal elem5t comes out mo/ /rongly1 & :i* make x seem s dom9ant4 ,b ,dr4 ,drummond is c]ta9ly "r 9 lay+ /ress on ! #8v>iety ( "* t passes be=e u1 & ! graphic nature ( "s ( ! descriptions4' ,b :5 he has said ?is1 ,dr4 ,drummond turns r\nd ^u himself1 & proce$s to disc\nt ! inf]5ce t might be drawn f ^! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,gospel4 ,:ile all[+ t !y fit 9 excell5tly ) ! ext]nal evid5ce1 he w n urge !m z an indep5d5t pro( ( au?or%ip1 because #8! introduction ( names & details is q 9 accordance ) ! usage ( ,apocryphal composition4' ,?is is true1 & ! examples giv5 are q to ! po9t4 ,! ,apocryphal ,gospels & ,acts are pl5tifully spr9kl$ ) names4 ,we obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t names ( places are some:at less common ?an names ( p]sons2 & :]e !re is any real precision 9 ! use ( place-names1 an inf]5ce 9 reg>d to ! au?or may (t5 be fairly d$uc$ f x1 & z a matt] ( fact has 9 a numb] ( cases be5 successfully s d$uc$#db4 ,x w\ld be unsafe to draw a conclusion simply f ! pres5ce ( precise details4 ,b all details are n alike2 & :5 !y come to be critically te/$1 !y w soon be f\nd to fall into two classes--"o t admits ( v]ification & is valuable1 & ! o!r t is soon expos$ z wor?less4 ,"o ( ! p>allels = ! ,f\r? ,gospel specially put =w>d f ?is po9t ( view 0 ! ,apocryphal ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 & ,i took "s little pa9s to te/ ?is 9 ! pages ( ! ,expositor 7#ahib1 pp4 #agb ff474 ,x 0 quickly f\nd to teem ) ana*ronisms & confusions4 ,pr(ess+ to describe ! circum/ances ( ! bir? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 x spoke ( h] fa!r's almsgiv+ 9 t]ms borr[$ f ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!re 7 suppos$ to be s*ools = girls 9 ! ,temple1 modell$ ^u ! conv5t s*ools ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! fa!r & "m ( ! ,virg9 7 repres5t$ z meet+ at ! #8,gold5 ,gate' ( ! ,temple4 ,a gate be>+ t "n may be se5 at ! pres5t day2 b x probably owes its "n to a corruption 7aurea 72 & ?\gh ! mod]n gate1 :i* c be trac$ back to ! "t ( ,h]aclius1 is suppos$ to repres5t ! ,beautiful ,gate ( ,h]od's ,temple1 x c]ta9ly occupies a diff]5t position4 ,! ,gospel conta9s a develop$ leg5d ( ! ,desc5t into ,egypt1 :i* is also g>ni%$ ) topographical details4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 _c be work$ into a consi/5t it9]>y1 & an (ficial title introduc$ into ! /ory belongs r to ! p]iod aft] ,con/ant9e ?an to ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,does ! ,f\r? ,gospel pres5t any?+ at all analog\s to ?is8 ,"o or two mi/akes h be5 attribut$ to ! au?or :i* are n s]i\sly ma9ta9$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! only suppos$ ana*ronism t does n /& refut$ is "o rec5tly put =w>d by ,furr] ! em95t geograph]4 ,9 an int]e/+ article on ! topographical data 9 ! ,gospel#dc he gives !m 9 g5]al ! praise ( accuracy4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ! ,gospel z a "w ( ! second c5tury1 & he sees an indication ( ?is 9 ! "n #8,sea ( ,tib]ias' = #8,sea ( ,galilee' or #8( ,g5nes>et4' ,dr4 ,furr] po9ts out t ?is la/ =m 7#8,sea ( ,g5nes>' or #8,g5nes>itis'7 is f\nd 9 ! writ]s ( ! fir/ c5tury1 :ile #8,sea ( ,tib]ias' became ! regul> designation 9 ! second c5tury1 & f t "t onw>ds4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,greek writ] ,pausanias 7:o wrote 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 "u ,hadrian & ! ,anton9es71 & consi/5tly 9 ! ,talmud4 ,we may obs]ve t 9 any case ! ,gospel 0 writt5 q late 9 ! fir/ c5tury2 & ! way 9 :i* ! "n is introduc$ ! fir/ "t x is m5tion$ w\ld seem to po9t exactly to ! p]iod ( transition f ! "o =m to ! o!r4 ,john vi4 #a runs ?us3 #8,aft] ^! ?+s ,jesus w5t away to ! o!r side ( ! sea ( ,galilee1 :i* is ! sea ( ,tib]ias' 7 74 ,!re is p]haps some?+ a little awkw>d & unusual 9 ! apposition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n ju/ify ! /rik+ out ( "o ( ! two names z a gloss1 aga9/ all ! au?orities#dd4 ,ano!r po9t made by ,furr] is t 9 xii4 #ba ,be?saida is call$ #8,be?saida ( ,galilee1' :]eas1 accord+ to ,josephus1 ,galilee end$ ) ! "r bank ( ! ,jordan1 & ,be?saida is on ! left bank4 ,josephus1 h[ev]1 is by no means precise 9 8 usage1 z he twice speaks ( ,gamala z 9 ,galilee1 :i* is mu* fur!r away on ! o!r side ( ! lake4 ,pr(essor von ,dobs*tz treats z an ana*ronism ! allusions 7,john ix4 #bb2 xii4 #db7 to expulsion f ! synagogue z practis$ ^u ! foll[]s ( ,jesus dur+ ,8 lifetime4 ,b ?is is surely v gratuit\s4 ,p>tly ! argum5t goes ^u ! assumption t ! extreme p5alty mu/ h be5 always inflict$4 ,p>tly x seems to imply t excommunication 0 too great a puni%m5t = ! disciples1 at ! v "t :5 dea? itself 0 ?reat5$ aga9/ ! ,ma/]4 ,i h>dly "k :e!r ,i ought to m5tion z a f\r? example1 t is at ! pres5t "t s]i\sly alleg$1 ! notion t ! phrase #8be+ high prie/ t ye>' 7xi4 #di1 #ea71 is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! ,asi>* act+ z high prie/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or held (fice = a s+le ye>#de4 ,x is f> m probable t ! phrase is connect$ ) ! deep s5se :i* ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel %[s ( ! significance ( p>ticul> times4 ,i take x to be ! c\nt]p>t ( ! (t5 recurr+ words1 #8! h\r _h n yet come1' #8! h\r is come4' ,s t ! f\r prec>i\s examples really %r9k up to "o1 ! fir/1 & t is expla9able )\t any /ra9+4 ,!re is no ana*ronism2 b at ! "t :5 ! ,evangeli/ wrote ! usage 0 *ang+1 & he 0 aw>e ( ?is1 & express$ ! fact 9 8 text4 ,& n[ let u consid] :at !re is to be said on ! o!r side--= ! ,gospel f ?is same po9t ( view ( tru? to a p>ticul> p]iod4 ,is ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ! ma9 true to ! p]iod :i* x pr(esses to describe8 ,?is is a "q t %\ld n be difficult to answ]4 ,x %\ld be less difficult ?an 9 ! case ( mo/ p]iods1 because z a rule "o p]iod %ades gradually & imp]ceptibly into ano!r1 & !re is a m or less prolong$ transition4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era is n l ?is4 ,!re we h "o great cata/rophe /&+ out 9 ! bolde/ possible way & divid+ :at goes be=e f :at comes aft]4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus completely alt]$ ! conditions ( ,judaism1 & alt]$ no less ! conditions ( ,*ri/ianity bo? 9 itself & 9 relation to ,judaism4 ,we h to rememb] t ,judaism z x exi/$ up to t date--f ! "t ( ,josiah to ! ye> #gj ,a4,d4--_h be5 ! mo/ c5traliz$ religion ( ! anci5t _w4 ,its sy/em ( wor%ip1 its hi]>*y1 & :at rema9$ to x ( self-gov]nm5t1 all _h a s+le c5tre 9 ! holy place & ! holy city1 ! temple & ,j]usalem4 ,x is true t !re 0 ! new] in/itution ( synagogues1 :i* 0 de/9$ to play su* an important "p 9 ! ,judaism ( ! future2 b ?is 0 z yet q subord9ate1 exi/+ side by side ) ! temple wor%ip1 b n consci\sly reg>d$ z a sub/itute = x4 ,n[ ) "o s+le /roke ! :ole ( ?is temple sy/em1 ! hi]>*y1 & ! ,sanh$r91 z hi!rto con/itut$1 came to an end4 ,x 0 n t x w5t on ) modifications1 b x 0 de/roy$ root & bran*4 ,at ! same "t ,*ri/ianity broke loose f ,judaism m ?or\ghly ?an x _h ev] done be=e4 ,h5ce=? ! dom9ant =ces 9 ! ,*ur* 7 ,g5tile1 n ,jewi%4 ,9 p>ticul> ! la/ %r$s ( ! idea ( a political ,messiah 7 ?r[n (f4 ,^! consid]ations supply u ) abundant means ( te/+ ! picture ( ! "t t we h 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,we c easily det]m9e :e!r its features correspond to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ c5tury or at its end4 ,:at we h *iefly to ask ourselves is1 does ! ,f\r? ,gospel presuppose a c5traliz$ religion or a de-c5traliz$8 ,we may discuss ?is 9 relation to 7i7 ! pilgrimages to ,j]usalem & ! ,jewi% fea/s2 7ii7 ! detail$ c]emonies connect$ ) ^? fea/s2 7iii7 ! temple itself2 7iv7 ! /ate ( sects & p>ties2 7v7 ! ,messianic expectation4 i4 ,pilgrimages4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 z comp>$ ) ! common matt] ( ! ,synoptics1 t x alone repres5ts our ,"l z mak+ a numb] ( pilgrimages to ,j]usalem = ! express purpose ( att5d+ ! ,jewi% fea/s4 ,! ,synoptic n>rative m5tions only a s+le ,passov] at ! v end ( our ,"l's public m9i/ry1 :i* l$ to ,8 arre/ & dea?4 ,/4 ,john m5tions ?ree ,passov]s z fall+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! m9i/ry3 "o soon aft] x may be said to h begun1 "o 9 ! middle1 & "o at ! end4 ,beside ?is !re is an unnam$ fea/ 9 v4 #a2 !re is a ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles :i* our ,"l att5ds 9 vii4 #b1 #aj2 & ! ,fea/ ( ,d$ication is expressly m5tion$ 9 x4 #bb4 ,x is some:at surpris+ t ,dr4 ,drummond1 :o takes 9 g5]al s fav\rable a view ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 %\ld seem to be 9 d\bt z to ^! visits & ^! fea/s1 & %\ld sum up r aga9/ !m#df4 ,i mu/ n /ay n[ to g fully into ! "q ( _! hi/orical "*1 :i* w come be=e u aga94 ,b1 speak+ broadly1 ,i may po9t to ! improbability t a pi\s ,jew1 )9 ! ,holy ,l& & n a memb] ( ! ,disp]sion1 w\ld neglect to att5d ! fea/s = s long a "t & 9 ! c\rse ( a religi\s mission address$ directly to 8 c\ntrym54 ,i mu/ ne$s ?9k x :olly improbable4 ,& ap>t f ?is improbability1 we %\ld h to acc\nt = ! det]m9$ ho/ility ( ! au?orities at ,j]usalem1 :i* _h manife/$ itself be=e ! la/ ,passov]1 & :i* came to a head 9 proposals ( betrayal s soon aft] its victim _h set foot 9 ,j]usalem4 ,h[ev] ?is may be--& ,i res]ve ! full] discussion = ! pres5t--9 any case x mu/ be all[$ t ! n>rative ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is 9 ! /ricte/ accordance ) ! religi\s cu/oms ( ! "t to :i* x relates1 & n 9 accordance ) ^? at ! "t :5 ! ,gospel 0 writt54 ,we mu/ at lea/ set d[n ?is fact z m>k$ly to its cr$it4 ii4 ,c]emonies4 ,! effect ( ?is is height5$ :5 we fur!r obs]ve t ! fea/s are m ?an once n m5tion$ b>ely1 b ) "s little allusion t agrees well ) :at we "k ( !m f o!r s\rces4 ,i w n lay mu* /ress ^u :at is said ( ! fir/ ,passov] 9 *ap4 ii1 because x might be ?\ght t ! acc\nt ( ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple is simply d]iv$ f ! ,synoptics1 al?\gh 9 !m x appe>s at a lat] p]iod4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor? :ile to po9t out ! specially graphic del9eation 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel 7! upsett+ ( ! money-*ang]s' piles ( co91 & ! address to ! sell]s ( doves1 ^: commodities c\ld n be ov]turn$ or driv5 out74 ,little t\*es ( ?is k9d acquire an increas$ importance f ! fact t ! m>ket+ 9 ! temple c\rts1 ev5 if x surviv$ ! dra/ic treatm5t describ$ 9 ! ,gospel1 9 any case did n survive ! ev5ts ( #gj ,a4,d4 ,!re is no?+ v special 9 connexion ) ! unnam$ fea/2 & ! ,passov] ( vi4 #d is m5tion$ only by ! way4 ,b 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles !re is a precise t\* 9 vii4 #cg1 #8on ! la/ day1 ! great day ( ! fea/4' ,?is %[s accurate k1 because ! la/ day 0 kept z a sabba? ) an #8holy convocation' 7,lev4 xxiii4 #cf74 ,:e!r1 z _m h suppos$1 our ,"l's words on ?is day 7#8,if any man ?ir/1 let him come unto me1 & dr9k'7 7 sugge/$ by ! libations ( wat] f ,siloam p\r$ out dur+ ! fea/1 is a "q ( association t is h>dly capable ( pro(1 b may be true#dg4 ,!re is nice accuracy 9 ! picture pres5t$ by xi4 #ee-g3-- #8,n[ ! passov] ( ! ,jews 0 at h&3 & _m w5t up to ,j]usalem out ( ! c\ntry be=e ! passov]1 to purify !mselves4 ,!y s\ght !re=e = ,jesus1 & spake "o ) ano!r1 z !y /ood 9 ! temple1 ,:at ?9k ye8 ,t he w n come to ! fea/8 ,n[ ! *ief prie/s & ! ,ph>isees _h giv5 comm&m5t1 t1 if any man knew :]e he 01 he %\ld %ew x1 t !y might take him4' ,! /ricte/ rituali/ic purity 0 requir$ ( ^? :o took "p 9 ! fea/4 #8,e man1' said ,r4 ,isaac1 #8is b\nd to purify himself = ! fea/' 7,lightfoot1 ,hor4 ,hebr4 ad loc474 ,! purify+ might take q sev5 days1 & dur+ ?is "t ! pilgrims to ! fea/ w\ld be /&+ ab\t & (t5 conv]s+ among !mselves1 & ! rum\rs ( ! day w\ld circulate freely among !m4 ,!re are sev]al po9t$ allusions 9 ! ,gospel to ! laws ( ,levitical purity4 ,! m5tion ( ! wat]-j>s at ! miracle ( ,cana is "o2 ! dispute ( ,john's disciples ) a ,jew ab\t purify+ is p]haps ano!r2 we h j _h a ?ird2 & a f\r? is 9 xviii4 #bh1 :]e ! ,sanh$ri/s are prev5t$ f ent]+ ! praetorium1 9 ord] n to incur defilem5t1 & s be prev5t$ f eat+ ! passov]#dh4 ,^! allusions are really1 if we ?9k ( x1 v /rik+4 ,!y fit into ! n>rative ) p]fect ease & appropriat5ess2 & !y are admirably natural if ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 really ,/4 ,john1 a ,*ri/ian br\ght up z a ,jew1 & ev5 z x w\ld seem 9 "s way p]sonally connect$ ) ! prie/hood1 :o _h be5 himself 9 ! company ( ,jesus1 _h himself held int]c\rse ) disciples ( ! ,bapti/1 & himself mov$ ab\t among ! cr[ds & he>d _! comm5ts4 ,x is a :olly diff]5t ?+ if we are to suppose t all ^! t\*es 7 ?r[n 9 by a ,*ri/ian ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 :o c\ld only arrive at !m by /udy & imag9ation4 ,*wolson says expressly3 #8,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple all ! regulations ab\t cleanness & uncleanness1 :i* 7 closely connect$ ) ! sacrificial sy/em1 fell into disuse#di4' ,! la/ in/ance t ,i w notice is xix4 #ca1 :i* is full ( ! same tru? ( detail4 #8,! ,jews !re=e1 because x 0 ! ,prep>ation1 t ! bodies %\ld n rema9 on ! cross ^u ! sabba? 7= ! day ( t sabba? 0 a high day71 ask$ ( ,pilate t _! legs might be brok51 & t !y might be tak5 away4' ,! exact nature ( ! #8high day' w dep5d ^u ! day ( ! mon?1 :i* is disput$4 ,i h little d\bt t on ,/4 ,john's reckon+ x w\ld be ,nisan #ae1 ! fir/ day ( ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread1 :i* 0 to be m>k$ by an #8holy convocation' 7,lev4 xxiii4 #g71 & :i*1 co9cid+ ) ! sabba?1 w\ld make x a d\ble sabba?4 ,x w\ld also be ! day = ! (f]+ ( ! peace-(f]+ or ,*agigah4 ,?is w\ld be on ! ,saturday morn+3 :5 ! ,jewi% day began 7at sunset on ,friday7 ! ,jews w\ld be engag$ on ! pas*al meal4 iii4 ,! ,temple4 ,! ref]5ces to ! ,temple 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel are m>k$ by ! same m9ute accuracy4 ,!re is a rem>kable allusion 9 ii4 #bj1 :]e we might p>aphrase ! =ce ( ! aori/ by say+ 9 our own idiom1 #8x took =ty-six ye>s to build ?is temple4' ,! calculation is exact1 ?\gh we mu/ suppose ! ^w = temple 71 #8! holy place'7 to be us$ some:at loosely4 ,! build+ ( ! ,temple appe>s to h be5 begun ab\t #bj-ai ,b4,c4 ,! holy place or sanctu>y prop] is said to h be5 f9i%$ 9 eighte5 mon?s2 b ! :ole complex ( build+s 0 n f9i%$ till ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,reckon+ =ty-six ye>s f #ai ,b4,c4 we %\ld come to #bg ,a4,d41 :i* suits ! *ronology ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/ z well z any date c\ld d4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 v improbable t ! date 0 arriv$ at by any elaborate process ( calculation4 ,we are 9 ! mid/ ( a multitude ( examples ( ! precise & accurate detail :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gospel2 & ! mo/ natural explanation seems to be t ! actual words us$ /uck 9 ! memory ( ! ,apo/le1 & 7 reproduc$ by him j z !y 7 spok54 ,!re are two o!r close specifications ( locality 9 connexion ) ! ,temple4 ,"o is ! m5tion ( #8! treasury' 9 viii4 #bj4 ,! "n #8treasury' 77 0 giv5 to ! ?irte5 boxes ) funnel-%ap$ op5+s :i* /ood r\nd ! wom5's c\rt4 ,?is c\rt 0 n conf9$ to wom51 & 0 us$ indiff]5tly by bo? sexes2 b x 0 ! po9t beyond :i* wom5 7 n all[$ to pass4 ,! o!r "p ( ! ,temple m5tion$ is #8,solomon's por*' 9 x4 #bc4 ,x is expla9$ t ,jesus 0 walk+ "h because ( ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! "t 0 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,d$ication1 :i* 0 held late 9 ,decemb]1 :5 ^? :o walk$ 9 ! op5 c\rt w\ld be expos$ to sn[ or ra94 ,^! po9ts relat+ to ! ,temple are ( m importance1 because at ! "t :5 ! ,gospel 0 writt5 ! ,temple 0 a heap ( ru9s1 :i* _h long ceas$ to be frequ5t$ = wor%ip1 & ( :i* an accurate k c\ld h>dly be expect$ except f a few ,rabb9ical /ud5ts1 l ! au?or ( ! tract ,middo?1 & ^? :o _h us$ ! ,temple be=e its de/ruction4 iv4 ,sects & ,p>ties4 ,! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4 made a great *ange 9 ! ecclesia/ical organization ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,dur+ ! life ( ,*ri/ ?is too _h be5 highly c5traliz$4 ,bo? ! great p>ties ( ,ph>isees & ,sadducees--especially ! latt]--_h _! head qu>t]s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,j]usalem 0 ! seat ( ! ,sanh$r91 9 :i* bo? p>ties 7 repres5t$--! ,sadducees 9 ! num]ical majority & ) ! control ( executive p[]1 b ! ,ph>isees 9 clos] t\* ) ! p & ) ! /rong] religi\s influ5ce4 ,9 ! ,gospel we h traces ( bo? p>ties & 9 bo? *>act]s1 (ficial & extra-(ficial4 ,we meet fir/ ) ! ,ph>isees1 & t 9 r peculi> circum/ances1 b 9 circum/ances :i* we may be sure exi/$4 ,we are expressly told 7i4 #bd7 t ! deputation s5t to cross-exam9e ,john ! ,bapti/ z to ! nature ( 8 mission 0 s5t f ! ,ph>isees4 ,only "o p>ty 0 repres5t$ ^u x1 s t x _c h be5 s5t by an act ( ! ,sanh$r9 z a :ole4 ,f ! religi\s po9t ( view ! ,ph>isees w\ld be f> m int]e/$ 9 ! ,bapti/ & 8 do+s ?an ! ,sadducees4 ,at ! same "t ! deputation consi/$ ( (ficial p]sons 7#8prie/s & ,levites f ,j]usalem1' i4 #ai71 :o w\ld c>ry ) !m a c]ta9 au?ority4 ,( ! nature ( _! que/ions we %all h to speak pres5tly4 ,9 ?is "p ( our subject we are a little entangl$ 9 cross-division1 because ! same sections ( ! n>rative are int]e/+ 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,*ap4 vii 9 p>ticul> w meet u "u sev]al heads2 b !re is j "o section ( x t ,i mu/ ask leave to quote 9 full1 z conta9+ 9 a small compass a sket* t seems drawn f ! life ( ! ,sanh$r9 & its ramifications4 #8,! (fic]s !re=e came to ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees2 & !y said unto !m1 ,:y did ye n br+ him8 ,! (fic]s answ]$1 ,nev] man s spake4 ,! ,ph>isees !re=e answ]$ !m1 ,are ye also l$ a/ray8 ,ha? any ( ! rul]s believ$ on him1 or ( ! ,ph>isees8 ,b ?is multitude :i* kn[e? n ! law are accurs$4 ,nicodemus sai? unto !m 7he t came to him be=e1 be+ "o ( !m71 ,do? our law judge a man1 except x fir/ he> f himself & "k :at he doe?8 ,!y answ]$ & said unto him1 ,art ?\ also ( ,galilee8 ,se>*1 & see t out ( ,galilee arise? no prophet' 7vii4 #de-eb74 ,! #8*ief prie/s' 9 ?is ,gospel correspond to ! ,sadducees 9 ! ,synoptics2 ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees toge!r make up ! ,sanh$r94 ,?is body _h its own s]vants & app>itors1 :om x s5t to arre/ ,jesus2 & _! report is discuss$ 9 a debate :i* we may be sure exactly reproduces ! k9d ( ?+ t actually happ5$4 #8,ha? any ( ! rul]s believ$ on him1 or ( ! ,ph>isees8' #8,b ?is multitude :i* kn[e? n ! law are accurs$4' #8,do? our law judge a man1 except x fir/ he> f himself & "k :at he doe?8' #8,art ?\ also ( ,galilee8 ,se>*1 & see t out ( ,galilee arise? no prophet4' ,x is a p]fect specim5 ( ! k9d ( spee*es t w\ld be made1 & ! k9d ( answ]s t w\ld be giv54 ,we aga9 get an int]ior view ( ! meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 9 xi4 #dg-ej4 #8,! *ief prie/s !re=e & ! ,ph>isees ga!r$ a c\ncil1 & said1 ,:at d we8 = ?is man doe? _m signs4 ,if we let him ?us alone1 all m5 w believe on him3 & ! ,romans w come & take away bo? our place & our nation4 ,b a c]ta9 "o ( !m1 ,caiaphas1 be+ high prie/ t ye>1 said unto !m1 ,ye "k no?+ at all1 nor d ye take acc\nt t x is exp$i5t = y t "o man %\ld die = ! p1 & t ! :ole nation p]i% n4' ,"h we are introduc$ to ! politics ( ! "t4 #8,! ,romans w come & take away bo? our place & our nation' 0 exactly ! fe> :i* con/antly haunt$ ! m9ds ( ! ,sadducean ari/ocracy1 b is express$ 9 su* g5]al t]ms z w\ld appeal mo/ to ! ,ph>isees z well4 ,! haughty ,caiaphas makes a spee* :i*1 z report$ to ! ,evangeli/1 he int]prets 9 a s5se t 0 v possibly n t ( its au?or4 ,! high prie/ may h meant only t z an act ( policy a s+le individual might be made a scapegoat4 ,b ! ,evangeli/1 :o is himself a true prophet1 has s /rong a s5se ( div9e ov]rul+ 9 all t happ5$ & ( div9e inspiration tak+ hold ( m5 )\t _! w1 t he sees 9 ! words a pr(\nd] mean+ ?an !y 7 int5d$ to h1 ?\gh n p]haps ?an !y really _h 9 ! c\nsels ( ,god & to an insight l 8 own4 ,ano!r example ( ! same attitude ( m9d meets u a little l[] d[n 9 ano!r passage t has ! same /rong m>ks ( v]isimilitude4 #8,!y l$ ,jesus !re=e f ,caiaphas into ! palace3 & x 0 e>ly2 & !y !mselves ent]$ n into ! palace1 t !y might n be defil$1 b might eat ! passov]4 ,pilate !re=e w5t out unto !m1 & sai?1 ,:at accusation br+ ye aga9/ ?is man8 ,!y answ]$ & said unto him1 ,if ?is man 7 n an evil-do]1 we %\ld n h deliv]$ him up unto !e4 ,pilate !re=e said unto !m1 ,take him y\rselves1 & judge him accord+ to y\r law4 ,! ,jews said unto him1 ,x is n lawful = u to put any man to dea?3 t ! ^w ( ,jesus might be fulfill$1 :i* he spake1 signify+ by :at mann] ( dea? he %\ld die' 7xviii4 #bh-cb74 ,!re is an (t5-quot$ /atem5t 9 ! ,talmud to ! effect t ! ,jews lo/ ! p[] ( capital puni%m5t =ty ye>s be=e ! great siege4 ,! ,evangeli/ sees 9 ?is a provid5tial appo9tm5t design$ to v]ify ! ,"l's words1 & t ,8 dea? might take ! ,roman =m 7crucifixion7 & n ! ,jewi% =m 7/on+74 ,!re is a s+ul>ly f9e *>act]ization 9 ! :ole n>rative ( ! ,trial4 ,take = in/ance ! foll[+3 #8,^u ?is ,pilate s\ght to release him3 b ! ,jews cri$ out1 say+1 ,if ?\ release ?is man1 ?\ art n ,cs>'s fri5d3 e "o t make? himself a k+ speake? aga9/ ,cs>4 ,:5 ,pilate !re=e he>d ^! words1 he br\ght ,jesus out1 & sat d[n on ! judgem5t-seat at a place call$ ,! ,pavem5t1 b 9 ,hebrew1 ,gabba?a4 ,n[ x 0 ! ,prep>ation ( ! passov]3 x 0 ab\t ! six? h\r4 ,& he sai? unto ! ,jews1 ,behold1 y\r ,k+6 ,!y !re=e cri$ out1 ,away ) him1 away ) him1 crucify him4 ,pilate sai? unto !m1 ,%all ,i crucify y\r ,k+8 ,! *ief prie/s answ]$1 ,we h no k+ b ,cs>' 7xix4 #ab-ae74 ,! ,roman _h suffici5t s5se ( ju/ice n to wi% to condemn an innoc5t man4 ,b ! accus]s ( ,jesus h a weapon t !y use aga9/ him m]cilessly4 ,!y "k t he 0 n 9 ! be/ od\r at ,rome4 ,8 adm9i/ration ( 8 prov9ce ?r\gh 8 own wilfulness & h>%ness1 _h n be5 v successful4 ,x 0 9 ! lat] days ( ,tib]ius2 & ,tib]ius ?\ght some?+ ( ! welf>e ( ! prov9ces1 b ?\ght /ill m ( hav+ 9 (fice in/rum5ts on :om he c\ld dep5d = /rict subs]vi5ce to himself4 ,! accus]s play _! "p ) cynical adroitness3 #8,if ?\ release ?is man1 ?\ art n ,cs>'s fri5d2' #8,we h no k+ b ,cs>4' v4 ,jewi% ,ideas & ,dialectic4 ,we are 9 se>* ( h9ts & allusions appropriate to ! "t4 ,! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 a ,jew1 & 7z ,i ?9k7 also a ,jew ( ,pale/9e4 ,! be/ critics admit ?is1 & x is h>dly wor? :ile to /ay to prove x2 inde$ x is incid5tally prov$ by a l>ge proportion ( ! examples ,i am giv+4 ,b x is ( m importance to prove t ! au?or 0 a contempor>y ( ! ev5ts he is describ+4 ,n[ ,i w n say t ! po9ts ,i am go+ to urge exactly prove ?is4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 ,i believe1 ju/ify u 9 say+ t if ! au?or 0 really an ,apo/le1 a memb] ( ! orig9al ,twelve1 or closely associat$ ) !m1 ! indications 9 ! ,gospel entirely correspond ) su* a position4 ,if ! au?or 0 n an ,apo/le1 !n he mu/ ei!r h be5 9 a position extremely simil> to t ( ! ,apo/les1 or else he mu/ h tak5 great pa9s to convey ! impression t he 0 9 su* a position4 ,! passages ,i am ab\t to adduce all reflect ) great vividness a /ate ( ?+s l t :i* mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! "t ( our ,"l4 ,!re is j "o p]iod 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* /ood 9 a relation to ,judaism :i* x nev] occupi$ aga93 t 0 9 its orig94 ,*ri/ianity arose out ( ! bosom ( ,judaism4 ,! fir/ disciples rea*$ manhood z ,jews2 !y 7 witnesses ( ! process by :i* ,*ri/ianity gradually broke loose f ,judaism2 !y !mselves und]w5t a process ( conv]sion2 _! ideas 7 modifi$ little by little z !y w5t on1 & 9 ! end ! new displac$ ! old4 ,b !y _h be5 z famili> ) ! attitude ( _! ,jewi% oppon5ts z !y 7 ) _! own2 !y knew ! argum5ts to :i* ! ,jews appeal$1 ! prejudices by :i* !y 7 animat$1 ! language t !y us$4 ,i repeat1 !re 0 "o p]iod to :i* ?is description appli$1 & nev] ano!r 9 ! same degree4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel is full ( in/ances ( ?is4 ,let u turn to "s ( !m4 ,! e>li] *apt]s h be5 drawn ^u r freely 9 o!r connexions3 we w !re=e beg9 ) *ap4 iv4 ,h[ p]fect is ! local col\r ( ! /ory ( ! ,sam>itan woman6#ej #8,! ,sam>itan woman !re=e sai? unto him1 ,h[ is x t ?\1 be+ a ,jew1 aske/ dr9k ( me1 :i* am a ,sam>itan woman8444 ,! woman sai? unto him1 ,sir1 ?\ ha/ no?+ to draw )1 & ! well is deep3 f :5ce !n ha/ ?\ t liv+ wat]8 ,art ?\ great] ?an our fa!r ,jacob1 :i* gave u ! well1 & drank !re( himself1 & 8 sons1 & 8 cattle8' 7iv4 #i1 #aa1 #ab74 ,! /&+ feud betwe5 ,jews & ,sam>itans is notori\s1 & does n ne$ illu/rat+4 #8,! well is deep' 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se2 ! actual dep? is ab\t #ge feet4 ,b h[ appropriate & natural is ! appeal to ! patri>* ,jacob1 & ! local tradition ab\t him6 #8,! woman sai? unto him1 ,sir1 ,i p]ceive t ?\ art a prophet4 ,our fa!rs wor%ipp$ 9 ?is m\nta92 & ye say1 t 9 ,j]usalem is ! place :]e m5 ought to wor%ip4 ,jesus sai? unto h]1 ,woman1 believe me1 ! h\r come?1 :5 nei!r 9 ?is m\nta91 nor 9 ,j]usalem1 %all ye wor%ip ! ,fa!r4444 ,! woman sai? unto him1 ,i "k t ,messiah come? 7:i* is call$ ,*ri/73 :5 he is come1 he w decl>e unto u all ?+s' 7v]s4 #ai-ba1 #be74 ,! natural impression ( ! disc\rse to :i* %e 0 li/5+ ^u ! woman w\ld be t h] int]locutor 0 a prophet4 ,& h] fir/ impulse w\ld be to put to ,him ! burn+ "q :i* divid$ ,jews & ,sam>itans--,0 ! true c5tre ( wor%ip to be s\ght 9 ,j]usalem or on ,m\nt ,g]izim8 ,x 0 at "o "t cont5d$ t ! ,sam>itans _h no ,messianic expectation2 b t is n[ giv5 up4 ,! ,sam>itans n only _h su* an expectation1 b h x to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,jews at ,cap]naum 9 *ap4 vi apply ! ,p5tateu*al hi/ory 9 v mu* ! same way z ! ,sam>itan woman4 ,"s ( our mod]n critics1 :o h a ke5 eye = any?+ to :i* exception c be tak51 & :o d n appreciate ! simplicity :i* is n peculi> to ,/4 ,john b *>act]i/ic ( ! ,biblical n>rative g5]ally1 w say t "h we h a #8s*ematism1' a /]eotyp$ =mula1 :i* %[s pov]ty ( inv5tion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i w\ld describe x z a t\* ( nature s +ra9$ 9 ! ,jewi% habit ( m9d t x 0 sure to recur1 & h>monizes ?or\ghly ) ! hi/orical situation4 ,*ap4 vii is full ( ! k9d ( mat]ials ( :i* we are 9 se>*2 b ! great] proportion ( !m we w res]ve = our next head4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 j ref] 9 pass+ to ! expression ( ! ,jews' surprise1 #8,h[ kn[e? ?is man lett]s1 hav+ nev] le>n$8' 7v]4 #ae74 ,x is j :at w\ld excite ! a/oni%m5t ( ! populace t "o :o seem$ to be a simple peasant1 & _h n be5 a /ud5t 9 any ( ! curr5t ,rabb9ical s*ools1 %\ld yet %[ himself s well able to deal ) ! pr(\nde/ que/ions t ! ,rabbis 7 9 ! habit ( discuss+4 ,?is sev5? *apt] places u 9 ! mid/ ( a society :i*1 ) only a slight diff]5ce ( me?od1 rem9ds u ( ! re/less curiosity ) :i* we are told t ,alex&rian ,*ri/ians canvass$ ! metaphysical problems involv$ 9 ! ,arian controv]sy4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! dom9ant influ5ce 0 ,rabb9ism2 ! "o idea t ! p _h ( le>n+ 0 ,rabb9ical le>n+2 & s entirely did ! #8scribes & ,ph>isees' cov] ! gr\nd t ! appe>ance ( a tea*] :o 0 nei!r scribe nor ,ph>isee 0 sure to be rem>k$ ^u4 ,a little l[] d[n we h exactly ! k9d ( argum5t to :i* ! ,jewi% p 7 accu/om$4 #8,! multitude answ]$1 ,?