,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,italics h be5 transcrib$ us+ und]scores & small capitals z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation & punctuation h n be5 correct$4 ,a li/ ( o!r corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts is left z 9 ! orig9al & does n li/ all ( ! subsections4 ,= we are n *ildr5 ( ! bond-woman1 b ( ! free4 ,e pur se muove4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,a ,,critical ,,!ory ,,( ,,e?ics ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,mi*igan ,,regi/] ,,publi%+ ,,company ,! ,inl& ,press #ahia4 ,copyright1 #ahia4 ,,regi/] ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction #a-ab ,,"p ,i4--,,fundam5tal ,,e?ical ,,notions4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,! ,good #ac-ach ,h$onism #ad ,utilit>ianism #eb ,evolution>y ,utilit>ianism #fg ,kantianism #gh ,problem & ,solution #ie ,realization ( ,individuality #ig ,e?ical ,po/ulate #abg ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,idea ( ,obligation #aci-aeh ,ba9's ,!ory #adj ,sp5c]'s ,!ory #adb ,kant's ,!ory #adg ,its ,real ,nature #aeb ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,! ,idea ( ,fre$om #aeh-aff ,negative ,fre$om #aeh ,pot5tial ,fre$om #aei ,positive ,fre$om #afd ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,e?ical ,,_w4 ,social ,relations #afg ,moral ,in/itutions #afi ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,individual4 ,division ( ,subject #aha ,,*apt] ,i4--,! ,=mation & ,gr[? ( ,ideals #ahb-baa ,consci5ce #ahb ,consci5ti\sness #aii ,developm5t ( ,ideals #bjf ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,moral ,/ruggle or ! ,realiz+ ( ,ideals #baa-bbg ,goodness z ,/ruggle #baa ,badness #bad ,goodness & ,badness #bba ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,realiz$ ,morality or ! ,virtues #bbg-bcc ,c>d9al ,virtues #bca ,,conclusion #bcc-bch ,,preface4 ,al?\gh ! foll[+ pages h tak5 %ape 9 connection ) class-room "w1 !y are int5d$ z an indep5d5t contribution to e?ical sci5ce4 ,x is commonly dem&$ ( su* a "w t its read]s %all h "s prefatory h9t ( its s\rces & deviations4 ,9 accordance ) ?is cu/om1 ,i may /ate t = ! backbone ( ! !ory "h pres5t$--! conception ( ! w z ! expression ( ideas1 & ( social ideas2 ! notion ( an objective e?ical _w realiz$ 9 in/itutions :i* af=d moral ideals1 !atre & impetus to ! individual2 ! notion ( ! moral life z gr[? 9 fre$om1 z ! individual f9ds & con=ms to ! law ( 8 social plac+--= ?is backbone ,i am especially indebt$ to ,gre5's ',prolegom5a to ,e?ics'1 to ,mr4 ,bradley's ',e?ical ,/udies'1 to ,pr(essor ,caird's ',social ,philosophy ( ,comte' & ',critical ,philosophy ( ,kant' 7to ?is latt] book 9 p>ticul> my indebt$ness is fundam5tal71 & to ,alex&]'s ',moral ,ord] & ,progress'4 ,al?\gh ,i h n be5 able to adopt ! /&-po9t or ! me?od ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 or ( ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 my obligation to ! ',data ( ,e?ics' & to ! ',sci5ce ( ,e?ics' 7especially to ! latt]7 is l>ge4 ,z to ! specific =ms :i* give a fle% & blood ( its own to ?is backbone1 ,i may call att5tion to ! idea ( desire z ! ideal activity 9 contra/ ) actual possession2 to ! analysis ( individuality into function includ+ capacity & environm5t2 to ! treatm5t ( ! social be>+s ( sci5ce & art 7a po9t conc]n+ :i* ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,frankl9 ,=d72 to ! /atem5t ( an e?ical po/ulate2 to ! acc\nts ( obligation1 ( moral rules1 & ( moral badness4 ,:ile ! book is an analysis1 9 outl9e1 ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( ! !ory ( e?ics r ?an a discussion ( all possible detail$ que/ions1 x w n be f\nd ! less fitt$1 ,i hope1 to give a /ud5t an idea ( ! ma9 me?ods & problems ( contempor>y e?ics4 ,o!r tea*]s1 inde$1 may agree t a g5]al outl9e is bett] ?an a blanket-mortgage spread ov] & =e/all+ all ! activity ( ! /ud5t's m9d4 ,i h n be5 unm9dful ( ! advisability ( avoid+ 9 pres5tation bo? undue polemic1 & undue dogmatism )\t suffici5t ref]5ce to ! /atem5ts ( o!rs4 ,i hope ! me?od hit ^u1 ( comp>+ opposite "o-sid$ views ) ! aim ( discov]+ a !ory app>5tly m adequate1 w help keep ! balance4 ,i h quot$ freely f ! *ief mod]n au?orities1 hop+ t ! ta/es "h giv5 w tempt ! read] to ! banquet wait+ 9 ! au?ors !mselves4 ,! occasional ref]5ces introduc$ are n bibliographical1 nor int5d$ z exhau/ive /atem5ts ( au?orities consult$2 !y are meant z aids to an intellig5t read+ on ! "p ( ! g5]al /ud5t4 ,= ?is reason !y are conf9$ ma9ly to mod]n ,engli% writ+s4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,def9ition ( ,e?ics4 ,! t]m e?ics is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w mean+ mann]s1 cu/oms1 habits1 j z ! t]m morals is d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w ) a simil> mean+4 ,?is sugge/s ! "* ( ! sci5ce z an acc\nt ( human action4 ,an?ropology1 e?nology1 psy*ology1 are also1 9 _! way1 acc\nts ( human action4 ,b ^! latt] bran*es ( k simply describe1 :ile ! bus9ess ( e?ics is to judge4 ,?is does n mean t x belongs to e?ics to prescribe :at man ought to d2 b t its bus9ess is to detect ! elem5t ( obligation 9 conduct1 to exam9e conduct to see :at gives x its wor?4 ,an?ropology1 etc41 d n take into acc\nt ! :ole ( action1 b simply "s ( its aspects--ei!r ext]nal or int]nal4 ,e?ics deals ) conduct 9 its entirety1 ) ref]5ce1 t is1 to :at makes x conduct1 its end1 its real mean+4 ,e?ics is ! sci5ce ( conduct1 und]/&+ by conduct man's activity 9 its :ole rea*4 ,?ree ( ! bran*es ( philosophy may be call$ normative1 imply+ t !y deal ) "s norm1 /&>d or end1 e/imat+ ! value ( _! respective subject-matt]s z te/$ by ?is end4 ,^! are ,logic1 deal+ ) ! end ,tru?1 & ! value ( intellectual processes ) respect to x2 /hetics1 deal+ ) ,beauty & ! value ( emotional conditions z ref]r$ to x2 & ,e?ics1 z def9$ above4 ,b ?is norm 9 no case comes f outside ! subject-matt]2 x is ! subject-matt] consid]$ 9 its totality4 ,,ii4 ,mean+ ( ,moral4 ,9 its wide/ s5se1 ! t]m moral or e?ical means no?+ m ?an relat+ to conduct2 hav+ to d ) practice1 :5 we look at conduct or practice f ! po9t ( view n ( its occurr5ce1 b ( its value4 ,action is some?+ :i* takes place1 & z su* x may be describ$ l any objective fact4 ,b action has also relation to an end1 & s consid]$ x is moral4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 e?ics is to fix firmly 9 m9d ! idea t ! t]m moral does n mean any special or peculi> k9d ( conduct1 b simply means practice & action1 conduct view$ n p>tially1 b 9 connection ) ! end :i* x realizes4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! t]m moral has a wid] & a n>r[] s5se4 ,9 ! wid] s5se x means action 9 ! moral sph]e1 z oppos$ to non-moral1 & ?us includes bo? good & bad conduct4 ,9 ! n>r[] s5se x means moral1 z oppos$ to immoral4 ,see ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #ec1 note1 = a fur!r mean+4 ,,iii4 ,mean+ ( ,conduct4 ,e?ics !n has to d ) conduct or action view$ completely1 or 9 relation to its end4 ,b :at is conduct8 ,x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f action 9 g5]al2 = any process ( *ange1 ! work+ ( a pump1 ! gr[? ( a plant1 ! b>k+ ( a dog1 may be call$ action4 ,conduct implies m ?an some?+ tak+ place2 x implies purpose1 motive1 int5tion2 t ! ag5t kn[s :at he is ab\t1 t he has some?+ :i* he is aim+ at4 ,all action accompli%es some?+ or br+s ab\t results1 b conduct has ! result 9 view4 ,x occurs = ! sake ( produc+ ?is result4 ,conduct does n simply1 l action 9 g5]al1 h a cause1 b also a reason1 & ! reason is pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ag5t4 ,!re c be conduct only :5 !re is a be+ :o c propose to himself1 z an end to be rea*$ by himself1 some?+ :i* he reg>ds z wor? :ile4 ,su* a be+ is a moral ag5t1 & 8 action1 :5 consci\s1 is conduct4 ,,iv4 ,division ( ,e?ics4 ,! ma9 e?ical problem is j ?is3 ,:at is ! conduct t really des]ves ! "n ( conduct1 ! conduct ( :i* all o!r k9ds ( action c be only a p]v]t$ or deflect$ =m8 ,or1 s9ce x is ! end :i* gives action its moral value1 :at is ! true end1 summum bonum ( man8 ,kn[+ ?is1 we h a /&>d by :i* we judge p>ticul> acts4 ,^? :i* embody ?is end are "r1 o!rs wrong4 ,! "q ( ! rightness ( conduct is simply a special =m ( ! "q conc]n+ ! nature ( ! end or good4 ,b ! end be>s ano!r relation to specific acts4 ,!y are n only m>k$ (f by x z "r or wrong1 b !y h to fulfill x4 ,! end or good decides :at %\ld be or ought to be4 ,any act necess>y to fulfill ! end is a duty4 ,our second inquiry w be z to ! nature ( obligation or duty4 ,!n we h to discuss ! nature ( a be+ :o is capable ( action1 ( manife/+ & realiz+ ! end2 capable ( "r 7or wrong7 ( obligatory & good action4 ,?is w lead u to discuss ! "q ( ,fre$om1 or ,moral ,capacity & its ,realization4 ,! discussion ( ^! ?ree ab/ract que/ions w con/itute ,"p ,i ( our !ory2 ,"p ,,ii w take up ! v>i\s =ms & in/itutions 9 :i* ! good is objectively realiz$1 ! family1 /ate1 etc42 :ile ,"p ,,iii w be devot$ to an acc\nt ( ! moral exp]i5ce ( ! individual4 ,v4 ,! ,motive 9 ,conduct4 ,be=e tak+ up ! fir/ problem pres5t$1 ! nature ( ! good or ! end ( conduct1 x is necess>y to analyze some:at fur!r ! v>i\s sides & factors ( conduct 9 ord] to see :]e ! di/9ctly e?ical elem5t is to be f\nd4 ,! elem5ts p>ticul>ly des]v+ consid]ation are 7#a7 ! ,motive2 7#b7 ! ,feel+s or ,s5tim5ts2 7#c7 ,consequ5ces ( ! ,act2 7#d7 ,"* ( ,ag5t4 ,we %all beg9 ) #a4 ,! ,motive4 ,! motive ( ! act is ! end aim$ at by ! ag5t 9 p]=m+ ! act4 ,?us ! motive ( ,julius ,cs> 9 cross+ ! ,rubicon 0 ! :ole s]ies ( results :i* he int5d$ to rea* by t act ( 84 ,! motive ( a p]son 9 com+ to college is to ga9 k1 to prep>e himself = a c]ta9 pr(ession4 ,! motive is ?us id5tical ) ! ideal elem5t ( ! action1 ! purpose 9 view4 #b4 ,! ,feel+s or ,disposition4 ,"s writ]s speak ( ! feel+s "u :i* ! ag5t acts z 8 motive4 ,?us we may suppose ,julius ,cs> 'mov$' by ! feel+s ( ambition1 ( rev5ge1 etc41 9 cross+ ! ,rubicon4 ,! /ud5t may be 'mov$' by curiosity1 by va+lory1 by emulation1 by consci5ce1 9 com+ to college4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to reg>d ! motive z ! reason = :i* ! act is p]=m$1 & to use ! t]m mov+ or impell+ cause = ! feel+s 9 _! relation to action4 ,?us we may imag9e a p>5t ask+ a *ild :y he /ruck a playmate1 mean+ :at 0 ! motive ( ! action4 ,if ! *ild %\ld reply t he /ruck 8 playmate because he 0 angry1 ?is answ] w\ld give ! mov+ cause or impell+ =ce ( ! action1 b n its motive4 ,! motive w\ld be ! idea ( puni%+ ?is playmate1 ( gett+ ev5 ) him1 ( tak+ some?+ away f him4 ,! motive is ! end :i* he desir$ to rea* by /rik+ & on acc\nt ( :i* he /ruck4 ,?is is impli$ by ! fact t ! p>5t w\ld ask1 ,:at made y angry8 ,,vi4 ,moral ,be>+ ( ,^! ,di/9ctions4 ,x is ! feel+s :i* supply ! impell+ =ce to action4 ,!y may be t]m$1 collectively1 ! natural disposition4 ,! natural disposition 9 itself has no moral value4 ,?is has be5 well illu/rat$ by ,b5?am4 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 pp4 #di-ee4 ,b5?am "h uses ! t]m 'motive' to designate :at we h call$ ! mov+ cause4 ,we may select ( ! _m examples :i* he gives t ( curiosity4 ,we may imag9e a boy sp9n+ a top1 read+ a useful book & lett+ a wild ox loose 9 a road4 ,n[ curiosity may be ! 'motive' ( ea* ( ^! acts1 yet ! fir/ act w\ld g5]ally be call$ morally indiff]5t1 ! second good1 ! ?ird abom9able4 ,:at we mean by ! 'natural' feel+s1 !n1 is ! feel+s consid]$ 9 ab/raction f activity3 ,b5evol5ce1 z a m]e feel+1 has no high] moral value ?an malevol5ce4 ,b if x is direct$ ^u action x gets a value at once2 let ! end1 ! act1 be "r1 & b5evol5ce becomes a "n = a moral disposition--a t5d5cy to act 9 ! due way4 ,no?+ is m important ?an to di/+ui% betwe5 m]e s5tim5ts1 & feel+ z an elem5t 9 conduct4 ,,vii4 ,relation ( ,consequ5ces & ,conduct4 ,d ! consequ5ces ( an act h any?+ to d ) its morality8 ,we may say no1 po9t+ to ! fact t a man :o does 8 be/ we call good1 al?\gh ! consequ5ces ( 8 act may be f> f good4 ,we say 8 purpose 9 act+ 0 "r1 & us+ z he did all ! k t he _h1 he is n to be blam$ = its bad consequ5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is evid5t t we d take into acc\nt consequ5ces 9 e/imat+ ! moral value ( an act4 ,suppose1 to use "o ( ,b5?am's examples1 a p]son 7 ab\t to %oot an animal b =esaw t 9 do+ s !re 0 a /rong probability t he w\ld also w\nd "s by/&]4 ,if he %ot & ! spectator 7 w\nd$1 %\ld we n hold ! ag5t morally responsible8 ,are !re n multitudes ( int5d$ acts ( :i* we say t we _c tell :e!r !y are good or bad until we "k h[ !y are likely to turn out8 ,! solution ( ! difficulty is 9 recogniz+ ! ambiguity ( ! t]m 'consequ5ces'4 ,x may mean ! :ole outcome ( ! act4 ,:5 ,i speak1 ,i set 9 motion ! air1 & its vibrations h1 9 turn1 long *a9s ( effects4 ,:atev] ,i d mu/ h an endless succession ( 'consequ5ces' ( :i* ,i c "k b v little2 j s f> z1 9 any act1 ,i am ignorant ( ! conditions "u :i* x is p]=m$1 s f> ,i am ignorant ( its consequ5ces4 ,su* consequ5ces are :olly irrelevant morally4 ,!y h no m to d ) ! morality ( ! act ?an has ! fact t ! e>? is revolv+ :ile ! act is tak+ place4 ,b we may mean by consequ5ces ! =ese5 consequ5ces ( an act4 ,j 9 ! degree t any consequ5ce is consid]$ likely to result f an act1 j 9 t degree x gets moral value1 = x becomes "p ( ! act itself4 ,! reason t 9 _m cases we _c judge ( ! morality ( an int5d$ act until we c judge its probable results1 is t until we "k ( ^! results ! action is a m]e ab/raction1 hav+ no cont5t at all4 ,! conceiv$ results con/itute ! cont5t ( ! act to be p]=m$4 ,!y are n m]ely relevant to its morality1 b are its moral quality4 ,! "q is :e!r any consequ5ce is =ese51 conceiv$1 or n4 ,! =ese51 ! ideal consequ5ces are ! end ( ! act1 & z su* =m ! motive4 ,see on ,sections #f & #g1 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #cf-df2 on ,section #g1 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 pp4 #cag-cbc4 ,,viii4 ,"* & ,conduct4 ,we h se5 t ! moral s5tim5ts1 or ! moral disposition 7di/+ui%$ f ! feel+s z pass+ emotions71 on "o side1 & ! consequ5ces z ideal or conceiv$ 7di/+ui%$ f ! consequ5ces t1 de facto1 result71 on ! o!r1 bo? h moral value4 ,if we take ! moral feel+s1 n "o by "o1 b z a :ole1 z an attitude ( ! ag5t t[>d conduct1 z express+ ! k9d ( motives :i* ^u ! :ole moves him to action1 we h "*4 ,& j s1 if we take ! consequ5ces will$1 n "o by "o1 b z a :ole1 z ! k9d ( end :i* ! ag5t endeavors to realize1 we h conduct4 ,"* & conduct are1 morally1 ! same ?+1 look$ at fir/ inw>dly & !n outw>dly4 ,"*1 except z manife/ 9 conduct1 is a b>r5 ideality4 ,our moral judgm5ts are always sev]e ^u a man :o has no?+ to %[ b 'good int5tions' nev] execut$4 ,?is is :at "* comes to1 ap>t f conduct4 ,our only way ( tell+ ! nature ( "* is ! conduct t issues f x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 conduct is m]e outw>d =malism1 except+ z x manife/s "*4 ,to say t a man's conduct is good1 unless x is ! manife/ation ( a good "*1 is to pass a judgm5t :i* is self-contradictory4 ,see ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #dh-ej & p4 #ci4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we are enabl$ to id5tify ! two s5ses ( motive already discuss$--! ideal ( action & ! mov+ feel+s4 ,ap>t f ea* o!r !y are ab/ractions4 ,cs>'s motive 9 cross+ ! ,rubicon may h be5 'ambition1' b ?is 0 n "s b>e feel+4 ,x 0 a feel+ ( ambition produc$ 9 view ( ! contemplation ( a c]ta9 end :i* he wi%$ to rea*4 ,s a boy's motive 9 /rik+ a playmate may be ang]1 b ?is means 7if ! act is any?+ m ?an "o ( bl9d physical reaction7 an ang] hav+ its consci\s cause & aim1 & n "s ab/ract feel+ ( ang] 9 g5]al4 ,! feel+ :i* has its nature made :at x is by ! conceiv$ end1 & ! end :i* has ceas$ to be a b>e ab/ract conception & become an int]e/1 are all "o ) ea* o!r4 ,morality is !n a matt] p]ta9+ to "*--to ! feel+s & incl9ations z trans=m$ by ends ( action2 & to conduct--to conceiv$ ends trans=m$ into act "u ! influ5ce ( emotions4 ,b :at k9d ( "*1 ( conduct1 is "r or realizes its true end8 ,?is br+s u to our fir/ problem4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,fundam5tal ,,e?ical ,,notions4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,good4 ,,ix4 ,subdivision ( ,!ories4 ,we may recognize ?ree ma9 types ( !ories reg>d+ ! good1 ( :i* ! fir/ two repres5t 7we %all attempt to %[7 ea* respectively "o side ( ! tru?1 :ile ! ?ird comb9es ! "o-sid$ tru?s ( ! o!r two4 ,( ! fir/ two !ories "o is ab/ract1 because x t5ds to f9d ! good 9 ! m]e consequ5ces ( conduct aside f "*4 ,?is is ! h$oni/ic !ory1 :i* f9ds ! good to be pleasure4 ,?is is ei!r individuali/ic or univ]sali/ic accord+ z x takes individual or g5]al pleasure to be ! good4 ,! second type ( !ories attempts to f9d ! good 9 ! motive ( conduct ap>t f consequ5ces ev5 z will$2 x r$uces ! good to con=mity to ab/ract moral law4 ,! be/ type ( ?is !ory is ! ,kantian4 ,we %all criticize ^! !ories ) a view to develop+ ! factors necess>y to a true moral !ory4 ,x4 ,h$onism4 ,accord+ to ! /rict h$oni/ic position1 ! pleasure result+ to ! ag5t f 8 act is ! end ( conduct & is !re=e ! crit]ion ( its morality4 ,! position z usually tak5 involves1 fir/1 t pleasure is psy*ologically ! sole motive to action2 &1 secondly1 t ! results ( an act 9 ! way ( ! pa9 or pleasure x produces are ! only te/s we h ( ! rightness ( ! act4 ,x is said above t ^! two po9ts are involv$ 9 ! h$oni/ic position z usually tak54 ,!y are n necess>ily involv$4 ,sidgwick 7,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,bk4 ,i1 *4 ,,iv & ,bk4 ,,iv1 *4 ,i7 holds t pleasure is n ! object ( desire or motive ( action1 b t happ9ess is ! moral end & crit]ion4 ,on ! o!r h& ,hodgson 7,!ory ( ,practice1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *4 ,,ii7 holds t pleasure may be ! motive 79 ! s5se ( impell+ =ce7 b x is nev] ! crit]ion ( conduct4 ,kant adopts ! psy*ology ( h$onism reg>d+ pleasure z ! object ( desire1 b holds t on t v acc\nt no object ( desire c be ! /&>d ( moral conduct4 ,a good /atem5t ( /rict individuali/ic h$onism is ! foll[+ f ,b>ratt1 ,physical ,e?ics1 page #ga3 ,if man aims at pleasure m]ely by ! physical law ( action1 t pleasure mu/ evid5tly be ultimately 8 own1 & :e!r x be or n prec$$ by ph5om5a :i* he calls ! pa9 & pleasure ( o!rs1 is a "q n ( pr9ciple b ( detail1 j z ! =ce ( a p\nd weight is unalt]$ :e!r x be compos$ ( lead or ( fea!rs1 or :e!r x act directly or ?r\gh pulleys4 ,,xi4 ,! ,h$oni/ic ,position ,support$4 ,h$onism holds t pleasure is bo? ! natural end & ! prop] crit]ion ( action3 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,b5?am 7,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 ,works1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #a7 gives a /atem5t ( bo? ^! elem5ts4 ,nature has plac$ man "u ! gov]nance ( two sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure4 ,x is = !m alone to po9t out :at we ought to d1 i4 e4 !y are crit]ia z well z to det]m9e :at we %all d motives4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! /&>d ( "r or wrong crit]ion2 on ! o!r ! *a9 ( causes & effects motives1 are fa/5$ to _! ?rone4 #a4 ,pleasure z ,crit]ion4 ,t ! t5d5cy ( an action to produce pleasure is ! /&>d = judg+ its moral value is g5]ally held by ! h$oni/s to be s axiomatic z to be beyond argum5t4 ,see ,ba91 ,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #bg4 ,! ultimate data mu/ be accept$ z self-evid5t3 !y h no high] au?ority ?an t mank9d g5]ally are dispos$ to accept !m4444 ,n[ !re c be no pro( (f]$ = ! position t happ9ess is ! prop] end ( all human pursuits1 ! crit]ion ( all "r conduct4 ,x is an ultimate or f9al assumption to be te/$ by ref]5ce to ! individual judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,s ,b5?am1 ,enquiry ,i1 ,,ii1 ,! pr9ciple is n susceptible ( direct pro(s = t :i* is us$ to prove ev]y?+ else c n itself be prov$2 a *a9 ( pro(s mu/ h _! comm5cem5t some:]e4 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism4 7,diss]tations & ,discussions1 pp4 #cdh-cdi74 ,! only pro( capable ( be+ giv5 t an object is visible is t p actually see x4 ,9 l mann] ! sole evid5ce x is possible to produce t any?+ is desirable is t p d actually desire x4 ,see ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #db2 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #cj-cb & p4 #df2 ,lotze1 ,practical ,philosophy1 pp4 #ah-ai3 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #cfh-cfi4 ,h$onism1 !n1 repres5ts ! good or ! desirable & pleasure to be two names = ! same fact4 ,:at inde$ c be wor? :ile unless x be ei!r enjoyable 9 itself or at lea/ a means to enjoym5t8 ,w\ld !ft be consid]$ bad if x result$ 9 pleasure or tru? itself good if its univ]sal effect 7 pa98 #b4 ,pleasure z object ( desire4 ,x is also urg$ t psy*ological analysis %[s t pleasure is n only ! desirable1 b also always ! desir$4 ,desire = an object is only a %ort way ( say+ desire = ! pleasure :i* t object may br+4 ,to want food is to want ! pleasure x br+s2 to want sci5tific ability is to desire to f9d satisfaction1 or atta9 happ9ess4 ,?us x is laid d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t ! inv>iable object ( desire1 & motive ( action is "s pleasure to be atta9$2 ! action itself & ! direct end ( action be+ simply means to pleasure4 ,= a /rong /atem5t ( ?is doctr9e see ,mill1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ced-e4 ,desir+ a ?+ & f9d+ x pleasant1 av]sion to x & ?9k+ ( x z pa9ful1 are ph5om5a entirely insep>able1 or r two p>ts ( ! same ph5om5on1--9 /rictness ( language1 two diff]5t modes ( nam+ ! same psy*ological fact2 to ?9k ( an object z desirable & to ?9k ( x z pleasant are "o & ! same ?+4 ,see also1 ,ba91 ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #dcf1 ,s5ses & ,intellect1 pp4 #cch-cdd2 ,sully1 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #ege1 ,! incl9ation or t5d5cy ( ! active m9d t[>ds :at is pleasurable & away f :at is pa9ful is ! ess5tial fact 9 will+4 ,also pp4 #egf-egg4 ,,xii4 ,criticism4 ,pleasure ,n ! ,end ( ,impulse4 ,tak+ up ! po9ts 9 rev]se ord]1 we %all endeavor to %[ fir/1 t ! motive ( action1 9 ! s5se ( end aim$ at1 is n pleasure4 ,?is po9t 9 itself1 is1 ( c\rse1 r psy*ological ?an e?ical4 ,tak+ up !n ! psy*ology ( pleasure 9 its connection ) w1 we %all discuss its relation to impulse1 to desire & to motive4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! raw mat]ial ( volition is f\nd 9 "s =m or o!r ( ! impulsive or in/9ctive actions4 ,su* t5d5cies 7e4 g41 ! impulse = food1 = dr9k1 = unimp$$ motion7 cle>ly prec$e ! rea*+ ( an end1 & h5ce ! exp]i5ce ( any pleasure 9 ! end4 ,our fir/ actions1 at lea/1 are n = pleasure2 on ! contr>y1 !re is an activity = "s indep5d5t end1 & ?is end be+ rea*$ !re is pleasure 9 an act :i* has succe$$4 ,?is sugge/s z a possible pr9ciple t pleasure is n s mu* ! end ( action1 z an elem5t 9 ! activity :i* rea*es an end4 ,:at ,ari/otle says ( ano!r matt] is c]ta9ly true ( in/9ctive action4 ,x is n true ( e *>act]i/ic function t its action is att5d$ ) pleasure1 except inde$ ! pleasure ( atta9+ its end4 ,see ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bii-cjj2 ,sidgwick1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ch-de4 ,,xiii4 ,criticism--,cont9u$4 ,pleasure ,n ! ,end ( ,desire4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t1 :ile our in/9ctive actions h ano!r end ?an pleasure1 ?is is n true ( consci\s desires--t1 inde$1 j ! diff]5ce betwe5 in/9ct & desire is t ! =m] goes bl9dly to its end1 :ile ! latt] sup]imposes ! ?\ght ( ! pleasure to be rea*$ ^u ! m]e in/9ct4 ,s we h to analyze ! nature ( desire4 ,a *ild1 l$ by impulse1 has put a piece ( sug> into 8 m\?1 j z1 "u ! same circum/ances1 he w\ld put a piece ( /one into 8 m\?4 ,b 8 action results 9 a /ate ( pleasure :olly un=se5 by him4 ,n[ ! next "t ! *ild sees ! sug> he w n m]ely h ! impulse to put x 9 8 m\?4 ,!re w also be ! remembrance ( ! pleasure enjoy$ f sug> previ\sly4 ,!re is consci\sness ( sug> z satisfy+ impulse & h5ce desire = x4 #a4 ,?is is a description ( an in/ance ( desire4 ,does x be> u out 9 ! doctr9e t pleasure is ! object ( desire8 ,x is possible t1 9 an irrational animal1 ! exp]i5ce ( eat+ food re9=ces ! orig9al in/9ct = x ) associat$ images ( pleasure4 ,b ev5 ?is is v diff]5t f a desire = pleasure4 ,x is simply ! primordial in/9ct int5sifi$ & r5d]$ m acute by new s5sational factors jo9$ to x4 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 !re is /ill no desire1 b only /rong] impulse4 ,:]ev] !re is desire !re is n only a feel+ ( pleasure associat$ ) o!r feel+s 7e4 g41 ^? ( hung]1 ?ir/71 b !re is ! consci\sness ( an object 9 :i* satisfaction is f\nd4 ,! error ( ! h$oni/ic psy*ology is 9 omitt+ "o's consci\sness ( an object :i* satisfies4 ,! h$oni/s are q "r 9 hold+ t ! end ( desire is n any object ext]nal to consci\sness1 b a condition ( consci\sness itself4 ,! error beg9s 9 elim9at+ all objective 7t is1 active7 elem5ts f consci\sness1 & decl>+ x to be a m]e /ate ( feel+ or s5sation4 ,! practical consci\sness1 or w1 _c be r$uc$ to m]e feel+1 any m ?an ! !oretical consci\sness1 or k1 c be s r$uc$4 ,ev5 ,mill1 9 its /atem5t ( ! h$oni/ic psy*ology1 does n succe$ 9 mak+ ! object ( desire m]e pleasure z a /ate ( feel+4 ,x is ! pleasant ?+ & n pleasure alone :i* he f9ds equival5t to ! desire4 ,x is true en\gh t sug> z an ext]nal fact does n awak5 desire1 b x is equally true t a *ild does n want a passive pleasure4 ,:at he wants is 8 own activity 9 :i* he makes ! sug> 8 own4 ,& x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! case ( sug> is at once a trivial & an exceptional "o4 ,n ev5 *ildr5 want simply sweet-meats2 & ! l>g] ! "* :i* f9ds expression 9 wants1 ! m does ! direct object ( want1 ! bread1 ! meat1 become a m]e elem5t 9 a l>g] sy/em ( activity4 ,:at a man wants is to live1 & he wants sweet-meats1 amusem5ts1 etc41 j z he wants sub/antials--on acc\nt ( _! value 9 life4 ,pr(essor ,james comp>es ! idea t pleasure is ! end ( desire to say+ t because no /eam] c g to sea )\t incid5tally consum+ coal1 444 !re=e no /eam] c g to sea = any o!r motive ?an t ( coal-consumption4 ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eeh4 ,see ! entire passage1 pp4 #edi-eei4 #b4 ,b grant+ t an 'object' & a 'pleasure' are bo? necess>y to desire1 x may be argu$ t ! 'object' is ultimately a means to 'pleasure4' ,?is expressly raises a "q already incid5tally t\*$ ^u3 ,:at is ! controll+ elem5t 9 desire8 ,:y is ! object ?\ght ( z pleasant8 ,simply because x is ?\ght ( z satisfy+ want4 ,! h$oni/s1 says ,gre5 7,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #afh71 make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t a desire c be excit$ by ! anticipation ( its own satisfaction4 ,?is is to say1 ( c\rse1 t x exi/s be=e x exi/s1 & ?us br+s itself into be+4 ,gre51 ,op4 cit41 p4 #afg1 /ates ! matt] ?us3 ,ord9>y motives are int]e/s 9 ! atta9m5t ( objects1 )\t :i* x seems to ! man t he _c satisfy himself1 & 9 ! atta9m5t ( :i*1 because he has desir$ !m1 he w f9d a c]ta9 pleasure1 b only because he has previ\sly desir$ !m1 n because pleasures are ! objects desir$4 ,bradley says on ?is same po9t 7,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #bcj73 ,! diff]5ce is betwe5 my f9d+ my pleasure 9 an end1 & my f9d+ means = ! end ( my pleasure1 & ! diff]5ce is enorm\s4 ,consult ! entire passage1 pp4 #bbf-bce4 ,see also ,caird1 ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbi4 ,x is ! object1 !n1 :i* controls1 & ! pleasure is on acc\nt ( ! atta9+ ( ! desir$ object4 ,b ev5 ?is /atem5t makes m division 9 desire ?an actually exi/s2 = #c4 ,! real object ( desire is activity itself4 ,! w takes its rise1 z we h se51 9 impulse2 9 ! rea*+ = some?+ to satisfy "s felt lack4 ,n[1 9 reality1 desire adds no?+ to impulse except+ consci\sness ( ! impulse4 ,volitional action does n diff] f impulsive or in/9ctive1 except 9 br++ to consci\sness ! nature ( ! want & ( ! activity necess>y to satisfy x4 ,b ?is makes j ! diff]5ce betwe5 'natural' or animal activity1 & 'moral' or human activity4 ,to be consci\s ( ! impulse is to elevate x f a bl9d impell+ =ce to an int5d$ or propos$ end2 & ?us1 by br++ x be=e consci\sness1 bo? to ext5d its range & to idealize x1 spiritualize x4 ,to be consci\s ( an impulse = food means to give up ! unreason$ & mom5t>y seiz+ ( x2 to consid] ! relation ( ?+s to ?is want1 :at w satisfy x be/1 mo/ easily1 etc4 ,! object ( desire is n some?+ outside ! action2 x is an elem5t 9 ! enl>g$ action4 ,& z we become m & m consci\s ( impulse = food1 we analyze our action into m & m 'objects' ( desire1 b ^! objects nev] become any?+ ap>t f ! action itself4 ,!y are simply its analyz$ & def9$ cont5t4 ,man wants activity /ill1 b he kn[s bett] :at activity means & includes4 ,?us1 :5 we le>n :at ! activity means1 x *anges its "*4 ,to ! animal ! activity want$ is simply t ( eat+ ! food1 ( realiz+ ! mom5t>y impulse4 ,to man ! activity becomes enl>g$ to include ! satisfaction ( a :ole life1 & n ( "o life s+ly1 b ( ! family1 etc41 connect$ ) ! s+le life4 ,! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! family becomes "o ( ! objects ( desire into :i* ! orig9al impulse has gr[n4 ,b we mis9t]pret1 :5 we conceive ( ?is well-be+ z an ext]nal object ly+ outside ! action4 ,x means simply "o aspect ( ! full] action4 ,by l gr[+ consci\sness ( ! mean+ ( ! impulse1 production & ex*ange ( commodities are organiz$4 ,! impulse = food is ext5d$ to include a :ole range ( comm]cial activities4 ,x is evid5t t ?is gr[+ consci\sness ( ! nature ( an impulse1 :]eby we resolve x into manifold & compreh5sive activities1 also takes ! impulse out ( its isolation & br+s x into connection ) o!r impulses4 ,we come to h n a s]ies ( disconnect$ impulses1 b "o all-inclusive activity 9 :i* v>i\s subord9ate activities 7or consci\s impulses7 are includ$4 ,?us1 9 ! previ\s example1 ! impulse = food is unit$ ) ! family impulse1 & ) ! impulse = communication & int]c\rse ) society g5]ally4 ,x is ?is gr[+ unity ) ! :ole range ( man's action t is ! 'spiritualiz+' ( ! impulse--! natural & brutal impulse be+ j t :i* insi/s ^u itself irrespective ( all o!r wants4 ,! spiritualiz+ ( ! impulse is organiz+ x s t x becomes "o factor 9 action4 ,?us we lit]ally come to 'eat to live'1 mean+ by life n m]e physical exi/5ce1 b ! :ole possible sph]e ( active human relations4 #d4 ,relation ( activity to pleasure4 ,we h se5 t ! 'object' ( desire 9 itself is a m]e ab/raction2 t ! real object is full activity itself4 ,we are always aft] l>g] scope ( movem5t1 full] income 9 ord] to get l>g] outgo4 ,! '?+' is always = ! sake ( do+2 is a "p ( ! do+4 ,! idea t any?+ less or o!r ?an life 7movem5t1 action1 & do+71 c satisfy man is z ridicul\s :5 comp>$ ) ! actual c\rse ( ?+s 9 hi/ory1 z x is false psy*ologically4 ,fre$om is :at we want1 & fre$om means full unimp$$ play ( int]e/s1 t is1 ( consci\s impulses 7see ,sec4 #cd & #ea74 ,if ! object is a m]e ab/raction ap>t f activity1 mu* m is pleasure4 ,m]e pleasure z an object is simply ! extreme ( passivity1 ( m]e hav+1 z aga9/ action or do+4 ,x is possible to make pleasure to "s degree ! object ( desire2 ?is is j :at ! voluptu>y does4 ,b x is a commonplace t ! voluptu>y always defeats himself4 ,he nev] gets satisfaction :o id5tities satisfaction ) hav+ pleasures4 ,! reason is evid5t en\gh4 ,activity is :at we want1 & s9ce pleasure comes f gett+ :at we want1 pleasure comes only ) activity4 ,to give up ! activity1 & attempt to get ! pleasure is a contradiction 9 effect4 ,h5ce also ! 'h$oni/ic p>adox'--t 9 ord] to get pleasure we mu/ aim at some?+ else4 ,!re is an int]e/+ recognition ( ?is 9 ,mill himself1 7see 8 ,autobiography1 p4 #adb74 ,& 9 8 ,utilit>ianism1 9 discuss+ ! feasibility ( gett+ happ9ess1 he %[s 7pp4 #cah-cai7 t ! s\rces ( happ9ess are an intellig5t int]e/ 9 surr\nd+ ?+s--objects ( nature1 a*ievem5ts ( art1 incid5ts ( hi/ory--& especially an unselfi% devotion to o!rs4 ,:i* is to say t man does n f9d satisfaction 9 pleasure z su* at all1 b only 9 objective affairs--t is1 9 complete int]pretation1 9 activity ) a wide & full cont5t4 ,fur!r consid]ation ( ! end ( desire & its relation to pleasure may be f\nd 9 ,gre51 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #abc-acb2 pp4 #afc-afg4 ,bradley1 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #a1 & ,dewey1 ,psy*ology1 pp4 #cfj-cfe4 ,,xiv4 ,criticism--,cont9u$4 ,"* & ,pleasure4 ,x n[ be+ admitt$ t ! end ( desire is activity itself 9 :i* ! 'object' & 'pleasure' are simply factors1 :at is ! mov+ spr+ to action8 ,:at is x t ar\ses ! m9d to ! l>g] activity8 ,mo/ ( ! h$oni/s h conf\nd$ ! two s5ses ( motive already spok5 (1 & h held t because pleasure is ! end ( desire1 !re=e x is ! mov+ spr+ ( conduct 7or m (t5 t because x is ! mov+ spr+ ( conduct x !re=e is ! end ( desire74 ,mr4 ,/eph5 7,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #df-eh71 al?\gh class+ himself z a h$oni/1 has br\ght out ?is confusion v cle>ly4 ,ord9>y h$onism conf\nds1 z he %[s1 ! judgm5t ( :at is pleasant--! suppos$ end--) ! pleasant judgm5t--! mov+ spr+4 7,see also ,bradley1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bcb-bcf74 ,x may be admitt$ t x is feel+ :i* moves to action1 b x is ! pres5t feel+ :i* moves4 ,if ! feel+ aim$ at moves1 x is only z ?r\gh anticipation x becomes ! pres5t feel+4 ,n[ is ?is pres5t feel+ :i* moves 7#a7 m]e pleasure & 7#b7 m]e feel+ at all8 ,?is introduces u to ! "q ( ! relation ( pleasure 7& ( feel+ 9 g5]al7 to "*4 #a4 ,if ! exi/+ /ate ( consci\sness--t :i* moves--7 pure pleasure1 :y %\ld !re be any movem5t1 any act at all8 ,! feel+ :i* moves mu/ be 9 s f> complex3 ov] aga9/ ! pleasure felt 9 ! anticipation ( an end z satisfy+1 !re mu/ be pa9 felt 9 ! contra/+ unsatisfactory pres5t condition4 ,!re mu/ be t5sion betwe5 ! anticipat$ or ideal action1 & ! actual or pres5t 7relative7 non-action4 ,& x is ?is t5sion1 9 :i* pa9 is j z normal an elem5t z pleasure1 :i* moves4 ,desire is j ?is t5sion ( an action :i* satisfies1 & yet is only ideal1 aga9/ an actual possession :i*1 9 contra/ ) ! ideal action1 is felt z incomplete action1 or lack1 & h5ce z unsatisfactory4 #b4 ,! "q n[ comes z to ! nature ( ?is t5sion4 ,we may call x 'feel+1' if we w1 & say t feel+ is ! sole motive p[] to action4 ,b !re is no su* ?+ z feel+ at l>ge1 & ! important ?+1 morally1 is :at k9d ( feel+ moves4 ,to take a m]e ab/raction l 'feel+' = ! s\rce ( action is1 at root1 ! fallacy ( h$onism4 ,to raise ! "q1 ,:at is x t makes ! feel+ :at x is1 is to recognize t ! feel+1 tak5 concretely1 is "* 9 a c]ta9 attitude4 ,/eph51 :o has insi/$ ) great =ce t feel+ is ! sole 'motive' to action1 has yet %[n ) equal cog5cy ! moral uselessness ( su* a doctr9e1 :5 feel+ is left undef9$ 7,op4 cit41 p4 #dd74 ,! love ( happ9ess mu/ express ! sole possible motive ( ,judas ,isc>iot & 8 ma/]2 x mu/ expla9 ! conduct ( ,/ylites on 8 column1 ( ,tib]ius at ,capre1 ( ,a ,kempis 9 8 cell1 & ( ,nelson 9 ! cockpit ( ! ,victory4 ,x mu/ be equally good = sa9ts1 m>tyrs1 h]oes1 c[>ds1 debau*ees1 ascetics1 my/ics1 cynics1 mis]s1 prodigals1 m51 wom51 & babes 9 arms4 ,surely1 ?is is only to say1 9 effect1 t 'love ( happ9ess' is a pure bit ( s*ola/icism1 an undef9$ entity4 ,9 a h$oni/ic argum5t 7by ,/anton ,coit1 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #cdi71 ! fallacy is se5 9 ! foll[+ discussion4 ,! /ory is told ( ,abraham ,l9coln t he once pass$ an animal 9 di/ress by ! side ( ! road1 & t1 aft] go+ by1 he f9ally w5t back & got him out ( ! dit*4 ,on be+ prais$ = 8 act1 he repli$ t he did x on 8 own acc\nt1 s9ce he kept gett+ m uncom=table z he ?\ght ( ! animal 9 di/ress4 ,f ?is1 x _c be inf]r$ t love ( pleasure is at ! basis ( moral acts4 ,! m]e lump+ (f ( feel+ z ! spr+ ( conduct ov]looks ! only important ?+ morally--! fact t ,l9coln felt pa9 at ! ?\ght ( ! animal unreliev$1 & pleasure at ! idea ( its relief1 j because he 0 a man ( compassionate "*4 ,x 0 n ! feel+1 b ! "* reveal$ 91 & creative (1 ! feel+ t 0 ! real s\rce ( ! act4 ,to connect ?is ) our previ\s acc\nt ( desire 7p4 #bf73 ! important ?+ morally is t ! nature ( ! t5sion betwe5 fact & idea--! actual /ate & ! ideal activity--is an expression ( "*4 ,:at k9d ( activity does x take to satisfy a man8 ,does rid+ 9 a com=table c>riage1 & foll[+ ! c\rse ( 8 own reflections exhau/ 8 ne$ ( action8 or does 8 full activity require t note be tak5 ( a suff]+ animal8 ,x is ! k9d ( "* "o is 7t is1 ! k9d ( activity :i* satisfies & expresses "o7 :i* decides :at pleasure %all be tak5 9 an anticipat$ end1 :at feel+ ( lack or h9drance 7:at pa97 !re %all be 9 ! giv5 /ate1 & h5ce :at ! result+ t5sion1 or desire1 %all be4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "* :i* moves to conduct4 ,m]e wi%+1 ! m]e float+ fancy ( ?is or t ?+ z desirable1 is n desire4 ,to want is an active projection ( "*2 really & deeply to want is no surface & pass+ feel+2 x is ! /irr+ ( "* to its dep?s4 ,!re may be repress$ activity2 t is n1 ( itself1 desire4 ,!re may be an image ( l>g] activity2 t is n1 ( itself1 desire4 ,b giv5 ! consci\sness ( a repress$ activity 9 view ( ! p]ception ( a possible l>g] action1 & a man /rives )9 himself to break 8 bonds & rea* ! new satisfaction4 ,?is /riv+ )9 "o's self1 be=e ! activity becomes ov]t1 is ! emotional antec$5t ( action4 ,b ?is inw>d /riv+ or t5sion1 :i* con/itutes desire1 is s f> f be+ m]e emotion t x is "* itself--"* z x turns an inw>d or ideal advance into an outw>d1 or real progress1 into action4 ,we may fall back on ,ari/otle's /atem5t 7page #ch1 ( ,pet]s' translation ( 8 e?ics73 ,! pleasure or pa9 t accompanies an act mu/ be reg>d$ z a te/ ( "*4 ,he :o ab/a9s f ! pleasures ( ! body & rejoices 9 8 ab/95ce is temp]ate1 :ile he :o is vex$ at hav+ to ab/a9 is /ill pr(ligate4 ,z ,plato tells u1 man ne$s to be s tra9$ f y\? up z to take pleasure & pa9 9 ! "r objects4 ,,xv4 ,summ>y4 ,! tru? 9 h$onism is its conviction t ! good1 ! end ( man1 is n to be f\nd 9 any outw>d object1 b only 9 :at comes home to man 9 8 own consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,! error is 9 r$uc+ ?is exp]i5ce to m]e hav+1 to b>e feel+s or affections1 elim9at+ ! elem5t ( do+4 ,x is ?is do+ :i* satisfies man1 & x is ?is :i* involves z its cont5t 7z k ( impulse1 in/ead ( bl9d impulse7 objective & p]man5t ends4 ,:5 ,mill speaks ( ! end ( desire z a satisfi$ life1 7p4 #cag ( ,utilit>ianism7 he c>ries our ass5t2 b to r$uce ?is satisfi$ life to feel+s ( pleasure1 & abs5ce ( pa9s1 is to de/roy ! life & h5ce ! satisfaction4 ,z ,mill recognizes1 a life b\nd$ by ! ag5t's own feel+s w\ld be1 z ( c\rse1 a life c5tr$ 9 8 own mis]able individuality4 7,mill1 p4 #cai74 ,su* words h mean+ only because !y sugge/ ! contra/ ) activity 9 :i* are compreh5d$1 z 'ends' or 'objects' 7t is1 z "p ( its def9$ cont5t7 ?