,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is production is bas$ on https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/m$itation soness#jj;guiz_/page_/n#f ,additional citations indicat$ by ,,usccb1 are bas$ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,conf]5ce ( ,ca?olic ,bi%ops ,bible f\nd at http3_/_/usccb4org_/bible_/books-(-!-bib le4 i ,m$itations ii iii ,m$itations ,on ,! ,ess5ce ,( ,*ri/ianity1 ,& ,on ,! ,religi\s ,que/ions ,( ,! ,day4 ,by ,m4 ,guizot4 ,translat$ ,f ,! ,fr5*1 ,"u ,! ,sup]9t5d5ce ,( ,! ,au?or4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet4 #ahfd4 iv ,london3 ,bradbury ,& ,evans1 ,pr9t]s1 ,:itefri>s4 v ,cont5ts4 ,page ,i4 ,natural ,problems #a ,,ii4 ,*ri/ian ,dogmas #aa ,,iii4 ,! ,sup]natural #hd ,,iv4 ,! ,limits ,( ,sci5ce #aji ,v4 ,revelation #acb ,,vi4 ,! ,inspiration ,( ,holy ,scripture #adb ,,vii4 ,god ,accord+ ,to ,! ,bible #aeg ,,viii4 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,accord+ ,to ,! ,gospels #bcj ,note #bii vi vii ,preface4 ,dur+ ! la/ n9ete5 c5turies1 ,*ri/ianity has be5 (t5 assail$1 & has successfully resi/$ e attack4 ,( ^! attacks1 "s h be5 m viol5t1 b none m s]i\s ?an t ( :i* x is1 9 ^! days1 ! object4 ,= eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ,*ri/ians 7 9 turn p]secutors & p]secut$2 ,*ri/ians p]secut$ z ,*ri/ians1 ,*ri/ians p]secutors ( e "o :o 0 n ,*ri/ian--,*ri/ians mutually p]secut+ ea* o!r4 ,?is p]secution v>i$1 x is true1 9 degree ( cruelty ) ! age & ! c\ntry1 z x also did 9 ! degree ( inflexibility ev9c$ & success atta9$ 9 ! prosecution ( its object2 b :atev] ! div]sity ( /ate1 *ur*1 or puni%m5t1 :atev] ! degree ( sev]ity or laxity 9 ! application ( ! pr9ciple1 ?is pr9ciple 0 ev] ! same4 viii ,aft] hav+ _h to endure proscription & m>tyrdom "u ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ( ,paganism1 ! ,*ri/ian religion liv$1 9 its turn1 "u ! gu>d ( ! civil law1 def5d$ by ! arms ( secul> p[]4 ,9 ^! days x exi/s 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,lib]ty4 ,x has to deal ) free ?\ght1--) free discussion4 ,x is call$ ^u to def5d1 to gu>d itself1 to prove incessantly & aga9/ e com] its moral & hi/orical v]acity1 to v9dicate its claims ^u man's intellig5ce & man's s\l4 ,roman ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 or ,jews1 ,*ri/ians or philosoph]s1 all1 at lea/ 9 our c\ntry1 are %elt]$ f e p]secution2 = no "o )\t incurr+ ! risk ( ridicule c\ld *>act]ise z p]secution ! sacrifices or ! inconv5i5ces to :i* ! expression ( 8 op9ion may occasionally subject him4 ,to e man su* expression ( op9ion is p]mitt$1 & c nev] lead to ! =feiture1 on ! "p ( any s+le individual1 ( any ( 8 political rights or privileges4 ix ,religi\s ,lib]ty--t is to say1 ! lib]ty ( believ+2 ( believ+ diff]5tly or ( disbeliev+--may be b imp]fectly accept$ & gu>ante$ z a pr9ciple 9 c]ta9 /ates2 b x /ill is evid5t t x is becom+ s e day m & m1 & t x w ev5tually become ! ,common ,law ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,"o ( ! circum/ances t r5d] ?is fact pregnant ) importance is t x does n /& isolat$2 b holds its place 9 ! great ,intellectual & ,social ,revolution1 :i*1 aft] ! f]m5tation & ! prep>ation ( c5turies1 has brok5 out & is 9 c\rse ( accompli%m5t 9 our own days4 ,! sci5tific _s1 ! prepond]ance ( ! democratic pr9ciple1 & t ( political lib]ty1 are ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics & inv9cible t5d5cies ( ?is revolution4 ,^! new =ces may fall into enorm\s errors & commit enorm\s faults1 ! p5alty = :i* !y w ev] de>ly pay2 /ill !y are def9itively in/all$ 9 mod]n society2 ! sci5ces w cont9ue to develop !mselves 9 its bosom 9 ! full indep5d5ce ( _! me?ods & ( _! results2 ! democracy w e/abli% itself 9 ! positions :i* x has conqu]$1 & on ! gr\nd :i* has be5 op5$ to x2 political lib]ty 9 ! mid/ ( its /orms & its disappo9tm5ts w /ill1 soon] or lat]1 cause itself to be accept$ z ! necess>y gu>antee = all ! acquisitions & all ! progress possible 9 society4 x ,^! are ! gr& pr$om9ant facts to :i* all public in/itutions w n[ h to adapt !mselves1 & ) :i* all au?ority ^: action is ^u ! m9d requires to live at peace4 ,*ri/ianity also mu/ submit to ! same te/s & trials4 ,z x has surm\nt$ all o!rs1 s also w x surm\nt ?is2 its ess5ce & orig9 w\ld n be div9e did !y n p]mit x to adapt itself to all ! diff]5t =ms ( human in/itutions1 to s]ve !m n[ z a guide1 n[ z a support 9 _! vicissitudes :e!r ( adv]sity or prosp]ity4 xi ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! mo/ s]i\s importance = ,*ri/ians n to deceive !mselves1 ei!r z to ! nature ( ! /ruggle :i* !y w h to su/a91 or z to its p]ils & ! legitimate arms :i* !y may use to combat !m4 ,! attack direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion is "o hotly c>ri$ on1 n[ ) a brutal fanaticism1 n[ ) a dext]\s le>n+2 at "o "t ) ! appeal to s9c]e convictions1 & at ano!r invok+ ! wor/ passions2 "s conte/ ,*ri/ianity z false1 o!rs reject x z too exact+ & impos+ too mu* re/ra9t2 ! great] "p appreh5d x z a tyranny4 ,inju/ice & suff]+ are n s soon =gott52 nor does "o readily recov] f ! effect ( t]ror4 ,! memory ( religi\s p]secutions /ill lives1 & ?is x is t ma9ta9s1 9 multitudes1 ^: op9ions vacillate1 av]sion1 prejudice1 & a lively s5tim5t ( al>m4 ,*ri/ians on _! side are lo? to recognise & accommodate !mselves to ! new ord] ( society2 e mom5t !y are %ock$1 irritat$1 t]rifi$ by ! ideas & language to :i* t society gives utt]ance4 xii ,m5 d n s readily pass f a /ate ( privilege to "o ( community ( rights--f a /ate ( dom9ion to "o ( lib]ty2 !y d n resign !mselves )\t a /ruggle to ! audaci\s ob/9acy ( contradiction1 to ! daily necessity ( resi/+ & conqu]+4 ,gov]nm5t accord+ to pr9ciples ( lib]ty is /ill m influ5c$ by passion1 & entails a necessity ( /ill m ex]tion 9 ! sph]e ( religion ?an ( civil politics3 believ]s f9d x /ill m difficult to support incr$ulity ?an gov]nm5ts to be> ) oppositions2 &1 nev]!less1 ^! !mselves are =c$ to d s1 & c only f9d 9 free discussion & 9 ! full ex]cise ( _! peculi> lib]ties ! =ce :i* !y require to rise above _! p]il\s condition1 & r$uce--n to sil5ce1 = t is impossible1 b to an idle w>f>e--_! invet]ate enemies4 ,to leave t civil society1 9 :i* ! diff]5t sects ( religion are n[-a-days compell$ to live 9 peace & side by side1 & to ent] religi\s society itself1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( our days3--:at is its actual position ) respect to ^! gr& que/ions :i* x has to discuss ) ! _s ( human lib]ty & audacity8 xiii ,does x compreh5d prop]ly1 does x suitably c>ry on ! w>f>e 9 :i* x is engag$8 ,does x t5d 9 its proce$+s to a re-e/abli%m5t ( a real peace1 & active h>moni\s relations betwe5 itself & t g5]al society 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x is liv+8 ,i say ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x is1 9 effect1 ! :ole ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 & n su* or su* a *ur* t is 9 ^! days attack$1 & vitally attack$4 ,:5 m5 d5y ! ,sup]natural ,_w1 ! ,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 & ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y really assail ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians--,romani/s1 ,prote/ants or ,greeks3 !y are virtually de/roy+ ! f\ndations ( fai? 9 all ! belief ( ,*ri/ians1 :at ev] _! p>ticul> diff]5ce ( religi\s op9ion or =ms ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t44 xiv ,x is by fai? t all ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es live2 !re is no =m ( gov]nm5t1 mon>*ical or republican1 conc5trat$ or diffus$1 t suffices to ma9ta9 a *ur*2 !re is no au?ority s /rong1 no lib]ty s broad1 z to be able 9 a religi\s society to disp5se ) ! necessity ( fai?4 ,= :at is x t unites 9 a *ur* if x is n fai?8 ,fai? is ! bond ( s\ls4 ,:5 !n ! f\ndations ( _! common fai? are attack$1 ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es ^u special que/ions1 or ! div]sities ( _! organization or gov]nm5t1 become second>y int]e/s2 x is f a common p]il t !y h to def5d !mselves2 or !y mu/ reconcile !mselves to see dri$ up ! common s\rce f :i* !y all d]ive su/5ance & life4 ,i fe> t ! s5tim5t ( ?is common p]il is n1 9 all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 z cle> & well def9$1 z deep & pr$om9ant1 z _! common safety requires4 ,9 pres5ce ( simil> que/ions ev]y:]e v>i$1 ( id5tical attacks ev]y:]e direct$ aga9/ ! vital facts & dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i dread ,*ri/ians ( ! diff]5t communions n conc5trat+ all _! =ces ^u ! mighty /ruggles 9 :i* !y are1 all1 to engage4 xv ,my dread1 h[ev]1 is unatt5d$ by a/oni%m5t4 ,al?\gh ! dang] is ! same = all1 ! traditional op9ions & habits1 & consequ5tly ! actual dispositions1 are v diff]5t4 ,_m ,romani/s feel ! p]suasion t ,fai? w\ld be sav$ 7 !y only deliv]$ f lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,_m ,prote/ants believe t !y are b employ+ _! "r ( free exam9ation1 & d n lose _! title to be reg>d$ z ,*ri/ians1 :5 !y are 9 effect ab&on+ ! f\ndations & )draw+ f ! s\rce ( ,fai?4 ,roman ,ca?olicism has n suffici5t reliance on its roots1 & respects too mu* its bran*es2 no tree exi/s t does n ne$ culture & cle>+ 9 accordance ) climate & season1 if x is to be expect$ to cont9ue to be> always good fruit2 b ! roots %\ld be especially def5d$ f e attack4 ,prote/antism is too =getful t x also has roots f :i* x _c be sep>at$ )\t p]i%+1 & t religion is n :at an annual is 9 vegetation3 a plant t m5 cultivate & r5ew at _! pleasure4 xvi ,:il/ ! ,romani/s dread fre$om ( ?\ght too mu*1 ! ,prote/ants on _! side h too great a fe> ( au?ority4 ,"s believe t inasmu* z religi\s ,fai? has firm & fix$ po9ts1 movem5t & progress are incompatible ) religi\s society2 o!rs affirm t a religi\s society c nev] h fix$ po9ts1 & t religion consi/s 9 religi\s s5tim5t & individual belief4 ,:at w\ld h become ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h x f its bir? be5 condemn$ to ! immobility :i* ! =m] recomm5d2 & :at w\ld become ( x at ! pres5t day1 7 x surr5d]$1 z ! latt] w\ld h x1 to ! caprice ( e m9d1 & ! w9d ( e day8 ,happily1 ,god p]mits n t1 at ?is crisis1 ! true pr9ciples & ! true int]e/s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion %\ld rema9 )\t suffici5t def5d]s4 xvii ,romani/s !re are :o und]/& _! age & ! new con/itution ( society1 :o accept frankly its lib]ty1 religi\s & politic3 x is precisely !y :o h mo/ boldly te/ifi$ _! atta*m5t to ! fai? ( ,rome1 :o h claim$ ) mo/ ardor ! ess5tial lib]ties ( _! *ur*1 & def5d$ ) mo/ en]gy ! rights ( its *ief4 ,nor are ,prote/ants want+ :o h us$ ) ! mo/ untir+ zeal all ! lib]ty acquir$ 9 our days by ,prote/antism2 !y h f\nd$ all ^? associations & orig9at$ all ^? und]tak+s :i* h manife/$ ! vital en]gy & ext5d$ ! action ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*2 !y h dem&$ & !y cont9ue to dem&1 = ?is *ur*1 ! ree/abli%m5t ( its ,synods1 t is to say1 its religi\s autonomy4 ,among/ ^! ,prote/ants1 :]e m5 h appe>$ :o h n f\nd 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* z by law e/abli%$ ! entire satisfaction ( _! convictions1 !y h felt no hesitation to sep>ate f x & to f\nd1 ) _! own means alone1 indep5d5t *ur*es4 xviii ,x may be affirm$ also ( ! ,prote/ants t !y h mo/ l>gely put 9 practice all ! rights & all ! lib]ties ( ,prote/antism1 9 ! int]nal ordeal ?r\gh :i* ,*ri/ianity is at pres5t pass+2 x is precisely !y :o ass]t mo/ l\dly ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ma9ta9 mo/ inflexibly ! au?oritative rights e/abli%$ by law 9 ! bosom ( _! *ur*4 ,! ,lib]al ,romani/s ( ! pres5t day are ! mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( ! fundam5tal traditions & in/itutions ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! ,prote/ants :o h be5 ! mo/ active dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury 9 ! ex]cise ( ! lib]ties ( ,prote/antism are ! firme/ ma9ta9]s ( its doctr9es & ( its vital rules4 ,humanly speak+1 x is ^u ! influ5ce ex]cis$ & to be ex]cis$ 9 _! respective *ur*es & on ! public1 by ^! two classes ( ,*ri/ians1 t dep5ds ! peaceable issue ( ! crisis ?r\gh :i* ,*ri/ianity is 9 ^! days pass+4 xix ,our society is1 d\btless1 f> f m]it+ ! title ( a ,*ri/ian "o2 /ill x _c be *>act]is$ z anti-,*ri/ian2 consid]$ z "o va/ :ole1 x has no ho/ile or g5]al prejudice aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion3 x ma9ta9s ! habits1 ! in/9cts1 ,i w\ld will+ly add ! long+s1 ( ,*ri/ians2 x is consci\s t ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,ord9ance s]ve p[]fully its int]e/s ) respect to ord] & peace2 ! fanatical oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity ex]cise ^u x f> m disquiet+ ?an s$uctive influ5ces1 = x has already _h exp]i5ce ( _! empire2 & :]e society appe>s to (f] a sil5t acquiesc5ce or ev5 to pride itself ^u !m1 /ill at bottom x dreads _! progress4 ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 & su* ! con/itution ( society1 h[ are we to draw m5 away f _! apa?y & _! ignorance 9 matt]s ( religion8 ,h[ lead !m back to ,*ri/ianity8 ,!y alone c accompli% ?is object1 :o1 9 _! def5ce & propagation ( ! religion ( ,jesus1 %all n w\nd society itself 9 ! ideas1 s5tim5ts1 rights & int]e/s :i* h at pres5t root$ !mselves 9 its v life & en]gies4 xx ,l religion1 mod]n society has also its fix$ po9ts & its inv9cible t5d5cies3 x c nev] be set on t]ms ( h>mony ) ! =m] unless by ! concurr+ action ( m5 :o h ) ea* ( !m a g5u9e & deep s5tim5t ( sympa?y4 ,s9ce ! ,*ri/ian ,religion lives 9 ^! times confront+ civil lib]ty1 ^? alone c be effici5t *ampions ( religion :o at ! same "t pr(ess fully ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & accept ) s9c]ity ! te/s ( ,lib]ty4 ,b 9 pursu+ _! pi\s & salut>y ent]prise1 let n ^! lib]al ,*ri/ians flatt] !mselves ) ! probability ( any prompt or complete success3 ma9ta9 & propagate ! ,*ri/ian fai? !y may1 b !y w nev] be able 9 ! bosom ( society to get rid ei!r ( incr$ulity or d\bt2 ev5 :ile combat+ !m !y mu/ le>n to endure _! pres5ce2 9 in/itutions ( fre$om !re is ess5tially an int]mixture ( good & evil1 ( tru? & error2 contr>y ideas & dispositions produce & develop !mselves 9 x simultane\sly4 xxi ,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace on e>?3 ,i came n1 said ,jesus to 8 apo/les1 to s5d peace1 b a sword4 ,footnote #a ,! sword ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t is1 ,*ri/ianity1 at w> ) human error & %ortcom+s2 a victory1 /ill a victory ev] incomplete 9 an incessant /ruggle1--t is ! condition to :i* ^? mu/ submit ) resignation :o1 9 ! bosom ( lib]ty1 def5d ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,footnote #a3 ,mat!w x4 #cd4 ,7 ^! valiant & intellig5t *ampions ( ! fai? ( ,jesus n adopt$ & accr$it$ z su* 9 ! *ur*es to :i* !y belong2 did ! ,*ur* ( ,rome furni% gr\nd = ?9k+ h] ess5tially ho/ile to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & rights ( mod]n society1 & t %e only tol]ates !m z ,moses tol]at$ divorce among/ ! ,jews1 because ( ! h>dness ( _! he>t2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 did ! rejectors ( ! ,sup]natural1 ( ! ,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 & ( ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 pr$om9ate 9 ! bosom ( ,prote/antism2 & f9ally1 did ! latt] !n become n\ght b a hesitat+ sy/em ( philosophy2 xxii if all ^! deplorable ?+s 7 to be realis$1 ,i am f> f ?9k+ t1 ow+ to su* faults1 su* disa/]s1 ! religion ( ,*ri/ w\ld vani% f ! _w & def9itively )draw f m5 its light & its support3 ! de/9ies ( religion are f> above human errors2 b /ill1 beyond all d\bt1 = mank9d to be turn$ back f !m1 & = ! light to return to _! s\l & h>mony to mod]n society1 !re w\ld h aga9 to bur/ out 9 ! human s\l & 9 society "o ( ^? imm5se tr\bles1 "o ( ^? revolution>y :irlw9ds1 ^: evils man is compell$ actually to und]go be=e he c d]ive b5efit f its lessons4 ,on ! po9t ( address+ myself to que/ions m pr(\nd & ( a less transitory nature1 ,i cont5t myself ) hav+ m]ely indicat$ :at ,i ?9k ( ! crisis t agitates ,*ri/5dom at ! pres5t day1 z also ( its ma9 cause1 its p]ils1 & ! *ances1 good or bad1 t x holds out = ! future4 xxiii ,9 ! "w ( :i* ! fir/ "p is n[ be=e ! public1 ,i omit all ! circum/antial facts & details z well z ! discussions t gr[ out ( !m1 & x is only ) ! ,*ri/ian ,religion z x is 9 itself1 ) its fundam5tal belief & its reasonabl5ess1 t ,i occupy myself2 x has be5 my purpose to illu/rate ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity by contra/+ x ) ! sy/ems & ! d\bts t m5 set 9 array aga9/ x4 ,x is my int5tion to avoid all direct & p]sonal polemics2 express ref]5ce to individuals emb>rasses & env5oms all que/ions 9 controv]sy1 & gives rise to ill-judg$ def]5ce or unju/ invective1 two descriptions ( falsity = :i* alike ,i feel no sympa?y3 let me h !n = adv]s>ies ideas alone2 & :atev] ^! may be1 ,i admit be=eh& ! possibility ( s9c]ity on ! "p ( ^? t pref] !m4 ,)\t ?is admission all s]i\s discussion is out ( ! "q2 & nei!r ! intellectual enormity ( ! error1 nor its awful practical consequ5ces1 positively precludes s9c]ity on ! "p ( him t promulgates x4 xxiv ,! m9d ( man is /ill m easily l$ a/ray ?an 8 he>t1 & is /ill m egoti/ical2 aft] hav+ once conceiv$ & express$ an idea1 x atta*es itself to x z to its own (fspr+1 takes a pride 9 imprison+ itself 9 x1 z if x 7 s tak+ possession ( ! pure & entire tru?4 ,^! ,m$itations w be divid$ into f\r s]ies4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i* =ms ?is volume1 ,i expla9 & e/abli% :at con/itutes1 9 my op9ion1 ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 t is to say1 :at ^? natural problems are1 t correspond ) ! fundam5tal dogmas t (f] _! solution1 ! sup]natural facts ^u :i* ^! same dogmas repose--,creation1 ,revelation1 ! ,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 ,god accord+ to ! ,biblical acc\nt1 & ,jesus accord+ to ! ,gospel n>rative4 xxv ,next to ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion comes its hi/ory2 & ?is w be ! subject ( a second s]ies ( ,m$itations1 9 :i* ,i %all exam9e ! au!nticity ( ! ,scriptures1 ! prim>y causes ( ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 z x has always exi/$ ?r\gh\t its diff]5t ages & 9 spite ( all its vicissitudes2 ! great religi\s crisis 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :i* divid$ ! ,*ur* & ,europe betwe5 ,roman ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism2 f9ally ^? diff]5t anti-,*ri/ian crises1 :i* at diff]5t epo*s & 9 diff]5t c\ntries h set 9 "q & imp]ill$ ,*ri/ianity itself1 b :i* dang]s x has ev] surm\nt$4 ,! ?ird ,m$itation w be consecrat$ to ! /udy ( ! actual /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 its int]nal & ext]nal condition3 ,i %all retrace ! reg5]ation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* occurr$ among/ u at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & 9 ! ,prote/ant *ur*es2 ! impulse imp>t$ to x at ! same epo* by ! ,spirituali/ic ,philosophy t !n began aga9 to fl\ri%1 & ! movem5t 9 ! contr>y direction :i* %[$ itself v rem>kably soon aft]w>ds 9 ! resurrection ( ,mat]ialism1 ( ,pan!ism1 ( ,scepticism1 & 9 works ( hi/orical criticism4 xxvi ,i %all attempt to det]m9e ! idea1 & consequ5tly1 9 my op9ion1 ! fundam5tal error ( ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 ! av[$ & active enemies ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f9ally1 9 ! f\r? s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations ,i %all endeav\r to discrim9ate & to *>act]ise ! future de/9y ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & to indicate by :at c\rse x is call$ ^u to conqu] completely & to sway morally ?is little corn] ( ! univ]se t]m$ by u our e>?1 9 :i* unfold !mselves ! designs & p[] ( ,god1 j z1 d\btless1 !y d 9 an inf9ity ( worlds unkn[n to u4 ,i h pass$ ?irty-five ye>s ( my life 9 /ruggl+1 on a bu/l+ ar5a1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( political lib]ty & ! ma9t5ance ( ord] z e/abli%$ by law4 ,i h le>nt1 9 ! lab\rs & trials ( ?is /ruggle1 ! real wor? ( ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ( ,*ri/ian ,lib]ty4 xxvii ,god p]mits me1 9 ! repose ( my retreat1 to consecrate to _! cause :at rema9s to me ( life & ( /r5g?4 ,x is ! mo/ salut>y fav\r & ! greate/ hon\r t ,i c receive f ,8 goodness4 ,guizot4 ,val-,ri*]1 ,june1 #ahfd4 xxviii #a ,m$itations ,on ,! ,ess5ce ,( ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,fir/ ,m$itation4 ,natural ,problems4 ,f ! v orig9 ( ! human race1 :]ev] man has exi/$1 or /ill exi/s1 c]ta9 que/ions h peculi>ly & irresi/ibly fix$ 8 att5tion1 & !y cont9ue to d s at ! pres5t h\r4 #b ,?is arises n alone f a feel+ ( natural curiosity1 or ! ard5t ?ir/ = k1 b f a deep] & m p[]ful motive3 ! de/9y ( man is intimately involv$ 9 ^! que/ions2 !y conta9 ! secret n only ( all t he sees ar\nd him1 b ( 8 own be+2 & :5 he aspires to solve !m1 x is n m]ely because he desires to und]/& ! spectacle ( :i* he is a behold]1 b because he feels1 & is consci\s ( be+ himself an actor 9 ! great drama ( exi/5ce1 & because he seeks to asc]ta9 8 own "p !re1 & compreh5d 8 own de/9y4 ,8 pres5t conduct & 8 future lot are z mu* at issue z ! satisfaction ( 8 ?\ght4 ,^! great problems are1 = man1 n que/ions ( sci5ce1 b que/ions ( life3 9 consid]+ !m he feels himself compell$ to say1 ) ,hamlet1 ,to be or n to be1 t is ! "q4 ,:5ce does ! _w proce$1 & :5ce does man appe> 9 ! mid/ ( x8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ea*1 & :i!r does ea* t5d8 ,:at are _! beg9n+ & _! end8 ,laws !re are :i* gov]n !m2--is !re a legislator8 #c ,"u ! empire ( ^! laws1 man feels & calls himself free3 is he s 9 reality8 ,h[ is 8 lib]ty compatible ) ! laws :i* gov]n him & ! _w8 ,is he a passive in/rum5t ( fate1 or a responsible ag5t8 ,:at are ! ties & relations :i* connect him ) ! ,legislator ( ! _w8 ,! _w & man himself pres5t a /range & pa9ful spectacle4 ,good & evil1 bo? moral & physical1 ord] & disord]1 joy & sorr[1 are "h intimately bl5d$ & yet 9 cont9ual antagonism4 ,:5ce come ?is comm+l+ & ?is /rife8 ,is good or is evil ! condition & ! law ( man & ( ! _w8 ,if good1 h[ !n has evil f\nd admission8 ,:]e=e suff]+ & dea?8 ,:y ?is moral disord]8--! calamities :i* s frequ5tly befall ! good1 & ! prosp]ity1 s abhorr5t to our feel+s1 :i* att5ds ! wick$8 ,is ?is ! normal & def9itive /ate ( man & ( ! _w8 #d ,man is consci\s t he is at ! same "t great & little1 /rong & feeble1 p[]ful & impot5t4 ,he f9ds 9 himself matt] = admiration & = love1 & yet he suffices n to himself 9 any respect2 he seeks an aid1 a support1 beyond & above himself3 he asks1 he invokes1 he prays4 ,:at mean ^! inw>d disquietudes1--^! alt]nate impulses ( pride & weakness8 ,h !y1 or n1 a mean+ & an object8 ,:y pray]8 ,su* are ! natural problems1 n[ dimly felt1 n[ cle>ly def9$1 :i* 9 all ages & among all nations1 9 e =m & 9 e degree ( civilization1 by in/9ct or by reflexion1 h aris51 & /ill arise1 9 ! human m9d4 ,i indicate only ! greate/1 ! mo/ app>5t3 ,i might recall _m o!rs :i* are connect$ ) !m4 ,n only are ^! problems natural to man2 !y app]ta9 to him alone2 !y are 8 peculi> privilege4 ,man alone1 among all creatures kn[n to u1 p]ceives & /ates !m1 & feels himself imp]i\sly call$ ^u to solve !m4 #e ,i borr[ ! foll[+ admirable obs]vations f ,m4 de ,*teaubri&3--,:y does n ! ox z ,i d8 ,x c lie d[n ^u ! grass1 raise its head t[>d heav51 & 9 its l[+s call ^u t unkn[n ,be+ :o fills ?is imm5sity ( space4 ,b no3 cont5t ) ! turf on :i* x tramples1 x int]rogates n ^? suns 9 ! firmam5t above1 :i* are ! gr& evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,animals are n tr\bl$ ) ^? hopes :i* fill ! he>t ( man2 ! spot on :i* !y tread yields !m all ! happ9ess ( :i* !y are susceptible2 a little grass satisfies ! %eep2 a little blood gluts ! tig]4 ,! only creature t looks beyond himself1 & is n all 9 all to himself1 is man4 ,footnote #b ,footnote #b3 ,g5ie du ,*ri/ianisme1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjh1 edit1 ( #ahca4 ,f ^! problems1 natural & peculi> to man1 all religions h sprung4 ,! object ( !m all is to satisfy man's ?ir/ = _! solution4 ,z ^! problems are ! s\rce ( religion1 ! solutions !y receive are its sub/ance & f\ndation4 #f ,!re prevails 9 our days a v g5]al t5d5cy to reg>d religion z consi/+ ess5tially--,i might say :olly--9 religi\s s5tim5t1 9 ^? l(ty & vague aspirations :i* are t]m$ ! poetry ( ! s\l1 beyond & above ! realities ( life4 ,?r\gh ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ! s\l ent]s into relation ) ! ,div9e ord] ( ?+s2 & ?is relation1 ( a :olly p]sonal & intimate "*1 indep5d5t ( all positive dogma1 ( any organiz$ ,*ur*1 is deem$ to be all-suffici5t = man1 ! true & ne$ful religion4 ,unque/ionably ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ! intimate & p]sonal relation ( ! s\l ) ! ,div9e ord]1 is ess5tial & necess>y to religion2 b religion is m ?an ?is--mu* m4 ,! human s\l is n to be divid$ & re/rict$ to c]ta9 faculties select$ & exalt$1 :il/ ! re/ are condemn$ to slumb]4 ,man is n a m]e s5sitive & poetic be+1 aspir+ to rise above ! pres5t & mat]ial _w by love & imag9ation3 he n only feels1 b he ?9ks2 he requires to "k & believe z well z love2 x is n en\gh t 8 s\l %\ld be capable ( emotion & aspiration2 he requires t x %\ld be fix$1 & re/ ^u convictions 9 h>mony ) 8 emotions4 #g ,?is x is t man seeks 9 religion2 he requires some?+ m ?an a pure & noble rapture2 he requires enlight5m5t1 z well z sympa?y4 ,b if ! moral problems t beset 8 ?\ght are n solv$1 :at he exp]i5ces may be poetry1--x is n religion4 ,i _c contemplate unmov$ ! tr\bles ( m5 ( l(ty m9ds1 seek+ 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t alone a refuge aga9/ d\bt & impiety4 ,x is well to pres]ve1 9 ! %ipwreck ( fai? & ! *aos ( ?\ght1 ! great in/9cts ( our nature1 & n to lose sight ( ! sublime requirem5ts :i* rema9 unsatisfi$4 ,i "k n to :at ext5t1 m5 ( em95t m9ds may ?us comp5sate1 by _! s9c]ity & f]v\r ( s5tim5t1 = ! void 9 _! belief2 b let !m n deceive !mselves2 b>r5 aspirations & speci\s d\bts satisfy a man z little z to 8 future spiritual int]e/s z ) respect to 8 condition 9 ! pres5t life2 ! natural problems to :i* ,i h allud$ w ev] be ! great weight press+ ^u ! s\l1 & religi\s s5tim5t w nev] alone suffice to be ! religion ( mank9d4 #h ,besides ?is apo!osis ( religi\s s5tim5t1 "s at ! pres5t day h essay$ a diff]5t1 a m s]i\s & m d>+ !ory4 ,f> f s\nd+ ! natural problems to :i* religions correspond1 s*ools ( philosophy1 occupy+ a prom95t intellectual position1--! ,pan!i/ic ,s*ool1 & ! s-call$ ,positive ,s*ool1--suppress & d5y !m altoge!r4 ,9 _! view1 ! _w has exi/$1 ( itself1 f all et]nity1 z h ! laws also by :i* x is su/a9$ & develop$4 ,9 _! elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & tak5 altoge!r1 all ?+s h ev] be5 :at !y n[ are1 & :at !y w ev] cont9ue to be4 ,!re is no my/]y 9 ?is univ]se2 !re exi/ only facts & laws1 naturally & necess>ily l9k$ toge!r2 & ^! furni% ! field = human sci5ce1 :i*1 al?\gh incomplete1 is yet indef9itely progressive1 9 its p[] z well z 9 its op]ations4 #i ,accord+ to ^! views1 ,div9e ,provid5ce & human lib]ty1 ! orig9 ( evil1 ! comm+l+ & ! /rife ( good & evil 9 ! _w1 & 9 man1 ! imp]fection ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 & ! de/9y ( man1 ! prospect ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ord] 9 ! future--^! are all m]e dreams1 freaks ( man's ?\ght3 no su* que/ions inde$ exi/1 inasmu* z ! _w is et]nal1 x is 9 its actual /ate complete1 normal1 & def9itive1 ?\gh at ! same "t progressive4 ,! rem$y = ! moral & physical evils :i* afflict mank9d1 mu/ !n be s\ght1 n 9 any p[] sup]ior to ! _w1 b simply 9 ! progress ( ! sci5ces & ! advance ( human enlight5m5t4 #aj ,i %all n "h discuss ?is sy/em2 ,i d n ev5 qualify x by its true "n2 ,i m]ely recapitulate its t5ets4 ,b1 at ! fir/ & simple aspect1 :at contempt does x manife/ ( ! spontane\s & univ]sal in/9cts ( man6 ,:at he$lessness ( ! facts :i* fill & nev] cease to *>act]ize ! univ]sal hi/ory ( ! human race6 ,nev]!less to ?is we are come3 n a solution1 b ! negation ( ! natural problems1 :i* irresi/ibly occupy ! human s\l1 is pres5t$ to man = 8 full satisfaction & repose4 ,let him foll[ ! ma!matical or physical sci5ces2 let him be a me*anician1 *emi/1 critic1 noveli/1 or poet2 b let him n ent] ^u :at is t]m$ ! sph]e ( religi\s & !ological inquiry3 "h are no real que/ions to solve1 n\ght to inve/igate1 no?+ to d1--no?+ to expect1--absolutely no?+4 #aa ,second ,m$itation4 ,*ri/ian ,dogmas4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion kn[s man bett]1 & treats man bett]3 x has o!r answ]s to 8 que/ions2 & x is betwe5 ! absolute negation ( ! problems ( religion & ! ,*ri/ian solution ( ^! problems t ! discussion lies at ! pres5t day4 ,"s words !re are :i* we n[ reg>d ) di/ru/ & al>m3 we suspect _! mask+ illegitimate pret5sions & tyranny4 ,su*1 9 our days1 has be5 ! lot ( ! ^w dogma4 ,to _m ?is ^w imp>ts an imp]i\s necessity to believe1 at once (f5d+ & disquiet+4 ,s+ul> contra/6 ,on all sides we seek = pr9ciples1 & we take al>m at dogmas4 #ab ,?is s5tim5t1 h[ev] absurd 9 itself1 is 9 no way /range2 ,*ri/ian dogmas h s]v$ z motive & pretext = s mu* iniquity1 s _m acts ( oppression & cruelty1 t _! v "n has become ta9t$ & suspect$4 ,! ^w be>s ! p5alty ( ! rem9isc5ces :i* x awak5s3 & ju/ly4 ,all attacks ^u ! lib]ty ( consci5ce1 all employm5t ( =ce to extirpate or to impose religi\s belief1 is1 & ev] has be51 an iniquit\s & tyrannical act4 ,all p[]s1 all p>ties1 all *ur*es1 h held su* acts to be n only p]missible1 b enjo9$ by ! ,div9e ,law3 all h deem$ x n m]ely _! "r1 b _! duty1 to prev5t & to puni% by law & human =ce1 error 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,!y may all allege 9 excuse1 ! s9c]ity ( _! belief 9 ! legitimacy ( ?is usurpation4 ,! usurpation is n ! less enorm\s & fatal1 & p]haps inde$ x is1 ( all human usurpations1 ! "o :i* has inflict$ on m5 ! mo/ odi\s torm5ts & ! grosse/ errors4 #ac ,x w con/itute ! glory ( our "t to h disc>d$ ?is pret5sion3 nev]!less x yet exi/s1 ) p]si/5cy1 9 c]ta9 /ates1 9 c]ta9 laws1 9 c]ta9 recesses ( ! human s\l & ( ,*ri/ian society2 & !re is1 & ev] w be1 ne$ to wat* & to combat x1 to r5d] its bani%m5t unconditional & )\t appeal4 ,subdu$1 h[ev]1 x is3 civil fre$om 9 matt]s ( fai? & religi\s life has become a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( civilization & ( law4 ,^! que/ions1 affect+ ! relations ( man to ,god1 are no long] discuss$ or adju/$ 9 ! ar5a & by a rec\rse to ! h& ( political & executive p[]2 b !y are transport$ to ! sph]e ( ! intellect & left to ! uncontroll$ work+ ( ! m9d itself4 ,b aga91 9 ?is sph]e ( ! intellect1 ^! que/ions /ill />t up & call l\dly = _! peculi> solution--t is1 = ! fundam5tal facts & ideas1 ! pr9ciples 9 effect :i* _! nature requires4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion has its own pr9ciples1 :i* con/itute ! rational basis ( ! fai? x inculcates & ! life :i* x enjo9s4 ,^! are t]m$ its dogmas4 #ad ,! ,*ri/ian dogmas are ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ! ,*ri/ian solutions ( ! problems ( natural religion4 ,let m5 ( a s]i\s m9d1 :o h n entirely reject$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & :o /ill admire x1 :il/ d5y+ its fundam5tal dogmas1 bew>e ( ?is3 ! fl[]s ^: p]fume captivates !m w quickly fade1 ! fruits !y delight 9 w soon cease to gr[ :5 ! axe %all h be5 appli$ to ! roots ( ! tree t be>s !m4 ,= myself1 arriv$ at ! t]m ( a long life1 "o ( lab\r1 ( reflection1 & ( trials1--( trials 9 ?\ght z well z 9 action1--,i am conv9c$ t1 ! ,*ri/ian dogmas are ! legitimate & satisfactory solutions ( ^? religi\s problems :i*1 z ,i h said1 nature sugge/s & man c>ries 9 8 own brea/1 & f :i* he _c escape4 #ae ,i beg1 at ! outset1 ,!ologians1 :e!r ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 to p>don me4 ,i h no design to cite or to expla91 or to ma9ta91 all ! v>i\s doctr9al po9ts1 all ! articles ( fai?1 :i* h be5 includ$ 9 ! t]m ( ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,dur+ eighte5 c5turies1 ,*ri/ian !ology has v (t5 v5tur$ to advance out ( & beyond ! limits ( ! ,*ri/ian religion3 man has conf\nd$ 8 own lab\rs ) ! "w ( ,god4 ,x is ! natural consequ5ce ( ! union ( human activity & human imp]fection4 ,?is same result may be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ! society & religion ^u :i* ,god has graft$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,at ! "t :5 ,god rais$ up ,jesus ,*ri/ among ! ,jews1 ! fai? & ! law ( ! ,jews 7 no long] solely & purely ! fai? & law :i* ,god _h giv5 to !m by ,moses3 ! ,ph>isees1 ! ,sadducees1 & _m o!rs1 _h ess5tially modifi$1 enl>g$1 & alt]$ bo?4 ,*ri/ianity too has _h its ,ph>isees & its ,sadducees2 9 its turn x has be5 made to feel ! work+s ( human ?\ght & ! influ5ce ( human passions on its ,div9e revelation4 #af ,i _c recognize1 9 all ! unc]ta9 fruits ( ^! lab\rs1 ! claim to ! title ( ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,nev]!less ,i h no int5tion "h to specify p>ticul>ly & to combat su* t5ets 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 z ,i c nei!r accept nor def5d4 ,x is n = me--& ,i v5ture to say1 x is n = any ,*ri/ian--to scan critically ! int]ior ( ! ,edifice1 at a mom5t :5 its f\ndations are ard5tly attack$4 ,f> r ,i pref] to rally 9 a common def5ce all :o abide )9 its walls4 ,i %all "h allude only to ! dogmas common to !m all1 :i* ,i sum up 9 ^! t]ms3--,! ,creation1 ,provid5ce1 ,orig9al ,s91 ! ,inc>nation1 & ! ,r$emption4 ,^! con/itute ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & all :o believe 9 ^! dogmas ,i hold to be ,*ri/ians4 ,"o lead+ & common *>act]i/ic 9 ^! dogmas /rikes me at ! outset3 !y deal frankly ) ! religi\s problems natural to & inh]5t 9 man1 & (f] at once ! solution4 #ag ,! dogma ( ,creation atte/s ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z ,creator & ,legislator1 & x atte/s also ! l9k :i* unites man ) ,god4 ,! dogma ( ,provid5ce expla9s & ju/ifies pray]1 t in/9ctive rec\rse ( man to ! liv+ ,god1 to t supreme ,p[] :i* is ev] pres5t ) him 9 life1 & :i* influ5ces 8 de/9y4 ,! dogma ( ,orig9al ,s9 acc\nts = ! pres5ce ( evil & disord] 9 mank9d & 9 ! _w4 ,! dogmas ( ! ,inc>nation & ( ,r$emption1 rescue man f ! consequ5ces ( evil1 & op5 to him a prospect 9 ano!r life ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ord]4 ,unque/ionably1 ! sy/em is gr&1 complete1 well connect$1 & =cible3 x answ]s to ! requirem5ts ( ! human s\l1 removes ! burd5 :i* oppresses x1 imp>ts ! /r5g? :i* x ne$s1 & ! satisfaction to :i* x aspires4 ,has x a rightful claim to all ?is p[]8 ,is its influ5ce legitimate1 z well z efficaci\s8 #ah ,9 my own m9d ,i h borne ! bur!n ( ! objections to ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 & to ea* ( its ess5tial dogmas2 ,i h exp]i5c$ ! anxieties ( d\bt3 ,i %all /ate h[ ,i h escap$ f d\bt1 & ! gr\nd ^u :i* my convictions h be5 f\nd$4 ,i4 ,creation4 ,! only s]i\s oppon5ts ( ! dogma ( ! ,creation are ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! univ]se1 ! e>?1 ! man ^u ! e>?1 h exi/$ f all et]nity1 &1 collectively1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y n[ are4 ,no "o h[ev] c hold ?is language1 to :i* facts are inv9cibly oppos$4 ,h[ _m ages man has exi/$ on ! e>?1 is a "q t has be5 l>gely discuss$1 & is /ill "u discussion4 ,! inquiry 9 no way affects ! dogma ( ! ,creation itself3 x is a c]ta9 & recogniz$ fact1 t man has n always exi/$ on ! e>?1 & t ! e>? has = long p]iods und]gone diff]5t *anges incompatible ) man's exi/5ce4 ,man !re=e _h a beg9n+3 man has come ^u ! e>?4 ,h[ has he come !re8 #ai ,"h ! oppon5ts ( ! dogma ( ,creation are divid$3 "s uphold ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation2 o!rs1 ! trans=mation ( species4 ,accord+ to "o p>ty1 matt] possesses1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances & by ! simple developm5t ( its own prop] p[]1 ! faculty ( creat+ animat$ be+s4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 ! diff]5t species ( animat$ be+s :i* /ill exi/1 or h exi/$ at v>i\s epo*s & 9 ! diff]5t conditions ( ! e>?1 are d]iv$ f a small numb] ( primitive types1 :i* h possess$1 ?r\gh ! lapse ( millions & ?\s&s ( millions ( ages1 ! p[] ( develop+ & p]fect+ !mselves1 s z to ga9 admission1 ?r\gh trans=mation1 into high] species4 ,h5ce !y conclude1 ) m or less hesitation1 t ! human race is ! result ( a trans=mation1 or a s]ies ( trans=mations4 #bj ,! attempt to e/abli% ! !ory ( spontane\s production dates f a remote p]iod4 ,sci5ce has ev] baffl$ x3 ! m its obs]vations h be5 exact & pr(\nd1 ! m h !y refut$ ! hypo!sis ( ! innate creative p[] ( matt]4 ,?is result has be5 aga9 rec5tly e/abli%$ by ! att5tive exam9ation ( m5 ( em95t sci5tific atta9m5ts1 )9 & )\t ! walls ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,b 7 x ev5 o!rwise1--c\ld ! advocates ( ! !ory ( spontane\s production ref] to exp]im5ts hi!rto irrefutable1 ^! w\ld furni% no bett] explanation ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( man ^u e>?1 & ,i %\ld reta9 my "r to repeat "h :at ,i h advanc$ else:]e on ?is subject3,footnote #c-- ,footnote #c3 ,l',eglise et la ,socit ,*rti5ne en #ahfa1 p4 #bg4 #ba ,su* a mode ( g5]ation _c1 nor ev] c\ld1 produce any b infant be+s1 9 ! fir/ h\r & 9 ! fir/ /ate ( incipi5t life4 ,x has1 ,i believe1 nev] be5 ass]t$1 nor w any p]son ev] affirm1 t1 by spontane\s g5]ation1 man-- t is to say1 man & woman1 ! human c\ple--c h issu$1 or t !y h issu$ at any p]iod1 f matt]1 ( full =m & /ature1 9 possession ( all _! p[]s & faculties1 z ,greek paganism repres5t$ ,m9]va issu+ f ! bra9 ( ,jupit]4 ,yet x is only ^u ?is supposition1 t man1 appe>+ = ! fir/ "t ^u e>?1 c\ld h liv$ !re to p]petuate 8 species & to f\nd ! human race4 ,let any "o picture to himself ! fir/ man1 born 9 a /ate ( ! e>lie/ infancy1 alive b in]t1 devoid ( intellig5ce1 p[]less1 incapable ( satisfy+ 8 own wants ev5 = a mom5t1 trembl+1 sobb+1 ) no "m to li/5 to or fe$ him6 ,& yet we h 9 ?is a picture ( ! fir/ man1 z pres5t$ by ! sy/em ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,x is manife/ly n ?us t ! human race fir/ appe>$ ^u e>?4 ,! sy/em ( ! trans=mation ( species is no less refut$ by sci5ce ?an by ! in/9cts ( common s5se4 ,x re/s ^u no tangible fact1 on no pr9ciple ( sci5tific obs]vation or hi/oric tradition4 #bb ,all ! facts asc]ta9$1 all ! monum5ts collect$ 9 diff]5t ages & diff]5t places1 respect+ ! exi/5ce ( liv+ species1 disprove ! hypo!sis ( _! hav+ und]gone any trans=mation1 any notable & p]man5t *ange3 we meet ) !m a ?