,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,und]scores  
80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate  
italics      9 ! orig9al text4    ,small
 capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid      
capitals4    ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s 
!y d n break up p>agraphs4    ,old or   
antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4        
,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly     
correct$ b o!r v>iations      9 spell+ &
 punctuation rema9 unalt]$4    ,add$    
8,spodum5e #if0 to ,,toc1 z x 0 miss+4  
,a ,,h&-,,book ,,(                      
,,preci\s ,,/ones                       
,,by                             ,m4 ,d4
 ,,ro?s*ild                             
,,new ,,york  ,,london                  
,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons              
,! ,knick]bock] ,press                  
#ahij                                   
,,copyright ,,by                        
,m4 ,d4 ,,ro?s*ild                      
#ahhi                      ,!           
,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york         
,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ by                
,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons                 

,,cont5ts4                              
,,page      ,:at are ,preci\s ,/ones8   
#g        ,physical ,*>act]s--          
,cry/allization                         
#aj         ,cleavage                   
#aj         ,fracture                   
#aa        ,optical ,prop]ties--        
,refraction                             
#ab         ,pol>ization ( ,light       
#ac         ,pleio*roism                
#ad        ,colors                      
#ae      ,lu/re                         
#ag      ,/reak                         
#ah      ,h>dness                       
#ai      ,specific ,gravity             
#ba      ,weight                        
#bg      ,fusibility                    
#bh      ,magnetism                     
#cj      ,transp>5cy                    
#cj      ,phosphoresc5ce                
#ca      ,electricity                   
#ca      ,cutt+ & ,poli%+               
#cb        ,diamond                     
#ce      ,corundum                      
#ci      ,! ,ruby                       

#dj      ,sapphire                      
#dc         ,fancy ,sapphires           
#dd         ,/> ,sapphires              
#de      ,sp9el                         
#df      ,b]yl                          
#ej      ,em]ald                        
#ea      ,b]yl                          
#ec      ,*rysob]yl                     
#ed      ,cymophane                     
#ef      ,alex&rite                     
#ef      ,zircon                        
#eh      ,turquois                      
#fj      ,t\rmal9e                      
#fd      ,opal                          
#fi      ,pe>l                          
#ga      ,*rysolite                     
#gh      ,g>net                         
#hj      ,topaz                         
#hd      ,apatite                       
#hg      ,felsp>                        
#hh      ,moon/one                      
#hi      ,sun/one 7,avantur9e ,felsp>7  
#ij      ,amazon ,/one 7,gre5 ,felsp>7  
#ia      ,labradorite                   
#ia      ,cyanite                       

#ic      ,lapis ,lazuli                 
#id      ,hidd5ite                      
#ie      ,spodum5e                      
#if      ,di*roite                      
#ig      ,idocrase                      
#ih      ,euclase                       
#ii      ,sph5e                         
#ajj      ,ph5acite                     
#aja      ,epidote                      
#aja      ,ax9ite                       
#ajb      ,diopside                     
#ajc      ,fluor ,sp>                   
#ajd      ,hyp]/h5e                     
#aje      ,qu>tz                        
#ajf      ,cry/alliz$ ,qu>tz            
#aji      ,ame?y/                       
#aaj      ,yell[ ,qu>tz                 
#aaa      ,cairngorm1 etc               
#aaa      ,rose ,qu>tz                  
#aac      ,avantur9e                    
#aad      ,cat's-,eye                   
#aad      ,crocidolite                  
#aae      ,heliotrope                   
#aaf      ,*rysoprase                   
#aag      ,prase                        

#aag      ,plasma                       
#aah      ,*alc$ony                     
#aah      ,agates                       
#aai      ,onyx or ,agate ,onyx         
#abj      ,c>nelian                     
#abb      ,jasp]                        
#abc      ,false ,lapis                 
#abd      ,hematite                     
#abd      ,obsidian                     
#abe      ,mala*ite                     
#abf      ,jet                          
#abh      ,amb]                         
#abh      ,coral                        
#acj        ,table ( ,h>dness &         
,specific ,gravity   #acb        ,index 
#ace          ,,preface4      ,! object 
( ?is little book is to convey to !     
m]*ant1 !  workman1 & ! amateur1 9 a    
cond5s$ & accurate =m1 in=mation        
conc]n+ ! v>i\s prop]ties ( preci\s     
/ones4 ,besides draw+  freely on a numb]
 ( au?orities1 ! au?or has us$ 8        
practical  exp]i5ce to indicate su* te/s
 z an amateur c readily make4  ,specific
 gravity1 h>dness1 & di*roism are te/s  

:i* are easily  ma/]$1 & a ?or\gh       
und]/&+ ( ^! ?ree prop]ties w  assi/ 9  
classify+ d\btful gems4    ,su* /ones h 
be5 dealt ) pr9cipally z are us$ 9      
comm]ce  = jewelry & ornam5tal purposes4
    ,! att5tion ( ! writ] has (t5 be5   
call$ to ! g5]al lack  ( k among !      
jewel]s reg>d+ preci\s /ones o!r ?an    
diamonds1 rubies1 sapphires1 & em]alds4 
,z !re are s _m o!r beautiful & r>e gems
 :i* nature yields  to man1 & :i* are   
wor?y ( ! jewel]s' art1 ! au?or tru/s  t
 8 book w awak5 a new int]e/ 9 !        
fasc9at+ /udy (  m9]alogy z appli$ to   
preci\s /ones1 & t at "s future day  he 
may feel enc\rag$ to enl>ge ^u ?is      
treatise4                               
,m4 ,d4 ,,ro?s*ild4      #da & #dc      
,,maid5 ,,lane1            ,,new ,,york4
          ,,h&-,,book ,,( ,,preci\s     
,,/ones4          ,,:at ,,are ,,preci\s 
,,/ones8    ,! m9]al to :i* ! t]m       
8preci\s /one0 is appli$1 mu/ be        
adaptable = jewelry or ornam5tal        
purposes & mu/ possess beauty1  h>dness1

 & r>ity4    ,! beauty ( a preci\s /one 
or gem consi/s ( its color or           
colorlessness1 brilliancy or s(tness (  
lu/re1 & transp>5cy4  ,to take a high & 
la/+ poli%1 a m9]al mu/ be h>d1--& _m   
/ones t w\ld o!rwise be highly valu$ are
 l[ 9 ! e/imate (  wor? because !y d n  
possess ( suffici5t h>dness to make !m  
endure ! we> & friction to :i* a preci\s
 /one is subject$  :5 us$ 9 ! =m (      
jewelry4 ,! r>5ess ( preci\s /ones  has 
a decid$ effect 9 det]m9+ _! values4 ,= 
in/ance1 !  crocidolite1 comm]cially    
kn[n z tig]-eye1 0 sold by ! c>at  "s   
ye>s ago1 & 0 l>gely us$ 9 ! mak+ ( f9e 
jewelry4  ,to-day1 ?is mat]ial is s     
pl5tiful t x is no long] class$  among !
 high] gems1 b s]ves = cameos &         
intaglios l  *alc$ony & onyx4    ,!     
*anges ( fa%ion h mu* to d ) det]m9+ !  
m>ket  value ( preci\s /ones4 ,ame?y/s1 
topazes1 cat's-eyes1 aquam>9es1         
alex&rites1 & ev5 em]alds & opals h be5 
eag]ly s\ght =  at times & !n aga9      
neglect$ = o!r gems1 caus+ a s5sible    

diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ^! /ones4    ,!re  
are all degrees ( preci\s /ones1 f !    
valuable diamond &  corundums to !      
humbl] qu>tz1 ame?y/1 & topaz4    ,x has
 be5 a moot$ "q z to ! prop] divid+ l9e 
betwe5  /ones t des]ve ! title          
8preci\s10 & ^? :i* %\ld be  plac$ 9 a  
s-call$ semi-preci\s or l[] category4   
,to draw su* a  l9e is h>dly possible1 z
 nei!r h>dness1 r>5ess1 nor value w\ld  
be a positive te/--"s ( ! h>d /ones1 l  
zircon & alm&9es  be+ less valuable ?an 
! s(t] opal1 :ile ! diamond1 "o ( !  mo/
 pl5tiful ( preci\s /ones1 is at ! same 
"t1 "o ( ! mo/  valuable4    ,nei!r c   
price be tak5 z a complete te/1 because 
fa%ion makes a  turquois1 an opal1 or an
 em]ald mu* m valuable at "o "t ?an  at 
ano!r4 ,all preci\s m9]als us$ =        
ornam5tal purposes1 f  ! diamond to     
qu>tz1 or *alc$ony1 may prop]ly be t]m$ 
preci\s  /ones4          ,,physical     
,,*>act]s4          ,,cry/allization4   
,preci\s /ones are f\nd ei!r 9          
cry/alliz$ or amorph\s  conditions4 ,!  

=ms ( cry/allization are3        #a     
,isometric or ,cubic2 hav+ ! axes equal4
      #b ,tetragonal or ,pyramidal      
hav+ only !      #c ,hexagonal or       
,rhomboh$ral    lat]al axes equal4      
#d ,or?orhombic or ,trimetric           
#e ,monocl9ic or ,oblique         hav+ !
 axes      #f ,tricl9ic or ,anor?ic     
unequal4    ,mo/ preci\s /ones          
cry/allize1 b ! specim5s t h !          
cry/allization cle>ly def9$ are seldom  
f\nd4 ,! amorph\s  condition includes ! 
turquois1 opal1 & obsidian1 :i* m9]als  
are  f\nd 9 masses or ve9s surr\nd$ by a
 matrix4      ,,cleavage4    ,_m m9]als 
c be sep>at$ readily 9 "o direction by  
simply  mak+ a small ind5tation ) a h>d]
 m9]al1 !n introduc+ !  blade ( a knife 
into ! scrat* & /rik+ x a %>p bl[1--?is 
sep>ates ! cry/al4 ,!re are c]ta9 planes
 at "r angles :]e  ! cry/al c be        
sep>at$2 ?is prop]ty is call$ cleavage &
 !  planes1 cleavage planes4    ,9 "s   
m9]als cleavage is difficult to produce1
 :ile 9 o!rs su*  z mica & rock-salt1   

cleavage is highly p]fect & ! numb] (   
sep>ations produc$ is only limit$ by !  
?ickness ( ! blade us$  9 sep>at+ !     
planes4    ,! prop]ty ( cleavage is v   
useful & ( great assi/ance to !         
lapid>y1 z x enables him to %ape a      
diamond or o!r h>d /one  ne>ly to ! size
 he desires1 & at ! same "t to save !   
extra  mat]ial cleav$ (f1 :i* c be us$ =
 small] gems1 & :i*  "u o!r conditions  
w\ld h to be gr\nd away4                
,,fracture4    ,fracture surfaces are ! 
result ( ! break+ ( a cry/al o!rwise    
?an by cleav+1 & 9 a diff]5t direction f
 ! cleavage planes4    ,:5 ! =m (       
fracture is compos$ ( concave & convex  
surfaces x  is call$ con*oidal2 :5 free 
f inequalities x is kn[n z ev5  or      
smoo?1 & :5 cov]$ by small spl9t]s1     
spl9t]y or unev54          ,,optical    
,,prop]ties4      ,,refraction4    ,:5 a
 ray ( light passes f "o m$ium to ano!r1
 or f ! air  to a cry/al x is b5t or    
refract$2 ?is is call$ s+le refraction  
& takes place 9 ! diamond1 sp9el1 &     

g>net4    ,mo/ ( ! o!r transp>5t preci\s
 /ones possess d\ble  refraction--t is1 
! ray ( light ent]s ! cry/al & divides  
into two p>ts1 "o foll[+ ! ord9>y laws (
 refraction1 :ile  ! o!r "p or          
extraord9>y ray does n obey ! usual law4
    ,!re are precise me?ods = measur+ ! 
indices ( refraction1 b  !y are n       
applicable to poli%$ gem /ones4         
,,pol>ization ,,( ,,light4              
,pol>ization is a peculi> modification  
:i*1 "u c]ta9  conditions1 a ray ( light
 und]goes4 ,?is prop]ty is easi] to     
obs]ve ?an d\ble refraction4    ,if f a 
transp>5t prism ( t\rmal9e two ?9 plates
 are cut1  p>allel to its axis1 !y w    
transmit light :5 !y are plac$  above   
ea* o!r ) ! *ief axis ( ea* 9 ! same    
direction4    ,:5 "o ( ! plates is turn$
 at "r angles to ! o!r1 no  light1 or b 
v little1 is transmitt$1 s t ! plates   
appe>  black4    ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/  
slip1 ! rays ( light h acquir$ a        
peculi> prop]ty1 :i* r5d]s !m incapable 
( be+ transmitt$  ?r\gh ! second1 except

 :5 ! two are held 9 a p>allel          
position1 & ! rays are !n said to be    
pol>iz$4    ,9 "s d\bly refract+ cry/als
 ! two oppositely pol>iz$ beams  are (  
diff]5t colors1 s ^u d\ble refraction & 
pol>ization  dep5ds ! prop]ty ( _m gems 
:i* is call$ pleio*roism4               
,,pleio*roism4    ,! di*roiscope is a   
h&y little optical in/rum5t1 t w        
readily s]ve to di/+ui% ! diamond1      
sp9el1 or g>net 7all  s+ly refract+     
m9]als7 f ! ruby1 b]yl1 or any ( ! d\bly
  refract+ /ones4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s 
( a cleavage rhomboh$ron  ( ,icel& sp>1 
fa/5$ 9 a brass tube ab\t #b in*es long1
 &   ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a slid+ cap at
 "o end has a p]=ation   ( an in* squ>e1
 & at ! o!r end is a l5s :i* w %[ a     
di/9ct image ( ! squ>e op5+ :5 ! cap is 
pull$ out ab\t   ( an in*4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4    ,!          
pleio*roism ( _m /ones c be det]m9$ at a
 glance ) !  di*roiscope4    ,:5 a /one 
is exam9$ by means ( ! di*roiscope1 x w 
%[ two  images ( ! same hue1 or (       

diff]5t hues1 ^! squ>e images 7fig4  #a1
 ,a7 =m+ a "r angle & be+ m di/9ct :5   
view$ f  "o "p ( ! /one ?an f ano!r4    
,:5 ! images are id5tical 9 color1 !    
specim5 may be a diamond1  g>net1 sp9el1
 or glass4 ,%\ld a r$ or ruby sp9el     
approa* !  ruby 9 color1 a quick &      
satisfactory te/ c be made ) !          
di*roiscope1 z ! sp9el w %[ two images (
 "o color1 :ile  ! ruby w %[ "o image ( 
aurora r$ & "o ( c>m9e r$4    ,!        
di*roiscope is inexp5sive1 co/+ b a few 
doll>s1 & is v  useful = rapidly decid+ 
! species ( _m /ones4 ,! foll[+  is a   
p>tial li/ ( d\bly refract+ /ones & _!  
tw9 colors4                   ,,"n ,,(  
,,/one4               ,,tw9 ,,colors4   
,sapphire 7blue7         ,gre5i% /raw   
,blue      ,ruby 7r$7                   
,aurora r$       ,c>m9e r$              
,t\rmal9e 7r$7        ,salmon           
,rose p9k         7br[ni% r$7      ,umb]
 br[n      ,columb9e p9k         7br[n7 
,orange br[n     ,gre5i% yell[          
7gre57             ,pi/a*io gre5  ,blui%

 gre5         7blue7                    
,gre5i% gray    ,indigo blue            
,em]ald 7gre57         ,yell[i% gre5    
,blui% gre5      ,topaz 7%]ry7          
,/raw yell[     ,rose p9k      ,p]idot  
7pi/a*io7     ,br[n yell[     ,sea gre5 
,aquam>9e 7sea gre57  ,/raw :ite        
,gray blue      ,b]yl 7pale blue7       
,sea gre5        ,azure blue            
,*rysob]yl 7yell[7    ,gold5 br[n       
,gre5i% yell[      ,iolite 7lav5d]7     
,pale buff        ,indigo blue          
,ame?y/ 7purple7       ,r$di% purple    
,blui% purple                ,,colors4  
,! foll[+ is a p>tial li/ ( ! colors (  
preci\s /ones3    ,%ades (              
,:ite4--,qu>tz1 opal1 *alc$ony4         
,%ades ( ,gray4--,labrador1 smoky topaz1
 *alc$ony1 zircon4                      
,black4--,obsidian1 t\rmal9e1 jet4      
,%ades ( ,blue4--,lapis-lazuli1 ame?y/1 
*alc$ony1 sp9el1 zircon1  sapphire1     
cyanite1 t\rmal9e1 turquois1 odontolite1
 fluor sp>4    ,%ades ( ,gre54--,amazon 
/one1 turquois1 prase1 b]yl1 blood-/one1

  epidote1 em]ald1 mala*ite1 *rysoprase1
 *rysolite1 idocrase1  oliv9e1 g>net1   
*rysob]yl4    ,%ades ( ,yell[4--,opal1  
amb]1 topaz1 b]yl1 jasp]4    ,%ades (   
,r$4--,g>net1 c>nelian1 *alc$ony1 rose  
qu>tz1 corundum1  t\rmal9e1 sp9el1 ruby4
    ,%ades ( ,br[n4--,zircon1 g>net1    
smoky topaz1 ax9ite1 jasp]4             
,colorless4--,diamond1 sapphire1 sp9el1 
zircon1 topaz1 rock cry/al1  moon/one4  
,,lu/re4    ,well poli%$ preci\s /ones  
display a decid$ lu/re1 :i* assi/s  9   
det]m9+ _! species4    ,! foll[+ is a   
li/ ( "s preci\s /ones & _! lu/re3      
,adamant9e4--,diamond1 zircon4          
,res9\s4--,g>net4    ,vitre\s4--,em]ald1
 ruby1 sp9el4    ,waxy4--,turquois4     
,pe>ly4--,moon/one1 opal4               
,silky4--,crocidolite1 qu>tz cat's-eye4 
,metallic4--,hematite4                  
,greasy4--,oliv9e4    ,"s /ones v>y 9   
lu/re1 f vitre\s to pe>ly1 etc4         
,,/reak4    ,! /reak ( a m9]al is !     
color ( its p[d]4    ,?is p[d] v>ies 9  
color1 & may be :ite1 gray1 r$1 etc4 ,x 

is  obta9$ by scrat*+ ! m9]al ) a %>p   
file1 or by rubb+ !  m9]al on ! back (  
an unglaz$ porcela9 plate1 :5 ! color ( 
! p[d] w appe> on ! plate4    ,x is     
rem>kable t ! /reak ( ! diamond is gray 
to  grayi%-black1 :ile t ( ! ruby is    
colorless or :ite4      ,,h>dness4      
,"o ( ! mo/ important & di/+ui%+        
qualities ( a gem /one  is ! prop]ty (  
endur+1 resi/+ we>1--9 %ort1 h>dness4   
,to te/ ! h>dness ( preci\s /ones t h n 
be5 cut or  poli%$1 ! foll[+ scale ( t5 
m9]als has be5 devis$ by ,moh1  a ,g]man
 m9]alogi/3        ,no4 #a4 ,talc4 ,v   
s(t2 is easily brok5 or scrat*$         
) ! f+]-nail4        ,no4 #b4           
,rock-salt4 ,s(t2 scrat*$ ) difficulty )
          f+]-nail2 readily cut ) a     
knife4        ,no4 #c4 ,calcite4 ,l[    
degree ( h>dness2 n to be               
scrat*$ ) f+]-nail2 easily scrat*$ ) a  
knife4        ,no4 #d4 ,fluor sp>4      
,fairly h>d2 is slightly scrat*$        
by a knife1 b easily attack$ ) a file4  
,no4 #e4 ,apatite4 ,m$ium h>dness2 does 