\ ha/ a devil3 :o seeke? to kill !e8 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,i did "o "w1 & ye all m>vel4 ,= ?is cause ha? ,moses giv5 y circumcision 7n t x is ( ,moses1 b ( ! fa!rs72 & on ! sabba? ye circumcise a man4 ,if a man receive? circumcision on ! sabba?1 t ! law ( ,moses may n be brok52 are ye wro? ) me1 because ,i made a man e :it :ole on ! sabba?8' 7v]s4 #bj-c74 ,i d n ?9k x c be d\bt$ t argum5ts l ?is 7 j :at w\ld be con/antly he>d at ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b !y belong to ! "t :5 x 0 j 9 ! act ( diff]5tiat+ itself f ,judaism2 & ,i _c easily imag9e t !y w\ld be s cle>ly realiz$ & s appropriately introduc$ lat]4 ,( ! same k9d is mu* ( ! discussion 9 *4 viii4 ,i d n und]take to say t ?is discussion1 or o!r discussions 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 are giv5 exactly z !y really happ5$4 ,i am q prep>$ to believe t especially ! "p 9 !m tak5 by our ,"l ,himself 0 a little diff]5t f t :i* ,he is repres5t$ z tak+4 ,b1 if ,i ?9k ?is1 x is because ! n>rative seems to me 7if x is n too mu* ( a p>adox to say s7 ev5 too true to ! "t & circum/ances 9 :i* ! discussion took place4 ,no d\bt our ,"l is repres5t$ z hold+ ,himself ap>t f & above ! ,jewi% controv]siali/s4 ,i feel sure t ,he did ?is2 b1 ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels be=e me1 ,i suspect t ,he did x 9 a slightly diff]5t1 i4 e4 9 a m res]v$ &--if ,i may be =giv5 ! expression--delicate way4 ,) ?us mu* ( preface ,i w j give a specim5 ( :at ,i mean by tru? to ! "t & circum/ances4 #8,! ,jews answ]$ & said unto ,him1 ,say we n well t ?\ art a ,sam>itan1 & ha/ a devil8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,i h n a devil2 b ,i hon\r my ,fa!r1 & ye di%on\r me4444 ,! ,jews said unto him1 ,n[ we "k t ?\ ha/ a devil4 ,abraham is dead1 & ! prophets2 & ?\ saye/1 if a man keep my ^w1 he %all nev] ta/e ( dea?4 ,art ?\ great] ?an our fa!r ,abraham1 :i* is dead8 & ! prophets are dead3 :om make/ ?\ ?yself8' 7v]s4 #dh1 #di1 #eb1 #ec74 #8,?\ art a ,sam>itan1 & ha/ a devil'2 #8,abraham is dead1 & ! prophets4' ,^! are exactly ! ?+s t w\ld be said1 & t we may be sure 7 said4 ,b ,i am n satisfi$ ) ! hypo!sis t ! au?or :o wrote !m 0 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e4 ,i believe t he 01 & mu/ h be51 an actual contempor>y & eye-witness ( :at he is record+4 ,! same conclusion =ces itself ^u u all ?r\gh ! next *apt]1 :i* is /eep$ 9 ,jewi% ideas & cu/oms2 & ^? n ,jewi% ideas & cu/oms 9 ! ab/ract1 b 9 direct & close connexion ) ! ,jewi% controv]sy z x exi/$ 9 ! "t ( our ,"l & c5tr+ 9 ,8 p]son4 ,i s+le out a few ( ! v]ses t illu/rate ?is mo/ vividly4 #8,& z he pass$ by1 he saw a man bl9d f 8 bir?4 ,& 8 disciples ask$ him1 say+1 ,rabbi1 :o did s91 ?is man1 or 8 p>5ts1 t he %\ld be born bl9d8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,nei!r did ?is man s91 nor 8 p>5ts3 b t ! works ( ,god %\ld be made manife/ 9 him4444 ,"s !re=e ( ! ,ph>isees said1 ,?is man is n f ,god1 because he keepe? n ! sabba?4 ,b o!rs said1 ,h[ c a man t is a s9n] d su* signs8 ,& !re 0 a division among !m4444 ,he !re=e answ]$1 ,:e!r he be a s9n]1 ,i "k n3 "o ?+ ,i "k1 t1 :]eas ,i 0 bl9d1 n[ ,i see4 ,!y said !re=e unto him1 ,:at did he to !e8 h[ op5$ he ?9e eyes8 ,he answ]$ !m1 ,i told y ev5 n[1 & ye did n he>3 :]e=e w\ld ye he> x aga98 w\ld ye also become 8 disciples8 ,& !y revil$ him1 & said1 ,?\ art 8 disciple2 b we are disciples ( ,moses4 ,we "k t ,god ha? spok5 unto ,moses3 b z = ?is man1 we "k n :5ce he is4 ,! man answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,:y1 h]e9 is ! m>vel1 t ye "k n :5ce he is1 & yet he op5$ m9e eyes4 ,we "k t ,god he>e? n s9n]s3 b if any man be a wor%ipp] ( ,god1 & d 8 w1 him he he>e?4 ,s9ce ! _w began x 0 nev] he>d t any "o op5$ ! eyes ( a man born bl9d4 ,if ?is man 7 n f ,god1 he c\ld d no?+4 ,!y answ]$ & said unto him1 ,?\ wa/ altoge!r born 9 s9s1 & do/ ?\ tea* u8 ,& !y ca/ him out' 7ix4 v]s4 #a-c1 #af1 #be-cd74 ,notice 9 ?is ! foll[+ ess5tially ,jewi% ideas3 ,! connexion ( s9 ) physical infirmity1 & ! speculation z to h[ f> back1 9 a p>ticul> case1 ?is connexion w5t--:e!r x 0 conf9$ to ! individual affect$ himself1 or :e!r x w5t back to 8 p>5ts2 ! obs]vance ( ! sabba? z indisp5sable to "o :o really _h a div9e mission2 9 reply to ?is1 ! plea t none b a righte\s man c\ld "w miracles2 ! relation ( disciple%ip1 & ! claim ( ! ,ph>isees to be 9 ! /rict s5se ,moses' disciples2 & f9ally1 ! *>act]i/ic abuse ( "o :o bore 9 8 body ! m>k ( hav+ be5 born 9 s91 & yet presum$ to tea* doctors ( ! ,law2 = su* a "o expulsion f ! synagogue 0 a fitt+ p5alty#ea4 vi4 ,! ,messianic ,expectation4 ,we h already m ?an once come across allusions to ! ,messianic expectation z x exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,b !re are a few examples ( ?is to :i* x is well t we %\ld direct special att5tion4 ,! fir/ is ! s]ies ( que/ions put to ! ,bapti/ by ! deputation :i* came to te/ ! nature ( 8 mission4 ,!y ask him :o he is1 & he expressly d5ies t he is ! ,*ri/4 ,is he !n ,elijah8 ,he replies t he is n4 ,he is once m ask$ if he is ! expect$ prophet l unto ,moses2 & to ?is too he answ]s1 ,no4 ,8 que/ion]s draw ! natural inf]5ce1 & call ^u him to expla9 :at is 8 au?ority = adm9i/]+ ?is new rite ( baptism1 if he _h none ( ^! cr$5tials4 ,!reupon he discrim9ates betwe5 8 own mission & t ( 8 great] successor4 ,x may be cont5d$ t ?is passage 0 sugge/$ by two p>allel gr\ps 9 ! ,synoptics1 ! speculations ( ,h]od ,antipas z to our ,"l--t ,he is ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! dead1 or ,elijah1 or a prophet 7,m>k vi4 #ad-af2 ,matt4 xiv4 #a1 #b2 ,luke ix4 #g1 #h71 & ! prelim9>y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s confession1 :5 ! disciples are ask$ by _! ,ma/] z to ! common op9ion ab\t ,him & !y reply t "s suppos$ ,him to be ! ,bapti/ & o!rs ,elijah1 & o!rs aga91 "o ( ! prophets 7,m>k viii4 #bg1 #bh2 ,matt4 xvi4 #ac1 #ad2 ,luke ix4 #ah1 #ai74 ,!re are d\btless ! two possibilities3 ! que/ions attribut$ to ! deputation 9 ,/4 ,john1 if we suppose t ! au?or 0 really remote f ! ev5ts1 w\ld be sugge/$ by passages l ^!2 if he 0 an eye-witness1 x w\ld be m probable t !y 7 tak5 directly f ! life1 or at lea/ f ! p]sonal k ( ! writ] t su* ideas 7 commonly ent]ta9$ at ! "t4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?9k+ t ?is latt] hypo!sis is ! easi] & less artificial4 ,to suppose t ! sc5e 0 a lit]>y inv5tion w\ld involve ! adaptation to ! ,bapti/ ( :at 0 orig9ally said ( ,*ri/4 ,x is also aga9/ ! supposition t ! que/ions are borr[$ f ! ,synopti/s1 t 9 "o important po9t !y run directly c\nt] to ! ,synoptic tradition4 ,:5 ! ,bapti/ is ask$ if he is ,elijah1 he says t he is n1 :]eas ! ,synopti/s p]si/5tly id5tify him ) ,elijah1 & t ^u ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ ,himself 7,matt4 xi4 #ad2 xvii4 #aj-ac2 ,m>k ix4 #aa-ac74 ,!re is ano!r noticeable div]g5ce4 ,9 ,/4 ,john ! "q relates to #8! prophet1' ) direct ref]5ce to ,deut4 xviii4 #ae1 #ah2 9 ! ,synopti/s ! phrase us$ is #8a prophet1 z "o ( ! prophets1' or #8"o ( ! prophets4' ,^! are ! =ms ( ! phrase 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 :i* is fundam5tal4 ,on ! second occasion ,/4 ,mat!w sub/itutes #8,j]emiah or "o ( ! prophets'2 on bo? occasions ,/4 ,luke has #8"o ( ! old prophets is 707 ris5 aga94' ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two v]sions is r m>k$1 ?\gh no d\bt ! ,synoptic idea ultimately goes back to ,deut4 xviii1 l ! o!r4 ,= ^! reasons ! hypo!sis t ,/4 ,john is draw+ f ! life seems di/9ctly pref]able4 ,allusion has already be5 made to "s ( ! popul> ideas & to ! meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 9 *ap4 vii4 ,t *apt] is especially important f our pres5t po9t ( view1 t ( ! ,messianic expectation4 ,we see !re reproduc$ ) wond]ful vividness j su* an und]curr5t ( criticism z we may be sure 0 con/antly go+ on1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,j]usalem4 #8,"s !re=e ( !m ( ,j]usalem said1 ,is n ?is he :om !y seek to kill8 ,& lo1 he speake? op5ly1 & !y say no?+ unto him4 ,c x be t ! rul]s inde$ "k t ?is is ! ,*ri/8 ,h[beit we "k ?is man :5ce he is3 b :5 ! ,*ri/ come?1 no "o kn[e? :5ce he is4' #8,b ( ! multitude _m believ$ on him2 & !y said1 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ %all come1 w he d m signs ?an ^? :i* ?is man ha? done8' #8,"s ( ! multitude !re=e1 :5 !y he>d ^! words1 said1 ,?is is ( a tru? ! prophet4 ,o!rs said1 ,?is is ! ,*ri/4 ,b "s said1 ,:at1 do? ! ,*ri/ come out ( ,galilee8 ,ha? n ! ,scripture said t ! ,*ri/ come? ( ! se$ ( ,david1 & f ,be?lehem1 ! village :]e ,david 08 ,s !re arose a division 9 ! multitude because ( him4 ,& "s ( !m w\ld h tak5 him2 b no man laid h&s on him4' #8,!y answ]$ & said unto him1 ,art ?\ also ( ,galilee8 ,se>*1 & see t out ( ,galilee arise? no prophet' 7v]s4 #be-g1 #ca1 #dj-d1 #eb74 ,x is to be obs]v$ t sev]al ( ! po9ts 9 ! expectation ?us depict$ are ( a some:at recondite "*4 #8,we "k ?is man :5ce he is3 b :5 ! ,*ri/ come?1 no "o kn[e? :5ce he is4' ,?is po9t c be v]ifi$1 at lea/ approximately4 ,!re is a ,jewi% say+ t #8?ree ?+s come :olly unexpect$1 ,messiah1 a god-s5d1 & a scorpion#eb4' ,& ,ju/9 ,m>tyr alludes to ano!r tradition1 t ! ,messiah w\ld n ev5 "k 8 own mission until he 0 ano9t$ by ,elijah#ec--! idea ( ?is 0 p]haps sugge/$ by ! ano9t+ ( ,david4 ,aga9 we note t ! writ] assumes ! po9t ( view ( ! cr[d1 accord+ to :i* ,*ri/ 0 reg>d$ z com+ f ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee1 ?\gh 9 any case he _h be=e him ! ,fir/ & ,?ird ,gospels :i* plac$ ,8 bir? 9 ,be?lehem4 ,n a h9t escapes ! ,evangeli/ ( 8 k ( ?is1 al?\gh ! po9t is br\ght z an objection to our ,"l's ,messianic claims4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,gospel reflects ! real /ate ( ?+s 9 ,a4,d4 #bh1 n ! ,*ri/ian beliefs ( ,a4,d4 #ij4 ,we h to say ! same ( ! te/ appli$ by ! ,sanh$r91 t a prophet 0 n to be look$ = f ,galilee4 ,all ^! po9ts agree beautifully ) ! "t :5 ,jesus 0 mov+ ab\t ) ,8 disciples among ,8 c\ntrym51 a "t ( :i* ! g5u9e recollection mu/ h be5 long lo/ to all ^? ,*ri/ians :o _h n !mselves actually liv$ 9 x4 ,! same comm5t w\ld h to be made ^u ! language 9 :i* ! ,evangeli/ m ?an once ref]s to ,*ri/'s mission1 or r ! popul> conception ( x4 ,9 vi4 #ae1 ! p are repres5t$ z com+ to take ,him by =ce & make ,him k+2 & at ! entry into ,j]usalem ,he is greet$ z ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 & ! prophecy ( ,ze*>iah is appli$ to ,him1 #8,behold ?y ,k+ come?1 c4' ,9 all ?is !re are evid5t traces ( ! unre=m$ ,messianic idea1 z associat$ ) political dom9ation4 ,by ! ye> #ij all su* ideas mu/ h entirely vani%$1 & x mu/ h requir$ an ef=t ( m9d to recov] !m :i* "o :o _h n be5 himself connect$ ) ! ev5ts w\ld h _h no inc5tive to make4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am greatly mi/ak5 if ! mass ( p>ticul>s collect$ 9 ?is lecture does n come home to ! m9d ) great1 & ev5 ov]:elm+1 =ce4 ,9 me at lea/ x inspires1 & has always inspir$ ev] s9ce ,i took up ! /udy ( ! ,gospel1 a /rong conviction t x c\ld only be ! "w ( "o :o _h really liv$ ?r\gh ! ev5ts t he describes4 ,p]haps !re is a little exagg]ation 9 ! phrase t x #8c\ld only be' su* a "o4 ,x is ! k9d ( r\gh approximate phrase t "o is apt to use = practical common-s5se purposes4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is ! o!r alt]native1 ( :i* we ought n :olly to lose sight1 t ! au?or 0 a second-c5tury ,*ri/ian1 p]haps ( ,jewi% desc5t & ) "s ,jewi% tra9+1 :o by a t\r de =ce ?rew himself back into ! circum/ances ( ! "t & _h a wond]ful success 9 reproduc+ !m4 ,dr4 ,drummond rem9ds u t !re is ?is alt]native4 #8,x is sometimes said t to produce an untrue n>rative possess+ su* v]isimilitude z ! ,gospel w\ld h be5 q beyond ! capacity ( any writ] ( ! second c5tury3 su* an au?or w\ld be )\t example2 su* a "w w\ld be a lit]>y miracle4 ,9 mak+ ?is allegation p seem to =get t ! book is 9 any case unique4 ,:e!r x be true hi/ory1 or ! (fspr+ ( spiritual imag9ation1 or a mixture ( bo?1 no "o1 s f> z we "k1 c\ld h writt5 x 9 ! second or any o!r c5tury1 except ! man :o did write x2 & to ass]t t an unexampl$1 unkn[n1 & unmeasur$ lit]>y g5ius c\ld n h done ?is or t appe>s to me extremely haz>d\s' 7p4 #cgh f474 ,p]fectly true2 !re d\btless is ! possibility t #8an unexampl$1 unkn[n1 & unmeasur$ lit]>y g5ius' c\ld h done :at we f9d4 ,b z a rule1 :]e facts c be expla9$ easily & naturally )\t hav+ rec\rse to any su* extraord9>y assumption1 ! _w is cont5t s to expla9 !m4 ,! practical "q is a balance ( probabilities4 ,& ev5 n[1 z 9 ! days ( ,bi%op ,butl]1 probability is ! v guide ( life4 ,footnote #da3 ,wr$e1 ,*>akt] und ,t5d5z d4 ,johannesevangeliums 7,tb+5 & ,leipzig1 #aijc71 p4 #be4 ,footnote #db3 ,an excell5t example is ! treatm5t ( ! ,acts ( ,paul & ,!cla by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay 9 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 pp4 #cge-dbh4 ,footnote #dc3 #8,das ,geographis*e im ,evangelium na* ,johannes1' 9 ! ,zeits*r4 f4 neutte/4 ,wiss41 #aijb1 pp4 #beg-bfe4 ,footnote #dd3 ,cf4 ,drummond1 p4 #cff f42 & ! writ]'s ,sacr$ ,sites ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #de3 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann1 ad loc41 & ,e9leitung1 ed4 #b1 p4 #dfi3 cf4 ,drummond1 p4 #dcg f4 ,footnote #df3 ,pp4 #db-f4 ,footnote #dg3 ,x is d5i$ by ,holtzmann1 b approv$ by ,we/cott4 ,footnote #dh3 ,= a discussion ( ! nature ( ?is defilem5t see ,*wolson1 ,das letzte ,passamahl ,*ri/i1 p4 #ef ff4 ,footnote #di3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ej3 ,x is v surpris+ t ,freih]r ,h]mann von ,sod51 9 a pamphlet publi%$ at ! end ( ! ye>1 ,die wi*tig/5 ,frag5 im ,leb5 ,jesu 7,b]l91 #aijd71 p4 #i1 %\ld d5y ! exi/5ce ( local col\r 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,9 pro( he m5tions "s half-doz5 po9ts t occur 9 ! ,synoptics b n 9 ?is ,gospel2 :i* only means t x is ( a diff]5t type f ! o!r ?ree1 & does n repeat :at 0 already f\nd 9 !m4 ,& yet1 ev5 ( ^! po9ts1 sev]al come back 9 ano!r =m4 ,x is true t ! ,gospel does n describe ! heal+ ( a demoniac1 b x has _m m>k$ allusions to demoniacal possession 7see bel[1 p4 #acd74 ,x is true t x has n ! "n #8,sadducees'2 x speaks ( !m r z #8*ief prie/s'2 b x is well acqua9t$ ) _! "* & policy 7see above1 p4 #abf ff474 ,! ,gospel has no #8eld]s1' b x has #8rul]s' or memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r91 ^: position x p]fectly und]/&s4 ,9 l mann] x has no or 1 b x is fond ( ! title #8,rabbi1' & x makes po9t$ ref]5ce to ,rabb9ical tra9+ 7see bel[1 p4 #acb74 ,! :ole page ( criticism1 com+ f a writ] ( su* em95ce1 is mo/ disappo9t+4 ,ei!r ! /atem5ts are v que/ionable z fact or !y h n ! slighte/ be>+ on ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel4 ,:y %\ld n an ,apo/le break (f some:at abruptly 9 8 report ( a disc\rse1 or glide imp]ceptibly f n>rative into comm5t8 ,t is j :at ,/4 ,paul does1 z we %all see 7p4 #afh1 bel[74 ,! tru? is t ! criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel on ! lib]al side has become l>gely conv5tional2 "o writ] aft] ano!r repeats c]ta9 /]eotyp$ =mulae )\t te/+ !m4 ,x is high "t t !y 7 really te/$ & confront$ ) ! facts4 ,footnote #ea3 ,on ! application ( ?is p5alty 9 ! lifetime ( ,*ri/1 see above1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #eb3 ,sanh$r4 #ig a4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #h1 cf4 #aaj4 ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,n>rative ,! la/ lecture call$ att5tion to a multitude ( little po9ts t seem to lead to a def9ite conclusion4 ,!y almo/ all belong$ to ! framework1 or sett+ ( ! n>rative1 & n to its sali5t features4 ,i 0 consci\s1 n seldom1 ( /opp+ %ort j :]e we seem$ to be com+ to some?+ ( m importance1 & to :i* exception w\ld be m likely to be tak54 ,i /opp$ %ort delib]ately & ( set purpose1 because ,i am myself ( op9ion t f ! po9t ( view ( critical me?od1 x is j ^! small incid5tal details t are mo/ significant4 ,!y are ! sort ( details t an au?or ?r[s 9 :5 he is (f 8 gu>d4 ,f !m1 f> m ?an f 8 lab\r$ argum5ts1 we may tell :at is 8 real /&po9t & attitude4 ,9 reg>d to ! abundant details :i* we h exam9$1 ! ,evangeli/ _h pl5tiful opportunities ( tripp+2 b 9 no s+le in/ance is he really convict$ ( do+ s1 :]eas 9 a va/ numb] 8 record has be5 v]ifi$4 ,tak+ ?is ample v]ification ( details ) ! direct claim consid]$ 9 ! la/ lecture b "o1 we h rea*$ a po9t at :i* ! au!ntic "* ( ! ,gospel1 its claim to come f an eye-witness if n f an ,apo/le1 seems to be really well assur$4 ,b ! "q t n[ meets u is1 h[ f> ?is assurance is neutraliz$ by ! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ ! ,gospel f a comp>ison ( x ) ! ,synoptics & f c]ta9 po9ts ( g5]al probability4 ,x is true t !re are diff]5ces1 :i* may am\nt to discrepancies1 betwe5 ! ,f\r? ,gospel & its pr$ecessors4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is prelim9>y rem>k to be made1 be=e we discuss ! diff]5ces 9 detail1 t :atev] we may ?9k 9 reg>d to !m1 9 any case ! result mu/ 9 "o respect be fav\rable1 & n adv]se1 to ! ,gospel2 x mu/ be fav\rable at lea/ to its indep5d5ce & au?ority4 ,= !re are two ?+s to be notic$ 9 reg>d to ^! diff]5ces4 i4 ,! ,evangeli/ _h ! ,synoptic ,gospels be=e him2 &1 :]e he diff]s f !m1 he does s delib]ately4 ,ei!r 8 int5tion is to correct !m1 or at lea/ he delib]ately goes 8 own way4 ,x foll[s t he 0 a p]son :o 0 consci\s ( writ+ ) au?ority4 ,if he _h n be51 & if he 0 only desir\s ( ins9uat+ 8 own views "u cov] ( a great "n1 we may be pretty sure t he w\ld h kept closely to ! l9es already m>k$ out by works t _h a consid]able vogue & a consid]able reputation4 ii4 ,& we are confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion by ! fur!r obs]vation t ! po9ts on :i* he diff]s f 8 pr$ecessors are = ! mo/ "p & to all appe>ance indiff]5t = any p>ticul> purpose t he seems to h _h 9 writ+4 ,he has c]ta9ly n gone out ( 8 way to exploit or insi/ ^u !m4 ,= any?+ t we c see ! only reason t he _h = 8 div]g5ces 0 t to ! be/ ( 8 belief & k ! facts 7 really z he has /at$ !m1 & n o!rwise4 ,i4 ,alleg$ ,discrepancies ) ! ,synoptic ,n>rative4 i4 ,! ,sc5e ( ! ,m9i/ry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,synoptic & ! ,johannean n>rative is t ! sc5e ( s mu* ( ! latt] is laid 9 ,judaea & ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ comm5t t we h to make ^u ?is is t ! diff]5ce is n really s great or s significant z x seems4 ,f bo? sides x is subject to "s disc\nt+1 f ! side ( ,/4 ,john z well z f t ( ! ,synoptics4 ,i h already allud$ to ! fundam5tal mi/ake t is s (t5 made ( judg+ ! ,gospel z ?\gh x 7 n a ,gospel1 b a biography4 ,if ! au?or _h be5 writ+ a biography l 7e4 g47 ,mr4 ,morley's ,life ( ,glad/one1 he w\ld h felt himself b\nd to cov] ! :ole ( ! gr\nd4 ,he w\ld h _h to sket* ! :ole ( 8 h]o's c>e]4 ,he w\ld h _h to obs]ve a due proportion betwe5 its diff]5t p>ts4 ,if ! h]o _h sp5t "p ( 8 life 9 ,engl&1 & "p ( x 9 ! ,colonies1 ea* ( ^! %\ld h _h ju/ice done to x4 ,b ! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 "u no su* obligation4 ,8 object 0 n to write a complete & connect$ hi/ory4 ,! ,gospel is n a hi/ory1 b a s]ies ( sc5es1 *os5 ) a view to a p>ticul> purpose ( :i* ,i %all h to speak lat]4 ,= t purpose geography did n matt]3 x 0 q indiff]5t :e!r ! sc5e 0 laid 9 ,judaea or 9 ,galilee4 ,b !re 0 a sub-curr5t 9 ! au?or's m9d :i* l$ him to supplem5t ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & to notice "s ?+s :i* !y _h omitt$4 ,p]haps ?is 0 "o ( ! reasons t l$ him to s+le out by pref]5ce ,judaean sc5es4 ,& p]haps ^? sc5es really l5t !mselves bett] to ! object t he _h 9 view4 ,! simple peasants ( ,galilee ne$$ moral tea*+2 :]eas ! !ologically m9d$ inhabitants ( ,judaea call$ out m ( a !ology4 ,if ! writ] ( ! ,gospel _h 8 home 7or a home7 at ,j]usalem1 x w\ld be only natural t he w\ld give prom95ce to sc5es enact$ !re4 ,b 9 any case x is to be obs]v$ t ! ,gospel by no means excludes a ,galilean m9i/ry1 b r presupposes x4 ,we are expressly told 79 iv4 #dd7 ( ! reason :i* caus$ ,jesus to retire f ,judaea to ,galilee1 & x is r impli$ t ! /ay !re w\ld be ( consid]able duration4 7#8,aft] ! two days he w5t =? f !nce into ,galilee4 ,= ,jesus himself te/ifi$1 t a prophet ha? no hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry4'7 ,aga91 9 vii4 #d1 ! bre?r5 ( ,jesus taunt ,him ) avoid+ ! head qu>t]s ( ,judaism4 ,_! words imply t ,8 "w _h be5 done 9 ! obscurity ( a prov9ce 7#8,no man doe? any?+ 9 secret1 & himself seeke? to be kn[n op5ly'74 ,he _h n z yet manife/$ ,himself to ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we come to exam9e ! evid5ce ( ! ,synoptics we f9d t x too is by no means s cle> z x might seem at fir/ sight4 ,f ! critical po9t ( view :at we h to deal ) is n our ,gospels z we h !m1 b ! orig9al docum5ts out ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,?us _! evid5ce is really r$uc$ to t ( ! ma9 docum5t1 :i* is common to all ?ree & is practically id5tical ) our pres5t ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,! second lead+ docum5t1 commonly kn[n z ! ,logia1 0 a collection 79 ! ma97 ( say+s ) v few exact notes ( place or "t2 & "o or two allusions 9 ?is w\ld p]haps be bett] satisfi$ by a ,judaean m9i/ry4 ,9 any case t w\ld be true ( ! special s\rce1 or s\rces1 ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,= in/ance1 ! /ory ( ,m>y & ,m>?a 7,luke x4 #ch-db7 po9ts to ,be?any2 & p>ables l ^? ( ! ,good ,sam>itan & ! ,ph>isee & ! ,publican w\ld h m local col\r if deliv]$ 9 or ne> ,j]usalem4 ,go+ back to ! gr\nd-docum5t1 we mu/ rememb] t t too does n pr(ess to be a biography3 x is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se a ,gospel1 ! ma9 object ( :i* is to produce belief4 ,if we may accept ! well-atte/$ tradition z to its orig9--t x 0 put toge!r f mat]ial suppli$ by ! occasional prea*+ ( ,/4 ,pet]--complet5ess & consecutiv5ess are n :at we %\ld look =4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is ,gospel 0 really full ( gaps1 into :i* !re is no?+ to prev5t u f ins]t+ su* s\?w>d excursions z we f9d describ$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is true t !re is some?+ r /range 9 ! fact t our ,second ,gospel %\ld be s pr$om9antly tak5 up ) ,galilee4 ,no?+ t we "k q s]ves to expla9 ?is4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 ! unsolv$ problem has m to d ) ,/4 ,m>k ?an ) ,/4 ,john4 ,! antec$5t probabilities ( ! case are really 9 fav\r ( ,/4 ,john's n>rative & n aga9/ x4 ,x is n likely t a pi\s ,jew w\ld neglect ! comm& to appe> be=e ! ,"l 9 ,j]usalem4 ,nei!r is x likely t a religi\s re=m] w\ld be cont5t to "w & tea* only 9 a prov9ce4 #8,x _c be t a prophet p]i% out ( ,j]usalem' 7,luke xiii4 #cc7 is a ,synoptic say+2 & x w\ld be /range if ! prophet only w5t to ,j]usalem to die4 ,x may be true t "s ( ! traces ( acqua9tance ) inhabitants ( ,judaea1 su* z ! own]s ( ! ass requisition$ = ! public entry into ,j]usalem & ( ! upp] room 9 :i* ! la/ ,passov] 0 eat51 might be acc\nt$ = by visits paid to ! s\? be=e ! active m9i/ry ( ,jesus began4 ,b ?is w\ld n hold s well ( cases l ^? ( ,judas ,isc>iot & ,joseph ( ,arima?aea1 ^: relation to ,jesus is associat$ ) ,8 religi\s "w4 ,( c\rse ! pro( is n decisive2 b bo? ^! & _m o!r indications w\ld be bett] satisfi$ if ! m9i/ry _h really be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,judaea z well z ,galilee4 ,9 t case we %\ld bett] und]/& :y ! ,ph>isees s5t emiss>ies to ! nor? to wat* :at 0 go+ on 7,m>k iii4 #bb1 vii4 #a71 & also h[ ev5ts gradually l$ up to ! f9al crisis2 h[ ! populace 0 work$ up to ! en?usiasm :i* greet$ ! public entry1 & h[ ! ho/ility ( ! rul]s 0 deep5$ until x c\ld be satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( dea?4 ,if ! ,synoptic n>rative _h /ood alone1 ! cata/rophe w\ld be too sudd5 & abrupt4 ii4 ,! ,duration ( ! ,m9i/ry4 ,! "q z to ! l5g? ( our ,"l's m9i/ry is alli$ to t z to its place4 ,z to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld n be prep>$ to speak ) q s mu* confid5ce4 ,antec$5tly we h no suffici5t means ( say+ :e!r a p]iod ( a little ov] "o ye> or a little ov] two ye>s w\ld be m probable4 ,ov] su* "w a ye> is soon gone2 & ! relation ( ! diff]5t ,synoptic docum5ts to ea* o!r seems to %[ t all are b fragm5t>y & give an imp]fect acc\nt ( ! ev5ts4 ,! pluck+ ( ! e>s ( corn 7or #8gra91' ,am]4 ,r4 ,v47 has be5 tak5 to po9t to ! occurr5ce ( a ,passov] 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,galilean m9i/ry1 because x w\ld be at ,passov] "t t ! gra9 0 beg9n+ to rip54 ,we _c press ?is v f>2 ! incid5t may h occurr$ 7if we h n to "w 9 ! ,johannean n>rative z well7 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry4 ,on ! o!r h& x is j possible t ,/4 ,john's /ory may be compress$ )9 ! %ort] limits4 ,all turns on ! read+ ( ,john vi4 #d1 :]e x is well kn[n t !re is /rong patri/ic evid5ce = omitt+ #8! ,passov]1' s t ?is fea/1 l t 9 v]4 #a1 w\ld be unnam$4 ,at ! same "t read+s t re/ entirely on patri/ic quotations are notori\sly prec>i\s2 & ,i %\ld hesitate z mu* to lay /ress on ?is po9t z on ! o!r4 ,if ,i myself give ! pref]5ce to ! ,johannean reckon+1 x w\ld be n because ,i ?\ght t a cle> case c\ld be made out = x 9 itself1 b only on ! gr\nd ( ! g5]al sup]iority ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 *ronological precision4 iii4 ,! ,cleans+ ( ! ,temple4 ,ano!r well-kn[n diff]5ce is t z to ! place assign$ to ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ?is comes at ! beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry1 & 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels at ! end4 ,really ! opposition is only betwe5 "o docum5t & ano!r4 ,! ?ree ,synoptics h 9 ?is in/ance a s+le base1 :i* is practically our ,/4 ,m>k4 ,9 matt]s ( *ronology ! au?ority ( ?is docum5t does n rank v high2 s t on ext]nal gr\nds x is possible en\gh t ! ,f\r? ,gospel %\ld be pref]r$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 assum$ t ! int]nal gr\nds 9 ?is case outweigh ! ext]nal4 ,x is held t s /rong a measure z ! expulsion ( ! buy]s & sell]s c\ld only fall 9 ! lat] p]iod1 :5 ! t5sion betwe5 ! two sides 0 rea*+ its climax & ! end 0 draw+ ne>4 ,i am n sure t ?is is n to exagg]ate ! significance ( ! action4 ,x is really v mu* 9 ! _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 ,comp>$ 7e4 g47 to ! slaught] ( ,baal's prophets by ,elijah1 x may well seem a small ?+4 ,i agree t ! act 0 9 ! /rict s5se ,messianic r ?an prophetic4 ,?is ,i ?9k comes out 9 ! say+1 #8,make n my ,fa!r's h\se a h\se ( m]*&ise' 7,john ii4 #af74 ,& yet1 :5 we rememb] t ! ,"l _h n long be=e come up f ,8 baptism 9 ! ,jordan1 & /ill _h ! ,div9e ,voice proclaim+ ,8 son%ip z x 7 s\nd+ 9 ,8 e>1 x seems natural en\gh t ,he %\ld m>k ! beg9n+ ( ,8 m9i/ry by "s emphatic act4 ,! consci5ce ( ! by/&]s w\ld be on ,8 side1 & "o c\ld well und]/& t !y w\ld be aba%$ & make no def5ce1 l ! accus]s ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y4 ,= ^! reasons x seems to me t ! inf]iority ( ,/4 ,john's v]sion is n s self-evid5t z is suppos$4 ,if x 71 h[ 0 x t ! ,evangeli/ came to *ange ! accept$ /ory z x rea*$ him8 ,at ! same "t ,i q all[ t memory may h play$ him false4 ,! po9t is n really ( any great importance1 & ,i w\ld n ask = m ?an t ! "q %\ld be kept op54 iv4 ,! ,date ( ! ,la/ ,supp] & ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,few subjects connect$ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel are m difficult & m complicat$ ?an ?is "q ( ! date 7i4 e4 ! day ( ! mon?7 ( ! ,la/ ,supp] & ! ,crucifixion4 ,z ! texts /& !re is a real diff]5ce betwe5 ! dates assign$ to ^! ev5ts 9 ! ,synoptics & 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,!re is agreem5t z to ! day ( ! week4 ,9 any case ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 eat5 on ! ev5+ ( ,?ursday1 & our ,"l suff]$ on ! aft]noon ( ,friday4 ,b accord+ to ! ,synoptics ?is ,?ursday w\ld be ,nisan #ad1 ?