+s--art1 sci5ce & indu/ry--& p]sons 7see ,secs4 #cd & #ce74 ,"h too we mu/ 'back to ,ari/otle4' ,accord+ to him ! end ( conduct is eudaimonia1 success1 welf>e1 satisfi$ life4 ,b eudaimonia is f\nd n 9 pleasure1 b 9 ! fulfillm5t ( human p[]s & functions1 9 :i* fulfillm5t1 s9ce x is fulfillm5t1 pleasure is _h4 7,e?ics1 ,bk4 ,i1 *4 #d-h74 ,we n[ take up ! "q :e!r pleasure is a /&>d ( "r action1 hav+ f9i%$ ! discussion conc]n+ x z an end ( desire4 ,,xvi4 ,pleasure z ! ,/&>d ( ,conduct4 ,! l9e ( criticism on ?is po9t may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,pleasure fails z a /&>d = ! v reason t x fails z a motive4 ,pleasure1 z conceiv$ by ! h$oni/1 is passive1 m]ely agreeable s5sations1 )\t any objective & qualitative 7active7 "*4 ,?is be+ s1 !re is no p]man5t1 fix$ basis to :i* we may ref] acts & by :i* we may judge !m4 ,a /&>d implies a s+le compreh5sive end :i* unifies all acts & ?r\gh connection ) :i* ea* gets its moral value fix$4 ,only action c be a /&>d = acts4 ,to r$uce all acts to means to gett+ a m]e /ate ( feel+ is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( h$onism4 ,s r$uc+ !m is to deprive !m ( any /&>d ( value4 ,an end to s]ve z /&>d mu/ be 7#a7 a compreh5sive end = all ! acts ( an individual1 & 7#b7 an end compreh5d+ ! activities ( v>i\s individuals--a common good4 #a4 ,! moral end mu/ be t = ! sake ( :i* all conduct occurs--! organiz+ pr9ciple ( conduct--a totality1 a sy/em4 ,if pleasure is ! end x is because ea* detail ( conduct gets its plac+1 its moral value ?r\gh relation to pleasure1 ?r\gh ! contribution x makes to pleasure4 #b4 ,! moral end mu/ also include ! ends ( ! v>i\s ag5ts :o make up society4 ,x mu/ be capable ( con/itut+ a social sy/em out ( ! acts ( v>i\s ag5ts1 z well z an individual sy/em out ( ! v>i\s acts ( "o ag5t2 or1 m simply1 ! moral end mu/ be n only ! good = all ! p>ticul> acts ( an individual1 b mu/ be a common good--a good :i* 9 satisfy+ "o1 satisfies o!rs4 ,all e?ical !ories w\ld claim t ! end propos$ by !m s]v$ ^! two purposes4 ,we %all endeavor to %[ t ! h$oni/ic !ory1 ! doctr9e t ! pleasure is ! good1 is n capable ( s]v+ ei!r ( !m4 ,,xvii4 ,pleasure ,n a ,/&>d4 #a4 ,x does n unify "*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! h$oni/ic !ory makes an unreal & impossible sep>ation betwe5 conduct & "*4 ,! psy*ology ( h$onism comes into conflict ) its e?ics4 ,accord+ to ! =m] ! motive ( all action is to secure pleasure or avoid pa94 ,s f> z ! motive is conc]n$1 on ?is !ory !re c be no immoral action at all4 ,t ! ag5t %\ld n be mov$ by pleasure1 & by :at1 at ! "t ( act+1 is ! greate/ pleasure possible1 w\ld be a psy*ological impossibility4 ,e motive w\ld be good1 or r !re w\ld be no di/9ction ( good or bad p]ta9+ to ! motive4 ,! "* ( ! ag5t1 z measur$ by 8 motives1 c\ld nev]1 "u su* circum/ances1 h any moral quality4 ,to ! consequ5ces ( action1 or ! conduct prop]1 h[ev]1 ! t]ms good & bad might be appli$4 ,al?\gh ! ag5t is mov$ by pleasurable feel+s1 ! result ( 8 action may be pa9ful & ?us bad4 ,9 a ^w1 on ! h$oni/ic !ory1 x is only ! ext]nal consequ5ces ( conduct1 or conduct divorc$ f "*1 to :i* moral adjectives h any application4 ,su* a sep>ation n only contradicts our exp]i5ce 7see ,,viii71 b inv]ts ! true ord] ( moral judgm5t4 ,consequ5ces d n ent] into ! moral e/imate at all1 except s f> z1 be+ =ese51 !y are ! act 9 idea4 ,t is1 x is only z ! consequ5ces are tak5 up into ! motive1 & ?us relat$ to "*1 t !y are subject to moral judgm5t4 ,inde$1 except s f> z action expresses "*1 x is n conduct1 b m]e physical sequ5ce1 z irrelevant to morality z ! *ange 9 blood di/ribution1 :i* also is ! 'result' ( an action4 ,h$onism has to rule out at ! />t ! only ?+ t gives totality to action--! "* ( ! ag5t1 or conduct z ! outcome ( motives4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ord9>y judgm5t ( m51 in/ead ( say+ t ! sole moral motive is to get pleasure1 w\ld say t to r$uce ev]y?+ to means = gett+ pleasure is ! v ess5ce ( immorality4 ,on ! po9t above1 comp>e ,b5?am1 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #dh4 ,a motive is sub/antially no?+ m ?an pleasure or pa9 op]at+ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,n[ pleasure is 9 itself a good3 nay1 ev51 sett+ aside immunity f pa91 ! only good2 pa9 is 9 itself an evil1 &1 inde$1 )\t exception1 ! only evil2 or else ! words good & evil h no mean+4 ,& ?is is alike true ( e sort ( pa9 & ( e sort ( pleasure4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 imm$iately & inconte/ably1 t !re is no su* ?+ z any sort ( motive t is 9 itself a bad "o4 ,if motives are good or bad1 x is only on acc\nt ( _! effects2 good on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to produce pleasure or av]t pa92 bad on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to produce pa9 or av]t pleasure4 ,n[ ! case is1 t f "o & ! same motive1 & f e k9d ( motive1 may proce$ actions t are good1 o!rs t are bad & o!rs t are indiff]5t4 ,fur!r1 on p4 #fj1 ,b5?am asks3 ,is !re no?+1 !n1 ab\t a man t c prop]ly be t]m$ good or bad1 :5 on su* or su* an occasion he suff]s himself to be gov]n$ by su* or su* a motive8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 8 disposition4 ,n[ disposition is a k9d ( fictiti\s entity1 feign$ = ! conv5i5ce ( disc\rse1 9 ord] to express :at !re is suppos$ to be p]man5t 9 a man's frame ( m9d4 ,x is ) disposition z ) ev]y?+ else2 x w be good or bad accord+ to its effects4 ,! fir/ quotation1 x w be notic$1 simply /ates t ! motive is 9 itself always good1 :ile conduct 7i4 e41 consequ5ces7 may be good1 bad or indiff]5t4 ,! second quotation seems1 h[ev]1 to pass moral judgm5t ^u "* "u ! "n ( disposition4 ,b disposition is judg$ accord+ to ! t5d5cy ( a p]son's actions4 ,a good or bad disposition1 "h1 c mean no?+ intr9sic to ! p]son1 b only t ! p]son has be5 obs]v$ to act 9 ways t usually produce pa9 or pleasure1 z ! case may be4 ,! t]m is a 'fiction'1 & is a backh&$ way ( express+ a some:at habitual result ( a giv5 p]son's conduct 8 motive rema9+ good 7or = pleasure7 all ! "t4 ,! ag5t w\ld nev] pron\nce any su* judgm5t ^u 8 own disposition1 unless z a sort ( surprise t1 8 motive be+ 'good1' 8 actions turn out s 'bad' all ! "t4 ,at mo/1 ! judgm5t reg>d+ disposition is a sort ( label put ^u a man by o!rs1 a label ( ,look out = him1 he is dang]\s1 or1 ,behold1 a helpful man4 ,! moral /&>d ( h$onism does n1 !n1 be> any relation to ! "* ( ! ag5t1 does n enable u to judge x1 ei!r z a :ole or 9 any specific manife/ation4 ,,xviii4 ,x ,does ,n ,give a ,crit]ion = ,concrete ,acts4 ,pleasure1 z ! end1 fails also to ?r[ light on ! moral value ( any specific acts4 ,its failure 9 ?is respect is1 inde$1 only ! o!r side ( t j spok5 (4 ,!re is no organiz+ pr9ciple1 no 'univ]sal' on ! basis ( :i* v>i\s acts fall into a sy/em or ord]4 ,! moral life is left a s]ies ( %r$s & pat*es1 :]e ea* act is torn (f1 z to its moral value1 f e o!r4 ,ea* act is "r or wrong1 accord+ z x gives pleasure or pa91 & indep5d5tly ( any :ole ( life4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no :ole ( moral life at all1 b only a s]ies ( isolat$1 disconnect$ acts4 ,possession1 passivity1 m]e feel+1 by its v nature _c unite--ea* feel+ is itself & t is ! end ( x4 ,x is action :i* r$uces multiplicity to unity4 ,we _c say1 9 ! h$oni/ic !ory1 t pleasure is ! end1 b pleasures4 ,ea* act /&s by itself--! only "q is3 ,:at pleasure w x give8 ,! settl+ ( ?is "q is ! h$oni/ic calculus4 ,we mu/ discov] ! int5sity1 duration1 c]ta9ty1 degree ( ne>ness ( ! pleasure likely to arise f ! giv5 act1 & also its purity1 or likelihood ( be+ accompani$ by second>y pa9s & pleasures4 ,!n we are to /rike ! balance betwe5 ! respective sums on ! pleasure & pa9 sides1 &1 accord+ z ?is balance is "o ( pleasure or pa91 ! act is good or evil4 ,b5?am1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #af1 0 ! fir/ to g into detail z to ?is me?od4 ,he has also giv5 c]ta9 memorit] v]ses /at+ ! po9ts on :i* ! :ole fabric ( morals & legislation may be se5 to re/4 ,int5se1 long1 c]ta91 spe$y1 fruitful1 pure1 ,su* m>ks 9 pleasures & 9 pa9s endure1 ,su* pleasures seek1 if private be ?y end4 ,if x be public1 wide let !m ext5d4 ,su* pa9s avoid :i*ev] be ?y view1 ,if pa9s mu/ come1 let !m ext5d to few4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 its ref]5ce to o!rs1 /ates ! utilit>ian z well z ! h$oni/ic view4 ,n[1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 if pleasure is ! end1 !re is no intr9sic connection betwe5 ! motive ( ! act1 & its result4 ,x is n claim$ t !re is any?+ belong+ intr9sically to ! motive ( ! act :i* makes x result 9 pleasure or pa94 ,to make su* a claim w\ld be to decl>e ! moral quality ( ! act ! crit]ion ( ! pleasure1 in/ead ( pleasure ! crit]ion ( ! act4 ,! pleasures are ext]nal to ! act2 !y are irrelevant & accid5tal to its quality4 ,!re is no 'univ]sal1' no intr9sic bond ( connection betwe5 ! act & its consequ5ces4 ,! consequ5ce is a m]e p>ticul> /ate ( feel+1 :i*1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! act has happ5$ to br+ ab\t4 ,m concretely1 ?is act ( tru?-tell+ has 9 ?is in/ance1 br\ght ab\t pleasure4 ,%all we call x "r8 ,"r 9 ?is in/ance1 ( c\rse2 b is x "r g5]ally8 ,is tru?-tell+1 z su*1 "r1 or is x m]ely t ?is in/ance ( x happ5s to be "r8 ,evid5tly1 on ! h$oni/ic basis1 we _c get beyond ! latt] judgm5t4 ,prior to any act1 !re w be pl5ty ( difficulties 9 tell+ :e!r x1 z p>ticul>1 is "r or wrong4 ,! consequ5ces dep5d n m]ely on ! result int5d$1 b ^u a multitude ( circum/ances outside ( ! =esight & control ( ! ag5t4 ,& !re c be only a prec>i\s calculation ( possibilities & probabilities--a me?od :i* w\ld always favor laxity ( conduct 9 all b ! mo/ consci5ti\s ( m51 & :i* w\ld ?r[ ! consci5ti\s into unc]ta9ty & p]plexity 9 ! degree ( _! consci5ti\sness4 ,if once ! pleas ( in/9ct are to be aboli%$ & replac$ by a h$oni/ic ari?metic1 ! :ole realm ( animat$ nature has to be reckon$ ) 9 weav+ ! tissue ( moral relations1 & ! problem becomes inf9ite & insoluble4--,m>t9eau1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ccd4 ,b waive ?is2 let ! p>ticul> case be settl$4 ,!re is /ill no law1 no pr9ciple1 inde$ no presumption z to future conduct4 ,! act is n "r because x is tru?-tell+1 b because1 9 ?is in/ance1 circum/ances 7 su* z to ?r[ a balance ( pleasure 9 its favor4 ,?is e/abli%es no c]ta9ty1 no probability z to its next outcome4 ,! result !n w dep5d :olly ^u circum/ances exi/+ !n--circum/ances :i* h no intr9sic relation to ! act & :i* mu/ *ange f "t to "t4 ,! h$oni/ w\ld escape ?is abolition ( all pr9ciple1 or ev5 rule1 by fall+ back ^u a numb] ( cases--'pa/ exp]i5ce' x is call$4 ,we h f\nd 9 a numb] ( cases t a c]ta9 proc$ure has result$ 9 pleasure1 & ?is result is suffici5t to guide u 9 a va/ numb] ( cases :i* come up4 ,says ,mill 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #ccb-d73 ,dur+ ! :ole pa/ duration ( ! species1 mank9d h be5 le>n+ by exp]i5ce ! t5d5cies ( actions1 on :i* exp]i5ce all ! prud5ce z well z all ! morality ( life are dep5d5t4444 ,mank9d mu/ by ?is "t h acquir$ positive belief z to ! effects ( "s actions on _! happ9ess2 & ! beliefs :i* h ?us come d[n are ! rules ( morality = ! multitude1 & = ! philosoph]1 until he has succe$$ 9 f9d+ bett]4444 ,nobody argues t ! art ( navigation is n f\nd$ on a/ronomy1 because sailors _c wait to calculate ! ',nautical ,almanac'4 ,be+ rational creatures1 !y g to sea ) x ready calculat$2 & all rational creatures g out ^u ! sea ( life ) _! m9ds made up on ! common que/ions ( "r & wrong1 z well z on _m ( ! f> m difficult que/ions ( wise & fooli%4 ,t we d le>n f exp]i5ce ! moral nature ( actions is und\bt$4 ,! only "q is3 if h$onism 7 true1 c\ld we s le>n8 ,suppose t ,i 7 conv9c$ t ! results ( murd] 9 ! pa/ _h be5 g5]ally1 or ev5 )\t exception 7?\gh ?is c\ld n be prov$71 pa9ful2 z long z ! act & ! result 9 ! way ( feel+ 7pa9 or pleasure7 are conceiv$ z hav+ no intr9sic connection1 ?is w\ld n prove t 9 ! pres5t in/ance murd] w give a surplus ( pa94 ,i am n ?9k+ ( committ+ murd] 9 g5]al1 b ( murd] "u c]ta9 specific pres5t circum/ances4 ,^! circum/ances may1 &1 to "s ext5t1 mu/ v>y f all previ\s in/ances ( murd]4 ,h[ !n c ,i reason f !m to x8 ,or1 r1 let me use ! previ\s cases z mu* z ,i may1 ! moral quality ( ! act ,i am n[ to p]=m mu/ /ill be judg$ n f !m1 b f ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t case4 ,to judge o!rwise1 is1 on h$oni/ic pr9ciples1 to be c>eless1 p]haps crim9ally c>eless z to "o's conduct4 ,! m conv9c$ a man is ( ! tru? ( h$onism & ! m consci5ti\s he is1 ! m he is b\nd n to be guid$ by previ\s circum/ances1 b to =m 8 judgm5t anew conc]n+ ! new case4 ,?is result fl[s out ( ! v nature ( ! h$oni/ic ideal4 ,pleasure is n an activity1 b simply a p>ticul> feel+1 endur+ only :ile x is felt4 ,moreov]1 !re is 9 x no pr9ciple :i* connects x intr9sically ) any k9d ( action4 ,to suppose !n t1 because n9ety-n9e cases ( murd] h result$ 9 pa91 ! hundr$? w1 is on a p> ) reason+ t because n9ety-n9e days h be5 fro/y1 ! hundr$? w be4 ,ea* case1 tak5 z p>ticul>1 mu/ be decid$ :olly by itself4 ,!re is no cont9u\s moral life1 & no sy/em ( conduct4 ,!re is only a succession ( unlike acts4 ,mill1 9 8 exam9ation ( ,:ewell1 7,diss4 & ,diss41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aeh-ei71 tries to e/abli% a g5]al pr9ciple1 if n a univ]sal law1 by argu+ t1 ev5 9 exceptional cases1 ! ag5t is b\nd to respect ! rule1 because to act o!rwise w\ld weak5 ! rule1 & ?us lead to its be+ disreg>d$ 9 o!r cases1 9 :i* its obs]vance results 9 pleasure4 ,!re are1 he says1 p]sons s wick$ t _! removal f ! e>? w\ld und\bt$ly increase ! sum total ( happ9ess4 ,b if p]sons 7 to violate ! g5]al rule 9 ^! cases1 x w\ld t5d to de/roy ! rule4 ,if x 7 ?\ght all[able = any "o to put to dea? at pleasure any human be+ :om he believes t ! _w w\ld be well rid (1--nobody's life w\ld be safe4 ,t is to say1 if e "o 7 really to act ^u & c>ry out ! h$oni/ic pr9ciple1 no rule ( life w\ld exi/4 ,?is does v well z a r$uctio ad absurdum ( h$onism1 or z an argum5t aga9/ adopt+ h$onism1 b x is difficult to see h[ ,mill ?\ght t x e/abli%$ a 'rule' on a h$oni/ic basis4 ,mill's argum5t comes to say+ t if h$onism 7 uni=mly act$ ^u1 x w\ld defeat itself--t is1 pleasure w\ld n result4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to get pleasure1 we mu/ n act ^u ! pr9ciple ( h$onism at all1 b foll[ a g5]al rule4 ,o!rwise put3 h$onism gives no g5]al rule1 b we mu/ h a g5]al rule to make h$onism works & !re=e !re is a g5]al rule6 ,?is begg+ ( ! "q comes out ev5 m pla9ly z ,mill goes on3 ,if "o p]son may break ?r\gh ! rule on 8 own judgm5t1 ! same lib]ty _c be refus$ to o!rs2 &1 s9ce no "o c\ld rely on ! rule's be+ obs]v$1 ! rule w\ld cease to exi/4 ,all ( ?is is obvi\sly true1 b x am\nts to say+3 ,we mu/ h a rule1 & ?is we w\ld n h if we c>ri$ out ! h$oni/ic pr9ciple 9 ea* case2 !re=e1 we mu/ n c>ry x out4 ,a pr9ciple1 t c>ri$ out de/roys all rules :i* pret5d to re/ ^u x1 lays itself op5 to suspicion4 ,mill assumes ! entire "q 9 assum+ t !re is a rule4 ,grant ?is1 & ! necessity ( n 'mak+ exceptions1' t is1 ( n apply+ ! h$oni/ic /&>d to ea* case1 on its own m]its1 foll[s4 ,b ! argum5t :i* ,mill ne$s to meet is t h$onism requires u to apply ! /&>d to ea* case 9 itself1 & t1 !re=e1 !re is no rule4 ,mill simply says--assume ! rule1 & x foll[s1 etc4 ,see ,bradley1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #if-aja2 ,gre51 ,bk4 ,,iv1 ,*4 #c2 ,m>t9eau1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbi-ccd4 ,,xix4 ,! ,sum & ! ,quality ( ,pleasure z ! ,/&>d4 ,we h be5 deal+ ) h$onism 9 its /rict =m--t :i* makes a pleasure1 consid]$ z to its int5sity1 c]ta9ty1 etc41 ! end ( an act4 ,h$onism 9 ?is =m fails to unify life1 & fails1 !re=e1 to supply any /&>d4 ,b ! end ( conduct is (t5 /at$ to be ! greate/ possible sum ( pleasures ?us introduc+ a c]ta9 elem5t ( g5]ality4 ,mill goes fur!r & br+s 9 ! idea ( quality ( pleasure4 ,reg>d+ ! sum ( pleasures ! foll[+ f ,sidgwick 7,op4 cit41 p4 #chb2 see also p4 #aad7 gives ! h$oni/ic /atem5t4 ,! assumption is involv$ t all pleasures are capable ( be+ comp>$ qualitatively ) "o ano!r & ) all pa9s2 t e feel+ has a c]ta9 int5sive quality1 positive or negative 7or p]haps z]o7 9 respect to its desirabl5ess & t ! quantity may be kn[n1 s t ea* may be weigh$ 9 e?ical scales aga9/ any o!r4 ,?is assumption is involv$ 9 ! v motion ( maximum happ9ess1 z ! attempt to make z great z possible a sum ( elem5ts n quantitatively comm5surable w\ld be a ma!matical absurdity4 ,i4 ,sum ( pleasures z ! moral end4 ,?is1 fir/1 tak5 z crit]ion1 comes into conflict ) ! h$oni/ic psy*ology ( pleasure z ! motive ( acts2 &1 secondly1 x requires "s objective /&>d by means ( :i* pleasure is to be summ$1 & is1 9 s f>1 a surr5d] ( ! :ole h$oni/ic position4 #a4 ,if ! object ( desire is pleasure or a /ate ( feel+ :i* exi/s only z x is felt1 x is impossible t we %\ld desire a greate/ sum ( pleasures4 ,we c desire a pleasure & t only4 ,x is n ev5 possible t we %\ld ev] desire a cont9u\s s]ies ( pleasures4 ,we c desire "o pleasure & :5 t is gone1 ano!r1 b we c n unify our desires en\gh to aim at ev5 a sum ( pleasures4 ,?is is well put by ,gre5 7,op4 cit1 p4 #bcf74 ,= ! feel+ ( a pleas$ p]son1 or 9 relation to 8 s5se ( enjoym5t1 pleasure _c =m a sum4 ,h[ev] num]\s ! s\rces ( a /ate ( pleasant feel+1 x is "o & is ov] be=e ano!r c be enjoy$4 ,x & its successors c be add$ toge!r 9 ?\ght1 b n 9 enjoym5t or 9 imag9ation ( an enjoym5t4 ,if ! desire is only = pleasure1 i4 e41 = an enjoym5t or feel+ ( pleasure1 we are simply victims ( words :5 we talk ( desire = a sum ( pleasures1 mu* m :5 we take ! greate/ imag9able sum to be ! mo/ desirable4 ,see ! :ole passage1 pp4 #bce-bdf4 #b4 ,b ! phrase sum ( pleasures und\bt$ly has a mean+--?\gh ! fact t x has a mean+ %[s ! untru? ( ! h$oni/ic psy*ology4 ,surr5d]+ ?is psy*ology1 :at %all we say ( ! maximum possibility ( pleasure z ! crit]ion ( ! morality ( acts8 ,x mu/ be conc$$ t ?is conception does af=d "s basis--al?\gh a r slipp]y "o--= ! unification ( conduct4 ,ea* act is consid]$ n[ n 9 its isolation m]ely1 b 9 its connection ) o!r acts1 accord+ z its relation to !m may increase or decrease ! possible sum ( future happ9ess4 ,b ?is v fact t "s univ]sal1 or elem5t ( relation1 albeit a quantitative "o1 has be5 introduc$1 ar\ses ?is inquiry3 ,:5ce d we d]ive x8 ,h[ d we get ! ?\ght ( a sum ( pleasure1 & ( a maximum sum8 ,only by tak+ into acc\nt ! objective conditions ^u :i* pleasures dep5d1 & by judg+ ! pleasures f ! /&po9t ( ^! objective conditions4 ,:5 we imag9e we are ?9k+ ( a sum ( pleasures1 we are really ?9k+ ( t totality ( conditions :i* w come ne>e/ af=d+ u self-satisfaction--we are ?9k+ ( a compreh5sive & cont9u\s activity ^: v>i\s p>ts are adju/$ to "o ano!r4 ,because x is complete activity1 x is necess>ily conceiv$ z giv+ ! greate/ possible pleasure1 b ap>t f ref]5ce to complete activity & ap>t f ! objects 9 :i* ?is is realiz$1 ! phrase 'greate/ sum ( happ9ess' is a m]e phrase4 ,pleasures mu/ be measur$ by a /&>d1 by a y>d /ick1 be=e !y c be summ$ 9 ?\ght1 & ! y>d /ick we use is ! activity 9 :i* ! pleasure comes4 ,we d n measure conduct by pleasure1 b we comp>e & sum up pleasures on ! basis ( ! objects :i* occasion !m4 ,to add feel+s1 m]e transitory consequ5ces1 )\t fir/ r$uc+ ^? feel+s to a common d5om9ator by _! relation to "o objective /&>d1 is an impossibility4 ,pleasure is a sort ( sign or symbol ( ! object :i* satisfies1 & we may c>ry on our judgm5t1 if we w1 9 t]ms ( ! sign1 )\t ref]5ce to ! /&>d1 b to argue z if ! sign 7 ! ?+1 z if ! sum ( pleasure 7 ! activity1 is suicidal4 ,?us ,gre5 says 7,op4 cit41 p4 #bdd73 ,9 tru? a man's ref]5ce to 8 own true happ9ess is a ref]5ce to ! objects :i* *iefly int]e/ him1 & has its controll+ p[] on t acc\nt4 ,m /rictly1 x is a ref]5ce to an ideal /ate ( well-be+1 a /ate 9 :i* he %all be satisfi$2 b ! objects ( ! man's *ief int]e/s supply ! fill+ ( t ideal /ate4 ,see ! argum5t z put by ,alex&] 7,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #aii-bjj74 ,alex&] has also br\ght out 7,ibid41 pp4 #bjg-baj7 t ev5 if we are go+ to use a quantitative /&>d1 ! idea ( a sum is n a v happy "o4 ,x is n s mu* a sum ( pleasures we want1 z a c]ta9 proportionate di/ribution & comb9ation ( pleasures4 ,to reg>d ! greate/ sum ( pleasures z ! te/ ( conduct1 suppos+ t we c\ld express x 9 units ( pleasure1 w\ld be l decl>+ t :5 y _h an atomic weight ( #ih y _h sulphuric acid4 ,! num]ical te/ w\ld be useless unless we knew :at elem5ts 7 to be comb9$1 & 9 :at proportion4 ,simil>ly till we "k :at k9ds ( activities 7& !re=e :at k9ds ( pleasures7 g ) "o ano!r to =m ! end1 ! greate/ sum ( pleasures w give u only ! equival5t ( ! end1 b w n tell u :at ! composition ( ! end is1 /ill less h[ to get at x2 or1 to put ! matt] m simply1 :5 we "k :at ! *>act]s ( p]sons are1 & h[ !y are comb9$ 9 morality1 we !n e/imate ! correspond+ sum ( pleasures4 7p4 #bji47 ,,ii4 ,a c]ta9 quality ( pleasure ! end4 ,"s morali/s1 notably ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 introduce consid]ations reg>d+ ! quality ( pleasure into ! conception ( ! end4 ,x is q compatible1 says ,mill1 ) ! pr9ciple ( utility to recognize ! fact t "s k9ds ( pleasure are m desirable & m valuable ?an o!rs4 7p4 #caj47 ,is x compatible8 ,is k9d ( pleasure ! same ?+ z pleasure8 does n /rict h$onism dem& t all k9ds ( pleasure equally pres5t z to int5sity 9 consci\sness %all be ( ! same value8 ,to say o!rwise is to give up pleasure z su* z ! /&>d & to hold t we h means = discrim9at+ ! respective values ( pleasures :i* simply1 z feel+s1 are ! same4 ,x is to hold1 t is to say1 t !re is "s /&>d ( value ext]nal to ! pleasures z su*1 by means ( :i* _! moral quality may be judg$4 ,9 ?is case1 ?is indep5d5t /&>d is ! real moral crit]ion :i* we are employ+4 ,h$onism is surr5d]$4 ,kant's position on ?is po9t seems impregnable4 ,x is surpris+1 he says1 t m5 o!rwise a/ute c ?9k x possible to di/+ui% betwe5 high] & l[] desires1 accord+ z ! ideas :i* are connect$ ) ! feel+ ( pleasure h _! orig9 9 ! s5ses or 9 ! und]/&+2 = :5 we inquire :at are ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( desire1 & place !m 9 "s expect$ pleasantness1 x is ( no consequ5ce :5ce ! idea ( ?is pleas+ object is d]iv$1 b only h[ mu* x pleases4444 ,! only ?+ t conc]ns "o1 9 ord] to decide *oice1 is h[ great1 h[ long cont9u$1 h[ easily obta9$ & h[ (t5 repeat$1 ?is agreeabl5ess is4 ,= z to ! man :o wants money to sp5d1 x is all ! same :e!r ! gold 0 dug out ( ! m\nta9 or wa%$ out ( ! s&1 provid$ x is e-:]e accept$ at ! same value2 s ! man :o c>es only = ! enjoym5t ( life does n ask :e!r ! ideas are ( ! und]/&+ or ! s5ses1 b only h[ mu* & h[ great pleasure !y w give = ! longe/ "t4 ,see also ,bradley1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aje-aaj4 ,:5 we ask h[ ! diff]5ces 9 quality are e/abli%$ & h[ we translate ?is qualitative diff]5ce into moral diff]5ce1 ! surr5d] ( pleasure z ! /&>d becomes ev5 m evid5t4 ,we mu/ "k n only ! fact ( diff]5t qualities1 b h[ to decide :i* is 'high]' ?an any o!r4 ,we mu/ br+ ! qualities be=e a tribunal ( judgm5t :i* applies to !m "s /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,9 !mselves qualities may be diff]5t1 b !y are n high] & l[]4 ,:at is ! tribunal & :at is ! law ( judgm5t8 ,accord+ to ,mill ! tribunal is ! pref]5ce ( ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) bo? k9ds ( pleasure4 ,( two pleasures1 if !re be "o to :i* all1 or almo/ all :o h exp]i5ce ( bo?1 give a decid$ pref]5ce1 irrespective ( any feel+ ( moral obligation to pref] x1 t is ! m desirable pleasure4 ,x is an unque/ionable fact t su* diff]5ces exi/4 ,few human creatures w\ld cons5t to be *ang$ into any ( ! l[] animals = a promise ( ! fulle/ all[ance ( a bea/'s pleasures4 ,no intellig5t p]son w\ld cons5t to be a fool2 no in/ruct$ p]son w\ld be an ignoramus2 no p]son ( feel+ & consci5ce w\ld be selfi% & base1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld be p]suad$ t ! fool1 ! dunce or ! rascal is bett] satisfi$ ) 8 lot ?an !y are ) !irs4444 ,x is bett] to be a human be+ dissatisfi$1 ?an a pig satisfi$2 bett] to be a ,socrates dissatisfi$1 ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,& if ! fool or ! pig are ( a diff]5t op9ion1 x is because !y only "k _! own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides4--,mill1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #caa-cac4 ,& 9 an omitt$ portion ,mill says ! reason t "o ( ! high] faculty w\ld pref] a suff]+ :i* goes along ) t high] capacity1 to m pleasure on a l[] plane1 is some?+ ( :i* ! mo/ appropriate appellation is a s5se ( dignity1 :i* all human be+s possess 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,a "q imm$iately arises reg>d+ ?is /&>d ( pref]ability4 ,is x ! m]e hi/orical fact t "s man1 :o has exp]i5c$ bo?1 pref]s ,a to ,b t makes ,a m desirable8 ,surely ,i might say t if t p]son pref]s ,a1 ,a is m desirable to him1 b t ,i = my "p pref] ,b1 & t ,i d n int5d to give up my pref]5ce4 ,& :y %\ld ,i1 ev5 ?\gh ?\s&s ( o!r m5 happ5$ to pref] ,a8 ,b is ! great] pleasure1 none ! less1 to me1 & z a h$oni/ ,i mu/ cl+ to ! only /&>d t ,i h4 ,! h$oni/s1 9 a ^w1 h appeal$ to feel+1 & to feel+ !y mu/ g = judgm5t4 ,& feel+ exi/s only z x is felt & only to him :o feels x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p]haps x is n ! b>e act t "s m5 pref] "o pleasure to ano!r t makes x m desirable1 b some?+ 9 ! "* ( ! m5 :o pref]4 ,& ?is is :at ,mill implies4 ,x is a s5se ( dignity belong+ to man :i* makes 8 judgm5t ( pleasure bett] ?an t ( animals2 x is ! human be+ aga9/ ! pig1 ,socrates aga9/ ! fool1 ! good man aga9/ ! rascal4 ,?is is ! complete surr5d] ( h$onism1 & ! all b explicit ass]tion t human "*1 goodness1 wisdom1 are ! crit]ia ( pleasure1 in/ead ( pleasure ! crit]ion ( "* & goodness4 ,mill's s5se ( dignity1 :i* is to be consid]$ 9 all e/imates ( pleasures1 is j ! s5se ( a moral 7or active7 capacity & de/9y belong+ to man4 ,to ref] pleasures to ?is is to make x ! /&>d1 & ) ?is /&>d ! anti-h$oni/ may well be cont5t1 :ile ask+1 h[ev]1 = its fur!r analysis4 ,to sum up our long discussion ( pleasure z a crit]ion ( conduct 9 respect ( its unity1 we may say3 ,pleasure1 z x actually exi/s 9 man1 may be tak5 z a crit]ion1 al?\gh n ! really prim>y "o1 ( action4 ,b ?is is n h$onism2 = pleasure z x exi/s is some?+ m ?an pleasurable feel+2 x is qualifi$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by ! k9d ( action :i* x accompanies1 by ! k9d ( objects :i* ! activity compreh5ds4 ,& ?us x is always a second>y crit]ion4 ,! mom5t we beg9 to analyze we mu/ ask :at k9d ( activity1 :at k9d ( object x is :i* ! pleasure accompanies & ( :i* x is a symbol4 ,we may1 if we w1 calculate a man's weal? 9 t]ms ( doll>s & c5ts2 b ?is is only because we c translate ! money1 ! symbol1 into goods1 ! reality4 ,to desire pleasure in/ead ( an activity ( self1 is to sub/itute symbol = fact1 & a symbol cut (f f fact ceases to be a symbol4 ,pleasure1 z ! h$oni/ treats x1 m]e agreeable feel+ )\t active & ?us objective relation%ips1 is :olly an ab/raction4 ,s9ce an ab/raction1 to make x ! end ( desire results 9 self-contradiction2 :ile to make x ! /&>d ( conduct is to deprive life ( all unity1 all sy/em1 9 a ^w--( all /&>d4 ,,xx4 ,! ,failure ( ,pleasure z a ,/&>d to ,unify ,conduct ,socially4 ,?us f> our exam9ation ( ! h$oni/ic crit]ion has be5 devot$ to %[+ t x w n make a sy/em out ( individual conduct4 ,we h n[ to recognize ! fact t pleasure is n a common good1 & !re=e fails to give a social unity to conduct--t is1 x does n (f] an end = :i* m5 may cop]ate1 or a good :i* rea*$ by "o mu/ be %>$ by ano!r4 ,no argum5t is ne$$ to %[1 !oretically1 t any propos$ moral crit]ion mu/1 9 ord] to be valid1 h>monize ! int]e/s & activities ( diff]5t m51 or to %[1 practically1 t ! :ole t5d5cy ( ! mod]n democratic & philan?ropic movem5t has be5 to discov] & realize a good 9 :i* m5 %all %>e on ! basis ( an equal pr9ciple4 ,x is cont5d$ t h$onism fails to satisfy ^! ne$s4 ,accord+ to x1 ! end = ea* man is 8 own pleasure4 ,pleasure is no?+ objective 9 :i* m5 may equally p>ticipate4 ,x is purely individual 9 ! mo/ exclusive s5se ( t t]m4 ,x is a /ate ( feel+ & c be enjoy$ only :ile felt1 & only by ! "o :o feels x4 ,to set x up = ! ideal ( conduct is to turn life into an exclusive & exclud+ /ruggle = possession ( ! means ( p]sonal enjoym5t2 x is to erect into a pr9ciple ! idea ( ! w> ( all aga9/ all4 ,no end m ?or\ghly dis9tegrat+ ?an individual agreeable s5sation c\ld well be imag9$4 ,says ,kant1 7page #aaf ( ,abbott's ,trans41 entitl$ ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics7 on ! basis ( ! desire ( happ9ess !re results a h>mony l t :i* a c]ta9 satirical poem depicts z exi/+ betwe5 a m>ri$ c\ple b5t on go+ to ru93 ,o1 m>vell\s h>mony1 :at he wi%es1 %e wi%es also2 or l :at is said ( ! pl$ge ( ,francis ,i to ! emp]or ,*>les ,v1 :at my bro!r ,*>les wi%es t ,i wi% also 7viz41 ,milan74 ,almo/ all mod]n morali/s :o take pleasure z ! end conceive x to be n individual pleasure1 b ! happ9ess ( all m5 or ev5 ( all s5ti5t creatures4 ,?us we are br\ght to ! consid]ation ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,says ,mill 7,op4 cit41 p4 #cbc71 ,! happ9ess :i* =ms ! ,utilit>ian /&>d ( :at is "r 9 conduct is n ! ag5t's own happ9ess1 b t ( all conc]n$2 z betwe5 8 own happ9ess & t ( o!rs1 ,utilit>ianism requires him to be z /rictly imp>tial z a dis9t]e/$ & b5evol5t spectator4 ,& 7page #cae7 ! ,utilit>ian /&>d is n ! ag5t's own greate/ happ9ess1 b ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess altoge!r4 ,see also ,sidgwick 7,op4 cit41 p4 #cgi71 ,by ,utilit>ianism is "h meant ! e?ical !ory1 fir/ di/9ctly =mulat$ by ,b5?am1 t ! conduct :i*1 "u any giv5 circum/ances is ext]nally or objectively "r is t :i* w produce ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess on ! :ole2 t is1 tak+ into acc\nt all ^: happ9ess is affect$ by ! conduct4 ,x w\ld t5d to cle>ness if we might call ?is pr9ciple1 & ! me?od bas$ ^u x1 by "s su* "n z ,univ]sali/ic h$onism4 ,z popul>ly put1 ! utilit>ian /&>d is ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,:ile 9 its calculation ea* is to c\nt = "o & only "o4 7,b5?am74 ,& f9ally ,ba9 7,emotions & ,mill1 p4 #cjc71 ,utility is oppos$ to ! selfi% !ory1 =1 z prop\nd$1 x always implies ! good ( society g5]ally1 & ! subord9ation ( individual int]e/s to ! g5]al good4 ,,xxi4 ,criticism ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,! utilit>ian !ory c]ta9ly does away entirely ) "o ( ! two ma9 objections to h$onism--its failure to provide a g5]al1 z di/9ct f a private end4 ,! "q :i* we h to meet1 h[ev]1 is :e!r ?is ext5sion ( ! end f ! individual to society is consi/5t ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( h$onism4 ,h[ d we get f individual pleasure to ! happ9ess ( all8 ,an intuitional utilit>ian1 l ,sidgwick1 has ready an answ] :i* is n op5 to ! empirical utilit>ians1 l ,b5?am1 ,mill & ,ba94 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 #ac-ad1 p4 #cee4 ,we may obta9 ! self-evid5t pr9ciple t ! good ( any "o individual is ( no m importance1 z a "p ( univ]sal good1 ?an ! good ( any o!r4 ,! ab/ract pr9ciple ( ! duty ( b5evol5ce1 s f> z x is cognizable by direct intuition is1 t "o is morally b\nd to reg>d ! good ( any o!r individual z mu* z "o's own--& page #cfd1 ! pr9ciples1 s f> z !y are imm$iately kn[n by ab/ract intuition1 c only be /at$ z precepts to seek 7#a7 "o's own good on ! :ole1 & 7#b7 ! good ( any o!r no less ?an "o's own1 9 s f> z x is no less an elem5t ( univ]sal good4 ,sidgwick1 t is1 diff]s 9 two important po9ts f mo/ utilit>ians4 ,he holds t pleasure is n ! sole1 or ev5 ! usual object ( desire4 ,& he holds t we h an imm$iate faculty ( rational intuition :i* in=ms u t ! good ( o!rs is z desirable an end ( our conduct z is our own happ9ess4 ,our =m] argum5ts aga9/ pleasure z ! end1 be>1 ( c\rse1 equally aga9/ ?is !ory1 b n ! foll[+ argum5ts4 ,criticisms ( ?is position ( ,sidgwick's w be f\nd 9 ,gre5 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #djf-dae72 ,bradley 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #aad-aag74 ,! popul> answ] to ! "q h[ we get f individual to g5]al happ9ess1 misses ! entire po9t ( ! "q4 ,?is answ] simply says t happ9ess is 'intr9sically desirable'4 ,let x be s2 b 'happ9ess' 9 ?is g5]al way is a m]e ab/raction4 ,happ9ess is always a p>ticul> condition ( "o p>ticul> p]son4 ,^: happ9ess is desirable & to :om8 ,because my happ9ess is intr9sically desirable to me1 does x foll[ t y\r happ9ess is intr9sically desirable to me8 ,inde$1 9 ! h$oni/ic psy*ology1 is x n nons5se to say t a /ate ( y\r feel+ is desirable to me8 ,mill's amplifi$ v]sion ( ! popul> answ] br+s out ! ambiguity all ! m pla9ly4 ,he says 7,utilit>ianism1 p4 #cdi71 ,no reason c be giv5 :y ! g5]al happ9ess is desirable1 except t ea* p]son1 s f> z he believes x to be obta9able1 desires 8 own happ9ess4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 be+ a fact1 we h n only all ! pro( :i* ! case admits (1 b all :i* x is possible to require1 t happ9ess is a good2 t ea* p]son's happ9ess is a good to t p]son2 & ! g5]al happ9ess1 !re=e1 a good to ! aggregate ( all p]sons4 ,b does x foll[ t because ! happ9ess ( ,a is an end to ,a1 ! happ9ess ( ,b an end to ,b1 & ! happ9ess ( ,c an end to ,c1 t1 !re=e1 ! happ9ess ( ,b & ,c is an end to ,a8 ,!re is obvi\sly no connection betwe5 ! premises & ! suppos$ conclusion4 ,& !re appe>s to be1 z ,mill puts x1 only an acc\nt ( ! ambiguity ( 8 la/ clause1 ! g5]al happ9ess a good to ! aggregate ( all p]sons4 ,! good ( ,a & ,b & ,c may be a good to ! aggregate 7,a ,b ,c71 b :at univ]sali/ic h$onism requires is t ! aggregate good ( ,a ,b ,c1 be a good to ,a & to ,b & to ,c tak5 sep>ately--a v diff]5t proposition4 ,mill is guilty ( ! fallacy kn[n logically z ! fallacy ( division--argu+ f a collective :ole to ! di/ribut$ units4 ,because all m5 want to be happy1 x h>dly foll[s t e man wants all to be happy4 ,!re is1 accord+ly1 no direct road f individuali/ic h$onism--private pleasure--to univ]sali/ic--g5]al pleasure4 ,moreov]1 if we adopt ! usual psy*ology ( h$onism & say t pleasure is ! motive ( act+1 x is absolutely absurd to say t g5]al pleasure c be a motive4 ,h[ c ,i be mov$ by ! happ9ess :i* exi/s 9 "s "o else8 ,i may feel a pleasure resembl+ 81 & be mov$ by x1 b t is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,,xxii4 ,indirect ,means ( ,id5tify+ ,private & ,g5]al ,pleasure4 ,is !re any indirect me?od ( go+ f ! pleasure ( "o to ! pleasure ( all8 ,^u ! :ole1 ! utilit>ians d n claim t !re is any natural & imm$iate connection betwe5 ! desire = private & = g5]al happ9ess1 b suppose t !re are c]ta9 means :i* are in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t an id5tity4 ,( ^! means ! sympa!tic emotions & ! influ5ce ( law & ( education are ! *ief4 ,ea* ( ^!1 moreov]1 cop]ates ) ! o!r4 #a4 ,sympa!tic & ,social ,emotions4 ,we are s con/itut$ by nature t we take pleasure 9 ! happ9ess ( o!rs & feel pa9 9 _! mis]y4 ,a prop] reg>d = our own welf>e mu/ lead u1 !re=e1 to take an int]e/ 9 ! pleasure ( o!rs4 ,our own feel+s1 moreov]1 are l>gely influ5c$ by ! feel+s ( o!rs t[>d u4 ,if we act 9 a c]ta9 way we %all incur ! disapprobation ( o!rs1 & ?is1 indep5d5tly ( any ov]t puni%m5t x may lead !m to inflict ^u u1 ar\ses feel+s ( %ame1 ( inf]iority1 ( be+ "u ! displeasure ( o!rs1 feel+s all ( :i* are decid$ly pa9ful4 ,! m enlight5$ our judgm5t1 ! m we see h[ our pleasures are b\nd up 9 ^? ( o!rs4 ,! ,dictates ( ,utility 7,b5?am1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ef7 are nei!r m nor less ?an ! dictates ( ! mo/ ext5sive & enlight5$ 7t is1 well advis$7 b5evol5ce1 & 7p4 #ah71 ,! pleasures ( b5evol5ce are ! pleasures result+ f ! view ( any pleasures suppos$ to be possess$ by ! be+s :o may be ! objects ( b5evol5ce4444 ,^! may also be call$ ! pleasures ( good w1 ! pleasures ( sympa?y1 or ! pleasures ( ! b5evol5t or social affections2 & 7p4 #add71 ,:at motives 7indep5d5t ( su* z legislation & religion may *oose to furni%7 c "o man h to consult ! happ9ess ( ano!r8444 ,9 answ] to ?is1 x _c b be admitt$ t ! only int]e/s :i* a man at all times & ^u all occasions is sure to f9d adequate motives = consult+1 are 8 own4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !re are no occasions 9 :i* a man has n "s motives = consult+ ! happ9ess ( o!r m54 ,9 ! fir/ place he has1 on all occasions1 ! purely social motive ( sympa?y & b5evol5ce2 9 ! next place he has1 on mo/ occasions1 ! semi-social motives ( love ( amity & love ( reputation4 ,& s 9 ! ,deontology1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n publi%$ by ,b5?am himself1 page #bjc1 ,! m enlight5$ "o is1 ! m "o =ms ! habit ( g5]al b5evol5ce1 because x is se5 t ! int]e/s ( m5 comb9e ) ea* o!r 9 m po9ts ?an !y conflict 94 #b4 ,education & ,law4 ,education1 work+ directly & int]nally ^u ! feel+s1 & gov]nm5t1 appeal+ to !m f )\t ?r\gh comm&s & p5alties1 are con/antly effect+ an increas+ id5tity ( self-int]e/ & reg>d = o!rs4 ,^! means supplem5t ! action ( sympa?y & ! m in/9ctive emotions4 ,!y /imulate & ev5 induce a prop] int]e/ 9 ! pleasures ( o!rs4 ,9 gov]nm5tal law1 ) its puni%m5ts1 we h an express in/rum5t = mak+ ! pleasures ( "o h>monize ) 7or at lea/ n conflict )7 ! pleasures ( o!rs4 ,?us ,b5?am1 aft] /at+ t an enlight5$ m9d p]ceives ! id5tity ( self-int]e/ & t ( o!rs 7or ( egoism & altruism1 z ^! int]e/s are n[ commonly call$71 goes on 7,deontology1 p4 #bja73 ,! majority d n h suffici5t enlight5m5t1 nor en\gh moral feel+ s t _! "* goes beyond ! aid ( laws1 & s ! legislator %\ld supplem5t ! frailty ( ?is natural int]e/1 9 add+ to x an artificial int]e/ m appreciable & m cont9u\s4 ,?us ! gov]nm5t augm5ts & ext5ds ! connexion :i* exi/s betwe5 prud5ce & b5evol5ce4 ,mill says 7,op4 cit41 p4 #cbc73 ,to d z y w\ld be done by1 & to love y\r neighbor z y\rself1 con/itute ! ideal p]fection ( utilit>ian morality4 ,z ! means ( mak+ ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is ideal1 utility w\ld enjo91 fir/1 t laws & social arrangem5ts %\ld place ! happ9ess or ! int]e/ ( e individual z ne>ly z possible 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/ ( ! :ole2 &1 secondly1 t education & op9ion1 :i* h s va/ a p[] ov] human "*1 %\ld s use t p[] z to e/abli% 9 ! m9d ( e individual an indissoluble association betwe5 8 own happ9ess & ! good ( ! :ole4 ,,xxiii4 ,private ,pleasures & ,g5]al ,welf>e4 ,9 criticism ( ^! indirect me?ods ( e/abli%+ ! id5tity ( 'egoism' & 'altruism1' x may be said3 #a4 ,t ! suppos$ relation betwe5 ! private & ! g5]al happ9ess is extr9sic1 & h5ce always accid5tal & op5 to exception4 ,x is n cont5d$ t !re is any ord] :i* morally dem&s t !re be an id5tity ( int]e/s4 ,x is simply argu$ t !re are c]ta9 physical & psy*ological =ces :i* op]ate1 z matt] ( fact1 to br+ ab\t su* a result4 ,n[ we may admit1 if we l1 t su* =ces exi/ & t !y are capable ( accompli%+ all t ,b5?am & ,mill claim = !m4 ,b all t is e/abli%$ is1 at mo/1 a c]ta9 /ate ( facts :i* is int]e/+ z a /ate ( facts1 b :i* has no especial moral be>+4 ,x is n pret5d$ t !re is 9 ! v ord] ( ?