n scrat*          glass1 or only fa9tly2
 does n give out sp>ks          aga9/   
/eel2 easily attack$ ) a file4          
,no4 #f4 ,felsp>4 ,easily scrat*es      
glass2 is attack$ by          a file1 & 
gives "s sp>ks aga9/ /eel4        ,no4  
#g4 ,qu>tz4 ,q h>d2 is only slightly    
attack$ by          file2 gives sp>ks   
readily aga9/ /eel4        ,no4 #h4     
,topaz4 ,v h>d2 is n attack$ by a file4 
,no4 #i4 ,sapphire4 ,h>de/ ( all m9]als 
b !          diamond2 attacks all o!r   
m9]als4        ,no4 #aj4 ,diamond4      
,attacks all m9]als2 is n attack$       
by any4    ,to f9d ! h>dness ( a /one1  
beg9 to te/ ) ! s(te/  m9]al1 s t :5 !  
numb] is rea*$ :i* w scrat* !  /one1 !re
 has be5 no injury to ! specim5 "u      
exam9ation4 ,half  numb]s are det]m9$ by
 ! ease or difficulty ) :i* a /one is   
scrat*$4 ,= example1 a /one :i* w resi/ 
,no4 #g 7qu>tz7 &  :i* is only fa9tly   
attack$ by ,no4 #h 7topaz7 may be safely
 put d[n  z #g4e1 :ile a /one :i* resi/$
 ,no4 #g & yield$ easily to ,no4 #h  is 

to be class$ z #g 9 h>dness4    ,^! te/s
 are readily appli$ to cry/als or       
unpoli%$ gems4 ,)  ! poli%$ /one great] 
c>e mu/ be obs]v$1 & :ile a file  te/ is
 (t5 satisfactory1 !re is always ! dang]
 ( /rik+ !  cleavage & break+ (f a small
 piece ( ! /one4      ,,specific        
,,gravity4    ,"o ( ! mo/ important te/s
 :i* c be appli$ to a poli%$  /one is t 
( specific gravity4 ,_m /ones1 l ! ruby 
& !  sp9el1 ! blue t\rmal9e & !         
sapphire1 etc41 look alike1 b  !re is a 
s5sible diff]5ce 9 _! respective weights
 t a  specific-gravity te/ w readily    
e/abli%4    ,! weight ( an object :i* is
 free to seek ! c5tre ( gravitation  is 
call$ absolute weight1 :ile ! weight (  
an object comp>$ )  t ( ano!r conta9+ ! 
same volume ( matt] is call$ !  specific
 weight4    ,if a /one weigh+ #af c>ats 
is plac$ 9 a vessel fill$ to ! brim  )  
di/ill$ wat] & ! /one displaces #f c>ats
 ( wat]1 !  specific gravity ( ! /one   
w\ld be #af  #f1 or #b4ff1 ! specific   
gravity ( qu>tz4    ,9 o!r words1 ! /one

 w\ld weigh #af c>ats 9 ! air & only #aj
  c>ats 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 %[+ a loss (  
#f c>ats1 :i* is !  weight ( ! volume ( 
wat] equal 9 bulk to ! /one2--or        
absolute  weight1 #af c>ats2 specific   
weight1 #aj c>ats2 loss1 #f c>ats2 #af  
#f   #b4ff1 specific gravity4    ,!re   
are sev]al me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! specific 
gravity ( a  /one4    ,fir/1 by plac+ x 
9 liquids ( kn[n specific gravity4      
,second1 by weigh+ ! /one 9 air & !n 9  
di/ill$ wat] or  alcohol1 & ?us le>n+ ! 
weight ( an equal bulk ( wat]4    ,?ird1
 by measur+ or weigh+ ! wat] :i* ! /one 
displaces  :5 imm]s$ 9 a small vessel ( 
kn[n capacity4    ,f\r?1 by means ( !   
,ni*olson hydromet]1 a simple in/rum5t  
consi/+ ( a holl[ glass cyl9d]1 two     
di%es1 & a glass vessel4    ,z !        
jewel]s' balances are well adapt$ = !   
ord9>y "w (  tak+ specific gravity1 or c
 be easily adapt$ = su* "w1 !  second   
me?od w usually be ! m practical to     
foll[4    ,! au?or has _h v satisfactory
 s]vice f a #cj balance1 &  any well    

adju/$ balance w give fair results4     
,! foll[+ accessories are necess>y to   
take ! specific gravity (  a /one3      
,di/ill$ wat] ab\t #fj ,fahr4    ,a v   
f9e ?read ( plat9um wire ) :i* to susp5d
 ! /one  7fig4 #d74    ,a glass-beak] = 
! wat] 7fig4 #c1 ,c74    ,a b5* to hold 
! beak] ov] ! pan 7fig4 #b74            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4    ,! di/ill$  
wat] is easily obta9able f any druggi/4 
,!  plat9um wire %\ld be b5t to hook    
into ! top ( ! balance frame1  7fig4 #c1
 ,b7 & = ord9>y small /ones x w be      
conv5i5t to  twi/ ! o!r end into a      
cork-screw %ape or receptacle 7fig4 #d1 
,a74    ,! beak] c be a small1 ?9 glass 
cup ( any k9d1 & ! b5*  is easily       
produc$ f wood 7fig4 #b7 or ( metal )   
?ree supports  7fig4 #c1 ,a74    ,to    
asc]ta9 ! specific gravity1 atta* !     
plat9um wire to !  balance frame1 7fig4 
#c1 ,b7 & all[ ! l[] end to re/ 9 !     
wat]2 !n balance ?is c>efully by add+   

weights to ! o!r side  7fig4 #c1 ,d7    
until ! balance is exact4    ,! /one to 
be weigh$ 9 wat] is a ruby1 & weighs two
 c>ats 9  ! air4    ,clean ! /one       
c>efully ) wat] to free x f air bubbles2
 !n  place x 9 ! screw ( ! wire 7fig4   
#d1 ,a7 & weigh c>efully4 ,if  ! /one   
weighs #a c>ats x w h displac$  ct4 (   
wat]3 or1  weight 9 air1 #b c>ats2      
weight 9 wat]1 #a c>ats2 loss1  c>at2 #b
     #d1 :i* w be ! specific gravity ( !
 ruby4    ,! ,jolly spiral balance c    
also be us$ = tak+ specific gravity1  b 
x is n s practical or accurate = small  
/ones z = !  l>g] ones4      ,,weight4  
,! valuable preci\s /ones are b\ght &   
sold by ! c>at4 ,?is  weight is equal to
 ab\t #c4ag gra9s or ab\t 4#bje         
milligrams4    ,! c>at is divid$ into   
fractions ( 1 1 1 #a_/af1 #a_/cb1       
#a_/fd1 &  also arbitr>ily into f\r     
gra9s2 t is1 ea* qu>t] ( a c>at is      
c\nt$ "o gra91 ?us =m+ ! basis = !      
calculation ( pe>ls4    ,9 comm]ce1 a   
c>at diamond is sometimes call$ a       

f\r-gra9 /one1  & a c>at-&-a-half /one  
is six gra9s1 etc41 etc4    ,! weight ( 
! c>at be+ arbitr>y1 x v>ies 9 diff]5t  
c\ntries1 "s be+ heavi] & o!rs light]   
?an 4#bje milligrams4    ,! writ] wrote 
to ?ree prom95t balance-mak]s 9 ! ,unit$
  ,/ates "s mon?s ago = _! c>at /&>ds & 
0 surpris$ to  f9d t !y all diff]$4 ,?is
 w acc\nt = discrepancies 9  weight     
result+ betwe5 ! balances ( diff]5t     
mak]s4 ,( late  !re has be5 a decid$    
movem5t 9 ,europe1 head$ by ! ,fr5*     
,*ambre ,syndicale ( jewel]s1 9 favor ( 
! unification ( !  c>at1 s t ! weight ( 
a ,fr5* or ,dut* c>at w equal t  ( an   
,engli%1 ,am]ican1 or any o!r c>at4 ,?is
 re=m w probably  be accompani$ by !    
adoption ( ! decimal sy/em ( divid+ !   
c>at1 & ! disc>d+ ( ! complicat$        
fractional sy/em4    ,aft] hav+ tri$ !  
decimal weights = _m mon?s1 ! au?or c   
te/ify to a decid$ ga9 9 "t & accuracy f
 _! use4      ,,fusibility4    ,!       
bl[-pipe or dry te/ = m9]als is conv5i5t
 to apply to small  bits or spl9t]s ( a 

/one4    ,! m9]al is ei!r held by a pair
 ( plat9a-po9t$ =ceps1 or  p[d]$ & plac$
 on a metal plate or 9 a glass tube4    
,be=e ! bl[-pipe1 "s m9]als *ange color1
 b d n melt1  :ile o!rs reta9 _! color1 
or swell up1 or break into small        
p>ticles1 or melt into colorless or     
color$ glasses4    ,! foll[+ is ! scale 
( m9]als us$ to te/ ! diff]5t  degrees (
 fusibility3        #a4 ,gray ,antimony4
 ,fusible 9 co>se spl9t]s 9             
summit ( c&le flame )\t ! bl[-pipe4     
#b4 ,natrolite4 ,fusible 9 f9e spl9t]s 9
 ! summit          ( a c&le flame )\t ! 
bl[-pipe4        #c4 ,alm&ite4 ,does n  
fuse 9 c&le flame2 fuses          easily
 be=e ! bl[-pipe 9 obtuse pieces4       
#d4 ,gre5 ,act9olite4 ,fusible be=e !   
bl[-pipe 9          co>se spl9t]s4      
#e4 ,or?oclase4 ,fusible be=e ! bl[-pipe
 9 f9e          spl9t]s4        #f4     
,bronzite4 ,be=e ! bl[-pipe becomes     
r\nd$ only          on ! %>p edges4     
,,magnetism4    ,!re are b few preci\s  
/ones t possess ! p[] to act on  !      

magnetic ne$le2 among !m are !          
*rysolite1 c9namon /one1  alm&9e1       
pyrope1 & g>net4      ,,transp>5cy4     
,preci\s /ones are1 on ! basis ( _!     
relative transp>5cy1  divid$ into f\r   
classes1 z foll[s3 ,transp>5t1 or       
admitt+  light freely & cle>ly2 def9+   
objects :5 us$ z a l5s4                 
,semi-transp>5t1 admitt+ light1 b only  
p>tially def9+  objects4 ,transluc5t1   
admitt+ light fa9tly4 ,opaque1 n        
admitt+ light4    ,! m valuable preci\s 
/ones1 except+ opals & turquoises1 are  
g5]ally transp>5t4                      
,,phosphoresc5ce4    ,"s preci\s /ones  
display a di/9ct phosphoresc5ce aft]    
exposure  to ! sunlight1 & also ^u !    
application ( artificial heat1 &  ?r\gh 
me*anical & electrical means4    ,_m    
diamonds1 :5 tak5 to a d>k room1 appe> q
 lum9\s2 ?is  is also true ( topaz1     
fluor sp>1 & o!r m9]als4                
,,electricity4    ,m9]als acquire       
electricity ?r\gh friction or heat+1 & 9
 ?is  /ate readily attract or repel     

small bits ( pap] & o!r light           
sub/ances4    ,all m9]als are electric1 
"s display+ positive & o!rs negative    
electricity4    ,! electric te/ ( a     
preci\s /one ref]s to ! l5g? ( "t t  a  
/one w reta9 electricity aft] friction  
or heat+4    ,"s /ones lose ?is quality 
9 a few m9utes1 :ile o!rs reta9 x  a    
long "t4 ,! t\rmal9e is not$ = its      
electrical prop]ties1  :ile ! ,brazilian
 topaz r5d]$ electric by heat+ or rubb+ 
has  be5 kn[n to affect ! electric ne$le
 aft] #cb h\rs4      ,,cutt+ ,,&        
,,poli%+4    ,al?\gh a f9ely develop$   
diamond1 ruby1 or o!r cry/al is         
sometimes f\nd & us$ = jewelry1 ! beauty
 ( a preci\s /one  g5]ally rema9s hidd5 
)9 a r\gh & unsightly ext]ior until  !  
lapid>y's art reveals ! gem4    ,accord+
 to well kn[n rules1 !re is "o k9d (    
cutt+ or facet+  = ! diamond or         
colorless gems & ano!r = color$ gems4   
,! brilliant cut1 figs4 #e & #f1 consi/s
 ( an arrangem5t (  fifty-six facets1   
exclusive ( ! table & culet4 ,?is cut is

  sometimes improv$ by ! addition (     
eight /> facets ar\nd !  culet1 :i* br+s
 ! numb] ( facets up to sixty-f\r4    ,!
 foll[+ are ! proportions ( a well cut  
diamond or colorless  gem3         above
 ! girdle1 fig4 #f1 ,a4       bel[      
#f1 ,b4      ,! table #b_/e ( ! bread? (
 ! /one1 fig4 #f1 ,c4      ,! culet  ( !
 size ( ! table1 fig4 #f1 ,d4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,fig4 #f4     
,^! proportions d n ref] to color$ gems1
 :i* are cut ?ick or  %all[ to deep5 or 
dim9i% ! color ( ! /one4 ,! /ep cut1    
fig4 #g1 n[ pr9cipally us$ = em]alds1 c 
be advantage\sly us$  = o!r color$      
/ones4    ,! cr[n$ rose cut1 fig4 #h1 is
 appli$ to small diamonds1 &            
occasionally to color$ gems4 ,?is cut   
consi/s ( tw5ty-f\r facets1  & a well   
proportion$ rose is "o half ( its       
diamet] 9 ?ickness4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #g4 ,,fig4 #h4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #i4 ,,fig4 #aj4    ,to ! small] &
 m common roses only twelve facets are  
giv54    ,besides ! above-m5tion$ =ms1  

!re are !3        ,huitpan1 or s+le cut4
      #af facet   d\ble        #bd      
s+le brilliant4      ,cabo*on           
c>buncle4      ,/> cut1 fig4 #i4        
,degree or rose cut1 fig4 #aj4    ,! la/
 two beautiful =ms ( cutt+ are frequ5tly
 giv5 to f9e  pa/e or imitation         
diamonds4    ,( late ye>s ne>ly all gems
 h be5 cut q r\nd1 & 9 _m  in/ances ) a 
sacrifice ( size & brilliancy4          
,,diamond4    ,! diamond is "o ( ! mo/  
preci\s m9]als1 & yet x consi/s  ( pure 
c>bon1 ! mo/ common sub/ance t is kn[n1 
a sub/ance  t is pres5t 9 all animal &  
vegetable bodies & 9 ! l>g]  numb] (    
m9]als4 ,:5 c>bon is cry/alliz$ ! result
 is !  diamond1 :i* is always f\nd 9    
deta*$ cry/als1 ei!r octah$rons  or     
rhombic dodecah$rons1 ! planes ( !      
angles be+ (t5 convex  or r\nd$1--?is   
curv+ cry/al be+ peculi> to ! diamond4  
,! cleavage is p]fect1 &1 p>allel to !  
faces ( ! octah$ron1  ! fracture is     
con*oidal or curv$4 ,! diamond is n act$
 ^u by  acids or alkalies1 is infusible 

b combu/ible1 & burns "u heat  ( a v    
high temp]ature4 ,diamond p[d] burns    
readily1 b l>g]  pieces are n affect$ by
 ! bl[-pipe4    ,! diamond is a         
non-conductor ( electricity1 b acquires 
positive  electricity :5 rubb$1 & reta9s
 x = half an h\r4 ,aft]  be+ expos$ to !
 sol> rays1 ! diamond pres5ts a di/9ct  
phosphoresc5ce 9 ! d>k4 ,x possesses    
s+le refraction1 b  belongs to ^? bodies
 :i* reflect light mo/ /rongly1 & its   
magnify+ p[] is mu* great] ?an t (      
glass2 x does n  pol>ize light2 its     
lu/re is adamant9e1 & specific gravity  
#c4e to  #c4f4 ,! diamond is ! h>de/ (  
all kn[n m9]als1 rank+ ,no4 #aj  9      
,moh's scale ( h>dness4    ,:ite1 & !   
diff]5t %ades f v light yell[ to d>k    
yell[  or can>y1 comprise1 accord+ to ! 
popul> idea1 ! colors ( !  diamond4 ,yet
 ! diamond is f\nd 9 gre51 r$1 blue1    
br[n1 olive1  orange1 & black1 & also 9 
! v>i\s %ad+s ( ^! colors &  9 opalesc5t
 t9ts4    ,z ! limpid or :ite diamond   
surpasses all o!r :ite /ones 9 !  p[] ( 

its lu/re & ! magnific5ce ( its fire1 s 
d ! color$  diamonds outrank ! em]ald1  
ruby1 sapphire1 & o!r gems ( l  colors4 
,color$ diamonds1 except+ light yell[ & 
br[n1 are r>e1 & h5ce  are ! mo/        
valuable ( preci\s /ones4 ,! limpid or  
p]fectly :ite  & ! :ite ) a blui% t9t   
are ! mo/ s\ght aft]1 :ile f9e  deep    
gold5 yell[ or can>ies & pron\nc$ fancy 
colors always f9d  a ready m>ket4       
,diamonds come pr9cipally f ! m9es 9    
,s\? ,africa2 "s are  f\nd 9 ,brazil &  
,india1 & few] 9 ,sumatra1 ,borneo1 !   
,ural  ,m\nta9s1 & ,au/ralia4 ,cry/als h
 also be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates4    ,!
 amorph\s or c>bon diamond is f\nd only 
9 ,brazil4 ,! pebbles or  masses are    
opaque1 /eel-gray to black 9 color1 &   
sometimes weigh  #a1jjj c>ats4    ,?is  
c>bonate is pr9cipally us$ to po9t      
rock-drills & = o!r  eng9e]+ purposes4  
,! co>se v>iety ( cry/alliz$ diamonds   
is call$ bort1 & z ?is is unfitt$ = gem 
purposes because (  imp]fections1 x is  
gr\nd into p[d] & us$ = cutt+ &  drill+ 

preci\s /ones4    ,:ite sapphires1 :ite 
zircons1 :ite topaz1 & rock-cry/al      
sometimes  pass = diamonds4 ,! fir/ two 
are heavi]1 ! topaz lacks  brilliancy1 &
 ! cry/al is light] ?an ! diamond4    ,x
 is also ! case t ^! f\r /ones1         
especially ! cry/al1 are  easily scrat*$
 by a diamond4    ,! be/ /yle ( cutt+ = 
a diamond is ! brilliant1 ( #ff facets1 
includ+ ! table & culet4 ,! prop]       
proportions ( a well cut  brilliant is  
= ! cr[n &  = ! culet4 ,! table & culet 
mu/ also be 9 proportion to ! size ( !  
/one4      ,,corundum4    ,?is _m-color$
 m9]al1 compos$ ( ne>ly pure alum9a1    
produces  gems :i* 9 "s cases are m     
valuable ev5 ?an diamonds4 ,!  ruby1    
sapphire1 ,ori5tal em]ald1 ,ori5tal     
topaz1 ,ori5tal ame?y/1  ,ori5tal       
aquam>9e1 ,ori5tal *rysolite1 ,ori5tal  
hyac9?1 /> ruby1  /> sapphire1 /> topaz1
 & ruby & sapphire cat's-eyes are all   
corundums ( diff]5t colors4 ,! ruby is a
 r$ sapphire1 & !  ,ori5tal topaz a     
yell[ sapphire1 :ile ! ,ori5tal em]ald  

is a gre5  sapphire1 etc41 etc4    ,9   
h>dness corundum ranks next to !        
diamond1 rank+ ,no4 #i 9 ,moh's  scale4 
,! specific gravity is #c4i to #d4a1 !  
cry/allization rhomboh$ral1  & cleavage 
basal1 ! cry/als break+ across ! prism )
 ne>ly  a flat surface4    ,9 lu/re1 !  
corundum is vitre\s1 its refraction     
d\ble b n to  a high degree1 & x is     
susceptible ( electricity by friction1  
:i*  ! poli%$ specim5s especially reta9 
= a consid]able "t4    ,corundum is     
unaffect$ by *emicals1 & is infusible   
alone1 b 9  comb9ation ) a flux x melts 
) difficulty into a cle> glass4    ,!   
*emical composition ( preci\s corundum  
is3        ,alum9a           #ih4e      
,oxide ( iron      #a4j      ,lime      
#j4e                                    
#ajj4    ,?us x w be se5 t corundum is  
compos$ almo/ :olly (  alum9a1--"o ( !  
con/itu5ts ( common clay1 :i*1 :5 color$
  by traces ( metallic oxides1 *rome1   
etc41 produces a great] v>iety  (       
preci\s /ones ( a high rank ?an any o!r 

m9]al4      ,,! ,,ruby4    ,! r$        
sapphire or ruby is ! mo/ valuable ( !  
corundum family1  & :5 f\nd ( a good    
color1 pure & brilliant1 & 9 sizes ( "o 
c>at & l>g]1 x is mu* m valuable ?an a  
f9e diamond ( !  same size4    ,f9e     
rubies l>g] ?an #a to #b c>ats are v    
r>e1 & :5 a f9e  /one f #c to #e c>ats  
is (f]$ = sale1 ! price m\nts into !    
?\s&s4    ,! color v>ies f ! lighte/    
rose t9t to ! deepe/ c>m9e2  t color1   
h[ev]1 :i* has ! greate/ value is kn[n 9
 comm]ce  z pigeon's blood1 & is ! color
 ( art]ial blood1 or ( ! v  c5tre ( ! r$
 ray 9 ! sol> spectrum4    ,!           
imp]fections 9 rubies1 z 9 all          
corundums1 consi/ l>gely (  cl\ds1 milky
 spots1 & cracks4 ,a p]fect ruby is     
r>ely met )1  & a /one possess+         
brilliancy & ! true color1 ev5 if       
slightly  defective1 is consid]$ m      
valuable ?an an absolutely p]fect ruby  
( an inf]ior color4    ,rubies are f\nd 
9 ,siam1 ,ceylon1 ,burmah1 ,brazil1     
,h9du/an1 ,borneo1  ,sumatra1 ,au/ralia1