\gh on ! ,jewi% reckon+ 7:i* c\nt$ ! days f sunset to sunset7 ! ,la/ ,supp] w\ld fall on ! beg9n+ ( ,nisan #ae4 ,! ,supp] itself w\ld be ! regul> passov]1 & ! ,crucifixion w h tak5 place aft] ! passov]4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,john we are expressly told t ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 held #8be=e ! passov]' 7xiii4 #a71 on :at we %\ld call ! ev5+ ( ,nisan #ac1 & ! ,jews ! beg9n+ ( ,nisan #ad2 & our ,"l w h suff]$ on ! aft]noon ( ! foll[+ day1 t /ill belong$ to ,nisan #ad1 & ,8 dea? w h tak5 place at ! "t devot$ to ! slaught] ( ! ,pas*al lambs 7#c-e p4m474 ,x is said t ?is date is *os5 = typological reasons1 to id5tify ,*ri/ z ! true ,pas*al ,lamb4 ,if t is s1 ! ,evangeli/ has at lea/ n said a ^w to emphasize ! po9t1 & to appreciate its significance we h to g to ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 v4 #g1 #8,= our passov] also ha? be5 sacrific$1 ev5 ,*ri/'74 ,b ! argum5t may j z well be inv]t$1 & ,/4 ,paul may be tak5 z corroborat+ ! /atem5t 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is inde$1 z ,i _c b ?9k 9 ?is z 9 o!r cases1 m probable t ! fact gave rise to ! idea1 ?an t ! idea came fir/ & 0 aft]w>ds translat$ into fact4 ,!re does n1 !re=e1 seem to be any real presumption aga9/ ! accuracy ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,probably1 if ! tru? 7 kn[n1 ! presumption s f> z x w5t w\ld be r 9 its fav\r1 f ! e>ly date & excell5t "* ( ! evid5ce suppli$ by ,/4 ,paul4 ,b :5 we come to comp>e ! two n>ratives 9 detail1 ! fav\rable presumption is increas$ by ! fact t1 :]eas ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ?r\gh\t entirely consi/5t ) itself1 ! ,synoptics are by no means s consi/5t4 ,an int]e/+ po9t 0 rais$ by ! late ,dr4 ,*wolson1 an em95t ,russian savant1 :o 0 a great au?ority on ?+s ,jewi%--he 0 a ,jew by bir?1 ?\gh he embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 & became ,pr(essor at ,/4 ,pet]sburg & a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy4 ,9 an elaborate monograph1 ,das letzte ,passamahl ,*ri/i und d] ,tag se9es ,todes 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahib71 ,dr4 ,*wolson tri$ ) great le>n+ & +5uity to br+ ! ,synoptic n>rative into h>mony ) t ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! attempt 0 c>efully exam9$ by ,dr4 ,s*r]#ed1 & ,i am n prep>$ to say t x 0 successful4 ,b ,i am n sure t "o ( ! items 9 ,dr4 ,*wolson's criticism ( ! ,synoptic /ory 0 completely dispos$ (1 ev5 ?\gh s =midable a triad z ,s*r] himself1 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann & ,zahn agree 9 tak+ ! o!r side4 ,! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels all place ! ,la/ ,supp] on ! ev5+ ( #8! fir/ day ( unleav5$ bread1 :5 !y sacrific$ ! passov]' 7,m>k xiv4 #ab3 cf4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ag1 ,luke xxii4 #g74 ,*wolson *all5ges ! accuracy ( ?is expression & ass]ts t #8,f ! ,mosaic writ+s d[n to ! ,book ( ,jubilees 7*ap4 xlix71 ,philo1 ,flavius ,josephus1 ! ,pale/9ian ,t>gum ascrib$ to ,jona?an b5 ,uziel1 ! ,mi%nah1 ! ,talmud1 ! ,rabb9ical writ+s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 inde$ d[n to ! pres5t day1 ! ,jews h always und]/ood by ! expression 8! fir/ day ( ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread10 only ! #ae? ( ! mon?1 nev] ! #ad?4' ,!re is some?+ ( an answ] to ?is criticism2 & x is p]haps made good t by a laxity ( expression ! ,synopti/s might write z !y h done4 ,( c\rse ! fundam5tal text is t ( ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,*wolson's +5i\s solution by em5d+ ! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w is s mu* lab\r ?r[n away4 ,/ill ! compreh5sive /atem5t z to ,jewi% usage does n seem to be invalidat$1 & ! laxity ( expression rema9s some:at curi\s4 ,i c conceive x possible t ! ,synopti/s may be br\ght into clos] agreem5t ) ,/4 ,john--p]haps on ! l9es ( a pap] by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,box 7,j\rn4 ( ,!ol4 ,/udies1 ,april1 #aijb71 :i* ,i am glad to see is spok5 ( ) "s approval by ,dr4 ,drummond--on ! hypo!sis t ! meal ( :i* our ,"l & ,8 disciples p>took 0 really ! c]emony ( ,kidd%1 a solemn #8sanctification' :i* prec$$ ! weekly ,sabba? & great fe/ivals l ! ,passov]4 ,b 9 any case ! ,synoptic v]sion is too mu* burd5$ by contradictions to be tak5 z x /&s4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 (t5 po9t$ out ,9 ,m>k xiv4 #b 7,matt4 xxvi4 #e7 we are expressly told t ! ,sanh$r9 det]m9$ to arre/ ,jesus1 b #8n dur+ ! fea/1' le/ !re %\ld be a tumult among ! p4 ,b1 accord+ to ! ,synoptic acc\nt1 x 0 on ! mo/ sacr$ day ( ! fea/1 & aft] ! ,passov] _h be5 eat51 t ! arre/ 0 c>ri$ out4 ,fur!r1 we obs]ve t al?\gh ! ,la/ ,supp] is describ$ z a ,passov]1 !re is no h9t or allusion to its mo/ *>act]i/ic feature1 ! pas*al lamb4 ,! ev5ts ( ! night w\ld involve sacrilege = a dev\t ,jew4 ,on su* a holy day x 0 n all[$ to be> arms2 & yet ,pet] is arm$1 & ! s]vants ( ! ,high ,prie/1 if n !mselves arm$1 accompany an arm$ p>ty4 ,!n we h ! hurri$ meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 :o1 accord+ to ! ,synoptic v]sion1 w\ld h j ris5 f ! pas*al meal4 ,jesus is tak5 to ! praetorium ( ! ,roman ,gov]nor1 to ent] :i* w\ld cause defilem5t1 & t on ! mo/ sacr$ day ( ! fea/4 ,simon ( ,cyr5e is repres5t$ z com+ 9 f ! c\ntry1 :i* ?\gh p]haps n necess>ily imply+ a work+ day1 looks m l x ?an a day treat$ z a sabba?4 ,! ha/e ) :i* ! bodies 7 tak5 d[n f ! cross is acc\nt$ = by ! sanctity ( a day t is ab\t to beg91 n ( "o t is j end+ 7,m>k xv4 #db74 ,if x _h be5 ! latt]1 ,joseph ( ,arima?aea c\ld n h #8b\ght' ! l95 clo? 9 :i* ! body 0 laid4 ,we may add to ! above a po9t specially br\ght out by ,mr4 ,box4 #8,9 all ! acc\nts x is noticeable t "o cup only is m5tion$ :i* 0 p>tak5 ( by all2 :]eas at ! ,passov] a special po9t is made ( ea* man br++ 8 own cup to dr9k f4' ,x seems on ! :ole to be safe to say t if ! two acc\nts are to be h>moniz$1 x is n ,/4 ,john :o w ne$ to be correct$ f ! ,synopti/s1 b ! ,synopti/s :o w h to be correct$ by ,/4 ,john4 ,& ! result ( ! inve/igation on :i* we h be5 engag$ w be t1 ( ! f\r po9ts commonly alleg$ aga9/ ! ,gospel1 two are m or less cle>ly 9 its fav\r1 & ! rema9+ two are n m ?an op5 que/ions on :i* ei!r side may be "r4 ,ev5 if ! inve/igation _h be5 m adv]se ?an x is1 x w\ld by no means h foll[$ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 n ! "w ( an eye-witness3 b its position appe>s to be /r5g!n$ r ?an ! rev]se4 ,,ii4 ,! alleg$ ,want ( ,developm5t 9 ,/4 ,john's ,n>rative4 ,m s]i\s ?an any criticism 9 detail is ! g5]al objection t ! n>rative ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel does n1 l ! gr\nd-docum5t ( ! ,synoptics1 supply a reasonable & natural evolution ( ev5ts4 ,x is said--& n )\t cause--t 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel we see ! end f ! v beg9n+4 ,:]eas 9 ! ,synoptics1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,jesus does n at fir/ put ,himself =w>d z ! ,messiah1 & is n recogniz$ z su* ev5 by ,8 disciples be=e ! ,confession ( ,/4 ,pet]1 or by ! public be=e ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem2 9 ! v fir/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john ,he is twice ov] greet$ z ! ,messiah 7v]s4 #da1 #de7 & twice describ$ z ! ,son ( ,god 7v]s4 #cd1 #di71 & ! ,bapti/ also at ?is e>ly /age already po9ts to ,him z #8! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w' 7v]4 #bi1 cf4 #cf74 ,nor is x en\gh t ,8 disciples are said to h believ$ on ,him f ! fir/ 7ii4 #aa71 b we are also told t 9 ,j]usalem at ! ,passov] #8_m believ$ on 8 "n' 7ii4 #bc74 ,9 *ap4 iii advanc$ tea*+ is giv5 to ,nicodemus1 & ,john ! ,bapti/ is repres5t$ z us+ v exalt$ language ab\t ,him 7iii4 #ca-f74 ,9 *ap4 iv ,jesus reveals ,himself z ! ,messiah to ! ,sam>itan woman 7v]4 #bf72 & we are n only told t _m ( ! ,sam>itans believ$ on ,him1 b t !y actually ackn[l$g$ ,him z #8! ,savi\r ( ! _w' 7v]s4 #ci-db74 ,9 *ap4 v ,he is accus$ ( #8mak+ himself equal ) ,god' 7v]4 #ah74 ,9 *ap4 vi ! p are s c>ri$ away by en?usiasm t !y want to =ce ,him to place ,himself at _! head 7v]4 #ae72 & once m v advanc$ tea*+ is imp>t$ 7v]s4 #bf-eh74 ,^! e>li] *apt]s are ! m important because 9 ! latt] "p ( ! m9i/ry ! advanc$ tea*+ t we f9d may seem m 9 place4 ,! difficulty t we h to deal ) is ?reefold3 x relates p>tly to ! anticipat$ confessions1 p>tly to ! free use ( ! ^w #8believ$1' & p>tly to ! advanc$ "* ( ! tea*+4 ,?is la/ po9t may be dealt ) m appropriately :5 we come to speak ( ! tea*+ g5]ally2 b ! o!r two call = consid]ation at once4 ,be=e pass+ on to ?is1 ,i %\ld l to say frankly t ,i am n go+ to d5y or to m9imize ! facts4 ,i d n hone/ly believe t ev]y?+ happ5$ exactly z x is1 or seems to be1 report$4 ,b 9 say+ ?is ,i mu/ add t ,i also d n believe t1 ev5 if ! argum5t 7 made good to ! full ext5t t is alleg$1 x w\ld at all decisively impugn ! conclusion at :i* we h hi!rto seem$ to arrive--t ! ,gospel is really ! "w ( an eye-witness & ( ,/4 ,john4 ,9 look+ back ov] a di/ant pa/ x is always difficult to keep ! true p]spective2 ! m9d is apt to =get1 or at lea/ to =e%ort51 ! process by :i* its beliefs h be5 rea*$2 & :5 once a settl$ conviction has be5 =m$ x is treat$ z ?\gh x _h be5 pres5t f ! beg9n+4 ,x w\ld h be5 /range inde$ if ! ag$ disciple _h n[h]e all[$ ! *]i%$ beliefs ( m ?an half a lifetime to col\r ! tell+ ( 8 /ory1 or to project !mselves backw>ds into ^? e>ly days :5 8 fai? 0 n z yet ripe b only rip5+4 ,x w\ld n 9 ! lea/ di/urb our conclusion to admit1 t 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! ,gospel !re are a numb] ( expressions t are height5$ 9 "* & m def9ite 9 =m ?an ^? t 7 really us$4 i4 ,anticipat$ ,confessions4 ,:at has j be5 said w apply especially to ! t]ms 9 :i* ! fir/ disciples :o ga!r$ r\nd our ,"l are describ$ z giv+ 9 _! adhesion4 ,! au?or ( ! ,gospel 0 himself a conv9c$ ,*ri/ian--a ,*ri/ian s conv9c$ t he c\ld h>dly recall ! "t :5 he _h be5 any?+ else4 ,x 0 natural to him to ?9k ( 8 comrades 9 ! fai? z he ?\ght ( himself4 ,& if he puts into _! m\?s /rong] expressions ?an !y actually us$1 x 0 only a little ant$at+ ! fact4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 x is a "q :e!r we ourselves d n read into ! words m ?an !y really conta94 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! half-c5tury1 or r m1 be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem 0 a "t ( high-/rung expectation on ! "p ( ! ,jews4 ,! belief t ! ,messiah 0 ab\t to appe> 0 widely diffus$ among all classes ( ! p4 ,x 0 ?is belief :i* gave a transi5t success to ! _m pret5d]s ( :om we read 9 ! ,acts & 9 ! pages ( ,josephus4 ,!re 0 ! feel+ t ! ,messiah might come at any mom5t1 & no ,jew w\ld h be5 surpris$ if ,he _h appe>$ 9 8 own imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,vague rum\rs 7 ev]y:]e ab\t1 & we may be sure w\ld readily atta* !mselves to individuals4 ,x is probable en\gh t among ! cr[ds :i* ga!r$ r\nd ! ,bapti/ ?is expectation 0 ev5 m rife ?an else:]e4 ,^? :o came to 8 baptism1 we may well believe1 7 among ! mo/ e>ne/1 ! mo/ patriotic1 & ! mo/ sangu9e spirits ( ! nation4 ,t little gr\ps1 unit$ by local ties1 w\ld be readily =m$1 & readily seek to atta* !mselves to "o :o seem$ to possess ! qualities ( a lead]1 w\ld be only :at we %\ld expect4 ,& if _! en?usiasm 0 easily ar\s$1 t w\ld be all 9 h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! anticipations 9 ^! e>ly *apt]s is ! ann\ncem5t attribut$ to ! ,bapti/1 #8,behold1 ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w6' ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,bapti/ _h a prophetic gift4 ,9 all our au?orities he is repres5t$ z pr$ict+ ! com+ greatness ( 8 successor4 ,b x 0 "o ?+ to feel a dim pres5tim5t ( a mission high] ?an 8 own1 & ano!r ?+ to pr$ict = t mission at ! v outset a =m :i* x did inde$ actually take1 b :i* x seems impossible t any?+ %\ld h sugge/$ at ! mom5t4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a bett] example ( :at we may call ! #8int]pretative function' ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,x is evid5t t ! ev5ts ( ^! fir/ days made ! deepe/ impression ^u him1 an impression t no lapse ( "t c\ld oblit]ate4 ,c]ta9ly some?+ occurr$ :i* 9 lat] ye>s gave its %ape to ?is rem>kable say+4 ,9 ! next *apt] we h a simil> say+1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is fully relat$3 #8,:5 !re=e he 0 rais$ f ! dead1 8 disciples rememb]$ t he spake ?is2 & !y believ$ ! scripture1 & ! ^w :i* ,jesus _h said4' ,9 ?is case ! :ole process 0 consci\sly realiz$2 ! ,evangeli/ di/+ui%$ 9 8 own m9d betwe5 ! ^w z orig9ally spok5 & ! s5se :i* he 0 l$ to put ^u x4 ,may we n suppose t 9 reg>d to ! e>li] say+ a simil> process w5t on1 b ) j ! diff]5ce t x 0 9 great "p unconsci\s1 & n consci\s8 ,! ,bapti/ is repres5t$ z repeat+ 8 exclamation twice2 b on ! second occasion ! qualify+ clause is dropp$2 ! words are only1 #8,behold1 ! ,lamb ( ,god6' ,is x n possible t ?is1 or some?+ l x1 is all t 0 actually spok58 ,p]haps n s mu* ev5 z ?is2 b 9 "s way or o!r we may believe t ! ,bapti/ did1 z a matt] ( fact1 comp>e ! ,figure approa*+ him to a lamb4 ,?is comp>ison sank deep into ! m9d ( "o at lea/ ( 8 he>]s2 & imp]ceptibly ! words fill$ out ) all ! full religi\s significance ( ! lamb--! pas*al lamb1 ! lamb dumb be=e 8 %e>]s1 ! suff]+ ,s]vant1 ^: suff]+s 7 also an atonem5t1 ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,?is is a process :i* psy*ologically we c foll[4 ,b "h1 z 9 s _m o!r places1 we c foll[ x f> m easily1 if we take z our />t+-po9t "s actual phrase :i* ! ,evangeli/ _h he>d & :i* _h lodg$ 9 8 m9d1 ?an if we are compell$ to reg>d x z pure inv5tion4 ,we may well ask :at conceivable tra9 ( ?\ght c\ld put x into ! head ( a second-c5tury writ] to introduce s /range & remote a ?\ght at a po9t 9 8 n>rative ) :i* x seems to h no natural connexion4 ii4 ,! ,use ( ! ,^w #8,believe4' ,i h long suspect$ t "o ( ! reasons = ! app>5t want ( progressive developm5t 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel has be5 ! ambiguity ( its use ( ! ^w #8believe4' ,we are told f ! fir/ t disciples & o!rs #8believ$1' & x is natural en\gh t we %\ld take ! ^w 9 ! full s5se ( complete conv]sion & acceptance ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t to d s is to read into ! ^w a great deal m ?an ! writ] int5d$4 ,we d n make suffici5t all[ance = ! extreme simplicity ( 8 vocabul>y4 ,he has b "o ^w to d5ote all ! diff]5t /ages ( belief4 ,we mu/ att5d closely to ! context if we w\ld see :5 he means ! fir/ dawn+ ( belief & :5 he means full conviction4 ,_m times ov] he uses ! ^w ( :at mu/ h be5 a q transi5t impression4 ,! impression might be confirm$ & become root$1 or x might pass rapidly away4 ,z appli$ to memb]s ( ! ,twelve ! ^w d5otes successive /ages ( acceptance1 culm9at+--b ev5 !n only provisionally--9 ,/4 ,pet]'s confession4 ,z appli$ to ! ,sam>itans & to ! mix$ cr[ds 9 ,galilee & ,j]usalem1 ! ^w probably does n cov] m ?an fa9t /irr+s ( curiosity & emotion :i* lightly came & lightly pass$ away4 ,"o example ( ! use ( ! ^w is especially int]e/+4 ,! writ] is speak+ ( ! visit ( ,pet] & ! unnam$ disciple to ! tomb1 & he tells h[1 aft] ,pet] _h ent]$1 ! o!r disciple also ent]$1 #8& he saw1 & believ$' 7xx4 #h72 b he imm$iately adds3 #8,= z yet !y knew n ! scripture1 t he mu/ rise aga9 f ! dead4' ,we might p]haps p>aphrase3 #8,! wond] ( ! resurrection began to dawn ^u !m1 ?\gh !y 7 n prep>$ = x4 ,at a lat] date !y came to und]/& t prophecy _h di/9ctly po9t$ to x1 & t ! :ole mission ( ! ,messiah w\ld h be5 incomplete )\t x3 b z yet ?is 0 hidd5 f !m4 ,!y saw t some?+ my/]i\s _h happ5$1 & !y felt t :at _h happ5$ 0 pr(\ndly important2 z yet !y c\ld n say m4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds a full belief _h be5 tak51 ?\gh ! full belief itself 0 /ill 9 ! future4' iii4 ,traces ( ,developm5t 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,s f> ,i h n que/ion$ ! indictm5t t ! ,gospel is want+ 9 hi/orical developm5t4 ,all t ,i h done has be5 to urge "s mitigat+ or qualify+ consid]ations4 ,b ,i believe t ! ext5t )9 :i* x c be said t !re is no developm5t1 & t ! end appe>s f ! beg9n+1 is (t5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,! unfav\rable in/ances are obs]v$ & ! fav\rable are neglect$4 ,if1 in/ead ( fix+ our att5tion ^u :at is said ( ! disciples 9 ! fir/ few *apt]s1 we 7 to look at ! attitude ( ^? :o are n disciples f *ap4 vii onw>ds1 we %\ld f9d a /ate ( ?+s diff]+ some:at f our expectations1 & "o t really be>s out ! ,synoptic v]sion ( ! great res]ve & retic5ce ) :i* ! claims ( ,*ri/ 7 prosecut$4 ,use has already be5 made ( ! op5+ p>agraph ( *ap4 vii to %[ t 9 ! conception ( ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ z well z 9 t ( 8 pr$ecessors ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ _h be5 9 ! ma9 c>ri$ on 9 a prov9ce & n 9 ,judaea or ,j]usalem4 ,! evid5ce ( ! same passage1 & inde$ ( ! :ole *apt]1 is n less cle> t ,he did n g ab\t def9itely proclaim+ ,himself z ! ,messiah1 b t ,he left ,8 claim to be inf]r$1 & d\btfully inf]r$1 f ! indirect implications ( ,8 tea*+4 ,! bre?r5 ( ,jesus ins9uate t ,he %rank f putt+ ,8 claims really to ! te/4 ,x 0 a p>adox to suppose t ,he c\ld "w 9 secret1 & yet expect public recognition4 ,if ,he desir$ ?is ,he %\ld g ab\t ! "r way to obta9 x2 ,he %\ld come =w>d to ! front ( ! /age1 :]e ,he c\ld be se5 & kn[n 7vii4 #c1 #d74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! answ] :i* ! bre?r5 receiv$ implies t ! "t = ?is complete manife/ation 0 n yet come2 x 0 to come be=e ,8 "w 0 f9i%$1 b ! h\r _h n yet /ruck4 ,aga91 :5 ,jesus does at la/ g up to ! fea/1 ! cr[ds beg9 to speculate ab\t ,him2 b _! speculations are z yet q vague4 ,0 ,he really a good man or a deceiv]8 7v]4 #ab74 ,_h ,he really a mission f ,god8 7v]s4 #ae-ah74 ,only by degrees d "s ?r[ out ! t5tative "q1 #8,c x be t ! rul]s inde$ "k t ?is is ! ,*ri/8#8 ,!y ?r[ out ! "q1 b !y seem incl9$ = !mselves to answ] x 9 ! negative 7v]s4 #bf1 #bg74 ,o!rs ?9k t ev5 ! ,*ri/1 :5 ,he came1 w\ld n d great] wond]s 7v]4 #ca74 ,z ^! discussions w5t on1 "s 7 embold5$ to g fur!r1 & express$ ! belief t ,jesus 0 really t great ,prophet :om !y 7 expect+4 ,yet o!rs--b /ill t5tatively--return$ to ! idea t ,he may be ! ,*ri/4 ,b no soon] d !y sugge/ ?is ?an !y are met by ! reply t ! ,*ri/ mu/ be born at ,be?lehem1 & _c come out ( ,galilee4 ,?us !re is a division ( op9ion1 & no advance is made 7v]s4 #dj-c74 ,?is t5tative & int]rogative attitude is n conf9$ to ! cr[ds4 ,ev5 9 ! ,sanh$r9 itself1 ?\gh ! great majority scornfully reject ,him1 !re is at lea/ "o 7,nicodemus7 :o pleads t ! accus$ %\ld be he>d be=e ,he is condemn$4 ,he too is met by ! same te/2 #8out ( ,galilee arise? no prophet' 7v]s4 #de-eb74 ,x is v cle> t no %>ply def9$ issue 0 set be=e ! p4 ,!y are left to draw _! own conclusions2 & !y draw !m z well z !y c by ! help ( su* crit]ia z !y h4 ,b !re is no ,entw$]-od]--ei!r ,messiah or n ,messiah--p]emptorily prop\nd$ by ,jesus ,himself4 ,nor does ?is /ate ( ?+s la/ only to ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,x /ill cont9ues at ! end ( ! ,decemb] be=e ! ,passion4 ,at ! ,fea/ ( ! ,enca5ia1 z ,jesus is walk+ 9 ,solomon's ,por*1 ! ,jews are repres5t$ z com+ r\nd ,him & say+ to ,him1 #8h[ long do/ ?\ hold u 9 susp5se 7 78 ,if ?\ art ! ,*ri/1 tell u pla9ly' 7x4 #bd74 ,x is evid5t t up to ?is po9t1 s ne> ! end1 ! claim ( ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/ _h nev] be5 s pla9ly made z to be a matt] ( notoriety4 ,x is true t ,jesus repli$1 #8,i told y1 & ye believ$ n4' ,! ref]5ce no d\bt is to ! r enigmatical say+s f\nd 9 ?is ,gospel4 ,b ev5 f ^! x w\ld seem t ! inf]5ce 0 n direct & inevitable2 & our ,"l is repres5t$ z go+ on to appeal n to ,8 words1 b to ,8 works 7v]4 #be74 ,z to ! nature ( ! say+s1 !re w be m to be said lat]4 ,b ! broad conclusion seems to be t ! writ] ( ?is ,gospel is z cle>ly consci\s z any ( ! ,synopti/s ( ! real c\rse ( ev5ts1 & t he too 0 well aw>e t ! ,messiah1 :5 ,he came1 _h n =c$ a p]emptory claim ^u an unwill+ p4 ,x may ?us be se5 t ! anticipat$ confessions ( ! e>ly *apt]s1 :atev] we may o!rwise ?9k ( !m1 are really subord9ate & 7s to speak7 accid5tal2 ! ma9 c\rse ( ! m9i/ry is n conceiv$ diff]5tly 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel & 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,,iii4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,disc\rses4 ,ano!r ( ! objections br\ght aga9/ ! ,f\r? ,gospel t is n )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( f\ndation is t f ! nature ( ! ,disc\rses4 ,x is said ) "s degree ( tru? t ! disc\rses put into ! m\? ( our ,"l 9 ?is ,gospel are diff]5t f ^? 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,we notice at once t ! p>ables1 :i* contribute s mu* to our conception ( ! outw>d =m & mann] ( our ,"l's tea*+1 h dropp$ out4 ,:at ,/4 ,john calls by t "n1 al?\gh simil>1 is n exactly ! same ?+4 ,_m ( ! disc\rses are long]2 = in/ance1 t :i* is app>5tly address$ to ,nicodemus 9 *ap4 iii1 ! disc\rse aft] ! heal+ ( ! impot5t man 9 *ap4 v1 ! disc\rse 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum 9 *ap4 vi1 & ! la/ disc\rses 9 *aps4 xiv-xvii4 ,& we obs]ve fur!r t ! /yle ( _m p>ts ( ^! disc\rses1 :ile x is n l t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 corresponds rem>kably ) ! /yle ( ,/4 ,john's ,epi/les4 ,x is n ! case t ! spee*es 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel are sy/ematically long] ?an ^? 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,we p]haps h an impression t !y are2 b1 if s1 x is n borne out by ! facts4 ,= ! pro( ( ?is ,i may ref] to ! /ati/ics c>efully work$ out by ,dr4 ,drummond on p4 #bd4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! spee*es ( our ,"l 71 z ,ju/9 said1 #8%ort & concise4' ,!y _h no?+ 9 common ) ! elaborate compositions & r\nd$ p]iods ( ,greek rhetoric4 ,! type on :i* !y 7 modell$ 0 :olly diff]5t4 ,we f9d ! ne>e/ p>allel to x 9 ! s-call$ #8,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs' 7,pirke ,abo?74 ,ea* say+ is a sort ( aphorism2 & a long] disc\rse is only a /r+ ( aphorisms1 unless x takes ! =m ( a simple n>rative or description1 l ! p>ables 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels or allegories1 l ^? ( ! ,good ,%eph]d & ! ,v9e & its ,bran*es1 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,"o =m ( disc\rse1 t we may be sure mu/ h be5 common1 is m fully repres5t$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ?an 9 ! o!r ?ree2 ,i mean ! dialogue1 & 9 p>ticul> ! controv]sial dialogue1 gr[+ out ( "s natural occasion1 su* z ^? ( :i* ,i spoke 9 ! la/ lecture1 ! woman ( ,sam>ia's appeal to ! patri>* ,jacob1 ! ,jews' dem& = a sign l a gift ( manna1 ! practice ( circumcis+ on ! sabba? day1 ! *>ge ( demoniacal possession & ! claim ( ! ,jews to be ,abraham's *ildr54 ,in/ances l ^! mu/ be set d[n to ! cr$it ( ! ,gospel & n aga9/ x4 ,! long] disc\rses appe> to gr[ out ( ! aphori/ic say+s ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,( ^! aga9 ,dr4 ,drummond has made an ample collection 7pp4 #ah-bj74 ,b x is true t ! ,evangeli/ p]mits himself to dwell on su* say+s1 to repeat & en=ce !m by expansions ( 8 own1 :i* keep com+ back to ! same po9t4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t we are con/antly left 9 d\bt :]e ! words ( our ,"l end & ^? ( ! ,evangeli/ beg94 ,probably ! ,evangeli/ himself did n discrim9ate1 or ev5 try to discrim9ate4 ,a mod]n writ]1 9 simil> circum/ances1 w\ld feel oblig$ to ask himself :e!r ! words :i* he 0 sett+ d[n 7 really spok5 or n2 b !re is no reason to suppose t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel w\ld be consci\s ( any su* obligation4 ,he w\ld n pause to put to himself que/ions1 or to ex]cise consci\s self-criticism4 ,he w\ld j g on writ+ z ! _s mov$ him4 ,& ! consequ5ce is t hi/orical recollections & int]pretative reflection1 ! fruit ( ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 h come d[n to u inextricably bl5d$4 ,/4 ,paul 0 n a hi/orian1 or we may be sure t he w\ld h furni%$ abundant p>allels = ! sort ( proc$ure t we f9d 9 ,/4 ,john4 ,he is n a hi/orian1 b he does = once lapse into hi/ory1 & he does !n furni% a p>allel :i* has always seem$ to me v exact & v illum9at+4 ,y w rememb] 9 ,gal4 ii4 #aa ff4 ! acc\nt ( ! dispute ) ,/4 ,pet] at ,antio*4 ,! fir/ few v]ses are /rictly hi/orical2 b sudd5ly & )\t a ^w ( w>n+ ! ,apo/le glides into "o ( 8 own ab/ruse doctr9al argum5ts z to ju/ification by works ( law & by fai?4 ,:ile !re=e ,i q all[ t 9 any giv5 in/ance !re is ne$ = close scrut9y to det]m9e :at belongs to ! ,ma/] & :at to ! disciple1 ,i entirely repudiate ! inf]5ce t ,/4 ,john _c h writt5 ! ,gospel4 ,psy*ologically1 ! ,gospel is m intelligible if "o l ,/4 ,john wrote x1 "o :o drew ^u 8 own memories & 0 consci\s ( speak+ ) au?ority4 ,x is a me*anical &1 ,i believe1 really unt5able view to suppose t ! au?or has simply tak5 ov] c]ta9 ,synoptic say+s & adapt$ !m to 8 own ideas4 ,we =m = ourselves a f> tru] & m adequate conception if we ?9k ( ^! disc\rses z ! product ( a s+le liv+ exp]i5ce4 ,!y are f fir/ to la/ a "p ( ! au?or's self4 ,! recollections on :i* !y are bas$ are 8 own1 & x is 8 own m9d t has ins5sibly play$ ^u !m1 & %ap$ !m1 & work$ up 9 !m ! fruits ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,x is ?is t really con/itutes ! value ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is n a m]e inv5tion1 b x is ! result ( a /rong fir/-h& impression ( a wond]ful ,p]sonality4 ,x is a bl5d+ ( fact & int]pretation2 b ! int]pretation comes f "o :o _h an unique position & unique advantages = gett+ at ! he>t & tru? ( t :i* he s\ght to int]pret4 ,x is ! m9d ( ,*ri/1 se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o ( ! fir/ & close/ ( ,8 companions4 ,,iv4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ! ,sup]natural4 i4 ,! treatm5t ( ,miracle 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,i _c reg>d any?+ t we h hi!rto _h to deal ) z con/itut+ a sub/antial set-(f aga9/ ! argum5ts previ\sly urg$ = ! au!ntic & autoptic "* ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is o!rwise :5 we come to its mann] ( pres5t+ ! ,sup]natural4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! miracles 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :ile 9 ! ma9 !y run p>allel to ^? 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 yet d appe> to involve a c]ta9 height5+ ( ! effect4 ,! c\rti]'s s]vant is heal$ f a di/ance2 ! impot5t man _h be5 ?irty-&-eight ye>s 9 8 infirmity2 ! bl9d man :o 0 s5t to wa% 9 ! pool ( ,siloam _h be5 bl9d f 8 bir?2 ,laz>us _h la9 f\r days 9 ! tomb4 ,n only d ^! details imply an enhancem5t ( ! sup]natural1 b x seems t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel valu$ !m specially = t reason4 ,!y fall 9 entirely ) 8 purpose 9 writ+4 ,he sees 9 !m s _m /rik+ illu/rations ( ! glory ( ! ,*ri/4 ,he _h be5 himself ke5ly on ! wat* = ! manife/ations ( t glory1 & he delight$ to record !m 9 ! hope t !y might impress 8 read]s z !y _h impress$ him4 ,we mu/ n make too mu* ( ! details ,i h j m5tion$4 ,!re is no real diff]5ce ( pr9ciple4 ,! heal+ ( ! c5turion's s]vant is telepa?ic l t ( ! c\rti]'s son4 ,! woman ) ! issue ( blood _h be5 ill = twelve ye>s1 & _h sp5t all h] liv+ on physicians4 ,f ! way 9 :i* bl9d ,b>timaeus describes 8 s5sations we %\ld inf] t he too _h nev] _h 8 sight4 ,dea? is dea?2 & ,jairus's daught] & ! wid['s son at ,na9 7 z dead z ,laz>us4 ,really1 on ?is po9t1 !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! ,gospels1 z !