\s&1 two ?\s&1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! same z !y are at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! same species ! races may v>y & und]go mutual *anges3 ! species d n *ange2 & all attempts to trans=m !m artificially1 by cross+s ) alli$ species1 h only result$ 9 modifications1 :i*1 aft] two or ?ree g5]ations1 h be5 /ruck ) b>r5ness1 z if to atte/ ! impot5ce ( man to effect1 by ! progressive trans=mation ( exi/+ species1 a creation ( new species4 ,man is n an ape trans=m$ & p]fect$ by "s dim imp]ceptible f]m5tation ( ! elem5ts ( nature & by ! op]ation ( ages3 ?is assum$ explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! human species is a m]e vague hypo!sis1 ! fruit ( an imag9ation ill compreh5d+ ! spectacle t nature pres5ts1 & !re=e easily s$uc$ to =m +5i\s conjectures3 ^! _! au?ors s[ 9 ! /ream ( ev5ts unkn[n & ( "t inf9ite1 & tru/ to !m = ! realization ( _! dreams4 #bc ,! pr9ciple ( ! fundam5tal div]sity & ! p]man5ce ( species--firmly upheld by ,m4 ,cuvi]1 ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 ,m4 ,co/e1 ,m4 ,quatrefages1 & by all exact obs]v]s ( facts--rema9s dom9ant 9 sci5ce z 9 reality4 ,footnote #d ,footnote #d3 ,cuvi]--,disc\rs sur les ,rvolutions du ,globe1 pp4 #aag1 #abj1 #abd 7edit4 #ahbe72 ,fl\r5s--,ontologie ,naturelle1 pp4 #aj-hg 7#ahfa72 ,j\rnal des ,savants 7,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 #ahfc72 ?ree articles on ! "w ( ,*4 ,d>w91 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ! ,laws ( ,progress among ,organis$ ,be+s2 ,co/e--,hi/oire ,gnrale et ,p>ticulire du ,dveloppem5t des ,corps ,organiss2 ,disc\rs ,prlim9aire1 vol4 i4 p4 #bc2 ,quatrefages--,metamorphoses de l',homme et des ,animaux1 p4 #bbe 7#ahfb72 & 8 articles ,on ! ,unity ( ! ,human ,species1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 9 #ahfj & #ahfa1 & collect$ 9 "o volume 7#ahfa74 #bd ,besides ^! va9 attempts to sup]s$e ,god ! ,creator1 & to expla9 by ! inh]5t & progressive p[] ( matt]1 ! orig9 ( man & ( ! _w1 ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( ,creation has yet o!r adv]s>ies4 ,"o p>ty1 to combat x1 seizes its arms f ! ,bible itself1 alleg+ ! acc\nt !re giv5 ( ! successive facts ( ! creation1 ( :i* ! _w & man 7 ! result2 !y cite & enum]ate ! difficulties ( reconcil+ ?is acc\nt ) ! obs]vations & ! conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,i %all weigh ! =ce ( ?is class ( objections 9 treat+ ( ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ( _! real object & true mean+2 b ,i at once raise ! dogma ( ,creation above ?is attack1--plac+ x at its prop] height & isolation3 x is ! g5]al fact1 x is ! v pr9ciple ( creation :i* con/itutes ! dogma2 :at ev] may be ! obscurities or ! sci5tific difficulties pres5t$ by ! biblical n>rative1 ! pr9ciple & ! g5]al fact ( ! ,creation rema9 unaffect$3 ,god ! ,creator does n ! less rema9 9 possession ( ,8 "w4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 9 its ess5ce1 ass]ts & dem&s no?+ m4 #be ,b la/ly1 ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( ,creation is met by ! g5]al objection rais$ aga9/ all ! facts & all ! acts :i* are t]m$ sup]natural3 t is to say1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,god z well z ! dogma ( ,creation1 aga9/ all religions 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* a "q requires to be consid]$1 n ) ref]5ce to any p>ticul> dogma1 or ) a view to def5d "o side only ( ! edifice ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is po9t1 !n1 ,i %all pres5tly exam9e frankly & 9 all its be>+s4 ,,ii4 ,provid5ce4 ,god ! ,creator is also ,god ! ,pres]v]4 ,he lives1 & is at ! same "t ! s\rce ( life4 ,! union betwe5 ,him & 8 creature does n cease :5 ! creature is br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,! dogma ( ,provid5ce is consequ5t ^u t ( ,creation4 #bf ,pray] is m ?an ! m]e outbur/ ( ! desires or sorr[s ( ! s\l1 seek+ t satisfaction1 /r5g?1 or consolation :i* x does n f9d )9 itself2 x is ! expression ( a fai?1 in/9ctive or reflective1 obscure or cle>1 wav]+ or /eadfa/1 9 ! exi/5ce1 ! pres5ce1 ! p[]1 & ! sympa?y ( ! ,be+ to :om pray] is address$4 ,)\t a c]ta9 measure ( fai? & tru/ 9 ,god1 pray] w\ld n bur/ =?1 or w\ld sudd5ly be dri$ up 9 ! s\l4 ,if fai? ev]y:]e resi/s1 & ev]y:]e outlives all ! d5ials1 all ! d\bts1 & all ! d>kness :i* oppress mank9d1 x is t man be>s )9 himself an imp]i%able consci\sness ( ! endur+ bond :i* connects him ) ,god1 & ,god ) him4 ,f> f de/roy+ ?is s5tim5t1 exp]i5ce & ! spectacle ( life expla9 & confirm x4 ,9 reflect+ on 8 de/9y1 man recognises 9 x ?ree diff]5t s\rces1 & divides1 s to say1 into ?ree classes ! facts :i* make up ! :ole4 ,he is consci\s ( be+ subject to ev5ts :i* are ! consequ5ce ( laws1 g5]al1 p]man5t1 & indep5d5t ( 8 w1 b :i* by 8 intellig5ce he obs]ves & compreh5ds4 #bg ,by ! act ( 8 free w he also himself creates ev5ts1 ( :i* he kn[s himself to be au?or1 & ^! h _! own consequ5ces & ent] too into ! tissue ( 8 life4 ,la/ly1 he passes ?r\gh ev5ts1 9 8 view1 nei!r ! result ( ^? g5]al laws f :i* no?+ c )draw him1 nor ! act ( 8 own lib]ty1--ev5ts ( :i* he p]ceives nei!r ! cause1 ! reason1 nor ! au?or4 ,man attributes ?is la/ class ( ev5ts sometimes to a bl9d cause1 :i* he t]ms *ance2 at ano!r1 to an intellig5t & supreme int5tion :i* is 9 ,god4 ,8 m9d at times revolts at ! inanity ( ?is ^w *ance1 :i* expla9s & def9es no?+2 & he !n pictures to himself a my/]i\s1 imp5etrable p[]1 a m]ely necess>y *a9 ( unkn[n facts1 to :i* he gives ! "n ( fatality1 de/9y4 ,to acc\nt = ?is obscure & accid5tal "p ( human life1 :i* orig9ates nei!r f any g5]al & conceivable laws1 nor f ! free w ( man himself1 we mu/ *oose betwe5 fatality & ,provid5ce1 *ance & ,god4 #bh ,i express my mean+ )\t hesitation4 ,:o ev] accepts z a satisfactory explanation ! !ory ( fatality & *ance1 does n truly believe 9 ,god4 ,:oev] believes truly 9 ,god1 relies ^u ,provid5ce4 ,god is n an exp$i5t1 inv5t$ to expla9 ! fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( causation1 an actor call$ to op5 by creation ! drama ( ! _w1 !n to relapse into a /ate ( in]t uselessness4 ,by ! v fact ( 8 exi/5ce1 ,god is pres5t ) 8 "w1 & su/a9s x4 ,provid5ce is ! natural & necess>y developm5t ( ,god's exi/5ce2 8 con/ant pres5ce & p]man5t action 9 creation4 ,! univ]sal & insup]able in/9ct :i* leads man to pray]1 is 9 h>mony ) ?is great fact2 he :o believes 9 ,god _c b h rec\rse to ,him & pray to ,him4 #bi ,objections are rais$ to ! "n itself ( ,god4 ,he acts1 x is said1 only by g5]al & p]man5t laws3 h[ c we implore ,8 int]f]5ce 9 fav\r ( our special & exceptional desires8 ,he is immutable1 ev] p]fect1 & ev] ! same3 h[ is x conceivable t ,he l5ds ,himself to ! fickl5ess ( human s5tim5ts & wi%es8 ,! pray] :i* asc5ds to ,him is =getful ( 8 real nature4 ,m5 h treat$ ! attributes ( ,god z furni%+ an objection to 8 ,provid5ce4 ,?is objection1 s (t5 repeat$1 nev] fails to a/oni% me4 ,! majority ( ^? :o urge x1 ass]t at ! same "t t ,god is incompreh5sible1 & t we _c p5etrate ! secret ( 8 nature4 ,:at !n is ?is b to pret5d to compreh5d ,god8 & by :at "r d !y oppose 8 nature to 8 provid5ce1 if 8 nature is1 to u1 an imp5etrable my/]y8 ,i refra9 f reproa*+ !m = _! ambition2 ambition is ! privilege & ! glory ( man2 b 9 reta9+ x1 let !m n ov]look its legitimate limits4 ,!re is only ?is alt]native3 ei!r man mu/ cease to believe 9 ,god1 because he _c compreh5d ,him1 or 9 effect admit 8 incompreh5sibility1 & /ill at ! same "t believe 9 ,him4 #cj ,he _c pass & repass incessantly f "o sy/em to ! o!r1 n[ decl>+ ,god to be incompreh5sible2 n[ speak+ ( ,him1 ( 8 nature & 8 attributes1 z if ,he 7 )9 ! prov9ce ( human sci5ce4 ,great z is ! "q ( ,provid5ce1 ! "o ,i h "h to consid] is /ill great]1 = x is ! "q ( ! v exi/5ce ( ,god2 & ! fundam5tal inquiry is to "k :e!r ,he exi/s1 or does n exi/4 ,god is at once light & my/]y3 9 intimate relation ) man1 & yet beyond ! limits ( 8 k4 ,i %all pres5tly endeav\r to m>k ! limit at :i* human k /ops1 & indicate its prop] sph]e2 b ?is ,i at once assume z c]ta93 :oev]1 believ+ 9 ,god & speak+ ( ,him z incompreh5sible1 yet p]si/s 9 endeav\r+ to def9e ,him sci5tifically1 & seeks to p5etrate ! my/]y1 :i* he has yet admitt$1 is 9 great risk ( de/roy+ 8 own belief1 & ( sett+ ,god aside1 :i* is "o way ( d5y+ ,him4 #ca ,b ,i leave = a mom5t ^! two simultane\s propositions1 namely1 ! impossibility ( compreh5d+ ,god1 & ! necessity ( believ+ 9 ,him2 & ,i proce$ at once to t objection to ! special provid5ce ( ,god :i* is drawn f ! g5]al "* ( ! laws ( nature4 ,?is objection results f conf\nd+ v diff]5t ?+s1 & ov]look+ a fundam5tal "o1--! fact *>act]i/ic inde$ ( human nature4 ,x is true t ! provid5ce ( ,god presides ov] ! ord] ( ! _w :i* ,he gov]ns by g5]al & p]man5t laws3 ^! laws w\ld be m accurately designat$ by ano!r "n2 !y are ! ,w ( ,god1 cont9ually act+ ^u ! _w1 = n only ! laws b ! ,lawgiv] are !re ev] pres5t4 ,b :5 ,god creat$ man1 ,he creat$ him diff]5t f ! physical _w2 free1 & a moral ag5t2 & h5ce !re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! action ( ,god on ! physical _w1 & 8 action on man4 #cb ,i %all subsequ5tly /ate my op9ion z to ! full mean+ ( ! expression1 ,man is a free be+1 & z to ! nature ( ! consequ5ces to :i* x leads2 = ! pres5t1 ,i assume1 z a c]ta9 & inconte/able fact1 ?is pr9ciple ( human lib]ty1--( ! free det]m9ation ( man consid]$ z a moral ag5t4 ,admitt+ ?is1 x _c be said t ,god gov]ns mank9d at l>ge by g5]al & p]man5t laws2 = :at w\ld ?is be b to ignore or annul ! lib]ty grant$ to man1 t is to say1 to misconceive & mutilate ! ,"w ( ,god himself4 ,man ex]cises a free det]m9ation1 & 9 8 own life actually gives bir? to ev5ts :i* are n ! result ( any g5]al & ext]nal laws4 ,div9e ,provid5ce wat*es ! op]ations ( man's volition1 & records ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 ex]cis$4 ,x does n treat man z x deals ) ! />s 9 heav5 & ! waves ( ! ocean1 :i* h nei!r ?\ght nor w2 ) man x has o!r relations ?an ) nature1 & employs a diff]5t mode ( action4 #cc ,!re is little wisdom 9 in/itut+ comp>isons betwe5 objects or facts n ess5tially analog\s2 & ! idea ( ,god has be5 s (t5 disfigur$ by repres5t+ ,him 9 ! image ( man1 t ,i mi/ru/ ! efficacy ( any analogies borr[$ f humanity to convey a conception ( ,god4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 ov]look ! fact1 t ,god has creat$ man 9 8 own image1 nor c ,i absolutely refra9 f seek+1 9 nature or ! life ( man1 "s type to %ad[ =? ! features ( ,god4 ,let u consid] ! human family3 ! fa!r & "m assi/ 9 direct+ ! active developm5t ( ! *ild2 !y wat* ov] x ) au?ority & t5d]ness2 !y control its lib]ty )\t annull+ x1 & !y li/5 to its little pray]s--n[ grant+ !m1 n[ refus+ !m1 z _! reason dictates1 & ) a view to ! *ild's ma9 & future int]e/s4 #cd ,! *ild1 )\t ?\ght or design1 by ! spontane\s in/9ct ( its nature1 recognizes ! au?ority & feels ! t5d]ness ( its p>5ts2 z x advances 9 age1 x sometimes obeys & sometimes resi/s _! injunctions1 us+ or misus+ its natural lib]ty2 b 9 all ! fickl5ess ( its w1 x asks1 x entreats1 full ( confid5ce--joy\s & ?ankful :5 x obta9s f its p>5ts :at x desires2 yet1 :5 d5i$1 /ill ready aga9 to ask & to entreat ) ! same confid5ce z be=e4 ,?is is :at takes place 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! human family :5 rul$ accord+ to ! dictates ( nature & "r4 ,an image we h "h1 imp]fect b /ill true--a %ad[+-=?1 fa9t yet fai?ful--( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,?us x is t ! ,*ri/ian religion qualifies & describes ! action ( ,god 9 ! life ( man4 ,x exhibits ,god z ev] pres5t & accessible to man1 z a fa!r to 8 *ild2 x exhorts1 enc\rages1 invites man to implore1 to confide 91 to pray to ,god4 ,x res]ves absolutely ! answ] ( ,god to t pray]2 ,he w grant1 or ,he w refuse3 we _c p5etrate 8 motives--,! ways ( ,god are n our ways4 #ce ,nev]!less1 to pray]1 ceaseless & ev] r5ew$1 ! ,*ri/ian dogma associates ! firm hope t no?+ is impossible ) ,god4 ,?is dogma is ?us 9 full & intimate h>mony ) ! nature ( man2 :il/ recogniz+ 8 lib]ty1 x does homage to 8 dignity2 9 t5d]+ to him ! res\rce ( an appeal to ,god x provides = 8 weakness4 ,9 sci5ce1 x suppresses n ! my/]y :i* _c be suppress$2 b1 9 man's life1 x solves ! natural problem :i* weighs ^u ! s\l4 ,,iii4 ,orig9al ,s94 ,! dogmas ( ,creation & ,provid5ce br+ u into ! pres5ce ( ,god2 x is ! action ( ,god ^u ! _w & man t !y proclaim & affirm4 ,! dogma ( ,orig9al ,s9 br+s u back to man2 x is ! act ( man t[>ds ,god1 :i* /&s at ! v beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 #cf ,9 :at does ?is dogma consi/8 ,:at are ! elem5ts & ! ess5tial facts :i* con/itute x1 & ^u :i* x is f\nd$8 ,! dogma ( ,orig9al ,s9 implies & affirms ^! propositions3 #a4 ,t ,god1 9 creat+ man1 has creat$ him an ag5t1 moral1 free1 & fallible2 #b4 ,t ! w ( ,god is ! moral law ( man1 & ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god is ! duty ( man1 inasmu* z he is a moral & free ag5t2 #c4 ,t1 by an act ( 8 own free w1 man has kn[+ly fail$ 9 8 duty1 by disobey+ ! law ( ,god2 #d4 ,t ! free man is a responsible be+1 & t disob$i5ce to ! law ( ,god has ju/ly entail$ on him puni%m5t2 #e4 ,t t responsibility & t puni%m5t are h]$it>y1 & t ! fault ( ! fir/ man has weigh$ & does weigh ^u ! human race4 #cg ,! au?ority ( ,god1 ! duty ( ob$i5ce to ! law ( ,god1 ! lib]ty & responsibility ( man1 ! h]itage ( human responsibility are1 9 _! moral *ronology1 ! pr9ciples & ! facts compris$ 9 ! dogma ( ,orig9al ,s94 ,i turn away my att5tion = a mom5t f ! dogma itself1 its s\rce1 its hi/ory1 ! ,biblical & ,*ri/ian tradition ( ?is fir/ /ep 9 evil ( ! human race4 ,& consid]+ man1 8 nature1 & 8 de/9y 9 _! actual & g5]al /ate1 ,i inve/igate & v]ify ! moral facts z !y manife/ !mselves at ! pres5t day1 to ! eyes ( good s5se1 amid/ ! disputes ( ! le>n$4 ,man1 at 8 bir?1 is subject$ to ! moral au?ority1 z well z ! physical p[] ( ! p>5ts :o1 humanly speak+1 creat$ him4 ,ob$i5ce is to him a duty1 & at ! same "t a necessity4 ,?is physical necessity & ?is moral obligation1 h[ev] ultimately connect$ ) ea* o!r1 are n "o & id5tical2 & ! *ild1 9 its spontane\s developm5t1 in/9ctively feels ! moral obligation long be=e x is consci\s ( ! physical necessity4 #ch ,! in/9ctive feel+ ( ! obligation is unit$ ) ! gr[+ s5tim5t ( affection2 & ! *ild obeys ! look1 ! voice ( its "m1 unconsci\s ( its absolute dep5d5ce ^u h]4 ,z ! s5tim5t ( affection & ! in/9ct ( obligatory ob$i5ce are ! fir/ dawn ( moral good 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 s ! impulse to disob$i5ce is ! fir/ symptom1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( moral evil4 ,x is ) ! volunt>y disob$i5ce ( ! *ild to ! w ( its "m t ! moral infraction comm5ces1 & x is 9 disob$i5ce t x resides4 ,x consid]s nei!r ! motives nor ! consequ5ces ( its act2 x is simply consci\s t x disobeys1 & reg>ds its "m ) a m+l$ feel+ ( re/lessness & defiance2 x tries1 ) hesitation1 ! mat]nal au?ority2 x /rives to be1 & especially to appe>1 indep5d5t ( ! natural & legitimate p[] :i* rules x1 & :i* x recognises at ! v mom5t :5 x opposes its own w to t high] law4 #ci ,z ! *ild1 s is ! man4 ,z man is born free1 s he lives free2 & z he is born subject1 s he lives subject4 ,lib]ty co-exi/s ) au?ority & resi/s )\t annull+ x4 ,au?ority exi/s be=e lib]ty1 & z x does n yield to x1 s nei!r does x sup]s$e x4 ,man1 inasmu* z he kn[s t he disobeys1 r5d]s homage to au?ority by ! v fact ( 8 disob$i5ce4 ,au?ority1 on its side1 recognizes ! lib]ty ( man1 by ! condemnation :i* x passes on him = hav+ misus$ x2 = he w\ld n be responsible = 8 acts 7 he n free4 ,9 ! co-exi/5ce ( ^! two p[]s1 au?ority & lib]ty1 at "o "t 9 accordance1 at ano!r 9 conflict1 lies ! great secret ( nature & ( human de/9y1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( man & ( ! _w4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood t ,i speak "h ( ! moral _w1 ( ! _w ( ?\ght & ( w4 ,9 ! physical _w !re is nei!r au?ority nor lib]ty2 !re are m]ely c]ta9 =ces1 =ces act+ inevitably & unequally4 #dj ,if ! "q conc]n$ ! mat]ial _w1 c\ld ,i d bett] ?an repeat :at ,pascal has admirably said3 ,man is b a re$--! weake/ 9 nature--b he is a re$ :i* ?9ks2 ! univ]se ne$ n rise 9 arms to cru% him2 a vap\r1 a drop ( wat] suffices to kill him4 ,b 7 ! univ]se to cru% him1 man w\ld /ill be nobl] ?an ! p[] :i* kill$ him1 = he kn[s t he dies2 & ( ! advantage :i* ! univ]se has ov] him1 ! univ]se kn[s no?+4 ,:5 man obeys or disobeys1 he kn[s j z well t au?ority confronts him1 z t lib]ty ( action abides ) himself4 ,he kn[s :at he does1 & he *>ges himself ) ! responsibility4 ,moral ord] is "h complete4 ,?r\gh\t all times & 9 all places1 9 all m51 z 9 ! fir/ man1 disob$i5ce to legitimate au?ority is ! pr9ciple & f\ndation ( moral evil1 or1 to call x by its religi\s "n1 ( s94 #da ,disob$i5ce has v>i\s & complicat$ s\rces2 x may spr+ f a ?ir/ = indep5d5ce1 f ambition or presumptu\s curiosity1 or f giv+ re9 to human incl9ations & temptations2 b1 :atev] its orig91 disob$i5ce is ev] ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( t free act :i* con/itutes s91 z x is also ! s\rce ( ! responsibility :i* accompanies x4 ,em95t m51 em95tly pi\s m51 h combat$ ! doctr9e ( human lib]ty2 unable to reconcile x ) :at !y t]m ! div9e presci5ce1 !y h d5i$ ! fundam5tal fact ( ! nature ( man1 r ?an fully ackn[l$ge ! my/]y ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,o!rs1 equally em95t & s9c]e1 h limit$ !mselves to rais+ d\bts reg>d+ human lib]ty1 & d5y+ x ! value ( an absolute & p]emptory fact4 ,9 my op9ion1 !y h conf\nd$ facts ess5tially diff]5t1 al?\gh intimately bl5d$2 !y h ignor$ ! special & simple "* ( ! v fact ( free w4 ,dur+ a c\rse ( lectures :i* ,i deliv]$ ?irty-five ye>s ago at ! ,sorbonne1 on ! hi/ory ( civilization 9 ,france1 hav+ occasion to exam9e ! controv]sy ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ) ,pelagius on free w1 pr$e/9ation1 & grace1 ,i expla9$ ^! subjects 9 t]ms :i* ,i repeat "h1 f9d+ no o!rs :i* appe> to me m exact & m complete3-- #db ,! fact :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole dispute1 ,i said 9 #ahbi1 is lib]ty1 free w1 ! human w4 ,to compreh5d ?is fact exactly1 we mu/ dive/ x ( e =eign elem5t1 & conf9e x /rictly to itself4 ,x is ! want ( ?is precaution t has l$ to su* frequ5t misconception ( ! ?+ itself2 m5 h n look$ simply at ! fact ( lib]ty1 & at t alone4 ,x has be5 view$ & describ$1 s to speak1 ple-mle ) o!r facts1 closely connect$ to x1 x is true1 9 ! moral life ( man1 b :i* are no less ess5tially diff]5t4 ,= example1 human lib]ty has be5 said to consi/ 9 ! act ( delib]at+ ^u & *oos+ betwe5 motives2 t delib]ation1 & t *oice & judgm5t consequ5t ^u x1 h be5 reg>d$ z ! ess5ce ( free w4 #dc ,n s at all4 ,^! are acts ( ! intellect1 n ( lib]ty2 x is be=e ! intellect t ! v>i\s motives ( resolution & action1 int]e/s1 passions1 op9ions1 & su* l1 pres5t !mselves2 ! intellect consid]s1 comp>es1 e/imates1 weighs1 & judges !m4 ,?is is a prep>atory task1 :i* prec$es ! act ( volition1 b :i* does n 9 any way con/itute x4 ,:51 aft] delib]ation1 man has tak5 full cognisance ( ! motives pres5t$ to him1 & ( _! value1 !re takes place a process entirely new1 & :olly diff]5t1 t ( free w2 man =ms a resolution--t is to say1 he comm5ces a s]ies ( facts hav+ _! s\rce 9 himself1 ( :i* he reg>ds himself z ! au?or2 & ^! are effectuat$ because he wills !m2 !y w\ld h no exi/5ce did he n w x1 & w\ld be diff]5t if he desir$ to produce !m o!rwise4 ,n[1 let u imag9e all remembrance ( ?is process ( intellectual delib]ation oblit]at$1 ! motives s kn[n & appreciat$1 =gott52 conc5trate y\r ?\ght1 & t ( ! man :o takes a resolution1 ^u ! mom5t :5 he says1 ',x is my w1 !re=e ,i %all d s2 & ask y\rself1 ask too ! man1 :e!r he c\ld n w & act o!rwise4 #dd ,)\t d\bt1 y w reply1 z he w d1 ',assur$ly1' & ?is x is t reveals ! fact ( lib]ty2 x consi/s :olly 9 ! resolution :i* man takes aft] ! delib]ation is at an end2 x is ! resolution t is ! prop] act ( man1 :i* is ?r\gh him & ?r\gh him alone2 a simple act1 indep5d5t ( all ! facts :i* prec$e or accompany x1 id5tical 9 ! mo/ v>i$ circum/ances1 always ! same1 :atev] be its motives or its results4 ,at ! same "t t man feels himself free1 & is consci\s ( ! p[] ( comm5c+ by 8 own w alone a s]ies ( facts1 he recognises t 8 w is subject$ to ! empire ( a c]ta9 law1 :i* takes diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! circum/ances to :i* x is appli$--moral law1 reason1 good s5se1 c 444 ,man is free1 b accord+ ev5 to man's own way ( ?9k+1 8 w is n arbitr>y2 he may use x 9 an absurd1 s5seless1 unju/1 & culpable mann]1 & :5ev] he uses x a c]ta9 rule mu/ gov]n x4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is rule is 8 duty1 ! task assign$ to 8 lib]ty4 #de ,x is t act ( a w 7t is to say ( a w /rictly br\ght back to its c5tral & ess5tial limits7 act+ freely 9 ! intimate recesses ( 8 be+1 :i*1 9 ! case ( disob$i5ce to ! law ( duty1 con/itutes 9 man s91 & entails on him its responsibility4 ,is ?is responsibility exclusively p]sonal1 & limit$ to ! au?or ( ! act1 or communicat$1 s to say1 by contagion1 & transmitt$ 9 a c]ta9 measure to 8 desc5dants8 ,i am /ill consid]+ only actual appreciable acts1 su* z !y produce & manife/ !mselves 9 ! moral life ( ! human race4 ,we f9d ! poetry & my?ology ( ne>ly all nations express+ ! idea ( an ,utopian /ate ( exi/5ce1 ref]r$ to times remote & primitive1 to :i* !y assign diff]5t names1 z ! ,gold5 ,age1 ! ,age ( ! ,gods1 & :i* !y picture z an epo* :5 !re exi/$ no moral & physical evil 9 ! _w1--an era ( peace1 bliss1 & innoc5ce4 #df ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 z x has no f\ndation1 & f9ds no pretext 9 any tradition ( hi/orical times1 h[ev] remote2 = f ! comm5cem5t ( hi/ory1 f ! "t t we c disc]n any trace ( facts at all precise & au!ntic1 x is n ! ,gold5 ,age1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! ,iron ,age :i* appe>s--an epo* ( viol5ce & ignorance & b>b>ism1 9 :i* w> & =ce are rampant1 & :i* has n 9 effect ! lea/ resemblance to ^? beautiful dreams ( anci5t poetry4 ,)\t n[ seek+ to e/abli% any relation betwe5 ^! my?ological dreams & ! ,biblical traditions2 or1 = ! mom5t1 draw+ f ! ,gold5 ,age any argum5t 9 support ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed52 ,i m]ely po9t x out z a great fact1 z evid5ce ( a g5]al in/9ct1 s to say1 ( ! human imag9ation4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,:5ce comes ?is ,utopia ( innoc5ce & bliss 9 ! cradle ( ! human race8 #dg ,to :at does ?is idea ( a primal "t1 )\t /rife1 )\t s91 & )\t pa91 correspond8 ,b f ?is cradle ( man & ?is primitive poetry1 to rev]t to ! pres5t "t1 to real life1 to ! cradle ( ! infant1 :y is x t1 ap>t f all p]sonal affection1 we s readily t]m infancy ! age ( innoc5ce8 ,h[ is x t we f9d x s *>m+ to give x ?is "n1 & reg>d x "u ?is aspect8 ,physical ill is already pres5t1 = x beg9s ) ! v beg9n+ ( life2 b moral ill has n yet appe>$2 life has n yet br\ght to ! s\l its trials1 nor call$ =? its fail+s1 & ! idea ( ! s\l )\t spot or /a9 has = u an inexpressible attraction2 we feel a deep joy 9 witness+ innoc5ce1 or at lea/ its image 9 ! *ild1 :5 we no long] see x ar\nd u1 nor f9d x )9 ourselves4 ,:at means ?is univ]sal in/9ct1 :i* 9 ! dreams ( ! imag9ation1 z well z 9 ! intimate sc5es ( dome/ic life1 :e!r we turn 9 ?\ght to ! cradle ( ! human race or to t ( ! infant1 leads u to reg>d innoc5ce z ! primitive & normal /ate ( man1 & makes u place 9 ! spot :]e innoc5ce resides t :i* "s t]m ,p>adise1 & o!rs ! ,gold5 ,age8 #dh ,manife/ly betwe5 ! s\l )\t spot & ! s\l ta9t$ ) evil1 betwe5 ! creature :o is m]ely fallible & ! creature :o has s9n$1 !re is a v great *ange ( /ate1 a di/ance imm5se1 an abyss4 ,we h a secret feel+ ( ?is deplorable *ange1 ( ! fall into ?is abyss2 & x is )\t prem$itation1 by ! m]e impulse ( our nature1 t we suff] our ?\ghts to be> u f>--f> beyond t abyss1 & to pause on ! raptur\s contemplation ( a /ate ant]ior to ! fall4 ,h5ce spr+1 & ?us are expla9$1 ! p[] & ! *>m :i* ! idea ( innoc5ce has = u2 absolute innoc5ce we h nev] se51 b ! idea is /ill v\*saf$ to u2 & s x appe>s to u 9 ! cradle ( ! _w1 & 9 ! cradle ( ! infant1 & ! pleasure is inf9ite :i* we d]ive f ! ideal spectacle ( purity :i* !y ea* sugge/4 #di ,is ?is a pleasure =eign to all p]sonal s5tim5t1 to all secret ref]5ce to ourselves1 ! pleasure1 t is to say1 ( a simple spectator8 ,no3 ^! impressions1 :i* ! picture ( innoc5ce awak5s 9 u1 are connect$ ) & c>ry u back to ourselves2 ?is *ange 9 ! /ate ( man1 t my/]i\s ,pa/ :i* has ?r[n him s f> f innoc5ce1 leav+ him1 nev]!less1 ! idea & ! wor%ip ( x--^! 7 n ! lot ( ! fir/ man alone3 ! entire human race 01 & rema9s1 subject to !m4 ,our pres5t evil does n proce$ solely f ourselves2 we h receiv$ x z a h]itage be=e hav+ br\ght x ^u u z a p5alty3 we are n m]ely fallible be+s1 we are ! *ildr5 ( a be+ :o has s9n$4 #ej ,h[ c we feel surprise at ?is inh]itance ( woe6 ,h we n daily ! example & ! spectacle be=e our eyes8 ,x is an inconte/able & undisput$ fact1 t two elem5ts ent] into ! moral life ( man3 on ! "o side1 8 innate dispositions1 8 natural & involunt>y incl9ations1--on ! o!r1 8 inmo/ & individual w4 ,! natural incl9ations ( a man d n de/roy 8 moral lib]ty nor enslave 8 w1 b !y r5d] its ex]cise m labori\s & m difficult to him2 x is n a *a9 :i* he c>ries1 x is a burd5 t he be>s4 ,equally inconte/able & undisput$ is x t ! natural dispositions ( m5 are diff]5t & unequally di/ribut$2 no "o is entirely exempt f evil incl9ations2 e man is n only fallible1 b prone to transgress1 & prone n only to transgress1 b to transgress 9 "s p>ticul> direction or o!r4 ,nor c ! fact be disput$1 al?\gh appreciable ) m difficulty1 t ! natural & special dispositions ( ! individual desc5d to him 9 a c]ta9 measure f 8 orig91 & t p>5ts transmit to _! *ildr5 su* or su* moral prop5sities j z !y d su* or su* physical temp]am5t1 or su* or su* features4 ,h]$it>y transmission ent]s into ! moral z well z ! physical ord] ( ! _w4 #ea ,?is inh]itance mu/ take effect1 x has done s f ! fir/ days ( man's exi/5ce ^u e>?1 = man has be5 creat$ complete 9 8 :ole nature4 ,& :il/1 at ! same "t z complete1 he has be5 creat$ fallible1 ,i ask1 :o %all measure ! di/ance betwe5 man fallible1 b /ill )\t fault1 & ! fir/ transgression8 ,:o %all s\nd ! dep? ( ! fall1 & ( ! *ange :i* x br\ght into ! moral condition ( its au?or8 ,:o %all weigh ! consequ5ces ( ?is *ange to ! /ate & ! moral dispositions ( man's desc5dants8 ,to appreciate ! ext5t & gravity ( ?is awful fact1 ( ?is fir/ appe>ance & ?is fir/ h]itage ( moral evil1 we h b "o te/1--! in/9ct we /ill pres]ve ( a /ate ( innoc5ce1 & ( ! imm5se space :i* ?is in/9ct irresi/ibly compels u to place betwe5 native innoc5ce & man's fir/ transgression2 b ?is te/ is unexceptionable2 x dimly reveals to u1 9 ?is fatal trans=mation1 ! :ole infirmity & responsibility ( ! human race4 #eb ,an objection is rais$ to ?is z an inju/ice3 h[1 x is said1 c ea* man be responsible = a fault :i* he has n himself committ$--= ! transgression ( ano!r man1 sep>at$ f himself by s _m ages8 ,i consid] ?is objection weak & frivol\s4 ,su* an objection w\ld atta* to all ! inequalities :i* exi/ among m51 to ! inequality ( ! de/9ies z well z t ( ! nature ( man1 to ! inequality ( 8 moral disposition z well z to t ( 8 physical p[]s4 ,! objection w\ld atta* to ! solid>ity ( successive g5]ations1 & ! controll+ influ5ce :i* ! ideas1 ! acts1 ! de/9y ( ea* ( !m ex]t on ! ideas1 ! acts1 ! de/9y ( ^? :i* foll[ x4 ,! objection w\ld atta* to ! ties :i* unite ! *ild ) its p>5ts1 & :i* are ! cause ( its sometimes inh]it+ _! evil dispositions1 & sometimes suff]+ = _! faults4 ,x is 9 %ort ! g5]al ord] ( ! _w to :i* su* an objection mu/ apply2 x is ! v exi/5ce ( evil1 & its unequal di/ribution 9 a mann] :olly indep5d5t ( individual m]it :i* assumes ! "* ( a mon/r\s iniquity4 #ec ,& :5 we come to ?is po9t1 t we no long] ref] ! s\rce ( evil to ! fault & ! responsibility ( man1 plac$ "h on e>? 9 a sc5e & p]iod ( transition & ( trial1 see to :at alt]native we are br\ght4 ,we mu/ ei!r reg>d evil z natural1 et]nal1 necess>y1 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1 z ! normal /ate ( man & ( ! _w2 t is to say1 we mu/ d5y ,god1 ! creation1 ! ,div9e ,provid5ce1 human morality1 lib]ty1 responsibility & hope2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x is to ,god ,himself t we mu/ impute evil1 & :om we mu/ r5d] acc\ntable4 ,! dogma ( ,orig9al ,s9 alone relieves ! human m9d f ?is odi\s & unacceptable alt]native3 f> f be+ 9 contradiction ei!r ) ! hi/ory ( humanity1 or ) ! facts & in/9cts :i* con/itute man's moral nature1 ?is dogma admits1 illu/rates1 & expla9s !m4 #ed ,! fact ( orig9al s9 pres5ts no?+ /range1 no?+ obscure2 x consi/s ess5tially 9 disob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 :i* w is ! moral law ( man4 ,?is disob$i5ce1 ! s9 ( ,adam1 is an act committ$ ev]y:]e & e day1 aris+ f ! same causes1 m>k$ by ! same *>act]s1 & att5d$ by ! same consequ5ces z ! ,*ri/ian dogma assigns to x4 ,at ! pres5t day1 z 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ?is act is occasion$ by a ?ir/ = absolute indep5d5ce1 ! ambiti\s aspir+s ( curiosity & pride1 or weakness 9 ! face ( temptation4 ,at ! pres5t day1 z 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 x produces an imm5se *ange 9 ! inmo/ /ate ( man1 a *ange1 ! m]e idea ( :i* seizes ^u ! human s\l1 & di/urbs x to its v dep?s2 x transports man f ! /ate ( innoc5ce to ! /ate ( s94 ,at ! pres5t day1 z 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! act :i* produces ?is *ange involves & entails ! responsibility n only ( its au?or b ( 8 desc5dants2 s9 is contagi\s 9 "t z 9 space1 x is transmitt$1 z well z diffus$4 #ee ,! ,*ri/ian dogma exhibits ! fir/ man creat$ fallible1 b born innoc5t2 innoc5t at ! age ( man1 pr\d 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 faculties1 n ! subject ( any evil & fatal h]itage4 ,all at once1 = ! fir/ "t1 ( 8 own w1 man disobeys ,god4 ,"h lies ,orig9al ,s91 ! same 9 its nature z s9 at ! pres5t day1 = !y bo? consi/ 9 disob$i5ce to ! law ( ,god1 b x is ! fir/ 9 date 9 ! hi/ory ( man's lib]ty1 & ! human s\rce ( t evil = :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :il/ po9t+ x out1 (f]s to man ! rem$y & ! cure4 ,,iv4 ,! ,inc>nation4 ,all religions h giv5 a prom95t place to ! problem ( exi/5ce & ! orig9 ( evil2 all h attempt$ its solution4 #ef ,! good & ! evil g5ius1 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman among ! ,p]sians2 ,god ! ,creator1 ,god ! ,pres]v]1 & ,god ! ,de/roy]--,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva--9 ,india2 ! ,titans ov]:elm$ by ! ?und]bolts ( ,jove :ile scal+ ,olympus2 ,prome!us *a9$ to ! rock = hav+ snat*$ fire f heav52 all are s _m hypo!ses to expla9 ! conflict betwe5 good & evil1 betwe5 ord] & disord] 9 ! _w & 9 man4 ,b all ^! hypo!ses are complicat$1 confus$1 & encumb]$ ) *im]as & fables2 all attribute ! d]ivation ( evil to incongru\s causes1 none assign any t]m to ! conflict1 nor f9d a rem$y = ! evil4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion alone cle>ly /ates & effectually solves ! "q2 x alone imputes to man himself1 & to him alone1 ! orig9 ( evil2 x alone repres5ts ,god z int]v5+ to raise man f 8 fall1 & to save him f 8 p]il4 #eg ,9 ! c\rse ( ! six? & fif? c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 a great fact appe>s 9 hi/ory2 a brea? ( re=m1 religi\s1 moral & social1 arises1 & spreads f ea/ to we/1 among all ! nations !n at all progress+ 9 ! pa? ( civilization4 ,not)/&+ ! unc]ta9ties ( *ronology1 x may be said1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t & accurate rese>*es1 t ,confucius 9 ,*9a1 ! ,buddha ,ckya-,m\ni 9 ,india1 ,zoroa/] 9 ,p]sia1 ,py?agoras & ,socrates 9 ,greece1 are all includ$ 9 ! limits ( ?is epo*2 ,footnote #e m5 z dissimil> z !y are celebrat$1 b :o h all1 9 diff]5t ways & 9 unequal degrees1 und]tak5 a great "w ( re=m+ bo? ! m5 & ! social in/itutions ( _! times4 ,footnote #e3 ,^! rese>*es give ! foll[+ dates3--#a4 ,confucius1 f #eea to #dgh ,b4,c42 #b4 ,zoroa/]1 f #efd to #dhg1 or f #ehi to #eab ,b4,c42 #c4 ,buddha ,ckya-,m\ni1 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,b4,c4 7he di$1 accord+ to ,burn\f1 #edc ,b4,c472 #d4 ,py?agoras1 f #ehj to #ejj ,b4,c42 #e4 ,socrates1 #dgj to #djj or #cii ,b4,c4 #eh ,confucius 0 above all a practical morali/1 skill$ 9 obs]vation1 c\nsel1 & discipl9e2 ,buddha ,ckya-,m\ni1 a dream]1 & a my/ical & popul> prea*]2 ,zoroa/]1 a legislator1 religi\s & political2 ,py?agoras & ,socrates1 philosoph]s1 b5t ^u in/ruct+ ! di/+ui%$ b&s ( disciples :om !y ga!r$ ar\nd !m4 ,!re is no d\bt1 not)/&+ ! trials ( _! life1 t nei!r p[] nor glory among/ _! contempor>ies 0 want+ to !m4 ,confucius & ,zoroa/] 7 ! fav\rites & c\nsellors ( k+s4 ,buddha ,ckya-,m\ni1 himself ! son ( a k+1 became ! idol ( innum]able multitudes4 ,py?agoras & ,socrates =m$ s*ools & pupils :o 7 an hon\r to ! human m9d4 ,by _! p]sonal g5ius & by ! excell5ce ( "s ( _! ideas & actions1 ^! m5 h ensur$ !mselves ! admiration ( all po/]ity4 ,did !y act up to _! tea*+s1 & accompli% :at !y attempt$8 ,did !y really *ange ! moral & social condition ( nations8 ,did !y cause humanity to make any great progress1 & op5 to x horizons :i* x _h n be=e kn[n8 #ei ,by no means4 ,:atev] fame atta*es to ! names ( ^! m51 :atev] influ5ce !y may h ex]t$1 :at ev] trace ( _! passage may h rema9$1 !y r appe>$ to h p[] ?an really to possess x2 !y agitat$ ! surface f> m ?an !y /irr$ ! dep?s2 !y did n draw nations out ( ! beat5 tracks 9 :i* !y _h liv$4 ,!y did n trans=m s\ls4 ,9 consid]+ ! facts at l>ge1 & not)/&+ ! political & mat]ial revolutions :i* !y und]w5t1 ,*9a aft] ,confucius1 ,india aft] ,buddha1 ,p]sia aft] ,zoroa/]1 ,greece aft] ,py?agoras & ,socrates1 foll[$ 9 ! same ways1 reta9$ ! same prop5sities1 z be=e4 ,/ill m1 among ^! v diff]5t nations1 /agnation 0 only be succe$$ by decay4 ,:]e are ^! nations at ! pres5t day1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ^! glori\s *>act]s 9 _! hi/ory8 ,:at great progress1 :at salut>y *anges1 h be5 effect$8 ,:at are !y 9 comp>ison & 9 contact ) ,*ri/ian nations8 #fj ,outside ( ,*ri/ianity !re h be5 gr& spectacles ( activity & =ce1 brilliant ph5om5a ( g5ius & virtue1 g5]\s attempts at re=m1 le>n$ philosophical sy/ems1 & beautiful my?ological poems2 no real pr(\nd or fruitful reg5]ation ( humanity & ( society4 ,a few ages only aft] ^! b>r5 ef=ts among ! great nations ( ! _w1 ,jesus ,*ri/ appe>s among a small1 obscure p1 weak & despis$4 ,he ,himself is weak & despis$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p2 ,he nei!r possesses nor seeks any social p[]1 any temporal means ( action & ( success2 ,he collects ar\nd ,him only disciples weak & despis$ z ,himself4 ,n only are !y weak & despis$1 !y proclaim x !mselves1 &1 f> f be+ tr\bl$ at ?is1 !y glory 9 x1 & d]ive f x confid5ce4 ,/4 ,paul writes to ! ,cor9?ians3 ,& ,i1 bre?r51 :5 ,i came to y1 came n ) excell5cy ( spee* or ( wisdom1 decl>+ unto y ! te/imony ( ,god4 ,= ,i det]m9$ n to "k any ?+ among y1 save ,jesus ,*ri/1 & him crucifi$4 #fa ,& ,i 0 ) y 9 weakness1 & 9 fe>1 & 9 mu* trembl+4 444 ,!re=e ,i take pleasure 9 infirmities1 9 reproa*es1 9 necessities1 9 p]secutions1 9 di/resses = ,*ri/'s sake2 = :5 ,i am weak1 !n ,i am /rong4 ,footnote #f ,footnote #f3 #a ,cor9?ians ii4 #ac2 #b ,cor9?ians xii4 #aj4 ,& 9 tru?1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,ma/] ( ,/4 ,paul1 is /rong 9 8 suff]+s1 & imp>ts 8 /r5g? to 8 disciples2 f 8 cross1 ,he accompli%es :at ere:ile1 9 ,asia & ,europe1 pr9ces & philosoph]s1 ! p[]ful ( ! e>?1 & sages1 attempt$ )\t success2 ,he *anges ! moral /ate & ! social /ate ( ! _w2 ,he p\rs into ! s\ls ( m5 new enlight5m5t & new p[]s2 = all classes1 = all human conditions1 ,he prep>es de/9ies be=e 8 adv5t unkn[n2 ,he lib]ates !m at ! same "t t ,he lays d[n rules = _! guidance2 ,he quick5s !m & /ills !m2 ,he places ! div9e law & human lib]ty face to face1 & yet /ill 9 h>mony2 ,he (f]s an effectual rem$y = ! evil :i* weighs ^u humanity2 to s9 ,he op5s ! pa? ( salvation1 to unhapp9ess ! door ( hope4 #fb ,:5ce comes ?is p[]8 ,:at are its s\rce & its nature8 ,h[ did ^? :o 7 its witnesses & in/rum5ts ?9k & speak ( x at ! mom5t :5 x 0 manife/$8 ,!y all1 unanim\sly1 saw 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god2 mo/ ( !m1 f ! fir/ mom5t1 sudd5ly mov$ & enlight5$ by 8 pres5ce & 8 words2 "s1 ) r m surprise & hesitation1 b soon p5etrat$ & conv9c$ 9 _! turn4 ,:5 ,jesus came into ! coa/s ( ,cs>ea ,philippi1 he ask$ 8 disciples1 say+1 ,:om d m5 say t ,i ! ,son ( man am8 ,& !y said1 ,"s say t ?\ art ,john ! ,bapti/2 "s1 ,elias2 & o!rs1 ,j]emias1 or "o ( ! prophets4 ,he sai? unto !m1 ,b :om say ye t ,i am8 ,& ,simon ,pet] answ]$ & said1 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 ! son ( ! liv+ ,god4 #fc ,& ,jesus answ]$ & said unto him1 ,bless$ art ?\1 ,simon ,b>jona2 = fle% & blood ha? n reveal$ x unto !e1 b my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,footnote #g ,ano!r day1 meet+ ) a simil> in/ance ( d\bt1 ,jesus says to ,?omas1 ,if ye _h kn[n me1 ye %\ld h kn[n my ,fa!r also3 & f h5ce=? ye "k him1 & h se5 him4 ,philip sai? unto him1 ,"l1 %ew u ! ,fa!r1 & x suffice? u4 ,jesus sai? unto him1 ,h ,i be5 s long "t ) y1 & yet ha/ ?\ n kn[n me1 ,philip8 he t ha? se5 me ha? se5 ! ,fa!r4 ,footnote #h ,footnote #g3 ,mat!w xvi4 #ac-ag4 ,footnote #h3 ,john1 xiv4 #g-i4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 t !re are c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! language ( ! ,apo/les1 & c]ta9 %ades ( diff]5ce 9 _! lead+ impressions2 & ?is is inde$ true3 !y call ,jesus ,*ri/ at "o "t ! ,son ( ,god1 at ano!r ! ,son ( ,man2 !y reg>d ,him & repres5t ,him n[ "u 8 div9e aspect1 at ano!r "u 8 human aspect2 !y d n pres5t exactly ! same image ( ,him2 !y d n all equally dwell ^u ! same traits ( 8 nature1 or ! same facts ( 8 e>?ly life4 #fd ,/4 ,mat!w is m a n>rator & morali/2 x is he :o relates ) full] details ! bir? & *ildhood ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & :o gives at ! greate/ l5g? ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,/4 ,john is m 9 ! habit ( contemplat+ & depict+ ! div9e nature ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & 8 relation to ,god3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 444 ,& ! ,^w 0 made fle%1 & dwelt among/ u1 & we beheld 8 glory1 ! glory z ( ! only-begott5 ( ! ,fa!r1 full ( grace & tru?4 444 ,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t2 ! only-begott5 ,son1 :i* is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 he ha? decl>$ him4 ,footnote #i ,footnote #i3 ,john1 i4 #a1 #ad1 #ah4 #fe ,x is also ,/4 ,john :o relates ! te/imony ( ! ,=]unn]1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 answ]+ to ^? :o _h said to him t all m5 come to ,jesus ,*ri/3 ,ye y\rselves be> me witness1 t ,i said1 ,i am n ! ,*ri/1 b t ,i am s5t be=e him4 444 ,he t come? f above is above all4 444 ,he :om ,god ha? s5t speake? ! words ( ,god3 = ,god give? n ! ,_s by measure unto him4 444 ,! ,fa!r love? ! ,son1 & ha? giv5 all ?+s into 8 h& ,footnote #aj ,/4 ,paul is m sy/ematic1 & ent]s m fully into ! que/ions & pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & he reg>ds ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,he writes to ! ,philippians3 ,let ?is m9d be 9 y1 :i* 0 also 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus3 :o1 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 ?\ght x no usurpation to be equal ) ,god3 b made himself ( no reputation1 & took ^u him ! =m ( a s]vant1 & 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( m53 & be+ f\nd 9 fa%ion z a man1 he humbl$ himself1 & became ob$i5t unto dea?1 ev5 ! dea? ( ! cross4 ,footnote #aa ,footnote #aj3 ,john iii4 #bh1 #ca1 #cd1 & #ce4 ,footnote #aa3 ,philippians ii4 #e-f4 ,i h giv5 ?is v]se 9 ,o/]wald's translation1 :i* is also t ( ! ,vulgate2 b my son ,guillaume1 :o is foll[+ out a c>eful c\rse ( /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek philology 9 sacr$ & pr(ane lit]ature1 rem9ds me t ! text ( ?is passage pres5ts a difficulty :i* furni%$ a field = ! lab\rs ( ,erasmus1 ,cam]on1 ,grotius1 ,mric ,casaubon1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z well z _m o!rs be=e & aft] !m4 ,! ,greek ^w ,greek text admits ( two mean+s1 an active & a passive s5se--x may designate ! action ( ravi%+1 ( c>ry+ (f by =ce1 or ! object c>ri$ (f--! act ( depr$ation1 or ! spoil4 ,sub/antives d]iv$ f v]bs frequ5tly wav] betwe5 ^! two acceptations1 & ! ^w ,greek text1 :i* is m]ely ano!r =m ( ,greek text1 is unque/ionably a case 9 po9t4 s*ylus1 ,euripides1 ,h]odotus1 h employ$ x 9 ! fir/ s5se2 s*ylus1 ,euripides1 ,?ucydides1 & ,polybius 9 ! second s5se4 ,n[1 9 ! passage ( ,/4 ,paul1 accord+ly z "o or ! o!r s5se is adopt$1 ^! words mu/ ei!r be translat$ ?us3 ,he did n consid] x a usurpation to be equal to ,god2 or ?us1 ,he did n display z a trophy 8 equality to ,god2 t is to say3 ,he did n display ,8 equality ) ,god z ! conqu]ors ( ! e>? display ! spoils & booty :i* !y h amass$2 ,he did n make use ( ,8 div9ity to reign1 to triumph1 to pride himself 9 x2 ,he 0 n ! ,messiah :om ! c>nal ,jews expect$1 a visible k+ & victori\s 9 arms2 b1 on ! contr>y1 he humbl$ himself1 & took ^u him ! =m ( a s]vant1 etc41 etc4 ,?is second int]pretation seems m probable2 ! reason+ on :i* x is f\nd$ is ?us m connect$ & fl[+2 & at ! same "t1 x leaves ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le intact2 x *anges no?+ 9 8 conception or 8 conclusions4 ,9 ?is passage1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ,/4 ,paul likewise affirms ! div9ity ( ! ,savi\r :om he ann\nces to m52 & x is f ?is maje/y1 subject$ to a volunt>y humiliation1 veil$ "u ! =m ( a s]vant1 ob$i5t unto ! dea? ( ! cross1 t ,he pres5ts an augu/ example & an imp]ative lesson = ,*ri/ians ( humility & mutual support4 ,x is ?us t ?is int]pretation has be5 admitt$ & def5d$ by two em95t m51 a s*ol> ( ! sixte5? & a !ologian ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 bo? ( :om 7 /rongly atta*$ to ! dogma ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/--,i allude to ,mric ,casaubon 7,de ,v]borum ,usu1 pp4 #ach-adf1 at ! end ( ! lett]s ( 8 fa!r71 & ,m4 ,a4 ,v9et 7,homiltique1 p4 #aaf74 #ff 4444 ,x is he :o is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/-born ( e creature3 = by him 7 all ?+s creat$1 t are 9 heav51 & t are 9 e>?1 visible & invisible1 :e!r !y be ?rones1 or dom9ions1 or pr9cipalities1 or p[]s3 all ?+s 7 creat$ by him1 & = him3 & he is be=e all ?+s1 & by him all ?+s consi/4 ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,colossians i4 #ae-ag4 #fg ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john1 9 _! ,epi/les1 speak 9 ! same t]ms z ,/4 ,paul4 ,/4 ,pet] says1 ,we h n foll[$ cunn+ly devis$ fables1 :5 we made kn[n unto y ! p[] & com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 b 7 eyewitnesses ( 8 maje/y4 ,= he receiv$ f ,god ! ,fa!r hon\r & glory1 :5 !re came su* a voice to him f ! excell5t glory1 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$2 he> ye him4 ,footnote #ac ,footnote #ac3 #b ,pet] i4 #af1 #ag4 #fh ,/4 ,john writes3 ,:osoev] d5ie? ! ,son1 ! same ha? n ! ,fa!r2 b he t ackn[l$ge? ! ,son ha? ! ,fa!r also4 ,footnote #ad ,h]eby "k ye ! ,_s ( ,god3 e ,_s t confesse? t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle% is ( ,god2 & e _s t confesse? n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle% is n ( ,god4 ,footnote #ad ,footnote #ac3 #a ,john ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #ad3 #a ,john iv4 #b1 #c4 ,su* is ! language ( ! ,apo/les2 su* are1 at ! same "t1 its %ades ( v>iance & its h>mony4 ,!y h all evid5tly ! same conception ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 !y h all ! same fai? 9 ,him4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 z well z ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 alike reg>d ,jesus ,*ri/ z at once ,god & man1 ! repres5tative ( ,god on e>?1 & ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & m5--come f ,god1 & re-asc5d$ unto ,him z ! s\rce & c5tre ( ,8 be+4 ,! dogma ( ! ,inc>nation1 t is to say1 ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 p]vades ! ,holy ,scriptures--! ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/les ( ! ,apo/les1 ! writ+s ( ! fir/ ,fa!rs4 ,x is ! common & fix$ basis1 ! s\rce & ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #fi ,?is 0 affirm$ & decl>$ by ,jesus ,*ri/ himself4 ,:at ,8 disciples believ$ & relat$ ( ,him1 is :at ,he himself told !m ( himself1 z well z :at !y !mselves witness$ & ?\ght ( ,him3 ,all ?+s are deliv]$ unto me ( my ,fa!r3 & no man kn[e? ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r3 nei!r kn[e? any man ! ,fa!r1 save ! ,son1 & he to :omsoev] ! ,son w reveal him4 ,footnote #ae --,i & my ,fa!r are "o4 ,footnote #af ,footnote #ae3 ,mat!w xi4 #bg4 ,footnote #af3 ,john x4 #cj4 ,& :5 ,he approa*es ! t]m ( ,8 mission1 :51 aft] hav+ ann\nc$ to ,8 disciples t ! h\r 0 com+ :5 !y w\ld be disp]s$1 ea* go+ 8 own way1 leav+ ,him alone1 ,jesus ,*ri/ raises ,8 ?\ghts to ,god & says1 ,fa!r1 ! h\r is come2 glorify ?y ,son1 t ?y ,son also may glorify !e3 z ?\ ha/ giv5 him p[] ov] all fle%1 t he %\ld give et]nal life to z _m z ?\ ha/ giv5 him4 #gj ,& ?is is life et]nal1 t !y might "k !e ! only true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ?\ ha/ s5t4 ,i h glorifi$ !e on ! e>?3 ,i h f9i%$ ! "w :i* ?\ gave/ me to d4 ,& n[1 ,o ,fa!r1 glorify ?\ me ) ?9e own self ) ! glory :i* ,i _h ) !e be=e ! _w 04 ,i h manife/$ ?y "n unto ! m5 :i* ?\ gave/ me out ( ! _w3 ?9e !y 71 & ?\ gave/ !m me2 & !y h kept ?y ^w4 ,n[ !y h kn[n t all ?+s :atsoev] ?\ ha/ giv5 me are ( !e4 ,= ,i h giv5 unto !m ! words :i* ?\ gave/ me2 & !y h receiv$ !m1 & h kn[n surely t ,i came out f !e1 & !y h believ$ t ?\ did/ s5d me4 ,i pray = !m3 ,i pray n = ! _w1 b = !m :i* ?\ ha/ giv5 me2 = !y are ?9e4 ,& all m9e are ?9e1 & ?9e are m9e2 & ,i am glorifi$ 9 !m4 ,& n[ ,i am no m 9 ! _w1 b ^! are 9 ! _w1 & ,i come to !e4 ,holy ,fa!r1 keep ?r\gh ?9e own "n ^? :om ?\ ha/ giv5 me1 t !y may be "o1 z we are4 ,footnote #ag ,footnote #ag3 ,john xvii4 #a-aa4 #ga ,i might multiply ^! texts2 b ^! surely suffice to %[ t ! words ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 relation to himself1 & ^? ( ,8 ,apo/les1 are 9 p]fect unison2 ,he speaks ( himself z !y speak ( ,him2 ,he qualifies himself z !y qualify ,him2 ,he calls ,god ,8 ,fa!r1 z ,8 disciples call ,him ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he has ! same fai? 9 himself1 9 ,8 nature1 & 9 ,8 mission1 z ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,pet]1 & ,/4 ,paul _h 9 ,him4 ,x is a great s\rce ( error1 9 ! /udy ( facts1 n to "k h[ to /op at _! g5]al & ess5tial features1 &1 los+ sight ( ^!1 to give prom95ce to p>tial & second>y features4 ,on ! subject ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! precise mean+ & import ( su* or su* a ^w may be disput$2 su* or su* an expression may be ?\ght an int]polation1 & s elim9at$ 9 any p>ticul> ,gospel1 9 any p>ticul> ,epi/le2 nev]!less !re w always rema9 inf9itely m ?an suffici5t evid5ce ( ! fact t ^? :o at ! pres5t day believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 believe simply :at ! ,apo/les believ$ & said1 & t ! ,apo/les !mselves only believ$ & said1 ne>ly n9ete5 c5turies ago1 :at ,jesus ,*ri/ himself said to !m4 #gb ,! oppon5ts ( ! dogma ( ! ,inc>nation & ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ disreg>d equally man & hi/ory1 ! complex elem5ts ( human nature1 & ! mean+ ( ! great facts :i* m>k ! religi\s life ( ! human race4 ,:at is man himself1 b an incomplete & imp]fect inc>nation ( ,god8 ,! mat]iali/s :o d5y ! s\l1 & ! naturali/s :o d5y creation1 are alone consi/5t 9 reject+ ! ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,all :o believe 9 ! di/9ction ( _s & matt]1 :o d n believe t man is ! result ( ! f]m5tation ( matt]1 or ( ! trans=mation ( species1 are con/ra9$ to admit ! pres5ce 9 human nature ( ! div9e elem5t1 & !y mu/ necess>ily accept ^! words 9 ,g5esis3 ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image2 t is to say1 !y mu/ ackn[l$ge ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 frail & fallible humanity4 #gc ,i op5 ! hi/ories ( all religions1 ( all my?ologies1 ! mo/ ref9$ z well z ! grosse/2 ,i f9d at e /ep ! idea & ! ass]tion ( ! ,div9e ,inc>nation4 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 ,paganism1 all fai?s1 all religi\s idolatries1 ab\nd 9 inc>nations ( e k9d & date1 primitive or successive1 connect$ ) ?is or t hi/orical ev5t1 adapt$ to expla9 ?is or t fact1 to satisfy ?is or t human prop5sity4 ,x is ! natural & univ]sal in/9ct ( m5 to picture to !mselves ! action ( ,god ^u ! human race "u ! =m ( ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 man4 #gd ,l all religi\s in/9cts1 t ( ! belief 9 ! ,div9e ,inc>nation may eng5d]1 & has eng5d]$1 ! mo/ absurd sup]/itions1 ! mo/ extravagant hypo!ses4 ,9 ! same way z ! natural fai? 9 ,god has be5 ! s\rce ( all idolatries1 s ! t5d5cy to inc>nate ,god 9 man has giv5 rise to1 & admitt$1 e k9d ( /range imag9+ & spuri\s tradition4 ,are we !n to pron\nce all div9e inc>nation false1 e tradition ( x spuri\s8 ,r let u say t x proce$s f ! infirmity ( ! human m9d1 if we see realities & m]e *im]as1 tru?s & errors1 9 su* close proximity1 if we f9d !m call+ "o ano!r by ! same names & unceas+ly conf\nd+ "o ano!r's attributes4 ,! pret5d$ inc>nation ( ,brahma1 or ( ,buddha1 proves no m aga9/ ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ?an ! adoration ( idols proves aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god & ,man1 has *>act]i/ics :i* app]ta9 to ,him alone4 ,^! h f\nd$ ,8 p[] & occasion$ ! success ( ,8 works1 a p[] & a success :i* belong to ,him alone4 #ge ,x is n a human re=m]1 b ,god himself1 :o1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 has accompli%$ :at no human re=m] has ev] accompli%$1 or ev5 conceiv$1--! re=m ( ! moral & social condition ( ! _w1 ! reg5]ation ( ! human s\l1 & ! solution ( ! problems ( human de/9y4 ,x is by ^! signs1 by ^! results1 t ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is manife/$4 ,h[ 0 ! ,div9e ,inc>nation accompli%$ 9 man8 ,"h1 z 9 ! union ( ! s\l & ! body1 z 9 ! creation1 arises ! my/]y2 b if we _c fa?om ! reason ( x1 ! fact n ! less exi/s4 ,:5 ?is fact has tak5 ! =m ( dogma1 !ology has s\ght to expla9 x4 ,9 my op9ion1 ?is 0 a mi/ake2 !ology has obscur$ ! fact 9 develop+ & comm5t+ ^u x4 ,x is ! fact itself ( ! ,inc>nation :i* con/itutes ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & :i* rises above all def9itions & all !ological controv]sies4 ,to disreg>d ?is fact--to d5y ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/--is to d5y1 to ov]?r[ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 :at x is1 & w\ld nev] h accompli%$ :at x has1 b t ! ,div9e ,inc>nation 0 its pr9ciple1 & ,jesus ,*ri/--,god & ,man--its au?or4 #gf ,v4 ,! ,r$emption4 ,i ent] into ! sanctu>y ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,god has done m ?an manife/ himself 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he has done m ?an place ^u ! e>? & be=e m5 ,8 own liv+ image1 ! type ( sanctity & ! model ( life4 ,! ,creator has accompli%$1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 t[>d man1 ,8 creature1 an act ( ,8 b5efic5ce & at ! same "t ( ,8 sov]eign p[]4 ,jesus ,*ri/ is n only ,god made man to spread ! div9e light ^u m52 ,he is ,god made man to conqu] & efface 9 man moral evil1 ! fruit ( ! s9 ( man4 ,he br+s n only light & law1 b p>don & salvation4 #gg ,& x is at ! price ( ,8 own suff]+1 ( ,8 own sacrifice1 t ,he br+s ^! to !m4 ,he is ! type ( self-devotion at ! same "t z ( sanctity4 ,he has submitt$ to be a victim 9 ord] to be a savi\r4 ,! ,inc>nation leads to ! ,cross1 & ! ,cross to ! ,r$emption4 ,"h are ! supreme dogma & my/]y4 ,"h are reveal$ pla9ly ! s5se & ! import ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by :at ways did ,jesus ,*ri/ p5etrate ! human s\l to accompli% ?is great "w8 ,h[ did ,he w9 ! human s\l to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 9 ord] to snat* x f evil & to save x8 ,:5 man fails 9 ! duty ( :i* he recognises ! law1--:5 he commits ! wrong :i* he is b\nd to %un1--:51 aft] s91 rep5tance arises )9 him1 & a s5se ( ! necessity ( expiation is soon jo9$ ) ?is s5tim5t ( rep5tance1 ! moral in/9ct ( man tea*es t rep5tance does n suffice to efface ! fault1 & t x requires to be expiat$3 rep>ation supposes suff]+4 #gh ,& :5 ! religi\s s5tim5t is jo9$ to ! moral s5tim5t1--:5 man believes 9 ,god1 & sees 9 ,him ! au?or & disp5s] ( ! moral law1 he reg>ds himself z guilty ( transgression t[>d ,god :om he has disobey$1 he feels ! ne$ ( be+ p>don$ & ( be+ re/or$ to ! fav\r ( ! ,sov]eign ,ma/] :om he has (f5d$4 ,among all nations1 9 all religions1 "u all social =ms1 ^! two in/9cts--z to ! necessity ( expiation to ensue ^u ! fault1 & ! necessity ( p>don to foll[ ! transgression--appe> natural & inh]5t 9 ! human s\l4 ,!y h be5 at all times & 9 all places1 ! s\rce ( a multitude ( beliefs & practices2 "s pure & t\*+1 o!rs fooli% & odi\s3 ^! may all be briefly compris$ 9 ! s+le expression1 sacrifices4 ,! hi/ories ( all nations1 b>b>\s or civiliz$1 anci5t or mod]n1 teem ) sacrificial rites ( e description1 :e!r !y be ( a nature gross or my/ical1 ( a p]=mance mild or bloody2 rites inv5t$ & celebrat$ ei!r to expiate ! s9s ( man1 or to appease ! ang] ( ,god & rega9 ,8 fav\r4 #gi ,nor is ?is all2 we h "h to note ano!r moral fact1 n less real al?\gh x seems /rang] to ! eyes ( sup]ficial reason4 ,mank9d has believ$ t a fault might be expiat$ by ano!r ?an its au?or1 t innoc5t victims might be efficaci\sly (f]$ up to influ5ce ,god1 & to save ! guilty4 ,?is belief has l$ to sacrifices no less absurd ?an atroci\s3 ! pret5d$ expiation has become an additional crime3 x has at ! same "t be5 also ! s\rce ( h]oic acts & sublime examples ( self-devotion4 ,bo? ! dome/ic records ( families & ! public hi/ories ( nations h furni%$ u ) admirable in/ances ( innoc5ce volunt>ily (f]+ itself z a sacrifice1 tak+ ^u itself ! p5alty1 ! suff]+1 ! dea?1 to expiate ! s9 ( o!rs1 & to w9 f ,div9e ,ju/ice--n[ satisfi$--! p>don ( ! (f5d]4 #hj ,& are we !n to reg>d ?is m]ely z a pi\s1 a g5]\s illusion1 a devot$ness z va9 z admirable8 ,yes1 su* is ! view t all ^? mu/ adopt :o believe nei!r 9 ,provid5ce nor pray]1 nor 9 ! exi/5ce ( any efficaci\s relation betwe5 ! actions ( man & ! purposes ( ,god2 no solid>ity betwe5 m51 no connection betwe5 ! sacrifice ( him :o practises ! act ( self-devotion1 & ! de/9y ( him :o is its object4 ,b ^? :o h fai? 9 ! liv+ ,god1 9 ,8 cont9u$ pres5ce1 & ,8 nev]-sleep+ provid5ce1 ^? :o believe t no?+ 9 man1 :e!r x be good or :e!r x be evil1 is 9 va91 t e moral act be>s its fruit visible or invisible1 imm$iate or remote1 su* z ^! _c fail to feel1 to h1 z x 71 a pres5tim5t1 t 9 su* self-sacrifice ( ! innoc5t = ! salvation ( ! guilty1 !re exi/s a my/]i\s virtue4 ,! secret ( ?is x may n be giv5 !m to fa?om1 b x nev]!less gives life 9 _! bosom to ! hope t su* sublime devotion w n fail ( its object4 #ha ,& n[1 to pass f ?is feel+1 & f ! acts ( man1 ^: reality no "o c dispute1 to ! correspond+ dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 let me1 by ! side ( ^! acts ( devot$ness & self-sacrifice ( ! human creature 9 8 innoc5ce seek+ to atone = ! s9s ( ! human creature :o is guilty1 place ! self-devotion & ! self-sacrifice ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,man-,god1 t5d]$ to ransom f s9 ! race ( mank9d & to op5 to x ! way ( salvation2 :o is n /ruck by ?is sublime analogy8 ,:at connection & h>mony betwe5 ! pure/1 ! mo/ g5]\s1 in/9cts ( ! human s\l1 & ! dogma ( ,god's ,r$emption8 ,i t\* ^u none ( ! que/ions1 ,i ent] into none ( ! controv]sies :i* h sprung up ) respect to ?is dogma ( ,r$emption2 ,i d n weigh ) a view to comp>e fai? & works1 nor d ,i essay to assign ! "p due to div9e grace or to human virtue2 ,i d n def9e or seek to numb] ! elect1 b ,i pause ^u ! fact itself ( ! ,r$emption by ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! fact ^u :i* ! dogma itself reposes4 #hb ,all t ! mo/ r5[n$ h]oes1 ! mo/ glori\s sa9ts ( humanity h /riv5 to accompli%1 9 ord] to expiate ! s9s ( any creature or any nation1 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! ,elect ( ,god1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,god-,man1 came to effect = all mank9d1 by means ( incomp>able sorr[1 humiliation1 & suff]+s4 ,&1 z 0 affirm$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & by ,bossuet 9 ! sev5te5?1 ?is v suff]+1 ?is humiliation1 ?is m>tyrdom ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 h con/itut$ 8 victory & 8 empire4 ,& ,i w\ld ask1 :at o!r spectacle ?an t ( ,god made man to con/itute himself victim--made victim to become ! savi\r--c\ld h excit$ 9 ! s\l ( mank9d ^? outbur/s ( admiration1 ( respect1 & ( love1 t ard5t1 inv9cible1 & contagi\s fai?1 ( :i* ! ,apo/les & ! primitive ,*ri/ians h left u ! evid5ces & ! example8 ,x 0 requisite t ! victim & ! sacrifice %\ld be equal to ! "w4 #hc ,t "w 0 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 t incomp>able sy/em ( facts1 dogmas1 precepts1 promises1 :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! d\bts & all ! controv]sies ( ! m9d ( man1 h = n9ete5 c5turies af=d$ satisfaction & solution to ^? aspir+s ( ! human race1 :i* nature prompts1 :e!r !y assume ! =m ( religi\s in/9cts or religi\s problems4 #hd ,?ird ,m$itation4 ,! ,sup]natural4 ,to a sy/em s gr&1 & 9 su* pr(\nd h>mony ) man's own nature1 an objection is made :i* is ?\ght decisive2 t sy/em proclaims ! ,sup]natural1 has ! ,sup]natural = its pr9ciple & f\ndation4 ,x is object$ t ! ,sup]natural itself has no exi/5ce4 ,?is objection is n novel1 b x has at ?is mom5t 9 appe>ance assum$ a m s]i\s & =midable %ape ?an ev]4 ,x is 9 ! "n ( sci5ce itself1 ( all ! human sci5ces1 ( ! physical sci5ces1 hi/orical sci5ce1 philosophical sci5ce1 t ! pret5sion is made t is to r$uce ! ,sup]natural to a non5tity1 & to bani% x f ! _w & f man4 #he ,! rev]5ce t ,i feel = sci5ce is inf9ite4 ,i w\ld h x z free & un%ackl$ z ,i w\ld desire to see x hon\r$4 ,b ,i w\ld at ! same "t l to see x deal some:at m rigor\sly & logically ) itself4 ,i w\ld l to see x less exclusively absorb$ by its own peculi> lab\rs & occupations1 its mom5t>y successes2 m c>eful n to =get or omit any ( ! ideas or any ( ! facts :i* be> ^u ! subject ) :i* x deals1 & = :i* 9 its solution x has /ill to acc\nt4 ,9 :atev] qu>t]1 at ?is day1 ! w9d may be1 ! abolition ( ! ,sup]natural is a difficult ent]prise1 = ! belief 9 ! ,sup]natural is a fact natural1 primitive1 univ]sal1 con/ant 9 ! life & hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,we may int]rogate mank9d 9 all times & places1 9 all /ates ( society & degrees ( civilization1 we f9d x always & ev]y:]e spontane\sly believ+ 9 facts & causes beyond ! sph]e ( ?is palpable _w1 ( ?is liv+ piece ( me*anism t]m$ nature4 ,9 va9 d we ext5d1 expla91 amplify nature itself2 ! in/9ct ( man1 ! in/9ct ( human masses1 has nev] suff]$ t nature to conf9e x3 x has always s\ght & se5 some?+ beyond4 #hf ,x is ?is belief--in/9ctive1 & hi!rto inde/ructible--:i* is qualifi$ z a radical error2 ?is univ]sal & endur+ fact 9 man's hi/ory x is :i* m5 seek to aboli%4 ,!y g f>!r2 !y affirm t x is already aboli%$--t ! p no long] believe 9 ! ,sup]natural1 & t any attempt to br+ !m back to x w\ld be va94 ,incr$ible conceit ( man6 ,:at1 because 9 a corn] ( ! _w 9 "o day among ages brilliant progress may h be5 made 9 natural & hi/orical sci5ce--because 9 ! "n ( ! sci5ces1 & 9 brilliant books1 ! ,sup]natural has be5 combat$1 !y proclaim ! ,sup]natural vanqui%$1 aboli%$2 & we he> ! judgm5t pron\nc$1 n m]ely 9 ! "n ( ! le>n$1 b ( ! p6 ,h y !n completely =gott51 or h y nev] ?or\ghly compreh5d$1 humanity & ! hi/ory ( humanity8 #hg ,d y ignore absolutely :at ! p really is1 & :at all ^? nations are t cov] ! surface ( ! e>?8 ,h y nev] !n p5etrat$ into ^? millions ( s\ls 9 :i* ! belief 9 ! ,sup]natural is & abides1 pres5t & active ev5 :5 ! words :i* move _! lips dis[n x8 ,are y !n unconsci\s ( ! imm5se di/ance :i* !re is betwe5 ! dep?s & ! surface ( ^? s\ls1 betwe5 ! v>iable brea?s :i* only ruffle ! m9ds ( m51 & ! immutable in/9cts :i* preside ov] _! v be+8 ,true1 !re are1 9 our days1 among/ ! p1 _m fa!rs1 mo!rs1 *ildr51 :o believe !mselves incr$ul\s1 & mock scorn fully at miracles2 b foll[ !m 9 ! intimacy ( _! homes1 among/ ! trials ( _! lives1 h[ d ^! p>5ts act1 :5 _! *ild is ill1 ^? f>m]s :5 _! crops are ?reat5$1 ^? sailors :5 !y float ^u ! wat]s a prey to ! tempe/8 ,!y elevate _! eyes to heav51 !y bur/ =? 9 pray]1 !y invoke t ,sup]natural p[] said by y to be aboli%$ 9 _! v ?\ght4 ,by _! spontane\s & irresi/ible acts !y give to y\r words & to _! own a /rik+ disav[al4 #hh ,b to advance a /ep t[>ds y1 admitt$ t ! fai? 9 ! ,sup]natural is aboli%$2 let u ent] toge!r t society & ^? classes to :om ?is moral ru9 is a triumph & a vaunt4 ,:at !n ensues8 ,9 ! place ( ,god's miracles1 man's miracles make _! appe>ance4 ,!y are se>*$ =1 !y are call$ =2 m5 are f\nd to inv5t !m1 & to contrive !m to be recognis$ by ?\s&s ( behold]s4 ,x is n necess>y to g ei!r f> 9 "t or wide 9 space to see ! ,sup]natural ( ,sup]/ition rais+ itself 9 ! place ( ! ,sup]natural ( ,religion1 & ,cr$ulity hurry+ to meet ,falsehood half-way4 #hi ,b away ) ^! unheal?y p>oxysms ( humanity2 & to return to its sob] & endur+ hi/ory4 ,we w admit t ! in/9ctive belief 9 ! ,sup]natural has be5 ! s\rce & abides ! f\ndation ( all religions1 ( religion 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( ! ^w1 & ( ess5tial religion4 ,! mo/ s]i\s1 at ! same "t ! mo/ p]plex$1 ( ! ?9k]s :o 9 our days h approa*$ ! subject1 ,m4 ,edmond ,s*]]1 saw pla9ly en\gh t t 0 ! "q at issue1 & he has s put x 9 ! ?ird ( 8 ,conv]sations ,?ologiques1 noble yet sad imag+ =? ( ! f]m5tation 9 8 own ideas & ! /ruggles :i* !y occasion 9 8 s\l4 ,! ,sup]natural is n a some?+ ext]nal to religion1 says "o ( ! two speak]s betwe5 :om ,m4 ,s*]] supposes ! discussion1 x is religion itself4 ,no1 says ! o!r1 ! ,sup]natural is n ! peculi> elem5t ( religion1 b r ( sup]/ition3 ! ,sup]natural fact has no relation ) ! human s\l1 = x is ! ess5ce ( ! ,sup]natural t x goes beyond all ^? conditions :i* con/itute cr$ibility2 its ess5ce inde$ is ! be+ anti-human4 #ij ,! discussion cont9ues & becomes animat$3 ! contr>y nature ( ! p]plexities exp]i5c$ by ! two speak]s becomes manife/4 ,p]haps1 says ! ,rationali/1 ! ,sup]natural 0 a necess>y =m ( religion = ill cultivat$ m9ds3 b rightly or wrongly1 our mod]n civilization rejects miracles2 )\t positive d5ial1 x rema9s indiff]5t to !m4 ,ev5 ! prea*] kn[s n h[ to deal ) !m2 ! m he is 9 e>ne/1 ! m 8 ,*ri/ian feel+ has inw>dness & vitality1 ! m does ! miracle also disappe> f 8 tea*+4 ,miracles =m]ly con/itut$ ! great =ce ( ! s]mon1 at ! pres5t day :at are !y b a secret s\rce ( emb>rassm5t8 ,ev]ybody feels vaguely :5 confront$ by ! m>vell\s acc\nts 9 our sacr$ volumes1 :at he feels :5 confront$ by ! ,leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts2 x is impossible = t to be religion1 x is only its sup]foetation4 ,x is true1 exclaims ) sorr[ ! hesitat+ ,*ri/ian1 we believe no long] 9 miracles2 y might h add$ t nei!r d we any m believe 9 ,god himself2 ! two ?+s g toge!r4 #ia ,we he> mu* n[-a-days ( ,*ri/ian ,spiritualism--( ! religion ( ! consci5ce1 & y y\rself seem to see t m5 9 giv+ up miracles are mak+ progress 9 religion4 ,ah6 :y is x t ! intimate exp]i5ce ( my own he>t _c express itself 9 a =cible prote/ aga9/ any su* op9ion8 ,:5ev] ,i f9d my fai? 9 miracul\s ag5cy vacillat+ )9 me1 ! image ( my ,god seems to be fad+ away f my eyes3 ,he ceases to be = me ,god ! free1 ! liv+1 ! p]sonal2 ! ,god ) :om ! s\l conv]ses1 z ) a ma/] & fri5d2 & ?is holy dialogue once int]rupt$1 :at is left u8 ,h[ does life become sad8 h[ does x lose its illusions8 ,r$uc$ to ! satisfaction ( m]e physical wants1 to eat1 to dr9k1 to sleep1 to make money1 depriv$ ( all horizon1 h[ pu]ile does our maturity appe>1 h[ sorr[ful our old age1 h[ mean+less our anxieties6 #ib ,no m my/]y1 no m innoc5ce1 no m inf9ity1 no long] any heav5 above our heads1 no m poesy4 ,ah6 be sure3 ! incr$ulity :i* rejects ! miracle has a t5d5cy to unpeople heav51 & to dis5*ant ! e>?4 ,! ,sup]natural is ! natural sph]e ( ! s\l4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( its fai?1 ( its hope1 ( its love4 ,i "k h[ speci\s criticism is1 h[ victori\s its argum5ts (t5 appe>2 b ,i "k "o ?+ besides1 & p]haps ,i might "h ev5 appeal to y\r own te/imony2 9 ceas+ to believe 9 :at is miracul\s1 ! s\l f9ds t x has lo/ ! secret ( div9e life2 h5ce=? x is urg$ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! abyss1 soon x lies on ! e>?1 & n seldom 9 ! dirt4 ,9 8 turn ! disbeliev] 9 ! ,sup]natural is tr\bl$ & sadd5$3 ,li/51 he says3 ! hi/ory ( humanity seems to be sometimes mov+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! foll[+ s*eme4 ,! _w beg9s ) religion1 &1 ref]r+ all ph5om5a to a fir/ cause1 x sees ,god ev]y:]e4 #ic ,!n comes philosophy1 :i*1 hav+ discov]$ ! connection ( second>y causes1 & ! laws ( _! op]ation1 makes a correspond+ d$uction f ! direct int]v5tion ( div9ity1 & !n f\nd+ itself ^u ! idea ( necessity 7= x is only necessity :i* falls )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 & sci5ce is 9 fact b ! k ( :at is necess>y72 philosophy t5ds 9 its v fundam5tal pr9ciple to exclude ,god f ! _w4 ,x does m2 x f9i%es by d5y+ human lib]ty z x has d5i$ ,god4 ,! reason is evid5t3 lib]ty is a cause beyond ! sph]e ( ! necess>y connection ( causes1 a fir/ cause1 a cause :i* s]ves z cause to itself3 & f t mom5t philosophy1 unequal to any explanation1 feels itself dispos$ to d5y t fir/ cause4 ,a philosophy true to itself w ev] be fatali/ic4 ,= f t mom5t philosophy corrupts & de/roys itself4 ,:5 x has no o!r ,god ?an ! univ]se1 no o!r man ?an ! *ief ( ! mammalia1 :at is x b a m]e sy/em ( ,zoology8 #id ,zoology con/itutes ! :ole sci5ce ( ! epo*1 ( ! ,mat]iali/s1 & to speak pla9ly1 t is our position at ! pres5t day4 ,b mat]ialism c nev] be ! be-all & ! end-all ( ! human race4 ,corrupt & en]vat$1 society is pass+ ?r\gh imm5se cata/rophes1 is fall+ 9 ru9s2 ! iron h>r[ ( ,revolution is break+ up mank9d l ! clods ( ! field2 9 ! bloody furr[s g]m9ate new races2 ! s\l 9 ! agony ( its di/ress believes once m2 x resumes its fai? 9 virtue1 x f9ds aga9 ! language ( pray]4 ,to ! age ( ! ,r5aissance succe$$ t ( ! ,re=mation2 to ! ,g]many ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! ,g]many ( #ahab4 ,s fai? spr+s up = ev] & ev] out ( its a%es4 ,ah1 t ,i mu/ add x1 humanity rises aga9 b to resume ! m>* :i* ,i h j describ$4 ,b c x be said ( x besides1 t l ?is ,globe ( ours x is mak+ any movem5t 9 advance :il/ x is s turn+ r\nd itself1 & if x does s advance1 t[>ds :at is x gravitat+8 #ie ',:i!r1 :i!r1 ,o ,"l1 m>*es ! e>? 9 ! heav5s8' ,footnote #ah ,footnote #ah3 ,mlange de ,critique ,religieuse1 p> ,edmond ,s*]]--,conv]sations ,?ologiques1 pp4 #afi-ahg4 ,b x is n t[>ds heav5 t ! e>? w\ld m>* if x foll[$ ! pa? 9 :i* ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,sup]natural are impell+ x4 ,x is ?is peculi>ity1 !y say1 ( ! ,sup]natural1 t be+ incr$ible1 x is 9 its v ess5ce anti-human4 ,n[ x is precisely to some?+ n anti-human b sup]human t ! human s\l aspires1 & !re seeks to realize ^! aspirations 9 ! ,sup]natural4 ,we %\ld be nev] we>y ( repeat+ x2 ! :ole f9ite _w 9 its entirety1 ) all its facts & all its laws1 compris+ inde$ man himself1 suffices n = ! s\l ( man2 x requires some?+ gr&] & m p]fect = ! subject ( its contemplation1 ! object ( its love2 x desires to fix its tru/ 9 some?+ m /able2 to lean ^u some?+ less fragile4 #if ,?is supreme & sublime ambition x is to :i* religion1 9 its wide/ s5se1 gives bir? & supplies n\ri%m5t2 & ?is supreme & sublime ambition x is also t ! religion ( ,*ri/ m p>ticul>ly responds to & satisfies4 ,let ^?1 !re=e1 :o flatt] !mselves t al?\gh aboli%+ ! belief 9 ! ,sup]natural1 !y leave ,*ri/ians /ill ,*ri/ians1 undeceive !mselves2 :at !y are aboli%+1 de/roy+1 is v religion1 = _! argum5ts assail all religion 9 g5]al1 & ,*ri/ianity 9 p>ticul>4 ,x may be t !y d n inflict ^u !mselves all ?is evil1 & t 9 reta9+ a s9c]e religi\s s5tim5t !y really believe !mselves ne>ly ,*ri/ians2 ! s\l /ruggles aga9/ ! errors ( ! ?\ght1 & a moral suicide is a r>e spectacle4 ,b ! evil ev5 9 spread+ unveils m pla9ly its nature & increases 9 int5sity2 besides m51 9 masses1 draw f error f> m logical conclusions ?an ! man ev] did 9 :om ! error _h its orig94 ,! p are n ! le>n$1 nei!r are !y philosoph]s1 & only once succe$ 9 de/roy+ 9 !m all fai? 9 ! ,sup]natural1 & y may consid] x c]ta9 t ! fai? 9 ,*ri/ mu/ h previ\sly disappe>$4 #ig ,h y well weigh$ all ?is8 ,h y pictur$ to y\rself :at a man1 :at mank9d1 :at ! s\l ( man1 :at human society itself w\ld become if religion 7 9 effect aboli%$1 if religi\s fai? entirely disappe>$8 ,i w n give way to angui% ( s\l or s9i/] pres5tim5ts1 b ,i d n hesitate to affirm t no imag9ation c repres5t ) adequate fidelity :at w\ld take place 9 u & ar\nd u if ! place at pres5t occupi$ by ,*ri/ian belief 7 on a sudd5 to become vacant1 & its empire annihilat$4 ,no "o c\ld pron\nce to :at degree ( disord] & degradation humanity w\ld be precipitat$4 ,b awful inde$ w\ld be ! result if all fai? 9 ! ,sup]natural 7 ext9ct 9 ! s\l1 & if man _h 9 a sup]natural /ate nei!r tru/ nor hope4 ,x is n my design1 h[ev]1 to conf9e myself "h to ! "q reg>d$ m]ely 9 its moral1 practical light2 ,i approa* ! ,sup]natural z view$ ) ! eyes ( free & speculative reason4 #ih ,x is condemn$ = its v "n's sake4 ,no?+ is or c be1 x is said1 beyond & above nature4 ,nature is "o & complete2 ev]y?+ is compris$ 9 x2 9 x1 ( necessity1 all ?+s coh]e1 en*a91 & develop !mselves4 ,we are "h 9 ?or\gh pan!ism--t is to say1 9 absolute a!ism4 ,i d n hesitate to give to pan!ism its real "n4 ,among/ ! m5 :o at ! pres5t day decl>e !mselves ! oppon5ts ( ! ,sup]natural1 mo/1 c]ta9ly1 d n believe t !y are nor d !y desire to be a!i/s4 ,b let me tell !m t !y are lead+ o!rs :i!r !y nei!r ?9k nor wi% !mselves to g4 ,! negation ( ! ,sup]natural1 & t 9 ! "n ( ! unity & univ]sality ( nature1 is pan!ism1 & pan!ism is no?+ m nor less ?an a!ism4 #ii ,9 ! sequel ( ^! ,m$itations1 :5 ,i come to speak p>ticul>ly ( ! actual /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* combat x1 ,i w 9 ?is respect ju/ify my ass]tion2 at pres5t1 ,i h to repel direct attacks ^u ! ,sup]natural--attacks less fundam5tal ?an ^? ( pan!ism1 b n less s]i\s1 = 9 tru?1 :e!r m5 "k x or n1 & :e!r !y mean x or n1 all attacks 9 ?is w>f>e rea* ! same object1 & z soon z ! ,sup]natural is ! aim x is religion itself t receives ! %aft4 ,! fixity ( ! laws ( nature is appeal$ to2 t1 say !y1 is ! palpable & inconte/able fact e/abli%$ by ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 & ^u :i* re/s ! conduct ( human life4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! p]man5t ord] ( nature & ! immutability ( its laws1 we _c admit any p>tial1 any mom5t>y infractions2 we _c believe 9 ! ,sup]natural1 9 miracles4 ,true1 g5]al & con/ant laws d gov]n nature4 ,are we1 !re=e1 to affirm t ^? laws are necess>y1 & t no deviation f !m is possible 9 nature8 ,:o is !re t does n disc]n an ess5tial1 an absolute diff]5ce betwe5 :at is g5]al & :at is necess>y8 #ajj ,! p]man5ce ( ! actual laws ( nature is a fact e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce1 b x is n ! only fact possible1 ! only fact conceivable by reason2 ^? laws might h be5 o!r laws1 !y may *ange4 ,sev]al ( !m h n always be5 :at !y n[ are1 = sci5ce itself proves t ! condition ( ! univ]se has be5 diff]5t f :at x is at pres5t2 ! univ]sal & p]man5t ord] ( :i* we =m "p1 & 9 :i* we confide1 has n always be5 :at we n[ see x2 x has _h a beg9n+2 ! creation ( ! actual sy/em ( nature & ( its laws is a fact z c]ta9 z ! sy/em itself is c]ta94 ,& :at is creation b a sup]natural fact1 ! act ( a ,p[] sup]ior to ! actual laws ( nature1 & :i* has p[] to modify !m j z mu* z x has _h p[] to e/abli% !m8 ,! fir/ ( miracles is ,god himself4 #aja ,!re is a second miracle--man4 ,i resume :at ,i h already said2 by 8 title z a moral be+ & free ag5t1 man lives beyond & above ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al & p]man5t laws ( nature2 he creates by 8 w effects :i* are n at all ! necess>y consequ5ce ( any pre-exi/5t law2 & ^? effects take _! place 9 a sy/em absolutely di/9ct & indep5d5t f ! visible ord] :i* gov]ns ! univ]se4 ,! moral lib]ty ( man is a fact z c]ta91 & natural1 z ! ord] ( nature1 & x is at ! same "t a sup]natural fact--t is to say1 ess5tially =eign to ! ord] ( nature & to its laws4 ,god is ! be+ moral & free p> excell5ce1 t is to say1 ! be+ excell5tly capable ( act+ z fir/ cause beyond ! influ5ce ( causation4 ,by 8 title z a moral be+ & free ag5t1 man is 9 intimate relation ) ,god4 ,:o %all def9e ! possible cont+5cies1 or fa?om ! my/]ies ( ?is relation8 ,:o d>e to say t ,god _c modify1 t ,he nev] does modify1 accord+ to 8 plans ) respect to ! moral sy/em & to man1 ! laws :i* ,he has made & :i* ,he ma9ta9s 9 ! mat]ial ord] ( nature8 #ajb ,"s h hesitat$ absolutely to d5y ! possibility ( sup]natural facts2 & s _! attack is indirect4 ,if ^? facts1 say !y1 are n impossible1 !y are incr$ible1 = no p>ticul> te/imony ( man 9 fav\r ( a miracle c give a c]titude equal to t :i*1 on ! opposite side1 results f ! exp]i5ce :i* m5 h ( ! fixity ( ! laws ( nature4 ,x is exp]i5ce only1 says ,hume1 :i* gives au?ority to human te/imony2 & x is ! same exp]i5ce :i* assures u ( ! laws ( nature4 ,:5 !re=e ^! two k9ds ( exp]i5ce are contr>y1 we h no?+ to d1 b subtract ! "o f ! o!r1 & embrace an op9ion1 ei!r on "o side or ! o!r1 ) t assurance :i* arises f ! rema9d]4 ,b accord+ to ! pr9ciples "h expla9$1 ?is subtraction1 ) reg>d to all popul> religions1 am\nts to an entire annihilation3 & !re=e we may e/abli% x z a maxim1 t no human te/imony c h su* =ce z to prove a miracle1 & make x a j f\ndation = any su* sy/em ( religion4 ,footnote #ai ,footnote #ai3 ,essays & ,treatises on ,sev]al ,subjects1 by ,david ,hume2 ,essay on ,miracles1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aai-ade1 ,ble1 #agic4 ,same "w1 p4 #ia1 ,london1 #afmo1 #ahfj4--,,translator4 #ajc ,x is 9 ?is reason+ ( ,hume t ! oppon5ts ( miracles %ut !mselves up z 9 an impregnable =tress to refuse !m all cr$5ce4 ,:at confusion ( facts & ideas6 ,:at a sup]ficial solution ( "o ( ! gr&e/ problems ( our nature6 ,:at6 a simple op]ation ( ari?metic1 ) respect to two exp]im5tal obs]vations1 e/imat$ 9 ciph]s1 is to decide ! "q :e!r ! univ]sal belief ( ! race ( man 9 ! ,sup]natural is well-f\nd$ or simply absurd2 :e!r ,god only acts ^u ! _w & ^u man by laws e/abli%$ once = all1 or :e!r ,he /ill cont9ues to make1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]1 use ( 8 lib]ty6 #ajd ,n only does ! sceptic ,hume "h %[ himself unconsci\s ( ! gr&eur ( ! problem2 he mi/akes ev5 9 ! motives ^u :i* he f\nds 8 %all[ conclusion2 = x is n f human exp]i5ce alone t human te/imony draws h] au?ority3 ?is au?ority has s\rces m pr(\nd1 & a wor? ant]ior to exp]i5ce3 x is "o ( ! natural bonds1 "o ( ! spontane\s sympa?ies :i* unite ) "o ano!r m5 & ! g5]ations ( m54 ,is x by virtue ( exp]i5ce t ! *ild tru/s to ! words ( its "m1 t x has fai? 9 all %e tells x8 ,! mutual tru/ t m5 repose 9 :at !y say or transmit to ea* o!r is an in/9ct1 primitive1 spontane\s1 :i* exp]i5ce confirms or %akes1 sets up aga9 or sets b\nds to1 b :i* exp]i5ce does n orig9ate4 ,i f9d 9 ! same essay ( ,hume1 ,footnote #bj ?is o!r passage3 ,! passion ( surprise & wond]1 aris+ f miracles1 be+ an agreeable emotion1 gives a s5sible t5d5cy t[>ds ! belief ( ^? ev5ts f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,footnote #bj3 ,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #abh1 ubi supra4 #aje ,?us1 if we are to cr$it ,hume1 x is m]ely = 8 pleasure1 = ! div]sion ( ! imag9ative faculty1 t man believes 9 ! ,sup]natural2 & b5ea? ?is impression--?