,transcrib]'s ,note ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores4 ,small capitals h be5 replace ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,sup]script texts are transcrib$ z text4 ,sid5otes are surr\nd$ by tildes4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,class ,,book ,,= ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,musketry ,,hy!4 ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,(fic]s4 ,,by ,,colonel ,e4 ,c4 ,,wil=d1 ,assi/ant-,comm&ant & ,*ief ,in/ructor4 ,,hy!3 ,w4 ,s4 ,,pa9e1 ,,/ation]1 ,,po/ ,,(fice1 ,,high ,,/reet4 #ahfa4 ,,introduction4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,musketry 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahec1 by ! !n ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 ! late ,visc\nt ,h>d+e1 z a normal s*ool ( in/ruction 9 ,musketry4 ,x has = its especial object ! =mation ( (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s to act z in/ructors 9 ! sev]al battalions ?r\gh\t ! ,army4 ,9 ! book ( 8,regulations = conduct+ ! ,musketry ,in/ruction ( ! ,army10 promulgat$ by ord] ( ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 x is ord]$ at page #cc1 & p>agraph #ce1 t1 8,! ,comm&+ ,(fic] is to assemble ! (fic]s ( ! battalion at lea/ once 9 ea* half-ye>1 & to cause ! non-commission$ (fic]s & m5 to be assembl$ occasionally by squads or companies1 at o!r times ?an :5 ! annual c\rse is proce$+1 :5 ! (fic]-in/ructor1 hav+ previ\sly expla9$ ! !oretical pr9ciples detail$ 9 ! =ego+ lessons1 w be at lib]ty to advance deep] into ! subject1 develop+ to a degree proportionate to ! rank & intellig5ce ( 8 auditors1 ! :ole hi/ory ( small arms1 f ! fir/ inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 & ! successive /eps by :i* ! rifle-musket has atta9$ its pres5t effici5cy2 9 ord] t ! (fic]s & soldi]s1 by acquir+ a ?or\gh k ( ! subject !oretically1 may take a great] int]e/ 9 ! practical "p ( ?is mo/ important bran* ( _! duty40 ,! foll[+ ,lectures h be5 prep>$ = ! use ( (fic]s qualify+ at ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry = ! positions ( ,in/ructors 9 _! respective ,regim5ts4 ,!y are n to be consid]$ z complete treatises or hi/ories1 b m]ely z 8aids0 to in/ruction1 :i* c be exp&$ by ! ,in/ructor 9 viva voce ,lectures1 & if b\nd ) an alt]nate rul$ blank leaf1 !y may be correct$ & enl>g$ :5 desirable1 to suit ! v>i\s improvem5ts 9 arms1 c41 introduc$ f "t to "t4 ,^! ,lectures are a m]e compilation1 extract$ f a va/ am\nt ( int]e/+ & valuable matt]1 sy/ematically arrang$4 ,! names ( ! v>i\s au?ors ^u :om :olesale plund] has be5 committ$ are m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 & ! compil] hopes ?is g5]al confession may secure _! p>don4 ,! ,!ory ( ,gunn]y has be5 v slightly t\*$ ^u3 x _c be pursu$ by any p]sons unless well gr\nd$ 9 ,ma!matics1 & ! %ort "t pass$ by (fic]s at ,hy! :olly precludes s ab/ruse a /udy4 ,our ,s*ool is decid$ly a practical in/itution2 to acquire an art or skill is our object1 & we only broa* ! subject ( ,!ory to soldi]s1 s f> z to enable !m to und]/& ! reasons = all ^? rules :i* h to be att5d$ to 9 practice4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,wil=d1 ,,colonel4 ,,hy!1 ,janu>y1 #ahfa4 ,,cont5ts ,,page4 ,hi/ory ( ,gunp[d] #a ,manufacture ( ,gunp[d] #g ,=eign ,gunp[d] #bj ,explosive =ce ( ,gunp[d] #bi ,exp]im5ts ) ,gunp[d] #cf ,magaz9es #bc ,lightn+ ,conductors #bd ,greek ,fire #d ,anci5t ,eng9es ( ,w> #ci ,on ,artill]y #fb ,portable ,fire ,arms #gc ,! ,rifle #hf ,! ,bayonet #hc ,acc\trem5ts #hd ,bree*-load]s #ib ,on ,rifl+ #ie ,on ,rifle ,projectiles #aja ,!oretical ,pr9ciples #aaj ,gravity #aac ,atmosph]e #aae ,=m ( ,bodies #aai ,causes ( ,deviation #aba ,w9dage #aba ,rotation #abb ,on ,ecc5tric ,projectiles #abd ,ext5d$ ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,errata4 ,page #f1 p>a4 #e1 l9e #f1 = 8h be=e /at$0 read 8%all /ate40 ,page #bj1 la/ l9e b "o1 = 8altoge!r0 read 8all toge!r0 ,page #be1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #e1 = 8descriptive0 read 8disruptive40 ,page #cj1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #i1 = 8expansive0 read 8expansion40 ,page #ca1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #a1 = 8art0 read 8act40 ,page #cb1 p>a4 #g1 l9e #i1 = 8consid]able0 read 8consid]ably40 ,page #cb1 p>a4 #g1 l9e #aj1 = 8,rob]t0 read 8,piob]t40 ,page #ce1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #a1 = 8sulphurate ( ,potassia0 read 8sulphide ( ,potassa40 ,page #cf1 p>a4 #d1 l9es #a & #b1 = 8:i* is a mort>0 read 8! *amb] be+40 ,page #dj1 la/ l9e b #c1 = 8,polyreetes0 read 8,polyorcetes40 ,page #da1 p>a4 #d1 l9e #aj1 = 8ix0 read 8xii40 ,page #ec1 p>a4 #b1 l9e #i1 = 8incr$ible0 read 8incr$ibly40 ,page #ff1 p>a4 #f1 l9e #b1 aft] 8has0 ins]t 8a0 ,page #gh1 p>a4 #e1 l9e #c1 = 8#gec;9410 read 8#gec;940 ,page #gh1 p>a4 #e1 l9e #c1 = 8#af0 read 8#ad40 ,page #gi1 l9e #d1 = 8#fjj0 read 8#f1jjj40 ,page #hd1 p>a4 #b1 l9e #a1 = 8,lat9at0 read 8,cat9at40 ,page #hd1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #a1 = 8masquitairy0 read 8m\squetaires40 ,page #hf1 p>a4 #aj1 l9e #b1 = 8,c>ab9s ragees10 read 8,c>ab9es rayes40 ,page #hf1 p>a4 #ab1 l9e #a1 = 8subalt]n (fic]s0 read 8,non-,commission$ ,(fic]s40 ,page #hi1 l9e #c1 = 8range0 read 8ray40 ,page #hi1 l9e #c1 = 8ball culot0 read 8balle culot40 ,page #ia1 p>a4 #d1 la/ l9e1 = 80 read 80 ,page #ic1 p>a4 #h1 l9e #a1 = 8w\nds0 read 8r\nds40 ,page #ih1 p>a4 #a1 l9es #f & #g1 = 8possible4 ,=10 read 8possible2 =0 ,page #ajc1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #g1 = 8proportion>y0 read 8proportionate40 ,page #ajc1 p>a4 #e1 l9e #d1 = 8res]v$0 read 8rev]s$40 ,page #aje1 p>a4 #f1 l9e #c1 = 8horn-wood0 read 8hora1 wood40 ,page #aab1 p>a4 #a1 l9e #h1 aft] 8direction10 ins]t 8b40 ,page #aad1 p>a4 #b1 l9e #g1 = 8#af-dh-hj0 read 8#afdhhj40 ,page #aae1 p>a4 #b1 l9e #b1 = 8s9e0 read 8tang5t40 ,page #aae1 p>a4 #b1 = 8plate #ba1 fig4 #c10 read 8plate #bb1 fig4 #c40 ,page #aai1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #a1 aft] 8mov+10 ins]t 8940 ,plate #ba1 fig4 #e1 %\ld be lett]$ z fig4 #d4 plate #bb4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,gunp[d] may well =m a prelude to t ( ,fire ,arms1 z ! exi/5ce ( ! latt] is :olly dep5d5t on ! discov]y ( ! =m]4 ,( all ! discov]ies :i* h be5 made1 !re is1 p]haps1 none :i* has produc$ m important consequ5ces to mank9d ?an ! discov]y ( ,gunp[d]1 z by introduc+ fire-arms1 & a new me?od ( =tify+1 attack+1 & def5d+ ,t[ns1 x wr\ght a complete *ange 9 ! :ole art ( w>4 ,knock's op9ion4 ,! inv5tion ( ,gunp[d] is completely involv$ 9 obscurity1 & ?is v fact is "o great pro( ( its antiquity4 ,knock obs]ves t ! inv5tion ( ,gunp[d] comprises sev]al discov]ies1 :i* x is necess>y to di/+ui% f ea* o!r4 ,ord] ( discov]y4 #a/4--,! discov]y ( ,nitre1 ! pr9cipal +r$i5t1 & ! cause ( its detonation4 #bnd4--,! mixture ( nitre ) sulphur & *>coal1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 =m gunp[d]4 #crd4--,! application ( p[d] to fire-works4 #d?4--,its employm5t z a propell+ ag5t = ?r[+ /ones1 bullets1 c4 #e?4--,its employm5t 9 spr++ m9es & de/roy+ =tifications4 ,all ^! discov]ies belong to diff]5t p]iods4 ,mr4 ,dut5's acc\nt4 ,mr4 ,dut5s c>ri$ ! antiquity ( gunp[d] v high2 & ref]s to ! acc\nts giv5 by ,virgil1 & o!rs1 ( ,salmon5s' attempt to imitate ?und]1 presum+ f h5ce t he us$ a composition ( ! nature ( ,gunp[d]4 ,kn[n 9 ,*9a1 ,a4 ,d4 #he4 ,x has be5 said t x 0 us$ 9 ,*9a z e>ly z ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #he1 & t ! k ( x 0 convey$ to u f ! ,arabs1 on ! return ( ! ,crusad]s to ,europe4 ,kn[n 9 ,india1 ,a4 ,d4 #bej4 ,! ,brahmas & ,indians1 ^: practice is record$ by ,philo/ratus1 9 8 life ( ,appolonius ,tyanu1 writt5 ab\t #afjj ye>s ago4 8,^! truly wise m510 says he1 8dwell betwe5 ! riv]s ,hyphasis & ,ganges2 _! c\ntry ,alex&] nev] ent]$1 _! cities he nev] c\ld h tak51 = !y come n out to ! field to fight ^? :o attack !m1 b !y ov]?r[ _! enemies ) tempe/s & ?und]bolts1 %ot f _! walls40 ,?is is a mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! antiquity ( ,gunp[d]1 = if "s su* composition be n impli$ 9 ! =ego+ quotation1 x mu/ rema9 = ev] p]fectly un9telligible4 ,saltpetre1 :i* is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ,gunp[d]1 is f\nd 9 its natural /ate 9 ! ,ea/1 & f ?is x seems highly probable !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! composition ( ,gunp[d] be=e ! ,europeans4 ,p[d] at siege ( ,mecca1 ,a4 ,d4 #fij4 ,! ,arabs are said to h employ$ ,gunp[d] at ! siege ( ,mecca1 ,a4 ,d4 #fij4 ,olde/ book on gunp[d] ,a4 ,d4 #ijj4 ,!re is a manuscript book /ill extant1 entitl$ ,lib] ,ignium1 writt5 by ,m>cus ,grcus1 :o liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & ! composition !re prescrib$ is #flbs4 saltpetre1 #blbs4 *>coal1 #alb4 sulphur1 to be well p[d]$ & mix$ 9 a /one mort>4 ,"w on gunp[d] 9 ,escurial ,collection ,a4 ,d4 #abdi4 ,!re is 9 ! ,escurial ,collection a treatise on ,gunp[d]1 writt5 9 #abdi4 ,rog] ,bacon on p[d]1 ,a4 ,d4 #abfg4 ,our c\ntryman1 ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 0 born #abad1 & publi%$ works at ,ox=d #abfg1 expressly m5tions ! +r$i5ts ( ,gunp[d]1 n z any new discov]y1 b z a well kn[n composition1 us$ = recreation4 ,he describes x z produc+ a noise l ?und]1 & fla%es l lightn+1 b m t]rible ?an ^? produc$ by nature2 & adds t x might be appli$ to ! de/ruction ( an army or a city4 ,bacon1 9 8 treatise 8,de ,secretis ,op]ibus10 says t f saltpetre1 sulphur1 & wood coals1 we are able to make a fire t %all burn at any di/ance we please4 ,tradition ( ,s*w>tz1 ,a4 ,d4 #acbj4 ,mort>4 ,! common tradition ( ,b>?oldus ,s*w>tz hav+ inv5t$ ,gunp[d] & ,artill]y1 ab\t #acbj1 is )\t ! slighte/ f\ndation1 b he might possibly h sugge/$ ! simple/ application ( x to w>like purposes1 9 consequ5ce ( "s accid5tal explosion :ile mix+ ! +r$i5ts 9 a mort>4 ,inde$1 ! "n1 z well z ! =m ( ! old species ( artill]y1 :i* 0 employ$ to ?r[ l>ge bullets at an elevation1 /rongly corroborate ?is conjecture2 b ,s*w>tz _c lay any claim to orig9ality ( inv5tion4 ,p[d] made 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 #acgh4 ,gunp[d] 0 made 9 ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z ,ri*>d ,,ii4 commission$ ,sir ,?omas ,norwi* to buy1 9 ,london1 or 9 any o!r place1 c]ta9 quantities ( 8sulphur1 saltpetre1 & *>coal10 = mak+ ,gunp[d]4 ,t>taglia on ,p[d]1 ,a4 ,d4 #aejj4 ,t>taglia1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 sets d[n tw5ty-?ree diff]5t compositions1 made use ( at diff]5t times1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 be+ ! mo/ anci5t1 consi/s ( equal p>ts ( nitre1 sulphur1 & *>coal4 ,anci5t gunp[d] weak4 ,gunp[d]1 = "s "t aft] ! inv5tion ( artill]y1 0 ( a composition mu* weak] ?an :at we n[ use1 or ?an t anci5t "o m5tion$ by ,m>cus ,grcus2 b ?is1 x is presum$1 0 ow+ to ! weakness ( _! fir/ pieces1 r ?an to ! ignorance ( a bett] mixture4 ,gra9+4 ,! *ange ( ! proportion ( ! mat]ials compos+ x 0 n ! only improvem5t x receiv$4 ,! inv5tion ( gra9+ x is d\btless a consid]able advantage to x2 = p[d]1 at fir/1 0 always 9 ! =m ( f9e meal1 su* z x 0 r$uc$ to by gr9d+ ! mat]ials toge!r4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! fir/ gra9+ ( p[d] 0 int5d$ to increase its /r5g?1 or only to r5d] x m conv5i5t = ! fill+ into small *>ges1 & ! *>g+ ( small arms1 to :i* alone x 0 appli$ = _m ye>s1 :il/ meal-p[d] 0 /ill made use ( 9 cannon4 ,b at la/ ! additional /r5g? :i* ! gra9$ p[d] 0 f\nd to acquire f ! free passage ( ! fire betwe5 ! gra9s1 occasion$ ! meal-p[d] to be entirely laid aside4 ,t>taglia wrote1 #aecg4 ,william ,b\rne1 #aegg4 ,t p[d] 0 fir/ us$ 9 meal1 & cont9u$ 9 its old =m = cannon long aft] ! inv5tion ( gra9+ x = small arms1 are facts n to be conte/$4 ,t>taglia expressly ass]ts t 9 8 "t cannon-p[d] 0 9 meal1 & ! musket-p[d] gra9$4 ,& our c\ntryman1 ,william ,b\rne1 9 8 8,art ( ,%oot+ 9 great ,ordnaunce10 publi%$ =ty ye>s aft] ,t>taglia1 tells u1 9 *ap4 ,i1 t s]p5t9e p[d]1 7:i* he opposes to corn1 or gra9$-p[d]7 %\ld be z f9e z s&1 & z s(t z fl\r3 & 9 8 ?ird *apt] he says t two p\nds ( corn-p[d] w g z f> z ?ree p\nds ( s]p5t9e-p[d]4 ,t>taglia on ! proportions4 ,we le>n f ,t>taglia1 t ! cannon-p[d] 0 made ( f\r p>ts saltpetre1 "o "p sulphur1 & "o "p *>coal2 & ! musket-p[d] ( =ty-eight p>ts saltpetre1 sev5 p>ts sulphur1 & eight p>ts *>coal2 or ( eighte5 p>ts saltpetre1 two p>ts sulphur1 & ?ree p>ts *>coal4 ,^! compositions = musket p[d] are v ne> ! pres5t /&>d2 ! fir/ hav+1 9 "o hundr$ p\nds ( p[d]1 ab\t "o p\nd ( saltpetre m ?an is at pres5t all[$1 & ! second ?ree p\nds m4 ,nye's treatise on ! proportions4 ,nye1 9 8 treatise on fireworks1 gives ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 & ! dates :5 !y are us$1 ?us 9 #achj equal p>ts ( ea* 7 employ$4 ,?is w\ld be ab\t z effici5t z a common squib ( ! pres5t "t4 ,9 #adaj1 ?ree p>ts saltpetre1 two sulphur1 & two *>coal4 ,9 #aebj1 = ! be/ p[d]1 f\r p>ts saltpetre1 "o sulphur1 & "o *>coal1 & aft]w>ds1 five saltpetre1 "o sulphur1 & "o *>coal4 ,e>ly gunp[d] m]e mixture4 ,9 fact1 ,gunp[d] 0 m]ely ^? sub/ances1 comb9$1 ) little or no purification4 ,x 0 n at fir/ corn$ or gra9$1 z at pres5t1 b rema9$ 9 its meal$ /ate1 & 0 call$ 8s]p5t9e p[d]10 9 sev]al acc\nts ( /ores 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 & ,elizabe?4 ,two k9ds4 ,soon aft] ?is two k9ds ( p[d] 7 us$ = ! same gun1 "o 9 its meal$ /ate 7= prim+ only7 z be+ m readily ignit$ by ! mat*1 ! o!r1 corn$ or gra9$1 = ! *>ge 9 ! gun b>rel4 ,p[d] fir/ us$ to explode m9es 9 #ae? c5tury4 ,! application ( p[d] to m9es1 & to ! de/ruction ( =tifications1 does n appe> to h be5 9 practice be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,elizabe? _h p[d] made1 #aeeh to #afjc4 ,camd51 9 8 life ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 says t %e 0 ! fir/ :o procur$ ,gunp[d] to be made 9 ,engl&1 t %e might n pray & pay = x also to h] neighb\rs2 b x has be5 /at$ t x 0 previ\sly made 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,*>les ,i4 f ,a4 ,d4 #afbe to #afdi4 ,sir ,h5ry ,manwayr+1 9 8 ,seaman's ,diction>y1 pres5t$ to ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les #a/1 "u ! ^w p[d]1 tells u1 8,!re are two k9ds ( p[d]1 ! "o s]p5t9e-p[d]1 :i* p[d] is du/ 7z x 77 )\t corn+4 ,! o!r is 8corn-p[d]20 ?\gh he in=ms u ! s]p5t9e-p[d] 0 n us$ at sea4 ,inde$1 :5 t book 0 writt51 x is believ$ p[d] 0 usually corn$1 = ! =eign writ]s on artill]y _h long be=e recomm5d$ its g5]al use4 ,causes :i* *eck$ ! progress ( ,fire-,arms4 ,fire-,arms suppos$ to ext+ui% brav]y1 & to be contr>y to humanity4 ,fire-,arms exp5sive & p[d] difficult to procure4 ,v>i\s circum/ances t5d$ to *eck ! progress ( fire-arms1 & ! improvem5t ( artill]y1 = a long p]iod aft] ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,cu/om made mo/ p pref] ! anci5t eng9es ( w>4 ,! con/ruction ( artill]y 0 v awkw>d & imp]fect2 & ! bad quality & manufacture ( gunp[d]1 s t x c\ld produce b little effect2 & !re 0 a g5]al av]sion to ! newly inv5t$ arms1 z calculat$ to ext+ui% milit>y brav]y1 & z be+ contr>y to humanity2 b above all1 ! knights 7^: sci5ce 0 r5d]$ completely useless by ! introduction ( fire-arms7 oppos$1 ) all _! might1 ?is inv5tion1 to :i* may be add$ ! great co/ & difficulty ( procur+ gunp[d]4 ,rockets 9 ,india4 ,x is kn[n t iron rockets h be5 us$ 9 ,india z milit>y weapons1 "t out ( m9d4 7,see plate #d1 fig4 #c47 ,,greek ,,fire4 ,discov]$ by ,call9icus4 ,a4 ,d41 #fag4 ,! ,greek ,fire has be5 highly extoll$ = its wond]ful effects1 b x ow$ mu* ( its effect to ! t]rors & imag9ation ( ! behold]s4 ,x is said by ! ,ori5tal ,greeks1 to h be5 discov]$ by ,call9icus1 an ar*itect ( ,heliopolis or ,balbeck1 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,pogonatus1 :o1 x is said1 =bad ! art ( mak+ x to be communicat$ to =eign]s1 b x 0 at l5g? kn[n1 & 9 common use1 among ! nations conf$]at$ ) ! ,byzant9es4 ,kn[n 9 ,*9a1 #iag4 ,x is also said to h be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a 9 #iag1 be+ #cjj ye>s aft] ,con/ant9e ,pogonatus1 "u ! "n ( 8,! oil ( ! cruelfire10 & 0 c>ri$ ?i!r by ! ,kitan ,t>t>s1 :o _h x f ! ,k+ ( ,ou4 ,wild fire f ! ,s>ac5s4 ,x 0 ?r[n by ma*9es1 by ! h&1 & by cross b[s1 fa/5$ to ! heads ( arr[s4 ,! ,crusad]s obta9$ a k ( a sort ( wild fire f ! ,s>ac5s1 :i* c\ld only be ext+ui%$ by du/ or v9eg>4 ,x 0 compos$ ( ! gum ( res9\s trees1 r$uc$ to p[d] ) sulphur1 to :i* 0 add$ nap?a1 & o!r bitum5s1 & probably nitre4 ,wild fire 9 ! ,holy ,w>s4 ,ge(frey de ,v9esauf's acc\nt4 ,fa!r ,daniel's acc\nt4 ,us$ at ! siege ( ,dieppe4 ,x is mu* spok5 ( 9 all ! ,holy ,w>s1 z be+ frequ5tly employ$ by ! ,s>ac5s aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,procopius1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,go?s1 calls x ,m$ia's oil1 consid]+ x an inf]nal composition prep>$ by t sorc]ess4 ,ge(frey de ,v9esauf1 :o accompani$ ,ri*>d ,i4 to ! ,crusades1 says t x c\ld n be ext+ui%$ by wat]1 b t s& ?r[n ^u x abat$ its virul5ce1 & v9eg> p\r$ ^u x put x out4 ,fa!r ,daniel says ?is wild fire 0 n only us$ 9 sieges1 b ev5 9 battles1 & t ,philip ,augu/us1 ,k+ ( ,france1 hav+ f\nd a quantity ( x ready prep>$ at ,acre1 br\ght x ) him to ,france1 & us$ x at ! siege ( ,dieppe1 = burn+ ! ,engli% vessels 9 t h>b\r4 ,greek fire & gunp[d]1 bo? us$ at ! siege ( ,ypres1 #achc4 ,! ,greek fire 0 us$ long aft] ! inv5tion ( fire>ms2 :5 ! ,bi%op ( ,norwi* besieg$ ,ypres1 #achc1 ! g>rison is said by ,wals+ham to h def5d$ itself s well1 ) /ones1 arr[s1 lances1 & c]ta9 eng9es call$ guns1 t !y oblig$ ! ,engli% to raise ! siege ) su* precipitation1 t !y left beh9d !m _! great guns1 :i* 7 ( ine/imable value4 ,greek fire 0 probably a m rec5t inv5tion ?an ,gunp[d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p[d] us$ by ,arabs1 #ad? c5tury4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t ,gunp[d] 0 employ$ by ! ,arabs z an ag5t = ?r[+ bolts & /ones1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & t ! ,moors fir/ avail$ !mselves ( its advantages 9 _! w>s ) ! ,spani>ds4 ,f ,spa91 ! use ( ,gunp[d] & ,artill]y gradually ext5d$ itself to ,france1 & !nce ov] ! o!r ,/ates ( ,europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s idea ( ! importance ( ,gunp[d] may be =m$ by ! e/imate ( ! enorm\s quantity employ$ 9 sieges1 & w>f>e g5]ally4 ,quantity us$ 9 sieges4 ,at ! siege ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 ,janu>y1 #ahab1 #gd1ighlbs4 7 consum$ 9 #cj h\rs2 at ,badajos1 ,m>*1 #ahab1 #bbh1hcjlbs4 9 #ajd h\rs1 & ?is f ! great guns only4 ,san ,seba/ian & ,z>agoza4 ,at ! two sieges ( ,san ,seba/ian1 #ejb1aajlbs4 ,at ,z>agoza1 ! ,fr5* explod$ #de1jjjlbs4 9 ! m9es1 & ?rew #af1jjj %ells4 ,seba/opol4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( elev5 mon?s1 ! enorm\s quantity ( #b1gge1cfjlbs41 or #a1bci tons ( gunp[d]1 7 exp5d$ by ourselves alone2 #i1jgf tons ( %ot & %ell hav+ be5 laun*$ by u on t memorable occasion1 f #dgf pieces ( heavy ordnance2 ( :i* only #aa actually bur/1 ?\gh #bfi 7 r5d]$ uns]viceable4 ,quantity made4 ,"s ( our private manufactories make f #h to #aj1jjj b>rels ( p[d] a ye> 9 "t ( peace1 & f #aj to #ad1jjj dur+ w>4 ,quantity prov$ by ,gov]nm5t4 ,quantity 9 /ore 9 #aghc4 ,! quantity ( p[d] receiv$ & prov$ f ,fav]%am1 at ! ,royal ,magaz9es1 & f ! sev]al p[d] mak]s contract+ ) ,gov]nm5t1 am\nt$1 dur+ ! sev]al ye>s f #aggf to #aghb inclusive1 to #bdd1cdi b>rels ( #ajj lbs4 ea*1 be+ equal1 on an av]age1 to #c1dij1gjjlbs4 annually4 ,! quantity ( p[d] 9 /ore 9 ,great ,brita91 ,gu]nsey1 ,j]sey1 & ! ,isle ( ,man1 9 #aghc1 0 ab\t #hj1jjj b>rels4 ,gunp[d] us$ = works ( peace4 ,sir ,george ,/aunton obs]ves1 t gunp[d] 9 ,india & ,*9a seems coeval ) ! mo/ di/ant hi/oric ev5ts1 & t ! ,*9ese h at all times appli$ x to useful purposes1 z ! bla/+ ( rocks1 & also 9 ! prep>ation ( fireworks1 9 :i* !y greatly excel o!r nations4 ,p[d] us$ at ,woodhead tunnel4 ,9 bla/+ ! ,woodhead tunnel1 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e/]1 n less ?an ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ b>rels ( gunp[d]1 weigh+ ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty tons1 7 us$ 9 its =mation4 ,! av]age numb] ( m5 employ$ 0 ab\t a ?\s&2 & dur+ ! six ye>s ! works 7 9 progress1 tw5ty-six m5 7 kill$4 ,!re 7 ab\t #djj m9or accid5ts1 _m ( !m att5d$ ) loss ( limb1 & ! sum total ( ! casualties1 9 proportion to ! m5 employ$1 0 great]1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,edw9 ,*adwick1 ?an 0 suff]$ by ! ,briti% army 9 ! battles ( ,talav]a1 ,salamanca1 ,vittoria1 & ,wat]loo4 ,p[d] us$ on ,s4 ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway1 ! bla/s ( ! cliffs betwe5 ,dov] & ,folke/one h a/oni%$ ev5 sci5tific m54 ,on "o occasion #ah1ejj p\nds ( gunp[d] 7 ignit$ by galvanic action at ! same in/ant1 :i* sev]$ f ! ,r\nd-d[n cliff1 ! height ( :i* is #cge feet above ! level ( ! sea1 m ?an #a1jjj1jjj tons ( *alk4 ,! fall5 mass ext5d$ #abjj feet into ! ocean1 & cov]$ a space ( #ah acres4 ,by ano!r /atem5t1 ! quantity ( e>? mov$ by ! explosion 0 #djj1jjj cubic y>ds1 & 0 a sav+ to ! ,company ( #g1jjj4 ,no4 ( m5 employ$ at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,quantity made4 ,!re are #acd m5 employ$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t works at ,wal?am ,abbey 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 :o make ab\t #i1jjj b>rels a ye>4 ,! premises are ne> two miles long1 consi/+ ( deta*$ mills1 c41 on a small /ream1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! premises & communicates ) ! ,?ames1 :]eby !re is wat]-c>riage to ! ,gov]nm5t ,p[d] ,magaz9es at ,purfleet4 ,! b>ges convey+ p[d] are n all[$ to an*or 9 ! riv] (f ,london dur+ ! night4 ,:]e two build+s are adjac5t1 !re are frequ5tly heavy buttresses ( masonry betwe5 !m1 & lightn+ conductors are plac$ 9 great numb]s4 ,sav+ to ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re is a great sav+1 am\nt+ to upw>ds ( #cjj1jjj1 9 ! co/ ( p[d]1 :5 comp>$ to ! price paid to ! m]*ants 9 sev5 ye>s ( ! w> f #ahji to #ahae1 f ! ,gov]nm5t hav+ ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,fav]%am1 & ,ball9collig4 ,improv$ ,quality4 ,at ,wal?am ,abbey1 9 a v few ye>s aft] x 0 con/ruct$1 ! p[d] 0 s improv$1 t ! *>ge ( p[d] to ! weight ( %ot 0 r$uc$ f "o-half to "o-?ird2 !re=e two b>rels 7 us$ in/ead ( ?ree--an advantage 9 /[+ on bo>d %ip z well z 9 ! field4 ,made by ,contract4 ,a great "p ( ! p[d] = ,h4 ,m4 ,gov]nm5t has at pres5t to be suppli$ by m]*ants4 ,! contracts are made out sometimes = !m to supply _! own saltpetre1 & at o!rs = ! ,gov]nm5t to furni% x pure1 at ! rate ( #gge lbs4 p] b>rel ( #ajj lbs41 !y f9d+ ! o!r mat]ials & manufacture1 a correspond+ r$uction 9 price be+ made3 z1 h[ev]1 x has to come up 9 ne>ly all respects to ! sample1 ! requirem5ts ( :i* we %all /ate1 c]ta9 pro(s h to be und]gone be=e be+ receiv$ = ! diff]5t s]vices4 ,,note4--,! =ego+ is ma9ly compil$ f ,rob9s's ,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y1 by ,hutton2 ,eng9es ( ,w>1 by ,wilk9son2 & ,projectile ,weapons ( ,w>1 by ,j4 ,sc(f]n1 ,m4,b4 ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 ,composition ( p[d]4 ,gunp[d] is an explosive propellant ag5t2 a me*anical comb9ation & intimate mixture ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 9 c]ta9 fix$ proportions1 ! result ( successive exp]im5ts4 ,ought to keep )\t det]ioration4 ,to be effective1 ,gunp[d] %\ld1 #a/4--,pres]ve itself 9 a good /ate1 :e!r 9 magaz9e or 9 c>riage4 ,leave no residue4 #bnd4--,leave z little residue z possible aft] ignition4 ,comb9e quickness & p[]4 #crd4--,%\ld comb9e a c]ta9 quickness ( combu/ion ) great explosive =ce4 ,,saltpetre1 ,,or ,,nitre4 ,nitre4 ,:]e f\nd4 ,unfit 9 natural /ate4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ,gunp[d] is an abundant production ( ,nature1 & is a comb9ation ( nitric acid ) ! vegetable alkali4 ,x is nev] f\nd pure1 be+ always contam9at$ ) o!r salts & e>?y matt]4 ,x is pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,ceylon1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is sometimes produc$ f decay$ animal & vegetable matt]4 ,x is totally unfit = ,gunp[d] until x has be5 ref9$2 =1 be+ comb9$ ) muriates ( soda1 lime1 magnesia1 & o!r salts1 :i* absorb moi/ure1 ! close contact ( ! +r$i5ts w\ld be d]ang$ by _! pres5ce1 ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] weak5$1 & ! p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( ! atmosph]e greatly less5$4 ,z = ! effloresc5t salts x may conta91 !y are noxi\s only inasmu* z1 possess+ no p>ticul> useful prop]ty1 !y int]pose _! atoms betwe5 ! m combu/ible +r$i5ts1 & imp$e ! rapidity ( deflagration4 ,two me?ods ( ref9+4 ,!re are two me?ods ( ref9+ saltpetre at ,wal?am ,abbey3--#a/1 ! ,old ,me?od1 ( re-cry/alliz+ ?ree times2 & #bnd1 ! ,new ,me?od1 :i* has only j be5 adopt$1 bo? ( :i* we %all "h briefly describe4 ,,old ,,me?od4 ,old me?od4 ,saltpetre fuzes at #fjj4 ,ab\t #ce cwt4 ( ! gr\gh saltpetre1 z x is t]m$1 viz41 z x is import$ 9 its impure /ate1 is put into a copp] capable ( hold+ #ejj gallons1 ) #bgj gallons ( wat]1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #albs4 ( nitre to #alb4 ( wat]1 7:i* proportion v>ies ) ! quality ( ! saltpetre74 ,?is is all[$ to boil1 & ! impurities are skimm$ (f z !y appe> on ! surface4 ,cold wat] is occasionally ?r[n 9 to precipitate portions ( ! *loride1 :i* o!rwise w\ld rema9 on ! top by ! action ( boil+4 ,aft] be+ all[$ to boil f ?ree & a half to f\r h\rs1 ! furnace doors are ?r[n op51 :5 ! *lorides & salts fall to ! bottom4 ,9 ab\t two h\rs1 a copp] pump is l[]$ into ! liquor1 :i* is pump$ out into a wood5 tr\gh1 hav+ f\r or five brass cocks1 "u :i* are susp5d$ canvas filt]+ bags 9 ! %ape ( a ,v4 ,! solution is !n filt]$1 & run (f into pans1 conta9+ ab\t #cf gallons1 & all[$ to rema9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to cry/allize1 :5 !y are set up on edge1 to dra9 (f ! liquor :i* rema9s uncry/alliz$1 & :i* is call$ "m liquor4 ,! saltpetre ?us obta9$ is call$ once-ref9$1 & und]goes ! same process twice aga91 ! only diff]5ce be+ t !re is a great] proportion to ! wat] ea* "t1 viz4 #alb4 to #alb4 ( wat] ! second "t1 & #blb4 to #alb4 ( wat] ! ?ird "t3 moreov]1 ! ?ird "t1 a small quantity ( gr\nd *>coal is put into ! solution1 & x passes ?r\gh d\ble filt]s1 :i* br+s x to a v f9e pure :ite col\r :5 melt$4 ,! "m wat] :i* rema9s 9 ! pans aft] ea* cry/allization is convey$ away by gutt]s to ci/]ns "u ! build+2 x is !n evaporat$ 9 iron pots to "o qu>t] ( its orig9al bulk1 filt]$1 & all[$ to cry/allize4 ,! saltpetre obta9$ f ! fir/ "m wat] is consid]$ "o /age inf]ior to gr\gh2 t f ! second1 equal to gr\gh2 t f ! treble-ref9$1 equal to once-ref9$ saltpetre4 ,! wat] left f e /age is treat$ 9 ! same way1 s t actually no?+ is lo/ ( ! pure mat]ial4 ,saltpetre treble-ref9$ by ?is process is p]fectly pure1 & fit = ! manufacture ( ,gunp[d]2 & 9 ord] to free x f moi/ure1 z well z = ! conv5i5ce ( /orage & transport1 x is melt$ 9 iron pots hold+ ab\t #d cwt41 by rais+ x to a temp]ature ( #fjj ,fahr5heit1 & ca/ into gun-metal circul> m\lds hold+ ab\t #chlbs4 ea*4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t x requires ab\t two h\rs to br+ ! saltpetre into a liquid /ate1 & t1 aft] ?is1 ! furnace doors are ?r[n op51 to l[] ! heat to ! prop] temp]ature = ca/+ into ! m\lds4 ,:5 ! cakes are cold1 !y are pack$ away 9 b>rels conta9+ #a cwt41 #a qr4 ea*1 & put into /ore4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 9 melt+ ! saltpetre1 n to raise x to too high a temp]ature1 z ?is w\ld r$uce ! quantity ( oxyg51 & =m nitrite ( pota%1 :i* w\ld r5d] x unfit z an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( ,gunp[d]4 ,a neutral salt4 ,saltpetre is a neutral salt1 ! con/itu5ts ( :i* are #df4ee pota%1 & #ec4de nitric acid2 ! latt] consi/+ ( two volumes nitrog5 & five ( oxyg54 ,x is :ite1 & ( a fre%1 %>p1 & slightly bitt] ta/e4 ,x cry/allizes 9 six-sid$ prisms4 ,expos$ to ! air1 x rema9s p]man5t unless impure1 or t ! atmosph]e is v moi/4 ,,new ,,me?od4 ,new me?od4 ,=ty cwt4 ( ! gr\gh saltpetre is put into a copp] ) #bgj gallons ( wat]1 & treat$ 9 precisely ! same way z we h be=e describ$ = ! fir/ ref9+2 x is !n filt]$ & run (f into l>ge tr\ghs1 ab\t #aj feet long by #f feet wide1 & #i in*es deep1 l9$ ) %eet copp]2 ?is liquor is !n kept 9 a /ate ( agitation by a wood5 rake1 until ne>ly cold4 ,by ?is process a l>ge quantity ( v m9ute cry/als are =m$1 :i* are collect$ z !y =m by a wood5 hoe1 & %ovell$ ) a spade on to a framework cov]$ ) copp] siev+ re/+ on ! opposite sides ( ! tr\gh1 & all[$ to dra94 ,^! f9e :ite cry/als1 :i* h exactly ! appe>ance ( sn[1 :5 !y h dra9$ suffici5tly1 are rak$ ov] 9 a wa%+ ci/]n adjo9+1 :i* is ab\t #f feet long1 #d feet wide1 & #c;ft4 #f;94 deep1 & fitt$ ) a false wood5 bottom t c be remov$ at pleasure4 ,cold wat] is all[$ to run on to ! saltpetre 9 ?is ci/]n till x is ne>ly level ) ! top4 ,aft] rema9+ = an h\r x is dra9$ (f1 & fill$ aga9 ) fre% wat]1 :i* is dra9$ (f aft] ab\t ano!r h\r4 ,! saltpetre ?us obta9$ is p]fectly pure1 & equal 9 e respect to ! treble-ref9$ by ! old me?od4 ,! wat] rema9+ 9 ! ci/]ns aft] agitation1 is left till ! next morn+1 :5 a quantity ( l>g] cry/als are =m$ on ! bottom & sides2 ^! are equal to once-ref9$ by ! old me?od1 & are us$ ) gr\gh2 ! "m-liquor is !n dra9$ (f1 & evaporat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! wat] f ea* wa%+ is convey$ into ci/]ns1 & us$ ) gr\gh saltpetre in/ead ( wat]2 b1 z x conta9s a small portion ( saltpetre 9 solution1 a less] quantity ( gr\gh is us$ to make ! proportions correct4 ,dry+4 ,! saltpetre fl\r1 h[ev]1 conta9s a c]ta9 degree ( moi/ure1 :i* has to be dri$ (f 9 ! foll[+ way3 two l>ge copp] trays1 ab\t #aj feet by #f feet1 ) a #c-;in* rim1 are fix$ ov] flues heat$ by a furnace1 #d in*es ( s& be+ betwe5 ! flues & ! bottom ( ! trays2 ! saltpetre is spread ab\t #b in*es deep all ov]1 & rak$ ab\t till dry2 x is !n b>rell$ up = use4 ,x takes ab\t two h\rs to dry #e cwt4 ,comp>ison ( ! two me?ods4 ,on comp>+ ! two sy/ems1 !re _c = "o mom5t be a d\bt z to ! imm5se advantages ( ! latt] ov] ! =m]4 ,z an example1 9 ! ref9]y :]e ?is new process is c>ri$ on1 ! result 7t is to say1 pure saltpetre7 is obta9$ 9 "o day in/ead ( six1 ) less ?an "o half ! am\nt ( lab\r & coals4 ,:y new me?od be/4 ,on reflection1 ! reason ( ! great ga9 ( "t by ?is process w sugge/ itself4 ,9 ! =m] me?od1 :5 all[$ to rema9 quiet1 ! cry/als =m$ are v l>ge1 & ! spaces left 9 !m always conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( "m-wat]1 :i* necessitates its be+ cry/alliz$ ?ree times to p]fectly free x f ! liquor4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! cry/als are s m9ute t !re is practically no space = ! "m-wat] to collect2 consequ5tly1 by c>eful wa%+1 ! saltpetre is obta9$ p]fectly pure4 ,,*>coal4 ,*>coal4 ,object ( *>r+4 ,be/ wood = *>coal4 ,wood *>coal is ! woody fibre t rema9s aft] ! liquid & m volatile p>ts h be5 driv5 (f by ! fire 9 ! process ( *>r+4 ,! temp]ature result+ f ! combu/ion ( *>coal is mu* high] ?an t f burn+ wood1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( ! l>ge quantity ( wat] :i* wood conta9s1 am\nt+ to betwe5 #ej & #fj p] c5t42 ! object1 !re=e1 ( *>r+ wood is ! removal ( moi/ure1 & also1 :at is ( great importance1 ! expulsion ( ^? matt]s conta9$ 9 x :i* become volatile be=e !y are burn$1 ?us r5d]+ a l>ge am\nt ( heat lat5t4 ,! woods g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 mak+ *>coal = gunp[d] are ! ald]1 will[1 & dogwood4 ,!re are ab\t #fj acres ( wood gr[n = *>coal at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,! ald] is cut e eight ye>s1 & ! will[ 9 six ye>s4 ,x is us$ aft] "o ye>4 ,o!r woods are sometimes us$ by ,engli% & =eign manufactur]s1 b none produce a p[d] ( su* quality z obta9$ f ! above4 ,x is usually consid]$ t bett] *>coal is di/ill$ :5 ! wood is all[$ to season = a "t2 b rec5t exp]i5ce has %[n t wood only lately cut & peel$1 aft] be+ desiccat$ 9 a hot *amb]1 w make equally good *>coal ) t :i* has be5 season+ = ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,fir/ process4 ,all ! wood :i* is cut 9 ! ,gov]nm5t gr\nds or pur*as$ f m]*ants1 is /ripp$ ( ! b>k1 on acc\nt ( its be+ impregnat$ ) salts & gummy sub/ances1 cut into l5g?s ( #c feet = ! conv5i5ce ( load+ ! iron slips1 :i* are a little above ?is l5g?1 & /ack$ 9 ! wood-y>d4 ,cyl9d] *>coal4 ,quantity produc$4 ,qualities4 ,kept dry4 ,absorbs4 ,cyl9drical cases ( ! requir$ size1 fitt$ ) lids1 are fill$ ) wood4 ,^! cases are made to fit easily1 & slide horizontally into iron retorts built 9 ! wall1 :i* admit ( ! accurate regulation ( heat 7communicat$ to !m by furnaces und]nea?7 ?r\gh\t ! op]ation ( *>r+4 ,a great sav+ ( "t & heat is effect$ by _! use1 z :5 ! wood has be5 prop]ly *>r$ ! case or slip conta9+ x may be easily )drawn1 & ano!r conta9+ a fre% *>ge at once introduc$ into ! retort1 )\t all[+ ! latt] to cool d[n1 z w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4 ,:5 x has be5 suffici5tly *>r$ 7:i* is kn[n by exp]i5ce1 9 wat*+ ! burn+ ( ! gas t is produc$ & is conduct$ into ! fire71 ! slip is )drawn by tackl+1 & at once l[]$ d[n into iron cool]s or cases1 :i* are imm$iately cov]$ up ) close-fitt+ lids1 & !n all[$ to rema9 until all fire is ext+ui%$4 ,! goodness ( *>coal is an ess5tial po9t 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five to ?irty p] c5t4 is obta9$2 & "o cord w produce ab\t f\r cwt4 ( *>coal4 ,if prop]ly *>r$1 x %\ld h a jet black appe>ance1 & :5 p[d]$ a lu/re resembl+ velvet2 x %\ld be light & sonor\s :5 g5tly dropp$1 & its fracture %\ld exhibit ! same appe>ance ?r\gh\t2 x %\ld be s s(t z n to scrat* poli%$ copp]1 & ought n to exhibit any alkali :5 treat$ ) pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,*>coal is v por\s1 & absorbs v gre$ily gases & moi/ure f ! atmosph]e2 no l>ge /ore !re=e is ev] kept1 & p>ticul> c>e is tak5 to prep>e x only 9 proportion z x is requir$ = use4 ,at all times x mu/ be kept exce$+ly dry2 :5 :ole x w absorb ab\t eight p] c5t4 its weight ( moi/ure1 & :5 9 p[d] #ae p] c5t41 s t ! fre%] ! *>coal is ! bett] = ! p[d]4 ,,sulphur4 ,sulphur4 ,h[ purifi$4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur unsuitable4 ,sulphur is a simple1 combu/ible1 solid1 non-metallic1 elem5t>y body4 ,x is f\nd g5]ally 9 great quantities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( volcanoes4 ,x is also obta9able f metallic ores1 & readily fuzes4 ,at #agj ,fahr5heit x beg9s to evaporate2 at #ahe to #aij x melts2 at #bbj x is p]fectly fluid2 & at #fjj x sublimes4 ,sulphur is purifi$ simply by melt+3 t :i* is suppli$ to ,wal?am ,abbey has be5 once ref9$1 & ! foll[+ is a description ( ! app>atus & me?od = purify+ & r5d]+ x fit z an +r$i5t 9 ,gunp[d]4 ,a l>ge iron pot is set ab\t ?ree feet (f ! gr\nd1 or ab\t ! height t an ord9>y boil+ copp] is plac$1 hav+ a furnace und]nea?4 ,?is pot has a movable lid1 :i* is fix$ into ! top ( ! pot ) clay1 & 9 :i* lid is an iron conical plug t c be remov$ at pleasure4 ,f ! pot lead two pipes1 "o to a l>ge circul> dome1 & ano!r to an iron retort1 r bel[ its level4 ,! la/-m5tion$ pipe has a cas+1 or jacket1 r\nd x1 :i* c be fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,! communication ( ^! pipes ) ! melt+ pot c be %ut (f or op5$1 z occasion requires1 by a me*anical arrangem5t4 ,ab\t #e to #f cwt4 ( ! once-ref9$ sulphur is brok5 up into small pieces1 plac$ 9 ! iron melt+ pot1 & subject$ to ! action ( ! furnace4 ,! plug 9 ! lid1 & ! pipe lead+ to ! dome are n[ left op51 b ! pipe to ! retort clos$4 ,aft] f two to ?ree h\rs a pale yell[ vap\r rises1 :5 ! plug is put 91 & ! vap\r conduct$ into ! dome1 :]e x cond5ses 9 ! =m ( an impalpable p[d]1 commonly call$ fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,a small pipe leads f ! bottom ( ! dome1 on ! opposite side1 into wat]1 to all[ ! escape ( ! air1 & sulphuric acid is tak5 up by ?is wat]4 ,9 ab\t "o & a half to two h\rs aft]1 ! vap\r becomes ( a deep iod9e col\r1 :5 ! communication ) ! dome is %ut1 & ! "o to ! retort op5$2 at ! same "t1 cold wat] f a tank above is all[$ to pass into ! jacket we h be=e m5tion$1 surr\nd+ ?is pipe4 ,! vap\r !n :i* di/ils ov] is cond5s$ 9 ! pipe1 & runs into ! retort bel[ 9 ! =m ( a ?ick yell[ fluid4 ,:5 ne>ly all has di/ill$1 :i* c be kn[n by ! jacket gett+ cold1 ! communication is aga9 clos$ ) ! retort1 & ! fluid sulphur left an h\r1 to get suffici5tly cool to ladle out into m\lds1 ! furnace door & ! communication ) ! dome at ! same "t are aga9 ?r[n op51 t ! re/ ( ! vap\r may pass into ! latt]4 ,! fl[]s ( sulphur ?us obta9$ are us$ = laboratory purposes1 be+ unfit = ! manufacture ( ,gunp[d]1 f ! acid !y conta91 & ! cry/all9e sulphur1 aft] be+ all[$ to cool 9 ! m\lds1 is b>rell$ up & us$ z ! ?ird +r$i5t 9 ,gunp[d]4 ,,pulv]iz+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 ,gr9d+4 ,scre5+4 ,! ?ree +r$i5ts are n[ gr\nd sep>ately to a v f9e p[d]4 ,! mills 7vide plate #a7 :i* effect ?is1 & incorporate1 are s simil>1 t a description w be giv5 "u ! head ( 8,incorporation40 ,aft] be+ gr\nd 9 ?is way1 ! saltpetre is pass$ ?r\gh a slope cyl9drical reel1 cov]$ ) copp] siev+ wire ( #fj me%es to ! in*1 :i*1 z x revolves1 sifts x to ! requir$ f95ess1 be+ !n receiv$ 9 a box or b9 und]nea?4 ,! *>coal & sulphur are likewise pass$ ?r\gh simil> reels ( #cb & #fj-me% wire respectively1 & t :i* rema9s )\t pass+ ?r\gh1 is gr\nd aga9 "u ! runn]s4 ,a v excell5t ma*9e has be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,hall1 ! eng9e]1 ( ,d>t=d1 = gr9d+ *>coal1 :i* makes a mo/ useful addition to ! ,gunp[d] factory4 ,x consi/s ( a conical drum1 work+ 9 a conical box1 on ! same pr9ciple z a c(fee-gr9d+ ma*9e1 ! axis be+ v]tical4 ,! mill is f$ ) *>coal by a hopp]1 &1 z x passes ?r\gh 9 f9e p[d]1 falls into a revolv+ reel1 :i* sifts x 9 ! same mann] z be=e describ$1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ 91 to prev5t ! great annoyance ( du/1 :i* 0 felt until lately1 f ! old *>coal mill4 ,! ?ree +r$i5ts hav+ be5 pulv]iz$1 are n[ fit = ! mix+ process4 ,,mix+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 ,mix+ & proportions4 ,gre5 *>ges4 ,! +r$i5ts are n[ weigh$ out v accurately1 9 ! proportion ( #ge nitre1 #ae *>coal1 & #aj sulphur1 9 #dblb4 *>ges1 viz41 nitre1 #calbs4 #hoz41 *>coal1 #flbs4 #doz4 #ac;drs41 sulphur1 #dlbs4 #coz4 #c;drs41 & ?or\ghly mix$ 9 a ma*9e1 :i* consi/s ( a cyl9drical gun-metal or copp] drum1 ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 ) an axle pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 on :i* !re are metal fly]s1 l =ks4 ,! ma*9]y is s arrang$ t ! fly]s & drum revolve 9 opposite directions :5 9 motion1 at a rate ( ab\t "o hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute4 ,five m9utes is suffici5t = a ?or\gh mixture4 ,! composition is !n drawn (f by a slip into canvas bags ! prop] size to hold ! #dblb4 *>ges1 :i* are tightly ti$1 & tak5 to small magaz9es4 ,^! are call$ gre5 *>ges1 & are n[ ready = ! next process1 incorporation4 ,,! ,,incorporat+ ,,mill4 ,incorporation4 ,! ,incorporat+ ,mill consi/s ( an iron or /one circul> flat b$1 ab\t sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 fix$ v firmly 9 ! floor ( ! build+ :i* cov]s x1 :]eon two iron or /one cyl9drical runn]s1 f five to sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 f\rte5 to eighte5 in*es wide1 & ea* weigh+ f #c to #d tons1 revolve4 ,!y h a common axle1 & a v]tical %aft pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! b$ is connect$ ) ?is axle1 & to ma*9]y above or bel[1 :i* communicates ! motion4 ,^! runn]s are n equidi/ant f ! c5tre1 by :i* arrangem5t 9 _! revolution e "p ( ! composition on ! b$ is subject$ to _! action1 :i* is ?reefold1 viz41 cru%+1 gr9d+1 & mix+2 cru%+1 f ! weight ( ! cyl9d]s2 gr9d+1 f ! twi/+ motion :i* !y are =c$ into f s l>ge a diamet] revolv+ 9 s small a circle2 & mix+1 f a comb9ation ( ! two =m] motions4 ,to prev5t ! p[d] f fall+ ov] ! side ( ! b$1 a wood5 rim1 ab\t two feet 9 height1 is plac$ at an angle ( =ty-five degrees ) x1 l ! side ( a funnel1 & fitt$ closely all r\nd its circumf]5ce4 ,?is is call$ ! 8curb20 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! b$ a gun-metal r+1 or 8*eese10 z x is t]m$1 ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 & five in*es high1 conc5tric ) ! b$1 prev5ts ! p[d] work+ beyond 9 t direction4 ,moreov]1 two scrap]s1 or 8pl\ghs10 connect$ by /ays ) ! horizontal axle1 revolve ) ! runn]s1 "o rubb+ aga9/ ! inn]1 & ! o!r ! out] circle4 ,^! pl\ghs are made ( h>d wood1 %od ) lea!r & felt1 & _! use is cont9ually to di/urb & r\t ab\t ! composition1 & keep x "u ! pa? ( ! runn]s1 s t e "p %\ld get its %>e ( incorporation4 ,! h\ses or %$s :i* cov] ^! build+s h hi!rto be5 con/ruct$ ( wood1 ) ei!r corrugat$ iron or wood5 ro(+4 ,! new incorporat+ mills 9 ?is factory1 :i* are j complet$1 are built ) ?ree sides ( /rong ?ree-foot brickwork1 & ! f\r? side & ro( ( corrugat$ iron & glass4 ,!y are also plac$ 9 a l9e contigu\s to ea* o!r1 ! alt]nate ones only fac+ ! same way1 s t an explosion f "o w\ld probably communicate no fur!r1 & ! light] p>ts ( ! build+ w\ld bl[ away1 leav+ ! re/ entire4 ,mo/ ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! factory is driv5 by wat]-:eels2 ! motive p[] ( ^! mills is /eam4 ,a horizontal %aft1 work$ by ! eng9e1 passes und]nea? ! entire l5g? ( ! build+ 9 a ca/-iron tank1 & a bevel :eel on ?is %aft is ge>$ into ano!r "o on ! v]tical %aft "u ! c5tre ( ea* b$1 :i*1 communicat+ ) ! runn]s1 gives ! necess>y motion4 ,wat]-tanks to prev5t explosions4 ,9 ord]1 z mu* z possible1 to gu>d aga9/ any explosion spread+1 above ea* b$1 plac$ s z j to cle> ! runn]s1 is susp5d$ or balanc$ a copp] tank1 hold+ ab\t =ty gallons ( wat]4 ,on "o side ( ! tank is fix$ a small %aft1 :i* communicates ) simil> ci/]ns ov] ! b$s ( ! mills on ei!r side4 ,! o!r end ( ! tank re/s on a flat bo>d1 :i* is subject$ to a great "p ( ! =ce ( an explosion4 ,?is consequ5tly lifts1 dis5gag+ ! support ( ! tank1 ! cont5ts ( :i* dr5* ! b$ :i* has j explod$1 !reby putt+ out all fire1 & cool+ ! ma*9]y1 besides hav+ a simil> effect on ! mills "r & left1 prev5t+1 by ?is means1 any ext5sion ( fire4 ,,incorporat+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 ,incorporation4 ,mill cake4 ,pro( ( mill cake4 ,! *>ge is spread pretty ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! b$1 & moi/5$ ) f f\r to six p9ts ( di/ill$ wat]2 ! quantity v>y+ accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 ! runn]s are !n set 9 motion1 & run f sev5 to eight revolutions p] m9ute = ?ree & a half h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! p[d] is (t5 r\t$ up by a copp]-%od spud1 & wat]$ slightly ) a f9e rose wat]+ pot1 accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( ! millman2 at ! end ( ?is "t ! mixture is ?or\ghly incorporat$1 possesses all ! *emical prop]ties ( ,gunp[d]1 & is tak5 (f ! b$ 9 ! =m ( a cake1 v>y+ f a qu>t] to half an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ( a blacki%-grey col\r4 ,?is is call$ 8,mill ,cake10 & :5 brok51 ! fracture %\ld exhibit ! same uni=m appe>ance1 )\t pres5t+ any sp>kl+ or yell[ specks2 %\ld ?is1 h[ev]1 be ! case1 x is a sign ( ! +r$i5ts n be+ suffici5tly incorporat$4 ,9 ?is /age x und]goes c]ta9 pro(s2 samples ( ! cake are tak5 f e *>ge t is work$1 dri$ 9 an ov51 & granulat$2 half a dra*m ( ?is is fir$ 9 a v]tical epr\vette1 :i* x ought to raise #c4e in*es2 & half an ounce is fla%$ on a glass plate4 ,if v little residue or a% is left1 x is an additional pro( ( its be+ well incorporat$1 & t ! millman has done 8 "w prop]ly4 ,importance ( incorporation4 ,incorporation is by f> ! mo/ important process 9 ! manufacture ( ,gunp[d]2 =1 h[ev] c>efully ! o!r "p ( ! fabrication is c>ri$ on1 %\ld !re be a fail+ 9 ?is1 ! p[d] w be wor? no?