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! docum5ts out ( :i* ! ,synoptics are compos$4 ,a common =m ( objection is t :i* lays /ress on ! isolation ( ! n>rative ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,s notable a miracle1 x is urg$1 w\ld h be5 sure to leave traces ( itself 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 ,& ,i q all[ t ! argum5t f sil5ce has m =ce "h ?an 9 _m ( ! o!r cases 9 :i* x is us$4 ,& yet ev5 "h x is easily1 & ,i feel sure x is (t51 mu* exagg]at$4 ,! only docum5t ( :i* ! au?or seems to h _h ! int5tion ( mak+ any sort ( collection ( miracles 0 ! gr\nd-docum5t ( ! ,synoptics--we may say1 our pres5t ,/4 ,m>k4 ,nei!r ! ,logia nor ! special s\rce or s\rces ( ,/4 ,luke d m ?an m5tion incid5tally a v few4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( ! way 9 :i* ,/4 ,m>k is said to h compos$ 8 ,gospel1 x is evid5t t 8 collection ( miracles c\ld n be 9 ! lea/ exhau/ive4 ,he 0 dep5d5t 9 ! ma9 ^u ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! object ( :i* 0 n hi/orical or biographical1 b ! edification ( its he>]s4 ,if x is true 7& x is z yet h>dly prov$7 t ,/4 ,m>k _h access also to ! ,logia1 t 0 a collection ( say+s r ?an ( acts4 ,s t !re is no "o s\rce t we %\ld expect to h any?+ l a complete enum]ation ( miracles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we turn to :at ,i h call$ ! special s\rce or s\rces ( ,/4 ,luke1 h[ vividly d !y br+ home to u ! incomplet5ess ( ! :ole previ\s record6 ,/4 ,m>k app>5tly tri$ to collect p>ables z well z miracles2 s also did ! ,logia4 ,& yet nei!r ( ^! docum5ts has any trace ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 or ! ,good ,sam>itan1 or ! ,ph>isee & ! ,publican1 or ! ,ri* ,man & ,laz>us1 or ! ,ri* ,man cut (f be=e he c\ld enjoy 8 weal?1 or ! ,importunate ,wid[1 or ! ,unrighte\s ,/ew>d4 ,we %\ld h ?\ght x incr$ible be=eh& t any "o :o pr(ess$ to make collections ) a view to a ,life ( ,*ri/ at all c\ld h omitt$1 ,i w n say all1 b any two or ?ree ( gems l ^!4 ,& yet we h two consid]able works1 bo? includ+ a collection ( p>ables1 & yet 9 nei!r ( !m is !re a ve/ige ( any "o ( ! gr\p ,i h m5tion$4 ,ev5 ! conspicu\s example ( ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us does n %ake me 9 my di/ru/ ( ! argum5t f sil5ce4 ii4 ,me?od ( approa*+ ! ,"q ( ,miracle4 ,& yet ,i c well und]/& ! reluctance to accept n>ratives ( miracle4 ,i c well und]/& a n9ete5? or tw5tie?-c5tury read] tak+ up ! ,f\r? ,gospel & say+ at once & (f-h&1 #8,! writ] ( ?is _c h be5 an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts he describes4' ,i h little d\bt t x is ! same sort ( (f-h& impression :i* is really at "w 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! critics4 ,!y acquire ! impression 9 ! c\rse ( a rapid p]usal2 or r x atta*es itself to ! recollection t !y br+ ) !m ( :at !y le>nt 9 _! *ildhood4 ,!y d n try to %ake x (f2 x is always !re at ! back ( _! m9ds2 & x col\rs1 & ,i mu/ ne$s ?9k discol\rs1 all ! elaborate & le>n$ /udy t !y make ( ! ,gospels 9 matur] ye>s4 ,?is "q ( miracles has be5 occupy+ my m9d = "s "t2 & ,i ?9k t at once ! mo/ c&id & ! be/ proc$ure t ,i c foll[ 9 reg>d to x w be j to lay be=e y ! provisional conclusions t ,i h rea*$ z provisional1 z a /age 9 ! inve/igation ( a subject t does n at all pr(ess to be f9al1 b t ,i hope conta9s some?+ ( tru? & some?+ t may be helpful to o!rs z x has be5 to myself4 ,! "o ma9 pr9ciple 9 ! treatm5t ( miracle t ,i %\ld l to urge w\ld be ! importance ( keep+ z di/9ct z we c two ?+s1 ! attitude ( m9d 9 reg>d to miracles ( ! contempor>ies--^? be=e :om !y are said to h happ5$ & on ^: te/imony !y h come d[n to u--& our own attitude n[ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,x seems to me t our difficulties are mu* increas$1 & t we are prev5t$ f realiz+ ! full /r5g? ( ! case = miracles1 by confus+ ^! two ?+s4 ,if we take fir/ ! attitude ( ! contempor>ies1 x seems to me t sev]al fix$ po9ts come out 9 reg>d to !m on :i* we may really take our /& ) great confid5ce4 7i7 ,! fir/ po9t is t :at ^! m5 fully believ$ to be miracles und\bt$ly happ5$4 ,we h evid5ce on ?is head t is /rictly fir/-h&1 ! evid5ce ( ^? :o believ$ t !y _h wr\ght miracles !mselves1 z well z t !y _h witness$ ! work+ ( miracles by o!rs4 7ii7 ,! second po9t is t ?is evid5ce is absolutely bona fide4 ,our be/ example is1 ,i suppose1 ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is a good ex]cise to collect ! allusions to miracles 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 to #8signs & wond]s1' to or #8acts ( p[]1' to special gifts ( ! ,_s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,/4 ,paul 0 possess$ ) ! conviction t he 0 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( miracle4 ,?is conviction lies beh9d & p]meates all 8 ?\ght 9 ! same natural1 spontane\s1 inevitable way 9 :i* he p]=m$1 or saw o!rs p]=m1 ! mo/ ord9>y functions ( nature1 eat+ or dr9k+ or sleep+ or brea?+4 7iii7 ,we obs]ve fur!r t ^! extraord9>y ph5om5a ( :i* he 0 consci\s _h = him ! value ( miracle4 ,! anci5ts conceiv$ ( miracle z a m>k ( ! pres5ce & co-op]ation ( ,deity4 ,! man :o c\ld "w miracles %[$ !reby t ,god 0 actively ) him4 ,h5ce ! work+ ( miracles s]v$ to au!nticate tea*+2 x 0 ! pro( ( commission f ,god4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ,/4 ,paul appeal$ to 8 own miracles z ! #8signs ( an apo/le' 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #ab71 & 9 ?is s5se t he claim$ t 8 prea*+ c>ri$ ) x #8! demon/ration ( ! ,_s & ( p[]' 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #d2 cf4 ,rom4 xv4 #ai74 7iv7 ,if we enl>ge our view & look away f ! p]=mance ( miracle by individuals to ! great "p :i* ! belief 9 miracle has play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 we _c1 ,i ?9k1 fail to see t x mu/ h _h a provid5tial function4 ,i d n hesitate to introduce teleology4 ,! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! _w & ( man is su* t we are compell$ to ?9k ( x z design$2 9 o!r words we are compell$ to ?9k t ! ,p[] :i* lies beh9d ph5om5a has _h a purpose1 :i* is at lea/ analog\s to purpose 9 man4 ,!re may be "s p>adoxical features 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is purpose1 due to ! peculi> conditions "u :i* x has op]at$2 b ^! _c obscure ! broad l9es ( purposeful developm5t2 & ov] a consid]able tract ( t developm5t ! belief 9 miracle has play$ a sub/antial "p1 & a "p t we c see to be deeply int]wov5 ) "s ( ! culm9at+ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,"s ( u might be cont5t to /op at ?is po9t2 we might be cont5t to accept a belief t has be5 s +ra9$ 9 ! m9d ( man & s important 9 its effects & associations simply z x /&s4 ,b ! curiosity ( sci5ce is n easily satisfi$1 & 9 ! pres5t day especially x goes on to press ! fur!r "q1 ,aft] all1 :at 0 x t really happ5$8 ,we c see cle>ly en\gh :at ,/4 ,paul 7e4 g47 believ$ to h happ5$1 b h[ f> did ?is belief ( 8 correspond to ! fact8 ,7 ^! miracles t he assumes real miracles8 ,:5 we ask ^! que/ions1 x is well to rememb] t we are /ill 9 ! region ( relative ideas2 we d n mean s mu* ,:at is ! absolute reality ( :at happ5$8 z ,h[ %\ld we describe x--we1 ) our tw5tie?-c5tury habits ( ?\ght & improv$ sci5tific categories8 ,x is "h t we get on to ! really difficult gr\nd4 ,x is gr\nd t by ! nature ( ! case mu/ be difficult1 because x means t we h to put a tw5tie?-c5tury con/ruction ^u fir/-c5tury records4 ,x is z if a pres5t-day physician 7 dep5d5t = 8 diagnosis ( ! facts ^u ,gal5 or ,hippocrates2 or r1 ! real /ate ( ! case is worse /ill1 = t w\ld be at lea/ comp>+ sci5ce ) sci5ce1 ! sci5ce ( "o c5tury ) ! sci5ce ( ano!r1 :]eas ! data t we h to g ^u are n sci5tific 79 ! s5se ( proce$+ f exp]ts71 b r repres5t popul> ideas & popul> assumptions4 i4 ,9 spite ( ^! difficulties !re are /ill1 ,i _c b ?9k1 "s g5]al consid]ations t may help u4 ,! fir/ is t ! cause mu/ be 9 "s degree comm5surate ) ! effects4 ,*ri/ianity is 9 any case a v /up5d\s fact2 & x w n d to expla9 x z aris+ out ( a s]ies ( trivial misund]/&+s4 ii4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,gospels is n q equal 9 quality to t ( ! ,epi/les4 ,x is ! evid5ce ( m5 report+ :at !y or o!rs _h se51 n 7s f> z appe>s7 t ( m5 :o _h felt ! curr5t ( miracul\s en]gy actually ?rill ?r\gh !mselves4 ,/4 ,paul _h felt ?is2 x 0 "p ( ! exp]i5ce on :i* he look$ back1 & :i* he felt to be intimately b\nd up ) ! :ole success ( 8 mission4 ,& yet we h to rememb] t ! miracles ( ,/4 ,paul & 8 companions & contempor>ies are second>y1 :]eas ^? ( ! ,gospels are prim>y4 ,!y are l ! waves caus$ by an e>?quake1 b !y are n !mselves ! e>?quake4 ,if ,*ri/ _h n come fir/ & done ! ?+s t nev] man did1 !re w\ld h be5 no ,day ( ,p5teco/1 no outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 no ov]ma/]+ impulse t c>ri$ m5 l ,/4 ,paul f "o end ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! o!r #89 ! p[] ( signs & wond]s1 9 ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/' 7,rom4 xv4 #ai74 iii4 ,! argum5t is !re=e a =tiori4 ,! disciple is n above 8 ma/]1 or ! s]vant above 8 "l4 ,all ^! subord9ate manife/ations1 ?\gh we h 9 "s ways bett] evid5ce = !m1 d b po9t back to ! "o supreme manife/ation1 ! ,inc>nation ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t beh9d ! alleg$ miracles ( ! ,gospels we h ! absolutely greate/ spiritual =ce t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,if our k is z yet v imp]fect ( ! influ5ce ( _s ^u matt] 9 g5]al1 x is inevitably /ill m imp]fect ( ?is cr[n+ in/ance ( ! _s-_w 9 contact ) ! mat]ial4 ,:5 we argue upw>ds f ! analogy ( ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 we mu/ always leave a l>ge m>g9 = ! int]val betwe5 ! po9t at :i* our common exp]i5ce1 & ev5 high] extraord9>y exp]i5ce1 ends1 & ! po9t at :i* ?is highe/ ( all human exp]i5ces beg9s4 ,ev5 a /rictly sci5tific me?od %\ld be consci\s ( its own limitations2 :5 x has done all t x c d1 x %\ld be aw>e t its ladd]s are /ill too %ort to scale ! height t has to be scal$2 x mu/ leave room = a v5ture ( fai? beyond ! fur!/ horizon ( sight4 iv4 ,we are n call$ ^u to believe t any?+ is really contr>y to1 or 9 violation (1 nature ,/4 ,augu/9e laid d[n1 "s fifte5 c5turies ago3 #8,port5tum ergo fit non contra naturam s$ contra quam e/ nota natura' 7,de ,civitate ,dei1 xxi4 #h74 ,we c always ex]cise an act ( fai?1 t if we really knew :at _h tak5 place1 & if we really knew ! highe/ laws ( ! univ]se1 !re w\ld n be any contradiction betwe5 !m4 ,z x is1 !re is a d\ble m>g9 ( error3 x is difficult1 & 9 _m cases impossible1 = u s to translate ! language ( ! di/ant pa/ into ! idiom ( ! pres5t z to be sure t we c realize :at are ! facts t we h to deal )2 &1 ev5 if we _h got ! facts1 we %\ld /ill h b a v imp]fect k ( ! causes by :i* !y 7 det]m9$4 v4 ,we speak1 !re=e1 n ( :at we "k1 b1 z ,i h said1 by an act ( fai?1 ( t :i* w\ld be if we knew4 ,9 ?is attitude we make all[ance = possible & probable defects 9 our s\rces3 we make all[ance = all ! di/urb+ influ5ces t h br\ght !m into ! %ape 9 :i* we see !m4 ,b 9 do+ ?is1 we h ! consolation ( feel+ t any elem5t ( mi/ake t has come 9 "u ?is head has be5 all ( ! nature ( ext5sion4 ,! miracles ( primitive ,*ri/ianity are c]ta9ly n a s]ies ( fictions4 ,!re c]ta9ly 0 among !m a l>ge nucleus ( ev5ts t really _h ! "* claim$ = !m1 t 7 really due to ! op]ation ( a ,div9e cause1 & really bore witness to ! pres5ce ( su* a cause4 ,if !re 0 any?+ beyond ?is ( a less tru/wor?y "*1 we may be sure t x 0 fram$ on ! analogy ( t :i* is v]ifiable1 or t w\ld be v]ifiable if we possess$ in/rum5ts & me?ods capable ( deal+ ) x4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ext5sions is1 ,i believe1 ( ! fir/ importance 9 ! sci5tific recon/ruction ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,x at once expla9s & cov]s ! transition f t :i* is p]man5t to t :i* is n p]man5t4 ,x signifies #8! remov+ ( ^? ?+s t are %ak51 444 t ^? ?+s :i* are n %ak5 may rema94' ,z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! belief 9 ,inspiration1 !re is und\bt$ly a reality und]ly+ ! popul> belief bo? ( anci5t & ( mod]n times1 s1 also1 9 ! case ( miracle we may be sure t !re is an inn] reality1 :i* no criticism w ev] dissolve1 ?\gh x may succe$ 9 mak+ u consci\s t ! descriptions ( eighte5 c5turies ago no long] satisfy ! ?\ght ( to-day4 iii4 ,! ,gospel embodies ocul> ,te/imony4 ,= ^! reasons ,i d n wi% x to be suppos$ t ,i reg>d all difficulties z remov$ & e "q z clos$1 if ,i insi/ ^u ! conclusion t has s f> seem$ to be em]g+ f our /udy--! conclusion t ! ,gospel is ! "w ( an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts1 :o is describ+ = u :at he _h himself actually se54 ,i d n want to use any k9d ( argum5tative co]cion4 ,i fully believe t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel occupi$ ?is position2 & yet ,i d n mean1 by ass]t+ ?is1 to impose ^u o!rs ! necess>y consequ5ce t ev]y?+ happ5$ 7i4 e4 t we c realize x to ourselves z hav+ happ5$7 exactly z x is describ$4 ,= my own "p ,i ab/a9 f attempt+ to re-write ! n>rative4 ,i "k t any su* attempt is =$oom$ to failure4 ,/ill m d ,i refuse to foll[ ^? :o p]emptorily dismiss all t !y _c und]/&4 ,i *]i% & value v highly ! assurance t we h to d ) ! "w ( an eye-witness4 ,& yet1 z ,i h said1 ,i accept ! result ) a c]ta9 res]ve1 ) ! consci\sness t !re is some?+ unexpla9$ & :i* ,i p]haps myself %all nev] be able to expla94 ,?is does n prev5t me f mak+ :at ,i c ( ! easi] incid5ts1 9 :i* "o seems to see "o's way m cle>ly4 ,i w give an example4 ,"o ( ! great passages discuss$ at ! outset ( our inquiries is typical & significant 9 ! light :i* x ?r[s on ! m5tal attitude ( ! writ]4 ,we are told h[1 z he /ood at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 he saw ! side pi]c$1 & blood & wat] fl[ f ! w\nd4 ,x is 9 connexion ) ?is t we h "o ( ^? solemn assev]ations 7:e!r made by ! writ] = himself or by "s "o else = him7 ( ! tru?1 re/+ ^u 8 own ocul> te/imony1 ( ! fact t he is record+4 ,! :ole incid5t evid5tly made a deep impression ^u him1 = he goes on to quote x z a direct fulfilm5t ( two di/9ct passages ( ,scripture4 ,& aga91 9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le1 he ref]s to ! peculi> ph5om5on :i* he _h se5 z "o t 0 fraught ) my/ical mean+4 ,n[ physicians tell u t :at ! ,evangeli/ actually saw 0 n1 /rictly & lit]ally1 :at he has describ$4 ,! efflux f ! side 0 n exactly blood & wat]1 ?\gh x might q well h _h an appe>ance l t ( blood & wat]1 & ! ,evangeli/ no d\bt suppos$ x to be :at he says4 ,! blood 0 real blood1 b t :i* look$ l wat] 0 a sort ( lymph or s]um4 ,?is w\ld s]ve equally well to sugge/ ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* ! ,evangeli/ atta*$ to x4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ :at 0 = him a /range ph5om5on at fir/ /ruck ! eye & !n dwelt 9 8 m9d1 & z he (t5 return$ to x & pond]$ ov] x1 at la/ took def9ite %ape1 z a visible emblem1 div9ely produc$1 ( a pr9ciple deeply root$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! pr9ciple t f\nd expression 9 its two lead+ ,sacram5ts4 ,cle>ly "h x is p]missible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! fact itself = :i* we h ?is explicit te/imony1 & ! tra9 ( speculation to :i* x gave rise4 ,! speculations are su* z 9 all ages h naturally comm5d$ !mselves to dev\t m9ds4 ,!re h always be5 ^? :o h _h s /rong a s5se ( ! unity ( ?+s1 ( ! #8pre-e/abli%$ h>mony' betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual1 t ! #8outw>d %[s' ( ext]nal nature #8! e>? & e common sight1' h seem$ to reflect & symbolize t :i* is unse54 ,we may well believe t !re is broad fundam5tal tru? und]ly+ ^! dim intuitions1 ?\gh x may be ano!r ?+ to say t 9 any p>ticul> case ! h>mony t is guess$ is precisely t :i* ! ,div9e ,artific] int5d$4 ,b ! po9t on :i* ,i %\ld wi% to lay /ress is1 t ! ord] ( ?\ght is f ! obs]v$ fact to ! idea1 & n backw>ds f ! idea to a fact imag9$ to correspond ) x4 ,& 9 reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,i ?9k we may lay d[n t ! ,evangeli/ always />ts f some?+ t he has se54 ,x is possible t 8 m9d1 act+ retrospectively on 8 memory ( ! physical impression1 may emphasize features 9 ! impression t 7 n s di/9ct at ! "t :5 x 0 giv54 ,b ! notion t ! ,gospel is a pure romance wov5 entirely out ( ! creations ( ! bra9 seems to me contr>y to its :ole "*4 ,i d n wi% at all to imply--,i desire expressly to gu>d myself aga9/ imply+--t o!r miracles 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel c be expla9$ s simply z t ( ! pi]c$ side4 ,on ! wid] "q ,i h j said :at ,i h to say4 ,b = my pres5t purpose1 9 its be>+ ^u ! criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,i cont5t myself ) ma9ta9+1 t ,/4 ,john's descriptions ( ! sup]natural always />t f facts t _h come "u 8 own p]sonal obs]vation1 or t ( o!rs :o 7 v ne> to him4 iv4 ,a ,patri/ic ,p>allel4 ,s f> z ! treatm5t ( ! sup]natural has be5 made a gr\nd ( objection to ! ,gospel1 ,i ?9k we may take a w>n+ f critical exp]i5ce 9 ano!r field4 ,i quot$ 9 ! second ,lecture sev]al in/ances 9 :i* criticism has di/9ctly *ang$ its m9d & come back to a view f> m 9 accordance ) tradition ?an t :i* at "o "t prevail$4 ,"o ( ^! in/ances 0 tak5 f ! lit]ature ( ! beg9n+s ( ,mona/icism1 & m p>ticul>ly f ! ,vita ,antonii ascrib$ to ,/4 ,a?anasius4 ,i po9t$ out h[ ! :ole class ( lit]ature to :i* ?is treatise belongs has be5 def9itely set ^u its feet aga94 ,aft] be+ at "o "t v radically treat$1 x is n[ widely accept$ z 9 great "p re/+ ^u good fir/-h& au?ority4 ,"o ( ! argum5ts alleg$ aga9/ ! ,a?anasian treatise turn$ ^u ! miracles conta9$ 9 x4 ,b at ! pres5t "t t argum5t w\ld be diff]5tly /at$4 ,:]eas x us$ to run1 ,?is treatise conta9s miracles ( a k9d t mu/ be unhi/orical1 & !re=e x _c be ! g5u9e "w ( ,/4 ,a?anasius2 n[ x w\ld run1 ,?is treatise is c]ta9ly a g5u9e "w ( ,/4 ,a?anasius1 & !re=e we mu/ make ( ! miracles :at we c3 a judici\s e/imate ( !m is giv5 by ,dom ,cu?b]t ,butl] 9 8 ,lausiac ,hi/ory ( ,palladius 7#ahih71 pp4 #aib-f4 ,9 l mann] ,i %\ld l to rev]se ! objection t is (t5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,f\r? ,gospel & to say1 t !re is /rong reason = reg>d+ x z a fir/-h& au?ority1 & t ! recognition ( ?is %\ld be a po/ulate ( any exam9ation ( its be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! sup]natural4 ,i obs]ve t at ! ,*ur* ,congress rec5tly held at ,liv]pool1 9 ! discussion on ,new ,te/am5t ,criticism1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,burkitt made use ( an argum5t v simil> to ?is1 & t exception 0 tak5 to x at ! end ( ! debate by ! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 on ! gr\nd t ! miracles 9 ! ,gospels & 9 ! ,hi/oria ,lausiaca are too diff]5t to be comp>$4 ,( c\rse ,i p]fectly ackn[l$ge ! diff]5ce4 ,i w\ld n = a mom5t wi% to press ! argum5t = m ?an x is wor?4 ,at ! same "t1 x seems to me t we mu/ n despise ! day ( small ?+s2 we mu/ n reject an analogy simply because x is incomplete4 ,x r>ely happ5s t an analogy entirely cov]s t ) :i* x is comp>$4 ,_m an argum5t is employ$ a m9ori ad maius2 & ,i d n d\bt t x 0 9 t s5se t ,mr4 ,burkitt wi%$ 8 words to be tak51 z ,i %\ld wi% m9e4 ,footnote #ed3 ,!ol4 ,lit]aturzeitung1 #ahic1 col4 #aha ff4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,logos1 ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,gospel ,! ,f\r? ,gospel is l "o ( ^? great ,egyptian temples :i* we may see to ?is day at ,d5d]a or ,edfu or ,k>nak--& we rememb] t ! ,temple on ,m\nt ,zion itself 0 ( ! same g5]al type--! sanctu>y prop] is approa*$ ?r\gh a pylon1 a massive /ructure ov]topp+ x 9 height & outflank+ x on bo? sides4 ,! pylon ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ( c\rse ! ,prologue2 & ?is raises at ! outset two important que/ions3 ,i4 ,:at are ! aff9ities ( its lead+ ?\ght2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at is its place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght & ! hi/ory ( religion8 & ,,ii4 ,9 :at relation does ! prologue /& to ! re/ ( ! ,gospel8 ,i ne$ n say t bo? ^! po9ts h be51 & are be+ /ill1 actively debat$4 ,i4 ,aff9ities ( ! ,logos doctr9e4 ,! prepond]ance ( op9ion at ! pres5t "t d\btless leans to ! view t !re is "s connexion betwe5 ! ,logos ( ,philo & ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,b ! "q is z to ! nature & clos5ess ( t connexion4 ,on ?is _m %ades ( op9ion are possible4 #a4 ,p>tial p>allels 9 ,o4 ,t4 & ,judaism4 ,if ! ,logos ( ,/4 ,john is n connect$ ) t ( ,philo1 ! alt]native mu/ be t its orig9 is ,pale/9ian4 ,! directions 9 :i* we %\ld look w\ld be to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,apocrypha1 & ! ,memra ( ! ,t>gums4 ,& x is true t !re are _m places 9 ^! writ+s 9 :i* #8! ,^w ( ,god' is us$ ) pregnant mean+4 ,ps4 xxxiii4 #f3 #8,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made2 & all ! ho/ ( !m by ! brea? ( ,8 m\?4' ,cf4 #b ,esdras vi4 #dc3 #8,z soon z ?y ^w w5t =? ! "w 0 done4' ,ps4 cvii4 #bj3 #8,he s5de? 8 ^w1 & heale? !m1 & deliv]e? !m f _! de/ructions4' ,ps4 cxlvii4 #ae3 #8,he s5de? out 8 comm&m5t ^u e>?2 8 ^w runne? v swiftly4' ,ps4 cxlvii4 #ah3 #8,he s5de? out 8 ^w1 & melte? !m2 he cause? 8 w9d to bl[1 & ! wat]s fl[4' ,isa4 xl4 #h3 #8,! grass )]e?1 ! fl[] fade?3 b ! ^w ( our ,god %all /& = ev]4' ,isa4 lv4 #aj1 #aa3 #8,= z ! ra9 come? d[n & ! sn[ f heav51 & returne? n ?i!r1 b wat]e? ! e>?1 & make? x br+ =? & bud1 & give? se$ to ! s[] & bread to ! eat]2 s %all my ^w be t goe? =? out ( my m\?3 ,x %all n return unto me void1 b x %all accompli% t :i* ,i please1 & x %all prosp] 9 ! ?+ :]eto ,i s5t x4' ,wisd4 ix4 #a3 #8,o ,god ( ! fa!rs1 & ,"l :o keepe/ ?y m]cy1 :o made/ all ?+s by ?y ^w4' ,wisd4 xvi4 #ab3 #8,= ( a tru? x 0 nei!r h]b nor mollify+ plai/] t cur$ !m1 b ?y ^w1 ,o ,"l1 :i* heale? all ?+s4' ,wisd4 xviii4 #ae1 #af3 #8,?9e all-p[]ful ^w leap$ f heav5 out ( ! royal ?rone1 a /]n w>rior1 into ! mid/ ( ! doom$ l&1 be>+ z a %>p sword ?9e unfeign$ comm&m5t2 & /&+ x fill$ all ?+s ) dea?2 & :ile x t\*$ ! heav5 x trode ^u ! e>?4' ,?is la/ passage goes fur!/ 9 ! way ( p]sonification4 ,b 9 ! o!r passages !re is a t5d5cy--we c h>dly call x m--to objectify ! #8^w ( ,god' & to treat x z ?\gh x _h a sub/antive exi/5ce4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 /ill "s way %ort ( ! ,logos bo? ( ,/4 ,john & ( ,philo4 ,r m may be said ( ! ,memra ( ! ,t>gums4 ,^! writ+s are inde$1 9 _! extant =m1 ( unc]ta9 date4 ,& yet ,i suspect1 ?\gh ,i _c prove1 t our pres5t texts fai?fully pres]ve ! int]pretative tradition ( ! synagogues4 ,! same t5d5cies 7 at "w z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! probabilities are t !y express$ !mselves 9 ! same way4 ,! ,jews 7 a cons]vative p2 & ! #8tradition ( ! eld]s' w5t on cont9u\sly )\t any real break4 ,we are always hamp]$ by our want ( k4 ,! works ( ,philo bulk l>ge ^u our %elves1 & _! cont5ts naturally impress ! imag9ation4 ,( ! /ate ( ?\ght 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e we h f> scanti] in=mation4 ,i believe x to be possible t a doctr9e l t ( ! ,philonian ,logos 0 m widely diffus$ ?an we suppose4 ,aft] all ,philo gr\nd$ 8 use ( ! t]m l>gely ^u ! ,/oics2 & ! ,/oics 7 spread all ov] ! ,roman ,empire2 !y 7 /rong 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ too mu* ^u conjecture1 :]e we h positive data 9 our h&s4 ,s f> z ,pale/9e goes1 we h traces ( a t5d5cy b n ( a sy/em4 ,9 bo? ,philo & ,/4 ,john we h :at might really be call$ a sy/em4 ,?is creates a presumption t ! connexion betwe5 !m is n accid5tal4 ,! example ( ,/4 ,paul may %[ u :at an active /imulus to ?\ght _h be5 giv5 by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 8 case we see :at f>-rea*+ consequ5ces 7 drawn f conc5trat$ reflexion ^u s+le deta*$ v]ses ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,we mu/ n :olly put aside ! possibility t ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel let 8 ?\ghts "w 9 ! same mann]4 ,we %all see pres5tly t on "s important topics he has c]ta9ly done s4 ,/ill1 if ! doctr9es ( ,philo came 9 8 way1 ! easi] hypo!sis w\ld be t he 0 influ5c$ by !m4 ,! "w ( con/ruction w\ld 9 t case be light] = him2 he w\ld f9d ! half ( x done ready to 8 h&4 #b4 ,! ,evangeli/ n a philosoph]4 ,x is a di/9ct "q 9 :at =m we are to conceive ( ,philo's tea*+ z com+ be=e him4 ,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 a ?9k]1 b n a pr(ess$ philosoph]4 ,s f> z we c judge f ! writ+s ( 8 t h come d[n to u1 we %\ld n be incl9$ to cr$it him ) mu* philosophical erudition4 ,! idea t we =m to ourselves ( ! ,evangeli/ is n t ( a great read] always por+ ov] books4 ,i f9d x h>d to ?9k ( him z sitt+ d[n to a delib]ate /udy ( ! ,jewi% s*ol>'s volum9\s treatises4 ,! m5tal habits ( ! two m5 are too diff]5t4 ,! ,evangeli/ has a %ort] & m direct way ( gett+ at ! tru?4 ,he 0 m l ! old ,ionian philosoph]s1 :o look$ up to ! sky & out ^u ! e>?1 & set d[n ! ?\ghts t rose 9 !m 9 %ort loosely connect$ aphorisms4 ,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel did n look s mu* )\t z )93 he sank into 8 own consci\sness1 & at la/ br\ght out to light :at he f\nd !re4 ,he dwelt ^u ! pa/ until x became lum9\s to him2 & !n he took up ! p54 ,we w consid] pres5tly :at sort ( hypo!sis we may =m z to ! process by :i* ! ,evangeli/ came to assimilate ,philonian ideas1 if he did assimilate !m4 ,b x may be well1 fir/1 to try to realize r m exactly ! ext5t ( ! agreem5t & diff]5ce betwe5 ! two writ]s4 #c4 ,po9ts ( ,agreem5t ) ,philo4 ,&1 fir/1 z to ! agreem5t4 ,i h said t ,philo's philosophy1 9 spite ( its decorative exub]ance & prolixity1 is yet at bottom a sy/em4 ,& 9 ! ma9 outl9e ( t sy/em ! ,evangeli/ co9cides ) him4 ,by ! side ( ! ,et]nal1 ,philo has :at he himself call$ #8a second ,god' 7 1 ,grill1 ,ent/ehung d4 vi]t5 ,evang4 p4 #aji72 & ?is second ,god he call$ #8! ,div9e ,^w4' ,! ,^w 0 ,himself ,god 7 1 ibid474 ,! ,^w 0 ! ag5t or in/rum5t 77 9 creation 7ibid41 p4 #aaj74 ,! action ( ! ,^w is n infrequ5tly comp>$ to t ( ,light2 & al?\gh x is n[h]e said t ! ,^w is ,life#ee1 !re are contexts 9 :i* ! ideas ( light & life appe> 9 connexion#ef4 ,9 l mann] !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( p>allelism = ! idea ( ! ,^w com+ to 8 own & be+ reject$2 x is ! ,^w t makes ! m9d receptive ( good2 !re are "s :o may be fitly call$ #8sons ( ,god1' & ^? = :om ?is title is too high may at lea/ model !mselves aft] ! patt]n ( ! ,^w4 ,! p>allels = ! lat] "p ( ! ,prologue are slight]1 until we come to ! la/ v]se 7v]4 #ah74 ,philo fully %>es ! conception ( ! transc5d5ce ( ,god1 & speaks ( ! ,logos z ,8 #8prophet' & #8int]pret]#eg4' ,!re are _m co9cid5ces ( idea 9 ! attributes ascrib$ to ! ,logos1 z exi/+ 9 heav51 z reveal+ ! "n ( ,god1 z possess+ sup]natural k & p[]1 z cont9ually at "w1 z et]nal1 z free f s91 z in/ruct+ & conv9c+1 z dwell+ 9 ! s\ls ( m51 z high prie/ t[>ds ,god1 z ! s\rce ( unity1 ( joy & peace1 z imp>t+ et]nal life1 z bridegroom1 fa!r1 guide1 /e]sman1 %eph]d1 physician1 z imp>t+ manna1 ! food ( ! s\l#eh4 ,i am by no means cle> t ! case = ! connexion ( ! ,logos ( ,/4 ,john ) ! ,logos ( ,philo is really mu* /r5g!n$ by ^! p>allels4 ,if we ask ourselves :e!r !y necess>ily imply lit]>y dep5d5ce1 ,i ?9k we %\ld h to answ] 9 ! negative4 ,we h to rememb] t ,philo & ,/4 ,john alike h ! ,old ,te/am5t beh9d !m4 ,:atev] is sugge/$ by ?is may z well come f x directly1 & n ?r\gh a fur!r lit]>y m$ium4 ,&1 :5 once we h ! idea ( ! ,logos1 !re are a numb] ( epi!ts & metaphors t w\ld g ) x almo/ ( !mselves4 #d4 ,abs5ce ( ,philonian ,cat*-words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we exam9e ! p>allels adduc$ 9 detail1 we _c help notic+ t _m cat*-words ( ! ,philonian doctr9e are entirely abs5t f ! ,f\r? ,gospel3 9 _m connexions 7,grill1 p4 #ajf72 7p4 #ajg72 7pp4 #ajf1 #ajg72 1 7p4 #ajf72 1 7sc4 71 7a t]m :i* occurs 9 ,/4 ,paul & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 b n 9 ,/4 ,john72 1 7p4 #ajh72 1 7 7 7pp4 #aji f472 7p4 #aae72 7p4 #aab74 ,among ^! expressions are sev]al t at an e>ly date ent]$ into ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 b !y are n f\nd 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is probably to su* examples z ^! t ,dr4 ,drummond ref]s :5 he speaks ( #8! total abs5ce ( ,philo's special vocabul>y n only 9 relation to ,god1 b 9 reg>d to ! ,logos' 7,"*1 c41 p4 #bd74 #e4 ,m fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,x is ( yet m importance t ! conception ( ! ,logos 9 ,philo & 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel pres5ts great & fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,i d n feel compell$ to numb] among ^! t p>ticul> diff]5ce :i* is at once ! mo/ obvi\s & ! mo/ compreh5sive4 ,x is ( c\rse true t ! ,evangeli/ id5tifies ! ,logos ) ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :]eas x is d\btful h[ f> ! ,philonian ,logos is to be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se p]sonal4 ,we always ne$ to rememb] t ! :ole category ( p]sonality 0 want+ at ! "t :5 ,philo wrote4 ,! "q :e!r su* a conception z t ( ! ,logos is p]sonal1 naturally =ces itself ^u u2 we h a "n = x1 & we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ?+s z ei!r p]sonal or imp]sonal4 ,philo1 on ! contr>y1 _h nei!r ! "n nor ! idea correspond+ to ! "n4 ,h5ce we are n surpris$ to f9d 8 language fluctuat+1 to f9d him sometimes write z ?\gh ! ,logos 7 p]sonal1 & sometimes z ?\gh x 7 n4 ,:]e !re is no cle>ly drawn b\nd>y l9e betwe5 two ideas1 x is easy to pass f "o to ! o!r )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,) ,/4 ,john ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,9 any case x 0 he :o took ! decisive /ep ( id5tify+ ! ,div9e ,^w ) ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,hav+ once done ?is1 8 language necess>ily became fix$2 ! ambiguities :i* atta*$ to ,philo's tea*+ 7 = him s f> at an end4 ,! p]sonal elem5t 9 ! ,johannean conception belongs n to ! idea ( ! ,logos b to ! hi/orical ,*ri/2 ! orig9ality ( ! ,evangeli/ consi/s 9 unit+ ! ,*ri/ ( hi/ory ) ! idea ( ! ,logos1 b :e!r t idea 7 p]sonal or imp]sonal z x came to him 0 ( second>y importance4 ,! div]g5ce is really m significant :5 we obs]ve t ! ,logos idea itself has a diff]5t cont5t4 ,! c5tral po9t 9 ,philo's conception is ! philosophic idea ( ! ,div9e reason2 ! c5tre ( ,/4 ,john's is ! religi\s idea ( ! ,div9e ^w1 ,div9e utt]ance1 creative1 en]giz+1 reveal+4 ,if we = a mom5t cease to ?9k ( ! hypo/atic & m$iat+ aspect ( ! ,^w & dwell r on ! attributes & functions associat$ ) x1 we f9d ourselves naturally des]t+ ,philo & go+ back to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:5 we glance ov] ! /r+ ( passages quot$ above1 we see 9 !m a tru] c\nt]p>t to ! real mean+ ( ! ,prologue4 ,ps4 xxxiii4 #f1 ) #b ,esdras vi4 #dc2 ,ps4 cxlvii4 #ae1 #ah2 ,wisd4 ix4 #a1 br+ out ! creative activity ( ! ,^w2 ,num4 xi4 #bc2 ,hos4 vi4 #e2 ,isa4 xl4 #h2 lv4 #aj1 #aa2 ,wisd4 xviii4 #ae1 #af1 br+ out ! broad provid5tial1 gov]n+ & en]giz+ activity2 ,ps4 cvii4 #bj2 ,wisd4 xvi4 #ab1 emphasize ! r$emptive activity 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,all ^! ideas really und]lie ! ,prologue1 ?\gh !y d n all receive equally explicit expression4 ,! dom9ant ?\ght ( ! ,prologue is ! ?\ght ( creation1 revelation & r$emption wr\ght by #8! liv+ ,god'--t old compreh5sive g5u9ely ,hebraic "n--b wr\ght by ,him ?r\gh ,8 ,son1 :o is also ,8 ,^w4 ,! phrase t has j be5 us$ br+s u r\nd to ano!r aspect ( ! ,prologue1 :i* also takes u away f ,philo & back to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or to s\rces /ill m imm$iately ,*ri/ian4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! cont5tion t ! doctr9e ( ! ,prologue gov]ns ! re/ ( ! ,gospel1 x mu/ be n directly z a doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 b r 7z has be5 po9t$ out especially by ,grill & ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann7 indirectly ?r\gh ^? two great con/itu5t conceptions ( ,life & ,light :i* toge!r make up1 & are embrac$ "u1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 ,! antec$5ts ( ^! two conceptions are to be s\ght f> m 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & on ! direct l9e ( ,*ri/ian developm5t1 ?an 9 any language ( ,philo's4 ,z has j be5 said1 #8! liv+ ,god' is n only a /rictly ,hebraic & ,old ,te/am5t idea1 b "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all ! ideas ( :i* ! ,hebrew m9d & ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 ! vehicles4 ,! ,prologue to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ess5tially bas$ ^u ?is idea1 & works x out 9 a =m t is also det]m9$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! significant comb9ation ( ,life & ,light1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,prologue & :i* s runs ?r\gh ! ,gospel1 c h>dly h any o!r ultimate s\rce ?an ,ps4 xxxvi4 #i3 #8,) !e is ! f\nta9 ( life2 9 ?y light %all we see light1' ! fir/ half ( :i* has an important p>allel 9 ,j]4 ii4 #ac1 #8my p h committ$ two evils2 !y h =sak5 me ! f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s1 & hew$ !m out ci/]ns1 brok5 ci/]ns1 t c hold no wat]4' ,!re is ( c\rse ! diff]5ce t :at 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is ascrib$ directly to ,jehovah1 9 ! ,gospel is ascrib$ to ! ,logos4 ,t is "p ( ! ,evangeli/'s me?od1 :i* we may assume to be at "w all ?r\gh4 ,b n only does ! comb9ation ( ,life & ,light belong ess5tially to ! ,old ,te/am5t & n to ,philo1 b ea* ( ^! ideas tak5 sep>ately has )\t d\bt an ,old ,te/am5t & n a ,philonic basis4 ,x is true en\gh t ,philo makes use ( metaphors d]iv$ f #8,life' & #8,light1' & applies !m to ! ,logos1 z he is inde$ pr(use 9 metaphors ( ?is "*2 !y are "p ( 8 lit]>y embroid]y4 ,x is also q possible t ! metaphors 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance sugge/$ to him by ! same ,old ,te/am5t passages4 ,b ! use 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is f> deep] & m pregnant ) mean+4 ,x is also rightly urg$ t ! use 9 ! ,gospel1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! conception ( ,life1 is really incompatible ) ,philo's sy/em4 ,! tea*+ ( ,philo is at bottom duali/ic2 = him matt] is evil1 & 8 object is to remove ,god f contact ) x4 ,9 ,/4 ,john !re is no dualism4 ,! writ] conceives ( matt] z p5etrat$ ) ! div9e4 ,alike ,god & ! ,^w ( ,god "w d[nw>ds & outw>ds1 ?r\gh _s to ! mat]ial envelope & ve/ure ( _s4 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial quick5+1 bo? ( :i* are taught di/9ctly 9 ! ,gospel4 #8,z ! ,fa!r raise? ! dea? & quick5e? !m1 ev5 s ! ,son also quick5e? :om he w' 7,john v4 #ba72 #8,z ! ,fa!r ha? life 9 himself1 ev5 s gave he to ! ,son also to h life 9 himself' 7v]4 #bf74 ,bo? ,fa!r & ,son are a pr9ciple ( life :i* takes possession at once ( s\l & body1 :i* imp>ts alike e?ical & spiritual vitality to ! disciple ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 & t et]nal life :i* is n some?+ di/9ct f ?is b really ! cont9uation ( x 9 ! _w to come4 ,no "o c fail to see ! p[]ful compreh5siv5ess ( ?is idea1 :i* incorporates & assimilates ) ease su* ,jewi% notions z t ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 :]e ,philo's dualism makes a break & condemns 8 sy/em ei!r to sup]ficiality or inconsequ5ce4 ,ano!r po9t t w\ld be ( importance if ! facts 7 really z is (t5 alleg$1 is ! use ( ! t]m ,p>aclete4 ,philo1 l ,/4 ,john1 has ?is t]m2 & if x 7 true t ) him too x is a designation (1 or directly 9 connection )1 ! ,logos1 t w\ld greatly /r5g!n ! case = ! view t ,/4 ,john 0 really borr[+ f him4 ,b ! d\bts on ?is head1 fir/ rais$ by ,he9ze1 & m rec5tly en=c$ by ,dr4 ,drummond & ,dr4 ,grill1 appe> to be p]fectly valid#ei4 ,x is n ! ,logos t is call$ ,p>aclete1 b ! ,cosmos#fj4 ,we obs]ve t ! ,cosmos1 :i* is comp>$ to ! high prie/'s ve/m5ts1 is also describ$ z #8son 7( ,god74' ,?is is v contr>y to ! usage ( ! ,evangeli/1 = :om ! ,cosmos 79 ! s5se 9 :i* he uses ! ^w7 is f> m ! enemy ( ,god ?an ,8 son4 ,all ^! po9ts toge!r make up a wide div]g5ce betwe5 ,philo's doctr9e & t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,!y g f> to ju/ify ,h>nack's epigrammatic say+ t #8ev5 ! ,logos has little m 9 common ) t ( ,philo ?an ! "n1 & its m5tion at ! beg9n+ ( ! book is a my/]y1 n ! solution ( "o' 7,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i4 #ig74 ,we may disc\nt ! epigram a little1 z "o has to disc\nt all epigrams2 b :5 we h done ?is1 !re rema9s 9 x a l>ge & sub/antial tru?4 iv4 ,possible av5ues ( connexion4 ,x does n foll[ t ,i w\ld d5y all connexion betwe5 ! ,philonian ,logos & ,/4 ,john's4 ,my d\bt is :e!r ?is connexion c h be5 lit]>y4 ,i f9d x difficult to picture to myself ! ,evangeli/ sitt+ d[n to ma/] ! diffuse tomes ( ,philo4 ,:]e is ! int]e/ t w\ld impel him to d ?is8 ,philo is a /ud5t & a philosoph]4 ,he is a philosoph] :o op]ates ) a sacr$ text1 & !re=e has unlimit$ opportunity = apply+ & exp\nd+ 8 philosophy4 ,b ! ,evangeli/ is int]e/$ 9 none ( 8 !orems = _! own sake4 ,!re is only "o ?+ t he seeks4 ,he wants a =mula to express ! cosmical significance ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 he has got t1 he is satisfi$4 ,= ! purpose ( fill+ up 8 =mula & work+ out its mean+1 he goes n to ,philo b to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re1 & 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 he f9ds all ! data t he ne$s4 ,i believe t !re is a connexion betwe5 ,greek1 or ,hell5i/ic1 speculation & ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,b ,i c conceive ( ?is be/ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p]sonal int]c\rse & controv]sy4 ,h[ did ,/4 ,paul get 8 fir/ k ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,d\btless ?r\gh 8 own vehem5t attacks ^u ,*ri/ians1 :i* he f\nd s calmly & /eadfa/ly resi/$2 or1 x may be1 ?r\gh ! disputations 9 ! synagogues & 9 ! law c\rts1 ( :i* he 0 ! witness4 ,we may well believe t ,/4 ,john ext5d$ 8 k 9 ! same way4 ,p>tly he w\ld le>n f foe1 & p>tly f fri5d4 ,9 a place l ,ephesus he w\ld f "t to "t hold controv]sy ) philosoph]s ( ! /amp ( ,ju/94 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 9 ! ,*ri/ian community itself he w\ld f9d g]ms ( tea*+ su* z _h be5 plant$ by ! ,alex&rian ,jew ,apollos4 ,we are left to conjecture2 & we h s few positive data to g ^u1 t our conjectures are ( necessity vague4 ,! ,evangeli/ ne$ n h wait$ = 8 arrival 9 ,ephesus to come 9 contact ) ! idea ( ! ,logos1 n p]haps 9 its full ,philonian =m b 9 a =m t might lead up to ! ,philonian4 ,philo 7z we h se57 drew l>gely f ! ,/oics2 & !re 7 ,/oics 9 ! cities ( ,decapolis#fa4 ,at a c5tre l ,antio* !y w\ld be f\nd 9 great] numb]s2 & at su* a c5tre x w\ld be q possible to fall 9 ) a w&]+ disciple or disciples ( ,philo4 ,i h long ?\ght t x w\ld facilitate our recon/ruction ( ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 if we c\ld assume an anticipatory /age ( ,johannean tea*+1 localiz$ some:]e 9 ,syria1 be=e ! ,apo/le rea*$ 8 f9al home at ,ephesus4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt m easily ?an any o!r hypo!sis = ! traces ( ?is k9d ( tea*+ 9 ! ,dida*1 & 9 ,ignatius1 z well z 9 "s ( ! e>lie/ ,gno/ic sy/ems4 ,we _c v]ify any?+4 ,we h no mat]ials = ! purpose4 ,we c only deal a little ) probabilities4 ,b beh9d all probabilities x is en\gh = u to "k t !re mu/ h be5 _m av5ues by :i* ! conception ( ! ,logos may well h rea*$ ! ,apo/le besides t ( ! direct & sy/ematic /udy ( ! writ+s ( ,philo4 ,,ii4 ,relation ( ! ,prologue to ! re/ ( ! ,gospel4 #a4 ,view ( ,h>nack4 ,m5tion has be5 made above ( ,h>nack's view z to ! relation ( ! ,prologue to ! ma9 body ( ! ,gospel4 ,he holds t ! ,prologue is really sep>able f ?is1 t x is ( ! nature ( a po/script1 or aft]-?\ght1 r ?an a preface4 ,he reg>ds x z n s mu* ! /atem5t ( a programme to be work$ out 9 ! ,gospel z a sort ( #8cov]+ lett]1' int5d$ to comm5d ! "w to cultivat$ ,g5tile or ,hell5i/ic read]s4 ,?is view has 9 its fav\r ! obvi\s fact t ! ^w 1 :]ev] x occurs 9 ! body ( ! ,gospel1 is us$ 9 its ord9>y & famili> s5se1 & n 9 ! special s5se giv5 to x 9 ! ,prologue4 ,9 face ( ?is fact x seems at fir/ sight difficult to treat ! ,prologue z conta9+ ! lead+ idea t runs ?r\gh & det]m9es ! "* ( ! re/ ( ! ,gospel4 ,& yet x is well kn[n t _m writ]s h s treat$ x--& conspicu\sly ! two ,fr5* s*ol>s1 ,m4 ,jean ,rville & ! ,abb ,loisy4 ,!re are two ways ( escap+ ! inf]5ce j ref]r$ to4 ,"o is t ( :i* ,i h j be5 speak+1 ! me?od adopt$ by ,dr4 ,julius ,grill 9 8 rec5t "w on ! orig9 ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 to take z ! lead+ idea1 n ! ,logos b ! comb9ation ( ,life & ,light :i* ! ,evangeli/ gives z equival5t to ! ,logos#fb4 ,! o!r is to foll[ 9 ! track ( ,m4 ,loisy1 & to treat ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos z a summ>y "n = ! :ole #8!ology ( ! ,inc>nation#fc4' #b4 ,view ( ,grill4 ,x is easy 7z ,i h said7 to br+ "u ! head ( ,life & ,light all ! miracles 9 ! ,gospel1 f ! miracle at ,cana d[n to ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us & ev5 ! miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es 9 *ap4 xxi4 ,bo? ! fir/ #8sign' & ! la/ are in/ances ( ! ass]tion ( creative p[]1 & ! ,heal+ ( ! ,bl9d ,man 9 *ap4 ix1 :]e ?is aspect is m subord9ate1 illu/rates ! activity ( ,*ri/ z ! ,light ( ! ,_w1 a text on :i* ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! *apt] enl>ges4 ,besides ! miracles !re are _m o!r allusions to ^! ideas ( ,life & ,light3 notably to ! #8liv+ wat]' 9 ! disc\rse ) ! ,sam>itan woman 7,john iv4 #aj-ad72 to ! #8bread ( life' 9 ! disc\rse 9 ! synagogue ( ,cap]naum 7vi4 #ca-eh72 9 ! comm5t app>5tly sugge/$ by ! libation at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7vii4 #cg f472 9 ! say+s on ,light 9 viii4 #ab1 xi4 #i f41 z well z 9 *ap4 ix4 ,!re c be no d\bt at all t ^! ideas ( ,light & ,life are q fundam5tal to ! ,evangeli/1 & t !y fill a l>ge place 9 8 m9d4 ,b to say ?is is n q ! same ?+ z to say t ! ,gospel is con/ruct$ ^u !m4 ,! ,evangeli/ has told u 9 set t]ms on :at ! gr\nd-plan ( 8 ,gospel is con/ruct$2 #8^! 7?+s7 are writt51 t ye may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+ ye may h life 9 8 "n' 7xx4 #ca74 ,!re is no ne$ to seek = any o!r def9ition ( ! object & plan ( ! ,gospel ?an ?is4 #c4 ,view ( ,loisy4 ,! same v]se may help u to =m an e/imate ( ! !ory ( ,m4 ,loisy4 ,s f> z #8! !ology ( ! ,inc>nation' is meant to express ! same ?+1 ! phrase is c]ta9ly ju/ifi$4 ,& if ,m4 ,loisy int5ds x to be at ! same "t a p>aphrase = ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 we c h no objection4 ,at lea/ ! only objection we ne$ h w\ld be t he is us+ a vagu] & m g5]al t]m1 :5 he might use "o t is bo? def9ite & *>act]i/ic4 ,z a rule1 "o is m likely to get at ! he>t ( a writ]'s mean+ by lay+ /ress on ! peculi> & individual elem5ts 9 8 tea*+1 & n on t :i* he %>es ) o!rs4 ,b ! "q h[ f> ei!r ,m4 ,loisy or ,dr4 ,grill has succe$$ 9 def9+ ! root-idea ( ! ,gospel is aft] all only second>y4 ,! real issue is n z to ! accuracy ( ! def9ition1 b z to ! nature ( ! relation :i* is pre-suppos$ betwe5 ! root-idea1 ! pr9ciple :i* cov]s ! plan & object ( ! ,gospel1 & ! n>rative ( :i* ! ma9 body ( ! ,gospel consi/s4 ,if ,i may speak = a mom5t ( ! lead+ idea1 n ( ,/4 ,john b ( ,m4 ,loisy1 ,i am afraid t ! t5d5cy1 if n ! purpose1 ( 8 :ole book is to convict ! au?or ( ! ,gospel ( writ+ fiction :]e he pr(esses to write fact4 #8,! !ology ( ! ,inc>nation' is a euphemism :i* is meant to describe ! ,gospel z f end to end allegory & symbol1 ! product ( an idea & n ( reality4 ,m4 ,loisy1 we all "k1 occupies a peculi> position4 ,8 criticism is radical & de/ructive1 b he believes himself to br+ back z fai? :at 8 criticism has de/roy$4 ,few rec5t writ]s h left less ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel /&+ z solid hi/ory2 b at ! same "t he is a dutiful son ( 8 ,*ur*1 & :at ! ,*ur* accepts he also accepts z true4 ,!re c h>dly be any d\bt t ! ,*ur*1 z f> back z we c trace its convictions1 reg>d$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel z /rictly hi/orical4 ,if x _h n done s1 x is v que/ionable :e!r ! ,*ur* itself w\ld h tak5 ! %ape x did4 ,!re are _m 9 ^! days :o1 if !y foll[$ ,m4 ,loisy z a critic1 w\ld f9d x v h>d to foll[ him z a !ologian4 ,!y are n a little p]plex$ to und]/& h[ he himself c reconcile ! two tra9s ( 8 ?9k+4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is 8 own affair1 ) :i* outsid]s are n conc]n$4 ,b !y are greatly conc]n$ to "k :e!r or n 8 criticism is s\nd4 ,!re is no d\bt at all t ! ,f\r? ,gospel expresses ! ,evangeli/'s #8!ology ( ! ,inc>nation4' ,x expresses x1 b is x ! product ( x8 ,has x no m sub/antial f\ndation ?an an idea8 ,is x hi/ory1 or is x fiction8 ,t is ! great & vital "q to :i* we mu/ address ourselves m directly 9 ! next lecture4 ,footnote #ee3 ,rville1 ,la doctr9e du ,logos1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ef3 ,grill1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #eg3 ,ibid41 p4 #aad4 ,philo's ^w = #8int]pret]1' h[ev]1 is n cognate ) t us$ by ,/4 ,john4 ,footnote #eh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aae-bf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,drummond1 ,philo ,judaeus1 ii4 #bcg-i2 ,grill1 pp4 #acc-f4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! ma9 passage is ,vit4 ,mos4 iii4 #ad4 ,footnote #fa3 ,t accompli%$ s*ol> ,p4 ,w5dl& po9ts to ! t5d5cy to atta* ! ,/oical idea ( ! specially to ,h]mes & ! ,egyptian ,?o?4 ,he quotes f ,cornutus 7temp4 ,n]o7 1 4 ,h]mes is ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 & communicates _! w to m52 & x is conceivable t ! use ( ! t]m 9 connexion ) him may h 9 "s slight degree sugge/$1 or prep>$ ! way =1 its use 9 connexion ) ! new revelation4 ,see ,*ri/5tum u4 ,hell5ismus 7#aijb71 p4 #g4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ent/ehung d4 vi]t5 ,evang4 i4 #d-ca1 #hg ff4 ,footnote #fc3 ,le ,quatrime ,evangile1 p4 #ih3 #8,les obs]vations prcd5tes et t\t ce qu'on a rem>qu t\*ant le c>actre du quatrime ,evangile pr\v5t suffisamm5t que la ?ologie de l'inc>nation e/ la clef du livre t\t enti]1 et qu'elle le dom9e depuis la premire ligne jusqu' la d]nire4' ,,lecture ,,vii ,! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,gospel #a4 ,! ,gospel n a ,biography4 ,once m we fall back ^u our ma9 position4 ,! ,evangeli/ is writ+ a spiritual ,gospel1 & 8 :ole proc$ure is dom9at$ by t "o fact4 ,8 object is to set =? ,*ri/ z ,div9e1 n only z ,messiah b z ,son ( ,god1 z an object ( fai? :i* br+s life to ! believ]4 ,x foll[s t all criticism :i* does n take acc\nt ( ?is--& h[ l>ge a "p ( ! /rictures ^u ! ,gospel does n take acc\nt ( x6--is really wide ( ! m>k4 ,m4 ,loisy1 = in/ance1 br+s a long indictm5t aga9/ ! ,gospel = n conta9+ ?+s t x nev] pr(ess$ to conta94 ,x nev] pr(ess$ to be a complete picture ( ! ,life ( ! ,"l4 ,x nev] pr(ess$ to %[ ,him 9 a v>iety ( human relation%ips4 ,x nev] pr(ess$ to give specim5s ( ,8 e?ical tea*+ simply z su*4 ,x did n pr(ess to illu/rate1 & x does n illu/rate1 ev5 ! l[] side ( ^? activities t might be call$ specially div9e1 z 7e4 g47 ! ca/+ out ( demons4 ,! ,gospel is writt5 ^u ! highe/ plane ?r\gh\t4 ,x seeks to answ] ! "q :o x 0 t appe>$ ^u e>?1 & suff]$ on ,calv>y1 & rose f ! dead & left disciples :o rev]$ & ador$ ,him4 ,& ?is ,evangeli/ takes a flight beyond 8 fell[s inasmu* z he asks ! "q :o ,*ri/ 0 9 ,8 ess5tial nature3 ,:at 0 ! mean+--n m]ely ! local b ! cosmical mean+--( ?is great !ophany8 ,x is n surpris+ if 9 ! pursuit ( ?is object ! ,evangeli/ has laid himself op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ p>tial or onesid$4 ,^? :o use su* t]ms are really1 z we h se51 judg+ by ! /&>d ( ! mod]n biography1 :i* is out ( place4 ,! ,gospel is1 admitt$ly & delib]ately1 n an attempt to set =? ! :ole ( a life1 b j a selection ( sc5es1 a selection made ) a view to a limit$ & %>ply-def9$ purpose4 ,! compla9t is made t x is monoton\s1 & ! compla9t is n )\t reason4 ,! monotony 0 involv$1 we might say1 f ! outset 9 ! conc5tration ( aim :i* ! writ] himself ackn[l$ges4 ,& 9 addition to ?is x is *>act]i/ic ( ! writ] t 8 ?\ght is ( ! type :i* revolves m ?an x progresses4 ,! picture has n t lifelike effect :i* is giv5 by ! sett+ ( a s+le figure 9 a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! v>iety ( circum/ance 0 includ$ among ^? bodily or ext]nal aspects 7 7 :i* ! writ] consid]$ to h be5 suffici5tly treat$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he describ$ = himself a n>r[] circle4 ,& x 0 because he kept )9 t circle1 because he goes on /rik+ ! same *ord1 t we receive ! impression ( repetition & monotony4 ,p]haps ! int5sity ( ! effect makes up = its want ( ext5sion4 ,b at any rate ! ,evangeli/ 0 )9 8 rights 9 *oos+ 8 own programme1 & we mu/ n blame him = do+ :at he und]took to d4 ,we may blame him1 h[ev]1 if )9 8 self-*os5 limits ! picture t he has drawn = u is mislead+4 ,t is ! c5tral po9t :i* we mu/ n[ g on to te/4 ,! object ( ! ,gospel w\ld be call$ 9 mod]n te*nical language to exhibit a ,*ri/ology4 ,is t ,*ri/ology true8 ,does x satisfy ! te/s t we are able to apply to x8 ,c we f9d a suitable place = x 9 ! total conception t we =m ( ! ,apo/olic ,age8 ,does x belong to ! ,apo/olic ,age at all2 or mu/ we1 to und]/& x1 come d[n bel[ ! "t ( ! ,apo/les8 ,to answ] ^! que/ions we mu/ comp>e ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ) t ( ! o!r ,apo/olic writ+s1 & m p>ticul>ly ) t ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,x does n take u long to see t ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel has ! close/ aff9ity ) ?is gr\p ( ,epi/les--we may say1 ) ! lead+ ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul & ) t o!r int]e/+ ,epi/le ( :i* we "k1 p]haps1 or p>tly "k1 ! read]s b d n "k ! au?or4 ,x is wor? :ile to br+ 9 ?is because ! unmi/akable quotation f x 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome proves x to belong to ! ,apo/olic ,age4 #b4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ,/4 ,john comp>$ ) t ( ,/4 ,paul & ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! meet+-po9t ( all ! au?orities j m5tion$--inde$ we might say ! focus & c5tre ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t--is ! title #8,son ( ,god4' ,b :]eas ! ,synoptic ,gospels "w up to ?is title1 ,/4 ,john ) ,/4 ,paul & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews "w d[nw>ds or onw>ds f x4 ,:at ,i mean is ?is4 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels %[ u h[1 ?r\gh ! conception ( ! ,messiah & ! titles equival5t to x1 by degrees a po9t 0 rea*$ at :i* ! fai? ( ! disciples f\nd its mo/ adequate expression 9 ! "n #8,son ( ,god4' ,! culm9at+ po9t is ( c\rse ,/4 ,pet]'s confession repres5t$ at its fulle/ 9 ! =m adopt$ by ,/4 ,mat!w1 #8,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god' 7,matt4 xvi4 #af74 ,9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & we may say also 9 ! hi/oric ord] ( ev5ts1 ?is confession is a climax1 gradually rea*$2 & we are all[$ to see ! process by :i* x 0 rea*$4 #8,son ( ,god' is ! highe/ ( all ! equival5ts = #8,messiah4' ,& 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels we h unroll$ be=e u1 wond]fully pres]v$ by a rem>kable & we may say truly provid5tial accuracy ( reproduction ) h>dly ! consci\sness ( a guid+ idea1 ! hi/oric evolution1 spread ov] ! :ole ( ! public m9i/ry1 by :i* at its end ! little knot ( disciples settl$ ^u ?is t]m z ! be/ & ample/ expression ( its belief 9 its ,ma/]4 ,we h se5 t ! ,f\r? ,gospel is by no means want+ 9 traces ( ?is evolution4 ,b ^! too are traces1 pres]v$ incid5tally & almo/ accid5tally1 )\t any delib]ate purpose on ! "p ( ! au?or3 !y are ! product ( 8 hi/orical s5se1 z di/9ct f ! special object & ! l>ge idea t he _h be=e 8 m9d 9 writ+ 8 ,gospel4 ,?is special object & l>ge idea presuppose ! title z x 7 full-bl[n4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t an evangeli/ sitt+ d[n to write t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury %\ld unw9d ! ?reads ( ! ske9 :i*1 "s fifty or sixty ye>s be=e1 _h br\ght 8 consci\sness to ! po9t :]e x 04 ,to him look+ back1 ! evolution>y process 0 =e%ort5$2 & we h se5 t z a consequ5ce he all[$ ! language t he us$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry to be some:at m def9ite ?an on /rictly hi/orical pr9ciples x %\ld h be54 ,t he %\ld d s 0 natural & inevitable--inde$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! /&>ds ( 8 "t !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ su* anticipations4 ,if we di/+ui% betwe5 ! gradual unfold+ ( ! n>rative & ! total conception pres5t to ! m9d ( ! writ] ?r\gh\t f ! beg9n+1 we %\ld say t ?is conception assumes = ,*ri/ ! fulle/ significance ( ,div9e ,son%ip4 ,m ?an ?is3 we see1 :5 we come to /udy ! ,gospel 9 detail1 t ! writ] n only assumes ! full idea ( ,son%ip b has also dwelt ^u x & ?\ght ab\t x & foll[$ x out ?r\gh all ! logic ( its cont5ts4 ,we may say t x is n only he t has done s b practically all ! ?9k+ portion ( ! ,*ur* ( 8 "t4 ,we may see ?is f ! comp>ison ( ,/4 ,paul & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 n to speak ( o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,! ,synopti/s h>dly come "u ! head ( ?9k]s4 ,!y are cont5t to set d[n facts & impressions )\t analysis & )\t reflection4 ,b long be=e ,/4 ,john sat d[n to write1 ^? :o really 7 ?9k]s _h evid5tly ask$ !mselves :at 0 ! mean+ & :at 0 ! orig9 ( t title #8,son ( ,god' by :i* ! ,*ur* 0 agre$ to designate its ,ma/]4 ,! m active m9ds _h evid5tly press$ ! inquiry f> home4 ,!y did n /op %ort at ! ,baptism2 !y did n /op %ort at ! ,bir?3 !y saw t ! ,div9e ,son%ip ( ,*ri/ /ret*$ back f> beyond ^! rec5t ev5ts2 !y saw t x 0 root$ 9 ! deepe/ dep?s ( ,godhead4 ,x is true bo? ( ,/4 ,paul & ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews--t is1 assum+ t ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians is ,/4 ,paul's--t !y h n only ! doctr9e ( ! ,son b ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 all b ! "n4 ,n[ ,i "k t !re are _m :o w n agree ) me2 ,i "k also t ! position is n easy to prove1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 ,i believe t !re are a numb] ( def9ite facts t at lea/ sugge/ x4 ,b = myself ,i suspect s /rongly z to be practically sure t 9 ^! processes ( ?\ght ! apo/olic !ologians1 z we may call !m1 7 n altoge!r orig9al4 ,!y 7 n )\t a precursor2 !y did n inv5t _! ideas = ! fir/ "t4 ,i believe t we %all mo/ reasonably acc\nt = ! :ole set ( ph5om5a if we suppose t !re _h be5 intimations1 h9ts1 ,anhaltspunkte1 9 ! disc\rses ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,we h z a matt] ( fact su* h9ts or intimations 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! ,evangeli/ may h exp&$ & acc5tuat$ !m a little--he may h dott$ ! i's & cross$ ! t's--b ,i believe t x is reasonable to hold t !y _h be5 really !re4 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ,*ri/ianity is 9 any case a v great ph5om5on2 & x seems to me simpl] & easi]1 & 9 all ways m probable1 to ref] ! features :i* con/itute its greatness to a s+le s\rce1 to ! "o s\rce :i* is really ! f\nta9-head ( all4 ,)\t t "o s\rce ! o!rs w\ld nev] h be5 :at !y 74 ,! fact t ,/4 ,paul & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews _h sub/antially arriv$ at a ,logos doctr9e be=e any extant writ+ has m5tion$ ! "n1 seems to ?r[ light on ! ord] ( ?