+s any necess>y & intr9sic connection betwe5 ! happ9ess ( "o & ( ano!r4 ,su* id5tity z exi/s1 !re=e1 mu/ be a m]e ext]nal result ( ! action ( c]ta9 =ces4 ,x is accid5tal4 ,?is be+ ! case1 h[ c x con/itute ! univ]sal ideal ( action8 ,:y is x n op5 = an ag5t1 "u exceptional circum/ances1 to act = 8 own pleasure1 to ! exclusion ( t ( o!rs8 ,we may admit t1 ^u ! :ole 7or t always1 ?\gh ?is is :olly impossible to prove7 9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 p]sonal pleasure has be5 be/ atta9$ by a c]ta9 reg>d = ! pleasures ( o!rs2 b ! connection be+ :olly empirical 7t is1 ( pa/ in/ances & n ( an intr9sic law71 we may ask h[ x c be claim$ t ! same connection is c]ta9 to hold 9 ?is new case8 ,nor is x probable t any "o w\ld claim t ! connection betwe5 individual pleasure & g5]al pleasure _h be5 s univ]sal & inv>iable 9 pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,intr9sic moral consid]ations 7t is1 ^? bas$ on ! v nature ( human action7 be+ put aside1 a pretty /rong case c\ld be made out = ! /atem5t t individual happ9ess is be/ atta9$ by ignor+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,probably ! mo/ t c be e/abli%$ on ! o!r side is t a due prud5ce dictates t "s att5tion be paid to ! pleasures ( o!rs1 9 calculat+ "o's own pleasures4 ,& ?is sugge/s3 #b4 ,t ! end is /ill private pleasure1 g5]al pleasure be+ simply a means4 ,grant+ all t ! h$oni/s urge1 :at _! argum5ts prove is n t ! g5]al pleasure is ! end ( action1 b t1 private pleasure be+ ! end1 reg>d = ! pleasures ( o!rs is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t means ( rea*+ x4 ,if private pleasure is a selfi% end1 ! end is n less selfi% because ! road to x happ5s to br+ pleasure to o!rs also4 ,see ,royce1 ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy1 pp4 #fa-gd4 #c4 ,! use ( education & law to br+ ab\t ?is id5tity1 presupposes t we already h ! ideal ( ! id5tity z some?+ desirable to realize--x takes = grant$ ! v ?+ to be prov$4 ,:y %\ld x occur to m5 to use ! private influ5ce ( op9ion & education1 & ! public influ5ces ( law & p5alty to id5tify private welf>e ) public1 unless !y 7 already conv9c$ t g5]al welf>e 0 ! end ( conduct1 ! "o desirable ?+8 ,:at ! h$oni/ has to d is to %[ h[1 f ! end ( private happ9ess1 we may get to ! end ( g5]al happ9ess4 ,:at ,b5?am & ,mill d %[ is1 t if we take g5]al happ9ess z ! end1 we may & d use education & law to br+ ab\t an id5tity ( p]sonal & g5]al pleasures4 ,?is may g und\bt$1 b ! "q h[ we get ! g5]al happ9ess z ! end1 ! good1 rema9s unansw]$4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! conception ( g5]al happ9ess1 tak5 by itself1 has all ! ab/ractness1 vagu5ess & unc]ta9ty ( t ( p]sonal happ9ess1 multipli$ indef9itely by ! great] numb] ( p]sons introduc$4 ,to calculate ! effects ( actions ^u ! g5]al happ9ess--:5 happ9ess is int]pret$ z a /ate ( feel+--is an impossibility4 ,& ?us x is t :5 "o is speak+ ( pleasures "o is really ?9k+ ( welf>e1 or well-be+1 or satisfi$ & progressive human lives4 ,happ9ess is consid]$ z x w\ld be1 if det]m9$ by c]ta9 active & well def9$ int]e/s1 & ?us ! h$oni/ic !ory1 :ile contradict+ itself1 gets app>5tly all ! support ( an oppos$ !ory4 ,univ]sali/ic h$onism ?us1 m or less expressly1 takes = grant$ a social ord]1 or community ( p]sons1 ( :i* ! ag5t is simply "o memb] l any o!r4 ,?is is ! ideal :i* x proposes to realize4 ,9 ?is way--al?\gh at ! co/ ( logical suicide--! ideal gets a cont5t & a def9it5ess ^u :i* x is possible to base judgm5ts4 ,t ?is social organization ( p]sons is ! ideal :i* ,mill is actually ?9k+ (1 r ?an any succession ( /ates ( agreeable s5sation1 is evid5t by 8 treatm5t ( ! :ole subject4 ,mill is q cle> t education & op9ion may produce any sort ( feel+1 z well z truly b5evol5t motives to actions4 ,= example1 9 8 critique ( ,:ewell1 he says1 7,op4 cit41 p4 #aed73 ,all exp]i5ce %[s t ! moral feel+s are prem95tly artificial1 & ! products ( culture2 t ev5 :5 reasonable1 !y are no m spontane\s ?an ! gr[? ( corn & w9e 7:i* are q z natural71 & t ! mo/ s5seless & p]nici\s feel+ c z easily be rais$ to ! utmo/ int5sity by inculcation1 z hemlock & ?i/les c\ld be re>$ to luxuriant gr[? by s[+ !m in/ead ( :eat4 ,x is c]ta9ly impli$ "h t legislation1 education & public op9ion mu/ h z a presuppos$ /&>d ! id5tity ( g5]al & private int]e/s or else !y may produce any?+ :atev]4 ,t is to say1 ,mill in/ead ( arriv+ at 8 result ( g5]al happ9ess simply takes x = grant$4 ,?is fact & ! fur!r fact t he virtually def9es happ9ess ?r\gh c]ta9 objective int]e/s & ends 7?us rev]s+ ! true h$oni/ic position7 is obvi\s f ! foll[+1 7,mill1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cdc-cdg73 ,aft] aga9 /at+ t ! moral feel+s are capable ( cultivation 9 almo/ any direction1 & /at+ t moral associations t are ( artificial con/ruction dissolve ?r\gh ! =ce ( intellectual analysis 7cf4 8 ,autobiography1 p4 #acf71 & t ! association ( pleasure ) ! feel+ ( duty w\ld simil>ly dissolve unless x _h a natural basis ( s5tim5t1 he goes on4 ,b !re is ?is basis ( p[]ful natural s5tim5t4 ,?is firm f\ndation is t ( ! social feel+s ( mank9d2 ! desire to be 9 unity ) our fell[-creatures4 ,! social /ate is at once s natural1 s necess>y1 & s habitual to man t except 9 "s unusual circum/ances1 or by an ef=t ( volunt>y ab/raction he nev] conceives ( himself o!rwise ?an z a memb] ( a body4 ,any condition1 !re=e1 :i* is ess5tial to a /ate ( society becomes m & m an insep>able "p ( e p]son's conception ( ! /ate ( ?+s :i* he is born into1 & :i* is ! de/9y ( a human be+4 ,mill !n goes on to describe "s ( ! ways 9 :i* ! social unity manife/s itself & influ5ces ! individual's conduct4 ,!n ! latt] comes1 z ?\gh in/9ctively1 to be consci\s ( himself z a be+ :o ( c\rse pays reg>d to o!rs4 ,! good ( o!rs becomes to him a ?+ naturally & necess>ily to be att5d$ to1 l any ( ! physical conditions ( our exi/5ce4 ,! deeply-root$ conception :i* e individual ev5 n[ has ( himself z a social be+ t5ds to make him feel x z "o ( 8 natural wants1 t !re %\ld be h>mony betwe5 8 feel+s & aims & ^? ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,?is conviction is ! ultimate sanction ( ! greate/ happ9ess morality4 ,x is to be notic$ t !re is involv$ 9 ?is acc\nt ?ree ideas1 any "o ( :i* involves su* a recon/ruction ( ! pleasure !ory z to be a surr5d] ( h$onism4 #a4 ,!re is1 9 "o in/ance1 a natural 7or intr9sic7 connection betwe5 ! end ( conduct & ! feel+s1 & n simply an ext]nal or artificial bond4 ,?is is 9 ! case ( ! social feel+s4 ,9 o!r words1 9 "o case ! ideal1 t is1 happ9ess1 is intr9sically1 or necess>ily connect$ ) a c]ta9 k9d ( conduct1 t fl[+ f ! social impulses4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 rev]ses h$onism = x makes happ9ess dep5d5t ^u a c]ta9 k9d ( conduct1 in/ead ( det]m9+ ! nature ( conduct accord+ z x happ5s to result 9 pleasure or pa94 #b4 ,man conceives ( himself1 ( 8 end or ( 8 de/9y z a memb] ( a social body1 & ?is conception det]m9es ! nature ( 8 wants & aims4 ,t is to say1 x is n m]e happ9ess t a man wants1 b a c]ta9 k9d ( happ9ess1 t :i* w\ld satisfy a man :o conceiv$ ( himself z social1 or hav+ ends & int]e/s 9 common ) o!rs4 #c4 ,f9ally1 x is n m]e g5]al happ9ess :i* is ! end1 at all4 ,x is social unity2 h>mony ( feel+s & aims1 a b5eficial condition = "o's self 9 :i* ! b5efits ( all are includ$4 ,in/ead ( ! ess5tially vague idea ( /ates ( pleasurable s5sation we h ! conception ( a community ( int]e/s & ends1 9 secur+ :i* alone is true happ9ess to be f\nd4 ,?is conception ( ! moral ideal we reg>d z ess5tially true1 b x is n h$onism4 ,x gives up :olly ! notion t pleasure is ! desir$1 &1 s9ce x sets up a /&>d by :i* x det]m9es pleasure1 x gives up equally ! notion t pleasure z su* is ! desirable4 ,9 addition to ! works already ref]r$ to1 ! foll[+ w give full] ideas ( h$onism & utilit>ianism3 ,= hi/orical treatm5t see ,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics2 ,jodl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,e?ik1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #dhb-dfh2 ,ba91 ,moral ,sci5ce1 ,hi/orical ,m5tion2 ,guyau1 ,la ,morale ,anglaise ,contempora9e2 ,wallace1 ,epicureanism2 ,pat]1 ,m>ius1 ! ,epicurean2 ,paley1 ,moral & ,political ,philosophy2 ,grote1 ,exam9ation ( ! ,utilit>ian ,philosophy 7especially fair & valuable criticism72 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,vol4 ,i1 *4 ,i2 ,birks1 ,utilit>ianism 7ho/ile72 ,blackie1 ,f\r ,phases ( ,morals3 ,essay on ,utilit>ianism 7ho/ile72 ,gizycki1 ,/ud5ts' ,manual ( ,e?ical ,philosophy1 7,coit's trans41 favorable72 ,cald]wood1 ,h&-,book ( ,moral ,philosophy 7oppos$72 ,laurie1 ,e?ica 7e4 g41 p4 #aj74 ,! object ( w is n pleasure1 n yet happ9ess1 b reason-giv5 law--! law ( h>mony2 b ?is necess>ily asc]ta9$ ?r\gh feel+1 &1 !re=e1 ?r\gh happ9ess4 ,wilson & ,f[l]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ih-aab2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfb-bgc4 ,pauls51 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 pp4 #aie-baj4 ,,xxiv4 ,! ,utilit>ian ,!ory ,comb9$ ,) ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution4 ,!re has lately be5 an attempt to comb9e utilit>ian morality ) ! !ory ( evolution4 ,?is position1 *iefly z occupi$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,leslie ,/eph51 we %all n[ exam9e4 ,alex&]1 also1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 makes l>ge use ( ! !ory ( evolution1 b does n attempt to unite x ) any =m ( h$onism4 ,= ! comb9ation1 at lea/ ?ree decid$ advantages are claim$ ov] ord9>y utilit>ianism4 #a4 ,x trans=ms 'empirical rules' into 'rational laws4' ,! evolution>y h$oni/s reg>d pleasure z ! good1 b hold t ! !ory ( evolution enables !m to judge ( ! relation ( acts to pleasure mu* bett] ?an ! ord9>y !ory4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] puts x1 ! ord9>y !ory is n sci5tific1 because x does n fully recognize ! pr9ciple ( causation z exi/+ betwe5 c]ta9 acts z causes1 & pleasures 7or pa9s7 z effects4 ,x und\bt$ly recognizes t "s acts d result 9 pa9 or pleasure1 b does n %[ h[ or :y !y s result4 ,by ! aid ( ! !ory ( evolution we c demon/rate t c]ta9 acts mu/ be b5eficial because fur!r+ evolution1 & o!rs pa9ful because ret>d+ x4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #egeh4 ,morality prop]ly s-call$--! sci5ce ( "r conduct--has = its object to det]m9e h[ & :y c]ta9 rules ( conduct are detrim5tal1 & c]ta9 o!r rules b5eficial4 ,^? good & bad results _c be accid5tal1 b mu/ be necess>y consequ5ces ( ! con/itution ( ?+s2 & ,i conceive x to be ! bus9ess ( moral sci5ce to d$uce1 f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :at k9ds ( action necess>ily t5d to produce happ9ess1 & :at k9ds to produce unhapp9ess4 ,hav+ done ?is1 its d$uctions are to be recogniz$ z laws ( conduct2 & are to be con=m$ to irrespective ( a direct e/imation ( happ9ess or mis]y4444 ,! objection :i* ,i h to ! curr5t utilit>ianism is1 t x recognizes no m develop$ =m ( utility--does n see t x has rea*$ b ! initial /age ( moral sci5ce4444 ,x is suppos$ t 9 future1 z n[1 utility is to be det]m9$ only by obs]vation ( results2 & t !re is no possibility ( kn[+ by d$uction f fundam5tal pr9ciples :at conduct mu/ be detrim5tal & :at conduct mu/ be b5eficial4 ,cf4 also *4 ,,ix1 & ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 ,,ix4 ,x is cont5d$1 !n1 t by ! use ( ! evolution>y !ory1 we may sub/itute c]ta9 conditions1 :i* 9 ! v nature ( ?+s t5d to produce happ9ess1 = a calculation1 bas$ ^u obs]vation ( m or less v>y+ cases 9 ! pa/1 ( ! probable results ( ! specific action4 ,?us we get a fix$ objective /&>d & d away ) all ! objections bas$ ^u ! unc]ta9ty1 vagu5ess & liability to exceptions1 ( ! ord9>y utilit>ian morality4 ,sp5c]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #afb3 ,:5 alleg+ t empirical utilit>ianism is b introductory to rational utilit>ianism ,i po9t$ out t ! la/ does n take welf>e = its imm$iate object ( pursuit1 b takes = its imm$iate object ( pursuit con=mity to c]ta9 pr9ciples :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 causally det]m9e welf>e4 #b4 ,x reconciles 'intuitionalism' ) 'empiricism4' ,! !ory ( evolution n only gives u an objective /&>d on :i* happ9ess necess>ily dep5ds1 & f :i* we may d]ive our laws ( conduct1 in/ead ( d]iv+ !m f obs]vation ( p>ticul> cases1 b x enables u to recognize t !re are c]ta9 moral ideas n[ innate or intuitive4 ,! :ole human race1 ! :ole animal race1 has = an indef9ite "t be5 und]go+ exp]i5ces ( :at leads to pleasure & ( :at leads to pa91 until f9ally ! results ( ^! exp]i5ces h become organiz$ into our v physical & m5tal make-up4 ,! fir/ po9t 0 t we c\ld sub/itute = consid]ation ( results consid]ation ( ! causes :i* det]m9e ^! results2 ! pres5t po9t is t s f> z we h to use results1 we c use ^? ( ! race1 in/ead ( ! %ort span ( ! individual's life4 ,sp5c]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #abc-abd4 ,! exp]i5ces ( utility organiz$ & consolidat$ ?r\gh all pa/ g5]ations ( ! human race h be5 produc+ correspond+ n]v\s modifications1 :i*1 by cont9u$ transmission & accumulation1 h become 9 u c]ta9 faculties ( moral intuition--c]ta9 emotions correspond+ to "r & wrong conduct1 :i* h no app>5t basis 9 ! individual exp]i5ces ( utility4444 ,! evolution hypo!sis ?us enables u to reconcile oppos$ moral !ories4444 ,! doctr9e ( innate p[]s ( moral p]ception become congru\s ) ! utilit>ian doctr9e1 :5 x is se5 t pref]5ces & av]sions are r5d]$ organic by inh]itance ( ! effects ( pleasurable & pa9ful exp]i5ces 9 prog5itors4 #c4 ,x reconciles 'egoism' ) 'altruism4' ,z we h se51 ! relation ( p]sonal pleasure to g5]al happ9ess pres5ts v s]i\s difficulties to h$onism4 ,x is claim$1 h[ev]1 t ! v process ( evolution necessitates a c]ta9 id5tity4 ,! be+ :i* survives mu/ be ! be+ :i* has prop]ly adapt$ himself to 8 environm5t1 :i* is l>gely social1 & !re is assurance t ! conduct w be adapt$ to ! environm5t j 9 ! degree 9 :i* pleasure is tak5 9 acts :i* conc]n ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,if an ag5t has no pleasure 9 su* acts he w ei!r n p]=m !m1 or p]=m !m only occasionally1 & ?us w n meet ! conditions ( surviv+4 ,if surr\nd+ conditions dem& con/antly c]ta9 actions1 ^? actions 9 "t mu/ come to be pleasurable4 ,! conditions ( survival dem& altrui/ic action1 & h5ce su* action mu/ become pleasurable to ! ag5t 7& 9 t s5se egoti/ic74 ,f ! laws ( life 7,sp5c] ,op4 cit41 p4 #bje7 x mu/ be conclud$ t unceas+ social discipl9e w s m\ld human action1 t ev5tually sympa!tic pleasures w be pursu$ to ! fulle/ ext5t advantage\s to ea* & all4444 ,?\gh pleasure may be ga9$ by giv+ pleasure1 yet ! ?\ght ( ! sympa!tic pleasure to be ga9$ w n occupy consci\sness1 b only ! ?\ght ( ! pleasure giv54 ,,xxv4 ,criticism ( ,evolution>y ,utilit>ianism4 ,reg>d+ ! :ole =ego+ s*eme1 x may be said s f> z x is true1 or sugge/ive ( tru?1 x is n h$oni/ic4 ,x does n judge actions f _! effects 9 ! way ( pleasure or pa91 b x judges pleasures f ! basis ( an indep5d5t /&>d '9 ! nature ( ?+s4' ,x is expressly decl>$ t happ9ess is n to be s mu* ! end1 z ! te/ ( conduct1 & x is n happ9ess 9 g5]al1 ( e sort & k9d1 b a c]ta9 k9d ( happ9ess1 happ9ess condition$ by c]ta9 modes ( activity1 t is ! te/4 ,sp5c]'s h$onism 9 its f9al result h>dly comes to m ?an say+ t 9 ! case ( a p]fect individual 9 a p]fect society1 e action :atev] w\ld be accompani$ by pleasure1 & t1 !re=e1 9 su* a society1 pleasure w\ld be an infallible sign & te/ ( ! morality ( action--a position :i* is n d5i$ by any e?ical writ] :atev]1 unless a few extreme ascetics4 ,su* a position simply det]m9es ! value ( pleasure by an indep5d5t crit]ion1 & !n goes on to say ( pleasure s det]m9$1 t x is ! te/ ( ! morality ( action4 ,?is may be true1 b1 true or n1 x is n h$oni/ic4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is /&>d by :i* ! nature ( pleasure is det]m9$ is itself an e?ical 7t is1 active7 /&>d4 ,we h already se5 t ,sp5c] conceives t ! modes ( produc+ happ9ess are to be d$uc$ f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,?is might be1 ( c\rse1 a d$uction f physical laws & conditions4 ,b :5 we f9d t ! laws & conditions :i* ,sp5c] employs are ma9ly ^? ( social life1 x is difficult to see :y he is n employ+ a /rictly e?ical /&>d4 ,to d$uce n "r actions directly f happ9ess1 b ! k9ds ( actions :i* w produce happ9ess f a consid]ation ( a c]ta9 ideal ( social relation%ips seems l a rev]sal ( h$onism2 b ?is is :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] does4 ,,xxvi4 ,! ,real ,crit]ion ( ,evolution>y ,e?ics4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] expressly recognizes t !re exi/s 7#a7 an ideal code ( conduct1 =mulat+ ! conduct ( ! completely adapt$ man 9 ! completely evolv$ society4 ,su* a code is call$ absolute e?ics z di/+ui%$ f relative e?ics--a code ! injunctions ( :i* are alone to be consid]$ z absolutely "r1 9 contra/ ) ^? t are relatively "r or lea/ wrong1 & :i*1 z a sy/em ( ideal conduct1 is to s]ve z a /&>d = our guidance 9 solv+1 z well z we c1 ! problems ( real conduct 7p4 #bge ( ! ,data ( ,e?ics74 ,! ideal code deals1 x w be obs]v$1 ) ! behavior ( ! completely adapt$ man 9 a completely evolv$ society4 ,?is ideal z else:]e /at$1 is an ideal social be+ s con/itut$ t 8 spontane\s activities are congru\s ) ! conditions impos$ by ! social environm5t =m$ by o!r su* be+s4444 ,! ultimate man is "o 9 :om !re is a correspond5ce betwe5 all ! prompt+s ( 8 nature & all ! requirem5ts ( 8 life z c>ri$ on 9 society 7p4 #bge74 ,fur!rmore1 to make ! ideal man s]ve z a /&>d1 he has to be def9$ 9 t]ms ( ! conditions :i* 8 nature fulfill--9 t]ms ( ! objective requisites :i* mu/ be met be=e conduct c be "r 7p4 #agi74 ,h5ce x is manife/ t we mu/ consid] ! ideal man z exi/+ 9 ! ideal social /ate 7p4 #bhj74 ,"h we h 9 ! mo/ express t]ms ! recognition ( a f9al & p]man5t /&>d ) ref]5ce to :i* ! nature ( happ9ess is det]m9$1 & ! /&>d is "o ( social relation%ips4 ,to be sure x is claim$ t ! /&>d is "o :i* results 9 greate/ happ9ess1 b e e?ical !ory has always claim$ t ! ideal moral condition w\ld be accompani$ by ! maximum possible happ9ess4 #b4 ,! ideal /ate is def9$ ) ref]5ce to ! end ( evolution4 ,t is1 ,sp5c] def9es pleasure f an indep5d5t /&>d in/ead ( us+ pleasure z ! /&>d4 ,?is /&>d is to be got at by consid]+ t idea ( fully evolv$ conduct giv5 by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,?is fully evolv$ conduct implies3 7i47 ,greate/ possible quantity ( life1 bo? 9 l5g? & bread?2 7ii47 ,simil> ma9t5ance ( life 9 prog5y2 & 7iii47 ,life 9 :i* !re is no int]f]5ce ( actions by "o ) ^? ( ano!r1 &1 inde$1 life 9 :i* ! memb]s ( a society give mat]ial help 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ends1 ?us r5d]+ ! lives ( all m complete4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,ii ( ,data ( ,e?ics74 ,fur!rmore1 ! complete life "h id5tifi$ ) ! ideally moral life may be o!rwise def9$ z a life ( p]fect equilibrium 7p4 #gd71 or balance ( functions 7p4 #ij71 & ?is consid]$ n simply ) ref]5ce to ! individual1 b also ) ref]5ce to ! relation ( ! individual to society4 ,complete life 9 a complete society is b ano!r "n = complete equilibrium betwe5 ! co-ord9at$ activities ( ea* social unit & ^? ( ! aggregate ( units 7p4 #gd1 & ! :ole ( *ap4 ,v4 ,see also pp4 #afi-agj = ! position t ! end is a society 9 :i* ea* individual has full functions freely ex]cis$ 9 due h>mony1 & is1 p4 #ajj1 ! spontane\s ex]cise ( duly proportion$ faculties74 #c4 ,n only is pleasure ?us det]m9$ by an objective /&>d ( complete liv+ 9 a complete society b x is expressly recogniz$ t z ?+s are n[1 pleasure is n a p]fect guide to1 or ev5 te/ ( action4 ,& ?is difficulty is ?\ght to be remov$ by ref]5ce to ! ideal /ate 9 :i* "r action & happ9ess w fully co9cide4 ,! failure ( pleasure z a p]fect te/ & guide ( "r conduct1 comes out 9 at lea/ ?ree cases3-- #a4 ,!re is ! conflict ( "o set ( pleasures ) ano!r1 or ( pres5t happ9ess ) future1 "o lot hav+ to be surr5d]$ = ! sake ( ano!r4 ,?is is wrong1 s9ce pleasure z su* is good1 &1 al?\gh a fact at pres5t1 exi/s only on acc\nt ( ! incomplete developm5t ( society4 ,:5 !re is complete adju/m5t ( humanity to ! social /ate !re w be recognition ( ! tru? t actions are completely "r only :51 besides be+ conducive to future happ9ess1 special & g5]al1 !y are imm$iately pleasurable1 & t pa9fulness1 n only ultimate b proximate1 is ! concomitant ( actions :i* are wrong 7p4 #bi4 ,see = v>i\s cases 9 :i* pleasures are n connect$ ) actions :i* mu/ be p]=m$ & = ! /atem5t t ?is difficulty w be remov$ 9 an ideal /ate ( society1 p4 #gg2 pp4 #he-hg2 pp4 #ih-ii74 #b4 ,!re is also1 at pres5t1 a conflict ( individual happ9ess ) social welf>e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z long z !re exi/ antagoni/ic societies1 ! individual is call$ ^u to sacrifice 8 own happ9ess to t ( o!rs1 b su* moralities are1 by _! def9ition1 %[n to belong to incomplete conduct2 n to conduct t is fully evolv$ 7,see pp4 #acc-acg74 ,fur!rmore1 !re w be conflict ( claims1 & consequ5t compromises betwe5 "o's own pleasure & t ( o!rs 7p4 #adh71 until !re is a society 9 :i* !re is complete liv+ ?r\gh volunt>y co-op]ation1 ?is imply+ negatively t "o %all n int]f]e ) ano!r & %all fulfill contracts1 & positively t m5 %all spontane\sly help to aid "o ano!r lives beyond any specifi$ agreem5t 7pp4 #adf-adi74 #c4 ,!re is1 at pres5t1 a conflict ( obligation ) pleasure4 ,ne$$ activities1 9 o!r words1 h (t5 to be p]=m$ "u a pressure1 :i* ei!r less5s ! pleasure ( ! action1 or br+s pa91 ! act be+ p]=m$1 h[ev]1 to avoid a great] pa9 7s t ?is po9t really comes "u ! fir/ head74 ,b ! rem\ld+ ( human nature into fitness = ! requirem5ts ( social life1 mu/ ev5tually make all ne$ful activities pleasurable1 :ile x makes displeasurable all activities at v>iance ) ^! requirem5ts 7p4 #ahc74 ,! ?+s n[ done ) dislike1 ?r\gh s5se ( obligation1 w be done !n ) imm$iate lik+ 7p4 #hd1 & p4 #ahf2 & pp4 #bee-bef74 ,all ! quotations on ^! v>i\s po9ts are simply s _m recognitions t pleasure & pa9 z su* are n te/s ( morality1 b t !y become s :5 morality is indep5d5tly realiz$4 ,pleasure is n n[ a te/ ( conduct1 b becomes su* a te/ z fa/ z activity becomes full & complete6 ,:at is ?is b to admit 7:at 0 claim$ 9 ,sec4 ,,xiii7 t activity itself is :at man wants2 n m]e activity1 b ! activity :i* belongs to man z man1 & :i* !re=e has = its realiz$ cont5t all man's practical relation%ips4 ,( ,sp5c]'s conception ( ! ideal z some?+ n n[ realiz$1 b to be "s "t or o!r realiz$ once = all1 we h said no?+4 ,b see bel[1 ,sec4 #fd1 & also ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfd-bgg1 & also ,james1 ,unit>ian ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxii41 pp4 #bab-bac4 ,we h attempt$1 above1 to deal ) evolution>y e?ics only 9 ! "o po9t ( its suppos$ connection ) pleasure z a /&>d4 ,acc\nts & criticisms ( a broad] scope w be f\nd 9 ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man2 ,m>t9eau1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cce-cic2 ,s*urman1 ,e?ical ,import ( ,d>w9ism2 ,sorley1 ,e?ics ( ,naturalism1 *apt]s ,v1 & ,,vi2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p>ticul>ly pp4 #ca-cd2 #gh-hi2 #cei-cgi2 ,royce1 ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy1 pp4 #gd-he2 ,ev]ett1 ,poetry1 ,com$y & ,duty1 ,essay on ! ,new ,e?ics2 ,se? 9 ,m9d1 ,jan4 #ahhi1 on ,evolution ( ,morality2 ,dewey1 ,&ov] ,review1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #egj2 ,hyslop1 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cdh4 ,,xxvii4 ,=mal ,e?ics4 ,we come n[ to ! e?ical !ories :i* attempt to f9d ! good n only 9 ! w itself1 b 9 ! w irrespective ( any end to be rea*$ by ! w4 ,! typical in/ance ( su* !ories is ! ,kantian1 & we %all1 !re=e1 make t ! basis ( our exam9ation4 ,kant's !ory1 h[ev]1 is prim>ily a !ory n ( ! good1 b ( ! nature ( duty1 & t makes a /atem5t ( 8 doctr9e some:at m difficult4 ,! concept ( good & evil mu/ n be det]m9$ be=e ! moral law 7( :i* x seems z if x mu/ be ! f\ndation71 b only aft] x & by means ( x 7,abbott's ,trans41 p4 #aed74 ,sep>at+1 z f> z we c1 8 !ory ( ! good f t ( duty1 we get ! foll[+ results3 #a4 ,goodness belongs to ! w1 & to t alone4 ,no?+ c possibly be conceiv$1 9 ! _w or out ( x1 :i* c be call$ good )\t qualification except a good w4 ,! w is n good because ( :at x br+s ab\t1 or :at x is fitt$ to br+ ab\t2 t is1 x is n good on acc\nt ( its adaptation to any end outside ( itself4 ,x is good 9 itself4 ,x is l a jewel :i* %9es by its own light1 hav+ its :ole value 9 itself4 #b4 ,! good1 !n1 is n to be f\nd 9 any object ( w or ( desire1 nor 9 ! w s f> z x is direct$ t[>ds an end outside itself4 ,= ! w to be mov$ by incl9ation or by desire is = x to be mov$ = ! sake ( "s ext]nal end1 :i*1 moreov]1 is always pleasure 7,kant1 i4 e41 agrees ) ! h$oni/s reg>d+ ! object ( desire1 b on t v gr\nd d5ies t pleasure is ! good or ! desirable74 ,if1 !n1 no object ( desire c be ! motive ( a good w1 :at is its motive8 ,evid5tly only "s pr9ciple d]iv$ f ! w itself4 ,! good w is ! w :i* acts f reg>d to its own law4 #c4 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is law8 ,all objects ( desire 7i4 e41 all mat]ial7 h be5 exclud$ f x4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be purely =mal4 ,! only cont5t ( ! law ( ! good w is ! idea ( law itself4 ,! good w acts f rev]5ces = law z law4 ,x n only acts 9 con=mity ) law1 b has ! conception ( law z its direct+ spr+4 #d4 ,!re mu/1 h[ev]1 be "s application ( ?is motive ( law 9 g5]al to p>ticul> motives or acts4 ,?is is secur$ z foll[s3 ,! idea ( law c>ries ) x ! idea ( univ]sality or self-id5tity4 ,to act f ! idea ( law is !n s to act t ! motive ( action c be g5]aliz$--made a motive = all conduct4 ,! good w is ! legislative w2 ! w ^: motive c be made a law = conduct univ]sally4 ,! "q 9 a specific case is !n3 ,c y\r motive "h be made univ]sal1 i4 e41 a law8 ,if ! action is bad1 det]m9$ by an object ( desire1 x w be cont+5t & v>iable1 s9ce pleasures are diff]5t to diff]5t p]sons & to ! same p]son f mom5t to mom5t4 ,! w is good1 !n1 :5 its motive 7or maxim7 is to be f\nd solely 9 ! legislative =m ( ! action1 or 9 its fitness to be g5]aliz$ into a univ]sal pr9ciple ( conduct1 & ! law ( ! good w is3 ,act s t ! maxim ( ?y w c always at ! same "t hold good z a pr9ciple ( univ]sal legislation 7,abbott's ,trans41 p4 #aai2 also p4 #ee74 #e4 ,! application may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,"s "o1 we>i$ by :at he conceives to be ! entire mis]y ( life proposes to commit suicide1 b he asks himself :e!r ?is maxim bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( self-love c\ld become a univ]sal law ( nature2 & we see at once t a sy/em ( nature 9 :i* ! v feel+1 ^: (fice is to compel m5 to ! pres]vation ( life1 %\ld lead m5 by a univ]sal law to dea?1 _c be conceiv$ )\t contradiction4 ,t is to say1 ! pr9ciple ( ! motive :i* w\ld lead a man to suicide _c be g5]aliz$ )\t becom+ contradictory--x _c be made a law univ]sal4 7b7 ,an individual wi%es to borr[ money :i* he kn[s t he _c repay4 ,c ! maxim ( ?is act be univ]saliz$8 ,evid5tly n3 a sy/em ( nature 9 :i* x %\ld be a univ]sal law to promise )\t p]=m+1 = ! sake ( private good1 w\ld contradict itself1 = !n no "o w\ld believe ! promise--! promise itself w\ld become impossible z well z ! end x _h 9 view4 7c7 ,a man f9ds t he has c]ta9 p[]s1 b is dis9cl9$ to develop !m4 ,c he make ! maxim ( su* conduct a univ]sal law8 ,he _c w t x %\ld become univ]sal4 ,z a rational be+1 he mu/ w t 8 faculties be develop$4 7d7 ,a prosp]\s individual is dis9cl9$ to relieve ! mis]y ( o!rs4 ,c 8 maxim be g5]aliz$8 ,x is impossible to w t su* a pr9ciple %\ld h ! univ]sal validity ( a law ( nature4 ,= a w :i* resolv$ ?is w\ld contradict itself1 9 z mu* z _m cases might occur 9 :i* "o w\ld h ne$ ( ! love & sympa?y ( o!rs1 & 9 :i*1 by su* a law ( nature1 sprung f 8 own w1 he w\ld deprive himself ( all hope ( ! aid he desires4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 ! good is ! good w itself1 & ! w is good 9 virtue ( ! b>e =m ( its action1 indep5d5tly ( all special mat]ial will$4 ,see ,abbott's trans41 pp4 #i-df2 #aje-abj4 ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aga-aha2 #bji-bab4 ,,xxviii4 ,relation ( ?is ,!ory to ,h$onism4 ,! ,kantian !ory1 z already notic$1 agrees 9 its psy*ology ) h$onism4 ,x holds t pleasures are ! objects ( desire4 ,b x rev]ses ! conclusion :i* h$onism draws f ?is fact z to ! desirable4 ,s9ce pleasures are ! object ( desire1 & pleasures c give no law1 no univ]sality to action1 ! end ( action mu/ be f\nd :olly outside ! pleasures1 & :olly outside ! desires4 ,x c be f\nd only 9 ! b>e law ( ! w itself4 #a4 ,h$onism f9ds ! end ( conduct1 or ! desirable1 :olly det]m9$ by ! v>i\s p>ticul> desires :i* a man happ5s to h2 ,kantianism holds t to discov] ! end ( conduct1 we mu/ :olly exclude ! desires4 #b4 ,h$onism holds t ! rightness ( conduct is det]m9$ :olly by its consequ5ces2 ,kantianism holds t ! consequ5ces h no?+ to d ) ! rightness ( an act1 b t x is decid$ :olly by ! motive ( ! act4 ,f ?is contra/1 we may anticipate bo? our criticism ( ! ,kantian !ory & our conception ( ! true end ( action4 ,! fundam5tal error ( h$onism & ,kantianism is ! same--! supposition t desires are = pleasure only4 ,let x be recogniz$ t desires are = objects conceiv$ z satisfy+ or develop+ ! self1 & t pleasure is incid5tal to ?is fulfillm5t ( ! capacities ( self1 & we h ! means ( escap+ ! "o-sid$ness ( ,kantianism z well z ( h$onism4 ,we c see t ! end is nei!r ! procur+ ( p>ticul> pleasures ?r\gh ! v>i\s desires1 nor action f ! m]e idea ( ab/ract law 9 g5]al1 b t x is ! satisfaction ( desires accord+ to law4 ,! desire 9 its p>ticul> "* does n give ! law2 ?is1 z we saw 9 our criticism ( h$onism1 is to take away all law f conduct & to leave u at ! m]cy ( our *ance desires z !y come & g4 ,on ! o!r h& ! law is n some?+ :olly ap>t f ! desires4 ,?is1 z we %all see1 is equally to deprive u ( a law capable ( gov]n+ conduct4 ,! law is ! law ( ! desires !mselves--! h>mony & adju/m5t ( desires necess>y to make !m in/rum5ts 9 fulfill+ ! special de/9y or bus9ess ( ! ag5t4 ,f ! same po9t ( view we c see t ! crit]ion is f\nd nei!r 9 ! consequ5ces ( our acts z pleasures1 nor ap>t f consequ5ces4 ,x is f\nd inde$ 9 ! consequ5ces ( acts1 b 9 _! complete consequ5ces3--^? ^u ! ag5t & society1 z help+ or h9d]+ !m 9 fulfillm5t ( _! respective functions4 ,,xxix4 ,criticism ( ,kantian ,crit]ion ( ,conduct4 #a4 ,) ref]5ce to ! unification ( ! conduct ( ! individual4 ,( pleasure z ! object ( desire1 we ne$ n[ say no?+ fur!r1 b may proce$ at once to ! criticism ( ! !ory t ! w1 act+ accord+ to ! m]e idea ( law 9 g5]al1 is ! end ( man & h5ce t x is ! crit]ion ( ! rightness or wrongness ( 8 acts4 ,we %all attempt to %[ t su* an end is :olly empty1 & t x fails 7z mu* z h$onism7 to unify conduct or to place any specific act z to its morality4 ,! difficulty ( ! end propos$ by ,kant is t x is an ab/raction2 t x is remote4 ,! h$oni/ leaves out "o elem5t f conduct1 & takes into acc\nt ! m]ely p>ticul> or individuali/ic side2 ! ,kantian ab/racts ! opposite elem5t--! m]ely univ]sal4 ,! =mal univ]sal1 or univ]sal /ripp$ ( all p>ticul> cont5t1 has1 consid]$ z an end ( action1 at lea/ ?ree defects4 ,i4 ,x is an end :i* w\ld make impossible t v conduct ( :i* x is tak5 to be ! end--t is1 moral conduct4 ,9 d5y+ t pleasure is ! end ( action1 we took pa9s to %[ t x 7or r ! feel+ due to ! t5sion betwe5 pleasure ( a /ate consid]$ bett] & ! pa9 ( ! exp]i5c$ worse /ate7 is a necess>y elem5t 9 ! =ce impell+ to action4 ,! m]e conception ( an end is purely intellectual2 !re is no?+ 9 x to move to action4 ,x mu/ be felt z valuable1 z wor? hav+1 & z m valuable ?an ! pres5t condition be=e x c induce to action4 ,x mu/ int]e/1 9 a ^w1 & ?us excite desire4 ,b if feel+ is1 z ,kant decl>es1 to be exclud$ f ! motive to action1 because x is pa?ological or relat$ to pleasure z ! object ( desire1 h[ c !re be any =ce mov+ to action8 ,! m9d seems to be set ov] aga9/ a purely !oretical idea ( an end1 ) no?+ to connect ! m9d ) ! end4 ,unless ! end int]e/s1 unless x ar\ses emotion1 :y %\ld ! ag5t ev] aim at x8 ,& if ! law does excite feel+ or desire1 mu/ n ?is1 on ,kant's !ory1 be desire = pleasure & ?us vitiate ! morality ( ! act8 ,we seem to be 9 a dilemma1 "o side ( :i* makes moral action impossible by tak+ away all induc+ =ce1 :ile ! o!r makes x impossible by introduc+ an immoral factor into ! motive4 ,kant attempts to escape f ?is difficulty by claim+ t !re is "o feel+ :i* is rational1 & n s5su\s 9 quality1 be+ excit$ n by ! conception ( pleasure or pa91 b by t ( ! moral law itself4 ,?is is ! feel+ ( rev]5ce1 & ?r\gh ?is feel+ we c be mov$ to moral action4 ,waiv+ ! "q :e!r ! m]e idea ( law 9 g5]al w\ld be capable ( ar\s+ any moral s5tim5t--or1 putt+ ! matt] f ! o!r side1 :e!r ,kant gives u a true acc\nt ( ! feel+ ( rev]5ce--x is cle> t ?is admission is fatal to ,kant's !ory4 ,if desire or feel+ z su* is s5su\s 7or pa?ological1 z ,kant t]ms x71 :at "r h we to make ?is "o exception8 ,& if we c make ?is "o exception1 :y n o!rs8 ,if x is possible 9 ! case ( rev]5ce1 :y n 9 ! case1 say1 ( patriotism1 or ( fri5d%ip1 or ( philan?ropy1 or ( love--or ev5 ( curiosity1 or ( indignation1 or ( desire = approbation8 ,kant's sep>ation ( rev]5ce1 z ! "o moral s5tim5t f all o!rs z pa?ological1 is :olly arbitr>y4 ,! only di/9ction we c draw is ( ! feel+s z !y well up naturally 9 reaction ^u /imuli1 s5tim5ts n conceiv$ & ?us nei!r moral nor immoral1 & s5tim5ts z trans=m$ by ends ( action1 9 :i* case all )\t exception may be moral or immoral1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! end4 ,! ,kantian sep>ation is n only arbitr>y psy*ologically1 b is false hi/orically4 ,s f> is x f true t ! only moral s5tim5t is rev]5ce = law1 t m5 mu/ h be5 mov$ t[>d action = c5turies by motives ( love & hate & social reg>d1 be=e !y became capable ( su* an ab/ract feel+ z rev]5ce4 ,& x may be que/ion$ :e!r ?is feel+1 z ,kant treats x1 is ev5 ! highe/ or ultimate =m ( moral s5tim5t--:e!r x is n transitional to love1 9 :i* !re is complete union ( ! individual int]e/ on "o h&1 & ! objective end on ! o!r4 ,= ^! criticisms at great] l5g?1 see ,caird1 ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 ,! ,kantian end w\ld n br+ ab\t any sy/em 9 conduct--on ! contr>y1 x w\ld t5d to diff]5ces & collisions4 ,:at is requir$ to give unity to ! sph]e ( conduct is1 z we h se51 a pr9ciple :i* %all compreh5d all ! motives to action1 giv+ ea* its due place 9 contribut+ to ! :ole--a univ]sal :i* %all organize ! v>i\s p>ticul> acts into a h>moni\s sy/em4 ,n[ ,kant's conception ( ! good does n lead to su* result4 ,we may ev5 say t x makes x impossible4 ,accord+ to ,kant ea* act mu/ be consid]$ indep5d5tly ( e o!r1 & mu/ be capable ( g5]alization on its own acc\nt4 ,ea* motive ( action mu/ be capable ( be+ itself a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,ea* p>ticul> rule ( action is ?us made absolute1 & we are left n ) "o univ]sal :i* compreh5ds all p>ticul>s 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 b lit]ally ) a lot ( univ]sals4 ,^! n only fail to h a unity1 b ea*1 z absolute1 mu/ contradict "s o!r4 ,if ! pr9ciples always to tell ! tru? & always to pres]ve life are univ]sal 9 !mselves1 & n univ]sal simply ?r\gh _! relation to "s total & controll+ pr9ciple ( life1 x mu/ be impossible to reconcile !m :5 !y come into conflict4 ,see ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahg-aij1 & p4 #bae4 ,cf4 ,treat$ z univ]sal & )\t exception1 ev5 two su* comm&s z e4 g41 ',?\ %alt n /eal1' & ',?\ %alt n kill1' mu/ ultimately come into conflict ) ea* o!r2 =1 if all o!r int]e/s are to be po/pon$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! rights ( prop]ty1 x is impossible t all o!r int]e/s %\ld also be po/pon$ to ! pres]vation ( human life--& to make ei!r prop]ty or life an absolute end is to raise a p>ticul> into a univ]sal1 to treat a "p z if x 7 a :ole4 ,b ! true moral v9dication ( ea* p>ticul> int]e/ _c be f\nd 9 elevat+ x into some?