 ,france1 & ,g]many4    ,:]e rubies &   
sapphires are met ) x is said t gold is 
almo/  sure to be pres5t4    ,*emi/s h  
succe$$ 9 produc+ m9ute cry/als ( rubies
  & sapphires :i*1 "u ! microscope1     
pres5t$ ! true  cry/allization (        
corundums1 & ^u be+ te/$ prov$ to be ( !
  same h>dness z rubies & sapphires2 b  
^! specim5s 7 small1  & co/ v mu* m to  
produce ?an _! comm]cial value4    ,ruby
 sp9els1 g>nets1 hyac9?s1 r$ qu>tz1     
burnt ,brazilian or rose  topaz1 & r$   
t\rmal9e are sometimes pass$ (f = !     
ruby4    ,! true ruby w scrat* all ( ^! 
/ones readily1 ! sp9el  is light] 9     
specific gravity1 & has g5]ally a slight
 t+e (  yell[1 ev5 9 ! mo/ pron\nc$ r$  
specim5s4    ,! ruby w turn gre5 "u !   
flames ( a bl[-pipe1 b :5  cool$ (f1    
resumes its orig9al color4    ,! g>net &
 topaz are easily scrat*$ by ! ruby1 !  
hyac9? is  heavi]1 & qu>tz & t\rmal9e   
light] ?an ! ruby4 ,"s  s-call$         
recon/ruct$ rubies1 rec5tly (f]$ = sale1
 are ( a  v f9e color1 & closely        

resemble ! ,ori5tal gems4    ,! h>dness 
& specific gravity are ! same1 b !y     
diff] 9 "o  v important po9t1 namely3 !y
 lack ! brilliancy ( ! true  ruby4 ,9   
addition to ?is lack ( fire1 a          
microscopical te/ discloses  =mations   
:i* w di/+ui% ! manufactur$ f ! natural 
/one4          ,,sapphire4    ,! blue   
corundum1 rang+ 9 color f ! lighte/ blue
 to deep blue  & black1 is ! same /one z
 ! ruby1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9  ! color4
    ,! *oice/ color is ! s(t velvety    
blue1 approa*+ !  corn-fl[] 9 %ade &    
exhibit+ t color vividly by artificial z
  well z by natural light4    ,!        
deep]-color$ /ones are kn[n z male1 & ! 
light-color$ ones  z female sapphires4  
,al?\gh *oice sapphires are r>e1 a mu*  
great] quantity ( good &  l>ge /ones are
 to be _h ?an ( rubies1 & !re=e ! price 
( a  l>ge sapphire does n advance 9 !   
same proportion z ! price (  a l>ge     
ruby4      ,,fancy ,,sapphires4    ,!   
,ori5tal em]ald or gre5 sapphire does n 
approa* ! b]yl or  true em]ald 9 dep? ( 

color1 b because ( its sup]ior h>dness  
& brilliancy1 add$ to its extreme r>ity1
 x is ! mo/ valuable (  gre5 gems4 ,!   
,ori5tal ame?y/ or purple sapphire      
sometimes reflects  a r$ color by       
artificial light1 & is valu$ highly z a 
gem /one2  ! common ame?y/ is s(t]1 less
 brilliant1 & loses by artificial       
light4    ,! v>i\s o!r color$ sapphires1
 su* z yell[ or ,ori5tal topaz1  light  
gre5 or ,ori5tal aquam>9e1 gre5i%-yell[ 
or ,ori5tal  *rysolite1 & aurora-r$ or  
,ori5tal hyac9?1 are all valuable z gem 
/ones :5 !y are pure1 well cut1 & h     
pron\nc$ colors--9  fact1 ! "n ,ori5tal 
is giv5 to di/+ui% ! corundums f  ! less
 valuable m9]als ( ! same colors :i* !y 
resemble1  b :i* !y greatly surpass 9   
beauty & value because ( _!  brilliancy 
& sup]ior h>dness4      ,,/>            
,,sapphires4    ,a/]ias or /> /ones are 
corundums ( ?ree diff]5t colors2 !  />  
sapphire prop] is a grayi% blue1 ! />   
ruby r$1 & ! />  topaz yell[4    ,^!    
/ones are usually cut cabo*on or convex1

 & display "u !  rays ( ! sun1 or :5    
expos$ to "o c&le or o!r artificial     
light1 a beautiful /> ) six po9ts4      
,?is /> is produc$ by =eign sub/ances 9 
! corundum1 & !  lapid>y br+s ab\t !    
regul> effect by cutt+ a po9t$ c>buncle 
s t ! c5tre ( ! /> beg9s at ! apex1 & ! 
six bright  /ripes radiate to ! base ( !
 /one4    ,! bright l9es ( ! /> foll[+ !
 light move ov] ! surface  ( ! /one &   
produce a rem>kable effect4 ,^! /ones   
are among/  ! mo/ wond]ful ( m9]al      
productions1 & good specim5s are v      
valuable4    ,! corundum cat's-eye1     
call$ ,ori5tal girasol or sun/one1 has a
  blui%1 r$di%1 or yell[i% reflection ( 
light ( a light] %ade  ?an ! /one       
itself1 & :i* moves on ! convex surface 
( !  /one l ! l9es ( a /> /one4         
,,sp9el4    ,x is only dur+ ! pa/ c5tury
 t m9]alogi/s make a  di/9ction betwe5 !
 m9]als sp9el & corundum4    ,!         
composition ( ! sp9el 0 discov]$ t[>ds !
 end ( !  la/ c5tury1 & 0 f\nd to be    
ab\t sev5ty p] c5t4 alum9a1  tw5ty-five 

p] c5t4 magnesia1 & small p>ts ( oxide (
 *rome1  silica1 & protoxide ( iron4    
,up to t "t1 r$ sp9els _h always be5    
conf\nd$ ) rubies1  & _m celebrat$      
s-call$ rubies h be5 %[n to be sp9els by
  mod]n m9]alogi/s4    ,?is beautiful   
m9]al is f\nd 9 _m colors1 f p9k to     
rose-r$1  c>m9e1 co*9eal1 blood-r$1     
hyac9?1 pale to d>k blue1 violet &      
indigo blue1 grass-gre5 to blacki% gre51
 & sometimes colorless4  ,!re is also a 
black v>iety call$ pleona/e or          
ceylonite4 ,sp9els  cry/allize 9        
octah$rons & _! modifications1 !        
fracture is  con*oidal1 specific gravity
 #c4e to #c4f1 & h>dness ,no4 #h 9      
,moh's  scale2 only ! diamond1 corundum 
& *rysob]yl w scrat* !  sp9el4    ,its  
refraction is s+le1 ! lu/re highly      
vitre\s1 & x does n  easily acquire     
electricity4    ,acids d n attack !     
sp9el1 nor has ! bl[-pipe any effect on 
?is m9]al1 except to *ange ! r$ to a    
br[ni% or colorless  /ate1 b ! orig9al  
color returns :5 ! /one cools4    ,flaw$

 or imp]fect /ones are liable to crack  
or split if heat$  too mu*4 ,) borax or 
salt ( phosphorus ! sp9el melts into a  
colorless or gre5-t9t$ glass4    ,sp9els
 are f\nd 9 clay & 9 ! s&s ( riv]s1 9   
,ea/ ,india1  ,h9du/an1 ! prov9ce (     
,mysore1 ,f>!r ,india1 ,pegu1 ,ceylon1  
,nor?  ,am]ica1 ,sw$51 ,bohemia1 &      
,au/ralia4    ,! r$ sp9el1 & especially 
^? t9ts :i* approa* ! r$  corundum or   
true ruby 9 color1 are ! mo/ valuable1 &
 are kn[n z  ruby sp9els4    ,v f9e     
specim5s ( ruby sp9els ( "o c>at & l>g] 
are q  r>e & comm& good prices4         
,rose-color$ sp9els are kn[n z          
balas-rubies1 pale-blue sp9els z        
sapphir9es1 & ! hyac9?-r$1 yell[i%-r$1 &
 orange-yell[  sp9els are call$         
rubicelles4    ,all ^! diff]5t-color$   
sp9els1 if pure & ( great brilliancy1   
are valuable z gem /ones1 be+ only      
surpass$ 9 h>dness &  brilliancy by !   
diamond & corundums4    ,! :ite sp9el1  
:i* is seldom f\nd1 is sometimes        
conf\nd$ )  ! diamond1 hav+ ! same      

specific gravity & s+le refraction1  b z
 x lacks ! fire & is easily scrat*$ by !
 diamond1 !  dang] ( mi/ak+ "o = ! o!r  
is slight4 ,burnt ame?y/1 :i*  (t5      
resembles ! sp9el1 is light] & s(t]1    
:ile burnt topaz1  al?\gh x is id5tical 
) ! sp9el 9 h>dness1 is some:at  light] 
& possesses rem>kable electric p[]s1    
becom+ electric by  ei!r rubb+1 heat+1  
or pressure1 & reta9+ electricity =     
upw>ds ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4    ,! zircon is
 easily di/+ui%$ f ! sp9el because ( its
 mu*  great] specific gravity4 ,x is    
also d\bly refractive & s(t]4    ,g>nets
 are s(t]1 lack ! play ( color &        
brilliancy1 & fuse  easily into a       
light-br[n or black glass4      ,,b]yl4 
,! b]yl is a m9]al belong+ to !         
primitive =mation1 & is  f\nd 9 qu>tz   
ve9s & granite4    ,x cry/allizes 9     
six-sid$ prisms & is compos$ l>gely (   
silica1  ! ?ird mo/ common ( e>?'s      
productions4 ,! b]yl is #g4e to #h 9    
h>dness1 scrat*+ qu>tz1 b is scrat*$ by 
topaz4    ,! specific gravity is #b4fg  

to #b4gc1 mak+ x "o ( ! light  m9]als4  
,its lu/re is vitre\s & refraction d\ble
 to a slight  degree2 its cleavage is   
imp]fectly basal1 & x becomes electric  
by  rubb+4    ,acids d n attack ! b]yl1 
b x melts ) borax & is soluble  9 salts 
( phosphorus4    ,?is /one is f\nd 9    
v>i\s colors1 grass-gre51 pale-gre51    
light-blue1 gre5i%-blue1 gre5i%-yell[1  
yell[1 & sometimes p9k4    ,! mo/       
important ( ^! colors is ! grass-gre51  
:i* =ms a  sep>ate division ( ! b]yl    
family1 & is kn[n z ! em]ald4           
,,em]ald4    ,! em]ald or gre5 b]yl is  
"o ( ! mo/ highly priz$ ( ! gem  /ones4 
,its magnific5t color has rightly be5   
comp>$ to ! color (  ! fre% grass 9     
spr+1 & 9 brilliancy ?is /one f> exce$s 
all  o!r gre5 gems1 except+ only ! v r>e
 gre5 corundum or gre5  sapphire4    ,! 
em]ald is said to be v s(t :5 fir/      
)drawn f ! m9e1  b x h>d5s by exposure  
to ! air4    ,a p]fect em]ald ( fair    
size is a r>ity1 s t ! say+ 8an  em]ald 
)\t a flaw0 has pass$ into a prov]b4    

,?is /one is s light1 comp>$ to a       
diamond or sapphire1 t a c>at  em]ald w 
be v mu* l>g] ?an ei!r ( ! above /ones4 
,! em]ald is compos$ (3                 
,silica                #fh4ej           
,alum9a               #ae4ge            
,gluc9a               #ab4ej            
,p]oxide ( iron       #a4               
,lime                   #j4be           
,oxide ( *rome        #j4cj        ,&   
traces ( magnesia1 ( lime1 & ( soda4    
,! vivid gre5 color ( ! em]ald is       
suppos$ to come f ! oxide  ( *rome1 z ! 
o!r b]yls d n conta9 *rome4    ,em]alds 
are f\nd 9 ,new ,granada1 ne> ,bogota1  
,egypt1 ,ea/ ,india1  ,burmah1 ,ural 9  
,europe2 ,salzburg1 ,au/ria2 ,mt4       
,rem>kable1 ,s\?  ,au/ralia2 & ,nor?    
,am]ica4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ come f ! m9es (   
,muza1 ne> ,bogota1 & ! be/ /ones are   
call$ ,p]uvian em]alds4  ,dur+ ! conque/
 ( ,p]u by ! ,spani>ds1 _m v f9e em]alds
  7 de/roy$ by ! invad]s1 :o te/$ !m by 
gr9d+ &  p\nd+1 & conclud$ t ! em]alds 7
 wor?less1 because !y  7 n z h>d z !    

diamonds or sapphires4    ,9 #aehg1     
,joseph ,d',aco/a return$ to ,spa9 ) two
 cases ( em]alds1  ea* case weigh+ "o   
hundr$ p\nds4    ,gre5 t\rmal9e         
sometimes passes = ! em]ald1 b x is     
some:at  s(t] & consid]ably heavi]4     
,oliv9es or *rysolites1 if ( a f9e gre5 
color1 sometimes resemble  ! em]ald1 b  
!y are mu* heavi] ?an ! em]ald & h a    
fatty lu/re4 ,gre5 sp9els are heavi] &  
h>d] ?an em]alds4      ,,b]yl4    ,!    
second & less valuable division ( ! b]yl
 family comprises !  foll[+ colors3     
,cle> light sky-blue1 call$ by lapid>ies
 aquam>9e2 v light  gre5i%-blue1 kn[n z 
,sib]ian aquam>9e2 & a gre5i%-yell[     
v>iety1 call$ aquam>9e *rysolite4    ,^!
 ?ree k9ds are usually v brilliant1 &   
especially s by  artificial light1 9 :i*
 respect ! b]yl is sup]ior to _m ( !  m 
valuable gem /ones4 ,b]yls ( v l>ge size
 h be5 f\nd  9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 "o ( :i* 
has be5 e/imat$ to weigh ov] two  tons4 
,:ile ! l>ge specim5s are wor?less = gem
 /ones1 "s v  h&some aquam>9es &        

gold5-yell[ b]yls h be5 f\nd dur+  ! pa/
 few ye>s 9 ,new ,hamp%ire &            
,connecticut4 ,^! /ones1 :5  cut1 comp>e
 favorably ) ! be/ ( _! k9d4            
,,*rysob]yl4    ,! "n *rysob]yl is d]iv$
 f two ,greek words signify+            
gold5-b]yl4 ,?is "n is well suit$ to !  
gold5-yell[ v>iety1  b ! *rysob]yl also 
includes _m o!r colors3 su* z gre51     
gre5i%-yell[1 br[ni%-yell[1 :ite1 &     
d>k-br[n to black4    ,?ree v>ieties (  
*rysob]yls are kn[n z cat's-eyes1       
cymophanes1  & alex&rites4    ,!        
*rysob]yl cry/allizes 9 ! trimetric or  
rhombic sy/em2 !  cleavage is imp]fect2 
fracture con*oidal2 h>dness1 #h4e1 be+ !
  ?ird h>de/ /one2 specific gravity1    
#c4fe to #c4h2 & lu/re vitre\s  to      
greasy4    ,! composition ( ! *rysob]yl 
is3 alum9a1 #hj4b2 gluc9a1 #ai4h2  )    
traces ( protoxide ( iron & oxides (    
lead & copp]4 ,!  *rysob]yl is d\bly    
refractive to a high degree1 acquires   
positive  electricity la/+ sev]al h\rs1 
is infusible alone1 b melts )  borax or 

salts ( phosphorus to a cle> glass1 ?\gh
 ) difficulty4    ,! *rysob]yl is       
unaffect$ by acids1 b ) a solution (    
cobalt  nitrate ! p[d]$ m9]al becomes   
blue4    ,transp>5t gre5i%-yell[        
*rysob]yls are sometimes call$ ,ori5tal 
*rysolites4 ,^!1 & ! br[ni%-yell[ /ones 
are ! gems mo/  us$ 9 jewelry4    ,!    
*rysob]yl cat's-eye1 or ,ceylon         
cat's-eye1 is f\nd 9 v>i\s  %ad+s (     
yell[1 br[n1 & gre51 & sometimes ne>ly  
black4 ,^!  /ones are transluc5t to     
opaque1 & h a bright b& ( light  runn+  
?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,?is b& is ne>ly always  
:ite1 & 9  f9e specim5s is %>ply def9$1 
n too wide1 & is 9 ! c5tre  ( ! /one4   
,! cat's-eye *rysob]yls are always cut  
convex or cabo*on %ape1 &  z ! /one is  
mov$ f side to side ! b& ( light moves  
ov]  its surface4      ,,cymophane4     
,! cymophane1 or float+ light1 z ! "n   
d5otes1 is a *rysob]yl  ) a bright spot 
( light :i* seems to float ov] ! surface
 z  ! /one is mov$4 ,! cymophane is also
 cut cabo*on4      ,,alex&rite4    ,on !

 day t ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ( ,russia      
atta9$ 8 majority  ! ,ural *rysob]yl1 ( 
a d>k-gre5 color1 0 f\nd 9 ! em]ald     
m9es ( ,tak[aja 9 ! ,ca!r9e ,m\nta9s4   
,?is wond]ful /one is em]ald-gre5 to    
d>k-gre5 9 color1 )  (t5 a slight r$    
t9t1 b by artificial light ! gre5 ( good
  specim5s *anges to a beautiful        
columb9e-r$4    ,z ! colors gre5 & r$   
are ! national colors ( ,russia1 & !    
date ( discov]y ( ?is /one 9 ,russia    
occurr$ on ! ,emp]or's  bir?day1 ! "n   
alex&rite 0 giv5 to ?is species (       
*rysob]yl4    ,! alex&rite is f\nd 9    
l>ge pieces1 b is ne>ly always flaw$  & 
crack$4 ,?is is a mu*-s\ght-aft] gem    
/one1 & specim5s (  f "o to five c>ats  
comm& good prices4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1  
h[ev]1 good alex&rites h be5 r>e1 & !   
dem& has always  exce$$ ! supply4       
,cat's-eyes & cymophanes are f\nd 9     
,brazil 9 alluvial deposits (  riv]s1 & 
consequ5tly 9 roll$ & rubb$ masses4     
,*rysob]yls are also f\nd 9 ,russia1    
,g]many1 ,am]ica1 ,borneo1 ,pegu1  &    

,moravia4    ,*rysolites & topazes are  
sometimes pass$ (f = *rysob]yls4 ,!     
*rysolite is1 h[ev]1 light] & s(t]1 :ile
 ! topaz becomes  electric f heat+1 & is
 s(t]4    ,qu>tz cat's-eyes1 :i* are    
mi/ak5 = *rysob]yl or ,ori5tal          
cat's-eyes1 h a specific gravity ( ab\t 
#b4fe1 h>dness ( #f to  #f4e1 & are     
soluble 9 fluoric acid1 besides melt+ ) 
soda into a  cle> glass4    ,!y lack !  
bright1 h>d poli% ( ! *rysob]yl         
cat's-eye1 &  !re %\ld be no difficulty 
9 discov]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !  gem & ! 
inf]ior /one4      ,,zircon4    ,!      
zircon1 hyac9?1 jac9?1 or j>goon belong 
to ! tetragonal  sy/em ( cry/allization4
 ,! cleavage is imp]fect1 fracture      
con*oidal1 & specific gravity #d4d to   
#d4g1 ! /one be+ mu*  heavi] ?an any o!r
 gems4 ,its h>dness is #g4e & lu/re     
vitre\s to  adamant9e1 & refraction     
d\ble to a high degree4    ,! zircon is 
phosphoresc5t :5 heat$2 be=e ! bl[-pipe 
x  is infusible1 b loses its color2 & ) 
borax x melts into  a transp>5t glass4  