\ght by :i* ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ himself arriv$ at 8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 ,x is ! cop+-/one ( ! :ole edifice1 n ! f\ndation-/one4 ,x is a compreh5sive syn!sis :i* unites "u "o head a numb] ( scatt]$ ideas4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x w\ld be m probable t ! ,prologue to ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 a true preface1 writt5 aft] ! re/ ( ! "w to sum up & b9d toge!r 9 "o mighty p>agraph ! ideas t are really lead+ ideas1 ?\gh scatt]$ up & d[n ! ,gospel4 ,:e!r x 0 actually writt5 la/ does n matt]4 ,:at ,i mean is t ! philosophic syn!sis ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,gospel came to ! ,evangeli/ la/ 9 ! ord] ( 8 ?\ght2 ! ord] 01 hi/ory fir/ & !n philosophic syn!sis ( ! hi/ory4 ,no d\bt ! syn!sis 0 really complete be=e ! ,apo/le began to write 8 ,gospel2 ! writ+ ( ! ,prologue may or may n h foll[$ ! ord] ( 8 ?\ght4 ,x may h be51 z ,h>nack ?9ks1 a sort ( comm5datory lett] s5t out ) ! ,gospel2 or x may be t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 out 9 "o piece ^u a plan pres5t f ! fir/ to ! writ]'s m9d4 ,! ord] ( g5esis & ! ord] ( production d n always co9cide2 & x is really a v second>y consid]ation :e!r 9 any p>ticul> in/ance !y did or n4 ,we d n "k exactly at :at /age 9 8 c>e] ! ,evangeli/ grasp$ ! idea ( ! ,logos4 ,we %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k comp>atively late1 f ! fact t x has n be5 all[$ to intrude into ! hi/orical portion ( ! ,gospel4 ,! v>i\s ideas :i* are summ$ up "u ! conception ( ! ,logos appe> !re indep5d5tly & 9 o!r connexions4 ,z we h j se51 9 ,/4 ,paul also & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ! ar* is fully =m$ be=e ! key-/one is dropp$ into x4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ab\t ?is1 !re is a close p>allelism betwe5 ! :ole !ology1 includ+ ! ,*ri/ology1 ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 ,bo? />t f ! ?\ght ( an ,inc>nation 7,john i4 #ad2 ,rom4 viii4 #c2 ,gal4 iv4 #d2 ,phil4 ii4 #g1 #h2 ,col4 i4 #ae2 & ) ! latt] "p ( ! same v]se1 cp4 ,col4 i4 #ai2 ii4 #i74 ,9 bo? ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul ! union ( ! ,son ) ! ,fa!r is n only moral b a union ( ess5tial nature 7cp4 ,john i4 #a1 #b1 #ad2 x4 #cj1 #ch2 xiv4 #aj1 #aa1 #bj2 xvii4 #ba1 #bc ) #b ,cor4 v4 #ai2 ,col4 i4 #ac1 #ae1 #ai2 ii4 #i74 ,betwe5 ! ,son & ! ,fa!r !re is ! bond ( mutual love1 ( a love supreme & unique 7t is ! real mean+ ( 9 ,john i4 #ad1 #ah2 cp4 xvii4 #bc1 #bd1 #bf & ,rom4 viii4 #c1 #cb2 ,eph4 i4 #f2 ,col4 i4 #ac74 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is relation betwe5 ! ,son & ! ,fa!r1 :i* has its roots 9 ! et]nal pa/ 7,john i4 #a1 #b2 xvii4 #e1 #bd71 !re 0 also complete union ( w 9 ! "w ( ! ,son ^u e>? 7,john v4 #cj2 vi4 #ch2 xiv4 #ca2 xvii4 #af3 cp4 ,phil4 ii4 #h2 ,heb4 v4 #g1 #h74 ,?us ! acts ( ! ,son are really ! acts ( ! ,fa!r1 ! natural expression ( t p]fect intimacy 9 :i* !y /& to ea* o!r 7v4 #ai1 #bj2 viii4 #bi2 x4 #be1 #cg1 #ch74 ,! reciprocity betwe5 !m is absolute1 x is se5 9 ! p]fection ( _! mutual k 7vii4 #bi2 viii4 #ai2 x4 #ae2 xvii4 #be72 s t ! tea*+ ( ! ,son is really ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!r 7vii4 #af2 viii4 #bf1 #bh1 #ch2 xii4 #di1 #ej2 xiv4 #aj1 #bd2 xv4 #ae74 ,:at ! ,son is1 ! ,fa!r also is4 ,h5ce ! life & "* & words ( ! ,son1 tak5 z a :ole1 con/itute a revelation ( ! ,fa!r su* z _h nev] be5 giv5 be=e 7vi4 #df2 xiv4 #g-aj3 cp4 i4 #ad1 #ah7fd4 ,?us we are br\ght to ano!r c5tral idea ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! function ( ! ,son z reveal+ ! ,fa!r4 ,= ?is1 aga91 we h a p>allel 9 an impassion$ passage ( ,/4 ,paul3 #8,! god ( ?is _w ha? bl9d$ ! m9ds ( ! unbeliev+1 t ! light ( ! gospel ( ! glory ( ,*ri/1 :o is ! image ( ,god1 %\ld n dawn ^u !m4 ,= we prea* n ourselves1 b ,*ri/ ,jesus z ,"l1 & ourselves z y\r s]vants = ,jesus' sake4 ,see+ x is ,god1 t said1 ,light %all %9e out ( d>kness1 :o %9$ 9 our he>ts1 to give ! light ( ! k ( ! glory ( ,god 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/' 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #d-f74 ,x may be true t ?is idea1 ?\gh c5tral ) ,/4 ,john1 is subord9ate ) ,/4 ,paul2 b x is di/9ctly recogniz$--j z1 conv]sely1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 ?\gh cle>ly impli$1 is less prom95t ) ,/4 ,john ?an ) ,/4 ,paul4 ,! close resemblance betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul does n end ) ! exposition ( ! "* & mission ( ! inc>nate ,son2 x is exhibit$ no less 9 :at is said ab\t ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel on ! subject ( ! ,_s repeats 9 a rem>kable way c]ta9 lead+ features 9 its tea*+ ab\t ! ,son4 ,! ,fa!r is 9 ! ,son 7z we h se571 & ! ,son is "o ) ! ,fa!r2 & yet ! ,son is di/9ct 79 ! language ( lat] !ology1 a di/9ct ,p]son7 f ! ,fa!r2 & 9 l mann] ! ,p>aclete is #8ano!r' ?an ! ,son 7xiv4 #af71 & is s5t by ! ,son 7xv4 #bf2 xvi4 #g72 & yet 9 ! com+ ( ! ,_s ! ,son ,himself returns to ,8 p 7xiv4 #ah2 cf4 iii4 #bh74 ,"h aga9 ! p>allel is q rem>kable betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 ,if we take a passage l ,rom4 viii4 #i-aa we see t1 9 ?is same connexion ( ! "w ( ! indwell+ ,_s among ! fai?ful1 ,he is describ$ at "o mom5t z ! ,_s ( ,god1 at ano!r z ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 & almo/ 9 ! same brea? we h ! phrase1 #8,if ,*ri/ is 9 y' z an equival5t = #8,if ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ is 9 y4' ,! latt] phrase is full] & m exact1 b ) ,/4 ,paul1 z well z ) ,/4 ,john1 x is ,*ri/ ,himself :o comes to ,8 own 9 ,8 ,_s4 ,no writ] t ,i "k has work$ out ! :ole ( ?is relation ) m philosophical & !ological fulness & accuracy ?an ,dr4 ,mob]ly 9 8 ,atonem5t & ,p]sonality4 ,& ,i am tempt$ to quote "o %ort passage ( 8 7:]e ,i %\ld l to quote _m71 because x seems to me to sum up 9 few words ! fundam5tal tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 #8,*ri/ 9 y1 or ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 9 y2 ^! are n diff]5t realities2 b ! "o is ! me?od ( ! o!r4 ,x is 9 ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ t ! ,et]nal ,god is reveal$ 9 manhood to man4 ,x is 9 ! ,p]son ( ,8 ,_s t ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/ is ,p]sonally pres5t )9 ! _s ( ea* sev]al man4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is ma9ly reveal$ to u z ! ,_s ( ! ,inc>nate#fe4' ,x is to ! language ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john t we g = pro( t ! ,holy ,_s is a ,p]son2 b x is also f _! language t we le>n h[ intimately ,he is associat$ ) ! o!r ,div9e ,p]sons4 ,we are l$ up to :at is 9 lat] !ological language call$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,x is well kn[n t "s ( ! mo/ important data = ?is doctr9e are d]iv$ f ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 especially f ! la/ disc\rse4 ,& :atev] is f\nd 9 ,/4 ,john may be p>allel$ 9 sub/ance f ,/4 ,paul4 #c4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,n[ ,i am n go+ to ma9ta9 t1 if "o ( u _h be5 an eye-witness ( ! ,life ( ,*ri/1 ! pr(\nd tea*+ ( :i* ,i h j giv5 an outl9e w\ld h seem$ to him to be> ! same k9d ( proportion to ! sum total ( ,8 tea*+ t x be>s 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,by ! ess5tial conditions ( ! case x c\ld n be s4 ,x is ?is p>ticul> k9d ( tea*+ :i* ! ,evangeli/ specially wi%es to en=ce2 &1 9 ord] to en=ce x1 he has s+l$ out = 8 n>rative j ^? sc5es 9 :i* x came up--^? &1 broadly speak+1 no o!rs4 ,we h se5 t 9 reg>d to ?is tea*+ !re is a v l>ge am\nt ( co9cid5ce betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john4 ,we %all h pres5tly to consid] :at is ! nature & gr\nd ( ?is co9cid5ce1 h[ x arose & :at relation x implies betwe5 ! two ,apo/les4 ,b be=e go+ on to ?is1 we mu/ fir/ ask ourselves h[ f> x c be v]ifi$ by comp>ison ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,x is "r to look = su* v]ification1 h[ev] mu* we may be conv9c$ t ^! ,gospels are an extremely p>tial & fragm5t>y repres5tation ( all t ,*ri/ said & did4 ,ev5 a mod]n biography1 contemplat$ p]haps dur+ ! life-"t ( its subject1 & actually begun soon aft] 8 dea?1 w only conta9 a ti! 7if he is a really great man7 ( 8 m significant acts & say+s4 ,b ^? :o attempt$ to write :at we wrongly call ,lives ( ,*ri/ did n1 z x w\ld seem1 = ! mo/ "p ev5 beg9 to d s or make prep>ations = beg9n+ = "s ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion1 :5 ! company ( ! apo/les & intimate disciples 0 already disp]s$1 or at lea/ 9 no ne> contact ) ! writ]s#ff4 ,we h only to ask ourselves :at we %\ld expect 9 su* circum/ances4 ,& ,i ?9k we %\ld f9d t our expectations 7 fully borne out if we 7 to comp>e toge!r ! cont5ts ( ! olde/ docum5ts1 ^? ( ! ,logia ) ! ,m>k-,gospel1 & ^? ( ! special s\rce or s\rces ( ,/4 ,luke ) bo?4 ,! am\nt & value ( ! glean+s :i* ea* attempt left = ^? :o came aft] tells its own /ory4 ,b if we d n expect t ! ,synoptic ,gospels w\ld be 9 ! lea/ degree exhau/ive 9 ! mat]ials !y h pres]v$ = u f ! ,life ( ,*ri/1 we might be sure t _! defects w\ld be greate/ 9 reg>d to ! class ( tea*+ ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,x is tea*+ ( a k9d t might p]haps haunt ! m9ds ( a few gift$ & f>-sight$ individuals1 b w\ld c]ta9ly fall ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! m9d ( ! av]age man4 ,x 0 ?is v fact1 z we h se51 :i* prompt$ ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ to write 8 ,gospel4 ,! ext]nals ( ! ,"l's ,life he recogniz$ z hav+ be5 adequately told2 b x 0 j ! pr(\nde/ tea*+ & "s ( ! mo/ significant acts t _h escap$ tell+1 & t he himself desir$ to rescue f oblivion4 ,we mu/ !re=e be cont5t if we c v]ify a few p>ticul>s4 ,we mu/ n f ! outset expect to be able to d m4 ,& we mu/ be /ill m cont5t if ^! p>ticul>s %[ by _! "* t !y are fragm5ts f a mu* l>g] wreckage1 t !y are :at we might call *ance survivals ( :at _h once exi/$ on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,we conclud$ our sket* ( ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel by speak+ ( ! data :i* x conta9$ = ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,^! h[ev] are only data4 ,x is p]haps a little surpris+ t ! only approa* to a =mulation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity occurs n 9 ,/4 ,john b at ! end ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w 7xxviii4 #ai74 ,i am ( c\rse well aw>e t ?is "p ( ! ,fir/ ,gospel is vigor\sly que/ion$ by ! critics4 ,i am prep>$ to believe myself t ! passage is a late incorporation 9 ! ,gospel2 & antec$5tly ,i %\ld n say t we _h /rong gu>antees = its lit]al accuracy4 ,b !n--?is is an old /ory1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 & ,i mu/ apologize = introduc+ x1 b ,i _c leave ! po9t unnotic$--h[ are we to expla9 t o!r rem>kable v]se t occurs at ! end ( ! second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7#b ,cor4 xiii4 #ad78 ,?is famili> ?ree-fold b5$iction mu/ h _h antec$5ts2 x mu/1 ,i %\ld say1 h _h a long tra9 ( antec$5ts4 ,! mo/ adequate explanation ( x seems to me to be t ! tra9 ( antec$5ts />t$ f some?+ correspond+1 some?+ said at "s "t or o!r1 9 ! tea*+ ( our ,"l#fg4 ,i fully believe t ! h9ts & intimations ( a ,tr9ity t we f9d scatt]$ ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t h _! orig9 ultimately 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,ap>t f ?is1 h[ c\ld ! conception h be5 rea*$ at s e>ly a date8 ,= #b ,cor9?ians mu/ 9 any case fall betwe5 #ec-eg ,a4,d4#fh ,let u "w our way backw>ds ?r\gh ano!r ( ! h9ts4 ,we h se5 t ! com+ ( ! ,p>aclete is describ$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel z a return ( ,*ri/ to ,8 own4 ,are !re any p>allels = ?is 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels8 ,n exactly1 because ! two ?+s are n br\ght into comb9ation4 ,b we h on ! "o h& di/9ct pr$ictions ( ! activity ( ! ,holy ,_s aft] ! dep>ture ( ,*ri/4 ,= in/ance3 #8,:5 !y deliv] y up1 be n anxi\s h[ or :at ye %all speak4444 ,= x is n ye t speak1 b ! ,_s ( y\r ,fa!r t speake? 9 y' 7,matt4 x4 #ai1 #bj74 ,& 9 ,/4 ,luke's v]sion ( ! promise z to answ]s to pray]1 ! ,holy ,_s is spok5 ( z imp>t$ to ! believ]3 #8,if ye !n1 be+ evil1 "k h[ to give good gifts unto y\r *ildr51 h[ mu* m %all y\r heav5ly ,fa!r give ! ,holy ,_s to !m t ask him8' 7,luke xi4 #ac74 ,! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 connexion ) pray] is "o ( ! topics 9 ! ,la/ ,disc\rse z record$ by ,/4 ,john4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are 9 ! ,synoptics rem>kable allusions to ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ,*ri/ ) ,8 p4 ,su* is t :i* foll[s imm$iately ^u ! v]se ab\t ,baptism 9 ! ?reefold ,"n3 #8,lo1 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w4' ,& 9 ,matt4 xviii4 #bj1 #8,:]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r 9 my "n1 !re am ,i 9 ! mid/ ( !m#fi4' ,w5dt connects ?is la/ passage ) ! in/ances 9 :i* acts done 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ & = ! b5efit ( ,8 foll[]s are spok5 ( z ?\gh !y 7 done to ,him4 ,= in/ance1 #8,:osoev] %all receive "o ( su* little *ildr5 9 my "n1 receive? me3 & :osoev] receive? me1 receive? n me1 b him t s5t me' 7,m>k ix4 #cg2 cf4 ,luke x4 #af2 ,matt4 xxv4 #dj74 ,w5dt goes on to dilute ! mean+ ( ^! allusions4 ,he w\ld make !m mean no m ?an t su* actions h ! same value & ! same rew>d z ?\gh !y 7 done to ,*ri/4 ,b ! asc5d+ s]ies is aga9/ ?is3 #8,:osoev] receive? ,me1 receive? n ,me1 b ,him t s5t ,me4' ,& once aga9 we h to ask1 :at is ! orig9 ( all ^? passages 9 ! ,epi/les1 :]e ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ! solid>ity betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! :ole body ( ! fai?ful1 s t 9 t extraord9>y phrase ! suff]+s ( ,8 ,apo/le actually fill up or supplem5t ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7 1 ,col4 i4 #bd78 ,! exi/5ce ( su* passages sugge/s ! probability--& inde$ m ?an probability--t !re 7 o!rs l !m1 b m directly didactic & expository1 :i* h n be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel conta9s "s specim5s ( ?is tea*+2 b t ,gospel & ! ,synoptics toge!r r give specim5s ( a class ( tea*+ ?an make any approa* to an exhau/ive record ( all t our ,"l mu/ h said on ^! topics4 ,we h se5 t ! ,synoptic ,gospels di/9ctly repres5t our ,"l z ! ,jewi% ,messiah4 ,!y repres5t ,him z fill$ f ! fir/ ) ! consci\sness ( a mission t is beyond t ( ! ord9>y tea*] or prophet4 ,he taught z "o hav+ au?ority1 & n z ! scribes4 ,! demoniacs recogniz$ 9 ,him a pres5ce be=e :i* !y 7 aw$ & calm$4 ,he took ^u ,himself to =give s9s1 ) ! assurance t ^? :om ,he =gave ,god also w\ld =give4 ,he call$ ,himself1 9 "o v anci5t =m ( n>rative1 #8,"l ( ! sabba?4' ,he did n hesitate to review ! :ole c\rse ( previ\s revelation1 & to prop\nd 9 ,8 own "n a new law sup]s$+ ! old4 ,he evid5tly reg>d$ ,8 "w on e>? z possess+ an extraord9>y value4 ,he 0 ,himself a great] ?an ,solomon1 a great] ?an ,jonah2 &1 :at is p]haps m rem>kable1 ,he seems to reg>d ,8 own claim z exce$+ t ( ! :ole body ( ! poor 7#8,ye h ! poor always ) y 444 b ,me ye h n always'74 ,z ,8 tea*+ w5t on1 ,he began to speak z ?\gh ,8 relation to ! human race 0 n conf9$ to ,8 life among !m1 b z ?\gh x w\ld be cont9u$ & r5ew$ on a va/ scale aft] ,8 dea?2 ,he w\ld come aga9 9 ! "* ( ,judge1 & ,he w\ld divide mank9d accord+ to ! s]vice :i* 79 a l>ge s5se7 !y _h r5d]$1 or n r5d]$1 to ,him4 ,^! are a numb] ( p>ticul>s :i* help$ to br+ out :at !re 0 extraord9>y 9 ,8 mission4 ,by :at =mula 0 x to be describ$ & cov]$8 ,x 0 describ$ "u ! ,jewi% "n #8,messiah1' ) its v>i\s equival5ts4 ,among ^? equival5ts1 t :i* ! apo/olic g5]ation deem$ mo/ adequate 0 #8! ,son ( ,god4' ,"o ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels says expressly t ,he appli$ ?is title to ,himself 7,matt4 xxvii4 #dc71 & x is q possible t ,he did s1 b critical gr\nds prev5t u f lay+ /ress ^u ! phrase4 ,on two great occasions 7! ,baptism & ,transfiguration7 ! title is giv5 to ,him by a voice f heav54 ,b only 9 a s+le passage 7,matt4 xi4 #bg2 ,luke x4 #bb7 is !re any?+ l an exposition ( :at is conta9$ 9 ! title4 ,! mutual relation ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son is express$ z a p]fect insight on ! "p ( ea*1 n only into ! m9d1 b into ! :ole be+ & "* ( ! o!r4 ,diff]5t critics h dealt ) ?is say+ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,h>nack1 9 8 fam\s lectures1 gave x ! prom95ce t x des]ves1 b at ! same "t r$uc$ its mean+1 9 accordance ) 8 g5]ally r$uc$ conception ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 exegesis t5d$ to limit ! peculi> k ( ! ,son to ,8 special appreh5sion ( ! tru? ( ,div9e ,fa!rhood4 ,m4 ,loisy demurs to ?is4 ,he says3 #8,!re is cle>ly involv$ a transc5d5tal relation1 :i* ?r[s into relief ! high dignity ( ! ,*ri/1 & n a psy*ological reality1 ( :i* "o _c see ! possibility 9 respect to ,god4 ,! t]ms ,fa!r & ,son are n "h purely religi\s1 b !y h already become metaphysical2 !ological & dogmatic speculation has be5 able to take hold ( !m )\t greatly modify+ _! s5se4 ,!re is only "o ,fa!r & only "o ,son1 con/itut$1 9 a mann]1 by ! k t !y h ( "o ano!r1 absolute entities ! relations ( :i* are almo/ absolute#gj4' ,p]haps ?is is a little exagg]at$ 9 ! opposite direction to ,h>nack4 ,/ill ,i believe x to be 9 ! ma9 "r4 ,! mutual k ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son re/s ^u _! ess5tial community ( nature4 ,b1 hav+ recogniz$ ?is1 ,m4 ,loisy goes on1 ) :at ,i _c b ?9k s+ul> levity1 to ca/ d\bt ^u ! passage4 ,he reg>ds ! :ole context 9 ,/4 ,mat!w z a sort ( psalm bas$ ^u ! la/ *apt] 7li7 ( ,ecclesia/icus2 & he ascribes x n to our ,"l1 b to ! tradition ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is is f> f be+ a fav\rable specim5 ( ,biblical criticism4 ,we h only to set ! two passages side by side to e/imate its value4 ,x is possible en\gh t !re are rem9isc5ces n only ( ?is1 b ( o!r passages ( ,ecclesia/icus & ( o!r books 9 ! m9d ( speak] or writ]#ga4 ,we might conceive ( a def9+ phrase "h or !re be+ due to ! ,evangeli/ & sugge/$ by su* rem9isc5ces4 ,or we might conceive ( ,*ri/ ,himself go+ back 9 ?\ght 7z well ,he might7 to ! invitation ( p]sonifi$ ,wisdom4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ /range 9 ei!r supposition4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ev]y:]e takes up ! ?reads ( ! ,old1 & is n conf9$ to ! ,jewi% ,canon4 ,b 9 any case ! mat]ials ?us suppli$ are entirely reca/2 & ! :ole passage 7#8,come unto ,me1' c47 be>s ! inimitable /amp ( "o ,figure1 & only "o#gb4 ,! tru? is t 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 z well z 9 ! ,f\r?1 !re is really a my/]i\s backgr\nd1 ?\gh we see less ( ! attempt to pi]ce x4 ,^! simple-look+ say+s are n s simple z !y seem4 ,to take1 = in/ance1 "o ^u :i* we h t\*$1 #8he t receive? y1 receive? ,me1 & he t receive? ,me1 receive? ,him t s5t ,me4' ,! words are almo/ *ildlike 9 _! simplicity1 & yet !y lead up to ! highe/ heights1 & d[n to ! deepe/ dep?s4 ,no d\bt we may rationalize x all away1 if we please4 ,we may %ut out ! my/]y f our m9ds4 ,b we %all n keep x out = long4 ,j :5 we are safe/1 !re's a sunset-t\*1 ,a fancy f a fl[]-bell1 "s "o's dea?1 ,a *orus-end+ f ,euripides-- ,& t's en\gh = fifty hopes & fe>s ,z old & new at once z nature's self1 ,to rap & knock & ent] 9 our s\l4 ,!re is a movem5t p]haps on a l>ge scale1 l ! ,b5?am p]iod 9 ,engl& 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 or ! sceptical & dei/ical p]iod a hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 & x seems z ?\gh ev]y?+ 7 to be made cle> & intelligible1 & ! consci5ce & s\l ( m5 7 n to be tr\bl$ by phantoms any m4 ,& !n !re come #8,lake ,poets1' or an #8,ox=d ,movem5t1' & ! o!r _w1 ! old _w1 all comes back aga92 & ! =ces t try to re/ra9 x are snapp$ l ,samson's )es4 ,! reason appe>s to be t ^! v cle> outl9es are always obta9$ by omissions or suppressions t are artificial1 & d n d ju/ice to ! wond]ful ri*ness & subtlety ei!r ( ! human m9d or ( ! p[]s t "w ^u x4 #d4 ,int]pretation ( ^! ,relations betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john3 ,alt]native ,con/ructions4 ,^! comp>isons t we h j be5 in/itut+ betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,john raise a v l>ge "q1 a "q involv+ no?+ less ?an our :ole con/ruction ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,x is becom+ m & m ! cu/om ) ! left w+ ( critical writ]s to make ! mo/ fundam5tal "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! pivot tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 an inv5tion ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,/4 ,john is only ! *ief ( 8 disciples4 ,accord+ to ^! writ]s primitive ,*ri/ianity1 ! g5u9e ,*ri/ianity1 loses itself 9 ! s&s1 or is repres5t$1 let u say1 d$uct+ ! /ress on ! ,mosaic ,law1 by ! sect ( ! ,ebionites4 ,x is ,/4 ,paul :o /rikes out ! new road2 & ! writ] :om we call ,/4 ,john foll[s him 9 x4 ,! attempt ( ?is lat] writ] to supply a hi/orical basis = ,paul9ism1 holds good only 9 appe>ance4 ,! tea*+ :i* x puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus is 9 no s5se an antec$5t ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 b a product ( x4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a tr5*ant /atem5t ( ! position4 #8,! ,f\r? ,gospel d]iv$ ?is importance1 la/+ long beyond ! "t ( 8 bir?1 f its hav+ bridg$ ov] ! *asm betwe5 ,jesus & ,/4 ,paul1 & f its hav+ c>ri$ ! ,paul9e ,gospel back into ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?is gospel t ,paul9ism atta9s to absolute dom9ion 9 ! !ology ( ! ,*ur*4444 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,r$eem] ( ! _w1 is = ,john z well z ,paul ! core & c5tre ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,&1 moreov]1 ,john's ,*ri/ology is ,paul9e 9 all its important features--! ,son ( ,god :o 0 ) ,god 9 heav51 & 0 s5t by ,god ^u e>?1 ! ,m$iator ( creation1 ! ,god ( ,revelation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,son ( ,man f heav51 z ,paul1 too1 call$ ,him4 ,& ! *ief object ( ,8 com+ into ! _w is ! atonem5t by means ( ,8 dea?4444 ,! :ole ( ! ,johann9e !ology is a natural developm5t f ! ,paul9e4 ,x is ,paul9ism modifi$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! sub-apo/olic age4 ,two important consequ5ces foll[ f ?is4 ,!re is no ,johann9e !ology by ! side ( & indep5d5t ( ! ,paul9e4 ,lu!r already felt ?is cle>ly1 & he und]/ood some?+ ( ! matt]4 ,john & ,paul are n two !ological factors1 b "o4 ,7 we to accept t ,/4 ,john =m$ 8 conception ( ,*ri/ianity ei!r orig9ally or directly f ,jesus' tea*+1 we %\ld h to refuse ,/4 ,paul all orig9ality1 = we %\ld leave him sc>cely a s+le indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,b x is ,/4 ,paul t is orig9al2 ,/4 ,john is n4 ,9 ,/4 ,paul's lett]s we look1 z ?r\gh a w9d[1 into ! factory :]e ^! great ?\ghts fla% =? & are develop$2 9 ,/4 ,john we see ! beg9n+ ( _! trans=mation & decay4' ,w]nle1 ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 pp4 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bgd f4 7,e4 ,t474 ,no?+ c\ld be cle>]4 ,& by reason ( 8 cle>ness & boldness ( /atem5t ,w]nle is an excell5t repres5tative ( ! :ole s*ool2 = :at he ass]ts 9 set t]ms is really presuppos$ by a numb] ( o!r writ]s :o d n ass]t x4 ,x rema9s = u to ask1 ,is ?is con/ruction ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity t5able8 ,two ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4 ,be=e ,i attempt to answ] ?is "q1 !re are two rem>ks t ,i %\ld l to make ^u x4 i4 ,we obs]ve "h1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 t ! !ory reflects1 n s mu* ! ess5tial disposition & proportions ( ! facts z ! /ate ( ! extant evid5ce4 ,h>dly any?+ has come d[n to u f ! e>ly ye>s1 at lea/ = ! fir/ ?ree decades1 ( ! ,"m ,*ur*2 & f t :i* has come d[n to u1 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! ,acts & ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 criticism w\ld make consid]able d$uctions4 ,i ?9k t ^! d$uctions are great] ?an ought to be made1 b _! exi/5ce _c be ignor$4 ,:at we "k ( ! ,"m ,*ur* has to be piec$ toge!r by inf]5ce & con/ructive imag9ation4 ,on ! o!r h& = ,/4 ,paul we h 9 any case an impressive body ( c]ta9ly g5u9e epi/les4 ,x is natural en\gh t ! m9d %\ld be dom9at$ by ^!1 & t ! assumption %\ld be made--= x is pure assumption--t ! lead+ ideas ( ^! epi/les are an orig9al creation4 ii4 ,b !re is no?+ really 9 ! ,epi/les !mselves to be> out ?is assumption4 ,/4 ,paul does n write z ?\gh he 7 a :olesale innovator4 ,he does n write z ?\gh he 7 f\nd+ a new religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 he lays great /ress 9 a famili> passage 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aa7 on ! fact t ! f\ndation is already laid4 ,9 ano!r place 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #aa7 he speaks z ?\gh x made no diff]5ce :e!r he 7 ! prea*] or o!rs1 ! belief ( ,*ri/ians 0 ! same4 ,/4 ,paul has inde$ 8 special views & 8 special controv]sies1 b !y d n affect ! ma9 po9t4 ,he assumes t ?is is common to all ,*ri/ians4 ,?is br+s me to "s ( ! po9ts on :i* we h to te/ ! !ory1 z x is /at$ by ,w]nle4 #e4 ,objections to ! ,critical ,!ory4 ,let u ?9k = a mom5t :at ! !ory involves4 ,x involves t ! ,paul9e ,gospel n only conqu]$ ! ,we/1 b t x came flood+ back 9 a great reflux-wave all ov] ! ,ea/4 ,! ,ea/1 on ?is !ory1 has no p[] ( resi/ance2 x surr5d]s at discretion4 ,h[ does ?is accord ) ! evid5ce8 i4 ,9 ord] t !re %\ld be ?is conque/ & annexation ( ! :ole ,*ur* by ! ,paul9e ,gospel x is impli$1 & x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! !ory to imply1 t !re 0 a broad & well-m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ,paul9e ,gospel & ! g5]al belief ( ! ,*ur*1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,"m ,*ur*4 ,b ,/4 ,paul himself expressly disclaims any su* diff]5ce2 he 0 anxi\s t !re %\ld n be any1 & he took /eps to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility t s]i\s div]g5ce might h come betwe5 !m unaw>es4 ,he tells u t he comp>$ notes ) ! lead+ apo/les at ,j]usalem1 to make sure t he & !y 7 prea*+ sub/antially ! same ?+3 #8,i laid be=e !m ! gospel :i* ,i prea* among ! ,g5tiles1 b privately be=e !m :o 7 ( repute1 le/ by any means ,i %\ld be runn+1 or _h run 9 va9' 7,gal4 ii4 #b74 ,& aga91 at ! end ( ! conf]5ces1 he tells u h[ ,james & ,pet] & ,john gave to him & ,b>nabas ! "r h&s ( fell[%ip1 z a pl$ge ( _! sub/antial agreem5t 7ibid4 v]4 #i74 ,x is true t !re 7 po9ts ( discussion1 :i* 9 o!r sections ( ! ,*ur* am\nt$ to controv]sy1 betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,judaean ,*ri/ians4 ,b ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians all[s u to see ! full ext5t ( ^! debatable matt]s2 &1 by def9+ !m1 x also def9es ! ext5t ( ! common gr\nd ( agreem5t4 ,:at we %\ld call ! doctr9e ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ c]ta9ly comes "u ! latt] head1 & n "u ! =m]4 ,! ,"m ,*ur* 0 n ,ebionite1 or ,/4 ,paul w\ld h be5 9 /ill %>p] antagonism to x ?an he 04 ii4 ,x 0 ?is sub/antial agreem5t betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ! lead+ ,apo/les t sav$ ! ,*ur* f a =midable rupture4 ,su* glimpses z we h ( ! ,judaean *ur*es d n at all give u ! impression t !y w\ld h submitt$ meekly to ,paul9e dictation4 ,no d\bt !re 0 a consid]able prejudice aga9/ ,/4 ,paul p]sonally2 b x 0 a prejudice t turn$ ^u o!r ?