+ univ]sal & absolute1 b only 9 det]m9+ its place 9 relation to ! o!rs 9 a complete sy/em ( morality4 ,,iii4 ,! pr9ciple is s empty ( all cont5t t x does n enable u to judge ( any specific act4 ,a caution %\ld be notic$ "h1 :i* is equally applicable to ! criticism ( h$onism3 ,:5 x is said t ! end does n enable u to judge ( specific acts1 ! objection is n t ! !ory 7,kantianism or h$onism1 z ! case may be7 does n give u rules = moral conduct4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( any !ory1 h[ev] correct z a !ory1 to lay d[n rules = conduct4 ,! !ory has simply to discov] :at ! end is1 & x is ! end 9 view :i* det]m9es specific acts4 ,x is no m ! bus9ess ( e?ics to tell :at 9 p>ticul> a man ought to d1 ?an x is ( trigonometry to survey l&4 ,b trigonometry mu/ /ate ! pr9ciples by :i* l& is survey$1 & s e?ics mu/ /ate ! end by :i* conduct is gov]n$4 ,! objection to h$onism & ,kantianism is t ! end !y give does n itself /& 9 any practical relation to conduct4 ,we d n object to ,kantianism because ! !ory does n help u z to specific acts1 b because ! end1 =mal law1 does n help u1 :ile ! real moral end mu/ det]m9e ! :ole ( conduct4 ,suppose a man ?r[n into ! complex surr\nd+s ( life ) an intellig5ce fully develop$1 b ) no previ\s k ( "r or wrong1 or ( ! prevail+ moral code4 ,he is to "k1 h[ev]1 t goodness is to be f\nd 9 ! good w1 & t ! good w is ! w mov$ by ! m]e idea ( ! univ]sality ( law4 ,c we imag9e su* an "o d]iv+ f 8 k any idea ( :at concrete ends he ought to pursue & :at to avoid8 ,he is surr\nd$ by special circum/ances call+ = special acts1 & all he kn[s is t :atev] he does is to be done f respect = its univ]sal or legislative quality4 ,:at community is !re betwe5 ?is pr9ciple & :at he is to d8 ,!re is no bridge f ! m]e ?\ght ( univ]sal law to any concrete end com+ "u ! law4 ,!re is no common pr9ciple out ( :i* gr[s ! conception ( law on "o h&1 & ( ! v>i\s special ends ( action1 on ! o!r4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ends are indep5d5tly sugge/$ or propos$1 w ! ,kantian conception s]ve to te/ _! moral fitness8 ,w ! conception t ! end mu/ be capable ( be+ g5]aliz$ tell u :e!r ?is or t end is "o to be foll[$8 ,! fact is1 t !re is no end :atev] t 9 or by itself1 _c be consid]$ z self-id5tical1 or z univ]sal4 ,if we presuppose a c]ta9 rule1 or if we presuppose a c]ta9 moral ord]1 x may be true t a giv5 motive _c be univ]saliz$ )\t com+ into conflict ) ?is presuppos$ rule or ord]4 ,b aside f "s moral sy/em into connection ) :i* a propos$ end may be br\ght1 = purposes ( comp>ison1 ly+ is j z capable z tru?-tell+ ( g5]alization4 ,!re is no m contradiction 9 ! motive ( univ]sal /eal+ ?an !re is 9 t ( univ]sal hone/y--unless !re is z /&>d "s ord] or sy/em ( ?+s into :i* ! propos$ action is to fit z a memb]4 ,& ?is makes n ! b>e univ]sality ( ! act1 b ! sy/em1 ! real crit]ion = det]m9+ ! morality ( ! act4 ,?us ,mill rem>ks1 reg>d+ ,kant's f\r illu/rations 7,ante1 p4 #hj71 t ,kant really has to employ utilit>ian consid]ations to decide :e!r ! act is moral or n4 ,= ! =ego+ criticisms1 see ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 ,essay ,,iv2 ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahe-ahf1 & #bab-bad1 &1 inde$1 ! :ole ( *4 ,,ii ( ,bk4 ,,ii4 ,,xxx4 ,criticism ( ,kantian ,crit]ion ( ,conduct4 #b4 ,) ref]5ce to ! furni%+ ( a common good or end4 ,if ! ,kantian end is s =mal & empty z n to enable u to br+ into relation ) "o ano!r ! v>i\s acts ( "o individual1 we may agree1 )\t argum5t1 t x does n provide u ) an end :i* %all unify ! acts ( diff]5t m5 into a connect$ ord] ( conduct4 ,! moral end1 ! act+ f reg>d = law z law1 is pres5t$ to ea* individual by himself1 entirely ap>t f 8 relations to o!rs4 ,t he has su* relations may1 inde$1 furni% additional mat]ial to :i* ! law mu/ be appli$1 b is some?+ to :i* ! "* ( ! law is :olly indiff]5t4 ,! end is n 9 itself a social end1 & x is a m]e accid5t if 9 any case social consid]ations h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x is ( ! v quality ( ! end t x appeals to ! individual z an isolat$ individual4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! way 9 :i* ,kant1 )\t expressly giv+ up ! purely =mal "* ( ! moral end1 gives x m & m cont5t1 & t cont5t social4 ,! moral law is n impos$ by any ext]nal au?ority1 b by ! rational w itself4 ,to be consci\s ( a univ]sal self-impos$ law is to be consci\s ( "o's self z hav+ a univ]sal aspect4 ,! s\rce ( ! law & its end are bo? 9 ! w--9 ! rational self4 ,?us man is an end to himself1 = ! rational self is man4 ,su* a be+ is a p]son--,rational be+s are p]sons1 because _! nature m>ks !m out z ends 9 !mselves1 i4 e41 z be+s :o %\ld nev] be us$ m]ely z means4444 ,su* be+s are n ends simply = u1 ^: exi/5ce z br\ght ab\t by our action has value1 b objective ends1 i4 e41 be+s ^: exi/5ce is an end 9 itself1 an end = :i* no o!r end c be sub/itut$ s z to r$uce x to a m]e means4 ,?us1 we get a second =mula4 ,always treat humanity1 bo? 9 y\r own p]son & 9 ! p]son ( o!rs1 z an end & nev] m]ely z a means4 7,abbott's ,trans41 pp4 #df-dg2 ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #bai74 ,"h ! crit]ion ( action is no long] ! b>e self-consi/5cy ( its motive1 b its consi/5cy ) ! rational nature ( ! ag5t1 t :i* con/itutes him a p]son4 ,&1 too1 ! w ( e rational be+ is likewise a univ]sally law-giv+ w4 7,abbott1 p4 #di74 ,! conception ( humanity embodi$ 9 o!rs z well z 9 "o's self is introduc$1 & ?us our crit]ion is socializ$4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 we h a lot ( p]sons1 ea* ( :om has to be consid]$ z an end 9 himself1 r ?an a social unity z to :i* e individual has an equal & common ref]5ce4 ,kant advances to ?is latt] idea 9 8 notion ( a ,k+dom ( ends4 ,we get ! idea ( a complete & sy/ematically connect$ totality ( all ends--a :ole sy/em ( rational be+s z ends 9 !mselves z well z ( ! special ends :i* ea* ( !m may set up = himself--i4e41 a k+dom ( ends4444 ,morality is ! ref]5ce ( all de$s to ! legislation :i* alone c make su* a k+dom possible4 7,see ,abbott's ,trans41 pp4 #ea-eb74 ,?is trans=mation ( a m]e =mal univ]sal into a society or k+dom ( p]sons--:ile n suffici5tly analyz$ z ,kant /ates x 7see ,caird1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbe-bbf7--;gives u truly a social crit]ion1 & we %all h]eaft] meet some?+ resembl+ x z ! true ideal4 ,z f9ally /at$1 x does n diff] 9 ess5tial cont5t f ,mill's individual :o conceives ( himself only z a memb] ( a body1 or f ,sp5c]'s free man 9 a free society4 ,,xxxi4 ,value ( ,kantian ,!ory4 ,we mu/ n leave ! ,kantian !ory ) ! impression t x is simply ! caprice ( a philosoph]'s bra94 ,9 two respects1 at lea/1 x pres5ts u1 z we %all see1 ) elem5ts t mu/ be adopt$2 & ev5 :]e false x is highly in/ructive4 ,kant's fundam5tal error is 9 8 conception t all desires or incl9ations are = private pleasure1 & are1 !re=e1 to be exclud$ f ! conception ( ! moral end4 ,kant's conclusion1 accord+ly1 t ! good w is purely =mal foll[s inevitably if ev] x is grant$ t !re is any intr9sic opposition betwe5 incl9ation z su*1 & reason or moral law z su*4 ,if !re is su* an opposition1 all desire mu/ be exclud$ f relation to ! end4 ,we _c make a compromise by di/+ui%+ betwe5 high] & l[] desires4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! end is to h cont5t1 x mu/ include all desires1 leav+ out none z 9 itself base or unwor?y4 ,kant's great negative s]vice 0 %[+ t ! ascetic pr9ciple logically results 9 pure =malism--mean+ by ascetic pr9ciple t :i* disconnects incl9ations f moral action4 ,kant's positive s]vice 01 fir/1 8 cle> insight into ! fact t ! good is to be f\nd only 9 activity2 t ! w itself1 & no?+ beyond itself1 is ! end2 & t to adopt any o!r doctr9e1 is to adopt an immoral pr9ciple1 s9ce x is to subord9ate ! w 7"*1 self & p]sonality71 to "s outside end4 ,8 second great s]vice 0 9 %[+ ! necessity ( putt+ 9 abeyance ! imm$iate satisfaction ( ea* desire z x happ5s to arise1 & ( subord9at+ x to "s law n to be f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> desire4 ,he %[$ t n ! p>ticul> desire1 b only ! desire z controll$ by ! idea ( law c\ld be ! motive ( moral action4 ,& if he fell into ! error ( hold+ t ?is meant t ! desire mu/ be exclud$ f ! moral motive1 ?is error does n make x less true t e p>ticul> desire mu/ be controll$ by a univ]sal law4 ,! tru? ( asceticism is t ! desire mu/ be *eck$ until subord9at$ to ! activity ( ! :ole man4 ,see ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjj2 pp4 #bjc-bjg2 #bbf-bbg4 ,,xxxii4 ,! ,problem & ,its ,solution4 ,if we ga!r toge!r ! results ( our obs]vations ( h$onism & ( ,kantianism we get some?+ l ! foll[+ problem & solution 9 outl9e4 ,! end ( action1 or ! good1 is ! realiz$ w1 ! develop$ or satisfi$ self4 ,?is satisfi$ self is f\nd nei!r 9 ! gett+ ( a lot ( pleasures ?r\gh ! satisfaction ( desires j z !y happ5 to arise1 nor 9 ob$i5ce to law simply because x is law4 ,x is f\nd 9 satisfaction ( desires accord+ to law4 ,?is law1 h[ev]1 is n some?+ ext]nal to ! desires1 b is _! own law4 ,ea* desire is only "o /riv+ ( "* = l>g] action1 & ! only way 9 :i* x c really f9d satisfaction 7t is1 pass f inw>d /riv+ into outw>d action7 is z a manife/ation ( "*4 ,a desire1 tak5 z a desire = its own app>5t or direct end only1 is an ab/raction4 ,x is a desire = an entire & cont9u\s activity1 & its satisfaction requires t x fitt$ into ?is entire & cont9u\s activity2 t x be made con=mable to ! conditions :i* w br+ ! :ole man into action4 ,x is ?is fitt+-9 :i* is ! law ( ! desire--! 'univ]sal' controll+ its p>ticul> nature4 ,?is 'fitt+-9' is no me*anical %e>+ (f1 nor /ret*+ out1 b a recon/ruction ( ! natural desire till x becomes an expression ( ! :ole man4 ,! problem !n is to f9d t special =m ( "*1 ( self1 :i* includes & trans=ms all special desires4 ,?is =m ( "* is at once ! ,good & ! ,law ( man4 ,we _c be cont5t ) ! notion t ! end is ! satisfaction ( ! self1 a satisfaction at once includ+ & subord9at+ ! ends ( ! p>ticul> desire4 ,?is tells u no?+ positive--h[ev] valuable x may be negatively 9 w>n+ u aga9/ "o-sid$ notions--until we "k :at t :ole self is1 & 9 :at concretely its satisfaction consi/s4 ,z ! fir/ /ep t[>ds su* a m concrete =mula1 we may say3 ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,moral ,end or ! ,good is ! ,realization by a ,p]son & z a ,p]son ( ,individuality4 ,9 say+ t ?is realization is by a p]son & z a p]son we are say+ no?+ new4 ,we are simply repeat+ :at we h already le>n$ ab\t moral conduct 7,sec4 ,,iii74 ,conduct is n t :i* simply rea*es c]ta9 consequ5ces--a bullet %ot f a rifle does t2 !re is conduct only :5 ! consequ5ces are =ese52 made ! reason ( action4 ,a p]son is a be+ capable ( conduct--a be+ capable ( propos+ to himself ends & ( attempt+ to realize !m4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ! re/ ( ! =mula8 ,:at d we mean by individuality8 ,we may di/+ui% two factors--or bett] two aspects1 two sides--9 individuality4 ,on "o side1 x means special disposition1 temp]am5t1 gifts1 b5t1 or incl9ation2 on ! o!r side1 x means special /ation1 situation1 limitations1 surr\nd+s1 opportunities1 etc4 ,or1 let u say1 x means specific capacity & specific environm5t4 ,ea* ( ^! elem5ts1 ap>t f ! o!r1 is a b>e ab/raction & )\t reality4 ,nor is x /rictly correct to say t individuality is con/itut$ by ^! two factors toge!r4 ,x is r1 z intimat$ above1 t ea* is individuality look$ at f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 f )9 or f )\t4 ,if we are apt to id5tify individuality ) ! inn] side alone1 ) capacity ap>t f its surr\nd+s1 a little reflection w %[ ! error4 ,ev5 ! mo/ devot$ adh]5t ( self-culture w\ld n hold t a gift c\ld be develop$1 or a disposition manife/$1 9 isolation f all ext]ior circum/ances4 ,let ! disposition1 ! gift be :at x may 7amiable or irascible1 a tal5t = music or = ab/ract sci5ce1 or = eng9e]+71 its exi/5ce1 to say no?+ ( its culture1 ap>t f "s surr\nd+s is b>e nons5se4 ,if a p]son %uts himself up 9 a closet or goes out into ! des]t ! bett] to cultivate 8 capacities1 !re is /ill ! des]t or ! closet !re2 & x is z condition$ by !m1 & ) ref]5ce to !m t he mu/ cultivate himself4 ,= m is true ?an t1 z a matt] ( fact1 no man c :olly )draw himself f surr\nd+s2 ! important po9t is t ! mann] & ! purpose ( ex]cis+ 8 capacity is always relative to & dep5d5t ^u ! surr\nd+s4 ,ap>t f ! environm5t ! capacity is m]e empt9ess2 ! ex]cise ( capacity is always e/abli%+ a relation to some?+ ext]ior to itself4 ,all we c say ( capacity ap>t f environm5t is t if c]ta9 circum/ances 7 suppli$1 !re w\ld be some?+ !re4 ,we call a capacity capability1 possibility1 z if = ! v purpose ( emphasiz+ ! necessity ( ext]nal supplem5t+4 ,we get ! same fact1 on ! o!r side1 by call+ to m9d t circum/ances1 environm5t are n indiff]5t or irrelevant to individuality4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 "o individual & ano!r lies z mu* 9 ! /ation 9 :i* ea* is plac$ z 9 ! capacity ( ea*4 ,t is to say1 environm5t ent]s into individuality z a con/itu5t factor1 help+ make x :at x is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is capacity :i* makes ! environm5t really an environm5t to ! individual4 ,! environm5t is n simply ! facts :i* happ5 objectively to lie ab\t an ag5t2 x is su* "p ( ! facts z may be relat$ to ! capacity & ! disposition & gifts ( ! ag5t4 ,two memb]s ( ! same family may h :at1 to ! outw>d eye1 are exactly ! same surr\nd+s1 & yet ea* may draw f ^! surr\nd+s :olly unlike /imulus1 mat]ial & motives4 ,ea* has a diff]5t environm5t1 made diff]5t by 8 own mode ( selection2 by ! diff]5t way 9 :i* 8 int]e/s & desires play ^u ! pla/ic mat]ial ab\t him4 ,x is n1 !n1 ! environm5t z physical ( :i* we are speak+1 b z x appeals to consci\sness1 z x is affect$ by ! make-up ( ! ag5t4 ,?is is ! practical or moral environm5t4 ,! environm5t is n1 !n1 :at is !n & !re pres5t 9 space4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian m>tyr ! suff]+s ( 8 ma/]1 & ! rew>ds ( fai?fulness to come to himself 7 m real p>ts ( 8 environm5t ?an ! /ake & fire4 ,a ,d>w9 or a ,wallace may f9d 8 environm5t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica or ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s--or1 inde$1 9 e fact ( a c]ta9 sort :]ev] f\nd ^u ! e>? or 9 :atev] geological era4 ,a man ( philan?ropic in/9cts may f9d 8 environm5t among ,indians or ,congo negroes4 ,:atev]1 h[ev] ne> or remote 9 "t & space1 an individual's capacities & ne$s relate him to1 is 8 environm5t4 ,! mom5t we realize t only :at "o conceives z prop] mat]ial = call+ out & express+ "s int]nal capacity is a "p ( 8 surr\nd+s1 we see n only t capacity dep5ds ^u environm5t1 b t environm5t dep5ds ^u capacity4 ,9 o!r words1 we see t ea* 9 itself is an ab/raction1 & t ! real ?+ is ! individual :o is con/itut$ by capacity & environm5t 9 _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,function is a t]m :i* we may use to express union ( ! two sides ( individuality4 ,! idea ( function is t ( an active relation e/abli%$ betwe5 p[] ( do+1 on "o side1 & some?+ to be done on ! o!r4 ,to ex]cise a function z a /ud5t is n to cultivate ta/es & possibilities int]nally2 x is also to meet ext]nal dem&s1 ! dem&s ( fact1 ( tea*]s1 ( o!rs ne$+ k4 ,! citiz5 ex]cises 8 function n simply 9 cultivat+ s5tim5ts ( patriotism )92 "o has to meet ! ne$s ( ! city1 ! c\ntry 9 :i* "o lives4 ,! realization ( an arti/ic function is n por+ ov] emotions ( beauty pump$ up )9 "o's self2 x is ! ex]cise ( "s call+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x h>dly ne$s say+ t ! function ( a /ud5t1 a citiz51 an arti/1 is n ex]cis$ 9 b>e con=mity to c]ta9 ext]nal requirem5ts4 ,)\t ! inn] disposition & incl9ation1 we call conduct dead1 p]functory1 hypocritical4 ,an activity is n functional1 unless x is organic1 express+ ! life ( ! ag5t4 ,a function ?us includes two sides--! ext]nal & ! int]nal--& r$uces !m to elem5ts 9 "o activity4 ,we get an analogy 9 any animal function4 ,! dige/ive function includes ! mat]ial appropriat$1 j z mu* z x does ! organ appropriat+4 ,x is ! s]vice1 ! "w :i* ! organ does 9 appropriat+ mat]ial4 ,s1 morally1 function is capacity 9 action2 environm5t trans=m$ into an elem5t 9 p]sonal s]vice4 ,?us we get ano!r =mula = ! moral end3 ,! p]=mance by a p]son ( 8 specific function1 ?is function consi/+ 9 an activity :i* realizes wants & p[]s ) ref]5ce to _! peculi> surr\nd+s4 ,,xxxiv4 ,moral ,functions z ,int]e/s4 ,if morality consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( "o's specific functions1 x foll[s t no detail$ acc\nt ( ! cont5t ( ! moral end c possibly be giv54 ,?is cont5t is ?or\ghly individual or inf9ite4 ,x is concrete to ! core1 includ+ e detail ( conduct1 & ?is n 9 a rigid =mula1 b 9 ! movem5t ( life4 ,all we c d is1 by ab/raction1 to select "s ( ! ma9 features ( ! end1 su* z ! m common & ! m p]man5t4 ,:ile ea* individual has 8 own p>ticul> functions1 :i* c no m be exhau/$ by def9ition or description ?an ! qualities ( any o!r individual object1 x is also true t we c recognize c]ta9 typical functions to be f\nd p]man5tly & 9 all4 ,^! make1 z x 71 ! skeleton ( ! moral end :i* ea* clo!s ) 8 own fle% & blood4 ,functions are int]e/s--objective int]e/s 7 n ! t]m tautological4 ,int]e/s h ?ree traits wor? special m5tion4 #a4 ,!y are active4 ,an int]e/ is n an emotion produc$ f )\t4 ,x is ! reaction ( ! emotion to ! object4 ,int]e/ is id5tifi$1 9 ord9>y spee*1 ) att5tion2 we take an int]e/1 or1 if we say simply 'int]e/$1' t involves "s excitation1 "s action j beg9n+4 ,we talk ( a man's int]e/s1 mean+ 8 occupations or range ( activities4 #b4 ,!y are objective4 ,! emotion ar\s$ goes out to "s object1 & is fix$ ^u t2 we are always int]e/$ 9 some?+4 ,! active elem5t ( int]e/ is precisely t :i* takes x out ( ! inn] mood itself & gives x a t]m9us1 an end 9 an object4 #c4 ,an int]e/ is satisfaction4 ,x is its own rew>d4 ,x is n a /riv+ = some?+ unrealiz$1 or a m]e condition ( t5sion4 ,x is ! satisfaction 9 "s object :i* ! m9d already has4 ,?is object may be possess$ 9 "s great] or less degree1 9 full realization or 9 fa9t grasp1 b int]e/ atta*es to x z possess$4 ,?is diff]5tiates x f desire1 ev5 :]e o!rwise ! /ates are ! same4 ,desire ref]s to ! lack1 to :at is n pres5t to ! m9d4 ,"o /ate ( m9d may be call$ bo? int]e/ 91 & desire =1 k1 b desire emphasizes ! unkn[n1 :ile int]e/ is on acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( self1 ( intellig5ce1 9 ! object4 ,int]e/ is ! union 9 feel+1 ?r\gh action1 ( self & an object4 ,an int]e/ 9 life is _h :5 a man c practically id5tify himself ) "s object ly+ beyond 8 imm$iate or already acquir$ self & ?us be l$ to fur!r expression ( himself4 ,to h an int]e/1 !n1 is to be al]t1 to h an object1 & to f9d satisfaction 9 an activity :i* br+s ?is object home to self4 ,n e int]e/ c>ries ) x complete satisfaction4 ,b no int]e/ c be :olly ?w>t$4 ,! pur] ! int]e/1 ! m ! int]e/ is 9 ! object = its own sake1 & n = t ( "s ult]ior consequ5ce1 ! m ! int]e/ fulfills itself4 ,x is bett] to h lov$ & lo/ ?an nev] to h lov$ at all1 & love is simply ! highe/ p[] ( int]e/--int]e/ fre$ f all extr9sic /uff4 ,( ! int]e/s1 two ab/ract =ms may be recogniz$1 int]e/ 9 p]sons & int]e/ 9 ?+s4 ,& ^! may be subdivid$3 ,int]e/ 9 p]sons3 int]e/ 9 self & o!rs4 ,int]e/ 9 ?+s--into _! contemplation 7k7 & into _! production 7art74 ,& art aga9 may be ei!r productive ( ?+s to be contemplat$ 7f9e art71 or useful--manufactures1 indu/ry1 etc4 ,! moral end1 !n1 or ! ,good w consi/ 9 ! ex]cise ( ^! int]e/s1 v>i$ z !y may be 9 ea* individual by ! special turn :i* 8 capacities & opportunities take4 ,,xxxv4 ,! ,ex]cise ( ,int]e/s z ! ,moral ,end4 ,let u n[1 z a means ( r5d]+ our conception ( ! moral end m concrete1 consid] briefly ea* ( ! =ms ( int]e/4 #a4 ,int]e/ 9 self4 ,we mu/ free ourselves f any notion t an int]e/ 9 self is non-moral1 if n actually immoral4 ,! latt] position is seldom consci\sly assum$1 b x is n uncommon to h int]e/ 9 self1 "u ! "n ( prud5ce1 m>k$ (f f ! moral sph]e4 ,int]e/ 9 self1 if ! int]e/ is pure1 is j z mu* an int]e/ 9 ! moral end z int]e/ 9 any?+ or anybody else4 ,int]e/ 9 self may take ! =m ( selfi%ness1 or ( s5tim5talism2 b ?is is only an impure int]e/1 an int]e/ n 9 self1 b 9 "s consequ5ces to :i* ! self may be direct$4 ,int]e/ 9 self may take _m =ms1 accord+ to ! side ( self :i* is ! object ( att5tion1 & accord+ to ! range ( ! self tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a rudim5t>y =m is prud5ce1 b ev5 ?is1 in/ead ( be+ non-moral1 is1 9 prop] place & degree1 moral1 z moral z b5evol5ce2 &1 if n 9 its prop] place1 immoral4 ,f su* an int]e/ !re are all /ages up to ! int]e/ 9 self z x mo/ deeply & broadly is1 ! s5se ( honor1 moral dignity1 self-respect1 consci5ti\sness1 t attempt to be & to make ! mo/ ( "o's self1 :i* is at ! v root ( moral endeavor4 ,! gr\nd t is usually giv5 = mak+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ,prud5ce1 ,self-,reg>d1 ,self-,love z non-moral1 & ,b5evol5ce1 ,altruism etc41 z moral1 is t 9 ! =m] case a m]e reg>d = "o's own advantage dictates prop] conduct1 :ile 9 ! latt] case !re mu/ be a positive virtu\s int5t4 ,we may1 = example1 be po9t$ to "s cool calculat+ man :o takes c>e ( 8 heal? & 8 prop]ty1 :o inde$ is g5]ally 'prud5t'1 because he sees t x is = 8 advantage1 & be told t :ile su* an end is n immoral x is c]ta9ly n moral4 ,b 9 return x mu/ be ask$ :at is meant "h by advantage8 ,if by x is meant private pleasure1 or advantage ov] somebody else1 !n ?is conduct does n spr+ f int]e/ 9 self at all1 b f int]e/ 9 "s ext]ior consequ5ce1 & z spr++ f su* an impure int]e/ is n simply non-moral1 b positively immoral4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 'advantage' means reg>d = "o's :ole function1 "o's place 9 ! moral ord]1 !n su* int]e/ 9 self is moral4 ,c>e = bodily heal? 9 ! int]e/ ( effici5cy 9 conduct is supremely moral beside reckless disreg>d ( x 9 ! int]e/ ( "s suppos$ high] or m spiritual function4 ,if x is meant t conduct is immoral because x spr+s f "s int]e/ on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 ! reply is t all conduct mu/ s arise1 & t any o!r supposition leads u imm$iately into asceticism & into =malism4 #b4 ,int]e/ 9 o!rs4 ,! g5]ic =m ( int]e/ 9 o!rs is sympa?y1 ?is be+ specifi$ by ! v>i\s =ms ( social organization ( :i* ! individual is a memb]4 ,a p]son is1 we h se51 "o :o c conceive ( ends & c act to realize ^! ends4 ,only a p]son1 !re=e1 c conceive ( o!rs z ends1 & s h true sympa?y4 ,x is n meant1 ( c\rse1 t animals d n p]=m acts :i*1 de facto1 are altrui/ic or ev5 self-sacrific+4 ,:at is meant is t ! animal does n act f ! idea ( o!rs ( 8 k9d z ends 9 !mselves4 ,if ! animal does s act1 x _c be d5i$ ! "n ( p]son4 ,true int]e/ 9 o!rs is pure1 or dis9t]e/$1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ no ref]5ce to "s fur!r & ext]nal consequ5ce to "o's self4 ,int]e/ 9 o!rs ne$ n be moral 7or pure7 any m ?an int]e/ 9 self is necess>ily immoral 7or impure74 ,x is a mi/ake to di/+ui% int]e/ 9 self z egoi/ic & int]e/ 9 o!rs z altrui/ic4 ,g5u9e int]e/s1 :atev] _! object1 are bo? egoi/ic & altrui/ic4 ,!y are egoi/ic simply because !y are int]e/s--imply satisfaction 9 a realiz$ end4 ,if man is truly a social be+1 con/itut$ by 8 relation%ips to o!rs1 !n social action mu/ inevitably realize himself1 & be1 9 t s5se1 egoi/ic4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 if ! individual's int]e/ 9 himself is 9 himself z a memb] ( society1 !n su* int]e/ is ?or\ghly altrui/ic4 ,9 fact1 ! v idea ( altruism is likely to c>ry a false impression :5 x is s mu* insi/$ ^u1 z x is n[adays 9 popul> lit]ature1 z ! ess5ce ( morality4 ,! t]m z us$ seems to imply t ! m]e giv+ up ( "o's self to o!rs1 z o!rs1 is someh[ moral4 ,j z !re may be an immoral int]e/ 9 self1 s !re may be an immoral 'altruism4' ,x is immoral 9 any case to sacrifice ! actual relation%ips 9 ! case1 ^? :i* dem& action1 to "s feel+ outside !mselves--z immoral :5 ! feel+ to :i* ! sacrifice is (f]$ up is labell$ 'b5evol5ce'1 z :5 x is t]m$ 'gre$9ess'4 ,x is no excuse :5 a man gives unwisely to a begg> t he feels b5evol5t4 ,moral b5evol5ce is ! feel+ direct$ t[>d a c]ta9 end :i* is kn[n to be ! fit or "r end1 ! end :i* expresses ! situation4 ,! "q is z to ! aim 9 giv+4 ,ap>t f ?is aim1 ! act is simply reliev+ ! ag5t's own feel+s & has no moral quality4 ,r x is immoral2 = feel+s d h a moral capacity1 t is1 a relation to ends ( action1 & h5ce to satisfy !m on _! acc\nt1 to deprive !m ( _! practical ref]5ce1 is bad4 ,aside f :at ?is illu/rates1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 ! pres5t emphasis ( altruism to erect ! pr9ciple ( *>ity1 9 a s5se :i* implies cont9u$ social inequality1 & social slav]y1 or undue dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ano!r1 into a fundam5tal moral pr9ciple4 ,x is well to d good to o!rs1 b x is mu* bett] to d ?is by secur+ = !m ! fre$om :i* makes x possible = !m to get along 9 ! future )\t su* 'altruism' f o!rs4 ,!re is :at has be5 well t]m$ an egotism ( r5unciation2 a desire to d = o!rs :i*1 at bottom1 is simply an attempt to regulate _! conduct4 ,mu* ( altruism is an egoism ( a l>g] radius1 & its t5d5cy is to manufacture a gigantic self1 z 9 ! case :]e a fa!r sacrifices ev]y?+ = 8 *ildr5 or a wife = h] husb&4 ,see ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #djb4 ,see also ,h9ton1 ,! ,law ,break]1 p4 #bhg3 ,! real mean+ ( ! difficulty ab\t a ^w = reg>d = o!rs is t we d n want x4 ,x w\ld mislead u if we _h x4 ,x is n a reg>d = o!rs t we ne$1 b simply a true reg>d1 a reg>d to ! facts1 to nature2 x is only a tru? to facts 9 our reg>d1 & its nature is obscur$ by a ref]5ce to o!rs1 z if t 7 ! ess5tial po9t4444 ,x is n z be+ = o!rs1 b z be+ true1 t ! reg>d = o!rs is dem&$4 ,"s e?ical writ]s h gone to ! o!r extreme & held t all b5evol5ce is a disguis$ or an enlight5$ selfi%ness1 s9ce hav+ a necess>y ref]5ce to self4 ,! ref]5ce to self mu/ be admitt$2 unless ! action spr+s f an int]e/ ( ! ag5t himself ! act may be outw>dly useful1 b _c be moral4 ,b ! argum5t allud$ to inv]ts ! true relation involv$4 ,if a man's int]e/s are su* t he c f9d satisfaction only 9 ! satisfaction ( o!rs1 :at an absurdity to say t 8 act+ f ^! int]e/s is selfi%6 ,! v fact ( su* id5tity ( self ) o!rs 9 8 int]e/ is ! pro( ( 8 unselfi%ness4 ,see ,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bda1 = an admirable discussion ( ?is difficulty4 ,:5 x is said t y\r pa9 is pa9ful to me1 he says1 ! inf]5ce is (t5 ins9uat$ t ,i dislike y\r pa9 because x is pa9ful to me 9 "s special relation4 ,i d n dislike x z y\r pa91 b 9 virtue ( "s p>ticul> consequ5ce1 su*1 = example1 z its mak+ y less able to r5d] me a s]vice4 ,9 t case ,i d n really object to y\r pa9 z y\r pa9 at all1 b only to "s removable & accid5tal consequ5ces4 7,& see 8 :ole treatm5t ( sympa?y1 pp4 #bcj-bde74 ,! :ole "q is %[n to come to ?is3 ,is my int]e/ 91 my sympa?y )1 y\r joy & sorr[ z su*1 or 9 y\r joy & sorr[ z contribut+ to m9e8 ,if ! latt]1 ( c\rse ! int]e/ is selfi%1 n be+ an int]e/ 9 o!rs at all4 ,b if ! =m]1 !n ! fact t su* sympa?y involves "o's own satisfaction is ! be/ pro( t man is n selfi%ly con/ruct$4 ,:5 ,/eph5 goes on to say t su* sympa?y does n involve ! exi/5ce ( a real unity l>g] ?an ! individual1 he seems to me to misread 8 own facts1 probably because he conceives ( ?is unity z "s ab/ract or ext]nal ?+4 ,discussion reg>d+ self-love & b5evol5ce1 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 egoism & altruism1 has be5 rife 9 ,engli% e?ics s9ce ! "t ( ,hobbes1 & especially ( ,%aftesbury & ,butl]4 ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,s]mons ( ! latt]1 :i* gave ! c5tral po9t ( discussion = almo/ a c5tury4 ,) ref]5ce to ! special weakness ( ?is po9t ( view1 ) its co-ord9ation ( two indep5d5t pr9ciples1 see ,gre51 ,philosophical ,works1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ii-ajd4 ,! ess5tial lack 7! lack :i* we h tri$ to make good 9 ! def9ition ( individuality z ! union ( capacity & surr\nd+s 9 function71 0 ! failure to analyze ! idea ( ! individual4 ,individuality be+ def9$ z an exclusive pr9ciple1 ! inevitable result 0 ei!r 7i47 ! disguis$ selfi%ness !ory2 or 7ii47 ! assumption ( two fundam5tally diff]5t pr9ciples 9 man4 ,! ord9>y di/9ction betwe5 prud5ce & virtue is an e*o ( ! latt] !ory4 ,!n1 f9ally1 7iii47 a ?ird pr9ciple1 g5]ally call$ consci5ce by ,butl]1 0 br\ght 9 z umpire 9 ! conflict ( prud5ce & virtue4 ,sugge/ive mod]n treatm5t ( ! matt]1 f a v>iety ( po9ts ( view1 w be f\nd 9 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 *s4 ,,xi-,,xiii2 ,/eph51 ,op4 cit41 *4 ,,vi2 ,sidgwick1 ,op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,v1 *4 ,,vii2 ,royce1 ,op4 cit41 *4 ,,iv2 ,sorley1 ,e?ics ( ,naturalism1 pp4 #acd-aej2 ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #agb-ahj2 ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #djj-dje2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 pp4 #bie-caa4 #c4 ,int]e/ 9 ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,man is int]e/$ 9 ! _w ab\t him2 ! k ( ! nature & relations ( ?is _w become "o ( 8 mo/ absorb+ pursuits4 ,man id5tifies himself ) ! mean+ ( ?is _w to ! po9t t he c be satisfi$ only z he spells out & reads its mean+4 7,see1 = example1 ,br[n+'s ,gramm>ian's ,fun]al47 ,! sci5tific int]e/ is no less a controll+ motive ( man ?an ! p]sonal int]e/4 ,?is k is n a means = hav+ agreeable s5sations2 x is n dilettanteism or love ( culture2 x is int]e/ 9 ! l>ge & goodly frame ( ?+s4 ,& s x is ) art2 man has int]e/s :i* c be satisfi$ only 9 ! recon/ruction ( nature 9 ! way ( ! useful & ! beautiful4 ,i h made no di/9ction betwe5 'f9e' & 'useful' art4 ,! discussion ( ?is "q does n belong "h1 b ! rigid sep>ation ( !m 9 /hetic !ory seems to me to h no ju/ification4 ,bo? are products ( intellig5ce 9 ! s]vice ( int]e/s1 & ! only diff]5ce is 9 ! range ( intellig5ce & int]e/s conc]n$4 ',use' is a limit$ s]vice & h5ce implies an ext]nal end2 beauty is complete use or s]vice1 & h5ce n m]e use at all1 b self-expression4 ,hi/orically1 all art :i* has n be5 m]ely s5tim5tal & 'lit]>y' has sprung f int]e/ 9 good workman%ip 9 ! realiz+ ( an idea4 ,x seems z if "h int]e/s violat$ _! g5]al law1 &1 9 ! case ( use at lea/1 7 an int]e/ 9 "s ult]ior end4 ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r a c>p5t] ^: aim 0 consci\sly beyond ! "w he 0 do+1 w\ld be a good workman--& ?is :e!r ! fur!r end is 8 own private advantage1 or social b5efit at l>ge4 ,! ?\ght ( ! fur!r b5efit to self & ( ! utility to accrue to "s "o else1 w1 if x becomes a "p ( :at he is do+1 und\bt$ly int5sify 8 int]e/--x mu/ d s1 = x enl>ges its cont5t4 ,b to id5tify "o's own or ano!r's well-be+ ) "w1 & to make ! "w a m]e means to ?is welf>e1 are two q diff]5t ?+s4 ,! good artisan has 8 he>t 9 8 "w4 ,8 self-respect makes x necess>y = him to respect ?is te*nical or arti/ic capacity1 & to d ! be/ by x t he c )\t scrimp+ or l[]+4 ,to a good bus9ess man bus9ess is n ! m]e means to money-mak+2 & x is s5tim5talism 7& h5ce immoral7 to dem& t x be a m]e means to ! good ( society4 ,! bus9ess1 if x is a moral "o 7& any bus9ess1 s f> z x is ?us c>ri$ on1 is moral71 is c>ri$ on = ! sake ( ! activity itself1 z a realiz+ ( capacity 9 a specific situation4 ,,xxxvi4 ,! ,moral ,quality ( ,sci5ce4 ,we seem1 h[ev]1 to meet "h1 9 relation to sci5ce & art1 a difficulty :i* ?reat5s our :ole !ory4 ,c x be claim$1 x may be ask$1 t devotion to sci5ce or art con/itutes goodness 9 ! same s5se t devotion to ! int]e/s ( "o's family or /ate con/itutes x8 ,no "o d\bts t a good fa!r or a good citiz5 is a good man1 9 s f> =?4 ,are we ready to say t a good *emi/ or good c>p5t]1 or good musician is1 9 s f>1 a good man8 ,9 a ^w1 is !re n a ref]5ce to ! good ( p]sons pres5t 9 "o case & abs5t 9 ano!r1 & does n its abs5ce preclude ! sci5tific & arti/ic activities f any %>e1 z su*1 9 ! moral end8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! moral end does n ref] to "s consequ5ce :i* happ5s1 de facto1 to be rea*$4 ,x ref]s to an end will$2 i4e41 to an idea held to & realiz$ z an idea4 ,& ?is fact %[s u ! way to meet ! qu]y1 9 "p at lea/4 ,if1 :5 we say good c>p5t]1 or good m]*ant1 we are speak+ f ! /&po9t ( results1 indep5d5tly ( ! idea conceiv$ z end 9 ! m9d ( ! ag5t2 if we mean simply1 'we l :at t man does'1 !n ! t]m good has no moral value4 ,a man may pa9t 'good' pictures & n be1 9 s f>1 a good man1 b 9 ?is s5se a man may d a great deal ( 'good'1 & yet n be a good man4 ,x 0 agre$ at ! outset t moral goodness p]ta9s to ! k9d ( idea or end :i* a man cl+s to1 & n to :at he happ5s to effect visibly to o!rs4 ,if a sci5tific man pursues tru? z a m]e means to reputation1 to weal?1 etc41 we d n 7or %\ld n7 hesitate to call him immoral4 ,?is does n mean t if he ?9ks ( ! reputation1 or ( weal?1 he is immoral1 = he may =esee weal? & ! reputation z necess>ily b\nd up 9 :at he is do+2 x may become a "p ( ! end4 ,x means t if k ( tru? is a m]e means to an end beyond x1 ! man is immoral4 ,:at reason is !re :y we %\ld n call him moral if he does 8 "w = its own sake1 f int]e/ 9 ?is cause :i* takes him outside 8 own mis]able individuality1 9 ,mill's phrase8 ,aft] all1 ! phrase a 'good fa!r' means b a "* manife/+ itself 9 c]ta9 relations1 z is "r accord+ to ^! relations2 ! phrase has moral significance n 9 itself1 b ) ref]5ce to ! end aim$ at by "*4 ,& s x is ) ! phrase 'a good c>p5t]4' ,t also means devotion ( "* to c]ta9 out] relations = _! own sake4 ,^! relations may n be s important1 b t is n lack ( moral mean+4 ,,xxxvii4 ,adju/m5t to ,environm5t4 ,s f> we h be5 discuss+ ! moral ideal 9 t]ms ( its inn] side--capacity1 int]e/4 ,we %all n[ discuss x on its out] or objective side--z 'adju/m5t to environm5t' 9 ! phrase made famili> by ! evolutioni/s4 ,c]ta9 cautions1 h[ev]1 mu/ be not$ 9 ! use ( ! phrase4 ,we mu/ keep cle>ly 9 m9d ! relativity ( environm5t to inn] capacity2 t x exi/s only z "o elem5t ( function4 ,ev5 a plant mu/ d some?+ m ?an adju/ itself to a fix$ environm5t2 x mu/ ass]t itself aga9/ its surr\nd+s1 subord9at+ !m & trans=m+ !m into mat]ial & nutrim5t2 &1 on ! surface ( ?+s1 x is evid5t t trans=mation ( exi/+ circum/ances is moral duty r ?an m]e reproduction ( !m4 ,! environm5t mu/ be pla/ic to ! ends ( ! ag5t4 ,b admitt+ t environm5t is made :at x is by ! p[]s & aims ( ! ag5t1 :at s5se %all we attribute to ! t]m adju/m5t8 ,n b>e con=mity to circum/ances1 nor b>e ext]nal reproduction ( !m1 ev5 :5 circum/ances are tak5 9 _! prop] moral mean+4 ,! *ild 9 ! family :o simply adju/s himself to 8 relation%ips 9 ! family1 may be liv+ a moral life only 9 outw>d seem+4 ,! citiz5 ( ! /ate may transgress no laws ( ! /ate1 he may punctili\sly fulfill e contract1 & yet be a selfi% man4 ,true adju/m5t mu/ consi/ 9 will+ ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( moral surr\nd+s z "o's own end4 ,! *ild mu/ take ! _s ( ! family into himself & live out ?is _s accord+ to 8 special memb]%ip 9 ! family4 ,s a soldi] 9 ! army1 a fri5d 9 a mutual association1 etc4 ,adju/m5t to intellectual environm5t is n m]e con=mity ( ideas to facts4 ,x is ! liv+ assimilation ( ^! facts into "o's own intellectual life1 & ma9ta9+ & ass]t+ !m z tru?4 ,!re are environm5ts exi/+ prior to ! activities ( any individual ag5t2 ! family1 = example1 is prior to ! moral activity ( a *ild born into x1 b ! po9t is to see t 'adju/m5t'1 to h a moral s5se1 means mak+ ! environm5t a reality = "o's self4 ,a true description ( ! case w\ld say t ! *ild takes = 8 own end1 ends already exi/+ = ! wills ( o!rs4 ,&1 9 mak+ !m 8 own1 he creates & supports = himself an environm5t t already exi/s = o!rs4 ,9 su* cases !re is no special trans=mation ( ! exi/+ environm5t2 !re is simply ! process ( mak+ x ! environm5t = "o's self4 ,s 9 le>n+1 ! *ild simply appropriates to himself ! intellectual environm5t already 9 exi/5ce = o!rs4 ,b 9 ! activity ( ! man ( sci5ce !re is m ?an su* p]sonal reproduction & creation2 !re is increase1 or ev5 recon/ruction ( ! prior environm5t4 ,:ile ! ord9>y citiz5 h>dly does m ?an make 8 own ! environm5t ( ends & int]e/s already su/a9$ 9 ! wills ( o!rs1 ! moral re=m] may remake ! :ole4 ,b :e!r "o case or ! o!r1 adju/m5t is n out] con=mity2 x is liv+ realization ( c]ta9 relations 9 & ?r\gh ! w ( ! ag5t4 ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,moral ,end is ! ,realization ( a ,community ( ,wills4 ,s9ce ! p]=mance ( function is1 on ! o!r side1 ! creation1 p]petuation1 & fur!r developm5t ( an environm5t1 ( relations to ! wills ( o!rs1 its p]=mance is a common good4 ,x satisfies o!rs :o p>ticipate 9 ! environm5t4 ,! memb] ( ! family1 ( ! /ate1 etc41 9 ex]cis+ 8 function1 contributes to ! :ole ( :i* he is a memb] by realiz+ its _s 9 himself4 ,b ! "q discuss$ 9 section ,,xxxvi recurs "u ano!r aspect4 ,grant+ t ! satisfy+ ( p]sonal int]e/s realizes a common good1 :at %all we say ( ! imp]sonal int]e/s--int]e/s 9 sci5ce & art4 ,is ! good c>p5t] or *emi/ n only 9 s f> a good man1 b also a good social memb]8 ,9 o!r words1 does e =m ( moral activity realize a common good1 or is ! moral end p>tly social1 p>tly non-social8 ,"o objection sometimes br\ght to ! doctr9e t ! moral end is entirely social1 may be n[ briefly dismiss$4 ,?is is ! objection t a man has moral duties t[>d himself4 ,c]ta9ly1 b :at ( himself8 ,if he is ess5tially a social memb]1 8 duties t[>d himself h a social basis & be>+4 ,! only relevant "q is :e!r "o is :olly a social memb]--:e!r sci5tific & arti/ic activities may n be non-social4 ,! gr\nd "h tak5 is t ! moral end is :olly social4 ,?is does n mean t sci5ce & art are means to "s social welf>e beyond !mselves4 ,we h already /at$ t ev5 ! production ( utilities mu/1 z moral1 be its own end4 ,! position !n is t intellectual & arti/ic int]e/s are !mselves social1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! complet5ess ( _! relations--t int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce is1 9 & ( itself1 int]e/ 9 ! well-be+ ( society4 ,unless ?is be true !re is no moral end at all1 b only moral ends4 ,!re is no compreh5sive unity 9 life1 b a numb] ( ends :i*1 be+ irr$ucible to a common pr9ciple1 mu/ be comb9$ on ! be/ pr9ciple ( compromise available4 ,we h no ',! ,good'1 b an aggregate ( fragm5t>y ends4 ,x helps no?+ to say t ?is necess>y unity is f\nd 9 ! self to be realiz$1 unless we are po9t$ to some?