,sulphuric acid affects ?is gem aft]    
long  mac]ation4    ,! composition ( !  
zircon is3 zirconia1 #ff4c2 silica1     
#cc4g2 ) a  trace ( p]oxide ( iron4     
,"u ! microscope1 ! texture ( ^! gems   
pres5ts a wat]y  appe>ance1 call$ by !  
,fr5* rat91 & :i* looks l a  liqueur    
p\r$ into wat]4 ,?is is a /rong di/+ui%+
 po9t 9 !  zircon4    ,! zircon1 hyac9?1
 j>goon1 & jac9? are ! same gems b (    
diff]5t colors4    ,! br[n1 violet1 &   
gre5 colors are kn[n z zircons1 ! r$ z  
hyac9?1 ! yell[ z jac9?1 & ! grayi%-:ite
 & :ite z  j>goons4    ,! j>goon has (t5
 be5 palm$ (f z a diamond because ( its 
transp>5t color & adamant9e lu/re4    ,!
 zircon is f\nd 9 ,ceylon1 ,g]many1     
,france1 ,bohemia1 ,am]ica1 &  9 fact 9 
ne>ly all p>ts ( ! e>?1 z _m z #abj     
localities  hav+ be5 not$ :]e specim5s (
 ! m9]al h be5 discov]$4    ,! zircon c 
be di/+ui%$ f ! g>net by its peculi>    
diamond-l brilliancy & its specific     
gravity4      ,,turquois4    ,! turquois
 is nev] f\nd 9 cry/als1 b 9 r5i=m or   

/alactitic  masses4 ,! color v>ies f    
pea- & apple-gre5 to gre5i%-blue1       
sky-blue & d>k-blue4    ,! h>dness ( !  
turquois is #f41 specific gravity #b4f  
to #b4h1 lu/re  waxy1 & condition opaque
 to slightly transluc5t4    ,be=e !     
r$uc+ flame ( ! bl[-pipe1 ! turquois    
does n melt1  b becomes br[n & colors ! 
flame gre54 ,) borax & salts  (         
phosphorus ! turquois melts to a cle>   
glass1 :ile x is also  soluble 9        
hydro*loric acid4 ,ori5tal or m9]al     
turquois is compos$  (3        ,alum9a  
#dg4de      ,phosphoric acid            
#bg4cd      ,wat]                       
#ah4ah      ,oxide ( copp]              
#b4jb      ,iron                        
#a4aj      ,oxide ( manganese           
#j4ej      ,phosphate ( lime            
#c4da                                   
#ajj4jj    ,! be/ color is a cle> deep  
sky-blue1 & 9 ! true turquois ?is  color
 improves by artificial light2 imitation
 turquoises1 h[ev]1 lose  _! f9e color  
"u ! same conditions4    ,! f9e/ gem    

turquoises come f ! nor!a/]n "p (       
,p]sia1  betwe5 ,ni%apoor & ,me%$4 ,"h  
!y are m9$ & p>tly cut1 &  !n ! ,p]sian 
m]*ants c>ry !m to ,russia1 :]e !y are  
sold  at ! great annual fair (          
,nijni-,novgorod & 9 ,mosc[4 ,m9]al     
turquoises are also f\nd 9 ,new ,mexico1
 ,arizona1 & ,nevada1 b n  ( suffici5t  
size or suffici5tly good color to make  
gem /ones1  al?\gh !y are priz$ =       
collections4 ,specim5s are also f\nd 9  
,burmah1 ,khorassan1 ,?ibet1 ,*9a1      
,silesia1 ,saxony1 & on ! ,i/hmus  (    
,suez4 ,! /ones f ^! places h1 z a rule1
 b little  value1 z ! color fades or    
turns gre5 f exposure to ! light4  ,(   
late h[ev]1 "s v good turquoises h come 
f ,egypt4 ,!  color ( a fad$ ,p]sian    
turquois c sometimes be re/or$ by simply
  repoli%+ ! /one4    ,occid5tal or bone
 turquoises call$ new rock or           
odontolites1 to  di/+ui% !m f ! ,p]sian 
or old rock /ones1 are ( organic  orig94
    ,!y are cut f ! tee? ( mammo?s1     
ma/odons1 d9o!riums1 etc41  & are f\nd  

ne> ! t[n ( ,simor1 9 ,l[] ,langu$oc1   
,france4    ,^! tee?1 ! enamel ( :i* is 
ne>ly z h>d z ! m9]al  turquois1 are    
color$ by contact ) phosphate ( iron &  
copp]1  :i* gives !m a d>k-blue1        
light-blue1 & blui%-gre5 color4 ,!y  are
 easily attack$ by a file1 & totally    
de/roy$ by aqua-=tis4    ,:5 heat$1 !   
fossil turquois or odontolite gives an  
(f5sive odor1  ow+ to ! decomposition ( 
animal matt]4    ,! odontolite is light]
 ?an ! m9]al turquois1 *anges color by  
artificial light1 loses color 9 di/ill$ 
wat] & alcohol1 & is  transluc5t on !   
edges4    ,?is fossil turquois does n   
fade l ! m9]al turquois1 b by           
artificial light appe>s ( a dirty       
grayi%-blue4    ,turquoises are         
sometimes artificially /a9$1 b ?is c be 
detect$  by apply+ a drop ( ammonia to !
 back ( ! /one1 & if !  color is        
artificial ! ammonia w eat x (f1 leav+ a
 gre5 spot4  ,ammonia does n affect !   
color ( ! ,p]sian turquois4 ,! s-call$  
8recon/ruct$0 turquoises are v close    

imitations ( ! real1 b  are easily      
di/+ui%$1 z !y *ange rapidly to a deep] 
blue :5  imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & :ile wet !    
surface ( ! /one %[s cracks  9 e        
direction4 ,^! /ones become s(t] ?r\gh  
soak+ 9 wat]  or alcohol4 ,! orig9al    
color1 h[ev]1 returns :5 ! /one is dry1 
b ! cracks rema9 9 fa9t outl9e4         
,,t\rmal9e4    ,! t\rmal9e or preci\s   
s*orl is kn[n "u _m diff]5t names1  & no
 o!r m9]al has su* a suite ( colors4    
,! colorless v>iety is kn[n z a*roite2 !
 r$1 z rubellite  or sib]ite2 ! blue1   
indicolite or ,brazilian sapphire2 !    
gre51  ,brazilian em]ald2 & !           
yell[i%-gre51 ,ceylon *rysolite or      
,ceylon  p]idot4 ,besides ! above colors
 & _! %ad+s1 ! t\rmal9e  occurs 9 black 
& br[n4    ,! cry/allization is obtuse  
rhomboid1 & g5]ally =ms six-1  n9e-1 &  
twelve-sid$ prisms4    ,"s ( ! cry/als  
are v l>ge1 specim5s ov] eight in*es    
long  hav+ be5 m9$4    ,! t\rmal9e      
cry/als are rem>kable = _! v>i$ &       
beautiful  gr\p+s ( colors4 ,"s are     

int]nally blue or br[n1 surr\nd$ by  a  
bright c>m9e r$ or dull yell[2 o!rs are 
r$ int]nally &  are envelop$ by a gre5  
ext]ior2 cry/als are sometimes p9k at ! 
summit & light gre5 at ! base1 or       
crimson tipp$ ) black1 or  :ite at "o   
end %ad+ into gre5 & f9ally into r$ at !
 o!r  end4 ,! h>dness ( ! t\rmal9e is #g
 to #g4e1 specific gravity #c to  #c4a1 
& lu/re vitre\s4    ,! t\rmal9e becomes 
decid$ly electric by heat+ or rubb+1 &  
w readily attract small pieces ( pap] & 
o!r small objects4 ,!  rubellite or r$  
t\rmal9e is compos$ (3        ,silica   
#db4ac      ,alum9a                     
#cf4dc      ,boracic acid               
#e4gd      ,oxide ( manganese           
#f4cb      ,lime                        
#a4bj      ,pota%                       
#b4da      ,li?ia                       
#b4jd    ,! gre5 t\rmal9e is compos$ (  
,silica                   #dj4          
,alum9a                  #ci4af         
,li?ia & pota%         #c4ei            
,protoxide ( iron         #e4if         

,protoxide ( manganese    #b4ad         
,boracic acid              #d4ei        
,volatile matt]           #a4eh    ,!   
t\rmal9e possesses d\ble refraction to a
 high degree1 & its  p[] ( pol>iz+ light
 is s great t1 cut into slices1 x is us$
  9 ! pol>iscope = analyz+ o!r m9]als4  
,if two slices ( t\rmal9e1 cut p>allel  
to _! axis1 be laid "o on  ! o!r 9 "o   
direction1 bo? are transp>5t2 if laid 9 
ano!r  direction !y become opaque1 & if 
a d\bly refract+ cry/al be  plac$ betwe5
 ! two plates ( t\rmal9e1 ! "p cov]$ by 
!  cry/al is transp>5t :ile ! o!r is    
opaque4    ,t\rmal9e melts ) borax into 
a transp>5t glass2 ! rubellite  turns   
:ite1 & ! indicolite & gre5 t\rmal9es   
turn black1 "u  ! bl[-pipe4             
,t\rmal9es c be di/+ui%$ f o!r gems by  
_! specific  gravity1 b pr9cipally by _!
 prop]ty ( assum+ pol>ic  electricity   
aft] be+ heat$1 "o end becom+ positive &
 ! o!r  negative4    ,! hi/ory ( !      
discov]y ( ! t\rmal9e & its electric    
prop]ty is a curi\s "o4    ,on a w>m    

summ] day1 e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 "s 
*ildr5  7 play+ 9 a c\rty>d 9 ,am/]dam4 
,among/ _! play?+s  7 "s preci\s /ones  
:i* ! ,dut* navigators _h br\ght f      
,ceylon4 ,"s ( ! /ones seem$ to be      
possess$ ( ! /range p[]  ( attract+ &   
repell+ small bits ( /raw1 a%es1 & o!r  
light  sub/ances4 ,! little ones call$  
_! p>5ts to witness ?is  /range         
ph5om5on1 & ! /olid ,dut* lapid>ies1    
!mselves puzzl$  at ! sight1 call$ !    
/ones as*5treck]s or a%-draw]s4    ,a   
numb] ( ye>s aft]w>ds1 c>eful exp]im5ts 
disclos$ !  wond]ful electric p[]s ( !  
as*5treck]s or t\rmal9es4 ,purple1      
gre51 & blue t\rmal9es are f\nd 9       
,brazil4 ,9 ,ceylon ! /ones  are f\nd 9 
gravel b$s4 ,rubellites or sib]ites are 
f\nd 9 ,sib]ia4    ,t\rmal9es are also  
f\nd 9 ,moravia1 ! isl& ( ,elba1 ,sw$51 
,burmah1 ,tyrol1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$    
,/ates4    ,! fir/ t\rmal9e deposits    
kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7  discov]$ at   
,p>is1 ,ma9e1 9 #ahbj4 ,ano!r wond]ful  
deposit 0  f\nd at ,mt4 ,apatite 9 ,ma9e

 9 #ahhb1 & up to ! pres5t "t !  f9e/   
t\rmal9e cry/als h be5 discov]$ 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates4    ,really f9e specim5s (
 r$1 blue1 or gre5 t\rmal9es are        
uncommon  & comm& v good prices4        
,,opal4    ,! preci\s or noble opal1    
fire opal1 common opal1 hydrophane1 &   
ca*elong are diff]5t v>ieties ( a m9]al 
t is compos$ (  ab\t n9e p>ts silica &  
"o "p wat]4    ,! colors v>y f          
*alky-:ite to blui%-:ite1 f yell[ to r$1
  & f a slight play ( colors to !       
beautiful m+l+ ( gre51  blue1 & r$ ) !  
mo/ rem>kable kaleidoscopic effects4    
,! opal is #e4e to #f 9 h>dness1        
specific gravity #b to #b4a1 lu/re      
glassy1 & transluc5t f a slight to a v  
high degree4    ,! opal is f\nd 9 an    
amorph\s /ate & nev] cry/allizes2 9 fact
  f ! condition ( ! pockets 9 :i* ?is   
m9]al is f\nd1 !  indications are t !   
sub/ance 0 once a fluid4    ,"u !       
bl[-pipe ! opal loses its transluc5cy & 
cracks b does  n melt4 ,sulphuric acid w
 cause x to turn black1 & 9 a cold      

solution ( cau/ic pota% ! opal is almo/ 
entirely soluble4    ,! preci\s or noble
 opal is f\nd *iefly 9 ! m9es (         
,cz]n[itza1 betwe5 ,kas*au & ,ep]ies1 9 
,hung>y1 & 9 ,gracias   ,dios1 a prov9ce
 9 ,honduras4    ,9 old5 times1 ! ,greek
 & ,turki% m]*ants c>ri$ opals f        
,hung>y to ! ,ori5t1 & !n !y 7 %ipp$ to 
,holl& & sold  9 ,europe z ,ori5tal     
opals4    ,! fire opal is ( a yell[i%-r$
 color1 & is f\nd *iefly  9 ,mexico1    
al?\gh x also occurs 9 ,hung>y1 ! ,f>oe 
,isl&s1  ,honduras1 & ,guatemala4    ,! 
common opal is f\nd 9 ,irel&1 ,d5m>k1   
,frankfurt1 ,guatemala1  & ,s\?         
,au/ralia1 & also 9 ,hung>y & ,mexico4  
,^! opals are  transluc5t )\t fire or   
reflection4    ,! hydrophane is an opal 
t has lo/ color & brilliancy by reason  
( ! evaporation ( its wat]4 ,if plac$ 9 
wat] or alcohol1 ?is  /one becomes      
transp>5t1 only to lose ?is quality :5 !
 wat] or  alcohol has evaporat$4    ,!  
hydrophane becomes transp>5t m quickly 9
 w>m ?an 9 cold  wat]1 b mo/ rapidly 9  

alcohol4 ,if boil$ 9 oil1 ! hydrophane  
is  said to reta9 its brilliancy = ye>s4
    ,! ca*elong is milky-:ite1 & ne>ly  
opaque1 & is f\nd 9 small  masses 9 !   
riv] ,ca*1 9 ,bu*>ia1 & also 9 ,icel&4  
,al?\gh "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t ( ! gem   
/ones1 ! opal =  _m ye>s 0 "u ! ban (   
sup]/ition4 ,n[1 ?is spl5did /one  once 
m comm&s a =emo/ place 9 ! jewel]s' art1
 & ! opal  m9es ( ,hung>y & ,que5sl& are
 be+ work$ to _! fulle/  ext5t to supply
 ! dem&4      ,,pe>l4    ,al?\gh an     
organic product1 ! pe>l is always rank$ 
among/ !  mo/ preci\s ( gems1 & is      
di/+ui%$ by be+ ! only gem t  does n    
require ! lapid>y's t\* to br+ out its  
beauties4    ,anci5t writ]s h acc\nt$ = 
! orig9 ( pe>ls by say+  t !y 7 =m$ (   
angels' te>s1 or drops ( dew f heav51   
:i*1 dur+ ! midsumm] nights1 fell into !
 gap+ m\?s ( !  pe>l-oy/]s4    ,accord+ 
to mod]n sci5tific inve/igation1 !      
=mation ( !  pe>l does n seem to be !   
result ( heal?y natural causes1 b  comes
 f ! ef=ts ( ! oy/] to rid itself ( "s  

=eign  sub/ance1 l a gra9 ( s&1 a bit ( 
%ell or vegetation1 or "s  unwelcome    
visitor 9 ! %ape ( a small wat] insect4 
,:5 annoy$ by an intrud+ sub/ance1 !    
oy/] beg9s to deposit  its nacre1 or    
"m-(-pe>l1 9 regul> conc5tric lay]s     
ar\nd  ! intrud]1 ^! lay]s gradually    
increas+ 9 circumf]5ce  & =m+ ! pe>l4   
,?us1 l an onion1 ! pe>l is m]ely a     
succession ( lay]s or sk9s1 />t+ f a    
small core1 or nucleus1  :i* is always  
pres5t1 ?\gh (t5 only ( microscopical   
size4    ,pe>ls h sometimes be5 f\nd :]e
 ! out] lay]1 or sk91 z x  is te*nically
 call$1 has be5 discolor$ or o!rwise    
injur$1 &  :5 ?is top sk9 has be5       
c>efully remov$ ! result 0 a some:at    
small] b p]fect pe>l4    ,?is1 h[ev]1 is
 a v delicate op]ation1 & at ! pe>l+    
gr\nds is only resort$ to by m5 (       
exp]i5ce4 ,! composition (  ! pe>l is   
c>bonate ( lime1 ) a small proportion ( 
organic  matt]1 & ! specific gravity    
#b4e to #b4g4    ,! pe>l is affect$ by  
acids1 & is easily calc9$ on exposure to

  heat4    ,9 color1 ! pure :ite1       
slightly transp>5t1 is ! mo/ highly     
priz$2 :ile 9 ,india & ,*9a ! bright    
yell[ colors are s\ght  aft]4    ,decid$
 colors1 h[ev]1 su* z black1 p9k1 &     
gold5-yell[ br+ a  high price1 &1 9     
fact1 black pe>ls1 if p]fect 9 color &  
%ape1  are at pres5t m valuable ?an any 
o!r k9d4    ,! beauty & value ( a pe>l  
dep5d on =m1 quality ( texture or  sk91 
color1 transp>5cy or wat]1 & lu/re or   
ori5t4    ,9 =m1 ! p]fectly r\nd %ape   
comes fir/ 9 value1 !n a f9ely  =m$ drop
 or pe> %ape1 & la/ly ! oval or egg     
%ape4    ,pe>ls t are flat on "o side & 
r\nd$ on ! o!r are call$  b\tons or     
button pe>ls4 ,^! are frequ5tly f\nd    
atta*$ to !  %ell1 & are cut out & !    
bottom "p smoo!d & poli%$4    ,x is     
easy1 h[ev]1 to detect ?is class ( pe>ls
 by ! lack (  pe>ly lu/re on ! side t 0 
atta*$ to ! %ell4    ,:5 a pe>l is r\gh 
& odd-%ap$ x is call$ a b>oque1 & "s    
extremely fanta/ic %apes are f\nd1      
especially 9 fre%-wat] oy/]s4    ,!     

texture or sk9 ( a f9e pe>l %\ld be     
p]fectly smoo? & free  f all spots1     
ind5tations1 wr9kles1 or scrat*es4      
,pure :ite is ! desirable color = a gem 
pe>l1 b _m o!rs t  are slightly t9t$ )  
blue1 p9k1 or yell[ w pass = gems if  !y
 are o!rwise p]fect4    ,! transp>5cy or
 8wat]0 ( a pe>l1 :ile n exi/+ 9 fact1  
is /ill "o ( ! requisites ( a f9e pe>l2 
!re mu/ be an  appe>ance ( transp>5cy1  
:i* adds to ! beauty ( ! gem4    ,to    
describe ! lu/re or ori5t ( ! pe>l1 !   
au?or c  only use ! t]m pe>ly1 z !re is 
no o!r sub/ance t  approa*es !          
brilliancy & color ( a pe>l1 except+1 ( 
c\rse1  "m-(-pe>l--! nacre 9 !          
pe>l-oy/]4    ,)\t ori5t or lu/re1 !    
pe>l ( f9e/ =m & color has b  little    
value4    ,lu/re is to ! pe>l :at       
brilliancy is to ! diamond2 :5 !  ori5t 
is abs5t !re is no life1 no beauty4     
,pe>ls are pr9cipally suppli$ by two    
gr\ps ( pe>l-oy/]s or  mussels3 ! m>9e  
or meleagr9a m>g>itif]a1 a r\nd-corn]$  
squ>e %ell ) v ?ick sides1 measur+ six  

to eight in*es 9  l5g?4    ,! color (   
?is %ell is mo/ly blacki%-gre51 b x is  
also  sometimes yell[i%2 ! edges ( !    
inn] "p ( ! %ell are  black1 b ! re/ ( !
 int]ior is ! beautiful "m-(-pe>l4    ,!
 oy/] itself is small = ! size ( ! %ell4
    ,?is specim5 is f\nd on ! coa/ (    
,ceylon1 ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,japanese1      
,mexican & ,cali=nia coa/s1 ! we/]n     
%ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1  ,brazil1 ,we/    
,indian ,isl&s1 ,panama1 ,sooloo        
,ar*ipelago1 & !  nor!a/ & nor?we/]n    
coa/ ( ,au/ralia4    ,! fre%-wat] or    
unio m>g>itif]a is an ev51 egg-%ap$     
mussel  f\nd 9 brooks1 riv]s1 & lakes 9 
temp]ate zones 9 ne>ly all  p>ts ( ! _w4
    ,"s f9e riv] pe>ls h be5 f\nd 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 b mo/  ( ! ,am]ican pe>ls
 are ( a button or elongat$ %ape1 or are
  b>oques or fancy-%ap$4    ,9 ,*9a _m p
 engage 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ small pellets
 (  clay or metal images1 :i* 9 ! mon? (
 ,may are introduc$ into !  riv] mussels
 7mytilus cygneus74    ,! mussels are   
replant$1 & 9 ,novemb] !y are tak5 up   

aga94  ,"s ( ! oy/]s die1 b mo/ ( !m are
 f\nd to h be5  actively at "w cov]+ !  
little pellets or metal figures )       
nacre1 & :ile no /rictly fir/-class     
pe>ls are =m$ 9 ?is way1  _m curi\s     
little pe>l figures or gods are made &  
sold to !  curi\s or dev\t4    ,p9k or  
con* pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! ,gulf (         
,cali=nia & coa/s  ( ,mexico1 ,bahama   
,isl&s1 ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 & 9 "s     
riv]s 9  ,s\? ,am]ica4    ,!y seldom    
occur 9 regul> %apes1 & al?\gh !y are   
t]m$ p9k  pe>ls1 !y range 9 color f r$  
to pale yell[1 & are (t5  f\nd ( a      
*9a-:ite color4    ,! p9k pe>l displays 
a wavy appe>ance & a peculi> %e51       
some?+ l wat]$ silk4 ,z ! p9k pe>l is   
seldom f\nd  p]fectly r\nd & ( a good   
color1 su* a specim5 is v valuable4     
,,*rysolite4    ,! *rysolite1 p]idot1 & 
oliv9e diff] 9 color1 b are  practically
 ( ! same composition4    ,! *rysolite  
prop] is ( a pale gre5i%-yell[ color1 ! 
p]idot a  deep olive-gre51 & ! oliv9e ( 
a yell[i% or light olive-gre5  color2 ^!