+4 ,object ( manufacture4 ,! great & ultimate object to be atta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,gunp[d] is1 to produce t :i* %all give equal results ) equal *>ges2 ! greate/ regul>ity %\ld !re=e be obs]v$ 9 ?is /age4 ,! millman %\ld h great exp]i5ce2 ! runn]s & b$s %\ld be1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same size & weight1 & driv5 at ! same spe$ ?r\gh\t ! factory2 at any rate1 ea* *>ge %\ld be work$ to ! same numb] ( revolutions2 ! motion ( ! runn]s %\ld also be z uni=m z possible1 :i* is v satisfactorily accompli%$ by ea* wat]-:eel be+ regulat$ by a gov]nor4 ,,break+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,mill ,,cake4 ,break+ d[n ! mill cake4 ,object ( meal+4 ,! mill cake1 aft] x comes (f ! b$ ( ! incorporat+ mill1 is plac$ 9 wood5 tubs1 & tak5 to small-exp5se magaz9es1 & f !re1 9 ab\t twelve h\rs1 to ! break+-d[n h\se2 ! object ( ! ma*9e f :i* ?is takes its "n1 is to r$uce ! cake to a conv5i5t size = ! hydraulic-press box1 & also t1 by be+ cru%$ aga9 to meal1 x may get a m ev5 pressure4 ,x consi/s ( a /rong gun-metal framework1 9 :i* are fix$ two pairs ( f9e-too!d or pla9 roll]s1 :i* revolve t[>ds ea* o!r1 work+ 9 spr+ coll>s1 s t on any h>d sub/ance gett+ 9 by mi/ake1 !y w\ld op51 & all[ x to pass ?r\gh1 !reby prev5t+ ! dang]\s friction :i* w\ld o!rwise result4 ,a hopp]1 or upright wood5 funnel1 capable ( hold+ ab\t #ejj lbs4 is fix$ at "o end ( ! ma*9e1 & an endless canvass b& #b;ft4 #f;94 wide1 hav+ /rips ( lea!r sewn across at int]vals ( f\r in*es1 passes ov] "o roll] at ! bottom ( ! hopp]1 & "o at ! top ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 set 9 motion1 ?is conveys ! cake f ! hopp] to ! highe/ po9t ( ! b&2 x !n falls ?r\gh ! fir/ pair ( roll]s1 & f !nce ?r\gh ! second1 pass+ 9 ! =m ( meal into small wood5 c>riages und]nea?1 :i*1 z !y are fill$1 move =w>d by a self-act+ motion1 mak+ room = o!rs4 ,! mill cake ?us brok5 d[n1 is fit = ! press4 ,,press+ ,,! ,,meal ,,by ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,press4 ,hydraulic ,pressure4 ,! meal is n[ subject$ to v p[]ful pressure2 &1 9 ord] to expla9 ! way 9 :i* ?is is effect$1 a %ort description ( ! app>atus mu/ be giv54 ,! pr9ciple ( ! hydraulic press is s famili> to mo/1 t x w be unnecess>y to d m ?an %[ h[ ! p[] is appli$ 7vide plate #b74 ,description ( box4 ,a v /rong oak box1 #b feet #f in*es squ>e1 & #b feet #i in*es deep1 is con/ruct$ s t two ( ! sides ( ! lid w fall back on h+es1 or =m a compact solid box :5 screw$ firmly toge!r4 ,=ty-six copp] plates1 #b feet #e in*es squ>e1 slide v]tically into ?is box1 & are kept five-eigh?s ( an in* ap>t by two metal slips ) correspond+ grooves1 :i* c be remov$ :5 necess>y4 ,quantity press$4 ,am\nt ( pressure4 ,ab\t #hjj lbs4 ( ! meal is put into ?is box :ile ! plates are 9 ! position we h describ$4 ,:5 full1 ! slips are )drawn1 ! plates be+ !n only sep>at$ by ! p[d] betwe5 !m3 ! lid is n[ firmly screw$ d[n1 & ! box turn$ ov] by an arrangem5t ( pulleys1 s t ! plates :i* 7 v]tical w n[ be horizontal4 ,! pres5t upp] side is !n unscrew$1 & a travell+ crane1 mov+ on a rail ov]head1 is l[]$ till ! claws atta*$ to x hook on to two trunnions fix$ on ! sides ( ! box2 x is n[ hoi/$ by means ( a h&:eel w9dlass1 & ! box be+ susp5d$1 is pu%$ easily by means ( ! rail1 & deposit$ 9 ?is position on to ! table ( ! ram "u ! press block4 ,! pumps are n[ set 9 motion by a wat]-:eel1 & are all[$ to "w up to ! requir$ pressure1 :i* is ab\t sev5ty tons to ! squ>e foot2 x is !n convey$ f "u ! block 9 ! same mann]1 & v easily unload$4 ,! press cake is !n tak5 out 9 lay]s betwe5 ea* plate1 resembl+ d>k pieces ( slate1 ab\t half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,aft] a day or s1 ?is h>d5s s mu* z to be difficult to break1 & ! appe>ance ( ! fracture resembles t ( ! f9e/ e>!nw>e4 ,_m important advantages are ga9$ by ?is pressure1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3-- ,reasons = pressure4 ,fir/1 ! d5sity ( ! p[d] is increas$1 :i* prev5ts x fall+ to du/ 9 transport1 or by r\gh usage4 ,secondly1 its keep+ qualities are improv$1 = x )/&s ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 & absorbs less moi/ure ?an a por\s light p[d]4 ,?irdly1 x produces m gra9 9 ! manufacture ?an mill cake2 & a less proportion1 consequ5tly1 is lo/ 9 du/4 ,f\r?ly1 a clos] connection ( ! +r$i5ts is obta9$4 ,fif?ly1 a great] volume ( inflammable gas is produc$ f a c]ta9 bulk1 ?an f a correspond+ bulk ( light] p[d]4 ,disadvantages ( pressure4 ,! range1 h[ev]1 is less5$1 f a great] quantity be+ bl[n out ( a gun unignit$2 b ?is small loss is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! =m] advantages1 & actually x is only p]ceptible 9 newly-made p[d]2 = a light1 por\s p[d] soon loses its sup]ior range f its absorption ( moi/ure1 :ile t ( ! d5se p[d] rema9s unalt]$4 ,,granulat+ ,,! ,,press ,,cake4 ,mode ( granulation4 ,scre5+4 ,! next process is granulation1 or r$uc+ ?is press cake into ! prop] siz$ gra9 = cannon1 musket1 or rifle p[d]4 ,! ma*9e :i* effects ?is is v beautifully contriv$1 & is entirely self-act+1 obviat+ ! necessity ( any "o be+ 9 ! build+ :ile x is 9 motion4 ,x resembles1 9 appe>ance & action1 ! break+-d[n ma*9e1 except t x is l>g]1 & is fitt$ ) ?ree pairs ( too!d roll]s1 ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 work+ 9 ! same k9d ( coll>s already m5tion$1 s t1 on any h>d sub/ance pass+ ?r\gh1 !y w\ld op5 accord+ly1 & ?us prev5t friction4 ,at "o end ( ! ma*9e is a wood5 hopp]1 or funnel1 :i* is fill$ ) ! press cake4 ,?is is contriv$ s z to rise gradually by ! motion ( ! ma*9e1 & con/antly to supply an endless b&1 simil> to ! "o describ$ 9 ! break+-d[n h\se4 ,:5 ! cake arrives at ! highe/ po9t ( ?is b&1 x falls ov]1 & is granulat$ betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( gun-metal roll]s4 ,"u ea* pair is a scre51 cov]$ ) #h-me% wire4 ,all t is n suffici5tly small to pass ?r\gh1 is c>ri$ on to ! next pair ( roll]s2 &1 9 l mann]1 t :i* does n pass ?r\gh ! second scre5 is c>ri$ to ! ?ird pair4 ,9 addition to ^! scre5s1 !re are ?ree oblong sieves cov]$ ) #h- & #af-me% wire1 & #ef clo? respectively1 fix$ "u1 & p>allel to1 ea* o!r1 ea* be+ sep>at$ by ab\t f\r in*es ( space1 runn+ at an incl9e j bel[ ! ?ree pairs ( roll]s2 ^! all lead to little wood5 c>riages plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! ma*9e1 :i* are divid$ s z to collect ! diff]5t siz$ gra9 z x passes d[n4 ,to facilitate ! sep>ation & sift+ ( ! p[d]1 & to prev5t masses ( x =m+ & clogg+ up ! wire1 a %ak+ motion is imp>t$ by a circul> :eel atta*$ to ! framework ( ^! sieves revolv+ aga9/ an octagonal "o fix$ to ! ma*9e4 ,! gra9s :i* pass ?r\gh ea* scre5 bel[ ! roll]s fall on ! upp] "o ( ^! ?ree la/-m5tion$ sieves4 ,t portion :i* passes ?r\gh ?is1 & is reta9$ on ! #af-me% wire1 is cannon p[d]2 t pass+ ?r\gh ! #af-me% sieve1 & reta9$ on ! #ef-;clo?1 is f9e gra92 & a bo>d1 runn+ also p>allel und]nea?1 reta9s ! du/ t passes ?r\gh ! clo?4 ,*ucks regranulat$4 ,! 8*ucks10 z !y are call$1 or ^? gra9s t are too l>ge to pass ?r\gh ^! diff]5t sieves1 are collect$ 9 ! same way z ! gra91 & und]go ! process ( granulation aga94 ,,du/+ ,,l>ge-,,gra9 ,,p[d]4 ,object ( du/+4 ,h[ p]=m$ = l>ge-gra94 ,glaz$ at same "t4 ,! keep+ qualities ( p[d] are v mu* improv$ by remov+ ! du/1 :i* quickly absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,?is op]ation1 = l>ge-gra91 is p]=m$ by cyl9drical reels1 ab\t #h;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #c;ft4 #h;94 9 diamet]1 clo!d ) #bh-me% canvas1 :i* revolve at ! rate ( ?irty-eight times p] m9ute4 ,^? = l>ge-gra9 are call$ horizontal reels1 9 contradi/9ction to ^? = f9e-gra91 t are call$ slope reels4 ,ea* is enclos$ by a wood5 case1 to prev5t ! du/ fly+ ab\t ! h\se4 ,:5 ! p[d] has run its "t1 "o end ( ! reel is l[]$4 ,x !n runs out into b>rels plac$ to receive x4 ,?is entirely sep>ates ! du/1 & imp>ts a f9e black gloss1 :i* is suffici5t glaz+ = ! l>ge-gra9$ p[d]4 ,,du/+ ,,f9e-,,gra9 ,,p[d]4 ,du/+ f9e-gra94 ,! f9e-gra9 p[d] has a mu* great] proportion ( du/ :5 x leaves ! granulat+ h\se ?an ! l>ge-gra91 & x is f\nd necess>y1 on ?is acc\nt1 to use a diff]5t k9d ( reel4 ,!y resemble ^? = ! =m] p[d]1 except t !y are cov]$ ) #dd-me% canvas in/ead ( #bh1 & are plac$ at an incl9e :i* prev5ts _! be+ *ok$ up ) ! quantity ( du/2 ea* end is also op51 & a cont9u\s /ream ( p[d]1 f$ by a hopp]1 passes ?r\gh :ile !y revolve1 & p\rs out at ! l[] end into b>rels4 ,?is process is repeat$ a second "t1 :i* suffici5tly frees x f du/4 ,,glaz+ ,,f9e-,,gra9 ,,p[d]4 ,glaz+ f9e-gra94 ,! f9e-gra9 p[d] ?us du/$1 is !n glaz$ = ?ree h\rs 9 b>rels capable ( hold+ #cjjlbs4 :i* are #c;ft4 #f-;94 9 l5g?1 & #b;ft4 #h-;94 9 diamet]1 revolv+ at ! rate ( ?irty two times 9 a m9ute4 ,by ! m]e friction ( ! gra9s aga9/ ea* o!r & ! inside ( ! b>rel1 a glaze is imp>t$1 pres5t+ a f9e poli%$ surface to ! gra94 ,object ( glaz+4 ,p[d] glaz$ 9 ?is way )/&s ! action ( moi/ure to a f> great] ext5t ?an unglaz$ p[d]1 & 9 transport v little du/ is =m$4 ,,/ov+ ,,or ,,dry+ ,,p[d]4 ,dry+4 ,a dry+-room1 heat$ by /eam pipes1 is fitt$ ) op5 framework %elves1 on :i* re/s small wood5 trays ab\t #c;ft4 long1 #a;ft4 #f-;94 9 bread?1 & #b;94 deep1 hav+ canvas bottoms2 on ea* is spread #hlbs4 ( p[d]4 ,?is room holds ab\t #dj b>rels1 or #d1jjjlbs41 :i* rema9s 9 x = tw5ty f\r h\rs1 & is subject$ to a heat ( #acj ,fahr5heit = sixte5 h\rs1 communicat$ by /eam pass+ ?r\gh pipes arrang$ horizontally on ! floor ( ! room4 ,! temp]ature is rais$ & l[]$ gradually1 o!rwise ! too sudd5 *ange w\ld be likely to de/roy ! texture ( ! gra94 ,! ceil+ & ro( are fitt$ ) v5tilators1 ?r\gh :i* all ! moi/ure escapes1 s t !re is a con/ant curr5t ( hot air circulat+ ?r\gh ! room4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! vap\r %\ld be c>ri$ (f2 =1 if ?is is n effectually done1 on ! decrease ( temp]ature1 x w\ld return to its liquid /ate1 & =m aga9 on ! p[d]4 ,,f9i%+ ,,du/+4 ,f9al du/+4 ,b>rell+4 ,! action ( heat h[ev] produces a small portion ( du/2 bo? ^! p[d]s1 !re=e1 :5 !y leave ! /ove1 are reel$ 9 horizontal reels1 clo!d ) #bh & #dd-me% canvas respectively1 = "o h\r & a half4 ,?is p]fectly sep>ates any rema9+ du/1 & gives ! f9i%+ glaze to ! l>ge-gra9 p[d]4 ,?is is ! f9al process1 & ! p[d] ?us f9i%$ is tak5 to ! b>rell+-up h\se2 weigh$ out into b>rels hold+ #ajjlbs4 ea*2 m>k$ ,l4 ,g4 7l>ge-gra971 & ,f4 ,g4 7f9e-gra971 z ! case may be2 & /or$ 9 magaz9es4 ,,exam9ation ,,& ,,pro( ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 ,desir$ prop]ties ( gunp[d]4 ,specific gravity4 ,/r5g?4 ,purity4 ,! great & ultimate object to be atta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,gunp[d] is1 n s mu* to produce t :i* ranges ! highe/1 z "o t %all be durable 9 its texture1 n easily det]iorat$ by atmosph]ic influ5ce or transport1 & "o ) :i* equal *>ges %all produce equal effects4 ,x %\ld pres5t uni=mity 9 ! appe>ance ( its gra9s1 :i* %\ld be angul>1 crisp & %>p to ! t\*1 n easily r$uc$ to du/ by pressure betwe5 ! f+]s1 or du/y 9 h&l+2 its specific gravity %\ld n be "u #eelbs4 to ! cubic foot1 7t ( ,wal?am ,abbey is g5]ally #ehlbs47 tak+ wat] at #ajjjozs42 its /r5g? is te/$ by fir+ ?ree r\nds f an #h in* mort>1 ?r[+ a #fh-p\nd] solid %ot ) a *>ge ( #boz4 ?is %\ld give a range ( f #bgj to #cjj feet4 ,! di/ance h[ev]1 v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! d5sity ( ! p[d]3 =1 ! great] ! d5sity1 ! less ! range 9 small *>ges4 ,half an ounce fla%$ on a glass plate %\ld leave little or no residuum2 %\ld :ite beads or globules appe>1 x is a sign ( imp]fect incorporation4 ,,pro( ,,( ,,m]*ant',s ,,p[d]4 ,! foll[+ are ! diff]5t pro(s m]*ant's p[d] is subject$ to3-- ,lots ( #ajj b>rels are s5t 91 m>k$ ) ! numb] ( ! lot & ! mak]'s "n on ! head ( ea* b>rel4 #be p] c5t4 ( ^! are unhead$ 9 ! exam9+ h\se2 ! ,pro( ,(fic] !n-- ,if du/y4 ,fir/1 takes a b[l out ( ea* b>rel1 & hold+ x ab\t ?ree feet above1 p\rs x out quickly2 %\ld !re be a good deal ( du/1 x is satisfactorily %[n by ?is means4 ,firmness4 ,size ( gra94 ,secondly1 x is h&l$ & press$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 to te/ ! firmness ( its gra92 & %\ld !re appe> to be any great diff]5ce 9 ! proportions ( diff]5t sizes to t laid d[n z a /&>d1 x is sift$ & comp>$ accord+ly1 be+ reject$ %\ld ! quantities fall %ort or exce$ ! sample 9 any great degree4 ,d5sity4 ,?irdly1 a b>rel or two are select$1 & ! p[d] p\r$ into a hopp]1 "u :i* is plac$ a box v c>efully con/ruct$1 s z to hold exactly a cubic foot4 ,a slide is n[ )drawn at ! bottom ( ! hopp]1 & ! p[d] all[$ to run into ! box 9 a cont9u\s ev5 /ream until x is pil$ up2 ! hopp] is !n remov$1 & ! p[d] /ruck (f ) a /raight edge1 level ) ! top ( ! box4 ,! weight is n[ c>efully tak51 t ( ! latt] be+ subtract$2 %\ld ?is n am\nt to #eelbs4 x is reject$1 z n be+ ( suffici5t d5sity4 ,/r5g? by range4 ,f\r?ly1 samples are tak5 f e b>rel1 & lot = ! fir+ pro(4 ,fir+ ,pro(4--,an av]age ( n9e r\nds ( sample ,wal?am ,abbey p[d] is tak51 ?ree r\nds be+ respectively fir$ at ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( ! pro(1 f ! same k9d ( mort> be=e m5tion$1 ) a *>ge ( #boz4 ,an av]age ( ?ree r\nds ( ea* lot ( ! m]*ant's p[d] is also tak52 %\ld x fall %ort by m ?an #a 9 #bj1 x is reject$4 ,purity by fla%+4 ,fif?ly1 to asc]ta9 if any residuum or a% is left aft] ignition1 ab\t half an ounce is burn$ on a clean glass plate1 & fir$ ) a hot iron4 ,! explosion %\ld be %>p1 & produce a sudd5 concussion 9 ! air2 & ! =ce & p[] ( ?is concussion %\ld be judg$ by t ( kn[n good quality4 ,few sp>ks %\ld fly (f1 nor %\ld :ite beads or globules appe>1 z x w\ld be a sure indication1 z we h be=e expla9$1 ( insuffici5t incorporation4 ,x is also subject$ to a second pro(4 ,purity by weight aft] exposure to damp4 ,second pro(4--,a sample ( #alb4 f ea* lot1 c>efully weigh$ up1 & a simil> sample ( ! comp>ison p[d]1 is expos$ = ?ree weeks 9 a box p]=at$ ) holes 7call$ a damp *e/71 to ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is box is plac$ "u cov]1 s t x is %elt]$ f ! wet1 b t ! moi/ure c get to x4 ,if1 at ! end ( ?is "t1 !re is a great] proportion ( diff]5ce 9 range betwe5 !m ?an "o-tw5tie?1 x is reject$4 ,! p\nds are also v c>efully weigh$ up aga91 to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative absorption ( moi/ure4 ,?is is call$ ! hygrometric te/4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,,p[d] ,,by ,,! ,,epr\vettes4 ,by epr\vettes or p5dulum4 ,by comp>+ ! results ( ! pro(s by ! epr\vettes ) ^? furni%$ by ! cannon p5dulum 7vide plate #a1 fig4 #b & #c71 x w appe> t ! epr\vettes are entirely useless z in/rum5ts = te/+ ! relative projectile =ce ( diff]5t k9ds ( p[d]1 :5 employ$ 9 l>ge *>ges 9 a cannon4 ,p[d]s ( little d5sity1 or ( f9e gra91 :i* burn mo/ rapidly1 give ! highe/ pro( ) ! epr\vettes1 :il/ ! rev]se is ne>ly true ) ! cannon4 ,real use ( epr\vettes4 ,! only real use ( ^! epr\vettes is to *eck & v]ify ! uni=mity ( a curr5t manufacture ( p[d]1 :]e a c]ta9 c\rse ( op]ations is int5d$ to be regul>ly pursu$1 & :]e ! /r5g?1 te/$ by means ( any in/rum5t1 %\ld !re=e be uni=m4 ,be/ pro(1 by s]vice *>ges4 ,! only reliable mode ( prov+ ! /r5g? ( ,gunp[d] is1 to te/ x ) s]vice *>ges 9 ! arms = :i* x is design$2 = :i* purpose ! bali/ic p5dulums 7vide plate #c71 are p]fectly adapt$4 ,be/ pro( = small arms4 ,= ! pro( ( p[d] = small arms1 ! small bali/ic p5dulum is a simple1 conv5i5t1 & accurate in/rum5t4 ,common epr\vette4 ,! common epr\vettes are ( no value z in/rum5ts = det]m9+ ! relative =ce ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,gunp[d]4 ,,( ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,gra9 ,,= ,,gunp[d]4 ,on size ( gra94 ,) reg>d to ! p>ticul> size ( gra9 = ,gunp[d]1 ,i am confid5t great improvem5ts might be made1 bo? 9 obta9+ great] regul>ity ( effect & propell+ =ce1 by ! adoption ( a m uni=m ev5 gra94 ,!re are at pres5t half-a-doz5 diff]5t sizes 9 our cannon & musket p[d]2 & ,i ?9k x /&s to reason1 t ! m equal ! size1 ! m uni=m w be ! ignition ( all ! gra9s1 & consequ5tly ! effect ( ! same *>ges w be mu* m regul>4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gunp[d] ,,on ,,! ,,cont95t ,,& ,,am]ica4 ,x may n be un9t]e/+ to h a slight k ( ! me?od employ$ on ! ,cont95t1 c41 = ! production ( ,gunp[d]4 ,proportion ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! proportions ( ! ?ree +r$i5ts v>y slightly all ov] ! ,cont95t & ,am]ica1 be+ z foll[s3-- ,,saltpetre4 ,,*>coal4 ,,sulphur4 ,france #ge #ab4e #ab4e ,belgium ,russia #gc4gh #ac4ei #ab4fc ,prussia #ge #ac4e #aa4e ,au/ria #ge4e #ac4b #aa4c ,spa9 #gf4dg #aj4gh #ab4ge ,unit$ ,/ates #gf #ad #aj ,,production ,,& ,,purification ,,( ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 ,production & purification ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! nitre is purifi$ 9 a simil> way to ! new me?od employ$ at ,wal?am ,abbey1 ?\gh x is seldom obta9$ ) s fa9t a trace ( *lorides1 ow+ probably to its be+ ( an inf]ior quality1 & ( high] refraction :5 x is import$4 ,! sulphur is suppli$ to ! manufactories 9 ,france 9 ! =m ( roll sulphur1 f ,m>seilles & ,bordeaux1 :]e !re are v l>ge ref9]ies4 ,! *>coal is prep>$ f dogwood1 ald]1 will[1 hazel1 & popl>1 sometimes 9 pits1 & occasionally 9 cyl9d]s1 z at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,at ,wett]51 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 x is di/ill$ by ! action ( /eam4 ,! 8*>bon r\x0 tak+ its "n f its br[ni%-r$ t+e1 f be+ only p>tially burn$1 0 us$ =m]ly m ?an n[1 z ! p[d] made f x 0 f\nd to injure & ex]t v p]nici\s effects ^u fire-arms4 ,,pulv]iz+ ,,& ,,mix+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 ,pulv]iz+ & mix+ ! +r$i5ts4 ,! +r$i5ts are g5]ally pulv]iz$ 9 copp] drums1 capable ( hold+ #bbd kilogrammes4 ,"p ( ! *>coal is mix$ ) ! sulphur1 & "p ( ! sulphur ) ! saltpetre4 ,!y are !n put into sep>ate drums1 :i* revolve ab\t tw5ty-five times p] m9ute = ?ree h\rs1 & 9 :i* are ab\t #ejj gun-metal or bronze balls1 ! size ( good l>ge m>bles4 ,! +r$i5ts are br\ght to ! mo/ m9ute /ate ( division by ^! means1 & are !n mix$ all toge!r1 = "o h\r1 9 simil> drums cov]$ ) lea!r1 conta9+ wood5 balls4 ,,incorporat+ ,,process4 ,incorporation4 ,! f9e p[d] ?us obta9$ is sometimes m]ely moi/5$1 s z to =m a /iff pa/e1 & pass$ ?r\gh roll]s1 ! cake =m$1 be+ dri$ & granulat$4 ,! incorporat+ cyl9d]s are us$ occasionally1 b ! m usual plan adopt$ on ! ,cont95t to effect ?is op]ation is ! /amp+-mill1 :i* requires a %ort description4 ,x is no?+ m nor less ?an ! pe/le-&-mort> pr9ciple1 ea* mill consi/+ ( f six to twelve bronze or wood5 mort>s b$d$ 9 ! floor ( ! build+2 !y are ! %ape ( ! fru/um ( a cone1 ! m\? be+ mu* n>r[] ?an ! base2 ! pe/les1 or /amp]s z !y are call$1 are made ( wood1 %od ) ei!r v h>d wood or bronze1 on :i* project wood5 tee? ab\t twelve in*es long2 a v]tical movem5t is imp>t$ to !m by a %aft work$ by ! wat]-:eel hav+ simil> tee? atta*$2 9 its revolution x raises ! /amp] ab\t eighte5 in*es1 :i* falls aga9 z ! projection is dis5gag$1 tw5ty five times 9 a m9ute4 ,?is op]ation is c>ri$ on = twelve h\rs1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! *>ge 7ab\t #aelbs47 is moi/5$ at int]vals1 & r\t$ up ) a copp]-%od spud2 at ! end ( ?is "t ! cake is tak5 out1 & left to dry & h>d52 x seldom receives any pressure--al?\gh1 9 "s manufactories1 presses are be+ erect$4 ,,granulat+4 ,granulation4 ,! cake is !n granulat$ 9 sets ( sieves fitt+ "o into ! o!r1 hav+ p]=at$ z9c bottoms ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 :i* are susp5d$ f ! ceil+ ( ! room by ropes1 an a% spr+ be+ atta*$ to ea* box hold+ ! sieves1 ! cake is put into ! upp]mo/ "o ) "s gun-metal balls1 & %ak5 backw>ds & =w>ds1 :i* motion ! spr+ facilitates2 x is ?us brok5 up into diff]5t siz$ gra9s1 :i* are sep>at$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! sev]al me%es4 ,! gra9 =m$ is !n du/$ 9 bags or %ak+-frames cov]$ ) canvas1 & !n glaz$ 9 b>rels4 ,,/ov+ ,,or ,,dry+4 ,dry+4 ,comp>ative m]its ( =eign & ,engli% gunp[d]4 ,9 summ] ! process ( dry+ is (t5 p]=m$ 9 ! sun1 & 9 w9t] by ! /eam /ove1 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! p[d] is spread ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick on a l>ge canvas tray1 "u :i* is an arrangem5t ( pipes1 :i* convey ! hot air =c$ by a fan ?r\gh a cyl9d] heat$ by /eam3 x is consid]$ to be suffici5tly dri$ 9 f ?ree to f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x is occasionally rak$ ab\t4 ,9 "s manufactories x und]goes a fur!r op]ation ( be+ du/$1 & is !n b>rell$ up = use4 ,g5]ally ! great failure 9 ! =eign manufacture is ! neglect ( ! pr9cipal /age ( ! fabrication1 viz4 incorporation2 ) ! old /amp+-mill1 x is q impossible t ! process c be c>ri$ out to ! necess>y ext5t4 ,! ,cont95tal p[d] is usually v s(t 9 its gra91 du/y1 & quickly absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e2 its d5sity is bel[ ! ,engli% p[d]1 on acc\nt ( its nev] be+ subject$ to pressure2 consequ5tly x is n s durable1 & =ms a good deal ( du/ 9 transport2 a great am\nt ( residue is g5]ally left 9 ! gun1 & its /r5g?1 z a propell+ ag5t1 is f> inf]ior to our p[d]s4 ,on be+ fla%$ on a glass plate1 in/ead ( produc+ a sudd5 concussion1 l ! %>p rap ( a hamm]1 x burns m l composition1 ?r[+ (f a quantity ( sp>ks4 ,,new ,,rifle ,,p[d]4 ,! foll[+ mode ( manufactur+ rifle p[d]1 appe>$ 9 ,g>rison ,ord]s at ,woolwi*1 #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahei3 ,composition 9 #ajj p>ts3-- ,saltpetre #ge ,*>coal #ae ,sulphur #aj --- #ajj ,! *>coal to be prep>$ f dogwood1 burn$ sl[ly 9 cyl9d]s ?ree h\rs4 ,! composition to be work$ "u ! runn]s = five & a half h\rs1 & submitt$ to a pressure ( ab\t #ej tons to ! squ>e foot4 ,! size ( ! gra9 to be t collect$ betwe5 sieves ( #af & #bd me%es4 ,! gra9 to be glaz$ = five h\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,! =ego+1 on ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 is pr9cipally tak5 f an article 9 ! ,aide ,memoire 7#ahfj71 by ,major ,baddeley1 ,royal ,artill]y2 ,capta9 ,in/ructor1 ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,,on ,,magaz9es4 ,x is impossible to make p[d] magaz9es too dry1 & e c>e %\ld be tak5 to v5tilate !m z mu* z possible dur+ dry wea!r1 by op5+ all doors1 w9d[s1 loopholes1 c4 ,magaz9es are g5]ally made bomb-pro(1 & are furni%$ ) lightn+ conductors4 ,!y are divid$ into *amb]s1 & ^! aga9 divid$ by uprights into bays4 ,at ,purfleet1 :i* is ! gr& dept = gunp[d] 9 ,engl&1 !re are five magaz9es capable ( conta9+ #i1fjj :ole b>rels ea*4 ,ea* magaz9e is divid$ into two *amb]s1 & ea* *amb] into #bd bays1 & 9 ea* bay is plac$ #bjj :ole1 #djj half1 or #hjj qu>t] b>rels ( p[d]4 ,total 9 ! five ,magaz9es1 #dh1jjj b>rels1 equal to #d1hjj1jjj p\nds4 ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,pr9ciples & ,in/ructions relative to _! application to ,p[d] ,magaz9es1 by ,,sir ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,extract$ f ,army ,li/ = ,july1 #ahei4 #a4--,?und] & lightn+ result f ! op]ation ( a peculi> natural ag5cy ?r\gh an int]val ( ! atmosph]e conta9$ betwe5 ! surface ( a c]ta9 area ( cl\ds1 & a correspond+ area ( ! e>?'s surface directly oppos$ to ! cl\ds4 ,x is always to be rememb]$ t ! e>?'s surface & ! cl\ds are ! t]m9at+ planes ( ! action1 & t build+s are only assail$ by ,lightn+ because !y are po9ts1 z x 71 91 or =m "p (1 ! e>?'s surface1 9 :i* ! :ole action bel[ f9ally vani%es4 ,h5ce build+s1 "u any circum/ances1 w be always op5 to /rokes ( ,lightn+1 & no human p[] c prev5t x1 :e!r hav+ ,conductors or n1 or :e!r hav+ metals ab\t !m or n1 z exp]i5ce %[s4 #b4--,:5ev] ! peculi> ag5cy1 7:atev] x may be71 active 9 ?is op]ation ( nature1 & *>act]iz$ by ! g5]al t]m ,electricity1 or ,electric ,fluid1 is conf9$ to sub/ances :i* are f\nd to resi/ its progress1 su*1 = example1 z air1 glass1 res9\s bodies1 dry wood1 /ones1 c41 !n an explosive =m ( action is ! result1 att5d$ by su* an evolution ( light & heat1 & by su* an enorm\s expansive =ce1 t ! mo/ compact & massive bodies are r5t 9 pieces1 & inflammable matt] ignit$4 ,no?+ appe>s to /& aga9/ x4 ,granite rocks are split op51 oak & o!r trees1 ( enorm\s size1 r5t 9 %iv]s1 & masonry ( e k9d frequ5tly laid 9 ru9s4 ,! l[] ma/s ( %ips ( ! l9e1 #c feet 9 diamet]1 & #aaj feet long1 b\nd ) hoops ( iron half an in* ?ick & #e in*es wide1 ! :ole weigh+ ab\t #ah tons1 h be51 9 _m in/ances1 torn asund]1 & ! hoops ( iron bur/ op5 & scatt]$ on ! decks4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ?is t]rible expansive p[] :i* we h to dread 9 cases ( build+s /ruck by ,lightn+1 r ?an ! actual heat att5dant on ! dis*>ge itself4 #c4--,:51 h[ev]1 ! electrical ag5cy is conf9$ to bodies1 su* z ! metals1 :i* are f\nd to oppose b small resi/ance to its progress1 !n ?is viol5t expansive or disruptive action is ei!r greatly r$uc$1 or avoid$ altoge!r4 ,! explosive =m ( action we t]m ,lightn+1 vani%es1 & becomes1 z x 71 trans=m$ into a sort ( cont9u\s curr5t action1 ( a comp>atively quiesc5t k9d1 :i*1 if ! metallic sub/ance x trav]ses be ( c]ta9 kn[n dim5sions1 w n be productive ( any damage to ! metal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be ( small capacity1 z 9 ! case ( a small wire1 x may become heat$ & fus$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! electrical ag5cy1 z be=e1 is s resi/$ 9 its c\rse z to admit ( its tak+ on a great] or less degree ( explosive & heat+ effect1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,x is to be "h obs]v$1 t all k9ds ( matt] oppose "s resi/ance to ! progress ( :at is t]m$ ! ,electrical ,dis*>ge1 b ! resi/ance ?r\gh capaci\s metallic bodies is comp>atively s small1 z to admit ( be+ neglect$ "u ord9>y circum/ances2 h5ce x is t su* bodies h be5 t]m$ ,conductors ( ,electricity1 :il/ bodies su* z air1 glass1 c41 :i* are f\nd to oppose v consid]able resi/ance to electrical action1 are plac$ at ! opposite extremity ( ! scale1 & t]m$ ,non-conductors or ,insulators4 ,! resi/ance ( a metallic copp] wire to an ord9>y electrical dis*>ge f a batt]y1 0 f\nd s small1 t ! %ock trav]s$ ! wire at ! rate ( #egf1jjj miles 9 a second4 ,! resi/ance h[ev]1 ?r\gh a metallic l9e ( ,conduction1 small z x be1 increases ) ! l5g?1 & dim9i%es ) ! area ( ! section ( ! ,conductor1 or z ! quantity ( metal increases4 #d4--;,x foll[s f ^! e/abli%$ facts1 t if a build+ 7 metallic 9 all its p>ts1 an iron magaz9e = example1 !n no damage c\ld possibly arise to x f any /roke ( ,lightn+ :i* has come )9 ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d2 e4g41 a man 9 arm\r is safe f damage by ,lightn+2 9 fact1 f ! in/ant ! electrical dis*>ge 9 break+ ) disruptive & explosive viol5ce ?r\gh ! resi/+ air1 seizes ^u ! mass 9 any po9t ( x1 f t in/ant ! explosive action vani%es1 & ! =ces 9 op]ation are neutraliz$ ^u ! t]m9at+ planes ( action1 viz41 ! surface ( ! e>?1 & oppos$ cl\ds4 #e4--;,all ?is pla9ly tea*es u1 t 9 ord] to gu>d a build+ effectually aga9/ damage by ,lightn+1 we mu/ endeav\r to br+ ! g5]al /ructure z ne>ly z may be1 into t passive or non-resi/+ /ate x w\ld assume1 suppos+ ! :ole 7 a mass ( metal4 #f4--,to ?is end1 "o or m conduct+ *annels ( copp] dep5d+ ^u ! magnitude & ext5t ( ! build+ %\ld be sy/ematically appli$ to ! walls2 ^! conduct+ *annels %\ld consi/ ei!r ( d\ble copp] plates unit$ 9 s]ies "o ov] ! o!r1 z 9 ! me?od ( fix+ su* ,conductors to ! ma/s ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,%ips1 ! plates be+ n less ?an #c in*es wide1 & ( ? & ? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 or ! ,conductors may ) advantage be con/ruct$ ( /\t copp] pipe n less ?an ?s ( an in* ?ick1 & #a to #b in*es 9 diamet]3 9 ei!r case ! ,conductors %\ld be securely fix$ to ! walls ( ! build+1 ei!r by braces1 or copp] nails1 or clamps2 !y %\ld t]m9ate 9 solid metal rods above1 project+ freely into ! air1 at a mod]ate & conv5i5t height above ! po9t to :i* !y are fix$1 & bel[ !y %\ld t]m9ate 9 "o or two bran*es lead+ outw>d ab\t a foot "u ! surface ( ! e>?2 if possible1 !y %\ld be connect$ ) a spr+ ( wat] or o!r moi/ gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be prop] 9 c]ta9 dry situations1 to lead out 9 sev]al directions "u ! gr\nd1 old iron or o!r metallic *a9s1 s z to expose a l>ge ext5t ( metallic contact 9 ! surface ( ! e>?4 #g4--;,all ! metals 9 ! ro( & o!r p>ts ( ! build+ ( :atev] k9d1 %\ld s f> z possible h metallic communication ) ^! ,al>m ,conductors1 & 9 case ( any prom95t elevat$ *imney1 x w\ld be desirable to lead a po9t$ conduct+ tube along x to ! metals ( ! ro(2 all ( :i* satisfies ! conditions above specifi$4 #h4--,rem>k #a4--;,x is n[ prov$ beyond all que/ions1 t ! electrical dis*>ge nev] leaves p]fect conduct+ l9es ( small resi/ance1 9 ord] to pass out ^u bad conduct+ circuits1 9 :i* ! resi/ance is v great1 t is an e/abli%$ law ( nature2 h5ce a /roke ( ,lightn+ ^u su* conduct+ l9es w be conf9$ to ! ,conductors z con/itut+ a l9e ( dis*>ge ( less resi/ance ?an any o!r l9e ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! build+1 :i* c be assign$4 ,! appreh5sion ( 8,lat]al ,dis*>ge0 !re=e1 f ! ,conductor1 is q absurd2 & is n c\nt5anc$ by any fact :atev]2 if any d\bt c\ld possibly exi/1 x w\ld be n[ mo/ completely set at re/ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! p]man5t ,conductors1 appli$ to ! ma/s ( ,h] ,maje/y's %ips4 ,9 v _m in/ances furi\s dis*>ges ( ,lightn+ h fall5 on ! ma/s ) a cra% z if ! %ip's broadside _h be5 fir$1 & ! solid po9t al(t has be5 f\nd melt$2 9 all ^! cases electrical dis*>ge robb$ by ! ,conductor ( its explosive viol5ce1 has trav]s$ ! l9e ( action to ! sea1 ?r\gh ! %ip1 & ?r\gh ! copp] bolts1 driv5 ?r\gh ! %ip's solid timb]s1 )\t ! lea/ damage to ! surr\nd+ masses1 :e!r metallic1 z 9 ! case ( ! massive iron hoops on ! l[] ma/s1 or n4 ,p]sons h ei!r be5 close by or actually lean+ aga9/ ! ,conductors at ! "t1 )\t exp]i5c+ any ill consequ5ce4 #i4--,rem>k #b4--;,x has also be5 inconte/ably %[n1 t metallic bodies h n any specific attractive =ce or aff9ity = ! matt] ( ,lightn+2 metals are z little attractive ( lightn+ z wood or /one4 ,all matt] is equally indiff]5t to ,electricity s f> z reg>ds a specific attraction1 h5ce ! idea t metals attract or invite ,lightn+ is a popul> b v unle>n$ error contradict$ by ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce1 & ! :ole c\rse ( exp]i5ce2 9 %ort1 we f9d t ,lightn+ falls indiscrim9ately ^u trees1 rocks1 & build+s1 :e!r ! build+s h metals ab\t !m or n4 #aj4--,rem>k #c4--;,a build+ t is h5ce cle>1 may be /ruck & damag$ by ,lightn+ )\t hav+ a p>ticle ( metal 9 its con/ruction2 if !re be metals 9 x1 h[ev]1 & !y happ5 to be 9 su* situations z w enable !m to facilitate ! progress ( ! electrical dis*>ge1 s f> z !y g1 !n ! dis*>ge w fall on !m 9 pref]5ce to o!r bodies (f]+ m resi/ance1 b n o!rwise2 if metallic sub/ances be n pres5t1 or if pres5t1 !y happ5 to occupy places 9 :i* !y _c be ( any use 9 help+ on ! dis*>ge 9 ! c\rse x wants to g1 !n ! electricity seizes ^u o!r bodies1 :i* lie 9 t c\rse1 or :i* c help x1 h[ev] small _! p[] ( do+ s1 & 9 ?is attempt su* bodies are commonly1 b n always1 %att]$ 9 pieces4 ,! great law ( ! dis*>ge is1--progress betwe5 ! t]m9at+ planes ( action1 viz3--! cl\ds & e>?1 & 9 su* l9e or l9es z ^u ! :ole1 (f] ! lea/ me*anical imp$im5t or resi/ance to ?is op]ation1 j z wat] fall+ ov] ! side ( a hill 9 a ra9 /orm1 picks out or selects z x 7 by ! =ce ( gravity1 all ! little furr[s or *annels :i* lie conv5i5t to its c\rse1 & avoids ^? :i* d n4 ,if 9 ! case ( ,lightn+ y provide ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( effici5t ,conductors1 a free & un9t]rupt$ c\rse = ! electrical dis*>ge1 !n x w foll[ t c\rse )\t damage to ! g5]al /ructure2 if y d n1 !n ?is irresi/ible ag5cy w f9d a c\rse = itself ?r\gh ! edifice 9 "s l9e or l9es ( lea/ resi/ance to x1 & w %ake all imp]fect conduct+ matt] 9 pieces 9 do+ s2 moreov] x is to be specially rem>k$ 9 ?is case1 t ! damage ensues1 n :]e ! metals are1 b :]e !y cease to be cont9u$1 ! m metal 9 a build+ !re=e ! bett]1 m especially :5 connect$ by an un9t]rupt$ circuit ) any m$ium ( communication ) ! e>?4 ,su* is1 9 fact1 ! great condition to be satisfi$ 9 ! application ( ,lightn+ ,conductors1 :i* is virtually no?+ m ?an ! p]fect+ a l9e or l9es ( small resi/ance 9 giv5 directions1 less ?an ! resi/ance 9 any o!r l9es 9 ! build+1 :i* c be assign$ 9 any o!r direction1 & 9 :i* by a law ( nature ! electrical ag5cy w move 9 pref]5ce to any o!rs4 #aa4--;,x foll[s f ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 t a magaz9e con/ruct$ entirely ( iron or o!r metal1 w\ld be inf9itely m safe 9 ,lightn+ /orms ?an if built ) masonry 9 ! usual way2 metallic ro(s = magaz9es1 ) capaci\s metallic ,conductors to ! e>?1 w\ld be unobjectionable1 & a s\rce ( security4 ,metallic gutt]s & ridges hav+ cont9u\s metallic connection ) ! e>? are also unobjectionable4 ,a good me?od ( ,conductors = magaz9es built ( masonry1 w\ld be su* z already describ$1 reg>d be+ _h to ! position ( ! build+1 its ext5t1 & mo/ prom95t po9ts1 also to ! nature1 /ate1 & condition ( ! soil1 :e!r x be moi/ or dry1 alluvial calc>e\s1 or ( h>d rock2 we mu/ also consid] ! ext5t1 disposition1 & peculi> position ( ! metallic bodies ent]+ into ! g5]al /ructure ( ! build+1 :e!r ! ro( be flat1 po9t$1 or angul> 9 v>i\s p>ts4 ,! po9t$ project+ extremities ( ! two ,conductors1 "o or m z ! case may be1 w be commonly suffici5t2 b1 9 build+s hav+ tall *imneys or o!r elevat$ prom95t po9ts1 at a di/ance f ! ,ma9 ,conductor1 x w be requisite to gu>d su* *imneys or o!r p>ts1 by a po9t$ rod1 l$ along !m to ! metals ( ! ro(1 or directly connect$ ) ! ,ma9 ,conductors1 by metallic connections4 #ab4--,po9t$ t]m9ations ( ! ,conductors 9 ! air1 are s f> important t !y t5d to break ! =ce ( a dis*>ge ( ,lightn+ :5 x falls on !m4 ,9 fact1 be=e ! great %ock actually takes place1 "u ! =m ( a d5se explosion1 a v l>ge am\nt ( ! dis*>ge1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be conc5trat$1 runs (f1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! po9t$ ,conductor2 b !y h no o!r influ5ce4 ,) respect to ^! po9t$ t]m9ations1 no great c>e ne$ be tak5 ab\t !m1 except t !y %\ld consi/ ( solid copp] rod1 ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 & be unit$ by braz+ to ! conduct+ tube1 elevat$ at su* conv5i5t height above ! walls ( ! build+ z ! case may sugge/4 ,z a support to ! ,conductor1 :5 rais$ above ! wall1 we may employ a small /aff or sp> ( wood fix$ to ! masonry4 #ac4--;,copp] l9+s to ! doors & w9d[ %utt]s ( magaz9es are n objectionable1 if requisite1 z a precaution aga9/ fire2 b !y are useless z a means ( keep+ out ,lightn+2 on ! o!r h&1 x is n easy to conceive a case 9 :i* ! explosion ( ! gunp[d] is to be appreh5d$ f ! action ( ,lightn+ on ! doors or w9d[s4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 su* metallic l9+s desirable z a precaution aga9/ common cases ( fire1 !n ! masses ( metal %\ld1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples already laid d[n1 h metallic communication ) ! g5]al sy/em ( conduction 9 ! build+ & ! ,ma9 ,conductor4 ,,on ,,! ,,explosive ,,=ce ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 ,advantages ( ,gunp[d] ,! advantages ( ,gunp[d]1 z a propell+ ag5t1 ov] any o!r explosive mat]ial are1 ! comp>ative safety att5d+ its manufacture & transport1 & ! gradual nature ( its decomposition :5 comp>$ ) ^? mat]ials1 su* z fulm9at+ gold1 silv]1 m]cury1 c4 c4 ,9 gunp[d]1 ! =ce result+ f ! rapid evolution ( gas 9 a conf9$ space has suffici5t "t to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! projectile1 :i* is n ! case ) o!r explosive mat]ials1 ! conv]sion ( :i* gase\s products is s in/antane\s t no?+ c resi/ ! int5sity ( _! explosive action4 ,o!r advantages sugge/ !mselves 9 ! use ( ,gunp[d]1 su* z ! comp>ative *eapness ( ! +r$i5ts compos+ x1 & ! ease ) :i* !y may be obta9$2 = ! sulphur & saltpetre are v abundant productions ( nature1 & ! *>coal c be manufactur$ *eaply & ) great facility1 & if c>e is tak5 9 ! process ( ! fabrication ( p[d]1 little det]ioration w take place on its exposure to heat or moi/ure4 ,air ,/eam z propellants ,cond5s$ air & /eam h be5 us$ z propell+ ag5ts2 b ! great inconv5i5ce att5d+ _! use q preclude ! possibility ( adapt+ !m to w> purposes4 ,=ce ( ,gunp[d]4 ,z ! =ce & effect obta9$ f ,gunp[d] is ! f\ndation ( all o!r p>ticul>s relat+ to ,gunn]y1 we w briefly consid] ^! po9ts4 ,^u :at ! action ( p[d] dep5ds4 ,! action ( ,gunp[d] is dep5d5t ^u a purely *emical process4 ,mr4 ,rob9s prov$ t ! =ce g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 0 ow+ to an ela/ic gas :i* 0 sudd5ly dis5gag$ f ! p[d]1 :5 x 0 br\ght to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & fur!r t ?is dis5gag$ gas _h its ela/ic =ce greatly augm5t$ by ! heat evolv$ by ! *emical action4 ,+r$i5ts are *>g$ ) a l>ge volume ( heat$ gas4 ,! propell+ p[] ( ,gunp[d] is dep5d5t on ! rapid decomposition ( ! nitre into its compon5t p>ts2 ! oxyg5 =ms c>bonic acid ) ! c>bon 9 ! *>coal1 & ! heat ?us g5]at$ by ignition *anges bo? ?is & ! nitrog5 into a l>ge volume ( heat$ gas4 ,9 a mixture ( nitre & *>coal alone1 ! oxidation proce$s ) comp>ative sl[ness2 by ! addition ( sulphur1 an augm5tation ( combu/ibility is ga9$1 9 consequ5ce ( its ignit+ at a v l[ temp]ature2 ! sulphur1 also1 by its pres5ce1 r5d]s available = ! oxidation ( ! c>bon an additional am\nt ( oxyg51 viz3 t :i* is unit$ ) ! potassium1 ! latt] be+ at once conv]t$ into sulphite ^u ignition ( ! p[d]4 ,weight ( gas evolv$4 ,volume ( gas evolv$4 ,heat ( gas evolv$4 ,pressure ( gas g5]at$4 ,/r5g? ( p[d] n affect$ by d5sity ( air1 b by damp4 ,x appe>s t ! weight ( gas g5]at$ is equal to ?ree t5?s ( ! weight ( ! p[d] :i* yield$ x1 & t its bulk :5 cold1 & exp&$ to ! r>ity ( ,common air 0 #bdj times t ( ! p[d]2 ! b>omet] /&+ at ab\t #cj in*es4 ,f ?is ,rob9s conclud$ t if ! fluid occupi$ a space equal to ! volume ( ! gunp[d]1 its ela/ic =ce1 :5 cold1 w\ld be #bdj times ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 ! b>omet] /&s z above4 ,mr4 ,rob9s also consid]$ t ! heat evolv$ 0 at lea/ equal to t ( r$ hot iron1 & he f\nd by exp]im5ts t air heat$ to ?is temp]ature _h its ela/icity quadrupl$1 & !re=e1 t ! =ce ( gas f p[d] is at lea/ f\r times #bdj #ifj1 or 9 r\nd numb]s #a1jjj times z great z ! ela/icity ( ! air measur$ by its pressure on an equal ext5t ( surface4 ,f ! height ( ! b>omet] x is kn[n t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is ab\t #adlbs4 ^u ! squ>e in*1 s t ! pressure ( ! ela/ic gas g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( ! gunp[d] ^u ! same area w\ld be #ad4ge by #a1jjj or #ad1gejlbs4 at ! mom5t ( explosion4 ,he f\nd t ! /r5g? ( ,gunp[d] 0 ! same :atev] might be ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 b t ! moi/ure ( ! air effect$ x consid]ably1 9 fact t ! same quantity ( p[d] :i* w\ld give a bullet an initial velocity ( #a1gjj feet p] second on a day :5 ! atmosph]e 0 comp>atively dry1 w\ld ^u a damp day give no m ?an #a1bjj or #a1cjj feet4 ,velocity ( gas ,! velocity ( ! expansion ( ! gas is a mo/ important po9t1 ^u :i* dep5ds1 *iefly1 ! peculi> value ( ! sub/ance z a propell+ ag5t4 ,_m ( ! w>like ma*9es ( ! ,anci5ts produc$ a mom5tum f> surpass+ t ( our heavie/ cannon1 b ! great cel]ity giv5 to ! bodies project$ f guns by gunp[d] _c be 9 ! lea/ approa*$ by any o!r means ?an by ! sudd5 production ( an ela/ic gas4 ,mr4 ,rob9s f\nd t ! flame ( gunp[d] exp&$ itself :5 at ! muzzle ( ! gun ) a velocity ( #g1jjj feet p] second4 ,dr4 ,hutton's calculation z to3--,volume1 ,temp]ature1 ,pressure4 ,temp]ature ,expansion4 ,h[ to calculate expansion ,absolute =ce ( gunp[d] _c be det]m9$4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t "o cubic in* ( p[d] is conv]t$ into #bej cubic in*es ( gas at ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & ,dr4 ,hutton /ates t ! increase ( volume at ! mom5t ( ignition _c be less ?an eight times2 !re=e "o in* ( gunp[d]1 if conf9$1 at ! "t ( explosion ex]ts a pressure ( ab\t #cj1jjjlbs4 be+ #bej by #h by #ae #cj1jjjlbs4 on ! cubic in*1 or #e1jjjlbs4 on ! squ>e in*2 & :i* at once acc\nts = its extraord9>y p[]4 ,! value ( ! temp]ature to :i* ! gases are rais$1 on ! explosion ( ! p[d]1 has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ & x may be conclud$ to rise z high z w melt copp]1 or #d1jjj ,fahr5heit4 ,all gases exp& uni=mly by heat1 ! expansion hav+ be5 calculat$ ) great precision1 to be ? = ea* degree ( ,fahr5heit4 ,if !re=e we take ,dr4 ,hutton's calculations ( "o volume ( p[d] exp&+ into #bej volumes ( gas at ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & if we suppose #d1jjj ,fahr5heit to be ! heat to :i* !y are rais$ on ignition1 ! expansion ( gunp[d] w\ld be calculat$4 ,?us1 suppose ! gas to be at #fj1 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 we mu/ d$uct #fj f #d1jjj1 :i* w give #c1idj1 be+ ! numb] ( degrees rema9+ to :i* x is rais$1 h5ce temp4 vol4 temp4 vol4 vol4 #a #cidj #a 3 --- #c1idj 3 ---- #hb #dhj #dhj t is1 ea* volume ( gas w\ld at a temp]ature ( #djjj be increas$ #hb 9 volume4 ,gunp[d] :5 at ! temp]ature ( ! air be+ exp&$ #bej times 9 volume2 !re=e #bej by #hb #b1jej z ! increas$ expansion = ea* volume ( gas g5]at$ by ! explosion ( gunp[d] at ! temp]ature ( #d1jjj ,fahr5heit4 ,lieut-,colonel ,box] calculates t ! heat g5]at$ by good dry p[d] is n "u #c1jjj ,fahr5heit4 ,x appe>s ) our pres5t k1 ! absolute value ( ! =ce ( gunp[d] _c be det]m9$4 ,/ill by c>eful & ext5sive exp]im5ts no d\bt a ne> approximation to ! tru? may ultimately be arriv$ at1 s t al?\gh mu* has already be5 done by v>i\s em95t philosoph]s1 !re is /ill m to be accompli%$2 & ! importance ( ! subject ought to act z a /imulus to ! ex]tions ( ^? belong+ to a pr(ession ! mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! "q4 ,loss ( velocity by w9dage4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5ts t 9 calculat+ ! initial velocity ( a projectile1 "o ?ird ( ! :ole =ce 0 lo/ ) a w9dage ( ? in* ) a %ot ( #aif-;94 & #ahf-;94 9 diamet]4 ,! bore ( ! gun be+ #bjb-;94 ,def9ition ( ignition & combu/ion4 ,by ignition we und]/& ! act ( sett+ fire to a s+le gra91 or to a *>ge ( gunp[d]1 & by combu/ion we mean ! entire consumption ( a gra9 or ( a *>ge4 ,quickness ( combu/ion4 ,^u ! quickness ( combu/ion ma9ly dep5ds ! applicability ( gunp[d] = ,milit>y purposes4 ,ignition by heat4 ,gunp[d] may be inflam$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b :atev] be ! me?od1 "o portion ( ! sub/ance mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance be rais$ to a temp]ature a little above t necess>y to sublime ! sulphur1 :i* c be remov$ f ! o!r +r$i5ts1 by gradually rais+ ! comp\nd to a heat suffici5t to drive x (f 9 a /ate ( vap\r4 ,! heat requir$ = ?is purpose is betwe5 #fjj & #fhj ,fahr5heit4 ,progressive combu/ion4 ,:5 a *>ge ( p[d] is explod$ 9 ! bore ( a gun1 to all appe>ance !re w\ld seem to be an in/antane\s g5]ation ( ! :ole =ce4 ,b 9 fact x is n s1 a c]ta9 "t be+ necess>y to ! complete combu/ion ( ! sub/ance4 ,?is gradual fir+ is ( ! utmo/ importance1 = 7 x o!rwise1 ! gun1 unless ( enorm\s /r5g?1 mu/ be %att]$ 9 pieces1 z well z ! projectile2 = 9 su* a case1 ?is great =ce be+ sudd5ly ex]t$ ^u "o "p only ( ! mat]ial1 !re w\ld n be "t = ! action to be di/ribut$ ov] ! p>ticles1 at any great di/ance1 be=e ^? 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! explosion1 7 =c$ out ( ! sph]e ( action ( ! cohesive =ce1 & consequ5tly rupture mu/ take place4 ,sub/ances :i* h a m viol5t action ?an p[d]4 ,! effect ( su* an action may be obs]v$ by explod+ detonat+ p[d]s1 9 :i* are conta9$ *lorate ( pota% or fulm9at+ m]cury4 ,! action ( t peculi> sub/ance ! *lorite ( nitrog5 is /ill m rem>kable4 ,!re is also ano!r comp\nd1 conta9+ ?ree p>ts ( saltpetre1 "o "p ( c>bonate ( pota% & "o "p ( sulphur1 :i* :5 br\ght to a c]ta9 heat w explode ) great viol5ce1 its de/ructive =ce be+ v consid]able2 & ?is is pr9cipally due to ! rapidity ( ! evolution ( ! gas1 = its am\nt is less ?an t produc$ f gunp[d]1 b ! complete decomposition occurs 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 ,9 a damp /ate less quickly fir$1 & :y4 ,if gunp[d] be 9 a damp /ate1 ! velocity ( combu/ion w be less ?an :5 dry1 & also a long] "t w be necess>y to ignite x1 s9ce ! moi/ure ^u its conv]sion into vap\r1 absorbs a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat :i* rema9s lat5t1 & ( :i* ! useful effects s f> z ignit+ ! p[d] is conc]n$1 is entirely lo/4 ,ignition by p]cussion4 ,gunp[d] may be ignit$ by ! p]cussion ( copp] aga9/ copp]1 copp] aga9/ iron1 lead aga9/ lead1 & ev5 ) lead aga9/ wood1 :5 ! %ock is v great4 ,x is m difficult to ignite gunp[d] betwe5 copp] & bronze1#a or bronze & wood ?an betwe5 ! o!r sub/ances4 ,aga91 out ( t5 samples :i* 7 wrapt 9 pap] & /ruck ^u an anvil ) a heavy hamm]1 sev5 ( gra9$ p[d] explod$ & n9e ( meal$4 #a ,bronze consi/s ( #gh p>ts copp] to #bj ( t94 ,bell metal--#gh copp] & #bb t94 ,gun metal--#ajj copp] to #h to #aj t94 ,brass--#b copp]1 #a z9c & calam9e /one1 to h>d5 & col\r4 ,influ5ce ( %ape ( gra9 on ignition4 ,if ! "p to :i* ! heat is appli$ be ( an angul> %ape1 ! inflammation w take place quick] ?an if x be ( a r\nd or flat =m1 on acc\nt ( ! great] surface t is expos$ to ! increas$ temp]ature4 ,! =m ( ! gra9 influ5ces ! velocity ( ! transmission ( flame4 ,if ! gra9s are ( a r\nd$ =m1 !re w\ld be l>g] int]/ices1 & a great] facility w be af=d$ to ! passage ( ! heat$ gas1 & !re=e ?is %ape is mo/ fav\rable to ! rapid & complete inflammation ( ea* gra9 9 ! :ole *>ge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p>ticles ( an angul> or flat =m1 fitt+ into ea* o!r z x 71 (f] great] ob/ruction to ?is motion1 & ! velocity ( ! transmission ( inflammation is !reby dim9i%$4 ,effect ( size on ! velocity ( transmission ( inflammation4 ,if ! gra9s be small1 ! int]/ices w be small also1 & ! facility to ! expansion ( ! gas !reby dim9i%$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ) tra9s ( p[d]1 ! increas$ surface expos$ to ! heat$ gas 0 f\nd to m ?an comp5sate = ! dim9i%$ facility to its expansion1 & g5]ally a tra9 ( small-gra9$ p[d] laid ^u a surface )\t be+ enclos$1 w be consum$ m quickly ?an a tra9 ( l>ge-gra9$ p[d]4 ,l>ge gra9 be/ suit$ = heavy ordnance4 ,b ?is is n ! case 9 a piece ( ordnance1 a circum/ance :i* among/ o!rs w acc\nt = ! dim9i%$ initial velocity giv5 to ! %ot by a *>ge ( small-gra9$ musket p[d]1 bel[ t produc$ by ! l>ge-gra9$ usually adopt$ = ?is s]vice4 ,velocity ( ! transmission ( inflammation ( ! *>ge4 ,e/imate ( ,mr4 ,piob]t4 ,:5 a numb] ( gra9s ( p[d] are plac$ toge!r z 9 ! *>ge ( a gun1 & a few ( !m are ignit$ at "o end ( ! c>tridge1 a c]ta9 quantity ( gas is develop$ ( a temp]ature suffici5tly high to ignite ^? 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,?is has also su* ela/icity z to enable x to exp& itself ) consid]able velocity4 ,aga91 ! gra9s :i* are s ignit$ cont9ue ! inflammation to o!rs 9 ! same mann]4 ,! absolute velocity ( expansion ( ?is gas is v consid]able2 b ! gra9s ( gunp[d] 9 ! *>ge (f] an ob/ruction to ?is motion1 ! gas hav+ to w9d its way ?r\gh ! int]/ices1 & consequ5tly ! velocity is consid]ably dim9i%$1 b x is q cle> t x mu/ be v mu* great] ?an ! velocity ( combu/ion4 ,mr4 ,piob]t e/imates ! velocity ( transmission ( inflammation ( a *>ge 9 a gun at ab\t #ch feet p] second1 & 9 all probability ev5 ?is is mu* "u ! m>k4 ,exp]im5ts made on ?is subject4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made by obs]v+ ! velocity ( transmission ( inflammation ( tra9s ( p[d] "u v>i\s circum/ances1 b !y d n %[ u :at w\ld be ! velocity 9 a conf9$ *>ge4 ,! velocity increas$ ) ! section ( ! tra91 & fur!r :5 at ! end fir/ light$1 !re 0 an ob/ruction to ! escape ( gas1 z 9 ! case ( a gun1 a mu* %ort] "t 0 requir$ = complete inflammation4 ,"t ( decomposition dep5ds ^u =m ( gra94 ,:5 ! *>ge ( p[d] 9 a gun is ignit$ ! gra9s be+ envelop$ by ! heat$ gas1 we may consid] t ea* gra9 is ignit$ ov] its :ole surface at once4 ,if ! gra9s ( p[d] 7 ( equal or regul> =m1 ! "t ea* w\ld be consum+1 might be easily calculat$1 b s9ce 9 ord9>y cases !y are irregul> 9 =m1 al?\gh ! gra9s may be ( ! same weight1 ! "t necess>y = _! complete decomposition w be v diff]5t4 ,circum/ances affect+ combu/ion4 ,! quickness ( combu/ion w dep5d ^u ! dryness ( ! p[d]1 ! d5sity ( ! composition1 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts1 ! mode ( manufacture1 & ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,combu/ion ( cubical gra9s consid]$4 ,7 a cubical gra9 to be ignit$ ^u its :ole surface1 ! decomposition may be suppos$ to take place gradually f ! surface to ! c5tre1 & ! orig9al cubical =m to rema9 until ! :ole is consum$1 ! cube becom+ small] & small]4 ,if1 !n1 ! rate ( burn+ be ! same ?r\gh\t1 ! quantity ( gas g5]at$ 9 ! fir/ half portion ( ! "t w evid5tly be consid]ably m ?an 9 ! latt] half1 z 9 ! latt] case !re w be a mu* less] surface "u ! influ5ce ( flame4 ,elongat$ & cyl9drical gra9s4 ,if ! =m ( ! gra9 be elongat$1 !n w ! quantity ( gas g5]at$ 9 a giv5 "t f a gra9 ( simil> weight to t ( ! cube or sph]e1 be increas$1 on acc\nt ( ! great] ignit$ surface1 & consequ5tly ! "t necess>y = its combu/ion w be dim9i%$4 ,if x be ( a cyl9drical =m = example1 ?is "t mu/ be reckon$ f ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 its l5g? n influ5c+ x 9 ! lea/1 al?