+ 9 ! self t unites ! social & non-social functions4 ,our objection is t ! sep>ation ( intellectual int]e/s f social makes a *asm 9 ! self4 ,= ! same reason x foll[s t 9 ! case ( a collision ( social ) intellectual ends--say ! conflict ( a man's int]e/s z a memb] ( a family ) 8 int]e/s 9 new sci5tific discov]y--no reconciliation is possible4 ,if ! int]e/s are =ms ( social int]e/1 !re is a common end 9 bo?1 on ! basis ( :i* ! conflict c be resolv$4 ,:ile su* consid]ations d n prove t !re is b "o end1 & t social1 !y may well make u hesitate ab\t c>elessly tak+ a position ( :i* !y are ! logical consequ5ce4 ,( c\rse1 e "o recognizes t a c]ta9 am\nt ( sci5tific & arti/ic int]e/ is social 9 "*4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]e/ 9 tru?1 or 9 intellig5ce1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( susceptibility to beauty1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( devotion to utility1 are univ]sally recogniz$ to be necess>y to make judici\s1 agreeable & effici5t social memb]s4 ,! :ole sy/em ( mod]n education has mean+ only on ?is supposition4 ,m ?an ?is3 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( intellig5ce1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( susceptibility to embodi$ ideals1 mu/ exi/ to give moral conduct4 ,a moral end is1 z we h se51 always a conception1 an idea4 ,! v act ( br++ conduct out ( ! impulsive into ! moral sph]e1 dep5ds ^u ! developm5t ( intellig5ce s z to trans=m a feel+ into ! p]ception ( a situation4 ,&1 z we wat* moral developm5t f *ildhood to maturity1 is x n evid5t t progress consi/s 9 p[] to conceive ( l>g] & bett] def9$ ends8 to analyze ! situation :i* dem&s active response1 ! function :i* ne$s ex]cise1 into specific relations1 in/ead ( tak+ x p>tially or ev5 ^u "s "o else's say s8 ,conduct1 s f> z n bas$ ^u an intellig5t recognition & realization ( ! relation%ips involv$1 is ei!r s5tim5tal1 or m]ely habitual--9 ! =m] case immoral1 & 9 ! latt] fail+ ( ! complete morality possible4 ,if ! necess>y "p play$ 9 conduct by arti/ic cultivation is n s pla91 x is l>gely because ',art' has be5 made su* an unreal ,feti*--a sort ( sup]f9e & extrane\s poli% to be acquir$ only by specially cultivat$ p4 ,9 reality1 liv+ is itself ! supreme art2 x requires f95ess ( t\*2 skill & ?or\ghness ( workman%ip2 susceptible response & delicate adju/m5t to a situation ap>t f reflective analysis2 in/9ctive p]ception ( ! prop] h>monies ( act & act1 ( man & man4 ,active art is ! embodim5t ( ideals2 ! clo?+ ( ideas o!rwise ab/ract 9 _! peculi> & fit g>b ( concrete outw>d detail2 passive art is ! quick & accurate response to su* embodim5ts z are already made4 ,:at 7 human conduct )\t ! "o & ! o!r8 ,grant+ ! necessity ( k & ( its arti/ic application 9 conduct1 ! "q arises z to :]e ! l9e is to be drawn4 ,evid5tly1 if any:]e1 at specialisms1 remote philosophic or ma!matical endeavors2 life-times sp5t 9 inv5tive attempts )\t appreciable outcome4 ,b to draw ! l9e is n easy4 ,! remote ( "o g5]ation is ! social tool ( ! next2 ! ab/ract ma!matics & physics ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies are ! great social =ces ( ! n9ete5?--! locomotive1 ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 etc4 ,& h[1 9 any case1 c we tell a sci5tific inve/igator t up to a c]ta9 exp]im5t or calculation 8 "w may be social1 beyond t1 n8 ,all t we c say is t beyond a c]ta9 po9t its social "* is n obvi\s to s5se & t ! "w mu/ be c>ri$ on by fai?4 ,?us x is t we dispose ( objections l ,bradley's 7,e?ical ,/udies1 p4 #bjb73 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to suppose a life ( art or speculation :i*1 z f> z we c see1 ?\gh true to itself1 has1 s f> z o!rs are conc]n$1 be5 %e] wa/e or ev5 loss1 & :i* knew t x 0 s4 ,t we c n see any social result 9 su* cases has no?+ to d ) ! "q :e!r or n ! int]e/s !mselves are social4 ,we may imag9e a life ( philan?ropic activity1 say ( devotion to emancipation ( slaves 9 a c\ntry :olly giv5 ov] to slav]y1 or ( a tea*] 9 an un5light5$ c\ntry1 :i*1 z f> z we c see1 7?\gh1 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! "o ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,bradley1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u h[ f> we c see7 has be5 %e] wa/e1 s f> z influ5ce on o!rs is conc]n$4 ,! po9t is :e!r 9 su* cases ! life liv$ is n "o ( devotion to ! int]e/s ( humanity z su*4 ,we h be5 try+ to %[ t ev]yone admits t sci5ce & art1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 are social1 & t to draw a l9e :]e !y cease to be s1 is 9 reality to draw a l9e :]e we cease to see _! social "*4 ,t we %\ld cease to see x1 is necess>y 9 ! case ( almo/ e advance4 ,j because ! new sci5tific movem5t is new1 we c realize its social effects only aft]w>ds4 ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! motive :i* actuates ! man ( sci5ce is n1 :5 fully realiz$1 a fai? 9 ! social be>+ ( :at he is do+4 ,if we 7 to g into a metaphysical analysis1 ! "q w\ld h to be rais$ :e!r a b>ely intellectual fact or !ory be n a pure ab/raction--an unreality if kept ap>t entirely f ! activities ( m5 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,,xxxix4 ,sci5ce & ,art z ,necess>y ,factors ( ,social ,welf>e4 ,let u consid] ! problem on its o!r side4 ,:at k9d ( an int]e/ is our int]e/ 9 p]sons1 our di/9ctively social int]e/8 ,suppose we attempt to sep>ate our int]e/s 9 tru?1 beauty1 & use f our int]e/ 9 p]sons3 ,:at rema9s 9 ! p]sons to be int]e/$ 98 ,is n a necess>y "p ( out int]e/ 9 p]sons1 an int]e/ 9 !m z be+s fulfill+ _! respective intellectual & arti/ic capacities2 & if we cut ?is out ( our social int]e/1 h we n maim$ & /unt$ our int]e/ 9 p]sons8 ,we wi% ! fulle/ life possible to ourselves & to o!rs4 ,& ! fulle/ life means l>gely a complete & free developm5t ( capacities 9 k & production--production ( beauty & use4 ,our int]e/ 9 o!rs is n satisfi$ z long z _! intellig5ce is cramp$1 _! appreciation ( tru? feeble1 _! emotions h>d & uncompreh5sive1 _! p[]s ( production compress$4 ,to w _! true good is to w ! free+ ( all su* gifts to ! highe/ degree4 ,%all we say t _! true good requires t !y %all g to ! po9t ( und]/&+ algebra1 b n quat]nions1 ( und]/&+ ord9>y me*anics1 b n to work+ out an electro-magnetic !ory ( light8 to ability to appreciate ord9>y *ords & tunes1 b n to ! attempt to make fur!r developm5ts 9 music8 ,& ?is ?r[s light ^u ! case ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,social welf>e dem&s t ! individual be p]mitt$ to devote himself to ! fulfill+ ( any sci5tific or arti/ic capacity t he f9ds )9 himself--provid$1 ( c\rse1 x does n conflict ) "s m important capacity--irrespective ( results4 ,to say to a man3 ,y may devote y\rself to ?is gift1 provid$ y demon/rate be=eh& its social be>+1 w\ld be to talk nons5se4 ,! new discov]y is n yet made4 ,x is absolutely requir$ by ! int]e/s ( a progressive society t x all[ fre$om to ! individual to develop su* functions z he f9ds 9 himself1 irrespective ( any prov$ social effect4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 morality works by fai?1 n by sight4 ,inde$ ! ord9>y conception ( social int]e/s1 ( b5evol5ce1 ne$s a l>ge ov]-haul+4 ,x is practically equival5t to do+ some?+ directly = o!rs--to "o =m or ano!r ( *>ity4 ,b ?is is only negative morality4 ,a true social int]e/ is t :i* wills = o!rs fre$om f dep5d5ce on our direct help1 :i* wills to !m ! self-direct$ p[] ( ex]cis+1 9 & by !mselves1 _! own functions4 ,any w %ort ( ?is is n social b selfi%1 will+ ! dep5d5ce ( o!rs t we may cont9ue b5ignly altrui/ic4 ,! idea ( giv+ pleasure to o!rs1 mak+ o!rs happy1 if x means any?+ else ?an secur+ conditions s t !y may act freely 9 _! own satisfaction1 means slav]y4 ,z society advances1 social int]e/ mu/ consi/ m & m 9 free devotion to intellig5ce = its own sake1 to sci5ce1 art & indu/ry1 & 9 rejoic+ 9 ! ex]cise ( su* fre$om by o!rs4 ,meantime1 x is tru? :i* makes free4 ,see ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bdi-beg1 :]e ?is doctr9e is /at$ ) great =ce4 ,:]e1 f9ally1 does ! social "* ( sci5ce & art come 98 ,j "h3 !y are elem5ts 9 ! p]fection ( individuality1 & !y are elem5ts ^: v nature is to be mov+1 n rigid2 di/ribut$ f "o to ano!r & n monopoli/ic possessions4 ,if !re are =ms ( sci5ce & art :i*1 at pres5t1 are /atic1 be+ m]ely own$ collections ( facts1 z "o may h a collection ( butt]flies 9 a frame1 or ( et*+s 9 a clos$ portfolio1 ?is is n because !y are sci5ce & art1 b imp]fect sci5ce & art4 ,to complete _! sci5tific & arti/ic "* is to set ^! facts 9 motion2 to hurl !m aga9/ ! _w ( physical =ces till new in/rum5ts ( man's activity are =m$1 & to set !m 9 circulation s t o!rs may also p>ticipate 9 _! tru? & rejoice 9 _! beauty4 ,s f> z sci5tific or arti/ic atta9m5ts are treasur$ z individual possessions1 s f> x is true t !y are n social--b s f> x is also true t !y are immoral3 inde$ t !y are n fully sci5tific or arti/ic1 be+ subord9at$ to hav+ c]ta9 s5sations4 ,! intellectual movem5t ( ! la/ f\r or five c5turies has result$ 9 an inf9ite specialization 9 me?ods1 & 9 an imm5se accumulation ( fact4 ,x is q true1 s9ce ! div]sity ( fact & ( me?od has n yet be5 br\ght to an organic unity1 t _! social be>+ is n yet realiz$4 ,b :5 ! unity is atta9$ 7z atta9$ x mu/ be if !re is unity 9 ! object ( k71 x w pass into a correspond+ unity ( practice4 ,& !n ! "q z to ! social "* ( ev5 ! mo/ specializ$ k w seem absurd4 ,x w be to ask :e!r m5 c cop]ate bett] :5 !y d n "k ?an :5 !y d "k :at !y want4 ,meantime ! intellectual confusion1 & ! result+ divorce ( k f practice1 exi/s4 ,b ?is con/itutes a "p ( ! environm5t ( :i* action mu/ take he$4 ,x makes x "o ( ! press+ duties t e man ( intellig5ce %\ld d 8 "p 9 br++ out ! public & common aspects ( k4 ,! duty ( ! pres5t is ! socializ+ ( intellig5ce--! realiz+ ( its be>+ ^u social practice4 ,,xl4 ,! ,e?ical ,po/ulate4 ,we h attempt$ to %[ t ! v>i\s int]e/s are social 9 _! v nature4 ,we h n attempt$ to %[ t ?is c be se5 or prov$ 9 any giv5 case4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 mo/1 if n all cases1 ! ag5t acts f a fai? t1 9 realiz+ 8 own capacity1 he w satisfy ! ne$s ( society4 ,if he 7 ask$ to prove t 8 devotion to 8 function 7 "r because c]ta9 to promote social good1 he might well reply3 ,t is none ( my affair4 ,i h only to "w myself out z /r5g? & opportunity are giv5 me1 & let ! results take c>e ( !mselves4 ,i did n make ! _w1 & if x turns out t devotion to ! capacity :i* 0 giv5 me1 & loyalty to ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* ,i f9d myself d n result 9 good1 ,i d n hold myself responsible4 ,b1 aft] all1 ,i _c believe t x w s turn out4 ,:at is really good = me mu/ turn out good = all1 or else !re is no good 9 ! _w at all4 ,! basis1 9 a ^w1 ( moral conduct1 ) respect to ! ex]cise ( function1 is a fai? t moral self-satisfaction 7t is1 satisfaction 9 accordance ) ! p]=mance ( function z already def9$7 means social satisfaction--or ! fai? t self & o!rs make a true community4 ,n[ su* fai? or conviction is at ! basis ( all moral conduct--n simply ( ! sci5tific or arti/ic4 ,int]e/ 9 self mu/ mean belief 9 "o's bus9ess1 conviction ( its legitimacy & wor?1 ev5 prior to any s5sible demon/ration4 ,"u any circum/ances1 su* demon/ration c ext5d only to pa/ action2 ! social effici5cy ( any new end mu/ be a matt] ( fai?4 ,:]e su* fai? is want+1 action becomes halt+ & "* weak4 ,=cible action fails1 & its place is tak5 by a feeble idealism1 ( vague long+ = t :i* is n1 or by a pessimi/ic & fruitless discont5t ) ?+s z !y are--lead+1 9 ei!r case1 to neglect ( actual & press+ duty4 ,! basis ( moral /r5g? is limitation1 ! resolve to be "o's self only1 & to be loyal to ! actual p[]s & surr\nd+s ( t self4 ,! say+ ( ,c>lyle's ab\t do+ ! duty t lies ne>e/1 & ( ,goe!'s t ,am]ica is "h or n[h]e1 bo? imply t fai? 9 ! exi/+ moral capacity & environm5t is ! basis ( conduct4 ,all fruitful & s\nd human endeavor roots 9 ! conviction t !re is some?+ absolutely wor? :ile1 some?+ 'div9e' 9 ! dem&s impos$ by "o's actual situation & p[]s4 ,9 ! great moral h]oes ( ! _w ! conviction ( ! wor? ( _! de/9y1 & ( :at !y 7 meant to d1 has am\nt$ to a k9d ( fatalism4 ,!y h done n simply :at !y c\ld d1 b :at !y mu/ d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 effective social int]e/ is bas$ ^u :at is vaguely call$ 'fai? 9 humanity'1 or1 m specifically1 belief 9 ! value ( ea* man's individuality1 belief 9 "s p>ticul> function :i* he might ex]cise1 giv5 appropriate conditions & /imuli4 ,moral int]e/ 9 o!rs mu/ be an int]e/ 9 _! possibilities1 r ?an 9 _! accompli%m5ts2 or1 bett]1 9 _! accompli%m5ts s f> z ^! te/ify to a fulfill+ ( function--to a work+ out ( capacity4 ,sympa?y & "w = m5 :i* d n gr[ out ( fai? 9 !m are a p]functory & unf]tile sort ( ?+4 ,?is fai? is g5]ally analyz$ no fur!r2 x is left z fai? 9 "o's 'call+' or 9 'humanity'4 ,b :at is meant is j ?is3 9 ! p]=m+ ( su* special s]vice z ea* is capable (1 !re is to be f\nd n only ! satisfaction ( self1 b also ! satisfaction ( ! entire moral ord]1 ! fur!r+ ( ! community 9 :i* "o lives4 ,all moral conduct is bas$ ^u su* a fai?2 & moral !ory mu/ recognize ?is z ! po/ulate ^u :i* x re/s4 ,9 call+ x a po/ulate1 we d n mean t x is a po/ulate :i* our !ory makes or mu/ make 9 ord] to be a !ory2 b t1 ?r\gh analysis1 !ory f9ds t moral practice makes ?is po/ulate1 & t ) its reality ! reality end value ( conduct are b\nd up4 ,9 call+ x a po/ulate we d n mean to call x unprovable1 mu* less unv]ifiable1 = moral exp]i5ce is itself1 s f> z x goes1 its v]ification4 ,b we mean t ! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is po/ulate1 its demon/ration or 7if ! case s be7 its refutation1 d n belong to ! realm ( e?ics z su*4 ,ea* bran* ( human exp]i5ce re/s ^u "s presupposition :i*1 = t bran*1 is ultimate4 ,! fur!r inquiry into su* presuppositions belong n to ma!matics1 or physics1 or e?ics1 b to metaphysics4 ,unless1 !n1 we are to ext5d our e?ical !ory to inquire into ! possibility & value ( moral exp]i5ce1 unless1 t is1 we are to make an excursion into ! metaphysics ( e?ics1 we h "h rea*$ our f\ndation4 ,! e?ical po/ulate1 ! presupposition involv$ 9 conduct1 is ?is3 ,,9 ,,! ,,realization ,,( ,,individuality ,,!re ,,is ,,f\nd ,,also ,,! ,,ne$$ ,,realization ,,( ,,"s ,,community ,,( ,,p]sons ,,( ,,:i* ,,! ,,individual ,,is ,a ,,memb]2 ,,&1 ,,conv]sely1 ,,! ,,ag5t ,,:o ,,duly ,,satisfies ,,! ,,community ,,9 ,,:i* ,,he ,,%>es1 ,,by ,,t ,,same ,,conduct ,,satisfies ,,himself4 ,o!rwise put1 ! po/ulate is t !re is a community ( p]sons2 a good :i* realiz$ by ! w ( "o is made n private b public4 ,x is ?is unity ( individuals z respects ! end ( action1 ?is exi/5ce ( a practical common good1 t makes :at we call ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,%akespe>e has /at$ ! po/ulate-- ,to ?9e ownself be true2 ,& x mu/ foll[1 z ! night ! day1 ,?\ c'/ n !n be false to any man4 ,its significance may be fur!r develop$ by comp>+ x ) ! sci5tific po/ulate4 ,all sci5ce re/s ^u ! conviction ( ! ?or\gh-go+ & p]man5t unity ( ! _w ( objects kn[n--a unity :i* is sometimes t]m$ ! 'uni=mity ( nature' or ! 'reign ( law'2 )\t ?is conviction t objects are n m]e isolat$ & transitory appe>ances1 b are connect$ toge!r 9 a sy/em by laws or relations1 sci5ce w\ld be an impossibility4 ,moral exp]i5ce makes = ! _w ( practice an assumption analog\s 9 k9d to t :i* intellectual exp]i5ce makes = ! _w ( k4 ,& j z x is n ! affair ( sci5ce1 z su*1 or ev5 ( logic 7! !ory ( sci5ce7 to ju/ify ?is presupposition ( sci5ce1 or to d m ?an %[ its pres5ce 9 intellectual exp]i5ce1 s x is n ! bus9ess ( conduct1 or ev5 ( e?ics 7! !ory ( conduct7 to ju/ify :at we h t]m$ ! 'e?ical po/ulate'4 ,9 ea* case ! fur!r inquiry belongs to metaphysics4 ,,xli4 ,does ! ,end ,propos$ ,s]ve z a ,crit]ion ( ,conduct8 ,we h n[ conclud$ t an end :i* may be t]m$ indiff]5tly ',! ,realization ( ,individuality'1 ',! ,p]=mance ( ,specific ,functions'1 ',! ,satisfaction ( ,int]e/s'1 ',! ,realization ( a ,community ( ,individuals' is ! moral end4 ,w ?is end s]ve ! two aims 7see ,sec4 ,,xvi7 requir$ ( a crit]ion1 or /&>d3 7#a7 ,w x unify individual conduct8 7#b7 ,w x af=d a common good8 ,we h j be5 endeavor+ to %[ t x does bo? ( ^! ?+s2 t z ! realization ( "o's specific capacity1 x unifies individual conduct1 & t1 z ! p]=mance ( function1 x s]ves to satisfy ! entire community4 ,to take up j ^! po9ts1 accord+ly1 w\ld involve a repetition ( :at has be5 said1 & we %all !re=e take up in/ead "s aspects ( ! individual & social unity ( conduct1 n already consid]$4 #a4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,individual ,conduct4 ,we mu/ be c>eful n to int]pret ! idea ( specific function too rigidly or ab/ractly4 ,x does n mean t ea* "o has "s supreme mission 9 life to :i* ev]y?+ else mu/ be sacrific$--t a man is to be an arti/1 or a soldi]1 or a /ud5t1 or a day-labor] & no?+ else4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! idea ( function is t :i* compreh5ds all ! v>i\s sides ( life1 & x _c be n>r[$ bel[ ! mean+ we h already giv53 ! due adju/m5t ( capacity & surr\nd+s4 ,:]ev] !re is any capacity or any circum/ance1 no matt] h[ trivial1 !re is some?+ includ$ 9 ! ex]cise ( function1 &1 !re=e to be satisfi$--accord+ to its place1 ( c\rse1 9 ! :ole ( life4 ,amusem5ts & all ! m9or details ( life are includ$ )9 ! scope ( morality4 ,!y are elem5ts 9 ! ex]cise ( function1 & _! insignificance & triviality does n exclude !m f ! grasp ( duty & ( ! good4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t because x is optional or indiff]5t--z x con/antly is--:at acts among ! m9or details ( life are to be done or left undone1 or unimportant :e!r !y are done or left undone at all1 !re=e su* acts h no moral value4 ,morality consi/s 9 treat+ !m j z !y are--if !y are slight or trivial !y are to be p]=m$ z slight & trivial4 ,morality does n simply p]mit ! p]=mance ( su* acts1 b dem&s x4 ,to try to make1 9 ! int]e/s ( duty1 a s]i\s matt] out ( e detail ( life w\ld be immoral--z mu* s1 9 k9d1 z to make light ( mom5t\s matt]s4 ,see ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ec-ed4 ,bradley1 ,op4 cit41 pp1 #aid-aig4 ,consid]1 also1 h[ ?is conception ( ! end /&s 9 def9ite relation to concrete acts2 h[ x expla9s ! possibility ( decision z to :e!r ?is or t propos$ act is "r4 ,we d n h to trace ! connection ( ! act ) "s end beyond1 z pleasure1 or ab/ract law4 ,we h only to analyze ! act itself4 ,we h c]ta9 def9ite & :olly concrete facts2 ! giv5 capacity ( ! p]son at ! giv5 mom5t1 & 8 giv5 surr\nd+s4 ,! judgm5t z to ! nature ( ^! facts is1 9 & ( itself1 a judgm5t z to ! act to be done4 ,! "q is n3 ,:at is ! probability t ?is act w result 9 ! balance ( maximum pleasure2 x is n :at g5]al rule c we hunt up "u :i* to br+ ?is case4 ,x is simply3 ,:at is ?is case8 ,! moral act is n t :i* satisfies "s f>-away pr9ciple1 h$oni/ic or transc5d5tal4 ,x is t :i* meets ! pres5t1 actual situation4 ,difficulties inde$1 arise1 b !y are simply ! difficulty ( resolv+ a complex case2 !y are intellectual1 n moral4 ,! case made out1 ! moral end /&s =?4 ,no extrane\s manipulation1 to br+ ! case "u "s =eign end1 is requir$4 ,& ?is sugge/s ! ela/icity ( ! crit]ion4 ,9 fact moral conduct is entirely individualiz$4 ,x is :]e1 :51 h[ & ( :om4 ,!re has be5 mu* useless discussion z to ! absolute or relative "* ( morals--useless because ! t]ms absolute & relative are n def9$4 ,if absolute is tak5 to mean immobile & rigid1 x is any?+ b desirable t morals %\ld be absolute4 ,if ! physical _w is a sc5e ( movem5t1 9 :i* !re is no re/1 x is a poor complim5t to pay ! moral _w to conceive ( x z /atic & lifeless4 ,a rigid crit]ion 9 a _w ( develop+ social relations w\ld spe$ily prove no crit]ion at all4 ,x w\ld be an ab/ract rule1 tak+ no acc\nt ( ! individualiz$ "* ( ea* act2 its individuality ( capacity & ( surr\nd+s1 ( "t1 place & relation%ips involv$4 ,a truly absolute crit]ion is "o :i* adju/s itself to ea* case accord+ to ! specific nature ( ! case2 "o :i* moves ) ! mov+ _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if relative means unc]ta9 9 application1 *ang+ 9 "t & place )\t reason = *ange 9 ! facts !mselves1 !n c]ta9ly ! crit]ion is n relative4 ,if x means tak+ note ( all concrete relations involv$1 x is relative4 ,! absolut5ess1 9 f9e1 ( ! /&>d ( action consi/s n 9 "s rigid /atem5t1 b 9 nev]-fail+ application4 ,univ]sality "h1 z else:]e1 resides n 9 a ?+1 b 9 a way1 a me?od ( action4 ,! absolute /&>d is ! "o applicable to all de$s1 & ! conception ( ! ex]cise ( function is ?us absolute1 cov]+ all conduct f ! ma9ly impulsive action ( ! savage to ! mo/ complex rea*es ( mod]n life4 ,ari/otle's well kn[n !ory ( ! 'mean' seems to h its be>+ "h4 ,x is possible1 he says 7,pet]s' trans4 ( ,e?ics1 p4 #df71 to feel fe>1 confid5ce1 desire1 ang]1 pity1 & g5]ally to be affect$ pleasantly & pa9fully1 ei!r too mu* or too little--9 ei!r case wrongfully2 b to be affect$ ?us at ! "r times1 & on ! "r occasions1 & t[>d ! "r p]sons1 & ) ! "r object & 9 ! "r fa%ions1 is ! mean c\rse & ! be/ c\rse1 & ^! are *>act]i/ics ( virtue4 ,! "r "t1 occasion1 p]son1 purpose & fa%ion--:at is x b ! complete individualization ( conduct 9 ord] to meet ! :ole dem&s ( ! :ole situation1 in/ead ( "s ab/raction8 ,& :at else d we mean by fit1 due1 prop]1 "r action1 b t :i* j hits ! m>k1 )\t fall+ %ort or deflect+1 &1 to mix ! metaphor1 )\t slopp+ ov]8 #b4 ,! sy/em ( social conduct1 or common good4 ,moral conduct spr+s f ! fai? t all "r action is social & its purpose is to ju/ify ?is fai? by work+ out ! social values involv$4 ,! t]m 'moral community' c mean only a unity ( action1 made :at x is by ! co-op]at+ activities ( div]se individuals4 ,!re is unity 9 ! "w ( a factory1 n 9 spite (1 b because ( ! division ( labor4 ,ea* workman =ms ! unity n by do+ ! same t ev]ybody else does1 or by try+ to d ! :ole1 b by do+ 8 specific "p4 ,! unity is ! "o activity :i* _! v>i$ activities make4 ,& s x is ) ! moral activity ( society & ! activities ( individuals4 ,! m individualiz$ ! functions1 ! m p]fect ! unity4 7,see section ,,lii47 ,! ex]cise ( function by an ag5t s]ves1 !n1 bo? to def9e & to unite him4 ,x makes him a di/9ct social memb] at ! same "t t x makes him a memb]4 ,possession ( peculi> capacities1 & special surr\nd+s m>k "o p]son (f f ano!r & make him an individual2 & ! due adju/m5t ( capacities to surr\nd+s 79 ! ex]cise ( function7 effects1 !re=e1 ! realization ( individuality--! realization ( :at we specifically are z di/9ct f o!rs4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is di/9ction is n isolation2 ! ex]cise ( function is ! p]=m+ ( a special s]vice )\t :i* ! social :ole is defective4 ,individuality means n sep>ation1 b def9$ position 9 a :ole2 special aptitude 9 con/itut+ ! :ole4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to take up ! consid]ation ( ! two o!r fundam5tal e?ical conceptions--obligation & fre$om4 ,^! ideas answ] respectively to ! two sides ( ! ex]cise ( function4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! p]=m+ ( a function realizes ! social :ole4 ,man is ?us 'b\nd' by ! relations necess>y to con/itute ?is :ole4 ,he is subject to ! conditions :i* ! exi/5ce & gr[? ( ! social unity impose4 ,he is1 9 a ^w1 "u obligation2 ! p]=mance ( 8 function is duty ow$ to ! community ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 activity 9 ! way ( function realizes ! individual2 x is :at makes him an individual1 or di/9ct p]son4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( 8 own function ! ag5t satisfies 8 own int]e/s & ga9s p[]4 ,9 x is f\nd 8 fre$om4 ,obligation ?us corresponds to ! social satisfaction1 fre$om to ! self-satisfaction1 involv$ 9 ! ex]cise ( function2 & !y c no m be sep>at$ f ea* o!r ?an ! correlative satisfaction c be4 ,"o has to realize himself z a memb] ( a community4 ,9 ?is fact are f\nd bo? fre$om & duty4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,obligation4 ,,xlii4 ,!ories ,reg>d+ ,moral ,au?ority4 ,! idea ( obligation or duty has two sides4 ,!re is ! idea ( law1 ( some?+ :i* controls conduct1 & !re is ! consci\sness ( ! necessity ( con=m+ to ?is law4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no sep>ation betwe5 ! two sides1 b ! consid]ation ( ! latt] side--! recognition ( obligation--may be be/ dealt ) 9 discuss+ consci5ce4 ,"h we %all deal simply ) ! fact t !re is su* a ?+ 9 conduct z law controll+ action1 & con/itut+ obligation4 ,!ories reg>d+ obligation may1 = our purposes1 be subdivid$ into ^? :i* make its ex]cise re/ra9t or co]cion 7& :i* !re=e hold t 9 p]fect moral conduct1 duty z su* disappe>s72 & ^? :i* hold t obligation is a normal elem5t 9 conduct z su*1 & t x is n1 ess5tially1 b only "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 co]cive4 ,( ! =m] type1 "s !ories 7ma9ly ! h$oni/ic7 reg>d ! re/ra9t z orig9ally impos$ f )\t ^u ! desires ( ! individual1 :ile o!rs 7z ! ,kantian7 reg>d x z impos$ by man's reason ^u 8 desires & incl9ations4 ,,xliii4 ,ba9's ,!ory ( ,obligation4 ,x is obvi\s t ! "q ( obligation pres5ts consid]able difficulty to ! h$oni/ic s*ool4 ,if ! end ( conduct is pleasure1 z ! satisfaction ( desire1 :y %\ld n ea* desire be satisfi$1 if possible1 z x arises1 & ?us pleasure secur$8 ,:at mean+ is !re 9 ! t]m 'duty' or 'obligation' if ! moral end or good co9cides :olly ) ! natural end ( ! incl9ations !mselves8 ,x is evid5t1 at all ev5ts1 t ! t]m c h significance only if !re is "s cause prev5t+ ! desires z !y arise f natural satisfaction4 ,! problem ( obligation 9 h$onism ?us becomes ! problem ( discov]+ t outside =ce :i* re/ra9s1 or1 at lea/1 con/ra9s1 ! desire f imm$iate gratification4 ,accord+ to ,ba91 ?is outside =ce is social disapprobation manife/$ ?r\gh ! =m ( puni%m5t4 ,i consid] t ! prop] mean+1 or import ( ! t]ms duty1 obligation ref]s to t class ( action :i* is en=c$ by ! sanction ( puni%m5t4444 ,! p[]s t impose ! obligatory sanction are ,law & ,society1 or ! community act+ ?r\gh ! ,gov]nm5t by public judicial acts1 & ap>t f ! ,gov]nm5t by ! un(ficial expressions ( disapprobation & ! exclusion f social good (fices4 ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #bhf4 ,see also pp4 #cba-cbc & p4 #ebg4 ,?r\gh ?is 'actual & ideal avoidance ( c]ta9 acts & dread ( puni%m5t' ! individual le>ns to =ego ! gratification ( "s ( 8 natural impulses1 & le>ns also to cultivate & ev5 to orig9ate desires n at fir/ spontane\s4 ,! *ild is op5 f ! fir/ to ! blame & praise ( o!rs1 & ?us is l$ to d or avoid c]ta9 acts4 ,on ! model1 h[ev]1 ( ! action ( ?is ext]nal au?ority !re gr[s up1 9 "t an int]nal au?ority--an ideal resemblance ( public au?ority 7p4 #bhg71 or a fac simile ( ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t ar\nd u 7p4 #cac74 ,! s5tim5t1 at fir/ =m$ & cultivat$ by ! relations ( actual comm& & ob$i5ce1 may come at la/ to /& ^u an indep5d5t f\ndation4444 ,:5 ! "y m9d1 accu/om$ at ! outset to implicitly obey+ any set ( rules is suffici5tly advanc$ to appreciate ! motive--! utilities or ! s5tim5t t l$ to _! imposition--! "* ( ! consci5ce is entirely *ang$4444 ,reg>d is n[ _h to ! int5t & mean+ ( ! law1 & n to ! m]e fact ( its be+ prescrib$ by "s p[] 7,e4 & ,w41 p4 #cah74 ,b :5 ! s5se ( obligation becomes entirely deta*$ f ! social sanction1 ev5 !n ! notion1 s5tim5t or =m ( duty is d]iv$ f :at society imposes1 al?\gh ! p>ticul> matt] is q diff]5t4 ,social obligation develops 9 ! m9d orig9ally ! feel+ & habit ( obligation1 & ?is rema9s al?\gh ! p>ticul> articles are *ang$ 7page #cai1 note74 ,cf4 also ,ba91 ,moral ,sci5ce1 pp4 #bj-ba & #da-dc4 ,,xliv4 ,sp5c]'s ,!ory ( ,obligation4 ,sp5c]'s !ory is1 9 sub/ance1 an enl>g$ & bett] analyz$ re/atem5t ( ,ba9's !ory4 ,ba9 n[h]e cle>ly /ates 9 :at ! ess5ce ( obligation consi/s1 :5 x becomes indep5d5t1 :5 ! int]nal fac simile is =m$4 ,:y %\ld ,i n gratify my desires z ,i please 9 case social pressure is abs5t or lets up8 ,sp5c] supplies ! miss+ elem5t4 ,accord+ to him1 ! ess5tial trait 9 ! moral consci\sness is ! control ( "s feel+ or feel+s by "s o!r feel+ or feel+s 7,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aac74 ,! k9d ( feel+ :i* controls is t :i* is m complex & :i* relates to m remote ends2 or1 we are 'oblig$' to give up m imm$iate1 special & direct pleasures = ! sake ( secur+ m g5]al1 remote & indirect ones4 ,obligation1 9 its ess5ce1 is ! surr5d] or subord9ation ( pres5t to future satisfaction4 ,?is control1 re/ra9t1 or suppression may be 'indep5d5t' or1 self-impos$1 b is n s at fir/1 ei!r 9 ! man or 9 ! *ild4 ,prior to self-re/ra9t are ! re/ra9ts impos$ by ! visible rul]1 ! invisible rul] & society at l>ge--! policeman1 ! prie/ & public op9ion4 ,! man is induc$ to po/pone imm$iate gratification ?r\gh 8 fe> ( o!rs1 especially ( ! *ief1 ( ! dead & ( social displeasure--legal p5alty1 sup]natural puni%m5t & social reprobation4 ,?us !re gr[s up ! s5se ( obligation4 ,?is ref]s at fir/ only to ! above-m5tion$ extr9sic effects ( action4 ,b f9ally ! m9d le>ns to consid] ! intr9sic effect ( ! action itself--! evil inflict$ by ! evil de$1 & !n ! s5se ( duty1 or co]cion1 evolv$ ?r\gh ! a=esaid ext]nal ag5cies1 becomes transf]r$ to ?is new mode ( controll+ action4 ,desires are n[ controll$ ?r\gh consid]ations ( :at _! own effects w\ld be1 7 ! desires act$ ^u4 ,x foll[s t ! s5se ( duty or moral obligation is transitory1 & w dim9i% z fa/ z moralization increases 7page #abg74 ,ev5 :5 compulsion is self-impos$1 !re is /ill compulsion1 co]cion1 & ?is mu/ be done away )4 ,x is done away ) z f> z an act :i* is at fir/ done only = ! sake ( its own remot] consequ5ces comes to be done = its own sake4 ,& ?is w ultimately occur1 if ! act is cont9u$1 s9ce p]si/5ce 9 p]=m+ a duty ends 9 mak+ x a pleasure4 ,see ,guyau1 ,la ,morale ,anglaise ,contempora9e1 besides ! works ( ,ba9 & ,sp5c]4 ,9 addition to objections :i* w =?) be made1 we may "h note a false ab/raction ( ,sp5c]'s4 ,he makes ! act & its consequ5ces two ?+s1 :ile ! act & its consequ5ces 7provid$ !y are kn[n z su*7 are ! same ?+1 no matt] :e!r consequ5ces are ne> or remote4 ,! only di/9ction is t consequ5ces once n kn[n z su* at all are se5 9 "t to be really consequ5ces1 & ?us to be "p ( ! cont5t ( ! act4 ,! transf] f ! ext]nal consequ5ces impos$ by ! rul]1 prie/ & public-op9ion to ! intr9sic consequ5ces ( ! act itself1 is ?us a transf] f an immoral to a moral basis4 ,?is is v diff]5t f a *ange ( ! =m ( obligation itself4 ,,xlv4 ,criticism ( ^! ,!ories4 ,putt+ aside ! consid]ation ( ! relation ( desire to duty1 7! "q :e!r duty is ess5tially co]cive7 until aft] we h tak5 up ! ,kantian idea ( obligation1 we may note ! foll[+ objections to ! !ories j /at$4 ,_! great defect is t !y d n give u any me?od ( diff]5tiat+ moral co]cion 7or obligation7 f ! action ( m]e sup]ior physical =ce4 ,tak+ x 7fir/7 ^u ! side ( ! individual3 ,is !re any reason :y ! individual submits to ! ext]nal au?ority ( gov]nm5t except t he has to d s8 ,he may argue t1 s9ce o!rs possess sup]ior =ce1 he w avoid c]ta9 pa9s by con=m+ to _! dem&s1 b su* yield+1 :e!r tempor>y or p]man5t1 to sup]ior =ce is v f> f be+ a recognition t "o ought to act z ! sup]ior =ce dictates4 ,! !ories mu/ logically commit u to ! doctr9e t 'might makes "r' 9 its balde/ =m4 ,e "o kn[s t1 :5 ! individual surr5d]s ! natural gratifications ( 8 desires to ! comm& ( o!rs1 if 8 sole reason is ! sup]ior =ce ( ! comm&+ p>ty1 he does n =ego 9 ! surr5d] 8 "r to su* gratification ! mom5t he has ! *ance to get x4 ,actual slav]y w\ld be ! model s*ool ( duties1 if ^! !ories 7 true4 ,! facts adduc$ by ,ba9 & ,sp5c]--! gr[? ( ! recognition ( duties 9 ! *ild ?r\gh ! au?ority ( ! p>5ts1 & 9 ! savage ?r\gh ! use ( au?ority by ! *ief--are real en\gh1 b :at !y prove is t obligation may be br\ght home to "o by =ce1 n t =ce creates obligation4 ,! *ild & ! man yield to =ce 9 su* a way t _! s5se ( duty is develop$ only 9 case !y recognize1 implicitly1 ! =ce or ! au?ority z already "r4 ,let x be recogniz$ t rightful =ce 7z di/9ct f m]e brute /r5g?7 resides 9 c]ta9 social au?orities1 & ^! social au?orities may d mu*1 beyond ! %ad[ ( d\bt1 to give effect to ! special de$s & relations :i* are to be consid]$ obligatory4 ,^! !ories1 9 f9e1 take ! fact ( obligation = grant$1 &1 at mo/1 only %[ ! hi/orical process by :i* its full] recognition is br\ght ab\t4 ,=ce 9 ! s]vice ( "r is "o ?+2 =ce z con/itut+ & creat+ "r is ano!r4 ,& ?is is to say 7secondly71 consid]+ ! matt] f ! side ( society1 t ! !ories ( ,ba9 & ,sp5c] d n expla9 :y or h[ social au?ority %\ld ex]cise co]cive =ce ov] ! individual4 ,if x is impli$ t !y d s 9 ! moral int]e/s ( ! individual or ( ! community1 ?is takes x = grant$ t !re already is 9 exi/5ce a moral ideal obligatory ^u ! individual4 ,if x is impli$ t !y ex]cise co]cive =ce 9 ! int]e/s ( _! own private pleasure1 ?is might e/abli% a despotism1 or lead to a political revolt1 b x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld create ! fact ( duty4 ,:5 we consid] any concrete case1 we see t society1 9 its compell+ ( ! individual1 is possess$ ( moral ideals2 & t x conceives itself n m]ely z hav+ ! p[] to make ! individual con=m to !m1 nor z hav+ ! "r m]ely2 b z "u ! b\nd5 duty ( br++ home to ! individual 8 duties4 ,! social au?orities d n1 p]=ce1 create morality1 b !y embody & make effective ! exi/+ morality4 ,x is only j because ! actions :i* !y impose are ?\ght ( z good1 good = o!rs z = !mselves1 t ?is imposition is tak5 out ( ! realm ( tyranny into t ( duty 7see ,sec4 ,,xxxviii74 ,,xlvi4 ,! ,kantian ,!ory ( ,obligation4 ,z we h se51 ,kant takes ! conception ( duty z ! prim>y e?ical notion1 sup]ior to t ( ! good1 & places x 9 ! mo/ abrupt opposition to desire4 ,! relation ( duty to desire is n control ( "s feel+s by o!rs1 b r suppression ( all desire 7n 9 itself1 b z a motive ( action7 9 favor ( ! consci\sness ( law univ]sal4 ,we h1 on "o side1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! desire & incl9ation1 :i* are s5su\s & pa?ological4 ,^! con/itute man's 'l[] nature'4 ,on ! o!r side !re is ,reason1 :i* is ess5tially univ]sal1 above all caprice & all pro/itution to private pleasure4 ,?is ,reason1 or 'high] nature'1 imposes a law ^u ! s5ti5t be+ ( man1 a law :i* takes ! =m ( a comm& 7! ',categorical ,imp]ative'74 ,?is relation ( a high] rational nature issu+ comm&s to a l[] s5su\s nature 7bo? )9 man himself71 is ! v ess5ce ( duty4 ,if man 7 :olly a s5ti5t be+1 he w\ld h only to foll[ 8 natural impulses1 l ! animals4 ,if he 7 only a rational be+1 he w\ld necess>ily obey 8 reason1 & !re w\ld /ill be no talk ( obligation4 ,b because ( ! dualism1 because ( ! absolute opposition betwe5 ,reason & ,desire1 man is a be+ subject to obligation4 ,reason says to ! desires ,?\ %alt or ,?\ %alt n4 ,yet ?is obligation is n ext]nally impos$2 ! man z rational imposes x ^u himself z s5su\s4 ,?us ,kant says t1 9 ! realm ( morality1 man is bo? sov]eign & subject4 ,! reflex influ5ce ( ,r\sseau's social !ories ^u ,kant's moral doctr9es 9 ?is respect is wor?y ( m att5tion ?an x usually receives4 ,kant's moral !ory is h>dly m ?an a translation ( ,r\sseau's politics into e?ical t]ms1 ?r\gh its union ) ,kant's previ\sly e/abli%$ dualism ( reason & s5se4 ,,xlvii4 ,criticism ( ! ,kantian ,!ory4 #a4 ,no "o c d5y t a g5u9e opposition exi/s betwe5 ! 'natural' desires & moral activity4 ,! be+ t satisfies ea* desire or appetite z x arises1 )\t ref]5ce ( x to1 or control ( x by1 "s pr9ciple1 has n _h ! horizon ( conduct lift be=e him4 ,b ,kant makes ! satisfaction ( desire z su* 7n ( ?is or t desire7 antagoni/ic to action f duty4 ,kant 0 =c$ into ?is position by 8 fundam5tal division ( s5se f reason1 b x c>ries ) x its own condemnation & ?us t ( ! premises f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,x comes to say+ t ! actual desires & appetites are n :at !y ought to be4 ,?is1 9 itself1 is true en\gh4 ,b :5 ,kant goes on to say1 z he virtually does1 t :at ought to be _c be1 t ! desires z su* _c be br\ght into h>mony ) pr9ciple1 he has made ! moral life n only a riddle1 b a riddle ) no answ]4 ,if mank9d 7 once conv9c$ t ! moral ideal 7 some?+ :i* ought to be b :i* c\ld n be1 we may easily imag9e h[ mu* long] moral endeavor w\ld cont9ue4 ,! fir/ or imm$iate /imulus to moral ef=t is ! conviction t ! desires & appetites are n :at !y %\ld be2 ! und]ly+ & cont9u+ /imulus is ! conviction t ! expression ( desires 9 h>mony ) law is ! sole abid+ good ( man4 ,to reconcile ! two is ! v mean+ ( ! moral /ruggle 7see ,sec4 ,,lxiv74 ,/rictly1 accord+ to ,kant1 morality w\ld ei!r leave ! appetites unt\*$ or w\ld aboli% !m--9 ei!r case de/roy+ morality4 ,see ,caird1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbf-bh4 #b4 ,kant aga9 seems to be on ! "r track 9 decl>+ t obligation is n any?+ ext]nally impos$1 b is ! law ( man's be+1 self-impos$4 ,?is pr9ciple ( 'autonomy' is ! only escape f a !ory ( obligation :i* w\ld make obligation ext]nal1 & reg>d = x slavi% fe>1 or s]vile hope ( rew>d4 ,to reg>d ev5 a ,div9e ,be+ z ! au?or ( obligation is to make x a =m ( ext]nal con/ra9t1 appeal+ only to hope or fe>1 unless ?is ,div9e ,be+ is %[n to be organically connect$ ) self4 ,b ?is ab/ract univ]sal reason :i* someh[ dwells1 )\t m$iation or reason1 9 ea* individual1 seems to be some:at s*ola/ic1 a trifle my?ological4 ,!re is und\bt$ly 9 man's exp]i5ce a function :i* corresponds to :at ,kant is aim+1 ?us my?ologically1 to describe4 ,b x is "o ?+ to recognize an opposition ( a desire1 9 its isolation1 to desire z organic to ! function ( ! :ole man2 x is ano!r to split man into a blank dualism ( an ab/ract reason1 on "o side1 hav+ no antec$5ts or be>+s1 & ( a mess ( appetites1 hav+ only animal relation%ip1 on ! o!r4 ,! tru? t ,kant is aim+ to pres]ve seems to be fairly /at$ z two-fold3 fir/1 t duty is self-impos$1 & ?us ! dutiful w autonom\s or free2 &1 second1 ! pres5ce ( /ruggle 9 man betwe5 a 'l[]' & a 'high]'4 ,! fir/ po9t seems to be suffici5tly met by ! idea already advanc$ t self1 or individuality1 is ess5tially social1 be+ con/itut$ n by isolat$ capacity1 b by capacity act+ 9 response to ! ne$s ( an environm5t--an environm5t :i*1 :5 tak5 9 its fullness1 is a community ( p]sons4 ,any law impos$ by su* a self w\ld be 'univ]sal'1 b ?is univ]sality w\ld n be an isolat$ possession ( ! individual2 x w\ld be ano!r "n = ! concrete social relation%ips :i* make ! individual :at he is1 z a social memb] or organ4 ,fur!rmore1 su* a univ]sal law w\ld n be =mal1 b w\ld h a cont5t--^! same relation%ips4 ,! second po9t seems to be met by recogniz+ t 9 ! realization ( ! law ( social function1 conflict mu/ occur betwe5 ! desire z an imm$iate & direct expression ( ! individual--! desire 9 its isolation--& desire z an expression ( ! :ole man2 desire1 t is1 z :olly con=mable to ! ne$s ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,su* a conflict is real en\gh1 z ev]yone's exp]i5ce w te/ify1 b x is a conflict :i* may be solv$--:i* mu/ be solv$ s f> z morality is atta9$4 ,& s9ce x is a conflict )9 desire itself1 its solution or morality1 does n require any impossible oblit]ation ( desire1 nor any act+ f an 'ought' :i* has no relation to :at 'is'4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! failure ( ! ,kantian ,e?ics3 9 sep>at+ :at %\ld be f :at is1 x deprives ! latt]1 ! exi/+ social _w z well z ! desires ( ! individual1 ( all moral value2 :ile1 by ! same sep>ation1 x condemns t :i* %\ld be to a b>r5 ab/raction4 ,an 'ought' :i* does n root 9 & fl[] f ! 