 /ones also %ade into br[n4 ,!y         
cry/allize on !  rhombic sy/em1 are     
transp>5t to transluc5t1 #f4e to #g4 9 !
 scale  ( h>dness1 & #c4c to #c4e 9     
specific gravity4    ,! cleavage is     
di/9ct1 fracture con*oidal1 refraction  
d\ble1 &  lu/re vitre\s1 & 9 ! oliv9es  
some:at greasy4    ,^! /ones are easily 
affect$ by sulphuric acid1 b are        
infusible  be=e ! bl[-pipe1 except+ "s  
k9ds conta9+ mu* iron4    ,) borax1 !y  
melt to a pale-gre5 transp>5t glass4    
,*rysolites are compos$ ( silica1       
magnesia1 & oxide ( iron4    ,p]fectly  
cry/alliz$ *rysolites are br\ght f      
,con/ant9ople1 b  ! exact locality :]e  
!y are f\nd is unkn[n4    ,less di/9ct  
specim5s occur at ,vesuvius1 ,mexico1 ! 
isle ( ,b\rbon1  ,auv]gne1 ,egypt1      
,natolia1 ,brazil1 ,g]many1 ,pegu1      
,ceylon1 ,switz]l&1  & ,nor? ,am]ica4   
,p]idots are di/+ui%$ by be+ ! only     
preci\s /ones t h  lit]ally dropp$ f    
heav51 z !y h be5 f\nd 9 meteorites4    
,! ,ori5tal *rysolite ( comm]ce is true 

*rysob]yl1 & is h>d]  & heavi] ?an      
*rysolite1 & ! /one call$ ,ceylon       
*rysolite is  a gre5i%-yell[ t\rmal9e1  
:i* is easily di/+ui%$1 z x is  also    
h>d] :ile consid]ably light] ?an !      
*rysolite4    ,! gre5 g>net is ( a      
pron\nc$ gre5 color1 & is h>d] &  heavi]
 ?an ! oliv9e or *rysolite4 ,al?\gh     
suitable = m\nt+  9 broo*es & o!r       
ornam5ts1 ^! /ones are n suffici5tly h>d
  = ! r\gh usage z r+-/ones4            
,,g>net4    ,alm&9e1 alm&ite1 ,syrian   
g>net1 essonite1 c9namon-/one1 pyrope1  
,bohemian g>net1 v]meille1 ,cape g>net1 
,cape ruby1 ,arizona ruby1  ,am]ican    
ruby1 c>buncle1 uw>[ite1 demantoide1    
grossul>ite1 &  ,bobr[ska g>net are "s (
 ! sci5tific & comm]cial names =        
diff]5t species & colors ( ! g>net gr\p4
    ,! cry/allization ( ! g>net is      
isometric1 refraction s+le1  specific   
gravity #c4ae to #d4c1 h>dness #e to #h1
 lu/re vitre\s1  fracture unev51 colors 
r$1 violet1 br[n1 yell[1 gre51 & :ite1  
& ! v>i\s %ad+s ( ^! colors4    ,mo/    

v>ieties fuse easily to a br[n or black 
glass2 ! uw>[ite  fuses ) borax to a    
cle> *rome-gre5 glass4    ,syrian1      
alm&9e1 alm&ite1 & c>buncle are diff]5t 
names = !  iron-alum9a g>net4    ,9     
colors1 ^! /ones %ade f deep-r$ to      
violet & br[ni%-r$1  & are compos$ (3   
,silica                 #cf4ja          
,alum9a                #bj4jf           
,protoxide ( iron      #dc4jc    ,!     
specific gravity is #d4 to #d4b1 &      
h>dness #g4e4    ,?is g>net1 sometimes  
call$ ! preci\s g>net1 is f\nd 9        
,ceylon1  ,pegu1 ,brazil1 ,gre5l&1      
,h9du/an1 ,bohemia1 ,tyrol1 tz?al1      
,c>9?ia1  ,/yria1 ,switz]l&1 ,ariolo1   
,can>ia1 ,maggia1 ,hung>y1 ,sw$51       
,norway1  ,scotl&1 ,spa91 & ! ,unit$    
,/ates4    ,grossul>ite1 or lime-alum9a 
g>net1 is kn[n 9 comm]ce z essonite1  or
 c9namon-/one4 ,! color is yell[1 (     
v>i\s %ades2 specific  gravity #c4e to  
#c4fe1 & h>dness #f4e4    ,^! /ones are 
sometimes sold = jac9?s1 b !y are s(t]  
?an  ! jac9?1 & melt easily be=e !      

bl[-pipe4 ,essonites come  pr9cipally f 
,ceylon1 b are also f\nd 9 o!r places4  
,pyrope or ,bohemian g>net is !         
magnesia-alum9a v>iety1 & is (  a uni=m 
d>k blood-r$ color4 ,?is /one is f\nd 9 
,bohemia1 &  al?\gh quantities ( small  
pieces are f\nd1 l>ge specim5s are  r>e1
 & a piece t w cut into a f\r- or       
five-c>at /one is  seldom met ) & comm&s
 a high price4    ,^! g>nets are f\nd at
 ,/iefelburg by ,m]onitz1 ,triblitz1    
,pods$litz1 & ,neupaka4    ,! pyrope    
turns black "u ! bl[-pipe1 !n r$ aga91 &
 melts  ) difficulty into a black glass4
 ,) borax x melts to an  em]ald-gre5    
glass4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is g>net  
is #c4fi to  #c4gh1 & h>dness #g4e4     
,v]meille is a "n giv5 to ! orange-r$   
alm&9e1 ,cape g>net to  ! bright        
r$-yell[ v>iety1 ,cape ruby to ! pyrope1
 & ,am]ican  ruby to ! blood-r$ k9d f\nd
 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,montana1 & ,arizona4  
,c>buncle is a t]m appli$ to all g>nets 
cut ) a smoo? r\nd+  top1 sometimes     
call$1 aft] ! ,fr5*1 cabo*on4           

,uw>[ite or lime-*rome g>net is "o ( !  
r>e/ & mo/ beautiful  ( ! g>net gr\p4   
,! color ( ?is /one is em]ald-gre51     
h>dness #g4e1 & specific  gravity #c4da 
to #c4eb4 ,uw>[ites are f\nd ne>        
,biss]sk 9 ! ,urals  ( ,russia1 b r>ely 
9 specim5s ( suffici5t size to cut into 
gems4    ,?is g>net is heavi] & h>d] ?an
 ! true em]ald4    ,demantoide or       
,bobr[ska g>net is a s(t g>net1         
olive-gre5 to br[n  & blacki%-gre5 9    
color1 sometimes light gre54 ,x is f\nd 
9  ! ,bobr[ska ,riv] 9 ! ,urals4 ,!     
specific gravity is #c4he1  & h>dness   
ab\t #f1 its s(tness mak+ x undesirable 
= _m  ornam5ts4 ,be=e ! bl[-pipe x fuses
 into a black bead4    ,^! g>nets are   
(t5 sold z oliv9es2 !y are heavi] ?an   
oliv9es & s(t]4    ,demantoide is       
compos$ (3        ,silica               
#ce4dd      ,lime                       
#cb4he      ,sesquioxide ( iron         
#cb4he      ,magnesia                   
4#bj      ,,topaz4    ,topaz belongs to 
! rhombic sy/em ( cry/allization4 ,its  

cleavage  is basal & p]fect1 fracture   
unev51 h>dness #h1 scrat*+ qu>tz        
di/9ctly1 specific gravity #c4d to #c4f1
 lu/re vitre\s1 refraction  d\ble1 &    
colors rang+ f colorless or :ite to     
blui%-:ite1  light blue1 w9e-yell[1     
/raw-yell[1 gold5-yell[1 gre5i%- &      
pale-r$ to p9k4    ,topaz becomes       
electric f rubb+ or pressure1 & reta9s  
electricity = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,be=e !   
bl[-pipe topaz p>tly  loses color1 b    
does n melt1 & ) borax x fuses sl[ly to 
a  :ite bead4    ,topaz is p>tially     
attack$ by sulphuric acid1 & dissolves 9
 salts  ( phosphorus4    ,! composition 
( topaz is3        ,silicon             
#ae4je      ,alum9ium      #cj4jb       
,oxyg5         #cf4jh      ,fluor9e     
#ag4je    ,g\tte d'eau or colorless     
topaz1 sometimes call$ 8slaves diamond10
  ,sib]ian or blui%-:ite1 ,brazilian or 
gold5 to r$di%-yell[1 ,saxony  or       
pale-w9e yell[1 ,brazilian ruby or p9k1 
,brazilian sapphire or  light blue1 &   
aquam>9e or gre5i%1 are ! v>i\s         

comm]cial  names = topaz4    ,mo/ ( !   
,brazilian rubies or p9k topazes are    
produc$ by heat+  ! r$di% or d>k-yell[  
v>iety1 ei!r 9 a crucible or by         
envelop+ ! /one 9 ,g]man t9d] & sett+   
fire to ! t9d]4  ,if heat$ too mu*1 !   
/one is apt to become colorless1 & if   
sudd5ly cool$ x may crack4    ,colorless
 or :ite topaz takes a v high poli%1 &  
is wond]fully  cle> & transp>5t4    ,!  
great ,portuguese diamond1 8,!          
,braganza10 ( ab\t #a1fhj c>ats1 is     
suppos$ to be a :ite topaz4    ,topaz is
 f\nd 9 ! ,urals1 ,kams*atka1           
,alabas*ka1 ,miask1  ,ne/s*9sk1 ,adun   
,ts*ilon1 ,villa ,rica1 ,boa ,vi/a1     
,capao1 ,lana1 ,m9as  ,novas1 ,cairngorm
 ,mts41 ,s*lack5wald1 ,z9nwald1         
,s*neck5/e91  ,ehr5fri$5sdorf1          
,alt5burg1 ,or5burg1 ,m\rne             
,mts4--,irel&1  ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\?    
,wales1 ,ceylon1 ,mexico1 & ! ,unit$    
,/ates4  ,false topaz1 or ! ord9>y topaz
 ( comm]ce1 is yell[ qu>tz  resembl+    
yell[ topaz1 b lack+ its brilliancy &   

h>dness2 x is  also v mu* light]1 be+   
only #b4e to #b4g 9 specific gravity4   
,b]yl & *rysolite are (t5 mi/ak5 =      
topaz1 b z !y are  s(t] & b]yl is mu*   
light]1 !y are easily di/+ui%$  f !     
topaz4 ,! /rong electric prop]ty ( !    
topaz is also a  conclusive te/4        
,ori5tal topaz1 or yell[ corundum1 is   
h>d] & heavi] ?an !  occid5tal or true  
topaz4      ,,apatite4    ,apatite1 :i* 
is seldom us$ z a gem /one1 sometimes   
resembles !  b]yl & em]ald1 b is mu*    
s(t] & r>ely has ! color &  brightness  
comb9$ ( ! =m] gems4    ,?is m9]al1     
compos$ pr9cipally ( subsesquiphosphate 
( lime1  is #d4e to #e4 9 h>dness1 has !
 specific gravity ( #b4ie to #c4be1  is 
transp>5t to opaque1 vitre\s 9 lu/re1   
infusible be=e !  bl[-pipe1 & dissolves 
sl[ly 9 nitric acid4 ,9 colors1 apatite 
v>ies f colorless to sea-gre51          
blui%-gre51 violet-blue1 gray1  yell[1  
r$1 & br[n4    ,apatite is f\nd 9       
,saxony1 ! ,h>tz ,mts41 ,bohemia1       
,norway1 ,bav>ia1  ,engl&1 ,/4 ,go?>d 9 

,switz]l&1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4         
,,felsp>4    ,f\r v>ieties ( felsp> are 
us$ z gem /ones--moon/one or  or?oclase1
 sun/one or avantur9e felsp>1 ,amazon   
/one or gre5  felsp>1 & ,labrador or    
,labrador sp>4      ,,moon/one4    ,?is 
v>iety ( felsp> is call$ or?oclase1     
adul>ia1 & or?ose1  besides ! comm]cial 
names ( fi%-eye1 ,ceylon or wat] opal1 &
 9  ! yell[ & r$ t9ts sun/one4 ,moon/one
 occurs 9 cry/als &  cry/all9e fragm5ts1
 also massive & granul>2 its h>dness is 
#f4 to  #f4e1 specific gravity #b4d to  
#b4f1 refraction d\ble1 is n attack$ by 
acids1 & is compos$ (3        ,silica   
#fd4e      ,alum9a             #ah4e    
,pota%              #ag4      ,) traces 
( soda4    ,?is beautiful /one is !     
cle>e/ ( all v>ieties ( felsp>4 ,x  is  
colorless1 or only slightly t9t$ ) blue1
 gre51 yell[1 &  fle%-r$1 & is transp>5t
 to transluc5t4    ,! lu/re is vitre\s1 
& a brilliant pe>ly /reak ( :ite light  
plays f side to side4    ,! yell[i%- &  
r$di%-t9t$ specim5s are call$ sun/ones1 

& are q r>e4 ,^! sun/ones mu/ n be      
conf\nd$ ) !  avantur9e or felsp>       
sun/one4    ,moon/ones are f\nd         
pr9cipally 9 ,ceylon & on ! ,/4 ,go?>d 9
  ,switz]l&1 b also occur 9 ,bav>ia1    
,gre5l&1 ,tyrol1 ,dauph9e1  ,norway1 & !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1
 l>ge quantities ( moon/one balls1 cut  
l :ole pe>ls1 h be5 us$ = jewelry--!    
/ones be+ mu*  s\ght z well because ( _!
 beauty z on ! gr\nd ( ! popul>         
sup]/ition t !y w br+ good luck to !    
we>]4    ,small pieces or balls are n v 
valuable1 b l>ge p]fect  specim5s comm& 
a good price4      ,,sun/one4           
7,,avantur9e ,,felsp>47    ,sun/one or  
avantur9e felsp> is a v>iety (          
oligoclase2  grayi%-:ite to r$di%-gray 9
 color1 usually ! latt]2 conta9+  m9ute 
cry/als ( hematite1 g?ite or mica1 :i*  
are imb$d$ &  scatt]$ ?r\gh ! /one1 &   
give =? gold5-yell[1 r$di%1 or          
prismatic reflections4 ,! h>dness is #f 
to #g1 specific gravity #b4ef to  #b4gb1
 & lu/re pe>ly or waxy to vitre\s4      

,sun/ones are f\nd ne> ,/ockholm1 9     
,f9l&1 ! ,urals1 ,ceylon1 !  ,alps1     
,icel&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r places4  
,,amazon ,,/one4    7,,gre5 ,,felsp>47  
,! ,amazon /one is a gre5 v>iety (      
felsp>1 :i* 0 fir/ f\nd  on ! banks ( ! 
,amazon ,riv]1 b n[ comes f ,sib]ia & ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is /one consi/s (      
pota%1 alum9a1 & silex--is  gre5 9 color
 b r>ely clean1 be+ discolor$ 9 places &
 usually  cov]$ ) small :ite spots4     
,! ,amazon /one is h>d] ?an glass1 b is 
scrat*$ by rock  cry/al4 ,its specific  
gravity is #b4e to #b4f2 acids d n      
affect x1  & x melts ) difficulty be=e !
 bl[-pipe4      ,,labradorite4          
,labrador /one or labradorite is        
sometimes kn[n z opal9e felsp>1  & 0    
fir/ discov]$ on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,paul on !
 coa/ (  ,labrador4    ,labradorite is  
transluc5t to opaque1 gray-gre5 or br[n 
9 color1 &  has beautiful *atoyant      
reflections ( brilliant blue1 sea-gre51 
& sometimes r$ & yell[1 *ang+ f "o color
 to ano!r4  ,labradorite is #f 9        

h>dness1 has a specific gravity ( #b4fb 
to #b4gf2 a  vitre\s to pe>ly lu/re1 is 
brittle1 fuses ) difficulty be=e !      
bl[-pipe1 & is decompos$ by muriatic    
acid4 ,x is compos$ (3        ,silica   
#eb4i      ,alum9a      #cj4c      ,lime
         #ab4c      ,soda          #d4e 
,l>ge masses ( ?is /one are f\nd on !   
coa/ ( ,labrador4 ,x  is also f\nd 9    
,f9l&1 ,russia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4      
,because (  ! d>k *atoyant appe>ance !  
"n ( il de buf or ox-eye is  sometimes  
appli$ to labradorite4 ,h&some specim5s1
 cut cabo*on1  =m pretty r+ /ones1 & _m 
effective engrav$ cameos h be5  produc$ 
by us+ ! bright portion = ! relief "w & 
! gray  dead "p = ! base4               
,,cyanite4    ,?is /one is ! transp>5t  
v>iety ( di/h5e1 & is sometimes         
comm]cially kn[n z sapp>e4 ,cyanite is  
colorless to blui%-:ite1  sky-blue1 b]l9
 blue1 yell[i%- & r$di%-:ite1 gray1 &   
gre54    ,! h>dness is #e to #g1        
specific gravity #c4de to #c4gj1 lu/re  
vitre\s  & pe>ly2 x is infusible be=e ! 