\gh real1 /ill only ( a second>y nature--:i* does no m ?an skim ! surface ( ! human s\l1 ! philosoph] has no glimpse at all ( ! pr(\nd in/9cts & sup]ior requisitions :i* h sway ov] him4 ,b :y an attack ( ?is "*1 s indirect & little complete8 ,:y %\ld ,hume limit himself to ! proposition t miracles c nev] be hi/orically prov$1 in/ead ( at once affirm+ ! impossibility ( miracles !mselves8 ,?is is :at ! oppon5ts ( ! ,sup]natural virtually ?9k2 & x is because !y comm5ce by reg>d+ miracles z impossible t !y apply !mselves to de/roy ! value ( ! evid5ces by :i* !y are support$4 #ajf ,if ! evid5ce :i* surr\nds ! cradle ( ,*ri/ianity1 if ! f\r?1 if ev5 ! t5? "p ( x 7 adduc$ 9 support ( facts ( a nature extra-ord9>y1 unexpect$1 or unhe>d (1 b /ill n hav+ a "* positively sup]natural1 ! pro( w\ld be accept$ z unexceptionable3 ! facts = c]ta94 ,9 appe>ance1 x is m]ely ! pro( by witnesses ( ! ,sup]natural t is conte/$2 :]eas1 9 reality1 ! v possibility ( ! ?+ is d5i$ t is s\ght to be prov$4 ,! "q ought to be put z x really is1 in/ead ( su* a solution be+ (f]$ z is a m]e evasion4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 m5 ( logical m9ds & d>+ spirits h n hesitat$ to speak m frankly & pla9ly4 ,! new dogma1 !y say1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( criticism1 is ! negation ( ! ,sup]natural4 444 ,^? /ill dispos$ to reject ?is pr9ciple h no?+ to d ) our books1 & we1 on our side1 h no cause to feel disquietude at _! opposition & _! c5sure1 = we d n write = !m4 ,& if ?is discussion is altoge!r avoid$1 x is because x is impossible to ent] into x ) out admitt+ an unacceptable proposition1 viz41 "o :i* presumes t ! ,sup]natural c 9 any giv5 case be possible4 ,footnote #ba ,footnote #ba3 ,cons]vation1 ,involution1 et ,positivisme1 p> ,m4 ,littr1 ,preface1 p4 xxvi1 & foll[+ pages--,m4 ,havet1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #a ,aot1 #ahfc4 #ajg ,i d n reproa* ! disciples ( ! s*ool ( ,hume = hav+ ev9c$ great] timidity3 if !y attack$ ! ,sup]natural by a side way1 n z be+ impossible 9 itself1 b z be+ m]ely incapable ( pro( by human te/imony1 !y did n d s design$ly & ) deceitful purpose4 ,let u r5d] !m m ju/ice1 & d !m m hon\r4 ,a prud5t & an hone/ in/9ct held !m back on ! declivity ^u :i* !y _h plac$ !mselves2 !y felt t to d5y ev5 ! possibility ( ! ,sup]natural1 0 to ent] at full sail into pan!ism & fatalism1 t is to say1 0 ! same ?+ z at once disp5s+ ) ,god & do+ away ) ! free ag5cy ( man4 ,_! moral s5se1 _! good s5se1 )held !m f any su* c\rse4 #ajh ,! fundam5tal error ( ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,sup]natural is t !y conte/ x 9 ! "n ( human sci5ce1 & t !y class ! ,sup]natural among/ facts )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 :]eas ! ,sup]natural does n fall )9 t doma91 & ! v attempt s to treat x has l$1 inde$1 to its be+ entirely reject$4 #aji ,f\r? ,m$itation4 ,! ,limits ,( ,sci5ce4 ,an em95t morali/1 :o 0 at ! same "t n only a !ologian1 b a philosoph] well v]s$ 9 ! physical sci5ces1 ,i mean ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & correspond+ memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 wrote 9 8 "w on ,natural ,!ology1 a *apt] entitl$3 ,on man's p>tial & limit$ k ( div9e ?+s4 ,! fir/ pages are z foll[s3-- ,! true mod]n philosophy nev] makes m *>act]i/ic exhibition ( itself1 ?an at ! limit :i* sep>ates ! kn[n f ! unkn[n4 ,x is !re t we behold x 9 a tw(old aspect--t ( ! utmo/ def]5ce & respect = all ! f9d+s ( exp]i5ce )9 ?is limit2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! utmo/ dis9cl9ation & di/ru/ = all ^? fancies ( +5i\s or plausible speculation :i* h _! place 9 ! ideal region beyond x4 #aaj ,to call 9 ! aid ( a language :i* f> surpasses our own 9 expressive brevity1 its (fice is 'indag>e' r ?an 'div9>e4' ,! products ( ?is philosophy are copies & n creations4 ,x may discov] a sy/em ( nature1 b n devise "o4 ,x proce$s fir/ on ! obs]vation ( individual facts & if ^! facts are ev] h>monis$ into a sy/em1 ?is is only 9 ! ex]cise ( a m ext5d$ obs]vation4 ,9 ! "w ( sy/ematis+1 x makes no excursion beyond ! t]ritory ( actual nature--= !y are ! actual ph5om5a ( nature :i* =m ! fir/ mat]ials ( ?is philosophy--& !y are ! actual resemblances ( ^! ph5om5a t =m1 z x 71 ! cem5t+ pr9ciple1 to :i* ! goodly fabrics ( mod]n sci5ce owe all ! solidity & all ! endurance t belong to !m4 #aaa ,x is ?is *iefly :i* di/+ui%es ! philosophy ( ! pres5t day f t ( by-gone ages4 ,! "o 0 ma9ly an excogitative1 ! o!r ma9ly a descriptive process--a description h[ev] ext5d+ to ! lik5esses z well z to ! peculi>ities ( ?+s2 &1 by means ( ^! lik5esses1 ^! obs]v$ lik5esses alone1 (t5 realis+ a m glori\s & magnific5t h>mony ?an 0 ev] pictur$ =? by all ! imag9ations ( all ! !ori/s4 ,9 ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ?is philosophy1 ! /r5g? ( a full-gr[n und]/&+ is bl5d$ ) ! mode/y ( *ildhood4 ,! ideal is sacrific$ to ! actual--&1 h[ev] spl5did or fondly *]i%$ a hypo!sis may be1 yet if b "o ph5om5on 9 ! real hi/ory ( nature /& 9 ! way1 x is =?) & conclusively ab&on$4 ,to "s ! r5unciation may be z pa9ful z ! cutt+ (f a "r h&1 or ! pluck+ out a "r eye--yet1 if true to ! great pr9ciple ( ! ,baconian s*ool1 x mu/ be submitt$ to4 #aab ,) its h>dy disciples "o valid pro( outweighs a ?\s& plausibilities--& ! resolute firmness :]e) !y bid away ! speculations ( fancy is only equall$ by ! *ildlike compliance :]e) !y submit !mselves to ! lessons ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is ?us t ! same pr9ciple :i* guides to a j & a s\nd philosophy 9 all t lies )9 ! circle ( human discov]y1 leads also to a mo/ unpresum+ & unpron\nc+ mode/y 9 ref]5ce to all t lies beyond x4 ,& %\ld "s new light spr+ up on ?is ext]ior region1 %\ld ! in=mation ( its be=e hidd5 my/]ies break 9 ^u u f "s qu>t] t 0 be=e inaccessible1 x w be at once p]ceiv$ 7on ! supposition ( its be+ a g5u9e & n an illusory light7 t1 ( all o!r m51 !y are ! foll[]s ( ,bacon & ,newton :o %\ld pay ! mo/ unqualifi$ respect to all its revelations4 #aac ,9 _! case x comes ^u m9ds :i* are )\t prejudice1 because on t v pr9ciple1 :i* is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( our mod]n sci5ce1 ^u m9ds )\t preoccupation4 444 ,! /r5g? ( 8 confid5ce 9 all ! asc]ta9$ facts ( ! t]ra cognita is at "o or 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! humility ( 8 diffid5ce 9 reg>d to all ! conceiv$ plausibilities ( ! t]ra incognita4 ,& let x fur!r be rem>k$ ( ! self-d5ial :i* is laid ^u u by ,bacon's ,philosophy1 t1 l all o!r self-d5ial 9 ! cause ( tru? or virtue1 x ha? its rew>d4 ,9 giv+ ourselves up to its guidance1 we h (t5 to quit ! fasc9ations ( beautiful !ory2 b 9 ex*ange = !m1 we are at l5g? regal$ by ! high] & sub/antial beauties ( actual nature4 ,!re is a /ubbornness 9 facts be=e :i* ! speci\s imag9ation is compell$ to give way2 & p]haps ! m9d nev] suff]s m pa9ful lac]ation ?an :51 aft] hav+ va9ly attempt$ to =ce nature into a compliance ) h] own spl5did g5]alizations1 %e1 on ! appe>ance ( "s rebelli\s & impracticable ph5om5on1 has to practise a =ce ^u h]self--:5 %e ?us f9ds ! goodly speculation sup]s$$ by ! homely & unwelcome exp]i5ce4 #aad ,x seem$ at ! outset a cruel sacrifice1 :5 ! _w ( speculation1 ) all its manageable & engag+ simplicities1 _h to be ab&on$2 & on becom+ ! pupils ( obs]vation1 we1 amid ! v>ieties ( ! actual _w ar\nd u1 felt z if bewild]$1 if n lo/1 among ! p]plexities ( a *aos4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( greate/ suff]ance2 b x has _h a glori\s t]m9ation4 ,9 return = ! assiduity :]e) ! /udy ( nature ha? be5 prosecut$1 %e ha? made a m abundant revelation ( h] *>ms4 ,ord] ha? aris5 out ( confusion1 & 9 ! asc]ta9$ /ructure ( ! univ]se !re are n[ f\nd to be a /ate & a sublimity beyond all t 0 ev] pictur$ by ! m9d 9 ! days ( h] adv5tur\s & unfett]$ imag9ation4 #aae ,ev5 view$ 9 ! light ( a noble & engag+ spectacle = ! fancy to dwell ^u1 :o w\ld ev] ?9k ( comp>+ ) ! sy/em ( ,newton1 ei!r t cele/ial ma*9]y ( ,des ,c>tes1 :i* 0 impell$ by :irlpools ( e!r1 or t /ill m cumbr\s planet>ium ( cycles & epicycles :i* 0 ! prog5y ( a remot] age8 ,x is ?us t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! obs]vational process !re is ! abjuration ( beauty4 ,b x soon reappe>s 9 ano!r =m1 & bright5s z we advance1 & at l5g? !re arises on solid f\ndation1 a fair] & goodli] sy/em ?an ev] float$ 9 airy romance be=e ! eye ( g5ius4 ,nor is x difficult to p]ceive ! reason ( ?is4 ,:at we discov] by obs]vation is ! product ( div9e imag9ation bodi$ =? by creative p[] into a /able & endur+ reality4 ,:at we devise by our own +5uity is b ! product ( human imag9ation4 ,! "o is ! solid ar*etype ( ^? conceptions :i* are 9 ! m9d ( ,god3 ! o!r is ! %ad[y repres5tation ( ^? conceptions :i* are 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,x is j z ) ! lab\r]1 :o1 by excavat+ ! rubbi% :i* hides & besets "s noble ar*itecture1 does m = ! gratification ( our ta/e1 ?an if by 8 unpractis$ h& he %\ld attempt to regale u ) plans & sket*es ( 8 own4 #aaf ,& s ! drudg]y ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 9 ex*ange = t beauty ^: fasc9ations x )/ood at ! outset ( its c>e]1 has evolv$ a surpass+ beauty f among ! realities ( tru? & nature4 444 ,! views contemplat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( obs]vation1 are f\nd n only to h a ju/ness 9 !m1 b to h a grace & a gr&eur 9 !m f> beyond all ! visions :i* are contemplat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( fancy1 or :i* ev] regal$ ! fonde/ en?usia/ 9 ! en*ant$ walks ( speculation & poetry4 ,b nei!r ! grace nor ! gr&eur alone w\ld1 )\t evid5ce1 h secur$ acceptance = any op9ion4 ,x mu/ fir/ be made to und]go1 & )\t c]emony1 ! free/ treatm5t f human eyes & human h&s4 ,x is at "o "t /ret*$ on ! rack ( an exp]im5t1 at ano!r x has to pass ?r\gh fi]y trial 9 ! bottom ( a crucible4 #aag ,9 ano!r x und]goes a long que/ion+ process among ! fumes & ! filtrations & ! int5se heat ( a laboratory2 & n till x has be5 subject$ to all ?is inquisitorial torture & surviv$ x1 is x pref]r$ to a place 9 ! temple ( ,tru?1 or admitt$ among ! laws & lessons ( a s\nd philosophy4 ,no "o c]ta9ly w conte/ t ?is is ! language ( a f]v5t disciple ( sci5ce4 ,x is impossible to h a ke5] appreh5sion ( its beauty1 & to accept m completely its laws4 ,:at ma!matician1 natural philosoph]1 physiologi/1 or *emi/1 c\ld speak 9 t]ms ( great] respect & submission ( ! necessity ( obs]vation1 & ( ! au?ority ( exp]i5ce8 ,dr4 ,*alm]s is n ! less = t a true & f]v5t ,*ri/ian2 8 religi\s fai? equals 8 sci5tific exactitude3 he receives ,*ri/1 & pr(esses ,*ri/'s doctr9e ) z firm a voice z he does ,bacon & ,bacon's me?od4 #aah ,n t = him religi\s belief is ! m]e result ( education1 ( tradition1 ( habit2 b x1 on ! contr>y1 spr+s z mu* f reflection & le>n+1 z 8 acquirem5ts 9 natural sci5ce !mselves2 9 ea* sph]e he has prob$ ! v s\rces & weigh$ ! motives ( 8 convictions4 ,h[ did he1 9 ea* in/ance1 rea* su* a hav5 ( repose8 ,:5ce 9 him ?is h>mony betwe5 ! philosoph] & ! ,*ri/ian8 ,let u aga9 all[ ,dr4 ,*alm]s to speak = himself3-- ,x is ( importance "h to rem>k t ! enl>gem5t ( our k 9 all ! natural sci5ces1 s f> f add+ to our presumption1 %\ld only give a pr(\nd] s5se ( our natural incapacity & ignorance 9 ref]5ce to ! sci5ce ( !ology4 ,x is j z if 9 /udy+ ! policy ( "s e>?ly mon>* we _h made ! be=e unkn[n discov]y ( o!r empires & di/ant t]ritories :]e( we knew no?+ b ! exi/5ce & ! "n4 ,?is might complicate ! /udy )\t mak+ ! object ( x at all m compreh5sible1 & s ( e new wond] :i* philosophy might lay op5 to ! gaze ( inquir]s4 #aai ,x might give u a l>g] p]spective ( ! creation ?an be=e1 yet1 9 fact1 ca/ a deep] %ade ( obscurity ov] ! c\nsels & ways ( ! ,creator4 ,we might at once obta9 a deep] insight into ! secrets ( ! workman%ip1 & yet feel1 & legitimately feel1 to be /ill m deeply out ( rea*1 ! secret purposes ( ,him :o worke? all 9 all4 ,e discov]y ( an addition to ! greatness ( 8 works may br+ ) x an addition to ! unse>*abl5ess ( 8 ways4 4444 ,t telescope :i* has op5$ our way to suns & sy/ems innum]able1 leaves ! moral adm9i/ration connect$ ) !m 9 deepe/ secrecy4 ,x has made kn[n to u ! b>e exi/5ce ( o!r worlds2 b x w\ld require ano!r in/rum5t ( discov]y ere we c\ld und]/& _! relation to ourselves1 z products ( ! same ,almighty ,h&1 z p>ts or memb]s ( a family "u ! same pat]nal gu>dian%ip4 ,?is m ext5d$ survey ( ! ,mat]ial ,univ]se j tells u h[ little we "k ( ! ,moral or ,spiritual ,univ]se4 #abj ,x reveals no?+ to u ( ! worlds t roll 9 space1 b ! b>e elem5ts ( ,motion1 & ,magnitude1 & ,numb]--& s leaves u at a m hopeless di/ance f ! secret ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration ?an :5 we reason$ ( ! ,e>? z ! ,univ]se1 ( our species z ! alone rational family ( ,god t ,he _h implicat$ ) body1 or plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( a corporeal sy/em4 444 ,to "k t we _c "k c]ta9 ?+s1 is 9 itself positive k1 & a k ( ! mo/ safe & valuable nature4 444 ,!re are few s]vices ( great] value to ! cause ( k ?an ! del9eation ( its b\nd>ies4 ,footnote #bb ,footnote #bb3 ,*alm]s's ,works3 ,natural ,!ology1 pp4 #bdi-bfe2 ,glasg[4 ,9 hold+ ?is language1 :at 9 effect is ,dr4 ,*alm]s do+8 ,he is sep>at+ :at is f9ite f :at is inf9ite1 ! ?+ creat$ f ! ,creator1 ! _w subject to gov]nm5t f ! ,sov]eign t gov]ns x2 & 9 m>k+ ?is l9e ( dem>cation1 he says 9 8 mode/y to sci5ce1 :at ,god 9 8 p[] says to ! ocean3 ,?us f> %alt ?\ g1 & no f>!r4 #aba ,doctor ,*alm]s 0 "r2 ! limits ( ! f9ite _w are ^? also ( human sci5ce3 h[ f> )9 ^! va/ limits sci5ce may ext5d h] empire1 :o %all affirm8 ,b :at we c]ta9ly may ass]t is1 t %e nev] c exce$ !m4 ,! f9ite _w alone is )9 h] rea*1 ! only _w t %e c fa?om4 ,x is only 9 ! f9ite _w t man's m9d c fully grasp ! facts1 obs]ve !m 9 all _! ext5t1 & "u all _! aspects1 discrim9ate _! relations & _! laws 7:i* con/itute also a species ( facts71 & s v]ify ! sy/em to :i* !y %\ld be ref]r$4 ,?is x is t makes :at we t]m sci5tific processes & lab\r1 & human sci5ces are ! results4 ,:at ne$ to m5tion t 9 speak+ ( ! f9ite _w1 ,i d n mean to speak ( ! mat]ial _w alone8 ,moral facts !re also are :i* fall "u obs]vation1 & ent] into ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 #abb ,! /udy ( man 9 8 actual condition1 :e!r consid]$ z an individual or z =m+ a memb] ( a nation1 is also a sci5tific /udy1 subject to ! same me?od z t ( ! mat]ial _w3 & x is its legitimate prov9ce also to detect 9 ! actual ord] ( ?is _w ! laws ( ^? p>ticul> facts to :i* x addresses itself4 ,b if ! limits ( ! f9ite _w are ^? ( human sci5ce1 !y are n ^? ( ! human s\l4 ,man conta9s 9 himself ideas & ambiti\s aspirations ext5d+ f> beyond & ris+ f> above ! f9ite _w1 ideas ( & aspirations t[>ds ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,ideal1 ! ,p]fect1 ! ,immutable1 ! ,et]nal4 ,^! ideas & aspirations are !mselves realities admitt$ by ! human m9d2 b ev5 9 admitt+ !m man's m9d comes to a halt2 !y give him a pres5tim5t (1 or to speak ) m precision1 a revelation (1 an ord] ( ?+s diff]5t f ! facts & laws ( ! f9ite _w :i* lies "u 8 obs]vation2 b :il/ man has ( ?is sup]ior ord] ! in/9ct & ! p]spective1 he c h ( x no positive k4 #abc ,x proce$s f ! sublimity ( 8 nature if he has a glimpse ( ,inf9ity--if he aspires to x2 :]eas x results f ! infirmity ( 8 actual condition if 8 positive k is limit$ by ! _w 9 :i* he exi/s4 ,i 0 born 9 ! s\?1 "u ! v sun4 ,i h yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 liv$ 9 regions ei!r ( ! nor?1 or bord]+ ^u ! nor?1 regions s frequ5tly imm]s$ 9 mi/s4 ,:5 "u _! pale sky we look t[>ds ! horizon1 a fog ( great] or less d5sity limits ! view2 ! vision itself might p5etrate mu* f>!r1 b an ext]nal ob/acle arre/s x2 x does n f9d !re ! light x ne$s4 ,reg>d n[ ! horizon "u ! pure & brilliant sky ( ! s\?2 ! pla9s1 di/ant z well z ne>1 are ba!d 9 light2 ! human eye c p5etrate !re z f> z its organization p]mits4 ,if x pi]ces no f>!r1 x is n = want ( light1 b because its prop] & natural =ce has atta9$ its limit3 ! m9d kn[s t !re are spaces beyond t :i* ! eye trav]ses1 b ! eye p5etrates !m n4 #abd ,?is is an image ( :at happ5s to ! m9d itself :5 contemplat+ & /udy+ ! univ]se3 x rea*es a po9t :]e its cle> sight1 t is to say its positive appreciation1 halts1 n t x f9ds !re ! end ( ?+s !mselves1 b ! limit ( man's sci5tific appreciation ( !m2 o!r realities pres5t !mselves to him2 he has a glimpse ( !m2 he believes 9 !m spontane\sly & naturally2 x is n giv5 to him to grasp !m & to measure !m2 b he c nei!r ignore !m1 nor "k !m1 nei!r h positive k ( !m1 nor refra9 f hav+ fai? 9 !m4 ,i _c d5y myself ! pleasure ( cit+ :at ,i wrote ?irte5 ye>s ago ^u ! same subject1 :5 philosophically exam9+ ! real mean+ ( ! ^w fai?4 ,! object ( e religi\s belief1 said ,i1 is 9 a c]ta91 a l>ge measure1 inaccessible to human sci5ce4 ,human sci5ce may e/abli% t object's reality2 x may arrive at ! b\nd>y ( ?is my/]i\s _w2 & assure itself ( ! exi/5ce !re ( facts ) :i* man's de/9y is connect$2 b x is n giv5 to x s to atta9 ! facts !mselves z to subject !m to its exam9ation4 #abe ,_! incapacity to d s has /ruck m ?an "o philosoph]1 & has l$ !m to ! conclusion t no su* reality exi/s1 t e religi\s belief contemplates subjects simply *im]ical4 ,o!rs1 %utt+ _! eyes to _! own incompet5cy1 h da%$ d>+ly =w>ds t[>ds ! sph]e ( ! sup]natural2 & j z if !y _h succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ into x1 !y h describ$ its facts1 resolv$ its problems1 assign$ its laws4 ,x is difficult to say :o %[s m fooli% arrogance1 ! man :o ma9ta9s t t ( :i* he _c h positive k has no real exi/5ce1 or ! man :o pret5ds to be able to "k ev]y?+ t actually exi/s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 mank9d has nev] = a s+le day ass5t$ to ei!r ass]tion3 man's in/9cts & 8 actions h con/antly disav[$ bo? ! negation ( ! disbeliev] & ! confid5ce ( ! !ologian4 #abf ,9 spite ( ! =m]1 he has p]si/$ 9 believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! unkn[n _w1 & 9 ! reality ( ! relations :i* connect him ) x3 & not)/&+ ! p[]ful influ5ces ( ! latt]1 he has refus$ to admit _! hav+ atta9$ _! object--rais$ ! veil2 & s man has cont9u$ to agitate ! same problems1 to pursue ! same tru?s1 z ard5tly & z labori\sly z at ! fir/ day1 j z if no?+ _h be5 done at all4 ,footnote #bc ,footnote #bc3 ,m$itations et tudes ,morales1 p4 #agj4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,i h j read aga9 ! excell5t comp5dium giv5 by ,m4 ,c\s9 9 8 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy f ! mo/ ,anci5t ,times to ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,he e/abli%es t all ! philosophical lab\rs ( ! human und]/&+ h t]m9at$ 9 f\r great sy/ems--s5sualism1 idealism1 scepticism1 & my/icism--! sole actors 9 t intellectual ar5a :]e1 9 all ages & among/ all nations1 !y are 9 turn 9 ! position ( combatants & ( sov]eigns4 #abg ,&1 aft] hav+ cle>ly *>act]is$ 9 _! orig9 & _! developm5t ^! f\r sy/ems1 ,m4 ,c\s9 adds1 ,z = _! intr9sic m]its1 habituate y\rselves to ?is pr9ciple3 !y h exi/$2 !re=e !y _h _! reason to exi/2 !re=e !y are true at lea/ 9 "p4 ,error is ! law ( our nature3 to x we are condemn$2 & 9 all our op9ions & all our words !re is always a l>ge all[ance to be made = error1 & too (t5 = absurdity4 ,b absolute absurdity does n ent] into ! m9d ( man2 x is ! excell5ce ( man's ?\ght1 t )\t "s leav5 ( tru? x admits no?+1 & absolute error is impossible4 ,! f\r sy/ems :i* h j be5 rapidly laid be=e y h _h ea* _! exi/5ce2 !re=e !y conta9 tru?1 /ill )\t be+ entirely true4 ,p>tially true1 & p>tially false1 ^! sy/ems reappe> at all ! great epo*s4 ,"t _c de/roy any "o ( !m1 nor c x beget any new "o1 because "t develops & p]fects ! human m9d1 ?\gh )\t *ang+ its nature & its fundam5tal t5d5cies4 #abh ,"t does no m ?an multiply & v>y almo/ inf9itely ! comb9ations ( ! f\r simple & elem5t>y sy/ems4 ,h5ce orig9ate ^? c\ntless sy/ems :i* hi/ory collects & :i* x is its (fice to expla94 ,footnote #bd ,footnote #bd3 ,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,philosophic depuis les temps les plus anci5s jusqu' la f9 du ,,xviii ,sicle1 p> ,m4 ,victor ,c\s91 pp4 #d-ca4 #ahfc4 ,m4 ,c\s9 excels 9 expla9+ ^! numb]less philosophical comb9ations1 & 9 trac+ !m all back to ! f\r great sy/ems :i* he has def9$2 b !re is a fact /ill m important ?an ! v>iety ( ^! comb9ations1 & :i* calls itself = explanation4 ,:y did ^! f\r ess5tial sy/ems--s5sualism1 idealism1 scepticism1 & my/icism1 appe> f ! mo/ anci5t times8 :y h !y cont9u$ to reproduce !mselves always & ev]y:]e1 ) d$uctions m or less logical1 ) great] or less ability1 b /ill fundam5tally always & ev]y:]e ! same8 ,:y1 ^u ^! supreme que/ions1 did ! human m9d a*ieve at s e>ly a p]iod1 :at may be t]m$1 x is true1 b essays at a solution1 b :i* essays 9 "s sort h exhau/$ ! m9d r ?an satisfi$ x8 #abi ,h[ is x t ^! diff]5t sy/ems1 inv5t$ ) su* promptitude1 h nev] be5 able ei!r to come to an accord1 nor has any "o be5 able to prevail decid$ly aga9/ ano!r & to cause itself to be receiv$ z ! tru?8 ,:y has philosophy1 or1 to speak m precisely1 :y h metaphysics1 rema9$ ess5tially /ation>y2 great at _! bir?1 b de/9$ n to gr[3 :]eas ! o!r sci5ces--^? /yl$ natural sci5ces--h be5 ess5tially progressive3 at fir/ feeble1 & mak+ 9 succession conque/ aft] conque/2 ^! !y h be5 able to reta91 until !y h =m$ a doma9 day by day m ext5d$ & less conte/$8 ,! v fact t sugge/s ^! que/ions conta9s ! answ] to !m4 ,man has1 ^u ! fundam5tal subject ( metaphysics1 a primitive light1 r ! h]itage & d[ry ( human nature1 ?an ! conque/ ( human sci5ce4 #acj ,! metaphysician appropriates x z a tor* to light5 him on 8 obscure & ill-def9$ pa?4 ,he f9ds 9 man himself a po9t ( dep>ture at once pr(\nd & c]ta92 b 8 aim is ,god2 t is to say1 an aim above 8 rea*4 ,mu/ we1 !n1 r5\nce ! /udy ( ! great que/ions :i* =m ! subject ( metaphysics z a va9 lab\r1 :]e ! human m9d is turn+ indef9itely 9 ! same circle1 incapable n only ( atta9+ ! object :i* x is pursu+1 b ( mak+ any advance 9 its pursuit8 ,(t51 & ) m ability ?an has be5 ev9c$ by ! ,positive s*ool ( ! pres5t day1 has ?is judgm5t be5 pron\nc$ aga9/ metaphysics4 ,b t judgm5t man's m9d has nev] accept$1 & nev] w accept2 ! great problems :i* pass beyond ! f9ite _w lie prop\nd$ be=e him2 nev] w he r5\nce ! attempt to solve !m2 he is impell$ to x by an irresi/ible in/9ct1 an in/9ct full ( fai? & ( hope1 9 spite ( ! repeat$ failure ( 8 ef=ts4 #aca ,z man is 9 ! sph]e ( action1 s is he also 9 t ( ?\ght2 he aspires high] ?an x is possible to a*ieve3 ?is is 8 nature & 8 glory2 to r5\nce 8 aspirations w\ld be decl>+ 8 own =feiture4 ,b )\t any su* abdication1 x is /ill necess>y t he %\ld "k himself1 x is necess>y t he %\ld und]/& t 8 /r5g? "h bel[ is inf9itely less ?an 8 ambition1 & t x is n giv5 him to h any positive sci5tific k ( t inf9ite & ideal _w t[>ds :i* he da%es4 ,! facts & ! problems :i* he !re enc\nt]s are su*1 t ! me?ods & ! laws :i* direct ! human m9d 9 ! /udy ( ! f9ite _w are inapplicable4 ,! inf9ite is = u ! object n ( sci5ce b belief1 & x is alike impossible = u ei!r to reject or p5etrate x4 #acb ,let man1 !n1 feel a pr(\nd s5tim5t ( t d\ble tru?3 let him1 )\t sacrific+ ! ambiti\s aspirations ( 8 intellig5ce1 recognise ! limits impos$ ^u 8 a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce2 he w n !n be long 9 also recognis+ t1 9 ! relations ( ! f9ite ) ! inf9ite--( himself ) ,god--he /&s 9 ne$ ( sup]human assi/ance1 & t ?is does n fail him4 ,god has giv5 to man :at man nev] c conqu]1 & revelation op5s to him t _w ( ! inf9ite ov] :i*1 by its own ex]tions & ( itself alone1 man's m9d nev] c\ld spread light4 ,! light man receives f ,god himself4 #acc ,fif? ,m$itation4 ,revelation4 ,:5 x 0 object$ to ,leibnitz t !re is no?+ 9 ! intellig5ce t has n fir/ be5 9 ! s5se1 ,leibnitz repli$1 if n ! intellig5ce itself4 ,footnote #be ,footnote #be3 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su4--,nisi intellectus ipse4 ,9 ! answ] ( ,leibnitz ,i w *ange b a s+le ^w1 & sub/itute = intellig5ce1 s\l4 ,s\l is a t]m m compreh5sive & m complete ?an intellig5ce2 x embraces ev]y?+ 9 ! human be+ t is n body & matt]2 x is n ! m]e intellig5ce1 a special faculty ( man2 x is all ! intellectual & moral man4 #acd ,! s\l possesses itself & c>ries ) x into life native faculties & an inborn light3 ^! manife/ & develop !mselves m & m z !y come into relation ) ! ext]ior _w2 b !y _h /ill an exi/5ce prior to ^? relations1 & !y ex]cise an important influ5ce ^u :at results4 ,! ext]nal _w does n create nor ess5tially *ange ! intellectual & moral be+ t has j come into life1 b x op5s to x a /age :]e t be+ acts 9 accordance at once ) its prop] nature1 & ! conditions & influ5ces 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! action takes place4 ,! hypo!sis ( a /atue end[$ ) s5sibility is a contradiction2 9 seek+ to expla9 man's fir/ gr[?1 x loses sight ( ! entire intellectual & moral be+4 ,:51 z ,i said be=e1 man fir/ ent]$ ! _w1 he did n ent] x1 he c\ld n ent] x1 z a new-born babe1 ) ! m]e brea? ( life2 he 0 creat$ full gr[n1 ) in/9cts & faculties complete 9 _! p[] & capable ( imm$iate action4 #ace ,we mu/ ei!r d5y ! creation & be driv5 to mon/r\s hypo!ses1 or admit t ! human be+ :o n[ develops himself sl[ly & labori\sly1 0 at 8 fir/ appe>ance mature 9 body & 9 m9d4 ,! creation implies !n ! ,revelation1 a revelation :i* light$ man at 8 entrance into ! _w1 & qualifi$ him f t v mom5t to use 8 faculties & 8 in/9cts4 ,d we1 c we1 picture to ourselves ! fir/ man1 ! fir/ human c\ple1 ) a complete physical developm5t1 & yet )\t ! ess5tial conditions ( intellectual activity1 physically /rong & morally a non5tity1 ! body ( tw5ty ye>s & ! s\l 9 ! fir/ h\r ( infancy8 ,su* a fact is self-contradictory1 & impossible ( conception4 ,:at 0 ! positive ext5t ( ?is primal revelation1 ! necess>y att5dant ^u creation1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! fir/ relation ( ,god ) man8 ,no man c say4 ,i op5 ! book ( ,g5esis & !re ,i read3 #acf ,& ! ,"l ,god took ! man1 & put him into ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 to dress x & to keep x4 ,& ! ,"l ,god comm&$ ! man1 say+1 ,( e tree ( ! g>d5 ?\ maye/ freely eat3 ,b ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 ?\ %alt n eat ( x3 = 9 ! day t ?\ eate/ !re( ?\ %alt surely die4 ,& ! ,"l ,god said1 ,x is n good t ! man %\ld be alone2 ,i w make him an help meet = him4 ,& out ( ! gr\nd ! ,"l ,god =m$ e bea/ ( ! field1 & e f[l ( ! air2 & br\ght !m unto ,adam to see :at he w\ld call !m3 & :atsoev] ,adam call$ e liv+ creature1 t 0 ! "n !re(4 ,& ,adam gave names to all cattle1 & to ! f[l ( ! air1 & to e bea/ ( ! field2 b = ,adam !re 0 n f\nd an help meet = him4 ,& ! ,"l ,god caus$ a deep sleep to fall ^u ,adam1 & he slept3 & he took "o ( 8 ribs1 & clos$ up ! fle% in/ead !re(2 & ! rib1 :i* ! ,"l ,god _h tak5 f man1 made he a woman1 & br\ght h] unto ! man4 #acg ,& ,adam said1 ,?is is n[ bone ( my bones1 & fle% ( my fle%4 444 ,!re=e %all a man leave 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 & %all cleave unto 8 wife3 & !y %all be "o fle%4 ,footnote #bf ,footnote #bf3 ,g5esis ii4 #ae-bd4 ,accord+1 !n1 to ! ,bible1 ! primitive revelation ess5tially bore ^u ! ?ree po9ts1--m>riage1 language1 & ! duty ( man's ob$i5ce to ,god 8 ,creator3 ,adam receiv$ at ! h& ( ,god ! moral law ( 8 lib]ty1 ! companion ( 8 life1 & ! faculty by :i* he 0 enabl$ to "n ! creatures t 7 ar\nd him3 9 o!r words1 ! ?ree s\rces ( religion1 ( family1 & ( sci5ce 7 imm$iately unclos$ to him4 ,x is n necess>y "h to ent] ^u any ( ! que/ions :i* h be5 rais$1 z to ! human orig9 ( language1 ! primitive language1 or ! =mation ( families1 ) _! influ5ce ^u ! great organisation ( society3 ! limits ( ! primitive revelation _c be det]m9$ sci5tifically2 ! fact ( ! revelation itself is c]ta94 #ach ,?is is ! light :i* light$ ! fir/ man f 8 fir/ entrance ^u life1 & )\t :i* x is impossible to conceive t he c\ld h surviv$4 ,! primitive revelation did n ab&on mank9d on its developm5t & disp]sion2 x accompani$ x ev]y:]e1 z a g5]al & p]man5t revelation4 ,! light :i* _h light$ ! fir/ man spread among/ all nations & ?r\gh\t all ages1 assum+ ! "* ( ideas1 univ]sal & unconte/$2 ( in/9cts1 spontane\s & inde/ructible4 ,no nation has be5 )\t ?is light1 none left to its own unassi/$ ef=ts to grope its way ?r\gh ! d>kness ( life4 ,let n ! human und]/&+ pride itself too mu* ^u its works2 ! glory does n belong to x alone3 :at x has accompli%$ x has accompli%$ by aid ( ! primitive pr9ciples receiv$ f ,god2 9 all 8 works & all 8 progress man has _h = po9t ( dep>ture & support t primitive revelation4 #aci ,all ! gr& doctr9es1 all ! mighty in/itutions1 :i* h gov]n$ ! _w1 :atev] int]mixture ( mon/r\s & fatal errors !y may h conta9$1 h pres]v$ a trace ( ! fundam5tal v]ities :i* 7 ! d[ry ( humanity at its bir?4 ,god has =sak5 no portion ( ! human race2 & n less amid/ ! errors into :i* x has fall51 ?an 9 ! noble developm5ts :i* con/itute its glory1 we recognise signs ( ! primitive tea*+ d]iv$ f its ,div9e ,au?or4 ,aft] ! revelation made to ! fir/ man1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al revelation diffus$ ov] all mank9d1 a great ev5t occurs 9 hi/ory3 a special revelation takes place1 & has = its seat ! bosom ( an inconsid]able nation1 t _h be5 %ut 9 dur+ sixte5 c5turies 9 a little corn] ( ! _w2 & x 0 !nce t1 n9ete5 c5turies ago1 t revelation proce$$ to enlight5 & to subdue1 accord+ to ! pr$ictions ( its ,au?or1 all ! human race4 #adj ,a man ( an imag9ation z f]tile z 8 k is pr(\nd1 :o1 ) an admirable c&\r has 9 8 works associat$ hypo!sis & fai?1 ,m4 ,ewald1 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 has rec5tly ?us *>act]is$ ?is ev5t3--,! hi/ory ( ! old ,jewi% p is fundam5tally ! hi/ory ( ! true religion1 proce$+ f /ep to /ep to its complete developm5t1 ris+ ?r\gh all k9ds ( /ruggles1 until x a*ieves a supreme victory1 & f9ally manife/+ itself 9 all its maje/y & p[]1 9 ord] to spread irresi/ibly1 by its prop] virtue1 s z to become ! et]nal possession & bless+ ( all nations4 ,footnote #bg ,footnote #bg3 ,h4 ,ewald1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 bis ,*ri/us4 #bnd ed41 vol4 i4 p4 #i4 ,gtt+51 #ahea4 ,h[ is ! great ev5t ?us *>act]is$ by ,m4 ,ewald prov$8 ,by :at m>ks c we di/+ui% ! ,div9e orig9 ( ?is special revelation t became ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,:at does x affirm itself 9 support ( its claim to ! moral conque/ ( mank9d8 #ada ,at ! v outset1 9 prov+ h] dogmas & precepts to h come f ,god1 ! ,*ri/ian revelation ass]ts t ! docum5ts 9 :i* x is writt5 are !mselves ( div9e orig94 ,! div9e inspiration ( ! sacr$ volume is ! fir/ basis ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 ! ext]nal title ( ,*ri/ianity to au?ority ov] s\ls4 ,:at is ! full import ( ?is title8 ,:at ! signification ( ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ volumes8 #adb ,six? ,m$itation4 ,! ,inspiration ,( ,! ,scriptures4 ,i h read ! sacr$ volumes ov] & ov] aga91 ,i h p]us$ !m 9 v diff]5t dispositions ( m9d1 at "o "t /udy+ !m z great hi/orical docum5ts1 at ano!r admir+ !m z sublime works ( poetry4 ,i h exp]i5c$ an extraord9>y impression1 q diff]5t f ei!r curiosity or admiration4 ,i h felt myself ! li/5] ( a language o!r ?an t ( ! *ronicl] or ! poet2 & "u ! influ5ce ( a brea? issu+ f o!r s\rces ?an human4 ,n t man does n occupy a great place 9 ! sacr$ volumes2 he displays himself !re1 on ! contr>y1 ) all 8 passions1 8 vices1 8 weaknesses1 8 ignorance1 8 errors2 ! ,hebrew p %[s itself rude1 b>b>\s1 *angeable1 sup]/iti\s1 accessible to all ! imp]fections1 to all ! fail+s1 ( o!r nations4 #adc ,b ! ,hebrew is n ! sole actor 9 8 hi/ory2 he has an ,ally1 a ,protector1 a ,ma/]1 :o int]v5es incessantly to comm&1 inspire1 direct1 /rike1 or save4 ,god is !re1 always pres5t1 act+-- ,et ce n'e/ pas un ,dieu comme vos dieux frivoles1 ,ins5sibles et s\rds1 impuissants1 mutils1 ,de bois1 de m>bre1 ou d'or1 comme v\s le v\lez4 ,footnote #bh ,n su* a god z are y\r friv'l\s gods1 ,ins5sible & deaf1 weak1 mutilat$1 ,( wood1 or /one1 or gold1 z y w h !m4 ,footnote #bh3 ,corneille1 ,polyeucte1 acte iv4 sc4 #c4 ,x is ! ,god ,"o & ,supreme1 ,all ,p[]ful1 ! ,creator1 ! ,et]nal4 ,& ev5 9 _! =getfulness & _! disob$i5ce1 ! ,hebrews believe /ill 9 ,god3 ,he is /ill ! object at once ( _! fe>1 ( _! hope1 & ( a fai? t p]si/s 9 ! mid/ ( ! infidelity ( _! lives4 ,! ,bible is no poem 9 :i* man rec\nts & s+s ! adv5tures ( 8 ,god comb9$ ) 8 own2 x is a real drama1 a cont9u$ dialogue betwe5 ,god & man p]sonifi$ 9 ! ,hebrews2 x is1 on ! "o side1 ,god's w & ,god's action1 &1 on ! o!r1 man's lib]ty & man's fai?1 n[ 9 pi\s association1 n[ at fatal v>iance4 #add ,! m ,i h p]us$ ! ,scriptures1 ! m surpris$ ,i feel t e>ne/ read]s %\ld n h be5 impress$ z ,i h be51 & t sev]al %\ld h fail$ to see ! *>act]i/ic ( div9e inspiration1 s =eign to e o!r book1 s rem>kable 9 ?is "o4 ,t m5 :o absolutely d5y all sup]natural action ( ,god 9 ! _w1 %\ld n be m dispos$ to admit x 9 ! s\rces ( ! ,bible ?an else:]e1 is p]fectly compreh5sible2 b ! attack ^u ! div9e inspiration ( ! sacr$ books has ano!r motive1 & "o m likely to prove contagi\s4 ,x is n )\t deep regret t ,i proce$ 9 ?is place to contradict anci5t traditions1 at once respect$ & respectable1 & p]haps to (f5d sob] & s9c]e convictions4 ,b my own conviction is /rong] ?an my regret1 & x is /ill m s because accompani$ by ano!r conviction1 :i* is1 t ! sy/em t x is my int5tion to conte/1 has occasion$1 cont9ues to occasion1 & may /ill occasion1 an imm5se ill to ,*ri/ianity4 #ade ,:oev] reads )\t prejudice 9 ! ,hebrew & ,greek ! orig9al texts ( ! ,scriptures1 :e!r ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 meets !re (t5 9 ! mid/ ( _! sublime beauties1 ,i d n say m]ely faults ( /yle1 b ( gramm>1 9 violation ( ^? logical & natural rules ( language common to all tongues4 ,are we to inf] t ^! faults h ! same orig9 z ! doctr9es ) :i* !y are int]mix$1 & t !y are bo? div9ely inspir$8 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bi3 ,i indicate1 9 a note plac$ at ! end ( ?is volume1 "s in/ances ( ^! grammatical faults met ) 9 ! ,scriptures1 & to :i* x is impossible to assign ! "* ( div9e inspiration4 ,& yet ?is is :at is pret5d$ by f]v5t & le>n$ m51 :o ma9ta9 t all1 absolutely all1 9 ! ,scriptures is div9ely inspir$--! words z well z ! ideas1 all ! words us$ ^u all subjects1 ! mat]ial ( language z well z ! doctr9e :i* lies at its base4 #adf ,9 ?is ass]tion ,i see b deplorable confusion1 lead+ to pr(\nd misappreh5sion bo? ( ! mean+ & ! object ( ! sacr$ books4 ,x 0 n ,god's purpose to give in/ruction to m5 9 gramm>1 & if n 9 gramm>1 nei!r 0 x1 any m ,god's purpose to give in/ruction 9 geology1 a/ronomy1 geography1 or *ronology4 ,x is on _! relations ) _! ,creator1 ^u duties ( m5 t[>ds ,him & t[>ds ea* o!r1 ^u ! rule ( fai? & ( conduct 9 life1 t ,god has light$ !m by light f heav54 ,x is to ! subject ( religion & morals1 & to ^! alone1 t ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures is direct$4 ,among/ ! pr9cipal argum5ts alleg$ to prove t ev]y?+ 9 ! sacr$ volumes is div9ely inspir$1 p>ticul> use has be5 made ( ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ,timo?y1 :]e 9 effect we f9d ! passage3-- ,all ,scripture is giv5 by inspiration ( ,god1 & is pr(itable = doctr9e1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction 9 righte\sness3 ,t ! man ( ,god may be p]fect1 ?or\ghly furni%$ unto all good works4 ,footnote #cj ,footnote #cj3 #b ,timo?y iii4 #af1 #ag4 #adg ,is x possible to det]m9e 9 words ( great] precision ! religi\s & moral object ( ! inspiration8 ,appeal is made to a consid]ation ( a diff]5t description4 ,if1 x is said1 we at ! same "t admit1 on ! "o side1 ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ books1 & on ! o!r1 t ?is inspiration is n univ]sal & absolute1 :o %all make ! selection betwe5 ^! two p>ts8--:o m>k ! limit ( ! inspiration8--:o say :i* texts1 :i* passages are inspir$1 & :i* are n8 ,s to divide ! ,holy ,scriptures is to /rip !m ( _! sup]natural "*1 to de/roy _! au!nticity1 by surr5d]+ !m to all ! inc]titudes1 all ! disputes ( m53 a complete & un9t]rupt$ inspiration alone is capable ( comm&+ fai?4 #adh ,nev]-dy+ pret5sion ( man's weakness6 ,creat$ intellig5t & free1 he proposes to use l>gely 8 intellig5ce & 8 fre$om2 at ! same "t1 consci\s h[ feeble 8 means are1 h[ inadequate to 8 aspirations1 he invokes a guide1 a support2 & f ! v mom5t t 8 hope fixes ^u x1 he w h x immutable1 infallible4 ,he se>*es a fix$ po9t to :i* to atta* himself ) absolute & p]man5t assurance4 ,9 creat+ man1 ,god did n leave him )\t fix$ po9ts2 ! ,div9e revelation1 & ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 _h precisely = object & effect to supply ^!1 b n on all subjects alike & )\t di/9ction4 ,i ref] "h aga9 to :at ,i lately said respect+ ! sep>ation ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 ( ! _w creat$1 & ( its ,creator4 ,at ! same "t t ! limits ( ! f9ite _w are ^? ( human sci5ce1 x is to human /udy & human sci5ce t ,god has surr5d]$ ! f9ite _w2 x is n !re t ,god has set up 8 div9e tor*2 ,he has dictat$ to ,moses ! laws :i* regulate ! duties ( man t[>ds ,god1 & ( man t[>ds man2 b ,he has left to ,newton ! discov]y ( ! laws :i* preside ov] ! univ]se4 #adi ,! ,scriptures speak ^u all subjects2 circum/ances connect$ ) ! f9ite _w are !re incessantly mix$ ) p]spectives ( inf9ity2 b x is only to ! latt]1 to t future ( :i* !y p]mit u to snat* a view1 & to ! laws :i* !y impose ^u m51 t ! div9e inspiration addresses itself2 ,god only p\rs 8 light 9 qu>t]s :i* man's eye & man's lab\r _c rea*2 = all t rema9s1 ! sacr$ books speak ! language us$ & und]/ood by ! g5]ations to :om !y are address$4 ,god does n1 ev5 :5 ,he inspires !m1 transport into future doma9s ( sci5ce ! int]pret]s ,he uses1 or ! nations to :om ,he s5ds !m2 ,he takes !m bo? z ,he f9ds !m1 ) _! traditions1 _! notions1 _! degree ( k or ignorance z respects ! f9ite _w1 ( its ph5om5a & its laws4 #aej ,x is n ! condition1 ! sci5tific progress ( ! human und]/&+2 x is ! condition & moral progress ( ! human s\l :i* are ! object ( ! ,div9e action1 & ,god requires n = ! ex]cise ( 8 p[] on ! human s\l1 sci5ce ei!r z a precursor or a companion2 ,he addresses himself to in/9cts & desires ! mo/ intimate & mo/ sublime z well z ! mo/ univ]sal 9 man's nature1 to in/9cts & desires ( :i* sci5ce is nei!r ! object nor ! measure1 & :i* require to be satisfi$ f o!r s\rces4 ,:atev] true or false sci5ce we f9d 9 ! ,scriptures ^u ! subject ( ! f9ite _w1 proce$s f ! writ]s !mselves or _! contempor>ies2 !y h spok5 z !y believ$1 or z ^? believ$ :o surr\nd$ !m :5 !y spoke3 on ! o!r h&1 ! light ?r[n ov] ! inf9ite1 ! law laid d[n1 & ! p]spective op5$ by t same light1 ^! are :at proce$ f ,god1 & :i* ,he has inspir$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,_! object is ess5tially & exclusively moral & practical2 !y express ! ideas1 employ ! images1 & speak ! language be/ calculat$ to produce a p[]ful effect ^u ! s\l1 to reg5]ate & to save x4 ,i op5 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,luke1 & ,i !re read ! admirable p>able3-- #aea ,!re 0 a c]ta9 ri* man1 :i* 0 clo!d 9 purple & f9e l951 & f>$ sumptu\sly e day3 ,& !re 0 a c]ta9 begg> nam$ ,laz>us1 :i* 0 laid at 8 gate1 full ( sores1 ,& desir+ to be f$ ) ! crumbs :i* fell f ! ri* man's table3 moreov] ! dogs came & lick$ 8 sores4 ,& x came to pass1 t ! begg> di$1 & 0 c>ri$ by ! angels into ,abraham's bosom3 ! ri* man also di$1 & 0 buri$2 ,& 9 hell he lift up 8 eyes1 be+ 9 torm5ts1 & see? ,abraham af> (f1 & ,laz>us 9 8 bosom4 ,& he cri$ & said1 ,fa!r ,abraham1 h m]cy on me1 & s5d ,laz>us1 t he may dip ! tip ( 8 f+] 9 wat]1 & cool my tongue2 = ,i am torm5t$ 9 ?is flame4 ,b ,abraham said1 ,son1 rememb] t ?