+s altoge!r ?an 8 tea*+ ab\t ,*ri/4 ,we h 9 ,acts xxi4 #bj-e a graphic description1 :i* is also full ( v]isimilitude1 ( ! k9d ( ways 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul came into collision ) ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians2 b 8 tea*+ ab\t ,*ri/ 0 n "o ( !m4 iii4 ,we h se5 t ! confession t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 0 common gr\nd = all ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 on ?is gr\nd t ,/4 ,paul & ! ,judaean *ur*es felt !mselves "o4 ,!y also felt !mselves "o 9 :at we ought n to call ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 b 9 ^? root-facts out ( :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity aft]w>ds came to be =mulat$4 ,!re 0 d\btless /ill room = v>iety ( speculation4 ,!re 0 room = diff]5t int]pretation ( curr5t t]ms & curr5t beliefs4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* _h z yet a c]ta9 fluidity4 ,/4 ,paul might take "o l9e1 & ,cephas ano!r1 & ,apollos a ?ird4 ,& yet ,*ri/ 0 n divid$4 ,!re 0 a consci\sness ( union und]ly+ ^! diff]5ces4 ,!re 0 a s5se1 t c\ld n z yet be put adequately into words1 ( c]ta9 great facts1 ( c]ta9 fundam5tal beliefs1 by virtue ( :i* ! ,*ur* 0 "o4 iv4 ,x is out ( ?is common gr\nd1 & n out ( ! special features ( ! ,paul9e !ology1 t ! tea*+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel really sprang4 ,true1 !re are resemblances & aff9ities betwe5 details 9 ! !ologies ( ! ,evangeli/ & ! ,apo/le4 ,b x does n foll[ t ^! 7 borr[$ by ! "o f ! o!r#gc4 ,if !y _h be51 we may be sure t !re w\ld h be5 cle>] evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,some:]e 9 ! gr\p ( ,johannean writ+s !re w\ld h be5 a side-glance at ,/4 ,paul t we %\ld h und]/ood4 ,z x is1 ! two great ,apo/olic cycles /& maje/ically ap>t4 ,!re may be a connexion betwe5 !m1 b x is a connexion 9 ! ma9 und]gr\nd4 ,!re is no direct affiliation1 b ! p>5tage ( bo? lies beh9d4 ,_m a se$ spr\t$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,p5teco/al ,*ur*3 b x 0 n ?is apo/le or t :o made !m gr[2 ! se$s 7 s[n be=e ,p5teco/1 & !y _h _! wat]+ & _! gr[? & _! increase f ! same ,h&4 ,x is true t we _c give *apt] & v]se = all ?is4 ,! books f :i* *apt] & v]se might h be5 tak5 7 nev] writt54 ,ev5 9 our own mu*-lett]$ age1 h[ _m a pregnant ?\ght is !re t is n caught & fix$ 9 writ+6 ,& :at sort ( record %\ld we h ( ! ?\ght1 say1 ( ,am]ica or ,engl& = "s fifte5 ye>s1 if ! *ronicle ( x 7 compress$ into a s+le docum5t ( ! l5g? ( ! fir/ twelve *apt]s ( ! ,acts8 ,! be/ record ( ! ?\ghts t grew & fructifi$ 9 ^? mom5t\s e>ly ye>s is to be f\nd n 9 ! ,acts b 9 ! ,gospels2 & ! fact t x is to be s\ght !re %[s :5ce ! impulse really came4 ,x may seem a truism to ma9ta9 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! real ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t ,he f\nd$ x by :at ,he 01 & n by :at m5 imag9$ ,him to be4 ,( c\rse to _m ,*ri/ians x w seem a truism to say ?is2 ! simple ,*ri/ian nev] ?\ght o!rwise2 b !re are ,*ri/ians :o are n simple1 & :o may be enc\rag$ to se>* ) a clos] scrut9y to see if ! old acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity is n ! be/1 inde$ ! only acc\nt possible4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is scatt]$ ) h9ts1 :i* are n m ?an h9ts1 arr[-heads z x 7 po9t+ back to ,*ri/4 ,^! are a pr(itable subject ( /udy--none m pr(itable4 ,if we pay att5tion to ^! h9ts1 & if we look = ! roots ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+1 ,i d n ?9k we %all say t ,*ri/ianity--! ,*ri/ianity ( n9ete5 c5turies--0 8 inv5tion1 & t ,/4 ,john did b foll[ 9 8 tra94 #f4 ,l>g] ,objections4 ,! k9d ( /udy t ,i h j be5 recomm5d+ is /rictly critical2 b ! !ory ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ c>ries u out beyond ! n>r[] gr\nd ( criticism into ! wid] field ( hi/ory & teleology4 ,i may j = a mom5t 9 conclusion t\* on ?is4 ,x may supply u ) a w>n+ t !re is at lea/ a /rong presumption t ! !ory :i* fa!rs ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,john ^u t ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ ^u itself1 ) no high] sanction beh9d1 _c well be true4 ,su* a !ory w\ld mean t q a half1 & ! mo/ important half1 ( ! fundam5tal !ses ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 7 a m]e human inv5tion :i* ^? :o h _h ! wit to discov] !m to be a human inv5tion may g on to treat z no?+ bett]1--to be/[ on !m p]haps a c]ta9 am\nt ( praise 9 relation to _! "t1 b to reg>d !m z some?+ t ! _w has outgr[n4 ,?is is a view t 9 ! pres5t day1 av[$ly or unav[$ly1 is v l>gely tak54 ,on ?is view !re is a real nucleus ( tru? 9 biblical ,*ri/ianity1 b t nucleus 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce is se5 to be v small inde$2 all ! re/ is surplusage4 ,! mis=tune = ! !ory is t x is n only on ! nucleus ( tru?1 b v l>gely ^u ! surplusage1 t n9ete5 c5turies ( ,*ri/ians h liv$4 ,n[ ,i am q prep>$ to believe t mo/ great tru?s t d n come "u ! head ( ,ma!matics or ,physical ,sci5ce h _h a c]ta9 am\nt ( surplusage atta*$ to !m2 !re has be5 husk & k]nel1 fl[] & %ea?4 ,i q believe t m5 d #8rise on /epp+-/ones ,( _! dead selves to high] ?+s4' ,b ,i _c help ?9k+ t1 on ! !ory ( ,w]nle & 8 fri5ds1 ! surplusage is too great1 ! dead self too l>ge4 ,! c\rse ( hi/ory1 z ?is !ory w\ld describe x1 seems to me contr>y to ! analogy ( :at we o!rwise "k ( ! deal+s ( ,god ) man4 ,if we look1 = in/ance1 at ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we see a gradual prep>ation = ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 a gradual elevation & expansion ( religi\s ideas1 on ! :ole a ne>] approximation to tru?4 ,all ( u1 critics & non-critics1 w\ld give sub/antially ! same acc\nt ( ?is2 we %\ld all ( u at lea/ see 9 x progress4 ,b :5 we come to ,*ri/ianity1 ,w]nle & 8 fri5ds see 9 x a f> l>g] proportion ( :at is n progress b depravation & corruption1 n ! gradual expansion & purification ( true ideas1 b ! wid] dissem9ation ( ideas t are false4 ,!re are ne>ly f\rte5 c5turies ( ! dissem9ation ( ^! false ideas2 !n comes a sudd5 spasmodic ef=t ( p>tial relief2 & at la/1 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? & 9 ! tw5tie? c5turies1 !re is "s sort ( approa* to a r$iscov]y ( tru?4 ,x seems to me difficult to describe ?is view ( hi/ory z any?+ else ?an a sy/ematic impea*m5t ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,i d n wi% to press ! po9t4 ,z ,i h said1 we h left beh9d ! region ( criticism1 & ent]$ ^u ano!r t is n only v wide b t "s ( y may ?9k r outside my subject4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 x seems to me1 ought to h a compreh5sive view ( ! purpose ( ,god 9 hi/ory2 he ought to be able to adju/ ?is to 8 fundam5tal beliefs4 ,& ,i w\ld only ask y to consid] h[ f> ?is c be done on ! !ory ,i h be5 discuss+4 ,footnote #fd3 ,a few s5t5ces "h are repeat$ f my article 9 ,ha/+s1 ,d4 ,b4 iv4 #ege4 ,footnote #fe3 ,atonem5t & ,p]sonality1 p4 #aid4 ,comp>e ! important & detail$ exposition1 pp4 #aed-i1 #afh f41 #ahj-b4 ,footnote #ff3 ,i d n d\bt t ! mo/ active p]iod = ! putt+ toge!r ( mat]ial = ,gospels 0 ! decade #fj-gj ,a4,d4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ,/4 ,m>k _h n yet tak5 up 8 task2 & 8 ,gospel =ms ! base ( ! o!r two ,synoptics4 ,! ,mat?aean ,logia p]haps by ?is "t 7 collect$4 ,footnote #fg3 ,i _c reg>d ?is argum5t z at all invalidat$ by ,dr4 ,drummond's ?ree s]mons1 ,! ,paul9e ,b5$iction 7,london1 #ahig74 ,at ! same "t ,i c q accept ! view t ! ,apo/le's words are #8! se$ r ?an ! f9al expression ( ,*ri/ian !ology4' ,footnote #fh3 ,) ! above may be comp>$ ,dr4 ,hort's comm5t 7ad4 loc47 on #a ,/4 ,pet]1 i4 #a1 #b1 & o!r ,tr9it>ian passages ref]r$ to 9 illu/ration3 #8,9 no passage is !re any indication t ! writ] 0 indep5d5tly work+ out a doctr9al s*eme3 a recogniz$ belief or idea seems to be ev]y:]e presuppos$4 ,h[ su* an idea c\ld arise 9 ! m9d ( ,/4 ,paul or any o!r apo/le )\t sanction f a ,^w ( ! ,"l1 x is difficult to imag9e3 & ?is consid]ation is a suffici5t answ] to ! d\bts :i* h1 by no means unnaturally1 be5 rais$ :e!r ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai may n h be5 add$ or reca/ 9 a lat] g5]ation4' ,footnote #fi3 ,comp>e ! ,fif? ( ! ,oxyrhyn*us ,logia4 ,footnote #gj3 ,l'vangile et ,l'glise1 p4 #gh f4 ,footnote #ga3 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann1 = in/ance1 po9ts to ,is4 xiv4 #c2 xxviii4 #ab2 lv4 #a-c2 ,j]4 vi4 #af2 xxxi4 #b1 #be1 b especially ,ecclus4 iii4 #f2 vi4 #bd1 #be1 #bh1 #bi2 li4 #bc-cj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,contra/ ! treatm5t ( ! passage by ,m4 ,loisy ) ! way 9 :i* x is s+l$ out by ,mat!w ,arnold 7,lit]ature & ,dogma1 p4 #bad f474 ,inde$ ! c\rse ( ! mo/ rec5t criticism has borne 9 ^u me m & m t1 f> f be+ a /umbl+-block1 x is really ! key to any true und]/&+ ( ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels4 ,if we _h n _h ! passage1 we %\ld h _h to inv5t "o l x6 ,footnote #gc3 ,i d n ( c\rse mean to d5y all influ5ce ( ,/4 ,paul ^u ,/4 ,john 9 ! %ap+ or =mulat+ ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,b ! ultimate orig9 ( ^? ideas goes fur!r back ?an to ,/4 ,paul4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,i4 ,summ>y ( ! ,int]nal ,evid5ce4 ,all our discussions h = _! object1 n ! production ( r\nd$ & symmetrical !ories b ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,we mu/ take ! data z we f9d !m4 ,if !y d n z !y /& su/a9 a cle> conclusion1 we _c make !m d s4 ,& x seems to me f> bett] frankly to confess ! fact ?an to /ra9 ! evid5ce "o way or ! o!r4 ,we may /ate ! case ) su* indications ( lean+ z we please1 b always ) ! res]vation t a slight *ange 9 ! evid5ce1 ! discov]y or recov]y ( a s+le new fact1 might turn ! scale4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! position ( ?+s 9 reg>d to "s ( ! outly+ p>ts ( ! problem ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,"o broad conclusion seems to /& out f ! evid5ce1 int]nal z well z ext]nal4 ,! au?or 0 an eye-witness1 an ,apo/olic man--ei!r 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! ^w #8,apo/le' or 9 ! n>r[]4 ,s mu* seems to me to be assur$2 b r\nd t broad conclusion !re arises a clu/] ( que/ions to :i* ,i _c give a simple & categorical answ]4 ,i w come back to ^! que/ions 9 a mom5t4 ,b ,i ought p]haps fir/ to rem9d y ( ! po9t to :i* ! previ\s argum5t has br\ght u1 & ( ! gr\nds on :i* ! ma9 proposition is bas$4 ,i take x to be a fundam5tal elem5t 9 ! "q t 9 sev]al places 7especially xix4 #ce1 xxi4 #bd2 cf4 i4 #ad1 #a ,john i4 #a-c71 ! ,gospel itself lays claim to fir/-h& au?ority4 ,?is is a diff]5t matt] f ord9>y pseudonym\s writ+4 ,! direct & /rong ass]tions t ! ,gospel makes are ei!r true or !y are a delib]ate untru?4 ,betwe5 ^! alt]natives ,i h no hesitation 9 *oos+4 ,i d n ?9k t we %\ld h ! "r to make s grave an imputation z t impli$ 9 ! second on any?+ b ! cle>e/ necessity4 ,b ! fir/ alt]native appe>$ to me to be confirm$ by a multitude ( p>ticul>s3 fir/1 by a numb] ( places 9 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,gospel seems to write f a /&po9t )9 ! ,apo/olic circle1 or 9 :i* he gives expression to exp]i5ces l ^? ( an ,apo/le2 & secondly by ! v m>k$ ext5t to :i* ! n>rative ( ! ,gospel corresponds 9 its details to ! real conditions ( ! "t & place 9 :i* its sc5e is laid1 conditions :i* rapidly *ang$ & pass$ away4 ,?is con/itutes ! int]nal argum5t = ! au!ntic "* ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is met &1 z ,i conceive1 /rongly corroborat$ by ! nature ( ! ext]nal evid5ce4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ext]nal ,evid5ce4 #a4 ,! ,position at ! end ( ! ,second ,c5tury4 ,9 reg>d to ?is ,i w\ld n sp5d "t 9 ref9em5ts ^u "s ( ! scanty details furni%$ by ! scanty lit]ature ( ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,i w\ld r take my /& on ! /ate ( ?+s reveal$ to u on ! lift+ ( ! curta9 = t sc5e ( ! ,*ur*'s hi/ory :i* ext5ds r\ghly f ab\t ! ye> #agj to #bjj4 ,i w\ld invite att5tion to ! di/ribution ( ! evid5ce 9 ?is p]iod3 ,ir5aeus & ! ,lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons 9 ,gaul1 ,h]acleon 9 ,italy1 ,t]tullian at ,c>?age1 ,polycrates at ,ephesus1 ,!ophilus at ,antio*1 ,tatian at ,rome & 9 ,syria1 ,clem5t at ,alex&ria4 ,! /rategical positions are occupi$1 "o might say1 all ov] ! ,empire4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases !re is n a h9t ( diss5t4 ,on ! contr>y ! f\r-fold ,gospel is reg>d$ = ! mo/ "p z "o & indivisible4 ,j 9 "o small cot]ie at ,rome objections are rais$ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 n on ! gr\nd ( any special & v]ifiable tradition1 b f dislike ( "s :o appeal to ! ,gospel & f int]nal criticism ( :i* we c take ! measure4 ,j at ?is p]iod ( :i* ,i am speak+ ^! diss5ti5ts appe> & disappe>1 leav+ s little trace t 7z we h se57 ,eusebius1 :o is really a c>eful & c&id p]son1 & has anci5ts l ,orig5 & ,clem5t beh9d him1 c describe ! ,gospel z unque/ion$ bo? by 8 own g5]ation & by prec$+ g5]ations 7p4 #fe supra74 ,let u = ! mom5t treat ^! great out/&+ te/imonies z we %\ld treat ! read+ ( a gr\p ( ,,mss4 ,! common ar*etype ( au?orities s wide ap>t & s indep5d5t ( ea* o!r mu/ g back v f> inde$4 ,if we 7 to con/ruct a /emma1 & draw l9es f ea* ( ! au?orities to a po9t x1 repres5t+ ! ar*etype1 ! l9es w\ld be long & _! meet+ po9t w\ld be ne> ! date at :i* accord+ to ! tradition ! ,gospel mu/ h be5 compos$4 ,a tradition ( ?is k9d1 s wide-spread & s deep-root$1 c\ld n h aris5 if x _h n _h a v sub/antial gr\nd4 ,suppose we all[ = a mom5t t x is some?+ 9 itself a little %ort ( absolutely decisive1 !re comes 9 to re9=ce x :at we h j be5 speak+ ( z ! result ( int]nal criticism1 t ! ,gospel is ! "w ( an eye-witness1 a memb] ( ! circle :i* imm$iately surr\nd$ our ,"l4 ,t is also a position :i* seems to me v /rong4 ,i submit t ?is is a mu* fair] /atem5t ( ! case ?an t 7e4 g47 :i* we f9d 9 ,s*mi$el 7,enc4 ,bibl4 ii4 #beej73 #8,in/ead ( ! con/antly repeat$ =mula t an anci5t writ+ is 8atte/$0 z e>ly z by 7let u say7 ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 or ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 !re w h to be sub/itut$ ! mu* m mode/ /atem5t t its exi/5ce 7n g5u95ess7 is atte/$ only z late z by ! writ]s nam$1 & ev5 ?is only if ! quotations are und5iable or ! title expressly m5tion$4' ,?is is a *>act]i/ic example ( ! _s 9 :i* ! au?or writes--mu* m t ( ! lawy] speak+ to 8 brief = ! prosecution ?an ( ! s*ol> or hi/orian4 ,! criticism is c\*$ 9 g5]al t]ms3 z f> z x applies 9 p>ticul> to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john ! caveat is sup]flu\s1 because all ! ?ree writ]s nam$1 ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria be> witness expressly to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel1 & n only to its exi/5ce4 ,! witness ( ,h]acleon is /ill m important4 ,to recognize a writ+ is "o ?+2 to recognize x z sacr$ is ano!r2 to comm5t ^u x z s sacr$ & au?oritative t its cont5ts c be int]pret$ allegorically is a ?ird3 & all ?is is s e>ly z c4 #agj4 ,b ap>t f ?is ! :ole =m ( ! /atem5t is unju/4 ,x leaves entirely out ( acc\nt ! extreme scant9ess ( ! mat]ial f :i* evid5ce c\ld be drawn 9 ! p]iod be=e ! ye> #ahj4 ,to me ! wond] is t ! evid5ce borne to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s 9 ! extant lit]ature prior to ?is date %\ld be z mu* z x is & n z little4 #b4 ,e>li] ,evid5ce4 ,b ,dr4 ,s*mi$el c]ta9ly und]/ates t = ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,he assumes t no trace c be f\nd ( ?is e>li] ?an #adj4 ,a s+le item ( ! evid5ce1 :i* he does n notice1 is en\gh to refute ?is4 ,i ref] to our pres5t conclusion ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,we may say ) confid5ce t its date is e>li] ?an ! ye> #adj--:e!r we argue f ! *ronology ( ,ari/ion1 its presumable au?or1 or f its pres5ce 9 ! ar*etype ( almo/ all extant ,,mss41 or f ! traces ( x 9 writ]s s e>ly z ,ju/9 & ,ir5aeus4 ,b ,i may take x = grant$ t ! add$ v]ses imply n only ! exi/5ce b up to a c]ta9 po9t ! au?ority ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,b1 besides ?is1 ,dr4 ,s*mi$el assumes ! negative results ( an inquiry1 :i* he has conduct$ v lightly1 & ! scale on :i* he 0 writ+ compell$ him to conduct lightly1 into ! be>+s ( ! lit]ature old] ?an #adj4 ,i am n s sure z he is t !re is no allusion to ! ,gospel 9 ,b>nabas or ,h]mas1 :]e x is f\nd 7e4 g47 by ,keim1 or 9 ! ,eld]s ( ,papias1 :]e x is f\nd 7e4 g47 by ,h>nack4 ,! que/ions rais$ 9 ^! cases are too complex & too delicate to be q wor? discuss+ f ! po9t ( view ( t legal pro( :i* = ,s*mi$el seems alone to h any value4 ,b ,ignatius & ! ,dida* are ( m tangible importance4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ju/ice has r>ely be5 done f ?is po9t ( view to ,ignatius4 ,x is n s mu* a "q ( close co9cid5ce 9 expression4 ,!re ,i %\ld p]haps all[ t ,dr4 ,s*mi$el is )9 8 rights 9 d5y+ :at ,dr4 ,drummond & ,dr4 ,/anton affirm4 ,! evid5ce ( ,ignatius is obscur$ by ! fact t1 unlike ,polyc>p#gd1 he is n giv5 to exact quotation4 ,polyc>p is by f> ! weak] man2 x is natural to him to express 8 ?\ghts 9 ! words ( o!rs4 ,b ,ignatius has a rugg$ /r5g? ( m9d :i* dige/s & assimilates all t comes to x1 & if x reproduces ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 does s 9 a =m ( its own#ge4 ,b ,i d n ?9k !re c be any d\bt t ,ignatius has dige/$ & assimilat$ to an extraord9>y degree ! tea*+ t we associate ) ! "n ( ,/4 ,john4 ,if any "o que/ions ?is1 ,i w\ld ref] him to ! excell5t monograph1 ,ignatius von ,antio*i5 als ,*ri/ und ,!ologe1 by ,freih]r von d] ,goltz 7,texte und ,unt]su*ung51 ,b& xii74 ,x w be be/ to give ! conclusion to :i* ?is writ] comes 9 8 own words1 z ,i agree ) x l>gely b n q entirely4 ,he says3 #8,! "q is :e!r ,ignatius came to appropriate ?is _w ( ?\ght ?r\gh read+ our ,f\r? ,gospel1 or :e!r he mu/ be held to be an indep5d5t witness to ?is mode ( ?9k+4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ! prec$+ inve/igation has already %[n t ! latt] is ! case4 ,al?\gh1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 details might seem to po9t to borr[+ f ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 yet ?is peculi> religi\s ,modalism1 ?is my/icism1 ?is comb9ation & acc5tuation ( ! same po9ts1 ?is special =m ( fai? 9 ,*ri/1 &1 9 g5]al1 ?is id5tical mode ( ?\ght & belief c\ld n be simply transf]r$ by means ( a book to "o :o _h n 9 o!r ways tak5 up ! same ideas & made !m 8 own4 ,!re is also pro( f v>i\s turns giv5 to ! ?\ght1 z f 8 use ( an indep5d5t t]m9ology1 t ! au?or is 9 possession ( 8,johannean0 ideas z 8 own prop]ty4 ,s t 9 case we really came to ! result t ,ignatius 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 we %\ld h inde$ to ref] to t acqua9tance ! portrait t he draws ( ,*ri/ & "s details1 b 9 spite ( t we %\ld h to hold fa/ ! conclusion t 9 appropriat+ 8 g5]al conception ( ?+s1 ,ignatius mu/ h come "u ! prolong$ influ5ce ( a community itself influ5c$ by ,johannean ?\ght' 7p4 #aci74 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ t ! reason = ?9k+ t ! aff9ity ( ?\ght betwe5 ,ignatius & ,/4 ,john is n to be expla9$ by ! use ( a book1 is n because ( its slightness b because x is really too deep to be acc\nt$ = 9 t way4 ,x is true t ! aff9ity goes v deep4 ,i _h occasion a few ye>s ago to /udy r closely ! ,ignatian lett]s1 & ,i 0 s mu* impress$ by x z ev5 to d\bt :e!r !re is any o!r in/ance ( resemblance betwe5 a biblical & patri/ic book1 t is really s close4 ,all[+ = a c]ta9 crudity ( expression 9 ! lat] writ] & rememb]+ t he is a p]f]vid ,syrian & n a ,greek1 he seems to me to reflect ! ,johannean tea*+ ) extraord9>y fidelity4 ,?is applies especially to 8 pres5tation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 to 8 conception ( ! ,logos1 & ( ! relation ( ,*ri/ at once to ! ,fa!r & to ! believ]4 ,9 ! writ]s ( ! next g5]ation to ,ignatius e4 g4 9 ,ju/9--! conception ( ! ,logos is infect$ by ,greek philosophy1 giv+ to x m or less ! s5se ( reason1 :]eas 9 ,ignatius ! lead+ idea is1 z we h se5 x to be 9 ,/4 ,john1 t ( revelation4 ,n[h]e else h we ! idea ( ! fullness ( ,godhead reveal$ 9 ,*ri/ grasp$ & express$ ) s mu* vig\r4 ,:at diff]5ce !re is is ( ! nature ( exagg]ation4 ,x is n wrong to say t ! language ( ,ignatius t5ds t[>ds ,modalism4 ,b x is j because he has grasp$ ideas1 = e "o ( :i* !re are p>allels 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ) s mu* int5sity4 ,i c q all[ t ,ignatius has s absorb$ ! tea*+ t we call ,/4 ,john's z x 7 9 succum et sangu9em t ! relation _c be adequately expla9$ by ! m]e p]usal ( a book late on 9 life4 ,!re is some?+ m 9 x ?an ?is4 ,von d] ,goltz w\ld expla9 x by ! hypo!sis t ,ignatius _h resid$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t 9 a #8,johannean' community l ! *ur*es ( ! prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,!re is h[ev] no h9t ( any?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! lett]s4 ,x is ,i ?9k ,h>nack :o some:]e rem>ks t f ! op5+ ( ! lett] ( ,ignatius to ,polyc>p we %\ld inf] t ! latt] 0 a /rang] to ! writ]4 ,x w\ld be m natural to fall back on ! tradition t ,ignatius 0 an actual disciple ( ,/4 ,john4 ,b ?is tradition appe>s fir/ 9 ! ,m>tyrium ,colb]t9um2 9 o!r words !re is no evid5ce = x be=e ! f\r? c5tury4 ,inde$ ,zahn has sket*$ 9 a plausible mann] ! process by :i* we may conceive x to h aris5#gf4 ,/ill !re is ample room 9 ! d>k spaces ( ! lives bo? ( ,ignatius & ( ,/4 ,john = "s m or less intimate connexion betwe5 !m4 ,! alt]native seems to me to be1 ei!r to suppose some?+ ( ?is k9d1 or else to ?9k t ,ignatius _h really _h access to ! ,johannean writ+s ye>s be=e ! date ( 8 j\rney to ,rome1 & t he _h devot$ to !m no m]e cursory read+ b a close & c>eful /udy :i* _h ! deepe/ effect ^u 8 m9d4 ,if ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 really ! "w ( ,/4 ,john1 ! *ronology w\ld leave q suffici5t room = ?is hypo!sis4 ,b 9 any case ! ph5om5a ( ! ,ignatian lett]s seem to me to prove ! exi/5ce1 well be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ( a compact body ( tea*+ l t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,= ev5 ,dr4 ,s*mi$el1 ,i suppose1 w\ld h>dly wi% u to inv]t ! relation%ip1 & to say t ! ,evangeli/ took 8 ideas f ,ignatius4 ,b if ! sub/ance ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel exi/$ be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 t is surely a consid]able /ep t[>ds ! belief t ! ,gospel exi/$ 9 writ+1 & ! o!r reasons t we h = ?9k+ t x _h be5 writt5 are s f> confirm$4 ,a small] item ( pro( t5d+ 9 ! same direction is suppli$ by ! ,dida*4 ,x is well-kn[n t ! v anci5t ,eu*>i/ic pray] conta9$ 9 t docum5t has ! rem>kable phrase #8to make p]fect 9 love1'--#8,rememb]1 ,"l1 ,?y ,*ur* to deliv] x f all evil & to p]fect x 9 ,?y love1' :i* x is natural to comp>e ) #a ,john iv4 #ag1 #ah2 ,john xvii4 #bc4 ,! co9cid5ce _c be :olly accid5tal1 ?\gh ! "q mu/ be left op5 :e!r ! phrase comes directly f a writ+ or only circulat$ orally#gg4 ,! problem is ! same z t :i* has j met u 9 ! case ( ,ignatius1 ?\gh on a mu* small] scale4 ,z f> z x goes1 x helps to /r5g!n ! conclusion t has j be5 drawn4 ,betwe5 ,ignatius & ,ir5aeus we h ,papias1 ,ju/91 & ! great] ,gno/ics4 ,9 view m p>ticul>ly ( ! discussion by ,s*w>tz1 ,i ?9k x may be said t ,papias probably knew ! ,gospel & recogniz$ x z an au?ority4 ,t ,ju/9 also us$ x ,i ?9k we may take z at ! pres5t "t g5]ally admitt$2 & f ! ext5t to :i* he us$ x ,i d n ?9k t any inf]5ce c be drawn4 ,pr(essor ,bacon compla9s t ! sugge/ions :i* h be5 put =w>d to acc\nt = ! some:at sp>+ use :i* he makes ( x are n satisfactory#gh4 ,probably !y are n 9 ! s5se ( c>ry+ conviction t any "o ( !m is "r to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,!re mu/ always be ?is difficulty :]e we are q 9 ! d>k1 & :]e ! :ole *apt] ( accid5ts is op5 be=e u4 ,x is no d\bt a s\nd] me?od to fall back ) ,dr4 ,drummond simply ^u our ignorance#gi4 ,b to say t ! negative side ( ,ju/9's evid5ce 9 any s5se cancels ! positive seems to me unt5able4 ,z to ,basilides & ,val5t9us1 ?\gh !re rema9s 9 my own m9d a slight degree ( probability t !y really us$ ! ,gospel1 ,i admit t ?is probability is n ( a k9d t c be /rongly ass]t$ :]e x is *all5g$4 ,at ! same "t ,i _c ?9k ,s*mi$el's hypo!sis at all probable t #8! ,f\r? ,gospel saw ! light some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #acb & ,a4,d4 #adjhj1 & t al?\gh x 0 n us$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! great ,gno/ic s*ools1 x 0 at once adopt$ by _! disciples4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ,dr4 ,s*mi$el & 8 fri5ds1 :5 !y light ^u a hypo!sis t fav\rs ! negative side1 cont5t !mselves ) /at+ x1 z if x mu/ at once c>ry conviction2 & =m no m5tal picture ( ! conditions ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r ! hypo!sis is or is n probable4 ,we may be pretty sure t ! ,f\r? ,gospel did n come 9 surreptiti\sly 9 ?is way1 l a ?ief ov] ! wall1 & at once obta9 recognition )\t any exam9ation ( cr$5tials4 ,i d n hesitate to say t ?is !ory ( ! late orig9 ( ! ,gospel is n "o t w "w1 or be> to be consi/5tly c>ri$ out4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we assume ! traditional view1 all ! evid5ce falls into l9e2 we h an adequate cause = ! au?ority :i* f ! fir/ atta*$ to ! ,gospel2 &1 all[+ = ! scant9ess & critical drawbacks ( ! mat]ials f :i* our evid5ce is drawn1 we h a picture q z satisfactory z we c expect ( its gradually exp&+ circulation4 ,s f>1 our c\rse has be5 /raight=w>d4 ,! sali5t po9ts /& out 9 ord]ly succession1 & !y all re/ on solid f\ndations4 ,b :5 we come to clos] qu>t]s1 & try to recon/ruct = ourselves ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,gospel 0 writt51 & :i* att5d$ ! fir/ two or ?ree decades ( its hi/ory1 ! case is o!rwise4 ,_m que/ions may be rais$ t _c be categorically answ]$4 ,bricks _c be made )\t /raw2 & positive hi/ory _c be writt5 on ! gr\nd ( m]e surmises & possibilities4 ,all ,i w\ld cont5d = is t no valid argum5t c be br\ght f ! facts z !y /& aga9/ ! ,gospel2 x is ano!r matt]1 & w require long] "t & p]haps fur!r discov]ies1 be=e we c pa9t on ! canvas ( hi/ory a picture /rictly h>moni\s & coh]5t 9 all its p>ts4 ,,iii4 ,unsolv$ ,problems4 #a4 ,! relation ( ! ,gospel to ! ,apocalypse4 ,( ! que/ions t are /ill sub judice "o ( ! mo/ difficult is t ( ! relation ( ! ,gospel to ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,apocalypse is a book on :i* criticism is v f> f hav+ said its la/ ^w4 ,i %\ld l to express myself ab\t x ) great res]ve4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t 9 any case an argum5t c be drawn f x aga9/ ! ,gospel4 ,i w quote two v unprejudic$ op9ions4 ,h>nack writes z foll[s3-- #8,i confess my adhesion to ! critical h]esy :i* c>ries back ! ,apocalypse & ! ,gospel to a s+le au?or1 always presuppos+ t ! ,apocalypse is ! ,*ri/ian work+-up ( a ,jewi% apocalypse 7,i %\ld be prep>$ to say ( sev]al ,jewi% apocalypses--to me ?is seems beyond our p[] to unravel74 ,i m>k (f ! ,*ri/ian portions v mu* z ,vis*] has done1 & see 9 !m ! same _s & ! same h& :i* has pres5t$ u ) ! ,gospel#ha4#8 ,we rememb] t 9 ,h>nack's view ! au?or is n ! ,apo/le b ! ,presbyt]4 ,& !n ,b\sset1 :o has writt5 ! comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse 9 ,mey]'s s]ies1 ?