bl[-pipe1 b fuses ) borax2  is n attack$
 by acids1 & is compos$ (3              
,silica       #cf4h      ,alum9a        
#fc4b    ,cyanite is f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 !
 ,tyrol1 ,/yria1 ,c>9?ia1 ,bohemia1     
,norway1 ,f9l&1 ,france1 ,s\? ,am]ica1  
,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,sib]ia1 !  ,ea/       
,indies1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,clean      
specim5s are n pl5tiful1  & f9e blue    
pieces h frequ5tly be5 sold = sapphires4
 ,!  cyanite c be di/+ui%$ f ! sapphire 
by its inf]ior h>dness  & light] weight4
      ,,lapis ,,lazuli4    ,lapis       
lazuli1 ! sapphire ( ! anci5ts1 is a    
m9]al1 transluc5t  to opaque1 rang+ 9   
color f colorless to an azure-blue1     
violet-blue1 gre51 & r$4    ,! pr9cipal 
color1 h[ev]1 is a ri*1 azure blue1     
sometimes %ad+  into gre51 & hav+ a     
vitre\s to greasy lu/re4    ,its h>dness
 is #e to #e4e1 specific gravity #b4ch  
to #b4db2 x is  decompos$ by muriatic   
acid1 & fuses be=e ! bl[-pipe to a :ite 
glass4 ,x is r>ely f\nd clean1 b has    
usually a numb] ( ve9s &  spots ( a     

metallic nature4 ,x is compos$ (3       
,silica                #de4             
,alum9a               #ca4gf            
,soda                   #i4ji           
,lime                   #c4eb           
,sulphuric acid         #e4hi     &     
traces ( iron1 soda1 & pota%4    ,?is   
m9]al is f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 ,transylvania1 
,p]sia1 ,*9a1 ,?ibet1  ,t>t>y1 ,s\?     
,am]ica1 ,india1 & ,brazil4    ,lapis   
lazuli is sometimes employ$ = jewelry1 &
 0 = "s  c5turies gr\nd up & us$ to make
 ! m9]al pa9t kn[n z g5u9e  ultram>9e4  
,?is pa9t is n[ produc$ *emically1 & ! m
 co/ly  m9]al comp\nd is r>ely us$4     
,! imitation ( lapis lazuli = jewelry   
purposes is also v easy1  z metal fil+s 
c be readily introduc$ into ! azure blue
 glass1  & ?us an imitation ( ! g5u9e   
/one produc$1 :i* is p]fect  except+ 9  
h>dness4      ,,hidd5ite4    ,! hidd5ite
 is a v>iety ( spodum5e t has only be5  
f\nd 9 "o  locality1 namely1 ,alex&]    
,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,?is m9]al 0     
discov]$ by ,w4 ,e4 ,hidd51 & has be5   

nam$ aft] him4    ,! hidd5ite is        
p]fectly transp>5t1 & v>ies f a pale    
yell[i%- to a deep em]ald-gre51 be+ v   
brilliant1 &  approa*+ ! em]ald 9 color4
 ,z ?is /one is r>ely f\nd l>ge  en\gh =
 cutt+ into gems1 x is highly priz$1 &  
good specim5s  comm& a l>ge price4    ,!
 h>dness ( ! hidd5ite is #f4e to #g1 &  
specific gravity #c4ac  to #c4ai2 be=e !
 bl[-pipe x melts to a cle> glass1 & x  
is  attack$ by salts ( phosphorus4 ,x is
 compos$ (3              ,silica        
#fd4ce            ,alum9a               
#bf4eh            ,li?ia                
#g4je       ) traces ( iron & soda4     
,,spodum5e4    ,spodum5e is sometimes   
cut & poli%$ z a gem1 b its peculi>     
cleavage makes x a bad /one = ! lapid>y 
to cut & ! jewel]  to m\nt4    ,its     
h>dness is #f4e to #g1 specific gravity 
#c4ac to #c4ai1 & lu/re1  vitre\s to    
pe>ly4    ,grayi%-gre51 gre5i%-:ite1 &  
sometimes yell[ or fa9t r$ are  !       
colors4 ,its composition is3            
,silica       #fd4b      ,alum9a        

#bi4d      ,li?ia        #f4d    ,acids 
d n attack spodum5e1 & "u ! bl[-pipe x  
fuses to a  :ite glass4    ,?is m9]al is
 f\nd 9 ,sw$51 ! ,tyrol1 ,irel&1        
,scotl&1 & !  ,unit$ ,/ates4            
,,di*roite4    ,di*roite is sometimes   
kn[n "u ! m9]alogical names (  cordi]ite
 & iolite1 & comm]cially z saphir d'eau1
 or wat]  sapphire4 ,?is /one is        
rem>kable = plei*roism1 sometimes %[+   
?ree diff]5t colors 9 z _m directions1 &
 :5 prop]ly cut has  (t5 ! /> =mation ( 
! corundum />-/ones4    ,wat] sapphire1 
z ! blue specim5s are call$1 is #g to   
#g4e 9  h>dness1 specific gravity #b4ef 
to #b4fg1 transp>5t to transluc5t1  &   
frequ5tly full ( flaws4 ,x is p>tially  
decompos$ by acids1  melts ) difficulty 
be=e ! bl[-pipe1 is vitre\s to greasy 9 
lu/re1 & is compos$ (3        ,silica   
#di4      ,alum9a           #cb4        
,f]r\s oxide      #g4      ,magnesia    
#i4    ,besides ! saphir d'eau1 :i* is  
blue1 di*roite occurs colorless1        
blui%-:ite1 yell[i%-:ite1 yell[i%-gray  

to yell[i%-br[n1  indigo to             
blacki%-blue1 & violet4 ,?is m9]al is   
f\nd 9 ,ceylon1  ,spa91 ,norway1 ,sw$51 
,tuscany1 ,gre5l&1 & ,bav>ia4 ,sapphire 
is  h>d] & mu* heavi] ?an di*roite4     
,,idocrase4    ,idocrase or vesuvianite 
0 fir/ f\nd among/ ! anci5t ejections  (
 ,vesuvius1 & x is /ill f\nd at         
,vesuvius 9 hair-br[n to  olive-gre5    
colors4    ,vesuvianite is #f4e 9       
h>dness1 #c4ce to #c4de 9 specific      
gravity1  transp>5t to opaque1 lu/re    
vitre\s to greasy4 ,x possesses /rong   
d\ble refraction1 is attack$ by acids1 &
 melts readily "u !  bl[-pipe4          
,vesuvianite consi/s (3        ,silica  
#cg4ge      ,alum9a                     
#ag4bc      ,sesquioxide ( iron         
#d4dc      ,magnesia                    
#c4gi      ,lime                        
#cg4ce    ,9 colors1 ?is m9]al %ades f  
br[n to black1 yell[1 pale-blue1  &     
gre51 & x is f\nd at ,vesuvius1 ,alps1  
,pi$mont1 ,mt4 ,somma1  ,etna1 ,norway1 
,sw$51 ,spa91 ,hung>y1 ,urals1 & !      

,unit$ ,/ates4    ,transp>5t or /rongly 
transluc5t specim5s1 9 h&some gre5 or   
br[n v>ieties1 are us$ = jewelry1       
pr9cipally1 h[ev]1 9 ,tur9  & ,naples4  
,*rysolite & gre5 g>net are sometimes   
sub/itut$ = vesuvianite4  ,! fir/ has a 
great] specific gravity & is m vivid 9  
color1  & ! latt] is also heavi] & h>d]4
      ,,euclase4    ,euclase is v       
brittle1 & !re=e is r>ely us$ z an      
ornam5tal  /one4    ,?is m9]al has !    
h>dness ( #g4e2 specific gravity1 #c4a2 
lu/re1  vitre\s to pe>ly2 x is transp>5t
 to semi-transp>5t1 d\bly  refractive1  
is n act$ ^u by acids1 fuses "u !       
bl[-pipe to a  :ite enamel1 & is compos$
 (3        ,silica       #da4b          
,alum9a      #ce4b      ,gluc9a         
#ag4d      ,wat]         #f4b           
,euclase occurs 9 ,brazil1 9 !          
neighborhood ( ,villa ,rica1 & also  9 !
 ,urals1 9 colorless1 pale gre51 blue1  
pale yell[1 & :ite  colors4             
,,sph5e4    ,sph5e or titanite is also a
 brittle m9]al1 #e to #e4e 9 h>dness2   

specific gravity1 #c4d to #c4ef2        
transp>5t1 d\bly refractive2 lu/re1     
adamant9e to res9\s2 colors1 br[n1 gray1
 yell[1 gre51 black1 &  colorless2 &    
composition3        ,silica             
#ca      ,titanium oxide      #da       
,lime                #bg      ,f]r\s    
oxide        #a    ,:5 transp>5t 9      
colorless1 gre5i%1 or yell[ colors1 ?is 
m9]al  pres5ts an appe>ance l ! fire    
opal4    ,sph5e is f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 !  
,urals1 ,tyrol1 ,f9l&1 ,wales1  ,irel&1 
,g]many1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
,,ph5acite4    ,?is m9]al1 r>ely us$ z a
 gem /one1 is #g4e to #h 9 h>dness2     
specific gravity1 #b4if to #c2 lu/re1   
vitre\s2 transp>5t to  semi-transluc5t1 
d\bly refractive1 x does n melt be=e !  
bl[-pipe1 & conta9s3        ,silica     
#ed4b      ,gluc9a       #de4h          
,ph5acite occurs colorless1 & also      
bright w9e-yell[ incl9+ to  r$1 & br[n4 
,?is /one is f\nd 9 ,russia1 ,mexico1 & 
,alsace4    ,! colorless or transp>5t   
v>iety approa*es ! diamond 9            

brilliancy1 especially "u artificial    
light4      ,,epidote4    ,epidote      
usually occurs 9 a peculi> yell[i%-gre51
 call$ pi/a*io  gre51 a color t is      
seldom f\nd 9 o!r m9]als4 ,besides  ?is 
color1 olive1 br[ni%-gre51 gre5i%-black 
& black1 r$1  yell[-gray1 & grayi%-:ite 
occur4 ,! h>dness ( epidote is #f  to   
#g2 specific gravity1 #c4cb to #c4ej2   
lu/re1 vitre\s to pe>ly2  refraction1   
d\ble4 ,! /one is transp>5t to opaque1  
is attack$ by  acids1 & is slightly     
affect$ by ! bl[-pipe4 ,x is compos$ (3 
,silica            #ch      ,alum9a     
#bb      ,f]ric oxide      #ae          
,lime              #bc      ,wat]       
#b    ,epidote is f\nd 9 ,norway1       
,saxony1 ,sib]ia1 ,brazil1 on ! ,/4     
,go?>d1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ! ,tyrol1 & 9 !  
,h>tz4      ,,ax9ite4    ,ax9ite is a   
brittle m9]al :i* has occasionally      
furni%$ "s  pretty gem /ones4    ,!     
h>dness ( ?is /one is #f4e to #g2       
specific gravity1 #c4 to #c4c2  lu/re1  
vitre\s4 ,x is transp>5t to transluc5t1 

is n attack$ by  acids1 & melts readily 
be=e bl[-pipe4 ,x is compos$ (3         
,silica                  #dc      ,lime 
#bj      ,alum9a                 #af    
,f]ric oxide            #aj      ,boron 
trioxide           #e      ,manganese   
dioxide        #c      ,magnesia        
#b      ,pota%                   #a     
,ax9ite occurs 9 clove-br[n1 plum-blue1 
& pe>l-gray1 & exhibits  tri*roism4 ,!  
be/ specim5s come f ,/4 ,*ri/ophe 9     
,dauph9y1  b x is also f\nd at ,santa   
,m>ia1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 ,sw$51  ,engl&1   
,*ili1 ,saxony1 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 & !   
,unit$ ,/ates4    ,ax9ite is usually    
cut1 l ! opal1 cabo*on1 b is r>ely us$ z
  a gem /one4      ,,diopside4          
,diopside is cut & sometimes sold 9     
,tur9 & 9 ,*am\ny z a gem  /one1 b no   
great quantity ( ?is m9]al is us$ =     
ornam5tal  purposes4    ,! h>dness (    
diopside is #e to #f2 specific gravity1 
#b4i to #c4e2  lu/re1 vitre\s to greasy4
 ,x is transp>5t to transluc5t1 brittle1
  _c be dissolv$ by acids1 & melts be=e 

! bl[-pipe4 ,x is  compos$ (3           
,silica               #ed      ,lime    
#bd      ,magnesia             #ah      
,f]r\s oxide         #d    ,?is m9]al is
 grayi%-:ite to pe>l-gray1 & gre5i%-:ite
 to  gre5i%-gray4 ,! be/ gre5 transp>5t 
specim5s are f ! ,mussa  ,alp &         
,zill]?al1 b x is also f\nd 9 ! ,urals &
 ! ,unit$  ,/ates4      ,,fluor ,,sp>4  
,?is m9]al occurs 9 _m colors1 (t5      
approa*+ ! f9] gems  9 appe>ance1 & be>+
 ! comm]cial names ( false ruby1 false  
em]ald1 false topaz1 etc41 etc41 accord+
 to its color4    ,fluor sp> is brittle1
 #d 9 h>dness1 has ! specific gravity ( 
#c4a  to #c4b1 s+le refraction1 is      
transp>5t to transluc5t1 has a  vitre\s 
lu/re1 phosphoresces :5 heat$1 is       
attack$ by acids1 &  melts be=e !       
bl[-pipe4 ,x is compos$ (3              
,fluor9e         #dh4g      ,calcium    
#ea4c    ,:ite1 yell[1 gre51 rose- &    
crimson-r$1 violet-blue1 sky-blue1  &   
br[n1 w9e-yell[1 gre5i%-blue1 & gray are
 ! colors ( ?is  _m-t9t$ m9]al4         

,fluor sp> is f\nd 9 ,engl&1 ,norway1   
,bad51 ,nova ,scotia1 ,?ur+ia1  ! ,alps1
 ,saxony1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,l>ge   
pieces ( ?is m9]al are made into        
beautiful vases &  ornam5ts4            
,,hyp]/h5e4    ,h&some specim5s (       
hyp]/h5e or ,labrador hornbl5de are us$ 
=  ornam5tal purposes4    ,?is m9]al is 
f\nd 9 cry/all9e masses1 has ! h>dness (
  #f1 specific gravity #c4c to #c4d1    
lu/re pe>ly to metallic4 ,x is          
transluc5t to opaque1 brittle1 & fuses  
be=e ! bl[-pipe4 ,x  consi/s (3         
,silica                    #ed4b        
,magnesia                  #bd4a        
,protoxide ( iron         #ba4g         
,hyp]/h5e occurs 9 d>k-br[n1 gre51      
grayi%-black1 gre5i%-black1  & jet-black
 colors1 & is f\nd 9 ! isle ( ,skye1 !  
,h>tz  ,m\nta9s1 ,saxony1 ,labrador1    
,gre5l&1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,bohemia1      
,?ur+ia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4             
,,qu>tz4    ,! qu>tz gr\p is ! l>ge/ &  
mo/ div]sifi$ among preci\s  /ones4     
,qu>tz occurs massive1 9 concretions1 & 

9 confus$  cry/all9e masses4    ,on     
acc\nt ( ! abundance ( ! massive k9ds1  
su* z jasp]1  agates1 onyx1 etc41 "s    
writ]s place ! qu>tz gr\p "u !  head (  
semi-preci\s /ones1 & lately ! ,unit$   
,/ates cu/oms  au?orities h gone fur!r 9
 t direction1 & h rul$ t  8because ( !  
abundance & comp>ative *eapness (       
agates1 onyxes1  etc41 !y 7 no long]    
preci\s /ones40 ,?is position1 h[ev]1 ! 
cu/om-h\se spe$ily ab&on$1 &1 = dutiable
 purposes at lea/1  ! qu>tz family1 9   
all its ramifications1 is recogniz$ z   
belong+  to ! preci\s /ones4    ,h>d]   
?an ! t\rmal9e1 turquois1 or opal1 z h>d
 z !  *rysolite1 & ne>ly z h>d z ! g>net
 or em]ald1 !re is no  reason :y !      
cry/alliz$ v>ieties1 su* z ame?y/1      
cairngorm1  false topaz1 *rysoprase1 &  
ev5 ! cat's-eye & f9] onyxes1  %\ld n be
 class$ among ! preci\s /ones4    ,"s m 
pl5tiful & less beautiful v>ieties (    
qu>tz are n  valuable1 & !y take ! same 
position 9 ! qu>tz family t !  huge     
imp]fect cry/als d 9 ! b]yl gr\p4 ,:5ev]

 ! specim5 is  suffici5tly beautiful to 
be cut & poli%$ = sett+ 9 jewelry1  x   
%\ld be includ$ "u ! preci\s /ones4     
,qu>tz cry/allizes 9 ! rhomboh$ral      
sy/em1 & _m v>ieties are  f\nd massive &
 compact4 ,! cleavage is indi/9ct b c   
sometimes  be f\nd by plung+ a heat$    
cry/al into cold wat]4 ,! h>dness (     
qu>tz is #g2 specific gravity #b4e to   
#b4h1 ! pure/ k9ds be+ #b4fe2  ! lu/re  
is vitre\s to res9\s1 & fracture        
con*oidal4    ,qu>tz is t\gh1 brittle1 &
 feels cold2 x becomes positively       
electric by rubb+1 %[s phosphoresc5ce 9 
! d>k1 & gives  sp>ks if /ruck ) ano!r  
piece ( qu>tz or ) /eel4    ,qu>tz is   
transp>5t to transluc5t1 semi-transluc5t
 to opaque1  d\bly refractive1 & does n 
melt be=e ! ord9>y bl[-pipe1 b  may be  
melt$ ) ! oxyhydrog5 bl[-pipe4 ,x also  
melts ) soda  to a cle> glass1 & is     
soluble 9 fluohydric acid4    ,qu>tz is 
compos$ ( pure silica        ,oxyg5     
#ec      ,silicon         #dg    ,"s ( !
 impure v>ieties conta9 oxide ( iron1   

c>bonate ( lime1  clay1 & o!r m9]als4   
,,cry/alliz$ ,,qu>tz4    ,colorless     
qu>tz or pure rock-cry/al is f\nd 9 _m  
p>ts ( !  _w1 notably 9 ,switz]l&1      
,dauph9y1 ,pi$mont1 ! ,c>r>a qu>ries  9 
,italy1 ,canada2 9 ,h]kim] ,c\nty1 ,new 
,york1 & on ! %ores (  ,lake ,george1 9 
! same place2 at ,hot ,spr+s1 ,arkansas2
 & along !  bea* ( ,long ,bran*1 ,cape  
,may1 & _m o!r places4    ,rock-cry/al1 
comm]cially kn[n z ,bohemian diamond1   
occid5tal  diamond1 ,lake ,george       
diamond1 rh9e/one1 pebble1 etc41 etc41  
is  colorless & transp>5t4 ,?is /one is 
l>gely us$ = optical  purposes1 & is    
also sometimes cut into brilliants to   
imitate !  diamond4    ,:ile rock-cry/al
 is consid]ably h>d] ?an /rass or pa/e1 
x  lacks1 h[ev]1 ! brilliancy ( !       
f9e-composition imitation  diamond4     
,besides be+ mu* s(t]1 ! pa/e is (t5    
heavi] ?an ! cry/al1  because ( !       
quantity ( lead & o!r m9]als us$ 9 its  
composition4      ,,ame?y/4    ,ame?y/9e
 qu>tz or ame?y/ v>ies 9 color f light  

to cle>-d>k  purple1 sometimes ne>ly    
black1 & f light to d>k blui%-violet4   
,! color+ ( ! /one is suppos$ to be due 
to manganese4    ,! be/ ame?y/s come f  
,brazil & ,ceylon1 b good specim5s are  
f\nd 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,botany ,bay1    
,transylvania1 ne> ,cork & !  isl& (    
,may 9 ,irel&1 at ,ob]/e91 9 ,saxony1 9 
,hung>y1 ,sib]ia1  ,nova ,scotia1 ,sw$51
 ,bohemia1 ,canada1 & 9 ! ,/ates (      
,ma9e1  ,p5nsylvania1 ,colorado1        
,georgia1 ,virg9ia1 & ,mi*igan4    ,"u  
heat1 ! ame?y/ turns fir/ yell[1 !n     
gre51 & f9ally  becomes colorless4 ,!   
value ( an ame?y/ dep5ds ^u ! fa%ion1  &
 ! "t has be5 :5 ^! /ones rank$ among ! 
mo/ valuable  ( preci\s /ones4 ,at      
pres5t1 a f9e ame?y/ c be b\ght = v     
little money1 b %\ld ! /one become      
fa%ionable aga91 ! be/  specim5s w comm&
 good prices4      ,,yell[ ,,qu>tz4     
,yell[ qu>tz1 kn[n z false topaz1       
,bohemian1 occid5tal1 ,indian1  or      
,spani% topaz1 resembles ! real topaz 9 
color1 b is s(t]1  light]1 diff]5t 9    

cry/allization & cleavage1 & 9          
electrical  prop]ties4    ,9 color1 ?is 
/one v>ies f ! lighte/ yell[ to         
orange-r$ &  br[n4    ,mo/ ( ! yell[    
qu>tz comes f ,brazil1 & mu* ( x is     
*ang$  to yell[ by burn+ ame?y/ & smoky 
qu>tz4      ,,cairngorm1 ,,etc4         
,smoky yell[ to smoky br[n1 (t5 gray &  
black1 are ! t9ts ( !  cairngorm4 ,?is  
species ( transp>5t qu>tz takes its "n f
  ,cairngorm 9 ,inv]ness%ire1 9 ,scotl&1
 a locality :]e "s ( !  be/ specim5s h  
be5 f\nd4 ,pike's ,peak1 ,arkansas1 &   
c]ta9  di/ricts 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a h also  
produc$ "s v f9e smoky  topazes4    ,!  
cairngorm is us$ = seals1 beads1 & "s ( 
! *eap] jewels1  & is l>gely sold at    
wat]+-places 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 !  ,we/]n 
,unit$ ,/ates4    ,! /one is v popul> 9 
,scotl&4 ,hair or ne$le /ones is !  "n  
giv5 to ^! v>ieties ( cry/alliz$ qu>tz  
:5 !y conta9  =eign sub/ances1 su* z    
rutile1 manganese1 *lorite1 etc41 9 hair
  or ne$le =mation4    ,^! /ones are cut
 to repres5t ! ne$le enclosures 9 an    

upright  position1 & are call$ sag5ite  
or ,v5us hair /ones or love arr[s4      
,iridesc5t or ra9b[ qu>tz is ! v>iety ( 
rock-cry/al conta9+  cracks & fissures  
:i* reflect all ! colors ( ! ra9b[4     
,qu>tz  c also be artificially color$ by
 rapidly cool+ a heat$ specim5  & !n    
dipp+ ! piece into a color+ prep>ation2 
! m9ute  cracks 9 ! qu>tz absorb !      
color+ matt]1 & ! result is a  r$-1     
blue-1 or gre5-t9t$ /one4    ,! massive 
v>ieties ( qu>tz embrace ! rose qu>tz1  
avantur9e1  cat's-eye1 crocidolite1     
heliotrope1 *rysoprase1 prase1 plasma1  
*alc$ony1 agates1 onyx1 c>nelian1 jasp]1
 horn/one1 & fl9t4      ,,rose ,,qu>tz4 
,rose qu>tz occurs 9 a massive =m1      
usually v imp]fect &  crack$1 & v>y+ 9  
color f rose-r$ to p9k4 ,! color is     
suppos$ to be due to titanic acid1 & (t5
 becomes pal] on exposure4    ,?is /one 
is ne>ly opaque & semi-transp>5t on !   
edges1 has a  greasy lu/re1 & specific  
gravity ( #b4fe to #b4ge4 ,rab5/e9 ne>  
,zwiesel 9 ,bav>ia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1    