\ 9 ?y lifetime receiv$/ ?y good ?+s1 & likewise ,laz>us evil ?+s2 b n[ he is com=t$1 & ?\ art torm5t$4 ,& beside all ?is1 betwe5 u & y !re is a great gulf fix$3 s t !y :i* w\ld pass f h5ce to y _c2 nei!r c !y pass to u1 t w\ld come f !nce4 ,!n he said1 ,i pray !e !re=e1 fa!r1 t ?\ w\lde/ s5d him to my fa!r's h\se3 #aeb ,= ,i h five bre?r52 t he may te/ify unto !m1 le/ !y also come into ?is place ( torm5t4 ,abraham sai? unto him1 ,!y h ,moses & ! prophets2 let !m he> !m4 ,& he said1 ,nay1 fa!r ,abraham3 b if "o w5t unto !m f ! dead1 !y w rep5t4 ,& he said unto him1 ,if !y he> n ,moses & ! prophets1 nei!r w !y be p]suad$1 ?\gh "o rose f ! dead4 ,footnote #ca ,footnote #ca3 ,luke xvi4 #ai-ca4 ,0 x ! int5tion ( ,jesus1 & ( ! ,evangeli/ :o has repeat$ 8 words1 to describe1 z !y really are1 ! condition ( m5 aft] _! e>?ly exi/5ce1 _! positive local position aft] ,god's judgm5t1 & _! relations ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) ! _w :i* !y h quitt$8 ,c]ta9ly n2 ! mat]ial circum/ances int]mix$ ) ?is dialogue are only images borr[$ f actual common life4 ,b :at images s /rike1 s p5etrate ! s\l8 ,:at m solemn w>n+ address$ to m5 9 ?is life1 to r\se !m to a s5se ( _! duties t[>ds ,god & _! fell[ creatures1 9 ! "n ( ! my/]i\s future t awaits !m8 #aec ,no?+ is fur!r f my ?\ght ?an to see 9 ! sacr$ books m]e poetical images & symbols2 ^? books are really1 ) respect to ! religi\s problems t beset man's ?\ghts1 ! ,light & ! voice ( ,god2 /ill1 t ,light only lights1 t voice only reveals revelations ( ,god ) man1 duties :i* ,god enjo9s m5 9 ! c\rse ( _! pres5t life1 & prospects :i* ,he op5s to !m beyond ! imp]fect & limit$ _w :]e ?is life passes4 ,z = ?is life itself1 x is ! object ( human /udy & sci5ce1 n ( ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,9 disreg>d+ ?is limit1 9 pret5d+ to attribute to ! language ( ! ,scriptures1 us$ ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a ( ! f9ite _w1 ! "* ( div9e inspiration1 m5 h fall5 ) respect bo? to ?\ght & act into deplorable errors4 ,h5ce proce$$ ! trial ( ,galileo1 & num]\s o!r controv]sies1 num]\s o!r condemnations /ill m absurd1 /ill m to be regrett$1 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 imm$iately plac$ 9 opposition to human sci5ce1 & con/ra9$ to inflict or receive rem>kable disav[als4 #aed ,! same is ! case at ! pres5t day ) respect to num]\s objections made 9 ! "n ( ! natural sci5ces to ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* f ! le>n$ circles :]e !y h _! bir?1 spread ov] a _w at once curi\s & frivol\s1 :]e !y cause ! ,*ri/ian fai? itself to be reg>d$ z ignorant cr$ulity4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d c\ld ev] occur1 no necessity ( su* conflict c\ld await ! ,*ri/ian religion1 if on ! "o side ! limits ( human sci5ce1 & on ! o!r ^? ( div9e inspiration1 7 recognis$ z !y really are1 & respect$ accord+ to _! rightful claims4 ,i might cite 9 aid ( ! op9ion ,i support num]\s & great au?orities4 ,i w ref] to b ?ree1 appeal$ to by ,galileo himself 9 #afae 9 8 lett]s to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9a ( ,lorra9e ,footnote #cb--7:o c\ld appeal to au?orities m augu/87--,_m ?+s1 says ,/4 ,j]ome1 are rec\nt$ 9 ! ,scriptures accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! times :5 !y happ5$1 & n accord+ to ! tru?4 ,footnote #cc ,footnote #cb3 ,op]e ,complete di ,galileo-,galilei1 t4 ii4 *ap4 ii4 pp4 #bf-fd4 ,flor5ce1 #ahdc4 ,footnote #cc3 ,o,euvres de ,/4 ,jrme1 ,comm5t1 9 ,j]emiam1 ed4 ,vall>s4 t4 ix4 p4 #ajdj4 #aee ,! purpose ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 says ! ,c>d9al ,b>onius1 is to tea* u h[ to g to heav51 & n h[ ! heav5s g4 ,?is1 says ,kepl]1 is ! c\nsel ,i give to ! man s ill in=m$ z n to und]/& ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 or s weak z to reg>d adhesion to ,cop]nicus z pro( ( want ( piety3--,let him at once leave ! /udy ( a/ronomy & ! exam9ation ( ! op9ions ( philosoph]s2 in/ead ( devot+ himself to ^? ardu\s rese>*es1 let him rema9 at home1 till 8 fields1 & occupy himself ) 8 prop] bus9ess2 & !nce1 rais+ t[>ds ! admirable vault ( heav5 8 eyes1 :i* con/itute = him 8 sole mode ( vision1 let him p\r =? 8 he>t 9 ?anksgiv+s & praises to ,god 8 ,creator4 ,he may re/ assur$ t he is ?us r5d]+ to ,god a wor%ip z p]fect z t ( ! a/ronom] himself1 to :om ,god has accord$ ! gift ( see+ cle>] ) ! eyes ( 8 intellig5ce2 b :o1 above all ! worlds & all ! heav5s t he atta9s1 kn[s & wills to f9d 8 ,god4 ,footnote #cd ,footnote #cd3 ,kepl]1 ,nova ,a/ronomia1 ,introductio1 p4 #i4 ,prague1 #afji4 #aef ,i disc>d1 !n1 z absolutely =eign to ! gr& "q t occupies me1 all ! difficulties sugge/$ to ! ,scriptures 9 ! "n ( ^? sci5ces ^: prov9ce is f9ite nature4 ,i seek & consid] 9 ^! books only :at is _! sole object1--! relations ( ,god ) man1 & ! solution ( ^? problems :i* ^! relations cause to weigh ^u ! human s\l4 ,! deep] we g 9 ! /udy ( ! sacr$ volumes1 re/or$ to _! real object1 ! m ! div9e inspiration becomes manife/ & /rik+4 ,god & man are !re ev] bo? pres5t1 bo? actors 9 ! same hi/ory4 ,( ?is hi/ory x is my pres5t object to illu/rate ! gr& features4 #aeg ,sev5? ,m$itation4 ,god ,accord+ ,to ,! ,bible4 ,x is f> f my int5tion to evade ! que/ions :i* conc]n ! au!nticity ( ! ,bible1 & ( ! respective books :i* compose x4 ,i %all ent] ^u !m 9 ! second s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 :5 ,i t\* ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,^? que/ions1 h[ev]1 h no be>+ ^u ! subject :i* occupies me at ! pres5t mom5t2 ! ,bible1 :atev] its antiquity1 :atev] ! comp>ative antiquity ( its diff]5t p>ts1 has be5 ev] t witness ( ,god 9 :i* ! ,hebrews believ$1 & "u ! law ( :i* !y liv$1 ! great monum5t ( ! religion 9 ! bosom ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion took its bir?4 ,x is ?is ,god ( :om 9 ! ,bible1 & 9 ! ,bible alone1 x is my purpose to seek ! peculi> & true "*4 #aeh ,! nations ( ,semitic orig9 h be5 hon\r$ = _! primitive & p]si/5t fai? 9 ! unity ( ,god4 ,"u diff]5t =ms1 & amid/ ev5ts v dissimil>1 ne>ly all nations h be5 poly!i/ic2 ! ,semitic nations alone h believ$ firmly 9 ! "o ,god4 ,?is great moral fact has be5 attribut$ to diff]5t & to complex causes2 b ! fact itself is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ & admitt$4 ,9 two respects 9 ?is ass]tion !re is exagg]ation4 ,on "o side1 among ! nations ( ,semitic orig91 sev]al 7 poly!i/ic2 ! desc5dants ( ,abraham1 ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,arab ,i%maelites1 alone rema9$ really mono!i/ic2 on ! o!r side1 ! idea ( ! unity ( ,god 0 n entirely /range ev5 to ! poly!i/ic nations4 ,! great] "p1 l ! ,h9doos & ! ,greeks1 admitt$ "o sole & primordial ,p[] ant]ior & sup]ior to _! gods2--idea1 vague & se>*$ f af>1 d]iv$ f ! in/9ct ( man or ! reflection ( ! philosoph]1 & :i* among/ ^? nations became nei!r ! basis ( any religion t des]ves ! "n1 nor any efficaci\s ob/acle to idolatry4 #aei ,! ,god ( ! ,bible is no su* /]ile ab/raction2 ,he is ! "o ,god at ! pres5t "t z 9 ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 ! p]sonal ,god1 liv+1 act+1 & presid+ effici5tly ov] ! de/9ies ( ! _w t ,he has creat$4 ,he has besides ano!r *>act]i/ic1 "o f> m /rik+1 :i* belongs to ,him m exclusively ?an t ( ,unity4 ,! gods ( ! poly!i/ic nations h hi/ories fill$ ) ev5ts1 vicissitudes1 trans=mations1 adv5tures4 ,! my?ology ( ! ,egyptians1 ( ! ,h9doos1 ( ! ,greeks1 ( ! ,sc&9avians1 & num]\s o!rs1 is b ! poetical or symbolical recital ( ! v>i$ & agitat$ lives ( _! gods4 ,we detect 9 ^! recitals sometimes ! p]sonification ( ! fancies ( nations describ$ 9 accordance ) _! actual ph5om5a1 "s times ! rem9isc5ces ( human p]sonages :o h /ruck ! imag9ation ( ! p4 #afj ,b :atev] _! orig91 :atev] _! "n1 ea* ( ^? gods has 8 individual hi/ory m or less ov]lad5 ) incid5ts & acts1 n[ h]oic1 n[ lic5ti\s1 n[ elegantly fanta/ic1 n[ grossly ecc5tric4 ,all ! poly!i/ic religions are collections ( biographies1 div9e or leg5d>y1 allegorical or completely fabul\s1 9 :i* ! c>e]s & ! passions1 ! actions & ! dreams ( m51 reproduce !mselves "u ! =ms & names ( deities4 ,! ,god ( ! ,bible has no biography1 nei!r has ,he any p]sonal adv5tures4 ,no?+ occurs to ,him & no?+ *anges 9 ,him2 ,he is always & inv>iably ! same1 a ,be+ real & p]sonal1 absolutely di/9ct f ! f9ite _w & f humanity1 id5tical & immutable 9 ! bosom ( ! univ]sal div]sity & movem5t4 ,i ,am ,t ,i ,am1 is ! sole def9ition t ,he v\*safes ( himself1 & ! con/ant expression ( :at ,he is 9 all ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 to :i* ,he is pres5t & ov] :i* ,he presides )\t ev] receiv+ f x any reflex ( influ5ce4 #afa ,su* is ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 9 evid5t & p]man5t contra/ ) all ! gods ( poly!ism1 /ill m di/9ct & m solit>y by 8 nature ?an by 8 ,unity4 ,?is is1 inde$1 s peculi>ly ! prop] & ess5tial "* ( ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 t ?is "* has pass$ into ! v language ( ! ,hebrews1 & has become !re ! v "n ( ,god4 ,sev]al words are employ$ 9 ! ,bible z appellations ( ,god4 ,"o ( ^! ,el1 ,eloah1 9 ! plural ,elohm1 expresses =ce1 creative p[]1 & is appli$ to ! manifold gods ( ,paganism z well z to ! "o ,god ( ! ,hebrews4 ,el ,%adda is translat$ by ! all-p[]ful4 ,adonai signifies ,"l4 ,! ^w ,yahwe or ,yehwe1 :i* becomes 9 ,hebrew pronunciation ,jehovah1 means simply ,he is1 & means self-exi/5ce1 ! ,be+ ,absolute & ,et]nal4 #afb ,?is "n occurs 9 no o!r ( ! ,semitic languages1 & x is at ! epo* ( ,moses t x appe>s = ! fir/ "t among/ ! ,hebrews3 ,& ,god spake unto ,moses1 & said unto him1 ,i am ! ,et]nal 7,yahwe1 ,jehovah74 ,& ,i appe>$ unto ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & unto ,jacob1 by ! "n ( ! ,all-p[]ful 7,el ,%adda71 b by my "n ,et]nal 0 ,i n kn[n to !m4 ,footnote #ce ,yahwe1 ,jehovah1 is at once ! true ,god & ! national ,god ( ,israel4 ,footnote #cf ,footnote #ce3 ,exodus vi4 #b1 #c4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i h consult$ respect+ ! precise s5se & ! diff]5t %ades ( mean+ ( ! t]ms express+ ,god 9 ,hebrew1 my le>n$ confrre at ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions1 ,m4 ,munk1 :o has repli$ to all my inquiries ) z mu* cle>ness z c\rtesy4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews is nei!r less significant nor less expressive ?an _! language2 x is ! hi/ory ( ! relations ( ! ,god1 ,"o & ,immutable ) ! p *os5 by ,him to be ! special repres5tative ( ! religi\s pr9ciple1 & ! reg5]at+ s\rce ( religi\s life 9 ! human race4 #afc ,?is p und]goes ! de/9y & trials common to all nations2 x dem&s1 & becomes subject to1 a v>iety ( diff]5t gov]nm5ts2 x falls into ! errors & faults usual to nations2 x frequ5tly succumbs to ! temptations ( idolatry2 l ! o!rs1 x has its days ( virtue & ( vice1 ( prosp]ity & ( rev]ses1 ( glory & ( abasem5t4 ,amid/ all ! vicissitudes & errors ( ! p ( ! ,bible1 ! ,god ( ! ,bible rema9s inv>iably ! same1 )\t any t9cture ( an?ropomorphism1 )\t any alt]ation 9 ! idea :i* ! ,hebrews conceive ( 8 nature1 ei!r dur+ _! fidelity or disob$i5ce to 8 ,comm&m5ts4 ,x is always ! ,god :o has said1 ,i ,am ,t ,i ,am1 ( :om 8 p dem& no o!r explanation ( himself1 & :o1 ev] pres5t & sov]eign1 pursues ! designs ( 8 provid5ce ) m51 :o ei!r use or abuse ! lib]ty ( action :i* t ,god _h accord$ to !m at _! creation4 ,i wi% to retrace1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 ! pr9cipal phases & ! pr9cipal actors 9 ?is hi/ory4 #afd ,! m ,i /udy1 ! m ,i feel t ,i am wat*+1 z ,m4 ,ewald has express$ x1 ! c>e] ( ! true religion1 advanc+ /ep by /ep to its complete developm5t1 t is to say1 t ,i am !re obs]v+ ! action ( ,god ^u ! fir/ /eps & ^u ! religi\s progress ( ! human race4 ,i4 ,god ,& ,abraham4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 temporal & spiritual1 op5s ) ,abraham4 ,at 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,bible1 ,abraham is a nomad *ief1 :o has quitt$ ,*alda & ! t[n ( ,h>an1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,t]ah1 desc5d$ f ,%em1 is /ill liv+4 ,he is w&]+ ) 8 family1 8 s]vants1 & 8 flocks1 at fir/ on ! fronti]s & aft]w>ds 9 ! int]ior ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 halt+ :]ev] he f9ds wat] & pa/urage1 & conduct+ 8 t5ts & 8 tribe at "o "t ?r\gh ! m\nta9\s di/ricts1 at ano!r along ! pla9s bel[4 ,:y has he left ,*alda8 #afe ,accord+ to ! ,bible itself1 8 fa!r 0 an idolat]3 ,y\r fa!rs1 said ,jo%ua to ! p ( ,israel1 dwelt on ! o!r side ( ! flood 7! ,euphrates7 9 old "t1 ev5 ,t]ah1 ! fa!r ( ,abraham1 & ! fa!r ( ,na*or3 & !y s]v$ o!r gods4 ,footnote #cg ,! book ( ,judi? conta9s a simil> ass]tion2 ,footnote #ch & ! ,jewi% & ,arabian traditions confirm1 at ! same "t t !y amplify1 ! /atem5t3 ! fa!r ( ,abraham1 !y say1 0 an idolatr\s fanatic1 & 8 son ,abraham1 hav+ set himself aga9/ ! practice ( idolatry1 0 ^u 8 *>ge ?r[n into a burn+ furnace1 f :i* a miracle alone pres]v$ him4 ,! hi/orian ,josephus speaks ( ! insurrections :i* took place among/ ! ,*aldans on ! occasion ( _! religi\s diss5sions4 ,footnote #cg3 ,jo%ua xxiv4 #b4 ,footnote #ch3 ,judi? v4 #f-i4 ,,usccb3 ,judi? v4 #f-i4 ,^! p are desc5dants ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,!y =m]ly dwelt 9 ,mesopotamia1 = !y did n wi% to foll[ ! gods ( _! =efa!rs :o 7 born 9 ! l& ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,s9ce !y ab&on$ ! way ( _! ance/ors1 & ackn[l$g$ ) div9e wor%ip ! ,god ( heav51 _! =efa!rs expell$ !m f ! pres5ce ( _! gods4 ,s !y fl$ to ,mesopotamia & dwelt !re a long "t4 ,_! ,god bade !m leave _! abode & proce$ to ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,"h !y settl$1 & grew v ri* 9 gold1 silv]1 & a great abundance ( live/ock4 ,! ,bible makes no allusion to ^! traditions2 f ! v beg9n+ ,god int]v5es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fa!r ( ! ,hebrews4 #aff ,! ,et]nal _h said unto ,abram1 ,get !e out ( ?y c\ntry1 & f ?y k9dr$1 & f ?y fa!r's h\se1 unto a l& t ,i w %ew !e3 ,i w make !e a great nation1 & ,i w bless !e1 & make ?y "n great2 444 & 9 !e %all all families ( ! e>? be bless$4 444 ,s ,abram dep>t$1 444 & ,abram took ,s>ai 8 wife1 & ,lot 8 bro!r's son1 & all _! sub/ance t !y _h ga!r$1 & ! sons t !y _h gott5 9 ,h>an2 & !y w5t =? to g into ! l& ( ,canaan2 & into ! l& ( ,canaan !y came4 ,footnote #ci ,footnote #ci3 ,g5esis xii4 #a-e4 ,h[ _h ,god spok5 to ,abraham8 ,by a voice f )\t or by an int]nal inspiration8 ,! writ] ( ! ,biblical n>rative occupies himself 9 no respect ) ! "q4 ,god is = him1 pres5t & an actor 9 ! hi/ory j z mu* z ,abraham is2 ! int]v5tion ( ,god has 9 8 eyes no?+ b :at is p]fectly simple & natural4 ,! same fai? animates ,abraham2 he issues =? f ,*alda & w&]s ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 accord+ to ! ^w & "u ! direction ( ! ,et]nal4 #afg ,he w&]s ?r\gh ! mid/ ( populations already e/abli%$ ^u ! l& ( ,canaan1 & ) ^! he lives 9 peace1 b /ill1 n unit+ ) !m2 br++ !m succ\r :5 attack$ by =eign *iefta9s2 fight+ 9 _! behalf z a fai?ful ally1 sometimes1 p]haps1 9 ! "* ( a valiant condotti]e m]c5>y1 b rema9+ isolat$ 9 8 capacity ( nomad ,patri>*1 ) 8 family & 8 tribe2 repell+ ev5 ! gifts & fav\rs :i* might p]haps l[] 8 "* or affect 8 indep5d5ce4 ,ev]y:]e t he halts1 or t any incid5t ( importance occurs to him1 at ,si*em1 ,be!l1 ,be]%eba1 ,hebron1 he raises an alt> to 8 ,god4 ,9 8 w&]+ unc]ta9 life a fam9e impels him on "o occasion ev5 z f> z ,egypt3--! fir/ p]haps ( ^? %eph]d *iefs :o issu$ f ,asia1 & :o 7 s soon to invade t ri* c\ntry4 ,abraham passes 9 ,egypt sev]al ye>s1 well treat$ by ! reign+ ,ph>aoh2 on excell5t t]ms ) ! ,egyptian prie/s1 imp>t+ to !m & receiv+ f !m su* k ( a/ronomy or ( natural philosophy z !y mutually possess$2 b ma9ta9+ ev] c>efully ! isolation ( 8 family1 ( 8 tribe1 & ( 8 religion4 ,( 8 own accord1 or at ! in/ance ( ! ,ph>aoh1 he quits ,egypt1 c>ry+ ) him n only 8 flocks & 8 camels1 b 8 ,egyptian slaves1 & among/ o!rs ,hag>4 #afh ,he returns to ! c\ntry ( ,canaan1 aga9 w&]s ?r\gh sev]al ( its di/ricts1 takes "p 9 diff]5t ev5ts--int]nal tr\bles or =eign w>s1 & f9ally settles ) 8 family & dep5d5ts at ,hebron1 ne> ! oaks ( ,mamre1 among/ ! tribe ( ! *ildr5 ( ,he?2 b /ill always 9 8 capacity z a =eign]1 & always c>eful z su* to pres]ve 8 "* & 8 indep5d5ce4 ,:5 8 wife ,s>ah di$1 ! book ( ,g5esis tells u t1 ,abraham /ood up f be=e 8 dead1 & spake unto ! sons ( ,he?1 say+1 ,i am a /rang] & a soj\rn] ) y3 give me a possession ( a bury+place ) y1 t ,i may bury my dead out ( my sight4 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,he? answ]$ ,abraham1 say+ unto him1 #afi ,he> u1 my "l3 ?\ art a mighty pr9ce among u3 9 ! *oice ( our sepul*res bury ?y dead2 none ( u %all )hold f !e 8 sepul*re1 b t ?\ maye/ bury ?y dead4 ,& ,abraham /ood up1 & b[$ himself to ! p ( ! l&1 ev5 to ! *ildr5 ( ,he?4 ,& he commun$ ) !m1 say+1 ,if x be y\r m9d t ,i %\ld bury my dead out ( my sight2 he> me1 & entreat = me to ,ephron ! son ( ,zoh>1 ,t he may give me ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 :i* he ha?1 :i* is 9 ! end ( 8 field2 = z mu* money z x is wor? he %all give x me = a possession ( a bury+place among/ y4 ,& ,ephron dwelt among ! *ildr5 ( ,he?3 & ,ephron ! ,hittite answ]$ ,abraham 9 ! audi5ce ( ! *ildr5 ( ,he?1 ev5 ( all t w5t 9 at ! gate ( 8 city1 say+1 ,nay1 my "l1 he> me3 ! field give ,i !e1 & ! cave t is !re91 ,i give x !e2 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sons ( my p give ,i x !e3 bury ?y dead4 ,& ,abraham b[$ d[n himself be=e ! p ( ! l&4 ,& he spake unto ,ephron 9 ! audi5ce ( ! p ( ! l&1 say+1 ,b if ?\ wilt give x1 ,i pray !e1 he> me3 ,i w give !e money = ! field2 take x ( me1 & ,i w bury my dead !re4 ,& ,ephron answ]$ ,abraham1 say+ unto him1 ,my "l1 he>k5 unto me3 ! l& is wor? f\r hundr$ %ekels ( silv]2 :at is t betwixt me & !e8 bury !re=e ?y dead4 #agj ,& ,abraham he>k5$ unto ,ephron2 & ,abraham weigh$ to ,ephron ! silv]1 :i* he _h nam$ 9 ! audi5ce ( ! sons ( ,he?1 f\r hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1 curr5t money ) ! m]*ant4 ,& ! field ( ,ephron1 :i* 0 9 ,ma*pelah1 :i* 0 be=e ,mamre1 ! field1 & ! cave :i* 0 !re91 & all ! trees t 7 9 ! field1 t 7 9 all ! bord]s r\nd ab\t1 7 made sure ,unto ,abraham = a possession 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *ildr5 ( ,he?1 be=e all t w5t 9 at ! gate ( 8 city4 ,& aft] ?is1 ,abraham buri$ ,s>ah 8 wife 9 ! cave ( ! field ( ,ma*pelah be=e ,mamre3 ! same is ,hebron 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,& ! field1 & ! cave t is !re91 7 made sure unto ,abraham = a possession ( a bury+place by ! sons ( ,he?4 ,footnote #dj ,footnote #dj3 ,g5esis xxiii4 #c-bj4 ,little importance does ,abraham atta* to 8 prec>i\s condition z a w&]] & a /rang]2 he has fai? 9 ,god4 ,god comm&s1 & ,abraham obeys4 ,god promises1 & ,abraham tru/s4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 ) a feel+ ( anxi\s humility1 ,abraham makes ! foll[+ pray] to ,god3-- ,"l ,et]nal1 :at wilt ?\ give me1 see+ ,i g *ildless1 & !re is ,eliez] ( ,damascus %all be my heir8 #aga ,& behold ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto him1 say+1 ,?is %all n be ?9e heir1 b he t %all come =? out ( ?9e own b[els %all be ?9e heir4 ,i am ,god1 ! mighty1 all-p[]ful2 walk be=e my face1 be ?\ p]fect4 ,i w e/abli% my cov5ant betwe5 me & !e1 & ?y se$ aft] !e1 9 _! g5]ation1 = an ev]la/+ possession1 & ,i w be _! ,god4 ,b ?\ %alt keep my cov5ant !re=e1 ?\ & ?y se$ aft] !e1 9 _! g5]ations4 ,& ,abraham believ$ 9 ! ,"l2 & ! ,et]nal c\nt$ x to him = righte\sness4 ,footnote #da ,footnote #da3 ,g5esis xv4 #a-f4 & xvii4 #a-i4 ,9 ^! days1 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ian civilization1 ob$i5ce to ,god & confid5ce 9 ,god are ! fir/ precepts1 ! fir/ virtues ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y 7 also ! virtues ( ,abraham1 & ! precepts inculcat$ by ,abraham's hi/ory 9 ! ,bible4 #agb ,& ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 is ! same :o is ! object ( adoration to ! ,*ri/ian ( ! pres5t day2 ! same conception z t ( ^? philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day :o believe 9 ,god1 & believe 9 ,him z 9 ,god ,absolute & ,p]fect1 ,self-dep5d5t1 ,et]nal1 )\t ! possibility or attempt to def9e ,him o!rwise4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s h *ang$ no?+ z to ! biblical notion ( ,god 9 ! human s\l1 nor z to ! ess5tial laws regulat+ ! relation ( man ) ,god4 ,hi/orical tradition fully confirms ! moral fact "h m5tion$4 ,abraham has n be5 ! object ( any my/ical conception1 or any my?ological metamorphosis2 n[h]e has he be5 trans=m$ into demigod or son ( ,god2 he has ev] rema9$ ! model ( religi\s fai? & submission1 ! type ( ! pi\s man 9 intimate relation ) ,god4 ,?r\gh\t all antiquity1 & 9 all ! ,ea/1 z mu* = ! primitive ,*ri/ians z = ! ,jews & ,arabs1 z mu* = ! ,mussulmans z = ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 ,god is ! ,god ( ,abraham2 ,abraham is ! fri5d ( ,god1 ! fa!r & ! pr9ce ( believ]s2 ^! are ! v names t ! ,gospel gives him2 ,footnote #db & ! ,koran1 too1 celebrates him 9 ^! words3-- ,footnote #db3 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans iv42 ,galatians iii42 ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james ii4 #bc4 #agc ,& :5 ! night ov]%ad[$ him1 he saw a />1 & he said1 ,?is is my ,"l2 b :5 x set1 he said1 ,i l n gods :i* set4 ,& :5 he saw ! moon ris+1 he said1 ,?is is my ,"l2 b :5 he saw x set1 he said1 ,v]ily1 if my ,"l direct me n1 ,i %all become "o ( ! p :o g a/ray4 ,& :5 he saw ! sun ris+1 he said1 ,?is is my ,"l1 ?is is ! greate/2 b :5 x set1 he said1 my p1 v]ily ,i am cle> ( t :i* ye associate ) ,god4 ,i direct my face unto him :o ha? creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,footnote #dc ,footnote #dc3 ,koran vi4 ,! ,et]nal1 ! ,god ,"o & ,immutable1 is ! ,god ( ,abraham2 ,abraham is ! s]vant & ador] ( ! true ,god4 #agd ,,ii4 ,god ,& ,moses4 ,! true idea ( ,god1 & ! fai? 9 8 effectual & cont9u$ provid5ce1 are ! two great religi\s pr9ciples :i* ! "n ( ,abraham sugge/s4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 & ! orig9 ( t anci5t ,cov5ant :i*1 9 pass+ f ! ,p5tateu* to ! ,gospel1 has become ! new ,cov5ant1 ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,ab\t five c5turies lat]1 we f9d ! ,hebrews settl$ 9 ,egypt1 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 betwe5 ! l[] ,nile1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,des]t1 9 a condition v diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y _h fir/ be5 :5 attract$ to ! c\rt ( ,ph>aoh by ! prosp]ity ( ,joseph1 ! great-gr&son ( ,abraham4 ,! new ,ph>aoh oppresses !m cruelly2 !y are a prey to ! mis]ies ( slav]y1 ! contagion ( idolatry1 to all ! evils1 all ! p]ils1 physical & moral1 :i* c afflict a nation num]ically weak1 fall5 "u ! yoke ( "o p[]ful & civiliz$4 #age ,! ,hebrews nev]!less p]si/ 9 _! religi\s fai?1 cl+ to _! national rem9isc5ces2 !y d n suff] _! nationality to be lo/ 9 & conf\nd$ ) t ( _! ma/]s2 !y endure )\t (f]+ any active resi/ance2 !y w n deliv] !mselves1 b !y h nev] ceas$ to believe 9 _! ,god1 & !y await _! ,deliv]]4 ,moses has be5 sav$ f ! wat]s ( ! ,nile by ,ph>aoh's own daught]4 ,he has be5 br\ght up at ,heliopolis1 9 ! mid/ ( ! pomp ( ! c\rt1 & in/ruct$ 9 ! sci5ces ( ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,he has s]v$ ! sov]eign ( ,egypt2 he has comm&$ 8 troops & made w> = him aga9/ ! ?iopians4 ,he has receiv$ an ,egyptian "n1 ,os>siph1 or ,tisi!n4 ,ev]y?+ seems to concur to make him an ,egyptian4 ,b he rema9s a fai?ful ,israelite3 true to ! fai? & to ! =tunes ( 8 bre?r54 ,_! oppression r\ses 8 indignation2 he av5ges "o ( !m by kill+ 8 oppressor4 #agf ,! victims ( oppression1 al>m$1 disav[ ,moses1 in/ead ( support+ him4 ,moses flees f ,egypt & takes refuge 9 ! ,des]t1 among/ a tribe ( w&]+ ,arabs1 ! ,midianites1 sprung1 l himself1 f ,abraham4 ,_! *ief1 ! %eick ( ! tribe1 ,je?ro1 call$ also ,hobab1 receives him z a son1 & gives him 8 daught] ,zipporah 9 m>riage4 ,! pr\d ,israelite1 :o has decl9$ to rema9 an ,egyptian1 becomes an ,arab1 & leads1 sev]al ye>s1 ! nomadic life ( ! hospitable tribe4 ,x is n[ 9 ! p59sula ( ,s9ai t ,moses w&]s ) ! s]vants & flocks ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,9 ! c5tre ( t p59sula1 ( yore a prov9ce 9 ! empire ( ! ,ph>aohs1 b :i* _h fall5 into ! possession ( ! pa/oral ,arabs1 rises ,s9ai1 a m\nt ) :i* f "t immemorial1 among ! neighb\r+ tribes1 h be5 connect$ z _m sacr$ traditions z h ev] be5 assign$ to ,m\nt ,ar>at 9 ,arm5ia1 or ! ,himalayas 9 ,india4 ,9 ?is v5]able spot1 be=e a burn+ bu%1 ,moses1 ) a he>t full ( fai?1 he>s ,god call+ him & comm&+ him to lead 8 p1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 out ( ,egypt4 #agg ,moses is humble1 di/ru/ful ( himself1 j z ,abraham be=e him _h be54 ,:o am ,i1 t ,i %\ld g unto ,ph>aoh1 & t ,i %\ld br+ =? ! *ildr5 ( ,israel out ( ,egypt8 444 ,:5 ,i come unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & %all say unto !m1 ,! ,god ( y\r fa!rs ha? s5t me unto y2 & !y %all say to me1 ,:at is 8 "n8 ,:at %all ,i say unto !m8 ,& ,god said unto ,moses ,i ,,am ,,t ,i ,,am3 & he said1 ,?us %alt ?\ say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,,am ha? s5t me unto y4 ,footnote #dd ,footnote #dd3 ,exodus iii4 #aa1 #ac1 #ad4 ,moses receives 8 mission f ,jehovah1 & feels no o!r disquietude ?an arises f ! desire to accompli% x4 ,9 pres5ce ( su* facts1 ) ?is association ( ,god & man 9 ! same "w1 ! oppon5ts ( ! ,sup]natural /ill clam\r3 ,:y1 ask !y1 ?is confusion ( div9e action & ( human action8 ,has ,god ne$ ( man's concurr5ce8 #agh ,c ,he n1 if ,he w1 accompli% all 8 designs by himself1 & ?r\gh ! fulness ( 8 omnipot5ce8 ,9 my turn1 ,i w\ld ask !m if !y "k :y ,god creat$ man1 & if ,god has put !m into ! secret ( 8 int5tions t[>ds ! in/rum5t :om ,he employs = 8 designs8 ,!re precisely lies ! privilege ( humanity3 man is ,god's associate1 subject to ,him1 yet a free ag5t indep5d5t ( ,him2 he int]v5es by 8 prop] action 9 plans ( :i* only an inf9itely small "p is reveal$ to 8 intellig5ce & res]v$ = 8 execution4 ,we/]n ,asia & its hi/ory are full ( ! "n ( ,moses3 ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,mahometans /yle him ! ,fir/ ,prophet1 ! ,great ,lawgiv]1 ! ,great ,!ologian2 ev]y:]e1 9 ! sc5e ( ! ev5ts !mselves1 ! places reta9 a memory ( him3 ! travell] meets !re ! ,well ( ,moses1 ! ,rav9e ( ,moses1 ! ,m\nta9 ( ,moses1 ! ,valley ( ,moses4 #agi ,9 o!r c\ntries & o!r ages1 ?is "n has be5 giv5 z ! mo/ glori\s t ! sa9ts c\ld receive3 ,/4 ,pet] has be5 /yl$ ! ,moses ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ! ,moses ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s2 ,ulphilas1 ! ,moses ( ! ,go?s4 ,:at did ,moses d to obta9 a r5[n s great & s endur+8 ,he ga9$ no battles2 he conqu]$ no t]ritory2 he f\nd$ no cities2 he gov]n$ no /ate2 he 0 n ev5 a man 9 :om eloqu5ce replac$ o!r s\rces ( influ5ce & p[]3 ,& ,moses said unto ! ,"l1 my ,"l1 ,i am n eloqu5t1 nei!r h]et(ore1 nor s9ce ?\ ha/ spok5 unto ?y s]vant3 b ,i am sl[ ( spee*1 & ( a sl[ tongue4 ,footnote #de ,footnote #de3 ,exodus iv4 #aj4 ,!re is n 9 ?is :ole hi/ory a s+le gr& human action1 a s+le gr& ev5t1 proce$+ f human ag5cy2 all1 all is ! "w ( ,god2 & ,moses is no?+ on any occasion b ! int]pret] & in/rum5t ( ,god3 to ?is mission he has consecrat$ s\l & life2 x is only by virtue ( ?is title t he is p[]ful1 & t he %>es1 z f> z 8 capacity z a man p]mits1 a "w inf9itely gr&] & m endur+ ?an t accompli%$ by all ! h]oes & all ! ma/]s t ! _w ev] ackn[l$g$4 #ahj ,i "k no m /rik+ spectacle ?an t ( ! un%akeable fai? & inexhau/ible en]gy ( ,moses 9 ! pursuit ( a "w n 8 own1 9 :i* he executes :at he has n conceiv$1 9 :i* he obeys r ?an comm&s4 ,ob/acles & disappo9tm5ts meet him at ea* turn2 he has to /ruggle ) weaknesses1 infidelity1 caprices1 jeal\sies1 & s$itions1 & ^! n m]ely 9 8 own nation1 b 9 8 own family4 ,he has himself 8 mom5ts ( sadness1 ( disquietude3 ,& ,moses cri$ unto ! ,"l1 say+1 ,:at %all ,i d unto ?is p8 !y be almo/ ready to /one me4444 ,footnote #df ,i besee* !e1 %ew me ?y glory4 ,footnote #df3 ,exodus xvii4 #d2 xxxiii4 #ah-bj4 ,& ,god answ]s him1 ,i w make all my goodness pass be=e !e4 444 ,?\ can/ n see my face3 = !re %all no man see me1 & live4 ,& ,moses tru/s 9 ,god1 & cont9ues to triumph :il/ he obeys ,him4 #aha ,! "w ( deliv]ance is consummat$2 ,moses has l$ ! p ( ,israel out ( ,egypt1 has surm\nt$ ! fir/ p]ils & ! fir/ suff]+s ( ! ,des]t4 ,!y advance ?r\gh ! gr\p ( m\nta9s 9 ! p59sula ( ,s9ai ,pass+ f valley to valley1 !y arrive at ! entrance ( a l>ge bas9 surr\nd$ by l(ty peaks4 ,( ^! ! "o :i* comm&s ! mo/ ext5sive view is cov]$ ) enorm\s blocks1 z if ! m\nta9 _h be5 ov]?r[n by an e>?quake4 ,a deep cleft divides ! peak into two4 ,no "o :o has approa*$ ! ,rs ,sufsfeh ?r\gh t noble pla91 or :o has look$ d[n ^u ! pla9 f t maje/ic height1 w will+ly "p ) ! belief t ^! are ! two ess5tial features ( ! view ( ! ,israeliti% camp4 ,t su* a pla9 %\ld exi/ at all 9 front ( su* a cliff is s rem>kable a co9cid5ce ) ! sacr$ n>rative1 z to furni% a /rong int]nal argum5t1 n m]ely ( its id5tity ) ! sc5e1 b ( ! sc5e itself hav+ be5 describ$ by an eyewitness4 #ahb ,! awful & l5g!n$ approa*1 z to "s natural sanctu>y1 w\ld h be5 ! fitte/ prep>ation = ! com+ sc5e4 ,! l[ l9e ( alluvial m\nds at ! foot ( ! cliff exactly answ]s to ! 'b\nds' :i* 7 to keep ! p (f f 't\*+ ! ,m\nt4' ,footnote #dg ,footnote #dg3 ,exodus xix4 #ab4 ,! pla9 itself is n brok5 & unev51 & n>r[ly %ut 91 l almo/ all o!rs 9 ! range1 b pres5t+ a long retir+ sweep1 aga9/ :i* ! p c\ld remove & /& af> (f4' ,! cliff1 ris+ l a huge alt> 9 front ( ! :ole congregation1 & visible aga9/ ! sky 9 lonely gr&eur f end to end ( ! :ole pla91 is ! v image ( ! 'm\nt t might n be t\*$1' & f :i* '! voice' ( ,god might be he>d f> & wide ov] ! /illness ( ! pla9 bel[1 wid5$ at t po9t to its utmo/ ext5t by ! conflu5ce ( all ! contigu\s valleys4 #ahc ,"h1 beyond all o!r p>ts ( ! p59sula1 is ! adytum1 )drawn1 z if 9 ! end ( ! _w1' f all ! /ir & confusion ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,footnote #dh ,su* 0 ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago1 & su* is /ill1 ! place :]e ,moses receiv$ f ,god & gave to ! p ( ,israel t law ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts :i* res\nd /ill ?r\gh all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es z ! fir/ f\ndation ( _! fai? & ! fir/ moral rule ( ,*ri/ian nations4 ,footnote #dh3 ,s9ai & ,pale/9e 9 connection ) _! ,hi/ory4 ,by ,ar?ur ,/anley1 ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 pp4 #db1 #dc4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,! ,hebrews1 at ! mom5t :5 ! ,decalogue became _! fundam5tal law1 7 9 a crisis ( social trans=mation2 !y 7 ^u ! po9t ( pass+ f ! pa/oral nomadic condition to t ( f>m]s & settl]s4 ,x seems t1 at su* an epo*1 ! political in/itutions ( a p w\ld1 z ! basis ( _! gov]nm5t1 be its mo/ natural & mo/ urg5t bus9ess4 #ahd ,! ,decalogue leaves ! subject entirely unt\*$2 makes to x n ! remote/1 ! mo/ indirect allusion4 ,x is a law exclusively religi\s & moral1 :i* only busies itself ab\t ! duties ( man to ,god & to 8 fell[-creatures1 & admits by its v sil5ce all ! v>y+ =ms ( gov]nm5t t ! ext]nal or int]nal /ate ( society may seem to require4 ,*>act]i/ic1 gr&1 & orig9al1 n to be met ) 9 ! primitive laws ( any o!r nasc5t /ate1 & an admirable & rem>kable manife/ation ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ?is "o6 ,x is to man's natural & 8 moral de/9y t ! ,decalogue addresses itself2 x is to guide man's s\l & 8 inmo/ w t x lays d[n rules2 :]eas x surr5d]s 8 ext]nal1 8 civil condition to all ! v>y+ *ances ( place & ( "t4 #ahe ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ?is law is n less orig9al or less urg5t3 x places ,god1 & man's duties t[>ds ,god1 at ! head & front ( man's life & man's duties2 x unites intimately religion & morality1 & reg>ds !m z insep>able4 ,if philosoph]s1 9 /udy+1 discrim9ate betwe5 !m2 if !y seek 9 human nature ! special pr9ciple or pr9ciples ( morality2 if !y consid] ! latt] by itself & ap>t f religion1 x is ! "r ( sci5ce to d s4 ,b /ill ! result is b a sci5tific "w--only a p>tial dissection ( man's s\l1 address$ to only "o "p ( its faculties1 & hold+ no acc\nt ( ! entirety & ! reality ( ! s\l's life4 ,! ,human ,body1 tak5 z "o :ole1 is by nature at once moral & religi\s2 ! moral law t he f9ds 9 himself ne$s an au?or & a judge2 & ,god is to him ! s\rce & gu>antee1 ! ,alpha & ,omega ( morality4 ,a metaphysician may1 f "t to "t1 affirm ! moral law1 & yet =get its ,div9e ,au?or4 ,a man may1 n[ & !n1 admit1 may respect ! pr9ciples ( morality1 & yet rema9 e/rang$ f religion2 all ?is is possible1 = all ?is we see4 #ahf ,s small a portion ( ,tru? sometimes satisfies ! human m9d6 ,man is s ready & s prone to misconceive & to mutilate himself6 ,8 ideas are by nature s incomplete & inconsequ5t1 s easily dimm$ or p]v]t$ by 8 ,passions or ! action ( 8 free w6 ,^! are b ! exceptional conditions ( ! human m9d1 m]e sci5tific ab/ractions2 if m5 admit !m1 _! influ5ce is nei!r g5]al nor durable4 ,9 ! natural & actual life ( ! human race1 ,morality & ,religion are necess>ily unit$2 & x is "o ( ! div9e *>act]i/ics ( ! ,decalogue1 z x is also "o ( ! causes ( t au?ority :i* has rema9$ to x aft] ! lapse ( s _m c5turies1 t x has proclaim$ & tak5 z its f\ndation _! intimate union4 ,?is is n ! place to consid] ! laws ( ,moses 9 civil & p5al matt]s1 nor to ref] to 8 ord9ances respect+ ! wor%ip1 or to ^? t reg>d ! organization ( ! prie/hood ( ! ,hebrews4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! two bran*es ( ! ,mosaic code1 num]\s dispositions1 s+ul>ly moral1 equitable1 & humane1 are f\nd 9 connection ) circum/ances indicat+ a /ate ( mann]s gross & cruel ev5 to b>b>ism4 #ahg ,! legislator is evid5tly "u ! empire ( ideas & s5tim5ts inf9itely sup]ior to ^? ( ! p1 to :om1 nev]!less1 8 /rong sympa?ies atta* him4 ,:5 we consid] ! ,mosaic ,legislation1 we f9d t 9 ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns ! ext]nal =ms & practices ( wor%ip1 ! ideas ( ,egypt h made great impression ^u ! m9d ( ! ,lawgiv]1 & ! frequ5t use t he has made ( ,egyptian cu/oms & c]emonies is n less visible4 ,b f> above ^! in/itutions & ^! traditions1 :i* seem n seldom out ( place & incoh]5t1 so>s & pr$om9ates con/antly ! ,idea ( ! ,god ( ,abraham & ( ,jacob1 ( ! ,god ,"o & ,et]nal1 ( ! ,true ,god4 ,! ,laws ( ,moses omit no occasion ( inculcat+ ! belief 9 t ,god1 & ( recall+ ,him to ! recollection ( ! ,hebrews4 ,& ?is1 n z if !y 7 recall+ a pr9ciple1 an in/itution1 a sy/em2 b z if !y propose to place a sov]eign1 a lawful & liv+ sov]eign1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :om he gov]ns1 & to :om !y owe ob$i5ce & fidelity4 #ahh ,moses nev] speaks 9 8 own "n1 or 9 ! "n ( any human p[]1 or ( any portion ( ! ,hebrew nation4 ,god alone speaks & comm&s4 ,god's ^w & 8 comm&s ,moses repeats to ! p4 ,at 8 fir/ asc5d+ ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :5 he _h receiv$ ! fir/ inspiration f ! ,et]nal1 ,moses came & call$ = ! eld]s ( ! p1 & laid be=e _! faces all ^! words :i* ! ,"l comm&$ him4 ,& all ! p answ]$ toge!r1 & said1 ,all t ! ,"l ha? spok5 we w d4 ,footnote #di ,footnote #di3 ,exodus xix4 #g1 #h4 ,:5 ,moses1 aga9 asc5d+ ,m\nt ,s9ai1 _h receiv$ f ,god ! ,decalogue1 he return$1 ,& he took ! book ( ! cov5ant1 & read 9 ! audi5ce ( ! p3 & !y said1 ,all t ! ,"l ha? said w we d1 & be ob$i5t4 ,footnote #ej ,footnote #ej3 ,exodus xxiv4 #g4 #ahi ,z ! ev5ts develop !mselves1 ! ,hebrews are f\nd f> f r5d]+ a con/ant ob$i5ce3 !y =get1 !y infr+e--& t frequ5tly--^! laws ( ,god :i* !y h accept$2 & ,god sometimes puni%es1 sometimes p>dons !m2 /ill x is always ,god alone t is act+2 x is f ,him alone t all emanates2 nei!r ! prie/s :o preside ov] ! c]emonies ( 8 wor%ip1 nor ! eld]s ( ,israel :om ,he summons to pro/rate !mselves f af> be=e ,him1 nor ,moses himself--8 sole & con/ant int]pret]--d any?+ by !mselves1 dem& any?+ = !mselves4 ,! ,p5tateu* is ! hi/ory & ! picture ( ! p]sonal gov]nm5t by ,god ( ! ,israelites4 ,our legislator1 says ! hi/orian ,josephus1 _h 9 8 ?