\gh z we h se51 x ent]s into ! consid]ation ( ! quantity ( ! gas g5]at$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,l>ge gra94 ,9 ! ord9>y l>ge-gra9 p[d]1 ! majority ( ! gra9s are ( ! elongat$ or flat =m1 f :5ce consid]able advantage is d]iv$1 p>ticul>ly 9 %ort guns1 s9ce x causes ! greate/ portion ( ! *>ge to be decompos$ be=e ! projectile is mov$ s5sibly f its orig9al position4 ,meal$ p[d]4 ,if ! *>ge be compos$ ( meal$ p[d] a long] "t is f\nd to be necess>y = ! complete combu/ion ( ! :ole ?an 9 ! case :]e ! sub/ance is granulat$1 & ! initial velocity ( a %ot is r$uc$ ab\t "o ?ird by employ+ ! sub/ance 9 t /ate4 ,! effect ( granulat+ gunp[d]4 ,a piece ( press$ cake weigh+ #ajfoz41 0 put into a mort>1 & a globe ( "s light sub/ance1 plac$ ^u x1 & ! p[d] be+ consum$ aft] ignition )\t eject+ ! ball f ! bore ( ! piece4 ,:5 an equal quantity 0 divid$ into sev5 or eight pieces1 ! globe 0 ?r[n out ( ! mort>2 break+ ! cake into twelve pieces2 ! ball rang$ #cc y>ds2 be+ fur!r increas$ to fifty gra9s1 x rang$ #ajgg y>ds2 & :5 ! ord9>y p[d] 0 us$1 ! ball 0 project$ #efhf y>ds4 ,action dep5ds ^u size & =m ( gra94 ,x w appe> f ! above rem>ks1 t ! =ce g5]at$ f ! *>ge ( p[d] 9 a gun1 w be greatly influ5c$ by ! size & =m ( ! gra9s compos+ x4 ,d5sity ( gunp[d]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a gunp[d] :i* %all possess a prop] am\nt ( =ce1 x is necess>y t ! +r$i5ts %\ld be ?or\ghly incorporat$1 & ! process ( incorporation w 9 great measure affect ! d5sity ( ! gra9s4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ! process1 x is subject$ to a c]ta9 pressure1 9 ord] t ! sub/ance 9 travell+ may n be r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 :i* w\ld cause ! velocity ( transmission ( inflammation to be dim9i%$4 ,b !re is a c]ta9 po9t beyond :i* x w\ld n be advantage\s to increase ! d5sity1 & ?is seems to v>y ) ! size ( ! gra94 ,) l>ge-gra9 p[d] ! action 9 a musket1 or 9 guns ) small *>ges1 is greate/ ) a l[ d5sity2 :ile ) v small gra91 ! highe/ velocities are obta9$ g5]ally ) ! gunp[d] ( great d5sity2 b 9 heavy guns ) ord9>y *>ges1 ! l>ge-gra9$ p[d] %\ld be ( consid]able d5sity 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ effect1 ?\gh /ill x mu/ n be too great4 ,advantages ( glaz+4 ,! pr9cipal advantages ( glaz+ are2 fir/1 t ! p[d] s prep>$1 w 9 travell+1 ow+ to ! small] am\nt ( de/ructive =ce consequ5t on friction1 produce less meal$ p[d]2 & secondly1 t 9 a damp c\ntry l ,engl&1 ! glaz+ imp>ts a pres]v+ p[] to ! p[d]1 z ! poli%$ surface is less likely to imbibe moi/ure ?an ! r\gh4 ,disadvantages ( glaz+4 ,exp]im5ts z to glaz+4 ,glaz+ less hurtful to f9e gra9s4 ,! disadvantages ( glaz+ consi/s 9 its poli%+ ! surface1 & ?us depriv+ x ( ^? angul> projections :i* cause ! ignition & combu/ion to be c>ri$ on ) great] rapidity1 by r5d]+ ! int]/ices small]1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t !re is n s mu* gas produc$ previ\sly to ! projectile leav+ ! gun1 & 9 l>ge *>ges a portion w be bl[n out unfir$4 ,!re mu/ be a limit !n to glaz+1 :i* x w\ld n be prop] to exce$4 ,at an exp]im5t ) glaz$ & unglaz$ p[d]1 ! ranges on ! epr\vette 7 #ge = glaz$1 & #ih = unglaz$4 ,?is loss ( p[]1 consequ5t on glaz+1 has caus$ x to be done away ) 9 ,france & ,russia4 ,) f9e gra9 p[d] x is n ( s mu* consequ5ce1 z x is1 to a c]ta9 degree1 correct$ by ! size ( ! gra94 ,size ( gra9 det]m9$ by size ( *>ge4 ,tight ramm+ bad4 ,! rapidity ) :i* a *>ge ( gunp[d] is consum$ w dep5d n only 9 a c]ta9 degree ^u ! size ( ! gra91 b on ! mann] 9 :i* ! *>ge is put toge!r1 = if a *>ge is closely press$1 ! gases meet+ resi/ance 9 _! endeav\rs to escape betwe5 ! int]/ices1 w n propagate ! ignition s rapidly4 ,) l>ge *>ges1 !re exi/s a positive advantage = ! gra9s to be r l>ge1 s t ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! *>ge %\ld be rea*$ by ! gases z quickly z possible2 :il/ ) t ( a rifle1 ! *>ge be+ small1 ! f95ess ( ! gra9 does n int]f]e ) ! quantity ( ! gas develop$4 ,:5ce x may rationally be conclud$ t ! dim5sions ( ! gra9s %\ld increase 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ! *>ges into :i* !y are to ent]1 t is to say1 9 proportion to ! int]/ices4 ,ramm+ d[n a *>ge tightly mu/ !re=e int]f]e ) ! velocity ( combu/ion4 ,,note--,! =ego+ on ! explosive =ce ( gunp[d] 0 tak5 f ,lieut-,colonel ,e4 ,m4 ,box]'s ,treatise on ,artill]y4 ,,f\l+4 ,produce ( decompos$ gunp[d]4 ,! produce obta9$ by ! decomposition ( gunp[d] are ! gase\s & ! solid4 ,! gase\s is *iefly nitrog5 & c>bonic acid4 ,! solid is sulphur & potassium1 mix$ ) a little *>coal1 b ! solid produce is ne>ly entirely volatiliz$ at ! mom5t ( explosion ?r\gh ! high temp]ature4 ,f\l+4 ,f\l+ is occasion$ by ! deposition inside ! b>rel ( ! solid residue proce$+ f ! combu/ion ( ! p[d]4 ,conditions ( f\l+ dep5d on /ate ( atmosph]e ,"o ( ! pr9cipal ( ^!1 namely1 ! sulphide ( ,potassa1 is deliquesc5t1 or attracts wat] f ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce1 on a cle> day1 :5 ! air holds little moi/ure1 ! f\l+ does n atta9 t semi-fluid /ate x s spe$ily atta9s 9 a damp day1 & x is n s easily remov$1 & t5ds to accumulate inside ! b>rel4 ,f\l+ may also be increas$ or dim9i%$1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! p[d]4 ,effects ( ,f\l+4 ,f\l+ occasions loss ( p[] f ! increas$ friction1 & causes inaccuracy 9 direction & elevation1 by fill+ ! grooves1 & ?us prev5t+ ! prop] spiral motion be+ imp>t$ to ! projectile4 ,,effects ,,( ,,gunp[d] ,,on ,,metals4 ,diff]5ce ( effect on brass & iron guns4 ,! effect produc$ by ,gunp[d] on metals1 9 long cont9u$ & rapid fir+1 is v extraord9>y4 ,sev]al ( ! guns employ$ at ! siege ( ,san ,seba/ian 7 cut op51 & ! int]ior ( "s ( ! v5t holes1 :i* 7 orig9ally cyl9drical1 & only two-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 7 enl>g$ 9 a curi\s & irregul> mann]1 f ?ree to five in*es 9 "o direction1 & f two to ?ree in*es 9 ano!r1 b ! brass guns 7 mu* m affect$ ?an ! iron4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahee1 !re 7 ly+ 9 ! ars5al at ,woolwi* sev]al ( ! heavie/ sea mort>s1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 us$ at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,sweaborg1 & ! cont9u\s fir+ on t occasion _h split !m into two ne>ly equal portions f muzzle to bree*1 a trunnion be+ ) ea* half4 ,heavy guns = g>risons1 sieges1 c41 are made ( ca/ iron2 guns = field purposes1 :]e lightness is requir$1 are made ( gun metal4 ,diff]5ce ( effect ( brass & iron guns ,^! guns are g5]ally d5om9at$ brass guns4 ,!y c be load$1 prop]ly po9t$ at an object1 & fir$ ab\t f\r times 9 ?ree m9utes1 b !y w n /& long cont9u$ rapid fir+1 or m ?an #abj r\nds a day1 z ! metal1 :5 heat$1 s(t5s1 & ! %ot !n injures ! bore4 ,heavy iron guns may be load$1 fir$1 c41 once 9 two m9utes4 ,!y suff] m f ! total numb] ( r\nds t h be5 fir$ f !m1 )\t ref]5ce to ! int]vals betwe5 ea* r\nd1 ?an f ! rapidity ( ! fir+4 ,f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ r\nds p] day h n r5d]$ an iron gun uns]viceable4 ,,miscellane\s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 extract$ f ,mr4 ,wilk9son's 8,eng9es ( ,w>10 s]ve to illu/rate ! capability ( metals to resi/ ! =ce ( gunp[d]1 & may be ( "s practical utility1 z well z prove int]e/+ m]ely z matt] ( curiosity4 ,exp]im5t #a4--;,a piece ab\t #e in*es long 0 cut (f ! bree*-end ( a common musket b>rel4 ,x 0 screw$ at ! "p cut1 & ano!r plug fitt$1 s z to h two plugs1 "o at ea* end1 leav+ an int]nal space ( ab\t #c in*es4 ,a p]cussion nipple 0 screw$ into ! end ( "o ( ^! plugs4 ,?is be+ arrang$1 "o ( ! plugs 0 turn$ out1 & "o dra*m ( gunp[d] introduc$4 ,! plug 0 replac$1 & ! p[d] fir$ by putt+ a copp] cap on ! nipple1 & /rik+ x ) a hamm]4 ,! :ole =ce ( ! p[d] escap$ at ! hole 9 ! nipple4 ,two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six dra*ms 7 successively introduc$1 & fir$ 9 ! same mann]1 )\t bur/+ or injur+ ! piece ( b>rel4 ,at la/1 sev5 dra*ms =c$ out "o end1 9 consequ5ce ( ! screw hav+ be5 c>elessly fitt$4 ,?is defect be+ repair$1 ,mr4 ,m>%1 ( ,woolwi*1 repeat$ly fir$ x ) five dra*ms1 m]ely hold+ x ) a t[el 9 8 left h&1 & fir+ x ) a bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,six dra*ms ( p[d] is ! full s]vice *>ge = a fl9t musket1 & f\r dra*ms ( a p]cussion musket2 yet ?is imm5se pressure c be resi/$ by a cyl9d] ( iron n m ?an "o qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & n iron ( ! be/ quality4 ,exp]im5t #b4--;,a good musket b>rel _h a cyl9d] ( brass1 ?ree in*es long1 turn$ to fit ! muzzle1 & sold]$ 91 s z to close x air-tight4 ,! plug1 or bree*-screw1 0 remov$1 & a felt wad 0 pu%$ 9 ) a %ort piece ( wood1 m>k$ to ! exact dep? ! *>ge w\ld occupy1 to prev5t ! ball roll+ =w>d4 ,a musket ball 0 !n dropp$ 91 & a c>tridge1 conta9+ ?ree dra*ms ( p[d]1 0 introduc$4 ,! bree* be+ screw$ 91 left ! b>rel load$4 ,x 0 fir$ by a p]cussion tube1 b !re 0 no report4 ,on remov+ ! bree*-screw1 ! ball 0 f\nd to be flatt5$4 ,a repetition ( ?is exp]im5t1 ) f\r dra*ms1 produc$ a simil> result1 b ! ball 0 r m flatt5$4 ,) five dra*ms1 ! ball 0 p]fectly r\nd & un9jur$4 ,six dra*ms bur/ ! b>rel close "u ! bayonet /ud2 ! ball escap$ ?r\gh ! op5+1 disfigur$1 b fell close to ! b>rel4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! b>rel always advanc$1 in/ead ( recoil+1 z usual4 ,exp]im5t #c4--,made at ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 ) a ,gom] mort>1 ! *amb] be+ bor$ conically1 s t ! %ell1 :5 dropp$ 91 fits closely all r\nd1 in/ead ( be+ bor$ cyl9drically1 ) a *amb] 9 ! c5tre4 ,! mort> be+ laid at an angle ( #de1 "o dra*m ( p[d] 0 put into ! bottom1 & a #fh-p\nd] iron %ot ov] x4 ,:5 fir$1 ! ball 0 project$ two feet cle> ( ! mort>4 ,a wood5 ball1 precisely ! same diamet]1 b weigh+ only #elbs41 0 sc>cely mov$ by ! same *>ge1 & ) two dra*ms ( p[d] x 0 j lift$ 9 ! mort>1 & fell into its place aga94 ,"h we f9d a weight ( #fhlbs4 ?r[n to ! di/ance ( two feet by ! same p[] :i* w\ld n lift #elbs41 & ! wood5 ball sc>cely mov$ by d\ble ! p[d]4 ,?is proves t ! fir+ ( gunp[d] "u su* circum/ances is n in/antane\s4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! small quantity ( p[d] _h a l>ge space to fill bel[ ! ball1 & a heavy weight to move2 !re=e1 c\ld n /ir x at all until ! :ole 0 ignit$1 :5 ! =ce 0 suffici5t to ?r[ x =w>d two feet4 ,9 ! second case1 ! fir/ portion ( gas t 0 g5]at$ by ignition ( ! p[d]1 0 suffici5t to lift ! light] weight1 j en\gh to all[ all ! =ce to escape r\nd x be=e x _h "t to accumulate4 ,exp]im5t #d4--;,a cannon ball1 weigh+ #bdlbs41 0 plac$ exactly ov] ! v5t-hole ( a load$ #cb-p\nd] cannon1 :i* 0 fir$ by a tra9 ( gunp[d]1 :5 ! ru% f ! v5t project$ ! #bd-p\nd] ball to a v consid]able height 9 ! air1 al?\gh ! diamet] ( ! hole 0 only two-t5?s ( an in*4 ,exp]im5t #e4--;,a mo/ +5i\s me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! relative quickness ( ignition ( diff]5t qualities ( gunp[d]4 ,a gun-b>rel m\nt$ on a c>riage ) :eels1 & mov+ on a p]fectly horizontal railway1 is plac$ at "r angles to ano!r %ort railway1 at any conv5i5t di/ance 7suppose fifty feet1 or y>ds72 on ! second railway a light c>riage moves freely ) any desir$ velocity1 be+ drawn =w>d by means ( a weight & pulleys3 a cord is atta*$ to ! front ( ?is c>riage1 :i* passes ov] a pulley at ! end ( ! railroad1 & is cont9u$ up a high pole or /aff ov] ano!r pulley at ! top1 at :i* end ! weight is atta*$4 ,a long rectangul> frame cov]$ ) pap] is fix$ p]p5dicul>ly on ! c>riage1 s t :5 x moves =w>d x passes across ! direct l9e ( ! b>rel1 & =ms a long t>get4 ,a p]cussion lock is atta*$ to ! b>rel1 :i* is fir$ by a det5t1 or hair-trigg]1 & ! wire :i* pulls x is dis5gag$ at ! same in/ant to admit ( recoil4 ,?is wire is c>ri$ /raight on to ! t>get railroad1 & fix$ to a small lev]1 aga9/ :i* ! front "p ( ! t>get-c>riage /rikes z x is c>ri$ onw>ds by ! weight4 ,?is con/itutes ! :ole app>atus4 ,:5 requir$ to be us$1 ! b>rel is load$ ) gunp[d] accurately weigh$1 & a brass ball t fits ! bore correctly3 ! weight is !n dis5gag$1 & ! t>get moves quickly along1 dis*>g+ ! b>rel z x passes1 & ! ball goes ?r\gh x4 ,) ! same p[d] tri$ at ! same "t1 ! ball con/antly goes ?r\gh ! same hole1 or breaks into x4 ,if ! next p[d] tri$ be sl[] ( ignition ?an ! prec$+1 ! ball w pass ?r\gh ano!r "p ( ! t>get m 9 ! re>2 if quick]1 m 9 advance2 ?us af=d+ a means ( asc]ta9+ ?is important quality ( gunp[d] ) consid]able accuracy3 ! velocity ( ! t>get-c>riage c be easily regulat$ by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! weight :i* draws x =w>d4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! di/ances betwe5 :i* ! balls /rike ! t>get ) diff]5t k9ds ( p[d] 0 frequ5tly z mu* z t5 or twelve in*es2 b x is n an app>atus commonly us$1 hav+ be5 m]ely con/ruct$ = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,,on ,,! ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,= ,,ignition ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 ,gunp[d] l all o!r inflammable sub/ances requires to be rais$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 be=e x w ignite1 viz41 to a dull r$ heat1 or ab\t #fjj ,fahr5heit4 ,if ! heat passes ) su* rapidity ?r\gh ! p[d]1 s z n to raise ! temp]ature to ! necess>y degree1 !n ! p[d] w n ignite1 f ! velocity ( transit1 s t x might be possible to calculate !oretically1 ! velocity t mu/ be giv5 to a r$ hot ball to enable x to pass ?r\gh a b>rel ( gunp[d] )\t caus+ explosion4 ,! passage ( electric fluid ?r\gh gunp[d] may be adduc$ 9 evid5ce ( ! ignition be+ dep5d5t on ! degree ( velocity4 ,! flame ( all fulm9at+ p[d]s w pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a box fill$ ) gunp[d] )\t ignit+ "o gra9 ( x4 ,if a tra9 ( gunp[d] be cross$ at "r angles by a tra9 ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 laid on a %eet ( pap] or a table1 & ! p[d] be light$ ) a r$ hot iron wire1 ! flame w run on until x meets ! cross tra9 ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 :5 ! inflammation ( ! latt] w be s in/antane\s z to cut (f all connection ) ! cont9u\s tra9 ( p[d]1 leav+ ! rema9+ portion ( ! gunp[d] unignit$4 ,if on ! contr>y ! fulm9at+ p[d] be light$ fir/1 x w g /raight on & pass ?r\gh ! tra9 ( gunp[d] s rapidly1 z n to inflame x at all4 ,7 a gun to be *>g$ ) gun-cotton & gunp[d]1 ! latt] w\ld be fir$ out unignit$4 ,,effects ,,( ,,accid5tal ,,explosions ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 ,consid]+ ! combu/ible nature ( ! mat]ials1 accid5ts v seldom occur2 :5 !y d1 x is m frequ5tly 9 ! process at ! ,mill :ile "u ! runn]s4 ,on "o occasion at ,wal?am ,abbey ,mills1 :5 ! p[d] explod$1 aft] hav+ be5 two h\rs "u ! runn]s1 ! doors & w9d[s ( ! ,mills on ! opposite side ( ! /ream1 7 =c$ op5 outw>ds1 & ! nails drawn4 ,a simil> effect took place :5 ! ,d>t=d ,mills blew up1 ,janu>y #ahcc1 9 consequ5ce ( an accid5t 9 ! pack+ h\se4 ,a w9d[ :i* _h be5 rec5tly fitt$ up 9 ,d>t=d ,t[n1 ab\t a mile & a half di/ant f ! works1 0 bl[n outw>ds into ! /reet1 & a consid]able quantity ( pap] 0 c>ri$ z f> z ,el?am & ,lewi%am1 di/ances ( eight & t5 miles4 ,! sudd5 r>ification ( ! air may acc\nt = ?is circum/ance1 ! atmosph]ic pressure be+ remov$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! doors & w9d[s1 !y 7 =c$ op5 outw>ds by ! expansive =ce ( ! air conta9$ )9 ! build+s4 ,,on ,,anci5t ,,eng9es ,,( ,,w>4 ,w> a pa9ful topic4 ,advantages ( w> be+ de/ructive4 ,! ,utopian may %r9k f ! contemplation ( s pa9ful a subject z ,w>1 ! ,morali/ may raise 8 voice aga9/ ! ju/ice ( x1 b ! practical philosoph] c see v little *ance ( its cessation1 & actuat$ ) ! v be/ int5tions1 w endeav\r to r5d] ,w> z t]rible z possible1 well kn[+1 t z soon z c]ta9 dea? awaits two rival armies1 pr9ces mu/ fight _! own battles1 or w> mu/ cease4 ,fir/ missile weapons1 /icks & /ones4 ,javel94 ,sl+4 ,b[4 ,arbale/4 ,man's fir/ rude attempts at missile weapons 7 d\btless limit$ to ?r[+ /icks & /ones by ! m]e aid ( 8 h&s2 acts 9 :i* ! monkey1 ! be>1 & ev5 ! seal are v successful emulators4 ,a desire ( m successful aggression1 toge!r ) increas$ facilities = ! de/ruction ( game & wild animals1 d\btless soon sugge/$ to man ! use ( projectiles m effici5t ?an ^!4 ,by a v slight *ange ( =m1 ! simple /ick w\ld become a javel91 capable ( be+ hurl$ ) great =ce & precision4 ,an aid w\ld sugge/ itself = ca/+ a /one1 by means ( a fillet or b&1 subsequ5tly call$ a sl+1 & next w\ld be inv5t$ ! b[1 :i*1 9 process ( "t by subsequ5t additions w\ld become ! arbale/ or cross-b[4 ,axes us$ z projectiles4 ,x appe>s t axes h be5 us$ z projectiles3 = ,procopius1 describ+ ! exp$ition ( ! ,franks into ,italy1 9 ! six? c5tury1 tells u3--,among ! hundr$ ?\s& m5 t ,k+ ,!odob]t ,i4 l$ into ,italy1 !re 7 b few horsem54 ,! cavalry c>ri$ spe>s4 ,! infantry _h nei!r b[ nor spe>1 all _! arms be+ a sword1 an axe1 & a %ield4 ,! blade ( ! axe 0 l>ge1 its h&le ( wood1 & v %ort4 ,!y hurl _! axes aga9/ ! %ields ( ! enemy1 :i* by ?is means are brok52 & !n1 spr++ on ! foe1 !y complete 8 de/ruction ) ! sword4 ,tomahawk us$ z a projectile4 ,a hat*et or tomahawk is us$ z a projectile weapon by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! difficulty ( ?r[+ su* a weapon ) effect1 w\ld ( c\rse consi/ 9 caus+ ! edge to /rike ! object aim$ at4 ,n[1 su* a hat*et z !y usually make use (1 if ?r[n by its h&le1 w revolve 9 a p]p5dicul> plane ab\t once 9 e ?ree y>ds1 irrespective ( ! =ce ) :i* x moves4 ,an ,indian judges 8 enemy to be di/ant f him any multiple ( #c y>ds z #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 & /rikes him full ) ! edge ( 8 weapon accord+ly4 8,*uckur0 or disk us$ z a projectile4 ,a circul> disk or quoit is 9 use 9 ,india among/ ! ,sikhs1 p>ticul>ly t sect ( !m call$ ,akali1 z a weapon1 & 9 _! w>like ex]cises2 ! species us$ 9 w> h a triangul> section1 ^? ?r[n = amusem5t are flat ) a %>p edge4 ,a skilful man w ?r[ "o ( ^! *uck]s or quoits to a di/ance ( a hundr$ & ?irty y>ds1 or m1 ) v consid]able accuracy1 ! quoit be+ at no p]iod ( its flight above six feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! %>pness ( edge1 comb9$ ) ! rotatory motion ( ^! quoits1 & ! difficulty ( avoid+ !m1 r5d]s !m =midable weapons 9 skill$ h&s4 ,! ,akali we> !m on _! turbans1 ( sev]al diff]5t sizes & weights2 a small "o is (t5 worn z a bracelet on ! arm4 ,_m ( ^! fanatics took "p 9 ! la/ ,sikh w>1 & sev]e w\nds made ) ^! weapons 7 by no means uncommon4 ,arm\r & =tifications4 ,by ! "t portable weapons w\ld h be5 br\ght to "s degree ( p]fection1 man's increas+ sci5ces & civilization w\ld h l$ him to make arm\r1 to build cities1 & enclose !m ) walls4 ,n[ w\ld arise ! necessity = o!r projectiles ( great] =ce1 inasmu* z 9 ! ev5t ( w>1 ! arm\r %\ld be p5etrat$1 & walls1 c41 w\ld h to be demoli%$4 ,improv$ projectiles4 ,*ange to heavy projectiles4 ,catapulta4 ,bali/4 ,sl+ pr9ciples4 ,! transition f portable projectiles to ^? ( a heavi] class 0 obvi\s en\gh4 ,enorm\s javel9s & d>ts 7 hurl$ by cross-b[s ( correspond+ size1 t]m$ ,catapult1 7plate x471 & /ones1 c41 7 ?r[n by ,bali/ 7plate ix4 & xii72 & secondly1 in/rum5ts =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! sl+4 ,projectiles us$ ) ,catapulta4 ,^! ma*9es ?rew n only l>ge d>ts & /ones1 b also ! bodies ( m5 & horses4 ,a!nu speaks ( a ,catapulta :i* 0 only "o foot long1 & ?rew an arr[ to ! di/ance ( half a mile4 ,o!r eng9es1 x is said1 c\ld ?r[ javel9s f "o side ( ! ,danube to ! o!r4 ,bali/ ?rew great beams ( wood1 lances twelve cubits long1 & /ones t weigh$ ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,mill/ones1 c41 us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,our =efa!rs us$ to ca/ =? mill-/ones4 ,hol9%ead relates t :5 ,edw>d ,i4 besieg$ ,/ively ,ca/le1 he caus$ c]ta9 eng9es to be made1 :i* %ot (f /ones ( two or ?ree hundr$ weight4 ,b4 ,c4 #adea4 ,b4 ,c4 #hji4 ,fir/ m5tion ( ,artill]y4 ,! fir/ intimation ( trees be+ cut d[n 8to build bulw>ks aga9/ ! city till x be subdu$10 occurs 9 ,deut4 xx41 #ai1 #bj1 b ! e>lie/ precise m5tion ( ,artill]y is 9 #bnd ,*ron41 xxvi1 #ae1 :]e we are told t ,uzziah 8made 9 ,j]usalem eng9es inv5t$ by cunn+ m51 to be ^u ! t[]s & ^u ! bulw>ks1 to %oot arr[s & great /ones )al20 & ,josephus relates t ,uzziah 8made _m eng9es ( w> = besieg+ cities1 su* z hurl /ones & d>ts ) grappl]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( t sort40 ,he mu/ !re=e be consid]$ ! inv5tor ( !m1 & f t "t !y began to be employ$ 9 attack+ & def5d+ t[ns4 ,bali/ at ,regium1 ,b4 ,c4 #chh4 ,at ,motya ,b4 ,c4 #cgj4 ,! e>lie/ in/ances ( projectile ma*9es 9 pr(ane hi/ory appe> to be at ! siege ( ,regium & ,motya by ,dionysius1 :]e1 hav+ batt]$ ! walls ) 8 rams1 he advanc$ t[>ds !m t[]s roll$ on :eels1 f :5ce he gall$ ! besieg$ ) cont9ual volleys ( /ones & arr[s1 ?r[n f 8 ,bali/ & ,catapult4 ,at ,rhodes ,b4 ,c4 #cjc4 ,! next memorable in/ance is ! siege ( ,rhodes by ,demetrius ,polyorcetes1 :o br\ght =w>d a newly inv5t$ ma*9e1 call$ ,helepolis1 7tak] ( ,cities71 ) a v>iety ( o!r eng9es1 & employ$ #cj1jjj m5 9 ! managem5t ( !m4 ,bali/ at ,cremona4 ,tacitus m5tions an extraord9>y eng9e1 us$ by ! #ae? ,legion at ! battle ( ,cremona1 aga9/ ! troops ( ,vespasian4 ,x 0 a ,bali/a ( enorm\s size1 :i* dis*>g$ /ones ( weight suffici5t to cru% :ole ranks at once4 ,inevitable ru9 w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce1 _h n two soldi]s1 undiscov]$1 cut ! ropes & spr+s4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a vigor\s assault f ,antonius1 ! ,vittelians1 unable to resi/ ! %ock1 roll$ d[n ! eng9e1 & cru%$ numb]s ( _! assailants1 b ! ma*9e1 9 fall+1 drew aft] x a neighb\r+ t[]1 ! p>apet1 & "p ( ! wall1 :i* af=d$ ! besieg]s easi] access to ! city4 ,bali/ at siege ( ,jotapata4 ,dead m5 & horses project$4 ,josephus relates t at ! siege ( ,jotapata1 8a /one f "o ( ! ,roman eng9es c>ri$ ! head ( a soldi]1 :o 0 /&+ by him1 ?ree furlongs (f20 t 8lances 7 ?r[n ) great noise1 & /ones1 weigh+ #aadlbs4 troy1 8toge!r ) fire & a multitude ( arr[s40 ,! dead bodies ( m5 & horses 7 also ?r[n at ?is siege1 & at t ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 to inspire t]ror4 ,=m ( ,bali/4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ,bali/ appe>s to h be5 a v long beam1 susp5d$ 9 a frame on a c5tre ( motion1 "o end be+ consid]ably long] ?an ! o!r4 ,to ! %ort end 0 atta*$ a great weight1 su* z a *e/ fill$ ) e>? or /ones4 ,to ! long] end a sl+ 0 affix$1 9 :i*1 aft] be+ drawn d[n1 a /one 0 plac$1 & on be+ sudd5ly let g1 ! long end flew up1 & dis*>g$ ! /one ) great viol5ce4 ,=m ( ,catapult4 ,catapult 7 sometimes con/ruct$ to dis*>ge a flight ( arr[s at once1 by plac+ !m on a rack1 & caus+ a /rong plank1 previ\sly drawn back1 to /rike aga9/ _! ends4 ,! m p]fect eng9es ( ! ,romans 7 all dep5d5t on ! ela/icity ( twi/$ cords made ( flax1 hemp1 ! s9ews or t5dons ( animals1 f ! neck ( ! bull1 or legs ( ! de] species1 & ropes =m$ ( human hair 7 pref]r$ to all o!rs1 z possess+ great] /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,catapult 7 imm5sely p[]ful b[s1 drawn back by cap/ans1 lev]s1 or pulleys1 hav+ only a s+le cord = ! arr[1 7plate x471 b ! ,bali/ _h a broad b&1 =m$ ( sev]al ropes to project ! /one1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 a k9d ( cradle1 l a cross-b[4 7plate xii47 ,bali/ at battle ( ,ha/+s #ajff ,! ,normans appe> to h introduc$ a k9d ( ,field-,artill]y1 consi/+ ( in/rum5ts or ma*9es1 f :i* d>ts & /ones 7 ?r[n to a consid]able di/ance1 z !y occur at ! battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,!y also employ$ arr[s1 head$ ) combu/ible matt]1 = fir+ t[ns & %ipp+4 ,fi]y d>ts1 ,a4 ,d4 #fd4 ,we read 9 ! ,scriptures ( 8,fi]y ,d>ts40 ,ephns4 vi41 #af4 ,fire f ,bali/4 ,our ance/ors d]iv$ ! k ( "s composition f ! ,s>ac5s1 :i* resembl$ ,greek-fire1 & 0 (t5 ?r[n 9 pots f ! ,bali/4 ,fire by ,arabs comm5cem5t ( #ac? c5tury4 ,f a treatise on ! 8,art ( ,fight+10 by ,hassan ,abrammah1 we le>n t ! ,arabs ( ! #ac? c5tury employ$ _! inc5di>y compositions 9 f\r diff]5t ways4 ,!y ca/ !m by h&2 !y fix$ !m to /aves1 ) :i* !y attack$ _! enemies2 !y p\r$ =? fire ?r\gh tubes2 & !y project$ burn+ mixtures ( v>i\s k9ds by means ( arr[s1 javel9s1 & ! missiles ( great eng9es4 ,bombs ( glass1 c4 ,fire-mace4 ,vessels ( glass or pott]y1 dis*>g$ by h& or by ma*9es1 7 s contriv$1 t on /rik+ ! object at :i* !y 7 aim$1 _! cont5ts spread ar\nd1 & ! fire1 already communicat$ by a fusee1 envelop$ ev]y?+ )9 its rea*4 ,a soldi]1 on ^: head 0 brok5 a fire-mace1 became sudd5ly soak$ ) a diabolic fluid1 :i* cov]$ him f head to foot ) flame4 ,bombs f ,bali/4 ,bombs 7 also ?r[n f ,bali/4 ,an eng9e 0 con/ruct$ at ,gibralt>1 "u ! direction ( ,g5]al ,melville1 at ! desire ( ,"l ,hea?field1 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ /ones j ov] ! edge ( ! rock1 9 a place :]e ! ,spani>ds us$ to resort1 & :]e %ells ?r[n f mort>s c\ld n injure or annoy !m4 ,onag]4 ,( ma*9es =m$ on ! sl+ pr9ciple1 t call$ ,onag] 7plates vii4 & viii47 may be reg>d$ z typical ( all ! re/4 ,its =ce entirely dep5d$ ^u ! torsion ( a %ort ?ick rope1 act+ ^u a lev] :i* describ$ an arc ( a v]tical circle4 ,! lev] _h atta*$ to its free extremity a sl+1 or sometimes x m]ely t]m9at$ 9 a spoon-%ap$ cavity4 ,:5 b5t back1 x 0 secur$ by a cat* or trigg]1 & *>g$ ) a /one4 ,on />t+ ! cat* by a bl[ ) a mallet1 ! lev] describ$ its arc ( a circle ) great velocity1 & project$ ! /one to a consid]able di/ance4 ,i %all n[ briefly describe "s ( ! portable missive weapons :i* h be5 us$ by diff]5t nations4 ,javel94 ,arms ( ! e>ly ,romans4 ,aid to projection4 ,! ,javel91 or d>t1 v>i\sly modifi$1 is kn[n "u sev]al names4 ,! anci5ts 7 well acqua9t$ ) x4 ,9 ! ,scriptures1 we h frequ5t notice ( x2 & ! anci5ts in/itut$ javel9 mat*es4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! javel9 us$ on horseback 0 ab\t five feet & a half long1 & head$ ) /eel1 usually ?ree-sid$1 b sometimes r\nd4 ,! ,roman ,cavalry1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,greece1 7 arm$ mu* l ! ,infantry1 c>ry+ swords1 %ields1 & javel9s ) po9ts at bo? ends4 ,sometimes1 9 ord] to laun* x ) great] =ce1 x 0 n propell$ by ! unaid$ arm1 b by ! assi/ance ( a ?ong fa/5$ to its butt end2 & we are in=m$ t ! ,greeks & ,romans project$ d>ts & javel9s by ! assi/ance ( a sl+ or /rap1 girt r\nd _! middle4 ,dj]e$4 ,pilum4 ,au/ralian mode4 ,h>poon4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 a javel91 t]m$ ,dj]e$1 is us$ ) consid]able effect by c]ta9 ori5tal nations1 :o inv>iably employ x on horseback4 ,! ,roman infantry possess$ a weapon ( ! javel9 k9d1 t]m$ ,pilum1 e man ( ! legion>y soldi]s c>ry+ two4 ,! po9t ( ?is weapon be+ v long & small1 0 usually s b5t at ! fir/ dis*>ge z to be r5d]$ useless aft]w>ds4 ,) e improvem5t t ! javel9 0 susceptible (1 x nev] c\ld acquire a long range2 h5ce we f9d1 t z ,ar*]y became develop$1 ! use ( ! weapon decl9$4 ,among/ savage nations1 ! use ( ! javel9 is v common1 b ! inhabitants ( ,au/ralia h a mann] ( ?r[+ x altoge!r peculi> to !mselves1 n ?r[+ x :ile pois$ at ! balance1 b project+ x by means ( a /ick appli$ at ! butt end4 ,?is contrivance accompli%es a great increase ( range1 b does n contribute to accuracy ( direction4 ,at %ort di/ances1 ! p5etrat+ =ce ( ! javel9 is consid]able1 z is le>n$ f ! act ( h>poon+ a :ale1 a h>poon be+ m]ely a javel94 ,,! ,,sl+4 ,sl+s m5tion$ 9 ,judges4 ,b4 ,c4 #adjf4 ,sl+s us$ ,b4 ,c4 #adjf4 ,means by :i* /ones w\ld be ?r[n by great] =ce ?an ! h&1 w\ld naturally be resort$ to2 accord+ly we f9d ! sl+ ranks among/ ! fir/ ( anci5t (f5sive weapons4 ,num]\s examples are m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 z 9 ,judges xx41 #af1 8,among all ?is p1 !re 7 sev5 hundr$ *os5 m5 left-h&$2 e "o c\ld sl+ /ones at a hair bread? & n miss20 & also t ( ,david & ,golia?1 c4 ,siege ( ,troy betwe5 #hjj & #ijj ,b4 ,c4 ,battle ( ! ,granicus ,b4 ,c4 #ccd4 ,fir/ ,punic w> #bda to #bfc ,b4 ,c4 ,at ! siege ( ,troy1 ! masses 7 organiz$ into two k9ds ( infantry3 "o light & irregul>1 c>ry+ horn b[s1 %ort d>ts1 & sl+s2 ! o!r regul> & heavy1 arm$ ) spe>s4 ,at ! battle ( ! ,granicus1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccd1 ,alex&] ! ,great _h 9 8 army light infantry1 consi/+ ( sl+]s1 b[-m51 & javel9-m54 ,! ,c>?ag5ians _h sl+]s 9 _! pay be=e ! fir/ ,punic ,w>4 ,sl+s common 9 ,greece4 ,sl+]s 9 ,roman armies4 ,! ,sl+ 0 v common 9 ,greece1 & us$ by ! light arm$ soldi]s4 ,arr[s1 /ones1 & lead5 plummets1 7 ?r[n f !m1 "s ( :i* weigh$ no less ?an an ,attic p\nd4 ,s5eca reports t its motion 0 s vehem5t t ! lead5 plummets 7 frequ5tly melt$666 ,! ,romans _h sl+]s 9 _! armies1 = ! mo/ "p inhabitants ( ! ,isl&s ( ,majorca1 ,m9orca & ,ivica4 ,inv5tion ascrib$ to ,phnicians & also to inhabitants ( ,bale>ic isl&s4 ,pl9y ascribes ! inv5tion ( sl+s to ! ,phnicians1 b ,vegetius to ! inhabitants ( ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 :o 7 fam\s 9 antiquity = us+ !m4 ,x is said1 ^? p bore ?ree k9ds ( sl+s1 "s long] & o!rs %ort]1 to be us$ z _! enemies 7 ne>] or m remote2 ! fir/ s]v$ !m = a head b&1 ! second = a girdle1 & ! ?ird !y always c>ri$ 9 _! h&s4 ,9 fight !y ?rew l>ge /ones ) su* viol5ce1 t !y seem$ to be project$ f "s ma*9e1 & ) su* exactness1 z r>ely to miss _! aim2 be+ con/antly ex]cis$ f _! infancy1 _! mo!rs n all[+ !m to h any food1 until !y /ruck x d[n f ! top ( a pole ) /ones ?r[n f _! sl+s4 ,mat]ials ( sl+s4 ,sl+s ) cup4 ,/aff-sl+4 ,! ,lat9 = our ,engli% ^w f>m is fundus1 :i* orig9ally signifies a 8/one's-?r[ ( l&10 or z mu* l& z c\ld be includ$ )9 ! range ( a /one ?r[n f a sl+4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* sl+s 7 compos$1 7 ei!r flax1 hair or lea!r1 wov5 into b&s or cut into ?ongs1 broad 9 ! c5tre to receive ! load1 & tap]+ (f to ! extremities4 ,sl+s h be5 made ) ?ree /r+s1 ) a cup let into ! lea!r to hold ! bullet or /one1 & 7 call$ 8,fronde cult40 ,9 plate xiii1 fig4 #c1 !re is a repres5tation ( a sl+] ( ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ^: weapon diff]s f t ( ! ,anglo-,saxon or common sl+1 9 hav+ a cup = ! reception ( ! projectile4 ,sl+s 7 sometimes atta*$ to /icks to increase _! p[]1 z1 besides ! anci5t cord sl+1 !re appe>s 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury a v>iety ( ?is arm2 ! 8,/aff ,sl+40 7plate xiii1 fig4 #b47 ,x seems to h be5 9 vogue = naval w>f>e1 or 9 ! conflicts ( siege op]ations4 ,=ce ( sl+s4 ,us$ = ! ,engli%1 ,a4 ,d4 #acdb4 ,bullets out ( sl+s4 ,! sl+s project$ _! missiles ) su* =ce t no arm\r c\ld resi/ _! /roke4 ,sl+s nev] appe> to h be5 mu* us$ by ! ,engli%1 al?\gh ,froiss>t m5tions an in/ance ( _! hav+ be5 us$ = !m by ! p ( ,brittany1 9 a battle f\ght 9 t prov9ce dur+ ! reign ( ,philip de ,valois1 betwe5 ! troops ( ,walt] de ,man91 an ,engli% knight1 & ,l\is d',espagne1 :o comm&$ six ?\s& m5 on behalf ( ,*>les de ,blois1 !n competitor ) ! ,e>l ( ,mont=d = ! ,du*y ( ,brittany4 ,froiss>t says1 t :at made ,l\is lose ! battle 01 t dur+ ! engagem5t ! c\ntry p came unexpect$ly & assault$ 8 army ) bullets & sl+s4 ,sl+s at ! siege ( ,sanc]e1 #aegb4 ,range4 ,sl+s la/ us$1 #ahad4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 sl+s 7 us$ 9 naval combats1 :5 /ones 7 also sometimes ?r[n by h&4#b ,sl+s 7 us$ 9 #aegb1 at ! siege ( ,sanc]e by ! ,hugu5ots1 9 ord] to save _! p[d]4 ,!y 7 also us$ by ! p ( ,brittany to su* an ext5t aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olic p>ty1 t ! w> 0 call$ 8,gu]re de ,fronde40 ,) respect to ! range ( ?is projectile1 x is said1 t a good sl+] c\ld project a /one #fjj y>ds4 ,?is seems d\btful4 ,! mo/ rec5t in/ance ( sl+s be+ us$ 9 w>1 occurs 9 8,/rai? on ,=tification10 page #aba1 & :i* conta9s an extract f ! siege j\rnal ( ,s]jeant ,/4 ,jacques ( ! ,fr5* ,corps de ,g5ie1 :o 0 mo/ successfully employ$ ) a small ,fr5* g>rison 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,ca/les ( ,monz[91 ,arragon1 aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 #ahad4 #b ,x is /at$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,wilson t at ! battle ( ,alex&ria ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ?rew /ones at ea* o!r1 dur+ a tempor>y want ( ammunition1 ) su* effect t a ,s]jeant ( ! #bh? ,regim5t 0 kill$1 & sev]al ( ! m5 7 w\nd$4 ,/ones 7 ?r[n by ! ,engli% ,gu>ds at ! battle ( ,ink]man4 ,,! ,,b[4 ,! b[ almo/ univ]sal4 ,?is weapon "u "s %ape or o!r 0 employ$ by mo/ nations ( antiquity1 b n always z a w>like in/rum5t4 ,sc>cely any two nations made _! b[s exactly alike4 ,! ,scy?ian b[ we are told1 0 v mu* curv$1 z are ! ,turki%1 ,p]sian1 & ,*9ese b[s 7plate iv4 figs4 #a #b7 at ! pres5t day1 :il/ ! celebrat$ weapon ( our ance/ors :5 un/rung 0 ne>ly /raight4 ,x is n[ us$ among ^? savage tribes ( ,africa & ,am]ica1 to :i* fire-arms h n yet rea*$4 ,b[s 9 ,scripture4 ,b[s ,b4 ,c4 #ahib4 ,b4 ,c4 #agfj4 ,b4 ,c4 #ajeh4 ,mann] ( draw+ ! b[4 ,fir/ us$ by ,romans4 ,we frequ5tly read ( ! b[ 9 ,scripture1 & ! fir/ passage 9 :i* ! use ( ! b[ is inf]r$1 is 9 ,g54 xxi4 #bj1 :]e x is said ( ,i%mael1 8,& ,god 0 ) ! lad1 & he grew1 & dwelt 9 ! wild]ness & became an ar*]40 ,b 9 ! #af? v]se x is said t ,hag> 8 "m1 8sat h] d[n ov] aga9/ him1 a good way (f1 z x 7 a b[ %ot2 = %e said let me n see ! dea? ( ! *ild03--?is v]se implies an e>li] practice ) ! b[ ?an c be adduc$ by any pr(ane hi/orian4 ,9 ,g54 xxvii4 #c1 ,isaac directs 8 son ,esau3 8,n[ !re=e take ,i pray !e ?y weapons1 ?y quiv] & ?y b[1 & g out to ! field1 & take me "s v5ison2 & make me savory meat1 su* z ,i love1 & br+ x to me t ,i may eat1 & t my s\l may bless !e be=e ,i die40 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,saul 0 p>ticul>ly ow+ to ! ,phili/9e ar*]s2 & 8,david bade !m tea* ! *ildr5 ( ,judah ! use ( ! b[40 ,! companies t came to ,david at ,ziklag 7 arm$ ) b[s1 & 8c\ld use ! "r h& & ! left 9 hurl+ /ones & %oot+ arr[s40 7,i4 ,*ron4 xii4 #b47 ,! b[ is ( v high antiquity among ! ,greeks1 ^: b[s 7 usually made ( wood1 b sometimes ( horn1 & frequ5tly 9 ei!r case beautifully ornam5t$ ) gold & silv]2 ! /r+ g5]ally made ( twi/$ hair1 b sometimes ( hide4 ,! anci5t ,p]sians drew ! /r+s t[>ds _! e>s1 z is ! practice /ill ) ! ,engli%4 ,! anci5t ,greeks1 h[ev]1 drew ! b[/r+ t[>ds _! brea/1 & repres5t$ ! fabl$ ,amazons z do+ ! same1 & h5ce ! tradition ( ^! p cutt+ (f _! "r brea/s1 9 ord] to give facility = draw+ ! b[4 ,until ! second ,punic w>1 ! ,romans _h no ar*]s 9 _! armies1 except ^? :o came ) _! auxili>y =ces4 ,subsequ5tly !y became m employ$1 al?\gh z f> z we c le>n1 n by native troops1 b by ,ori5tals 9 _! pay4 ,b[s ( ,britons4 ,b[s ( ,wel%4 ,b[s ( ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! e>ly ,britons _h m]ely b[s & arr[s ( re$1 ) fl9t or bone heads4 ,arr[s 7 us$ by ! ,wel* 9 ,norman reigns1 :o 7 fam\s ar*]s2 _! b[s 7 made ( wild elm1 b /\t1 & n calculat$ to %oot a great di/ance1 b _! arr[s w\ld inflict v sev]e w\nds 9 close fight4 ,_! arr[s w\ld pi]ce oak5 bo>ds f\r in*es ?ick4 ,! b[ 0 also a weapon ( w> among ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! ,salic law %[s t bo? ! sl+ & ! b[ 7 us$ by ! contempor>y ,franks2 & !y ev5 us$ poison$ arr[s4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon b[ 0 ( ! =m ( ! ,grecian1 b x 0 only "u ! ,normans t ! b[ became a ma/] weapon2 ! ,saxons pr9cipally us+ x1 l ! p ( ,tahiti ( ! pres5t day1 = kill+ birds4 ,no b[s 9 ,france ,a4 ,d4 #ead4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,clovis1 ! ,fr5* made no use ( ! b[ 9 _! armies1 b x 0 employ$ dur+ ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury2 z a ,c\nt is m5tion$1 :o 0 direct$ on conduct+ soldi]s to ! army1 to see !y _h _! prop] arms2 t is a lance1 a buckl]1 a b[1 two /r+s1 & twelve arr[s4 ,a4 ,d4 #ajff4 ,h>old %ot ) an arr[ ,kn[n by ,danes & ,saxons4 ,z a milit>y weapon at ! battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,ar*]y enc\rag$ by /atute4 ,long b[ 9 conque/ ( ,irel& #aagb4 ,william ! ,conqu]or 0 a skilful ar*]1 & ! battle ( ,ha/+s 0 decid$ by ! b[1 & we he> t ,h>old 0 %ot ) an arr[4 ,al?\gh ! ,anglo-,saxons & ,danes 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! b[ f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 x appe>s to h be5 only employ$ = obta9+ food1 or = pa/ime1 & we are p]haps indebt$ to ! ,norman ,conque/ = its introduction z a milit>y weapon4 ,! ,normans at ! battle ( ,ha/+s are said to h us$ ! arbale/ or cross-b[ z well z ! long b[4 ,ev] aft] ?is1 ! b[ became a fav\rite weapon4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 ar*]y 0 mu* cultivat$1 & great numb]s ( b[m5 7 con/antly br\ght into ! field2 & to enc\rage its practice1 a law 0 pass$1 :i* fre$ f ! *>ge ( murd] any "o :o 9 practis+ ) arr[s or d>ts1 %\ld kill a p]son /&+ ne>4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ regulation to be f\nd 9 our annals1 & 0 probably f\nd$ on ! old law ( ,rome4 ,! ,engli% conque/s 9 ,irel& dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 7 pr9cipally ow+ to ! use ( ! long b[ 9 battle1 :i* ! ,iri% want$4 ,! ,invasion ( ,irel& 0 head$ by ,ri*>d de ,cl>e1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 surnam$ 8,/rong-b[40 ,8 =ce 0 num]ically v small1 consi/+ *iefly ( ar*]s1 & x is /at$ t su* 0 ! advantage _! sup]ior arms & milit>y skill gave ! invad]s1 t #aj knights & #gj ar*]s defeat$ a body ( #cjjj ,iri% oppos$ to !m1 on _! l&+ ne> ,wat]=d4 ,a4 ,d4 #aaii4 ,! exact "t :5 %oot+ ) ! long-b[ began 9 ,engl& is unsettl$1 our *ronicl]s d n m5tion ar*]y till ! dea? ( ,ri*>d ,i4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 !re 7 among ! ,engli% infantry1 sl+]s1 ar*]s1 & cross-b[ m54 ,cressy #acdf4 ,poicti]s #acef4 ,x seems t ! long-b[ 0 at its z5i? 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 :o appe>s to h tak5 great pa9s to increase its efficacy1 & to ext5d its use4 ,! t]rible execution effect$ by ! ,engli% ar*]s at ,cressy1 & at ,poicti]s t5 ye>s aft]1 0 occasion$ by ,briti% ar*]s4 ,homeld5 #adjc4 ,! decisive victory ov] ! ,scots at ,homeld5 0 entirely a*iev$ by !m1 & ! ,e>l ( ,d\glas f\nd ! ,engli% arr[s 7 s swift & /rong1 t no arm\r c\ld repel !m2 ?\gh 8 own 0 ( ! mo/ p]fect temp]1 he 0 w\nd$ 9 five places4 ,! ,engli% m5-at-arms1 knights & squires1 nev] drew sword or c\*$ lance1 ! :ole affair be+ decid$ by ! ar*]s4 ,%rewsbury #adjc4 ,ag9c\rt #adae4 ,!y aga9 did t]rible execution at ! battle ( ,%rewsbury1 9 #adjc1 :]e ,hotspur 0 sla91 & ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt 0 _! undivid$ conque/4 #bj1jjj b[-m5 #adee4 ,b[ pref]r$ to fire-arms4 ,b[s at ,isle ( ,r1 #afbg4 ,b[s aga9/ ,scots1 #afdd to #afdg4 ,b[s 9 ,william #crd's "t4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 ! ,p>liam5t vot$ an army ( #bj1jjj b[-m5 = s]vice 9 ,france4 ,! battle ( ,/4 ,albans1 #adee1 seems to h be5 entirely won by ! ar*]s4 ,al?\gh fire-arms _h atta9$ no inconsid]able degree ( p]fection 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 yet ! long-b[ 0 /ill ! fav\rite weapon4 ,inde$1 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 ! musket 0 s unwieldy1 & sl[ to *>ge & dis*>ge1 t ! b[ 0 consid]$ sup]ior by _m4 ,we f9d t ,que5 ,elizabe?1 #aegb1 engag$ to furni% ,*>les ,,ix4 ( ,france ) #f1jjj m51 "p to be arm$ ) long1 & "p ) cross-b[s2 & 9 ! attack made by ! ,engli% on ! ,isle ( ,r1 #afbg1 x is said "s cross-b[-m5 7 9 ! army4 ,9 #afdc a company ( ar*]s 0 rais$ = ! s]vice ( ,*>les ,i42 & 9 a pamphlet pr9t$ 9 #affd1 !re is an acc\nt ( ! successes ( ! ,m>quis ( ,montrose aga9/ ! ,scots2 & b[-m5 are repeat$ly m5tion$ z 9 ! battle4 ,! ,gr5adi]s ( ! ,highl& ,regim5ts1 9 ! "t ( ,william ,,iii41 :5 recruit+1 wore ! old r$ bonnet1 & c>ri$ b[s & arr[s ) !m4 ,! ,highl& b[ 0 v %ort1 & by no means p[]ful4 ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,b[4 ,range ( long-b[4 ,accuracy ( long-b[4 ,! ,engli% c\ld n accompli% m ?an #fjj y>ds1 except on a few extraord9>y occasions2 our mod]n ar*]s n m ?an f #cjj to #ejj y>ds4 ,! ,turki% ambassador :5 9 ,engl& 9 #agie1 s5t an arr[ upw>ds ( #dhj y>ds2 & !re are two or ?ree in/ances on record s9ce ar*]y has be5 m]ely a pa/ime1 :i* h exce$$ x by tw5ty or ?irty y>ds4 ,x is said ( ,domitian1 t he w\ld cause "o ( 8 slaves to /& at a great di/ance ) 8 h&s spread z a m>k1 & w\ld %oot 8 arr[s s correctly z to drive !m betwe5 8 f+]s4 ,commodus1 ) an arr[ head$ ) a semi-circul> cutt+ edge1 c\ld cut or sev] ! neck ( a bird4 ,! /ory ( ,william ,tell1 :o /ruck an apple plac$ ^u 8 *ild's head1 is well kn[n1 & g5]ally reg>d$ 9 ! light ( an hi/orical fact4 ,x is /at$ t ,rob9 ,hood c\ld split a hazel w&4 ,p5etration ( long-b[4 ,9 a j\rnal ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,8 ,maje/y relates t #ajj ar*]s ( 8 gu>d %ot be=e him two arr[s ea*1 & aft]w>ds altoge!r4 ,! object aim$ at 0 a well-season$ deal bo>d1 "o in* ?ick4 ,_m pi]c$ x q ?r\gh1 & "s /ruck 9 a bo>d on ! o!r side4 ,! di/ance is n m5tion$1 b we "k t ,h5ry ,,viii4 prohibit$ any "o above ! age ( #be to %oot at a m>k at a less di/ance ?an #bjj y>ds4 ,advantages ( ! long-b[4 ,! long-b[ 0 light1 inexp5sive1 & unaffect$ by wea!r1 z ! /r+s c\ld be remov$4 ,moreov]1 #ab arr[s c\ld be fir$ ) accuracy 9 "o m9ute4 ,two fea!rs 9 an arr[ 7 to be :ite1 & "o br[n or grey1 & ?is diff]5ce 9 col\r in=m$ ! ar*] 9 an in/ant h[ to place ! arr[4 ,disadvantages ( ! long-b[4 ,al?\gh arr[s c\ld be %ot f a b[ ) f> great] rapidity & precision ?an balls f a musket1 yet 9 damp wea!r ! b[ & /r+ might become s mu* relax$ t ! efficacy ( ! in/rum5t became mu* impair$4 ,a side w9d deflect$ ! arr[ exce$+ly 9 its flight1 & ev5 aga9/ a mod]ate w9d1 x 0 difficult to %oot at all4 ,our ,=efa!rs enc\rag$ to acquire skill 9 ar*]y by legal enactm5ts1 & by ! f\nd]s ( our public s*ools4 #a,,/4 ,,by ,,legal ,,enactm5ts4 ,h5ry #bnd f #aaed to #aahi4 ,we h previ\sly /at$ t ! fir/ law enc\rag+ ! practice ( ar*]y 0 pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,ri*>d #bnd f #acgg to #acii4 ,an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 to compel all s]vants to %oot on ,sundays & holidays4 ,edw>d #d? f #adfa to #adhc4 ,e man to h a b[4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 an act 0 pass$1 orda9+ e ,engli%man to h a b[ ( 8 own height1 & dur+ ! same reign butts 7 ord]$ to be put up 9 e t[n%ip = ! inhabitants to %oot at on fea/ days1 & if any neglect$1 ! p5alty ( "o halfp5ny 0 incurr$4 ,! same mon>* also pass$ an act1 t b[s 7 to be sold = #es4 #d;d4 ,cross-b[s prohibit$ by ,h5ry #g? ,h5ry #h?4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 prohibit$ ! use ( ! cross-b[1 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 less ?an tw5ty ye>s aft]1 r5ew$ ! prohibition4 ,he =bad ! use ( cross-b[s & h& guns1 & pass$ a /atute :i* inflict$ a f9e ( #aj = keep+ a cross-b[ 9 ! h\se4 ,e man1 be+ ! ,k+'s subject1 0 oblig$ to ex]cise himself 9 %oot+ ) ! long b[1 & also to keep a b[ ) arr[s cont9ually 9 8 h\se4 ,fa!rs & gu>dians 7 also comm&$ to tea* _! male *ildr5 ! use ( ! long b[4 ,enc\rag$ by ,philip & ,m>y4 ,a /atute ( ,philip & ,m>y m5tions ! quantity & k9d ( arm\r & weapons1 to be kept by p]sons ( diff]5t e/ates1 viz3--8,temporal p]sons hav+ #e & "u #aj p] annum1 "o coat ( plate furni%$1 "o black bill or halb]t1 "o long b[1 "o %eaf ( arr[s1 & "o /eel cap or skull40 ,prices fix$ by ,elizabe?4 ,an act ( ,elizabe?1 fix$ ! prices = long b[s1 at #fs4 #h;d41 #cs4 #d;d41 & a ?ird sort at #bs4 ea* b[4 ,enc\rag$ by mon>*s f ,h5ry #h? to ,*>les #a/4 ,proclamation by ,*>les #a/4 ,num]\s /atutes 7 pass$ to enc\rage ar*]y 9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,elizabe?1 ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i4 9 ^: reign ! legislature int]f]$ = ! la/ "t 9 #afcc1 :5 ,*>les ,i4 issu$ a commission = prev5t+ ! fields ne> ,london be+ s enclos$1 8z to int]rupt ! necess>y & pr(itable ex]cise ( 8%oot+10 & also a proclamation = ! use ( ! b[ & pike toge!r3--8,a4 ,d4 #afcc4--,:]eas 9 =m] tyme b[es & arr[es h be5 f\nd s]viceable weapons = w>s1 :]eby great victories & conque/s h be5 gott51 & by sundry /atutes ! use !re( ha? be5 enjo9$1 c4 c4--& we expect t our lov+ subjects %\ld con=m !mselves !reunto1 kn[+ ! ex]cise ( %oot+ to be a means to pres]ve heal?1 /r5g? & agility ( body1 & to avoid idl5ess1 unlawfull disports1 drunk5ness1 & su* l enormities & disord]s1 :i* are too frequ5t among our p40 #b,,nd4--,,by ,,! ,,f\nd]s ,,( ,,our ,,public ,,s*ools4 ,e/imation ( ar*]y by f\nd]s ( s*ools4 ,! f\nd]s ( our ,gramm> ,s*ools appe> to h consid]$ t ! acquirem5t ( skill 9 ar*]y by _! s*ol>s 0 no less wor?y ( att5tion ?an _! moral & intellectual improvem5t4 ,!y provid$ by _! /atutes s\nd le>n+ & a religi\s education = all1 b secur$ ! removal ( su* z %ew$ no aptitude or disposition to le>n4 ,!y also prescrib$ ! amusem5ts & ex]cises ( ! s*ol>s1 & prohibit$ su* z 7 calculat$ to lead to idle & vici\s habits4 ,9 fact1 z true patriots1 !y und]/ood h[ ! sons ( free m5 ought to be educat$ 9 y\?1 & t 8a complete & g5]\s education is t :i* fits a man to p]=m ju/ly1 skilfully1 & magnanim\sly1 all ! (fices1 bo? private & public1 ( peace & w>40 ,h>r[ ,s*ool1 f\nd$ #aega4 ,! f\nd] ( ,h>r[ ,s*ool1 ,mr4 ,john ,lyon1 prep>$ a body ( /atutes to be obs]v$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,s*ool4 ,by "o ( ^! he limit$ ! amusem5ts ( ! ,s*ol>s 8to driv+ a top1 toss+ a h&-ball1 runn+1 %oot+1 & no o!r40 ,by ano!r he ord]$3--8,y %all all[ y\r *ild at all times1 b[-%afts1 b[-/r+s1 & a brac]1 to ex]cise %oot+40 ,on ! entrance-por* to ! ,ma/]'s h\se are two %ields1 ! "o be>+ ! ,lion rampant1 ! o!r1 two arr[s cross$1 an anci5t device :i* _h its orig9 9 ! design ( ! f\nd]4 ,?is device is also impress$ on ! ext]ior ( all books :i* are pres5t$ by ! ,head-,ma/] z prizes to ^? s*ol>s1 ^: improvem5t entitl$ !m to su* rew>ds4 ,! practice ( ar*]y 0 coeval ) ! f\ndation ( ! ,s*ool1 & 0 cont9u$ = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,e ye> !re 0 a public exhibition ( ar*]y1 :5 ! s*ol>s %ot = a silv] arr[4 ,! la/ silv] arr[ 0 cont5d$ = 9 #agga4 ,/4 ,albans ,s*ool4 ,at ,/4 ,alban's ,gramm> ,s*ool1 "o ( ! articles to be recit$ to su* z (f]$ _! *ildr5 to be taught 9 ! ,s*ool 01--8,ye %all all[ y\r *ild at all times1 a b[1 ?ree arr[s1 b[-/r+s1 a %oot+ glove1 & a brac]1 to ex]cise %oot+40 ,wilton ,s*ool4 ,sir ,john ,dean1 :o f\nd$1 9 #aeeh1 ! ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,wilton1 9 ,*e%ire1 fram$ a body ( /atutes = ! ,s*ool4 ,"o ( !m provides3--8,t ^u ,?ursdays & ,saturdays1 9 ! aft]noons1 & ^u holidays1 ! s*ol>s refre% !mselves1 & t z well 9 ! vacations z 9 ! days a=esaid1 !y use _! b[s & arr[s only1 & es*ew all b[l+1 c>d+1 dic+1 cock+1 & all o!r unlawful games1 ^u pa9 ( extreme puni%m5t to be done by ! ,s*oolma/]40 ,d$ham ,s*ool 9 ,essex4 ,! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,d$ham1 9 ,essex1 0 end[$ 9 #aega1 & confirm$ by a ,*>t] ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 #aegd4 ,h] ,maje/y's injunctions to ! p>5ts ( ! boys :o %\ld att5d ! s*ool at ,d$ham 73--8,t !y %\ld furni% _! sons ) b[s1 %afts1 brac]s & gloves1 9 ord] to tra9 !m to arms40 ,/4 ,savi\r's ,s*ool 9 ,s\?w>k4 ,"o ( ! /atutes at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,savi\r1 9 ,s\?w>k1 decrees t 8! plays ( ! s*ol>s %all be %oot+ 9 long-b[s1 *ess1 runn+1 wre/l+1 & leap+3--play]s = money1 or bett]s1 %all be sev]ely puni%$ & expuls$40 ,camb]well ,s*ool4 ,a /atute 9 ! same words is f\nd 9 ! rules & ord]s fram$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ,camb]well ,gramm> ,s*ool1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #afae1 by lett]s pat5t4 ,,means ,,by ,,:i* ,,skill ,,9 ,,ar*]y ,,0 ,,acquir$4 ,an ar*] made by long tra9+1 c4 ,a successful ar*] c\ld only be con/itut$ by long tra9+1 /r5g?1 & address1 we ne$ n !re=e wond] t ! practice ( ! long-b[ 0 n m copi$ by our neighb\rs1 z ! ,fr5* p]t9aci\sly adh]$ to ! use ( ! cross-b[4 ,e man _h arms4 ,eti5ne di ,p]l91 a ,fr5*man :o wrote an acc\nt ( a t\r 9 ,engl& 9 #aeeh1 says3--8,! husb&m5 leave _! buckl]s & swords1 or sometimes _! b[1 9 ! corn] ( ! field1 s t e "o 9 ?is l& be>s arms20 & x is also /at$ t all ! y\? & manhood ( ! yeomanry ( ,engl& 7 engag$ 9 ! practice ( ! long-b[4 ,public mat*es4 ,public exhibitions ( %oot+ ) ! b[ cont9u$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,james ,,ii41 & an ar*]'s division1 at lea/ till )9 ^! few ye>s1 =m$ a bran* ( ! ,artill]y ,company4 ,! mo/ important society ( ?is k9d n[ exi/+ is 8,! ,royal ,company ( ,ar*]s1 ! ,k+'s body-gu>d ( ,scotl&40 ,! exact "t ( its in/itution is unkn[n1 b x is ref]r$ by ! ,scotti% antiqu>ians to ! reign ( _! ,james ,i4 ,causes ( bad %oot+4 ,rog] ,as*am1 9 8,toxophilos10 /ates t ! ma9 difficulty 9 le>n+ to %oot1 arises f hav+ acquir$ & become confirm$ 9 previ\s bad habits2 s t1 8use is ! onlye cause ( all faultes 9 x1 & !re=e *ildr5 m easelye & son] may be taught to %oote excell5tly !n m51 because *ildr5 may be taught to %oote well at ! fir/1 m5ne h m pa9e to unle>ne _! ill uses ?an !y h lab\r aft]w>de to come to good %oot+e20 & aft] hav+ enum]at$ a long li/ ( faults ord9>ily committ$1 he ?us proce$s to describe ! secret ( %oot+ /raight ) ! long-b[4 ,%oot+ dep5ds on ! eye4 ,! h& obeys ! eye4 8,= hav+ a man's eye alwaye on 8 m>ke1 is ! onlye waye to %oote /raighte1 yea1 & ,i suppose s r$ye & easye a waye1 if x be le>n$ 9 y\? & confirm$ ) use1 t a man %all nev] misse !re94 ,m5 d\bt yet 9 lok+ at ! m>ke :at way is be/1 :e!r betwixt ! b[ & ! /r+e1 above or b5ea? 8 h&e1 & manye wayes moo4 ,yet x make? no greate matt] :i* waye a man loke at 8 m>ke1 if x be jo9$ ) comlye %oot+4 ,! div]sitye ( m5s /&+ & draw+ cause? div]s m5 loke at _! m>ke div]s wayes2 yet !y all _h a mans h& to %oote /raighte if no?