'is'1 :i* is n ! full] realization ( ! actual /ate ( social relation%ips1 is a m]e pi\s wi% t ?+s %\ld be bett]4 ,& morality1 t is1 "r action1 is n s feeble z ?is w\ld come to4 ,,xlviii4 ,! ,s\rce & ,nature ( ,obligation4 ,! basis ( a correct !ory ( obligation lies1 z already /at$1 9 hold+ fa/ to its concrete relations to ! moral end1 or good4 ,?is end consi/s 9 an activity 9 :i* capacity is ex]cis$ 9 accordance ) surr\nd+s1 ) ! social ne$s :i* affect ! individual4 ,x is impli$ 9 ?is v idea1 t ! end is n some?+ :i* ! individual may set up at 8 own arbitr>y w4 ,! social ne$s give control1 law1 au?ority4 ,! individual may n manife/ 8 capacity1 satisfy 8 desires1 ap>t f _! specific relation to ! environm5t 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,! g5]al fact ( obligation :i* is con/itut$ ?r\gh ?is control ( capacity by ! wid] function is1 ( c\rse1 diff]5tiat$ into specific 'laws' or duties by ! v>i\s =ms :i* ! "o function takes1 z capacity & circum/ances v>y4 ,9 o!r words1 obligation or duty is simply ! aspect :i* ! good or ! moral end assumes1 z ! individual conceives ( x4 ,f ! v fact t ! end is ! good1 & yet is n realiz$ by ! individual1 x pres5ts itself to him z t :i* %\ld be realiz$--z ! ideal ( action4 ,x requires no fur!r argum5t to %[ t obligation is at once self-impos$1 & social 9 its cont5t4 ,x is self-impos$ because x fl[s f ! good1 f ! idea ( ! full activity ( ! individual's own w4 ,x is no law impos$ f )\t2 b is 8 own law1 ! law ( 8 own function1 ( 8 individuality4 ,its social cont5t fl[s f ! fact t ?is individuality is n m]e capacity1 b is ?is capacity act+1 & act+ s z to compreh5d social relation%ips4 ,suppose t man's good & 8 conviction ( duty 7 divorc$ f "o ano!r--t man's duty 7 o!r ?an to fulfill 8 own specific function4 ,su* a ?+ w\ld make duty purely =mal2 ! moral law w\ld h no intr9sic relation to daily conduct1 to ! expression ( man's p[]s & wants4 ,!re h1 inde$1 be5 morali/s :o ?9k !y d ! ,"l s]vice1 :o ?9k !y add to ! dignity & sacr$ness ( ,duty by mak+ x o!r ?an ! idea ( ! activity ( man1 regulat$ inde$1 b regulat$ only by its own pr9ciple ( activity4 ,b su* morali/s 9 _! desire to consecrate ! idea ( duty remove f x all cont5t1 & leave x an empty ab/raction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! eag]ness to give absolut5ess & imp]ativ5ess to duty by mak+ x a law o!r ?an t ( ! normal expression ( man1 ca/s discr$it ^u ! "o moral reality--! full1 free play ( human life4 ,9 d5y+ t duty is simply ! intr9sic law1 ! self-manife/ation ( ?is life1 !y make ?is life immoral1 or at lea/ non-moral4 ,!y degrade x to a bundle ( appetites & p[]s hav+ no moral value until ! outside moral law is appli$ to !m4 ,9 reality1 ! dignity & imp]ativ5ess ( duty are simply ! manife/ dignity & uncondition$ wor? ( human life z exhibit$ 9 its free activity4 ,! :ole idea ( ! sep>at5ess ( duty f ! concrete fl[ ( human action is a virul5t example ( ! fallacy m5tion$ 9 an e>ly section--! fallacy t moral action means some?+ m ?an action itself 7see ,sec4 ,,ii74 ,! attempt to act ^u a !ory ( ! divorce ( satisfaction & duty1 to c>ry x out 9 practice1 means ! maim+ ( desire ?r\gh di/ru/ ( its moral significance1 & ?us1 by )draw+ ! impetus ( action1 ! r$uction ( life to m]e passivity4 ,s f> z ?is does n happ51 x means ! erection ( ! /ruggle itself1 ! erection ( ! opposition ( law to desire1 into ! v pr9ciple ( ! moral life4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! moral life1 t good consi/s 9 ! free+ ( impulse1 ( appetite1 ( desire1 ( p[]1 by enabl+ !m to fl[ 9 ! *annel ( a unifi$ & full end is lo/ sight (1 & ! free s]vice ( ! _s is r$uc$ to ! slavi% fe> ( a bond-man "u a h>d taskma/]4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 ! analysis ( moral law1 or obligation1 hav+ be5 f\nd1 we may briefly discuss "s subsidi>y po9ts4 #a4 ,! relation ( duty to a giv5 desire4 ,z any desire arises1 x w be1 except s f> z "* has already be5 moraliz$1 a dem& = its own satisfaction2 ! desire1 9 a ^w1 w be isolat$4 ,9 s f>1 duty w be 9 a negative attitude t[>ds ! desire2 x w insi/ fir/ ^u its limitation1 & !n ^u its trans=mation4 ,s f> z x is m]ely limitative1 x dem&s ! d5y+ ( ! desire1 & s f> assumes a co]cive =m4 ,b ?is limitation is n = its own sake1 b = t ( ! trans=mation ( desire into a fre] & m adequate =m--into a =m1 t is1 :]e x w c>ry ) x1 :5 x passes into action1 m ( activity1 ?an ! orig9al desire w\ld h done4 ,does duty itself disappe> :5 its con/ra9t disappe>s8 ,on ! contr>y1 s f> z an act is done unwill+ly1 "u con/ra9t1 s f> ! act is impure1 & undutiful4 ,! v fact t !re is ne$ ( con/ra9t %[s t ! self is divid$2 t !re is a two-fold int]e/ & purpose--"o 9 ! law ( ! activity accord+ to function1 ! o!r 9 ! special end ( ! p>ticul> desire4 ,let ! act be done :olly z duty1 & x is done :olly = its own sake2 love1 passion take ! place ( con/ra9t4 ,?is sugge/s3 #b4 ,duty = duty's sake4 ,x is cle> t su* an expression /ates a real moral fact2 unless a duty is done z duty x is n done morally4 ,an act may be outw>dly j :at morality dem&s1 & yet if done = ! sake ( "s private advantage x is n c\nt$ moral4 ,z ,kant expresses x1 an act mu/ be done n only 9 accordance ) duty1 b f duty4 ,?is tru?1 h[ev]1 is mis9t]pret$ :5 x is tak5 to mean t ! act is to be done = ! sake ( duty1 & duty is conceiv$ z a ?ird ?+ outside ! act itself4 ,su* a !ory contradicts ! true s5se ( ! phrase 'duty = duty's sake'1 = x makes ! act done n = its own sake1 b z a m]e means to an ab/ract law beyond itself4 ',d ! "r because x is ! "r' means d ! "r ?+ because x is ! "r ?+2 t is1 d ! act dis9t]e/$ly f int]e/ 9 ! act itself4 ,a duty is always "s act or l9e ( action1 n a ?ird ?+ outside ! act to :i* x is to con=m4 ,9 %ort1 duty means ! act :i* is to be done1 & 'duty = duty's sake' means d ! requir$ act z x really is2 d n degrade x into a means = "s ult]ior end4 ,?is is z true 9 practice z 9 !ory4 ,a man :o does 8 duty n = ! sake ( ! acts !mselves1 b = ! sake ( "s ab/ract 'ideal' :i* he *ri/5s duty 9 g5]al1 w h a morality at once h>d & b>r51 & weak & s5tim5tal4 #c4 ,! ag5cy ( moral au?ority 9 prescrib+ moral law & /imulat+ to moral conduct4 ,! facts1 reli$ ^u by ,ba9 & ,sp5c]1 z to ! "p play$ by social influ5ces 9 impos+ duties1 are und5iable4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 are unacc\ntable ^u ! !ory ( ^! writ]s1 z t !ory w\ld1 z we h se51 expla9 only ! influ5ce ( society 9 produc+ acts done f fe> or = hope ( rew>d4 ,b if ! individual & o!rs are equally memb]s ( "o society1 if ! p]=mance by ea* man ( 8 own function con/itutes a good common to all1 x is inevitable t social au?orities %\ld be an influ5ce 9 con/itut+ & tea*+ duties4 ,! community1 9 impos+ its own ne$s & dem&s ^u ! individual1 is simply ar\s+ him to a k ( 8 relation%ips 9 life1 to a k ( ! moral environm5t 9 :i* he lives1 & ( ! acts :i* he mu/ p]=m if he is to realize 8 individuality4 ,! community 9 awak5+ moral consci\sness 9 ! morally immature may appeal to motives ( hope & fe>4 ,b ev5 ?is fact does n mean t to ! *ild1 duty is necess>ily con/itut$ by fe> ( puni%m5t or hope ( rew>d4 ,x means simply t 8 capacity & 8 surr\nd+s are bo? s undevelop$ t ! ex]cise ( 8 function takes ma9ly ! =m ( pleas+ o!rs4 ,he may /ill d 8 duty z 8 duty1 b 8 duty n[ consi/s 9 pleas+ o!rs4 ,on ,obligation see ,gre51 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ceb-cef2 ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #adb-adg4 ,= diff]5t views1 ,m>t9eau1 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ib-aai2 ,cald]wood1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aca-ach1 & see also1 ,grote1 ,treatise on ,moral ,ideals1 *4 ,,vii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,fre$om4 ,,xlix4 ,! ,=ms ( ,fre$om4 ,we may n[ deal1 m briefly1 ) ! problem ( moral capacity4 ,x is1 9 pr9ciple1 ! ability to conceive ( an end & to be gov]n$ 9 action by ?is conceiv$ end4 ,we may consid] ?is capacity 9 ?ree aspects1 z negative1 z pot5tial & z positive4 #a4 ,negative ,aspect ( ,fre$om4 ,! p[] to be gov]n$ 9 action by ! ?\ght ( "s end to be rea*$ is fre$om f ! appetites & desires4 ,an animal :i* does n h ! p[] ( propos+ ends to itself is impell$ to action by its wants & appetites j z !y come into consci\sness4 ,x is irritat$ into act+4 ,ea* impulse dem&s its own satisfaction1 & ! animal is helpless to rise above ! p>ticul> want4 ,b a p]son1 "o :o c direct 8 action by consci\s ends1 is emancipat$ f subjection to ! p>ticul> appetites4 ,he c consid] _! relation to ! end :i* he has set be=e himself1 & c reject1 modify or use !m z be/ agrees ) ! purpos$ end4 ,?is capacity to control & subjugate impulses by reflection ^u _! relation%ip to a rational end is ! p[] ( self-gov]nm5t1 & ! m di/9ct & ! m compreh5sive 9 scope ! end is1 ! m real ! self-gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,pot5tial ,fre$om4 ,! p[] to conceive ( ends involves ! possibility ( ?9k+ ( _m & v>i\s ends1 & ev5 ( ends :i* are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,if an ag5t c\ld conceive ( b "o end 9 "s case1 x w\ld always seem to him aft]w>ds t he _h be5 necessitat$ to act 9 ! direction ( t end2 b ! p[] to put v>i\s ends be=e self con/itutes fre$om ( *oice1 or pot5tial fre$om4 ,aft] action1 ! ag5t calls to m9d t !re 0 ano!r end op5 to him1 & t if he did n *oose ! o!r end1 x 0 because ( some?+ 9 8 "* :i* made him pref] ! "o he actually *ose4 ,l4 ,moral ,responsibility4 ,"h we h ! basis ( moral responsibility or acc\ntability4 ,!re is no responsibility = any result :i* is n int5d$ or =ese54 ,su* a consequ5ce is only physical1 n moral4 7,sec4 ,,vii74 ,b :5 any result has be5 =ese51 & adopt$ z =ese51 su* result is ! outcome n ( any ext]nal circum/ances1 nor ( m]e desires & impulses1 b ( ! ag5t's conception ( 8 own end4 ,n[1 because ! result ?us fl[s f ! ag5t's own conception ( an end1 he feels himself responsible = x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! end adopt$ is t :i* is conceiv$ z satisfy+ self--t1 inde$1 :5 we say end ( action1 we mean only "s propos$ =m ( self-satisfaction4 ,! adopt$ end always indicates1 !re=e1 t sort ( condition :i* ! ag5t consid]s to be good1 or self-satisfactory4 ,x is because a result fl[s f ! ag5t's ideal ( himself1 ! ?\ght ( himself :i* he consid]s desirable or wor? realiz+1 t ! ag5t feels himself responsible4 ,! result is simply an expression ( himself2 a manife/ation ( :at he w\ld h himself be4 ,responsibility is ?us "o aspect ( ! id5tity ( "* & conduct4 7,sec4 ,,vii74 ,we are responsible = our conduct because t conduct is ourselves objectifi$ 9 actions4 ,! idea ( responsibility is int5sifi$ :5ev] !re h be5 two contr>y l9es ( conduct conceiv$1 ( :i* "o has be5 *os54 ,if ! end adopt$ turns out n to be satisfactory1 b1 r1 unwor?y & degrad+1 ! ag5t feels t he might h *os5 ! o!r end1 & t if he did n1 x 0 because 8 "* 0 su*1 8 ideal ( himself 0 su*1 t ?is o!r end did n appeal to him4 ,! actual result is felt to be ! outcome ( an unwor?y "* manife/$ 9 ! adoption ( a l[ =m ( satisfaction2 & ! evid5t contra/ ( ?is l[ =m ) a high] =m1 pres5t to consci\sness b reject$1 makes ! s5se ( responsibility m acute4 ,z su*1 x is ! judgm5t ( disapprobation pass$ ^u conduct2 ! feel+ ( remorse & ( ! des]t ( puni%m5t4 ,fre$om z ! p[] ( conceiv+ ends & ( realiz+ ! ideal end 9 action1 is ?us ! basis bo? ( responsibility & ( approbation 7or disapprobation74 ,! ,fre$om ( ,indiff]5ce4 ,x is ?is pot5tial fre$om1 aris+ f ! p[] ( propos+ v>i\s ends ( action1 :i*1 mis9t]pret$1 gives rise to ! !ory ( a lib]ty ( indiff]5t *oice--! !ory t ! ag5t c *oose ?is or t )\t any gr\nd or motive4 ,! real exp]i5ce is ! k1 aft] ! *oice ( "o end1 t s9ce ano!r end 0 also pres5t to consci\sness t o!r end might h be5 *os51 if only ! "* _h be5 su* z to f9d its satisfaction 9 t o!r end4 ,! !ory ( indiff]5ce miscon/rues ?is fact to mean t ! ag5t might j z well h *os5 t o!r end1 )\t any if or qualification :atev]4 ,! !ory ( indiff]5ce1 moreov]1 defeats its own end4 ,! po9t :i* x is anxi\s to save is responsibility4 ,x sees t if only "o c\rse ( action 7 ev] op5 to an ag5t1 )\t ! possibility ( any conception ( ano!r c\rse1 an ag5t1 s act+1 c\ld n be held responsible = n hav+ adopt$ t o!r c\rse4 ,& s x argues t !re mu/ always be ! possibility ( indiff]5t or alt]nate *oice2 ! possibility ( adopt+ ?is or t l9e ( action )\t any motive4 ,b if su* 7 ! case responsibility w\ld be de/roy$4 ,if ! end *os5 is n an expression ( "*1 if x does n manife/ ! ag5t's ideal ( himself1 if its *oice is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 x does n signify morally1 b is m]e accid5t or caprice4 ,x is because *oice is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 b an outcome ( "* t ! ag5t feels responsibility1 & approves or disapproves4 ,he virtually says3 ,i am responsible = ?is outcome1 n because ,i c\ld h *os5 ano!r end j z well )\t any reason1 b because ,i ?\ght ( ano!r end & reject$ x2 because my "* 0 su* t t end did n seem good1 & 0 su* t ?is end did seem good4 ,my "* is myself1 & 9 ?is unwor?y end ,i /& self-condemn$4 ,,li4 ,moral ,re=mation4 ,fre$om consid]$ z pot5tial1 dep5d+ ^u ! p[] ( ! ag5t to frame div]se ends1 is ! basis n only ( responsibility1 b also ( ! possibility ( re=mation1 or ( *ange 9 "* & conduct4 ,all moral action is ! expression ( self1 b ! self is n some?+ fix$ or rigid4 ,x includes z a necess>y "p ( itself ! possibility ( fram+ conceptions ( :at x w\ld be1 & !re is1 !re=e1 at any "t ! possibility ( act+ ^u "s ideal hi!rto unrealiz$4 ,if conduct 7 ! expression ( "*1 9 a s5se :i* id5tifi$ "* :olly ) pa/ atta9m5ts1 !n re=mation w\ld be impossible4 ,:at a man once 0 he mu/ always cont9ue to be4 ,b pa/ atta9m5ts d n exhau/ all ! possibilities ( "*4 ,s9ce conduct necess>ily implies a cont9u\s adju/m5t ( develop+ capacity to new conditions1 !re is ! ability to frame a *ang$ ideal ( self-satisfaction--t is1 ability to lead a new life4 ,t ! new ideal is adopt$ f exp]i5ce ( ! unwor?y nature ( =m] de$s is :at we %\ld expect4 ,! *os5 end hav+ prov$ itself unsatisfactory1 ! alt]native end1 previ\sly reject$1 recurs to consci\sness ) add$ claims4 ,to sum up3 ,! doctr9e t *oice dep5ds ^u "* is correct1 b ! doctr9e is misus$ :5 tak5 to mean t a man's outw>d conduct w always be 9 ! same direction t x has be54 ,"* involves all ! ideas ( diff]5t & ( bett] ?+s :i* h be5 pres5t to ! ag5t1 al?\gh he has nev] attempt$ to c>ry !m out4 ,& !re is always ! possibility t1 if ! prop] influ5ces are br\ght to be>1 "s "o ( ^! lat5t ideals may be made vital1 & :olly *ange ! b5t ( "* & ( conduct4 ,,lii4 ,positive ,fre$om4 ,! capacity ( fre$om lies 9 ! p[] to =m an ideal or conception ( an end4 ,actual fre$om lies 9 ! realization ( t end :i* actually satisfies4 ,an end may be freely adopt$1 & yet its actual work+ out may result n 9 fre$om1 b 9 slav]y4 ,x may result 9 r5d]+ ! ag5t m subject to 8 passions1 less able to direct 8 own conduct1 & m cramp$ & feeble 9 p[]s4 ,only t end :i* execut$ really effects great] en]gy & compreh5siv5ess ( "* makes = actual fre$om4 ,9 a ^w1 only ! good man1 ! man :o is truly realiz+ 8 individuality1 is free1 9 ! positive s5se ( t ^w4 ,e action :i* is n 9 ! l9e ( p]=mance ( functions mu/ necess>ily result 9 self-enslavem5t4 ,! end ( desire is activity2 & x is only 9 fullness & unity ( activity t fre$om is f\nd4 ,:5 desires are n unifi$--:51 t is1 ! idea ( ! ex]cise ( function does n control conduct--"o desire mu/ conflict ) ano!r4 ,action is direct$ n[ ?is way1 n[ t1 & !re is friction1 loss ( p[]4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is same lack ( control ( desires by ! compreh5sive law ( social activity1 "o memb] ( society is br\ght into conflict ) ano!r1 ) wa/e ( en]gy1 & ) imp$$ & divid$ activity & satisfaction ( desire4 ,ex]cise ( function1 on ! o!r h&1 unifies ! desires1 giv+ ea* its relative1 al?\gh subord9ate1 place4 ,x fits ea* into ! o!rs1 &1 ?r\gh ! h>moni\s adju/m5t ( "o to ano!r1 effects t complete & unh9d]$ action :i* is fre$om4 ,! p]=mance ( specific function falls also into free relations ) ! activities ( o!r p]sons1 cop]at+ ) !m1 giv+ & receiv+ :at is ne$$1 & ?us con/itut+ full lib]ty4 ,o!r aspects ( fre$om1 z ! negative & ! pot5tial1 are simply means in/rum5tal to ! realization ( individuality1 & :5 n employ$ t[>d ?is1 _! true end1 !y become me?ods ( enslav+ ! ag5t4 ,on ! subject ( moral fre$om1 z1 ^u ! :ole1 9 agreem5t ) ! view pres5t$ "h3 ,see ,gre53 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 pp4 #ij-aag2 #adb-aeh4 ,bradley3 ,e?ical ,/udies1 *4 ,i2 ,caird3 ,phil4 ( ,kant1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 #c2 ,alex&]3 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #ccf-cda4 ,&1 = a view agree+ 9 "p1 ,/eph53 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bgh-bic4 ,= pres5tations ( ! fre$om ( indiff]5ce1 see1 ,lotze3 ,practical ,philosophy1 *4 #c4 ,m>t9eau3 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cd-dj4 ,cald]wood3 ,h&book ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,_w4 ,,liii4 ,! ,reality ( ,moral ,relations4 ,! habit ( conceiv+ moral action z a c]ta9 k9d ( action1 in/ead ( all action s f> z x really is action1 leads u to conceive ( morality z a highly desirable some?+ :i* someh[ ought to be br\ght into our lives1 b :i* ^u ! :ole is n4 ,x gives rise to ! habit ( conceiv+ morality z a vague ideal :i* x is praisewor?y = ! individual to /rive =1 b :i* dep5ds :olly = its exi/5ce ^u ! individual's wi% 9 ! matt]4 ,morality1 t is1 is consid]$ z a relation exi/+ betwe5 some?+ :i* m]ely ought to be1 on "o h&1 & ! individual's *oice1 or 8 consci5ce on ! o!r4 ,?is po9t ( view has f\nd typical expression 9 ,bi%op ,butl]'s say+3 ,if consci5ce _h might z x has "r1 x w\ld rule ! _w4 ,b "r is n su* a helpless creature4 ,x exi/s n 9 ^w b 9 p[]4 ,! moral _w is1 "h & n[2 x is a reality ap>t f ! wi%es1 or failures to wi%1 ( any giv5 individual4 ,x be>s ! same relation to ! individual's activity t ! 'physical _w' does to 8 k4 ,n till ! individual has to sp9 ! physical _w out ( 8 consci\sness 9 ord] to "k x1 w x be necess>y = him to create morality by 8 *oice1 be=e x c exi/4 ,z k is ma/]y 9 "o's self ( ! real _w1 ! reproduction ( x 9 self-consci\sness1 s moral action is ! appropriation & vital self-expression ( ! values conta9$ 9 ! exi/+ practical _w4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is moral _w is n any?+ vaguely my/]i\s4 ,imag9e a well organiz$ factory1 9 :i* !re is "s compreh5sive indu/ry c>ri$ on--say ! production ( cotton clo?4 ,?is is ! end2 x is a common end--t = :i* ea* individual labors4 ,n all individuals1 h[ev]1 are do+ ! same ?+4 ,! m p]fect ! activity1 ! bett] organiz$ ! "w1 ! m diff]5tiat$ _! respective labors4 ,?is is ! side ( individual activity or fre$om4 ,to make ! analogy ) moral activity complete we h to suppose t ea* individual is do+ ! "w because ( itself1 & n m]ely z drudg]y = ! sake ( "s fur!r end1 z pay4 ,n[ ^! v>i\s individuals are b\nd toge!r by _! v>i\s acts2 "s m ne>ly because do+ closely alli$ ?+s1 all some:at1 because contribut+ to a common activity4 ,?is is ! side ( laws & duties4 ,?is gr\p ( ! diff]5tiat$ & yet relat$ activities is ! analogue ( ! moral _w4 ,!re are c]ta9 wants :i* h con/antly to be fulfill$2 c]ta9 ends :i* dem& cop]at+ activities1 & :i* e/abli% fix$ relations betwe5 m54 ,!re is a _w ( ends1 a realm ( def9ite activities 9 exi/5ce1 z concrete z ! ends & activities 9 our imag9$ factory4 ,! *ild f9ds1 !n1 ends & actions 9 exi/5ce :5 he is born4 ,m ?an ?is3 he is n born z a m]e spectator ( ! _w2 he is born into x4 ,he f9ds himself encompass$ by su* relations1 & he f9ds 8 own be+ & activity int]me%$ ) !m4 ,if he takes away f himself1 z an ag5t1 :at he has1 z %>+ 9 ^! ends & actions1 no?+ rema9s4 ,,liv4 ,moral ,in/itutions4 ,?is _w ( purposes & activities is diff]5tiat$ into v>i\s in/itutions4 ,! *ild is born z a memb] ( a family2 z he gr[s up he f9ds t o!rs h possessions :i* he mu/ respect1 t is1 he runs ^u ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,z he gr[s /ill old]1 he f9ds p]sons outside ( ! family ( ^: actions he mu/ take acc\nt z respects 8 own3 society1 9 ! limit$ s5se z mean+ relations ( special intimacy or acqua9tance%ip4 ,!n he f9ds ! political in/itutions2 ! city1 /ate & nation4 ,he f9ds an educational in/itution1 ! s*ool1 ! college2 religi\s in/itutions1 ! *ur*1 etc41 etc4 ,ev]y:]e he f9ds m5 hav+ common wants & ?us propos+ common ends & us+ cop]ative modes ( action4 ,to ^! organiz$ modes ( action1 ) _! ref]5ce to common int]e/s & purposes1 he mu/ adju/ 8 activities2 he mu/ take 8 "p !re91 if he acts at all1 ?\gh x be only negatively or ho/ilely1 z 9 evil conduct4 ,^! in/itutions are morality real & objective2 ! individual becomes moral z he %>es 9 ?is moral _w1 & takes 8 due place 9 x4 ,in/itutions1 !n1 are organiz$ modes ( action1 on ! basis ( ! wants & int]e/s :i* unite m54 ,!y diff] z ! family f ! t[n1 ! *ur* f ! /ate1 accord+ to ! scope & "* ( ! wants f :i* !y spr+4 ,!y are n b>e facts l objects ( k2 !y are practical1 exi/+ = ! sake (1 & by means ( ! w--z execution ( ideas :i* h int]e/4 ,because !y are expressions ( common purposes & ideas1 !y are n m]ely private w & intellig5ce1 b1 9 ! lit]al s5se1 public w & reason4 ,! moral endeavor ( man ?us takes ! =m n ( isolat$ fancies ab\t "r & wrong1 n ( attempts to frame a morality = himself1 n ( ef=ts to br+ into be+ "s praisewor?y ideal nev] realiz$2 b ! =m ( su/a9+ & fur!r+ ! moral _w ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,s9ce ! _w is "o ( action1 & n ( contemplation l ! _w ( k1 x c be su/a9$ & fur!r$ only z he makes its ends 8 own1 & id5tifies himself & 8 satisfaction ) ! activities 9 :i* o!r wills f9d _! fulfillm5t4 ,?is is simply a m concrete r5d]+ ( :at has already be5 said ab\t ! moral environm5t 7see ,sec4 #cc74 ,,lv4 ,! ,aspects ( a ,moral ,in/itution4 ,an in/itution is1 z we h se5 ! expression ( unity ( desires & ideas2 x is g5]al intellig5ce 9 action1 or common w4 ,z su* common w1 x is1 z respects ! m]ely private or exclusive wants & aims ( its memb]s1 absolutely sov]eign4 ,x mu/ aim to control !m4 ,x mu/ set be=e !m ! common end or ideal & insi/ ^u ?is z ! only real end ( individual conduct4 ,! ends s impos$ by ! public reason are laws4 ,b ^! laws are = ! sake ( realiz+ ! common end1 ( secur+ t organiz$ unity ( action 9 :i* alone ! individual c f9d fre$om & fullness ( action1 or 8 own satisfaction4 ,?us ! activity ( ! common w gives fre$om1 or rights1 to ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! in/itution4 ,e in/itution1 !n1 has its sov]eignty1 or au?ority1 & its laws & rights4 ,x is only a false ab/raction :i* makes u conceive ( sov]eignty1 or au?ority1 & ( law & ( rights z inh]+ only 9 "s supreme organization1 z ! national /ate4 ,! family1 ! s*ool1 ! neighborhood gr\p1 has its au?ority z respects its memb]s1 imposes its ideals ( action1 or laws1 & conf]s its respective satisfactions 9 way ( enl>g$ fre$om1 or rights4 ,x is true t no "o ( ^! in/itutions is isolat$2 t ea* /&s 9 relation ) o!r l & unlike in/itutions4 ,ea* m9or in/itution is a memb] ( "s m compreh5sive :ole1 to :i* x be>s ! same relation t ! individual be>s to x4 ,t is to say1 its sov]eignty gives way to ! au?ority ( ! m compreh5sive organization2 its laws mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! laws :i* fl[ f ! l>g] activity2 its rights mu/ become aspects ( a full] satisfaction4 ,only humanity or ! organiz$ activity ( all ! wants1 p[]s & int]e/s common to m51 c h absolute sov]eignty1 law & rights4 ,b ! n>r[] gr\p has its relations1 none ! less1 al?\gh1 9 ultimate analysis1 !y fl[ f & manife/ ! wid] good1 :i*1 z wid]1 mu/ be controll+4 ,)\t su* m9or local au?orities1 rights & laws1 humanity w\ld be a mean+less ab/raction1 & its activity :olly empty4 ,!re is an au?ority 9 ! family1 & ! moral gr[? ( ! *ild consi/s 9 id5tify+ ! law ( 8 own conduct ) ! ends aim$ at by ! in/itution1 & 9 gr[+ into maturity & fre$om ( manhood ?r\gh ! rights :i* are be/[$ ^u him z su* a memb]4 ,)9 its own range ?is in/itution is ultimate4 ,b its range is n ultimate2 ! family1 valuable & sacr$ z x is1 does n exi/ = itself4 ,x is n a l>g] selfi%ness4 ,x exi/s z "o mode ( realiz+ t compreh5sive common good to :i* all in/itutions mu/ contribute1 if !y are n to decay4 ,x is ! same ) prop]ty1 ! s*ool1 ! local *ur*1 & ) ! national /ate4 ,we c n[ translate into m concrete t]ms :at 0 said1 9 ,"p ,i1 reg>d+ ! good1 obligation & fre$om4 ,t p]=mance ( function :i* is '! good'1 is n[ se5 to consi/ 9 vital union )1 & reproduction (1 ! practical in/itutions ( :i* "o is a memb]4 ,! ma9t5ance ( su* in/itutions by ! free p>ticipation !re9 ( individual wills1 is1 ( itself1 ! common good4 ,fre$om also gets concret5ess2 x is ! assur$ rights1 or p[]s ( action :i* "o gets z su* a memb]3--p[]s :i* are n m]e claims1 nor simply claims recogniz$ z valid by o!rs1 b claims re-in=c$ by ! w ( ! :ole community4 ,fre$om becomes real 9 ! e?ical _w2 x becomes =ce & effici5cy ( action1 because x does n mean "s private possession ( ! individual1 b means ! :ole cop]at+ & organiz$ action ( an in/itution 9 secur+ to an individual "s p[] ( self expression4 ,,lvi4 ,moral ,law & ! ,e?ical ,_w4 ,)\t ! idea ( ! e?ical _w1 z ! unifi$ activity ( div]se functions ex]cis$ by diff]5t individuals1 ! idea ( ! good1 & ( fre$om1 w\ld be undef9$4 ,b probably no "o has ev] attempt$ to conceive ( ! good & ( fre$om 9 total ab/raction f ! normal activity ( man4 ,su* has n be5 ! lot ( duty1 or ( ! elem5t ( law4 ,(t5 by implication1 sometimes 9 s _m words1 x is /at$ t :ile a physical law may be acc\nt$ =1 s9ce x is simply an ab/ract f obs]v$ facts1 a moral law /&s :olly above & ap>t f actual facts2 x expresses solely :at 'ought to be' & n :at is2 t1 inde$1 :e!r any?+ 9 accordance ) x ev] has exi/$ or n1 is a matt] ( no ess5tial moral importance !oretically1 h[ev] x may be practically4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a law ( some?+ :i* has n exi/$1 does n & p]haps nev] w exi/1 is ess5tially inexplicable & my/]i\s4 ,x is z aga9/ su* a notion ( moral law t ! idea ( a real e?ical _w has p]haps its greate/ s]vice4 ,a moral law1 e4 g41 ! law ( ju/ice1 is no m m]ely a law ( :at ought to be ?an is ! law ( gravitation4 ,z ! latt] /ates a c]ta9 relation ( mov+ masses to "o ano!r1 s ! law ( ju/ice /ates a c]ta9 relation ( active wills to "o ano!r4 ,= a giv5 individual1 at a giv5 "t & circum/ances1 ! law ( ju/ice may appe> z ! law ( some?+ :i* ought to be1 b is n3--is n = him 9 ?is respect1 t is to say4 ,b ! v fact t x ought to be = him implies t x already is = o!rs4 ,x is a law ( ! society ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,& x is because he is a memb] ( a society hav+ ?is law1 t is a law ( :at %\ld be = him4 ,w\ld !n ju/ice cease to be a law = him if x 7 n obs]v$ at all 9 ! society ( :i* he is a memb]8 ,su* a "q is z contradictory z ask+ :at w\ld happ5 to a planet if ! sol> sy/em w5t out ( exi/5ce4 ,x is ! law ( ju/ice 7) o!r su* laws7 t makes society2 t is1 x is ^? active relations :i* f9d expression 9 ^! laws t unify individuals s t !y h a common end1 & ?us mutual duties4 ,to imag9e ! abolition ( ^! laws is to imag9e ! abolition ( society2 & to ask = ! law ( individual conduct ap>t f all relation%ip1 actual or ideal1 to society1 is to ask 9 :at morality consi/s :5 moral conditions are de/roy$4 ,a society 9 :i* ! social bond we call ju/ice does n obta9 to "s degree 9 ! relations ( man to man1 is n society2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] "s law ( ju/ice actually obta9s1 !re ! law is = e individual :o is a memb] ( ! society4 ,?is does n mean t ! 'is'1 ! actual /atus ( ! moral _w1 is id5tical ) ! 'ought'1 or ! ideal relations ( man to man4 ,b x does mean t !re is no obligation1 ei!r 9 g5]al or z any specific duty1 :i* does n gr[ out ( ! 'is'1 ! actual relations n[ obta9+4#a ,! e?ical _w at any giv5 "t is und\bt$ly imp]fect1 &1 !re=e1 x dem&s a c]ta9 act to meet ! situation4 ,! v imp]fection1 ! v badness 9 ! pres5t condition ( ?+s1 is a "p ( ! environm5t ) ref]5ce to :i* we mu/ act2 x is1 ?us1 an elem5t 9 ! law ( future action t x %all n exactly repeat ! exi/+ condition4 ,9 o!r words1 ! 'is' gives ! law ( ! 'ought'1 b x is a "p ( ?is law t ! 'ought' %all n be z ! 'is'4 ,x is because ! relation ( ju/ice does hold 9 memb]s ( a /ratum ( society1 hav+ a c]ta9 position1 p[] or weal?1 b does n hold betwe5 ?is section & ano!r class1 t ! law ( :at %\ld be is equal ju/ice = all4 ,9 hold+ t actual social relations af=d ! law ( :at %\ld be1 we mu/ n =get t ^! actual relations h a negative z well z a positive side1 & t ! new law mu/ be fram$ 9 view ( ! negatives1 ! defici5cies1 ! wrongs1 ! contradictions1 z well z ( ! positive atta9m5ts4 ,a moral law1 to sum up1 is ! pr9ciple ( action1 :i*1 act$ ^u1 w meet ! ne$s ( ! exi/+ situation z respects ! wants1 p[]s1 & circum/ances ( ! individuals conc]n$4 ,x is no f>-away ab/raction1 b expresses ! movem5t ( ! e?ical _w4 #a ,see ,secs4 #ei1 #fj & #fc = discussion ( o!r aspects ( ?is "q4 ,"o example w help def9e ! discussion4 ,take ! case ( a /reet railway conductor1 ^: union has ord]$ a /rike4 ,:at det]m9es ! law ( 8 conduct "u ! circum/ances8 ,evid5tly ! exi/+ e?ical in/itutions ( :i* he is a memb]1 s f> z he is consci\s ( _! ne$s4 ,to det]m9e :at he %\ld d1 he does n hunt up "s law ( an 'ought' ap>t f :at is2 if he %\ld hunt = & %\ld f9d su* a law he w\ld n "k :at to d ) x4 ,j because x is ap>t f 8 concrete circum/ances x is no guide1 no law = 8 conduct at all4 ,he has to act n 9 view ( "s ab/ract pr9ciple1 b 9 view ( a concrete situation4 ,he consid]s 8 pres5t wage1 its relation to its ne$s & abilities2 8 capacity & ta/e = ?is & = t "w2 ! reasons = ! /rike2 ! conditions ( labor at pres5t ) ref]5ce to w9n+ ! /rike1 & z to ! *ance ( gett+ o!r "w4 ,he consid]s 8 family1 _! ne$s & develop+ p[]s2 ! dem& t !y %\ld live dec5tly2 t 8 *ildr5 %\ld be fairly educat$ & get a fair />t 9 ! _w2 he consid]s 8 relation%ips to 8 fell[ memb]s 9 ! union1 etc4 ,^! consid]ations1 & su* z ^!1 give ! law to 8 decision 9 s f> z he acts morally & n in/9ctively4 ,:]e 9 ?is law-giv+ is !re any sep>ation f facts8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m "r ! act 7! ne>] x comes to its prop] law71 ! m x w simply express & reflect ! actual concrete facts4 ,! law1 9 o!r words1 ( action1 is ! law ( actual social =ces 9 _! onw>d movem5t1 9 s f> z ^! dem& "s response 9 ! way ( conduct f ! individual4 ,we may re/ate f ?is po9t ( view1 :at we h already le>n$3 ,a moral law is ?or\ghly individualiz$4 ,x _c be duplicat$2 x _c be = "o act j :at x is = ano!r4 ,! e?ical _w is too ri* 9 capacity & circum/ance to p]mit ( monotony2 x is too swift 9 its movem5t to all[ ( b>e repetition4 ,x w n hold /ill2 x moves on1 & moral law is ! law ( action requir$ f individuals by ?is movem5t4 ,! consid]ation ( specific in/itutions1 z ! family1 indu/rial society1 civil society1 ! nation1 etc41 ) _! respective rights & laws1 belongs r to political philosophy ?an to ! g5]al !ory ( e?ics4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,individual4 ,,lvii4 ,division ( ,subject4 ,we h n[ analyz$ ! fundam5tal moral notions--! good1 duty & fre$om2 we h consid]$ _! objective realization1 & se5 t !y are outw>dly express$ 9 social relations1 ! m typical & abid+ ( :i* we call in/itutions2 t ab/ract duties are realiz$ 9 ! laws creat$ & impos$ by su* in/itutions1 & t ab/ract fre$om is realiz$ 9 ! rights possess$ by memb]s 9 !m4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! concrete moral life ( an individual born into ?is exi/+ e?ical _w & f9d+ himself confront$ ) in/itutions 9 :i* he mu/ execute 8 "p1 & 9 :i* he obta9s 8 satisfaction & free activity4 ,we h to consid] h[ ^! in/itutions appeal to ! individual1 awak5+ 9 him a di/9ct moral consci\sness1 or ! consci\sness ( active relations to p]sons1 9 anti!sis to ! !oretical consci\sness ( relations :i* exi/ 9 contemplation2 h[ ! individual behaves t[>ds ^! in/itutions1 realiz+ !m by assum+ 8 prop] position 9 !m1 or attempt+ to ?w>t !m by liv+ 9 isolation f !m2 & h[ a moral "* is ?us call$ into be+4 ,m %ortly1 we h to deal 7,i7 ) ! practical consci\sness1 or ! =mation & gr[? ( ideals ( conduct2 7,,ii7 ) ! moral /ruggle1 or ! process ( realiz+ ideals1 & 7,,iii7 ) moral "*1 or ! virtues4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,=mation ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,ideals4 ,,lviii4 ,analysis ( ,consci5ce4 ,! practical consci\sness1 or ! recognition ( ends & relations ( action1 is :at is usually t]m$ consci5ce4 ,! analysis ( consci5ce %[s t x involves ?ree elem5ts1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ 9 !ory1 al?\gh !y h no sep>ate exi/5ce 9 ! actual fact ( consci5ce itself4 ,^! ?ree elem5ts are 7#a7 ! k ( c]ta9 specific =ms ( conduct1 7#b7 ! recognition ( ! au?ority or obligator9ess ( ! =ms1 & 7#c7 ! emotional factors :i* clu/] ab\t ?is recognition4 ,t is to say1 we (t5 speak 7#a7 ( consci5ce tell+ or in=m+ u ( duties2 we speak ( an enlight5$ or un5light5$ consci5ce2 ( savage1 or m$ival1 or mod]n consci5ce4 ,"h we are evid5tly ?9k+ ( ! k9d & range ( p>ticul> acts consid]$ "r or wrong4 ,b we also speak 7#b7 ( ! au?ority & maje/y ( consci5ce2 ( ! comm&s ( consci5ce1 etc4 ,"h we are ?9k+ ( ! consci\sness ( obligation 9 g5]al4 ,! savage & ! civiliz$ man may v>y greatly 9 _! e/imate ( :at p>ticul> acts are "r or wrong1 & yet agree 9 ! recognition t su* acts z are "r are absolutely obligatory4 ,f9ally we speak ( an approv+ or disapprov+1 or remorseful consci5ce1 ( a t5d] or a h>d5$ consci5ce1 ( ! pangs1 ! pricks ( consci5ce1 etc4 ,"h 7#c7 we are evid5tly deal+ ) ! responsiv5ess ( ! disposition to moral di/9ctions1 ei!r 9 p>ticul> acts1 or 9 ! recognition ( moral law 9 g5]al4 ,,lix4 ,consci5ce z ! ,recognition ( ,special ,acts z ,"r or ,wrong4 ,consci5ce 9 ?is s5se is no peculi>1 sep>ate faculty ( m9d4 ,x is simply intellig5ce deal+ ) a c]ta9 subject-matt]4 ,t is1 consci5ce is di/+ui%$ n by ! k9d ( m5tal activity at "w1 b by ! k9d ( mat]ial ! m9d works ^u4 ,intellig5ce deals ) ! nature & relations ( ?+s1 & we call x und]/&+2 intellig5ce deals ) ! relations ( p]sons & de$s1 & x is t]m$ consci5ce4 ,we may1 ) advantage1 recognize ^! /ages 9 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce z deal+ ) moral relation%ips3 #a4 ,! ,cu/om>y or ,conv5tional ,consci5ce4 ,! exi/+ moral _w1 ) ! types & v>ieties ( in/itutions peculi> to x1 is con/antly impress+ itself ^u ! immature m9d2 x makes c]ta9 dem&s ( moral ag5ts & en=ces !m ) all ! means 9 its p[]--puni%m5t1 rew>d1 blame1 public-op9ion1 & ! be/[al ( social lead]%ip4 ,^! dem&s & expectations naturally give rise to c]ta9 convictions 9 ! individual z to :at he %\ld or %\ld n d4 ,su* convictions are n ! outcome ( indep5d5t reflection1 b ( ! m\ld+ influ5ce ( social in/itutions4 ,moreov] ! morality ( a "t becomes consolidat$ into prov]bs1 maxims & law-codes4 ,x takes %ape 9 c]ta9 habitual ways ( look+ at & judg+ matt]s4 ,all ^! are in/ill$ into ! gr[+ m9d ?r\gh language1 lit]ature1 association & legal cu/om1 until !y leave 9 ! m9d a correspond+ habit & attitude t[>d ?+s to be done4 ,?is process may be comp>$ to ! process by :i* k ( ! _w ( ?+s is fir/ atta9$4 ,c]ta9 ( ! m p]man5t features ( ?is _w1 especially ^? ^: obs]vance is important 9 relation to cont9u$ physical exi/5ce & well-be+1 impress !mselves ^u ! m9d4 ,consci\sness1 ) no reflective activity ( its own1 comes to mirror "s ( ! ma9 outl9es ( ! _w4 ,! m important di/9ctions are fix$ 9 language1 & !y f9d _! way into ! individual m9d1 giv+ x unconsci\sly a c]ta9 b5t & color+4 #b4 ,! ,loyal ,consci5ce4 ,b j z ! m9d1 :i* seems at fir/ to h ! facts & features ( ! _w p\r$ into itself z a passive vessel1 comes 9 "t ?r\gh its own exp]i5ce to appreciate some?+ ( _! mean+1 &1 to "s ext5t1 to v]ify !m = itself2 s ! m9d 9 its moral relations4 ,)\t =m+ any critical !ory ( ! in/itutions & codes :i* are =m+ "*1 )\t ev5 consid]+ :e!r !y are :at !y %\ld be1 ! individual yet comes at lea/ to a practical recognition t x is 9 ^! in/itutions t he gets 8 satisfactions1 & ?r\gh ^! codes t he is protect$4 ,he id5tifies himself1 8 own life1 ) ! social =ms & ideals 9 :i* he lives1 & repels any attack ^u !m z he w\ld an attack ^u himself4 ,! dem&s :i* ! exi/+ in/itutions make ^u him are n felt z ! co]cions ( a despot1 b z expressions ( 8 own w1 & requir+ loyalty z su*4 ,! conv5tional consci5ce1 if x does n gr[ into ?is1 t5ds to become slavi%1 :ile an intellig5ce :i* practically realizes1 al?