,brazil1 ,france1 ,ceylon1 ,f9l&1  &    
,sib]ia are places :]e rose qu>tz has   
be5 f\nd4      ,,avantur9e4             
,avantur9e is an opaque1 yell[1 br[n1 or
 r$ qu>tz1 spangl$ )  m9ute scales (    
mica or "s o!r m9]al1 & f\nd pr9cipally 
ne>  ,madrid1 9 ,spa94 ,x is also f\nd 9
 ,france1 ,scotl&1 ,bav>ia1 !  ,urals1 &
 ,/yria4    ,a beautiful imitation (    
avantur9e1 call$ gold/one1 is           
manufactur$  ( glass into :i* metal     
fil+s are introduc$4 ,?is gold/one  is  
sup]ior to avantur9e 9 e po9t except t (
 h>dness4  ,avantur9e & its imitation1 b
 l>gely ! latt]1 are us$ = !  *eap] k9ds
 ( jewelry1 & 7 v popul> 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates  "s ye>s ago4                    
,,cat',s-,,eye4    ,! ,hung>ian1        
occid5tal1 or qu>tz cat's-eye is f\nd on
 ! coa/ (  ,malab>1 ,ceylon1 ,h>tz      
,m\nta9s1 & ,bav>ia4    ,?is /one is    
transluc5t to opaque1 gray1 gre51 br[n1 
r$1 & !  %ad+s ( ^! colors1 b usually a 
gre5i%-gray1 ) a mass (  f9e :ite l9es 9
 ! c5tre1 :i* give to ! /one a *atoyant 

appe>ance4    ,! cat's-eye is usually   
cut cabo*on or c>buncle-%ap$1 & !  l9es 
7:i* are due to ! fibres ( asbe/os7 are 
kept 9 ! c5tre  ( ! /one1 & play l ! eye
 ( a cat :5 ! /one is mov$4    ,! qu>tz 
cat's-eye is easily di/+ui%$ f ! ori5tal
 (  *rysob]yl cat's-eye1 z x is s(t] &  
mu* light]4      ,,crocidolite4         
,crocidolite or tig]-eye is a           
light-br[n1 br[ni%-yell[ to  d>k-gre51 &
 gre5i%-blue qu>tz1 :i* has ! same      
*atoyant  qualities z ! cat's-eye4 ,:5  
cut cabo*on1 ! crocidolite is  call$    
tig]-eye4    ,?is beautiful m9]al 0 v   
r>e "s ye>s ago1 & good specim5s  7 sold
 by ! c>at4    ,great quantities1 h[ev]1
 h lately be5 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,africa1 &    
al?\gh ! f9e/ pieces are /ill us$ =     
cameos & intaglios1  _m objects1 su* z  
pap]weights1 umbrella h&les1 mat*-safes1
  etc41 are n[ cut f ?is /one4          
,crocidolite is (t5 artificially color$ 
to v closely imitate "s  ( ! f9e/ %ades 
( ! ori5tal cat's-eye4                  
,,heliotrope4    ,heliotrope or         

blood-/one1 z ?is v>iety is commonly    
call$1 is a  d>k-gre5 qu>tz1 transluc5t 
to opaque1 & cov]$ ) small r$  spots or 
blood-color$ blot*es1 f :i* ! /one      
d]ives ! "n  ( blood-/one4    ,?is /one 
has long be5 us$ = seal & signet        
purposes1 & _m  f9e intaglios & cameos  
c>v$ 9 blood-/one are 9 exi/5ce4        
,bu*>ia1 ,t>t>y1 ,sib]ia1 ,ea/ ,india1  
,*9a1 ! isl& ( ,rum 9 !  ,hebrides1 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,canada are "s ( !     
places :]e  ! heliotrope is f\nd4       
,,*rysoprase4    ,! *rysoprase is an    
apple-gre5 *alc$ony1 sometimes olive- or
  :iti%-gre54 ,x is transluc5t1 scrat*es
 glass1 & has ! specific  gravity (     
#b4ef4    ,! color is due to ! pres5ce (
 oxide ( nickel4 ,?is /one is  f\nd     
pr9cipally 9 ,silesia1 b also 9 ,sib]ia 
& ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,l>ge pieces (    
*rysoprase are r>e1 & ev5 ! be/ specim5s
 lose  _! color 9 c\rse ( "t4           
,,prase4    ,a transluc5t1 spott$       
leek-gre51 gre5 qu>tz1 :i* loses its    
poli%  on exposure to ! air1 is kn[n z  

prase4    ,?is /one is f\nd pr9cipally 9
 ! iron m9es ( ,briet5baum1  ,saxony1 & 
also 9 ,brittany1 ! ,tyrol1 ,scotl&1    
,salzburg1 ,f9l&1  & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,prase is sometimes kn[n comm]cially z  
8"m ( em]ald10 & a  gre5i% cry/all9e    
qu>tz is also (t5 call$ prase4          
,,plasma4    ,plasma is a d>k grass-gre5
 qu>tz1 feebly transluc5t1 & is         
sometimes cov]$ ) :ite or yell[ spots4  
,plasma is some:at  light] 9 weight ?an 
! heliotrope & does n take z f9e a      
poli%4    ,?is /one is f\nd 9 ,india1   
,*9a1 & 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 ,g]many4       
,,*alc$ony4    ,*alc$ony is cl\dy or    
transluc5t1 :ite1 yell[i%-gray1         
blacki%-br[n1 light to d>k-blue1        
milky-:ite1 & black4    ,?is qu>tz is   
sometimes ne>ly transp>5t1 waxy 9 lu/re1
 & 9  "s v>ieties has a light gray &    
transp>5t base ) d>k cl\dy  spots4 ,?is 
la/ v>iety is call$ 8cl\dy *alc$ony04   
,ano!r k9d1  ) gray & :ite /ripes       
alt]nat+1 is kn[n z *alc$onyx4          
,icel&1 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 ,htt5b]g1 ,lob51

 ,saxony1 ,hung>y1  ,nubia1 ,nova       
,scotia1 ,ob]/e91 ,ceylon1 ,india1      
,sib]ia1 ,c>9?ia1 !  ,hebrides1 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 & ,canada are places :]e       
*alc$ony is  f\nd4      ,,agates4       
,agate is an improv$ v>iety ( *alc$ony &
 comprises ! foll[+  k9ds4    ,b&$ or   
ribbon agate1 runn+ 9 delicate p>allel  
lay]s4    ,eye agate1 =m+ conc5tric r+s 
) a d>k c5tre1 giv+ !  appe>ance ( a    
human eye4    ,=tification agate1 runn+ 
9 circul> p>allel zigzag l9es l !  walls
 ( a =tress4    ,ra9b[ agate is a ?9 or 
conc5tric /ructure :i* :5 cut across  & 
held t[>ds ! light %[s an iridesc5ce4   
,moss agate1 light-gray to :ite &       
transluc5t to opaque agates1  display   
black trac+s l f9e moss or trees4 ,mo*a 
or tree agates  are cov]$ ) black1 br[n1
 or r$ figures1 z ( trees & plants4     
,beckite or silicifi$ coral %ells1      
silicifi$ wood1 wood agate1 wood  opal1 
cl\dy agate1 & agate jasp] are "s ( ! _m
 v>ieties (  ?is class4    ,! common    
c>nelians1 blood-/ones1 & onyxes are    

usually c\nt$  among ! agates4          
,uruguay1 ,brazil1 ,ob]/e91 ,silesia1   
,sur9am1 ,india1 ,arabia1 ,saxony1      
,scotl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,canada are 
! pr9cipal places :]e  agates are f\nd4 
,,onyx ,,or ,,agate ,,onyx4    ,onyx is 
a v>iety ( *alc$ony 9 b&s or /rata (    
:ite1 gray1 &  black1 transluc5t to     
opaque1 & g5]ally f\nd :]e agates ab\nd4
    ,! lay]s or b&s are 9 ev5 planes1 & 
! colors1 :ite &  black1 :ite & br[n1 or
 br[n1 :ite1 & black1 alt]nate4 ,?is    
/one is l>gely us$ = cameos1 ! base be+ 
usually ( black or  br[n1 & ! engrav$ or
 upp] "p :ite- or cream-color$4    ,:5  
"o or m lay]s are ( c>nelian or s>d1 !  
/one is call$  s>d-onyx4 ,s>d is a ri*  
br[n color incl9+ to r$1 & :5 held      
aga9/ ! light %[s a r$ hue4    ,onyx &  
s>d-onyx are (t5 artificially improv$ by
 boil+ !  /ones 9 honey1 oil1 or sug>   
wat]1 & !n 9 sulphuric acid4 ,!  acid   
c>bonizes ! sug> or oil :i* ! /one has  
absorb$ & gives  x a deep] color4    ,= 
r$1 protosulphate ( iron is add$1 & = a 

blue color to  imitate lapis lazuli1    
yell[ prussiate ( pota% is add$ to !    
protosulphate ( iron4    ,only ! por\s  
p>ts ( ! /ones1 usually ! d>k p>ts1     
absorb !  sug> or oil1 & s aid ! contra/
 ( ! color$ ) ! :ite  lay]s4            
,,c>nelian4    ,c>nelian is a cle> r$   
transluc5t *alc$ony1 & is usually ( a   
gray or grayi%-r$ color4 ,sev]al weeks (
 exposure to ! sun's rays  & subsequ5t  
heat+ 9 e>!n pots enhances & deep5s !   
color4    ,! br[ni%-r$ or d>k-br[n      
c>nelian is call$ s>do9e or s>d2  !     
blood-r$ to p9k v>ieties1 ) an upp] lay]
 ( :ite onyx1 are  call$ c>nelian onyx1 
& ! /ones ) a br[n or s>d base & a  :ite
 top are call$ s>d-onyx4    ,c>nelians  
are sometimes ( a yell[i%-br[n or yell[ 
color1 b r$  to br[n are ! pr9cipal     
colors4    ,! secret ( color+ agates 0  
discov]$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is  c5tury1 &   
ab\t ! same "t agates became sc>ce 9    
,ob]/e91  :ile l>ge f9ds 7 made 9       
,brazil & ,uruguay1 especially ( agates 
) r$ lay]s4 ,?is v>iety comes *iefly f  

,brazil4    ,besides ,uruguay & ,brazil1
 c>nelian is f\nd 9 ,arabia & ,india4 ,!
  mo/ beautiful specim5s ( intaglios are
 engrav$ on s>do9e1 &  "s ( ! f9e/      
cameos extant are ( s>d & c>nelian onyx4
      ,,jasp]4    ,jasp] is an impure   
opaque qu>tz1 usually conta9+ m iron ?an
  agate1 & lack+ ! quality (            
transluc5cy4 ,jasp] occurs 9 r$1  br[n1 
o*re-yell[1 d>k gre51 br[ni%-gre51      
grayi%-black1 &  grayi%-blue2 sometimes 
conta9+ b&s or spots or qu>tz =mations1 
& (t5 f\nd ) regul> zones or b&s ( v>i\s
 colors4    ,egyptian jasp] or ,egyptian
 pebbles are names giv5 to v>ieties t   
are usually br[n ) inn] b&s ( light]    
hue1 approa*+ cream 9  color1 &         
sometimes hav+ d>k b&s ) spots or m>k+s4
    ,egyptian jasp] is f\nd ne> ,gr&    
,cairo1 & o!r v>ieties are  f\nd 9 !    
,urals1 ,saxony1 ,devon%ire1 ,nova      
,scotia1 ,canada1 & !  ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,! specific gravity ( jasp] v>ies f     
#b4ca to #b4fg2 x scrat*es  glass1 b    
yields to rock-cry/al4      ,,false     

,,lapis4    ,false lapis is jasp] or    
agate artificially color$ blue to       
imitate !  true lapis4 ,lapis lazuli is 
s(t] ?an false lapis1 be+ only #e to    
#e4e 9 h>dness4    ,sapph>9e or sid]ite 
is a sapphire or sky-blue *alc$ony      
occurr+  9 ,salzburg4    ,nicolo is a   
v>iety ( onyx ) a black or br[n base & a
 b& or  lay] ( blui%-:ite on top4 ,!    
upp] lay] is n flat1 b convex1  & is    
always ?ick] ?an ! l[] "o4              
,,hematite4    ,hematite 0 once l>gely  
us$ to engrave ^u1 _m ( ! anci5t        
intaglios be+ on ?is m9]al4 ,x is n[ cut
 to simulate black  pe>ls1 & is also us$
 9 ! *eap] jewelry1 bo? engrav$ & cut   
cabo*on4    ,hematite has ! h>dness (   
#e4e to #f4e1 & specific gravity1 #d4b  
to #e4c2 x is opaque1 & %[s a r$ /reak  
:5 scrat*$4 ,x is  compos$ (3           
,iron           #gj      ,oxyg5         
#cj    ,! colors ( hematite are d>k-/eel
 gray to iron-black1 & sometimes        
br[ni%- to blood-r$4 ,! lu/re is highly 
metallic1 ) slight  iridesc5ce4    ,!   

isl& ( ,elba1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1       
,italy1 ,norway1 ,sw$51  ,bohemia1      
,engl&1 ,brazil1 ,*ili1 ,canada1 ,spa91 
& ! ,unit$ ,/ates  are places :]e       
hematite is f\nd4 ,! ,g]mans call ?is   
m9]al  8blood-/one10 & x is also kn[n z 
specul> iron ore & iron  glance4        
,,obsidian4    ,obsidian1 or volcanic   
glass1 does n occupy a high position z a
 gem  or z an ornam5tal /one1 b its     
antiquity & occasional use among  !     
agates & semi-preci\s /ones w ju/ify its
 m5tion4    ,?is m9]al is a melt$ lava1 
& consi/s ( silex1 alum9a1  & a little  
potassa1 soda1 & oxide ( iron4 ,obsidian
 is #f to #g  9 h>dness1 has a specific 
gravity ( #b4be to #b4h1 is sometimes   
transp>5t b mo/ly transluc5t to opaque1 
& is vitre\s to  metallic 9 lu/re4 ,x is
 brittle & n easily attack$ by acids4 ,x
  melts be=e ! bl[-pipe & takes a high  
poli%4    ,obsidian comes f volcanoes1 &
 is f\nd 9 ,icel&1 ,t5]iffe1  ,lep>e    
isl&s1 ,p]u1 ,mexico1 ,sicily1 & on all 
volcanoes4 ,!  color is velvety-black to

 gray1 br[n1 gre5i%-black1 yell[1 blue1 
bottle-gre51 & :ite1 seldom r$1 & (t5 ) 
black or yell[  spots or ve9+s4         
,icel& agate lava1 volcanic lava1 &     
royal agate are all obsidian4           
,,mala*ite4    ,mala*ite al?\gh         
sometimes us$ = jewelry1 is n[ m l>gely 
employ$ = mosaic "w & ornam5tal vases1 &
 is suffici5tly  co/ly & r>e to be      
class$ among/ ! preci\s /ones4          
,mala*ite is #c4e to #d 9 h>dness2 has a
 specific gravity ( #c4f to #d2  is     
transluc5t to opaque2 ! lu/re is vitre\s
 to adamant9e4 ,x is  attack$ by acids1 
& melts be=e ! bl[-pipe4 ,x is compos$  
(3        ,c>bonic acid                 
#bj4      ,protoxide ( copp]            
#ga4h      ,wat]                        
#h4    ,mala*ite occurs 9 em]ald or     
v]digris gre5 color1 sometimes 9        
alt]nat+ /ripes ( diff]5t %ades ( gre51 
& occasionally 9  leek- to blacki%-gre54
    ,mala*ite is f\nd 9 ,russia1        
,france1 ! ,tyrol1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1     
,irel&1 ,g]many1 ,africa1 ,*ili1        