+e els /oppe4 ,s t cumlynesse is ! onlye judge ( be/ lok+e at ! m>ke4 ,"s m5 wond] :ye 9 ca/+e a man's eye at ! m>k1 ! h&e %\ld g /reight4 ,surely if he consid]$ ! nature ( a man's eye1 hee w\lde n wond] at x4 ,= ?is ,i am c]ta9e (1 t no s]vaunt to 8 mai/]1 no *ild to 8 fa!r1 is s ob$i5t z ev]ye joynte & peece ( ! bodye is to d :atsoev] ! eye biddes4 ,! eye is ! guide1 ! rul]1 & ! succ\r] ( all ! o!r p>ts4 ,! h&e1 ! foote1 & o!r memb]s d>e d no?+e )\te ! eye1 z do? appe> on ! night & d>cke corn]s4 ,! eye is ! v tongue :]e) witte & reason do? speake to ev]ye p>te ( ! bodye1 & ! witte do? n s soone signifye a ?+e by ! eye1 z e "p is r$ye to foll[e1 or r prev5t ! bidd+ ( ! eye4 ,?is is pla9e 9 manye ?+es1 b mo/ evid5t 9 f5ce & feight+1 z ,i h he>d m5 saye4 ,!re e p>te /&+ 9 fe>e to h a bl[e1 runnes to ! eye = help1 z y\nge *ildr5 d to ! "m2 ! foote1 ! h&e1 & all wayte? ^u ! eye4 ,if ! eye bid ! h& ey!r be>e ( or smite1 or ! foote ey!r g =w>d or backew>d1 x do? s4 ,& t :i* is mo/ wond] ( al1 ! "o man lok+e /$fa/lye at ! o!r mans eye & n at 8 h&1 wil1 ev5 z x 71 r$e 9 8 eye :] he purpose? to smyte next1 = ! eye is no?+ els b a c]ta9 w9d[e = wit to %oote out h] heade at4 ,?is wond]full worke ( ,god 9 mak+ all ! memb]s s ob$i5t to ! eye1 is a pleasant ?+ to rememb] & loke ^u3 !re=e an ar*] may be sure 9 le>n+e to loke at 8 m>ke :5 hee is y\nge alwayes to %oote /reight40 ,! foll[+ description ( ! ,engli% ar*] is f an anci5t treatise on ,m>tial ,discipl9e3-- ,ar*] to we> easy dress4 ,capta9s to see t b[s c41 7 9 good ord]4 ,tw5ty-f\r arr[s to ea* man4 8,! yeoman hadde1 at ^? dayes1 _! lymmes at lib]tye1 = _! hoseyn 7 !n fa/5$ ) "o po9t1 & _! jackes 7 long1 & easy to %ote 91 s t !y mighte draw b[es ( great /r5g?1 & %ote arr[es ( a y>de long4 ,capt5s & (fic]s %\ld be skilful ( t mo/ noble weapon1 & to see t _! soldi]s accord+ to _! draught & /r5g? h good b[s1 well nock$1 well /ryng$1 ev]ie /r+e :ippe 9 _! nocke1 & 9 ! myddes rubb$ ) wax1 bras] & %ut+ glove1 "s sp>e /r+s trym$ z a=esaid1 ev]ie man "o %efe ( arr[s1 ) a case ( lea!r def5sible aga9/ ! rayne1 & 9 ! same %efe f[] & tw5tie arr[s1 :]e( eight ( !m %\ld be light] ?an ! residue1 to gall & a/oyne ! enemy ) ! hail%ot ( light arr[s1 be=e !y %all come )9 range ( _! h>quebuss %ot40 ,enc\rag$ f ! pulpit4 ,! subject ( ar*]y 0 n deem$1 9 ^? days1 an unsuitable !me = ! pulpit1 z may be se5 by ! foll[+ extract f "o ( ! sev5 s]mons 7! six?7 prea*$ be=e ,edw>d ,,vi41 )9 ! prea*+ place 9 ! palace ( ,we/m9/]1 on ! #ab? ( ,april1 #aedi1 by t patriotic re=m]1 ,bi%op ,latim]4 ,) hone/1 pla9 spok5 words1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disc\rse he breaks (f-- ,tra9+ ( ,bi%op ,latim]4 8,m5 ( ,engl&1 9 times pa/1 :5 !y w\ld ex]cise !mselves1 7= we mu/ ne$s h "s recreation1 our bodies c n endure )\t "s ex]cise71 !y 7 wont to goe abroad 9 ! fieldes a %oot+2 b n[ x is turn$ into gloss+1 gull+1 & :oor+ )9 ! h\se4 ,! arte ( %oot+ ha? b5e 9 times pa/ mu* e/eem$ 9 ?is realme1 x is a gift ( ,god t ,he ha? gev5 u to excell all o!r nations )all1 x ha? be5 ,god's in/rum5t :]eby ,he ha? gev5 u _m victories aga9/ our enemies4 ,b n[ we h tak5 up :oor+ 9 t[nes1 in/ead ( %oot+ 9 ! fieldes4 ,a wond]\s ?+ t s excell5t a gift ( ,god %\ld be s little e/eem$4 ,i desire y1 my ,lordes1 ev5 z ye love ! hon\r & glory ( ,god1 & ent5d to remove 8 indignation1 let !re be s5t =? "s proclamation1 "s %>pe proclamation to ! ju/ices ( peace1 = !y doe n ?i] dutie1 ju/ices n[ be no ju/ices1 !re be _m good actes made = ?is matt] already4 ,*>ge !m ^u _! allegiance t ?is s+ul> b5efite ( ,god may be practis$1 & t x be n turn$ into boll+1 gloss+1 & :oor+ )9 ! t[nes3 = !y be neglig5t 9 execut+ ^! laws ( %oot+4 ,9 my "t my poore fa!r 0 z dilig5t to tea* me to %oote z to le>ne me any o!r ?+1 & s ,i ?9k o!r m5 did _! *ildr54 ,he taught me h[ to draw1 h[ to lay my body 9 my b[1 & n to draw ) /r5g? ( armes z o!r nations doe1 b ) /r5g? ( ! body4 ,i _h my b[es b\ght me accord+ to my age & /r5g?1 z ,i encreas$ 9 !m1 s my b[es 7 made bigg] & bigg]3 = m5 %all nev] %oot well except !y be br\ght up 9 x4 ,x is a goodly arte1 a :olesome k9de ( ex]cise1 & mu* comm5d$ 9 phisicke40 ,! foll[+ is ano!r extract f ! same s]mon3-- ,h[ e/imat$ by ! p4 8,i came once myself to a place1 rid+ on a j\rney homew>d f ,london1 & ,i s5t ^w ov] night into ! t[ne t ,i w\ld prea* !re 9 ! morn+1 because x 0 a holiday1 & me?\ght x 0 an holidayes "w4 ,! *ur* /ood 9 my way1 & ,i took my horse & my company1 & w5t ?i!r1 7,i ?\ght ,i %\ld h f\nd a great company 9 ! *ur*17 & :5 ,i came !re1 ! *ur* door 0 fa/ lock$4 ,i t>ry$ !re halfe an h\re & m1 at la/ ! key 0 f\nd1 & "o ( ! p>i% comes to me & said3 #8,sir1 ?is is a busie day ) u1 we _c he>e y1 x is ,rob9 ,hood's day4 ,! p>i% are gone abroad to ga!r = ,rob9 ,hood4 ,i pray y let !m n4' ,i ?\ght my ro*et %\ld h be5 reg>d$1 ?\gh ,i 7 n3 b x w\ld n s]ve1 x 0 fa9e to give place to ,rob9 ,hood's m540 ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,ar*]y4 ,by names ( places4 ,!re is little at ! pres5t day 9 ,engl& to af=d any adequate idea ( ! high importance1 ! great skill1 & ! di/+ui%$ r5[n ( ! ,engli% ar*]s4 ,"s few places /ill reta9 names :i* tell :]e ! b[m5 us$ to assemble = practice1 z 8,%oot]'s ,hill10 9 ,k5t2 8,new+ton ,butts10 ne> ,london2 & 8,/4 ,augu/9e's ,butts10 ne> ,bri/ol4 ,! ,butts w be f\nd appli$ to spots ( l& 9 ! vic9ity ( s*ools1 z = in/ance1 ! ,college ,s*ool ( ,w>wick4 ,! fields situat$ to ! ea/ ( ! play+-fields at ,eton1 & kn[n by ! "n ( 8,! ,upp] & ,l[] ,%oot+-fields10 7 probably s nam$ f ! anci5t ex]cise ( ar*]y on ^! gr\nds4 ,armorial ,be>+s4 ,_m ( ! noble & c\nty families ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& h ! symbols ( ar*]y *>g$ on _! escut*eons2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 ! ,m>quis ( ,salisbury1 ,"l ,grey de ,wilton1 ! ,e>l ( ,ab]de51 ! ,e>l ( ,besbor\gh1 ! ,e>l ( ,port>l+ton1 ! ,b>onetal family ( ,hales1 ,sir ,m>t9 ,b[es1 & also on ! arms ( ,sydney ,sussex ,college1 9 ,cambridge1 & ! seal ( ! ,%effield ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,gov]nm5t br&4 ,! m>k or br& us$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! pres5t day1 to id5tify public prop]ty1 is an arr[-head1 commonly call$ 8,! ,k+'s broad arr[40 ,surnames ( families4 ,!re are also exi/+ families :i* h d]iv$ _! surnames f ! names ( ! diff]5t crafts =m]ly engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! b[ & its accompanim5ts2 z1 = in/ance1 ! names ( ,b[y]1 ,flet*]1 ,/r+]1 ,arr[smi?1 ,arr[1 ,b[man1 ,b[wat]1 c4 ,national prov]bs4 ,if ref]5ce be made to our language1 !re w be f\nd _m phrases & prov]bial expressions drawn f or connect$ ) ar*]y2 "s sugge/+ =e?\ght & caution1 z 8,always h two /r+s to y\r b[20 8,get ! %aft-h& ( y\r adv]s>ies20 8,draw n ?y b[ be=e ?y arr[ be fix$20 8,kill two birds ) "o %aft40 ,to make an enemy's ma*9ation recoil ^u himself1 !y express$ by say+1 8,to out%oot a man 9 8 own b[40 ,9 ref]5ce to a vague fooli% guess1 !y us$ to say1 8,he %oots wide ( ! m>k20 & ( unpr(itable silly conv]sation1 8,a fool's bolt is soon %ot20 & z a pro( ( exagg]ation1 8,he draws a long b[40 ,! unready & unskilful ar*] did n escape ! c5sure & w>n+ ( 8 fell[s1 al?\gh he might be a great man & boa/ t he _h 8,a fam\s b[1 b x 0 up at ! ca/le40 ,( su* !y satirically us$ to rem>k1 t 8,_m talk$ ( ,rob9 ,hood1 :o nev] %ot 9 8 b[40 ,our ance/ors also express$ lib]ality ( s5tim5t1 & _! op9ion t m]it belong$ exclusively to no p>ticul> class or locality1 by ! foll[+ pi?y expressions1 8,_m a good b[ besides "o 9 ,*e/]10 & 8,an ar*] is kn[n by 8 aim1 & n by 8 arr[s40 ,to ^! may be add$1 8,te/imony is l ! %ot ( a long-b[1 :i* owes its efficacy to ! =ce ( ! %oot]2 argum5t is l ! %ot ( a cross-b[1 equally =cible1 :e!r dis*>g$ by a dw>f or a giant40 ,,milit>y ,,& ,,political ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,skill ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,b[4 ,comm5c$ at ! battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,a*ievem5t la/$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( #ejj ye>s4 ,engl& _h a volunt>y army4 ,f ! "t ( ! battle ( ,ha/+s ! ,engli% ar*]s began to rise 9 repute1 & 9 c\rse ( "t prov$ !mselves1 by _! a*ievem5ts 9 w>1 bo? ! admiration & t]ror ( _! foes1 & excell$ ! exploits ( o!r nations4 ,! great a*ievem5ts ( ! ,engli% b[m5 :i* %$ lu/re ^u ! annals ( ! nation1 ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( m ?an five c5turies1 _m ye>s aft] ! inv5tion & use ( fire-arms4 ,engl&1 !re=e1 9 ^? times1 possess$ a national volunt>y militia1 ( no *>ge to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ready = ! field on a %ort notice1 & well skill$ 9 ! use ( weapons4 ,h5ce sprung ! l>ge bodies ( effici5t troops :i* at diff]5t p]iods ( ,engli% hi/ory1 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t1 7 f\nd ready = ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry4 ,^! m5 7 n a rude1 undiscipl9$ rabble1 b 7 tra9$1 discipl9$ m51 e "o suffici5tly ma/] ( 8 weapon to riddle a /eel corslet at five or six score paces1 or 9 a body1 to act ) t]rible effect aga9/ masses ( cavalry2 :ile mo/ ( !m c\ld br+ d[n a falcon on ! w+ by a bird-bolt1 or ) a broad arr[ transfix ! wild de] 9 ! *ase4 ,ar*]s defeat$ m5-at-arms4 ,value 9 sieges4 ,be=e ! simple weapon ( ! ,briti% ar*]1 itself b a l>g] =m ( ! simple/ play?+ ( a *ild1 all ! gorge\s display ( knigh?ood1 ! elaborat$ panoply ( /eel1 ! magnific5t w>-horse1 ! s]ri$ ranks1 ! +5i\s devices ( tacticians & /rategi/s1 at once gave way2 no?+ c )/& ! bit+ /orm ( ! 8clo?-y>d %aft40 ,x 0 equally efficaci\s 9 ! field & 9 ! siege4 ,! def5d] ( t[n or ca/le c\ld n peep beyond 8 bret*e or p>apet1 b an ,engli% arr[ nail$ 8 cap to 8 head4 ,9 a field1 provid$ ! ar*]s 71 by m>%1 wood or m\nta91 secur$ f a flank attack1 !y w\ld bid defiance to any numb] ( m\nt$ m5-at-arms4 ,_! %afts1 fall+ ?ick z hail among ! horses1 soon br\ght !m to ! gr\nd1 or ?rew !m into utt] disord]2 !n ! arm$ footm5 advanc$ & comm5c$ a slaught] :i* 0 sc>cely /ay$ b by we>9ess ( slay+2 ! ar*]s meantime cont9u+ _! ravages on ! re> ( ! enemy's cavalry by a v]tical attack1 prolong$1 :5 ! ord9>y supply ( _! quiv]s _h be5 exhau/$1 by )draw+ !m arr[s f _! sla9 enemies1 to be s5t =? on new missions ( dea?3--"h is enc\ragem5t = our mod]n m>ksm5 :o are arm$ ) a f> m deadly weapon4 ,op9ion on ,engli% ar*]s by ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,de/roy$ ! pre/ige ( cavalry4 ,e/imation ( infantry by cont95tal nations4 ,! mo/ complete & philosophic dige/1 :i* relates to ! sy/em ( ,briti% ar*]y1 consid]$ f a milit>y po9t ( view1 is t giv5 by ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* 9 8 treatise 8,sur le ,pass et l',av5ir de l',artill]ie40 ,t ! ,briti% victory at ,cressy 0 :olly attributable to ! pr[ess ( ,briti% ar*]s1 is well kn[n2 n s well1 a circum/ance po9t$ out by ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 t !nce=w>d1 & 9 consequ5ce ( t victory1 ! pre/ige ( cavalry decl9$4 ,n[1 !re is a political1 no less ?an milit>y significance 9 ?is l[]+ ( ! e/eem 9 :i* cavalry _h previ\sly be5 held4 ,horsem5 7 g5tlem51 & infantry m5 ( inf]ior degree4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] ,briti% ar*]y 7 n br\ght to be>1 horsem5 7 omnipot5t1 & infantry ( little avail4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies--! gold5 age ( ar*]y 9 ?is l&1 :5 yeom5 or ar*]s 7 9 su* high repute1--,france & cont95tal nations g5]ally1 treat$ foot soldi]s ) disda94 ,! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 9 8 sy/ematic book j adv]t$ to1 m5tions sev]al examples :]e foot soldi]s 7 ru?lessly cut d[n & ridd5 ov] by _! own cavalry--! m5-at-arms2 n t ! infantry f\ght ill1 b t !y f\ght too well4 ,!y 7 slaught]$ le/ ! m5-at-arms %\ld h no scope = ! ex]cise ( _! skill4 ,ar*] a yeoman4 ,political results4 ,engli% m5-at-arms nev] sulli$ _! fame by cruel acts l ^!2 n t !y 7 bett] at he>t3 see+ t human nature is ev]y:]e1 & "u all circum/ances1 pretty mu* alike4 ,engli% infantry1 ma9ly compos$ ( ar*]s1 7 f> too valuable to be ?us us$4 ,!y bore ! fir/ brunt ( battle1 & n unfrequ5tly decid$ x4 ,at ! "t :5 e o!r foot soldi] 9 ,europe 0 ! m]e/ s]f1 ! ,briti% ar*] 0 a yeoman4 ,he _h a fix$ h]aldic rank2 ! fir/ ( l[ degree4 ,he 0 above ! h&icraftsman1 h[ev] skilful1--above ! m]*ant--tak+ 8 rank imm$iately aft] ! g5try4 ,! excell5ce ( ,briti% ar*]y1 !n t5d$ to br+ ab\t a political result2 help+ to e/abli% t middle-class :i*1 ev] s9ce its consolidation1 has be5 "o ( ! %eet-an*ors ( our glori\s con/itution4 ,,! ,,arbale/1 ,,or ,,cross-,,b[4 ,cross-b[1 modification ( long4 ,9 process ( "t a modification ( ! b[ 0 inv5t$4 ,9 place ( ! orig9al in/rum5t1 a mu* %ort] & /iff] b[1 usually ( /eel1 0 plac$ transv]sely 9 a /ock1 b5t by a lev]1 & dis*>g$ by a trigg]1 aft] ! mann] s9ce us$ = a gun4 ,inv5t$ 9 ,crete or ,sicily4 ,! cross-b[1 or arbale/1 call$ 9 ,lat91 arcus bali/>ius1 or bali/a manualis1 & 9 ,fr5* arbalt1 is said by "s to be ( ,sicilian orig92 o!rs ascribe its inv5tion to ! ,cretans4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ into ,france by ! fir/ crusad]s1 & is m5tion$ by ! ,abb ,sug] 9 8 life ( ,l\is le ,gros1 z be+ us$ by t ,pr9ce1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 :i* comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #aajh4 ,to ,engl& by ,saxons4 ,v]/igan seems to attribute ! introduction ( ?is weapon into ,engl& to ! ,saxons1 "u ,h5gi/ & ,horsa1 b cites no au?ority 9 support ( t supposition4 ,9 a pr9t repres5t+ ! l&+ ( ^? g5]als1 ! =emo/ ( !m is del9eat$ ) a cross-b[ on 8 %\ld]1 & o!rs are se5 9 ! h&s ( ! di/ant figures ( _! foll[]s1 l&$ & l&+ f _! %ips4 ,! ,normans got cross-b[s f ,italy4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! ,normans d]iv$ ! cross-b[1 ) its "n1 f ,italy4 ,9 ,domesday ,book m5tion is made ( ,odo1 ! arbale/]1 z a t5ant 9 capite ( ! k+ ( l&s 9 ,york%ire2 & ! manor ( ,wor/ead1 ,norfolk1 0 at ! "t ( ,domesday survey1 held ( ! ,abbot ( ,/4 ,b5et at ,holme1 by ,rob]t ! cross-b[ man4 ,! names %[ !m to h be5 ,normans1 & ^! in/ances are suffici5t to prove ! introduction ( ! weapon1 ?\gh ! few t may h be5 us$ at ! battle ( ,ha/+s might occasion its n be+ repres5t$ 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry4 ,no cross-b[ among ,romans4 ,! abs5ce ( ! cross-b[ 9 e>ly ,roman monum5ts leaves x a matt] ( d\bt1 :e!r an arbale/] w\ld n simply mean ! eng9e] ( a catapult4 ,!re is no m5tion made ( ! h& cross-b[ 9 v anci5t au?orities4 ,william ,,ii surnam$ ,rufus1 f #ajhg to #aajj ,! cross-b[ has be5 us$ 9 ,engl& 7at lea/1 on hunt+ excursions7 9 ! "t ( ,rufus1 = ,wace tells u1 t 8,pr9ce ,h5ry1 go+ ! same day to ,new ,=e/1 f\nd ! /r+ ( 8 cross-b[ brok51 & tak+ x to a villa9 to be m5d$1 saw an old woman !re1 :o told him he %\ld be k+40 ,h5ry ,i1 #aajj to #aace4 ,cross-b[ 9 w>4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 ! cross-b[ seems to h be5 pr9cipally us$ 9 ! *ase4 ,! projectile 0 9 =m ( a %ort arr[1 ) a pyramidical head1 call$ a qu>rel1 7plate #ad1 fig4 #b & #d74 ,simeon ( ,durham speaks ( x 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,i4 ?us3--8,he rais$ a ma*9e f :5ce ! ar*]s & cross-b[m5 might %oot40 ,g5oese celebrat$ = ! use (4 ,! ,g5oese 7 at all times mo/ celebrat$ = ! skilful managem5t ( ! cross-b[4 ,! success :i* att5d$ ! ,*ri/ians at ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 #aajj1 is attribut$ pr9cipally to ! me*anical tal5ts ( ?is p4 ,use ( =bad4 ,! use ( ! cross-b[s 0 g5]al 9 ,italy 9 #aaci1 = at t "t ,pope ,innoc5t ,,ii4 p>ticul>ly =bad !m4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or ,conrad did ! same1 z we le>n f ,william de ,dole1 :o liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ab? c5tury1 !y n be+ look$ ^u z a fair weapon4 ,ri*>d ,i f #aahi to #aaii4 ,siege ( ,acre ,univ]sal 9 ,crusades4 ,ri*>d kill$ by4 ,x is said ( ,ri*>d ,i43--8,truly he reviv$ ! use ( ?is k9d ( %oot+1 call$ cross-b[ %oot+1 :i* _h long s9ce be5 laid aside1 :5ce he became s skilful 9 its managem5t1 t he kill$ _m p ) 8 own h&40 ,x is suppos$ t ,ri*>d ,i4 fir/ us$ ! cross-b[ z a weapon ( w> at ! siege ( ,acre4 ,9 e action1 h[ev]1 ( :i* we read 9 ! hi/ory ( ! second crusade1 z well z ! ?ird1 9 :i* ,ri*>d p>ticipat$1 cross-b[s1 z well z o!r b[s1 are repeat$ly notic$4 ,x is /at$ t he 0 kill$ by an arr[1 said to h be5 %ot f a cross-b[ at ! ,ca/le ( ,*aluz4 ,g5oese cross-b[ m54 ,m\nt$ ,arbali/s #abbe4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac?1 & until ! middle ( ! #ae? c5tury1 cross-b[ m5 are uni=mly m5tion$ z "p ( ! ,g5oese troops4 ,f ,ju/9ius we le>n1 t 9 #abbe 8,tw5ty ,arbale/es m\nt$1 & "o hundr$ on foot1 ) cross-b[s ( horn1 7 !n employ$ 9 ! army ( ! /ate40 ,! cross-b[ man 0 an ess5tial compon5t ( ! ho/ dur+ all ?is p]iod4 ,he 0 9 ! van ( ! battle4 ,battle ne> ,damietta #abcg4 ,9 ! battle ne> ,damietta1 9 #abcg1 8m ?an a hundr$ knights ( ! ,temple fell1 & ?ree hundr$ cross-b[ m51 c41 c40 ,campaign 9 ,italy #abci4 ,! ,emp]or ,fr$]ic1 9 #abci1 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 ,italian campaign to ! k+ ( ,engl&1 writes3 8,aft] we _h1 by our knights & cross-b[ m51 r$uc$ all ! prov9ce ( ,liguria10 c4 ,g5oese #abde4 ,treatm5t (4 ,five hundr$ ,g5oese cross-b[ m5 7 s5t aga9/ ! ,milanese 9 #abde1 & ^! un=tunate m5 be+ plac$ 9 front ( ! l9e1 7 tak5 prison]s by ! enemy1 :o1 to rev5ge !mselves = ! havoc done by _! b[s1 cruelly puni%$ ea* ) ! loss ( an eye1 & amputation ( an arm4 ,cross-b[s at ,cressy #acdf4 ,!re 7 #ae1jjj ,g5oese cross-b[ m5 9 ! front rank ( ! ,fr5* army at ! battle ( ,cressy1 #acdf4 ,at siege ( ,le ,ro*e de ,rin4 ,! next ye> we f9d t ,*>les1 ,e>l ( ,blois1 _h at ! siege ( ,le ,ro*e de ,rin no less ?an #b1jjj 9 8 army4 ,corporation ( ,arbali/]s #acei4 ,! 8,corporation des ,arbale/ri]s de ,p>is10 9 #acei1 consi/$ ( two hundr$ memb]s4 ,9 #acgc1 _! numb]1 z fix$ by a royal ord9ance1 0 eight hundr$4 ,!y 7 n b\nd to s]ve beyond ! limits ( _! di/rict )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,provo/ ( ,p>is4 ,!re 7 bo? foot & m\nt$ cross-b[m5 9 ?is body4 ,cross-b[ enc\rag$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,no ,engli% 9 w>s ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,g5oese m]c5>ies4 ,edw>d ,,iii41 ?\gh he wi%$ pr9cipally to enc\rage ! long-b[1 c\ld n help see+ ! advantages :i* might be d]iv$ f ! cross-b[1 f ! accuracy ( its %ot1 & its conv5i5ce on horseback4 ,x does n appe> t1 9 ! long w>s ( ,edw>d ) ! ,fr5* 9 ?is c5tury1 cross-b[m5 7 rais$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh !y 7 suppli$ by ,g5oese contractors on v>i\s occasions = s]vice at sea4 ,9 #acfc ! k+ caus$ public proclamation to be made1 9 ord] to enc\rage its use4 ,mat*es4 ,!re 7 also mat*es made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 at :i* prizes 7 giv5 to ! mo/ skilful cross-b[m54 ,m\nt$ cross-b[ m5 9 ,france #acgc4 ,9 ! li/ ( ! ,gr& ,ma/]s ( ! ,arbale/]s ( ,france "u ,*>les ,v41 9 #acgc1 appe>s 8,m>c de ,grimant1 ,b>on d',antibes1 ,capta9-,g5]al ( ,arbale/]s1 bo? foot & horse1 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+40 ,& a simil> notice occurs 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,john1 ,baudo9 de ,l5ce be+ ,gr& ,ma/]2 b x w\ld appe> t ! m\nt$ cross-b[m5 7 reta9$ 9 mu* small] numb]s ?an ! foot4 8,pavis]s40 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 cross-b[m5 seem fir/ to h be5 protect$ by 8,pavis]s10 7plate #ae71 or m5 :o held be=e !m a l>ge %ield call$ a 8,pavise40 ,pavis]s by ,engli% #adjd4 ,on ! attack by ! ,fr5* & ,spani>ds ^u ! ,isle ( ,portl& 9 #adjd1 ! ,engli% =m$ pavis]s to protect !mselves f ! cross-b[ bolts1 by tak+ ! doors f _! h\ses1 & fix+ !m upright by props4 ,"u ?is cov] ! ar*]s pli$ _! arr[s4 ,cross-b[ n e/eem$ by ,engli%4 ,=bad by ,h5ry ,,vii #aejh #aeae4 ,=bad by ,h5ry ,,viii #aece4 ,decl9e ( cross-b[4 ,! ,engli% nev] _h mu* e/eem = ! cross-b[ 9 ! field4 ,among ! #aj1ejj m5 l$ out ( ,engl& by ,h5ry ,,vi41 9 #adae1 !re 7 only n9ety-eight ,arbale/]s1 ( :om eighte5 7 horsem52 nev]!less1 ,h5ry ,,vii4 f\nd x necess>y to prohibit ! use ( ! cross-b[ 9 #aejh1 &1 sev5 ye>s aft]1 ano!r /atute 0 pass$1 r5ew+ ! prohibition4 ,?is int]f]5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! legislature does n seem to h produc$ ! int5d$ effect1 = 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s lat] ! use ( ! cross-b[ _h become s preval5t1 t a new /atute 0 judg$ requisite1 :i* inflict$ on e p]son t kept "o 9 8 h\se1 ! p5alty ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,x is f ?is p]iod1 !re=e1 t we may date ! decl9e ( ! arbale/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z ^! /atutes produc$ by degrees ! re=mation s\ght =4 ,n a s+le cross-b[ man is to be se5 9 ! pa9t+s belong+ to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 nor at ,c[dray ,h\se1 repres5t+ ! battles ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & pa9t$ at ! p]iod2 &1 to give a f9i%+ bl[1 ano!r /atute soon foll[$1 /ill m decisive4 ,,description ,,( ,,cross-,,b[4 ,description4 ,! anci5t cross-b[1 :i* diff]$ 9 _m p>ticul>s f ^? ( late times1 is ?us describ$ by ,fa!r ,daniel1 :o =m$ 8 description f "o or m !n be=e him4 ,! cross-b[ 0 an (f5sive weapon1 :i* consi/$ ( a b[ fix$ to ! top ( a sort ( /aff1 or /ock ( wood1 :i* ! /r+ ( ! b[1 :5 unb5t1 cross$ at "r angles4 ,/ock4 ,trigg]4 ,! h&le or b$1 :i* 0 call$ ! /ock ( ! cross-b[1 _h t[>ds ! middle a small op5+ or slit1 ( ! l5g? ( two f+]s1 9 :i* 0 a little moveable :eel ( solid /eel2 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( x pass$ a screw t s]v$ = an axis2 ?is :eel project$ a little beyond ! surface ( ! /ock1 & _h a not*1 or cat*1 :i* /opp$ & held ! /r+ ( ! b[ :5 b5t4 ,9 ! opposite side ( ! circumf]5ce 0 a mu* small] not*1 by ! means ( :i* ! spr+ ( ! trigg] kept ! :eel firm]1 & 9 its place2 ?is :eel is call$ ! nut ( ! cross-b[4 ,"u ! /ock1 ne> ! h&le1 0 ! key ( ! trigg]1 l t ( ! s]p5t9e ( a musket2 by press+ ?is key ) ! h&1 to ! h&le ( ! cross-b[1 ! spr+ releas$ ! :eel t held ! /r+1 & ! /r+ by its motion drove =w>d ! d>t4 ,back-sight4 ,=e-sight4 ,^u ! /ock bel[ ! little :eel 0 a small plate ( copp]1 :i* lift$ up & %ut d[n1 & 0 fix$ by its two legs1 ) two screws to ! two sides ( ! /ock2 ?is 0 a back-sight2 x 0 pi]c$ above by two little holes1 "o ov] ! o!r1 & :5 ! plate 0 rais$1 ^! two holes answ]$ to a globule1 :i* 0 a small bead1 no bigg] ?an t ( a *aplet1 t 0 susp5d$ at ! end ( ! cross-b[ by a f9e wire1 & fa/5$ to two p]p5dicul> columns ( iron1 "o on ! "r1 ! o!r on ! left1 & ?is little globule1 answ]+ to ! holes 9 ! plate1 s]v$ to direct ! aim1 :e!r = %oot+ horizontally1 upw>ds1 or d[nw>ds4 ,cord4 ,! cord or /r+ ( ! b[ 0 d\ble1 ea* /r+ sep>at$ by two little cyl9d]s ( iron1 equi-di/ant f ! extremities ( ! b[ & ! c5tre2 to ^! two /r+s 9 ! middle 0 fix$ a r+ ( cord1 :i* s]v$ to conf9e x 9 ! not* previ\sly m5tion$ :5 ! b[ 0 b5t4 ,betwe5 ! two cords 9 ! c5tre ( ! /r+1 & imm$iately be=e ! r+1 0 a little squ>e ( cord1 aga9/ :i* 0 plac$ ! extremity ( ! arr[ or d>t1 to be pu%$ =w>d by ! cord4 ,b5t by h&4 ,by foot ,by pulley4 ,! small] cross-b[s 7 b5t ) ! h&2 ! l>g] ones 7 at fir/ b5t by ! soldi] plac+ 8 foot 9 a /irrup1 atta*$ to ! end ( ! b[2 a cord 0 !n fix$ by "o end to ! butt ( ! /ock1 ! o!r end be+ fa/5$ to a wai/belt4 ,a pulley1 runn+ ^u ! cord1 0 hook$ to ! b[/r+1 & ! b[ 0 !n b5t by rais+ ! body & keep+ ! leg firm4 ,by m\l9et4 ,! cross-b[ 0 aft]w>ds furni%$ ) ! m\l9et & pulleys1 7plate #ac7 :i* aft] ! b[ _h be5 b5t1 c\ld be remov$ = ! dis*>ge2 ^! consi/$ ( an iron cyl9d] 9 a frame ( ! same metal1 made to turn by two moveable h&les 9 opposite directions1 & hav+ a cap likewise ( iron to fit on ! butt end ( ! /ock4 ,on ea* side ( ?is cap 0 a small pulley1 ! :eel ( :i* 0 "o in* & a half 9 diamet]1 hav+ atta*$ to "o ( its arms a /rong cord t pass$ !nce r\nd an equal siz$ :eel1 return$ ov] ! fir/1 & !n w5t r\nd "o d\ble 9 diamet]1 situat$ beyond ! second1 & s pass$ to ! cyl9d] ( ! m\l9et1 by w9d+ :i*1 ! p[] requir$ to b5d ! b[ 0 less5$ to "o f\r?4 ,atta*$ to ! arms ( ! great] :eels 0 a d\ble claw1 made to slide on ! plane ( ! /ock1 :i*1 cat*+ hold ( ! b[/r+1 drew x up to ! nut4 ,an improvem5t ( ! m\l9et 01 t ! h&les ( ! cyl9d] 7 bo? made 9 ! same l9e1 in/ead ( be+ "o up & ! o!r d[n4 ,by w9dlass4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! cross-b[ 0 b5t by a w9dlass1 :i* consi/$ ( a b> ( iron1 %ap$ at its end into a claw1 & hav+ tee? ! :ole l5g? ( "o edge4 ,?is slipp$ ?r\gh an iron box1 conta9+ a :eel1 ! cogs ( :i* fitt$ ! tee? ( ! b>1 & z a h&le 0 fix$ to ! axle1 on turn+ x ! /r+ 0 w\nd up4 ,?is app>atus 0 atta*$ by a loop1 :i* slipp$ ov] ! /ock1 & 0 kept 9 its place by two iron p9s1 t project$ f ! side1 & !n1 :5 b5t1 x c\ld be easily remov$4 ,by /eel lev]4 ,ano!r mode ( b5d+ ! cross-b[ 0 by means ( a /eel lev]1 call$ ! goat's-foot lev]1 :i* 0 moveable4 ,?is 0 =m$ ( two legs1 a cat* & a h&le1 all act+ on "o pivot4 ,! legs 7 appli$ to ! project+ pieces ( iron on ea* side ! /ock1 & !n ! pur*ase 0 v great4 ,lat*4 ,prodd4 ,!re 7 two pr9cipal v>ieties ( cross-b[s1 viz41 ! 8,lat*10 ) groov$ /ock1 = 8qu>rels10 & ! 8,prodd10 = bullets4 7,plate #ad1 fig4 #a & #b47 ,dim5sions & =m ( lat*4 ,qu>rels viretons4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ! /ocks ( cross-b[s 7 made ( h>d wood1 ornam5t$ ) ivory4 ,!y 7 ab\t ?ree feet ?ree in*es long1 ! b[ ( /eel1 ab\t two feet eight in*es f end to end1 weigh+ 9 all ab\t fifte5 p\nds4 ,! l5g? ( ! groove = ! qu>rel ab\t "o foot f\r in*es4 ,! arr[s dis*>g$ 7 call$ bo? qu>rels & viretons1 7plate #ad1 fig4 #b & #d17 "s ) fea!rs1 o!rs )\t4 ,! vireton is a ,fr5* "n2 ! fea!rs be+ set on a little curv$1 made x sp9 r\nd z x pass$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,arquebus or b>rell$ cross-b[4 ,slit 9 tube4 ,fir$ lead5 balls4 ,x is /at$ by ,capta9 ,pant1 t ! ,arquebus 0 9 use be=e ! inv5tion ( p[d]1 & 0 b an improvem5t on ! arbale/1 or cross-b[4 ,! ,arquebus1 l ! cross-b[1 _h a /ock1 ^u :i* 0 fix$ a tube1 int5d$ to receive ! projectile4 ,?is tube 0 split1 = ! passage ( a cord1 :i* 0 held back by a k9d ( %eave or pulley1 :i* communicat$ motion to ! projectile1 on ! trigg] be+ pull$4 ,9 g5]al1 lead5 balls 7 fir$ f ! arquebus4 ,! b>rell$ cross-b[ 0 sugge/$ by ! 8bali/a grossa de arganellis10 :i* 0 furni%$ ) tubes = eject+ ,greek fire4 ,repeat+ cross-b[4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum1 ,:itehall1 !re is a cross-b[ ( ,c+alese manufacture4 ,x /r+s itself1 & dis*>ges two arr[s ea* "t 9 rapid succession1 until ! magaz9e is exhau/$1 :i* conta9s twelve arr[s1 & may be repl5i%$ 9 a mom5t4 ,range 9 ,h5ry ,v4 ,x is evid5t t ! diff]5t sizes & v>i\s p[]s ( cross-b[s occasion$ a great div]sity 9 ! di/ance ( _! range4 ,?us1 9 ,h5ry #e?'s "t ! range ( ! cross-b[ is /at$ to h be5 =ty rods 7#bbj y>ds71 & x nev] appe>s to h be5 m p[]ful ?an at t p]iod4 ,range 9 ,elizabe?'s4 ,m4 de ,bellay says t ! cross-b[man w kill at #ajj or #bjj paces1 :i* gives a great range to ! arbale/s ( ,elizabe?'s "t4 ,sir ,john ,smi?1 h[ev]1 9 8 obs]vations1 n long aft] ?is1 v mu* contracts ! di/ance ( _! %ot1 = he says t 8a cross-b[ w kill po9t-blank betwe5 #dj & #fj y>ds1 &1 if elevat$1 #abj1 #adj1 or #afj y>ds1 or fur!r40 ,! =m] probably allud$ to ! prod1 ! latt] to ! lat*4 ,,comp>ative ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,& ,,cross ,,b[4 ,h[ ineffici5t ! cross-b[ 0 f\nd1 :5 oppos$ by ,engli% ar*]y1 appe>s 9 e page ( ! hi/ories ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,:y long-b[ sup]ior4 ,! sup]iority ( ! long-b[ ma9ly dep5d$ ^u ! /r5g? & skill ( ! ar*]1 :ile a great] am\nt ( accuracy at %ort] ranges c\ld be _h out ( ! cross-b[1 ) mu* less tra9+2 & ! success ( ! ,engli% ar*]s :5 oppos$ to cross-b[m5 may be ma9ly ascrib$ to ! m 8rapid0 fire ( ! =m]4 ,cel]ity ! great advantage ( ! long-b[4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! long-b[ c\ld deliv] at lea/ six %afts :ile ! cross-b[ dis*>g$ "o2 &1 8) su* odds aga9/ !m1 x became impossible = ! brave/ & mo/ exp]t troops1 :e!r at ,cressy or else:]e1 to make a /& aga9/ _! oppon5ts04 ,cross-b[ be/ on horseback4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cross-b[ 0 decid$ly a m conv5i5t weapon on horseback ?an ! long-b[4 ,,comp>ative ,,m]its ,,betwe5 ,,b[s ,,& ,,e>ly ,,fire-,,arms4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 & its application to artill]y & small arms1 did n produce t sudd5 *ange 9 ! art ( w>1 or 9 weapons1 t might1 on a fir/ consid]ation1 h be5 expect$4 ,_m ( ! old soldi]s 7 mu* divid$ 9 _! op9ion ( ! sup]iority ( fire-arms1 nor does x appe> t ! gov]nm5t ( ^? days 7 decid$ ^u x1 z ! /ronge/ /atutes = en=c+ ! practice ( ar*]y 7 enact$ aft] _! introduction4 ,long-b[ pref]r$ 9 ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,jo%ua ,b>nes1 9 8 life ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 obs]ves1 t 8)\t all "q1 ! guns :i* are us$ n[-a-days1 are nei!r s t]rible 9 battle nor d su* execution nor "w su* confusion z arr[s c d2 = bullets1 be+ n se51 only hurt :]e !y hit1 b arr[s enrage ! horse1 & break ! array1 & t]rify all t behold !m 9 ! bodies ( _! neighb\rs4 ,n to say t e ar*] c %oot ?rice to a gunn]'s once1 & t :ole squadrons ( b[s may let fly at "o "t1 :5 only "o or two files ( musquete]s c dis*>ge at once4 ,also1 t :]eas guns are useless :5 y\r pikes jo91 because !y only d execution po9t-blank1 ! arr[s :i* w kill at r&om may d good s]vice ev5 beh9d y\r m5 ( arms40 ,long-b[ ! fav\rite 9 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,al?\gh fire-arms _h atta9$ no inconsid]able degree ( p]fection 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 yet ! long-b[ 0 /ill ! fav\rite weapon4 ,m]its balanc$ 9 ,que5 ,m>y's reign4 ,s indiff]5t 7 ! m9i/]s ( ,que5 ,m>y respect+ !m1 t 9 h] ord9ance respect+ arm\r & weapons1 ! alt]native is left to ! *oice ( ! p1 :e!r !y %\ld f9d a long-b[ & %eaf ( arr[s1 or a haquebutt1 9 e case :]e !y 7 by law *>g$ ) ! latt]4 ,! light] ammunition ( ! h>quebus an advantage4 ,9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 ! musket 0 s sl[ to *>ge & dis*>ge t ! b[ 0 consid]$ sup]ior by _m2 & ,mons4 de ,bellay /ates t if ar*]s & cross-b[m5 c\ld c>ry _! arr[s1 c41 z easy z h>quebusi]s d _! ammunition1 he w\ld pref] ! =m] weapon ov] ! latt]4 ,arr[s make m sev]e w\nds ?an bullets4 ,! effects ( arr[s /ick+ 9 horses1 are said to h be5 frightful4 ,?is c be easily imag9$4 ,a fire-arm bullet c be %ot q ?r\gh a horse )\t caus+ ! animal to %[ "o sign ( angui%4 ,he goes /eadily on 8 previ\s c\rse1 & makes no sign4 ,h[ev] fatal ( necessity1 a fire-arm bullet gives no imm$iate pa94 ,n s ! arr[4 ,plant$ nev] s lightly 9 a horse's neck or flank1 ! animal grew furi\s4 ,/>t+ (f into a wild gallop to escape ! b>b$ /+1 ! animal _h no respite = 8 agony4 ,! wild] ! pace1 ! great] ! pa94 ,f> f ! s]ri$ squadrons :]e he fa9 w\ld be1 sore aga9/ 8 w1 ru%$ ! mail-clad knight4 ,plung+ & re>+1 ! /e$ w\ld ?r[ him at la/1 amid/ ! dead & dy+2 himself to die4 ,?\gh comp>atively few m5 or horses 7 kill$ by arr[ w\nds at once1 few1 nev]!less1 recov]$4 ,! b>b$ arr[-head 0 immeasurably m dang]\s1 imb$d$ 9 ! fle%1 ?an a m]e lump ( lead4 ,hundr$s ( m51 hale & well to-day1 h _h fire-arm bullets imb$d$ 9 _! fle% = ye>s4 ,n s 9 ! "t ( ar*]y4 ,! arr[-head mu/ be extract$1 or mortification came on1 & soon a cruel dea?4 ,nei!r 0 ! surgical process ( extraction (t5 happy 9 ! results4 ,x w\ld n be easy to extract a b>b$ arr[-head ev5 n[1 ) all ! appliances ( mod]n surg]y at h&4 ,arr[ w\nds m fatal4 ,ano!r fatal consequ5ce ( arr[ w\nds on ! field ( battle 0 ?is3 m5 w\nd$ ?us 7 r>ely tak5 prison]s4 ,arr[s 7 exp5sive ammunition4 ,! battle ov]1 deta*m5ts 7 s5t out to collect !m2 & ! collection 0 n done too t5d]ly4 ,to rega9 an arr[ seem$ a f> m m]itori\s act ?an to save ! life ( an enemy4 ,! ?roat ( _m a w\nd$ wret* 0 m]cilessly cut1 t he might be quiet :il/ ! arr[ 0 be+ extract$4 ,b[s useless 9 w9d4 ,9 ra94 ,! defects ( ar*]y 7 ^!3--! ammunition 0 exp5sive1 & :5 lo/1 n easily replac$4 ,! flight ( arr[s is nev] correct on a w9dy day1 f :atev] direction ! w9d may bl[4 ,ra9 relaxes ! b[ & b[/r+1 s t ar*]y !n is ( little use4 ,all ^! are s]i\s defects2 b !re 0 ano!r ( m importance /ill4 ,:5 ! ar*]'s ammunition 0 all exp5d$1 he 0 ne>ly p[]less4 ,a sword1 inde$1 he c>ri$1 = close fight+2 & ea* ar*] /uck into ! gr\nd be=e him a %>p po9t$ /ake z a protection aga9/ cavalry4 ,h&-gun mo/ p5etration4 ,sil5t dis*>ge 9 favor ( b[s4 ,! great advantage ( ! h&-gun 0 f its p5etration1 z no arm\r c\ld keep out balls1 b ! sil5t dis*>ge ( ! cross-b[ r5d]$ x sup]ior 9 ! pursuit ( timid animals1 & ! prodd has cont9u$ 9 use to ! pres5t day1 = ! purpose ( kill+ de]1 rooks1 & rabbits4 ,,note4--,! articles on anci5t ,eng9es ( ,w>1 & ^u ! ,b[1 are pr9cipally tak5 f ! foll[+ works1 viz3--8,milit>y ,antiquities10 by ,f4 ,grose1 ,esq42 8,a ,critical ,inquiry into ,anci5t ,arm\r10 by ,sir ,s4 ,r4 ,meyrick2 8,anci5t ,arm\r & ,weapons 9 ,europe10 by ,john ,hewitt2 8,projectile ,weapons ( ,w>10 & 8,report ( ! ,rifle ,mat* at ,wimbl$on ,common10 by ,j4 ,sc(f]n1 ,m4 ,b42 8,eng9es ( ,w>10 by ,h4 ,wilk9son1 & 8,! ,long-,b[ ( ! ,pa/ & ! ,rifle = ! ,future10 by ,h4 ,britannicus4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,artill]y4 ,fate ( nations dep5ds on arms4 ,!re is no subject m intimately connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 f ! remote/ antiquity ?an ! hi/ory ( ,arms1 ! fate ( nations hav+ always dep5d$ ei!r on ! sup]iority ( ! ,arms employ$1 or on ! sup]ior discipl9e or dext]ity ( ^? :o us$ !m1 :olly indep5d5t ( ! numb]s by :i* !y 7 oppos$4 ,artill]y includes all w>-eng9es4 ,be=e ! introduction ( gunp[d]1 all k9ds ( weapons1 bo? (f5sive & def5sive1 7 includ$ 9 ! t]m 8,artill]y10 :i* has s9ce become re/rict$ to ! l>g] k9ds ( fire-arms1 su* z guns1 mort>s1 h[itz]s1 rockets1 c4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! ,i4 ,saml4 xx41 #dj1 8,& ,jona?an gave 8 artill]y to 8 lad10 :5 speak+ ( b[s & arr[s4 ,aga91 9 ! #bj?1 ,h5ry ,,viii41 a pat5t 0 grant$ to ,an?ony ,knevt & ,pet] ,m5tas1 8to be ov]se]s ( ! sci5ce ( ,artill]y20 & 9 an enum]ation ( ! diff]5t species ( ,artill]y1 pr9t$ 9 #aeid1 are reckon$ 8long-b[s1 cross-b[s1 slur-b[s1 /one-b[s1 scorpions1 & catapultas40 ,def9ition ( ,artill]y4 ,! root ( ! ^w 8artill]y10 is ! ,lat9 ^w 8ars10 an 8art40 ,x has be5 fanta/ically d]iv$ f ! ,italian arte di tir>e1 ! art ( fir+4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! sci5ce ( w>-eng9es 0 call$ artemonie1 & its productions artill]ie1 f ! old ,fr5* ^w artill]1 8to employ art40 ,"s writ]s /ate t ! ^w 8artill]y10 is d]iv$ f arcus 8a b[10 ! e>li] species ( artill]y be+ t]m$ arcualia4 ,fir/ inv5tion unkn[n4 ,names ( gun--f old ma*9es4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e ) any degree ( accuracy ! epo* at :i* gunp[d] & its resultants1 fire-arms1 7 fir/ employ$ = ! purposes ( w> 9 any "p ( ! _w2 & ?is difficulty is increas$1 at lea/1 z f> z reg>ds ,europe1 f ! fact1 t ! fir/ eng9es ( w>1 dep5d+ on ! use ( gunp[d]1 7 nam$ aft] ! old ma*9es = ?r[+ d>ts1 /ones1 c4 ,fir/ m5tion ( guns4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nt :i* we h ( gunp[d]1 :]e x is m5tion$ z appli$ to fire-arms1 exi/s 9 a code ( ,g5too ,laws1 & is ?\ght by _m to be coeval ) ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! notice occurs 9 ! ,sanscrit preface to ! ,code ( ,g5too ,laws1 translat$ by ,halh$1 at page #ec1 viz3--8,! ,magi/rate %all n make w> ) any deceitful ma*9e1 or ) poison$ weapons1 or ) cannon or guns1 c40 ,halh$ obs]ves3 8,x w no d\bt /rike ! read] ) wond] to f9d a prohibition ( fire-arms 9 records ( su* unfa?omable antiquity1 & he w probably h5ce r5ew ! suspicion1 :i* has long be5 deem$ absurd1 t ,alex&] ! ,great did absolutely meet ) "s weapons ( ?is k9d 9 ,india1 z a passage 9 ,qu9tus ,curtius seems to asc]ta940 ,greek fire1 e>lie/ ,european combu/ible4 ,gunp[d] kn[n be=e 9 ,*9a4 ,*9ese explosive %ell4 ,e>ly ,*9ese cannon4 ,! ,greek fire seems to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts 9 ,europe at ! manufacture ( a milit>y combu/ible2 b !re is "s reason to believe t ! ,*9ese _h become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( gunp[d] long be=e ! introduction or inv5tion ( ! a=5am$ sub/ance2 & !y appe> to h be5 ! fir/ :o took any /eps 9 its manufacture1 or 9 t ( weapons ( w> result+ f its use4 ,among/ ! ma*9es con/ruct$ by ?is extraord9>y p1 0 "o call$ 8! ?und] ( ! e>?10 :i* is ?us describ$ by ,m4 ,re9aud2 & ,m4 ,fav3 8,a holl[ globe ( iron 0 fill$ ) a bucket ( gunp[d]1 mix$ ) fragm5ts ( metal1 & 0 s arrang$1 t x explod$ on ! approa* ( an enemy1 s z to cause great de/ruction 9 8 ranks40 ,! 8impetu\s0 d>t ( ! ,*9ese1 0 a r\nd bamboo1 ab\t two & a half feet 9 l5g?1 la%$ ) hemp5 cords to prev5t its splitt+1 & hav+ a /rong wood5 h&le fix$ to "o end1 ?us mak+ its entire l5g? ab\t five feet4 ,?is 0 !n *>g$ ) p[d] ( diff]5t k9ds1 arrang$ 9 lay]s1 ov] :i* 7 plac$ fire balls1 :i* be+ ?r[n to a di/ance ( ?irty or =ty y>ds by ! dis*>ge1 consum$ any combu/ible mat]ials !y might come 9 contact )4 ,guns 9 ,*9a1 #fah ,b4 ,c4 ,a late writ]1 ,m4 ,p>avey1 has 9 a great measure e/abli%$ ! fact1 t gunp[d] & fire-arms 7 kn[n to ! ,*9ese long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & x is m5tion$ 9 ,*9ese writ+s1 t 9 ! ye> #fah ,b4 ,c41 a gun 0 9 use1 be>+ ?is inscription1 8,i hurl dea? to ! traitor1 & ext]m9ation to ! rebel40 ,a4 ,d4 #geg4 ,guns are said to h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ,*9a1 9 #geg ,a4 ,d41 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ /ones ( ! weight ( f t5 to f\rte5 p\nds to a di/ance ( #cjj paces4 ,:atev] d\bts may exi/ z to ! e>li] hi/ory ( artill]y among ! ,*9ese1 x is almo/ beyond "q1 t cannon 7 ext5sively us$ by !m 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury1 z we h access to v>i\s reliable acc\nts1 e/abli%+ ?is fact4 ,artill]y at ,s>agossa1 ,a4 ,d41 #aaah4 ,at ,niebla1 ,a4 ,d41 #aaeg4 ,cond1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 /ates t artill]y 0 us$ by !m aga9/ ,s>agossa 9 #aaah ,a4 ,d41 & t 9 #aaeg1 ,a4 ,d4 !y def5d$ !mselves 9 ,niebla1 aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 by means ( ma*9es1 :i* ?rew d>ts & /ones1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( fire4 ,us$ aga9/ ! ,moguls1 ,a4 ,d4 #abcb4 ,9 #abcb ,a4 ,d4 cannon ?r[+ /one %ot 7 us$ aga9/ ! ,moguls1 & dur+ ?is w>1 c]ta9 ma*9es 7 also employ$1 :i* be+ fill$ ) p[d]1 & ignit$ at ! prop] "t1 bur/ ) a noise l ?und]1 & ^: effect ext5d$ = ! space ( half an acre r\nd ! spot :]e !y explod$4 ,cannon be>+ date #abeh f\nd 9 ,france4 ,a small brass cannon is said to h be5 f\nd at ! bottom ( a deep well ( ! ,ca/le de ,clucy1 9 ,france1 ) ! date #abeh ^u x4 ,cannon us$ aga9/ ,cordova1 ,a4 ,d4 #abhj4 ,iron %ot1 #ad? c5tury4 ,9 #abhj ,a4 ,d41 cannon 7 us$ aga9/ ,cordova1 aft] :i* p]iod1 !y are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! records ( ,spa94 ,iron %ot appe> to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 t c\ntry 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,cannon us$ by ,arabians1 #acab4 ,cannon are describ$ by ,arabian au?ors z e>ly z #acab4 ,! fir/ m5tion we h ( ! use ( fire arms1 aft] ?is p]iod1 is 9 ! life ( ,rob]t ,bruce1 by ,john ,b>b\r1 ,ar*deacon ( ,ab]de51 9 :i* c]ta9 eng9es t]m$1 8crakeys ( w>10 are spok5 (1 z hav+ be5 us$ by ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 8 campaign aga9/ ! ,scots1 9 #acbg4 ,cannon 9 ,france1 #acch4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t cannon 7 commonly employ$ 9 ,europe s9ce #acch1 z !y 7 us$ by ! ,fr5* 9 t ye> to demoli% "s ca/les4 ,siege ( ,algesiras1 #acdb to #acdd4 ,gunp[d] is said to h be5 us$ at ! siege ( ,algesiras by ,alphonse ( ,ca/ile aga9/ ! ,moors1 #acdb to #acdd4 ,cannon at ,cressy1 #acdf4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 _h f\r guns at ! battle ( ,cressy1 #acdf4 ,froiss>t m5tions ^! guns 9 "o ( 8 manuscripts1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,ami5s4 ,a free translation ( ! passage ref]r$ to w\ld run z foll[s3 8,& ! ,engli% caus$ to fire sudd5ly c]ta9 guns :i* !y _h 9 ! battle1 to a/oni% 7or conf\nd7 ! ,g5oese40 ,vilani1 a ,flor5t9e hi/orian1 also confirms ?is /atem5t1 z well z a passage 9 ! *ronicles ( ,/4 ,d5is1 :i* speaks ( ! use ( cannon by ! ,engli% at ,cressy4 ,an anci5t manuscript also m5tions ! exi/5ce ( gunn]s & artill]ym51 :om ,edw>d ,,iii4 employ$ :5 he l&$ be=e ,calais 9 #acdf1 & ! sev]al /ip5ds ea* soldi] receiv$4 ,! s5t5ce runs ?us3 8,masons1 c>p5t]s1 eng9e]s1 gunn]s1 & artill]ym51 ! sum ( #ab1 #aj1 #f1 & #c p5ce p] diem40 ,cannon ( two k9ds4 ,us$ by ! ,black ,pr9ce1 #acef4 ,at ,/4 ,val]y1 #aceh4 ,! fir/ fire-arms appe> to h consi/$ ( two k9ds2 a l>g] "o = dis*>g+ /ones1 call$ a bomb>d1 7plate #ah1 fig4 #c7 & a small] = propell+ d>ts & lead5 balls1 bo? ( :i* 7 us$ 9 #acef1 by ! ,black ,pr9ce1 to r$uce ! ca/le ( ,romozant92 & two ye>s lat]1 ! artill]y ( ,/4 ,val]y did great execution among its besieg]s4 ,cannon made 9 ,engl&1 #acgg ,cannon 7 made 9 ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 commission$ ,sir ,?omas ,norwi* to buy two great & two small cannon 9 ,london1 or 9 any o!r place2 & also #fjj balls ( /one = cannon & = o!r eng9es1 to be s5t to ! ,ca/le ( ,bri/ol4 ,cannon at ,/4 ,malo4 ,:5 ! ,engli% unsuccessfully besieg$ ,/4 ,malo1 #djj cannon are said to h be5 us$1 b ^! are suppos$ to h be5 ( ! small] k9d1 call$ h& cannon1 or culv]9s1 :i* 7 c>ri$ by two m51 & fir$ f a k9d ( tripod or re/ fix$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,cannon g5]al4 ,bomb>ds made ( iron4 ,bronze4 ,lea!r1 rope1 c4 ,wood4 ,f ?is p]iod1 cannon 7 us$ 9 all ! (f5sive & def5sive op]ations ( w>2 ?\gh a consid]able "t elaps$ be=e x became a really s]viceable arm = field op]ations4 ,! e>li] k9ds ( cannon 7 call$ bomb>ds or bomb>d4 ,^? fir/ employ$ 7 clumsy1 7plate #af7 & ill contriv$1 wid] at ! m\? ?an at ! *amb]4 ,!y m]ely consi/$ ( b>s ( iron1 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t _! int]nal aspects %\ld =m a tube4 ,! b>s 7 n weld$ toge!r1 b m]ely conf9$ by hoops4 ,!y 7 also made ( iron b>s ov] a cyl9d] ( copp]1 /r5g!n$ by iron hoops1 driv5 on r$ hot1 & o!rs 7 entirely compos$ ( copp]4 ,bronze 0 also employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( artill]y1 z well z ?9 %eets ( iron roll$ toge!r2 & guns made ( lea!r1 & coil$ rope1 ov] a cyl9d] ( copp] or gun metal1 7 also introduc$1 & cont9u$ 9 use = a consid]able "t4 ,guns also appe> to h be5 made ( wood4 ,rope mort> at ,v5ice4 ,9 ! ars5al at ,v5ice !re is an anci5t mort>1 con/ruct$ ( lea!r & rope1 us$ 9 ! siege ( ! isl& ( ,*ioggia1 ne> ,v5ice1 aga9/ ! ,g5oese1 #achj4 ,! %ot is ( /one1 #ad;94 9 diamet]4 ,cannon ( pap]4 ,x has be5 he>d rec5tly1 t ! ,*9ese con/ruct$ _! cannon ( prep>$ pap]1 l9$ ) copp]4 ,field cannon to keep up ) army1 #achj4 ,z e>ly z #achj x is said ! ,fr5* 7 able to procure = ! invasion ( ,italy1 a great numb] ( brass cannon1 m\nt$ on c>riages1 & drawn by horses1 in/ead ( ox52 ^! pieces ?rew balls ( f #djlbs4 to #fjlbs4 9 weight & c\ld always keep pace ) ! army4 7,plate #ah1 fig4 #a1 #c1 & #d47 ,l>ge cannon #adjj4 ,a cannon tak5 at ! siege ( ,di5 9 #aedf1 by ,john de ,ca/ro1 & n[ 9 ,lisbon1 is #bj feet #g;94 9 l5g?1 #f feet #c;94 9 diamet] 9 ! middle1 & ?rew a ball ( #ajjlbs4 ,a ,h9do/ani inscription on x /ates t x 0 ca/ 9 #adjj4 ,bolts & qu>rels %ot1 #adac4 ,r$-hot iron balls us$ at ,*]b\rg1 #adah4 ,sl[ to dis*>ge4 ,bolts & qu>rels 7 %ot f cannon 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,v42 ^! 7 succe$$ by /ones1 z he ord]$ 9 #adah1 8lab\r]s to make #g1jjj /ones = ! guns ( diff]5t sorts f ! qu>ries ( ,maid/one40 ,we le>n f ,elam's life ( ,h5ry ,v41 t :5 an ,engli% army1 comm&$ by ! ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 besieg$ ,*]b\rg 9 #adah1 ! besieg$ dis*>g$ r$-hot balls ( iron f _! cannon into ! ,engli% camp1 to burn ! huts4 ,s mu* "t elaps$ betwe5 ! load+ & dis*>g+ ! great guns1 t ! besieg$ _h suffici5t "t to repair at _! leisure1 ! brea*es made by ! enorm\s /ones1 c41 ?r[n f !m4 ,cannon at ,meaux1 #adbb4 ,five wr\ght-iron bomb>ds are pres]v$ 9 ! 8,muse de l',artill]ie10 at ,p>is2 :i* 71 x is said1 ab&on$ by ! ,engli%1 at ! t[n ( ,meaux1 9 #adbb4 ,cannon ca/1 #adej4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! anci5t me?od ( con/ruct+ cannon 0 ex*ang$ = t ( ca/+4 ,a h>d or mix$ metal 0 inv5t$ call$ 8font metal0 or bronze1 & cannon 7 !n ca/ 9 "o piece1 & in/ead ( fanciful names1 !y began to be indicat$ by ! weight ( _! ball1 z at pres5t4 ,siege ( ,con/ant9ople1 #adec4 ,small guns ) sev]al b>rels4 ,l>ge brass gun1 ca/ at ,adrianople4 ,at ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople1 by ,mahomet ,,ii41 /ones 7 ?r[n weigh+ #a1bjjlbs46 ,! cannon employ$ c\ld n be dis*>g$ m ?an ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,?is siege 0 di/+ui%$ by ! re-union ( anci5t & mod]n artill]y2 ! small arms ( ! ,*ri/ians dis*>g$ five1 or ev5 t5 balls at ! same "t1 z l>ge z walnuts2 & "o piece made = ! ,turks1 by ,urban1 a ,dane1 ca/ a /one bullet weigh+ #fjjlbs41 :i* c\ld be dis*>g$ sev5 times a day1 b x ultimately bur/4 ,?is gun 0 ca/ ( brass at ,adrianople1 ( /up5d\s & almo/ incr$ible magnitude2 twelve palms is assign$ to ! bore4 ,a vacant space be=e ! palace 0 *os5 = ! fir/ exp]im5t1 b to prev5t ! sudd5 & mis*iev\s effects ( a/oni%m5t & fe>1 a proclamation 0 issu$ t ! cannon w\ld be dis*>g$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,! explosion 0 felt or he>d 9 a circuit ( #ajj furlongs1 ! ball 0 driv5 above a mile & buri$ itself a fa?om 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a c>riage ( ?irty waggons 0 l9k$ toge!r to c>ry ! gun along1 & drawn by a team ( sixty ox52 #bjj m5 on bo? sides 7 /ation$ to poise or su/a9 ! roll+ weight1 #bej workm5 m>*$ be=e x to smoo? ! way1 & repair ! bridges1 & ne> two mon?s 7 employ$ 9 a labori\s j\rney ( #aej miles4 ,?is enorm\s gun 0 flank$ by two ( almo/ equal magnitude1 & f\rte5 batt]ies1 m\nt+ #acj guns1 7 br\ght to be> ^u ! place4 ,! cannon 7 int]m+l$ ) ma*9es = ?r[+ /ones & d>ts4 ,artill]y ( ,scots #adif4 ,bree*-load]s4 ,! ,scots _h a k9d ( artill]y peculi> to !mselves1 call$ 8,c>ts ( ,w>40 ,!y are describ$ 9 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ?us 8ilk ,c>t twa gunnis & ilk ane to h twa ,*alm]s & an ,cumr& man to %ute !me40 ,^! 