\gh )\t cont9ual reflection1 ! significance ( conv5tional morality is free 9 its convictions & s]vice4 #c4 ,! ,indep5d5t or ,reflective ,consci5ce4 ,! intellig5ce may n simply appropriate1 z its own1 conv5tions embodi$ 9 curr5t in/itutions & codes1 b may reflect ^u !m4 ,x may ask3 ,:at is ?is in/itution ( family1 prop]ty =8 ,does ! in/itution 9 its pres5t =m "w z x %\ld "w1 or is "s modification requir$8 ,does ?is rule :i* is n[ curr5t embody ! true ne$s ( ! situation1 or is x an antiquat$ expression ( by-gone relations8 ,:at is ! true _s ( exi/+ in/itutions1 & :at sort ( conduct does ?is _s dem&8 ,"h1 9 a ^w1 we h ! same relation to ! e?ical _w1 t we h 9 physical sci5ce to ! ext]nal _w4 ,intellig5ce is n cont5t1 on its !oretical side1 ) hav+ facts impress$ ^u x by direct contact or ?r\gh language2 x is n cont5t ) com+ to feel = itself ! value ( ! tru?s s impress$4 ,x assumes an indep5d5t attitude1 putt+ itself ov] aga9/ nature & cross-que/ion+ h]4 ,x proposes its own ideas1 its own !ories & hypo!ses1 & manipulates facts to see if ?is rational mean+ c be v]ifi$4 ,x criticises :at passes z tru?1 & pu%es on to m adequate /atem5t4 ,! correlative attempt1 on ! "p ( intellig5ce on its practical side1 may h a l>g] or a small] scope4 ,9 its wid] c\rse x aims to criticise & to re-=m prevail+ social ideals & in/itutions--ev5 ^? app>5tly mo/ fix$4 ,?is is ! "w ( ! great moral tea*]s ( ! _w4 ,b 9 ord] t consci5ce be critical1 x is n necess>y t its range be s wide4 ,! av]age memb] ( a civiliz$ community is n[adays call$ ^u to reflect ^u 8 imm$iate relation%ips 9 life1 to see if !y are :at !y %\ld be2 to regulate 8 own conduct by rules :i* he foll[s n simply because !y are cu/om>y1 b ! result ( 8 own exam9ation ( ! situation4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! gr&] & ! m9ut] "w4 ,& x is only ! con/ant ex]cise ( reflective exam9ation on ! small] scale :i* makes possible1 & :i* gives effici5cy to1 ! deep] criticism & trans=mation4 ,,lx4 ,reflective ,consci5ce & ! ,e?ical ,_w4 ,?is conception ( consci5ce z critical & reflective is "o ( ! *ief fruits ( ! ,socratic e?ics1 fructifi$ by ! new mean+ giv5 life ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,x involves ! '"r ( free consci5ce'--! "r ( ! individual to "k ! good1 to "k ! end ( action1 = himself1 r ?an to h "s good1 h[ev] impos+ & h[ev] b5efic5t1 enjo9$ f )\t4 ,x is ?is pr9ciple ( subjective fre$om1 says ,hegel1 :i* m>ks ! turn+-po9t 9 ! di/9ction ( mod]n f anci5t times 7,sec4 #abd1 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts1 ,vol4 ,,viii ( ,hegel's ,works74#b #b ,i h>dly ne$ say h[ l>gely ,i am indebt$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is topic1 & inde$1 9 ! :ole matt] ( ! 'e?ical _w'1 to ,hegel4 ,b ?is notion ( consci5ce is mis9t]pret$ :5 ! cont5t z well z ! =m ( consci5ce is ?\ght to be individual4 ,!re is no "r ( private judgm5t1 9 ! s5se t !re is n a public s\rce & /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,:at is meant by ?is "r is t ! /&>d1 ! s\rce1 is n ! op9ion ( "s o!r p]son1 or gr\p ( p]sons4 ,x is a common1 objective /&>d4 ,x is t embodi$ 9 social relation%ips !mselves4 ,! conception ( consci5ce z a private possession1 to be ex]cis$ by ea* "o 9 indep5d5ce ( hi/orical =ms & contempor>y ideals1 is ?or\ghly mislead+4 ,! say+ ,i _h to foll[ my own notion ( :at is "r has be5 made ! excuse = all sorts ( caprici\s1 ob/9ate & s5tim5tal p]=mance4 ,x is ( su* notions t ,hegel fur!r says3 ,! /riv+ = a morality ( "o's own is futile1 & by its v nature impossible ( atta9m5t2 9 respect ( morality ! say+ ( ! wise/ m5 ( antiquity is ! only true "o3 ,to be moral is to live 9 accordance ) ! moral tradition ( "o's c\ntry 7,hegel1 ,works1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #chi74 ,& 9 discuss+ ! same "q1 ,bradley has said t ! wi% to h a morality ( "o's own bett] ?an t ( ! _w is to be on ! ?re%old ( morality 7p4 #ahj74 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 consci5ce %\ld n simply repeat ! burd5 ( exi/+ usages & op9ions4 ,no "o c claim t ! exi/+ morality embodies ! highe/ possible conception ( p]sonal relations4 ,a morality :i* does n recognize bo? ! possibility & ! necessity ( advance is immorality4 ,:]e !n is ! way out f a caprici\s self-conceit1 on "o h&1 & a dead con=mity on ! o!r8 ,reflective consci5ce mu/ be bas$ on ! moral consci\sness express$ 9 exi/+ in/itutions1 mann]s & beliefs4 ,o!rwise x is empty & arbitr>y4 ,b ! exi/+ moral /atus is nev] :olly self-consi/5t4 ,x realizes ideals 9 "o relation :i* x does n 9 ano!r2 x gives rights to 'ari/ocrats' :i* x d5ies to l[-born2 to m51 :i* x refuses to wom52 x exempts ! ri* f obligations :i* x imposes ^u ! poor4 ,its in/itutions embody a common good :i* turns out to be good only to a privileg$ few1 & ?us exi/+ 9 self-contradiction4 ,!y sugge/ ends :i* !y execute only feebly or int]mitt5tly4 ,reflective intellig5ce cross-que/ions ! exi/+ morality2 & extracts f x ! ideal :i* x pret5ds to embody1 & ?us is able to criticise ! exi/+ morality 9 ! light ( its own ideal4 ,x po9ts out ! inconsi/5cies1 ! incoh]5cies1 ! compromises1 ! failures1 betwe5 ! actual practice & ! !ory at ! basis ( ?is practice4 ,& ?us ! new ideal propos$ by ! individual is n a product ( 8 private op9ions1 b is ! outcome ( ! ideal embodi$ 9 exi/+ cu/oms1 ideas & in/itutions4 ,,lxi4 ,! ,s5se ( ,obligation4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion reg>d+ ! nature ( ! act ( m9d by :i* obligation is recogniz$4 ,a n uncommon view has be5 t ! s5se ( duty z su* mu/ be ! "w ( a peculi> faculty ( ! m9d4 ,admitt+ t ! recognition ( ?is or t p>ticul> ?+ z "r or wrong1 is ! "w ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 x is held t ! additional recognition ( ! absolute obligator9ess ( ! "r _c be ! "w ( ?is intellig5ce4 ,= our intellect is conf9$ to judg+ :at is or has be52 ! conception ( obligation1 ( some?+ :i* %\ld be1 :olly transc5ds its scope4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 "s special moral 9 faculty call$ :i* affixes to ! ord9>y judgm5ts ! /amp ( ! categorical imp]ative ,y ought4 ,see = example ,maurice on ,consci5ce4 ,! view is traceable hi/orically to ,kant's conception ( ,practical ,reason1 b z ! view is ord9>ily advanc$ ! function ( ,practical ,reason 9 ,kant's philosophy is ov]look$4 ,! ,practical ,reason is no special faculty ( man's be+2 x is 8 consci\sness ( himself z an act+ be+2 t is1 z a be+ capable ( act+ f ideas4 ,kant nev] sep>ates ! consci\sness ( duty f ! v nature ( w z ! realization ( conceptions4 ,9 ! av]age mod]n pres5tation1 ?is intr9sic connection ( duty ) activity is abs5t4 ,consci5ce becomes a faculty ^: function x is to clap ! idea ( duty ^u ! exi/5t conception ( an act2 & ?is exi/5t conception is reg>d$ z morally indiff]5t4 ,x is true t ,kant's ,practical ,reason has a c]ta9 sep>at5ess or isolation4 ,b ?is is because ( 8 g5]al sep>ation ( ! rational f ! s5su\s factor1 & n because ( any sep>ation ( ! consci\sness ( action f ! consci\sness ( duty4 ,if ,kant err$ 9 8 divorce ( desire & duty1 !n ev5 ! relative ap>tness ( ! ,practical ,reason mu/ be giv5 up4 ,! consci\sness ( obligation is involv$ 9 ! recognition ( any end ( conduct1 & n simply 9 ! end ( ab/ract law4 ,su* a conception ( consci5ce1 h[ev]1 is op5 to s]i\s objections4 ,aside f ! fact t l>ge numb]s ( m5 decl>e t no am\nt ( introspection reveals any su* ma*9]y )9 !mselves1 ?is sep>ate faculty seems q sup]flu\s4 ,! real di/9ction is n betwe5 ! consci\sness ( an action )1 & )\t1 ! recognition ( duty1 b betwe5 a consci\sness :i* is & "o :i* is n capable ( conduct4 ,any be+ :o is capable ( putt+ be=e himself ideas z motives ( conduct1 :o is capable ( =m+ a conception ( some?+ :i* he w\ld realize1 is1 by t v fact1 capable ( a s5se ( obligation4 ,! consci\sness ( an end to be realiz$1 ! idea ( some?+ to be done1 is1 9 & ( itself1 ! consci\sness ( duty4 ,let u consid] aga9 ! horse-c> conductor 7see ,sec4 ,,lvi74 ,aft] he has analyz$ ! situation :i* faces him & decid$ t a giv5 c\rse ( conduct is ! "o :i* fits ! situation1 does he require "s additional faculty to in=m him t ?is c\rse is ! "o :i* %\ld be foll[$8 ,! analysis ( practical ideas1 t is1 ( propos$ ends ( conduct1 is f ! fir/ an analysis ( :at %\ld be done4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is no m>vel t ! conclusion ( ! reflection is3 ,?is %\ld 7ought to7 be done4 ,inde$1 j z e judgm5t ab\t exi/5t fact naturally takes ! =m ',s is ,p'1 s e judgm5t reg>d+ an activity :i* executes an idea takes ! =m1 ',s ought 7or ought n7 to be ,p'4 ,x requires no additional faculty ( m9d1 aft] intellig5ce has be5 /udy+ ! motions ( ! moon1 to ins]t itself1 & affirm "s objective relation or tru?--z t ! moon's motions are expla9able by ! law ( gravitation4 ,x is ! v ess5ce ( !oretical judgm5t1 judgm5t reg>d+ fact1 to /ate tru?--:at is4 ,& x is ! v ess5ce ( practical judgm5t1 judgm5t reg>d+ de$s1 to /ate t active relation :i* we call obligation1 :at ought to be4 ,! judgm5t z to :at a practical situation is1 is an untrue or ab/ract judgm5t4 ,! practical situation is itself an activity2 ! ne$s1 p[]s1 & circum/ances :i* make x are mov+ on4 ,at no in/ant 9 "t is ! sc5e quiesc5t4 ,b ! ag5t1 9 ord] to det]m9e 8 c\rse ( action 9 view ( ?is situation1 has to fix x2 he has to arre/ its onw>d movem5t 9 ord] to tell :at x is4 ,s 8 ab/ract+ intellect cuts a cross-section ?r\gh its on-go+1 & says ',?is is ! situation'4 ,n[ ! judgm5t ',?is ought to be ! situation'1 or '9 view ( ! situation1 my conduct ought to be ?us & s'1 is simply re/or+ ! movem5t :i* ! m9d has tempor>ily put out ( sight4 ,by means ( its cross-section1 intellig5ce has detect$ ! pr9ciple1 or law ( movem5t1 ( ! situation1 & x is on ! basis ( ?is movem5t t consci5ce decl>es :at ought to be4 ,j z ! fact ( moral law1 or ( au?ority1 ( ! incumb5cy ( duty1 ne$s = its explanation no sep>ation ( ! 'is' f ! 'ought' 7see ,,lvi71 b only recognition ( ! law ( ! 'is' :i* is1 p]=ce1 a law ( movem5t1 & ( *ange2--s ! consci\sness ( law1 '! s5se ( obligation' requires no special m5tal faculty :i* may decl>e :at ought to be4 ,! intellig5ce t is capable ( decl>+ tru?1 or :at is1 is capable also ( mak+ kn[n obligation4 ,= obligation is only practical tru?1 ! 'is' ( do+4 ,see ^u ?is po9t1 z well z ^u ! relation ( laws & rules to action1 my article 9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 ( ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 entitl$ ',moral ,!ory & ,practice'4 ,,lxii4 ,consci5ce z ,emotional ,disposition4 ,probably no judgm5t is entire-free f emotional color+ & accompanim5ts4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! mo/ indiff]5t judgm5t is n bas$ ^u1 & does n appeal to1 "s int]e/4 ,c]ta9ly all ! m important judgm5ts awak5 "s response f ! self1 & excite its int]e/s to _! dep?s4 ,"s ( !m may be excit$ by ! intr9sic nature ( ! subject-matt] "u judgm5t1 :ile o!rs are ! results ( associations m or less accid5tal4 ,! =m] w necess>ily be ar\s$ 9 e be+1 :o has any emotional nature at all1 :5ev] ! judgm5t is made1 :ile ! latt] w v>y f "t to "t1 & may entirely pass away4 ,t moral judgm5ts1 judgm5ts ( :at %\ld be 7or %\ld h be57 done1 ar\se emotional response1 is !re=e no cause = surprise4 ,x may help cle> up difficulties if we di/+ui% ?ree k9ds ( su* emotional accompanim5t4 #a4 ,!re are1 fir/1 ! int]e/s belong+ to ! s5se ( obligation z su*4 ,we h j se5 t ?is s5se ( obligation is no?+ sep>ate f ! consci\sness ( ! p>ticul> act :i* is to be p]=m$4 ,nev]!less ! consci\sness ( obligation1 ( an au?ority & law1 recurs ) e act1 :ile ! special cont5t ( ! act con/antly v>ies4 ,?us an idea ( law1 or ( duty 9 g5]al1 is =m$1 di/9ct f any special duty4 ,be+ =m$1 x ar\ses ! special emotional excitation appropriate to x4 ,! =mation ( ?is g5]al idea ( duty1 & ! gr[? ( feel+ ( duty z su*1 is help$ on ?r\gh ! fact t *ildr5 7& adults s f> z _! moral life is immature7 ne$ to h _! moral judgm5ts con/antly re9=c$ by recurr5ce to ! ?\ght ( law4 ,t is to say1 a *ild1 :o is n capable ( see+ ! true moral be>+s & claims ( an act1 is yet cont9ually requir$ to p]=m su* an act on ! gr\nd t x is obligatory4 ,! feel+1 !re=e1 is natural & legitimate4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 g h& 9 h& ) ! feel+s ar\s$ by ! special moral relations "u consid]ation4 ,disconnect$ f su* union1 x necess>ily leads to slavi% & arbitr>y =ms ( conduct4 ,a *ild1 = example1 :o is con/antly taught to p]=m acts simply because he ought to d s1 )\t hav+ at ! same "t 8 intellig5ce direct$ to ! nature ( ! act :i* is obligatory 7)\t1 t is1 be+ l$ to see h[ or :y x is obligatory71 may h a /rongly develop$ s5se ( obligation4 ,z he gr[s up1 h[ev]1 ?is s5se ( duty w be l>gely "o ( dread & appreh5sion2 a feel+ ( con/ra9t1 r ?an ( free s]vice4 ,besides ?is1 x w be l>gely a matt] ( accid5t to :at act ?is feel+ atta*es itself4 ,any?+ t comes to ! m9d ) ! =ce ( associations ( pa/ education1 any ideal t =ces itself p]si/5tly into consci\sness f any s\rce may awak5 ?is s5se ( obligation1 :olly irrespective ( ! true nature ( ! act4 ,?is is ! explanation ( /rongly 'consci5ti\s' p]sons1 ^: morality is yet un9tellig5t & blund]+4 ,x is ( su* p]sons t x has be5 said t a ?or\ghly good man c d m h>m ?an a numb] ( bad m54 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! feel+ ( obligation 9 g5]al is develop$ along ) p>ticul> moral judgm5ts 7t is1 along ) ! habit ( consid]+ ! special nature ( acts p]=m$71 x is "o ( ! /ronge/ supports to morality4 ,acts con/antly ne$ to be p]=m$ :i* are recogniz$ z "r & z obligatory1 & yet ) ref]5ce to :i* !re is no fix$ habit ( conduct4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! m direct1 or spontane\s1 /imulus to action is want+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is a /rong s5se ( obligation 9 g5]al1 ?is may atta* itself to ! p>ticul> act & ?us af=d ! ne$$ impetus4 ,9 unusual exp]i5ces1 & 9 cases :]e ! ord9>y motive-=ces are lack+1 su* a feel+ ( reg>d = law may be ! only sure /ay ( "r conduct4 #b4 ,!re is ! emotional accompanim5t appropriate to ! special cont5t ( ! act4 ,if1 = example1 ! requir$ act has to d ) "s p]son1 !re arise 9 consci\sness ! feel+s ( int]e/1 ( love & fri5d%ip1 or ( dislike1 :i* belong to t p]son4 ,if x relate to "s piece ( "w to be done1 ! sweep+ ( a room1 ! tak+ ( a j\rney1 ! pa9t+ ( a picture1 !re are ! int]e/s natural to su* subjects4 ,^! feel+s :5 ar\s$ necess>ily =m "p ( ! emotional attitude z respects ! act4 ,x is ! /r5g? & normal well+-up ( su* specific int]e/s :i* af=d ! be/ assurance ( heal?y & progressive moral conduct1 z di/9ct f m]e s5tim5tal dwell+ ^u ideals4 ,only int]e/s prev5t ! divorce ( feel+s & ideas f habits ( action4 ,su* int]e/s are ! union ( ! subjective elem5t1 ! self1 & ! objective1 ! special relations to be realiz$ 7,sec4 ,,xxxiv71 & ?us necess>ily produce a "r & heal?y attitude t[>ds moral ends4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 a normal moral life1 ! law ( obligation 9 g5]al1 & ! specific int]e/s 9 p>ticul> cases1 %\ld m & m fuse4 ,! int]e/s1 at _! /ronge/1 take ! =m ( love4 ,& ?us !re is realiz$ ! ideal ( an effective "*2 ! union ( law & incl9ation 9 its pure =m--love = ! action 9 & ( itself4 #c4 ,emotions due to accid5tal associations4 ,x is matt] ( common notice t ! moral feel+s are r>ely :olly pure2 t all sorts ( s5tim5ts1 due to associations ( "t & place & p]son n /rictly belong+ to ! acts !mselves1 clu/] ab\t !m4 ,:ile ?is is true1 we %\ld n =get ! great difficulty !re is 9 m>k+ (f any associations z :olly ext]nal to ! nature ( ! act4 ,we may say t m]e fe> ( puni%m5t is su* a :olly ext]nal feel+1 hav+ no place 9 moral emotion4 ,yet x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re is any feel+ t may be call$ m]e fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,x is1 p]haps1 fe> ( puni%m5t by a p>5t1 = :om "o has love & respect1 & ?us ! fe> has p>tially a g5u9ely moral aspect4 ,"s writ]s w\ld call ! /hetic feel+s1 ! feel+s ( beauty1 ( h>mony1 :i* ga!r ab\t moral ends adv5titi\s4 ,yet ! fact t o!r morali/s h made all moral feel+s ess5tially /hetic1 z due to ! p]ception ( ! fitness & proportion ( ! acts1 %\ld w>n u f reg>d+ /hetic feel+s z :olly ext]nal4 ,ab\t all t c be said is t feel+s :i* d n spr+ f "s aspect ( ! cont5t ( ! act itself %\ld be extrud$1 ) gr[+ maturity ( "*1 f influ5ce ^u conduct4 ,,lxiii4 ,consci5ti\sness4 ,consci5ti\sness is prim>ily ! virtue ( intellig5ce 9 reg>d to conduct4 ,t is to say1 x is ! =m$ habit ( br++ intellig5ce to be> ^u ! analysis ( moral relations--! habit ( consid]+ :at ought to be done4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! recognition ( ! idea fir/ di/9ctly =mulat$ by ,socrates--t an unexam9$ life is n "o t %\ld be l$ by man4 ,x is ! outgr[? ( ! cu/om>y morality embodi$ 9 usages1 codes & social in/itutions1 b x is an advance ^u cu/om1 because x requires a mean+ & a reason4 ,x is ! m>k ( a "* :i* w n be satisfi$ )\t und]/&+ ! law t x obeys2 )\t kn[+ :at ! good is1 = :i* ! dem& has hi!rto be5 bl9dly at "w 7,gre51 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgj74 ,consci5ti\sness1 !n1 is reflective intellig5ce gr[n into "*4 ,x involves a great] & wid] recognition ( obligation 9 g5]al1 & a l>g] & m /able emotional response to ev]y?+ t pres5ts itself z duty2 z well z ! habit ( delib]ate consid]ation ( ! moral situation & ( ! acts dem&$ by x4 ,consci5ti\sness is an analysis ( ! conditions "u :i* conduct takes place1 & ( ! action t w meet ^! conditions2 x is a ?or\ghly objective analysis4 ,:at is sometimes t]m$ consci5ti\sness is m]ely ! habit ( analyz+ int]nal moods & s5tim5ts2 ( pry+ into 'motives' 9 t s5se ( motive :i* id5tifies x n ) ! end ( action1 b ) "s subjective /ate ( emotion4 ,?us consid]$1 consci5ti\sness is morbid4 ,we are sometimes w>n$ aga9/ ov]-consci5ti\sness4 ,b su* consci5ti\sness means simply ov]-reg>d ( "o's private self2 keep+ an eye ^u ! effect ( conduct on "o's int]nal /ate1 r ?an ^u conduct itself4 ,ov]-consci5ti\sness is z impossible z ov]-intellig5ce1 s9ce x is simply ! application ( intellig5ce to conduct4 ,x is z little morbid & introspective z is ! analysis ( any fact 9 nature4 ,ano!r notion :i* is sometimes ?\ght to be b\nd up ) t ( consci5ce1 also has no?+ to d ) x2 namely1 ! notion ( a precision & coldness oppos$ to all l>ge spontaneity & broad sympa?y 9 conduct4 ,! reflective man ( n>r[ insight & cramp$ conduct is (t5 call$ ! consci5ti\s man & oppos$ to ! man ( g5]\s impulses4 ,?is comes f id5tify+ consci5ce ) a ready-made code ( rules1 & its action ) ! application ( "s su* fix$ code to all acts z !y come up4 ,x is evid5t1 on ! contr>y1 t su* a habit is oppos$ to consci5ce4 ,consci5ce means ! consid]ation ( ea* case 9 itself2 measur+ x n by any outside code1 b 9 ! exi/+ moral situation4 ,on consci5ti\sness1 see ,gre51 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfi-bga & #cbc-cbg2 & ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aef-afj4 ,^! writ]s1 h[ev]1 seem to id5tify x too mu* ) int]nal scrut9y4 ,gre51 = example1 expressly id5tifies consci5ti\sness ) a man's que/ion+ ab\t himself1 :e!r he has be5 z good z he %\ld h be51 :e!r a bett] man w\ld n h act$ o!rwise ?an he has done 7p4 #cbc74 ,he aga9 speaks ( x z comp>ison ( our own practice1 z we "k x on ! inn] side 9 relation to ! motives & "* :i* x expresses1 ) an ideal ( virtue4 ,! fir/ def9ition seems to be mislead+4 ,que/ion+ z to :e!r ! end adopt$ 0 :at x %\ld h be51 i4 e41 :e!r ! analysis ( ! situation 0 correctly p]=m$1 may be ( great s]vice 9 aid+ future decisions1 b que/ion+ reg>d+ ! purity ( "o's own 'motive' does n seem ( mu* avail4 ,9 a man ^u ! :ole good1 su* que/ion+ is apt to be p>alyz+4 ,! en]gy t %\ld g to conduct goes to anxiety ab\t "o's conduct4 ,x is ! view ( goodness z direct$ ma9ly t[>ds "o's own private motives1 :i* has l$ su* writ]s z ,h5ry ,james1 ,sr41 & ,mr4 ,h9ton1 to conceive ( 'morality'1 ! /ruggle = goodness1 to be 9 ess5ce bad4 ,!y conceiv$ ( ! /ruggle = 'private goodness' z no diff]5t f ! /ruggle = private pleasure1 al?\gh likely1 ( c\rse1 to lead to bett] ?+s4 ,nor 9 a bad man is su* scrut9y ( 'motive'1 z ap>t f objective end1 ( mu* value4 ,! bad man is g5]ally aw>e ( ! badness ( 8 motive )\t mu* close exam9ation4 ,! tru? aim$ at by ,gre5 is1 ,i ?9k1 amply cov]$ by recogniz+ t consci5ti\sness z a con/ant w to "k :at %\ld be1 & to readju/ conduct to meet ! new insight1 is ! spr+ ( ! moral life4 ,,lxiv4 ,moral ,comm&s1 ,rules & ,sy/ems4 ,:at is ! "p play$ by specific comm&s & by g5]al rules 9 ! exam9ation ( conduct by consci5ce8 ,we %\ld note1 9 ! fir/ place1 t comm&s are n rules1 & rules are n comm&s4 ,a comm&1 to be a comm&1 mu/ be specific & individual4 ,x mu/ ref] to "t1 place & circum/ance4 ',?\ %alt d no murd]' is n /rictly speak+ a comm&1 = x all[s que/ion+ z to :at is murd]4 ,is kill+ 9 w> murd]8 ,is ! hang+ ( crim9als murd]8 ,is tak+ life 9 self-def5se murd]8 ,reg>d$ simply z a comm&1 ?is comm& w\ld be 'void = unc]ta9ty'4 ,a true comm& is a specific injunction ( "o p]son to ano!r to d or n to d a /at$ ?+ or ?+s4 ,"u :at conditions d comm&s play a "p 9 moral conduct8 ,9 cases :]e ! intellig5ce ( ! ag5t is s undevelop$ t he _c realize = himself ! situation & see ! act requir$1 & :5 a "p ( ! ag5t's environm5t is con/itut$ by o!rs :o h su* requir$ k1 !re is a moral elem5t 9 comm& & 9 ob$i5ce4 ,?is expla9s ! moral responsibility ( p>5ts to *ildr5 & ( *ildr5 to p>5ts4 ,! soldi]1 too1 9 recogniz+ a g5]al's comm&1 is recogniz+ ! situation z x exi/s = him4 ,7 !re simply sup]ior =ce on "o side1 & fe> on ! o!r1 ! relation w\ld be an immoral "o4 ,x is impli$1 ( c\rse1 9 su* an in/ance z ! p>5ts' comm&1 t x be s direct$ z to enable ! *ild m & m to disp5se ) x--t is1 t x be ( su* a "* z to give ! *ild insight into ! situation = himself4 ,"h is ! transition f a comm& to a rule4 ,a rule does n tell :at to d or :at to leave undone4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule1 = example1 does n tell me h[ to act 9 any specific case4 ,a rule is a tool ( analysis4 ,! moral situation1 or capacity 9 its relation to environm5t1 is (t5 an extremely complicat$ affair4 ,h[ %all ! individual resolve x8 ,h[ %all he pick x to pieces1 s z to see its real nature & ! act dem&$ by x8 ,x is evid5t t ! analysis w be ! m truly & spe$ily p]=m$ if ! ag5t has a me?od by :i* to attack x1 c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 ! light ( :i* he may view x1 in/rum5ts = cross-que/ion+ x & mak+ x r5d] up its mean+4 ,moral rules p]=m ?is s]vice4 ,:ile ! ,gold5 ,rule does n ( itself give "o jot ( in=mation z to :at ,i %\ld d 9 a giv5 case1 x does1 if accept$1 imm5sely simplify ! situation4 ,)\t x ,i %\ld p]haps h to act bl9dly2 ) x ! "q comes to ?is3 ,:at %\ld ,i1 "u ! giv5 circum/ances1 l to h done to me8 ,?is settl$1 ! :ole "q ( :at %\ld be done is settl$4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t ! value ( a moral rule dep5ds ^u its pot5cy 9 reveal+ ! inn] _s & reality ( individual de$s4 ,rules 9 ! negative =m1 rules ^: application is limit$ 9 scope because ( an attempt to be specific1 are midway betwe5 comm&s prop] & rules4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule1 on ! o!r h&1 is positive1 & n attempt+ to def9e any specific act1 cov]s 9 its range all relations ( man to man4 ,x is inde$ only a concrete & =cible /atem5t ( ! e?ical pr9ciple itself1 ! idea ( a common good1 or ( a community ( p]sons4 ,?is is also a conv5i5t place = consid]+ ! practical value ( e?ical sy/ems4 ,we h already se5 t no sy/em c attempt to tell :at 9 p>ticul> %\ld be done4 ,! pr9ciple ( a sy/em1 h[ev]1 may be ( "s aid 9 analyz+ a specific case4 ,9 ?is way1 a sy/em may be reg>d$ z a highly g5]aliz$ rule4 ,x attempts to /ate "s fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* lies at ! basis ( moral conduct4 ,s f> z x succe$s 9 do+ ?is1 !re is ! possibility ( its practical application 9 p>ticul> cases1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! m$iate rules mu/ cont9ue to be ! work+ tools ( mank9d--on acc\nt ( _! decid$ concrete "*1 & because !y h !mselves tak5 %ape "u ! pressure ( practice r ?an ( m !oretical ne$s4 ,,lxv4 ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideals4 ,?us f> we h be5 speak+ ( consci5ce ma9ly z to its me?od ( work+4 ,we h n[ to speak m def9itely ( its cont5t1 or ( ! developm5t ( ideals ( action4 ,x is ( ! v nature ( moral conduct to be progressive4 ,p]man5ce ( specific ideals means moral dea?4 ,we say t tru?-tell+1 *>ity1 loyalty1 temp]ance1 h always be5 moral ends & :ile ?is is true1 ! /atem5t z ord9>ily made is apt to hide f u ! fact t ! cont5t ( ! v>i\s ideals 7:at is meant by temp]ance1 etc47 has be5 con/antly *ang+1 & ?is ( necessity4 ,! realization ( moral ends mu/ br+ ab\t a *ang$ situation1 s t ! repetition ( ! same ends w\ld no long] satisfy4 ,?is progress has two sides3 ! satisfaction ( wants leads to a l>g] view ( :at satisfaction really is1 i4 e41 to ! creation ( new capacities & wants2 :ile adju/m5t to ! environm5t creates wid] & m complex social relation%ips4 ,let ! act be "o ( intellig5ce4 ,"s new fact or law is discov]$4 ,on "o h&1 ?is discov]y may ar\se a hi!rto comp>atively dormant m9d2 x may sugge/ ! possession ( capacities previ\sly lat5t2 x may /imulate m5tal activity & create a ?ir/ = exp&+ k4 ,?is readju/m5t ( intellectual ne$s & p[]s may be comp>atively slight1 or x may am\nt1 z x has ) _m a "y p]son1 to a revolution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new fact *anges ! intellectual outlook1 ! m5tal horizon1 &1 by trans=m+ some:at ! relations ( ?+s1 dem&s new conduct4 ,all ?is1 ev5 :5 ! gr[? ( k conc]ns only ! physical _w4 ,b developm5t ( insight into social ne$s & affairs has a l>g] & m direct progressive influ5ce4 ,! social _w exi/s spiritually1 z conceiv$1 & a new conception ( x1 new p]ception ( its scope & be>+s1 is1 p]=ce1 a *ange ( t _w4 ,& ?us x is ) ! satisfaction ( ! human want ( k1 t pati5ce1 c\rage1 self-respect1 humility1 b5evol5ce1 all *ange "*4 ,:51 = example1 psy*ology has giv5 an increase ( k reg>d+ m5's motives1 political economy an increase ( k reg>d+ m5's wants1 :5 hi/orical k has add$ its te/imony reg>d+ ! effects ( indiscrim9ate giv+1 *>ity mu/ *ange its cont5t4 ,:ile once1 ! m]e supply+ ( food or money by "o to ano!r may h be5 "r z meet+ ! recogniz$ relations1 *>ity n[ comes to mean l>ge responsibility 9 k ( antec$5ts & circum/ances1 ne$ ( organization1 c>eful trac+ ( consequ5ces1 &1 above all1 ef=t to remove ! conditions :i* made ! want possible4 ,! activity involv$ has inf9itely wid5$4 ,let ! act be 9 ! region ( indu/rial life--a new inv5tion4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telephone does n simply satisfy an old want--x creates new4 ,x br+s ab\t ! possibility ( clos] social relations1 ext5ds ! di/ribution ( intellig5ce1 facilitates comm]ce4 ,x is a common say+ t ! luxury ( "o g5]ation is ! necessity ( ! next2 t is to say1 :at once satisfi$ a some:at remote ne$ becomes 9 "t ! basis ^u :i* new ne$s gr[ up4 ,en]gy previ\sly p5t up is set free1 new p[] & ideals are evok$4 ,consid] aga9 a p]son assum+ a family relation4 ,?is seems1 at fir/1 to consi/ ma9ly 9 ! satisfaction ( c]ta9 common & obvi\s human wants4 ,b ?is satisfaction1 if moral1 turns out r to be ! creation ( new insight into life1 ( new relation%ips1 & ?us ( new en]gies & ideals4 ,we may g5]alize ^! in/ances4 ,! secret ( ! moral life is n gett+ or hav+1 x is do+ & ?us be+4 ,! gett+ & ! possess+ side ( life has a moral value only :5 x is made ! /imulus & nutrim5t ( new & wid] act+4 ,to solve ! equation betwe5 gett+ & do+ is ! moral problem ( life4 ,let ! possession be acquiesc$ 9 = its own sake1 & n z ! way to fre] 7& ?us m moral7 action1 & ! selfi% life has set 9 7see ,sec4 ,,lxvii74 ,x is ess5tial to moral activity t x fe$ itself into l>g] appetites & ?us into l>g] life4 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 to d5y t !re is a me*anical side ev5 to ! moral life4 ,a m]*ant1 = example1 may d ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga91 l go+ to 8 bus9ess e morn+ at ! same h\r4 ,?is is a moral act & yet x does n seem to lead to a *ange 9 moral wants or surr\nd+s4 ,yet ev5 9 su* cases x %\ld be not$ t x is only outw>dly t ! act is ! same4 ,9 itself1 t is1 9 its relation to ! w ( ! ag5t1 x is simply "o elem5t 9 ! :ole ( "*2 & z "* op5s up1 ! act mu/ *ange some:at also4 ,x is p]=m$ someh[ 9 a new _s4 ,if ?is is n to "s ext5t true1 if su* acts become :olly me*anical1 ! moral life is h>d5+ into ! rigidity ( dea?4 ,?is progressive developm5t consi/s on "o side 9 a ri*] & subtl] individual activity1 9 increas$ individualization1 9 wid] & fre] functions ( life2 on ! o!r x consi/s 9 increase 9 numb] ( ^? p]sons ^: ideal is a 'common good'1 or :o h memb]%ip 9 ! same moral community2 &1 fur!r1 x consi/s 9 m complex relations betwe5 !m4 ,x is bo? int5sive & ext5sive4 ,hi/ory is "o record ( gr[? 9 ! s5se ( specific p[]s4 ,its track is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( m & m int]nal & di/+ui%+ traits2 ( new divisions ( labor & correspond+ fre$om 9 function+4 ,x beg9s ) gr\ps 9 :i* ev]y?+ is mass$1 & ! good is common only 9 ! s5se ( be+ undiff]5tiat$ = all4 ,x progresses ) ! evolution ( individuality1 ( ! peculi> gifts entru/$ to ea*1 & h5ce ( ! specific s]vice dem&$ ( ea*4 ,! o!r side1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! community ( ends1 has be5 t]m$ gr[? 9 compreh5siv5ess4 ,hi/ory is aga9 a record ( ! wid5+ ( ! social consci\sness--( ! range ( p]sons ^: int]e/s h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 action4 ,!re has be5 a p]iod 9 :i* ! community 0 no?+ m ?an a man's own imm$iate family gr\p1 ?is enl>g+ to ! clan1 ! city1 ! social class1 ! nation2 until n[1 9 !ory1 ! community ( int]e/s & ends is humanity itself4 ,?is gr[? 9 compreh5siv5ess is n simply a gr[? 9 ! numb] ( p]sons hav+ a common end4 ,! quantitative gr[? reacts ^u ! nature ( ! ends !mselves4 ,= example1 :5 ! conceiv$ community is small1 brav]y may consi/ ma9ly 9 will+ness to fight = ! recogniz$ community aga9/ o!r ho/ile gr\ps4 ,z ^! gr\ps become !mselves includ$ 9 ! moral community1 c\rage mu/ *ange its =m1 & become resolut5ess & integrity ( purpose 9 def5d+ manhood & humanity z su*4 ,t is to say1 z long z ! community is bas$ l>gely ^u physical facts1 l on5ess ( blood1 ( t]ritory1 etc41 ! ideal ( c\rage w h a some:at ext]nal & physical manife/ation4 ,let ! community be truly spiritual1 consi/+ 9 recognition ( unity ( de/9y & function 9 cop]ation t[>d an all-inclusive life1 & ! ideal ( c\rage becomes m int]nal & spiritual1 consi/+ 9 loyalty to ! possibilities ( humanity1 :5ev] & :]ev] f\nd4 ,on ?is developm5t ( moral ideals1 & especially ( ! gr[? 9 compreh5siv5ess z react+ ^u ! intr9sic =m :i* ! ideal itself takes1 see ,gre51 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfd-cjh1 foll[$ by ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #chd-cih4 ,= ! process ( *ange ( ideals 9 g5]al1 see ,alex&]1 pp4 #bga-bib1 & #cfi-cga4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,moral ,,/ruggle ,,or ,,! ,,realiz+ ,,( ,,ideals4 ,,lxvi4 ,goodness z a ,/ruggle4 ,we h already se5 t ! b>e repetition ( id5tically ! same acts does n consi/ ) morality4 ,to aim at secur+ a satisfaction precisely l ! "o already exp]i5c$1 is to fail to recognize ! alt]$ capacity & environm5t1 & ! alt]$ duty4 ,moral satisfaction prior to an act is ideal2 ideal n simply 9 ! s5se ( be+ conceiv$1 or pres5t to ?\ght1 b ideal 9 ! s5se t x has n be5 already enjoy$4 ,"s satisfaction has be5 enjoy$ 9 a previ\s activity1 b t v satisfaction has s enl>g$ & complicat$ ! situation1 t its m]e repetition w\ld n af=d moral or active satisfaction1 b only :at ,kant t]ms 'pa?ological' satisfaction4 ,morality ?us assumes ! =m ( a /ruggle4 ,! pa/ satisfaction speaks = itself2 x has be5 v]ifi$ 9 exp]i5ce1 x has convey$ its wor? to our v s5ses4 ,we h tri$ & ta/$ x1 & "k t x is good4 ,if morality lay 9 ! repetition ( simil> satisfactions1 x w\ld n be a /ruggle4 ,we %\ld "k exp]im5tally be=e h& t ! *os5 end w\ld br+ u satisfaction1 & %\ld be at re/ 9 t k4 ,b :5 morality lies 9 /riv+ = satisfactions :i* h n v]ifi$ !mselves to our s5se1 x always requires an ef=t4 ,we h to surr5d] ! enjoy$ good1 & /ake ourselves ^u t ( :i* we _c say3 ,we "k x is good4 ,to surr5d] ! actual exp]i5c$ good = a possible ideal good is ! /ruggle4 ,we arrive1 9 :at is t]m$ ! opposition ( desire & duty1 at ! he>t ( ! moral /ruggle4 ,( c\rse1 tak5 /rictly1 !re c be no opposition "h4 ,! duty :i* did n awak5 any desire w\ld n appeal to ! m9d ev5 z a duty4 ,b we may di/+ui% betwe5 a desire :i* is bas$ on pa/ satisfaction actually exp]i5c$1 & desire bas$ simply ^u ! idea t ! end is desirable--t x ought to be desir$4 ,x may seem /range to speak ( a desire bas$ simply ^u ! recognition t an end %\ld be desir$1 b ! possibility ( awak5+ su* a desire & ! degree ( its /r5g? are ! te/ ( a moral "*4 ,h[ f> does ?is end awak5 response 9 me because ,i see t x is ! end :i* is fit & due8 ,h[ f> does x awak5 ?is response al?\gh x does n fall into l9e ) pa/ satisfactions1 or al?\gh x actually ?w>t "s habitual satisfaction8 ,"h is ! opposition ( duty & desire4 ,x lies 9 ! contra/ ( a good :i* has demon/rat$ itself z su* 9 exp]i5ce1 & a good ^: claim to be good re/s only on ! fact t x is ! act :i* meets ! situation4 ,x is ! contra/ betwe5 a good ( possession1 & "o ( action4 ,f ?is po9t ( view morality is a life ( aspiration1 & ( fai?2 !re is requir$ con/ant will+ness to give up pa/ goods z ! good1 & to press on to new ends2 n because pa/ a*ievem5ts are bad1 b because1 be+ good1 !y h creat$ a situation :i* dem&s l>g] & m intricately relat$ a*ievem5ts4 ,?is will+ness is aspiration & x implies fai?4 ,only ! old good is ( sight1 has v]ifi$ itself to s5se4 ,! new ideal1 ! end :i* meets ! situation1 is felt z good only 9 s f> z ! "* has =m$ ! conviction t to meet obligation is itself a good1 :e!r br++ s5sible satisfaction or n4 ,y c prove to a man t he ought to act s & s 7t is to say1 t su* an act is ! "o :i* fits ! pres5t occasion71 b y _c prove to him t ! p]=mance ( t duty w be good4 ,only fai? 9 ! moral ord]1 9 ! id5tity ( duty & ! good1 c ass]t ?is4 ,e "t an ag5t takes z 8 end 7t is1 *ooses z good7 an activity :i* he has n already tri$1 he ass]ts 8 belief 9 ! goodness ( "r action z su*4 ,?is fai? is n a m]e intellectual ?+1 b x is practical--! /ak+ ( self ^u activity z aga9/ passive possession4 ,,lxvii4 ,moral ,badness4 ,badness orig9ates 9 ! contra/ :i* ?us comes ab\t betwe5 hav+ ! repetition ( =m] action1 & do+--press+ =w>d to ! new "r action4 ,goodness is ! *oice ( do+2 ! refusal to be cont5t ) pa/ good z exhau/+ ! entire cont5t ( goodness4 ,x is1 says ,gre51 '9 ! cont9u$ ef=t to be bett] t goodness consi/s'4 ,! man1 h[ev] bad 8 pa/ & h[ev] limit$ 8 range ( intellectual1 /hetic & social activity1 :o is dissatisfi$ ) 8 pa/1 & ^: dissatisfaction manife/s itself 9 act1 is acc\nt$ bett] ?an ! man ( a respectable pa/ & high] plane ( life :o has laps$ into cont5t$ acquiesc5ce ) pa/ de$s4 ,= pa/ de$s are n de$s1 !y are passive enjoym5ts4 ,! bad man1 on ! o!r h&1 is n ! man :o loves badness 9 & = itself4 ,su* a man w\ld be a mad man or a devil4 ,all conduct1 bad z well z good1 is = ! sake ( "s satisfaction1 t is1 "s good4 ,9 ! bad man1 ! satisfaction :i* is aim$ at is simply ! "o congru5t ) exi/+ incl9ations1 irrespective ( ! suffici5cy ( ^? incl9ations 9 view ( ! *ang$ capacity & environm5t3 x is a good ( hav+4 ,! bad man1 t is to say1 does n recognize any ideal or active good2 any good :i* has n already comm5d$ itself to him z su*4 ,?is good may be good 9 itself2 b1 z di/+ui%$ f ! good :i* requires action1 t :i* w\ld fulfill ! pres5t capacity or meet ! pres5t situation1 x is bad4 ,?us ,alex&] t]ms badness a survival1 9 "p at lea/1 ( =m] goodness4 ,h9ton says 7,philosophy & ,religion1 p4 #adf71 ,t a ?+ is wrong does n mean t x ought nev] to h be5 done or ?\ght1 b t x ought to be left (f4 ,x w be not$ t we are n deal+ ) ! metaphysical or ! religi\s problem ( ! nature & orig9 ( evil1 b simply ) an acc\nt ( bad action z x appe>s 9 individual conduct4 ,badness has f\r traits1 all d]ivable f ?is basal fact4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,lawlessness1 7#b7 ,selfi%ness1 7#c7 ,bas5ess1 7#d7 ,demoralization4 #a4 ,lawlessness4 ,:5 desire & duty1 t is1 :5 desires bas$ on pa/ hav+ & on future act+1 conflict1 ! bad man lets duty g4 ,he virtually d5ies t x is a good at all--x may be a good 9 ! ab/ract b n a good = him4 ,he d5ies t obligation z su* has any value2 t any end is to be consult$ save 8 own /ate ( m9d4 ,he d5ies t !re is law = conduct--at lea/ any law beyond ! incl9ation :i* he happ5s to h at ! "t ( action4 ,keep+ himself )9 t :i* has v]ifi$ itself to 8 feel+ 9 ! pa/1 he abrogates all au?ority except+ t ( 8 own imm$iate feel+s4 #b4 ,selfi%ness4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! self is n necess>ily immoral1 & h5ce t action = self is n necess>ily bad--inde$1 t ! true self is social & int]e/ 9 x "r 7see ,sec4 ,,xxxv74 ,b :5 a satisfaction bas$ on pa/ exp]i5ce is set aga9/ "o proce$+ f an act z meet+ obligation1 !re gr[s up a divorce 9 ! self4 ,! actual self1 ! self recogniz+ only pa/ & s5sible satisfaction1 is set ov] aga9/ ! self :i* recognizes ! necessity ( expansion & a wid] environm5t4 ,s9ce ! =m] self conf9es its action to b5efits demon/rably accru+ to itself1 :ile ! latt]1 9 meet+ ! dem&s ( ! situation1 necess>ily contributes to ! satisfaction ( o!rs1 "o takes ! =m ( a private self1 a self ^: good is set ov] aga9/ & exclusive ( t ( o!rs1 :ile ! self recogniz+ obligation becomes a social self--! self :i* p]=ms its due function 9 society4 ,x is1 aga91 ! contra/ betwe5 gett+ & do+4 ,all moral action is bas$ ^u ! presupposition ( ! id5tity ( good 7,sec4 ,,xl71 b x by no means foll[s t ?is id5tity ( good c be demon/rat$ to ! ag5t at ! "t ( action4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is matt] ( ! commone/ exp]i5ce t ! s5sible good1 ! demon/rable good 7t is1 ! "o visible on ! l9e ( pa/ satisfaction7 may be contradictory to ! act :i* w\ld satisfy ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,! id5tity ( int]e/s c be prov$ only by act+ ^u x2 to ! ag5t1 prior to action1 x is a matt] ( fai?4 ,*oice pres5ts itself !n 9 ^! cases z a te/3 ,d y believe t ! ,good is simply y\r private good1 or is ! true ,good1 is y\r good1 "o :i* includes ! good ( o!rs8 ,! condemnation pass$ ^u ! 'selfi%' man is t he virtually decl>es t good is ess5tially exclusive & private4 ,he %uts himself up )9 himself1 )91 t is1 8 pa/ a*ievem5ts1 & ! incl9ations bas$ ^u !m4 ,! good man goes out ( himself 9 new action4 ,bad action is ?us ess5tially n>r[+1 x conf9es ! self2 good action is expansive & vital1 x moves on to a l>g] self4 ,9 f9e1 all conduct1 good & bad1 satisfies ! self2 bad conduct1 h[ev]1 aims at a self :i*1 keep+ its eye ^u its private & assur$ satisfaction1 refuses to recognize ! increas+ function ) its l>g] social range1--! 