\ghts n mon>*ies1 nor olig>*ies1 nor democracies1 nor any "o ( ^? political in/itutions3 he comm&$ t our gov]nm5t %\ld be 7if x is p]mitt$ to make use ( an expression some:at exagg]at$7 :at may be /yl$ a ,!ocracy4 ,footnote #ea ,footnote #ea3 ,joseph4 contra ,apionem1 ii4 c4 #ag4 #aij ,! em95t writ]s :o h rec5tly /udi$ mo/ pr(\ndly ! ,mosaic sy/em--,m4 ,ewald 9 ,g]many1,footnote #eb ,mr4 ,milman & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,/anley 9 ,engl&1 ,m4 ,nicolas 9 ,france--h adopt$ ! expression ( ,josephus1 atta*+ to x its real & complete s5se4 ,! t]m ,!ocracy1 says ,mr4 ,/anley1 has be5 (t5 employ$ s9ce ! "t ( ,moses1 b 9 ! s5se ( a sac]dotal gov]nm5t3 a s5se ! v contr>y to t 9 :i* its fir/ au?or conceiv$ x4 ,! !ocracy ( ,moses 0 n at all a gov]nm5t by prie/s1 or oppos$ to k+s2 x 0 ! gov]nm5t by ,god himself1 z oppos$ to a gov]nm5t by prie/s or by k+s4 ,footnote #ec ,footnote #eb3 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 bis ,*ri/us1 ii4 #ahh4 ,gtt+51 #ahec4 ,footnote #ec3 ,lectures on ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 p4 #aeg #aia ,mosaism1 says ,m4 ,nicolas1 is a !ocracy 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x w\ld be a complete error to und]/& ?is ^w 9 ! s5se :i* usage has giv5 to x 9 our language4 ,!re is no "q "h 9 effect ( a gov]nm5t ex]cis$ by a sac]dotal ca/e 9 ! "n & "u ! inspiration1 real or pret5d$1 ( ,god4 ,9 ! ,mosaic legislation ! prie/s are n ! m9i/]s & in/rum5ts ( ! ,div9e ,w2 ,god reigns & gov]ns by himself4 ,x is ,he :o has giv5 8 laws to ! ,hebrews4 ,moses has be51 x is true1 ! m$ium betwe5 ! ,et]nal & ! p1 b ! p has tak5 "p 9 ! gr& spectacle ( ! ,revelation ( ! ,law2 ( ?is ! p1 9 ! ex]cise ( its fre$om1 has ev9c$ its acceptance2 & 9 ! cov5ant set on foot betwe5 ! ,et]nal & ! family ( ,jacob1 ,moses has be51 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 only ! public (fic] :o has prop\nd$ ! contract4 ,he 0 himself1 besides1 n )9 ! pale ( ! sac]dotal ca/e2 & ! *>ge ( keep+1 am5d+1 & see+ to ! c>ry+ out ( ! body ( laws 0 n confid$ to ! prie/s4 ,footnote #ed ,footnote #ed3 tudes ,critiques sur la ,bible--,anci5 ,te/am5t1 p4 #agb4 #aib ,let ! le>n$ m5 :o ?us *>act]ise ! ,mosaic !ocracy pause "h & measure ! :ole be>+ ( ! fact :i* !y compreh5d s well4 ,x is a fact unique 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! idea ( ,god is1 among/ all nations1 ! s\rce ( religions2 b 9 e case1 except t ( ! ,hebrews1 sc>cely has ! s\rce appe>$ be=e x deviates & becomes tr\bl$2 m5 take ! place ( ,god2 ,god's "n is made to cov] e k9d ( usurpation & falsehood2 sometimes sac]dotal corporations take possession ( all gov]nm5t1 civil & religi\s2 sometimes secul> p[] ov]rules & enslaves ,religi\s ,fai? & ,religi\s ,life4 ,9 ! ,mosaic ,disp5sation we h no?+ ( ! k9d2 its v orig9 & its fundam5tal pr9ciples condemn & prohibit ev5 ! attempt at any su* deviations4 ,no p>am\nt prie/hood "h2 no secul> p[] play+ ! "p ( ! oppressor4 ,god is con/antly pres5t1 & sole ,ma/]4 ,all passes betwe5 ,god & ! p2 all1 ,i say1 s passes ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a s+le man :om ,god inspires1 & 9 :om ! p h fai?1 ask+ no o!r au?ority ?an t ( ! revelation :i* he receives4 #aic ,no sign "h ( a fact ( human orig93 j z ! ,god ( ! ,bible is ! true ,god1 ! religion t desc5d$1 by ,moses1 f ,s9ai ^u ! elect p ( ,god is ! true ,religion de/9$ to become1 :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ asc5ds ,calv>y1 ! ,religion ( ! ,human ,race4 ,,iii4 ,god ,& ,! ,k+s4 ,moses hav+ br\ght out ( ,egypt ! p ( ,israel1 & hav+ conduct$ x ?r\gh ! ,des]t z f> z ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,jordan1 9 sight ( ,canaan1 ! ,promis$ ,l&1 8 mission t]m9ates4 ,get !e up1 says ! ,et]nal to him2 get !e up into ! top ( ,pisgah1 & lift up ?9e eyes we/w>d1 & nor?w>d1 & s\?w>d1 & ea/w>d1 & behold x ) ?9e eyes3 = ?\ %alt n g ov] ?is ,jordan4 ,b *>ge ,jo%ua1 & enc\rage him1 & /r5g!n him3 = he %all g ov] be=e ?is p1 & he %all cause !m to inh]it ! l& :i* ?\ %alt see4 ,footnote #ee ,footnote #ee3 ,deut]onomy iii4 #bg1 #bh4 #aid ,moses has be51 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 ! lib]ator & ! legislator2 ,jo%ua is ! conqu]or1 ! r\gh w>rior1 ( yet signal piety & mode/y1 ! ard5t s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ! fai?ful disciple ( ,moses4 ,aft] pass+ ! ,jordan1 trav]s+ ! l& ( ,canaan 9 e direction1 & giv+ battle 9 succession to ! great] "p ( ! tribes t inhabit x1 he de/roys1 or expels1 or negotiates ) !m1 & divides _! l&s among ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,^! ex*ange _! w&]+ life = t settl$ agricultural life ( :i* ,moses has giv5 !m ! law4 ,! desc5dants ( ,abraham settle z ma/]s 9 ! soil 9 :i* ,abraham _h dem&$ z a fav\r ! privilege ( pur*as+ a tomb4 #aie ,! consequ5ces ( ?is new situation are n long 9 %[+ !mselves4 ,! conque/ is protract$ & difficult3 ! viol5ce & rap9e t *>act]ise a /ate ( w>--"o ( dispossession & ( ext]m9ation--replace among/ ! ,hebrews ! adv5tures & ! pi\s emotions ( ! ,des]t4 ,9 spite ( _! successes1 ! conque/ nev]!less rema9s incomplete3 sev]al ( ! ,canaaniti% tribes def5d !mselves efficaci\sly1 & cl+1 side by side ) ! new com]s1 to _! t]ritory1 _! laws1 _! gods4 ,! twelve tribes ( ,israel disp]se & settle1 ea* on its own acc\nt1 ^u diff]5t & di/ant po9ts1 "s be+ ev5 sep>at$ by ! ,jordan4 ,! unity ( ! ,hebrew nation1 ( its fai?1 ( its law1 ( its gov]nm5t1 & ( its de/9y weak5s rapidly2 ! t5d5cy to idolatry1 :i* ! ,hebrews _h s (t5 ev9c$ :5 w&]+ 9 ! ,des]t1 reappe>s & developes itself1 fom5t$ by ! vic9ity ( ! ,poly!i/ic tribes ( ,canaan4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t we c precisely say t ,poly!ism prevails aga9/ ! ,"o ,god2 b r t mat]ial images ( ,jehovah become1 9 ! mid/ ( p>ticul> tribes1 ! object ( ! idolatr\s wor%ip s /rongly prohibit$ by ! ,decalogue4 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,israel did evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 & =gat ! ,"l _! ,god1 & s]v$ ,baalim & ! groves4 ,footnote #ef ,footnote #ef3 ,judges iii4 #g4 #aif ,"u su* influ5ces ! moral & social /ate ( ! p ( ,israel und]goes pr(\nd *anges2 ! b>b>ism1 :i* _h be5 =m]ly among/ !m fanatical & au/]e1 becomes unruly & lic5ti\s2 _! *iefs1 _! ,judges1 dur+ ! epo* :i* be>s _! "n1 no long] possess1 sometimes no long] m]it1 _! confid5ce2 ev5 ! h]oic acts ( "s among/ !m--( ,gideon1 ( ,deborah1 ( ,samson1--pres5t r a /range ?an an augu/ "*4 ,! ,mosaic ,!ocracy veils itself2 ! ,hebrew nation becomes disorganiz$2 day by day1 ! religi\s & political an>*y 9 ,israel ext5ds & becomes aggravat$4 #aig ,b :]e ! ,div9e ,light has once %one1 x is nev] completely ext+ui%$2 & :5 ! voice ( ,god has once spok51 ! s\nd is nev] entirely lo/1 ev5 to e>s t no long] li/54 ,x has be5 affirm$ t aft] ,jo%ua1 9 ! lapse ( "t t took place betwe5 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,judges & ! end ( ! reign ( ,solomon1 ! recollection ( ,moses1 ( 8 actions & 8 laws1 _h almo/ entirely disappe>$--_h lo/ all au?ority 9 ,israel4 ,"s passages f ! biblical n>rative w suffice to remove ?is error4 ,i read 9 ! ,book ( ,judges1 ) respect to ! ,canaaniti% tribes :o resi/$ & surviv$ 9 _! c\ntries ! conque/ & settlem5t ( ! ,hebrew tribes3--,^! nations 7 to prove ,israel1 to "k :e!r !y w\ld he>k5 unto ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 :i* he comm&$ _! fa!rs by ! h& ( ,moses4 ,footnote #eg ,footnote #eg3 ,judges iii4 #d4 ,& aga91 9 ! ,book ( ,samuel1 x is ! ,et]nal t advanc$ ,moses & ,a>on 4444 :i* br\ght =? y\r fa!rs out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & made !m dwell 9 ?is place4 ,footnote #eh #aih ,& 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s1,footnote #ei ,david1 on ! po9t ( expir+1 says to 8 son ,solomon1 ,keep ! *>ge ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 to walk 9 8 ways1 to keep 8 /atutes1 & 8 comm&m5ts1 & 8 judgm5ts1 & 8 te/imonies1 z x is writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses4 ,footnote #eh3 #a ,samuel xii4 #f1 #h4 ,footnote #ei3 #a ,k+s ii4 #c4 ,& :5 ,solomon1 aft] ! solemn d$ication ( 8 ,temple1 _h address$ to ,god 8 pray] ( ?anksgiv+1 he /ood1 & bless$ all ! congregation ( ,israel ) a l\d voice1 say+1 ,bless$ be ! ,"l1 t ha? giv5 re/ unto 8 p ,israel1 accord+ to all t he promis$3 !re ha? n fail$ "o ^w ( all 8 good promise1 :i* he promis$ by ! h& ( ,moses 8 s]vant4 ,footnote #fj ,footnote #fj3 #a ,k+s viii4 #ee1 #ef4 ,9 ! cu/oms & lives ( ! ,israelites ^! good promises _h n practically1 x is true1 pres]v$ all _! efficacy3 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah & ! legislation ( ,moses _h fall5 into sad oblivion1 & und]gone s]i\s *anges4 ,b1 9 ! national s5tim5t1 ,jehovah ! ,et]nal 0 ev] ! ,"o ,god1 ! ,true ,god2 & ,moses 8 int]pret]4 #aii ,moral & social disord] _h invad$ ! ,hebrew ,conf$]ation2 ! ,div9e ,law & ,tradition 7 incessantly violat$1 /ill n ignor$3 !y ev] cont9u$ ! ,div9e ,law & ,tradition1 ! objects ( ! fai? & v5]ation ( ,israel4 ,:5 ! evil ( an>*y _h br\ght ) x great national rev]ses1--:5 ! ,phili/9es on ! s\?1 ! ,ammonites on ! ea/1 & ! ,mesopotamians on ! nor?1 _h plac$ 9 jeop>dy ! ,hebrew settlem5t 9 ,canaan1--a g5]al cry arose2 on all sides1 ! tribes dem&$ a /rong gov]nm5t1 a s+le *ief1 "o capable ( ma9ta9+ ord] )91 & support+ abroad ! position & ! hon\r ( ,israel4 ,a great & fai?ful s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ! la/ ( ! judges1 & ! greate/ ( ! prophets s9ce ,moses1--,samuel1--_h rec5tly gov]n$ ,israel1 & /r5u\sly /ruggl$ to arre/ ! progress ( popul> vice & mis=tune2 b he _h become old1 & 8 sons :om he _h made judges ov] ,israel 444 walk$ n 9 8 ways1 b turn$ aside aft] lucre1 & took bribes1 & p]v]t$ judgm5t4 #bjj ,!n all ! eld]s ( ,israel ga!r$ !mselves toge!r1 & came to ,samuel unto ,ramah1 & said unto him1 ,behold1 ?\ art old1 & ?y sons walk n 9 ?y ways3 n[ make u a k+ to judge u l all ! nations4 ,footnote #fa ,footnote #fa3 #a ,samuel viii4 #a-e4 ,! dem& _h 9 x no?+ s+ul>2 ev5 at ! epo* :5 ,god1 by 8 s]vant ,moses1 0 p]sonally gov]n+ ,israel1 ! *ance ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a human k+dom _h be5 =ese5 & provid$ = be=eh& by ! ,div9e ,law3 ,:5 ?\ art come unto ! l& :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e1 & %alt possess x1 & %alt dwell !re91 & %alt say1 ,i w set a k+ ov] me1 l z all ! nations t are ab\t me2 ?\ %alt 9 any wise set him k+ ov] !e1 :om ! ,"l ?y ,god %all *oose3 "o f among ?y bre?r5 %alt ?\ set k+ ov] !e3 ?\ maye/ n set a /rang] ov] !e1 :i* is n ?y bro!r4 ,footnote #fb ,footnote #fb3 ,deut]onomy xvii4 #ad1 #ae4 #bja ,al?\gh ?us provid$ = by ! ,div9e ,law1 ! dem& ( a k+ 0 extremely displeas+ to ,samuel2 = ! k+ly rule 0 odi\s to him1 says ! hi/orian ,josephus2 he _h an innate love ( ju/ice1 & 0 ard5tly atta*$ to ! ari/ocratical =m ( gov]nm5t1 z to ! =m ( polity :i* r5d]$ m5 happy & wor?y ( ,god4 ,footnote #fc ,footnote #fc3 ,josephus1 ,ant4 ,jud4 vol4 vi4 *4 iii4 #c4 ,b ! ,et]nal said unto ,samuel1 ,he>k5 unto ! voice ( ! p 9 all t !y say unto !e3 = !y h n reject$ !e1 b !y h reject$ me1 t ,i %\ld n reign ov] !m 444 ,n[ !re=e he>k5 unto _! voice2 h[beit yet prote/ solemnly unto !m1 & %ew !m ! mann] ( ! k+ t %all reign ov] !m4 ,footnote #fd ,footnote #fd3 #a ,samuel viii4 #g-i4 ,samuel pr$ict$ to ! ,hebrews h[ mu* ! k+ly =m ( gov]nm5t w\ld co/ !m1 all t !y w\ld h to suff] 9 _! families1 _! prop]ty1 & _! lib]ties3 ,nev]!less ! p refus$ to obey ! voice ( ,samuel2 & !y said1 ,nay2 b we w h a k+ ov] u2 t we also may be l all ! nations2 & t our k+ may judge u1 & g out be=e u1 & fight our battles4 #bjb ,& ,samuel he>d all ! words ( ! p1 & he rehe>s$ !m 9 ! e>s ( ! ,"l4 ,& ! ,"l said to ,samuel1 ,he>k5 unto _! voice1 & make !m a k+4 ,footnote #fe ,footnote #fe3 #a ,samuel viii4 #ai-bb4 ,! _w's hi/ory (f]s no example :]e ! m]its & defects ( absolute mon>*y 7 s rapidly develop$1 :]e !y 7 display$ s /rik+ly1 z 9 ?is little ,hebrew mon>*y1 in/itut$ ) ! view ( escap+ f an>*y by ! express desire ( ! p itself4 ,?ree k+s succe$ to ! ?rone1 9 orig91 "*1 conduct1 & reign absolutely dissimil>4 ,saul is a w>rior1 *os5 by ,samuel = 8 /r5g?1 bodily beauty1 & c\rage2 ev] ready = ! combat1 b )\t =esight1 )\t p]sev]ance 9 8 milit>y op]ations2 easily intoxicat$ ) good =tune2 hurri$ away by brutal1 caprici\s1 or jeal\s passions2 n[ engag$ 9 furi\s /ruggles1 n[ appe>+ 9 a dep5d5t position1 ) 8 patron ,samuel1 8 son ,jona?an1 8 son-9-law ,david2 a g5u9e b>b>ian k+1 arrogant1 *angeable ( hum\r1 impati5t ( control1 prone to sup]/ition1 a mom5t s]v+ ,israel aga9/ h] enemies1 b incapable ( gov]n+ ,israel 9 ! "n ( its ,god4 #bjc ,david1 on ! contr>y1 is ! fai?ful & consi/5t repres5tative ( religi\s fai? & religi\s life 9 ,israel2 ! f]v5t & submissive ador] ( ! ,et]nal2 he is s at all ! epo*s & 9 ! mo/ v>y+ aspects ( 8 c>e]1 :e!r ( humility or ( gr&eur2 at once w>rior1 k+1 prophet1 poet2 z ard5t to celebrate 8 ,god 9 8 "* ( poet1 z to s]ve ,him 9 ! capacity ( w>rior1 or to obey ,him 9 t ( k+2 equally sublime 9 8 ?anksgiv+ to ! ,et]nal = 8 triumphs z 9 8 invocation to ,him 9 8 di/resses2 accessible to ! mo/ culpable human weaknesses1 b prompt to rep5t ! (f5ce once committ$2 & giv+ always to impulses ( joy or pi\s sadness ! fir/ place 9 8 s\l2 v k+ ( ! nation t adores ! v ,god4 #bjd ,david accompli%es ! "w ( 8 "t3 he obta9s ! object = :i* ! mon>*y _h be5 dem&$ & in/itut$3 he leaves beh9d him ! tribes ( ,israel reunit$ at home1 & reassur$ aga9/ =eign enemies1 proce$+ too 9 ! pa? ( good ord] & confid5ce4 ,heir to 8 fa!r's "w1 8 fa!r's success1 ,solomon comes next1 & reigns =ty ye>s--ye>s ( almo/ z mu* repose z spl5d\r3 ,god gave ,solomon wisdom & und]/&+ exce$+ mu*1 & l>g5ess ( he>t1 ev5 z ! s& t is on ! sea %ore4 ,footnote #ff ,& he _h peace on all sides r\nd ab\t him4 ,& ,judah & ,israel dwelt safely1 e man "u 8 v9e & "u 8 fig tree1 f ,dan ev5 to ,be]%eba1 all ! days ( ,solomon4 ,footnote #fg ,footnote #ff3 #a ,k+s iv4 #bi4 ,,usccb3 ,footnote #ff %\ld be3 #a ,k+s iv4 #i4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ibid4 #bd1 #be4 ,,usccb3 ,footnote #fg %\ld be3 #a ,k+s iv4 #d1 #e4 ,! k+dom & ! k+ly au?ority rose "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,solomon1 & ?r\gh\t all ,we/]n ,asia1 to a degree ( p[] & spl5d\r be=e unkn[n to ! ,hebrews4 ,a prosp]ity out ( all proportion ) ! position ( a new k+ & a small /ate1 & :i* rem9ds u ( ! rapid hi/ories & ! political comets ( ! ,ea/4 #bje ,solomon at ?is po9t lo/ sight ( bo? wisdom & virtue3 ! fir/ h]$it>y pr9ce ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y t]m9at$ 8 life l a voluptu\s sov]eign ( ,ecbatana or ( ,n9eveh2 ! son ( ! pi\s ,k+ ,david became a sceptical morali/2 al?\gh a pr(\nd obs]v] ( ! nature & de/9y ( man1 su* obs]vation _h l$ b to feel+s ( disgu/4 ,nor did ! mon>*y survive ! mon>*3 ! nation became effem9ate & corrupt1 9 ! effem9acy & corruption ( its sov]eign4 ,sc>cely 0 ,solomon dead1 :5 8 mon>*y 0 divid$ into two k+doms1 :i*1 at fir/ rivals1 became soon op5ly ho/ile to ea* o!r2 sometimes a prey to tyranny1 sometimes to an>*y1 & almo/ always to w>4 ,x 0 n1 z =m]ly1 m]ely a bad phase ( transition 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew nation2 x 0 ! comm5cem5t ( national decl9e--decl9e irrem$iable1 hopeless4 #bjf ,b :at1 9 ?is decl9e1 w become ( ! law reveal$ on ,s9ai to ,moses8 ,is x de/9$ to fall ) ! mon>*y ( ,solomon1 or to langui% & die out 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ruggles & disa/]s ( ,judah & ( ,israel8 ,q ! contr>y3 ! religi\s fai? & law ( ! ,hebrews w n only p]petuate !mselves1 b w aga9 %9e =? at ?is epo* ( political ru94 ,above ! =tune ( /ates are ! designs ( ,god1 to :i* in/rum5ts are nev] want+2 ! k+s cont9ue to p]petrate acts ( viol5ce1 & ! p to %[ m>ks ( weakness2 b amid/ all1 ! prophets ( ,israel w ma9ta9 ! anci5t ,cov5ant1 & prep>e ! com+ ( t new ,cov5ant :i* is to make ( ! ,god ( ,israel ! ,god ( mank9d4 ,,iv4 ,god ,& ,! ,prophets4 ,a celebrat$ political writ]--a free?9k] belong+ to ! ,radical s*ool1 some:at also to ! s*ool ( ,positivism--,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 has rec5tly said1 9 8 "w on ,gov]nm5t1 ,! ,egyptian hi]>*y1 ! pat]nal despotism ( ,*9a1 7 v fit in/rum5ts = c>ry+ ^? nations up to ! po9t ( civilisation :i* !y atta9$4 #bjg ,b1 hav+ rea*$ t po9t1 !y 7 br\ght to a p]man5t halt1 = want ( m5tal lib]ty & individuality2 requisites ( improvem5t :i* ! in/itutions t _h c>ri$ !m ?us f>1 entirely incapacitat$ !m f acquir+2 &1 z ! in/itutions did n break d[n & give place to o!rs1 fur!r improvem5t /opp$4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! nations1 let u consid] ! example ( an opposite "* af=d$ by ano!r & a comp>atively insignificant ,ori5tal p--! ,jews4 ,!y1 too1 _h an absolute mon>*y & a hi]>*y1 & _! organis$ in/itutions 7 z obvi\sly ( sac]dotal orig9 z ^? ( ! ,h9doos4 ,^! did = !m :at 0 done = o!r ,ori5tal races by _! in/itutions--subdu$ !m to indu/ry & ord]1 & gave !m a national life4 ,b nei!r _! k+s nor _! prie/s ev] obta9$1 z 9 ^? o!r c\ntries1 ! exclusive m\ld+ ( _! "*4 #bjh ,_! religion1 :i* enabl$ p]sons ( g5ius & a high religi\s tone to be reg>d$ & to reg>d !mselves z inspir$ f ,heav51 gave exi/5ce to an ine/imably preci\s unorganiz$ in/itution--! ,ord] 7if x may be s t]m$7 ( ,prophets4 ,g5]ally "u ! protection--x 0 n always effectual--( _! sacr$ "*1 ! prophets 7 a p[] 9 ! nation1 (t5 m ?an a mat* = k+s & prie/s1 & kept up 9 t little corn] ( ! e>? ! antagonism ( influ5ce1 :i* is ! only real security = cont9u$ progress4 ,religion consequ5tly 0 n !re--:at x has be5 9 s _m o!r places--a consecration ( all t 0 once e/abli%$1 & a b>ri] aga9/ fur!r improvem5t4 ,! rem>k ( a di/+ui%$ ,hebrew1 ,m4 ,salvador1 t ! prophets 71 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! equival5t to ! mod]n lib]ty ( ! press1 gives a j b n an adequate conception ( ! "p fulfill$ 9 national & univ]sal hi/ories by ?is great elem5t ( ,jewi% life2 by means ( :i*1 ! canon ( inspiration nev] be+ complete1 ! p]sons mo/ em95t 9 g5ius & moral feel+ c\ld n only d5\nce & reprobate1 ) ! direct au?ority ( ! ,almighty1 :atev] appe>$ to !m des]v+ ( su* treatm5t1 b c\ld give =? bett] & high] int]pretations ( ! national religion4 #bji ,conditions m fav\rable to progress c\ld n easily exi/2 accord+ly ! ,jews1 in/ead ( be+ /ation>y l o!r ,asiatics1 71 next to ! ,greeks1 ! mo/ progressive p ( antiquity1 &1 jo9tly ) !m1 h be5 ! />t+-po9t & ma9 propell+ ag5cy ( mod]n cultivation4 ,footnote #fh ,footnote #fh3 ,consid]ations on ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 pp4 #da-dc4 ,london4 ,mr4 ,mill is "r1 only he does n g f> en\gh4 ,mod]n civilization is 9 effect d]iv$ f ! ,jews & f ! ,greeks4 ,to ! latt] x is indebt$ = its human & intellectual1 to ! =m] = its ,div9e & moral1 elem5t4 ,( ^! two s\rces1 we owe to ! ,jews1 if n ! m brilliant1 at all ev5ts ! m sublime & de>ly acquir$ "o4 #baj ,aft] ! developm5t ( p[] & gr&eur :i* took place among/ ! ,jews 9 ! reigns ( ,david & ,solomon1 _! hi/ory is b a long s]ies ( mis=tunes & rev]ses1--an ev5tful1 pa9ful decl9e4 ,! ,hebrew /ate is divid$ into two k+doms1 almo/ con/antly at w> ) ea* o!r4 ,& :il/ ! k+dom ( ,israel is a prey to cont9ual usurpations & revolutions1 mak+ x ! sc5e ( all ! viol5ce & all ! vicissitudes ( a tyranny1 ! k+dom ( ,judah has a l9e ( pr9ces1 9 turn good or bad1 :o keep x unceas+ly 9 a /ate ( tr\ble & ( jeop>dy4 ,religion falls b5ea? ! yoke ( secul> gov]nm5t2 idolatry appe>s 9 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & braves audaci\sly ! anci5t national fai?4 ,! k+dom ( ,judah1 h[ev]1 rema9s m fai?ful to ,jehovah & 8 law1 to ! traditions ( ,moses1 & to ! race ( ,david2 b its langui%+ fai? is no long] /rong en\gh to arre/ its m>* 9 ! pa? ( decl9e4 #baa ,9 ! two k+doms1 int]nal disord]s are aggravat$ by rev]ses abroad2 9 ! meantime1 ar\nd !m mighty empires spr+ up & succe$ to ea* o!r4 ,fir/ ,israel & !n ,judah are invad$ by /rang]s2 !y are subjugat$ 9 turn by ! ,assyrians1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,syrians1 ! ,babylonians4 ,! ,hebrews are n only vanqui%$ & r$uc$ to subjection1 b exil$1 transport$1 l$ captive f> f _! c\ntry4 ,a new conqu]or1 ,cyrus1 p]mits !m to return to ,j]usalem2 b n to resume _! indep5d5ce2 at fir/ subjects ( ! ,p]sian k+s1 !y soon pass f _! empire to t ( ! ,greek g5]als1 :o h divid$ among/ "o ano!r ! conque/s ( ,alex&]2 !n to ! rule ( ! ,greeks succe$s t ( ! ,romans4 ,dur+ ?is succession ( s]vitudes1 sc>cely are !y all[$ any mom5ts ( exi/5ce z a free nation1 & ev5 ?is fre$om is m app>5t ?an real4 ,judea1 l ,greece1 is subjugat$1 b "u circum/ances ( great] humiliation & di/ress4 #bab ,& %all1 !n1 ! ,hebrews oppose no efficaci\s resi/ance to ^! rev]ses8 ,:at is to become1 9 ?is absolute ru9 ( ! nationality ( ! ,jews1 ( _! ,god1 & _! fai?8 ,%all ! miracles ( ,s9ai h no m virtue ?an ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 & ,jehovah langui% away & vani% 9 ! r\t9e ( sac]dotal c]emonies1 or 9 philosophical scepticism8 ,by no means3 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p's decay1 ! ,god ( ,israel ma9ta9s int]pret]s :o /ruggle ) indomitable fidelity aga9/ public calamities & popul> errors4 ,! fir/ ( ! prophets1 ,moses1 _h spok5 9 ! "n & accord+ to ! comm&m5t ( ,jehovah4 ,aft] him !re nev] 7 want+ to ,israel m5 :o inh]it$ or pret5d$ to ! h]itage ( ! same ,div9e mission4 ,i w raise !m up a ,prophet f among _! bre?r51 l unto !e1 said ! ,et]nal unto ,moses1 & w put my words 9 8 m\?2 & he %all speak unto !m all t ,i %all comm& him4 444 #bac ,b ! prophet1 :i* %all presume to speak a ^w 9 my "n1 :i* ,i h n comm&$ him to speak1 or t %all speak 9 ! "n ( o!r gods1 ev5 t prophet %all die4 ,footnote #fi ,footnote #fi3 ,deut]onomy xviii4 #ah1 #bj4 ,f ,moses to ,samuel1 ! s]ies ( ! prophets is cont9u$2 "s ( !m are ( r5[n1 l ,na?an 9 ! reigns ( ,david & ,solomon2 b ! great] numb]1 )\t "n 9 hi/ory1 & appe>+ scatt]$ ov] a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,!y are call$ ! ,se]s1 ,footnote #gj or ! ,inspir$4 ,footnote #ga ,footnote #gj3 ,roh or ,*ozeh1 9 ,hebrew4 ,footnote #ga3 ,nabi4 ,_! spee* gu%es =? l a well "u ! brea? ( ,god4 ,:5 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,judges gives place to t ( ! ,k+s1 ! great actor 9 ?is drama ( transition1 ,samuel1 op5s = ! prophets a new era2 d$icat$ f 8 infancy to ,god's s]vice1 he feels be=eh& & abides ! div9e inspiration3 ,speak1 ,"l2 = ?y s]vant he>e?4 ,footnote #gb ,footnote #gb3 #a ,samuel iii4 #i1 #aj4 #bad ,n long aft]1 8 r5[n spreads among/ ! p2 he is n pontiff1 he is n ev5 prie/4 ,footnote #gc ,footnote #gc3 ,samuel propheta fuit1 judex fuit1 levita fuit1 non pontifex1 ne sao]dos quidem4--,/4 ,j]om adv4 ,jov9ianum4 ,b he is pre-em95tly ! se]3 ,is n ! se] "h8 ,su* is ! "q address$ to "s "y maid5s by ! m5 :o are 9 se>* ( ,samuel4 ,saul meets him )\t kn[+ him1 & says to him1 ,i pray !e tell me :]e ! h\se ( ! se] is4 ,i am ! se]1 repli$ ,samuel2 & soon aft]1 x is ,samuel himself1 :o1 9 compliance ) ! popul> vote1 approv$ by ,god1 proclaims ,saul k+4 ,b at ! mom5t :5 he ?us *anges ! !ocracy 9 ,israel into a mon>*y1 he =esees ! vices & p]ils att5dant ^u ! new gov]nm5t1 & opposes to !m ! elem5t ( resi/ance drawn f _! national beliefs & traditions2 he trans=ms ! ord] ( prophets into a p]man5t in/itution2 he f\nds s*ools ( prophets1 indep5d5t s]vants ( ,jehovah1 consecrat$ to ! def5ce ( 8 law & ! enunciation ( 8 w2 #bae con/itut+ a sort ( congregation indep5d5t ( bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate2 lead+1 9 fix$ & appo9t$ places1--at ,rama1 ,be!l1 ,j]i*o1 ,j]usalem1--a life 9 common1 b ) out exclusive privileges2 ! sons ( ! prophets are br\ght up ne> _! fa!rs2 b /ill ! mission ( prophecy is accessible to all :o h ! call f ,god3 ,g1 ?\ se]1 said ! prie/ ,amaziah1 9 8 ang]1 to ! prophet ,amos1 flee !e away into ! l& ( ,judah1 & !re eat bread1 & prophesy !re3 b prophesy n aga9 any m at ,be!l3 = x is ! k+'s *apel1 & x is ! k+'s c\rt4 ,!n answ]$ ,amos1 & said to ,amaziah1 ,i 0 no prophet1 nei!r 0 ,i a prophet's son3 b ,i 0 a h]dman1 & a ga!r] ( sycomore fruit3 & ! ,et]nal took me z ,i foll[$ ! flock1 & ! ,"l said unto me1 ,g1 prophesy unto my p ,israel4 ,footnote #gd ,footnote #gd3 ,amos vii4 #ab-ae4 #baf ,! prophets are nei!r prie/s nor monks3 sprung f all ! classes ( ! ,jewi% nation1 _! vocation is ess5tially indep5d5t4 ,!y belong to ,god alone1 & await div9e inspiration to oppose1 z x may happ51 at "o "t ! tyranny ( ! k+s1 at ano!r ! passions ( ! populace1 at ano!r ! corruption ( ! prie/hood3 _! only arms1 ! comm&s ( ,god & ! gift ( prophecy4 ,! functions assign$ to !m are z diff]5t z ! places & circum/ances ( _! life2 b !y are ready to take any "p & to enc\nt] any p]il3 "s ( !m1 l ,elijah & ,eli%a1 are m5 ( action & ( combat2 ! o!rs1 l ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,amos1 are n>rators1 morali/s1 prophets2 "s devote !mselves to attacks ^u ! acts ( viol5ce & impiety committ$ by ! k+s1 ! o!rs to ! vices & corruption ( ! p2 ! same _s1 h[ev]1 animates !m all2 !y are all int]pret]s & lab\r]s ( ,jehovah2 !y def5d1 all ( !m1 ! fai? ( ,god aga9/ idolatry1 ju/ice & "r aga9/ tyranny1 ! national indep5d5ce aga9/ =eign dom9ion4 #bag ,9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,abraham & ( ,jacob1 !y lab\r & succe$ 9 ma9ta9+ or 9 reanimat+ religi\s & moral life amid/ ! decay & s]vitude ( ,israel4 ,all ! "t1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 f ! epo* :5 ! holy ,samuel began to prophesy1 to ! day :5 ! p ( ,israel 0 l$ captive into ,babylonia1 is ! p]iod ( ! prophets4 ,footnote #ge ,footnote #ge3 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 l4 xvii4 *4 #a4 ,to accompli% _! mission1 to ensure _! h>d-e>n$ successes1 !y _h o!r arms ?an lam5tations & exhortations1 aris+ out ( :at 0 pa/ & inevitable2 o!r exp$i5ts ?an pi\s reproa*es & expressions ( regret4 ,^! def5d]s ( ! anci5t fai? ( ,moses d n %ut !mselves up )9 ! ext]nal =ms & rites ( _! religion2 !y pursue ! moral object t x proposes2 !y insi/ ^u ! _s t vivifies x4 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate? 7said ! ,"l1 accord+ to ,isaiah73 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am we>y to be> !m4 #bah ,& :5 ye spread =? y\r h&s1 ,i w hide m9e eyes f y3 yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s1 ,i w n he>3 y\r h&s are full ( blood4 ,wa% y1 make y clean2 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s f be=e m9e eyes2 cease to d evil2 le>n to d well2 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[4 ,footnote #gf ,footnote #gf3 ,isaiah i4 #ad-ag4 ,:]e) %all ,i come be=e ! ,"l 7said ! prophet ,micah71 & b[ myself be=e ! high ,god8 %all ,i come be=e him ) burnt (f]+s1 ) calves ( a ye> old8 ,w ! ,"l be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams1 or ) t5 ?\s&s ( riv]s ( oil8 %all ,i give my fir/born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,he ha? %ew$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,footnote #gg ,footnote #gg3 ,micah vi4 #f-h4 #bai ,ev5 :il/ call+ ! p ( ,israel back to ! fai? ( _! fa!rs1 ! prophets op5 to !m new p]spectives3 :il/ reproa*+ !m ) ! errors t h l$ to _! decay & s]vitude1 !y p]mit !m yet to see ! future deliv]y & reg5]ation4 ,x is _! div9e "* to live at once 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future2 to confide alike to ! ord9ances ( ! ,et]nal & to 8 promises3 !y move =w>d1 b !y *ange n2 !y believe1 !y hope2 !y are fai?ful to ,moses :il/ !y ann\nce ! ,messiah4 ,v4 ,expectation ,( ,! ,messiah4 ,controv]sy has ! mis*iev\s p[] ( ! ,hom]ic ,jupit]3 x collects cl\ds amid/ :i* ! light t we seek = disappe>s4 ,! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews & ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 lie be=e u4 ,d ^! two monum5ts =m b "o s+le edifice8 ,t second hi/ory1 is x compris$ & writt5 be=eh& 9 ! fir/8 #bbj ,su* is ! "q :i* has = ! la/ eighte5 c5turies occupi$ & divid$ ! le>n$4 ,"s affirm t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 =ese5 & pr$ict$ among ! ,jews1 & t ! s]ies ( prophecies cont9u$ f ! v "t ( ,moses until ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4 ,o!rs lay /ress ^u ! hiatus--! want ( connection & cohesion--! contradictions to be detect$ "h betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t2 & !nce !y conclude t ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by no means conta9s ! facts t appe> 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t ! miracul\s hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 01 9 ! bosom ( ,israel1 nei!r miracul\sly =ese5 nor pr$ict$4 ,:y 0 x1 & h[ 0 x possible1 t two ass]tions s contradictory came to be bo? adopt$ & ma9ta9$ by m5 mo/ ( !m z s9c]e z le>n$8 #bba ,!y h all committ$ ! fault ( plung+ into ! petty details ( facts & texts1 se>*+ 9 all places1 )\t exception1 = ! complete demon/ration ( _! p>ticul> !ses1 & los+ sight ( ! great fact1 ! g5]al & dom9ant fact to :i* we %\ld ref] z alone capable ( solv+ ! "q4 ,!y desc5d into ! mazy pa?s :i* p]plex ! pla9 bel[1 in/ead ( grasp+ f ! summit ( ! m\nta9s1 ! :ole compreh5sive view1 & ! gr& road lead+ to ! goal itself4 ,believ]s h insi/$ ^u discov]+1 fact by fact1 9 ! biblical prophecies ! :ole mission & all ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! incr$ul\s1 on ! o!r h&1 h m9utely adv]t$ to all ! discrepancies1 all ! difficulties1 sugge/$ by a comp>ison ( ! texts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( ! ,gospel n>rative2 !y h contra/$ ! glories ( ! ,messiah1 ! p[]ful ,k+ ( ,israel1 s (t5 ann\nc$ by ! prophets1 ) ! humble life1 ! cruel dea? ( ,jesus1 & ) ! ru9 ( ,j]usalem4 #bbb ,9 my op9ion1 !y h on bo? sides lo/ sight ( ! inw>d & ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ?is sublime hi/ory2 ! special action ( ,god is reveal$ !re91 b )\t suppress+ ! action ( m52 miracles take _! place 9 ! mid/ ( ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts2 ! ambiti\s aspirations ( ! ,jews connect !mselves ) ! religi\s p]spective op5$ to !m by ! prophets2 ! div9e & ! human1 ! inspiration f on high & ! impulse ( ! national imag9ation1 appe> toge!r4 ,^! two elem5ts %\ld be dis5tangl$3 ! m9d %\ld be rais$ above ! p]plex+ influ5ces :i* !y ex]cise1 & ! att5tion direct$ to t heav5ly beam :i* pi]ces ! vap\rs ( ?is e>?ly atmosph]e4 ,?us1 all ! emb>rassm5t t controv]sy occasion$ vani%+1 ! hi/ory yields to u its pr(\nd mean+s1 &1 9 spite ( complications hav+ _! orig9 9 ! wordy explanations ( man1 ! design ( ,god makes itself manife/ 9 all its maje/ic simplicity4 ,disc>d+ all discussion & comm5t>y1 let u m]ely collect1 f epo* to epo*1 ! pr9cipal texts :i* speak ( ! adv5t ( ! future ,messiah4 ,i might "h multiply citations1 b ,i limit myself to ^? :]e ! allusion is evid5t4 ,x is ! ,bible1 & ! ,bible alone1 t is speak+4 #bbc ,! fir/ act ( disob$i5ce to ,god1 ! act ( orig9al s91 has j be5 committ$4 ,! ,et]nal ,god says to ! s]p5t t has s$uc$ ,eve3 ,because ?\ ha/ done ?is1 ?\ art curs$ above all cattle1 & above e bea/ ( ! field4 444 ,& ,i w put enmity betwe5 !e & ! woman1 & betwe5 ?y se$ & h] se$2 x %all bruise ?y head1 & ?\ %alt bruise 8 heel4 ,footnote #gh ,footnote #gh3 ,g5esis iii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,he t %all bruise ! head ( ! s]p5t %all belong1 says ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 to ! race ( ,%em1 to ! po/]ity ( ,abraham & ,jacob1 to ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,b ?\1 ,be?-lehem ,ephratah1 ?\gh ?\ be little among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 yet out ( !e %all he come =? unto me t is to be ,rul] 9 ,israel4 ,footnote #gi ,footnote #gi3 ,g5esis ix4 #bf2 xii4 #c2 xlix4 #aj2 ,micah v4 #b4 #bbd ,israel is at its apogee ( spl5d\r3 ,david prophesies alike ! suff]+s & ! glory ( t ,savi\r ( ! _w :o is to be n m]ely ! ,k+ ( ,zion1 b ! ,son & ! ,ano9t$ ( ! ,et]nal3 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 is ! expression attribut$ to him by ! prophet k+4 444 ,all !y t see me laugh me to scorn3 !y %oot out ! lip1 !y %ake ! head4 444 ,!y gave me also gall = my meat1 & 9 my ?ir/ !y gave me v9eg> to dr9k4 444 ,!y "p my g>m5ts among !m1 & ca/ lots ^u my ve/ure4 444 ,he tru/$ on ! ,"l t he w\ld deliv] him2 let him deliv] him1 see+ he delight$ 9 him4 444 ,ye t fe> ! ,"l1 praise him2 all ye ! se$ ( ,jacob1 glorify him2 & fe> him1 all ye ! se$ ( ,israel4 444 ,all ! ends ( ! e>? %all rememb] & turn unto ! ,"l3 & all ! k9dr$s ( ! nations %all wor%ip be=e !e4 ,footnote #hj ,footnote #hj3 ,psalms ii4 #b1 #f1 #g2 xxii4 #a1 #g2 lxix4 #ba2 xxii4 #ah1 #h1 #bc1 #bg4 #bbe ,! k+dom ( ,david & ( ,solomon has begun to decay2 ,judah & ,israel are sep>at+2 bo? k+doms h _! prophets1 :o at "o "t /ruggle aga9/ ! crimes & evils ( _! respective ages1 &1 at ano!r1 occupy !mselves 9 disclos+ prospects ( ! future4 ,he> ye n[1 ,o h\se ( ,david4 444 ,!re=e ! ,"l himself %all give y a sign2 ,behold1 a virg9 %all conceive1 & be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel4 444 ,! p t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light3 !y t dwell 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ^u !m ha? ! light %9$4 444 ,= unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv53 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]3 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nsellor1 ,! mighty ,god1 ,! ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 444 ,& !re %all come =? a rod out ( ! /em ( ,jesse1 & a ,bran* %all gr[ out ( 8 roots3 ,& ! _s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him1 ! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ! _s ( c\nsel & might1 ! _s ( k & ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l2 444 & he %all n judge aft] ! sight ( 8 eyes1 nei!r reprove aft] ! he>+ ( 8 e>s3 ,b ) righte\sness %all he judge ! poor1 & reprove ) equity1 = ! meek ( ! e>?4 444 #bbf ,li/51 ,o isles1 unto me2 & he>k51 ye p1 f f>2 ,! ,"l ha? call$ me f ! womb2 f ! b[els ( my "m ha? he made m5tion ( my "n4 444 ,& said unto me1 ,?\ art my s]vant1 ,o ,israel1 9 :om ,i w be glorifi$4 ,!n ,i said1 ,i h lab\r$ 9 va91 ,i h sp5t my /r5g? = n\ght1 & 9 va93 yet surely my judgm5t is ) ! ,"l1 & my "w ) my ,god4 ,& n[1 sai? ! ,"l t =m$ me f ! womb to be 8 s]vant1 to br+ ,jacob aga9 to him1 ,?\gh ,israel be n ga!r$1 yet %all ,i be glori\s 9 ! eyes ( ! ,"l1 & my ,god %all be my /r5g?4 ,& he said1 ,x is a light ?+ t ?\ %\lde/ be my s]vant to raise up ! tribes ( ,jacob1 & to re/ore ! pres]v$ ( ,israel3 ,i w also give !e = a light to ! ,g5tiles1 t ?\ maye/ be my salvation unto ! end ( ! e>?4 444 ,rejoice greatly1 ,o daught] ( ,zion2 %\t1 ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem3 behold1 ?y ,k+ come? unto !e3 he is j1 & hav+ salvation2 l[ly1 & rid+ ^u an ass1 & ^u a colt ! foal ( an ass4 444 ,= he %all gr[ up be=e him z a t5d] plant1 & z a root out ( a dry gr\nd3 he ha? no =m nor comel9ess2 & :5 we %all see him1 !re is no beauty t we %\ld desire him4 ,he is despis$ & reject$ ( m52 a man ( sorr[s1 & acqua9t$ ) grief3 & we hid z x 7 our faces f him2 he 0 despis$1 & we e/eem$ him n4 #bbg ,surely he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s3 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,b he 0 w\nd$ = our trangressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities3 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,all we l %eep h gone a/ray2 we h turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4 ,he 0 oppress$1 & he 0 afflict$1 yet he op5$ n 8 m\?3 he is br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5e? n 8 m\?4 ,he 0 tak5 f prison & f judgm5t3 & :o %all decl>e 8 g5]ation8 = he 0 cut (f out ( ! l& ( ! liv+3 = ! transgression ( my p 0 he /rick54 444 ,yet x pleas$ ! ,"l to bruise him2 he ha? put him to grief3 :5 ?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s91 he %all see 8 se$1 he %all prolong 8 days1 & ! pleasure ( ! ,"l %all prosp] 9 8 h&4 ,he %all see ( ! travail ( 8 s\l1 & %all be satisfi$3 by 8 k %all my righte\s s]vant ju/ify _m2 = he %all be> _! iniquities4 ,!re=e w ,i divide him a portion ) ! great1 & he %all divide ! spoil ) ! /rong2 because he ha? p\r$ out 8 s\l unto dea?3 & he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors2 & he b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors4 ,footnote #ha ,footnote #ha3 ,isaiah vii4 #ac-ad2 ix4 #bf2 xi4 #ad2 xlix4 #a-f2 ,ze*>iah ix4 #i2 ,isaiah liii4 #bbh ,:atev] controv]sies may arise out ( ^! texts1 & _m o!rs :i* ,i might cite1 "o fact subsi/s & rises above all "q & all controv]sy4 ,sev5te5 c5turies pass$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,decalogue be+ receiv$ by ,moses ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ! actual approa* ( ! ,messiah ann\nc$ by ! prophets2 & at ! end ( ^! sev5te5 c5turies1 ! ,god1 f :om ,moses receiv$ ! ,decalogue1 ,he :o def9$ himself to be ,i am t ,i am4 ,jehovah1 /ill is1 has nev] ceas$ to be ! ,god1 ! sole ,god ( ,israel4 ,israel has pass$ ?r\gh all gov]nm5ts1 und]gone all vicissitudes1 fall5 into all ! errors to :i* x is possible = a nation to succumb3 ! ,jews h _h a hi]>*y1 & judges1 & k+s2 !y h be5 alt]nately conqu]ors & conqu]$1 ma/]s & slaves2 !y h _h _! days ( p[] & _! days ( humiliation1 _! temptation to idolatry & p>oxysms ( impiety2 /ill !y h ev] return$ to ! ,"o ,god3 to ! true ,god2 _! fai? has surviv$ all _! faults & all _! mis=tunes2 & aft] ^? sev5te5 c5turies1 ,israel is wait+ at ! h& ( ,jehovah a ,messiah1 to be1 accord+ to ! affirmation ( its greate/ prophets1 ! ,lib]ator & ! ,savi\r1 n ( ,israel alone1 b ( all nations4 #bbi ,fact )\t p>allel 9 hi/ory6 ,9 va9 %all m5 exhau/ aga9/ x all _! sci5ce1 & all _! scepticism3 !re is "h m ?an ! "w ( man2 ! fact itself is n human4 ,b :at m %all t fact become1 & :at %all be our belief1 :5 all %all h receiv$ its consummation1--! prophecies _! accompli%m5t1--:5 ,jehovah %all h giv5 to ! _w ,jesus ,*ri/8 #bcj ,eigh? ,m$itation4 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,accord+ ,to ,! ,gospel4 ,ne$ ,i say t by ! words1 ! ,gospel1 "h us$1 ,i und]/& ! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/les1 all ! books1 9 fact1 :i* compose ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z x is receiv$ by all ,*ri/ians8 ,^! books h be5 v>i\sly /udi$3 n[ ) ! design ( disprov+1 n[ ( expla9+ ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 n[ ) ! object ( a ,controv]siali/1 n[ ) t ( a ,comm5tator4 ,i approa* ! subject 9 nei!r "*4 ,i w\ld wi% to /udy ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t solely to "k ,him well1 & to make ,him well kn[n2 to place ,him be=e ! read]1 & to depict ,him fai?fully accord+ to ! evid5ce ( 8 hi/ory4 #bca ,i propose h]eaft]1 9 a second s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 to exam9e its au!nticity1 & ! degree ( cr$it to :i* x is entitl$4 ,= ! mom5t ,i assume ! te/imony z good & valid4 ,beyond all d\bt1 at ! outset1 x is at lea/ entitl$ to ?is respect4 ,! p[]ful influ5ce ( ^! books1 & ( ! acc\nts :i* !y conta91 su* z !y rema9 to u1 has be5 put to ! te/ & prov$4 ,!y h ov]come ,paganism4 ,!y h conqu]$ ,greece1 ,rome1 & b>b>\s ,europe4 ,!y are actually ov]com+ ! _w4 ,& ! s9c]ity ( ! au?ors is no less c]ta9 ?an ! virtue ( ! books3 h[ev] possible x may be to conte/ ! enlight5m5t1 ! critical sagacity ( ! orig9al hi/orians ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 _! good fai? is beyond all "q3 x appe>s 9 _! language2 !y believ$ :at !y said2 !y seal$ _! ass]tions ) _! blood3 ,i believe1 said ,pascal1 only ^? hi/ories1 ! witnesses to :i* confirm _! atte/ation by submitt+ to dea?4 ,al?