7 bree*-load]s1 & 9 #adga1 ! ,b>ons 7 comm&$ to provide su* 8,c>ts ( ,w>0 aga9/ _! old enemies ! ,engli%4 7,plate #ah1 fig4 #a47 ,cannon nam$4 ,x 0 n uncommon to give /range names to e>ly cannon2 ?us ,l\is ,,xii4 _h twelve brass ones ca/ 9 #aejc1 ( enorm\s size1 :i* he nam$ aft] ! twelve ,pe]s ( ,france2 ! ,spani>ds & ,portugese *ri/5$ !irs aft] _! ,sa9ts1 & ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 _h twelve :5 he w5t aga9/ ,tunis1 :i* he nam$ aft] ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,cause ( improvem5ts4 ,iron balls 9 ,engl&1 #ae? c5tury4 ,z a k ( ! art ( gunn]y increas$1 great improvem5ts took place ) reg>d to projectiles2 & balls ( iron 7 sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( ^? =m$ ( /one1 be+ introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,iron guns ca/4 ,h&-culv]9es4 ,organ-guns4 ,iron guns 7 n ca/ 9 ?is c\ntry until ! ye> #aedg1 =eign]s be+ g5]ally employ$ to manufacture !m4 ,bo? ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 took great pa9s to introduce ! art ( gunn]y into ! k+dom2 & to ?is end1 _h a numb] ( ,flemi% gunn]s 9 _! daily pay2 9 fact1 x is said1 t ! latt] mon>* himself1 inv5t$ small pieces ( artill]y to def5d 8 waggons4 ,! e>li] species ( field artill]y1 embrac$ among o!rs1 a small k9d ( ordnance call$1 8h& cannon10 or culv]9s1 :i* 7 s light & portable1 t !y c\ld be c>ri$ & s]v$ by two m52 !y 7 fir$ f a re/1 plac$ on ! gr\nd2 also 8rib&equ9s0 or organ guns2 ^! latt] consi/$ ( a numb] ( tubes1 plac$ 9 a r[1 l ^? ( an organ1 & appe> to h be5 ( ,fr5* orig91 z 7 _m ( ! improvem5ts :i* took place ab\t t p]iod1 includ+ ! inv5tion ( wall pieces1 ?r[+ lead5 balls ( t5 to ! p\nd4 ,mort>s1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,%ells4 ,v>ieties ( cannon4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pocket-pi/ol4 ,= mort>s we are indebt$ to workm5 ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 z 8"o ,pet] ,bawd & "o ,pet] ,vancoll51 bo? ! k+'s fe$ m51 devis$ & caus$ to be made c]ta9 mort> pieces1 be+ at ! m\? f elev5 to n9ete5 in*es wide1 & also c]ta9 holl[ %ot ( ca/ iron1 to be /uff$ ) fire-"w or wild-fire1 = to break 9 pieces ! same holl[ %ot40 ,& 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ! said ,pet] ,bawd did make ordnance ( iron ( div]s =ms1 z fawconet1 fawkons1 m9ions1 sak]s1 c4 ,8 s]vant1 ,j4 ,johnson1 did l make & ca/ iron ordnance clean] & to bett] p]fection1 to ! great use ( ?is l&4 ,8 son ,?omas ,johnson1 9 #aeic1 made =ty two ca/ pieces ( great ordnance = ! ,e>l ( ,cumb]l&1 demi cannon1 weigh+ #e1jjjlbs4 or ?ree tons ! piece4 ,at ,dov] !re is a culv]9e1 pres5t$ to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 by ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,holl&1 & call$ ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pocket-pi/ol4 ,x is #bd feet long1 diamet] ( bore #d in*es1 weight ( %ot #ablbs42 x 0 manufactur$ 9 #aedd1 & is m\nt$ on an ornam5t$ iron c>riage made 9 #ahbg1 at ! ,royal ,c>riage ,dep>tm5t1 ,woolwi* ,ars5al4 7,plate #ag1 fig4 #b47 ,mons ,meg4 ,!re is a l>ge gun at ,ed9burgh ,ca/le1 call$ ,mons ,meg2 x measures ab\t #ac feet #d in*es 9 l5g?1 ! diamet] ( ! bore is ab\t #a foot #f in*es2 x has a *amb] ab\t #d feet long & #f in*es 9 diamet]4 7,plate #ag1 fig4 #c47 ,field-guns1 #aeed4 ,! battle ( ,remi1 9 #aeed1 0 ! fir/ action 9 :i* light field guns1 hav+ limb]s1 7 us$1--^! guns accompani$ ! cavalry4 ,r$-hot %ot1 #aehj4 ,p]e ,daniel says t r$-hot iron %ot 7 us$ by ,m>%al ,matignan1 dur+ ! siege ( la ,fre1 9 #aehj4 ,calibre1 "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,9 a table ( ordnance1 giv5 by ,fosbrooke1 z be+ a li/ ( ! guns us$ 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 & imm$iately prec$+ h]1 we f9d h[ little ! calibres ( iron guns h alt]$ dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies1 z ^! guns h all _! antitypes among ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,orig9 ( cani/] & grape4 ,improv$ mode ( load+1 by ,gu/avus ,adolphus4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 an important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( artill]y2 & mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to ?is bran* ( ! milit>y pr(ession1 by ,h5ry ,,iv41 ( ,france1 ,maurice1 ( ,nassau1 & ,gu/avus ,adolphus ( ,sw$54 ,! =m] ( ^! di/+ui%$ lead]s1 introduc$ new & improv$ =ms & k9ds ( missiles2 su* z t9 cases1 fill$ ) /eel bolts or d>ts2 canvas c>tridges1 conta9+ small balls1 & holl[ %ot or %ells1 fill$ ) combu/ible mat]ials4 ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 introduc$ really s]viceable field guns1 ( a light] con/ruction ?an _h hi!rto be5 made use (1 & he also adopt$ ! use ( c>tridges1 ) %ot atta*$1 s t ^! pieces might be dis*>g$ eight times be=e ! musket c\ld be fir$ six4 ,x is said t he *iefly ow$ 8 victory at ,leipzig1 9 #afca1 to guns made ( lea!r & coil$ rope1 ov] a cyl9d] ( copp] or gun metal4 ,on ! :ole1 ! artill]y ( ,gu/avus 0 admirably organiz$2 & he 0 ! fir/ :o appreciat$ ! importance ( caus+ artill]y to act 9 conc5trat$ masses1 a pr9ciple1 n[ s fully recogniz$ by all artill]i/s4 ,bombs at sea4 ,bombs 7 fir/ us$ at sea1 by ! ,fr5*1 9 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,algi]s1 ,oct4 #bh?1 #afha1 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! l>ge/ gun4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ cannon n[ exi/+ is a brass "o at ,bejapoor1 call$ 8,moolik-i-,meidan10 or 8,! ,"l ( ! ,pla940 ,x 0 ca/ 9 commemoration ( ! capture ( t place by ! ,emp]or ,alum ,ge]1 9 #afhe4 ,its l5g? is #ad;ft4 #a;941 diamet] ab\t #e;ft4 #h;941 diamet] ( bore1 #b;ft4 #d;941 int]ior l5g? ( bore1 #aj;ft42 l5g? ( *amb] unkn[n2 %ape ( gun ne>ly 8cyl9drical20 description ( %ot1 /one4 ,an iron %ot = ?is gun1 ( prop] size1 w\ld weigh #afjjlbs4 ,x is n[ ly+ 9 a dilapidat$ circul> ba/ion on ! left ( ! pr9cipal gateway ( ! city4 ,! trunnions are brok5 (f1 & !re is a r+ on ea* side ( x1 z well z two ,p]sian inscriptions on ! top4 ,x is plac$ on ?ree heavy beams ( wood1 pack$ r\nd ) l>ge /ones4 ,a numb] ( /one %ot1 ( #b;ft4 #b;94 9 diamet]1 are scatt]$ ab\t4 ,?is gun is said to be ! heavie/ piece ( ordnance 9 ! _w4 ,x weighs ab\t =ty-two tons4 ,an ,italian ( ,otranto1 :o s]v$ 9 ! ,mogul armies "u ! title ( ,r5ni ,khan1 _h x 9 8 p>k ( artill]y1 & us$ x at sev]al battles1 occasionally fir+ sacks ( copp] co9s out ( x4 7,plate #ah1 fig4 #b47 ,gun at ,moor%$abad4 ,!re is a rem>kable gun ne> ! palace ( ! ,nawab ( ,moor%$abad1 :i* measures #ag;ft4 #h;94 9 l5g?1 #e;ft4 9 circumf]5ce at ! smalle/ "p ne> ! muzzle1 :ile x is only #f;94 9 ! diamet] ( ! bore1 & ! =esight is at lea/ f\r or five in*es above ! muzzle4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,khallissie1 :i* 0 f\ght ab\t #be miles f "h1 x is suppos$ to h be5 buri$ "u a tree4 ,! tree1 hav+ gr[n s9ce !n1 has =c$ ! gun above ! gr\nd ab\t ?ree feet1 :]e x n[ rema9s1 p>tly encircl$ by ! roots & trunk4 ,x has no "n2 ! natives call x 8! gun 9 ! tree40 ,x is made ( ca/ iron1 & is evid5tly ( ,indian manufacture1 hav+ ,h9do/anee inscriptions engrav$ on x1 b no date4 ,size & exp5se ( cannon1 #afhh4 ,bi%op ,wilk9s says1 8,^! ,gunp[d] in/rum5ts are extremely exp5sive1 z a :ole cannon commonly weighs #hjjjlbs41 requir+ #ij m51 or #af horses1 ) a *>ge ( #djlbs4 ( p[d]1 & a ball weigh+ #fdlbs04 ,l5g? & weight gradually r$uc$4 ,! l5g? & diamet] ( cannon became gradually mu* r$uc$1 exp]i5ce hav+ det]m9$ h[ mu* !y might be dim9i%$ 9 weight )\t injury to _! safety1 or to ! effects !y 7 int5d$ to produce4 ,horse artill]y by ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia made "s improvem5ts ) reg>d to ! calibre ( field guns1 & to him may be giv5 ! cr$it ( ! introduction ( ,horse ,artill]y4 ,guns bor$4 ,guns1 at ?is p]iod1 7 ca/ holl[ by means ( a core1 :i* 0 kept susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! m\ld1 :ile ! metal 0 be+ run 94 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! great difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ?is core 9 a p]fectly true position1 sev]al artill]i/s delib]at$ :e!r guns1 ca/ holl[ or solid1 _h ! pref]5ce1 & inve/igations took place z to ! possibility ( bor+ ! latt]1 ! result ( :i* 01 t ,m>itz1 :o _h a f\ndry at ,g5eva1 in=m$ ! ,c\rt ( ,france1 9 #agci1 t he _h discov]$ a me?od ( bor+ guns & mort>s :i* _h be5 ca/ solid4 ,he 0 at once invit$ to ,france1 :]e1 fir/ at ,lyons1 & aft]w>ds at ,/rasb\rg1 he secretly work$ at bor+ pieces ( ordnance1 :i*1 on trial1 prov$ p]fectly satisfactory4 ,guns ( ice4 ,9 ! ye> #agdj1 a curi\s exp]im5t 9 artill]y 0 made at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 :]e guns 7 cut out ( solid ice1 f :i* balls ( ! same sub/ance 7 fir$ repeat$ly1 )\t bur/+4 ,improvem5ts4 ,axle-trees4 ,high limb]s4 ,r$uction ( w9dage4 ,f ?is p]iod1 ! sci5ce ( artill]y progress$ rapidly1 & v>i\s improvem5ts 7 made 9 ?is arm ( ! s]vice1 su* z ! introduction ( iron axle-trees1 & high limb]s = ! c>riages ( field guns4 ,! r$uction ( w9dage1 7ma9ly ow+ to ! inv5tion ( c>ronades71 & ! use ( c>tridges & elevat+ screws1 :i* latt] s]v$ to r5d] ! fire ( artill]y mu* m rapid & regul>4 ,rifl$ ordnance #aggd4 ,! inv5tion ( rifl$ ordnance is claim$ by a ,dr4 ,l9d & a ,capt4 ,a4 ,blair1 late #fi? regt4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made at ,l&gu>d ,=t1 #bf? ,augu/1 #aggd1 by :i* x 0 int5d$ to prove t %ot weigh+ #dblbs41 9 ! %ape ( a pe>1 w\ld d z mu* execution1 fir$ out ( an #ah p\nd]1 ) a ?ird ( ! quantity ( p[d]1 z c\ld be effect$ by r\nd balls ( ! same weight1 fir$ f a #db p\nd]4 ,p]=at$ & flut$ %ot4 ,sundry trials 7 also made ) %ot p]=at$ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & spirally flut$ on ! surface1 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,&]son1 ( ,glasg[1 9 ord] to prev5t ! common ab]ration 9 ! flight ( %ot4 ,lead5 projectiles4 ,bree*-load+ ,rifl$ cannon4 ,!re 7 diff]5t modes ( *>g+ ! rifl$ guns2 "o 01 aft] ! p[d] 0 put 91 to take a lead5 bullet some?+ l>g] ?an ! bore ( ! gun1 & grease x well2 9 ramm+ x d[n ) an iron ramm] holl[ at "o end1 ! spiral ?reads ( ! rifle ent]$ & cut into ! bullet1 & caus$ x to turn r\nd 9 go+ d[n1 & on be+ %ot out1 x w\ld rotate on an axis co9cid5t ) its flight4 ,ano!r mode 0 to *>ge !m at ! bree*1 :]e an op5+ = ! reception ( ! p[d] & ball 0 aft]w>ds clos$ up by a screw2 b "s b>rels 7 screw$ (f at ! bree*-end to be *>g$1 :]e !y 7 made /rong] ?an common4 ,congreve's rockets4 ,! adaptation ( ! rocket to ! purposes ( w>1 by ,sir ,william ,congreve1 9 #ahjf1 introduc$ a new feature into ! artill]y ( ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,mr4 ,monk's improvem5ts4 ,rec5tly1 at ! sugge/ion ( a ,mr4 ,monk1 ( ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 a quantity ( useless metal has be5 remov$ f be=e ! trunnions1 & ! ?ickness increas$ consid]ably at ! bree* end1 :]e alone x 0 want$4 ,mallet's mon/] mort>4 ,! mon/] mort>s rec5tly con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,mallet1 ( sep>ate comp\nd hoops1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a triumph ( con/ructive skill4 ,! %ell is #cj in*es 9 diamet]1 hold+ a bur/+ *>ge ( #dhj lbs41 & weigh+ :5 *>g$ #a tons 7#c1cfj lbs474 ,value ( %ell *>g$1 #be4 ,weight1 )\t b$1 #db tons4 ,weight ( b$1 #h tons4 ,total1 #ej tons4 ,cavalli's & ,wahr5dorff's ,9 #ahdf1 two rifl$ cannon 7 inv5t$1 "o by ,major ,cavalli1 ( ! ,s>d9ian ,artill]y2 & ! o!r by ,b>on ,wahr5dorff1 a ,sw$i% nobleman4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 iron bree*-load+ guns1 hav+ two grooves 9 ord] to give ! requisite rifle motion to _! projectiles4 ,exp]im5ts to te/4 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on at ,%oeburyness1 9 #ahej1 ) ^! guns4 ,! deviations 7 always 9 ! direction ( ! rotation ( ! projectiles2 b !y 7 s v>iable 9 am\nt t no all[ance c\ld be made = !m 9 lay+ ! gun ) respect to ! object4 ,! ,cavalli gun became uns]viceable aft] hav+ fir$ f\r r\nds1 by ! copp] r+ or b\*e imb$d$ 9 ! metal ( ! gun at ! bottom ( ! bore be+ damag$4 ,! ,wahr5dorff gun /ood well1 ! w$ge resi/+ m effectually ! =ce ( ! dis*>ge ?an t ( ! ,cavalli gun4 ,lanca/]'s rifle gun4 ,mr4 ,lanca/]'s novel inv5tion ( apply+ ! rifle pr9ciple to cannon1 may be describ$ z 8a two-groov$ rifle 9 disguise10 hav+ a 8ga9+ twi/10 ! bore be+ an ellipse4 ,defects (4 ,! *ief defect 9 ! ,lanca/] gun is ! liability ( ! projectile to jam 9 ! bore1 bo? 9 load+ & fir+1 ! =m] r5d]+ ! load+ difficult1 :ile ! latt] endang]s ! safety ( ! gun4 ,9 consequ5ce ( sev]al ( ^! guns bur/+1 & also f ! anticipat$ l>ge range ) great precision n be+ obta9$ f !m1 ! ,lanca/] guns 7 remov$ f ! s]vice aft] ! ,crimean w>4 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong4 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong submitt$ a proposal = 8 bree*-load+ gun to ! ,duke ( ,newca/le1 !n ,m9i/] at ,w>1 t[>ds ! end ( #ahed2 8 proposal be+ accept$1 & a gun accord+ly con/ruct$1 x 0 submitt$ to num]\s trials1 bo? at ,%oeburyness1 & ne> ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong's private factory at ,newca/le4 ,?is gun is n[ made entirely ( wr\ght iron1 al?\gh ! orig9al "o _h a /eel bore4 ,x is a built-up gun1 t is to say1 x is compos$ ( sep>ate pieces1 ea* piece be+ ( su* mod]ate size z to admit ( be+ =g$ )\t risk ( flaw or failure4 ,by ?is mode ( con/ruction1 great /r5g?1 & consequ5tly1 great lightness1 are secur$4 ,! %ell us$ comb9es ! pr9ciple ( ! %rapnel & p]cussion %ell1 i4e41 x may be made to explode ei!r z x approa*es ! object1 or z x /rikes x4 ,moreov]1 x may be made to explode at ! in/ant ( leav+ ! gun1 9 :i* case1 ! pieces spread out l a fan1 & produce ! usual effect ( grape or cani/]4 ,arm/rong's guns are n[ 7#ahfj7 be+ employ$ 9 ,*9a4 ,:itwor?4 ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s rifl$ gun1 ) :i* exp]im5ts 7 lately made ne> ,liv]pool1 is also a bree*-load+ piece1 & ( ! foll[+ con/ruction4 ,! =m ( ! bore is t ( a hexagonal spiral1 ! corn]s ( :i* are r\nd$ (f4 ,! incl9ation ( ! spiral v>ies ) ! diamet] ( ! bore1 b is 9 all ^! guns v great1 ! projectiles be+ comp>atively long4 ,fr5* rifl$ ordnance4 ,rifl$ ordnance 7 introduc$ into ! ,fr5* s]vice j previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! late ,italian w> ( #ahei1 & aim+ at ! greate/ practical simplicity1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t adopt$ only "o nature ( gun = field s]vice1 & "o = siege purposes1 bo? made ( bronze4 ,! ,fr5* rifl$ cannon are muzzle load+1 & ^? fir/ introduc$ _h two or ?ree grooves1 b ! field pieces us$ 9 ,italy _h six grooves1 _! incl9ation be+ ab\t "o turn 9 #ei in*es4 ,a numb] ( heavy ca/-iron guns are rifl$ ) two grooves1 & h be5 plac$ on bo>d ,fr5* %ips ( w>2 & ^!1 unless /r5g!n$1 c\ld be us$ b ) v small *>ges4 ,advantages ( rifl$ guns4 ,! advantages obta9$ by ! successful employm5t ( rifl$ guns-- ,great accuracy ( fire1 ,long range1 ,p5etration1 ,small *>ge1 ,simplicity ( equipm5t & ammunition1 ,lightness ( gun4 ,classification ( artill]y4 ,artill]y may be class$ "u ! sev]al heads ( field artill]y 7includ+ artill]y ( position71 siege artill]y & artill]y = ! armam5t ( g>risons1 =tresses1 & coa/ def5ces2 its equipm5t is a comb9ation ( m51 mat]iel1 & horses necess>y = ^! s]vices4 ,?ree k9ds ( guns4 ,all ordnance employ$ 9 ! s]vice1 may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 viz41 ,guns1 ,mort>s1 & ,h[itz]s4 ,c>ronades discont9u$4 ,c>ronades may be consid]$ obsolete1 al?\gh a c]ta9 numb] are /ill suppli$ to ! navy1 & a few w be f\nd m\nt$ 9 "s g>risons & coa/ batt]ies4 ,classification ( guns & _! uses4 ,guns are us$ = project+ %ot & %ell1 horizontally or at v l[ angles1 & z !y are fir$ ) l>ge *>ges ( p[d]1 :i* are fix$ = ea* nature ( gun1 v great /r5g? & consid]able weight are requir$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,guns are ( two k9ds1 viz41 7solid7 %ot guns1 & %ell guns4 ,"s guns are also class$ z heavy1 m$ium1 & light4 ,^? g5]ally employ$ = field s]vice1 are made ( bronze or gun-metal2 all guns ( high] calibre1 ( ca/-iron4 ,mort>s4 ,mort>s are %ort pieces ( ordnance1 us$ to ?r[ %ells at high angles 7v]tical fire71 g5]ally #de1 ! *>ge v>y+ ) ! range requir$2 !y are di/+ui%$ by ! diamet]s ( _! bores4 ,mort>s are made ( ca/-iron or bronze2 ! =m] be+ pr9cipally int5d$ = g>risons1 batt]+ tra9s1 ! navy1 c41 & ! latt]1 :i* are ( small calibre1 & v light1 are *iefly employ$ 9 sieges4 ,h[itz]s4 ,h[itz]s resemble guns 9 =m1 b are mu* %ort] & light] 9 proportion to _! calibre1 & are1 consequ5tly1 fir$ ) less *>ges ( p[d]2 %ells & case are fir$ f !m1 b n solid %ot4 ,use ( ,h[itz]s4 ,sup]s$$ by %ell guns4 ,^! pieces 7 orig9ally introduc$ = ! purpose ( fir+ %ells at l[ angles1 & h con/antly be5 f\nd mo/ useful bo? 9 ! field & 9 siege op]ations dur+ ! w>s ( ! la/ & pres5t c5turies4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! introduction ( %ell guns _! utility has greatly decreas$1 = ! %ell gun possesses great] accuracy & range ?an ! h[itz]1 ^? be+ 9 ! pres5t day ( great] importance ?an small weight4 ,artill]y f ! ,ea/4 ,! ,g]mans claim ! inv5tion ( cannon = _! c\ntryman1 ,b>?oldus ,s*w>tz1 :o is said to h discov]$ x 9 #accf1 b see+ t fire-arms fir/ became preval5t 9 ,europe 9 ^? c\ntries :i* mix$ ) ! ,s>ac5s1 we are con/ra9$ to lean to ! op9ion t fire-arms 7 n re-inv5t$ 9 ,europe1 b introduc$ f ! ,ea/4 ,?is "p ( our subject might be mu* enl>g$1 b we h m]ely attempt$ to give heads ( in=mation1 :i* c be pursu$ by ^? :o desire to d s4 ,we mu/ n[ leave x1 9 ord] to treat ^u t m imm$iately int]e/+ to (fic]s ( infantry1 viz41 ! hi/ory ( portable fire-arms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ extract f an acc\nt ( ! furniture ( ! %ip1 call$ ! 8,h>ry ,grace de ,dieu10 w give a good idea ( ! /ate ( ! ordnance at ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii43-- ,gonnes ( ,brasse4 ,cannons1 ,di4 cannons1 ,culv]yns1 ,d4 culv]yns1 ,sak]s1 ,cannon p]]s1 ,fawcons1 ,gonnes ( ,yron4 ,port pecys1 ,slyngs1 ,di4 slyngs1 ,f[l]s1 ,baessys1 ,toppe peces1 ,hayle %otte pecys1 ,h& gonnes complete4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( anci5t ,engli% ordnance 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 m5tions ! foll[+3-- ,bomb>ds1 ,bomb>dilles1 ,cannon royal1 ,cannon1 ,cannon s]p5t9e1 ,ba/>d cannon1 ,demi cannon1 ,cannon petre1 ,culv]91 ,basilisk1 ,demi culv]91 ,ba/>d culv]91 ,sac>1 ,m9ion1 ,faulcon1 ,falconet1 ,s]p5t9e1 ,rab9et4 ,,etymologies4 ,,cannon4--,f ! ,lat9 ^w canna1 signify+ a tube or cane4 ,,h[itz]4--,f ! ,g]man ^w haubitz1 7d]iv$ f haube1 top ( a furnace71 9 ,fr5*1 obus1 or obusi]4 ,,c>ronade4--,f ,c>ron ,ironworks1 ne> ,/irl+1 :]e x 0 inv5t$ 9 ! ye> #aggd4 ,,bomb>d4--,f ! ,greek ^w bombos1 or noise4 ,,bomb>dille4--,a small] k9d ( bomb>ds4 ,,basilisk4--,! "n ( a snake4 ,,culv]94--,f ! ,fr5* c\leuvr9e1 f c\leuvre1 a snake4 ,,sak]4--,f ,sak]1 or ,sacre1 a bird ( ! falcon species4 ,,falcon4--,f ! bird ( t "n4 ,,cannon ,,p]]s4--,/one-?r[]s1 f ! ,fr5* ^w pi]re1 a /one4 ,,toppe ,,peces4--,to be us$ 9 ! tops1 i4e41 ! /&s on ! %ip's ma/s4 ,,note4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,artill]y is ma9ly compil$ f ! foll[+3--8,eng9es ( ,w>10 by ,wilk9son2 8,anci5t ,arm\r & ,weapons 9 ,europe10 by ,john ,hewitt2 8,milit>y ,antiquities10 by ,f4 ,grose2 8,critical ,inquiry into ,anci5t ,arm\r10 by ,meyrick2 8,elem5t>y ,lectures on ,artill]y10 by ,major ,c4 ,h4 ,ow5 & ,capt4 ,t4 ,l4 ,dames1 ,r4,a42 & 8,our ,eng9es ( ,w>10 by ,capt4 ,j>vis1 ,m4,p41 ,royal ,artill]y4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,portable ,,fire-,,arms4 ,=m ( e>ly h&-guns4 ,! e>lie/ h&-guns diff]$ 9 no?+ b 9 size f ! small cannon ( ! day3 !y consi/$ ( a metal tube fix$ 9 a /raight /ock ( wood2 ! v5t 0 at ! top ( ! b>rel2 !re 0 no lock ( any k9d4 ,! b>rels 7 %ort & made ( iron or brass2 !y 7 occasionally furni%$ ) moveable *amb]s4 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #a47 ,) trunnions4 ,bree*-load]4 ,a specim5 ( h&-cannon ( ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 is made ( iron1 & furni%$ ) trunnions1 :i* f ?is specim51 appe> to h be5 appropriat$ to small fire-arms be=e !y 7 adopt$ = artill]y4 ,! bree* is made ( a sep>ate piece & screw$ on to ! tube1 on ! fur!r end ( :i* is a sight4 ,x 0 plac$ on a /ock or club1 & fir$ by h& ) a mat*4 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #b47 ,inv5t$ #ad? c5tury4 ,t h&-guns 7 inv5t$1 ?\gh b r>ely appe>+1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 seems v probable f sev]al cotempor>y evid5ces4 ,an inquisition tak5 9 #acge1 at ,hunt]combe1 7a place belong+ to ! ,abbey ( ,dor*e/]7 & n[ pres]v$ among ! records at ! ,*apt]h\se1 ,we/m9/]1 /ates t "o ,ni*olas ,hunt]combe1 ) o!rs1 to ! numb] ( =ty m51 arm$ ) 8haub]geons1 plates1 bac5ettes1 cum av5tayles1 paletes1 lanceis1 scutis1 arcubus1 sagittis1 bali/is1 et gonnes1 v5]unt ad ,man]ium de ,hunt]combe1 & !re made assault10 c4 ,x appe>s v improbable t a body ( m5 mak+ a sudd5 attack ^u an abbey manor-h\se1 w\ld be arm$ ) any k9d ( 8gonnes0 except h&-guns4 ,bohemia #acdj4 ,li?uanians #achc4 ,mons4 ,mangeot /ates t 8canons de fusil0 7 said to h be5 fir/ inv5t$ 9 ,bohemia1 #acdj1 b t x is saf] to fix ! date at #acgh1 :5 m5tion is made ( ! 8arquebuse m*e0 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! ye> #acha1 ! inhabitants ( ,augsburg _h ?irty six arquebusi]s1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> !y _h portable fire-arms at ! battle ( ,rosabecque4 ,9 #achc ! ,li?uanians 7 acqua9t$ ) h& fire-arms1 & us$ !m at ! siege ( ,froski4 ,all ^! arms _h /raight /ocks4 ,9 ! excavations ( ! ,ca/le ( ,tann5b]g1 dismantl$ 9 #acii1 !re 0 f\nd a h&-gun ( brass1 ) "p ( ! wood5 /ock rema9+1 & ! iron ramm] belong+ to x4 ,an e>ly m5tion ( ! h&-gun is t ( ,juv5al des ,urs9s1 :o tells u1 "u ! ye> #adad1 t !y 7 us$ at ! siege ( ,arras4 ,siege ( ,lucca #adcj4 ,said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,italy4 ,billius1 a le>n$ & noble ,milanese1 :o liv$ at ! "t1 says t h&-guns 7 fir/ us$ at ! siege ( ,lucca1 9 #adcj4 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 provid$ ) artill]y1 :i*1 by ! =ce ( gunp[d]1 dis*>g$ l>ge /ones1 b ! ,luccquese p]ceiv+ t !y did v little execution1 came at la/ to despise !m1 & e day r5ew$ _! sallies to ! great slaught] ( _! enemies1 by ! help ( small fire-arms1 to :i* ! ,flor5t9es 7 /rang]s1 & :i* be=e ?is "t 7 n kn[n 9 ,italy4 ,billius expla9s ?is by say+1 8,t besides d>ts & bali/as = arr[s1 !y inv5t$ a new k9d ( weapon4 ,!y c>ri$ 9 _! h& a club1 a cubit & a half long1 to :i* 7 affix$ iron b>rels4 ,^! !y fill$ ) sulphur & nitre1 & by ! p[] ( fire1 iron balls 7 ?us eject$40 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #a & #aj74 ,scorpion4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! scorpion 7aft]w>ds a piece ( ordnance7 0 a tube = fir+ gunp[d]1 held 9 ! h&1 & call$ by ! ,engli%1 h&-cannon1 & also h&-culv]9es4 ,made ( brass4 ,f a roll ( pur*ases = ,holy ,isl& #addf is1--8b\ght #aa h& gunnes de ere10 f :5ce we le>n t !y 7 made ( brass4 ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,h>quebus inv5t$4 ,/ock1 c41 f cross-b[4 ,mat*-lock4 #adgh4 ,h&-guns1 or h&-cannons 7 us$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 & t[>ds ! close ( x1 we le>n f ,philip de ,com9es1 t ! h>quebus 0 inv5t$2 ?is seems to h be5 an improvem5t on ! h&-gun4 ,! ,lat9 ^w us$ = ?is weapon 0 arcusbusus1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,italian1 arca-b\za1 a b[ ) a tube or hole2 to t p1 !re=e1 are we to ascribe ! application ( ! /ock & trigg] 9 imitation ( ! cross-b[4 ,hi!rto ! mat* _h be5 appli$ by ! h& to ! t\*-hole1 b ! trigg] ( ! arbale/ sugge/$ ! idea ( "o to cat* into a cock1 :i* hav+ a slit 9 x1 might hold ! mat*1 & by ! motion ( ! trigg] be br\ght d[n on a pan :i* held ! prim+1 ! t\*-hole be+ no long] at ! top b at ! side4 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #i74 ,h&-gun improvem5ts4 ,sight$4 ,! h&-gun 0 ca/ 9 brass1 &1 z a tube1 0 ( great] l5g? ?an ! h& cannon2 a flat piece ( brass1 made to turn ^u a p91 cov]$ ! pan :i* conta9$ ! p[d]2 x _h also a piece ( brass fix$ on ! bree*1 & p]=at$ to ensure ! aim4 ,h&-guns 9 ,engl& #adga4 ,made 9 ,engl&1 #adgd4 ,! fir/ introduction ( h&-guns into ,engl&1 we f9d1 0 soon aft] _! inv5tion 9 ,italy2 9 ! ye> #adga1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iv41 l&$ at ,rav5spurg1 9 ,york%ire1 & br\ght ) him1 among o!r =ces1 ?ree hundr$ ,flem+s1 arm$ ) 8hange-gunnes40 ,9 #adgd1 he direct$ 8all ! bombs1 cannon1 culv]9es1 f[l]s1 surp5t9es1 & all o!r cannon :atsoev]1 z also p[d]1 sulphur1 saltpetre1 /ones1 iron1 lead & o!r mat]ials1 fit & necess>y = ! same cannon1 :]ev] f\nd1 to be tak5 & provid$ = 8 use1 pay+ a reasonable price = ! same40 ,h>quebusi]s4 ,morat #adgf4 ,arquebusi]s1 or h>quebusi]s1 are m5tion$ z troops1 by ,philip de ,com9es1 9 ^! words1 :]e he speaks ( ! battle ( ,morat1 f\ght on ! #bbnd ( ,june1 #adgf4 8,! said t[ns _h 9 _! army1 z "s t 7 9 ! battle in=m$ me1 #ce1jjj m51 :]e( f[] ?\s& 7 horsem51 ! re/ footm51 well *os5 & well arm$1 t is to say1 #aj1jjj pikes1 #aj1jjj halb]ds1 & #aj1jjj h>quebusi]s40 ,improvem5ts4 ,held to brea/4 ,b5t butt4 ,hackbutt4 ,hi!rto ! h>quebuss _h only a /raight /ock1 b n[ x _h a wide butt end1 :i* might be plac$ aga9/ ! "r brea/1 & ?us held m /eadily4 ,_m anci5t pieces 7 held to ! brea/ in/ead ( ! %\ld]1 :i* w acc\nt = _! be+ s %ort 9 ! /ock4 ,a not* 0 made 9 ! butt = ! ?umb ( ! "r h&1 9 ord] to hold ! piece m firmly4 ,:5 ! butt 0 b5t d[n or hook$ z x 0 at a lat] p]iod1 x 0 call$1 f ! ,g]man ^w ,hake1 a hackbutt1 haggebut or hagbut1 ! small sort be+ d5om9at$ demi-hags4 ,m\nt$ ,h>quebussi]s4 ,philip de ,comm9es m5tions t !re 7 at ! battle ( ,f\rnie1 9 #adie1 ,g]man h>quebusi]s1 on foot & on horseback4 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #f47 ,arms 9 "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! small arms 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 7 h&-guns1 haguebuts1 demi-hagues & ! pi/ol1 & x 0 enact$1 8t no h&-gun %\ld be us$1 ( less ?an "o y>d1 gun & /ock includ$1 & ! haguebut 0 n to be "u ?ree-qu>t]s ( a y>d40 ,! demi-hagues 7 /ill small]1 & gave occasion = ! orig9 ( pi/ols1 :i* 7 inv5t$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is reign1 at ,pi/oria 9 ,tuscany4 ,! dag1 dagg]1 or ta*e1 diff]$ f ! pi/ol m]ely 9 ! %ape ( its h&le4 ,inconv5i5ces ( mat*4 ,objections to fire-arms4 ,re/4 ,:eel-lock1 #aeag4 ,us$ at ,p>ma1 #aeba4 ,9 ,engl&1 #aecj4 ,s]p5t9e & :eel4 ,! mat* 0 a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble to ! soldi]1 bo? f ! difficulty ( keep+ x alight 9 bad wea!r1 & f ! l5g? ( "t x sometimes took to ignite ! *>ge4 ,x 0 !re=e n )\t ju/ice t _m p]sons clam\r$ ab\t ?is "t aga9/ ! introduction ( fire-arms4 ,!y cont5d$ t ^u no po9t1 save t ( p5etration1 0 ! h>quebuss sup]ior or equal to ! long-b[2 its great weight #af or #ahlbs4 7seldom less ?an #ablbs47 oblig$ x to be support$ by a re/1 :i* _h a k9d ( =k to receive ! musket1 & at ! bottom a %>p metal spike1 to /rike into ! gr\nd2 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #e1 #g1 & #h74 ,:5 ! h>quebuss 0 %\ld]$ ! re/ 0 c>ri$ 9 ! "r h&1 & subsequ5tly hung ^u x1 by means ( a /r+ or loop4 ,! difficulty ( keep+ ! p[d] & mat* dry1 ! "t tak5 to load1 & its comp>ative inaccuracy1 r5d]$ x ( l[ reputation4 ,nev]!less x held its gr\nd1 & ! next improvem5t 0 ! :eel-lock1 by :i* a m in/antane\s ignition ( ! *>ge 0 secur$2 x 0 inv5t$ at ,nuremb]g1 #aeag4 ,x consi/$ ( a little solid :eel ( /eel1 fix$ aga9/ ! plate ( ! lock ( ! h>quebuss or pi/ol2 x _h an axis t pi]c$ x 9 its c5tre2 at ! int]ior end ( ?is axis :i* w5t into ! lock1 a *a9 0 fa/5$1 :i* twi/$ r\nd x on ! :eel be+ turn$1 & b5t ! spr+ by :i* x 0 held2 to b5d ?is spr+ a key 0 made use (1 into :i* ! ext]ior end ( ! axis 0 ins]t$4 ,by turn+ ?is key f left to "r1 ! :eel 0 made to revolve1 & by ?is movem5t a little slid] ( copp]1 :i* cov]$ ! pan ) ! prim+1 retir$ f ov] x2 & by ! same movem5t ! cock1 arm$ ) a fl9t l ! cock ( a fusil1 0 9 a /ate to be dis*>g$ on pull+ ! trigg] ) ! f+]2 ! cock !n fall+ on ! :eel1 produc$ fire1 & communicat$ x to ! prim+4 ,! :eel-lock 0 fir/ us$ at ! siege ( ,p>ma1 #aeba1 & 0 br\ght to ,engl& #aecj4 ,x 0 h[ev] complicat$ & difficult to repair1 = :i* reason x c\ld n always be dep5d$ ^u1 z is prov$ by "s fire-arms ( ?is description at ! ,t[]1 :i* are made ) a s]p5t9e1 z well z ) a :eel1 bo? act$ ^u by ! same trigg]4 ,musket 9 ,spa94 ,at ,pavia1 #aebe4 ,l[ ,c\ntries1 #aefg4 ,! inconsid]able execution done by pieces ( small calibre probably caus$ ! introduction ( ! muskets or mosquet1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,spa9 ab\t ! "t ( ,francis ,i4 ,!y are said to h be5 fir/ employ$ ext5sively at ! battle ( ,pavia1 #aebe2 b1 if we believe ,brantome1 x 0 ! ,duke d',alva :o fir/ br\ght !m into use 9 ! armies1 :5 dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii41 he w5t to take ^u him ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 9 ! ye> #aefg2 b t only means1 he br\ght !m m into fa%ion ?an !y 7 till t "t1 & t till !n !y 7 r>ely us$1 at lea/ 9 ! field1 on acc\nt ( _! cumbr\s nature4 ,a ,spani% army ( #aj1jjj m5 sail$ f ,c>?ag5a1 #bg? ,april1 #aefg1 en r\te = ! ,ne!rl&s1 to d :i* !y _h to cross ! ,alps4 ,x 0 a pick$ body ( troops1 ( :om ab\t #a1cjj 7 cavalry4 ,! ,duke d',alva =m$ !m into ?ree divisions1 & disp5s$ ) artill]y1 n wi%+ to emb>rass 8 movem5ts4 ,ea* company ( foot 0 flank$ by a body ( soldi]s1 c>ry+ heavy muskets ) re/s atta*$ to !m4 ,lephanto1 #aega4 ,at ! battle ( ,lephanto #aega1 f\ght betwe5 ! ,v5etians & ,turks1 x is /at$ by ! hi/orian1 t "o *ief reason :y s few ,*ri/ians 7 kill$ 9 comp>ison1 0 because ! ,turks us$ = ! mo/ "p b[s & arr[s1 :]eas ! =m] 7 suppli$ ) muskets4 ,caliv]4 ,a light] k9d ( musket 0 call$ a caliv] or calliv]1 :i* 0 only a corruption ( calibre1 d5ot+ t !y 7 all ( "o guage1 z ! orig9al h>quebuses 7 n ( any p>ticul> l5g? or bore2 ! caliv] 0 fir$ )\t a re/4 ,dim5sions1 #afba4 ,sir ,?omas ,kellie 9 8 8,art ,militaire10 publi%$ 9 #afba1 says1 8,! b>rel ( a musket %\ld be f\r feet 9 l5g?1 ! bore capable ( receiv+ bullets twelve :]e( weigh a p\nd1 previ\s to ?is "s _h c>ri$ t5 to ! p\nd40 ,h&-mort>1 #aeid4 ,f butt ( musket4 ,by h&4 ,f muzzle4 ,! h&-mort> = ?r[+ gr5ades are said to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 #aeid1 & gave orig9 at a lat] date to ! troops !nce d5om9at$1 gr5adi]s4 ,!y appe> to h be5 fir$ f ! %\ld]4 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #c47 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii41 a fl9t-lock-musket 0 adapt$ to fire gr5ades f ! butt1 ! small ( :i* 0 made to resemble a *amb]$ mort>2 ! heel ( ! butt =m$ a cov]1 :i* op5$ ) a spr+ on a h+e2 ! prim+ 0 put into ! usual pan1 & a small piece ( metal mov$ s z to op5 a communication ) ! p[d] 9 ! *amb]4 ,a re/ 0 =m$ by a sl5d] iron rod1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 & :5 n requir$ let into ! /ock1 9 ! place usually occupi$ by ! ramrod1 & turn+ ^u a pivot plac$ a few in*es 9 front ( ! gu>d-brass4 ,! sc\r+ rod is run ?r\gh metal loops on "o side ( ! /ock4 ,aft]w>ds gr5ades 7 ?r[n by h&1 ! musket be+ slung ov] ! soldi]'s back1 & m rec5tly exp]im5ts 7 made ) an iron tube ab\t f\r in*es long1 plac$ on ! muzzle 9 ! same mann] z ! bayonets4 ,mat*-locks & re/1 ,james ,i4 ,9 ! "t ( ,james ,i41 "p ( ! infantry 7 arm$ ) caliv]s or muskets & re/s1 bo? ( :i* 7 fir$ ) mat*-locks1 ! soldi] c>ry+ ! mat* light$ at bo? ends4 ,trick]lock1 #afbi4 8,a mat* trick]lock compleat10 occurs 9 a s*$ule ( #afbi4 ,?is 0 ! adoption ( :at is n[ call$ a hair trigg]1 :i* 0 add$ to ! =m] "o1 & gives a m in/antane\s dis*>ge4 ,a trick] :eel lock ( ,*>les ,i41 a trick] mat*-lock ( ,*>les ,,ii41 & a trick] fire-lock ( ,james ,,ii41 are pres]v$ 9 ,sir ,s4 ,meyrick's collection4 ,f[l+ pieces4 ,! ,e>l ( ,alb]m>le 9 #afdf1 says1 8,x is v fit likewise t y h 9 ea* company six good f[l+ pieces1 ( su* a l5g? t ! soldi] may well be able to take aim & %oot (f at ease2 be+ plac$ six on ea* flank ( a division ( foot to skirmi% ) an enemy4 ,^! soldi]s ought to h comm&1 :5 !y come )9 di/ance1 t !y %oot at (fic]s only40 ,we h "h pla9ly ! orig9 ( riflem54 ,t9 tube = mat*4 ,fir/ fire-lock4 ,ea* muskete] =m]ly c>ri$ a t9 tube1 pi]c$ full ( holes1 to conta9 ! mat*1 & prev5t 8 be+ discov]$2 9 wet wea!r x 0 necess>y to c>ry x 9 ! cr[n ( 8 cap1 to prev5t x f be+ ext+ui%$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ attempts to ov]come ?is difficulty is 9 ! ,ars5al1 at ,dresd51 :]e !re is an old bu*se1 ) a piece ( pyrites fix$ opposite to ! t\*-hole1 & :i* requires to be rubb$ ) a file1 *a9$ to x1 until sp>ks are elicit$ suffici5t to fire ! p[d]4 ,snaphaunce4 ,! next improvem5t ^u ! :eel-lock 0 ! snaphaunce2 a flat piece ( /eel1 furr[$ 9 imitation ( ! :eel1 0 plac$ on a /eel po/1 :i* be+ screw$ beyond ! pan1 0 made moveable2 ! pan _h a cov] :i* requir$ to be pu%$ (f by ! ?umb1 & ! furr[$ piece be+ !n br\ght to /& ov] x1 on pull+ ! trigg]1 ! fl9t1 :i* 0 sub/itut$ = pyrites1 /ruck aga9/ x1 & gave ! sp>k4 ,fl9t lock4 ,! next /ep 9 ! improvem5t ( ! musket 0 ! introduction ( ! fl9t-lock1 n[ s well kn[n1 t ,i ne$ n ent] into ! details ( its me*anism4 ,9 ,france1 #afcj4 ,9 ,engl&1 #afgg4 ,e>l ,orr]y's op9ion4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ,france z e>ly z #afcj1 b 0 n employ$ 9 ! army until #afgj or #hj1 :5 x took ! "n ( 8fusil40 ,x 0 n employ$ 9 ,engl& until ab\t #afgg1 & its advantages ov] ! mat*lock are ?us describ$ 9 a "w address$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 9 #afgg1 by ! ,e>l ( ,orr]y3--8,fir/ x is exce$+ly m ready1 = ) ! fire-lock y h only to cock1 & y are prep>$ to %oot1 b ) ! mat*lock1 y h sev]al motions1 besides if y fire n ! mat*lock z soon z y h bl[n y\r mat*1 7:i* (t51 p>ticul>ly 9 h$gefights & sieges1 y _c d7 y mu/ a second "t bl[ y\r mat*4 ,! mat* is v dang]\s1 ei!r :5 b&oli]s are us$1 or :5 soldi]s run ha/ily 9 fight to ! budge b>rel1 to refill _! b&oli]s4 ,i h (t5 se5 sad in/ances !re(4 ,m>*+ 9 ! nights to avoid an enemy or to surprise "o1 or to assault a =tress1 ! mat*es (t5 discov] y1 :]eby y suff] mu*1 & he obta9s mu*4 ,9 wet wea!r1 ! ra9 deads ! p[d] & ! mat* too1 & ! w9d sometimes bl[s away ! p[d]1 ere ! mat* c t\* ! pan2 nay1 9 v high w9ds1 ,i h se5 ! sp>ks bl[n f ! mat*1 fire ! musket ere ! soldi] meant x1 & ei!r !reby lose 8 %ot1 or kill "s "o be=e him4 ,:]eas 9 ! firelock1 ! motion is s sudd51 t :at makes ! cock fall on ! hamm]1 /rikes ! fire & op5s ! pan at once4 ,la/ly1 ! quantity ( mat* does mu* add to ! baggage1 x naturally draws ! moi/ure ( ! air1 :i* makes x less fit1 & if y m>* )\t close waggons1 x is ! m expos$1 & )\t be+ dri$ aga9 9 ov5s is b ( half ! use :i* o!rwise x w\ld be (1 & :i* is full z bad z ! skeans y give ! corporals1 & ! s9ks y give ! private soldi]s1 be+ r5d]$ useless if damp2 no?+ ( all :i* c be said ( ! fl9t1 b mu* ( x to ! contr>y40 ,b[s to be replac$ by muskets1 #aeif4 ,9 a proclamation ( ,que5 ,elizabe? dat$ #aeif1 x is /at$1 8,y %all br+ ) y all su* furniture & weapon = footm5 z y /& *>g$ )all by /atute1 or h =m]ly %ew$ at o!r mu/]s h]et(ore1 *ang+e y\r billes into pikes1 & y\r b[es into muskettes accord+e to our sayde =m] lett]s40 ,muskets ) two locks4 ,mat*-lock pref]r$4 ,mat* made (4 ,9 ,france1 z late z #agjb1 :5 ! fl9t _h :olly sup]s$$ ! pyrites1 & ! /ructure diff]$ v little f our pres5t musket-locks1 an additional cock 0 atta*$ to ! end ( ! lock-plate1 & a slid+ cov] plac$ ov] a hole 9 ! hamm]-seat1 = ! purpose ( light+ ! p[d] by a mat*1 if ! fl9t fail$4 ,! mat* 0 !re=e f its simplicity1 pref]r$ f all o!rs = a consid]able p]iod1 & is /ill us$ by ! ,*9ese1 ,t>t>s1 ,p]sians1 & ,turks1 9 "s prov9ces ei!r :olly1 or p>tially4 ,! mat* itself 0 made ( cotton or hemp1 spun slack1 & boil$ 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre1 or 9 ! lees ( w9e4 ,iron ramrod #agdj4 ,9 ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 7#agdj to #aghf71 ! inv5tion ( ! iron ramrod by ! ,pr9ce ( ,dessau1 trifl+ matt] z x seems1 d\bl$ ! value ( ! fire ( infantry4 ,prior to ?is ! ramm] _h be5 made ( wood1 & 0 call$ ! sc\r+ /ick4 ,dim5sions1 c4 ( ,engli% musket1 9 #ahjj4 ,*>ge4 ,prim+1 #a/4 mode4 ,prim+1 #bnd mode4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is 7#ai?7 c5tury1 ! weight ( ! ,engli% musket & bayonet 01 #aalbs4 #dozs41 bayonet #alb4 #bozs41 l5g? ( b>rel #c;ft4 #c-;941 bore #gec-;941 bullets #ad to ! p\nd4 ,*>ges ( p[d] #f drs41 ,f4,g4 ,e soldi] 0 furni%$ ) ?ree fl9ts = #fj r\nds4 ,orig9ally x _h be5 necess>y to put ! prim+ into ! pan f a flask1 conta9+ a f9] gra9$ p[d]1 call$ 8,s]p5t9e p[d]10 b 9 ! e>ly fl9t-lock musket ?is 0 r5d]$ unnecess>y1 z 9 load+1 a portion ( ! *>ge pass$ ?r\gh ! communication hole into ! pan1 :]e x 0 prev5t$ f escap+ by ! hamm]4 ,latt]ly a portion ( ! c>tridge 0 bitt5 (f1 & ! pan fill$ ) prim+ be=e load+4 ,objections to fl9t-lock4 ,prim+ by detonation1 #ahjg4 ,exp]im5ts1 #ahcd4 ,advantages ( p]cussion4 ,r$uc$ *>ge4 ,r$uc$ pull ( trigg]4 ,! objections to ! fl9t-lock 71 t x did n entirely pres]ve ! prim+ f wet4 ,sometimes ! fl9t fail$ to ignite ! *>ge1 & x 0 necess>y to *ange x frequ5tly4 ,ow+ to ^! imp]fections1 9 #ahjg1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,=sy? obta9$ a pat5t = prim+ ) fulm9at+ p[d]4 ,! composition consi/$ ( sulphate ( pota%1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 & explod$ :5 /ruck by any metal or h>d sub/ance4 ,?is composition 0 consid]$ too corrosive1 b 0 subsequ5tly improv$1 & f9ally appli$ to ! musket1 9 ! =m ( ! pres5t p]cussion cap1 :i* consi/s ( *lorate ( pota%1 ?ree p>ts2 fulm9at+ m]cury two p>ts2 & gr\nd glass "o "p4 ,! exp]im5ts = ,mr4 ,=sy?'s inv5tion1 comm5c$ 9 #ahcd4 ,six ?\s& r\nds 7 fir$ f ea* description ( arm1 & ! exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 all wea!rs1 six ( ea* k9d ( arm be+ us$4 ,! result prov$ exce$+ly fav\rable to ! p]cussion pr9ciple1 & may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3--#a/1 out ( #f1jjj r\nds f ! fl9t-lock1 !re 7 #ibb missfires1 be+ #a 9 #f1 :]eas 9 ! p]cussion musket !re 7 only #cf misses 9 #f1jjj r\nds1 or #a 9 #aff4 ,) ! fl9t-lock !re 7 #c1fhj hits out ( ! #f1jjj1 & ) ! p]cussion #d1jdg hits1 be+ #g p] c5t4 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,to fire #ajj r\nds ) ! fl9t requir$ #cb m9utes #ca seconds1 :]eas ! p]cussion occupi$ only #cj m9utes #bd seconds4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! p]cussion musket1 0 t x 0 capp$ aft] be+ load$4 ,hi!rto a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[d] _h be5 all[$ = prim+1 b z ?is ve/ige ( ! h&-gun c\ld be disp5s$ )1 a r$uction ( *>ge c\ld be made2 a total r$uction h[ev] 0 made f #f to #d drs41 :i* caus$ a dim9ution ( recoil4 ,! #d drs4 !n recomm5d$ 0 kn[n to be m ?an 0 necess>y = ! projection ( ! bullet1 b an extra dr4 0 reta9$ to all[ = ! effect ( damp or wa/e on s]vice4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x 0 f\nd t ! consid]able =ce requir$ to pull ! trigg] might be advantage\sly r$uc$1 & t increas$ accuracy w\ld ensue1 !re=e ! pull ( ! trigg] 0 less5$ to #glbs4 ,new model musket4 ,! advantages ( ! p]cussion sy/em hav+ be5 satisfactorily %[n1 x 0 decid$ to conv]t a portion ( ! old fl9t-locks into p]cussions1 & to e/abli% a new model p]cussion musket = ! ,engli% army4 ,p]cussion at ,canton4 ,! foll[+ anecdote illu/rates ! weak po9ts ( ! fl9t-lock4 ,dur+ ! ,*9ese w>1 a company ( ! #cg? ,madras ,native ,infantry _h be5 deta*$ to ! left1 :51 ! ev5+ clos+1 ! ord] 0 giv5 to rejo91 & ! :ole 7 to retire ^u ,canton1 & j z x 0 be+ c>ri$ into execution1 a trem5d\s /orm ( w9d & ra9 arose1 mak+ ! air s d>k1 t no "o c\ld see #bj y>ds4 ,! deta*$ company retir$ s\nd+ bugles & beat+ drums1 :i* 7 dr[n$ by ! tempe/1 & !y c\ld n f9d ! battalion4 ,9 a few m9utes ! enemy got betwe5 ?is company & ! retreat+ =ce4 ,! muskets w\ld n g (f1 & sev]al attempts ( ! enemy to close 7 ) difficulty repuls$ ) ! bayonet4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! enemy contriv$ to fire (f _! own mat*locks1 & "s ( ! sepoys' muskets ( m5 :o _h dropp$ 9 ! retreat1 by apply+ mat*es to !m4 ,! squ>e into :i* ! company 0 =m$1 0 ?us be+ dim9i%$1 :ile ! only return t c\ld be made1 0 an occasional %ot f a solit>y musket1 :i* ! ?ree (fic]s ( ! company manag$ to clean out1 "u cov] ( great coats held ov] ! muzzle4 ,a company ( ,m>9es 0 dispat*$ = ! #cg? p>ty1 arm$ ) p]cussion muskets1 sc>cely "o ( :i* miss$ at ! fir/ fire1 & a few volleys suffic$ to cle> ! way1 & bo? deta*m5ts rea*$ ! camp 9 safety1 ) b little loss4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahda4 ,p]cussion introduc$1 #ahdb4 ,sight$ = #aej y>ds4 ,aft] a 8hang-fire0 ( ab\t #bjj ye>s1 a new patt]n p]cussion musket 0 issu$ 9 #ahdb4 ,its weight 0 great] ?an t ( ! old fl9t-lock1 be+ ) ! bayonet ab\t #aa-lbs41 #f-oz41 bayonet #a-lb41 #j-oz41 #h-;drs41 bore #gec1 b>rel #c-;ft4 #c-;941 l5g?1 ) bayonet #f feet1 l5g? )\t #d-;ft4 #f-;941 a block sight = #aej y>ds1 & a p]cussion lock4 ,= _m ye>s prior to #ahci no sight at all 0 ?\ght necess>y = ! musket1 ! bayonet /ud be+ suffici5t1 b :i* 0 totally obscur$ :5 fir$ ) fix$ bayonets4 ,?is arm cont9u$ z ! approv$ weapon = our infantry )\t improvem5t until #ahea1 :5 ! ,m9i rifle 0 p>tially introduc$4 ,comp>ison ) =eign muskets4 ,br[n ,bess advocat$4 ,! ,engli% musket 7#ahdb7 diff]$ f all ^? 9 use on ! ,cont95t1 9 hav+1 #a/1 ! lea/ accuracy1 #bnd1 r$uc$ range1 #crd1 heavi]1 #d?1 %ort]1 #e?1 l>g] bore1 #f?1 great] w9dage1 #g?1 d\ble ! *>ge ( p[d]1 #h?1 ! greate/ recoil1 & #i?1 ! mo/ exp5sive6 i4 e41 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,france & ,belgium1 ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 or ev5 ) ! old ,sikh mat*lock66 ,& yet a 8/& up fight0 0 /\tly ma9ta9$ = ?is mo/ ineffici5t arm1 by _m milit>y m51 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ extract f a note 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ( ! 8,aide ,memoire to ! milit>y sci5ces30--8,errone\s ideas prevail z to ! precise wants ( ! s]vice ) reg>d to ! musket1 & its prop] qualities & utility 9 ! field1 z well z mu* exagg]ation z to ! defects ( ! new p]cussion musket ( #ahdb1 = ! infantry ( ! l9e4 ,x is /at$ t x is too heavy & ( imp]fect con/ruction4 ,"s pref] ! ,fr5* patt]n1 & o!rs w\ld less5 ! weight & calibre /ill m1 r$uc+ also ! w9dage3 z1 h[ev]1 ! new regulation has br\ght into use "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( new muskets1 & has be5 approv$ by ! highe/ au?orities1 "s consid]ations are necess>y be=e a radical *ange c be effect$ beyond range & a nice accuracy ( fire4 #a/1 ,:at are ! ess5tials = a musket = ! infantry ( ! l9e8 #bnd1 ,! application ( ! musket to ! infantry soldi]4 ,x is evid5t t ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts are /r5g?1 & facility ( p\r+ into y\r enemies' ranks a p[]ful fire4 ,troops d n halt to play at long b[ls2 a field ( battle pres5ts a s]ies ( movem5ts = ! purpose ( outflank+ or clos+ 9 ^u y\r enemy1 & :5 )9 two hundr$ y>ds1 to deliv] y\r fire ) effect4 ,fir+ at #ejj or #fjj y>ds is ! bus9ess ( artill]y1 &1 !re=e1 to fire at #cjj or #djj y>ds is a misapplication ( ! musket1 a loss ( "t1 a wa/e ( ammunition1 & t5ds to make m5 un/eady 9 ! ranks40 ,br[n ,bess tri$ at ,*a?am4 ,m]its ( 8,br[n ,bess0 illu/rat$4 ,! %oot+ p[]s ( ! musket 7#ahdb7 are /at$ 9 ! report on ,exp]im5tal ,musketry fir+ c>ri$ on by ,capta9 7n[ ,lieut4-,colonel7 ,mc,kerlie1 ,royal ,eng9e]s1 at ,*a?am1 9 #ahdf1 :i* concludes z foll[s3 8,x appe>s by ^! exp]im5ts1 t z a g5]al rule1 musketry fire %\ld nev] be op5$ beyond #aej y>ds1 & c]ta9ly n exce$+ #bjj y>ds4 ,at ?is di/ance1 half ! numb] ( %ots miss$ a t>get #aa-;ft4 #f-;941 & at #aej y>ds a v l>ge proportion also miss$4 ,at #ge & #ajj y>ds e %ot /ruck ! t>get1 only #b-;ft4 wide1 & _h ! deviation increas$ simply z ! di/ance e %ot ought to h /ruck ! t>get #f-;ft4 wide at #bjj y>ds1 in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 "s 7 obs]v$ to pass sev]al y>ds to ! "r & left1 "s to fall #cj y>ds %ort1 & o!rs to pass z mu* beyond1 & ?is deviation increas$ 9 a /ill great] degree z ! range increas$4 ,x is only !n "u peculi> circum/ances1 su* z :5 x may be desirable to br+ a fire on ,field ,artill]y :5 !re are no o!r means ( reply+ to x1 t x ought ev] to be ?\ght ( us+ ! musket at su* di/ances z #djj y>ds40 ,9 fact1 x has be5 /at$ t ! probability ( hitt+ "o man ) a musket ball at #ejj y>ds w\ld be z "o f>?+ to ! ,national ,debt6 ,on a rec5t occasion1 at ! ,cape1 #hj1jjj r\nds 7 fir$ to kill #be m566 ,to put a man 8hors de combat0 requires 8 weight 9 lead1 & six times 8 weight 9 iron666 ,price4 ,fa/5$ by b&s4 ,b&s unsightly66 ,suppos$ pr(it ( l>ge bore4 ,our musket co/ #c1 ! ,fr5* & ,belgian #a #hs4 #f;d4 ,9 =eign arms ! b>rel is fa/5$ to ! /ock by b&s1 b9d+ ! two toge!r1 & ?us add+ greatly to _! /r5g?4 ,?is mode1 al?\gh ackn[l$g$ to be inf9itely sup]ior = milit>y purposes1 by our ,inspector ( small arms1 0 condemn$ z unsightly66 ,! ,fr5* musket1 al?\gh ?ree in*es long]1 is beautifully pois$1 be+ light5$ =w>d4 ,our bore be+ l>g] 0 consid]$ an advantage1 z _! balls c\ld be fir$ out ( our b>rels1 :ile our balls c\ld n out ( _! muskets4 ,x 0 g5]ally ?\ght t ! great] weight ( ! ,engli% ball produc$ an increas$ range & mom5tum1 b ?is 0 c\nt]act$ by ! excess ( w9dage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v>i\s =ms ( e>ly fire-arms4 ,9 =m] days small arms 7 made ( v>i\s %apes & devices1 & also comb9$ ) o!r weapons ( attack & def5ce4 ,!re is 9 ! ars5al at ,v5ice a mat*lock conta9+ tw5ty b>rels1 t5 gun b>rels1 ab\t #b feet long1 & t5 pi/ol b>rels half t l5g?4 ,! mat* explod$ a gun & pi/ol b>rel toge!r4 ,! ,*9ese ( ! pres5t day make use ( a species ( mat*lock revolv]s1 & also ( ano!r mat*lock1 consi/+ ( sev]al b>rels1 plac$ on a common /ock1 div]g+ f ea* o!r1 & fir$ simultane\sly4 7,plate #d1 fig4 #d & #e47 ,%ield fire-arms4 ,bree*-load]s4 ,soon aft] ! inv5tion ( fire-arms1 ! boss1 or spike1 issu+ f ! c5tre ( ! t>gets or %ields1 0 sup]s$$ by "o or m %ort b>rels1 fir$ by a mat*lock1 & hav+ an ap]ture cov]$ ) a grat+ above1 = ! purpose ( tak+ aim4 ,^! b>rels 7 load$ at ! bree*1 ! *>ge be+ put into an iron tube1 or %ort b>rel1 :i* 0 pu%$ 9 at ! end1 & reta9$ !re by %utt+ d[n a lid or spr+4 ,cross-b[ & pi/ol unit$4 ,!re 7 cross-b[s1 :i* comb9$ a pi/ol & cross-b[1 ! :eel-lock be+ plac$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! h&le on "o side1 :il/ on ! o!r 0 ! /r+ ( ! b[1 & ! w9dlass = draw+ x up4 ,pike & pi/ol4 ,pi/ols 7 frequ5tly introduc$ into ! butt-end ( pikes1 & also1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 9 ! h&le ( ! battle-axe1 ! spik$ club1 ! m>tlet1 & o!r weapons1 ev5 ! dagg]4 ,c>ab9es ) jo9t4 ,heel plate to draw out4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i4 !re 7 esclopette c>b9es1 made ) ! butt to d\ble back on a h+e1 9 ord] to get !m into a hol/]2 & a little lat] ! butt 0 l5g!n$ by draw+ out ! /eel cap :i* =m$ its cov]1 n[ call$ heel plate4 ,revolv]s 9 ,*>les ,i4 ,d\ble-b>rell$ pi/ols4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 !re 7 also revolv]s1 ) eight *amb]s to hold ! *>ges2 & 9 ! "t ( ,cromwell & ,*>les ,,ii4 we f9d self-load+ & self-prim+ guns4 ,pi/ols 7 made bo? d\ble-b>rell$ & revolv+4 ,arr[s fir$ out ( muskets1 #aeia4 ,9 ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s' acc\nt ( 8 voyage 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 #aeia1 m5tion is made ( 8 %oot+ arr[s f muskets ) great success at %ipp+3 8= ! upp] works ( _! %ips be+ musket pro(1 !y pass$ ?r\gh bo? sides ) facilitie1 & wr\ght extraord9>y disa/]s1 :i* caus$ admiration to see !mselves w\nd$ ) small %ot :5 !y ?