\gh he does n g q s f> z ,h>nack1 places ! two works 9 close relation to ea* o!r4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! language ( ! ,apocalypse he sums up ?us3-- #8,x is c]ta9ly "r :5 ?is ,johannean col\r+ ( ! language is set d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! la/ r$actor ( ! ,apocalypse 7,h>nack1 ,spitta74 ,b "h too x may be se5 t ?is r$actor has trans=m$ ! mat]ial be=e him m ?or\ghly ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,! l+ui/ic p>allels adduc$ seem to ju/ify ! supposition t ! ,apocalypse also proce$s f circles :i* /ood "u ! influ5ce ( ,john ( ,asia ,m9or#hb4' ,!re are _m to :om ^! op9ions w seem p>adoxical1 b !re is mu* to be said = !m4 ,i quote !m1 h[ev]1 only to %[ t ! two problems mu/ be work$ out indep5d5tly1 & t !y ne$ n necess>ily cla% ) "o ano!r4 #b4 ,! date ( ,papias4 ,! next "q on :i* ,i w t\* is ! date ( ,papias1 :i* has a subord9ate b r important be>+ ^u ! gr\p ( que/ions ) :i* he is connect$4 ,i am by no means sure t ! late date n[ commonly assign$ to him is "r 7c4 #ade-fj1 ,h>nack74 ,x turns ^u a /atem5t 9 ,de ,boor's fragm5t1 suppos$ to be made by ,papias1 t "s ( ^? :o 7 rais$ f ! dead by ,*ri/ liv$ till ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,a v simil> /atem5t is quot$ by ,eusebius f ! ,apology ( ,quadratus 7,h4 ,e4 iv4 #c1 #b74 ,i suspect t !re has be5 "s confusion at "w "h4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t no?+ is common] ?an = ! same /ory to be ref]r$ to diff]5t p]sons4 ,9 ! case ( ,quadratus we h 8 own words 9 black & :ite1 :]eas ! attribution to ,papias is vague & may be only a slip ( memory#hc4 ,on ! o!r h& ,ir5aeus expressly calls ,papias #8"o ( ! anci5ts' 7 71 a phrase t ,i d n ?9k he w\ld h us$ ( a "t s ne> 8 own z #ade-fj4 ,besides1 :5 we look into ! great passage1 ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci1 ! /&po9t appe>s to be t1 at late/ ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 or m /rictly :]e ! second g5]ation is pass+ into ! ?ird1 if we suppose t ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john 7 /ill alive4 ,! natural date = ! extracts 9 ?is *apt] seems to me to be circa #ajj4 #c4 ,! dea? ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,de ,boor's ,fragm5t is m precise 9 its ass]tion1 #8,papias1 9 8 second book1 says t ,john ! div9e 7 7 & ,james 8 bro!r 7 sla9 by ! ,jews4' #8,john ! div9e' is naturally que/ion$2 x is def5d$ by ,s*w>tz1 b may q well be due to ! fragm5ti/4 ,! ma9 argum5ts aga9/ ! /atem5t are ! sil5ce ( ! e>ly writ]s1 especially ,eusebius1 & ! possibility ( confusion betwe5 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,john ! ,apo/le1 or betwe5 r$ m>tyrdom & :ite4 ,no d\bt ?is is "o ( ! bett] examples ( ! argum5t f sil5ce1 & no d\bt we mu/ reckon ) ! possibility ( mi/ake4 ,/ill ,i d n feel t ! /atem5t altoge!r loses its =ce4 ,i said some?+ ab\t x 9 ,lecture ,,iii2 ,i w at pres5t only add t suppos+ x 7 true1 ! language ( ,papias ab\t ! two ,johns c be expla9$ m satisfactorily4 #d4 ,! son ( ,zeb$ee & ! belov$ disciple4 ,i _c disguise f myself t if ! eld] ,john really p]i%$ at an e>li] /age 9 ! hi/ory1 ! position ( ! y\ng] becomes mu* cle>]4 ,!re w\ld !n be no difficulty 9 ! way ( id5tify+ him at once ) ! belov$ disciple & ) ! au?or ( ! ,gospel & ,epi/les4 ,we %\ld inde$ h all ! advantages ( ,h>nack's !ory )\t its disadvantages4 ,we %\ld n be compell$ to attribute to ! ,ephesian ,*ur* any fraudul5t int5tion or practice4 ,we %\ld only h to reg>d ! y\ng] ,john z succe$+ 9 a mann] to ! place ( ! eld]1 mu* 7z ,i said7 9 ! way t ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l succe$$ to ! place ( ! eld] ,james4 ,i d n wi% to prejudge ! "q4 ,b ^? :o are famili> ) its intricacies w1 ,i ?9k1 agree ) me t x w\ld be a real ga9 to h only "o claimant to ! ,ephesian tradition#hd4 #e4 ,john ( ,ephesus & 8 ,gospel4 ,we mu/ 9 any case ?9k ( ,john ( ,ephesus z #8! ag$ disciple1' = to our mod]n e>s "s su* d\ble "n z t expresses mo/ adequately ! feel+ t surr\nd$ him4 ,he call$ himself by pref]5ce 1 b we h un=tunately no suffici5t r5d]+ = ?is 9 ,engli%4 #8,eld]' & #8,presbyt]' h bo? contract$ ! associations ( (fice1 & ( a r =mal k9d ( (fice t has lo/ too mu* ( its orig9al mean+1 = ! natural au?ority ( age 0 at fir/ always convey$ 9 x4 ,i suppose t ! ,apo/le ?\ght ( himself mo/ ( all z a memory--! la/ & /ronge/ l9k ) ^? wond]ful ye>s4 ,x 0 ?is especially t gave him 8 s5se at once ( dignity & ( responsibility4 ,:5 8 disciples spoke ( 1 ,i imag9e t !y meant1 z we might say1 #8! ,v5]able'2 !y look$ up to him ) a feel+ ( awe temp]$ ) affection4 ,x 0 at ,ephesus1 ! capital ( ,proconsul> ,asia1 t he :om we too may call #8! ,v5]able' held 8 mode/ c\rt1 & f !nce t he w5t on circuit1 organiz+ & visit+ ! little congregations =m$ 9 ! cities & great] t[ns ( ! prov9ce4 ,we h a glimpse ( ^! activities 9 ! fam\s /ory ( ! ,robb] ,*ief4 ,we are m conc]n$ ) ! contemplative side ( 8 life1 ) t inw>d retrospect :i* occupi$ 8 m9d4 ,i d n d\bt t x is true t ! o!r ,gospels1 z !y came into circulation among ! *ur*es1 7 br\ght to him1 & t he express$ 8 approval ( !m4 ,! /ory makes him speak ) unique au?ority1 :i* has ab\t x h[ev] no?+ artificial1 b is j ! natural def]5ce = "o :o ( all m5 liv+ 0 9 ! be/ position to "k ! ?+s ( :i* he spoke4 ,8 approval ( ! o!r ,gospels 0 calm & objective1 b critical4 ,i believe t ! preci\s /atem5ts t ,papias has pres]v$ = u ab\t ! compositions ( ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,mat!w are really fragm5ts ( 8 criticism4 ,i accept also z lit]ally true ! /ory t x 0 p>tly because he felt t !re 0 some?+ want+ 9 ! old] records1 & p>tly because ( ! urg5cy ( ^? ar\nd him1 t ! old man at la/ 0 himself impell$ to write4 ,br[n+'s #8,dea? 9 ! ,des]t' pres5ts him at a lat] /age--at ! la/ /age ( all--b z an imag9ative reproduction ( ! circum/ances & frame ( m9d 9 :i* ! ,gospel 0 writt51 x is ! be/ t ,i "k4 ,at ,ephesus 9 ,asia ! emb]s ( ! apo/olic age gl[$ long] ?an else:]e2 & we _c wond] t "h ! tor* %\ld be lit :i* 0 to be h&$ on to lat] times4 ,if ! devotion ( disciples _h to d ) ! writ+ ( ! ,gospel1 we may be sure t x also _h to d ) ! comm5d+ & spread+ ( ! ,gospel :5 writt54 ,x is possible en\gh t !y 7 ! fir/ to give x ! "n ( #8! spiritual ,gospel4' ,z su* x pass$ f h& to h&2 & aga9 x is n surpris+ t ^? :o prid$ !mselves on sup]ior spirituality & insight1 l ! ,gno/ics1 %[$ a special fondness = ?is ,gospel1 z we are told !y did#he4 ,nei!r is x any m surpris+ t 9 an opposite qu>t]1 :]e a _s l t ( our own ,hanov]ian ,bi%ops look$ ) jeal\sy ^u e outbreak ( en?usiasm1 !re %\ld be a movem5t ( reaction aga9/ ! ,gospel :i* seem$ to enc\rage su* manife/ations 7! ,alogi74 ,! ca?olic ,*ur* w5t calmly on its way1 & ^! p>tialities & inequalities soon f\nd _! level4 ,by ! "t ( ,ir5aeus !re is a /able equilibrium2 no "o ( ! f\r ,gospels is ei!r be=e or aft] ano!r4 ,& ?is is really ! lesson taught by ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 ?\gh ! writ] has to speak a little m apologetically--!re are1 x is true1 diff]5ces1 b all are inspir$ by ! self-same ,_s4 ,! la/ trace 9 anci5t times ( ! pref]5ce :i* f its bir? _h be5 giv5 to ! ,f\r? ,gospel appe>s1 z we might expect1 9 ,orig54 ,aft] describ+ 9 detail ! diff]5t purposes :i* dom9at$ ! o!r ,gospels1 ,orig5 expla9s t ,provid5ce res]v$ = him :o _h lean$ ^u ! brea/ ( ,jesus ! great] & m mature disc\rse ab\t ,him1 = none ( ! o!rs _h set =? ,8 deity s unres]v$ly z ,john4 #8,s !n we make bold to say t ( all ! ,scriptures ! ,gospels are ! fir/fruits1 & ! fir/fruits ( ! ,gospels is t accord+ to ,john ! mean+ :]e( none c appreh5d :o has n lean$ ^u ! brea/ ( ,jesus1 or receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,jesus ,m>y to be 8 "m too#hf4' ,?is is ! k9d ( hi/ory t ! extant mat]ials & tradition sket* = u ( ! orig9 & e>ly =tunes ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,f ! mom5t t we leave beh9d ! %ade ( obscurity :i* does j l+] ov] ! p]son ( ! au?or1 ev]y?+ seems to me q consi/5t & coh]5t & natural & probable4 ,c we say z mu* ( ! opposition to ! ,gospel1 especially 9 its extrem] =m1 z repres5t$ by ,s*mi$el or ,jean ,rville or ,loisy8 ,we c]ta9ly _c give ! epi!ts j us$ to ! !ory ( ^! writ]s1 because !re is really no?+ to apply to !m2 ! ,gospel is = !m a great ignotum1 & no?+ m4 ,is n ?is 9 itself a r s]i\s objection8 ,z an ignotum ! ,gospel is really too great to plant d[n 9 ! middle ( ! hi/ory ( ! second c5tury )\t creat+ a di/urbance ( all ! surr\nd+ conditions :i* we may be sure w\ld h la/$ = ye>s4 ,imag9e ?is solid mass sudd5ly ?ru/ into ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 z ,s*mi$el w\ld say1 some:]e ab\t ! ye> #adj1 betwe5 ,basilides & ,val5t9us & _! disciples1 z x 7 "u ! v eyes ( ,polyc>p & ,anicetus & ,ju/9 & ,tatian1 )\t mak+ s mu* z a ripple ^u ! surface4 ,( c\rse no?+ c be simpl] ?an to say t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel is unkn[n2 b ! mom5t we come to close qu>t]s ) ! /atem5t1 & realize :at x means1 we p]ceive its difficulty4 ,epilogue on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,criticism4 ,& n[ t we h come to ! end ( ?is brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,gospel = ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s or s ( its exi/5ce1 ,i may p]haps turn 9 conclusion to ! o!r object :i* has be5 pres5t to my m9d ?r\gh\t ?is c\rse ( lectures1 & attempt to collect & /ate1 also 9 ! mo/ summ>y =m1 "s ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( criticism :i* h f "t to "t f\nd expression 9 ! lectures & :i* ,i desire to submit = y\r consid]ation1 m especially :]e !y diff] f mu* curr5t practice4 ,i consid] !m to be self-evid5t2 b _! obvi\sness has at lea/ n prev5t$ !m f be+ too (t5 disreg>d$4 ,! ma9 po9ts w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be z foll[s3-- #a4 ,9 judg+ ( ! ext]nal evid5ce = any anci5t writ+1 x is always important to obs]ve n only ! details ( ! evid5ce itself 7date1 g5u95ess1 au?ority1 fre$om f ambiguity1 ! precise po9t atte/$71 b also ! ext5t ( ! area f :i* x is drawn & ! proportion :i* x be>s to ! extant lit]ature ( ! p]iod :i* x cov]s4 ,! fir/ /ep %\ld be an attempt to realize by an ef=t ( ! imag9ation ! proportion betwe5 7#a7 ! :ole ( ! extant evid5ce1 7#b7 ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial t yields ?is evid5ce1 7#c7 ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial1 once extant b n[ no long] extant1 :i* might h contribut$ evid5ce if we _h x4 ,9 o!r words1 :at we h to consid] is n only ! actual1 positive evid5ce available1 b ! di/ribution ( ?is evid5ce & its relation to ! real lie ( ! facts--no long] accessible to u b z !y may be imag9atively recon/ruct$4 #b4 ,9 p>ticul>1 :5 use is made ( ! argum5t f sil5ce1 ! fir/ "q to be ask$ is1 ,:at is sil5t8 ,x may well be t ! lit]ature suppos$ to be sil5t is s small t no inf]5ce ( any value c be drawn f x4 #c4 ,9 any fur!r use ( ! argum5t f sil5ce full all[ance %\ld be made = common human infirmity 9 ! p]sons :o are sil5t--= ov]sight =getfulness1 limit$ range ( ?\ght4 ,x is always desirable t ! application ( ! argum5t f sil5ce %\ld be *eck$ by comp>ison ) v]ifiable examples f actual exp]i5ce1 :e!r t exp]i5ce is d]iv$ f anci5t life or f mod]n4 #d4 ,! presumption is t pla9 /atem5ts ( fact may be tru/$1 unless !re is a di/9ct & solid reason to ! contr>y4 ,ev5 :]e !re is a consid]able int]val ( "t betwe5 ! fact & ! /atem5t1 x may be presum$ t ! writ] :o makes ! /atem5t _h connect+ l9ks ( te/imony to :i* he _h access & we h n4 ,9 any case x is wor? :ile to ask ourselves :e!r x is n probable t su* connect+ l9ks exi/$4 #e4 ,9 su* pla9 /atem5ts ! presumption fur!r is t ! writ] meant :at he says1 or appe>s to say4 ,n until ?is app>5t s5se has prov$ :olly unworkable is x "r to tamp] ) 8 express language1 :e!r by em5dation ( ! text or putt+ ^u 8 words a s5se t is n obvi\s & natural4 #f4 ,! imputation ( consci\s deception or fraud is to be /rongly deprecat$1 except ) writ]s ( asc]ta9$ bad "*1 & ev5 !n ! imputation %\ld n be made )\t sub/antial reason4 #g4 ,all imputations ( motive1 & especially ( s9i/] motive1 %\ld be c>efully weigh$1 & x %\ld 9 p>ticul> be consid]$ :e!r ! suppos$ motive is "o t 0 likely to be 9 op]ation "u ! hi/orical conditions ( ! "t & circum/ances ( ! writ] affect$4 #h4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t human nature is a v subtle & complex ?+--usually f> m subtle & complex ?an any picture ( x t we are likely to =m = ourselves4 ,h5ce x is improbable t ! enum]ation ( motives by ! critical hi/orian w really exhau/ ! possibilities ( ! case4 ,_m seem+ inconsi/5cies1 :e!r ( "* or ( /atem5t1 are really less ?an !y seem1 & q capable ( conjunction 9 ! same p]son4 #i4 ,:]e a simple cause suffices to expla9 a gr\p1 especially a l>ge gr\p1 ( facts1 x is bett] n to assume a cause t is highly exceptional & complicat$4 ,?is rule seems to apply to ! indications ( an eye-witness 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 #aj4 ,su* indications d n 9 ! lea/ exclude ! natural effect ( lapse ( "t & ! unconsci\s action ( exp]i5ce & reflection on ! m9d ( a writ] :o sets d[n late 9 life a n>rative ( ev5ts t _h happ5$ long be=e4 #aa4 ,9 /udy+ a n>rative ( ?is k9d we %\ld be> 9 m9d1 z well z we c1 ! :ole c>e] ( ! writ]3 we %\ld divide x into its successive /ages1 & we %\ld be con/antly ask+ ourselves :i* /age ( 8 exp]i5ce is reflect$ 9 ! %ape t ea* portion ( ! n>rative takes4 ,if ! conception :i* results z a :ole appe>s to be su* z naturally />ts f direct contact ) ! facts1 t w supply u ) a mu* easi] explanation ?an any :i* involves ! :olesale use ( fiction4 #ab4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( portraiture2 & x does n at all foll[ t a portrait to be real mu/ be full ( movem5t & action4 ,!re are "s m9ds t1 f peculi>ity ( m5tal habit1 al?\gh !y pres]ve :at !y once saw or he>d ) great di/9ctness & fidelity1 nev]!less easily travel away f ^! recollections ( obs]v$ fact & glide into a tra9 ( reflection :i* is almo/ soliloquy4 ,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel appe>s to be a writ] ( ?is k9d4 #ac4 ,he himself lays s mu* /ress ^u ocul> te/imony t we mu/ give him cr$it = su* te/imony1 ev5 :]e x is n altoge!r easy = u to foll[ him4 #ad4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to 8 reports ( miracle4 ,b 9 judg+ ( ^! reports1 we mu/ be=e all ?+s be> 9 m9d t ! p]sonal disciples ( ,jesus & ! :ole fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians c]ta9ly believ$ t !y 7 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( miracle1 & c]ta9ly held t belief to be an important con/itu5t 9 _! conception ( ,*ri/4 #ae4 ,if we w\ld =m an adequate idea ( :at we call #8! sup]natural' 9 ! deal+s ( ,god ) m51 we mu/ n beg9 by rul+ out all t transc5ds our common exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ keep x 9 our m9ds ev5 :]e we feel t !re are features ( x t we d b imp]fectly und]/&4 ,m light may be giv5 to u by degrees4 #af4 ,all our ,gospels toge!r pres5t u ) a view ( ! life & words ( ,*ri/ to :i*1 if we did b "k x1 !re w\ld be mu* to be add$4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 acqua9t$ ) _m p>ticul>s "u bo? heads :i* to u are entirely lo/4 ,^! p>ticul>s contribut$ 9 an important degree to ! total impression :i* !y =m$ ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 #ag4 ,! conception 0 naturally fulle/ & mo/ adequate 9 ! ,"m ,*ur*1 i4 e4 9 ! ,*ur* 9 :i* ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,*ri/ 7 = ! longe/ "t collect$4 ,x 0 "h1 & n[h]e else1 t t conception ( ,8 ,p]son 0 =m$ :i* dom9at$ all p>ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & :i* c>ri$ ) x c]ta9 coroll>ies z to ! nature ( ,god & 8 deal+s ) m5 t became a p]man5t body ( belief4 #ah4 ,/4 ,paul no d\bt develop$ c]ta9 portions & aspects ( ?is body ( belief1 b x is q impossible & contr>y to ! evid5ce t he c h inv5t$ its ma9 propositions4 #ai4 ,we may be sure t ,/4 ,john did n draw directly f ,/4 ,paul1 b1 fir/ly1 f 8 own recollections1 & 9 ! second place1 f ! /ore ( common memories & common doctr9e t 0 ! possession ( all ,*ri/ians & especially ( ^? :o _h be5 ne>e/ to ! ,ma/]4 #bj4 ,if we attempt a recon/ruction ( ! ma9 l9es ( ! progress ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! e>ly & 9 subsequ5t c5turies1 su* recon/ruction ought to be wor?y ( its subject4 ,9 o!r words1 x ought to be "o 9 :i* we c really see ! f+] ( ,god4 #ba4 ,! work+s ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 z we h exp]i5ce ( !m1 d n inde$ always correspond to :at we %\ld antec$5tly expect4 ,!y are su* z belong to a _w1 n ( p]fect1 b ( imp]fect be+s4 ,! ,div9e purpose z we see x1 does n take effect at once1 b by sl[ & gradually exp&+ degrees4 #bb4 ,9 a _w s mix$ & *equ]$ progress also has be5 mix$ & *equ]$2 x has n be5 exactly :at we1 ) our limit$ faculties1 c\ld at once recognize z ideal4 ,x has be5 progress by t5tative exp]im5t1 by gradual =mulation1 by description1 at fir/ r\gh & approximate1 b improv$ little by little z "t w5t on4 ,any recon/ruction ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory :i* agrees ) ^! broad conditions is legitimate1 ,i mean1 any recon/ruction :i* recognizes ! t5tative1 exp]im5tal1 imp]fect b gradually improv$ =mulation ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,x is incumb5t ^u u1 9 our own day1 to take our "p 9 ! attempt to =mulate our conceptions ( tru?1 :e!r hi/orical or doctr9al1 ) all ! accuracy 9 our p[]2 & we may be q sure t future g5]ations w improve ^u any?+ t we leave beh9d u4 #bc4 ,any me?od ( recon/ruct+ hi/ory on ^! l9es is1 z ,i h /at$1 legitimate & wor?y ( a ,*ri/ian :o is loyal to 8 fai?4 ,b a view ( hi/ory t _c be express$ 9 t]ms fit to describe ! op]ation ( ,div9e ,provid5ce2 t sees 9 x no?+ b huge blund]s & gross det]iorations2 t reg>ds ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ z built on fundam5tal untru?1 :i* only becomes worse & n bett] z ! c5turies advance2 su* a view seems to me to be n loyal & n really ,*ri/ian4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see1 h[ev]1 ! ,ox=d ,society ( ,hi/4 ,!ol41 ,n4 ,t4 9 ,apo/4 ,fa!rs 7#aije71 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ibid41 pp4 #fd1 #fg1 #fi2 on ! use ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 pp4 #ha-hc 7a judici\s e/imate74 ,footnote #gf3 ,ignatius von ,antio*i51 pp4 #df ff4 ,footnote #gg3 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! ,ox=d ,society's committee d n m5tion ?is phrase1 ?\gh x pres5ts a /rong] case ?an any ( ^? on p4 #ca4 ,footnote #gh3 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal i4 #ebi4 ,footnote #gi3 ,"*1 c4 #aeg4 ,footnote #hj3 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal ii4 #faj4 ,footnote #ha3 ,*ronologie1 p4 #fge4 ,footnote #hb3 ,die ,(f5b>ung ,johannis1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #hc3 ,x is po9t$ out to me by ,dr4 ,v4 ,b>tlet t ! s5t5ce 9 ! ,fragm5t ab\t ! dead rais$ to life is really a new /atem5t n connect$ ) ! s5t5ces prec$+ :i* are ref]r$ to ,papias4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is "r1 & t ! au?ority may be ,quadratus4 ,footnote #hd3 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ,i h _h ! advantage ( see+ 9 manuscript an argum5t by ,dom ,john ,*apman1 pres5t+ 9 a m attractive %ape ?an ,i h ev] yet se5 ! view t ! only ,john ( ,ephesus 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! tru? ( ! /ory ( ?is ,apo/le's dea?4 ,x is "o ( ^? /atem5ts t we c nei!r :olly tru/1 nor :olly di/ru/4 ,!re is a real *ance t x may be "r1 & !re is an equally real *ance t x may be wrong2 ! evid5ce1 z x seems to me1 does n w>rant a positive ass]tion ei!r way4 ,i %\ld be mu* incl9$ to ?9k t1 if ! /atem5t is true1 !re 0 b "o ,john at ,ephesus1 ! belov$ disciple :o 0 also ! ,presbyt]2 &1 if ! /atem5t is false1 !re 0 /ill b "o ,john1 :o 0 bo? ,presbyt] & ,apo/le4 ,b !n !re comes 9 ! problem ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* may require two ,johns6 ,footnote #he3 ,ir54 adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #g4 ,footnote #hf3 ,comm4 9 ,joan4 i4 #f4 ,,index ,abbot1 ,ezra1 #ab f41 #ae4 ,abbott1 ,edw9 ,a41 xi4 ,alogi1 #fe f41 #bch1 #bee4 ,antio*1 #aii4 ,apocalypse1 #bdh-ej4 ,apocryphal ,acts1 #aab4 ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #aab f4 ,apologetics1 x1 #c-e1 #ch4 ,apo/le1 ! title1 #aje f4 ,apo/olicity1 #da4 ,ari/ion1 #bda2 see also ,presbyt]s ( ,papias4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #bbe4 ,a?anasius1 ,vita ,antonii1 #eg ff41 #ahc4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #agh4 ,bacon1 ,b5jam9 ,w41 #ai1 #bd f41 #ce1 #eg1 #ge4 ,bald5sp]g]1 ,wilhelm1 #hd4 ,b>nabas1 ,epi/le (1 #ch f41 #bda4 ,b>tlet1 ,v]non1 #bej4 ,basilides1 #bdg1 #bef4 ,batiffol1 ,mgr4 ,pi]re1 #ab4 ,baur1 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian1 #dc4 #8behold1' mean+ (1 #gf f4 #8believe1' #afa f4 ,be?saida1 #aad4 ,beys*lag1 ,willibald1 #aj f4 ,b\sset1 ,wilhelm1 #ag1 #bdi f4 ,box1 ,george ,h41 #aec4 ,briggs1 ,*>les ,augu/us1 #ba ff4 ,burkitt1 ,f4 ,craw=d1 #ahc f4 ,butl]1 ,dom ,cu?b]t1 #eg1 #ahc4 ,caius1 #ff1 #fi4 ,calmes1 ,pre ,?41 #ab4 ,canonicity1 #ci4 ,ca?olicity1 #da4 ,c]emonies1 #aai ff4 ,*apman1 ,dom ,john1 #beb4 ,*eyne1 ,?omas ,kelly1 x f4 ,*ur*1 ! ,"m1 vii1 #bbh-cc1 #bfa4 ,*wolson1 ,daniel1 #aba1 #aeb f4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #ff1 #fg ff41 #gb f41 #aje1 #bch ff42 see ,presbyt]s4 ,cont9uity1 #e1 #bcd f4 ,conybe>e1 ,fr$]ick ,c41 #bi1 #ee4 ,cosmos1 #aig4 ,criticism1 ,am]ican1 #df ff4 -- ,engli%1 #dd ff4 -- ,fr5*1 #bg f41 #ca4 -- ,g]man1 ix1 #bg f41 #dh ff4 -- ,pr9ciples (1 #db-fg1 #adb1 #beg-fc4 ,de ,boor's ,fragm5t1 #ajc f41 #ajg1 #bej ff4 ,delff1 ,hugo1 #ag f41 #ba1 #ij1 #ii1 #ajh4 ,demoniacal ,possession1 #acj1 #acc f4 ,developm5t1 alleg$ want (1 #aee-fe1 #bji4 ,dida*1 #aii1 #bda1 #bde f4 ,dill1 ,samuel1 #ce f4 ,dobs*tz1 ,ern/ von1 #ae f41 #ah f41 #aae4 ,dods1 ,m>cus1 #aa4 ,drummond1 ,james1 #c1 #ae1 #cb ff41 #da1 #fg1 #ha1 #aaj ff41 #aae1 #ada1 #aff1 #aib1 #aig1 #bda1 #bdg4 ,dualism1 #aif4 ,ebionism1 #bi1 #bbf1 #bcj4 1 #gg ff4 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 #a f41 #de4 ,eusebius1 #fe1 #fg ff41 #bch f41 #bej f4 ,ext5sions1 ,pr9ciple (1 #agh4 ,fea/s1 ! ,jewi%1 #aag f41 #aai ff42 see ,passov]4 ,fi%]1 ,george ,p41 #ad4 ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,app5dix to 7*4 xxi71 #fc f41 #hj f4 -- z a #8spiritual ,gospel1' #fh1 #gj ff41 #if4 -- ,*ri/ology (1 #bje-ce4 -- ,criticism (1 #a-c1 #e-h1 #ae1 #be1 #cb1 #fj ff41 #fe f41 #fg ff4 -- ,disc\rses 91 #afe-i4 -- ,ext]nal ,evid5ce =1 #bch-dh4 -- ,int]nal ,evid5ce1 ,summ>y (1 #bch f4 -- ,geographical ,details 91 #aac f4 -- ,monotony (1 #bjf4 -- n a biography1 #gj f41 #bje-g4 -- ,object (1 #fh f41 #ga f41 #bje f4 -- ,relation to ,synoptics1 #fg ff41 #ga f41 #aag f41 #adc-ee1 #aff1 #baf-be4 -- ,au?or (1 #fg ff41 #gj ff41 #gi f41 #hb-ajh1 #abh1 #afg ff41 #ahh f41 #bjf1 #bdd f41 #bfj2 see ,/4 ,john1 ,apo/le & ,presbyt]4 ,furr]1 ,konrad1 #aac f4 ,galatians1 ,epi/le to !1 #bcj4 ,georgius ,mona*us 7,ham>tolus71 #ajc4 ,godet1 ,frdric1 #aa4 ,goltz1 ,freih]r ,e4 von d]1 #bdb-d4 ,grill1 ,julius1 #aij-b1 #aid-g1 #bjj f4 ,gwatk91 ,h5ry ,m41 #eh f4 ,h>nack1 ,adolf1 #ah ff41 #db ff41 #fj ff41 #gf1 #ajf1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bbc1 #bda1 #bdi1 #bej1 #beb4 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 #de-i4 ,hebrews1 ,epi/le to !1 #bjg-af4 ,h]acleon1 #bd1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,h]mas1 #bda4 ,holtzmann1 ,he9ri* ,julius1 #da1 #eg1 #ge1 #aae1 #aid1 #bbd4 ,holtzmann1 ,osc>1 #be f4 ,ignatius ( ,antio*1 #ea ff41 #aii1 #bda-e4 ,ir5aeus1 #fj ff41 #fe f41 #gc1 #aje1 #bch ff41 #bea1 #bee4 ,jacqui]1 ,abb ,e41 #ab4 ,j]usalem1 ,de/ruction (1 #aaf1 #abc f4 ,jewi% ,ideas1 #ae1 #abh-cf4 ,john1 ,apocryphal ,acts (1 #ajh4 -- ,fir/ ,epi/le (1 #eg1 #gd ff4 -- ,s*ool ( ,/41 #gc1 #ha f41 #bec f42 see ,presbyt]s ( ,papias1 ,presbyt]s ( ,clem5t4 ,john ! ,apo/le1 #af ff41 #fj ff41 #ig-ajh1 #bdh-ef2 see also ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,au?or (4 -- ,dea? (1 #ajc ff41 #ajg f41 #bea f4 ,john ! ,presbyt]1 #af ff41 #ai f41 #fj ff41 #ig-ajh1 #bdh-ef2 see also ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,au?or (4 ,jli*]1 ,adolf1 #a1 #ca f41 #ge4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #cc1 #aci1 #aff1 #bdf f41 #bef4 ,keim1 ,!odor1 #bda4 ,krey5buhl1 ,johannes1 xi4 ,la/ ,disc\rse1 #ij1 #id ff4 ,la/ ,supp]1 #hh f41 #id1 #aej-e4 ,laz>us1 ,/ory (1 #hg f41 #agj-b4 ,light & ,life1 #aij f41 #bja4 ,lightfoot1 ,joseph ,b41 #ab1 #ea ff4 ,local ,col\r1 #abi-cf4 ,logos1 ,doctr9e ( !1 #ahe-bjd1 #baa ff4 ,loisy1 ,abb ,alfr$1 #b1 #bh1 #ca1 #da1 #bjj-d1 #bje1 #bbc f41 #bef4 ,lucius1 ,ern/1 #ed f4 ,lu?>dt1 ,*ri/oph ,e41 #aa4 ,mal*us1 #ij4 ,mat!w1 ,apocryphal ,gospel (1 #aab f4 ,mc,giffert1 ,a4 ,cu%man1 #ai4 ,memra1 #ahg4 ,messiah1 ! title1 #bjh1 #bba f4 ,messianic ,expectation1 #aag1 #acf-dj1 #aeh f4 ,milligan1 ,william1 #aa4 ,m9i/ry1 ,sc5e ( !1 #add-h4 -- ,duration (1 #adh f4 ,miracle1 #afi-hd4 ,mob]ly1 ,rob]t ,campbell1 #bae4 ,m(fatt1 ,james1 #ai4 ,m\lton1 ,william ,f41 #aa4 ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 #ff1 #aje1 #bee4 ,orig51 #ff1 #bch1 #bee4 ,papias1 #fj1 #fd1 #gc1 #bdf1 #bej ff41 #bed2 see ,de ,boor's ,fragm5t4 ,p>aclete1 #aif f41 #bai f4 ,passov]1 #he1 #aag1 #aai f41 #aea-e2 see ,fea/s4 ,paul1 ,/41 #afh1 #agd f41 #ahh1 #bfa4 -- ,/41 & ,/4 ,john1 ,relation (1 viii1 #afh1 #bjh-af1 #bbf-cc4 ,pet]1 ,/41 & ,/4 ,john1 #ia f41 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajg4 ,pet]1 ,second ,epi/le (1 #dc4 ,petronius1 ,satiricon1 #ce f4 ,pfleid]]1 ,otto1 #bf4 ,ph>isees2 see ,sects & ,p>ties4 ,philip ! ,evangeli/1 #fd4 ,philo1 #ee1 #ahe-bjj4 -- ,de ,vita ,contemplativa1 #ed ff4 ,pilgrimages1 #aag f4 ,polyc>p1 #fj1 #fb1 #bdb1 #bef4 ,polycrates1 #fb1 #ii f41 #ajb f41 #aje4 ,po?9us1 #fa f4 ,pragmatism1 #aji ff4 ,presbyt]1 ! title1 #bec4 ,presbyt]s ( ,clem5t1 #fg1 #gb f4 -- ( ,papias1 #fj f41 #fc f41 #bda4 ,purification1 #hd f41 #abj f4 ,quadratus1 #bej4 ,rabb9ical ,s*ools1 #acb4 ,ramsay1 ,william ,m41 #aab4 ,rville1 ,jean1 #b1 #bh1 #ca1 #bjj1 #bef4 ,rits*lianism1 #dg4 ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 #abf ff4 ,sadducees2 see ,sects & ,p>ties4 ,salmon1 ,george1 #ff4 ,sam>ia1 ,woman (1 #he4 ,sanh$r91 #ij f41 #ajj f41 #aaf1 #abd ff4 ,s*mi$el1 ,paul ,w41 #b1 #bf f41 #cg ff41 #eg1 #ge1 #bci ff41 #bdg1 #bef4 ,s*r]1 ,emil1 #ah1 #bh1 #ee f4 ,s*w>tz1 ,edu>d1 #cb1 #ff1 #bdf4 ,sects & ,p>ties1 #abc ff4 ,sil5ce1 ,argum5t f1 #cc ff41 #ci1 #aga f41 #bea4 ,sod51 ,freih]r ,h]mann von1 viii f41 #abi f4 ,soltau1 ,wilhelm1 #ba4 ,son ( ,god1 ! title1 #bjh-bf1 #bca4 ,_s1 ! ,holy1 #bad f4 #8spiritual1' mean+ (1 #ga f4 ,/anton1 ,v9c5t ,h41 #c1 #cg ff41 #bda4 ,/oics1 #aii4 ,/yle1 ,argum5t f ,id5tity (1 #ef f41 #gd f41 #ha4 ,sup]natural1 !1 #afi-hd1 #bfj f4 ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,criticism (1 #aea ff41 #agj-b1 #bag f41 #bfa2 see ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,relation to ,synoptics4 ,tatian1 #ff1 #bch ff4 ,temple1 !1 #aac1 #abb f4 ,temple1 ,cleans+ (1 #adi f4 -- ,gold5 ,gate (1 #aac4 -- ,solomon's ,por*1 #abc1 #afd f4 -- ,treasury1 #abc4 ,t]tullian1 #aje1 #bch ff4 ,textual ,hi/ory1 ,argum5t f1 #ee ff4 #8t ye>1' #aae4 ,!cla1 ,acts ( ,paul &1 #dc1 #aab4 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 #cd1 #bch4 ,tib]ias1 ,sea (1 #aad4 ,tradition1 #d1 #dd4 ,tr9ity1 ,doctr9e ( !1 #bae f41 #bah f41 #bca4 ,val5t9us1 #bdg1 #bef4 ,w>d1 ,miss ,janet1 #a4 ,watk9s1 ,h5ry ,w41 xi4 ,we+>t51 ,h]mann1 #eg4 ,weiss1 ,b]nh>d1 #i f41 #cj4 ,wellhaus51 ,julius1 ix4 ,w5dl&1 ,paul1 #aii4 ,w5dt1 ,hans ,h9ri*1 #ba ff41 #bbj f4 ,w]nle1 ,paul1 #bg1 #ca1 #ge1 #bbg-ce4 ,we/cott1 ,brooke ,foss1 #ac1 #ic4 ,wr$e1 ,william1 ix1 #ge1 #aji f4 ,zahn1 ,!odor1 #h f41 #bde4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! lectures 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4