,au/ralia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,! f9e/
 specim5s are f\nd 9 ! ,urals--a block  
?ree & a half  feet squ>e1 be+ valu$ at 
#ebe1jjj r\bles4      ,,jet4    ,! mak+ 
( jet or m\rn+ jewelry 0 once a v l>ge  
indu/ry 9  ,france & ,engl&1 & ev5 n[   
,:itby jet is well kn[n 9 comm]ce4      
,jet is a species ( bitum9\s coal       
7cannel coal7 :i* c be cut )  a knife4  
,! h>dness is #a to #b4e2 specific      
gravity1 #a4ce2 its lu/re  is n v high1 
& color pit*-black4    ,x is f\nd 9     
,engl&1 ,france1 ,hesse1 ,spa91 ,italy1 
& ,prussia4      ,,amb]4    ,amb] is a  
fossil1 & is n to be class$ among/      
m9]als1 b ?is  mat]ial has always be5   
us$ z an ornam5t1 & a few notes w n  be 
out ( place "h4    ,?is vegetable       
fossil1 :i* has be5 kn[n to ! _w = ages1
 !  ,greeks call$ electron4    ,x is v  
light1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4jfe 
to #a4jh1 & is #b  to #b4e 9 h>dness4   
,! pr9cipal color is yell[1 9 v>i\s     
%ades1 sometimes runn+  into :ite or    
r$di%-br[n & black4    ,amb] is         

transp>5t to transluc5t1 possesses s+le 
refraction1 a  res9\s lu/re to a high   
degree1 becomes electric by rubb+1 &    
burns readily be=e ! bl[-pipe4    ,amb] 
:5 heat$ becomes s(t & pliable4    ,amb]
 is compos$ (3        ,c>bon            
#gi4      ,hydrog5         #aj4e        
,oxyg5           #aj4e    ,amb] is      
imitat$ by gum copal1 & ev5 ! insect    
enclosures :i*  occur 9 real amb] are   
copi$4    ,^! imitations c be detect$ by
 plac+ ! specim5 9 wat] or  alcohol4    
,?is is also a good te/ = pieces ( real 
amb] t h  be5 melt$ or glu$ toge!r4     
,amb] is ?r[n up by ! sea1 9 riv]s ne> !
 sea1 or on !  sea-%ore1 & has be5 f\nd 
9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w4    ,! ,russian1
 ,baltic1 & ,sicilian coa/s h yield$ !  
l>g]  portion ( ! production1 b supplies
 come also f ,galizia1 !  ,urals1 ,pol&1
 ,*9a1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,=         
ornam5tal purposes ! facet$ amb] beads  
are l>gely us$1 b  ( late ye>s ^! h be5 
closely imitat$ 9 glass4      ,,coral4  
,coral1 al?\gh n a preci\s /one1 has be5

 l>gely us$ 9 jewelry1  & z "s ( ?is    
beautiful sub/ance is v valuable1 a few 
words  w n come amiss4    ,r$ or preci\s
 coral is ! "w ( a family ( zophytes :i*
 live  mo/ly 9 cavities ( rock 9 ! sea4 
,^! polyps build _! homes at a dep? (   
two to sev5 hundr$ feet  "u ! surface ( 
! sea1 & al?\gh ! s+le gr\ps ( coral    
are sometimes sev]al feet long1 ! usual 
size is ab\t twelve in*es  high1 & ab\t 
"o in* at ! ?icke/ "p ( any s+le bran*4 
,coral is usually r$1 & r>ely :ite or   
black1 :ile ! pale  rose-p9k is ! mo/   
e/eem$ color4    ,coral is mo/ly f\nd at
 ,calle1 (f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 b also on 
! coa/s ( ,tunis1 ,algi]s1 ,corsica1    
,b>b>y1 ,majorca1 & ,m9orca4    ,coral  
fi%+-vessels leave ,italy ! beg9n+ (    
,m>* & return  f ! ,african coa/ 9      
,octob]2 at "o "t z _m z f\r hundr$     
vessels 7 engag$ 9 ?is indu/ry4         
,,table ,,( ,,h>dness ,,& ,,specific    
,,gravity4                              
,,h>dness4    ,,specific                
,,gravity4            ,a*roite          

#g4  -- #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a            
,alex&rite          #h4e        #c4fe   
-- #c4h      ,alm&9e            #g4e    
#d4    -- #d4b      ,alm&ite            
#g4e        #d4    -- #d4b      ,amb]   
#b4  -- #b4e  #a4jfe -- #a4jh           
,apatite              #d4e -- #e4       
#b4ie  -- #c4be      ,ax9ite            
#f4e -- #g4   #c4    -- #c4c      ,b]yl 
#g4e -- #h4   #b4fg  -- #b4gc           
,bobr[ska g>net     #f4         #c4he   
,bohemian            #g4e        #c4fi  
-- #c4gh      ,brazilian em]ald    #g4  
-- #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a                 
sapphire   #g4  -- #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a 
,ca*elong            #e4e -- #f4   #b4  
-- #b4a      ,cat's-eye            #h4e 
#c4    -- #c4h      ,ceylon *rysolite   
#g4  -- #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a            
p]idot       #g4  -- #g4e  #c4    --    
#c4a      ,*rysob]yl          #h4e      
#c4fe  -- #c4h      ,*rysolite          
#f4e -- #g4   #c4c   -- #c4e            
,*rysoprase          #g4         #b4ef  
,c9namon /one       #f4e        #c4e    

-- #c4ef      ,cyanite              #e4 
-- #g4   #c4de  -- #c4g      ,cymophane 
#h4e        #c4fe  -- #c4h              
,demantoide           #f4         #c4he 
,diamond             #aj4         #c4e  
-- #c4f      ,di*roite            #g4   
-- #g4e  #b4ef  -- #b4fg      ,diopside 
#e4  -- #f4   #b4i   -- #c4e            
,em]ald              #g4e -- #h4   #b4fg
  -- #b4gc      ,epidote                
#f4  -- #g4   #c4cb  -- #c4ej           
,essonite             #f4e        #c4e  
-- #c4ef      ,euclase              #g4e
        #c4a      ,fluor sp>            
#d4         #c4a   -- #c4b      ,g>net  
#e4  -- #h4   #c4ae  -- #d4c            
,grossul>ite         #f4e        #c4e   
-- #c4ef      ,hematite             #e4f
 -- #f4e  #d4b   -- #e4c      ,hidd5ite 
#f4e -- #g4   #c4ac  -- #c4ai           
,hyac9?             #g4e        #d4d    
-- #d4g      ,hydrophane           #e4e 
-- #f4   #b4    -- #b4a      ,hyp]/h5e  
#f4         #c4c   -- #c4d              
,idocrase             #f4e        #c4ce 

-- #c4de      ,indicolite           #g4 
-- #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a      ,jac9?     
#g4e        #d4d   -- #d4g      ,j>goon 
#g4e        #d4d   -- #d4g      ,jasp]  
#g4         #b4ca  -- #b4fg      ,jet   
#b4e        #a4ce      ,labrador        
#f4         #b4fb  -- #b4gf             
hornbl5de  #f4         #c4c   -- #c4d   
,lapis lazuli         #e4  -- #e4e      
#b4ch  -- #b4db      ,mala*ite          
#c4e -- #d4   #c4f   -- #d4             
,moon/one            #f4  -- #f4e  #b4d 
-- #b4f      ,obsidian             #f4  
-- #g4   #b4be  -- #b4h      ,oliv9e    
#f4e -- #g4   #c4c   -- #c4e      ,opal 
#e4e -- #f4   #b4    -- #b4a            
,ori5tal ame?y/    #i4         #c4i   --
 #d4a              aquam>9e  #i4        
#c4i   -- #d4a              *rysolite   
#i4         #c4i   -- #d4a              
em]ald     #i4         #c4i   -- #d4a   
hyac9?    #i4         #c4i   -- #d4a    
topaz       #i4         #c4i   -- #d4a  
,pe>l                           #b4e    
-- #b4g      ,p]idot              #f4e  

-- #g4   #c4c   -- #c4e      ,ph5acite  
#g4e -- #h4   #b4if  -- #c4      ,pyrope
               #g4e        #c4fi  --    
#c4gh      ,qu>tz               #g4     
#b4e   -- #b4h             cat's-eye    
#f4  -- #f4e  #b4fe      ,rose qu>tz    
#g4         #b4fe  -- #b4ge             
,rubellite            #g4  -- #g4e  #c4 
-- #c4a      ,ruby                 #i4  
#c4i   -- #d4a             cat's-eye    
#i4         #c4i   -- #d4a              
,sapphire             #i4         #c4i  
-- #d4a             cat's-eye    #i4    
#c4i   -- #d4a      ,sib]ite            
#g4  -- #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a      ,sph5e
               #e4  -- #e4e  #c4d   --  
#c4ef      ,sp9el               #h4     
#c4e   -- #c4f      ,spodum5e           
#f4e -- #g4   #c4ac  -- #c4ai      ,/>  
ruby            #i4         #c4i   --   
#d4a          sapphire        #i4       
#c4i   -- #d4a          topaz           
#i4         #c4i   -- #d4a      ,sun/one
             #f4  -- #g4   #b4ef  --    
#b4gb      ,syrian g>net        #g4e    

#d4    -- #d4db      ,titanite          
#e4  -- #e4e  #c4d   -- #c4ef           
,topaz                #h4         #c4d  
-- #c4f      ,t\rmal9e           #g4  --
 #g4e  #c4    -- #c4a      ,turquois    
#f4         #b4f   -- #b4h      ,uw>[ite
            #g4e        #c4da  -- #c4eb 
,vesuvianite          #f4e        #c4ce 
-- #c4de      ,wat] sapphire       #g4  
-- #g4e  #b4ef  -- #b4fg                
,,g5]al ,,index4          ,a*roite1 #fd 
,act9olite1 #bi      ,adul>ia1 see      
moon/one      ,agate jasp]1 #abj        
,agate onyx1 see onyx      ,agate1 see  
qu>tz1 #ajf1 #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1    
#abf      ,alex&rite1 #h1 #ed1 #ef      
,alm&9e1 #i1 #cj1 #hj      ,alm&ite1    
#bi1 #hj      ,amazon /one1 #ag1 #hh1   
#ia      ,amb]1 #ag1 #abh      ,am]ican 
ruby1 #hj1 #hc      ,ame?y/1 #h1 #i1    
#af1 #ag1 #dd1 #di1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa    
,ame?y/9e qu>tz1 see ame?y/             
,antimony1 #bi      ,apatite1 #ai1 #hg  
,aquam>9e1 #h1 #af1 #ec      ,aquam>9e  
*rysolite1 #ec      ,arizona ruby1 #hj1 

#hc      ,a/]ias1 see /> sapphires      
,aurora r$ sapphire1 see ,ori5tal hyac9?
      ,avantur9e1 #aac1 #aad            
,avantur9e felsp>1 see sun/one          
,ax9ite1 #ag1 #ajb        ,balas ruby1  
#dh      ,b&$ agate1 #aai      ,beckite1
 #abj      ,b]yl1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #dd1   
#ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #hg      ,blood-/one1 see
 heliotrope                  see        
hematite      ,bobr[ska g>net1 #hj1 #hc 
,bohemian g>net1 #hj #hb                
diamond1 see rock-cry/al                
topaz1 see yell[ qu>tz      ,bone       
turquois1 #fb      ,bort1 #ch           
,brazilian aquam>9e1 #he                
em]ald1 #fd1 #fg               ruby1 #he
               sapphire1 #he            
topaz1 see topaz      ,bronzite1 #cj    
,ca*elong1 #fi1 #gj      ,cairngorm1    
#ajg1 #aaa      ,calcite1 #ai           
,cameo1 #h      ,cannel coal1 see jet   
,cape g>net1 #hj1 #hc      ,cape ruby1  
#hj1 #hc      ,c>bon1 #cg               
,c>bonate1 see c>bon      ,c>buncle1 #hj
 #hc      ,c>nelian1 #ag1 #aac1 #abc1   

#abd                onyx1 #abb          
,cat's-eye1 corundum1 #h1 #ed1 #eg1     
#aae1 #aaf                qu>tz1 #ah1   
#eh1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae      ,ceylon
 cat's-eye1 see corundum cat's-eye      
*rysolite1 #fd1 #gi           opal1 see 
moon/one           p]idot1 #fd          
,ceylonite1 #dg      ,*alc$onyx1 see    
*alc$ony      ,*alc$ony1 #h1 #i1 #af1   
#ag1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd 
,*rysob]yl1 #af1 #ag1 #de1 #ed1 #ef1    
#eg1 #gi      ,*rysolite1 #ag1 #cj1 #ec1
 #eh1 #gh1 #hg1 #ii1 #ajg               
,*rysoprase1 #ag1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aag      
,c9namon /one1 see grossul>ite          
,cleavage1 #aj      ,cl\dy agate1 #abj  
*alc$ony1 see *alc$ony      ,colors1 #af
      ,coral1 #acj      ,cordi]ite1 see 
di*roite      ,corundum1 #i1 #ag1 #ci1  
#de1 #dg1 #dh1 #di      ,crocidolite1   
#e1 #ah1 #aac1 #aae                     
,cry/allization1 #aj      ,cutt+1 #cb   
,cyanite1 #ag1 #ib      ,cymophane1 #ed1
 #ef1 #eg        ,decimal sy/em1 #bh    
,demantoide1 see ,bobr[ska g>net        

,diamond1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1  
#ah1 #bj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1           
#dj1 #da1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #fj1 #ge1 #aja1
 #aji      ,di*roiscope1 #ad            
,di*roite1 #ig      ,diopside1 #ajc     
,egyptian jasp]1 #abc                   
pebbles1 see ,egyptian jasp]            
,electricity1 #ca      ,em]ald1 #h1 #i1 
#af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ca1 #dd1 #ea1 #hg1 #ie1 
#ajg      ,epidote1 #ag1 #aja           
,essonite1 see grossul>ite              
,euclase1 #ii      ,eye agate1 #aai     
,false em]ald1 see fluor sp>            
lapis1 #abd           ruby1 see fluor   
sp>           topaz1 see fluor sp> &    
yell[ qu>tz      ,fancy sapphires1 #dd  
,felsp>1 #bj1 #hh1 #ia      ,fi%-eye1   
see moon/one      ,fl9t1 #aac           
,fluor sp>1 #ag1 #ai1 #ca1 #ajd         
,=tification agate1 #aai      ,fossil   
turquois1 #fc      ,fracture1 #aa       
,fusibility1 #bh        ,g>net1 #ab1    
#ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ba1 #cb1 #db1 #ec1 #fd1 
#hj1 #ajg      ,girasol1 #df            
,glass1 #ae      ,gold5 b]yl1 #ed       

,gold/one1 see avantur9e      ,g\tte    
d'eau1 #he      ,gre5 felsp>1 see       
,amazon /one           g>net1 #hj1 #ii  
sapphire1 see ,ori5tal em]ald           
,gre5i%-yell[ sapphire1 see ,ori5tal    
*rysolite      ,grossul>ite1 #cj1 #hj1  
#hb        ,hair-/one1 see cairngorm    
,heliotrope1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj     
,hematite1 #ah1 #abd      ,hidd5ite1 #ie
      ,horn/one1 #aac      ,hung>ian    
cat's-eye1 see qu>tz cat's-eye          
,hyac9?1 #db1 #eh1 #ei      ,hydrophane1
 #fi1 #gj      ,hyp]/h5e1 #aje          
,icel& lava1 see obsidian               
sp>1 #ad      ,idocrase1 #ag1 #ih       
,indian topaz1 see yell[ qu>tz          
,indicolite1 #fd1 #fg      ,intaglio1 #h
      ,iolite1 see di*roite             
,iridesc5t qu>tz1 see rose qu>tz        
,jac9?1 #eh1 #ei1 #hb      ,j>goon1 #eh1
 #ei      ,jasp]1 #ag1 #ajf1 #aac1 #abc1
 #abd      ,jet1 #af1 #abh              
,labrador1 #af1 #hh1 #ia                
hornbl5de1 see hyp]/h5e                 
,labradorite1 see ,labrador             

,labrador sp>1 see ,labrador      ,lake 
,george diamond1 see rock-cry/al        
,lapis lazuli1 #ag1 #ic1 #abd           
,lava1 see obsidian      ,light-gre5    
sapphire1 see ,ori5tal aquam>9e         
,love arr[s1 see cairngorm      ,lu/re1 
#ag        ,magnetism1 #cj              
,mala*ite1 #ag1 #abg      ,mica1 #aa    
,m9]al turquois1 #fa1 #fb      ,mo*a    
agate1 #abj      ,moon/one1 #ag1 #ch1   
#hi1 #ia1 #aji1 #aab      ,moss agate1  
#abj      ,"m ( em]ald1 see prase       
,natrolite1 #bi      ,ne$le-/one1 see   
cairngorm      ,nicolo1 #abd            
,obsidian1 #aj1 #af1 #abe               
,occid5tal cat's-eye1 see qu>tz         
cat's-eye                diamond1 see   
rock-cry/al                topaz1 see   
yell[ qu>tz                turquois1 #fb
      ,odontolite1 #ag1 #fb      il de  
buf1 see ,labrador      ,oligoclase1 see
 sun/one      ,oliv9e1 #ag1 #ah1 #ec1   
#gh1 #hd      ,onyx1 #h1 #ajf1 #ajg1    
#aac1 #abj1 #abd      ,opal1 #h1 #i1    
#aj1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #cj1 #fi1 #ajj1     

#ajb1 #ajg           common1 see opal   
fire1                  noble1           
,opal9e felsp>1 see ,labrador           
,ori5tal ame?y/1 #ci1 #dd               
aquam>9e1 #ci1 #dd                      
*rysolite1 #ci1 #dd2 see also *rysob]yl 
em]ald1 #ci1 #dd1 #ea                   
hyac9?1 #ci1 #dd              opal1 see 
opal              topaz1 #ci1 #dd1 #hg  
turquois1 #fa      ,or?oclase1 #bi1 #hg 
,or?ose1 see moon/one      ,ox-eye1 see 
,labrador        ,pe>l1 #ga             
b>oque1 #gd            black1 #gc1 #abd 
b\ton1 #gd            p9k1 #gg          
,pebble diamond1 see rock-cry/al        
,p]idot1 #af1 #gh      ,p]sian turquois1
 #fb      ,ph5acite1 #aja               
,phosphoresc5ce1 #ca      ,plasma1 #aac1
 #aah      ,pleio*roism1 #ad            
,pleona/1 #dg      ,pol>ization ( light1
 #ac      ,poli%+1 #cb      ,prase1 #ag1
 #aac1 #aag1 #aah      ,preci\s s*orl1  
see t\rmal9e      ,purple sapphire1 see 
,ori5tal ame?y/      ,pyrope1 #cj1 #hj1 
#hb        ,qu>tz1 #i1 #af1 #bj1 #bb1   

#db1 #ej1 #ajf1 #abc                    
cat's-eye1 see cat's-eye qu>tz          
,ra9b[ agate1 #aai             qu>tz1   
#aab      ,recon/ruct$ rubies1 #dc      
turquois1 #fd      ,r$ qu>tz1 see qu>tz 
sapphire1 see ruby      ,refraction1 #ab
      ,rh9e/one1 see rock-cry/al        
,ribbon agate1 #aai      ,rock-cry/al1  
#ag1 #ch1 #ia1 #aji1 #aab          salt1
 #aa1 #ai      ,rose qu>tz1 #ag1 #aac   
,rose topaz1 see topaz      ,royal      
agate1 see obsidian      ,rubellite1    
#fd1 #fe      ,rubicelle1 #dh           
,ruby1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba1    
#bf1 #cb1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #ec1 #fd1 #ajg 
,ruby1 cat's-eye1 #ci1 #df              
sp9el1 see sp9el        ,saganite1 see  
cairngorm      ,saphir d'eau1 see       
di*roite      ,sapp>e1 see cyanite      
,sapphire1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #cg1 #ch1
 #ci1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #ea1 #eb1 #ic1 #ih 
,sapphire1 cat's-eye1 #ci1 #df          
,sapphir9e1 #dh1 see false lapis        
,s>d1 #aba1 #abb      ,s>do9e1 see s>d  
,s>donyx1 #aba1 #abb      ,saxony topaz1

 #he      ,sib]ian aquam>9e1 #ec        
topaz1 #he      ,sib]ite1 #fd           
,sid]ite1 see false lapis               
,silicifi$ coral %ells1 see beckite     
wood1 #abj      ,slave's diamond1 see   
topaz      ,smoky-qu>tz1 see cairngorm  
topaz1 #af1 #ag      ,spani% topaz1 see 
yell[ qu>tz      ,specific gravity1 #ba 
,sph5e1 #ajj      ,sp9el1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1
 #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #db1 #df      ,spodum5e1
 #ie1 #if      ,/> ruby1 #ci1 #de       
,/> sapphire1 #ci1 #de          topaz1  
#ci1 #de      ,/reak1 #ah      ,sun/one1
 #df1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij      ,syrian g>net1 
#hj        ,talc1 #ai      ,titanite1   
see sph5e      ,tig]-eye1 see           
crocidolite      ,topaz1 #h1 #i1 #af1   
#ag1 #bj1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1                
#db1 #di1 #ej1 #eh1 #hd1 #ajg1 #aaa     
,t\rmal9e1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ba1 #cb1 #db1
 #ec1 #fd1 #ajg      ,transp>5cy1 #cj   
,tree agate1 see ,mo*a agate            
,turquois1 #i1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah1 #cj1 #fj1 
#ajg        ,uw>[ite1 #hj1 #hc          
,v5us hair-/one1 see cairngorm          

,v]meille1 #hj1 #hc      ,vesuvianite1  
see idocrase      ,volcanic glass1 see  
obsidian              lava1             
,wat] opal1 see moon/one                
sapphire1 see di*roite      ,weight1 #bg
      ,:ite sp9el1 see sp9el      ,wood 
agate1 #abj          opal1 #abj         
,yell[ qu>tz1 #aaa            sapphire1 
see ,ori5tal topaz        ,zircon1 #i1  
#af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ch1 #di1 #eh