\ght !mselves secure40 ,^! wood5 arr[s 7 call$ sprites or sprightes4 ,"l ,v]ulam says1 8x is c]ta9 t we _h 9 use at "o "t = sea fight %ort arr[s :i* !y call sprights1 )\t any o!r head save wood %>p5$1 :i* 7 dis*>g$ out ( muskets1 & w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! sides ( %ips1 :5 a bullet w\ld n pi]ce40 ,sprites requir$ wads4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s in=ms u1 t 9 a disc\rse :i* he held ) ! ,spani% ,g5]al1 ,mi*ael ,angell1 ! latt] dem&$1 8= :at purpose s]v$ ! little %ort arr[es :i* we _h 9 our %ippe1 & ^? 9 great quantity4 ,i satisfi$ him t !y 7 = our muskets4 ,h]e( !y proov$ to pr(it !mselves aft]2 b = t !y want$ ! tampk9s1 :i* are fir/ to be driv5 home1 be=e ! arr[ be put 91 & z !y und]/ood n ! secret1 !y reject$ !m z unc]ta9e1 & !re=e n to be us$2 b ( all ! %ot us$ n[ adayes1 = ! annoy+ ( an ennemie 9 fight by sea1 few are ( great] mom5t = _m respects1 :i* ,i hold n conv5i5t to treat ( 9 public40 ,?us x appe>s t bullets ( metal1 h be5 fir$ out ( b[s & sl+s1 /one balls out ( guns1 & arr[s f muskets4 ,! foll[+ are ! names ( diff]5t descriptions ( small arms1 viz3-- ,h&-cannon ,h&-gun ,arquebus ,caliv] ,petronel ,scorpion ,dragon ,musketoon ,hague ,demi-hague ,esclopette ,curri] ,fusil ,h&-mort> ,blund]buss ,musket ,pi/ol ,dag ,tack ,,! ,,bayonet4 ,po9t$ /ake4 ,x 0 common ) ar*]s to place a long po9t$ /ake 9 ! gr\nd to protect !mselves aga9/ cavalry4 ,on ! arquebus replac+ ! b[ ! same practice 0 cont9u$4 ,pike4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages x _h be5 cu/om>y to arm "s ( ! infantry ) pikes1 & 9 ! middle ages :5 cavalry 0 s mu* employ$ 9 armies1 x 0 f\nd impossible to disp5se ) ?is weapon2 = "s "t aft] ! introduction ( fire-arms1 only a portion ( ! infantry 7 arm$ ) !m1 & ! rema9d] 7 pikem54 ,! proportion ( ea* v>i$ at diff]5t times1 f "o half to two ?irds1 b z ! proportion ( muskete]s increas$ x became necess>y to contrive "s me?od1 by :i* !y c\ld def5d !mselves4 ,m>lets-de-f] ) t\*4 ,re/1 ) t\*4 ,sw9es' fea!rs4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,james ,i41 "s attempts 7 made to conv]t ! muskete]'s re/ into a def5ce aga9/ cavalry4 ,m>lets-de-f] & small pole-axes _h a t\* enclos$ 9 !m1 :i* by t\*+ a spr+ op5$ a small valve & sprung out4 ,! musket re/1 in/ead ( hav+ a wood5 %aft1 0 n[ made ( a ?9 tube ( iron1 l ^! pole-axes cov]$ ) lea!r1 & arm$ ) ! t\*4 ,re/s ?us arm$ 7 said to conta9 ,sw$i% or ,sw9es' fea!rs4 ,x 0 f\nd h[ev] t ! muskete] c\ld n d 8 duty :5 arm$ ) musket1 sword1 & re/1 7especially if he _h a ,sw$i% fea!r to manage ) !m7 :i* l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! re/ dur+ ! ,protectorate4 ,sword /uck 9 muzzle4 ,bayonets 9 ,france1 #afga4 ,to rem$y ! inconv5i5ce ( a ,muskete] be+ compell$ to draw 8 sword & def5d himself aft] ! dis*>ge ( 8 piece1 & to r5d] him m compet5t to act aga9/ ! pikem51 a long ?9 rapi] blade fix$ into a h&le1 & c>ri$ 9 a %ea? call$ a ,sw9e's fea!r1 0 drawn out ( its scabb>d1 & fix$ into ! muzzle ( 8 gun1 :i* gave him a weapon ( great l5g?4 7,plate #ai1 fig4 #aa474 ,& ?is dagg] or sword1 /uck into ! muzzle ( ! gun1 gave orig9 to ! bayonet1 :i* 0 fir/ made at ,bayonne1 & introduc$ into ! ,fr5* army 9 #afga4 ,swords discont9u$1 #agde4 ,improv$ bayonet4 ,bayonet 9 ,fl&]s1 ,william ,,iii4 ,bayonet at ,killicrankie4 ,swords 9 g5]al 7 left (f 9 ! battalion companies ev] s9ce ! ye> #agde1 & ab\t #agfb by ! gr5adi]s4 ,z a /ill fur!r improvem5t ! bayonet 0 made to fit on to ! side ( ! b>rel1 s z to leave x cle>4 ,an e>ly application ( ! improv$ bayonet took place 9 ! campaigns ( ,william ,,iii41 9 ,fl&]s4 ,?ree ,fr5* regim5ts ?us arm$1 m>*$ ) fix$ bayonets1 & "o ( !m aga9/ ! #be? regim5t4 ,lieut-,colonel ,maxwell ord]$ 8 m5 to screw _! bayonets into _! muzzles to receive !m2 b to 8 great surprise :5 !y came )9 ! prop] di/ance1 ! ,fr5* ?rew 9 su* a heavy fire1 z = ! mom5t to /agg] 8 p1 :o by no means expect$ su* a greet+1 n consci\s h[ x 0 possible to fire ) fix$ bayonets4 ,macaulay 9 ! #crd volume ( 8 ,hi/ory1 /ates 8,t at ! battle ( ,killicrankie1 ! ,k+'s army be+ drawn up 9 position1 ! ,highl&]s advanc$ to ! attack1 & imm$iately aft] hav+ deliv]$ _! fire1 ?rew away _! muskets & ru%$ on to ! *>ge ) ,claymores4 ,x took ! regul> muskete] two or ?ree m9utes to alt] 8 missile weapon into "o ) :i* he c\ld enc\nt] an enemy h& to h&1 & dur+ ?is "t ! battle ( ,killicrankie _h be5 decid$40 ,mackay !re=e ord]$ all 8 bayonets to be s made t !y might be screw$ ^u ! b>rel4 ,bayonets1 ,m>saglia1 #afic1 & ,spi]s1 #agjc4 ,pike aboli%$1 #agjc4 ,e>l ,orr]y 9 fav\r ( pike v]sus musket1 #afgg4 ,bayonets 7 employ$ by ,m>%al ,cat9at at ! battle ( ,m>saglia1 :5 ! slaught] 0 imm5se4 ,also at ! battle ( ,spi]s1 9 #agjc4 ,?us improv$1 ! bayonet came into g5]al use1 & ! pike 0 aboli%$ 9 ,france by ,royal ,ord9ance #agjc1 ) ! advice ( ,m>%al ,vauban4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! improv$ bayonet1 ,"l ,orr]y1 9 #afgg1 ?us speaks 9 fav\r ( ! pike3--8,b :at ne$ ,i m say ( ! usefulness ( ! pike above ! musket1 ?an t all p]sons ( quality c>ry ! pike :i* !y w\ld n d unless x _h adjudg$ly ! hon\r to be ! noble/ weapon1 s9ce ! brave/ *oose & fight ) x4 ,i wi% our companies consi/$ ( few] %ots & m pikes1 = !y are n only always 9 read9ess b ne$ no ammunition1 :i* _c be said ( ! musket :i* requires p[d]1 bullet1 & mat*1 & 9 wet or w9dy wea!r (t5 disappo9ts ! s]vice40 ,m4 ,mallet1 pike v]sus musket1 #afhd4 ,mons4 ,mallet 9 8 8,travaux de ,m>s10 speaks lightly ( ! 8m\squetaires10 )\t pikem52 he says1 8,a horse w\nd$ by a fire-arm is only m animat$1 b :5 he f9ds himself pi]c$ by a pike1 all ! spurs 9 ! _w w n make him advance40 ,g54 ,loyd1 pike v]sus bayonet1 #agff4 ,pike rec5tly discont9u$4 ,ev5 s rec5tly z ab\t n9ety-two ye>s ago1 & n9ety-five ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! improv$ bayonet1 ,g5]al ,loyd 9 8 hi/ory ( ! w> 9 ,g]many1 recomm5ds ! ab&onm5t ( ! sy/em ( arm+ ! :ole ( ! infantry ) fire-arms1 8:i* he says are useful only 9 def5sive w>f>e1 & ev5 !n n m ?an "o %ot 9 f\r hundr$ takes effect40 ,= _m ye>s aft] pikes 7 discont9u$ by our infantry1 ! (fic]s c>ri$ a %ort "o1 & ! s]geants only gave up _! halb]ts )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,! soldi]s ( artill]y :5 9 ,holl& "u ! late ,duke ( ,york1 c>ri$ %ort pikes = ! def5ce ( _! field guns4 ,,acc\trem5ts ,,& ,,ammunition4 ,armam5t ( infantry soldi]4 ,b&oli]4 ,b&oli] ab&on$ 9 ,france1 #afhd4 ,flask resum$4 ,patrons4 ,c>tridges4 ,besides 8 mat*lock1 ! soldi] c>ri$ a p[d] horn or flask1 a ball bag1 sl[ mat*1 a re/1 & a sword4 ,! two la/ *ang$ = a bayonet4 ,9 ord] to accel]ate ! load+1 a l>ge lea!r belt1 call$ b&oli]1 0 worn ov] ! %\ld]4 ,to ?is 7 hung twelve wood5 cases1 ea* ( :i* conta9$ "o *>ge1 ) a case ( f9] p[d] = prim+1 & at ! l[] end a bag = balls4 ,?is sy/em 0 soon f\nd to be inconv5i5t1 z ! cases 7 apt to get entangl$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh woods1 c4 ,x 0 !re=e ab&on$ 9 ,france 9 #afhd1 & ! flask resum$4 ,sir ,james ,turn]1 speak+ ( ! pi/ol1 says1 8,all horsem5 %\ld always h ! *>ges ( _! pi/ols ready 9 patrons1 ! p[d] made up compactly 9 pap]1 & ! ball ti$ to x ) a piece ( pack ?read40 ,9 ?is description we h evid5tly ! c>tridge1 ?\gh n express$ by "n4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ^! 7 fir/ conf9$ to ! cavalry1 & t ! g5]al adoption ( ! c>tridge 0 n e>li] ?an ! common use ( ! mod]n firelock4 ,! ,patron 0 an upright semi-cyl9drical box ( /eel1 ) a cov] mov+ on a h+e1 fill$ ) a block ( wood ) five p]=ations1 to hold z _m pi/ol c>tridges4 ,e>l ( ,orr]y 9 fav\r ( p\*es4 ,! ,e>l ( ,orr]y1 9 #afgg1 writes1 8,i am1 on long exp]i5ce1 an enemy to b&oli]s1 b a great approv] ( boxes ( c>tridges = !m1 z by bit+ (f ! bottom ( ! c>tridge1 y *>ge y\r musket = s]vice ) "o ramm+4 ,i w\ld h ^! boxes ( t91 because !y are n s apt to break z ! wood5 ones are1 & d n1 9 wet wea!r1 or ly+ 9 ! t5ts1 relax4 ,besides1 ,i h (t5 se5 mu* prejudice 9 ! use ( b&oli]s1 :i* are (t5 apt to take fire4 ,!y commonly w\nd1 & (t5 kill he t we>s !m1 & ^? ne> him1 = likely if "o take fire1 all ! re/ d 9 t coll>4 ,!y (t5 tangle :5 !y h fir$1 & are fall+ (f by ! flanks ( ! files ( ! int]vals to get into ! re> to load aga94 ,_! rattl+ 9 ! night (t5 discov]s ! designs2 & if ! wea!r be w9dy1 _! rattl+ also (t5 h9d]s ! soldi] f he>+1 &1 consequ5tly1 obey+ ! ^w ( comm&4 ,:]eas ! c>tridge boxes exempt ^? :o use !m f all ^! dang]s & prejudices4 ,!y enable ! soldi] to fire m exp$iti\sly4 ,!y are also usually worn ab\t ! wai/ ( ! soldi]1 ! skirts ( ^: d\blet & ^: coat d\bly def5d !m f all ra91 t does n pi]ce bo?1 & be+ worn close to 8 body1 ! heat !re( keeps ! p[d] dry]4 ,besides all ?is1 :oev] loads 8 musket ) c>tridges1 is sure ! bullet w n drop out1 ?\gh he takes 8 aim "u brea/ high2 :]eas ^? soldi]s on s]vice :o take ! bullets out ( _! m\?s1 :i* is ! nimble/ way1 or out ( _! p\*es1 seldom put any pap]1 t[1 or grass1 to ram ! bullet 91 :]eby if !y fire above brea/ high ! bullet passes ov] ! head ( ! enemy1 & if !y aim l[ ! bullet drops out1 ere ! musket is fir$1 & x is to ?is t ,i attribute ! little execution ,i h se5 muskete]s d 9 "t ( fight1 ?\gh !y fir$ at great battalions1 & ^? also reasonably ne>40 ,! prec$+ article on ,portable ,fire-,arms is pr9cipally compil$ f 8,milit>y ,antiquities10 by ,francis ,grose2 8,anci5t ,arm\r & ,weapons ( ,w>10 by ,john ,hewitt2 8,engrav$ ,illu/rations ( ,anci5t ,arm\r10 by ,joseph ,skelton1 ,f4,s4,a42 8,a ,critical ,enquiry into ,anci5t ,arm\r10 by ,sir ,r4 ,s4 ,meyrick1 ,knt42 & 8,deane's ,manual ( ,fire-arms40 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rifle4 ,inv5tion ( ! rifle4 ,we %all n[ direct our att5tion to ! rifle1--its inv5tion is ascrib$ to ,gasp>d ,zolln]1 ( ,vi5na1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 #adff4 ,! fir/ society = fir+ ) ! arquebuss 0 f\nd$ at ,ble1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,rifles at ,leipsic1 #adih4 ,9 ! practice ( fir+ at a m>k1 at ,leipsic1 #adih1 ! great] "p ( ! ,%>p%oot]s or ,m>ksm51 7 arm$ ) ! ,rifles4 ,rifles us$ fir/ = amusem5t4 ,at fir/1 ,rifle arms 7 us$ only = amusem5t1 & sometimes = ! def5ce ( places1 b v r>ely z weapons ( w> 9 ! field4 ,rifles us$ 9 w>4 ,_! employm5t 9 a campaign only dates f a little be=e ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 #afca4 ,9 #afca1 ! ,l&grave ,william ( ,hesse _h ?ree companies ( ,*asseurs1 arm$ ) rifles4 ,elector ,maximilian1 #afde4 ,9 #afde1 ! ,elector ,maximilian ( ,bav>ia =m$ ?ree regim5ts ( ,*asseurs1 arm$ ) rifles :i* he int5d$ to employ pr9cipally 9 ! m9or op]ations ( w>4 ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia1 #afgd4 ,9 #afdg1 ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia1 9 8 campaign on ! ,rh9e1 di/ribut$ 9 ea* company ( infantry1 "s light infantry & ,riflem54 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,by ,au/rians ditto4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 ord] to c\nt]balance ! ,au/rian ,light ,troops1 m p>ticul>ly ! ,tyrolese ,m>ksm51 ^: fire 0 exce$+ly deadly1 felt oblig$ dur+ ! sev5 ye>s' w> to add a company ( tra9$ light infantry to ! effective /r5g? ( ea* battalion4 ,rifles 9 ,france1 #afgd4 ,9 ,france ! ,cavalry 7 suppli$ ) rifles be=e ! ,infantry4 ,t[>ds #afgd ,l\is ,,xiv4 creat$ "s squadrons ( ,cavalry arm$ ) 8,c>ab9es rayes40 ,! "n 0 giv5 9 ,france to all arms :i* 7 groov$1 & x also s]v$ = ! "n ( ! corps :i* 7 fir/ arm$ ) !m1 viz41 8,c>ab9s40 ,rifles 9 ,engli% ,life ,gu>ds4 ,9 #afhj eight rifle c>b9es 7 c>ri$ 9 ea* troop ( ,engli% ,life ,gu>ds4 ,rifles 9 ,sw$51 #afia4 ,9 #afia ! ,non-,commission$ ,(fic]s ( ! ,sw$i% ,dragoons receiv$ ! rifl$ c>ab91 & 9 #agjj ^? ( ! ,prussian ,cavalry receiv$ ! same rifl$ arms4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,engl&1 #aggf4 ,exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) rifl$ small arms 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> #aggf4 ,we read 9 ! ,scots' ,magaz9e1 vol4 #cf1 t 8! ,gu>ds are e day practis+ ! use ( ! ,rifle ,gun 9 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,on ,saturday1 ,april #bg?1 #aggf1 _! ,maje/ies att5d$ a ,review ( ! ,rifle-m5 ye/]day1 & 7 mu* pleas$ ) ! dext]ity ( ! (fic]1 :o load$ & fir$ sev]al times 9 a m9ute1 & hit ! m>k ea* "t4 ,he lies ^u 8 back :5 he dis*>ges 8 piece40 ,rifles 9 ,au/ria1 #aggh4 ,au/ria kept #bjjj ,%>p%oot]s1 hav+ d\ble c>b9es1 :i* 7 suppli$ ) a crot* to re/ !m ^u :ile %oot+4 ,only "o ( ! b>rels 0 rifl$4 ,rifles 9 ,fr5* infantry1 #agic4 ,9 #agic ! fir/ model c>b9e = ,fr5* ,infantry 0 made at ,v]sailles2 at ! same "t ! model = ,cavalry 0 also fix$4 ,rifles 7 soon ab&on$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,army2 !y deem$ !m ( m tr\ble ?an pr(it4 ,rifles1 ,engli%1 #agid4 ,9 #agid ! ,engli% adopt$ ! ,rifle1 :i*1 ,i fancy1 0 fir/ us$ by a ,battalion ( ! #fj?1 or ,royal ,am]ican ,regim5t4 ,rifles num]\s 9 ,au/ria1 #agif4 ,9 #agif !re 7 9 ! ,au/rian ,army #ae ,battalions ( ,light ,infantry1 ! great] "p ( :om 7 arm$ ) ,rifles4 ,rifles = ! #ie? regt41 #ahjj4 ,9 #ahjj1 ,rifles 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! #ie? ,regim5t1 n[ ! ,rifle ,brigade ( f\r ,battalions4 ,^! ,rifles weigh$ ab\t #ajlbs4 ea*1 ) ! sword4 ,!y 7 sight$ = #ajj & #bjj y>ds1 ) sev5 grooves1 hav+ a qu>t] turn 9 ! l5g? ( ! b>rel1 :i* 0 ab\t #b feet #f in*es1 ! l5g? ( ! ,rifle #c feet #aj in*es1 weight ( sword #alb41 diamet] ( bore #fbc4 ,! locks 7 excell5t1 & _h a det5t1 to prev5t ! nose ( ! se> cat*+ at half cock1 & x _h a bolt1 to prev5t its go+ (f at half cock4 ,! ball 0 sph]ical1 & driv5 9 ) a mallet1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds disp5s$ )1 & a greas$ pat* sub/itut$4 ,rifle ball 9 two sizes4 ,range ( ,engli% rifle4 ,dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 our ,riflem5 7 suppli$ ) balls ( two sizes1 ! easie/ fitt+ be+ design$ = use :]e cel]ity ( load+ 0 requir$4 ,bak]1 :o made ^! ,rifles1 says 9 8 ,"w1 #ahbe1 8,i h f\nd #bjj y>ds ! greate/ range ,i c\ld fire to any c]ta9ty4 ,at #cjj y>ds ,i h fir$ v well at times1 :5 ! w9d has be5 calm4 ,at #djj y>ds1 & at #ejj y>ds1 ,i h frequ5tly fir$1 & h sometimes /ruck ! object1 ?\gh ,i h f\nd x to v>y mu*40 ,rifles 9 #g? & #aj? ,dragoons4 ,colonel ,dickson1 ,r4,a41 says1 8,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 !re 0 also introduc$ a rifle-arm = cavalry4 ,! b>rel #bj in*es1 calibre #bj bore1 grooves #g1 hav+ ! same pit* z ^? = ! infantry2 ! #g? & #aj? light cavalry 7 ! only regim5ts arm$ ) !m1 b !y 7 soon discont9u$ f be+ consid]$ z unfit = cavalry s]vice40 ,brunswick rifle4 ,! ,brunswick rifle 0 introduc$ 9 #ahcf4 ,weight ) bayonet #aalbs4 #eoz41 l5g? ( b>rel #b;ft4 #f-;941 bore #gjd4 ,two deep spiral grooves ) "o turn 9 ! l5g? ( ! b>rel4 ,sight$ = #ajj1 #bjj1 & #cjj y>ds4 ,bullet sph]ical & belt$1 diamet] #fif4 ,weight ( bullet #eeg gra9s4 ,! %oot+ ( ?is arm 0 sup]ior to our fir/ rifle1 al?\gh ! load+ 0 n s easy z 0 desir$1 & a great disadvantage exi/$ 9 ! bullet & c>tridge be+ sep>ate 9 ! soldi]'s p\*1 ! grooves 7 deep] & r\nd] ?an ^? ( ! ord9>y rifle1 ! project+ zone ( ! ball 0 made to fit ! grooves1 ! ball 0 wrapp$ 9 a l95 pat* dipp$ 9 grease4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 al?\gh ! rifle load$ easily at fir/1 aft] con/ant fir+ ! b>rel became v f\l1 r5d]+ load+ ne>ly z difficult z "u ! old sy/em ( ! ind5t$ ball4 ,! belt on ! ball caus$ consid]able friction :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! air4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #a74 ,m]its ( ! ,brunswick rifle4 ,by a committee ( (fic]s assembl$ at ,enfield1 x 0 det]m9$ t all fir+ ) ! ,brunswick beyond #djj y>ds 0 too wild to give a correct angle ( elevation4 ,x 0 te/$ at ,antw]p 9 #ahdd1 9 an exp]im5t ext5d+ to #dd1jjj r\nds1 & decl>$ to be ! wor/ tri$4 ,improvem5ts f ,france4 ,f ,france *iefly h proce$$ mo/ ( ! mod]n improvem5ts 9 fire-arms4 ,fr5* at disc\nt )\t rifles4 ,capta9 ,delvigne's fir/ /ep to re/ore rifles 9 ,france4 ,! ,fr5* desir$ to be on an equality ) ,arabs4 ,expansion by *amb]4 ,defects ( *amb]$ rifle4 ,pon*>ra ,delvigne rifle #ahcc4 ,! orig9al ,fr5* rifle 7l our own7 0 load$ by =ce ) a /rong ramrod & mallet1 & !y f\nd t x gave precision ) dim9ution ( range4 ,= ^! reasons dur+ ! e>ly campaigns ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! rifle 0 giv5 up 9 ! ,fr5* army2 b z _! ,*asseurs 7 f\nd to be unequally mat*$ aga9/ ^? ( o!r armies1 :o surpass$ !m 9 accuracy z m>ksm51 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on at diff]5t times1 ) a view to its re9troduction into _! s]vice4 ,no satisfactory result 0 obta9$ until ! occupation ( ,alg]ia1 :5 ,mons4 ,delvigne1 ( ! ,gu>de ,royale1 took ! fir/ /ep 9 its re/oration4 ,9 ! fly+ w>s kept up aga9/ !m by ,abd-el-,kad]1 !y f\nd t masses ( _! m5 7 /ruck by ,arab balls at di/ances :]e ! ,fr5* muskets 7 app>5tly p[]less1 & ?is !y aft]w>ds f\nd arose f ! long mat*locks ( _! enemies be+ fir$ at a mu* great] elevation ?an 0 ev] ?\ght ( by ,european troops4 ,9 ord] to put !mselves on an equality ) _! enemies1 ,mons4 ,delvigne %[$ 9 #ahbh h[ ! rifle bullet c\ld be made to ent] ! piece easily1 & quit x 9 a =c$ /ate2 a me?od ( load+ z easy & simple z t ( a smoo?-bore arm4 ,expansion 0 obta9$ by ! introduction ( a *amb] 9 ! bore1 :i* furni%$ an annul> surface to receive ! bullet1 & on its be+ /ruck a small bl[ ) ! ramm] x 0 exp&$ into ! grooves4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #b74 ,! objection to ! *amb]$ rifle1 0 t aft] frequ5tly fir+1 a residuum collect$ :i* ev5tually left ! p[d] less room 9 ! *amb]1 & ( necessity x !n rea*$ above ! %\ld] ( ! latt]1 s t ! ball re/+ ^u ! p[d] in/ead ( ^u ! %\ld] ( ! *amb]1 0 n s readily dilat$ by ! /rokes ( ! ramrod into ! grooves4 ,to rem$y ?is defect ! wood5 sabot & greas$ pat* 7plate #bj1 fig4 #c7 7 sugge/$ by ,colonel ,pon*>ra1 9 #ahcc1 introduc$ into ! ,fr5* army #ahci1 & employ$ 9 ,alg]ia1 #ahdj1 b sev]al inconv5i5ces att5d$ its use4 ,c>ab9e ,tige1 #ahdb4 ,defects ( ,tige4 ,tige introduc$1 #ahdf4 ,colonel ,?\v59 endeav\r$ to ov]come ^! difficulties by fix+ at ! bottom ( ! bore an iron %ank1 ar\nd :i* 0 plac$ ! p[d]4 ,?is /em1 7plate #bj1 fig4 #d7 /opp+ ! bullet1 all[$ x to be /ruck 9 su* a mann] z to cause ! lead to p5etrate into ! grooves4 ,!re is mu* f\l+ at ! bree*1 & ar\nd ! pill> ( ^! rifles4 ,!y are difficult to clean1 ! soldi] hav+ to c>ry an in/rum5t = ?is purpose4 ,! ,*asseurs & ,z\aves ( ! ,african ,army 7 arm$ ) ! tige 9 #ahdf4 ,at fir/ a sph]ical ball _h be5 us$1 & !n a solid cyl9dro-conical bullet 0 resort$ to2 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #f47 ,messrs4 ,delvigne & ,m9i hav+ long previ\sly exp]im5t$ ) holl[ cyl9dro-conical projectiles4 ,m9i iron cup4 ,fr5* army #ahej4 ,"s ye>s aft] ^! exp]im5ts1 ,capta9 ,m9i propos$ ! adoption ( a bullet :i* %\ld receive its expansion by plac+ an iron cup 9 ! holl[ ( ! base1 :i* %\ld be driv5 up by ! gas1 & =ce ! walls ( ! cavity outw>ds1 ?us mak+ !m ent] ! grooves4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #g47 ,9 #ahej ! ,fusil ray ) balle culot 0 put into ! h&s ( "s ,fr5* regim5ts ( ! l9e1 & s9ce !n ! ,fr5* ,imp]ial ,gu>d h be5 arm$ ) ! old musket rifl$1 & a holl[ bullet )\t a cup4 ,at pres5t x is und]/ood t ! ,fr5* are rifl+ all _! smoo? bore arms1 & ! ,russians are do+ ! same4 ,prussian4 army4 ,russian riflem54 ,au/rian riflem54 ,belgium4 ,portugal4 ,! ,prussians h _m ?\s&s ( _! infantry arm$ ) a bree*-load+ long range ,rifle4 ,! ,russian ,army is to h fifty-f\r rifle regim5ts1 ) a rifle company to ea* o!r regim5t ( ,infantry4 ,! ,au/rians are busy at "w1 accord+ to _! means4 ,! ,tyrol has always suppli$ !m ) a l>ge numb] ( m>ksm54 ,! ,belgians are1 ,i believe1 univ]sally arm$ ) rifles1 & ev5 ! little ,k+dom ( ,portugal has ord]$ #bh1jjj rifles f ,belgium4 ,conoidal bullet1 ) ,brunswick4 ,m9i rifle1 introduc$1 #ahea4 ,p]=mance & angle ( ,m9i4 ,subsequ5t to ! ,fr5* exp]im5ts ) ! conoidal bullet1 & ! great results obta9$ ov] ! sph]ical f x1 x 0 propos$ to adapt a conoidal bullet to ! ,brunswick ,rifle4 7,plate #bj1 fig #e47 ,?is 0 done z an exp]im5t1 & succe$$ v well1 b at ! same "t ! new arm1 call$ ! ,m9i patt]n1 #ahea1 0 also tri$1 & ! %oot+ exhibit$ great] accuracy ) ?is latt] arm4 ,no?+ fur!r 0 done ) ! ,brunswick rifle & conoidal bullet2 & ! 7!n call$7 8new regulation ,m9i10 0 introduc$ into ! s]vice by ! late ,m>quis ( ,anglesea1 ,ma/]-,g5]al ( ,ordnance1 ) ! approval ( ! late ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,its weight ) bayonet1 0 #ajlbs4 #hozs41 bore #gjb1 f\r spiral grooves1 ) "o turn 9 #f feet #f-;941 p[d]1 #b drs41 bullet1 #fhj grs41 ) iron cup1 diamet] ( bullet1 #fij1 w9dage1 #jab4 ,:5 ! axis is p>allel to ! gr\nd at #d feet #f-;94 above x1 ! fir/ graze is ab\t #agg y>ds1 & ! angle ( elevation at #hjj y>ds1 is #c #be4 ,consequ5ces ( improvem5ts 9 milit>y rifles4 ,a few ye>s previ\s to ! ,russian w>1 rifles _h atta9$ to a degree ( improvem5t 9 /ructure & adaptability to ! g5]al purpose ( w>1 :i* ?reat5$ subv]sion to ! e/abli%$ notions ( ! milit>y _w4 ,probable effect on artill]y4 ,on cavalry4 ,m9i 9 ,kaffir w>4 ,bullet improv$4 ,! artill]y arm 0 m5ac$ 9 its long re/$ monopoly ( range & precision1 ) an equilibrium 9 h&s x _h nev] dream$ to f9d x2 "o :i* n alone w\ld curb ! wont$ da% ( field batt]ies to )9 ! 8%orte/ range10 b also impress a m ?an wont$ respect ^u ! be/ l$ & mo/ d>+ cavalry1 = ev5 ! ?9ne/ =mation ( t arm1 :i* x _h hi!rto be5 taught to despise4 ,! ,m9i 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! ,kaffir w>1 & next at ,alma & ,ink]man1 :5 x prov$ t ! gallant ,m>quis _h advanc$ a /ep 9 ! "r direction2 :o _h ord]$ #bh1jjj1 b qu>rels tak+ place among ! contractors ?is ord] 0 nev] complet$4 ,! accuracy ( fir+ f ! ,m9i 0 improv$ by alt]+ ! =m ( ! bullet f conoidal to cyl9dro-conoidal1 7plate #bj1 fig4 #h47 & ! iron cup f hemisph]ical to a conical %ape ) a hole 9 ! apex4 ,"l ,h>d+e's desire = improvem5t4 ,exp]im5ts at ,enfield4 ,"l ,h>d+e1 succe$+ to ! po/ ( ,ma/]-,g5]al1 & aft] to t ( ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 zeal\sly foll[$ out ! prosecution ( ! n[ becom+ fix$ idea1 ! g5]al adoption = ,briti% infantry1 ( a patt]n rifle-musket1 :i* %\ld comb9e lightness ) solidity1 precision1 & sup]ior range4 ,"l ,h>d+e op5$ competition to ! lead+ ,briti% gun mak]s1 :5 ! foll[+ s5t 9 muskets = trial1 viz3--,purdy1 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds1 ,lanca/]1 ,wilk9son1 & ,gre5]4 ,! ,m9i patt]n1 7#ea71 & ,brunswick1 7#cf71 7 also subject$ to a c\rse ( trial be=e ! committee assembl$ at ,enfield1 9 #aheb1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! be/ description ( fire-arm = milit>y s]vice4 ,m]its ( ! ,brunswick4 ,! ,brunswick rifle %[$ itself to be v mu* inf]ior 9 po9t ( range to e arm hi!rto tri$4 ,! load+ 0 s difficult1 t x is wond]ful h[ ! rifle regim5ts c h cont9u$ to use x s long1 ! =ce requir$ to ram d[n ! ball 0 s great z to r5d] a man's h& mu* too un/eady = accurate %oot+4 ,colonel ,gordon1 says1 8,x %\ld be notic$ "h ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 e "o ( ! mak]s *ang$ ei!r 8 musket or projectile dur+ ! trials1 !reby caus+ !m to be protract$ mu* beyond ! "t orig9ally int5d$40 ,all _h r$uc$ bores4 ,elongat$ bullets4 ,rev]s$ c>tridge4 ,be/ %oot+ f %ort rifle4 ,advantage ( small bore4 ,disadvantages ( small bore4 ,! diamet] ( ! bore ( all ! new muskets 0 less ?an t hi!rto 9 use1 all ! bullets 7 elongat$ & _h auxili>ies = expansion1 be+ metallic1 or 9 "o case a horn plug1 "o patt]n _h cannelures & ! :ole requir$ ! c>tridge to be rev]s$ 9 load+4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! be/ %oot+ at ^! trials 0 f a %ort rifle made at ,enfield1 :i* 0 nam$ ! artill]y c>b9e1 b n ! "o n[ us$ by ! ,royal ,artill]y4 ,! b>rel 0 only #b feet #f-;94 long1 & ! projectile cyl9dro-conoidal1 ) an iron cup weigh+ #fbj gra9s2 ?us prov+ t great l5g? ( b>rel is n absolutely necess>y 9 a rifle2 b a c]ta9 l5g? ( b>rel is requir$ to fire 9 d\ble ranks1 & s t ! weapon may be effectually us$ z a pike4 ,) a small bore1 a great] numb] ( r\nds ( ammunition may be c>ri$1 great] p5etration1 velocity1 l[] trajectory1 & m accuracy1 ?an ) l>g] projectiles ( equal weight4 ,! alleg$ disadvantages ( small bore are1 ! sl5d] =m ( c>tridge & ! small] hole made 9 a man's body1 z /at$ to be prov$ 9 ! case ( wild animals1 9 pro( ( :i* x is said t !y are f\nd to run fur!r :5 w\nd$ ) a small ball1 ?an !y d ) a l>ge "o2 b ?is reason+ does n seem applicable to ! human race1 = x is presum$ t few m5 w\ld be f\nd will+ to move f> :5 w\nd$ by a musket ball1 :e!r ! hole 9 _! body 0 #gjb or #ecj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,objection to rev]s+ ! c>tridge4 ,an absurd objection 0 /at$ z to rev]s+ ! c>tridge1 viz3--t drill ) blank w\ld be p]=m$ 9 a diff]5t mann] to fir+ ball1 & t 9 action ! soldi] w\ld =get to rev]se 8 c>tridge1 & put 9 ! ball fir/4 ,z we n[ always p]=m our drill1 & z our pres5t blank c>tridges require to be rev]s$ or w n ignite1 ?is objection is remov$4 ,x also 0 said t mice1 rats1 c41 c41 w\ld eat (f ! lubricat+ mixture66 ,x 0 propos$ to give ! ,enfield1 7#ahec17 a back sight to #ijj y>ds1 :5 an outcry 0 rais$ aga9/ ! mon/r\s proposition ( giv+ to e common soldi] a delicately made back sight1 :e!r he knew h[ to use x or n666 & ^? rifles fir/ issu$1 7 only sight$ to #cjj y>ds4 ,! ,enfield rifle4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! trials at ,enfield1 9 ,augu/1 #aheb1 two rifles 7 made at ! ,royal ,manufactory1 9 :i* 7 embodi$ ! improvem5ts & alt]ations sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce obta9$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! trials1 & :i* 0 hop$ w\ld possess ! necess>y requirem5ts = a milit>y weapon1 & :i* prov$ sup]ior to ! ,m9i1 ! ,brunswick1 & all ^? pres5t$ = trial by ! diff]5t manufactur]s4 ,dim5sions1 c41 ( ,enfield4 ,?is beautiful rifle ?\gh #blbs4 less ?an ! old musket1 is fully z /rong1 & z capable ( r\gh usage4 ,weight1 includ+ bayonet1 #ilbs4 #c ozs41 bore1 #egg1 l5g? ( b>rel1 #c feet #c-;941 weight ( b>rel1 #dlbs4 #f ozs41 ?ree grooves ) spiral ( "o turn 9 #f feet #f-;942 ! b>rel to be fa/5$ to ! /ock by b&s4 ,! bayonet to be fix$ by means ( a lock+ r+4 ,! lock to h a swivel4 ,! bullet 0 ( a patt]n sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,prit*ett4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #i47 ,attempts to improve ! bullet4 ,description ( ,prit*ett4 ,"l ,h>d+e1 desir\s to improve ! projectile1 & if possible to get rid ( ! cup1 hav+ reque/$ ! lead+ gun mak]s to lay any sugge/ions be=e ! small arms committee1 none 7 submitt$ b "o by ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 :i* 0 n a comp\nd4 ,x 0 solid ) two deep cannelures1 b x lo/ its accuracy :5 made up into a c>tridge1 & made v wild practice beyond #cjj y>ds4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #aj47 ,subsequ5tly a bullet 0 propos$ by ,mr4 ,prit*ett1 be+ cyl9dro-conoidal 9 =m1 ) a small holl[ at ! base1 :i* 0 made m to ?r[ ! c5tre ( gravity =w>d ?an to obta9 expansion !reby4 ,?is bullet weigh$ #ebj gra9s1 or #bd guage1 & excell5t practice 0 made ) x at ,enfield1 f #ajj1 to #hjj y>ds1 & x 0 accord+ly introduc$ into ! s]vice1 to ! suppression ( ! ,m9i1 ) iron cup2 & = :i* ,mr4 ,prit*ett1 receiv$ #a1jjj4 ,lanca/] smoo? bore rifles4 ,%ortly aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry1 9 ,june1 #ahec1 tw5ty ,enfield rifles 7 s5t d[n = trial 9 competition ) ! ,m9i1 & also ) 8,lanca/]'s smoo? bore eliptical rifle1 ) increas+ spiral & fre$ at ! bree*10 :5 ! ,enfield 0 f\nd to be sup]ior to bo?4 ,x is /at$ t ,mr4 ,lanca/]'s inv5tion is int5d$ to ov]come ! inconv5i5ce att5dant on ! we>+ out ! rifle ridges1 by ! ramrod1 c42 ^! rifles are also easily clean$1 ! diff]5ce 9 wid? betwe5 ! major & m9or axis ( ! ellipse 01 ( an in*4 ,eng9e] ,c>b9e4 ,c>b9es on ?is pr9ciple are n[ c>ri$ by ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & %oot well1 & by "s p]sons are ?\ght to be sup]ior to ! ,enfield1 #ahec2 !y fire ! same ammunition1 & !re is no "q b t _! fir+ is mu* m accurate f us+ ! improv$ wood5 plug bullet4 ,failure ( ! ,prit*ett4 ,9 ,may1 #ahee1 ! ammunition 0 f\nd to be 9 a mo/ unsatisfactory /ate & unfit to be us$1 !re be+ bullets ( v>i\s diamet]s 9 _m ( ! packages ( ! c>tridges4 ,! correct size ( ! ,prit*ett bullet viz41 #efh1 0 f\nd to produce accurate %oot+1 at #fjj y>ds1 :ile bullets ( a small] diamet] fir$ v badly4 ,return to iron cup4 ,to get out ( ?is difficulty1 ,colonel ,hay recomm5d$ ! application ( ! iron cup to ! bullet1 :i* 0 approv$1 :5 m uni=m expansion result$ & great] accuracy4 ,?us by us+ an auxili>y to expansion !re is a m>g9 left to cov] any trifl+ inaccuracy 9 manufacture1 9 diamet] ( ei!r bullet or bore4 ,woolwi* acc\nt = bad ammunition4 ,! ,woolwi* au?orities /at$ t !y _h sev5 dies at "w mak+ bullets1 & :i* 7 made small at fir/ z !y gradually wore l>g]2 :5 any "o die became too l>ge x 0 de/roy$1 & replac$ by a small] "o4 ,to ?is cause !y imput$ ! failure ( our ,prit*ett ammunition4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds sugge/$ f ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry1 to procure expansion by us+ a wood5 plug1 & aft] mo/ ext5sive exp]im5ts1 ?is 0 f\nd to be sup]ior to any description ( bullet yet tri$ at ,hy!1 & ! wood5 plug has accord+ly be5 e/abli%$ = ! ,briti% army4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #aa47 ,on expansion4 ,uni=m accuracy ma9ly results f ! bullet cont9u+ to receive a suffici5t & uni=m expansion into ! grooves1 s t ! projectiles get su* an am\nt ( rotation z %all la/ until !y h rea*$ ! object fir$ at4 ,! m p]fect ! expansion1 ! less ! accumulation ( f\l+ & consequ5tly accuracy is fur!r increas$4 ,! ,enfield has frequ5tly be5 fir$ to #bjj r\nds & ! load+ cont9u$ easy4 ,progressive groov+ #aheh4 ,e>ly 9 #aheh1 ! regulation rifle1 7#ec71 0 *ang$ f grooves ( uni=m1 #jad 9 dep?1 to #jje at muzzle1 increas+ 9 dep? to #jae at ! bree*2 :ile new1 ^! rifles %oot well1 b !y require increas$ elevation at long ranges4 ,h[ f> ^! %all[ grooves w answ]1 or h[ long x w take to conv]t ^! aims into smoo? bores at ! muzzle1 by ! cont9u$ friction ( ! ramrod1 rema9s to be se54 ,orig9 ( progressive groov+4 ,advantages4 ,capta9 ,panot1 ( ! ,fr5* s]vice1 /ates1 8x is b a few ye>s s9ce all our smoo? bore b>rels 7 ream$ s t !y w\ld c>ry ! sph]ical ball ( #ffi1 in/ead ( #fda4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds det]m9$ to conv]t ^! arms into rifles4 ,to prev5t weak5+ ! ream$ up b>rels1 ,m4 ,tamisi] propos$ to v>y ! dep? ( ! grooves1 mak+ !m deep] at ! bree* ?an at ! muzzle40 ,grooves ?us made1 are said to h a great] accuracy ( fire f keep+ ! ball p]fectly tight z x leaves ! bore & de/roy+ all w9dage at ! muzzle4 ,?is is call$ 8progressive groov+40 ,rifles ^u ?is pr9ciple require to be fir$ at an increas$ elevation1 attribut$ to ! great] am\nt ( friction exp]i5c$ by ! bullet :ile pass+ d[n ! b>rel4 ,%ort ,enfield4 ,rifle regim5ts & all s]jeants ( infantry h be5 furni%$ ) a weapon requir+ ! same ammunition z ! regulation arm1 b six in*es %ort]1 be+ m\nt$ 9 /eel1 ) a sword bayonet4 ,royal ,navy rifle4 ,a five 8groov$ progressive0 c>b9e has rec5tly be5 giv5 to ! ,royal ,m>9e ,artill]y & ! ,royal ,navy1 ) ! same bore z ! ,enfield4 ,,rifl$ ,,bree*-,,load]s4 ,e>ly guns load$ at ! bree*4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t1 :ile num]\s attempts are n[ mak+ to p]fect ! bree*-load] = sport+ z well z milit>y purposes1 our e>ly cannon & fir/ h& guns 7 load$ at ! bree*1 & if all me*anical difficulties c\ld be ov]come1 ! bree*-load+ pr9ciple = portable fire-arms w\ld des]ve ! pref]5ce4 ,we c easily und]/& :y x did n cont9ue 9 fav\r 9 e>ly days1 z ?is mode includes a great deal ( p]fection 9 me*anical workman%ip1 & to :i* ! anci5t gun mak] 0 a /rang]4 ,disadvantages ( bree*-load]s4 ,! great argum5t aga9/ bree*-load]s z milit>y weapons is ! exp5se1 _! intricate con/ruction1 ! escape ( gas1 & ! probable wa/e ( ammunition1 9 ! h&s ( an un$ucat$ soldi]4 ,x may be briefly answ]$4 #a/4 ,z to exp5se4 #a/4--,z to exp5se1 ! mo/ de/ructive weapon1 by prev5t+ & curtail+ w>1 mu/ 9 ! long run be ! *eape/4 #bnd4 ,z to intricacy4 #bnd4--,z to intricacy ( con/ruction1 ! soldi] is ! us]1 n ! mak] ( 8 gun2 x matt]s n h[ delicate ! me*anism ( a wat* may be1 ! only "q is1 does x cont9ue to g well66 ,& :o d>e say t ! bra9s ( man %all nev] sugge/ a simple mode ( con/ruction4 ,( c\rse any?+ fragile w\ld be totally unfit = milit>y purposes4 ,! escape ( gas has be5 entirely ov]come4 #crd4 ,z to wa/e ( ammunition4 #crd4--,z to wa/e ( ammunition1 is x absolutely necess>y t a soldi] %\ld rema9 un$ucat$8 ,are n soldi]s m58 ,& m5 c be taught almo/ any?+1 or are !y incapable ( be+ taught8 ,does a soldi] fire h[1 :5 & :]e he *ooses8 ,is x too high an aspiration t ! ,briti% army %\ld c>ry ! be/ arm t c be made1 to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a taught & skilful soldi]1 act+ "u ! guidance & control ( intellig5t (fic]s8 ,bree*-load]s highly improv$4 ,ammunition ! difficulty4 ,z f> z ! arm only is conc]n$1 bree*-load]s h n[ 7#ahfj7 atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection1 z is prov$ by ! des]v$ celebrity ( t made by ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds4 ,! only rema9+ difficulty is "o ( ammunition4 ,loose p[d] _c be employ$ 9 load+ ) a bree* z x c ) a muzzle-load]4 ,we are up to ?is "t "u ! necessity ( introduc+ ! :ole ( ! c>tridge1 ?is ( c\rse augm5ts f\l+ & less5s accuracy2 !re is also increas$ difficulty 9 produc+ ignition ?r\gh ! fold ( ! c>tridge pap]4 ,capt4 ,br[n's compress$ p[d]4 ,rec5tly a mo/ +5i\s mode ( compress+ ! gra9s ( p[d] conta9$ 9 a *>ge into "o mass1 s t e description ( rifle may be rapidly load$ )\t any pap]1 has be5 inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,br[n1 ,r4 ,n41 & ,i h e hope & confid5ce t ! only rema9+ bree*-load+ difficulty may n[ be consid]$ ov]come4 ,advantages ( bree*-load]s4 #a/4 ,cel]ity4 #bnd4 ,load ly+ d[n4 #crd4 ,easily clean$4 #d?4 ,solid ball4 ,! advantages ( bree*-load]s1 are1 #a/4--,cel]ity ( fire1 ab\t t5 r\nds a m9ute h be5 atta9$4 #bnd4--,! soldi] c load :ile ly+ flat on ! gr\nd4 #crd4--,! b>rel c be easily clean$ & exam9$ z to its /ate4 #d?4--,a solid ball c be fir$1 & ) less w9dage4 ,self capp+4 ,v>i\s modes ( self capp+ h be5 br\ght =w>d1 b t by ,mayn>d seems to m]it ! pref]5ce2 "t is fur!r economiz$1 & ! p[]s ( ! bree*-load] !reby increas$4 ,cavalry h bree*-load]s4 ,our cavalry regim5ts 9 ,india1 are p>tially arm$ ) bree*-load+ rifles1 & all _! pi/ols are rifl$1 & ^u ! tige pr9ciple4 ,rifles univ]sal 9 ,engli% army4 ,! :ole ( our ,gu>ds1 regul> ,infantry1 ,royal ,m>9es1 ,militia1 & ,royal ,eng9e]s1 are arm$ ) rifles1 & ! ,c>ab9e us$ by ! ,royal ,artill]y1 is also rifl$4 ,all our ,colonial corps are suppli$ ) rifl$ arms1 ) ! exception ( ! ,native corps1 s]v+ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,ceylon4 ,9 l>g] numb]s4 ,taught to use4 ,prizes4 ,?us rifles are introduc$ 9 l>g] numb]s & ( bett] quality 9 ! armies ( ,engl&1 9 proportion to _! numb]s1 ?an among/ any o!r nation4 ,:ile m c>e & exp5se is incurr$ 9 qualify+ our soldi]s effici5tly to use !m4 ,9 illu/ration ( :i*1 x is only ne$ful to call att5tion to ! simple fact t #bj1jjj p] annum is di/ribut$ z a /imulus to ! m>ksm5 ( ! ,briti% army1 = :i* boon all hon\r to our ,royal ,comm&]-9-,*ief4 ,explosive %ells4 ,! idea has rec5tly be5 reviv$ to increase ! de/ructive p[]s ( ,infantry1 by furni%+ !m ) %ells1 ) :i* !y may explode ammunition waggons1 artill]y limb]s1 c41 c41 to ! di/ance ( #a1jjj y>ds4 ,capta9 ,norton1 ,mr4 ,dy]1 ,colonel ,jacobs1 & ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 h direct$ _! m9ds to ?is mo/ important subject4 ,,on ,,rifl+4 ,x has be5 /at$ t among/ ! diff]5t gun mak]s :o assembl$ at ,woolwi*1 = ! c>ry+ on ( exp]im5ts 9 #ahea1 no two agre$ ^u any "o ?+2 & 9 #ahfj1 x may /ill be av]r$1 ) almo/ equal tru?1 & t x yet rema9s an unsettl$ "q z to ! =m1 wid?1 dep?1 numb] or degree ( spirality ( ! grooves1 z also ! h>mony :i* %\ld subsi/ betwe5 ! grooves1 diamet] ( bore1 ! =m & weight ( projectile1 & ! quality & quantity ( *>ge4 ,description ( ,rifles4 ,advantages ( a rifle4 ,rob9s1 9 #agdb1 says1 8rifles ?\gh well kn[n on ! cont95t1 be+ b little us$ 9 ,engl&1 x is necess>y to give a %ort description ( _! make4 ,! rifle has its cyl9d] cut ) a numb] ( spiral *annels1 s t x is 9 reality a female screw1 v>y+ f ! fabric ( common screws1 only 9 ?is1 t its ?reads or rifles are less deflect$ & approa* m to a /raight l9e40 ,! advantage ( a rifle 7) a r\nd bullet71 is t ! axis ( rotation n be+ 9 any accid5tal position1 z 9 a smoo? bore1 b co9cid5t ) ! l9e ( its flight1 x foll[s t ! resi/ance on ! =e "p ( ! bullet is equally di/ribut$ r\nd ! c5tre ( gravity1 & acts ) an equal =ce on e side ( ! l9e ( direction1 & also %\ld ! resi/ance be great] on "o side ( ! bullet ?an ! o!r f irregul>ities on its surface1 z ?is "p cont9ually %ifts its position r\nd ! l9e 9 :i* x is proce$+1 ! deflections :i* ?is irregul>ity w\ld occasion are neutraliz$4 ,) an elongat$ projectile rifl+ also prev5ts x f rotat+ r\nd its %ort] axis4 ,rifl+ inv5t$ 9 ,g]many4 ,rifles us$ #adih4 ,/raight grooves4 ,x is to ! artizans ( ,g]many1 t ! rifle owes its orig91 z at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury b>rels ) /raight grooves 7 us$ by ! citiz5s ( ,leipsic1 at t>get practice1 9 #adih1 & ! inv5tion ( groov+ or rifl+ fire-arms is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! result m ( accid5t ?an !ory4 ,9 ,dean's ,manual ( fire-arms1 x is /at$ t1 8! idea ( groov+ arms 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! b>rel to receive ! residium ( ! p[d]1 & !reby1 n only facilitate ! load+1 b increase bo? ! bite or =c+ ( ! ball1 by impress+ ^u x ! grooves1 & ?us ma9ta9 x dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! b>rel 9 a direction m 9 h>mony ) ! l9e ( fire1 0 d\btless a conception bas$ ^u no previ\s !ory or practice n[ to be trac$1 b 0 =m$ 9 t sugge/iv5ess :i* 9 ! individual f\nds = itself a !ory bas$ ^u ! likelihood ( possible result4 ,^u trial also ( ! /raight grooves a great] precision = %ort di/ances w\ld h be5 obs]v$ ?an ) ! smoo? bore40 ,?is mu/ ( itself !re=e h l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a c]ta9 grade ( !ory :i* x 0 endeav\r$ to amplify by v>i\s means1 su* z increas+ ! numb] ( grooves1 !n ( *ang+ ! incl9ation ( grooves f ! /raight l9e to ! spiral4 ,to deem t ! practis$ crack 8%ots & arm\r]s ( a "t :5 t>get practice 0 ! con/ant recreation ( ! citiz51 & 8 pride to excel 91 7 s bra9less z to conceive no !ory1 unelaborat$ ?\gh x may h be51 & t all _! ev5 n[ admir$ ef=ts 9 ,g]many1 7 ! products ( m]e accid5t1 is !re=e sc>cely a rational supposition40 ,spiral grooves1 by ,ko/]1 ( ,nuremb]g 9 #aebb4 ,x is /at$ t ,ko/]1 ( ,nuremburg1 9 #aebb1 fir/ sugge/$ giv+ a spiral =m to ! grooves1 & exp]i5ce prov$ t mu* great] accuracy ( %oot+ 0 ! result4 ,dam] ( ,nuremb]g1 #aeeb4 ,9 #aeeb1 ,dam]1 ( ,nuremburg1 made "s great improvem5ts 9 rifles1 b we are n aw>e ( _! precise nature4 ,ko/] ( ,nuremb]g1 #afbj4 ,ko/]1 ( ,nuremburg1 :o di$ #afcj1 by "s au?orities is said to h discov]$ t /raight grooves did n fulfil ! int5tions ( _! inv5tor1 & to h be5 ! fir/ :o sugge/$ spiral grooves 9 #afbj4 ,rob9s fir/ expla9$ action ( grooves4 ,rob9s /ructure ( rifles4 ,modes ( load+4 ,! important /age next arriv$ at 0 ! sci5tific explanation ( ! true value ( spiral grooves4 ,! honor ( ?is entirely belongs to our c\ntryman1 ,b5jam9 ,rob9s1 :o 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y1 gives a complete & satisfactory explanation ( ! action ( ! grooves 9 det]m9+ ! flight ( ! bullet4 ,rob9s /ates t 8! degree ( spirality1 ! numb] ( ?reads1 ! dep? ! *annel are cut d[n to1 are n regulat$ accord+ to any inv>iable rule1 b diff] accord+ to ! c\ntry :]e ! "w is p]=m$1 & ! caprice ( ! artific]4 ,! mo/ usual mode ( *>g+ rifles is by =c+ ! ball ) a /rong ramm] & mallet4 ,b 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 an improvem5t is made by cutt+ a piece ( v ?9 lea!r or fu/ian 9 a circul> %ape1 some:at l>g] ?an ! bore1 :i* be+ greas$ on "o side is laid ^u ! muzzle ) its greasy "p d[nw>ds1 & ! bullet be+ plac$ ^u x1 is !n =c$ d[n ! b>rel ) x4 ,:5 ?is is practis$ ! rifles are g5]ally %all[1 & ! bullet ought n to be too l>ge4 ,e>ly rifles1 bree*-load]s4 ,z bo? ^! me?ods ( *>g+ rifles take up a good deal ( "t2 ! rifl$ b>rels :i* h be5 made 9 ,engl&1 7= ,i rememb] n to h se5 x 9 any =eign piece17 are contriv$ to be *>g$ at ! bree*1 :]e ! piece is made l>g]1 & ! p[d] & bullet are put 9 ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! b>rel1 :i*1 :5 ! piece is load$ is fitt$ up ) a screw4 ,& p]haps some:at ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh n 9 ! mann] n[ practis$1 w\ld be ( all o!rs ! mo/ p]fect me?od = ! con/ruction ( ^! sorts ( b>rels40 ,,on ,,! ,,numb]1 ,,=m c41 c41 c41 ,,( ,,! ,,grooves4 ,numb] ( grooves4 ,degree ( spirality4 ,almo/ e description ( twi/1 numb]1 c41 c41 ( grooves h be5 tri$1 accord+ to ! individual ta/es & !ories ( ! manufactur]s4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to h two grooves1 z a s+le "o w\ld give a wrong direction4 ,rifles h be5 made )1 f two to "o hundr$ & ?irty ?ree grooves1 & 9 ! majority ( cases1 an odd seems to h be5 pref]r$ to an ev5 numb]4 ,9 ,dean's ,manual x is /at$1 t 89 ! num]\s collections ( arms t h at v>i\s times come "u our p]sonal notice1 "s 7 rifl$ ) /raight1 b ! majority ) grooves 9 a spiral l9e1 sometimes ) a half1 sometimes a ?ree qu>t]1 & seldom m ?an a :ole turn 9 a l5g? ( two1 two & a half & ?ree feet2 deviations bas$ ^u no pr9ciple transmitt$ to u1 b requir+ nev]!less a decid$ rese>* = pr9ciples ^u :i* to e/abli% a !ory2 we h also met ) e "o ( ^? configurations ( ! spiral & =m ( groove1 c41 c41 :i* h be5 arrogat$ z mod]n conceits & discov]ies40 ,spirality4 ,"s rifles h %>p muzzle twi/ decreas+ to ! bree*2--%>p bree* twi/ decreas+ to ! muzzle2 an increase ( twi/ 9 ! middle ( ! b>rel decreas+ at bo? extremities4 ,modification 9 ,france4 #agdj4 ,9 ,france a modification ( ! ,c>ab9e took place 9 #agdj2--! grooves 7 made to beg9 at eight in*es f ! muzzle1 ! unrifl$ "p be+ ( ! same calibre z ! bottom ( ! grooves1 s t ! bullet might pass easily2 ?us also facilitat+ ! load+ ( ! weapon4 ,rifl$ only at muzzle4 ,!re is an old rifle 9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution1 & also a b>rel br\ght f ,luckn[1 79 ! ,model ,room ( ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry17 groov$ only = ab\t "o foot f ! muzzle1 ! rema9d] ( ! b>rels are smoo? bor$4 ,degree ( spirality4 ,! degree ( spirality is f\nd to v>y f a :ole turn 9 #a foot #e-;941 to a :ole turn 9 #aa feet4 ,dep? ( spiral4 ,! dep? ( grooves v>y f #jje ( an in*1 to ab\t #abe2 & "s rifles h be5 made ) an alt]nate deep & %all[ groove4 ,=m ( grooves4 ,grooves h be5 made r\nd1 circul>1 triangul>1 rectangul>1 & indef9ite1 alt]nate r\nd & angul>1 elliptical1 polygonal2 & "s cut deep only on "o side4 ,proportion ( groove to l&4 ,"s gun mak]s are ( op9ion t !re %\ld be a great] proportion ( groove or furr[ ?an ( l& or pla9 surface1 because !y say ! ball is ?us m firmly held1 :ile o!rs ma9ta9 t by dim9i%+ ! numb] ( ! grooves1 ! accuracy & range w\ld be increas$1 & ?is has l$ to ! opposite !ory1 t p]haps if any?+1 ! pla9 surface ( ! bore %\ld pr$om9ate ov] ! groov$4 ,=m ( e>ly grooves /raight4 ,! e>lie/ rifles _h two /raight deep creases opposite to ea* o!r1 ! bullet be+ sph]ical1 & furni%$ ) small circul> knots ( lead1 l>ge en\gh to fill ! creases4 ,=m c41 ( anci5t rifles4 ,! great] numb] ( anci5t rifles h a :ole turn1 ) an odd numb] ( deep & r\nd$ grooves2 h5ce we may inf] ^! 7 consid]$ ! be/ =ms4 ,objects ( rifl+4 ,z accuracy ( direction is ! result ( a spiral motion r\nd an axis co9cid5t ) ! flight ( ! bullet1 communicat$ to x by ! grooves1 x is cle> t ! dep?1 numb]1 & =m ( ! grooves %\ld be su* z w hold ! bullet firmly1 & prev5t all t5d5cy to /rip4 ,on ! degree ( spirality4 ,%>p twi/ & l>ge *>ge n cause /ripp+4 ,! degree ( spirality %\ld be suffici5t to reta9 ! projectile po9t =emo/ dur+ ! :ole ( its flight4 ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t if ! spiral turn 0 great1 & ! *>ge /rong1 ! bullet w\ld n con=m1 b /rip1 & t ! same results w\ld occur ev5 ) grooves b little curv$4 ,unque/ionably ?is w\ld prove true if c]ta9 limits 7 to be exce$$4 ,a false conclusion 0 built ^u ?is !ory1 viz41 t ! great] ! spiral turn ! less ! *>ge %\ld be2 & t !re=e 9 rifles int5d$ = w>1 ! greate/ initial velocity be+ requir$ to produce ! greate/ range1 ! groove %\ld h z little turn z possible2 = extreme ranges h be5 obta9$ ) ,jacob's1 ,:itwor?'s1 & ,lanca/]'s rifles2 ! fir/ has a full turn 9 #bd;94 ! second 9 #bj;94 ,^! rifles p]=m well ) #ij gra9s ( p[d]1 & bo? ,:itwor?'s & ,lanca/]'s might ev5 fire bett] 7 ! *>ge ( p[d] increas$ to #ajj gra9s1 ! recoil might be objectionable :ile !re w\ld be no symptoms ( /ripp+4 ,on dep? ( groove4 ,great dep? ( groove c only be hurtful1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( clos+ up all passage to ! gas1 :i* %\ld n be all[$ to escape r\nd ! bullet1 z ?is w\ld cause deviation & %ort5 range4 ,deep grooves become a receptacle = f\l+1 are difficult to clean2 & high projections mu/ (f] great resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 & p>ticul>ly to a side w9d4 ,pat*es4 ,:5 fu/ian or lea!r are us$ z pat*es1 !y receive & communicate ! spiral motion to ! bullet1 )\t ! zone ( ! projectile be+ at all ind5t$1 b 9 ?is case ! spiral mu/ be dim9i%$1 o!rwise ! bullet w\ld n turn ) ! grooves4 ,if ! pat*es be made ( a ?ick mat]ial1 ! grooves %\ld be _m1 broad1 & n too %all[1 9 ord] to receive ! folds ( ! pat*4 ,%all[ grooves be/4 ,f our pres5t am\nt ( exp]i5ce x seems safe to conclude t ! %all[] ! grooves are ! bett]1 s t !y p]=m _! int5d$ functions4 ,proportion ( groove to l&4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recomm5d$ t ! grooves be made broad] ?an ! l&s1 i4e41 t ! rifl+ surface %\ld pr$om9ate ov] ! unrifl$ "p ( ! bore4 ,%all[ grooves ) r\nd$ edges1 h ! advantage ( n leav+ any angul> traces on ! surface ( ! bullet1 besides !y af=d a great] facility = clean+4 ,circul> groov+4 ,circul> groov+ is compos$ ( segm5ts ( circles1 leav+ no %>p edges on ! bullet1 & is no d\bt a v good =m4 ,ga9+ twi/4 ,cause ( cant+4 ,an ,am]ican g5tleman nam$ ,*apman1 :o has writt5 a v clev] book ^u ! rifle1 is a /rong advocate = ! 