\gh n always a suffici5t reason to believe an acc\nt1 x con/itutes a decisive motive to believe 9 ! s9c]ity ( ! witness4 #bcb ,i h be=e cit$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t "s ( ! texts :i* conta9 ! promises made to ,israel ( ! ,messiah4 ,^! promises _h evid5tly excit$ lively att5tion among/ ! ,jews2 ! satisfaction felt at _! accompli%m5t express$ itself l\dly at ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/3 ,& behold1 !re 0 a man 9 ,j]usalem1 ^: "n 0 ,simeon 444 wait+ = ! consolation ( ,israel3 & ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 ^u him4 444 ,"l1 n[ lette/ ?\ ?y s]vant dep>t 9 peace1 accord+ to ?y ^w3 ,= m9e eyes h se5 ?y salvation1 :i* ?\ ha/ prep>$ be=e ! face ( all p2 a light to light5 ! ,g5tiles1 & ! glory ( ?y p ,israel4 ,footnote #hb ,footnote #hb3 ,luke ii4 #be-cb4 #bcc ,besides ,simeon1 a pi\s woman1 ,anna1 ( ab\t f\rscore & f\r ye>s1 :i* dep>t$ n f ! temple1 b s]v$ ,god ) fa/+s & pray]s night & day4 ,& %e com+ 9 t in/ant gave ?anks unto ! ,"l1 & spake ( him to all !m t look$ = r$emption 9 ,j]usalem4 ,footnote #hc ,footnote #hc3 ,luke ii4 #cg1 #ch4 ,b !re 0 f> m ?an m]ely ! demon/rations ( ,simeon & ,anna1--?an ^! impulses ( joy on ! "p ( ! fai?ful foll[]s ( ,jehovah3 ,9 ^? days came ,john ! ,bapti/1 prea*+ 9 ! wild]ness ( ,juda4 444 ,& ! same ,john _h 8 raim5t ( camel's hair1 & a lea!rn girdle ab\t 8 lo9s2 & 8 meat 0 locu/s & wild honey4 444 ,& say+1 ,rep5t ye1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,= ?is is he t 0 spok5 ( by ! prophet ,esaias1 say+1 ,! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 make 8 pa?s /raight4 444 ,i inde$ baptize y ) wat] unto rep5tance4 444 ,b !re /&e? "o among y1 :om ye "k n4 #bcd ,he x is :o1 com+ aft] me1 is pref]r$ be=e me1 ^: %oe's lat*et ,i am n wor?y to unloose4 444 ,& ,i knew him n3 b t he %\ld be made manife/ to ,israel1 !re=e am ,i come baptiz+ ) wat]4 444 ,& ,i saw1 & b>e record t ?is is ! ,son ( ,god4 ,footnote #hd ,footnote #hd3 ,mat!w iii4 #a-e2 ,m>k i4 #b-aa2 ,luke iii4 #a-ah2 ,john i4 #bf-cd4 ,attempts h sometimes be5 made1 al?\gh ) no v great confid5ce on ! "p ( ! prop\nd]s ( ! !ory1 to repres5t ,jesus z ! mo/ em95t among sev]al re=m]s1 :o1 ab\t ! same epo*1 aspir$ to ! title & "* ( ! ,messiah pr$ict$ by ! prophets & expect$ by ,israel4 ,ref]5ce has be5 p>ticul>ly made to "o ( ,8 pr$ecessors1 ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 :o1 a few ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus1 on ! occasion ( a c5sus ord]$ by ! ,imp]ial ,legate ,quir9ius1 und]took to raise ,juda 9 insurrection aga9/ ?is measure--aga9/ ! tribute t x impos$1 & aga9/ ! ,emp]or himself--proclaim+ t to ,god alone belong$ ! appellation ,ma/]1 & t lib]ty 0 wor? m ?an life4 ,footnote #he ,footnote #he3 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ,jud4 #a4 xvii4 *4 #f2 #a4 xviii4 *4 #a4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 *4 v4 #cd-ci4 #bce ,^! comp>isons--,i =be> to use ! ^w assimilations--are entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,^! m51 :o1 z x is pret5d$1 anticipat$ ! c>e] ( ,jesus1 7 simply m5 :o oppos$ ! ,roman dom9ion1 & :o /ood up1 l ! ,maccabees be=e !m1 9 ! "n ( national indep5d5ce1 & 9 a _s ( reaction 9 favor ( ! ,mosaic gov]nm5t4 ,jesus 0 n s anticipat$3 ,8 mission _h no relation ) any previ\s essay2 & 8 sole =]unn] 0 ,john ! ,bapti/1 z /range z himself to any political view or conspiracy1 & z humble be=e ,him--be=e ! true1 ! sole ,messiah--z ,judas ! ,gaulonite & 8 adh]5ts 7 bold & d>+ t[>ds ! ,emp]or4 #bcf ,!re is an int]val ( ?irty ye>s betwe5 ! bir? ( ,jesus & ! day :5 ,he ent]s actively on ! p]=mance ( 8 div9e mission4 ,footnote #hf ,footnote #hf3 ,! "q z to ! precise epo* ( ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z well z ( ! comm5cem5t & ! duration ( ,8 public c>e]1 has be5 well & concisely consid]$ 9 ! ,synopsis ,evangelica ( ,m4 ,con/ant9 ,tis*5dorf 7p4 #af-ai4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd74 ,! pref]able conclusion f ^! rese>*es is1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 born 9 ! ye> ( ,roma #gej1 t he comm5c$ 8 div9e mission t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> ( ,rome #ghj1 & t 8 dea? took place 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! ye> ( ,rome #ghc4 ,^! ?irty ye>s1 h[ev]1 7 n idly pass$1 nor 7 !y )\t _! peculi> te/imony to ,*ri/ & ! future 9 /ore = ,him3-- ,& ,joseph & 8 "m m>vell$ at ^? ?+s :i* 7 spok5 ( him4 444 ,& ! *ild grew1 & wax$ /rong 9 _s1 fill$ ) wisdom3 & ! grace ( ,god 0 ^u him4 ,n[ 8 p>5ts w5t to ,j]usalem e ye> at ! fea/ ( ! ,passov]4 ,& :5 he 0 twelve ye>s old1 !y w5t up to ,j]usalem aft] ! cu/om ( ! fea/4 ,& :5 !y _h fulfill$ ! days1 z !y return$1 ! *ild ,jesus t>ri$ beh9d 9 ,j]usalem2 & ,joseph & 8 "m knew n ( x4 ,b !y1 suppos+ him to h be5 9 ! company1 w5t a day's j\rney2 & !y s\ght him among _! k9sfolk & acqua9tance4 #bcg ,& :5 !y f\nd him n1 !y turn$ back aga9 to ,j]usalem1 seek+ him4 ,& x came to pass1 t aft] ?ree days !y f\nd him 9 ! temple1 sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! doctors1 bo? he>+ !m1 & ask+ !m que/ions4 ,& all t he>d him 7 a/oni%$ at 8 und]/&+ & answ]s4 ,& :5 !y saw him1 !y 7 amaz$3 & 8 "m said unto him1 ,son1 :y ha/ ?\ ?us dealt ) u8 ,behold1 ?y fa!r & ,i h s\ght !e sorr[+4 ,& he said unto !m1 ,h[ is x t ye s\ght me8 wi/ ye n t ,i mu/ be ab\t my ,fa!r's bus9ess8 ,& !y und]/ood n ! say+ :i* he spake unto !m4 ,& he w5t d[n ) !m1 & came to ,naz>e?1 & 0 subject unto !m3 b 8 "m kept all ^! say+s 9 h] he>t4 ,& ,jesus increas$ 9 wisdom & /ature1 & 9 fav\r ) ,god & man4 ,footnote #hg ,footnote #hg3 ,luke ii4 #cc1 #dj-eb4 #bch ,?us beg9s t manife/ation 9 ! p]son ( ! *ild ,jesus ,*ri/1 t mixture ( humanity & div9ity1 ( natural life & miracul\s life1 :i* is 8 peculi> & sublime *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! m5 :o1 9 pr9ciple1 reject ! sup]natural1 ?is mix$ div9e-human nature1 & consequ5tly ,jesus ,*ri/ himself1 is at once incompreh5sible & inadmissible4 ,:at wond] if ,*ri/ has 9 ^! days to enc\nt] su* adv]s>ies8 ,_h ,he n to d s :5 inve/$ ) ! attributes ( humanity1 among contempor>ies1 & ev5 9 8 own family8 ,9 8 fir/ days ( human exi/5ce1 8 "m1 ,m>y1 saw ,him & und]/ood ,him n4 ,& nev]!less ,m>y kept all ^! say+s 9 h] he>t4 ,expression1 at once pr(\nd & t\*+2 reveal+ ! my/]i\s complication ( ! nature ( man6 ,man is n cont5t to resign himself to ! limits impos$ by ! actual laws ( ! f9ite _w2 8 aspirations t5d else:]e4 ,& /ill1 :5 call$ ^u to rise above ! pres5t ord] ( nature--t ord] :i* he is able to appreciate--he exp]i5ces a c]ta9 a/oni%m5t1 a c]ta9 hesitation2 he does n "k if he ought to believe 9 t sup]natural t he 0 rec5tly invok+1 & t he nev] ceases to invoke2 =1 l ,m>y1 he pres]ves ! in/9ct 9 8 he>t6 #bci ,x is j at ! pres5t day z x 0 n9ete5 c5turies ago4 ,jesus has ev] to enc\nt] su* contradictory moods ( human nature3 ,he is confront$ at once by ! hope (1 ! ?ir/+ aft]1 ! sup]natural inh]5t 9 ! human s\l1 & by all ! objections1 all ! d\bts t ! sup]natural itself sugge/s to ! human m9d4 ,he has to satisfy t hope1 to surm\nt ^? d\bts4 ,! ,gospel op5s ! hi/ory ( ?is solemn /ruggle1 t gave rise to ,*ri/ianity1 & is ! s\rce ( all ^? agitations :i* afflict ,*ri/ians at ! pres5t day4 ,i4 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,& ,8 ,apo/les4 ,on ent]+ ^u ! active purposes ( 8 mission1 x is ! w ( ,jesus to h1 & ,he has ,disciples--,apo/les4 ,he kn[s ! p[] ( an association f\nd$ ^u fai? & love4 ,he kn[s also t fai? & love are virtues z r>e z !y are efficaci\s4 ,x is n numb]s t ,he seeks4 ,he surr\nds himself ) a select b& ( believ]s1 & lives ) !m 9 a complete & endur+ intimacy4 #bdj ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! intimate relations1 ,jesus decl>es 8 au?ority primitive & supreme3--,ye h n *os5 me1 b ,i h *os5 y1 & orda9$ y1 t ye %\ld g & br+ =? fruit4 ,footnote #hh ,footnote #hh3 ,john xv4 #af4 ,b ! au?ority ( ! ,ma/] does n prev5t ,him f ev9c+ a t5d]ness full ( tru/1 & f respect+ himself ! dignity ( 8 disciples3--,h5ce=? ,i call y n s]vants2 = ! s]vant kn[e? n :at 8 "l doe?3 b ,i h call$ y fri5ds2 = all ?+s t ,i h he>d ( my ,fa!r ,i h made kn[n unto y4 ,footnote #hi ,footnote #hi3 ,john xv4 #ae4 #bda ,he ev9ces on all occasions t[>ds 8 apo/les ! tru/ t ,he feels 9 !m1 & %[s 8 s5se ( ! sup]iority ( ! position to :i* ,he has elevat$ !m4 ,8 language sometimes fills !m ) a/oni%m5t1 & !y are m peculi>ly /ruck by ! num]\s p>ables 9 :i*1 :il/ address+ ! assembl$ multitude1 ,he clo!s 8 precepts3--,& ! disciples came1 & said unto him1 ,:y speake/ ?\ unto !m 9 p>ables8 ,he answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,because x is giv5 unto y to "k ! my/]ies ( ! k+dom ( heav51 b to !m x is n giv54 444 ,b unto ^? t are )\t1 all ^! ?+s are done 9 p>ables4 ,footnote #ij ,footnote #ij3 ,mat!w xiii4 #aj1 #aa2 ,m>k iv4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! confid+ness ( ,jesus1 h[ev]1 nev] desc5ds to weak compliance2 :51 9 an impulse ( vanity & ambition1 "o ( 8 apo/les asks = a p>ticul> fav\r1 ,jesus rebukes him ) sev]ity3--,james & ,john1 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 come unto him1 say+1 ,ma/]1 we w\ld t ?\ %\lde/ d = u :atsoev] we %all desire4 ,& he said unto !m1 ,:at w\ld ye t ,i %\ld d = y8 ,!y said unto him1 ,grant unto u t we may sit1 "o on ?y "r h&1 & ! o!r on ?y left h&1 9 ?y glory4 ,b ,jesus said unto !m1 ,ye "k n :at ye ask3 c ye dr9k ( ! cup t ,i dr9k (8 & be baptiz$ ) ! baptism t ,i am baptiz$ )8 #bdb ,& !y said unto him1 ,we c4 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,ye %all inde$ dr9k ( ! cup t ,i dr9k (2 & ) ! baptism t ,i am baptiz$ )al %all ye be baptiz$3 ,b to sit on my "r h& & on my left h& is n m9e to give2 b x %all be giv5 to !m = :om x is prep>$4 444 ,ye "k t !y :i* are acc\nt$ to rule ov] ! ,g5tiles ex]cise lord%ip ov] !m2 & _! great ones ex]cise au?ority ^u !m4 ,b s %all x n be among y3 b :osoev] w be great among y1 %all be y\r m9i/]4 ,footnote #ia ,footnote #ia3 ,m>k x4 #ce-dc2 ,mat!w xx4 #bj-bf4 ,jesus hav+ ?us select$ & intimately atta*$ to ,him 8 apo/les1 commissions !m to c>ry =? 8 law3--,g n into ! way ( ! ,g5tiles1 & into any city ( ! ,sam>itans ent] ye n3 ,b g r to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,& z ye g1 prea*1 say+1 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 #bdc ,heal ! sick1 cleanse ! lep]s1 raise ! dead1 ca/ out devils3 freely ye h receiv$1 freely give4 ,provide nei!r gold1 nor silv]1 nor brass 9 y\r purses1 nor scrips = y\r j\rney1 nei!r two coats1 nei!r %oes1 nor yet /aves3 = ! workman is wor?y ( 8 meat4 444 ,behold1 ,i s5d ye =? z %eep 9 ! mid/ ( wolves3 be ye !re=e wise z s]p5ts & h>mless z doves4 ,footnote #ib ,footnote #ib3 ,mat!w x4 #e-aj1 #af2 ,luke x4 #a-ab4 ,x is1 9 effect1 prud5ce side by side ) absolute self-d5egation t ,jesus1 9 8 fir/ in/ructions1 enjo9s ^u 8 disciples2 at ! v comm5cem5t ( _! mission ,he limits its object2 ,he recomm5ds to !m p>ticul>ly ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel2 ,he decl>es 8 w to be t1 in/ead ( a p]t9acity ) out b\nds1 !y %\ld dep>t1 %ak+ (f ! du/ f _! feet1 out ( ! city t %\ld n receive !m nor he> _! words4 ,b ,he adds imm$iately1 z if to give to _! mission all its gr&eur3--,:at ,i tell y 9 d>kness1 t speak ye 9 light3 & :at ye he> 9 ! e>1 t prea* ye ^u ! h\se-tops4 ,& fe> n !m :i* kill ! body1 b are n able to kill ! s\l3 b r fe> him :i* is able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell4 ,footnote #ic ,footnote #ic3 ,mat!w x4 #bg1 #bh4 #bdd ,jesus kn[s t 8 disciples w ne$ ! firme/ c\rage1 &1 f> f promis+ !m any ( ! goods ( ?is _w1 any temporal successes1 ,he discloses to !m unceas+ly all ! p]ils !y w incur1 all ! invectives !y w h to endure4 ,b bew>e ( m53 = !y w deliv] y up to ! c\ncils1 & !y w sc\rge y 9 _! synagogues2 & ye %all be br\ght be=e gov]nors & k+s = my sake1 = a te/imony aga9/ !m & ! ,g5tiles 444 ,& ye %all be betray$ bo? by p>5ts1 & bre?r51 & k9sfolks & fri5ds2 & "s ( y %all !y cause to be put to dea?4 ,& ye %all be hat$ ( all m5 = my "n's sake4 ,footnote #id ,footnote #id3 ,mat!w x4 #ag-bb4 ,luke xxi4 #ab-ag4 #bde ,:at ,re=m]1 o!r ?an ,jesus ,*ri/1 ev] held to 8 foll[]s su* language8 ,:o else ?an ,god c\ld h imp>t$ to _! language su* virtue t !y w\ld 9 ob$i5ce to x sacrifice ) joy n m]ely all ! good ?+s ( ?is life1 b life itself8 ,nev]!less1 "o ( ^? apo/les1 & ! fir/ ( !m all1 ,pet]1 ev9ces "s disquietude1 if n at _! lot 9 ?is _w1 at lea/ at _! de/9ies 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,!n answ]$ ,pet] & said unto him1 ,behold1 we h =sak5 all1 & foll[$ !e2 :at %all we h !re=e8 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,t ye :i* h foll[$ me1 9 ! reg5]ation :5 ! ,son ( man %all sit 9 ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also %all sit ^u twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,& e "o t ha? =sak5 h\ses1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or fa!r1 or "m1 or wife1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = my "n's sake1 %all receive an hundr$fold1 & %all inh]it ev]la/+ life4 ,footnote #ie ,footnote #ie3 ,mat!w xix4 #bg-bi4 #bdf ,b ,jesus does n int5d t ! prospect ( _! l(ty inh]itance %\ld inspire 9 ! m9ds ( any ( 8 apo/les1 & n m 9 t ( ,pet] ?an ! re/1 any pr\d presumptu\sness1 & ,he imm$iately adds1 ,b _m t are fir/1 %all be la/2 & ! la/ %all be fir/4 ,footnote #if ,footnote #if3 ,mat!w xix4 #cj4 ,! _w's hi/ory may be p]us$ & rep]us$2 ! causes ( all ! revolutions t h tak5 place 9 ! _w1 :e!r religi\s or political1 may be prob$ & inve/igat$2 b we %all n[h]e be able to trace 9 ! deal+s ( *iefs & accomplices1 ( orig9ators & fell[-workm51 ! div9e *>act]i/ics ( absolute & uncompromis+ s9c]ity t reign ?r\gh\t ! actions & language ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ,8 conduct t[>ds ,8 apo/les4 ,!m ,he has *os5 & lov$2 to !m ,he has entru/$ ,8 "w2 b ,he practises ) !m no arts ( worldly wisdom2 ,he )holds no?+ f !m2 "h is no falt]+ enc\ragem5t1 no exagg]ation 9 ! promises t ,he makes or 9 ! hope t ,he holds =?2 ,he speaks to !m ! language ( pure tru?1 & x is 9 ! "n ( t tru? t ,he gives !m ,8 comm&s & transf]s to !m ,8 mission4 ,nev] did man speak l ?is man1 ,footnote #ig nor s deal ) m54 ,footnote #ig3 ,john vii4 #df4 #bdg ,,ii4 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,& ,8 ,precepts4 ,jesus speaks3--& x is at "o "t ) ,8 disciples alone1 at ano!r surr\nd$ by eag]1 a/oni%$ multitudes2 n[ f ! m\nt1 n[ on ! %ore ( ! sea ( ,g5nes>e?1 f a b>k2 by ! road side2 9 ! h\se ( ! ,ph>isee1 ,simon1 & ! toll-ga!r]1 ,levi2 9 ! synagogue ( ,naz>e?1 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem3--,jesus speaks1 n l ! scribes1 n l ! philosoph]s2 ,he exp\nds no sy/em2 ,he discusses no "q2 ,he does n pace up & d[n l ,socrates ) 8 le>n$ fri5ds 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,academy1 nor lose himself 9 ! mazes ( ! human und]/&+4 ,jesus speaks to m51 to all m5 )\t di/9ction2 ,he speaks to !m ( man's life1 man's s\l1 man's de/9y1 ( matt]s t t\* all alike4 ,& ,he speaks to !m z "o hav+ au?ority4 #bdh ,:at does ,he say to !m8 ,:at tea*1 :at comm&1 9 t spee* full ( au?ority8 ,he tea*es !m1 ,he enjo9s !m1 to h fai?1 hope1 *>ity3 ^? virtues :i* h n[ borne ,8 "n n9ete5 c5turies1 ^? virtues :i* are ess5tially ,*ri/ian4 ,is x1 !n1 9 ,8 own "n t ,jesus ,*ri/ tea*es & comm&s8 ,by no means3 ,my doctr9e is n m9e1 b 8 t s5t me4 ,if any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god1 or :e!r ,i speak ( myself4 ,he t speake? ( himself seeke? 8 own glory3 b he t seeke? 8 glory t s5t him1 ! same is true1 & no unrighte\sness is 9 him4 444 ,!n cri$ ,jesus 9 ! ,temple z he taught1 say+1 ,ye bo? "k me1 & ye "k :5ce ,i am3 ,i am n come ( myself1 b he t s5t me is true1 :om ye "k n4 #bdi ,b ,i "k him3 = ,i am f him1 & he ha? s5t me4 ,footnote #ih ,footnote #ih3 ,john vii4 #af-ah1 #bh1 #bi4 ,:il/ ,he ref]s ev]y?+ to ,god1 ,jesus ,*ri/ seeks n to def9e or expla9 ,him2 ,he affirms ,him & demon/rates ,him2 ,god is ! fir/ cause1 ! po9t f :i* all ?+s spr+2 fai? 9 ,god is ! p>am\nt s\rce ( virtue1 & ( p[]1 z well z virtue1 ( hope & ( resignation4 ,= ,jesus ,*ri/ has n only a p]fect fai? 9 ,god1 ,he has also a pr(\nd k ( man3 ,he kn[s t1 unaid$1 man's s\l _c1 ) out despair1 )\t )]+1 be> ! bur!n impos$ by ! inju/ice ( ! _w & ( life1 ( ! mis]ies & errone\s appreciation ( mank9d4 ,to ?is inju/ice & ?is wret*$ness ,jesus ,*ri/ nev] ceases to oppose ,god1 ,god's ju/ice1 ,god's b5evol5ce1 ,god's succ\r3 ,he recomm5ds to ,him all ! =sak51 all ! oppress$1 all ! wret*$1 all ! victims ( society4 ,he enjo9s to ^! n resignation alone1 b ,hope z ! si/] & companion ( ,fai?4 #bej ,nor does ,he hold =? to ^? t suff] ! realization ( e>?ly expectations1 ! re/oration ( worldly prosp]ity1 z _! res\rce & _! consolation4 ,he has no?+ to d ) rem$ies deceitful l ^!4 ,he acts ) ! mo/ p]fect tru?fulness & s9c]ity t[>ds mank9d 9 g5]al1 z ,he also does ) ,8 disciples3 ,he only promises !m ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice1 & ! rew>d ( virtue1 9 t my/]i\s future :]e ,god alone reigns1 & ( :i* ,he discloses to !m ! p]spective )\t unfold+ ! secrets4 ,no?+ /rikes me m 9 ! ,gospel ?an ?is d\ble "* ( au/]ity & ( love1 ( sev]e purity & t5d] sympa?y1 :i* con/antly appe>s1 :i* reigns 9 ! actions & ! words ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ev]y?+ t t\*es ! relation ( ,god & mank9d4 #bea ,to ,jesus ,*ri/ ! law ( ,god is absolute1 sacr$2 ! violation ( ! law1 & s91 are odi\s to ,him2 b ! s9n] himself irresi/ibly moves him & attracts him3 ,:at man ( y1 hav+ an hundr$ %eep1 if he lose "o ( !m1 do? n leave ! n9ety & n9e 9 ! wild]ness1 & g aft] t :i* is lo/1 until he f9d x8 ,& :5 he ha? f\nd x1 he laye? x on 8 %\ld]s1 rejoic+4 ,& :5 he come? home1 he calle? toge!r 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs1 say+ unto !m1 ,rejoice ) me2 = ,i h f\nd my %eep :i* 0 lo/4 ,i say unto y1 t likewise joy %all be 9 heav5 ov] "o s9n] t rep5te?1 m ?an ov] n9ety & n9e j p]sons1 :i* ne$ no rep5tance4 ,footnote #ii ,footnote #ii3 ,luke xv4 #d-g4 ,jesus said unto !m1 ,!y t are :ole ne$ n a physician1 b !y t are sick4 444 ,= ,i am n come to call ! righte\s1 b s9n]s to rep5tance4 ,footnote #ajj ,footnote #ajj3 ,mat!w ix4 #ab1 #ac4 ,:at is ! signification ( ?is sublime fact2 :at ! mean+ 9 ,jesus ( ?is union1 ?is h>mony ( sev]ity & ( love1 ( sa9t-l hol9ess & ( human sympa?y8 ,x is ,heav5's revelation ( ! nature ( ,jesus him-self1 ( ! ,god-man4 #beb ,god1 he made himself man4 ,god is 8 fa!r1 m5 are 8 bre?r54 ,he is pure & holy l ,god3 ,he is accessible & s5sible to all t man feels4 ,?us ! vital pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! div9e & ! human nature unit$ 9 ,jesus1 />t to evid5ce1 9 8 s5tim5ts & language respect+ ! relations betwe5 ,god & man4 ,! dogma is ! f\ndation ( ! pr9ciples4 ,ano!r fact is n less significant4 ,at ! same "t t ! div9e & my/]i\s "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ appe>s 9 ! ,gospel1 8 acts & 8 words h a "* ess5tially simple & practical4 ,he pursues no le>n$ object1 no sci5tific plan2 ,he develops no sy/em2 8 object is some?+ inf9itely gr&] ?an ! triumph ( any logical ab/raction3 x is to p]vade ! human s\l1 to e/abli% himself 9 x--to save x4 ,he speaks ! language--,he appeals to ! ideas mo/ calculat$ to ensure ,him success4 #bec ,sometimes ,he addresses himself to ! task ( inspir+ 9 m5 ! mo/ poignant disquietude z to _! future de/9y1 if !y violate ! laws ( ,god2 at o!r times ,he causes to %9e be=e _! eyes ! realisation ( ! mo/ magnific5t hopes1 if ) s9c]ity !y p]si/ 9 fai?4 ,he kn[s ! g5]ation t ,he is address+2 ,he kn[s human nature 9 its univ]sality1 & :at x w be 9 future g5]ations3 8 object is to produce ^u x an effect at once positive1 g5]al1 durable2 ,he *ooses ! ideas1 ,he employs ! images suitable to 8 design = ! reg5]ation & ! salvation ( all4 ,god's ,ambassador is ! mo/ p5etrat+ & able ( human morali/s4 ,m ?an once1 ! attempt has be5 made to f9d ,him at fault1 to detect 9 8 language exagg]ations1 contradictions1 incoh]5cies irreconcilable ) 8 div9e au?ority4 ,surprise1 = in/ance1 has be5 express$1 t ,he %\ld h "o day said1 accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w3 ,he t is n ) me is aga9/ me2 & he t ga!re? n ) me scatt]e? abroad2 ,footnote #aja & t ,he %\ld ano!r day1 accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k1 h us$ ! expression1 ,= he t is n aga9/ u is on our "p4 ,footnote #ajb ,footnote #aja3 ,mat!w xii4 #cj4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,m>k ix4 #dj4 #bed ,^! two passages h be5 *>act]is$ z furni%+ two rules ( proselytism entirely oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & z involv+ a contradiction gr[+ out ( "s impassion$ /ruggle4 ,footnote #ajc ,footnote #ajc3 ,vie de ,jesus1 p> ,m4 ,r5an1 p4 #bbi4 ,9 my turn ,i obs]ve t x a/oni%es me h[ e>ne/ m5 c fall into any su* error4 ,jesus does n lay d[n 9 ^! two passages two contradictory rules ( proselytism1 ,he m]ely obs]ves & ref]s 9 turn to two diff]5t facts3 :o has n le>nt1 9 ! c\rse ( actual life1 t1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances & p]sons1 ! man :o ab/a9s f active concurr5ce1 :o keeps himself alo(1 by t v fact may at "o "t give support & /r5g?1 & at ano!r injure & imp$e8 ,^! two ass]tions1 f> f be+ 9 contradiction1 may be bo? true1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 utt]+ !m1 spoke z a sagaci\s obs]v]1 n z a morali/ :o is enunciat+ precepts4 #bee ,i h he>d o!r critics reproa*fully reg>d ano!r passage z a sort ( blasphemy4 ,accord+ to ,/ ,luke3 ,!re 0 9 a city a judge1 :i* fe>$ n ,god1 nei!r reg>d$ man3 & !re 0 a wid[ 9 t city2 & %e came unto him1 say+1 ,av5ge me ( m9e adv]s>y4 ,& he w\ld n = a :ile3 b aft]w>d he said )9 himself1 ,?\gh ,i fe> n ,god1 nor reg>d man2 yet because ?is wid[ tr\ble? me1 ,i w av5ge h]1 le/ by h] cont9ual com+ %e we>y me4 ,footnote #ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,luke xviii4 #a-e4 ,is x possible to inf] f ^! words an int5tion on ! "p ( ,jesus to lik5 ,god to an unju/ judge1 & to make ! m]e importunate p]si/5ce 9 pray+ a claim to ,god's grace8 ,he only cit$ an occurr5ce :i* made noise 9 8 "t1 9 ord] to in/il a lively impression ( ! utility ( p]sev]ance4 ,to atta9 8 end1 ,he nev] makes use ( out-(-!-way or impure exp$i5ts2 b ,he draws f ! ord9>y ev5ts ( human life examples & reasons to illu/rate & r5d] intelligible ! div9e precepts1 & to insure _! acceptance4 ,all ! p>ables h ?is mean+ & object4 #bef ,next to ! precepts :i* ref] to ! relations ( man ) ,god come ^? :i* respect ! relations ( m5 ) "o ano!r4 ,:il/ ,fai? & ,hope reg>d ,god1 ,*>ity has man = its object4 ,*>ity1 x has (t5 be5 repeat$1 is ! great pr9ciple ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 pre-em95tly ! ,*ri/ian virtue4 ,i "k1 n1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! s\rce :5ce ,*ri/ian *>ity d]ives its "* & gr&eur has be5 adequately p]ceiv$ or rem>k$4 ,9 ! diff]5t pagan religions1 :e!r ( "* gross or le>n$1 we h deifications ( ! diff]5t =ces ( nature or ( m5 !mselves4 ,& ev5 9 ^? religions 9 :i* gods 9 _! turn are said to assume man's %ape1 x is man p>ticul>ly t is pr$om9ant1 & t lives 9 ! inc>nation ( ,god4 #beg ,:]eas 9 ,*ri/ianity1 x is n a god sprung f nature or ( human orig9 t becomes man1 b ! ,god self-exi/5t1 ant]ior1 & sup]ior to all be+s1 ! ,god1 ,"o1 ,et]nal4 ,! ,hebrew religion1 alone ( all religions1 %[s ,god ess5tially & et]nally di/9ct f ! nature & ! mank9d t ,he has creat$1 & t ,he gov]ns4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? alone %[s ,god "o & et]nal2 ! ,god ( ,abraham & ( ,moses mak+ himself man1 & ! div9e nature unit+ itself to ! human nature 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,& 9 ?is union x is ! div9e nature t %9es =?1 t speaks1 t sets 9 movem5t4 ,& ?is inc>nation is unp>allel$ l ! ,god its au?or4 ,& :y did ,god make himself man8 ,:at is ! object ( ?is unp>allel$1 ?is my/]i\s inc>nation8 ,x is ,god's purpose to rescue man f ! evil & ! p]il :i* h cont9u$ to weigh ^u him s9ce ! fault committ$ by 8 fir/ prog5itor4 ,x is ,god's purpose to ransom ! human race f ! s9 ( ,adam1 ! h]itage ( ,adam's *ildr51 & to br+ x back to ! ways ( et]nal life4 ,^! are ! designs1 l\dly proclaim$1 ( ! div9e inc>nation 9 ,jesus1 & ! price ( all ! suff]+s & agonies :i* ,he endur$ 9 its accompli%m5t4 #beh ,ne$ ,i say m8 ,:o does n see h[ ?is sublime fact exalts man's dignity at ! same "t t x illu/rates ! wor? ( man's nature8 ,by ! m]e fact ( ,god hav+ assum$ 8 =m is man's nature glorifi$2 & all m51 s to say1 h _! %>e ( ! hon\r done by ,god to humanity 9 unit+ himself ) x1 & 9 accept+1 = a mom5t ( "t1 all ! conditions ( humanity4 ,b z f> z mank9d is "h conc]n$1 x is f> m ?an a m]e accession ( an hon\r or a glorify+ ( 8 nature3 x is a /rik+ manife/ation ( ! value t all m5 h 9 ! eyes ( ,god4 ,= x is n = "s ( !m only1 = "s class or nation1 or portion ( humanity1 x is = all humanity t ,god became inc>nate 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & t ,jesus ,*ri/ has submitt$ to all human suff]+s4 ,e human s\l is ! object ( ?is div9e sacrifice1 & call$ ^u to ga!r ! fruit4 #bei ,?is is ! s\rce1 ?is ! privilege ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,! dogma makes ! =ce ( ! precept itself4 ,jesus crucifi$ is ,god's *>ity t[>ds man4 ,impossible t m5 %\ld n feel !mselves b\nd to act t[>ds ea* o!r z ,god has done to !m2 & t[>ds :at man is n *>ity a duty8 ,)\t ! div9ity & sacrifice ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! value ( man's s\l1 if ,i may be p>don$ ! expression1 s9ks1--nei!r 8 salvation nor ! example ( 8 ,savi\r is any long] ! "q1--*>ity becomes no?+ m ?an human goodness2 a s5tim5t1 h[ev] noble & useful1 /ill limit$ bo? 9 impulsive en]gy & 9 efficacy2 hav+ its s\rce 9 man alone1 x c b incompletely solace ! unequally di/ribut$ suff]+s ( mortality4 ,x is n suit$ to inspire any long ef=t or great sacrifice3 x is n adequate to conv]t ! long+ desire = ! moral am5dm5t1 ! physical relief ( humanity1 into t inext+ui%able sympa?y & untir+ & impassion$ emotion :i* really con/itute *>ity1 & :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 has alone be5 able to inspire4 #bfj ,?us ! ess5tial precepts ( ,jesus1 ! virtues :i* ,he comm&s z ! basis & s\rce ( all ! o!rs1 h an intimate connection ) 8 doctr9e1 a doctr9e :i* is n1 ,he tells u himself1 81 b ( him t s5t him2 t is to say1 !y are connect$ ) ! fundam5tal dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,no "o d5ies ! p]fection1 ! sublimity ( ! ,gospel morality2 m5 inde$ seem to feel a sort ( self-complac5cy1 a satisfaction 9 celebrat+ x1 ) a view to ! conclusion1 m or less explicitly /at$1 t t morality con/itutes ! :ole ,gospel4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n less ?an absolutely to mi/ake ! bond :i* unites 9 man ?\ght ) s5tim5t1 & belief ) action4 ,man is gr&] & less easy to satisfy ?an sup]ficial morali/s pret5d2 ! law ( 8 life is = him1 9 ! pr(\nd in/9ct ( 8 s\l1 necess>ily connect$ ) ! secret ( 8 de/9y2 & x is only ! ,*ri/ian dogma t gives to ,*ri/ian e?ics ! ,royal au?ority ( :i* !y /& 9 ne$ to gov]n & to reg5]ate humanity4 #bfa ,,iii4 ,jesus ,& ,8 ,miracles4 ,i h call$ myself "o ( ^? :o admit ! sup]natural2 & ,i h /at$ my reasons4 ,i might /op !re & ent] into no special reflection z to ! ,gospel ,miracles4 ,! possibility ( miracles once accord$ 9 pr9ciple1 no?+ rema9s b to weigh ! value ( ! te/imony 9 _! support4 ,9 ! second s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 :]e ,i treat ( ! au!nticity ( ! localities specifi$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ,i %all occupy myself ) ?is exam9ation4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 my wi% to elude1 ^u ! subjects t lie at ! bottom ( ?is "q1 any ( ! difficulties t x pres5ts3 = "h we f9d ! po9t ( attack s\ght by ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! image ( ,*ri/ z x results f ! ,gospel w\ld be besides s+ul>ly unfai?ful1 did we n range 9 x 8 miracles by ! side ( 8 precepts4 #bfb ,i av[ once m my belief 9 ,god1 9 ,god ! ,creator1 ! ,sov]eign ,ma/] ( ! ,univ]se1 :o ord]s x & gov]ns x by t indep5d5t & con/ant action ( 8 provid5ce & p[] /yl$ ! ,laws ( ,nature4 ,to ^? :o reg>d nature z hav+ exi/$ f all et]nity ( itself1 & gov]n$ by laws immutable & proce$+ f fate1 ,i h no?+ to say ( ,jesus or 8 miracles2 ! "q at issue betwe5 !m & me is m important ?an t :i* respects miracles2 x involves ! v "q ( ,pan!ism or ,*ri/ianity1 ( ,fatalism or ,lib]ty1 affect+ bo? ,god & man4 ,^u ^! subjects ,i h already express$ my g5]al op9ion & its gr\nds4 ,i propose to ent] fur!r ^u x 9 ! ?ird s]ies ( ^! ,m$itations1 :5 ,i come to speak ( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* are n[ 9 conflict ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,b at ?is mom5t ,i address myself to ,dei/s & to m5 ( wav]+ m9ds1 & to ^! alone4 #bfc ,"o ?+ is beyond all d\bt3 ! p]fect s9c]ity ( ! apo/les & ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians z to _! fai? 9 ! miracles ( ,jesus4 ,s9c]ity /ill m /rik+ t x is unit$ to e sort ( hesitation 9 ! m9d & weakness 9 ! conduct1 & t x only triumphs gradually & sl[ly :5 ,jesus has quitt$ 8 disciples & has left !m alone *>g$ ) 8 "w4 ,:il/ ,he 0 ) !m1 ,/4 ,pet] has fail$1 ,/4 ,?omas has d\bt$2 aft] sev]al miracles h be5 p]=m$ by ,jesus1 8 disciples are a/oni%$1 put que/ions to ,him1 yet /ill d\bt ( ,him & ( 8 p[]4 ,^u sev]al occasions ,jesus addresses !m z m5 ( little fai?1 & at ! mom5t :5 ,he is arre/$1 !y ab&on ,him1 !y fly f ,him4 ,no impassion$ en?usiasm1 no exagg]ation 9 _! tru/fulness & _! devot$ness2 ev5 ) !m ,jesus sees himself confront$ by all ! vacillations & pusillanimity ( humanity2 ,he p]suades !m1 ,he w9s !m1 ,he pres]ves !m only by great ex]tion1 & by d9t1 s to say1 ( div9e p[] & div9e virtue4 #bfd ,!y only really believe 9 ,him aft] hav+ witness$ ! accompli%m5t ( 8 sacrifice & 8 la/ miracle1 :5 !y _h se5 8 ,crucifixion & 8 ,resurrection4 ,only !n !y believ$2 b f t mom5t _! fai? became absolute1 sup]ior to all p]ils & all trials3 full ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & associat$ 9 a c]ta9 measure to _! div9e ,ma/]1 !y pursue 8 "w ) un%ak5 confid5ce & firmness1 )\t pret5d+ to any m]it1 )\t any impulse ( p]sonal pride4 ,be=e ! gate ( ! ,temple :i* is call$ ,beautiful1 ,/4 ,pet] has heal$ a lame man & made him to walk4 ,& z ! lame man :i* 0 heal$ held ,pet] & ,john1 all ! p ran toge!r unto !m 9 ! por* t is call$ ,solomon's1 greatly wond]+4 ,& :5 ,pet] saw x1 he answ]$ unto ! p1 ,ye m5 ( ,israel1 :y m>vel ye at ?is8 or :y look ye s e>ne/ly on u1 z ?\gh by our own p[] or hol9ess we _h made ?is man to walk8 444 ,ye kill$ ! ,pr9ce ( life1 :om ,god ha? rais$ f ! dead2 :]e( we are witnesses4 #bfe ,& 8 "n ?r\gh fai? 9 8 "n ha? made ?is man /rong1 :om ye see & "k3 yea1 ! fai? :i* is by him ha? giv5 him ?is p]fect s\ndness 9 ! pres5ce ( y all4 ,footnote #aje ,footnote #aje3 ,acts iii4 #a-af4 ,x 0 n ! p only t felt a/oni%m5t1 b ! rul]s & eld]s2 ! scribes1 ! high prie/1 & all ^? :o 7 ( ! k9dr$ ( ! high prie/1 7 ga!r$ toge!r at ,j]usalem1 & set 9 _! mid/ ,pet] & ,john1 & aft] a delib]ation full ( anxiety1 !y comm&$ !m n to speak at all1 nor tea* 9 ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,b ,pet] & ,john answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,:e!r x be "r 9 ! sight ( ,god to he>k5 unto y m ?an unto ,god1 judge ye4 ,= we _c b speak ! ?+s we h se5 & he>d4 ,footnote #ajf ,footnote #ajf3 ,acts iv4 #e1 #f1 #ah-bj4 ,:at s9c]ity & :at firmness ev] %[$ !mselves m /rik+ly ?an ^? t grew out ( ! fai? ( ,/4 ,paul8 ,f su* fai? he _h be5 orig9ally f>!r remov$ ?an ! o!r apo/les2 he _h done f> m ?an m]ely err l ,pet] or d\bt l ,?omas2 he _h hotly p]secut$ ! fir/ foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 #bff ,9 8 turn p5etrat$ & subdu$ on ! road to ,damascus by ! voice ( ,jesus1 he devotes himself to ,him life & s\l2 he rec\nts himself 8 miracul\s conv]sion1 ,footnote #ajg & z little d\bt c be ent]ta9$ ( ! au!nticity ( 8 ,epi/les z ( ! s9c]ity t dictat$ !m4 ,footnote #ajg3 #a ,cor9?ians xv4 #h4 #b ,cor9?ians xi4 #cb1 #cc2 xii4 #a-e4 ,galatians i4 #a-d4 ,! hi/ory ( all religions ab\nds 9 miracles2 b 9 all religions except ! ,*ri/ian1 ! miracles rec\nt$ by _! hi/orians are evid5tly ei!r contrivances ( ! f\nd] to induce p]suasion1 or !y spr+ f ! play ( ! human imag9ation1 ev] dispos$ to delight 9 ! m>vell\s1 ev] p>ticul>ly prone to give way 9 ! sph]e ( religion to its fanta/ic sugge/ions4 ,9 ! ,gospel miracles1 on ! contr>y1 we h no?+ ( ! k9d2 no artifice 9 _! ,au?or2 none ( ! m>vell\s ma*9]y ( poetry1 nor any ha/y cr$ulity 9 ! hi/orians4 #bfg ,! miracul\s ag5cy ( ,*ri/ is ess5tially simple1 practical1 & moral3 ,he does n g 9 se>* ( miracles2 nei!r does ,he make any va9 display ( !m3 !y are wr\ght :5 a press+ em]g5cy or a natural occasion calls = !m2 & :5 !y are dem&$ 9 fai? & 9 tru/1 ,he !n works !m )\t o/5tation & 9 "r ( 8 div9e mission2 :il/ at ! v mom5t ,he makes ! d\bt & ! coldness ) :i* ,he is receiv$1 ! subject ( compla9t3 ,woe unto !e1 ,*oraz96 wo unto !e1 ,be?saida6 = if ! mighty works1 :i* 7 done 9 y1 _h be5 done 9 ,tyre & ,sidon1 !y w\ld h rep5t$ long ago 9 sackclo? & a%es4 ,footnote #ajh ,jesus has full confid5ce 9 himself1 9 ! miracles t ,he effects1 9 ! doctr9e t ,he inculcates4 ,he feels no a/oni%m5t1 b m]ely sorr[1 t ,8 "w1 ! "w ( light & ( salvation1 pursu$ by ,him 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god 8 ,fa!r1 %\ld n obta9 a m rapid1 a m g5]al success4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,mat!w xi4 #ba4 #bfh ,z = u1 remote spectators1 ! a/oni%m5t mu/ be n ! sl[ness or limit$ nature ( t success1 b its rapidity & its ext5t4 ,all religions t h tak5 place 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 h be5 e/abli%$ by moral & by mat]ial ag5cy2 all appeal$ f _! v comm5cem5t z mu* to =ce z to p]suasion1 z mu* to ! arm z to ! tongue4 ,*ri/ianity alone liv$ & grew dur+ ?ree c5turies by its own s+le native virtue1 )\t any o!r appeal ?an t made to ,tru?1 )\t any o!r aid ?an t ( ,fai?4 ,dur+ ^? ?ree c5turies ! dogmas1 ! precepts1 & ! miracles ( its ,au?or con/itut$ its only weapons1 & weapons :i* h prevail$ aga9/ all o!r arms4 ,^? dogmas1 ^? precepts1 & ^? miracles effect$ ! conque/ ( man's m9d & ( human society 9 spite ( ! resi/ance ( ,greek philosophy1 ,roman p[]1 & all ! poetical or my/ical my?ologies ( antiquity m>%all$ aga9/ !m4 #bfi ,! victory has n1 x is true1 put an end to all /ruggle ( man's intellig5ce3 nei!r has ! light f ,*ri/ dissipat$ all d>kness1 nor satisfi$ all m9ds2 ! explanation & comm5t>ies ( man h obscur$ ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/2 human prejudices h mi/ak5 8 precepts2 & leg5ds h be5 graft$ ^u 8 miracles4 ,b ! fact does n ! less exi/1 t ! dogmas1 ! precepts1 & ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 )\t any aid f human s\rces1 suffic$ to f\nd & ensure ! triumph ( ! ,*ri/ian religion3 ?is is a fact primitive & supreme4 ,& f ?is s+le result %9es =? ! div9e "* ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 = its triumph )\t ! miracul\s ag5cy ( ,god1 w\ld be ( all miracles ! mo/ impossible to receive4 ,,iv4 ,jesus1 ,! ,jews1 ,& ,! ,g5tiles4 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law1 or ! prophets3 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil4 ,footnote #aji ,footnote #aji3 ,mat!w v4 #ag4 #bgj ,d n ?9k t ,i w accuse y to ! ,fa!r3 !re is "o t accuse? y1 ev5 ,moses1 9 :om ye tru/4 ,= _h ye believ$ ,moses1 ye w\ld h believ$ me3 = he wrote ( me4 ,b if ye believe n 8 writ+s1 h[ %all ye believe my words8 ,footnote #aaj ,footnote #aaj3 ,john v4 #de-dg4 ,?is 0 ! language t ,jesus us$ to ! ,jews4 ,x 0 9 ! "n ( _! hi/ory & ( _! fai?1 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,abraham & ( ,jacob1 t ,he call$ !m to ,him1 pres5t+ himself to !m 9 ! d\ble capacity ( cons]vative & re=m]1 & appeal+ to ! anci5t law aga9/ ^? :o1 :il/ obs]v+ x outw>dly1 really *ang$ its "*4 ,!n came to ,jesus scribes & ,ph>isees1 :i* 7 ( ,j]usalem1 say+1 ,:y d ?y disciples transgress ! tradition ( ! eld]s8 = !y wa% n _! h&s :5 !y eat bread4 ,b ,he answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,:y d ye also transgress ! comm&m5t ( ,god by y\r tradition8 ,= ,god comm&$1 say+1 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & "m3 &1 ,he t curse? fa!r or "m1 let him die ! dea?4 #bga ,b ye say1 ,:osoev] %all say to 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 ,x is a gift1 by :atsoev] ?\ mighte/ be pr(it$ by me2 & hon\r n 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 he %all be free4 ,?us ye h made ! comm&m5t ( ,god ( none effect by y\r tradition6,footnote #aaa 444 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye pay ti! ( m9t & anise & cumm91 & h omitt$ ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law1 judgm5t1 m]cy1 & fai?3 ^! ought ye to h done1 & n to leave ! o!r undone4 ,footnote #aab ,footnote #aaa3 ,mat!w xv4 #a-f4 ,footnote #aab3 ,mat!w xxiii4 #bc4 ,jesus 0 incessantly w>n+1 mak+ appeals to ! ,jews2 & :5 ,he saw t !y p]t9aci\sly disav[$ & reject$ ,him1 ,he cri$1 9 an impulse ( patriotic1 affectionate sadness3--,o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 :i* kille/ ! prophets1 & /one/ !m t are s5t unto !e2 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1 z a h5 do? ga!r h] brood "u h] w+s1 & ye w\ld n6 ,footnote #aac ,footnote #aac3 ,mat!w xxiii4 #cg4 ,luke xiii4 #cd4 #bgb ,i "k no?+ m impos+ ?an ! app>ition ( a gr& idea1 a div9e idea ris+ & m\nt+ rapidly ^u ! human horizon4 ,su* is ! spectacle af=d$ to u 9 its %ort duration by ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 8 fir/ in/ructions to 8 apo/les1 ,he said to !m1 ,g n to ! ,g5tiles & ent] n into any city ( ! ,sam>itans2 b g ye r to ! lo/ %eep ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,?us he c>efully avoid$ (f5d+ ! s5tim5ts ( ! day1 & only enjo9$ ^u 8 apo/les :at !y might d ) success at ! v beg9n+ ( _! mission4 ,b soon ! light increases t issues f ! words & ! actions ( ,jesus2 z ,i advance 9 ! books ( ! ,gospel1 ,i !re read3 ,& :5 ,jesus 0 ent]$ into ,cap]naum1 !re came unto him a c5turion1 besee*+ him1 & say+1 ,"l1 my s]vant lie? at home sick ( ! palsy1 griev\sly torm5t$4 #bgc ,& ,jesus sai? unto him1 ,i w come & heal him4 ,! c5turion answ]$ & said1 ,"l1 ,i am n wor?y t ?