'selfi%' self4 ,light is ?r[n ^u ?is po9t by ref]r+ to :at 0 said ab\t int]e/ 7,sec4 ,,xxxiv74 ,int]e/ is active feel+1 feel+ turn$ ^u an object1 & go+ out t[>d x s z to id5tify x ) self4 ,9 ?is active & objective int]e/ !re is satisfaction1 b ! satisfaction is 9 ! activity :i* has ! object = its cont5t4 ,?is is ! satisfaction ( ! good self4 ,9 ! bad self1 int]e/ is r$uc$ to m]e feel+2 = ! aim ( life 9 su* a self is simply to h c]ta9 feel+s z its own possession2 activity & its object are degrad$ into m]e means = gett+ ^! s5sations4 ,activity has two sides2 z activity1 z projection or expression ( "o's p[]s1 x satisfies self2 z activity1 also1 x has "s end1 "s object1 = its cont5t4 ,! activity z su*1 !re=e1 ! activity = its own sake1 mu/ involve ! realization ( ?is object = its own sake4 ,b 9 hav+1 9 gett+1 !re is no su* creation or ma9t5ance ( an object = itself4 ,objects cease to be 'ends 9 !mselves' :5 !y cease to be ! cont5t ( action2 & are degrad$ into means ( private satisfaction1 t is1 ( s5sation4 #c4 ,bas5ess4 ,=1 :5 we say t bad action takes acc\nt ( ideals only on ! basis ( possession1 we say1 9 effect1 t x takes acc\nt only ( s5sible satisfaction4 ,z x is 9 ! progressive movem5t ( morality t !re arises ! di/9ction ( ! law-abid+ & ! lawless self1 ( ! social & ! selfi% self1 s 9 ! same aspect !re comes into exi/5ce ! di/9ction ( ! l[1 degrad$1 s5sual self1 z aga9/ ! high] or spiritual self4 ,9 !mselves1 or naturally1 !re is no desire high1 none l[4 ,b :5 an incl9ation = an end :i* consi/s 9 possession comes into conflict ) "o :i* includes an active satisfaction--"o n previ\sly enjoy$--! contra/ arises4 ,x is wrong to say1 ) ,kant1 t ! bad act is simply = pleasure2 = ! bad act1 ! *oice ( a pa/ satisfaction z aga9/ ! aspiration = a wid] good1 may h a l>ge cont5t--x may be ! good ( "o's family2 x may be sci5tific or /hetic culture4 ,yet ! mom5t a man beg9s to live on ! plane ( pa/ satisfaction z su*1 he has begun to live on ! plane ( 's5se'1 or = pleasure4 ,! refusal to recognize ! ideal good1 to ackn[l$ge activity z good1 ?r[s ! ag5t back into a life ( dwell+ ^u 8 own s5sible good1 & ?us he falls m & m into a life ( dwell+ ^u m]e s5sations4 ,:at made ! pa/ good a good at all 0 ! _s1 ! activity1 9 x1 & :5 x is no long] an activity1 b a m]e keep+1 ! life is gone out ( x4 ,! selfi% life mu/ deg5]ate into m]e s5suality--al?\gh :5 s5suality is 'ref9$' we call x s5tim5tality4 #d4 ,demoralization4 ,morality is activity2 ex]cise ( function4 ,to cease ?is activity is n to rema9 on ! atta9$ level1 = t1 :5 atta9$1 0 active4 ,x is to relapse1 to slip d[n into badness4 ,! moral end is always an activity4 ,to fail 9 ?is activity is1 !re=e1 to involve "* 9 dis9tegration4 ,x c be kept toge!r only by con/ant organiz+ activity2 only by act+ ^u new wants & mov+ t[>d new situations4 ,let ?is activity cease1 & disorganization ensues1 z surely z ! body decays :5 life goes1 in/ead ( simply rema9+ in]t z x 04 ,bad conduct is ?us unpr9cipl$2 x has no c5t]1 no movem5t4 ,! good man is 'organic'2 he uses 8 atta9m5ts to discov] new ne$s1 & to assimilate new mat]ial4 ,he lives f )9 outw>ds1 8 "* is compact1 coh]5t2 he has integrity4 ,! bad man1 hav+ no controll+ unity1 has no consi/5t l9e ( action2 8 motives ( conduct contradict "o ano!r2 he foll[s ?is maxim 9 relation to ?is p]son1 t 9 relation to ano!r2 "* is demoraliz$4 ,! bad man is un/able & d\ble-m9d$4 ,he is n "o p]son1 b a gr\p ( conflict+ wills4 ,s f> z he is really bad he becomes z _m p]sons z he has desires4 ,8 conduct _c be made univ]sal4 ,he always makes exceptions 9 favor ( himself4 ,he does n want moral relations aboli%$1 b relax$ or deflect$ 9 8 own case1 :ile !y /ill hold = o!r m54 ,?is is ! tru? at ! basis ( ,kant's cont5tion reg>d+ goodness z conduct ^: maxim is capable ( g5]alization4 ,see also ,bradley1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfa-bga4 ,& ,alex&]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cji-cab4 ,,lxviii4 ,goodness 9 its ,relation to ! ,/ruggle4 #a4 ,two aspects ( ?is we h already not$2 "o1 t ( consci5ti\sness1 or habitual al]tness & responsiv5ess ( intellig5ce to ! nature ( obligation1 bo? 9 g5]al & z to ! specific acts :i* are obligatory4 ,! o!r is t goodness1 9 ?is relation1 consi/s 9 progressive adju/m5t1 involv+ aspiration z to future conduct1 & correlative humility z to pres5t a*ievem5ts ( "*4 #b4 ,we may /ate :at has already be5 sugge/$1 t goodness z self-sacrifice or self-r5unciation has also its place "h4 ,! moral attitude is "o ( r5unciation1 because1 on acc\nt ( ! con/antly gr[+ wants & circum/ances1 ! satisfactions :i* belong to ! actually realiz$ self mu/ be giv5 up = active goods4 ,t ! self-sacrifice takes l>gely ! =m ( ! surr5d] ( private int]e/s to ! welf>e ( ! :ole1 is expla9$ by :at has j be5 said reg>d+ selfi%ness4 ,self-sacrifice is n 9 any way ! moral end or ! la/ ^w4 ,life is lo/ t x may be f\nd4 ,! small] local life ( ! private self is giv5 up 9 ord] t ! ri*] & full] life ( ! social or active self may be realiz$4 ,b none ! less ! self-sacrifice at ! "t t x is made is g5u9e & real4 ,:ile x is involv$ 9 ! v nature ( morality t moral conduct %all br+ great] activity1 l>g] life1 ! motive ( ! ag5t 9 self-sacrifice is n to give up ! less] satisfaction = ! sake ( gett+ a great]4 ,x is only s f> z he is already moral t he is conv9c$ t ! new duty w br+ satisfaction1 & 8 conviction is n "o ( s5se1 b ( fai?4 ,to ! ag5t at ! "t ( action1 x is a real satisfaction :i* is giv5 up = "o t is only ideal1 & giv5 up because ! ideal satisfaction is e?ical1 active--"o congru5t to duty1 :ile ! actual satisfaction is only pa?ological2 t is1 congru5t to ! actualiz$ self--to ! hav+1 in/ead ( ! do+ self4 #c4 ,goodness is n remot5ess f badness4 ,9 "o s5se1 goodness is bas$ ^u badness2 t is1 good action is always bas$ ^u action good once1 b bad if p]si/$ 9 "u *ang+ circum/ances4 ,! moral /ruggle ?us pres5ts itself z ! conflict betwe5 ?is bad & ! good :i* w\ld duly meet ! exi/+ situation4 ,?is good1 ( c\rse1 does n involve ! annihilation ( ! previ\sly atta9$ good--! pres5t bad--b its subord9ation2 its use 9 ! new function4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! app>5tly p>adoxical /atem5t t badness is ! mat]ial ( good action--a /atem5t lit]ally correct :5 badness is und]/ood z x is "h4 ,evil is simply t :i* goodness has to ov]come--has to make an elem5t ( itself4 ,badness1 z j spok5 (1 is only pot5tial--! end is bad z contra/$ ) ! bett]4 ,badness may also1 ( c\rse1 be actual2 ! bad end may be *os51 & adopt$ into "*4 ,ev5 9 ?is s5se1 goodness is n ! abs5ce ( evil1 or entire fre$om f x4 ,badness ev5 on ?is basis is ! mat]ial ( goodness2 x is to be put "u foot & made an elem5t 9 good action4 ,b h[ c actual evil be made a factor ( "r conduct8 ,9 ?is way2 ! good man le>ns f 8 own bad acts2 he does n cont9ue to repeat su* acts1 nor does he1 :ile recogniz+ _! badness1 simply endeavor to d "r )\t reg>d to ! previ\s bad conduct4 ,p]ceiv+ ! effect ( 8 own wrong acts1 ! *ange produc$ 9 8 own capacities1 & 8 alt]$ relations to o!r p1 he acts s z to meet ! situation :i* 8 own bad act has help$ to create4 ,conduct is !n "r1 al?\gh made :at x is1 to "s degree1 by previ\s wrong conduct4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity made "o ( its l>ge/ e?ical contributions4 ,x %[$ h[ x 0 possible = a man to put 8 badness beh9d him & ev5 make x an elem5t 9 goodness4 ,tea*+ t ! _w ( social relations 0 itself an e?ical reality & a good 7a r$eem$ _w71 x taught t ! individual1 by id5tify+ himself ) ! _s ( ?is e?ical _w1 might be fre$ f slav]y to 8 pa/ evil2 t by recogniz+ & tak+ = 8 own ! evil 9 ! _w1 in/ead ( engag+ 9 an isolat$ /ruggle to become good by himself1 he might make ! evil a factor 9 8 own "r action4 ,moreov]1 by plac+ morality 9 activity & n 9 "s ?+1 or 9 con=mity to an ext]nal law1 ,*ri/ianity *ang$ ! nature ( ! /ruggle4 ,:ile ! old /ruggle _h be5 an ef=t to get away f evil to a good beyond1 ,*ri/ianity made ! /ruggle itself a good4 ,x1 !n1 0 no long] ! ef=t to escape to "s fix$1 un*ang+ /ate2 ! con/ant onw>d movem5t 0 itself ! goal4 ,virtue1 z ,hegel says1 is ! battle1 ! /ruggle1 c>ri$ to its full4 #d4 ,! conception ( m]it4 ,?is is1 ess5tially1 ! idea ( social des]t--! idea t an ag5t des]ves well ( o!rs on acc\nt ( 8 act or 8 "*4 ,an action evokes two k9ds ( judgm5ts3 fir/1 t ! act is "r or virtu\s1 t x fulfills duty4 ,?is judgm5t may be pass$ by any "o2 z well by ! ag5t z by any "o else4 ,x is simply ! recognition ( ! moral "* ( ! act4 ,b a "r act may also awak5 a conviction ( des]t2 t ! act is "o :i* fur!rs ! ne$s ( society1 & ?us is m]itori\s4 ,?is is n a judgm5t :i* ! ag5t c pass ^u 8 own act4 ,virtue & duty are /rictly coext5sive2 no act c be s virtu\s1 s "r1 z to g beyond meet+ ! dem&s ( ! situation4 ,ev]y?+ is a duty :i* ne$s to be done 9 a giv5 situation2 ! do+ ( :at ne$s to be done is "r or virtu\s4 ,:ile ! ag5t may & mu/ approve ( "r action 9 himself1 he _c claim des]t or rew>d because ( its virtu\sness2 he simply does :at he %\ld4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 may see t ! act has be5 done 9 ! face ( great temptation2 aft] a h>d /ruggle2 t x d5otes "s unusual qualification or executes "s rem>kable s]vice4 ,x is n only "r1 b obligatory1 = o!rs to take due notice ( ^! qualities1 ( ^! de$s4 ,su* notice is z requisite z x is to %[ gratitude = g5]osity1 or =giv5ess to a rep5tant man4 ,two errors are to be avoid$ "h2 bo? aris+ f ! id5tification ( m]it ) virtue4 ,"o view holds t ! virtue & m]it consi/ 9 do+ some?+ ov] & above duty4 ,!re is a m9imum ( action :i* is obligatory2 to p]=m ?is1 s9ce x is obligatory1 is no virtue4 ,any?+ above ?is is virtu\s4 ,! o!r view rev]ses ?is & holds t s9ce no man c d m ?an he ought1 !re is no su* ?+ z m]it4 ,great excell5ce or h]oism 9 "o man is no m m]itori\s ?an ord9>y conduct 9 ano!r2 s9ce ! "o man is naturally m gift$ ?an ! o!r4 ,b :ile "o act is no m "r or virtu\s ?an ano!r1 x may be m m]itori\s1 because contribut+ m to moral welf>e or progress4 ,to depreciate ! m]itori\s de$ is a sign ( a c>p+1 a grudg+ or a mean _s4 ,! respective relations ( duty1 virtue & m]it h be5 v>i\sly discuss$4 ,diff]5t views w be f\nd 9 ,sidgwick1 ,me?od ( ,e?ics1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 iv2 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #ahg-aie & #bdb-bdg2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bic-cjc2 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 pp4 #gh-ha2 ,laurie1 ,e?ica1 pp4 #ade-adh4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,realiz$ ,,morality ,,or ,,! ,,virtues4 ,,lxix4 ,goodness z ,f\nd 9 ,"*4 ,we h treat$ ( ! =m+ ( moral ideals1 & ( ! attempt to realize !m aga9/ ! c\nt] attractions ( s5sible desire4 ,we h n[ to treat ^! ideas z actual ends ( conduct & ?us react+ ^u ! ag5t4 ,! good "*1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! moral /ruggle1 is ! "o :i* *ooses ! "r end1 :i* endeavors to be bett]4 ,! good "* 9 itself is t made by ?is *oice4 ,x is good = ! self to *oose a due end 9 an ef=t caus$ by contr>y allurem5ts4 ,b ! v fact ( ! /ruggle witnesses t morality is n yet ! natural & spontane\s manife/ation ( "*4 ,a :olly good man w\ld feel su* satisfaction 9 ! contemplation ( ! ideal good t contr>y desires w\ld n affect him4 ,he w\ld take pleasure only 9 ! "r4 ,e accompli%$ moral de$ t5ds to br+ ?is ab\t4 ,moral realization br+s satisfaction4 ,! satisfaction becomes "o ) ! "r act4 ,duty & desire gr[ into h>mony4 ,int]e/ & virtue t5d t[>d unity4 ,?is is ! tru? aim$ at1 b n atta9$1 by ! h$oni/ic s*ool4 ,9 complete moral action1 happ9ess & rightness "k no divorce4 ,& ?is is true1 ev5 ?\gh ! act1 9 "s ( its aspects1 involves pa94 ,! act1 s f> z its quality ( rightness is conc]n$1 calls =? unalloy$ satisfaction1 h[ev] b\nd up ) pa9 to self & to o!rs 9 "s respects4 ,! error ( h$onism is n 9 insi/+ t "r action is pleasurable1 b 9 its failure to supply cont5t to ! idea ( happ9ess1 9 its failure to def9e :at happ9ess is4 ,9 ! failure to %[ ^? active relations ( man to nature & to man involv$ 9 human satisfaction1 x r$uces happ9ess to ! ab/raction ( agreeable s5sation4 ,a virtue !n1 9 ! full s5se1 t is z ! expression ( virtu\s "*1 & n ( ! /ruggle ( "* to be virtu\s aga9/ ! allurem5ts ( passive goods1 is an int]e/4 ,! sy/em ( virtues includes ! v>i\s =ms :i* int]e/ assumes4 ,tru?fulness1 = example1 is int]e/ 9 ! m$ia ( human ex*ange2 g5]osity is int]e/ 9 %>+ any =m ( sup]ior end[m5t ) o!rs less ri* by nature or tra9+1 etc4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f natural g5]osity1 :i* may be m]e impulse1 by its be+ an int]e/ 9 ! activity or social relation itself1 in/ead ( 9 "s accid5tal accompanim5t ( ! relation4 ,ano!r way ( gett+ at ! nature ( ! virtues is to consid] !m z =ms ( fre$om4 ,positive fre$om is ! good1 x is realiz$ activity1 ! full & unh9d]$ p]=mance ( function4 ,a virtue is any "o aspect :i* ! free p]=mance ( function may take4 ,meekness is "o =m ( ! adju/m5t ( capacity to surr\nd+s2 hone/y ano!r2 indignation ano!r2 sci5tific excell5ce ano!r1 & s on4 ,9 ea* ( ^! virtues1 ! ag5t realizes 8 fre$om3 ,fre$om f subjection to caprice & bl9d appetite1 fre$om 9 ! full play ( activity4 ,,lxx4 ,two ,k9ds ( ,virtues4 ,we may recognize two types ( virtu\s action4 ,^! are3 #a4 ,! ,special ,virtues4 ,^! arise f special capacities or special opportunities4 ,! ,greek s5se ( virtue 0 almo/ t ( excell5ce1 "s special fitness or p[] ( an ag5t4 ,!re is ! virtue ( a pa9t]1 ( a sci5tific inve/igator1 ( a philan?ropi/1 ( a com$ian1 ( a /atesman1 & s on4 ,! special act may be manife/$ 9 view ( "s special occasion1 "s special dem& ( ! environm5t--*>ity1 ?ankfulness1 patriotism1 *a/ity1 etc4 ,goodness1 z ! realization ( ! moral end1 is a sy/em1 & ! special virtues are ! p>ticul> memb]s ( ! sy/em4 #b4 ,c>d9al ,virtues4 ,besides ^! special memb]s ( a sy/em1 h[ev]1 ! :ole sy/em itself may pres5t v>i\s aspects4 ,t is to say1 ev5 9 a special act ! :ole _s ( ! man may be call$ out1 & ?is expression ( ! :ole "* is a c>d9al virtue4 ,:ile ! special virtues diff] 9 cont5t1 z humility f brav]y1 e>ne/ness f compassion1 ! c>d9al virtues h ! same cont5t1 %[+ only diff]5t sides ( x4 ,consci5ti\sness1 = example1 is a c>d9al virtue4 ,x does n h to d ) an act belong+ to "s p>ticul> capacity1 or evok$ by "s special circum/ance1 b ) ! _s ( ! :ole self z manife/$ 9 ! w to recognize duty--bo? its obligator9ess 9 g5]al & ! concrete =ms :i* x takes4 ,tru?fulness z a special virtue w\ld be ! desire to make ^w correspond to fact 9 "s in/ance ( spee*4 ,z a c>d9al virtue1 x is ! con/ant w to cl>ify & r5d] true to _! ideal all human relations--^? ( man to man1 & man to nature4 ,,lxxi4 ,! ,c>d9al ,virtues4 ,! c>d9al virtues are m>k$ by #a4 ,:ol5ess4 ,?is or t virtue1 n call+ ! :ole "* into play1 b only "s special p[]1 is p>tial4 ,b a c>d9al virtue is n a virtue1 b ! _s 9 :i* all acts are p]=m$4 ,x lies 9 ! attitude :i* ! ag5t takes t[>ds duty2 8 ob$i5ce to recogniz$ =ms1 8 read9ess to respond to new duties1 8 en?usiasm 9 mov+ =w>d to new relations4 ,x is a common rem>k t moral codes *ange f ',d n' to ',d'1 & f ?is to ',be'4 ,a ,mosaic code may attempt to regulate ! specific acts ( life4 ,*ri/ianity says1 ',be ye p]fect'4 ,! ef=t to exhau/ ! v>i\s special "r acts is futile4 ,!y are n ! same = any two m51 & !y *ange con/antly ) ! same man4 ,! v words :i* d5ote virtues come less & less to mean specific acts1 & m ! _s 9 :i* conduct occurs4 ,purity1 = example1 does n mean fre$om f c]ta9 limit$ outw>d =ms ( defilem5t2 b comes to signify rightness ( natures z a :ole1 _! fre$om f all self-seek+ or exclusive desire = private pleasure1 etc4 ,?us purity ( he>t comes to mean p]fect goodness4 #b4 ,dis9t]e/$ness4 ,any act1 to be virtu\s1 mu/ ( c\rse be dis9t]e/$1 b we may n[ connect ?is dis9t]e/$ness ) ! integral nature ( moral action j spok5 (4 ,immoral action nev] takes acc\nt ( ! :ole nature ( an end2 x deflects ! end to "s ult]ior purpose2 x b5ds x to ! private satisfaction ( ! ag5t2 x takes a "p ( x by mak+ exceptions 9 favor ( self4 ,bad action is nev] 'objective'4 ,x is 'ab/ract'2 x takes into acc\nt only su* portion ( ! act z satisfies "s exi/+ ne$ ( ! private self4 ,! immoral man %[s 8 p>tial "* aga9 by be+ full ( casui/ries1 devices by :i* he c get ! act remov$ f its natural plac+ & consid]$ 9 "s o!r light3--?is act1 = example1 w\ld be di%one/1 ( c\rse1 if done "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 b s9ce ,i h c]ta9 praisewor?y feel+s1 c]ta9 remote int5tions1 x may n[ be consid]$ o!rwise4 ,x is a l>ge "p ( ! badness ( 'good' p t in/ead ( tak+ ! :ole act j z x is1 !y endeavor to make ! natural feel+s 9 _! own m9d--feel+s ( *>ity1 or b5evol5ce--d sub/itute duty = ! end aim$ at2 !y excuse wrong acts on ! gr\nd t _! 'int5tions' 7 good1 mean+ by int5tions ! prevail+ mood ( _! m9d4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t 'hell is pav$ ) good int5tions4' ,n[ x is aga9/ ?is deflection1 p]v]sion & mutilat+ ( ! act t dis9t]e/$ness takes its /&4 ,dis9t]e/$ does n mean )\t int]e/1 b )\t int]e/ 9 any?+ except ! act itself4 ,! int]e/ is n 9 ! wond]ful moods or s5tim5ts ) :i* we d ! act2 x is n 9 "s ult]ior end to be ga9$ by x1 or 9 "s private advantage :i* x w br+1 b 9 ! act itself--9 ! real & concrete relations involv$4 ,!re is a vague ,fr5* say+ t 'morality is ! nature ( ?+s4' ,if ?is phrase has a mean+ x is t moral conduct is n a manife/ation ( private feel+s nor a se>* = "s unatta9able ideal1 b obs]vance & reproduction ( actual relations4 ,& ?is is ! m>k ( a dis9t]e/$ "*4 ,,conclusion4 ,,lxxii4 ,! ,practical ,end ( ,morality4 ,virtues1 !n1 are c>d9al1 & "* is integral1 j 9 ! degree 9 :i* e want is a want ( ! :ole man4 ,s f> z ?is occurs1 ! burd5 ( ! moral /ruggle is trans=m$ into fre$om ( movem5t4 ,!re is no long] ef=t to br+ ! p>ticul> desire into con=mity ) a law1 or a univ]sal1 outside itself4 ,! fitt+ 9 ( ea* special desire1 z x arises1 to ! organism ( "* takes place )\t friction1 z a natural re-adju/m5t4 ,!re is n con/ra9t1 b gr[?4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! atta9$ "* does n t5d to petrify into a fix$ possession :i* resi/s ! response to ne$s t gr[ out ( ! enl>g$ environm5t4 ,x is pla/ic to new wants & dem&s2 x does n require to be wr5*$ & wrack$ into agreem5t ) ! requir$ act1 b moves into x1 ( itself4 ,! law is n an ext]nal ideal1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5t4 ,!re is ! id5tity ( fre$om & law 9 ! good4 ,?is union ( incl9ation & duty 9 act is ! practical end4 ,all ! _w's great re=m]s h set z _! goal ?is ideal1 :i* may be t]m$ ei!r ! free+ ( wants1 or ! humaniz+ ( ! moral law4 ,x w help summ>ize our :ole discussion1 if we see h[ ! !ories ( h$onism & ( ,kant h endeavor$ to express ?is same goal4 ,h$onism1 inde$1 has ?is id5tity = its fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x holds /rongly to ! idea ( moral law imman5t 9 human wants !mselves4 ,b its error lies 9 tak+ ?is id5tity ( desire & ! good1 z a direct or imm$iate unity1 :ile1 9 reality1 x exi/s only 9 & ?r\gh activity2 x is a unity :i* c be atta9$ only z ! result ( a process4 ,x mi/akes an ideal :i* is realiz$ only 9 action = b>e fact :i* exi/s ( itself4 ,h$onism1 z repres5t$ by ,sp5c]1 recognizes1 x is true1 t ! unity ( desire & duty is n an imm$iate or natural "o2 b only to fall into ! error ( hold+ t ! sep>ation is due to "s ext]nal causes1 & t :5 ^! are remov$ we %all h a fix$ mill5ium4 ,z aga9/ ?is doctr9e1 we mu/ recognize t ! diff]5ce betwe5 want & duty is always remov$ s f> z conduct is moral2 t x is n an ideal 9 ! s5se ( some?+ to be atta9$ at "s remote p]iod1 b an ideal 9 ! s5se ( be+ ! v mean+ ( moral activity :5ev] & :]ev] x occurs4 ,! realiz+ ( ?is ideal is n some?+ to be sometime rea*$ once = all1 b progress is itself ! ideal4 ,wants are ev] gr[+ l>g]1 & ?us fre$om ev] comes to h a wid] scope 7,sec4 ,,lxv74 ,kant recognizes t ! id5tity ( duty & incl9ation is n a natural fact1 b is ! ideal4 ,h[ev]1 he und]/&s by ideal some?+ :i* ought to be1 b is n4 ,morality is ev] a /ruggle to get desire into unity ) law1 b a /ruggle doom$1 by its v conditions1 n to succe$4 ,! law is ! /raight l9e ( duty1 :i* ! asymptotic curve ( desire may approximate1 b nev] t\*4 ,an e>?ly ta9t ( pleasure-seek+ always cl+s to our wants1 & makes ( morality a /riv+ :i* defeats itself4 ,! !ory t morality lies 9 ! realization ( individuality recognizes t !re is no direct1 or natural1 id5tity ( desire & law1 b also recognizes t _! id5tification is n an impossible task4 ,! problem is solv$ 9 ! ex]cise ( function1 :]e ! desires1 h[ev]1 are n unclo!d1 b clo!d ^u4 ,fl[+ 9 ! *annel ( response to ! dem&s ( ! moral environm5t1 !y unite1 at once1 social s]vice & individual fre$om4 ,,lxxiii4 ,! ,means ( ,moralization4 ,?is practical end ( ! unification ( desire & duty1 9 ! play ( moral int]e/s1 is rea*$1 !re=e1 s f> z ! desires are socializ$4 ,a want is socializ$ :5 x is n a want = its own isolat$ & fix$ satisfaction1 b reflects ! ne$s ( ! environm5t4 ,?is implies1 ( c\rse1 t x is b\nd by c\ntless ties to ! :ole body ( desires & capacities4 ,! eye1 9 see+ = itself1 sees = ! :ole body1 because x is n isolat$ b1 ?r\gh its connections1 an organ ( a sy/em4 ,9 ?is same way1 ! satisfaction ( a want = food1 or = comm]cial activity1 may necessitate a satisfaction ( ! :ole social sy/em4 ,b h[ %all ?is socialization ( wants be secur$8 ,x is 9 answ]+ ?is "q t we are br\ght aga9 to a po9t already discuss$ at l5g?3 ! moral be>+s ( intellig5ce4 ,x is intellig5ce t is ! sole sure means ( tak+ a want out ( ! isolation ( m]ely impulsive action4 ,x is ! pass+ ( ! desire ?r\gh ! alembic ( ideas t1 9 rationaliz+ & spiritualiz+ x1 makes x an expression ( ! want ( ! :ole man1 & ?us ( social ne$s4 ,to "k "o's self 0 decl>$ by ,socrates1 :o fir/ br\ght to consci\s bir? ! _s ( ! moral life1 to be ! v core ( moral endeavor4 ,?is k ( self has tak51 inde$1 a m circuit\s & a m pa9ful pa?1 ?an ,socrates anticipat$4 ,man has _h1 dur+ two ?\s& ye>s ( sci5ce1 to g ar\nd ?r\gh nature to f9d himself1 & z yet he has n :olly come back to himself--he (t5times seems /ill lo/ 9 ! wild]ness ( an out] _w4 ,b :5 man does get back to himself x w be z a victor lad5 ) ! spoils ( subdu$ nature4 ,hav+ secur$1 9 !ory & inv5tion1 8 unity ) nature1 8 k ( himself w re/ on a wide & c]ta9 basis4 ,?is is ! f9al ju/ification ( ! moral value ( sci5ce & art4 ,x is because ?r\gh !m wants are int]-connect$1 unifi$ & socializ$1 t !y are1 :5 all is said & done1 ! prem95t moral means4 ,& if we d n readily recognize !m 9 ?is g>b1 x is because we h made ( !m su* fix$ ?+s1 t is1 su* ab/ractions1 by plac+ !m outside ! movem5t ( human life4 ,,index4 ,absolute--& relative ,e?ics1 accord+ to ,sp5c] #gb4 ,acc\ntability--,see responsibility4 ,activity--human1 ! subject-matt] ( e?ics #a ff4 --! object ( desire #ba ff4 --! /&>d ( pleasure #de2 #ej4 --equals ex]cise ( function #aja4 --oppos$ to m]e possession #bji2 #bae2 #bah2 #bbj4 --two sides ( #bai4 --see fre$om4 /hetic feel+s--may be moral #aii4 --see art4 ,ag5t--moral1 "o capable ( act+ f ideas #c4 --see p]son4 ,alex&]1 ,s4--quot$3 on idea ( sum ( pleasures #df4 --ref]r$ to3 #i2 #df2 #gg2 #aaa2 #acd2 #aeh2 #afe2 #bjb2 #baf2 #bba2 #bbg4 ,altruism--h[ id5tifi$ ) egoism #ei4 --reconcil$1 by ,sp5c]1 ) egoism #gj ff4 --conflicts1 at pres5t1 ) egoism #gf4 --old] morali/s t]m$ b5evol5ce #aie4 --n necess>ily moral #ajg4 --n disguis$ selfi%ness #aji4 --may equal *>ity #abe4 ,amusem5ts--moral nature ( #acc4 ,approbation--nature ( #afa4 ,ari/otle--quot$3 on pleasure #ah2 on pleasure & "* #bi2 on ! mean #acf4 --ref]r$ to3 #ca4 ,art 7& ,sci5ce7--nature ( int]e/ 9 #aaa4 --di/9ction ( f9e & useful #aab4 --int]e/ 91 :y moral #aac ff4 --int]e/ 91 really social #aah ff4 --life an1 #abj4 --ess5tially dynamic #abf4 ,asceticism--means =malism #id4 --elem5t ( tru? 9 #ie4 --results :5 int]e/ is exclud$ #ajf4 ,aspiration--involv$ 9 morality #bac2 #bbb4 ,autonomy--,kant's conception ( ju/ifi$ #adi4 ,badness--( environm5t a factor 9 "r action #agf2 #bbd4 --its s\rce & factors #bad4 --its relation to goodness #bbc4 --pot5tial & actual #bbc4 --( good p #bcb4 ,ba91 ,a4--quot$3 t pleasure is a self-evid5t crit]ion #af2 8 def9ition ( utilit>ianism #ec2 on obligation #adj2 #ada4 --ref]r$ to3 #ag2 #ff2 #bbg4 ,b>ratt--quot$3 t all pleasure is individual #ad4 ,bas5ess--:y badness becomes #bai4 ,b5evol5ce--see altruism4 ,b5?am1 ,j4--quot$3 pleasure bo? crit]ion & motive #ae2 self-evid5t crit]ion #af2 all motives good #cd ff42 h$oni/ic calculus #cf ff42 id5tity ( individual & g5]al pleasure #eg ff42 influ5ce ( law #ei4 --ref]r$ to3 #ec4 ,birks--ref]r$ to3 #ff4 ,blackie1 ,j4 ,s4--ref]r$ to3 #ff4 ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h4--quot$3 on pleasure & desire #ba2 sci5tific int]e/ n necess>ily social #abb2 on m]ely individual consci5ce #ahi4 --ref]r$ to3 #be2 #bf2 #db2 #dh2 #ed2 #ia2 #abd2 #acd2 #afe2 #bba4 ,br[n+1 ,r4--ref]r$ to3 #aaa4 ,butl]--,bi%op1 quot$3 on consci5ce #afg4 --ref]r$ to3 #aaj4 ,caird1 ,e4--quot$3 on collision ( moral ends #hh4 --ref]r$ to3 #ba2 #hb2 #hg2 #ia2 #ib2 #ic2 #ie2 #aji2 #aaa2 #adi2 #afe4 ,cald]wood--ref]r$ to3 #aeh2 #aff4 ,capacity--its relation to environm5t #ig4 --increas$ by moral action #bjf4 ,c>lyle1 ,t4--ref]r$ to3 #abh4 ,casui/ry--inevitable1 if moral end is n :olly social #aai4 ,"*--reciprocal ) conduct #i4 --! s\rce ( motive1 desire & moral pleasure #bf ff4 --sep>at$ f conduct by h$oni/s #cb ff4 --& virtues #bbg ff4 --see capacity1 conduct1 int]e/s & motive4 ,*>ity--idea (1 involves social inequality #abe4 ,*ri/ianity--e?ical influ5ce ( #bbd4 --has no specific e?ical code #bca4 ,coit1 ,s4--ref]r$ to3 #bh2 #ff4 ,comm&s--moral value (3 #bjc4 ,common ,good--an e?ical ideal #ea4 --n furni%$ by h$onism #fj4 --n furni%$ by ,kant #ia4 --:y necess>ily involv$ 9 morality #aag2 #bag2 #bbb4 --dem&s reciprocal satisfaction ( individual & society #abg4 --its exi/5ce po/ulat$ by moral conduct #acj4 --results f ex]cise ( function #afh4 --con/itut$ by activity #afi ff4 --realiz$ 9 in/itutions #agc4 --developm5t ( #baj4 --see in/itutions & society4 ,compreh5siv5ess--gr[? (1 9 moral end #baj ff4 ,conduct--def9$ #c4 --relation to consequ5ces #g4 --relation to "* #i4 --an individual sy/em #acc4 --a social sy/em #acf4 --h[ relat$ to "* #afc4 --see activity1 consequ5ces1 "* & motive4 ,conflict--( moral ends #hh ff4 --morality has an aspect ( #aea2 #bbg4 ,consci5ce--,ba9's idea ( #ada4 --equals consci\sness ( action #aha4 --elem5ts 9 #ahb4 --n a special faculty #ahc4 --k9ds ( #ahc ff4 --n m]ely individual #ahh4 ,consci5ti\sness--nature ( #aii4 --does n equal introspection #bjj4 --nor application ( code #bja4 --a c>d9al virtue #bcb4 ,consequ5ces--moral value ( #g ff42 #hd2 #aad2 #afj4 --exclud$ f morality by ,kantianism #ac2 #bi4 --id5tifi$ ) moral value by h$onism #cc4 --responsibility = #afj4 ,crit]ion--h$oni/ic is pleasure #ae4 --criticism ( h$oni/ic #ca ff4 --two ends to be met by e #cb4 --( high] & l[] pleasures #di ff4 --:5 pleasure may be a #ej4 --,mill's really social #fc4 --,sp5c]'s really social #gc4 --,kant's nom9ally =mal #gi ff4 --! real #acb ff4 --its ela/icity #ace4 ,d>w91 ,c4--ref]r$ to3 #gh4 ,demoralization--involv$ 9 badness #bbj4 ,desire--pleasure z end ( #af2 #ah ff4 --def9$ #ai4 --h[ spiritualiz$ #bc4 --n purely pleasurable #bg4 --an expression ( "* #bh4 --exclud$ f moral motive by ,kant #gi4 --all or no involv$ 9 morality #id4 --relation to pleasure #hc4 --p>ticul>1 an ab/raction #if4 --h[ di/+ui%$ f int]e/ #ajc4 --oppos$ to reason by ,kant #adg4 --:5 oppos$ to moral action #adh2 #aee2 #bac2 #baf4 --h[ socializ$1 #bcg4 ,dewey1 ,j4--ref]r$ to3 #be2 #gh2 #aid4 ,dis9t]e/$ness--equals full int]e/ #ajg4 --an aspect ( c>d9al virtue #bcb4 ,disposition--,b5?am on #ce4 ,dualism--! ,kantian #adh ff4 ,duty--see obligation4 ,egoism--see altruism4 ,empiricism--,sp5c]'s reconciliation ) intuitionalism #fi ff4 ,end--moral3 see common good2 function2 motive4 ,environm5t--def9$ by relation to capacity #ii ff4 --mean+ ( adju/m5t to #aae ff4 --moral1 exi/s 9 in/itutions #aga4 --badness (1 an elem5t 9 "r action #agf2 #aij4 --enl>g$ by moral action #bjg4 ,e?ical ,_w--discuss$ #afg ff4 --nature illu/rat$ #afh4 --relation to moral law #agd4 --see ,in/itutions4 ,e?ics--def9$ #a4 --divid$ #c4 --its object accord+ to ,sp5c] #fh4 --see !ory4 ,evolution1 ,!ory (--comb9$ ) h$onism #fg ff4 --n really h$oni/ic #ga ff4 --its real /&>d objective #gb4 ,fai?--a factor 9 moral progress #abc2 #abg ff4 --9 humanity1 mean+ ( #abi4 --:y dem&$ 9 moral action #bag2 #bbb4 ,feel+s--natural & moral #e ff42 #be ff42 #hg4 --sympa!tic reli$ ^u by utilit>ians #eg4 --necess>y 9 moral activity #he4 --active1 equal int]e/s #ajb4 --moral1 def9$ by end #ajh2 see also motive4 --value ( #aie ff4 --moral1 n too n>r[ly limit$ #aii4 ,fre$om--is object ( desire #bd4 --equals ex]cise ( function #ach4 --v>i\s aspects ( #aeh4 --( *oice def9$ #aei4 --( indiff]5ce discuss$ #afa ff4 --actualiz$ 9 rights #agb2 #agd4 --positive1 realiz$ 9 virtues #bbi4 ,function--union ( capacity & circum/ance 9 act #ajc4 --fre$om f\nd 9 ex]cise ( #afd ff4 ,gizycki--ref]r$ to3 #ff4 ,god--an ext]nal1 _c be ! s\rce ( obligation #adi4 ,goe!--ref]r$ to3 #abh4 ,gold5 ,rule--id5tifi$ by ,mill ) pr9ciple ( utilit>ianism #ei4 --gives no directions z to conduct #bjd4 --is a concrete /atem5t ( e?ical po/ulate #bje4 ,gre51 ,t4 ,h4--quot$3 on desire & pleasure #ba2 on sum ( pleasures #dc2 on nature ( happ9ess #de2 on consci5ti\sness #bjj2 #bjb2 on goodness #bae4 --ref]r$ to3 #i2 #be2 #db2 #ed2 #aaj2 #aeh2 #afe4 ,grote1 ,j4--ref]r$ to3 #ff2 #aeh4 ,guyau--ref]r$ to3 #ff2 #adc4 ,h$onism--def9$ #ad ff4 --its p>adox #be4 --confuses feel+ & idea #bf2 #dc ff4 --summ>iz$ #cj4 --all motives good #cc4 --its calculus #cf4 --fails to provide laws #ci ff4 --its contra/ ) ,kantianism #hb ff4 --its treatm5t ( obligation #adj ff4 --is correct 9 hold+ rightness to be pleasurable #bbh4 --tru? & falsity 9 #bcd4 ,hegel--quot$3 on reflective consci5ce #ahh2 on m]ely individual consci5ce #ahi4 ,h9ton1 ,j4--quot$3 on altruism #aji2 on badness #baf4 --ref]r$ to3 #bjb4 ,hodgson1 ,s4 ,h4--ref]r$ to3 #ad4 ,idealism--:5 feeble #abh4 ,ideals--moral1 progressive1 #bjf4 ,imp]ative1 ,categorical--( ,kant #adg4 --( consci5ce #aia4 ,impulse--& pleasure #ag4 --& desire #bb4 --nature ( action f #aei4 --see desire4 ,individuality--def9$ #ig4 --n id5tical ) inn] side alone #ih4 --evils ( def9+ f ?is /&po9t #aaj4 --made by function #aca4 --realiz$ is autonomy #aej4 --realiz$ is fre$om #afd4 --gr[? 9 #baj4 --see fre$om & rights4 ,in/itutions--nature ( #afi ff4 --sov]eignty1 rights & law inh]e 9 #aga ff4 --influ5ce (1 ^u consci5ce #ahd2 #ahi4 --movem5t (1 ! s\rce ( duties1 #aid4 --see common good & society4 ,int]e/s--are functions on p]sonal side #ajb ff4 --classifi$ & discuss$ #ajd ff4 --social1 involve sci5ce & art #abc ff4 --realiz$ 9 in/itutions #agj4 --_! relation to consci5ce #aih4 --pure1 are virtue #bbh4 --! active elem5t ( #bah4 --! free+ (1 ! moral goal #bcc4 ,james1 ,sr41 ,h4--ref]r$ to3 #bjb4 ,james1 ,wm4--quot$3 on pleasure & desire #bj4 --ref]r$ to3 #gg4 ,kant--agrees ) h$onism z to end ( desire #gi4 --8 end an ab/raction #hd4 --8 practical ideal t ( ,mill & ,sp5c] #ic4 --value ( 8 !ory #ic4 --8 !ory ( obligation #adg4 --8 conception ( autonomy #adi4 --8 idea ( duty #aef4 --8 conception ( practical reason #aia4 --quot$3 on pleasure #dg2 on pleasure z common good #eb2 on priority ( duty to good #gh2 on good w #gi2 8 =mula = "r action #hj2 illu/rations ( moral law #hj ff4 --ref]r$ to3 #ad2 #gh2 #bab2 #bba2 #bce4 ,kantianism--comp>$ ) h$onism #hb ff4 --its practical breakd[n #ij4 ,k--moral effect ( advance 9 #bjg4 --socializes wants #bcg4 --see art4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4--quot$3 on happ9ess #ff4 --ref]r$ to3 #bbg4 ,law--utilit>ian use ( #eh2 #fa ff4 --,kant's moral1 =mal #gh4 --relation to desire #id4 --realiz$ 9 in/itutions #agb2 #agd4 --( ! 'is'1 n m]ely ( ! 'ought' #age4 --idea (1 9 g5]al #aie4 --see obligation4 ,lawlessness--involv$ 9 morality #baf4 ,leckey--ref]r$ to3 #ff4 ,limitation--! basis ( moral /r5g? #abh4 ,l9coln1 ,a4--anecdote reg>d+ #bh4 ,lotze--ref]r$ to3 #af2 #aff4 ,love--! union ( duty & desire #aed4 ,m>t9eau1 ,j4--quot$3 on ! difficulty ( ! h$oni/ic calculus #ch4 --ref]r$ to3 #db2 #gh2 #aeh2 #aff2 #bbg4 ,maurice1 ,f4 ,d4--ref]r$ to3 #aia4 ,m]it--means social des]t #bbe4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4--criticizes ,kant #ia4 --8 equivoke ( pleasure & pleasant ?+ #bj4 --8 fallacy #ef4 --introduces quality ( pleasure into h$onism #db2 #df4 --quot$3 pleasure self-evid5t crit]ion #af2 end ( desire #ag2 on rules ( morality #ci ff2 on moral tribunal #dh2 on utilit>ian /&>d #ec2 on importance ( law & education #ei2 on social feel+ #fc ff4 --ref]r$ to3 #be2 #cj2 #di4 ,morality--sph]e ( z broad z conduct #b2 #aed4 --n dep5d5t ^u an individual's wi% #afg ff4 --realiz$ 9 in/itutions #agj4 --/ruggle = private1 bad #bjb4 --9 ! nature ( ?+s #bcc4 ,motive--def9$ #e4 --two elem5ts 9 #aj4 --det]m9$ by "* #bh4 --nev] bad accord+ to h$onism #cc4 --=mal & legislative accord+ to ,kant #hj4 --n a subjective mood #bcb4 ,norms--9 philosophy #a4 ,obligation--9 conflict ) pleasure #gf ff4 --h[ relat$ to function #ach4 --!ories reg>d+ #aci4 --di/9ct f co]cion #add4 --en=c$1 n creat$ by p[] #ade4 --,kantian idea ( criticiz$ #adh4 --does n relate simply to :at ought to be1 b is n #aea2 #agd ff4 --relation to consci5ce #ahc4 --h[ made kn[n #aij ff4 --practical value ( s5se ( #aif4 --mu/ be individualiz$ #aig2 #bja4 --:5 oppos$ to desire #bac2 #baf4 --! union ) desire ! moral ideal #bcd4 --see desire1 law & univ]sal4 ,pat]--ref]r$ to3 #ff4 ,pa?ological--all incl9ation1 accord+ to ,kant #hf4 --oppos$ to active #bab4 ,pauls5--ref]r$ to3 #fg2 #aaa4 ,p]son--is "o capable ( conduct #ig4 ,pleasure--an elem5t 9 activity #bd4 --n ! mov+ spr+ to action #bf4 --sum (1 dep5d5t on objective conditions #dd ff4 --quality (1 simil>ly dep5d5t #dg ff4 --may symbolize action #ea4 --g5]al1 a vague idea #fb4 --fix$ by social relations #fe2 #gg4 --n a suffici5t guide at pres5t #ge4 --dep5d5t on self-realization #hc4 --all "r action involves #bbh4 --see desire & h$onism4 ,po/ulate--moral1 def9$ #abi ff4 --equals ,gold5 ,rule #bje4 ,problem--moral #c4 ,progress--necess>y 9 moral action #ace ff4 --moral1 nature ( #bji4 ,prud5ce--n outside moral sph]e #aje4 ,reason--oppos$ to desire by ,kant #adg4 --,kant's conception too imm$iate #aej4 --practical1 idea ( #aia4 ,re=mation--possibility ( #afb ff4 ,relativity--( morals1 means :at #acf4 ,responsibility--nature ( #afj ff4 --( p>5ts & *ildr5 #bjc4 ,rev]5ce--,kant reg>ds z sole moral feel+ #hf4 ,rights--exi/ by common w #agb4 ,r\sseau--8 influ5ce ^u ,kant #adh4 ,royce1 ,j4--ref]r$ to3 #fa2 #aaa4 ,rule--moral1 n a comm& #bjd4 --a tool ( analysis #bjd4 ,satisfaction--moral1 creates new wants #bjh4 --good & bad #bag4 ,sci5ce--nature ( int]e/ 9 #aaa4 --! prem95t moral means #bcg4 --see art4 ,s*urman1 ,j4 ,g4--ref]r$ to3 #gh4 ,self--int]e/ 9 #aje ff4 --involves sympa?y #aji4 --dualism 9 self1 h[ arises #baf4 --k ( #bcg4 ,selfi%ness--involv$ 9 immorality #baf4 ,self-sacrifice--its moral nature #bbb4 ,s5tim5tality--immoral #aac4 --escape f1 only ?r\gh k #abj4 --results f ab/ract idea ( duty #aeg4 --ref9$1 equals s5suality #bbj4 ,%akespe>e--quot$3 on common good #aca4 ,sidgwick1 ,h4--quot$3 on ! h$oni/ic assumption #dc2 on utilit>ian /&>d #ec2 on intuitional utilit>ianism #ed4 --ref]r$ to3 #ad2 #af2 #ah2 #ff2 #aaa2 #bbg4 ,society--its moral influ5ce #adf2 #aeg4 --its relation to obligation #aeb4 --con/itut$ by moral relation%ips #age4 --developm5t (1 *anges moral ideals #bjg4 --see common good1 in/itutions4 ,socrates--au?or ( idea ( reflective consci5ce #ahh4 --initiator ( mod]n e?ical _s #bcg4 ,sorley--ref]r$ to3 #gh2 #aaa4 ,sov]eignty--exi/s 9 common w & good #aga4 --ultimate possess$ 9 humanity #agc4 ,sp5c]1 ,h4--believes 9 fix$ social ideal #gc ff42 #bce4 --quot$3 on pleasure z a necess>y effect #fh2 n imm$iate object ( desire #fi2 egoism & altruism #gj ff42 on ideal man #gc2 equilibrium ( functions #gd2 on obligation #adb2 #adc4 --ref]r$ to3 #af2 #fg2 #gb2 #gc2 #gd2 #ge2 #gf2 #aaa2 #abe2 #bce4 ,/eph51 ,l4--quot$3 on feel+ z univ]sal motive #bg2 on sympa?y #aji ff4 --ref]r$ to3 #af2 #be2 #fg2 #fh2 #gh2 #aaa2 #afe2 #bbg4 ,/ruggle--:5 morality is a #bab4 --*ang$ by ,*ri/ianity into movem5t #bbe4 --see conflict4 ,sully1 ,j4--ref]r$ to3 #ag4 ,!ory--e?ical & conduct #a4 --e?ical1 sub-divid$ #ac4 --e?ical1 n casui/ry #hi4 --value ( #ahf4 ,univ]sal--a1 lack+ 9 h$onism #cg4 --,kant's emphasis ( #hj4 --,kant's1 =mal #hj2 #he2 #ij4 --,kant's1 leads to conflict #hg4 --true1 equals organization1 #hh2 #ij2 #if4 --bad action _c be #bba4 --means a me?od1 n a ?+ #acf4 --f\nd 9 movem5t ( "* #bcd4 --see law4 ,utilit>ianism--is univ]sali/ic h$onism #ac2 #ec4 --def9$ by ,mill1 ,sidgwick1 ,ba91 #ec4 --criticiz$ #ed ff4 --assumes social ord] #fc ff4 --comb9$ ) evolution #fg4 ,virtue--*ange 9 nature ( #baa4 --correlative to duty #bbe4 --di/+ui%$ f m]it #bbf4 --is an int]e/ ( "* #bbh4 --two types ( #bbi4 --c>d9al #bcj4 ,wants--see desires4 ,wilson 7& ,f[l]7--ref]r$ to3 #fg4 ,w--,kant's good w #gi4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,corrections page orig9al text correction #ag endquote miss+ are "o & ! same ?+4 #bj want simply sweat-meats2 want simply sweet-meats2 #bd s t x becoms "o factor s t x becomes "o factor #ce unless z a sort ( suprise unless z a sort ( surprise #ch b ! ! mo/ consci5ti\s b ! mo/ consci5ti\s #ch cicum/ances 7 su* z circum/ances 7 su* z #db sum ( pleasnres sum ( pleasures #dg ?is agreabl5ess is4 ?is agreeabl5ess is4 #fh ,sci5ce ( ,ehtics1 *4 ,,ix4 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 ,,ix4 #gd endquote miss+ memb]s ( a society #hc ( well z ( h$onism z well z ( h$onism #ib )\t expressily giv+ up )\t expressly giv+ up #abd ord9>y *ords & & tunes1 ord9>y *ords & tunes1 #aef j :at :at morality dem&s j :at morality dem&s #ahc ,,lvix4 ,,lix4 #aib seems q sup]fl\s seems q sup]flu\s #bea entry ,society miss+ f index 9 orig9al