8ga9+ twi/10 :i* =m prevails g5]ally 9 ,am]ican rifles4 ,he /ates1 8,9 a rifl$ b>rel1 x is obvi\s t a bullet in/antane\sly />t$ f a /ate ( re/1 ) a velocity ( #e1jjj;ft4 a second1 mu/ ex]t at ! mom5t ( />t+1 a t5d5cy to move along ! bore 9 a /raight l9e4 ,h[ev]1 meet+ ) ! resi/ance t ! l&s employ to keep x to ! twi/1 x communicates to ! rifle itself a c]ta9 am\nt ( motion 9 ! direction ( ! twi/ ( ! creases1 & ?is z ! angle ( ! twi/ increases1 comb9$ ) ! size ( ! calibre1 & ! weight ( ! ball40 ,rem$y = cant+4 8,if ! angle ( ! twi/ at ! bree* end c be r$uc$1 ! bullet at ! same "t leav+ ! muzzle ) suffici5t sp9 to la/ ?r\gh\t its flight1 x is c]ta9 we %all h less twi/+ ( ! rifle 9 ! m>ksman's h&s1 less friction ( ! bullet aga9/ ! l&s1 less t5d5cy = ! bullet to upset1 7or be de/roy$17 & consequ5tly1 f obta9+ a high] velocity1 7because enabl$ to use a great] quantity ( p[d]17 less "t = ! action ( regul> or irregul> curr5ts ( air40 ,uni=m spiral by ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,aft] c>eful exp]im5ts by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 prep>atory to ! e/abli%+ ! model = _! ,milit>y ,rifle1 x 0 decid$ t ! turn = ! grooves %\ld be uni=m2 & t ^? ) an increas+ twi/ did n give any sup]iority ( accuracy4 ,! 8ga9+ twi/10 al?\gh adopt$ by ,mr4 ,lanca/]1 is oppos$ by ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 & all o!r ,rifle manufactur]s1 & our increas$ exp]i5ce does n prove x to possess any advantages ov] uni=m spirality4 ,!ory w\ld indicate t x mu/ occasion increas$ friction4 ,decreas+ spiral4 ,mr4 ,gre5] advocates decreas+ spirality4 ,x is to be hop$ he is ! only advocate = s seem+ly absurd an idea4 ,to give a c]ta9 measure ( spiral turn at ! bree*1 to be )drawn gradually z ! bullet rea*es ! muzzle1 is simply ridicul\s1 & :i*1 ) o!r conceits previ\sly ref]r$ to1 x is to be hop$ are no m to be repeat$4 ,polygonal rifl+4 ,by ! desire ( our fir/ ,patron1 ! late ,"l ,h>d+e1 ,mr4 ,:itwor? 0 induc$ to turn 8 me*anical g5ius to ! ,soldi]'s ,gun1 :i* result$ 9 8 adopt+ ! polygonal =m ( bore4 ,8 b>rel is hexagonal1 & ?us1 in/ead ( consi/+ ( non-effective l&s1 & p>tly ( grooves1 consi/s entirely ( effective rifl+ surfaces4 ,! angul> corn]s ( ! hexagon are always r\nd$4 ,suppos+ a bullet ( a cyl9drical %ape to be fir$1 :5 x beg9s to exp& x is driv5 into ! recesses ( ! hexagon4 ,x ?us adapts itself to ! curves ( ! spiral1 & ! incl9$ sides ( ! hexagon (f]+ no direct resi/ance1 expansion is easily effect$4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds octagonal4 ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds has foll[$ ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 by us+ a polygonal bore1 hav+ appli$ 8 highly m]itori\s sy/em ( bree*-load+ to a b>rel ^u ! ,:itwor? pr9ciple1 ( an octagonal =m4 ,eliptic rifl+4 ,by ,capta9 ,b]n]1 #ahce4 ,by ,mr4 ,lanca/]4 ,! c>d9al feature ( ?is /ructure is1 t ! bore ( ! b>rel is smoo?1 & in/ead ( be+ circul>1 is cut into ! =m ( an ellipse1 i4e41 x has a major & m9or axis4 ,^u be+ exp&$ by ! =ce ( ! p[d]1 ! bullet is =c$ into ! great] axis ( ! ellipse1 :i* p]=ms ! (fice ( ! grooves1 rifl+ ! projectile1 & imp>t+ to x ! spiral or normal movem5t r\nd its own axis4 ,9 #ahce a ,capta9 ,b]n] submitt$ 8 elliptical bore musket to ! inspection & trial ( ! ,royal ,hanov]ian ,commission1 appo9t$ = t purpose1 & :i* gave results s satisfactory1 t x 0 consid]$ admirably adapt$ = ! ,jg] & ,light ,infantry ,battalions4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,lanca/]1 & ! advantages ( ?is =m h be5 previ\sly adv]t$ to4 ,odd numb] ( grooves4 ,x is suppos$ by "s p]sons t if ! numb] ( grooves be ev51 s t !y w be opposite to "o ano!r1 ! bullet w\ld !n require m =ce to enl>ge x1 s z to fill !m prop]ly4 ,if ! numb] be unequal1 ! l&s w be opposite to ! grooves1 & ! lead1 9 =c+1 spread+ on all sides1 w enc\nt] a l& opposite to ea* groove1 :i* w 9 "s measure repel x1 & r5d] its introduction into ! opposite groove m complete4 ,?is +5i\s !ory is set at n\ght by ,:itwor?1 ,jacobs1 ,lanca/]1 ,w4 ,ri*>ds1 c41 c41 :o all recomm5d$ an ev5 numb] ( grooves1 :ile ! ,gov]nm5t arms h an odd numb]4 ,drift or cant4 ,if ! grooves twi/ or turn ov] f left to "r1 ! balls w be c>ri$ to ! "r2 & if f "r to left1 !y w gr\p to ! left2 & ?is result w be great 9 proportion to ! degree ( spirality4 ,! causes ( ,drift or 8,d]ivation0 w be treat$ ( h]eaft]4 ,we "k f obs]vation t ! majority ( balls /rike to ! "r ( ! m>k4 ,! recoil & pull+ ! trigg] ?r[ back ! "r %\ld]1 :i* t5d to increase ! 8d]ivation0 to ! "r4 ,if ! twi/ 71 !n1 f "r to left1 ! drift1 error f pull+1 & f recoil1 w\ld t5d to neutralize ea* o!r2 ! twi/ ( ! grooves %\ld !re=e be f "r to left1 in/ead ( ! pres5t univ]sal practice ( f left to "r4 ,on l5g? ( b>rel4 ,favors expansion4 ,assi/s aim+1 fir+ two deep3 :5 us+ bayonet4 ,! b>rel ( a gun may be look$ ^u z a ma*9e 9 :i* =ce is g5]at$ = ! propulsion ( ! bullet4 ,x is well kn[n t ! cont9u$ action ( a less] =ce1 w produce a mu* great] effect1 ?an a great] am\nt ( p[] appli$ sudd5ly2 h5ce mild gunp[d] is m suitable = rifle %oot+ ?an /rong1 or t :i* evolves ! :ole ( its gas in/antane\sly4 ,"t is necess>y = ! entire combu/ion ( a *>ge ( gunp[d]1 consequ5tly m mild gunp[d] c be fir$ out ( a long1 ?an out ( a %ort b>rel1 z if fir$ out ( a %ort b>rel1 "s ( ! gra9s might be eject$ unconsum$4 ,all extra l5g?1 aft] ! la/ volume ( gas is evolv$1 c only be injuri\s1 by caus+ loss ( velocity f friction4 ,a billi>d ball w\ld travel none ! fur!r nor /raight]1 7 x to be propell$ ?r\gh a holl[ tube1 nei!r w\ld a b>rel to a cross b[ aid 9 kill+ rooks4 ,a b>rel fav\rs expansion ( ! bullet1 :i* is produc$ by ! =ce ( ! g5]at$ gas1 oppos$ by ! column ( air 9 ! holl[ tube & by ! motion ( ! projectile4 ,facility 9 aim+ is promot$ by ! sights be+ di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,9 a milit>y arm a c]ta9 l5g? is necess>y 9 ord] to fire :5 two deep 9 ! ranks1 & l5g? is also advantage\s1 %\ld ! rifle be us$ z a pike4 ,advantages ( %ort rifle4 ,disadvantages ( %ort rifles4 ,! %ort rifle c be held /eadi] :5 /&+1 by a weak man1 & dur+ w9d1 x is h&y :5 pass+ ?r\gh a wood or ?icket1 & a v %ort man has m comm& ( 8 gun :5 load+2 b ) ! sword bayonet1 x is heavi] ?an ! long ,enfield & bayonet2 :ile ! sword is v inconv5i5t :5 runn+1 fir+ kneel+1 or ly+ d[n4 ,?ickness ( b>rel4 ,great sub/ance 0 at "o "t consid]$ necess>y = accurate fir+1 x be+ suppos$ necess>y to prev5t vibrations 9 ! b>rel2 ?is is true )9 c]ta9 limits1 & ! heavi] ! *>ge1 ! heavi] ! metal ought to be1 especially at ! bree*1 b dim9i%+ ! ?ickness1 has be5 prov$ 9 no wise to less5 ! accuracy4 ,a heavy b>rel also less5s recoil1 b x w\ld be folly to c>ry m weight ?an w\ld neutralize ! recoil :i* c\ld be produc$ by a great] *>ge ( p[d] ?an c\ld be consum$ 9 a giv5 l5g? ( b>rel4 ,size ( bore4 ,! two gr& requirem5ts ( a soldi]'s gun are1 cel]ity ( load+1 comb9$ ) accuracy at long ranges2 & ! di/ance at :i* he %\ld h ! p[] ( fir+1 %\ld be limit$ by ! /r5g? ( 8 eye4 ,! weight ( ! projectile be+ fix$ 7#ecj grs471 good %oot+ at extreme di/ances c only be obta9$ by r$uc+ ! diamet] ( ! bore1 :i*1 less5+ ! frontage ( ! bullet1 causes x to exp]i5ce less resi/ance f ! air2 x !re=e reta9s a high] degree ( velocity ?an a l>g] bullet ( ! same =m & weight1 & !re=e travels fur!r & fa/]4 ,gravity has less "t to act ^u x1 9 a giv5 di/ance1 & !re=e x c be fir$ at a l[] angle1 or has :at we call a l[] trajectory1 & its accuracy is increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! l[ness ( its flight1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,be/ =m ( rifl+ /ill undet]m9$4 ,:ile ! be/ =m1 c41 c41 = rifles is n yet det]m9$1 !re are _m po9ts ^u :i* ! g5]ality ( p]sons seem m agre$1 viz41 r$uction ( bore to ab\t -94 9 diamet]1 few] grooves1 %ort] b>rel1 & ) increas$ spirality2 at lea/1 "o may safely say t ideas seem to travel 9 ?is direction4 ,,on ,,rifle ,,projectiles4 ,projectiles us$ 9 e>ly guns4 ,elliptical iron bullets #agbi4 ,we h le>n$ t out ( e>ly ,artill]y 7 fir$ bolts1 d>ts1 bombs1 /ones & 7m rec5tly7 iron %ot4 ,f ! h>quebus & musket3 arr[s1 d>ts1 qu>rels1 sprites1 iron1 & la/ly lead5 sph]ical balls4 ,"s ass]t t ! idea ( l5g!n$ eliptical bullets 0 enunciat$ s f> back z #agbi1 & t good results foll[$ _! employm5t1 b x is d\btful :e!r su* really did take place4 ,leutman4 ,leutman1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh10 says t 8x is v pr(itable to fire elliptical balls out ( rifl$ arms1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are made to ent] by =ce40 ,rob9s #agdb4 ,rob9s1 9 #agdb1 recomm5d$ ! use ( projectiles ( an egg l =m1 7see plate #bj1 fig4 #ab71 !y 7 to be fir$ ) ! heavy end 9 front1 to keep ! c5tre ( gravity =w>d4 ,beaufoy #ahab4 ,colonel ,beaufoy1 9 a "w call$ 8,scloppet>ia10 #ahab1 rem>ks t sev]al exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ ) egg-%ap$ bullets1 recomm5d$ by ,rob9s4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ^! bullets 7 subject to su* occasional r&om ranges1 z completely baffl$ ! judgm5t ( ! %oot]s to c\nt]act _! irregul>ity4 ,_! deviations to w9dw>d mo/ likely arose f ! effect ( ! w9d on ! aft] "p1 :i*1 z be+ ! lighte/ ( ! two1 0 driv5 m to leew>d1 & consequ5tly act$ z a rudd] to ?r[ ! =emo/ end up to ! w9d4 ,turp9 #aggj4 ,9 #aggj ,messrs4 ,turp9 tri$ elongat$ bullets1 at ,la ,fi]e1 & at ,metz4 ,rifl$ guns c41 #aggf4 ,we are in=m$1 9 ! ,annual ,regi/] = #aggf1 & also 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e = ! same ye>1 t rifl$ ,ordnance 7 exp]im5t$ ) at ,langu>d ,=t1 c41 c41 9 #aggd4 ,dr4 ,l9d1 "o ( ! inv5tors1 /ates t to rem$y ! deflection ( %ot1 8,"o way is to use bullets t are n r\nd b oblong4 ,b 9 our common guns t are n rifl$1 ,i "k no way to prev5t deflection1 except y *oose to %oot ) a rifl$ bullet40 ,elongat$ projectiles #aghi4 #ahjj & #ahae4 ,elongat$ ,projectiles 7 tri$ 9 ! ye>s #b1 #f1 & #i ( ! ,revolution1 by ,mons4 ,guitton de ,moreau4 ,!y 7 propos$ by ,mons4 ,bodeau4 ,9 #ahjj & #ahae ! ,prussians tri$ ellipsodical bullets4 ,colonel ,mill]1 ,colonel ,c>ron1 ,capta9 ,blois1 & o!rs1 also exp]im5t$ ) ! cyl9dro-conical =m4 ,capta9 ,norton #ahbd4 ,capta9 ,norton 7late #cd? ,regt471 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! application ( ! p]cussion pr9ciple to %ells = small arms1 9 #ahbd1 complet$ an elongat$ rifle %ot & %ell1 ! =m] precisely ( ! =m ( ! ,m9i bullet1 ) projections to fit ! grooves ( ! b>rel4 ,mr4 ,gre5] #ahcf4 ,mr4 ,gre5]1 9 #ahcf1 pres5t$ an exp&+ bullet to ! ,gov]nm5t = exp]im5t1 7plate #bj1 fig4 #ac74 ,x is oval1 ) a flat end1 & ) a p]=ation ext5d+ ne>ly ?r\gh4 ,a tap] plug1 ) a head l a r\nd-topp$ button1 is also ca/ ( a composition ( lead & z9c4 ,! end ( ! plug be+ slightly ins]t$ 9 ! p]=ation1 ! ball is ins]t$ ei!r end =emo/4 ,:5 ! explosion takes place1 ! plug is driv5 home into ! lead1 exp&+ ! out] surface1 & ?us ei!r fill+ up ! grooves ( ! rifle1 or de/roy+ ! w9dage ( ! musket4 ,! result 0 fav\rable beyond calculation4 ,( ab\t #abj %ots by way ( exp]im5t1 a man 0 able to load ?ree times to "o ( ! old musket1 & accuracy ( range at #cej y>ds 0 z ?ree to "o4 ,mr ,gre5]'s inv5tion reject$4 ,mr4 ,gre5]'s inv5tion 0 reject$1 & ! only notice he receiv$ f ! ,bo>d 01 x be+ 8a comp\nd10 r5d]$ x objectionable666 ,mr4 ,gre5] rew>d$4 ,! foll[+ extract appe>s 9 ! ,e/imates ( ,army ,s]vice = #aheg-h4 8,to ,william ,gre5]1 = ! fir/ ,public ,sugge/ion ( ! pr9ciple ( expansion1 commonly call$ ! ,m9i pr9ciple = bullets 9 #ahcf1 #a1jjj40 ,wilk9son #ahcg4 ,cork plug #ahea4 ,_m exp]im5ts 7 made by ,mr4 ,wilk9son 9 #ahcg1 ) balls precisely simil> 9 %ape to ! ,m9i1 ) a conical hole 9 !m1 us+ a wood5 plug2 & 9 #ahea exp]im5ts 7 tri$ at ,woolwi* ) a s(t ela/ic cork1 fitt+ ! ap]ture 9 ! projectile v closely1 ! compression ( :i* x 0 conceiv$ w\ld suffici5tly exp& ! cyl9drical "p1 & make x fit ! grooves1 c4 ,9 "s in/ances x succe$$ p]fectly1 b 9 _m ! cork 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! lead4 ,g54 ,jacobs4 ,=m ( lead5 bullet de/roy$4 ,z9c po9t to bullets4 ,major-,g5]al ,jacobs = _m ye>s c>ri$ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) rifles1 & 9 #ahdf submitt$ a milit>y rifle1 ) an elongat$ projectile1 = exp]im5ts1 to ! ,gov]nm5t at home1 & also to t 9 ,india4 ,x did n meet ) approval 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,company cut ! matt] %ort by /at+1 t :at 0 good en\gh = ! ,royal ,army 0 good en\gh = !irs4 ,!re is no?+ peculi> 9 ,g5]al ,jacob's rifle4 ,he recomm5ds an elongat$ projectile 7plate #bj1 fig4 #ad7 solid at ! base1 ca/ ) f\r rais$ flanges to fit into ! grooves4 ,g5]al ,jacobs /ates1 t ! desir$ initial velocity c\ld n be produc$ ) a projectile made entirely ( lead1 z a slight increase ( *>ge _h ! effect ( de/roy+ ! =m ( ! projectile4 ,he also /ates t ! limit ( ! p[]s ( lead5 balls hav+ be5 atta9$1 x became necess>y to f9d a me?od ( con/ruct+ rifle balls1 s t ! =e "p %\ld be capable ( su/a9+ ! pressure ( l>ge *>ges ( fir$ gunp[d]1 )\t *ange ( =m1 & reta9 t %ape be/ adapt$ = ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! air1 on :i* all accurate di/ant practice dep5ds2 & at ! same "t hav+ ! "p ( ! ball next ! p[d] suffici5tly s(t & yield+ to spread out "u its pressure1 s z to fill ! b>rel & grooves p]fectly air tight4 ,& he pr(esses to h solv$ ! problem1 by hav+ ! =e "p ( ! bullet ca/ ( z9c1 9 a sep>ate m\ld4 ,expansion by holl[ bore4 ,capta9 ,delvigne1 :o _h be5 exp]im5t+ s9ce #ahbh1 propos$ ! adoption ( l5g!n$ bullets1 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] t]m9at$ by a cone1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly replac$ by an ogive4 ,he obta9$ a pat5t dat$ #ba/ ,june1 #ahda1 8,= hav+ holl[$ out ! base ( my cyl9dro-conical bullet1 to obta9 its expansion by ! effect ( ! gases produc$ ?r\gh ! ignition ( ! p[d]40 ,holl[ 9 case to ?r[ c5tre ( gravity =w>d4 ,! ma9 object ( ,capta9 ,delvigne 9 holl[+ ! base 01 to ?r[ ! c5tre ( gravity =w>d2 b a ,capta9 ,blois1 9 ,france1 _h previ\sly tri$ ?is important sugge/ion4 ,capta9 ,delvigne /ates1 if ! holl[ is too deep1 ! expansion is too great1 & ! consequ5t friction enorm\s2 or ! gas may pass ?r\gh ! bullet1 & leave a holl[ cyl9d] ( lead )9 ! b>rel4 ,sometimes ! gas w trav]se ! sides ( ! bullet1 & consequ5tly ! projectile is depriv$ ( a proportionate am\nt ( velocity2 if too small1 ! expansion does n take place4 ,capt4 ,m9i iron cup4 ,capta9 ,m9i1 an in/ructor ( ! ,s*ool at ,v9c5nes1 m]ely fitt$ into ?is holl[ an iron cup1 hop+ to prev5t ! gas =c+ its way ?r\gh ! bullet1 & t ! iron press+ ^u ! lead %\ld increase ! expansion4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #g74 ,groove suppress$4 ,a p]fect bullet 0 n[ suppos$ to h be5 discov]$1 ( a cyl9dro-ogival =m1 7no "p 0 a true cyl9d]71 hav+ a groove orig9ally int5d$ to fa/5 on a greas$ pat*1 & 9 "s cases ! c>tridge1 b ! pat* be+ disp5s$ )1 & ! c>tridge rev]s$1 ! groove1 suppos$ to be useless1 0 suppress$4 ,results4 ,p 7 !n surpris$ to f9d t fir+ lo/ mu* ( its accuracy1 & ! groove 0 replac$2 :5 x 0 obs]v$ t any v>iation 9 its %ape & 9 its position1 mat]ially affect$ ! practice4 ,n only v>iations 9 ! grooves caus$ great alt]ation 9 ! accuracy ( fire1 b any modification be>+ on ! trunk 9 re>1 or on ! =e-ogive1 alt]$ ! conditions ( ! fir+1 s t ! groove became lo/ 9 ! mid/ ( s _m o!r pr9ciples1 ! functions ( :i* 7 s mu* unkn[n4 ,^! !oretical consid]ations s]v$1 h[ev]1 z a po9t ( dep>ture = fur!r inve/igations4 ,tamisi] l5g!n$ bullets4 ,capta9 ,tamisi] _h n ceas$ = sev]al ye>s1 conc5trat+ 8 att5tion on ! subject4 ,he v>i$ ! l5g? ( ! cyl9drical "p & ! angle ( ! cone1 & tri$ exp]im5ts ) bullets ( #e-;94 9 l5g?1 & obta9$ consid]able range1 & great accuracy ) !m2 ! recoil h[ev] 0 excessive1 & to use su* bullets heavi] arms1 a small] bore1 & o!r modifications w\ld be necess>y4 ,c5tre ( gravity =m$ by blunt+ tips4 ,he endeav\r$ to c>ry ! c5tre ( gravity to ! fur!/ possible po9t =w>d1 7:i* ,rob9s sugge/$ #ajj ye>s be=e71 b to effect ?is he 0 compell$ to flatt5 ! =e end ( ! bullet1 :i* _h ! disadvantage ( increas+ ! resi/ance ( ! air to ! movem5t ( projection4 ,pa? rectifi$ by resi/ance 9 re>4 ,_m cannelures4 ,he 0 !n l$ to ano!r plan = rectify+ ! pa? ( ! bullet ?r\gh ea* in/ant ( projection1 & :i* 0 by creat+ at ! po/]ior end1 resi/ances1 :i* %\ld act 9 case ! axis ( ! bullet did n co9cide ) ! direction ( motion1 & ?is 0 c>ri$ out by cutt+ ^u ! cyl9drical "p1 in/ead ( "o1 z _m circul> grooves ( #bh 9 dep?1 z t cyl9drical1 or r1 slightly conical1 "p c\ld conta94 ,an increas$ precision 9 fir+ 0 ! imm$iate result4 7,plate #bj1 fig #ae47 ,%ape ( cannelures4 ,feel+ 8 way mo/ c>efully1 ,capta9 ,tamisi] !n made a great numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 & p]ceiv$ t x 0 important to r5d] ! po/]ior surface ( ! grooves z %>p z possible1 s z to augm5t ! action ( ! air2 = ^! grooves lose _! %ape1 ow+ to ! lead1 f its malleable nature1 yield+ "u ! /rokes ( ! ramrod4 ,elongat$ ,projectiles1 ^: ,c5tres ( ,gravity d n correspond ) ,c5tre ( ,figure4 ,action ( ! air4 ,elongat$ projectiles1 ^: c5tres ( gravity d n exactly co9cide ) ! c5tre ( figure1 :5 !y d n turn ov]1 t5d to pres]ve _! axis 9 ! prim>y direction :i* 0 imp>t$ to !m1 9 ! same mann] z an imp]fectly fea!r$ arr[ fly+ ) little velocity1 ! po9t ( ! mov+ body be+ con/antly above ! trajectory1 & its axis mak+ a c]ta9 angle 7plate #ba1 fig #a7 ) ! t>get to ! curve4 ,!re=e ! "p ,a4,b4 ( ! bullet be+ expos$ to ! direct action ( ! air's resi/ance1 ! atmosph]ical fluid is compress$ on ! surface ,a4,b41 & r>ifi$ ^u t ( ,a4,c4 ,h5ce x w be p]ceiv$ t ! compress$ fluid supports ! mov+ body1 & prev5ts its desc5d+ z rapidly z w\ld a sph]ical bullet1 :i* is con/ruct$ to meet ! same direct resi/ance f ! air4 ,?is trajectory w !re=e be m elongat$ ?an t ( ! sph]ical bullet 9 "q4 ,rem$i$ by ! grooves4 ,cause ( deviation4 ,rem$y4 ,b ! resi/ance ( ! air1 act+ ^u ! groove ( ! projectile1 produces1 on ! l[] "p ( ?is groove1 an action :i* t5ds to br+ back its po9t ^u ! trajectory1 yet ) s little =ce1 t (t51 9 its desc5t1 ! projectile turns ov]1 & moves bread?ways at ranges ( #ajjj & #abjj y>ds4 ,! l[] side ( ! projectile1 !re=e1 mov+ 9 ! compress$ air1 & ! upp] 9 ! r>ifi$ air1 deviation mu/ ensue1 =1 z ! upp] "p ( ! bullet moves f left to "r1 ! bottom mu/ move f "r to left4 ,b ! l[] resi/ance to ! motion ( rotation be+ produc$ by ! friction ( ! compress$ air1 is great] ?an ! upp] resi/ance1 :i* dep5ds on ! friction ( ! r>ifi$ air4 ,by comb9+ ^! two resi/ances1 !re results a s+le =ce1 act+ f left to "r1 :i* produces :at ,capta9 ,tamisi] t]m$ 8d]ivation10 & x 0 to ov]come ?is d]ivation t ?is (fic] propos$ ! circul> grooves to ! bullet1 :i* he consid]$ w\ld act1 l ! fea!rs ( ! arr[1 to ma9ta9 ! mov+ body 9 its trajectory4 ,h[ to obta9 k ( ! bullet's rotation4 ,by ! arr[4 ,use ( fea!rs on arr[s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we w\ld wi% to obta9 "s idea ( ! rotatory motion ( a bullet 9 its pa? ?r\gh ! air1 let u consid] ! action ( ! arr[1 & see h[ x is con/ruct$1 s t ! resi/ance ( ! air %\ld n act 9 an unfav\rable mann]4 ,fir/1 ne>ly all its weight is conc5trat$ at ! po9t1 s t its c5tre ( gravity is close to x4 ,at ! opposite end fea!rs are plac$1 ! heavie/ ( :i* does n affect ! c5tre ( gravity1 b gives rise to an am\nt ( resi/ance 9 re> ( ! projectile1 & :i* prev5ts its ev] tak+ a motion ( rotation p]p5dicul> to its long] axis1 & keeps x 9 ! direction ( its projection4 ,?is difficulty :i* ! arr[ f9ds 9 *ang+ its direction mu/ concur 9 prev5t+ its desc5d+ s rapidly z x w\ld d 7 x only to obey ! law ( gravity1 & mu/ !re=e r5d] its trajectory m uni=m4 ,simil> effects on bullet ) grooves4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 n[ come back to ! grooves ( ,mons4 ,tamisi]1 & we %all f9d t !y concur 9 giv+ to ! bullet ! two actions ( ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* we h demon/rat$ ) respect to ! arr[4 ,effect ( grooves4 ,suppose t su* a bullet describes ! trajectory ,m1 & ,a4,b4 be ! position ( its axis1 x w be se5 t ! l[] "p ( ! bullet re-e/abli%es ! air compress$1 :il/ ! upp] "p f9ds itself 9 ! r>ifi$ air4 ,t1 consequ5tly ! l[] p>ts ( ! cannelures are submitt$ to ! direct action ( ! air's resi/ance1 :il/ _! upp] p>ts totally escape ?is action4 7,plate #ba1 fig4 #b74 ,! resultant ( ! air's resi/ance evid5tly t5ds to br+ back ! po9t ( ! mov+ body1 accord+ to ! trajectory2 b z ?is action is produc$ by ! pressure ( an ela/ic fluid1 x results t ! po9t ,b1 aft] hav+ be5 an in/ant ^u ! trajectory1 w fall bel[1 9 virtue ( ! velocity acquir$2 b !n ! upp] grooves f9d+ !mselves act$ on by ! action ( ! air's resi/ance1 ?is action1 jo9$ to its weight1 w =ce ! po9t ( ! projectile upw>ds1 :i* w desc5d to come up aga91 s t ! projectile w h ?r\gh\t its flight a v]tical sw+1 :i* is se5 di/9ctly en\gh 9 arr[s4 ,union ( ,rob9s & ,tamisi]4 ,let u connect ! sugge/ion ( ,rob9s1 ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,capta9 ,tamisi]1 to cause ! po/]ior end to act z a rudd] to guide ! projectile 9 its true pa?1 z und\bt$ly dur+ ! desc5t ( a bullet !re is a t5d5cy = ! c5tre ( gravity to fall fir/1 z ! ball ( ! %uttlecock4 ,9 ! fir/ ,prussian balls1 & 9 ^? us$ 9 ! ,tige1 ! c5tre ( gravity be+ ne>] ! base1 ! re> end ( ^! balls h a t5d5cy to fall be=e ! =emo/1 b ?is is mo/ und\bt$ly c\nt]act$ by grooves1 :ile x w\ld be impossible to fire an elongat$ projectile ) its c5tre ( gravity backw>ds1 ) any accuracy out ( a smoo?-bor$ gun4 ,cannelures improv$ %oot+4 ,:y none 9 ,engli% bullet4 ,capta9 ,j]vis says t ^! grooves h ! effect ( improv+ ! accuracy ( fir+ :5 ! bullets are n p]fectly homog5e\s1 is c]ta91 b ! ,briti% ,committee on small arms ju/ly consid]$ t ow+ to ! c>eful way 9 :i* ! bullets are made 9 ,engl& by compression1 ^! grooves might be disp5s$ )4 ,v>iety ( =ms4 ,auxili>ies to expansion1 v>i\s4 ,almo/ e conceivable =m ( projectile1 int]nal & ext]nal1 h be5 made & exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,auxili>ies to expansion h be5 us$1 made ( metal1 horn1 wood1 & lea!r1 ) plugs1 screws1 or cups ( div]s %apes4 ,cannelures are us$1 ( v>y+ =ms1 dep? & numb]4 ,rotation f smoo? bores4 ,x has ev5 be5 attempt$ to con/ruct bullets ^u ! screw pr9ciple1 s t ! projectile %\ld receive spirality f ! action ( ! air ^u its out] or inn] surface1 :5 fir$ out ( a smoo? bore musket4 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( mod]n rifles4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,european rifles1 up to #ahej1 are a v l>ge calibre1 a comp>atively light %ort b>rel1 ) a quick twi/1 i4e41 ab\t "o turn 9 ?ree feet1 sometimes us+ a pat*1 & sometimes n1 ! bullet circul>1 & its front "p flatt5$ by />t+ & ramm+ d[n4 ,am]ican alt]ations4 ,x appe>s t ! introduction ( additional weight 9 ! b>rel1 r$uction 9 ! size ( ! calibre1 ! con/ant use ( ! pat*1 a sl[] twi/1 g5]ally "o turn 9 #f;ft41 comb9$ ) 7:at is n[ kn[n to be a detrim5t7 great l5g? ( b>rel1 are exclusively ,am]ican4 ,picket bullet4 ,a r\nd end$ picket 7plate #bj1 fig4 #af71 0 occasionally us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,/ates1 until ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,all5 ,cl>ke1 ( ! flat end$ picket1 :i* all[s a mu* great] *>ge ( p[d]1 produc+ great] velocity1 & consequ5tly less v>iation 9 a side w9d4 ,on ! comp>ative m]its ( rifles4 ,po9ts 9 a p]fect rifle4 ,a rifle may p]=m fir/ rate at %ort ranges1 & fail entirely at long1 :ile a rifle :i* w fire well at extreme ranges c nev] fail ( good %oot+ at %ort4 ,9 fact c]ta9 calibres1 c41 c41 c41 p]=m be/ at c]ta9 di/ances1 & 9 ! comb9ations ( a p]fect rifle !re are c]ta9 po9ts to be att5d$ to1 or ! weapon w be defici5t & inf]ior4 ,velocity4 ,x is desirable to give a bullet z mu* velocity z x c safely be />t$ )1 & ! limit is ! recoil ( ! gun1 & ! liability ( ! bullets to be upset or de/roy$1 = z soon z ?is upsett+ takes place1 ! p]=mance becomes inf]ior1 & ! circle ( error enl>g$4 ,degree ( twi/4 ,x is cle> t a bullet project$ ) suffici5t twi/ to keep x /eady 9 boi/]\s & w9dy wea!r1 mu/ ( necessity h m twi/ ?an is actually necess>y 9 a /ill fav\rable "t2 h5ce a rifle = g5]al purposes1 %\ld always h too mu* twi/ r ?an too little4 ,weight ( bullet4 ,! weight ( ! bullet mu/ be proportion$ to ! di/ance x is int5d$ to be project$ ) ! greate/ accuracy2 = x is a law1 t ) bodies ( ! same d5sities1 small ones lose _! mom5tum soon] ?an l>ge ones4 ,x w\ld be madness to use a bullet n9ety to ! p\nd at n9e hundr$ y>ds1 m]ely because x p]=m$ fir/ rate at two hundr$ y>ds2 or a =ty to ! p\nd at two hundr$ y>ds1 because x p]=m$ well at n9e hundr$ y>ds4 ,! reason is t a =ty to ! p\nd _c be project$ ) z mu* velocity at two hundr$ y>ds1 z ! n9ety to ! p\nd c1 because ! n9ety uses m p[d] 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! bullet ?an ! =ty does4 ,aga91 ! heavi] bullet p]=ms bett] ?an ! light] "o at n9e hundr$ y>ds1 simply because ! mom5tum ( ! light ball is ne>ly exp5d$ at s long a range z n9e hundr$ y>ds1 & its rotatory motion is n en\gh to keep x 9 ! true l9e ( its flight1 :]eas a heavy bullet1 hav+ f its weight m mom5tum1 pres]ves = a long] di/ance ! twi/ & velocity ) :i* x />t$4 ,calibre4 ,z weight ( projectile is a lead+ elem5t 9 obta9+ accuracy at long ranges1 & z ! weight _c be increas$ beyond a c]ta9 limit 9 small arm ammunition1 h5ce a small bore is an indisp5sable requisite = a p]fect rifle4 ,result ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! =ego+ brief summ>y ( ! mo/ important prop]ties :i* %\ld be possess$ by a fir/ class rifle1 we h dealt 9 g5]alities1 b we %all n[ record ! exp]i5ce ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 :o has ent]$ into ! mo/ m9ute details1 & has po9t$ out ! h>mony :i* %\ld subsi/ betwe5 ! twi/1 bore1 c41 & ! projectile1 9 ! comb9ations ( a p]fect rifle4 ,bore & weight limit$4 ,premis+1 t :5 ,mr4 ,:itwor? 0 solicit$ by ! late honor$ ,"l ,h>d+e to r5d] ! aid ( 8 me*anical g5ius to ! improvem5t or p]fect+ a milit>y weapon1 he 0 re/rict$ z to l5g? ( b>rel1 viz41 #c feet #c-;941 & weight ( bullet1 #ecj gra9s4 ,we %all n[ proce$ & use ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s words4 ,consid]ation = curve4 8,hav+ notic$ ! =m 7hexagonal7 ( ! int]ior :i* provides ! be/ rifl+ surfaces1 ! next ?+ to be consid]$ is ! prop] curve :i* rifl$ b>rels ought to possess1 9 ord] to give ! projectile ! necess>y degree ( rotation40 ,hexagonal =m admits ( quick turn4 8,) ! hexagonal b>rel1 ,i use mu* quick] turn & c fire projectiles ( any requir$ l5g?1 z ) ! quicke/ t may be desirable !y d n #8/rip4' ,i made a %ort b>rel ) "o turn 9 ! in* 7simply to try ! effect ( an extreme velocity ( rotation7 & f\nd t ,i c\ld fire f x me*anically--fitt+ projectiles made ( an alloy ( lead & t91 ) a *>ge ( #ce gra9s ( p[d] !y p5etrat$ ?r\gh sev5 in*es ( elm planks40 ,degree ( spiral fix$4 ,diamet] ( bore det]m9$4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! diamet] = ! bore & degree ( spirality1 ,mr4 ,:itwor? adds3 8,= an ord9>y milit>y b>rel1 #ci in*es long1 ,i propos$ a #de-;in* bore1 ) "o turn 9 #bj in*es1 :i* is 9 my op9ion ! be/ = ?is l5g?4 ,! rotation is suffici5t ) a bullet ( ! requisite specific gravity1 = a range ( #bjjj y>ds40 ,"u ^! conditions ! projectiles on leav+ ! gun w\ld be ab\t two & a half diamet]s ( ! bore 9 l5g?4 8,! gun responds to e increase ( *>ge1 by fir+ ) l[] elevation1 f ! s]vice *>ge ( #gj gra9s up to #abj gra9s2 ?is latt] *>ge is ! l>ge/ t c be effectively consum$1 & ! recoil !n becomes m ?an ! %\ld] c conv5i5tly be> ) ! weight ( ! s]vice musket4 ,advocates ( sl[ turn4 ,effects ( quick turn4 8,! advocates ( ! sl[ turn ( "o 9 #f feet #f in*es1 consid] t a quick turn causes s mu* friction z to imp$e ! progress ( ! ball to an injuri\s & sometimes dang]\s degree1 & to produce loss ( elevation & range2 b my exp]im5ts %[ ! contr>y to be ! case4 ,! effect ( too quick a turn1 z to friction1 is felt 9 ! greate/ degree :5 ! projectile has atta9$ its highe/ velocity 9 ! b>rel1 t is at ! muzzle1 & is felt 9 ! lea/ degree :5 ! projectile is beg9n+ to move1 at ! bree*4 ,! great /ra9 put ^u a gun at ! in/ant ( explosion is due1 n to ! resi/ance ( friction1 b to ! vis in]ti ( ! projectile :i* has to be ov]come4 ,9 a long b>rel1 ) an extremely quick turn1 ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! progress ( ! projectile is v great at ! muzzle1 & al?\gh mod]ate *>ges give good results1 ! rifle w n respond to increas$ *>ges by giv+ a bett] elevation4 ,if ! b>rel be cut %ort]1 an increase ( *>ge !n l[]s ! elevation40 ,objections to increas+ spiral4 8,! use ( an increas+ or v>y+ turn is obvi\sly injuri\s1 = besides alt]+ ! %ape ( ! bullet1 x causes increas$ resi/ance at ! muzzle1 ! v place :]e relief is want$40 ,l5g? & spiral increas$4 ,diamet] decreas$4 ,trajectory l[]$4 8,f9d+ t all difficulty aris+ f l5g? ( projectiles1 is ov]come by giv+ suffici5t rotation1 & t any weight t may be necess>y c be obta9$ by add+ to ! l5g?1 ,i adopt$ = ! bullet ( ! s]vice weight1 an increas$ l5g?1 & a r$uc$ diamet]1 & obta9$ a comp>atively l[ trajectory2 less elevation is requir$1 & ! pa? ( ! projectile lies m ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e1 mak+ x m likely to hit any object ( mod]ate height )9 range1 & r5d]+ mi/akes 9 judg+ di/ances ( less mom5t4 ,! "t ( flight be+ %ort5$1 ! projectile is v mu* less deflect$ by ! action ( ! w9d40 ,prop] p[d] = exp&+ bullets4 ,p[d] = h>d5$ bullets4 ,consequ5ces ( imp]fect expansion4 ,advantages ( hexagonal =m4 8,x is mo/ important to obs]ve t ) all exp&+ bullets prop] p[d] mu/ be employ$4 ,9 _m cases ?is k9d ( bullet has fail$1 ow+ to ! use ( a sl[ly ignit+ p[d]1 :i* is desirable = a h>d metal projectile1 z x causes less /ra9 ^u ! piece1 b is unsuitable ) a s(t metal exp&+ projectile1 = :i* a quickly ignit+ p[d] is absolutely requisite to insure a complete expansion1 :i* w fill ! bore4 ,unless ?is is done ! gases ru% pa/ ! bullet betwe5 x & ! b>rel1 ! latt] becomes f\l1 ! bullet is di/ort$1 & ! %oot+ mu/ be bad4 ,if ! projectiles us$ be made ( ! same hexagonal %ape ext]nally z ! bore ( ! b>rel int]nally1 t is1 ) a me*anical fit1 metals ( all degrees ( h>dness1 f lead1 or lead & t91 up to h>d5$ /eel may be employ$1 & sl[ly ignit+ p[d]1 l t ( ! s]vice may be employ$40 ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s claims4 ,mr4 ,:itwor? does n lay claim to any orig9ality z inv5tor ( ! polygonal sy/em1 b m]ely br+s x =w>d1 z ! mo/ c]ta9 mode ( secur+ spiral motion1 b he des]ves to be honor$ by all ,riflem51 z hav+ e/abli%$ ! degree ( spirality1 ! diamet] ( bore1 to ensure ! be/ results f a giv5 weight ( lead1 & l5g? ( b>rel4 ,,conclusion4 ,9 a*iev+ ! important position obta9$ by ! rifle 9 ! pres5t day1 x has nev]!less effect$ no m ?an 0 pr$ict$ ( x by ,leutman1 ! ,academician ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 #agbh1 by ,eul]1 ,borda1 & ,gass5di1 & by our em95t b hi!rto =gott5 c\ntryman ,rob9s1 :o 9 #agdg1 urg5tly call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,gov]nm5t & ! public to ! importance ( ?is description ( fire-arm z a milit>y weapon4 ,9 ! ,w> ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce1 ! rifle1 !re long e/abli%$ z ! national arm = ! *ase1 exhibit$ its sup]iority z a w> arm also1 9 s s5sible a mann]1 t we 7 con/ra9$ to oppose to ! ,am]ican hunt]s ! subsidis$ ,riflem5 ( ,hesse1 ,hanov]1 & ,d5m>k4 ,rob9s' prophecy4 ,we %all close by quot+ ! la/ words 9 8,rob9s' ,tracts ( ,gunn]y40 8,:atev] ,/ate %all ?or\ghly compreh5d ! nature & advantages ( rifl$ b>rel pieces1 & hav+ facilitat$ & complet$ _! con/ruction1 %all introduce into _! armies _! g5]al use ) a dext]ity 9 ! managem5t ( !m2 !y w by ?is means acquire a sup]iority1 :i* w almo/ equal any?+ t has be5 done at any "t by ! p>ticul> excell5ce ( any "o k9d ( arms2 & w p]haps fall b little %ort ( ! wond]ful effects :i* hi/ories relate to h be5 =m]ly produc$ by ! fir/ inv5tors ( fire-arms40 ,,note4--,! prec$+ articles on ! ,rifle1 ,rifl+1 & ,rifle ,projectiles are ma9ly compil$ f3 8,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y1 by ,rob9s10 8,scloppet>ia10 8,rem>ks on ,national ,def5ce1 by ,col4 ! ,hon4 ,a4 ,gordon10 8,dean's ,manual ( ,fire ,arms10 8,rifle ,ammunition1 by ,capt4 ,a4 ,hawes10 8,rifles & ,rifle ,practice1 by ,c4 ,m4 ,wilcox10 8,pap]s on ,me*anical ,subjects1 by ,:itwor?10 8,! ,rifle ,musket1 by ,capt4 ,j>vis1 ,royal ,artill]y10 8,des ,armes ,rayees1 by ,h4 ,mangeot10 8,c\rs ,elem5taire sur les ,armes ,portatives1 by ,f4 ,gillion10 & 8,c\rs sur les ,armes a feu ,portatives1 by ,l4 ,panot40 ,,!oretical ,,pr9ciples4 ,,def9itions4 ,matt]4 ,matt]1--ev]y?+ :i* has weight4 ,body4 ,body1--a portion ( matt] limit$ 9 e direction4 ,mass4 ,mass1--! quantity ( matt] 9 any body4 ,p>ticle4 ,p>ticle1--or mat]ial po9t1 is a body ( evanesc5t magnitude1 & bodies ( f9ite magnitude are said to be made up ( an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticles1 or mat]ial po9ts4 ,in]tia4 ,in]tia1--passiv5ess or inactivity4 ,attraction4 ,attraction1--a fundam5tal law ( nature1 t e p>ticle ( matt] has a t5d5cy to be attract$ t[>ds ano!r p>ticle4 ,d5sity4 ,d5sity1--is 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( ! p>ticles to ea* o!r4 ,volume4 ,volume1--! space b\nd$ by ! ext]ior surface ( a body1 is its app>5t volume or size4 ,ela/icity4 ,ela/icity1--a body t yields to pressure1 & recov]s its figure aga92 h5ce air & gasses are ela/ic bodies2 lead a non-ela/ic body4 ,motion4 ,motion1--is ! *ang+ ( place1 or ! opposite to a /ate ( re/4 ,velocity4 ,velocity1--is ! rate ( motion2 !re are f\r rates ( motion1 viz41 ,uni=m1 ,v>iable1 ,accel]at$1 & ,ret>d$4 #a/4 ,uni=m4 #a/4 ,uni=m1--:5 a p>ticle trav]ses equal di/ances1 9 any equal successive portion ( "t4 #bnd4 ,v>iable4 #bnd4 ,v>iable1--:5 ! spaces pass$ ov] 9 equal times1 are unequal4 #crd4 ,accel]at$4 #crd4 ,accel]at$1--:5 ! di/ances trav]s$ 9 equal times are successively great] & great]4 #d?4 ,ret>d$4 #d?4 ,ret>d$1--:5 ! di/ances trav]s$ 9 equal times are successively less & less4 ,accel]ation or ,ret>dation1 may also be equal or unequal1 t is uni=m or v>iable4 ,friction4 ,friction1--arises f ! irregul>ities ( ! surfaces :i* act ^u "o ano!r4 ,=ce4 ,=ce1--any cause :i* produces1 or t5ds to produce a *ange 9 ! /ate ( re/1 or ( motion ( a p>ticle ( matt]4 ,measure ( =ce4 ,=ces are measur$ by comp>ison ) weights4 ,?us any =ces :i* w b5d a spr+ into ! same positions z weights ( #alb41 #blbs41 #clbs41 c41 are call$ respectively =ces ( #alb41 #blbs41 #clbs41 c41 c4 ,mom5tum4 ,mom5tum1--or quantity ( motion4 ,if a body mov+ at fir/ ) a c]ta9 velocity is aft]w>ds obs]v$ to move ) d\ble or triple ?is velocity1 ! quantity ( motion ( ! body is conceiv$ to be d\bl$ or tripl$1 h5ce ! mom5tum ( a body1 dep5ds ^u its velocity1 z ! quantity ( motion ( a body is ! product ( ! velocity by ! mass or weight4 ,laws ( motion4 ,! elem5t>y pr9ciples ^u :i* are bas$ all our reason+s respect+ ! motions ( bodies1 are call$ ! 8,laws ( ,motion10 & z arrang$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 are ?ree 9 numb]4 #a/ ,law4 #a/4 ,a p>ticle at re/ w cont9ue = ev] at re/1 & a p>ticle 9 motion w cont9ue 9 motion uni=mly =w>d 9 a /raight l9e1 until x be act$ ^u by "s extrane\s =ce4 #bnd ,law4 #bnd4 ,:5 any =ce acts ^u a body 9 motion1 ! *ange ( motion :i* x produces is proportional to ! =ce impress$1 & 9 ! direction ( t =ce4 #crd ,law4 #crd4 ,action & reaction are equal1 & 9 contr>y directions4 ,9 all cases ! quantity ( motion ga9$ by "o body is always equal to t lo/ by ! o!r 9 ! same direction4 ,?us1 if a ball 9 motion1 /rikes ano!r at re/1 ! motion communicat$ to ! latt] w be tak5 f ! =m]1 & ! velocity ( ! =m] be proportionately dim9i%$4 ,c5tre ( ,gravity4 ,c5tre ( ,gravity1--is t po9t at :i* ! :ole weight ( ! body may be consid]$ to act1 & ab\t :i* consequ5tly1 ! body1 :5 subject$ to ! =ce ( gravity only1 w balance 9 all positions4 ,specific ,gravity4 ,specific ,gravity1--! weight belong+ to an equal bulk ( e diff]5t sub/ance1 & is e/imat$ by ! quantities ( matt] :5 ! bulks are ! same2 or 9 o!r words1 x is ! d5sity t con/itutes ! specific gravity4 ,x is agre$ to make pure ra9-wat] ! /&>d1 to :i* !y ref] ! comp>ative weights ( all o!r bodies4 ,lead is ab\t elev5 times ! weight ( ! same bulk ( wat]4 ,initial ,velocity4 ,initial ,velocity is ! velocity :i* a bullet possesses on leav+ ! muzzle ( a gun2 & 9 ! speak+ ( ! velocity ( bullets fir$ f ! musket n[ us$1 y und]/& #abjj feet p] second1 = ! ,initial ,velocity4 ,angul> ,velocity4 ,angul> ,velocity is ! velocity ) :i* ! circul> arc is describ$2 & dep5ds ^u ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ( ! po9t f ! axis ( rotation4 ,t]m9al ,velocity4 ,t]m9al ,velocity3 if a cannon ball 7 to be let fall f a v great height1 x w\ld by ! law ( gravity1 desc5d ) accel]at$ motion t[>ds ! e>?1 b z ! resi/ance ( ! air increases z ! squ>es ( velocities1 a po9t w\ld be rea*$ :5 ! resi/ance w\ld be equal to ! =ce ( gravity1 f :5ce x w\ld fall to ! e>? 9 uni=m motion4 ,ecc5tric ,body4 ,an ,ecc5tric ,body1 is "o ^: c5tre ( figure does n correspond ) ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,,motion ,,( ,a ,,projectile4 ,modifi$ by ,gravity & air4 ,if no =ce 7 act+ ^u ! projectile1 except ! explosive =ce ( gunp[d]1 x w\ld by ! fir/ law ( motion1 move on = ev] 9 ! l9e 9 :i* x 0 dis*>g$2 ?is motion is modifi$ by ! action ( two =ces1 viz41 gravity & ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,z ! e>ly cannons 7 ( ! rude/ con/ruction1 & 7 us$ only to =ce op5 b>ri]s1 or to be employ$ aga9/ troops at a v %ort range1 x 0 a matt] ( second>y consid]ation :at c\rse ! bullet took1 inde$ x 0 g5]ally believ$1 t x flew = "s di/ance 9 a /raight l9e1 & !n dropp$ sudd5ly4 ,act+ ^u ?is op9ion we f9d t mo/ ( ! e>ly cannon _h a l>ge metal r+ at ! muzzle1 s z to r5d] x ! same size z at ! bree*1 & ) su* z 7 n ( ?is con/ruction !y made use ( a wood5 =esight :i* ti$ on to ! muzzle1 s z to make ! l9e ( sight p>allel to ! axis1 by :i* !y conceiv$ t !y might aim m directly at ! object :i* ! bullet 0 design$ to hit4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #adeb4 ,! fir/ au?or :o wrote pr(ess$ly on ! flight ( a cannon %ot 0 a celebrat$ ,italian ,ma!matician1 nam$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o expla9s 8 mann] ( /udy+ ph5om5a1 9 ord] to arrive at safe conclusions1 ?us3 8,i w treat ( ! subject1 b fir/ ( all ,i w make "s exp]im5ts1 because my int5tion is to quote exp]i5ce1 & !n to %[ :y bodies are f\nd to act 9 a c]ta9 mann]20 & tak+ z 8 motto1 8,sci5ce belongs to ! ,capta91 practice to ! ,soldi]10 he boldly asks3 8,if a bomb>d ?r[s v>i\s di/ances ) v>i\s elevations1 ,i ask 9 :at "p ( its range w be ! greate/ angle ( elevation80 ,! sole answ] is a small draw+ ( ?ree curves1 7plate #bj1 fig4 #c471 ! greate/ range be+ ! curve ab\t midway betwe5 ! p]p5dicul> & ! horizontal4 ,yet ?is small draw+ is v rem>kable :5 we come to exam9e x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we see t he recognises ! fact t ! trajectory is a curve ?r\gh\t its l5g?2 secondly1 t a %ot fir$ p]p5dicul>ly w n fall aga9 on ! spot :5ce x 0 fir$4 ,simple z !y may seem1 ^! two propositions recognise ! =ce ( gravity1 resi/ance ( ! air1 & ! rot>y motion ( ! e>?4 ,t>taglia1 #aecg4 ,! next au?or :o wrote on ! flight ( cannon %ot 0 ano!r celebrat$ ,italian ,ma!matician1 nam$ ,t>taglia4 ,9 ! ye> #aecg1 & aft]w>ds 9 #aedf1 he publi%$ sev]al works relat+ to ! !ory ( ^? motions1 & al?\gh ! !n imp]fect /ate ( me*anics furni%$ him ) v fallaci\s pr9ciples to proce$ on1 yet he 0 n altoge!r unsuccessful 9 8 enquiries1 = he det]m9$ 7contr>y to ! op9ion ( practition]s7 t no "p ( ! track ( a bullet 0 9 a /raight l9e1 al?\gh he consid]$ t ! curvature 9 "s cases 0 s little1 z n to be att5d$ to1 comp>+ x to ! surface ( ! sea1 :i*1 al?\gh x appe>s to be a pla91 :5 practically consid]$1 is yet und\bt$ly incurvat$ r\nd ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 only by an accid5t he ne>ly /umbl$ ^u "o tru? 9 ! !ory ( projectiles1 :5 he /at$ t ! greate/ range obta9$ by equal =ces is at #de4 ,calculat+ t at ! angle #j ! trajectory 0 null1 t by rais+ ! trajectory1 ! range increas$ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 aft]w>ds dim9i%$1 & f9ally became null aga9 :5 ! projective =ce act$ p]p5dicul>ly1 he conclud$ t ! greate/ range mu/ be a m$ium betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 & consequ5tly at #de4 ,o!rs ?\ght t a %ot1 on leav+ ! muzzle1 describ$ a /raight l9e2 t aft] a c]ta9 p]iod its motion grew sl[]1 & !n t x describ$ a curve1 caus$ by ! =ces ( projection & gravity2 f9ally1 t x fell p]p5dicul>ly4 ,t>taglia seems to h orig9at$ ! notion t ! "p ( ! curve :i* jo9$ ! oblique l9e to ! p]p5dicul>1 0 ! arc ( a circle tang5t to "o & ! o!r4 ,galileo1 #afch4 ,9 ! ye> #afch1 ,galileo1 also an ,italian1 pr9t$ 8 dialogues1 9 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to describe ! real effect ( gravity on fall+ bodies2 on ^! pr9ciples he det]m9$1 t ! flight ( a cannon %ot1 or ( any o!r projectile1 w\ld be 9 ! curve ( a p>abola1 unless x 0 deviat$ f ?is track by ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,a p>abola is a figure =m$ by cutt+ a cone1 ) a pla9 p>allel to ! side ( ! cone4 ,,gravity4 ,bullet z influ5c$ by p[d] & gravity only4 ,we w n[ proce$ to consid] ! c\rse ( a bullet1 z affect$ by two =ces only1 viz41 #a/4 ,! velocity communicat$ to x by ! explosion ( ! p[d]2 & #bnd4 ,by ! =ce ( ,gravity4 ,! attraction ( ! e>? acts on all bodies 9 proportion to _! quantities ( matt]4 ,if no air1 all bodies w\ld fall 9 same "t4 ,gold & dry leaf 9 same "t4 ,! diff]5ce ( "t obs]vable 9 ! fall ( bodies ?r\gh ! air1 is due to ! resi/ance ( t m$ium1 :5ce we may fairly conclude1 t if ! air 0 altoge!r abs5t1 & no o!r resi/+ m$ium occupi$ its place1 all bodies ( :atev] size1 & ( :atev] weight1 mu/ desc5d ) ! same spe$4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 a balloon & ! smoke ( ! fire w\ld desc5d1 in/ead ( asc5d+ z !y d1 by ! pressure ( ! air1 :i*1 bulk = bulk1 is heavi] ?an !mselves4 ,a dry leaf falls v sl[ly1 & a piece ( gold v rapidly1 b if ! gold be beat5 into a ?9 leaf1 ! "t ( its desc5t is greatly prolong$4 ,if a piece ( metal & a fea!r are let fall at ! same in/ant f ! top ( a tall exhau/$ receiv]1 x w be f\nd t ^! two bodies1 s dissimil> 9 weight1 w /rike ! table ( ! air-pump1 on :i* ! receiv] /&s1 at ! same in/ant4 ,suppos+ ! air did n (f] any resi/ance to ! onw>d c\rse ( a projectile1 & t ! in/antane\s =ce communicat$ to a bullet1 f ! explosion ( ! gunp[d]1 7 to project x 9 ! l9e ,a4,b4 7plate #ba1 fig4 #d47 f ! po9t ,a41 ) a velocity t w s5d x 9 ! fir/ second ( "t z f> z ,c41 !n if !re 7 no o!r =ce to affect x1 x w\ld cont9ue to move 9 ! same direction ,b41 & ) ! same velocity1 & at ! next second x w\ld h pass$ ov] ano!r space1 ,c4,d41 equal to ,a4,c41 s t 9 ! ?ird second x w\ld h rea*$ ,e41 keep+ con/antly 9 ! same /raight l9e4 ,bullet "u two =ces1 p[d] & gravity4 ,b no soon] does ! bullet quit ! muzzle1 ?an x imm$iately comes "u ! influ5ce ( ano!r =ce1 call$ ! =ce ( gravity1 :i* diff]s f ! =ce caus$ by ! explosion ( ! p[d]1 :i* ceases to influ5ce ! bullet1 aft] x has once communicat$ to x its velocity4 ,an accel]at+ =ce4 ,effect ( gravity4 ,gravity is an accel]at+ =ce1 act+ con/antly ^u1 & caus+ ! bullet to move t[>ds ! e>?1 ) a velocity increas+ ) ! l5g? ( "t ! bullet is expos$ to its influ5ce4 ,x has be5 f\nd f exp]im5t t ?is increase ( velocity w cause a body to move ?r\gh spaces1 9 proportion to ! squ>es ( ! "t tak5 to pass ov] ! di/ance4 ,?us1 if a body falls a giv5 space 9 "o second1 9 two x w h fall5 ov] a space equal to f\r times :at x fell ?r\gh 9 ! fir/ second1 & 9 ! ?ree fir/ seconds x w h fall5 ?r\gh a space equal to n9e times t :i* x fell ?r\gh 9 ! fir/ second4 ,result ( gravity4 ,c\rse ( ! bullet4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple is1 t all bodies ( simil> figure1 & equal d5sity1 at equal di/ances f ! e>?1 fall ) equal velocity2 & if a body describes a space ( #af;ft4 9 ! fir/ second ( "t1 x w1 9 ! next second ( "t1 fall ?ree times #af1 or #dh feet1 & ?us w h fall51 f ! "t x fir/ dropp$1 f\r times #af feet1 or #fd feet1 because #d is ! squ>e ( #b1 ! "t ! body 0 fall+4 ,9 ! ?ird second1 x w fall #e times #af feet1 or #hj feet1 & ^! sums collectively1 viz41 #af #dh #hj #add feet1 ! :ole di/ance describ$ by ! fall+ body 9 ?ree seconds ( "t4 ,f ?is x is evid5t1 t in/ead ( mov+ 9 a /raight l9e ,a4 ,b41 7plate #ba1 fig4 #e471 ! bullet w be drawn f t c\rse4 ,p>abolic !ory4 ,f ! po9t ,c41 draw ,c4 ,f41 equal to ! space t ! bullet may be suppos$ to fall 9 "o second ( "t1 !n at ! end ( ! fir/ second ( "t ! bullet w be at ,f41 in/ead ( at ,c41 & w h mov$ 9 ! direction ,a4 ,f41 in/ead ( ,a4 ,c42 at ! end ( ! next second x w h fall5 a total di/ance ,d4 ,g41 equal to f\r times ,c4 ,f41 ?us ! bullet w h fall5 at ! end ( ! ?ird second a di/ance ,e4 ,h41 equal to n9e times ,c4 ,f41 & x w h mov$ 9 ! l9e ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 in/ead ( ! /raight l9e ,a4 ,b41 9 :i* x w\ld h mov$1 _h x n be5 affect$ by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! curve ,a4 ,h41 is ( ! =m call$ a ,p>abola1 & h5ce ! !ory is call$ ! 8,p>abolic ,!ory40 ,x is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple t ! velocity giv5 to ! bullet by ! explosion ( ! gunp[d] is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 b ?is w\ld only be true 9 vacuo1 & is !re=e ( little value 9 calculat+ ! real c\rse ( ! bullet 9 ! air4 ,,on ,,! ,,"t ,,tak5 ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,ball ,,to ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,by ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,gravity4 ,if fir$ ) axis p>allel to ! gr\nd4 #a/ ,case4 ,suppos+ a ball to be fir$ :5 ! axis ( ! piece is p>allel to ! gr\nd & #af feet above x1 !n ! projectile w /rike ! e>? 9 ! same l5g? ( "t t x w\ld h done1 _h x be5 roll$ out ( ! muzzle1 q irrespective ( ! velocity ) :i* x may h be5 propell$1 or ! consequ5t ext5t ( range2 t is to say ! ball w h rea*$ ! po9t ,b41 7plate #bb1 fig4 #a471 9 ! same l5g? ( "t t x w\ld require to fall f ! muzzle ,a41 to ! e>? ,c42 i4 e41 9 "o second4 #bnd ,case4 ,7 ?ree guns to be fir$ at ! same in/ant1 ) _! ?ree axes p>allel to ! horizon z be=e1 & load$ respectively ) drm41 #a drm41 & #a drm4 ( p[d] ( ! same /r5g?1 !n1 al?\gh ! ?ree initial velocities & ?ree ranges w\ld consequ5tly all be diff]5t1 yet ! ?ree balls w\ld /rike ! gr\nd at ! same "t1 i4 e4 at ! po9ts ,b4 ,b4 ,b4 9 "o second4 7,plate #bb1 fig4 #b47 ,if axis at an angle to ! gr\nd4 #crd ,case4 ,:5 a ball is fir$ at an angle ( elevation x w rea* ! e>? 9 ! same l5g? ( "t :i* x w\ld occupy 9 fall+ ! l5g? ( ! tang5t ( ! angle ( projection2 h5ce suppos+ ,f4 ,g4 7plate #bb1 fig4 #c47 to be #af feet1 ! ball w\ld rea* ! po9t ,g4 9 "o second1 irrespective ( ! di/ance f ,d4 to ,g4 ,,atmosph]e4 ,let u n[ take into our consid]ation ! c\rse ( a projectile :ile "u ! influ5ce ( ?ree =ces1 viz41 p[d]1 gravity1 & air4 ,:y nam$4 ,! atmosph]e1 or sph]e ( gases1 is ! g5]al "n appli$ to ! :ole gase\s portion ( ?is planet1 z ! t]m ocean is appli$ to its liquid1 & l& to its solid portions4 ,be+ mu* light] ?an ei!r l& or wat]1 x necess>ily floats or re/s ^u !m1 & is 9 suffici5t quantity to cov] ! highe/ m\nta9s1 & to rise n9e or t5 times _! height1 to ab\t #de miles above ! sea level1 s z to =m a lay] ov] ! :ole surface1 av]ag+ probably betwe5 =ty & fifty miles 9 ?ickness1 :i* is ab\t z ?ick1 9 proportion to ! globe1 z ! liquid lay] adh]+ to ! surface ( an orange1 aft] x _h be5 dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,composition ( air4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( two gases1 call$ oxyg5 & nitrog51 & also conta9s a v>iable quantity ( aque\s vap\r4 ,qualities ( air4 ,9 common ) matt] 9 e /ate1 ! air possesses imp5etrability4 ,x c be compress$1 b _c be annihilat$4 ,x has weight1 in]tia1 mom5tum1 & ela/icity4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its weight is its pressure1 :i* acts uni=mly on all bodies1 & is equal to betwe5 #adlbs4 & #aelbs4 on e squ>e in* ( surface at ! sea-level4 ,e>ly idea ( air's resi/ance4 ,h[ air acts4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts t 7 made on projectiles1 7 c>ri$ out on ! idea t ! resi/ance ( ! air w\ld n mat]ially affect ! track ( a bullet :i* _h great velocity4 ,b ! mom5t a body is laun*$ into space1 x meets ) p>ticles ( ! air at e in/ant ( its movem5t1 to :i* x yields "p ( its velocity1 & ! air be+ a con/ant =ce1 ! velocity ( ! body decreases at e in/ant f ! comm5cem5t ( its motion4 ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,air',s ,,resi/ance4 ,rob9s1 #agdb1 %[$ effect ( air's resi/ance4 ,c\rse ( ball 0 n a p>abola4 ,:y n a p>abola4 ,x rema9$ = ,rob9s1 #agdb1 9 a "w !n publi%$1 to %[ ! real effect ( ! atmosph]e ^u mov+ bodies4 ,he prov$ by actual exp]im5t1 t a #bdlb4 %ot did n range ! fif? "p ( ! di/ance x %\ld h done accord+ to ! p>abolic !ory4 ,if a cannon %ot mov$ 9 a p>abolic curve1 !n f ! kn[n prop]ties ( t curve1 x 0 evid5t t :5 fir$ ) elevation1 ! angle ( desc5t ( ! bullet %\ld h be5 ! same z ! angle at :i* x 0 project$1 & ?is he %[$ 0 n ! case 9 practice4 ,n[ ,rob9s ackn[l$g$ ! op9ion ( ,galileo1 z reg>ds ! =ce ( gravity1 to be correct2 he c\ld n !re=e attribute to him any miscalculation on ! score ( gravity4 ,he !re=e conclud$1 t ! error ( ! 8p>abolic !ory0 arose f ! supposition t ! bullet cont9u$ to move at ! same velocity ?r\gh\t its c\rse4 ,balli/ic p5dulum4 ,rob9s tri$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts by fir+ at a balli/ic p5dulum at diff]5t di/ances2 ! oscillation ( ?is p5dulum enabl$ him to calculate ! velocity ( ! bullet1 at ! "t x /ruck ! p5dulum1 & by ?is means he asc]ta9$1 t accord+ to 8 expectations1 ! bullet mov$ sl[] 9 proportion z x became m di/ant f ! po9t at :i* x 0 fir$4 ,?is dim9ution he attribut$ to ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,trajectory m curv$ ?an a p>abola4 ,f ^! consid]ations x is evid5t t in/ead ( mov+ ov] equal spaces ,a4 ,c41 ,c4 ,d41 ,d4 ,e41 7plate #bb1 fig4 #d71 at ea* succe$+ second ( "t1 x w require consid]ably long] to trav]se ea* succe$+ di/ance1 & ! =ce ( gravity w consequ5tly h long] "t to act ^u x1 & w h ! effect ( l[]+ ! bullet mu* m ?an x w\ld d accord+ to ! 8p>abolic !ory20 moreov] x is evid5t1 t z ! velocity ( ! bullet dim9i%es1 ! trajectory or pa? foll[$ by ! bullet1 w become /ill m incurvat$4 ,hav+ n[ prov$ ! error ( ! 8p>abolic !ory10 ,rob9s began 8 endeav\rs to calculate ! actual c\rse ( ! bullet1 accord+ to ?is new !ory :i* he _h demon/rat$1 b ?is calculation 0 necess>ily att5d$ ) great difficulties1 = 9 s do+ a numb] ( circum/ances _h to be consid]$4 ,resultant4 ,! resultant ( ! ?ree =ces act+ on a projectile1 7plate #bc1 fig4 #a71 viz41 gunp[d]1 gravity1 & ! resi/ance ( ! air1 is a motal =ce1 dim9i%+ 9 velocity at e in/ant1 caus+ ! projectile to describe a curv$ l9e 9 its flight1 ! incipi5t po9t ( ! curve ly+ 9 ! axis ( ! bore ( ! piece1 & its cont9uation div]g+ 9 ! direction ( ! attraction ( gravity1 till ! projectile obeys ! latt] =ce alone4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,france4 ,angle = greate/ range4 ,velocity4 ,x is /at$ by ,capta9 ,j]vis1 ,r4,a41 9 ! 8,rifle ,musket10 t 8,f exp]im5ts made 9 ,france1 x has be5 f\nd t ! greate/ range ( ! common p]cussion musket1 ) sph]ical bullet fir$ ) ! regulation *>ge1 0 at #be2 yet1 by !oretical calculation1 x %\ld be #de2 also t ! usual velocity 0 "s #ejj y>ds p] second1 :il/ 9 vacuum x w\ld be #ai1gib y>ds p] second4 ,elevation giv+ c]ta9 range4 8,at an angle ( f #d to #e1 ! real range 0 ab\t #fdj y>ds2 )\t ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & at an angle ( #d1 x w\ld be #c1fgd1 or six times great]40 ,,on ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,^u ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,a ,,projectile4 ,! effect ( ! air's resi/ance ^u ! motion ( a projectile4 ,! effect ( ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e to ! motion ( a projectile1 is a subject ( ! greate/ importance 9 gunn]y4 ,x has engag$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s1 & on acc\nt ( ! great difficulty ( det]m9+ by exp]im5t1 ! correctness ( any p>ticul> hypo!sis1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion is ent]ta9$ z to ! absolute effect ( ?is ret>d+ =ce ^u bodies mov+ 9 ! atmosph]e ) great velocities2 & al?\gh suffici5t is kn[n to guide ! practical artill]i/ 9 t art to :i* he is devot$1 /ill z a sci5tific "q1 x is "o ( consid]able int]e/1 b m on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( its solution1 ?an f its practical importance4 ,mr4 ,rob9s' discov]ies4 ,to our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,rob9s1 is due ! cr$it ( n only be+ ! fir/ practically to det]m9e ! enorm\s effect ( ! resi/ance ( ! air 9 ret>d+ ! motions ( milit>y projectiles1 b also ( po9t+ out & exp]im5tally prov+ o!r facts ) reg>d to ?is resi/ance1 :i* w be notic$ :5 consid]+ ! subject ( ! deviation ( %ot f ! int5d$ direction4 ,result ( ,dr4 ,hutton's exp]im5ts4 ,aft] him1 ,dr4 ,hutton made a great numb] ( exp]im5ts ^u ! same po9t1 viz41 ! effect ( ! resi/ance ( ! air ^u bodies mov+ 9 t m$ium1 bo? ) great & small velocities2 & ! inf]5ces :i* he drew f ^! exp]im5ts1 al?\gh n absolutely true1 are suffici5tly correct = all practical purposes4 ,,on ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,a ,,fluid ,,to ,a ,,body ,,9 ,,motion4 ,circum/ances affect+ ! resi/ance :i* a body meets ) 9 its motion 9 a fluid4 ,! resi/ance :i* a body meets ) 9 its motion ?r\gh a fluid w dep5d ^u ?ree pr9cipal causes1 viz3-- #a/4 ,its velocity1 & ! =m & magnitude ( ! surface oppos$ to ! fluid4 #bnd4 ,^u ! d5sity & t5acity ( ! fluid or cohesion ( its p>ticles1 & also ^u ! friction :i* w be caus$ by ! r\ghness ( ! surface ( ! body4 #crd4 ,^u ! degree ( compression to :i* ?is fluid1 suppos$ to be p]fectly ela/ic1 is subject$1 ^u :i* w dep5d ! rapidity ) :i* x w close 9 & fill ! space beh9d ! body 9 motion4 ,! resi/ance ( a fluid to a body z ! squ>es ( ! velocities4 ,fir/ly1 ) reg>d to ! velocity ( ! body4 ,x is evid5t t a plane mov+ ?r\gh a fluid 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its surface1 mu/ imp>t to ! p>ticles ( ! fluid ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 a velocity equal to its own2 &1 consequ5tly1 f ?is cause alone1 ! resi/ances w\ld be z ! velocities2 b ! numb] ( p>ticles /ruck 9 a c]ta9 "t be+ also z ! velocities1 f ^! two causes comb9$1 ! resi/ance ( a fluid to a body 9 motion1 aris+ f ! in]tia ( ! p>ticles ( ! fluid1 w be z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,cohesion ( ! p>ticles ( a fluid1 & friction4 ,secondly1 a body mov+ 9 a fluid mu/ ov]come ! =ce ( cohesion ( ^? p>ts :i* are sep>at$1 & ! friction1 bo? :i* are indep5d5t ( ! velocity4 ,! total resi/ance !n1 f cohesion1 friction1 & in]tia1 w be p>tly con/ant & p>tly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,result4 ,! resi/ances !re=e are z ! squ>es ( ! velocities 9 ! same fluid1 & z ! squ>es ( ! velocities multipli$ by ! d5sities 9 diff]5t fluids4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 we h imag9$ a fluid :i* does n exi/ 9 nature2 t is to say1 a discont9u$ fluid1 or "o :i* has its p>ticles sep>at$ & unconnect$1 & also p]fectly non-ela/ic4 ,atmosph]e1 & its prop]ties be>+ on ! "q ( its resi/ance4 ,n[1 9 ! atmosph]e1 no "o p>ticle t is contigu\s to ! body c be mov$ )\t mov+ a great numb] ( o!rs1 "s ( :i* w be di/ant f x4 ,if ! fluid be mu* compress$1 & ! velocity ( ! mov+ body mu* less ?an t ) :i* ! p>ticles ( ! fluid w ru% into vacuum 9 consequ5ce ( ! compression1 x is cle> t ! space left by ! mov+ body w be almo/ in/antane\sly fill$ up1 7plate #bc1 fig4 #b72 & ! resi/ance ( su* a m$ium w\ld be less ! great] ! compression1 provid$ ! d5sity 7 ! same1 because ! velocity ( ru%+ into a vacuum w be great] ! great] ! compression4 ,also1 9 a greatly compress$ fluid1 ! =m ( ! =e "p ( ! body influ5ces ! am\nt ( ! ret>d+ =ce b v slightly1 :ile 9 a non-compress$ fluid ?is =ce w\ld be consid]ably affect$ by ! peculi> %ape :i* might be giv5 to ! projectile4 ,resi/ance increas$ :5 ! body moves s fa/ t a vacuum is =m$ beh9d x4 ,?irdly4 ,if ! body c be mov$ s rapidly t ! fluid _c in/antane\sly press 9 beh9d x1 z is f\nd to be ! case 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! resi/+ p[] ( ! m$ium mu/ be consid]ably increas$1 = ! projectile be+ depriv$ ( ! pressure ( ! fluid on its h9d "p1 mu/ support on its =e "p ! :ole weight ( a column ( ! fluid1 ov] & above ! =ce employ$ 9 mov+ ! portion ( ! fluid 9 contact ) x1 :i* =ce is ! sole s\rce ( resi/ance 9 ! discont9u$ fluid4 ,also1 ! cond5sation ( ! air 9 front ( ! body w influ5ce consid]ably ! relation betwe5 ! resi/ances & ! velocities ( an oblique surface3 & x is highly probable t al?\gh ! resi/ances to a globe may = sl[ motions be ne>ly proportional to ! squ>es ( ! velocities1 !y w = great velocities increase 9 a mu* high] ratio4 ,,on ,,! ,,velocity ,,) ,,:i* ,,air ,,w ,,ru% ,,into ,a ,,vacuum4 ,! velocity ( ! ru% ( air into a vacuum4 ,:5 consid]+ ! resi/ance ( ! air to a body 9 motion1 x is important t ! velocity ) :i* air w ru% into a vacuum %\ld be det]m9$2 & ?is w dep5d ^u its pressure or ela/icity4 ,result4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 t air w ru% into a vacuum at ! rate ( ab\t #a1cdd feet p] second :5 ! b>omet] /&s at #cj in*es1 s t %\ld a projectile be mov+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e at a great] velocity ?an ?is1 say #a1fjj feet p] second1 !n w\ld !re be a vacuum =m$ beh9d ! ball1 & in/ead ( hav+ m]ely ! resi/ance due to ! in]tia ( ! p>ticles ( ! air1 x w\ld1 9 addition1 suff] t f ! :ole pressure ( a column ( ! m$ium1 equal to t indicat$ by ! b>omet]4 ,,^u ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,to ,,bodies ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,=ms4 ,difficulties ( ! "q4 ,! influ5ce ( ! =m ( a body ^u ! resi/ance (f]$ to x by a fluid1 is a problem ( ! greate/ difficulty2 & al?\gh ! mo/ celebrat$ ma!maticians h turn$ _! att5tion to ! subject1 /ill1 ev5 = sl[ motions1 !y h only be5 able to frame /rictly empirical =mula1 f\nd$ ^u ! data d]iv$ f practice2 :ile ) reg>d to ! resi/ance at v high velocities1 su* z we h to deal )1 v little light has hi!rto be5 ?r[n ^u ! subject4 ,compress$ fluid4 ,:5 a body moves 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! p>ticles :i* are set 9 motion by ! projectile1 act ^u ^? 9 proximity to !m1 & ^! aga9 ^u o!rs2 & also f ! ela/icity ( ! fluid1 x w\ld be compress$ be=e ! body 9 a degree dep5dant ^u ! motion & =m ( ! body4 ,moreov]1 ! atmosph]e itself p>takes s mu* ( ! nature ( an inf9itely compress$ fluid1 z to con/antly foll[ ! body )\t loss ( d5sity :5 ! motion is sl[1 b n :5 ! velocity is great1 s t ! same law w n hold good = bo?4 ,9 an inf9itely compress$ fluid 7t is1 "o :i* w\ld fill up ! space left beh9d ! body in/antane\sly7 ! p>ts ( ! fluid :i* ! body presses aga9/ 9 its motion w\ld in/antane\sly communicate ! pressure receiv$ by !m ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass1 s t ! d5sity ( ! fluid w\ld n und]go any *ange1 ei!r 9 front ( ! body or beh9d x1 consequ5tly ! resi/ance to ! body w\ld be mu* less ?an 9 a fluid p>tially compress$ l ! atmosph]e2 & ! =m ( ! body w\ld n h ! same effect 9 dim9i%+ or increas+ ! am\nt ( resi/ance4 ,:5 a vacuum is =m$ beh9d ! ball4 ,:5 ! velocity ( a body mov+ 9 ! atmosph]e is s great t a vacuum is =m$ beh9d x1 ! action ( ! fluid approa*es to t ( ! discont9u$ fluid4 ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,sl[ ,,motions4 ,resi/ance 9 proportion to surface4 #a/4 ,x appe>s f ! v>i\s exp]im5ts t h be5 made ^u bodies mov+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 t ! resi/ance is ne>ly z ! surface1 increas+ a v little above t proportion 9 ! great] surfaces4 ,resi/ance z squ>es ( velocity4 #bnd4 ,t ! resi/ance to ! same surface ) diff]5t velocities1 is 9 sl[ motions ne>ly z ! squ>es ( ! velocity1 b gradually increas+ m & m 9 proportion z ! velocities increase4 ,r\nd$ & po9t$ ends suff] less resi/ance4 #crd4 ,! r\nd ends1 & %>p ends ( solids1 suff] less resi/ance ?an ! flat or plane ends ( ! same diamet]4 ,h5ce ! flat end ( ! cyl9d] & ( a hemisph]e1 or ( a cone1 suff] m resi/ance ?an ! r\nd or %>p ends ( ! same4 ,%>p ends n always lea/ resi/ance4 #d?4 ,! %>p] ends h n always ! small] resi/ances2 = in/ance1 ! r\nd end ( a hemisph]e has less resi/ance ?an ! po9t$ end ( a cone1 ^: angle ) ! axis is #be #db4 ,=m ( base affects resi/ance4 #e?4 ,:5 ! h9d] p>ts ( bodies are ( diff]5t =ms1 ! resi/ances are diff]5t1 ?\gh ! =e p>ts are ! same4 ,h5ce ! resi/ance to ! =e "p ( a cyl9d] is less ?an t on ! equally flat surface ( ! cone or hemisph]e1 ow+ to ! %ape ( ! base ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! base ( ! hemisph]e has less resi/ance ?an ! cone1 & ! r\nd side ( ! hemisph]e less ?an t ( ! :ole sph]e4 ,only prov$ = sl[ motions4 ,! above ref]s only to sl[ motions1 & ! results giv51 f exp]im5ts ) v small velocities2 & x is to be expect$1 t ) v rapid motions ! =m ( ! =e1 z well z ! h9d "p1 ( ! projectile1 w influ5ce ! am\nt ( resi/ance 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,=m ( h9d "p4 ,t =m = ! h9d "p w be be/ :i* has ! greate/ pressure ^u x1 :5 mov+ ) a c]ta9 velocity4 ,be/ %ape = =e & h9d "p4 ,! ogivale =m seems1 f exp]im5t1 to fulfil ! =m] condition4 ,! be/ =m = ! h9d "p1 = rapid motions1 has n be5 det]m9$2 x may1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ to be ( mu* less importance ?an ! %ape ( ! =e "p4 ,=m det]m9$ by ext5t ( range4 ,( c\rse ! be/ =m c be det]m9$ by ext5t ( range1 b d$uctions f ?is w dep5d ^u su* a v>iety ( circum/ances1 ! effects ( "s ( :i* mu/ be entirely hypo!tical1 t ! correctness ( any =mul obta9$ 9 ?is mann] mu/ be v unc]ta94 ,=m sugge/$ by ,sir ,i4 ,newton4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 8 8,pr9cipia10 has giv5 an indication ( t =m ( body1 :i*1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a fluid1 w\ld exp]i5ce less resi/ance ?an a solid body ( equal magnitude ( any o!r =m4 ,x is elongat$4 ,axis ( elongat$ bodies mu/ be fix$4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! m9imum ( resi/ance w\ld n be obta9$ ) a %ot ( an elongat$ =m1 unless ! axis c be kept 9 ! direction ( ! trajectory2 z n only w ! axis p]petually deviate f ! true direction1 b ! projectile w turn ov] & rotate r\nd its %ort] axis1 t is1 if fir$ out ( a smoo? bore4 ,advantages ( conical bullets4 ,conical bullets h an advantage1 f _! po9t$ end1 :i* enables !m to pass ?r\gh ! air ) great] facility2 & = ! same reason !y are bett] calculat$ to p5etrate into any matt] ?an sph]ical ones4 ,disadvantages ( conical bullets4 ,a solid bullet _c be po9t$ )\t s5d+ backw>d ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,! %>p] ! po9t1 ! m x is liable to injury1 & if ! apex ( ! cone does n lie true1 9 ! axis ( ! projectile1 !n su* an imp]fection ( figure is calculat$ to cause great] deflections 9 ! flight ?an any injury :i* a r\nd surface is likely to su/a94 ,9 p5etrat+ into solid bodies1 x is also important t ! c5tre ( gravity %\ld be ne> its "w4 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,air1 ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,projectiles4 ,resi/ance ov]come by weight4 ,bodies ( simil> volume & figure ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! air 9 proportion to _! d5sities4 ,! am\nt ( ! air's resi/ance is 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! surface4 ,cont5ts ( circles4 ,! sup]ficial cont5ts ( circles are z ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s4 ,h5ce if ! ball ,a4 7plate #bc1 fig4 #c7 be #b;94 9 diamet]1 & ! ball ,b4 #d;941 ! am\nt ( resi/ance exp]i5c$ w\ld be z f\r to sixte54 ,cont5ts ( sph]es4 ,! cubical cont5ts1 or weights ( sph]es1 are 9 proportion to ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 ,h5ce ! p[] to ov]come resi/ance 9 ! balls ,a & ,b w\ld be z eight to sixty-f\r4 ,?us ! p[] to ov]come resi/ance increases 9 mu* great] proportion ?an ! resi/ance elicit$ by increas+ ! surface4 ,advantages ( elongat$ bullets4 ,suppose an elongat$ body to h ! diamet] ( its cyl9drical portion equal to t ( ! ball ,a41 i4e41 ,e4,f4 ,c4,d41 7plate #bc1 fig4 #d71 & elongat$ s t its weight %\ld be equal to t ( ! sph]ical %ot ,b41 x is evid5t t x w\ld meet equal resi/ance f ! air1 to ! ball ,a41 hav+1 at ! same "t1 z mu* p[] to ov]come resi/ance z ! body ,b4 ,elongat$ balls1 by (f]+ a l>g] surface to ! sides ( ! b>rel1 are less liable to be affect$ by any imp]fections 9 ! bore2 :]eas ! sph]ical ball1 press+ only on its tang5tial po9t1 w give to any little holl[s1 or undulations1 :]ev] !y occur4 ,balls _c be exp&$4 ,elongat$ projectiles easily exp&$4 ,a sph]ical ball _c be exp&$ into ! grooves1 unless !re be v little w9dage1 except by bl[s f ! ramrod1 ! gas escap+ r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! ball1 & giv+ x an irregul> motion :ile pass+ d[n ! b>rel2 b an elongat$ projectile c be readily exp&$1 & ! facility ( do+ s is 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( l5g? betwe5 its major & m9or axis4 ,,deviations ,,( ,,projectiles ,,f ,,smoo?-,,bor$ ,,guns4 ,causes ( deviation ( %ot4 ,v great irregul>ities occur 9 ! pa?s describ$ by projectiles fir$ f smoo?-bor$ guns4 ,x is a fact well kn[n to all practical artill]i/s1 t if a numb] ( solid %ot or any o!r projectile be fir$ f ! same gun1 ) equal *>ges & elevations1 & ) gunp[d] ( ! same quality1 ! gun c>riage re/+ on a plat=m1 & ! piece be+ laid ) ! greate/ c>e be=e ea* r\nd1 v few ( ! %ot w range to ! same di/ance2 & moreov]1 ! great] "p w be f\nd to deflect consid]ably 7unless ! range be v %ort7 to ! "r or left ( ! l9e 9 :i* ! gun is po9t$4 ,f\r causes ( deviation4 ,! causes ( ^! deviations may be /at$ z foll[s3--#a/1 ,w9dage2 #bnd1 ,rotation2 #crd1 ,w9d2 #d?1 f ,rotation ( ! ,e>?4 #a/ ,,cause1 ,,w9dage4 ,action f w9dage4 ,false direction4 ,gives rotation4 ,w9dage causes irregul>ity 9 ! flight ( a projectile1 f ! fact ( ! ela/ic gas act+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance on its upp] portion1 & driv+ x aga9/ ! bottom ( ! bore2 ! %ot re-acts at ! same "t t x is impell$ =w>d by ! *>ge1 & /rikes ! upp] surface ( ! bore "s di/ance d[n1 & s on by a succession ( reb\nds1 until x leaves ! bore 9 an accid5tal direction1 & ) a rotatory motion1 dep5d+ *iefly on ! position ( ! la/ impact aga9/ ! bore4 ,?us %\ld ! la/ impact ( a 7conc5tric7 %ot :5 fir$ f a gun be ^u ! "r h& side ( ! bore1 z repres5t$1 7plate #bc1 fig4 #e72 ! %ot w h a t5d5cy to deflect to ! left 9 ! direction4 ,:ile at ! same "t a rotation w be giv5 to x 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s4 #bnd ,,cause1 ,,rotation4 ,rotation )\t translation4 ,e body may h a tw(old motion1 "o by :i* x is c>ri$ =w>d1 & ! o!r by :i* x may turn r\nd on an axis pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 call$ a motion ( rotation4 ,:5 a body has only a motion ( translation all ! p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$ move ) equal swiftness1 & also 9 p>allel directions2 & by ! fir/ law ( motion1 e p>ticle put 9 su* motion w con/antly move ) ! same velocity 9 ! same direction1 unless x be prev5t$ by "s ext]nal cause4 ,rotation4 ,rotation & translation comb9$4 ,by a motion ( rotation1 a body )\t *ang+ its place1 turns r\nd on an axis pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre ( gravity4 ,a body may h at ! same "t bo? a progressive & rotatory motion1 )\t ei!r di/urb+ ! o!r1 & "o may suff] a *ange f ! action ( "s ext]nal =ce1 :ile ! o!r cont9ues ! same z be=e4 ,=ce ?r\gh c5tre ( gravity1 causes progressive motion only4 ,if ! direction ( ! =ce be ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity1 x causes a progressive motion only1 t is1 if ! body 0 at re/ be=e1 x w move =w>d 9 ! direction ( ! impress$ =ce4 ,effect ( =ce on a body 9 motion4 ,if a body _h a progressive motion be=e1 !n impress$ =ce w cause x to move fa/] or sl[]1 or to *ange its direction1 accord+ z ! direction ( ?is second =ce conspires ) or opposes its =m] motion1 or acts obliquely on its direction4 ,rotation n di/urb$ by second =ce 9 direction ( c5tre ( gravity4 ,if a body1 besides its progressive motion _h a motion ( rotation also1 ?is la/ w n be *ang$ by ! action ( a new =ce pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,rotation ( =ce does n pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,if ! direction ( ! =ce does n pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity1 ! progressive motion w be alt]$1 & ! body w !n also acquire a rotatory motion r\nd an axis pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity1 & p]p5dicul> to a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! direction ( ! =ce & ?is c5tre4 ,,cases ,,be>+ ,,^u ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,!ory4 ,:5 ball is p]fectly r\nd1 c5tre ( gravity co9cides ) figure1 & no w9dage4 #a/ ,case4 ,suppose ! ball to be p]fectly r\nd1 its c5tre ( gravity & figure to co9cide1 & let !re be no w9dage4 ,9 ?is case ! =ce ( ! p[d] n only passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! %ot1 b proce$s 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis ( ! bore1 & !re w\ld be b small friction due to ! weight ( ! %ot4 ,if w9dage !n rotation4 #bnd ,case4 ,b z !re is a consid]able am\nt ( friction betwe5 ! bore & ! projectile 9 ! case :]e !re is w9dage1 ! direction ( ?is =ce be+ opposite to t ( ! gunp[d]1 & ^u ! surface ( ! ball1 x w !re=e give rotation to ! %ot4 ,ecc5tricity causes rotation4 #crd ,case4 ,suppose ! ball to be p]fectly r\nd1 b its c5tre ( gravity n to co9cide ) ! c5tre ( figure4 ,9 ?is case ! impell+ =ce passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ball1 or ne>ly s1 & acts 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis ( ! piece2 b if ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ball lie out ( ! l9e ( direction ( ! =ce ( ! p[d]1 ! %ot w be urg$ to turn r\nd its c5tre ( gravity4 ,angul> velocity4 ,! angul> velocity communicat$ to ! body w dep5d1 fir/ly1 ^u ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> f ! c5tre ( gravity ^u ! direction ( ! impell+ =ce1 & secondly1 ^u ! law ( d5sity ( ! mat]ial or ! mann] 9 :i* ! metal is di/ribut$4 ,! direction ( rotations w dep5d ^u ! position ( ! c5tre ( figure ) reg>d to t ( gravity4 7,plate #bc1 fig4 #f47 ,rob9s' rem>ks4 ,rob9s rem>ks1 bullets are n only depress$ b5ea? _! orig9al direction by ! action ( gravity1 b are also frequ5tly driv5 to ! "r or left ( t direction by ! action ( "s o!r =ce4 ,if x 7 true t bullets v>i$ _! direction by ! action ( gravity only1 !n x ought to happ5 t ! errors 9 _! flight to ! "r or left ( ! m>k1 %\ld increase 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! m>k f ! fir] only4 ,deflection n 9 proportion to di/ance4 ,b ?is is contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 = ! same piece :i* w c>ry its bullet )9 an in* at t5 y>ds1 _c be reli$ ^u to t5 in*es 9 "o hundr$ y>ds1 mu* less to ?irty in*es 9 ?ree hundr$4 ,n[ ?is irregul>ity c only arise f ! track ( ! bullet be+ incurvat$ sideways z well z d[nw>ds4 ,! reality ( ?is d\bly incurvat$ track be+ demon/rat$1 x may be ask$ :at c be ! cause ( a motion s diff]5t f :at has be5 hi!rto suppos$4 #a/ cause ( increase1 deflection4 #a/ ,cause4 ,is ow+ to ! resi/ance ( ! air act+ obliquely to ! progressive motion ( ! body1 & sometimes arises f inequalities 9 ! resi/$ surface4 #bnd cause1 f :irl+ motion4 ,direction ( a %ot influ5c$ by position ( axis r\nd :i* x :irls4 #bnd ,cause4 ,f a :irl+ motion acquir$ by ! bullet r\nd its axis1 = by ?is motion ( rotation1 comb9$ ) ! progressive motion1 ea* "p ( ! bullet's surface w /rike ! air 9 a direction v diff]5t f :at x w\ld d if !re 0 no su* :irl2 & ! obliquity ( ! action ( ! air aris+ f ?is cause w be great]1 accord+ z ! rotatory motion ( ! bullet is great] 9 proportion to its progressive motion2 & z ?is :irl w 9 "o "p ( ! revolution conspire 9 "s degree ) ! progressive1 & 9 ano!r "p be equally oppos$ to x1 ! resi/ance ( ! air on ! =e "p ( ! bullet w be h]eby affect$1 & w be increas$ 9 t "p :]e ! :irl+ motion conspires ) ! progressive2 & dim9i%$ :]e x is oppos$ to x4 ,& by ?is means ! :ole ef=t ( resi/ance1 in/ead ( be+ 9 a direction opposite to ! direction ( ! body1 w become oblique !reto1 & w produce ^? effects we h already m5tion$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! axis ( ! :irl 0 p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 !n ! incurvation w\ld be to ! "r or left4 ,if t axis 7 horizontal to ! direction ( ! bullet1 !n ! incurvation w\ld be upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,b z ! fir/ position ( ! axis is unc]ta91 & z x may p]petually %ift 9 ! c\rse ( ! bullet's flight1 ! deviation ( ! bullet is n necess>ily ei!r 9 "o c]ta9 direction1 nor t5d+ to ! same side 9 "o "p ( its flight t x does 9 ano!r1 b x m usually is cont9ually *ang+ ! t5d5cy ( its deflection1 z ! axis r\nd :i* x :irls mu/ frequ5tly %ift its position dur+ ! progressive motion4 ,d\bly incurvat$ track4 ,x is con/antly f\nd 9 practice t a %ot w deviate 9 a curv$ l9e1 ei!r "r or left1 ! curve rapidly increas+ t[>ds ! end ( ! range4 ,?is mo/ probably occurs f ! velocity ( rotation decreas+ b slightly1 comp>$ ) ! initial velocity ( ! %ot1 or1 if a /rong w9d is bl[+ across ! range dur+ ! :ole "t ( flight1 ! curve w\ld manife/ly be increas$ accord+ z ! velocity ( ! ball decreas$4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,rob9s' ,,!ory ,,( ,,rotation4 ,) ball & d\ble /r+4 #a/ ,illu/ration4 ,a wood5 ball #d in*es 9 diamet] susp5d$ by a d\ble /r+1 n9e feet long4 ,x w be f\nd t if ?is ball receive a sp9n+ motion by ! untwi/+ ( ! /r+ x w rema9 /ation>y4 ,if x be made to vibrate1 x w cont9ue to d s 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,b if x be made to sp9 :ile x vibrates x w be deflect$ to t side on :i* ! :irl comb9es ) ! progressive motion4 ,by fir+ ?r\gh scre5s4 #bnd ,illu/ration4 ,by fir+ ?r\gh scre5s ( ?9 pap] plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 at equal di/ances1 ! deflection or track ( bullets c easily be inve/igat$4 ,x w be f\nd t ! am\nt ( deflection is :olly disproportion$ to ! increas$ di/ance ( ! scre5s4 ,b5t muzzle4 #crd ,illu/ration4 ,to give fur!r light ^u ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,rob9s took a b>rel & b5t x at ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es f ! muzzle to ! left1 ! b5d mak+ an angle ( #c or #d ) ! axis ( ! piece4 ,by fir+ at scre5s x 0 f\nd t al?\gh ! ball pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ scre5s to ! left1 x /ruck ! butt to ! "r ( ! v]tical plane on :i* aim 0 tak5 9 l9e ( ! axis ( ! unb5t portion ( ! b>rel4 ,?is 0 caus$ by ! friction ( ! ball on ! "r side ( ! b5t "p ( ! muzzle1 caus+ ! ball to sp9 f left to "r4 ,,on ,,ecc5tric ,,projectiles4 ,h[ to f9d c5tre ( gravity4 ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas1 9 8 8,naval ,gunn]y10 /ates3--8,! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity c be f\nd by float+ ! projectile 9 m]cury1 & m>k+ its v]tex4 ,!n m>k a po9t ^u ! %ot diametrically opposite to t po9t1 :i* w give ! direction ( ! axis 9 :i* ! two c5tres lie4 ,?us ! %ot c be plac$ 9 ! gun ) its c5tre ( gravity 9 any desir$ position40 ,effect ( ecc5tricity4 8,on mak+ exp]im5ts1 x appe>$ t n "o %ot 9 a hundr$1 :5 float$ 9 m]cury1 0 indiff]5t z to ! position 9 :i* x 0 s float$1 b turn$ imm$iately1 until ! c5tre ( gravity arriv$ at ! l[e/ po9t1 & consequ5tly t n "o %ot 9 a hundr$ 0 p]fect 9 sph]icity1 & homog5eity4 ,%ells c be made ecc5tric by be+ ca/ ) a solid segm5t 9 ! int]ior sph]e1 left 9 ! %ell1 or by bor+ two holes 9 ea* %ell1 diametrically opposite to "o ano!r1 /opp+ up "o ) #elbs4 ( lead1 & ! o!r ) wood4 ,:5 ! c5tre ( gravity 0 above ! c5tre ( ! figure1 ! ranges 7 ! longe/1 & :5 bel[1 ! %orte/4 ,:5 to ! "r or left h&1 ! deviations 7 also to ! "r or left4 ,! mean range :i*1 ) ! usual %ot1 0 #afdj y>ds1 01 ) ! %ot ^: c5tres ( gravity & ( figure 7 n co9cid5t1 ! c5tre ( gravity be+ upw>ds1 equal to #badj y>ds1 be+ an increase ( #ejj y>ds4 ,rico*et ( ecc5tric %ot4 8,) respect to ! rico*et ( ecc5tric sph]ical projectiles1 ! rotation :i* causes deflection 9 ! flight1 mu/ act 9 ! same mann] to imp$e a /raight =w>d graze4 ,:5 an ord9>y well =m$ homog5\s sph]ical projectile1 ^u :i* probably v little rotation is impress$1 makes a graze1 ! bottom ( ! v]tical diamet] fir/ t\*es ! plane1 & imm$iately acquires1 by ! reaction1 a rotation ^u its horizontal axis1 by :i* ! %ot rolls onw>ds ?r\gh\t ! graze1 probably = a /raight =w>d second flight4 ,b 9 ! case ( an ecc5tric sph]ical projectile1 plac$ ) its c5tre ( gravity to ! "r or to ! left1 its rotation ^u its v]tical axis dur+ ! graze mu/ occasion a fre% deflection 9 its second flight1 & x is only :5 ! c5tre ( gravity is plac$ 9 a v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! gun1 t ! rotation by t\*+ ! gr\nd w n di/urb ! direction ( ! graze1 ?\gh ! ext5t ( range to ! fir/ graze w be affect$ m or less accord+ z ! c5tre ( gravity may h be5 plac$ upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,:e!r ! reb\nds take place f wat]1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts made on bo>d ! 8,excell5t10 or on l&1 z ^? c>ri$ on at ,%oeburyness1 ! %ot1 :5 revolv+ on a v]tical axis1 in/ead ( mak+ a /raight =w>d graze1 suff]$ deflection :i* 7 inv>iably t[>ds ! same side ( ! l9e ( fire z ! c5tre ( gravity2 & at e graze up to ! f\r?1 a new deflection took place4 ,k d]iv$ f exp]im5ts ) ecc5tric %ot4 8,! results ( ^! v curi\s & in/ructive exp]im5ts fully expla9 ! extraord9>y anomalies1 z !y h h]et(ore be5 consid]$1 9 l5g? ( range & 9 ! lat]al deviations3 ^! h be5 attribut$ to *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! air1 or ! direction ( ! w9d1 to diff]5ces 9 ! /r5g? ( ! gunp[d]1 & to inequalities 9 ! degrees ( w9dage4 ,all ^! causes are1 no d\bt1 productive ( errors 9 practice1 b x is n[ cle> t ^? errors are *iefly occasion$ by ! ecc5tricity & nonhomog5eity ( ! %ot1 & ! accid5tal positions ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! projectile ) respect to ! axis ( ! bore4 ,! :ole ( ^! exp]im5ts furni% decisive pro( ( ! necessity ( pay+ ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion to ! figure & homog5eity ( solid %ot1 & conc5tricity ( %ells1 & !y exhibit ! rem>kable fact t a v consid]able increase ( range may be obta9$ )\t an increase 9 ! *>ge1 or elevation ( ! gun40 ,no advantage 9 us+ ecc5tric projectiles4 ,x is n to be expect$ t ecc5tric projectiles w\ld be applicable = g5]al purposes1 on acc\nt ( ! degree ( att5tion & c>e requir$ 9 _! s]vice1 nor w\ld mu* advantage be ga9$ by _! use1 z ! mom5tum is n alt]$1 & x is only necess>y to give ! ord9>y %ot a little m elevation 9 ord] to /rike ! same object4 ,range ( elongat$ projectiles at c]ta9 l[ elevations great] 9 air ?an 9 vacuo4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( great importance ) reg>d to ! range ( elongat$ projectiles4 ,x is ass]t$ by ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong & o!rs1 t at c]ta9 l[ elevations ! range ( an elongat$ projectile is great] 9 ! atmosph]e ?an 9 vacuo1 & ! foll[+ is ! explanation giv5 by ! =m] ( ?is app>5t p>adox4 8,9 a vacuum1 ! trajectory w\ld be ! same1 :e!r ! projectile 7 elongat$ or sph]ical1 s long z ! angle ( elevation1 & ! initial velocity 7 con/ant2 b ! pres5ce ( a resi/+ atmosph]e makes ?is rem>kable diff]5ce1 t :ile x greatly %ort5s ! range ( ! r\nd %ot1 x actually prolongs t ( ! elongat$ projectile1 provid$ ! angle ( elevation d n exce$ a c]ta9 limit1 :i*1 9 my exp]im5ts1 ,i h f\nd to be ab\t #f4 ,?is appe>s1 at fir/1 v p>adoxical1 b x may be easily expla9$4 ,! elongat$ %ot1 if prop]ly =m$1 & hav+ a suffici5t rotation1 reta9s ! same incl9ation to ! horizontal plane ?r\gh\t its flight1 & consequ5tly acquires a cont9ually increas+ obliquity to ! curve ( its flight4 ,n[ ! effect ( ?is obliquity is1 t ! projectile is 9 a measure su/a9$ ^u ! air1 j z a kite is support$ by ! curr5t ( air meet+ ! incl9$ surface1 & ! result is t its desc5t is ret>d$1 s t x has "t to rea* to a great] di/ance40 ,*>ge4 ,! =m & weight ( ! projectile be+ det]m9$ z well z ! incl9ation ( ! grooves1 ! *>ge c be s arrang$ z to give ! necess>y initial velocity1 & velocity ( rotation2 or if ! nature ( projectile & *>ge be fix$1 ! incl9ation ( ! grooves mu/ be su* z w give ! requir$ results4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation is ! weight & =m ( projectile2 ! incl9ation ( ! grooves1 ! *>ge1 weight ( metal 9 ! gun1 c41 are regulat$ almo/ entirely by x4 ,! *>ges us$ ) rifle pieces are mu* less ?an ^? ) :i* smoo?-bor$ guns are fir$1 = little or none ( ! gas is all[$ to escape by w9dage1 !re be+ !re=e no loss ( =ce2 & x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t1 ) comp>atively l[ initial velocities1 ! elongat$ projectiles ma9ta9 _! velocity1 & atta9 v long ranges4 ,,note4--,! =ego+ articles on 8,!ory10 are pr9cipally extract$ f 8,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y by ,rob9s10 8,treatise on ,artill]y1 by ,lieut4-,colonel ,box]1 ,r4,a40 8,! ,rifle ,musket1 by ,capta9 ,j]vis1 ,m4,p41 ,royal ,artill]y40 8,elem5t>y ,lectur]s on ,artill]y1 by ,major ,h4 ,c4 ,ow5 & ,capta9 ,t4 ,dames1 ,royal ,artill]y40 ,,! ,,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,p[d] ,mill4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,old ,epr\vette ,p5dulum ,,fig4 #c4 ,new ,patt]n ,epr\vette ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,hydraulic ,press ,enl>g$ section ( ,valve ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,rob9s' ,bali/ic ,p5dulum ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,b[ un/rung ,,fig4 #b4 ,b[ /rung ,,fig4 #c4 ,h& or ,arr[ ,rocket ,,fig4 #d4 ,five b>rell$ ,mat*lock ,,fig4 #e4 ,revolv+ ,b>rell$ ,mat*lock ,,*9ese ,,explosive ,,& ,,o!r ,,weapons4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,asiatic ,b[ ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que5 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,mat*lock ,,fig4 #b4 ,bree* load+ ,g+al 7,*amb] 97 ,,fig4 #c4 ,bree* load+ ,g+al 7,*amb] out7 ,,*9ese ,,explosive ,,arms4 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,h>ry ,v]non dele4 ,,ma*9es ,,= ,,?r[+ ,,d>ts ,,& ,,/ones4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,onag] 7,,slung74 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son1 ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,onag] 7unslung74 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,bali/a ,ar?ur ,walk] ,c4t #gi4? delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,catapulta4 ,dess9 p> ,ar?ur ,walk]4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,/aff sl+s1 ,longb[s1 ,crossb[s & ,flail4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,onag]4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,trepi$4 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,detail ( ,spr+s4 ,bali/a4 ,h>ry ,v]non ,/aff ,s]jt4 del4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,a ,cross b[ man & ,sl+]4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,cross-b[s & ,qu>rels4 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,h>ry ,v]non delt4 ,a ,cross b[ man & 8 ,pavis]4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,gun & ,qu]rel ,temp3 ,edw>d #crd4 ,sloane ,mss4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,small *amb]$ ,cannon f ! ,sant9i ,mss4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,sant9i ,mss4 ,e>ly "p ( #ae? ,c5ty4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,mode ( m\nt+ f ,froiss>t4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,me?od ( obta9+ elevation4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,mode ( ,m\nt+ f ,valturius4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,f ! wreck ( ! 8,m>y ,rose0 ,temp3 ,h5ry #h?4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,hoop$ ,cannon 9 wood5 b$4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,anci5t ,screw piece4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,anci5t ,screw ,bree* load]4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,*9ese ,field piece ,peiho #ahfj4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,anci5t h[itz] ,cannon = ?r[+ balls ,fill$ ) p[d] ,ar?ur ,walk] delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,giorgio ,m>t9i1 #ae?4 ,c5tury1 latt] "p4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pocket ,pi/ol4 ,mons ,meg4 ,*amb]4 ,pi]ri] or ,pat]]a#af?4 ,c5tury4 ,h4 ,cautly del4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,c>t ( ,w>4,temp3 ,h5ry #h?4 ,,fig4 #b4 8,moolik i ,meidan40 ,,fig4 #c4 ,bomb>d & ,c>riage4#ae?4 ,c5ty4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,long ,s]p5t9e ( ,wr\ght ,iron4#ae?4 ,c5ty4 ,r4,g4 ,coles del4t ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,muskete] #af?4 ,c5ty4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,e>lie/ =m ( ,h& ,gun4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,ar?ur ,walk]1 delt4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,ar?ur ,walk] del4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,ar?ur ,walk] ,lt4 #gi?4 del4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,h>ry ,v]non ,/aff ,s]jt4 del4 ,day ,son ,li?rs4 to ! ,que54 ,ext5d$ ,table ( ,cont5ts ,page ,,introduction4 i ,,cont5ts iii ,,errata4 iv ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 #a ,,greek ,,fire4 #d ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 #g ,,saltpetre1 ,,or ,,nitre4 #g ,,old ,,me?od4 #g ,,new ,,me?od4 #h ,,*>coal4 #i ,,sulphur4 #aa ,,pulv]iz+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 #aa ,,mix+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 #ab ,,! ,,incorporat+ ,,mill4 #ab ,,incorporat+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 #ac ,,break+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,mill ,,cake4 #ad ,,press+ ,,! ,,meal ,,by ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,press4 #ad ,,granulat+ ,,! ,,press ,,cake4 #ae ,,du/+ ,,l>ge-,,gra9 ,,p[d]4 #af ,,du/+ ,,f9e-,,gra9 ,,p[d]4 #ag ,,glaz+ ,,f9e-,,gra9 ,,p[d]4 #ag ,,/ov+ ,,or ,,dry+ ,,p[d]4 #ag ,,f9i%+ ,,du/+4 #ag ,,exam9ation ,,& ,,pro( ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 #ah ,,pro( ,,( ,,m]*ant',s ,,p[d]4 #ah ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,,p[d] ,,by ,,! ,,epr\vettes4 #ai ,,( ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,gra9 ,,= ,,gunp[d]4 #ai ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gunp[d] ,,on ,,! ,,cont95t ,,& ,,am]ica4 #bj ,,production ,,& ,,purification ,,( ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 #bj ,,pulv]iz+ ,,& ,,mix+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4 #bj ,,incorporat+ ,,process4 #ba ,,granulat+4 #ba ,,/ov+ ,,or ,,dry+4 #ba ,,new ,,rifle ,,p[d]4 #bb ,,on ,,magaz9es4 #bc ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 #bd ,,on ,,! ,,explosive ,,=ce ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 #bi ,,f\l+4 #ce ,,effects ,,( ,,gunp[d] ,,on ,,metals4 #ce ,,miscellane\s ,,exp]im5ts4 #cf ,,on ,,! ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,= ,,ignition ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 #ch ,,effects ,,( ,,accid5tal ,,explosions ,,( ,,gunp[d]4 #ch ,,on ,,anci5t ,,eng9es ,,( ,,w>4 #ci ,,! ,,sl+4 #dc ,,! ,,b[4 #dd ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,b[4 #de ,our ,=efa!rs enc\rag$ to acquire skill 9 ar*]y by legal enactm5ts1 & by ! f\nd]s ( our public s*ools4 #dg #a,,/4 ,,by ,,legal ,,enactm5ts4 #dg #b,,nd4--,,by ,,! ,,f\nd]s ,,( ,,our ,,public ,,s*ools4 #dh ,,means ,,by ,,:i* ,,skill ,,9 ,,ar*]y ,,0 ,,acquir$4 #di ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,ar*]y4 #eb ,,milit>y ,,& ,,political ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,skill ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,b[4 #ec ,,! ,,arbale/1 ,,or ,,cross-,,b[4 #ed ,,description ,,( ,,cross-,,b[4 #eg ,,comp>ative ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,& ,,cross ,,b[4 #ei ,,comp>ative ,,m]its ,,betwe5 ,,b[s ,,& ,,e>ly ,,fire-,,arms4 #ei ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,artill]y4 #fb ,,etymologies4 #gb ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,portable ,,fire-,,arms4 #gc ,,! ,,bayonet4 #hc ,,acc\trem5ts ,,& ,,ammunition4 #hd ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rifle4 #hf ,,rifl$ ,,bree*-,,load]s4 #ib ,,on ,,rifl+4 #ie ,,on ,,! ,,numb]1 ,,=m c41 c41 c41 ,,( ,,! ,,grooves4 #if ,,on ,,rifle ,,projectiles4 #aja ,,conclusion4 #ajh ,,!oretical ,,pr9ciples4 #aaj ,,def9itions4 #aaj ,,motion ,,( ,a ,,projectile4 #aaa ,,gravity4 #aac ,,on ,,! ,,"t ,,tak5 ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,ball ,,to ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,by ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,gravity4 #aad ,,atmosph]e4 #aae ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,air',s ,,resi/ance4 #aae ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,france4 #aaf ,,on ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,^u ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,a ,,projectile4 #aag ,,on ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,a ,,fluid ,,to ,a ,,body ,,9 ,,motion4 #aag ,,on ,,! ,,velocity ,,) ,,:i* ,,air ,,w ,,ru% ,,into ,a ,,vacuum4 #aah ,,^u ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,to ,,bodies ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,=ms4 #aai ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,sl[ ,,motions4 #aai ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,air1 ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,projectiles4 #aba ,,deviations ,,( ,,projectiles ,,f ,,smoo?-,,bor$ ,,guns4 #aba #a/ ,,cause1 ,,w9dage4 #aba #bnd ,,cause1 ,,rotation4 #abb ,,cases ,,be>+ ,,^u ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,!ory4 #abb ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,rob9s' ,,!ory ,,( ,,rotation4 #abd ,,on ,,ecc5tric ,,projectiles4 #abd ,orig9al ,table ( ,cont5ts ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! orig9al language has be5 reta9$1 includ+ inconsi/5cies & errors 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 capitalisation1 etc41 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 z pres5t 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,! reason = ! ord] ( entries is n cle>1 & "s *apt]s are n li/$1 nor are ! sections4 ,! /ructure ( ! text has be5 det]m9$ bas$ on :at seem$ ! mo/ logical int]pretation ( 7! lay-out (7 ! *apt] & section head+s 9 ! text4 ,! ,ext5d$ ,table ( ,cont5ts 9 ! back ( ! book has be5 creat$ = ?is text on ! basis ( ?is assum$ /ructure4 ,! text ref]s to ! plates by bo? ,roman & ,arabic numb]s4 ,?is has n be5 /&>dis$4 ,! numb]+ ( ! actual plates has be5 /&>dis$4 ,page #bi1 great inconv5i5ce 444 q preclude3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #bi & #ce 7& ,errata71 sulphite & sulphide3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #cj & #ca1 calculations3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #dd1 ,sl+s 7 us$ 9 #aegb1 at ! siege ( ,sanc]e by ! ,hugu5ots1 9 ord] to save _! p[d]3 !re %\ld be a comma aft] ,sanc]e1 ! ,hugu5ots 7 ! besieg$ p>ty4 ,page #dg1 ,our =efa!rs 444 public s*ools3 consid]$ to be a section head+4 ,page #ff1 bo? ! k+'s fe$ m53 o!r s\rces m5tion ,pet] ,bawd & ,pet] ,vancoll5 _/ ,van ,coll5 z fre$ m54 ,page #ajg1 weight ( bullet1 #ecj gra9s3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 b unlikely to be correct4 ,page #aad1 p>agraph on ,p>abolic !ory3 ev5 ) ! corrections m5tion$ 9 ! errata1 "s ( ! ref]5ce lett]s are miss+2 ,f1 ,g & ,h are presumably ! ends ( ! v]tical l9es ?r\gh ,c1 ,d & ,e respectively4 ,page #aai1 /rictly empirical =mula3 %\ld probably h be5 a plural4 ,*anges made3 ,sid5otes h be5 mov$ to directly be=e1 footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly aft] ! p>agraph to :i* !y ref]4 ,"s m9or obvi\s punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,b4,c4_/,b4 ,c4 & ,a4,d4_/,a4 ,d4 h be5 /&>dis$ to ,b4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,d41 respectively4 ,m9ie1 ,m9i 7! spell+ us$ mo/ commonly 9 ?is book7 & ,m9i h be5 /&>dis$ to ,m9i4 ,! 7correct$1 see bel[7 ,errata h already be5 appli$ to ! text4 ,errata3 ,page #cb1 p>a4 #f1 l9e #aj *ang$ to ,page #cb1 p>a4#g1 l9e #aj2 ,,ix & ,,xii *ang$ to ix & xii2 ,page #hd1 p>a4 #b1 l9e #a 7#bnd entry7 *ang$ to ,page #hd1 p>a4 #c1 l9e #a4 ,subalt]ns *ang$ to subalt]n (fic]s2 ,page #ia1 p>a4 #e *ang$ to ,page #ia1 p>a4 #d2 sign *ang$ to s9e4 ,page #d3 ,poganatus *ang$ to ,pogonatus z else:]e ,page #e3 ,talav>a *ang$ to ,talav]a ,page #ba3 fru/rum *ang$ to fru/um ,page #cj3 #cdij *ang$ to #cidj ,page #cb1 sid5ote3 ,rob]t *ang$ to ,piob]t 7z 9 text & ,errata7 ,page #ce3 deliquesci5t *ang$ to deliquesc5t ,page #ch3 dull read heat *ang$ to dull r$ heat ,page #eb3 clos+ quote m>k ins]t$ aft] ,%oot+-fields ,page #ed3 yeoman or ar*]s *ang$ to yeom5 or ar*]s ,page #fa3 op5+ quote m>k ins]t$ be=e ,report ( ! ,rifle ,mat* ,page #fe3 op5+ quote m>ks ins]t$ be=e ,muse ,page #gd1 sid5ote3 #adia *ang$ to #adga ,page #hf1 ,ble *ang$ to ,ble ,page #hh1 sid5ote3 ,c>ab9e a ,tige *ang$ to ,c>ab9e ,tige ,page #aje3 cups div]s %apes *ang$ to cups ( div]s %apes ,page #aae3 ,plate #ba1 fig4 #b *ang$ to ,plate #bb1 fig4 #b ,plate #ah3 op5+ quote m>ks ins]t$ be=e ,moolik4