\ %\lde/ come "u my ro(3 b speak ! ^w only1 & my s]vant %all be heal$4 ,= ,i am a man "u au?ority1 hav+ soldi]s "u me3 & ,i say to ?is man1 ,g1 & he goe?2 & to ano!r1 ,come1 & he come?2 & to my s]vant1 ,d ?is1 & he doe? x4 ,:5 ,jesus he>d x1 he m>vell$1 & said to !m t foll[$1 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,i h n f\nd s great fai?1 no1 n 9 ,israel4 ,& ,i say unto y1 ,t _m %all come f ! ea/ & we/1 & %all sit d[n ) ,abraham1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,footnote #aad ,footnote #aad3 ,mat!w viii4 #e-aa4 ,?us a great /ride has be5 made2 x is no long] = ! %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel t ,jesus has come2 f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,we/ w m5 come to ,him1 & ,he w receive !m all4 ,to cont9ue ! ,gospel n>rative3 dep>t+ f ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,g5nes>e?1 ,jesus dep>t$ into ! coa/s ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 #bgd ,&1 behold1 a woman ( ,canaan came out ( ! same coa/s1 & cri$ unto him1 say+1 ,h m]cy on me1 ,o ,"l1 ?\ son ( ,david2 my daught] is griev\sly vex$ ) a devil4 ,b he answ]$ h] n a ^w4 ,& 8 disciples came & bes\ght him1 say+1 ,s5d h] away2 = %e crie? aft] u4 ,b he answ]$ & said1 ,i am n s5t b unto ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,!n came %e & wor%ipp$ him1 say+1 ,"l1 help me4 ,b he answ]$ & said1 ,x is n meet to take ! *ildr5's bread1 & to ca/ x to dogs4 ,& %e said1 ,tru?1 ,"l3 yet ! dogs eat ( ! crumbs :i* fall f _! ma/]'s table4 ,!n ,jesus answ]$ & said unto h]1 ,o woman1 great is ?y fai?3 be x unto !e ev5 z ?\ wilt4 ,footnote #aae ,footnote #aae3 ,mat!w xv4 #ba-bh4 #bge ,ano!r day1 ne> ! city ,sy*> & ! well ( ,jacob1 ,jesus conv]s$ ) a woman ( ,sam>ia1 :o _h come !re to draw wat]3--,! woman sai? unto him1 ,sir1 ,i p]ceive t ?\ art a prophet4 ,our fa!rs wor%ipp$ 9 ?is m\nta92 & ye say1 t 9 ,j]usalem is ! place :]e m5 ought to wor%ip4 ,jesus sai? unto h]1 ,woman1 believe me1 ! h\r come?1 :5 ye %all nei!r 9 ?is m\nta91 nor yet at ,j]usalem1 wor%ip ! ,fa!r4 444 ,b ! h\r come?1 & n[ is1 :5 ! true wor%ipp]s %all wor%ip ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?3 = ! ,fa!r seeke? su* to wor%ip him4 ,god is a ,_s3 & !y t wor%ip him mu/ wor%ip him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,footnote #aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,john iv4 #e-bd4 ,?us disappe>s gradually1 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ! ,jews himself1 ! exclusive privilege ( ! ,jews to ! div9e revelation & to div9e grace4 ,& ?us1 too1 ! re/rict$ religion ( ,israel gives place to ! gr& ca?olicity ( ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,! b5efit ( ! true fai? & ( salvation is no long] limit$ to "o p1 :e!r great or small1 anci5t or mod]n2 b is imp>t$ to all ! races ( mank9d4 #bgf ,g ye !re=e1 & tea* all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,footnote #aag ,& he said unto !m1 ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* ! gospel to e creature4,footnote #aah ,footnote #aag3 ,mat!w xxviii4 #ai4 ,footnote #aah3 ,m>k xvi4 #ae4 ,^! 7 ! la/ words :i* ,*ri/ address$ to 8 apo/les1 & ! apo/les execute fai?fully ! in/ructions ( _! div9e ,ma/]2 !y g =? 9 effect1 prea*+ 9 all places & to all nations 8 hi/ory1 8 doctr9e1 8 precepts1 & 8 p>ables4 ,/4 ,paul is ! special apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,f ,jesus1 says ?is apo/le1 ,we h receiv$ grace & apo/le%ip1 = ob$i5ce to ! fai? among all nations1 = 8 "n4 ,is he ! ,god ( ! ,jews only8 is he n also ( ! ,g5tiles8 ,yes1 ( ! ,g5tiles also4 ,= !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,jew & ! ,greek3 = ! same ,"l ov] all is ri* unto all t call ^u him4 ,footnote #aai ,footnote #aai3 ,romans i4 #e42 iii4 #bi2 x4 #ab4 #bgg ,9 spite ( 8 prejudices z a ,jew1 & ( ! diff]5ces t took place 9 ! infancy ( ! ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,pet] adh]es to ,/4 ,paul2 ! apo/les & ! eld]s assembl$ at ,j]usalem adh]e to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,god ( ,abraham & ( ,jacob is n[ n m]ely ! ,"o ,god1 ,he is ! ,god ( ! :ole human race2 to all m5 alike ,he prescribes ! same fai?1 ! same law1 & promises ! same salvation4 ,ano!r "q1 m temporal 9 its nature1 /ill a great1 a delicate "o1 is rais$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he )draws f ! ,jews _! exclusive privilege to ! k & ! grace ( ! true ,god2 b :at does ,he ?9k ( t :i* t\*es _! exi/5ce z a nation1 & z a great "o8 ,does ,he direct !m to rebel & to /ruggle aga9/ _! e>?ly gov]nor & sov]eign8--,!n w5t ! ,ph>isees1 & took c\nsel h[ !y might entangle him 9 8 talk4 ,& !y s5t out unto him _! disciples ) ! ,h]odians1 say+1 ,ma/]1 we "k t ?\ art true1 & tea*e/ ! way ( ,god 9 tru?1 nei!r c>e/ ?\ = any man3 = ?\ reg>de/ n ! p]son ( m54 ,tell u !re=e1 ,:at ?9ke/ ?\8 #bgh ,is x lawful to give tribute unto ,ces>1 or n8 ,b ,jesus p]ceiv$ _! wick$ness1 & said1 ,:y tempt ye me1 ye hypocrites8 ,%ew me ! tribute money4 ,& !y br\ght unto him a p5ny4 ,& he sai? unto !m1 ,^: is ?is image & sup]scription8 ,!y say unto him1 ,ces>'s4 ,!n sai? he unto !m1 ,r5d] !re=e unto ,ces> ! ?+s :i* are ,ces>'s2 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4 ,:5 !y _h he>d ^! words1 !y m>vell$1 & left him1 & w5t _! way4 ,footnote #abj ,footnote #abj3 ,mat!w xxii4 #ae-bb4 ,m>k xii4 #ab-ag4 ,luke xx4 #ai-be4 #bgi ,9 ?is reply ( ,*ri/ !re 0 mu* m matt] = admiration ?an ! ,ph>isees suppos$2 x 0 9 effect mu* m ?an an adroit evasion ( ! sn>e t _h be5 ext5d$ = ,him2 x def9$ 9 pr9ciple ! di/9ction ( man's life z x reg>ds religion1 & man's life z x conc]ns society2 ! b\nds1 9 fact1 ( ,*ur* & ( ,/ate4 ,cs> has no "r to int]v5e1 ) 8 laws & mat]ial =ce1 betwe5 ! s\l ( man & 8 ,god2 & on 8 side1 ! fai?ful wor%ipp] ( ,god is b\nd to fulfil t[>ds ,cs> ! duties :i* ! necessity ( ! ma9t5ance ( civil ord] imposes4 ,! indep5d5ce ( religi\s fai?1 & at ! same "t its subjection to ! laws ( society1 are alike ! s5se ( ,*ri/'s reply to ! ,ph>isees1 & ! div9e s\rce ( ! greate/ progress ev] made by human society s9ce x began to feel ! tr\bles & agitations ( ?is e>?4 ,i take aga9 ^! two gr& pr9ciples1 ^! two great acts ( ,jesus1--! abolition ( e privilege 9 ! relations ( ,god & man1 & ! di/9ction ( man's religi\s & 8 civil life3 ,i confront ) ^! two pr9ciples all ! hi/ory1 & e /ate ( society previ\s to ! adv5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,i am unable to discov] 9 ^? ess5tially ,*ri/ian pr9ciples any k9dr$1 any human orig94 ,ev]y:]e be=e ,*ri/1 religions 7 national local religions2 !y 7 religions :i* e/abli%$ betwe5 nations1 classes1 individuals1 enorm\s diff]5ces & inequalities4 #bhj ,ev]y:]e1 also1 be=e ,*ri/1 man's civil life & 8 religi\s life 7 conf\nd$1 & mutually oppress$ ea* o!r2 t religion or ^? religions 7 in/itutions incorporat$ 9 ! /ate1 :i* ! /ate regulat$ or repress$ z its int]e/ dictat$4 ,b 9 ?is ca?olicity ( religi\s fai?1 9 ?is indep5d5ce ( religi\s communities1 ,i am con/ra9$ to recognise new & sublime pr9ciples1 & to see 9 !m fla%es f ! light ( heav54 ,x ne$$ _m c5turies be=e m5tal vision 0 capable ( receiv+ t light2 & no "o %all pron\nce h[ _m c5turies w be ne$$ be=e x w p]vade & p5etrate ! entire _w4 ,b :atev] difficulties & %ortcom+s may be res]v$ 9 ! womb ( ! future = ! two great tru?s to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 x is cle> t ,god caus$ !m fir/ to beam =? f ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #bha ,v4 ,jesus ,& ,wom54 ,at ! v s\rce ( all religions1 z well z 9 _! subsequ5t hi/ory1 wom5 f9d a place to fill & a "p to p]=m4 ,at "o "t !y con/itute ! mat]ial & furni% ! ornam5t ( lic5ti\s sy/ems ( my?ology4 ,at ano!r1 on ! contr>y1 !y are1 = ! h]oes ( ^? religions1 objects ei!r ( pi\s horror or ( obs]vances at once rigor\s & au/]e3 wom5 are consid]$ by !m z creatures full ( evil & ( p]il2 & !y are accord+ly ?ru/ f _! lives z m5 ?ru/ f !m :at is a temptation & an impurity4 ,voluptu\s pictures & adv5tures on ! "o h&1 & zeal\s impulses ( rigid asceticism on ! o!r1 con/itute ! two extremes to :i* religions 9 _! ages ( y\? & ( vig\r are alt]nately prone4 #bhb ,sometimes--& x is m =tunate = wom5 :5 x is ! case--!y are describ$ 9 ! n>rative ( ^! religions1 su* z !y really are 9 human life1 *>m]s & at ! same "t *>m$1 s$uc]s & s$uc$1 idols & slaves2 at fir/ vot>ies ( ! en?usiasm1 ! victims ( ! errors & ! passions :i* !y at once inspire & feel4 ,:e!r ,asiatic or ,european1 rude or ref9$1 su* are ! /rik+ features ) :i* all sy/ems ( religion1 except+ ,*ri/ianity1 h *>act]is$ ! wom5 :om !y h introduc$ 9 _! n>ratives4 ,nei!r ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 nor any?+ analog\s1 is met ) 9 ! ,gospel & 9 ! relations ( ,jesus ) wom54 ,!y seem irresi/ibly attract$ t[>ds ,him1 ) he>ts mov$1 imag9ations /ruck by 8 mann] ( life1 8 precepts1 8 miracles1 8 language4 ,he inspires !m ) feel+s ( t5d] respect & confid+ admiration4 ,! ,canaaniti% woman comes & addresses to ,him a timid pray] = ! heal+ ( h] daught]4 ,! woman ( ,sam>ia li/5s to ,him ) eag]ness1 ?\gh %e does n "k ,him3 ,m>y seats h]self at 8 feet1 absorb$ 9 reflections sugge/$ by 8 words2 & ,m>?a pr(f]s to ,him ! frank compla9t t h] si/] assi/s h] n1 b leaves h] unaid$ 9 ! p]=mance ( h] dome/ic duties4 #bhc ,! s9n] draws ne> to ,him 9 te>s1 p\r+ ^u 8 feet a r>e p]fume1 & wip+ !m ) h] hair4 ,! adult]ess1 hurri$ into 8 pres5ce by ^? :o wi%$ to /one h] 9 accordance ) ! precepts ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 rema9s motionless 9 8 pres5ce1 ev5 aft] h] accus]s h )drawn1 wait+ 9 sil5ce :at ,he is ab\t to say4 ,jesus receives ! homage1 & li/5s to ! pray]s ( all ^! wom51 ) ! g5tle gravity & imp>tial sympa?y ( a be+ sup]ior & /range to e>?ly passion4 ,pure & inflexible int]pret] ( ! ,div9e law1 ,he kn[s & und]/&s man's nature1 & judges x ) t equitable sev]ity :i* no?+ escapes1 ! excuse z little z ! fault4 ,fai?1 s9c]ity1 humanity1 sorr[1 rep5tance1 t\* ,him )\t biass+ ! *>ity & ! ju/ice ( 8 conclusions2 & ,he expresses blame or ann\nces p>don ) ! same calm s]5ity ( au?ority1 c]ta9 t 8 eye has read ! dep?s ( ! he>t to :i* 8 words w p5etrate4 #bhd ,9 8 relations ) ! wom5 :o approa* ,him1 !re is1 9 %ort1 n ! slighte/ trace ( man2 n[h]e does ! ,godhead manife/ itself m w9n+ly & ) great] purity4 ,& :5 !re is no long] any "q ( ^! p>ticul> relations & conv]sations1 :5 ,jesus has no long] be=e him wom5 suppliants & s9n]s1 :o are invok+ 8 p[] or implor+ 8 clem5cy2 :5 x is ) ! position & ! de/9y ( wom5 9 g5]al t ,he is occupy+ himself1 ,he affirms & def5ds _! claims & _! dignity ) a sympa?y at once p5etrat+ & sev]e4 ,he kn[s t ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 z well z ! moral position ( wom51 dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! m>ri$ /ate2 ,he makes ( ! sanctity ( m>riage a fundam5tal law ( ,*ri/ian religion & society2 ,he pursues adult]y ev5 into ! recesses ( ! human he>t1 ! human ?\ght2 ,he =bids divorce2 ,he says ( m51 ,h ye n read1 t he :i* made !m at ! beg9n+ made !m male & female8 444 ,= ?is cause %all a man leave fa!r & "m1 & %all cleave to 8 wife3 & !y twa9 %all be "o fle%4 #bhc ,:]e=e !y are no m twa91 b "o fle%4 ,:at !re=e ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r1 let n man put asund]4 ,!y say unto him1 ,:y did ,moses !n comm& to give a writ+ ( divorcem5t1 & to put h] away8 ,he sai? unto !m1 ,moses because ( ! h>dness ( y\r he>ts suff]$ y to put away y\r wives3 b f ! beg9n+ x 0 n s4 ,& ,i say unto y1 ,:osoev] %all put away 8 wife1 except x be = =nication1 & %all m>ry ano!r1 committe? adult]y3 & :oso m>rie? h] :i* is put away do? commit adult]y4 ,footnote #aba ,footnote #aba3 ,mat!w xix4 #d-i2 v4 #bg1 #bh ,m>k x4 #b-ab4 ,romans vii4 #b1 #c4 #a ,cor9?ians vi4 #af-ah2 vii4 #a-aa4 ,signal & /rik+ te/imony to ! progressive action ( ,god ^u ! human race6 ,jesus ,*ri/ re/ores to ! div9e law ( m>riage ! purity & ! au?ority t ,moses _h n enjo9$ to ! ,hebrews because ( ! h>dness ( _! he>ts4 #bhf ,,vi4 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,& ,*ildr54 ,! s5tim5ts express$ by ,jesus ,*ri/ t[>ds *ildr51 & ! language t ,he uses t[>ds !m1 z ^! appe> 9 ! ,gospel n>rative1 mu/ /rike ev5 ! mo/ c>eless read]4 ,let me ref] to ! passages !mselves3-- ,& !y br\ght "y *ildr5 to him1 t he %\ld t\* !m3 & 8 disciples rebuk$ ^? t br\ght !m4 ,b :5 ,jesus saw x1 he 0 mu* displeas$1 & said unto !m1 ,suff] ! little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & =bid !m n3 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,:osoev] %all n receive ! k+dom ( ,god z a little *ild1 he %all n ent] !re94 ,& he took !m up 9 8 arms1 put 8 h&s ^u !m1 & bless$ !m4 ,footnote #abb ,footnote #abb3 ,m>k x4 #ac-af2 ,mat!w xix4 #ac-ae4 ,luke xviii4 #ae-ag4 #bhg ,ano!r day1 came ! disciples unto ,jesus1 say+1 ,:o is ! greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav58 ,& ,jesus call$ a little *ild unto him1 & set him 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & said1 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,except ye be conv]t$1 & become z little *ildr51 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,:osoev] !re=e %all humble himself z ?is little *ild1 ! same is greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,footnote #abc ,footnote #abc3 ,mat!w xviii4 #a-d2 ,m>k ix4 #cc-cg4 ,aga9 ano!r day1 ,jesus1 deplor+ ! coldness t 8 prea*+ & 8 miracles frequ5tly enc\nt]$1 & t ev5 9 8 close/ vic9ity1 exclaim$1 "h no long] address+ 8 disciples1 b ,god himself1 ,i ?ank !e1 ,o ,fa!r1 ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 because ?\ ha/ hid ^! ?+s f ! wise & prud5t1 & ha/ reveal$ !m unto babes4 ,footnote #abd ,footnote #abd3 ,mat!w xi4 #be4 ,:at is ! full mean+ ( ^! words8 ,!y are n simply ! expression ( t impulse ( g5tle b5evol5ce excit$ 9 all he>ts at ! sight ( *ildr51 & _! innoc5t confid5ce 9 all :o come ne> !m4 #bhh ,jesus ,*ri/ no d\bt exp]i5c$ ! influ5ce ( ?is feel+1 = ,he 0 /range to none ( man's noble emotions2 b 8 ?\ghts pass$ f> beyond ! *ildr5 ^: approa* he p]mitt$1 & !y m]ely furni%$ ,him ) ! liv+ occasion to address to m5 !mselves 8 solemn w>n+s4 ,! *ild1 ,i h already m5tion$ 9 ^! ,m$itations1,footnote #abe is1 = u1 ! image ( innoc5ce1 ! type ( ! creature fallible1 yet :o has n yet s9n$1 :o kn[s n yet ei!r error ( und]/&+1 or ! s$uction ( passion1 or ! bl9d+ influ5ce ( pride1 or ! tr\bles ( d\bt1 or ! extreme folly ( s91 or ! angui% ( rep5tance2 :o foll[s 9 ! fir/ impulses ( infancy only ! spontane\s in/9cts ( t5d] confid5ce 9 ! p>5t to :om he is indebt$ = security & = love1 = ! fir/ joys & ! e>lie/ bless+s4 ,footnote #abe3 ,m$itation ,,ii41 ,*ri/ian ,dogmas1 p4 #dh4 #bhi ,jesus does n pret5d to br+ m5 back to t fair condition1 to re/ore to !m _! primitive innoc5ce3 b ,he comes to ransom !m f s92 ,he br+s !m ! hope ( p>don & salvation4 ,confid5ce 9 ,god1 a confid5ce s9c]e1 unpret5d+1 & lov+1 is t disposition :i* op5s ! s\l ( man to ! div9e bless+4 ,?is is also ! disposition t ! *ild ev9ces t[>ds its p>5ts2 he calls ^u !m1 & he hopes 9 !m4 ,h5ce ^? words ( ,jesus3 ,suff] little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & =bid !m n1 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! way ( innoc5ce is a f> bett] way ?an t ( sci5ce to lead man up to ,god4 ,sci5ce is a spl5did ?+2 x is also a noble privilege ( man t ,god1 9 creat+ him an intellig5t & a free ag5t1 has giv5 him a capacity to desire & to pursue ?r\gh /udy ! tru?s ( sci5ce1 & ev5 to atta9 !m 9 a c]ta9 measure1 & 9 a c]ta9 sph]e4 #bij ,b :5 sci5ce attempts to exce$ t measure & to quit t sph]e2 :5 x ignores & scorns ! in/9cts1--natural1 univ]sal1 & p]man5t in/9cts1 ( ! human s\l2 :5 x essays to set up ev]y:]e its own tor* 9 ! place ( t primitive light t lights mank9d3 !n1 & f t cause alone1 sci5ce fills itself ) error2 & ?is is ! v case :i* call$ =? ^? words ( ,jesus3 ,i praise !e1 ,fa!r1 ,"l ( heav5 & ( e>?1 t ?\ ha/ hidd5 ^! ?+s f ! wise & prud5t1 & ha/ reveal$ !m unto babes4 ,footnote #abf ,footnote #abf3 ,mat!w xi4 #be4 ,! words ,greek text are bett] r5d]$1 f ! le>n$ & ! prud5t1 ?an wise & intellig5t2 sages et intellig5ts1 z 9 ! ,fr5* v]sion by ,o/]wald4 ,,vii4 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,i h s\ght to ga!r f ! ,gospels ! scatt]$ facts t con/itute ! life ( ,jesus4 ,i h se>*$ = !m 9 8 acts1 8 precepts1 8 words3 9 8 diff]5t relations 9 life4 ,i h add$ no?+1 exagg]at$ no?+2 on ! contr>y1 ! life ( ,jesus is inf9itely gr&] & m sublime ?an ,i h made x2 8 words are inf9itely m pr(\nd & admiral ?an ,i h describ$ !m4 ,& ,i h said no?+ ( ! seal affix$ to 8 "w & 8 mission by 8 ,passion2 nor h ,i %[n ,jesus at ,ge?semane & ^u ! ,cross4 #bia ,accord+ to ! ,bible1 ,god is )\t p>allel--ev] ! same4 ,jesus is also s accord+ to ! ,gospel4 ,! mo/ p]fect1 ! mo/ con/ant unity reigns 9 ,him3 9 8 life z 9 8 s\l2 9 8 language z 9 8 acts4 ,8 action is progressive1 & proportionate to ! circum/ances :i* call x =? & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,he lives2 b 8 progress nev] entails any *ange ( "* or purpose4 ,z ,he appe>s at ! age ( twelve1 9 ! ,temple1 already full ( ! s5tim5t ( 8 div9e nature1 9 8 reply to 8 "m :o 0 se>*+ = ,him ) disquietude1 ,kn[e/ ?\ n t ,i mu/ be ab\t my ,fa!r's bus9ess8 ! same ,he rema9s & manife/s himself 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 active mission--9 ,galilee & at ,j]usalem1 ) 8 apo/les & ) ! p1 among/ ! ,ph>isees & ! ,publicans1 :e!r !y be m51 or wom51 or *ildr5 :o approa* ,him2 alike be=e ,caiaphas & ,pilate1 & "u ! eyes ( ! cr[d press+ ar\nd to li/5 to ,him4 #bib ,ev]y:]e & 9 e circum/ance1 ! same _s animates ,him2 ,he diffuses ! same light1 proclaims ! same law4 ,p]fect & immutable1 always at once ,son ( ,god & ,son ( ,man1 ,he pursues & consummates amid/ all ! trials & all ! sorr[s ( human exi/5ce 8 div9e "w = ! salvation ( mank9d4 ,:at ne$ to add m8 ,h[ speak 9 detail ( ,jesus himself :5 "o believes 9 ,him1 :5 "o sees 9 ,him ,god made man1 act+ z ,god alone c act1 & suff]+ all t man c suff] to ransom mank9d f s91 & save x by br++ x back to ,god8 ,h[ s\nd closely ! my/]ies ( su* a p]son & su* a purpose8 ,:at pass$ 9 t div9e s\l dur+ t human exi/5ce8 ,:o %all expla9 ^? cries ( agony ( ,jesus 9 ! bosom ( ! mo/ absolute fai? 9 ,god 8 fa!r & 9 himself1 & ^? mom5ts ( horror at ! approa* ( ! sacrifice )\t ! slighte/ hesitation 9 ! sacrifice1 )\t ! smalle/ d\bt z to its efficaci\sness8 #bic ,?is sublime fact1 ?is intimate & cont9ual int]mixture ( ! div9e & human f9ds no compet5t1 no adequate expression 9 human spee*1 & ! m we consid] x ! m difficult we f9d x to speak ( x4 ,^? :o h no fai? 9 ,jesus1 :o admit n ! sup]natural "* ( 8 p]son1 ( 8 life1 & ( 8 "w1 d n feel ?is difficulty4 ,hav+ be=eh& done away ) ,god & ) miracles1 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus is = !m no?+ m ?an an ord9>y hi/ory1 :i* !y n>rate & expla9 l any o!r biography ( man4 ,b su* hi/orians fall into a f> diff]5t difficulty1 & wreck !mselves on a f> diff]5t rock4 ,! sup]natural be+ & p[] ( ,jesus may be disput$1 b ! p]fection1 ! sublimity ( 8 actions & ( 8 precepts1 ( 8 life & ( 8 moral law1 are inconte/able4 #bid ,& 9 effect1 n only are !y n conte/$1 b !y are admir$ & celebrat$ en?usia/ically1 & complac5tly1 too2 x w\ld seem z if x 7 desir$ to re/ore to ,jesus z man1 & man alone1 ! sup]iority ( :i* m5 deprive ,him 9 refus+ to see 9 ,him ! ,godhead4 ,b !n1 :at incoh]5ce1 :at contradictions1 :at falsehood1 :at moral impossibility 9 8 hi/ory1 su* z !y make x2 :at a s]ies ( suppositions1 irreconcilable ) fact1 nev]!less admitt$6 ,! man !y make s p]fect1 s sublime1 becomes by turns a dream] or a *>latan2 at once dupe & deceiv]3 dupe ( 8 own my/ical en?usiasm 9 believ+ 9 8 own miracles2 deceiv] 9 tamp]+ ) evid5ce 9 ord] to accr$it himself4 ,! hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is ?us b a tissue ( fables & falsehood4 ,& nev]!less ! h]o ( ?is hi/ory rema9s p]fect1 sublime1 incomp>able2 ! greate/ g5ius1 ! noble/ he>t t ! _w ev] saw2 ! type ( virtue & moral beauty1 ! supreme & rightful *ief ( mank9d4 #bie ,& 8 disciples1 9 _! turn ju/ly admirable1 h brav$ ev]y?+1 suff]$ ev]y?+1 9 ord] to abide fai?ful to ,him & to accompli% 8 "w4 ,&1 9 effect1 ! "w has be5 accompli%$3 ! pagan _w has become ,*ri/ian1 & ! :ole _w has no?+ bett] to d ?an to foll[ ! example4 ,:at a contradictory & insolvable problem !y pres5t to u in/ead ( ! "o !y are s anxi\s to suppress6 ,hi/ory reposes ^u two f\ndations--positive writt5 evid5ce z to facts & p]sons1 & presumptive evid5ce result+ f ! connection ( facts & ! action ( p]sons4 ,^! two f\ndations are entirely lo/ sight ( 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus su* z x is rec\nt$1 or r con/ruct$1 9 ^! days2 x is1 on ! "o h&1 9 evid5t & %ock+ contradiction ) ! te/imony ( ! m5 :o saw ,jesus1 or ( ! m5 :o liv$ ne>ly 9 ! "t ( ^? :o _h se5 ,him2 on ! o!r side1 ) ! natural laws presid+ ov] ! actions ( m5 & ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 #bif ,?is does n des]ve ! "n ( hi/orical criticism2 x is a philosophical sy/em & a romantic n>rative sub/itut$ = ! sub/antial pro( & ! circum/antial evid5ce2 x is a ,jesus false & impossible1 made by ! h& ( man pret5d+ to de?rone ! real liv+ ,jesus--! ,son ( ,god4 ,! *oice lies betwe5 ! sy/em & ! my/]y2 betwe5 ! romance ( man & ! purpose ( ,god4 ,ev5 9 reveal+ himself ,god /ill int]poses veils1 b ^! veils are no falsehoods4 ,! ,gospel hi/ory ( ,jesus %[s u ,god act+ 9 ways :i* are n 8 ways ( e day4 ,?is special action ( ,god *>act]ises also _m o!r facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se2 among/ o!rs1 ! great fact ( ! actual creation1 :]e man1 at 8 appe>ance ^u e>?1 receiv$ ! fir/ div9e revelation4 ,! sup]natural does n m]ely date f ,jesus ,*ri/2 & if a man f ?is motive rejects ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 he w h to d5y also a f> diff]5t ?+4 #big ,to escape ?is fatal necessity1 m5 ( le>n+ h rec5tly /riv5 to curtail indef9itely ! proportion ( ! sup]natural 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 & to expla9 by natural means1 mo/ ( ! acts & circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,a pu]ile attempt1 :i* has altoge!r fail$ 9 ! details1 /ill leav+ unt\*$ ! sub/ance ( ! problem4 ,no bett] success w att5d ! new attempt t has 9 ^! days be5 made1 & :i* consi/s 9 plac+ ! ,ideal 9 ! place ( ! ,sup]natural1 & 9 elevat+ religi\s s5tim5t ^u ! ru9s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is is do+ ei!r too mu* or too little4 ,! human s\l is n satisfi$ ) ^! leav+s1 nor human pride ) su* refusals1 ,:5 "o is s h>dy z to pret5d1 9 ! "n ( ! sci5ce ( man 9 ?is f9ite _w1 to det]m9e ! limits ( ! p[] ( ,god1 "o mu/ be /ill m h>dy &--de?rone ,god himself4 #bih #bii ,note4 ,i said 7p4 #ade7 t ,i w\ld indicate "s in/ances ( grammatical faults to be met ) 9 ! ,scriptures1 to :i* ! "* ( div9e inspiration _c be assign$4 ,^u ! subject ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,i h consult$ my le>n$ confrre1 ,m4 ,munk2 8 reply is 9 ! precise words :i* foll[3 ,! biblical au?ors1 he writes to me1 ^: /yle is mo/ incorrect1 are ,ezekiel & ,j]emiah4 ,^! au?ors1 & p>ticul>ly ! fir/1 err frequ5tly aga9/ gramm> & or?ography2 !y are n m]ely influ5c$ by ! ,aramean dialect1 b !y disclose grammatical faults capable ( be+ trac$ to no s\rce 9 any ( ! ,semitic dialects4 ,?is rem>k has also be5 made by ,hebrew gramm>ians ( ! middle ages1 & ,isaac ,abrabanel 7t[>ds ! close ( ! #ae? c5tury71 9 ! preface to 8 comm5t>y ^u ,ezekiel1 does n hesitate to decl>e t ?is prophet 0 b sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) ,hebrew gramm> & or?ography4 #cjj ,nev]!less1 nei!r ,j]emiah nor ,ezekiel1 ( :om bo? are di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 orig9ality ( /yle1 unlike t ( any ( ! o!r ,hebrew writ]s1 is want+ 9 elegance1 en]gy1 & boldness 9 images1 & !y display 9 ! highe/ degree _! pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( composition4 ,! foll[+ are "s in/ances ( ! grave faults aga9/ gramm> to be met ) 9 _! writ+s3-- ,examples ( ,incorrect ,expressions 9 ,ezekiel4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,hebrew text is indicat$ by ,,hhhhhh4 ,"s ,lat9 *>act]s are n exact4 ,see ! html v]sion = ! orig9al text4 ,,hhhhhh 7mis*ta' ha)em71 & !y wor%ipp$ 7viii4 #af71 a b>b>ism = ,,hhhhhh 7mis*ta'hawm74 ,,hhhhhh 7we-ns*a> ani71 & ,i rema9$ 7xi4 #h71 = ,,hhhhhh 7wa-s*ar7 or ,,hhhhhh 7we-nis*>ti74 7,!re are "h faults bo? ( or?ography & gramm>47 ,,hhhhhh 7is*?71 wom5 7xxiii4 #dd71 = ,,hhhhhh 7nes*74 ,,hhhhhh 7s*ib'a71 8 sev5 burnt (f]+s 7xl4 #bf71 = ,,hhhhhh 7s*eba'74 ,9 ! numb] sev5 ! mascul9e is us$ in/ead ( ! fem99e4 ,,hhhhhh 7bi-b5?ayikh71 9 t ?\ builde/ 7xvi4 #ca71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7bi-b5otihkh74 ,,hhhhhh 7be-s*\bni71 :5 ,i return$ 7xlvi4 #g71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7be-s*\bi74 ,,hhhhhh 7gabeh71 8 height 0 exalt$ 7xxxi4 #e71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7gabeh74 ,! la/ lett] is aleph1 = h4 #cja ,! ,*aldean plural is us$ 9 sev]al words1 = in/ance3 ,,hhhhhh 7'hittn71 :eat 7iv4 #i71 = ,,hhhhhh 7'hittm72 ,,hhhhhh 7ha-iyyn71 ! isles1 or ! isles 9 ! sea 7xxvi4 #ah71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7ha-iyyim71 an error 9 bo? or?ography & gramm>4 ,examples ( ,incorrect ,expressions 9 ,j]emiah4 ,,hhhhhh 7bd71 ,i w de/roy 7xlvi4 #h71 = ,,hhhhhh 7aabd74 ,,hhhhhh 7nibbe?a71 ha/ ?\ prophesi$ 7xxvi4 #i71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7nibbe?a74 ,! syllable b has a yod in/ead ( an aleph4 ,,hhhhhh 7a?an\7 we come 7iii4 #bb71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7a?9\474 ,,hhhhhh 7att71 !e 9 ! fem99e 7t]m9at+ ) yod mute71 = ,,hhhhhh 7att71 a ,syriasm v frequ5t 9 ,j]emiah1 :o (t5 =ms ! second p]son ( ! p]fect fem4 9 ,,hhhhhh 7t foll[$ by yod7 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7t74 ,,hhhhhh 7l writt5 ) waw quiesc5t71 n v (t5 = ,,hhhhhh 7l )\t ! waw74 ,,hhhhhh 7hogla?71 %all be c>ri$ away captive 7xiii4 #ai71 in/ead ( ,,hhhhhh 7hogle?74 ,! latt] ,*aldaism we meet also 9 ! ,p5tateu* 7,leviticus xxv4 #bb71 ,,hhhhhh 7we'asa?71 h] fruits 7%all7 come 94 = ,,hhhhhh 7we'asetah71 & ibid xxvi4 #cd2 ,,hhhhhh 7we-hirza?71 %e %all enjoy1 = ,,hhhhhh 7we-hirce?74 #cjb ,) respect to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i h requir$ a simil> notice f my son ,william1 :o has made ! ,greek language 9 g5]al1 & its deviations 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,gospel1 ! object ( p>ticul> & c>eful /udy4 ,i ins]t1 also1 ! note :i* he has drawn up ^u ! subject3-- ,on fir/ approa*+ ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 aft] hav+ le>nt ! ,greek language & gramm> 9 ! classical writ]s1 we are /ruck by num]\s irregul>ities ( expression3 among/ ^!1 h[ev]1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ^? :i* con/itute m]ely p>ticul> & s+ul> modes ( expression f ^? :i* are real faults4 ,! =m] are susceptible ( explanation & ju/ification by diff]5t examples & diff]5t argum5ts2 ! latt] are n capable ( be+ reconcil$ ) ! elem5t>y & necess>y laws ( language4 ,?us we may ju/ify su* or su* a /range =m ( conjugation or ( decl5sion1 :i* w\ld be acc\nt$ a b>b>ism by a s*ool boy1 b :i* 0 nev]!less 9 actual use 9 "s "o or o!r ( ! local dialects1 writt5 & spok5 by ! ,greeks4 #cjc ,aga91 h[ev] x may h be5 ! rule 9 ,greek to set ! v]b 9 ! s+ul> :5 us$ ) a neut] sub/antive 9 ! plural1 ! rule has n be5 inv>iably obs]v$ ev5 by ! pure/ classical writ]s1 & we may ju/ify by exceptions collect$ "h & !re 9 _! compositions1 sev]al passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i*1 at fir/ sight1 might appe> am5able to a *>ge ( solecism4 ,?us1 9 %ort1 aft] our att5tion hav+1 at fir/ sight1 be5 arre/$ & our m9ds disconc]t$ by o!r passages 9 :i* ! sacr$ writ] has conf\nd$ ! s5se ( two words :i* resemble ea* o!r1 z ,greek text1 :i* signifies summon a witness1 & :i* ,/4 ,pet] employs in/ead ( ,greek text :i* means1 give te/imony1,footnote #abg z ,greek text1 :i* signifies to be incapable1 & :i* ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k employ 9 ! s5se ( be+ impossible1 ,footnote #abh--;z ,greek text1 :i* signifies ! m]idian or z5i? ( a />1 & :i*1 on ?ree occasions 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 9 ! middle ( ! air1--or1 ev5 :5 we meet words1 n m]ely /range to ! e>1 b =m$ )\t att5tion to ! rules & 9 contradiction to analogy1 z ,greek text = ,greek text,footnote #abi--we may aga91 )\t any dep>ture f logical rules1 by judici\s or subtle di/9ctions1 escape f ! difficulties :i* ! passages sugge/1 & h a p]fect "r to d s4 ,b aft] hav+ made all[ances = ! irregul>ities susceptible ( explanation 9 ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re /ill rema9 "s :i* are real faults4 ,! same ^w _c be writt5 by ! same h&1 at an int]val ( b ?ree pages1 bo? mascul9e & fem99e1 z ! ^w ,greek text1 ra9b[1 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,footnote #acj ,:5 ! sub/antive is fem99e1 ! adjective _c be mascul9e1 z ,greek text4 ,footnote #aca ,footnote #abg3 #a ,pet] i4 #aa4 ,footnote #abh3 ,mat!w xvii4 #bj2 ,luke i4 #cg4 ,footnote #abi3 #a ,cor9?ians ii #a4 ,footnote #acj3 ,comp>e iv4 #c1 & x4 #a4 ,footnote #aca3 ,apocalypse xiv4 #ai4 #cjd ,:5 ! sub/antive is 9 ! accusative1 ! adjective _c be 9 ! nom9ative4 ,9 su* an employm5t ( words we are able to trace 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ! h& ( man1 m>ks ( human imp]fection & error2 & we mu/ n =get t ^! faults become m num]\s & gross] ! great] ! antiquity ( ! ,,ms4 9 :i* we f9d !m1 & ! pur] ! ,jewi% orig9 ( ! writ]4 ,?us ! ,greek ( ! ,apocalypse is s+ul>ly incorrect1 at ! same "t t ! imag9ative turn ( ! expression is rem>kably ,hebraic4 ,footnote #acb ,9 ! text1 /yl$ ! receiv$ text1 & :i* 0 fix$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 _m ( ^! faults h disappe>$1 because x has borr[$ f ,,mss4 ( !n rec5t date4 ,b n[ t biblical philosophy has m\nt$ high]1 we c disc]n h[ ! copyi/s1 "o aft] ! o!r1 actuat$ by pi\s scruples1 or ?9k+ only to correct "s error ( _! pr$ecessors1 h little by little effac$ :at appe>$ to !m too great a dep>ture f rules to h be5 writt5 by an evangeli/ or an apo/le4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ^! admitt$ irregul>ities are an elem5t indisp5sible to e s]i\s discussion respect+ ! nature & ext5t ( ! div9e inspiration to be met ) 9 ! sacr$ volume4 ,footnote #acb3 ,apocalypse i4 #af2 iii4 #ab2 iv4 #g2 ix4 #ac #ad2 xiv4 #ab2 xvi4 #ac2 xx4 #b1 c4 ,,! ,,end4 ,bradpury ,& ,evans1 ,pr9t]s1 ,:itefri>s4 #cje ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,july1 #ahfd ,mr4 ,murray's ,li/ ,( ,new ,works4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 ,,ccxxxi4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,cont5ts3 ,i4 ,words ,& ,places4 ,,ii4 ,ludwig ,uhl&4 ,,iii4 ,free ,?9k+2 ,its ,hi/ory ,& ,t5d5cies1 ,,iv4 ,! ,circassian ,exodus4 ,v4 ,lacordaire4 ,,vi4 ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,,vii4 ,public ,s*ools4 ,,viii4 ,travell+ ,9 ,engl&4 ,,ix4 ,! ,h\se ,op ,commons4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ,( ,york's ,pa/oral ,lett] ,to ,! ,cl]gy ,& ,laity ,( ,! ,prov9ce ,( ,york4 #hvo4 #as4 ,! ,bi%op ,( ,london's ,second ,s]ies ,( ,disc\rses ,on ,! ,^w ,( ,god ,& ,gr\nd ,( ,fai?1 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! ,di>y ,( ,a ,dutiful ,son4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,fonn]eau4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,%ill+ ,edition ,( ,! ,pr9ce ,consort's ,spee*es ,& ,addresses4 ,portrait4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,on ,! ,introduction ,( ,a ,gold ,curr5cy ,= ,india4 ,by ,lieut4 ,g54 ,mansfield4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,sir ,william ,napi]'s ,life1 ,lett]s1 ,& ,j\rnals4 ,edit$ by ! ,"r4 ,hon4 ,h4 ,a4 ,bruce1 ,m4 ,f4 ,portraits4 #b vols4 ,po/ #hvo4 #bhs4 ,di>y ,( ,m>y ,c\ntess ,c[p]1 ,lady ,( ,! ,b$*amb] ,to ,c>ol9e1 ,pr9cess ,( ,wales4 ,portrait4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,rawl9son's ,anci5t ,ea/]n ,mon>*ies4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,*aldea ,& ,assyria4 ,) #djj ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #afs4 ea*4 ,rambles ,9 ,! ,des]ts ,( ,syria1 ,& ,among ,! ,turkomans ,& ,b$awe5s4 ,po/ #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,life ,& ,times ,( ,cic]o2 ,8 ,"* ,z ,a ,/atesman1 ,orator1 ,& ,fri5d4 ,by ,william ,=syte1 ,q4,c4 ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 ,po/ #hvo4 #ahs4 ,siam1 ,cambojia1 ,& ,lao3 ,a ,n>rative ,( ,travels ,& ,discov]ies4 ,by ,h5ri ,m\hot4 ,) #hj ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cbs4 ,dean ,milman's ,hi/ory ,( ,*ri/ianity1 ,f ,! ,bir? ,( ,*ri/ ,to ,! ,abolition ,( ,paganism ,9 ,! ,roman ,empire4 ,revis$ ,edition4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #cfs4 ,! ,riv] ,amazons3 ,a ,record ,( ,adv5tures ,dur+ ,elev5 ,ye>s ,( ,travel4 ,by ,h5ry ,w4 ,bates4 ,second ,edition4 ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo4 #abs4 ,life ,( ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas4 ,f ,8 ,notes1 ,conv]sations1 ,& ,correspond5ce4 ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,fullom4 ,portrait4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,hi/ory ,( ,*>les ,! ,bold1 ,duke ,( ,burgundy4 ,by ,j4 ,fo/] ,kirk4 ,portraits4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,f9ancial ,/atem5ts1 #ahec1 '#fj1 '#fc1 & '#fd2 also 8 ,spee*es ,on ,tax-bills1 #ahfa1 & ,*>ities1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,metallurgy ,( ,iron ,& ,/eel4 ,by ,john ,p]cy1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #d l>ge ,plans & #bjj ,illu/rations to ,scale4 #hvo4 #dbs4 ,"l ,h\ghton's ,selections ,f ,8 ,poetical ,works1 ,publi%$ & ,unpubli%$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,t>t> ,/eppes ,& ,_! ,inhabitants4 ,describ$ ,f ,lett]s ,address$ ,to ,fri5ds4 ,by ,mrs4 ,atk9son4 ,illu/rations4 ,po/4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,! ,antiquity ,( ,man1 ,f ,geological ,evid5ces2 ,) ,rem>ks ,on ,!ories ,( ,! ,orig9 ,( ,species ,by ,v>iation4 ,by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,f4,r4,s4 #crd ,edition4 ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ,( ,! ,bible2 ,its ,antiquities1 ,biography1 ,geography1 ,& ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,by ,v>i\s ,writ]s4 ,complete ,9 #c ,vols4 ,illu/rations4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #ajes4 ,aids ,to ,fai?3 ,a ,s]ies ,( ,!ological ,essays1 ,by ,v>i\s ,writ]s4 ,edit$ ,by ,! ,"l ,ar*bi%op ,( ,york4 #hvo4 #ie4 ,hi/ory ,( ,engl& ,f ,! ,dea? ,( ,*>les ,i4 ,to ,! ,battle ,( ,dunb>1 #afdh-ej4 ,*iefly ,f ! ,mss4 ,9 ,! ,/ate ,pap] ,(fice4 ,by ,&rew ,bissett4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,w$gwood3 ,an ,address ,by ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 #bs4 ,! ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahfc2 ,! ,relations ,betwe5 ,! ,div9e ,& ,human ,elem5ts ,9 ,holy ,scripture4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,hannah1 ,d4,c4,l4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,smiles's ,indu/rial ,biography3 ,iron4 ,work]s ,& ,tool ,mak]s4 ,a companion volume to ',self ,help4' #ae? ,?\s&4 ,po/ #hvo4 #fs4 ,! ,/ory ,( ,"l ,bacon's ,life4 ,by ,w4 ,hepwor? ,dixon4 ,portrait4 ,po/ #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,rev4 ,canon ,cook's ,l9coln's ,inn ,& ,o!r ,s]mons4 #hvo4 #is4 ,hi/ory ,( ,! ,debates ,on ,! ,gr& ,remon/rance1 #afda4 ,by ,john ,=/]4 #bnd ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo4 #abs4 ,lisp+s ,f ,l[ ,latitudes3 ,an ,illu/rat$ ,t\r ,to ,! ,ea/4 ,by ,! ,hon4 ,impulsia ,gu%+ton4 ,edit$ ,by ,"l ,duffeu94 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 #dto4 ,ar?ur ,hallam's ,rema9s4 ,) ,preface & ,memoir4 #crd ,edition4 ,portrait4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,secul>ia2 or ,surveys ,on ,! ,ma9 ,/ream ,( ,hi/ory4 ,by ,samuel ,lucas1 ,m4 ,a4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,bi%op ,blomfield's ,memoirs4 ,) ,selections ,f ,8 ,correspond5ce4 ,by ,8 ,son4 ,portrait4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,! ,f]tilization ,( ,or*ids ,by ,insects1 ,& ,on ,! ,good ,effects ,( ,int]cross+4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo4 #is4 ,life ,( ,william ,pitt1 ,) ,extracts ,f ,8 ,ms4 ,pap]s4 ,by ,e>l ,/anhope4 #bnd ,edition4 ,portrait4 #d vols4 ,po/ #hvo4 #dbs4 ,sir ,edw>d ,cu/'s ,annals ,( ,! ,w>s ,( ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth ,c5turies2 #agjj-ahae4 ,complete 9 #i vols4 ,maps4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ea*4 ,lives ,( ,briti% ,eng9e]s2 ,f ,! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod d[n to ! ,dea? ( ,george & ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,) #g portraits & #cjj woodcuts4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #fcs4 ,d5m>k ,& ,g]many ,s9ce #ahae4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,gos*4 ,) #d ,maps4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,g5]al ,sir ,rob]t ,wilson's ,autobiographical ,memoirs1 ,f ,e>ly ,life ,d[n ,to ,! ,peace ,( ,tilsit4 ,portrait4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bfs4 ,hi/ory ,( ,! ,mod]n ,/yles ,( ,ar*itecture4 ,by ,james ,f]gusson4 ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,laws ,( ,nature1 ,! ,f\ndation ,( ,morals4 ,by ,david ,r[l&4 ,po/ #hvo4 #fs4 ,mr4 ,brace's ,popul> ,hi/ory ,( ,! ,races ,( ,! ,old ,_w4 ,po/ #hvo4 #is4 ,hi/ory ,( ,! ,taep+ ,rebellion ,9 ,*9a4 ,by ,comm&] ,br9e1 ,r4,n4 ,po/ #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,gongora's ,poetical ,works4 ,translat$1 ,) ,an ,hi/orical ,& ,critical ,essay1 ,by ,ar*deacon ,*urton4 ,portrait4 #b vols4 ,small #hvo4 #aes4 --------------------------------------- ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet4