,,?omas ,,reid ,,fam\s ,,scots ,,s]ies ,! foll[+ ,volumes are n[ ready3-- ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 ,by ,,hector ,c4 ,,macph]son4 ,,allan ,,ramsay4 ,by ,,oliphant ,,smeaton4 ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,by ,w4 ,,kei? ,,leask4 ,,john ,,knox4 ,by ,a4 ,,taylor ,,innes4 ,,rob]t ,,burns4 ,by ,,gabriel ,,set\n4 ,,! ,,balladi/s4 ,by ,,john ,,g$die4 ,,ri*>d ,,cam]on4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,h]kless4 ,,sir ,,james ,y4 ,,simpson4 ,by ,,eve ,,blantyre ,,simpson4 ,,?omas ,,*alm]s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,,g>d5 ,,blaikie4 ,,james ,,boswell4 ,by ,w4 ,,kei? ,,leask4 ,,tobias ,,smollett4 ,by ,,oliphant ,,smeaton4 ,,flet*] ,,( ,,salt\n4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,omond4 ,,! ,,blackwood ,,gr\p4 ,by ,sir ,,george ,,d\glas4 ,,norman ,,macleod4 ,by ,,john ,,wellwood4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,sa9tsbury4 ,,kirkcaldy ,,( ,,grange4 ,by ,,l\is ,a4 ,,b>b4 ,,rob]t ,,f]gusson4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,gros>t4 ,,james ,,?omson4 ,by ,,william ,,bayne4 ,,mungo ,,p>k4 ,by ,t4 ,,banks ,,macla*lan4 ,,david ,,hume4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,cald]wood4 ,,?omas ,,reid4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,campbell ,,fras]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,reid ,,by ,a3,,campbell ,,fras] 33 ,,fam\s ,,scots3 ,,s]ies ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,oliphant ,,&]son ,,f]ri] ,,ed9bvrgh ,,& ,,london ,! designs & ornam5ts ( ?is volume are by ,mr4 ,joseph ,br[n1 & ! pr9t+ f ! press ( ,messrs4 ,t4 & ,a4 ,con/able1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,preface ,?is little book is an attempt to pres5t ,reid 9 a fre% light1 & 9 8 relations to pres5t-day ?\ght4 ,x deals ) ! ,scotti% *apt] 9 t endur+ alt]nation betwe5 agno/ic despair & endeav\r aft] p]fect insight :i* seems to be a law ( ! philosophic progress ( mank9d4 ,?omas ,reid1 home-br$ & self-conta9$1 is ! national repres5tative1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( ! via m$ia betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,9 ! conclud+ *apt] ,i h look$ at ! philosophical appeal to inspir$ data ( ,common ,s5se1 9 ! wid] light ( ! !i/ic philosophy ( ! univ]se1 & n m]ely z "p ( an inductive sci5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,?is connects ! !i/ic po/ulate ( spiritual reason1 z ! f\ndation ( human exp]i5ce1 ) ,reid's appeal to ! ultimate b (t5 dormant necessities ( human nature1 a subject treat$ m fully 9 my ,philosophy ( ,!ism 7#ahif74 ,= valuable unpubli%$ mat]ial--m inde$ ?an ,i c\ld avail myself ( )9 n>r[ limits--,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,hilda ,pat]son1 ! gu>dian ( manuscript rema9s & o!r relics ( h] ance/or1 pres]v$ at ,birkwood1 9 ,reid's native c\ntry ( ! ,dee4 ,i also owe mu* to ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,rait1 n[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,univ]sities ( ,ab]de51 ^: rese>* has done mu* to illu/rate 8 alma mat] 9 ! ,nor?4 ,& ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,davidson1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,logic1 & to ,mr4 ,&]son1 ! ,libr>ian1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 = docum5ts to :i* ! space at my disposal =bids m ?an an occasional ref]5ce4 ,^? :o desire to /udy fur!r ! *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european philosophy 9 :i* ,reid's "n is prom95t1 may be ref]r$ to ,c\s9's critical appreciation 9 8 ,philosophie cossaise 7#aheg71 & to ,pr(essor ,&rew ,se?'s ,balf\r ,lectures on #8,scotti% ,philosophy' 7#ahhe71 9 :i* ! ,scotti% & ,g]man answ]s to ,hume are comp>$4 ,! indu/ry ( ! late ,dr4 ,m',co% has collect$1 9 8 ,scotti% ,philosophy 7#ahge71 int]e/+ p>ticul>s reg>d+ our national philosoph]s f ,hut*eson to ,hamilton4 ,a4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 #ba/ ,febru>y #ahih4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,boyhood ,,& ,,ance/ry3 ,,/ra*an ,,& ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,dee1 #agaj-agbb #i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,at ,,m>is*al ,,college1 #agbb-agcg #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,new ,,ma*> ,,& ,,david ,,hume1 #agcg-agea #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,old ,,ab]de53 ,a ,,reg5t ,,9 ,,k+',s ,,college1 #agea-agfd #dc ,,*apt] ,v ,,univ]sal ,,scepticism ,,v]sus ,,inspir$ ,,common ,,s5se3 ,,an #8,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,common ,,s5se1' #agfd #ef ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,glasg[ ,,college3 ,,! ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy1 #agfd-aghj #gb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,9 ,,philosophical ,,retirem5t3 ,,au?or%ip ,,9 ,,old ,,age1 #aghj-agie #ajc ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,inspir$ ,,common ,,s5se ,,& ,,causation3 ,,active ,,or ,,moral ,,p[] ,,9 ,,man #aah ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,end1 #agif #abf ,,*apt] ,x ,,retrospective ,,& ,,critical #acc ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,reid ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,s5se ,,philosophy3 ,,reid ,,9 ,,france3 ,,reid ,,& ,,hamilton3 ,,reid ,,& ,,scoto-,,hegelian ,,idealism3 ,,e?ical ,,or ,,!i/ic ,,f9al ,,fai? #add ,,?omas ,,reid ,,*apt] ,i ,,boyhood ,,& ,,ance/ry3 ,,/ra*an ,,& ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,dee #agaj-agbb ,?omas ,reid makes 8 fir/ appe>ance z a boy 9 ! manse ( ,/ra*an 9 ,k9c>d9e%ire1 :]e he ent]$ ?is _w ( s5se on ! #bf? ( ,april #agaj4 ,8 fa!r1 ! ,rev4 ,lewis ,reid1 0 m9i/] ( ! p>i% = fifty-eight ye>s1 f #agjd until 8 dea? 9 #agfb4 ,! "m1 ,m>g>et ,gregory1 0 ! elde/ daught]1 by 8 second m>riage1 ( ,david ,gregory1 laird ( ,k9airdy 9 ,banff%ire4 ,an eld] son1 ,david1 born 9 #agje1 & two daught]s1 ,isobel & ,jane1 ) ,?omas1 =m$ ! family at ! manse :5 ,?omas 0 a boy4 ,david 0 twice m>ri$1 & di$ ab\t #aghj1 )\t issue2 ! eld] daught]1 ,isobel1 di$ unm>ri$1 9 h] /epmo!r's h\se at ,ab]de51 9 #aggj2 & ! y\ng]1 ,jane1 aft] a msalliance1 di$ )\t issue aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,_! "m1 ,m>g>et ,gregory1 di$ 9 #agcb1 :5 ! manse 0 /ill ! home ( ,?omas4 ,9 #agce1 ,mr4 ,lewis ,reid m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,janet1 daught] ( ,fras] ( ,phopa*y 9 ! c\nty ( ,inv]ness4 ,two sons & five daught]s 7 ! issue ( ! second m>riage4 ,! elde/ son di$ :5 a /ud5t at ,m>is*al ,college1 9 #ageh1 & ! y\ng]1 :o /udi$ m$ic9e1 di$ 9 ,london ab\t t5 ye>s lat]4 ,( ! daught]s1 "o di$ 9 infancy1 & two o!rs1 ,elizabe? & ,m>y1 di$ unm>ri$--! =m] 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #aggb1 & ! latt] 9 ,ab]de5 9 #agga4 ,( ! o!r two1 ,m>g>et became 9 #agfc ! wife ( ! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,leslie1 m9i/] ( ,=d\n 9 ,k9c>d9e%ire1 & ,grace m>ri$ ! ,rev4 ,john ,rose1 m9i/] ( ,udny 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,mrs4 ,rose di$ 9 #agic1 & ,mrs4 ,leslie 9 #ahbi1 ! la/ survivor ( ! ,reid family circle at ,/ra*an4#a ,x is record$ ( ! fa!r ( ?is l>ge family t he 0 respect$ = piety1 prud5ce1 & b5evol5ce1 inh]it+ f 8 ance/ors simplicity ( mann]s1 & lit]>y ta/es :i*1 )\t attract+ ! notice ( ! _w1 engag$ 8 leisure & dignifi$ 8 rural life4 ,( ! two wives1 ! second surviv$ h] /epson1 ! philosoph]4 ,! remote p>i% ( ,/ra*an is =m$ by ! romantic valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,feugh f9ds its way f ! ,grampians to ! ,dee at ,ban*ory-,t]nan--a breezy upl& region1 r$ol5t ( hea!r & bog-myrtle1 apt 9 its solitude to educate reflective individuality 9 "o s dispos$4 ,9 ^? days ! road to ! s\? ov] ! ,cairn o' ,m\nt pass$ ?r\gh ,gl5 ,dye1 "u ! %ad[ ( ,clo*nab51 a road two c5turies ago frequ5t$ by robb]s1 & inve/$ ) a halo ( romance by tales ( m>vell\s adv5tures4 ,b ,gl5 ,dye has an int]e/ ( ano!r k9d4 ,c5turies ago x 0 ! home & prop]ty ( ! family ( ,cant1 f :om ,&rew ,cant1 ! not$ ,cov5ant+ prea*]1 0 desc5d$1#b & ) :om ! m widely celebrat$ ,immanuel ,kant1 *ief factor 9 ! philosophical ?\ght ( mod]n ,europe1 claim$ connection4 ,/ra*an is ?us associat$ 9 imag9ation ) two ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?omas ,reid is 9 ?is way connect$ locally ) 8 fam\s ,g]man philosophical contempor>y1 z well z by p>allels 9 _! lives :i* appe> 9 ! sequel1 & by spiritual analogies 9 _! philosophy4 ,!y are moreov] unit$ by _! common antagonism to ! scepticism ( ,david ,hume1 :o also ?r\gh !m is associat$ ) ! moorl& valley ( ! ,feugh1 mak+ x sugge/ to fancy ?ree memorable intellectual figures4 ,9 ,scotl& ,david ,hume & ,?omas ,reid are ! two greate/ names ( _! c5tury 9 philosophy4 ,imag9ation is our only guide :5 we try to picture ! boyhood ( ,?omas ,reid 9 ! homely surr\nd+s at ,/ra*an4 ,! "o record$ fact ab\t him is1 t 9 8 t5? ye> ! home education ( ! manse 0 foll[$ by two ye>s sp5t 9 ! neighb\r+ p>i% s*ool ( ,k9c>d9e ,o',neil4 ,?us f> no signal signs ( future em95ce appe>$4 ,he 01 x seems1 an unprecoci\s y\?1 rem>k$ = mode/y & pati5t indu/ry4 ,! insight ( ! s*oolma/] is said to h f\nd 9 him ! rudim5ts ( a man ( #8good & well-we>+ p>ts4' ,i wi% t "s fur!r record c\ld be f\nd ( ?is sagaci\s prophet ( 8 pupil's /eady m5tal conc5tration1 & ,i h n discov]$ :y ! boy 0 plac$ 9 ! ,k9c>d9e s*ool4 ,?is dim picture is our only "o 9 ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! lack ( p]sonal incid5t 9 ^? ye>s is 9 a mann] comp5sat$ by ! int]e/ ( an illu/ri\s ance/ry--,reids & ,gregories4 ,he inh]it$ m9d ?r\gh 8 fa!r1 b mu* m ?r\gh 8 "m1 ) :om he %>$ ! unique celebrity ( a family :i* 9 successive g5]ations %$ lu/re on ! valley ( ! ,dee--a memorable example ( inh]it$ intellect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury c]ta9 l&s ( ,pitfodels1 betwe5 ! bridge ( ,dee at ,ab]de5 & ! ,d5 ( ,cults1 became ! prop]ty ( ,william ,reid1 a k9sman ( ! =m] own]1 ,alex&] ,moray1 #8"l ( ,culboyne4' ,! l&s rema9$ 9 ! ,reid family until ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,m>ion1 heiress ( ,alex&]1 ! la/ ,reid ( ,pitfodels1 m>ri$ ,?omas1 ! elde/ son ( ,gilb]t ,m5zies1 a burgess ( ,ab]de51 ^: family 0 kn[n !reaft] = ?ree c5turies z ,m5zies ( ,pitfodels4 ,james ,reid1 ! fir/ m9i/] ( ,ban*ory-,t]nan aft] ! ,re=mation1 01 x seems1 gr&son ( a y\ng] bro!r ( ?is ,alex&] ( ,pitfodels2 & ,lewis ,reid1 ! m9i/] ( ,/ra*an1 0 9 direct desc5t f ! m9i/] ( ,ban*ory4 ,x is told ( ,james ,reid t he 0 #8a man ( notable head-piece = witte1 & ! mo/ ( 8 *ildr5 7 m5 ( extraord9>y qualifications4' ,8 elde/ son1 ,rob]t1 not$ = good s5se1 succe$$ him at ,ban*ory4 ,! second son1 ,?omas1 0 "o ( ! num]\s ,scots fam$ = le>n+1 :o migrat$ to ! ,cont95t 9 ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury & aft]4 ,he 0 educat$ p>tly at ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de51 :]e he 0 made reg5t ab\t #afjb4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds 9 resid5ce at ,ox=d & abroad3 he def5d$ a !sis #8,de objecto ,metaphysic' at ,ro/ock 9 #afaj4 ,aft] 8 return to ,brita9 he became ,greek & ,lat9 ,secret>y to ,k+ ,james1 "s ( ^: works he translat$ into ,lat94 ,v]ses ( 8 may be f\nd 9 ! #8,deliti ,poet>um ,scotorum4' ,alex&]1 ! next bro!r1 0 physician to ,*>les ,i41 & au?or ( works 9 physiology well consid]$ at t "t4 ,john1 a bro!r ( ! m9i/] ( ,ban*ory1 translat$ into #8! ,scotti%e tunge' ,bu*anan's ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 & ?is unpubli%$ v]sion is 9 ! ,college ( ,glasg[4 ,a second ,rob]t1 gr&son ( ! elde/ ( ^! f\r sons1 became m9i/] ( ,ban*ory at ! ,re/oration2 he 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ ,episcopal ,synod at ,ab]de5 9 ! re/or$ ,e/abli%m5t 7! ,cov5ant+ ,alex&] ,cant 0 8 imm$iate pr$ecessor72 he di$ 9 #afhb4 ,?omas1 ! second son1 #8wadsett] ( ,eslie 9 ,ban*orie1' 0 fa!r ( ! ,rev4 ,lewis ,reid ( ,/ra*an1 by 8 wife1 ,jane1 a niece ( ,sir ,?omas ,burnett ( ,leys2 & ?us "y ,?omas ,reid at ,/ra*an 0 relat$ to ! family f :i* ! hi/orian ,bi%op ,burnet 0 desc5d$4 ,^! ,reids ( ,ban*ory re/ 9 ! old burial-gr\nd !re1 #8n f>re f ! banke ( ! riv] ,dee1 expect+ ! g5]al resurrection1 & ! glori\s appe>+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ !re ,r$emi]4' ,b ! ,gregory connection ( ,?omas ,reid ?r\gh 8 "m is1 z ,i h said1 m significant ?an ! ,reid succession4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! m9i/] ( ! rural p>i% ( ,drumoak1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,dee1 betwe5 ,ban*ory & ,pitfodels1 0 ! ,rev4 ,john ,gregory1 son ( an ,ab]de5 m]*ant1 ^: fa!r 0 a ,m',gregor f ,gl5lyon4 ,! ,gregories ( ,deeside 7 ?us desc5dants ( ! clan ,gregor ( ,gl5lyon & ,gl5/rae1 a circum/ance ref]r$ to by ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 ! ,introduction to ,rob ,roy4 ,! m9i/] ( ,drumoak m>ri$ a lady nam$ ,&]son1 "o ( a family reput$ = ma!matical ability 9 successive g5]ations4 ,%e inh]it$ ! g5ius ( h] family1 & transmitt$ x to h] sons4 ,h] husb& at ,drumoak seems to h /e]$ 8 cause skilfully 9 t tr\bl$ "t1 = he b\ght ! good e/ate ( ,k9airdy1 "p ( ! h]itage ( ! lordly h\se ( ,creighton ,visc\nt ,fr5draught4 ,alex&]1 ! elde/ son ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,gregory ( ,k9airdy1 0 kill$ by "o ( ! ,creightons 9 a fray 9 #affc1 & ! homicide 0 ! occasion ( a cause clbre4 ,david1 ! second son1 succe$$ 8 murd]$ bro!r 9 ! l&s ( ,k9airdy1 & %>$ 9 ! ma!matical inh]itance ( ! ,gregories4 ,= "s reason he sold ,k9airdy & became an en]getic m]*ant1 sp5d+ "p ( 8 life 9 ,holl&4 ,?is ,david ( ,k9airdy 0 twice m>ri$1 & fa!r ( tw5ty-n9e *ildr51 :i* p]haps expla9s ! sale4 ,! wife ( ! ,rev4 ,lewis ,reid ( ,/ra*an 0 a daught] ( ! second m>riage4 ,?ree ( h] bro!rs 7 em95t ,pr(essors ( ,ma!matics 9 ,briti% ,univ]sities--namely1 ,david1 fir/ at ,ed9burgh1 & !n at ,ox=d1 ! fri5d ( ,newton2 ,james1 ! successor ( ,david 9 ,ed9burgh2 & ,*>les1 :o pr(ess$ ma!matics at ,/4 ,&rews4 ,david's son 0 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ,ox=d f #agbd till #agfg1 & ,dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*2 & 8 c\s9 ,david succe$$ to ! *air ( ,ma!matics at ,/4 ,&rews4 ,two o!r ,pr(essors 7 sons ( two ( #8,k9airdy's' daught]s--namely1 our ,?omas ,reid1 & ,alex&] ,innes1 :o pr(ess$ ,philosophy 9 ,m>is*al ,college4 ,^! all trac$ _! bir? to ! m9i/] ( ,drumoak & 8 ma!matical wife--?r\gh _! son ,david4 ,b ,james1 ! ?ird son ( ! ,drumoak manse1 0 n less illu/ri\s 9 himself & 9 8 desc5dants4 ,he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 fir/ at ,/4 ,&rews & !n at ,ed9burgh1 inv5tor ( ! reflect+ telescope1 also ,newton's fri5d & correspond5t1 :o introduc$ ! sci5ce ( ,newton into ! ,univ]sities ( ,scotl&4 ,x is ( him t ,:i/on writes f ,cambridge3--#8,he _h already caus$ sev]al ( 8 /ud5ts to keep acts ^u sev]al bran*es ( ! ,newtonian philosophy2 :ile we at ,cambridge1 poor wret*es1 7 ignom9i\sly /udy+ ! fictiti\s hypo!ses ( ! ,c>tesian4' ,8 son ,james became 9 #agbe ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51 a consid]able local figure4 ,he _h two sons3 ,james1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r1 & ,john1 a reg5t ( philosophy 9 8 fa!r's college1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,ed9burgh1 & rememb]$ z ! au?or ( ,a ,comp>ative ,view ( ,man & ! ,animal ,_w1 & ,a ,fa!r's ,legacy1 books full ( good s5se4 ,dr4 ,john ,gregory's son1 ,james1 0 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,ed9burgh f #aggf till #ahba1 a physician & a metaphysician--9 ! sequel1 ! intimate fri5d & correspond5t ( ,?omas ,reid1 & ! patron ( ,?omas ,br[n4 ,( 8 family1 "o son held ! ,*air ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,k+'s ,college1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,ed9burgh till 8 dea? 9 #aheh2 ano!r1 ,donald1 0 an em95t ar*ologi/1 au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n ,highl&s & ,isl&s2 a ?ird di$ 9 high ma!matical repute at ,cambridge1 return+ to ! orig9al b5t ( ?is extraord9>y family1 9 :i* ! disposition to ma!matics _h latt]ly be5 ov]borne by m$ic9e & moral philosophy4 ,ev5 ?is long li/ ( names omits sci5tific celebrities :o 7 desc5d$ f ! m9i/] ( ,drumoak & 8 wife1 ,m>g>et ,&]son1 m remotely /ill f ! wild clan ,gregor ( ,gl5lyon & ,gl5or*y4 ,b ! life ( romantic adv5ture did n desc5d to "y ,?omas ,reid at ,/ra*an4 ,a disposition to look at ! _w on its moral & religi\s side1 p]haps inh]it$ f ! ,reids1 ) a /rong b5t to ma!matics & ! sci5tific side ( ?+s1 inh]it$ f ! ,gregories1 along ) 8 own pati5t1 conc5trat$ reflection1 0 ! inh]itance ( ! boy #8( good & well-we>+ p>ts' :o left ! ,k9c>d9e s*ool 9 #agbb4 ,! long life t foll[$ pres5ts none ( ! outw>d incid5ts t readily t\* ! popul> fancy2 b to ^? awake to ! high] problems ( human life x t\*es ?\ght & imag9ation 9 ano!r fa%ion4 ,x has be5 said t a human life %\ld resemble a well-ord]$ poem3 ! exordium %\ld be simple & %\ld promise little4 ,?is condition is fulfill$ 9 ! life ( ,?omas ,reid1 :i*1 to ! end1 0 mode/ly sp5t 9 le>n$ retirem5t1 indiff]5t to vulg> fame4 ,its *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! spectacle ( p5etrat+ sagacity1 indep5d5t & s9c]e1 /eadily devot$ to ! invisible _w ( ?\ght & belief1 9 que/ ( ! ultimate f\ndations & gu>antees ( human k4 ,x %\ld attract ^? :o1 9 an age ( sceptical criticism1 seek to assure !mselves ( ! f9al tru/wor?9ess ( ! exp]i5ce into :i*1 at bir?1 !y 7 admitt$ z /rang]s1 ignorant ( :at ! :ole means1 l ! agno/ic 9 ,pascal4 ,:o has s5t me into ?is life1 ,i "k n2 :at ! _w ar\nd me is1 ,i "k n2 nor :at ,i am myself4 ,i f9d myself *a9$ to "o little planet1 b )\t und]/&+ :y ,i am "h r ?an !re2 & :y ?is p]iod ( "t 0 giv5 me to live 9 r ?an any o!r 9 ! unbeg9n+ & endless duration4 ,life ) its memories & =eca/s looks l a bl9d v5ture4 ,! sum ( my k seems to be t ,i mu/ die2 b :at ,i am mo/ ignorant ( is ! mean+ ( dea?4 ,"o is drawn to ,reid by an int]e/ 9 f9al que/ions l ^!1 :i* ! agno/ic _s is n[ =c+ ^u u4 ,x 0 ! sceptical dis9tegration ( human k & belief t 0 go+ on 9 8 own "t t l$ ,reid1 ) ! pati5ce & p]si/5cy reveal$ 9 8 boyhood1 to devote a long life to te/+ 9 8 own s9c]e fa%ion man's intellectual & moral foot+ 9 t _w ( s5se :i*1 all /range to x1 he ent]$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,feugh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,at ,,m>is*al ,,college #agbb-agcg ,at ! age ( twelve ,reid em]ges out ( ! obscurity 9 :i* 8 boyhood lies conceal$ f u4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to 8 c\s91 ,dr4 ,james ,gregory1 writt5 9 8 old age1 he m5tions #8,april #agbb' z ! date ( 8 fir/ visit to ,ab]de51 !n a t[n ( "s eight ?\s& inhabitants1 & tw5ty miles di/ant f ! moorl& valley 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,he tells h[ he 0 tak5 to see 8 gr&mo!r1 :o 0 liv+ 9 ,ab]de51 ! second wife & wid[ ( ,david ,gregory ( ,k9airdy4 #8,i f\nd h]1' he says1 #8old & b$ridd51 b ,i nev] saw a m ladylike woman4 ,i 0 n[ & !n call$ into h] room1 :5 %e sat ^u h] b$1 or ent]ta9$ me ) sweetmeats & grave advices4 ,h] daught]s t assi/$ h] (t51 z well z "o :o liv$ ) h]1 treat$ h] z if %e _h be5 ( a sup]ior rank2 & inde$ h] appe>ance & mann] comm&$ respect4 ,%e & all h] *ildr5 7 zeal\s ,presbyt]ians3 ! fir/ wife's *ildr5 7 ,tories & ,episcopalians4' ,?is picture ( ! boy 9 ,ab]de5 we owe to 8 movem5t f ! c\ntry s*ool 9 ! valley ( ! ,dee to ! high] sph]e ( ! ,ab]de5 ,gramm> ,s*ool1 :i* he seems to h ent]$ 9 t ,april1 enc\rag$ p]haps by ! progno/ic ( ! ,k9c>d9e s*oolma/]4 ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool ,regi/] tells t 9 #8,octob] #agbb' ,?omas ,reid left x to ent] ,m>is*al ,college1 :]e 8 "n appe>s 9 ! li/ ( ^? matriculat$ t autumn4 ,x 0 an e>ly age = ,univ]sity life accord+ to lat] ideas1 b n at v>iance ) ! cu/om ( ,scotl& 9 ^? days4 ,burnet1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 ano!r em95t ,ab]donian1 ent]$ ,m>is*al ,college :5 he 0 only n9e1 & graduat$ :5 he 0 ?irte52 & ,burnet's contempor>y1 ,reid's gr&uncle1 ,james ,gregory1 graduat$ :5 he 0 n old] ?an ,burnet4 ,! unc\? & dilapidat$ /ructure 9 :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,e>ls ,m>is*al 0 h\s$ :5 "y ,reid 0 sp5d+ 8 und]graduate ye>s 9 x1 bore no resemblance to ! /ately ,college on ! same site :i* n[ adorns ! prosp]\s city ( ,bon ,accord4 ,! process ( decay 0 s rapid1 & ! case 0 s urg5t1 t a few ye>s lat] ! reg5ts susp5d$ _! (ficial claim to a "p ( ! scanty funds ( ! ,college1 & also ask$ help f ! community1 #8to pres]ve f ru9 an univ]sity f :5ce s _m accompli%$ m5 h gone =? z ornam5ts ( _! c\ntry 9 e age s9ce its f\ndation4' ,! tr\bles ( #agae _h fur!r r$uc$ its res\rces4 ,its ,*ancellor1 ! t5? ,e>l ,m>is*al1 conc]n$ 9 ! ris+ ( ,m>1 !n =feit$ 8 title & ! (ficial connection ( 8 family ) ! academical f\ndation ( 8 ance/or4 ,! ,pr9cipal & mo/ ( ! au?orities _h be5 remov$ or susp5d$ by a commission ( visitation 9 #agag4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s :i* foll[$ ! adv5ture ( ,m> ! doors ( ,m>is*al ,college 7 clos$1 s t1 :5 public in/ruction 0 resum$ 9 #agag1 a new race ( tea*]s 0 9 possession1 &1 z x happ5$1 an era ( intellectual activity 0 inaugurat$4 ,not)/&+ ! humble accommodation :i* x (f]$1 & ! social revolution ?r\gh :i* x _h lately pass$1 ,m>is*al ,college c\ld !n boa/ ( at lea/ ?ree em95t tea*]s1 imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! #8new philosophy1' & ( ! reviv+ lit]>y ta/e 9 ,scotl&4 ,! ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 0 ,col9 ,m',laur91 bro!r ( ! eloqu5t ,presbyt]ian prea*]1 himself among ! =emo/ ( ,briti% ma!maticians1 a fri5d & correspond5t ( ! ag$ ,newton1 :o1 along ) ,reid's inh]it$ disposition1 attract$ ! "y /ud5t to ! /udy 9 :i* ! tea*] 0 a ma/]4 ,& ab\t ! "t :5 ,reid ent]$ ,college1 ,?omas ,blackwell1 a critic ( ,hom]1 & au?or ( ,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,augu/us1 prom95t among 8 c\ntrym5 :o 7 anxi\s to write good ,engli%1 became ,pr(essor ( ,greek1 & = a g5]ation enc\rag$ classical ta/e & love ( lit]ature 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,b ! tea*] :o *iefly influ5c$ ,reid's und]graduate life 0 ,george ,turnbull1 a copi\s au?or1 ?\gh 8 books are little rememb]$ n[4 ,he 0 ,reid's guide = ?ree ye>s2 = ! ,college 0 !n "u a sy/em ( #8reg5ts' :i* intru/$ ! /ud5t to ! same tea*] 9 all ! ?ree ye>s giv5 to #8philosophy'--natural z well z moral4 ,reid 0 =tunate 9 ent]+ ,m>is*al ,college :5 x 0 inspir$ by ,m',laur91 ,blackwell1 & ,turnbull1 ea* a lead] 9 ! sci5tific & lit]>y awak5+ ( ! "t4 ,! ,ab]de5 ( #agbe 0 no long] ! ,ab]de5 ( ! m9i/]s ( :om ,gordon 9 8 ,scots ,affairs tells t !y %riek$1 #8d[ne ) le>n+ & up ) ,*ri/4' ,_! religion 0 9 alliance ) culture & progressive intellig5ce1 anticipat+ 9 ! ,nor? ! intellectual enl>gem5t associat$ 9 ! ,we/ ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ "u ,hut*eson1 ,lee*man1 & ,adam ,smi?4 ,george ,turnbull is little kn[n n[1 b he is too important a factor 9 ! mak+ ( ,?omas ,reid to be lightly pass$ ov]4 ,he 0 an ,ed9burgh graduate1 born 9 #afih1 & l ,reid a son ( ! manse4 ,he became a reg5t ( philosophy 9 ,m>is*al ,college at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,! ,college record in=ms u t on ! #ad? ( ,april #agbf he pres5t$ = graduation a b& ( ?irty-n9e /ud5ts3 ! "n ( ,?omas ,reid appe>s la/ 9 ! li/4 ,turnbull's lectures :5 he 0 reg5t 7 9 #agdj embodi$ 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,8 lead+ argum5ts are illu/rat$ & v9dicat$ by quotations f ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision & ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 also by ! ,inquiry ( ,francis ,hut*eson & ! ,s]mons ( ,bi%op ,butl]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,b]keley is evid5t4 ,! mottoes on ! title-page ( ,turnbull's book express 8 me?od ( inquiry4 ,"o ( !m is ! precept ( ,pope--#8,acc\nt = moral z = natural ?+s'2 ! o!r expresses 9 ! words ( ,newton ! consequ5ce :i* may be expect$ to foll[--#8,if ,natural ,philosophy1 9 all its p>ts1 by pursu+ ?is me?od1 %all at l5g? be p]fect$1 ! b\nds ( ,moral ,philosophy w also be enl>g$4' ,turnbull 0 among ! fir/ 9 ,scotl& to sub/itute1 9 m5tal philosophy1 t5tative /udy ( ! facts ( human nature = logical d$uction f ab/ract dogmas4 #8,if a fact be actually f\nd1 ei!r 9 ! out] _w ( s5sible ?+s1 or 9 ! inn] & invisible _w ( m9d1 !re is no room = reason+ aga9/ x4 ,e reason+1 h[ev] subtle1 if x be repugnant 9 its conclusion to ! actual fact ( ! case1 mu/ be sophi/ical4' ,turnbull is fond ( repeat+ t facts pres5t$ to ! s5ses are n ! only1 nor yet ! mo/ important1 facts :i* ! univ]se conta9s4 ,! invisible facts :i* take ! =m ( beliefs & feel+s & volitions are ! deepe/ facts ( all3 _s & n matt] at la/ regulates life4 ,!n he ref]s to :at he calls #8common s5se' z ! f9al arbit] 9 all que/ions4 #8,common s5se is suffici5t to tea* ^? :o ?9k ( ! matt] ) s]i\sness & att5tion all ! duties ( common life2 all our obligations to ,god & our fell[-m52 all t is morally fit & b9d+4' ,9 a ^w1 spiritual facts ( m9d are n to be cru%$ out ( exi/5ce by tangible & visible facts ( matt]4 ,t m9d 9 ! =m ( w is ! only kn[n active p[] is ano!r prom95t lesson 9 ,turnbull's tea*+4 #8,x is w alone t manife/s p[] or productive en]gy4 ,to speak ( any o!r active p[] 9 ! univ]se is to speak )\t mean+2 because exp]i5ce1 ! s\rce ( all ! mat]ials ( our k1 does n lead u to any o!r conception ( p[]4' ,turnbull's conception ( ! mat]ial _w is v l ,b]keley's4 ,matt] is ! e/abli%$ or natural ord] 9 :i* s5se ideas pres5t !mselves4 #8,prop]ly speak+1 :at we call matt] & space are only s5sible ideas1 produc$ 9 u1 accord+ to an e/abli%$ or natural ord]1 by "s ext]nal cause2 = :5 we speak ( mat]ial ?+s1 we c only mean c]ta9 s5sible p]ceptions t arise 9 our m9ds1 accord+ to a fix$ ord]1 b :i* are exp]i5c$ to be absolutely in]t or passive1 hav+ 9 !mselves no productive =ce4' ,x 0 9 ?is philosophy t ,turnbull's mo/ fam\s pupil 0 educat$ at ,m>is*al ,college4 ,turnbull's (ficial connection ) ! ,college la/$ only six ye>s4 ,aft] inaugurat+ moral philosophy 9 ! mod]n _s 9 ,scotl&1 he resign$ 9 ! spr+ ( #agbg1 &1 aft] "s resid5ce abroad1 liv$ 9 ,london1 produc+ books 9 excess ( ! dem& = !m4 ,he end$ by tak+ ord]s 9 ! ,iri% bran* ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 f9d+ ! communion ( ,j]emy ,taylor & ,b]keley m suit$ to 8 temp] ?an ! f]vid ,presbyt]ianism to :i* he 0 accu/om$ 9 8 y\?4 ,9 se>* ( heal?1 he di$ at ! ,hague 9 #agdi4 ,i h enl>g$ on ,turnbull1 because by him ,reid 0 fir/ attract$ to ! /udy ( ! human m9d4 ,b ,blackwell1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,greek1 mu/ n be =gott54 ,blackwell1 z well z ,turnbull1 0 connect$ ) ,b]keley4 ,x 0 :5 ,reid 0 at ,m>is*al ,college t ,b]keley 0 engag$ 9 ! mo/ romantic mission>y ent]prise ( t age1 = spread+ ,*ri/ian civilisation 9 ,am]ica by a ,college 9 ! ,b]mudas4 ,curi\sly1 ,blackwell 0 "o ( ^? :om he ask$ to jo9 ! little p>ty ( mission>ies :o emb>k$ ) him at ,graves5d 9 ,septemb] #agbh1 aft] he _h surr5d]$ high pref]m5t 9 ,irel& 9 ord] to devote 8 life to a m cosmopolitan philan?ropy4 ,! ,ab]de5 reg5t 0 n prep>$ = ! sacrifice4 ,he ref]s ?us to ,b]keley's adv5ture3-- #8,9 ?is respect ,i w\ld ) pleasure d ju/ice to ! memory ( a v great ?\gh s+ul> sort ( man1 kn[n z a philosoph]1 & int5d$ f\nd] ( a ,univ]sity 9 ! ,b]mudas or ,summ] ,isl&s4 ,an incl9ation to c>ry me out ) him on t exp$ition1 z "o ( ! "y pr(essors on 8 new f\ndation1 hav+ br\ght u (t5 toge!r1 ,i sc>ce rememb] to h conv]s$ ) him on t art1 lib]al or me*anic1 ( :i* he knew n m ?an ! ord9>y practition]s4 ,) ! wide/ views1 he desc5d$ to ! mo/ m9ute detail1 & begrudg$ nei!r pa9s nor exp5se = ! means ( in=mation4 ,i ent] n into 8 peculi>ities1 ei!r religi\s or p]sonal1 b admire ! ext5sive g5ius ( ! man1 & ?9k x a loss to ! ,we/]n _w t 8 noble & exalt$ plan ( an ,am]ican ,univ]sity 0 n c>ri$ into execution4'--,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,augu/us4 ,! fact t ,b]keley 0 s mu* 9 evid5ce at ,m>is*al ,college 9 ^? days1 ?r\gh ,turnbull & ,blackwell1 is significant ( mu* 9 ! life ( ,reid4 ,if ,reid record$ 8 ?\ghts :5 he 0 a /ud5t at ,m>is*al ,college1 ! record has be5 lo/4 ,a commonplace book l ,b]keley's1 :5 ,b]keley 0 an und]graduate 9 ,dubl91 w\ld h ca/ welcome light on ?is "p ( 8 m5tal hi/ory4 ,! only extant revelation ( 8 inn] life 9 ^! ye>s is conta9$ 9 a lett] writt5 half a c5tury aft] to 8 k9sman ,william ,gregory at ,ox=d4 ,x relates to ! p]iod :5 8 ye> 0 divid$ betwe5 t[n & c\ntry--! w9t]s at ,ab]de5 & ! long summ] days at ! manse ( ,/ra*an3-- #8,ab\t ! age ( f\rte5 ,i 01' he says1 #8almo/ e night unhappy 9 my sleep f frightful dreams3 sometimes hang+ ov] a dreadful precipice1 & j ready to drop d[n2 sometimes pursu$ = my life & /opp$ by a wall1 or by a sudd5 loss ( /r5g?2 sometimes ready to be dev\r$ by a wild bea/4 ,h[ long ,i 0 plagu$ ) su* dreams ,i d n recollect4 ,i believe x 0 = a ye> or two at lea/2 & ,i ?9k !y _h left me be=e ,i 0 fifte54 ,9 ^? days ,i 0 mu* giv5 to :at ,mr4 ,addison 9 "o ( 8 8,spectators0 calls ca/le-build+2 & 9 my ev5+ solit>y walk 7:i* 0 g5]ally all ! ex]cise ,i took71 my ?\ghts w\ld hurry me into "s active sc5e1 :]e ,i g5]ally acquitt$ myself mu* to my own satisfaction1 & 9 ^? sc5es ( imag9ation ,i p]=m$ _m a gallant exploit4 ,at ! same "t1 9 my dreams ,i f\nd myself ! mo/ arrant c[>d4 ,n only my c\rage b my /r5g? fail$ me 9 e dang]2 & ,i (t5 rose f my b$ 9 ! morn+ 9 su* a panic t x took "s "t to get ! bett] ( x4 ,i wi%$ mu* to get free ( ^! uneasy dreams1 :i* n only made me unhappy 9 sleep1 b left a disagreeable impression on my m9d = "s "p ( ! foll[+ day4 ,i ?\ght x 0 wor? try+ :e!r x 0 possible to recollect :ile ,i 0 dream+ t x 0 all a dream1 & t ,i 0 9 no dang]4 ,accord+ly1 ,i (t5 w5t to sleep ) my m9d z /rongly impress$ z ,i c\ld ) ?is ?\ght--t ,i nev] 9 my lifetime _h be5 9 any real dang]1 & t e fright ,i _h 0 a dream4 ,aft] _m fruitless endeav\rs to recollect ?is :5 ! dang] appe>$1 ,i effect$ x at la/1 & h (t51 :5 ,i 0 slid+ d[n a precipice into ! abyss1 recollect$ t x 0 all a dream1 & boldly jump$ d[n4 ,! effect ( ?is commonly 0 t ,i imm$iately awoke2 b ,i awoke calm & intrepid1 :i* ,i ?\ght a great acquisition4 ,aft] ?is my dreams 7 nev] v uneasy2 & 9 a %ort "t ,i dream$ n at all4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,i 0 9 p]fect heal?2 b :e!r my ceas+ to dream 0 ! effect ( ! recollection above m5tion$1 or ( any *ange 9 ! habit ( my body1 :i* is usual ab\t t p]iod ( life1 ,i _c tell4 ,i ?9k x may m probably be imput$ to ! la/4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact 0 t = at lea/ =ty ye>s aft] ,i dreamt none1 to ! be/ ( my remembrance2 & f9d+ f ! te/imony ( o!rs t ?is is some:at uncommon1 ,i h (t5 z ,i awoke endeav\r$ to recollect1 )\t be+ able to recollect any?+ t pass$ 9 my sleep4 ,! only di/9ct dream ,i ev] _h s9ce ,i 0 ab\t sixte51 z f> z ,i rememb]1 0 ab\t two ye>s ago 7#aggg74 ,i _h got my head bli/]$ = a fall4 ,a pla/] :i* 0 put ^u x aft] ! bli/] pa9$ me excessively = a :ole night4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i slept a little1 & dream$ v di/9ctly t ,i _h fall5 into ! h&s ( a p>ty ( ,indians & 0 scalp$4 ,i am apt to ?9k t1 z !re is a /ate ( sleep & a /ate :]e9 we are awake1 s !re is an int]m$iate /ate :i* p>takes ( ! o!r two4 ,i h slept on horseback1 b s z to pres]ve my balance2 & if ! horse /umbl$1 ,i c\ld make ! ex]tion necess>y to save me f a fall1 z if ,i 0 awake4' ,9 all ?is "o detects ! disposition to sob] introspection1 :i* rip5$ z life advanc$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s t foll[$ ! graduation 9 ,april #agbf we h only fa9t traces ( ,reid4 ,9 ! foll[+ w9t] he began to /udy !ology1 & 9 #agca he _h complet$ ! c\rse requir$ by ! ,*ur*1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,james ,*alm]s1 fa!r ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,ab]de5 ,j\rnal4 ,?is is ano!r p>allel betwe5 ,reid & ,kant3 bo?1 x seems1 7 !ologically tra9$4 ,reid's "n fir/ appe>s 9 ! books ( ! ,presbyt]y ( ,k9c>d9e ,o',neil :5 he 0 9 8 n9ete5? ye>4 ,extracts f ! m9utes ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ record 8 progress ) a qua9t simplicity n )\t int]e/1 z "p ( ! hi/ory ( a philosoph]3-- #8,on ! #ag? ( ,july1 #agbh1 ,james ,lumsd51 ,john ,beaton1 ,?omas ,reid1 & ,david ,ross1 /ud5ts 9 div9ity1 resid+ )9 ! b\nds ( ! presbyt]y1 be+ n[ pres5t1 ! presbyt]y ?\ght fit to appo9t ea* ( !m to be 9 read9ess to deliv] a homily aga9/ ! next meet+1 & accord+ly appo9t$ ,mr4 ,reid to deliv] a homily on ,john i4 #bi4--ah ,septemb] #agbh4 ,?is day ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid deliv]$ 8 homily1 ) :i* ! presbyt]y be+ satisfi$1 ! mod]ator enc\rag$ him to g on ) 8 /udies4--#h? ,june #agca4 ,! presbyt]y consid]+ t ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid _h be5 all[$ by ! ,synod to ent] ^u tryal1 & he1 be+ ^u ! place1 did und]go que/ion+ tryal1 :]e9 he 0 approv$1 & ! presbyt]y appo9t$ him to be 9 readyness to deliv] a lecture on ,ps4 ii41 & an exegesis on t common head4 ,num detur peccatum orig9ale inh]5s4--#bbnd ,septemb] #agca4 ,?is day ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid und]w5t a que/ion+ tryal & 0 approv$4 ,& ! presbyt]y tak+ into consid]ation t he1 hav+ pass$ 8 c\rse 9 ,arts at ! ,college1 & !reaft] hav+ /udi$ ,div9ity = ! space ( #c ye>s1 z also hav+ resid$ = ! :ole ( ?is "t )9 ! b\nds ( ?is presbyt]y2 & !y look+ ^u him z a p]son fit to be ent]$ ^u tryals1 & also hav+ _h suffici5t te/imonials f ! pr(essors ( div9ity ) :om he /udi$ z to 8 pr(ici5cy 9 8 /udys & good behavi\r1 he 0 admitt$ to ! usual tryals appo9t$ by ! ,acts ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ?is ,*ur*1 & hav+ pass$ ?r\gh all ! p>ts !re(1 he 0 lic5s$ by ! said presbyt]y to prea* ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 & ex]cise 8 gifts z a probation] = ! holy m9i/ry4' ,on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #agcb1 #8! ,presbyt]y *ose ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid to be _! ,cl]k4' ,on ! #e? ( ,octob] 9 ! same ye>1 #8! ,presbyt]y appo9t$ ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid to supply at ,lumphanan ! second ,sabba? aft] ,mr4 ,gordon's removal4' ,on ! #h? ( ,novemb]1 #8,mr4 ,?omas ,reid 0 cont9u$ ,cl]k till ! next meet+ ( ! prov9cial ,synod1' 9 ,april #agcc4 ,9 ,july #agcc ,reid re-appe>s1 ?is "t n engag$ 9 ecclesia/ical m9i/ration1 b z ! libr>ian ( ,m>is*al ,college4 ,x 0 an (fice ) :i* he _h a family connection4 #8,! mo/ out/&+ "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,m>is*al ,college ,libr>y1' says ,mr4 ,rait1 #8is t ( ,?omas ,reid1 ,lat9 secret>y to ,james vi41 son ( ,james ,reid1 m9i/] ( ,ban*ory-,t]nan4 ,9 #afbd he left to ,m>is*al ,college 8 own libr>y1 #fjjj m]ks to be inve/$ 9 l&1 & a sum ( money to provide a sal>y = a libr>ian4' ,! secret>y's bro!r1 ,alex&]1 also bequea!d books ( philosophy & div9ity4 ,& ,david ,gregory ( ,k9airdy 0 = "s "t libr>ian4 ,x 0 an acceptable retreat = rese>*1 & a m>k ( e/eem f ! ,college4 ,mr4 ,rose1 ,reid's bro!r-9-law1 says t he !n /udi$ ,newton's ,pr9cipia & ,locke's ,essay4#d ,aga9 a p>allel betwe5 ,reid & ,kant4 ,"s "t aft] ,kant _h tak5 8 degree he 0 made libr>ian 9 ! ,s*loss ,libr>y1 ) a ye>ly /ip5d ( ab\t #aj4 ,?is 0 nom9ally 9 excess ( ,reid's mode/ honor>ium ( #i at ,ab]de51 a pittance :i* 0 = a "t susp5d$ by ?reat5$ litigation4 ,he 0 9 active s]vice z libr>ian till #agcf1 & = two ye>s m 9 possession1 #8on leave ( abs5ce1 ) a sub/itute4' ,! ne$ = a #8sub/itute' 9 #agcf c be expla9$4 ,9 t ye>1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,reid is f\nd outside ,scotl&4 ,he is mak+ a t\r 9 ,engl&1 ) ,/ew>t1 ! fri5d ( 8 und]graduate ye>s1 & n[ ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ,m>is*al ,college4 ,! record ( _! movem5ts 9 ! ,s\? is scanty4 ,reid's uncle1 ,dr4 ,george ,reid1 !n a physician 9 ,london1 provid$ a home = !m 9 ! metropolis2 & z ,david ,gregory1 ,reid's c\s91 0 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ,ox=d1 !y f\nd ano!r home on ! ,isis1 ) an easy introduction to ! colleges & social life ( ! great ,engli% ,univ]sity4 ,! ,gregory connection also op5$ ! way to int]e/+ ?+s & p]sons at ,cambridge z well z at ,ox=d & ,london4 ,reid1 x seems1 saw ,b5tley at ,cambridge1 #8:o delight$ him ) 8 le>n+ & amus$ him ) 8 vanity'3 "h1 too1 he enjoy$ ! conv]sation ( ! bl9d ma!matician ,saund]son1 ^: exp]i5ce he aft]w>ds turn$ to good acc\nt 9 8 inquiries reg>d+ ! s5se ( see+4 ,"o w\ld l to h _h ,reid's fir/ impressions ( ,engl&1 its metropolis1 its social & *ur* life1 & its anci5t colleges4 ,x does n appe> t ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* he mov$ awak5$ 9 him mu* hi/oric s5tim5t2 t1 l 8 contempor>y ,b]keley1 ,ox=d w\ld be ! ideal home ( 8 old age2 or t he 0 greatly mov$ by its academic spl5d\r1 associat$ ) :at is noble/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 & by ! s(t repose ( ! surr\nd+ rural sc5es4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,dr4 ,james ,gregory1 he speaks ( ! fir/ "t he 0 9 #8,dean ,gregory's h\se at ,ox=d1' :5 ! ,dean told #8! /ory ( ! wat* v well to a l>ge company ( ,oxonians'2 s we may inf] t o!r visits foll[$ 9 lat] life4 ,& ! ,ox=d ( 8 fir/ visit 0 ! deg5]ate ,ox=d describ$ by ,adam ,smi? & ,gibbon1 :o 7 9 resid5ce a few ye>s aft]4 ,reid is seldom aga9 f\nd out ( ,scotl&4 ,!re is no sign t he ev] visit$ ,irel& or ! ,cont95t 9 8 retir$1 s$ate1 & me?odical life4 ,9 ?is1 too1 he 0 l ,kant1 :o 9 all 8 eighty ye>s is said nev] to h travell$ m ?an =ty miles f 8 native ,knigsb]g4 ,! /ay-at-home disposition common to bo? is n unlike ! "* reflect$ 9 _! books4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,new ,,ma*> ,,& ,,david ,,hume #agcg-agea ,soon aft] ,reid's return to ,m>is*al ,college f 8 ,engli% t\r1 ! "y libr>ian 0 pres5t$1 by ! pr(essors ( ,k+'s ,college1 to ! pa/oral *>ge ( ,new ,ma*>1 a p>i% "s t5 miles to ! nor?-we/ ( ,ab]de54 ,! fact t 8 k9sman1 ,james ,gregory1 0 pr(essor 9 ,k+'s may p]haps expla9 ?is unwont$ ex]cise ( patronage 9 fav\r ( a graduate ( ! rival ,college4 ,! pres5tation1 at any rate1 rais$ a /orm ( opposition among ! p>i%ion]s4 ,x 0 ! occasion ( "o ( ^? conflicts ( ,*ur* p>ties to :i* ! law ( patronage gave rise 9 ,scotl& 9 ^? days4 ,! incid5ts ( ,reid's introduction to ecclesia/ical (fice =m a *>act]i/ic picture4 ,rural prejudice 0 due 9 ?is case to v>i\s circum/ances4 ,x 0 p>tly influ5c$ by a s]mon1 prea*$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,new ,ma*>1 on ,febru>y #aj1 #agcg1 at ! mod]ation ( ! call1 by ! ,rev4 ,john ,bisset1 "o ( ! m9i/]s ( ,ab]de54 ,mr4 ,bisset _h himself be5 m9i/] ( ! p>i% t5 ye>s be=e4 ,he 0 n[ a not$ prea*] 9 ! ,nor?1 & "o ) :om express concurr5ce ( ! congregation 9 an ecclesia/ical settlem5t 0 a high article ( doctr9e4#e ,9 8 s]mon he d5\nc$ ari/ocratic int]f]5ce1 ins9uat$ undue outside influ5ce & p]sonal fav\r1 claim$ a "r to a vote 9 ! election ( 8 m9i/] = e ,*ri/ian1 ! poor man z mu* z ! ri*1 & conclud$ ) an appeal to 8 audi5ce to quit !mselves l m51 & to tru/ 9 ,god4 ,! rec5t hi/ory ( ! p>i% /r5g!n$ ?is appeal4 ,! la/ pres5tation to ,new ,ma*> 0 inauspici\s4 ,9 #agbi a #8rid+ committee' _h introduc$ ,mr4 ,bisset's successor4 ,soon aft]1 ! new m9i/] 0 accus$ ( #8p[d]+ 8 wig on ! ,sabba?4' ,absolv$ by ! ,*ur* c\rts1 he 0 9 #agcf depos$ = a grav] (f5ce4 ,x 0 a "t ( ecclesia/ical an>*y 9 ,new ,ma*>4 ,! record ( ! p>i% is blank betwe5 ! m9ute :i* tells ( ! dep>ture ( ,mr4 ,bisset 9 #agbh1 & t :i* regi/]s #8! ord9ation ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid' 9 ,may #agcg4 ,reid 0 ! innoc5t victim ( ! s]mon & ! sc&al :5 he came to be orda9$ on ,may #ab1 #agcg4 ,he _h be5 viol5tly attack$ & maltreat$ by p]sons 9 disguise1 :o1 accord+ to tradition1 duck$ him 9 a horse-pond4 ,x is also told t :5 he (ficiat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! p>i% *ur*1 he 0 gu>d$ 9 ! pulpit by a drawn sword4 ,= fifte5 ye>s ,new ,ma*> manse 0 ,reid's home4 ,popul> prejudice 0 ov]come by 8 mild1 b5efic5t activity4 ,^? :o _h be5 c>ri$ into outrage by ha/y judgm5t at ! beg9n+1 foll[$ him on 8 dep>ture ) bless+s & te>s4 #8,we f\ght aga9/ ,mr4 ,reid :5 he came1' !y are report$ z say+1 #8& we w\ld h f\ght = him :5 he w5t away4' ,8 m>riage1 9 ,augu/ #agdj1 to 8 c\s9 ,elizabe?1 a daught] ( 8 ,london uncle1 ,dr4 ,george ,reid1 promot$ ?is *ange4 ,! graci\s mann] & con/ant goodness ( ?is companion ( 8 life = m ?an fifty ye>s 0 long rememb]$ 9 ! ,ab]de5%ire p>i%4 ,six daught]s & ?ree sons 7 ! issue ( ! m>riage4 ,five daught]s 7 born at ,new ,ma*>1 & "o di$ !re4 ,reid's family bible at ,birkwood conta9s ! foll[+ int]e/+ record 9 8 h&writ+3-- #8,mr4 ,?omas ,reid 0 born at ,/ra*an1 ,april #bf1 #agaj2 m>ri$ to ,elizabe? ,reid1 ,augu/ #ab1 #agdj4 ,! said ,elizabe? 0 born ,augu/ #c1 #agbd4 ,_! *ildr53--7#a7 ,jean1 born ,july #ba1 #agda1 di$ ,febru>y #bg1 #aggb1 buri$ 9 ,college ,*ur*y>d1 ,glasg[2 7#b7 ,m>g>et1 born ,octob] #bj1 #agdb1 di$ #aggb1 buri$ z above2 7#c7 ,m>?a1 born ,augu/ #bb1 #agdd1 m>ri$ ,dr4 ,patrick ,c>mi*ael2 7#d7 ,elizabe?1 born ,febru>y #ba1 #agdf1 di$ ( smallpox 9 ,augu/ #agdf1 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur*y>d ( ,new ,ma*>2 7#e7 ,anna1 born ,july #aj1 #agea1 di$ ( *9-c\gh ,may #ba1 #agec1 buri$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,old ,ma*>2 7#f7 ,george1 born ,febru>y #aa1 #agee1 di$ at ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,febru>y #aghj2 7#g7 ,lewis1 born ,decemb] #ac1 #agef1 di$ ( tee?+ ,july #ai1 #ageh1 buri$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,old ,ma*>2 7#h7 ,david1 born ,febru>y #bf1 #agfb1 di$ at ,ed9burgh ,augu/ #cj1 #aghb2 7#i7 ,elizabe?1 born ,may #h1 #agff1 di$ ,june #a1 #agfg1 ( smallpox by inoculation1 buri$ 9 ! ,college ,*ur*y>d1 ,glasg[4' ,! /ory ( ! fifte5 ye>s at ,new ,ma*>1 z we h x1 is almo/ empty ( incid5ts1 a dim picture4 ,! sc5e does n w>mly t\* ! imag9ation4 ,undulat+ hills ( mod]ate size1 *ill & tame2 l& monoton\sly f]tile1 ) scanty timb]2 yet pleasant prospects 9 ! di/ance ( ! valley ( ! ,don1 ) ,b5a*ie & remot] ,grampians 9 ! backgr\nd2 a population mo/ly agricultural2 two or ?ree c\ntry mansions2 ! highroad f ,ab]de5 to ,banff trav]s+ ! p>i%4 ,new ,ma*> 0 want+1 on ! :ole1 9 ! breezy highl& *>m ( ! e>ly home at ,/ra*an4 ,! social life 0 simple b intellectually /agnant4 ,among ! infrequ5t visitors at ! manse ,i f9d incid5tal m5tion 9 ,reid's lett]s ( "o4 ,he tells t he made ! acqua9tance ( ! well-kn[n ,jacobite1 ,mr4 ,hepburn ( ,kei?1 #8by 8 lodg+ a night 9 my h\se at ,new ,ma*>1' :5 he 0 9 ! ,pr9ce's army1 on 8 way to ,cullod52 p]haps :5 he 0 9 ,"l ,george ,murray's division1 :i* retreat$ ?r\gh ,ab]de5%ire 9 ,febru>y #agdf1 or 9 "o ( ! deta*m5ts :i* 7 9 motion ar\nd ,new ,ma*> 9 ! prec$+ ,decemb]4 ,! ,?omas ,reid :o is reveal$ to u 9 8 books does n promise pulpit eloqu5ce likely to int]e/ ?is ru/ic population4 ,l ,bi%op ,butl] :5 he 0 9 8 remote rectory at ,/anhope a few ye>s be=e1 he 0 pond]+ ! *ief intellectual "w ( 8 life 9 exile f intellectual society4 ,none ( ,reid's s]mons are f\nd among 8 manuscripts4 ,inde$1 x appe>s t 8 *>act]i/ic mode/y & diffid5ce1 comb9$1 x is said1 ) "s neglect ( lit]>y culture 9 8 e>ly education1 induc$ him at fir/ to read to 8 ru/ic audi5ce ! s]mons ( em95t ,anglican prea*]s1 in/ead ( compositions ( 8 own--?us adopt+ a practice aft]w>ds recomm5d$ by ,paley1 by :i*1 ) fit selection1 _m audi5ces might b5efit 9 ?is age ( social pressure4 #8,z to prea*+1' says ,paley1 #8if y\r situation requires a s]mon e ,sunday1 make "o & f9d five4' ,tillotson & ! ,noncon=mi/ ,evans are m5tion$ z ,reid's fav\rites1 & some?+ is said ab\t ,samuel ,cl>ke4 ,! lum9\s good s5se ( ,tillotson1 & ! rev]5tial temp] ( ,evans1 & ! lucid reason+ ( ,cl>ke1 w\ld naturally attract ,reid4 ,b emotion z well z moral ideal 0 n want+ 9 8 religi\s life4 ,x is said t 9 a ,communion ,s]vice te>s fell f 8 eyes :5 he enl>g$ on ! div9e beauty ( ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,! foll[+ expression ( religi\s feel+ dur+ an illness ( 8 "y wife appe>s among 8 manuscripts1 dat$ ,m>* #cj1 #agdf3-- #8,o ,god1 ,i desire humbly to supplicate ,?y ,div9e ,maje/y 9 behalf ( my di/ress$ wife1 :o is by ,?y h& br\ght v l[1 & 9 imm95t dang] ( dea?1 if ,?\1 :o alone doe/ wond]s1 d n 9 m]cy int]pose ,?y almighty arm1 & br+ h] back f ! gate ( dea?4 ,i des]ve ju/ly1 ,o ,"l1 t ,?\ %\ld/ deprive me ( ! greate/ com=t ( my life1 because ,i h n be5 s ?ankful to ,!e z ,i ought = giv+ me su* a k9d & affectionate wife4 ,i h =got ,?y goodness 9 br++ u happily toge!r by an un=ese5 & undesign$ tra9 ( ev5ts1 & bless+ u ) s mu* love & h>mony ( affection1 & s _m ( ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,i h n be5 s c>eful z ,i ought to h be5 to /ir h] up to piety & ,*ri/ian virtues4 ,i h n tak5 t pa9s ) my *ildr5 & s]vants & relatives z ,i ought4 ,alas6 ,i h be5 too neglig5t ( my pa/oral duty & my private devotions1 too mu* giv5 to ! pleasures & satisfactions ( ?is _w1 & too little influ5c$ by ! promises & ! hope ( a future /ate4 ,i h employ$ my /udies1 read+1 & conv]sation r to please myself ?an to edify myself & o!rs4 ,i h s9n$ greatly 9 neglect+ _m opportunities ( mak+ private applications to my flock & family 9 ! affairs ( _! s\ls1 & 9 us+ too slight prep>ation = my public ex]cises4 ,i h ?r[n away too mu* ( my "t 9 slo? & sleep1 & h n done s mu* = ! relief ( ! poor & de/itute z ,i might h done4 ,! means t ,provid5ce has af=d$ me ( correct+ my evil incl9ations ,i h abus$ to pamp] & fe$ !m 9 v>i\s in/ances4 ,= ^! & _m o!r s9s :i* h escap$ my memory ,?\ might/ ju/ly inflict s great a *a/isem5t on me1 z to make my *ildr5 mo!rless & deprive me ( my de> wife4 ,o ,"l1 accept ( my humble & p5it5t confession ( ^! my (f5ces1 :i* ,i desire to ackn[l$ge ) %ame & sorr[1 & am resolv$ by ,?y grace to am5d4 ,if ,?\ art pleas$ to he>k5 to ! voice ( my supplications1 & grant my reque/ on behalf ( my de> wife 9 re/or+ h] to heal?1 ,i d promise & cov5ant ?r\gh grace to turn f ^! backslid+s1 to express my ?ankfulness by a vigor\s dis*>ge ( my duty z a ,*ri/ian1 a m9i/]1 & ma/] ( a family1 & by an alms ( t5 p\nds /]l+ to ! poor 9 meat & money4 ,"l1 p>don if !re is any?+ 9 ?is presumptu\s1 or unbecom+ a humble p5it5t s9n]2 &1 ,"l1 accept ( :at is s9c]ely design$ z a new bond ^u my s\l to my duty1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 my ,"l & ,savi\r4' ,?is f]vid expression ( devotion reveals an int5sity ( purpose :i* work$ b5ea? ! outw>dly placid & discreet life4 ,mrs4 ,reid surviv$ ?is critical illness = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,mu* ( ,reid's "t at ,new ,ma*>1 accord+ to 8 bro!r-9-law ,mr4 ,rose1 0 sp5t 9 m$itative ?\ght1 ) an att5tion to ! activities ( 8 own m9d ( :i* few m5 are capable4 ,traditions ( solit>y walks imm]s$ 9 /udy 7 long 9 circulation4 ,he f\nd 8 *ief recreation1 we are told1 9 ! manse g>d5 or 9 botanical obs]vations4 ,8 society attract$ 8 neighb\rs4 ,) ,sir ,ar*ibald ,grant ( ,monymusk he ma9ta9$ a lifelong intimacy4 ,he nev] =got ,new ,ma*>1 & long aft]1 9 times ( di/ress1 anonym\s gifts 7 trac$ to 8 ?\ghtful b mode/ b5efic5ce4 ,?ree ye>s be=e ,reid left ,new ,ma*>1 :5 he 0 9 8 ?irty-eigh? ye>1 he made 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 pr9t1 9 a %ort pap] contribut$ to ! ,royal ,society1 :i* appe>$ 9 _! ,transactions 9 ,octob] #agdh4 ,x is call$ #8,an ,essay on ,quantity4' ,x 0 occasion$ by a book publi%$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e1 ! ,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue1 by ,francis ,hut*eson1 aft]w>ds ! celebrat$ ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,glasg[4 ,9 ?is tract simple & comp\nd ratios are appli$1 9 =ms ( ma!matical reason+1 to solve problems ( moral philosophy4 ,x illu/rates 9 "s degree ! b5t ( ,reid's ?\ghts at ?is "t1 & 8 inh]it$ int]e/ 9 ma!matical reason+s4 ,b x also %[s b5t ( ?\ght 9 ano!r direction1 & recognition ( o!r sci5tific me?ods ?an ma!matical demon/ration1 :i* _h be5 fav\r$ z ( univ]sal application by philosoph]s l ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza4 ,reid argu$1 9 ! _s ( 8 ma/] ,turnbull1 t g5u9e e?ical inquiry is conc]n$ ) a class ( facts :i* are "u a high] category1 & refuse to submit to geometrical measurem5t4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance 9 ! evolution ( philosophy 9 ,scotl& t ,reid's fir/ publication %\ld ?us be adv]se criticism ( ,hut*eson1 ! fa!r ( ,mod]n ,philosophy 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is also curi\s t ?is juv5ile p]=mance pres5ts ano!r ( ! p>allels betwe5 ,reid & ,kant4 ,= x happ5$ t 9 ! prec$+ ye> ,kant _h made 8 fir/ appe>ance1 on a "q conc]n$ ) ma!matics1 &1 l ,reid's1 9 an argum5t aga9/ conclusions ma9ta9$ by ,leibnitz4 ,b ?is ma!matical bro*ure imp]fectly repres5ts ! #8int5se /udy' at ,new ,ma*>4 ,= an ev5t happ5$ soon aft] ,reid's settlem5t !re :i* det]m9$ ! direction ( 8 ?\ghts = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 ,janu>y #agci1 a book made an almo/ unnotic$ appe>ance 9 ,london1 :i* 9 ! end became ! *ief factor 9 %ap+ ! c\rse ( ,european ?\ght4 ,its au?or 0 ,david ,hume1 !n a "y man1 unkn[n to fame1 n ?irty ye>s ( age1 ! y\ng] son ( a ,b]wick%ire laird4 ,hume 0 y\ng] ?an ,reid by "o ye>3 bo? 7 born on ! #bf? ( ,april4 ,8 "n is popul>ly connect$ ) ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&2 b ?is ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 :i* someh[ f\nd its way into ! manse ( ,new ,ma*>1 repres5ts 8 mo/ significant "w4 ,x has contribut$ p]haps z mu* z any s+le book to ! subsequ5t progress ( philosophy 9 ,europe4 ,hume inde$ p5etrates into regions :i* ! ord9>y read] fails to connect ) ev]yday int]e/s ( life1 or ) ! hopes & fe>s ( human be+s4 ,accord+ly1 z he tells1 ! ,treatise #8fell dead-born f ! press1 )\t atta9+ su* di/9ction z ev5 to excite a murmur among ! zealots4' ,9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,h5ry ,home1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,kames1 writt5 soon aft] ?is explosive mixture _h be5 appli$1 its au?or ann\nces t ! issue 0 #8b indiff]5t1 if ,i may judge by ! sale ( ! book1 & if ,i may believe my booksell]4 ,i am n[ out ( hum\r ) myself2 b d\bt n 9 a little "t to be out ( hum\r ) ! _w1 l o!r unsuccessful au?ors4 ,aft] all1 ,i am s5sible ( my folly 9 ent]ta9+ any discont5t1 mu* m despair1 on ?is acc\nt1 s9ce ,i c\ld n expect any bett] f su* ab/ract reason+4' ,?is book1 :i* pr(esses to expla9 #8human nature' z a fact 9 ! univ]se1 conducts to a f9al p>alysis ( human intellig5ce 9 univ]sal d\bt4 ,?is ?reat5$ p>alysis awoke ,reid into 8 *>act]i/ic intellectual life4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ 9 ,europe to see ! f>-rea*+ mean+ ( ,hume's acc\nt ( man's condition4 ,he f\nd 9 x ! deep-ly+ se$s ( mod]n agno/icism4 ,its ra%ness 0 confess$ by its au?or4 #8,i ackn[l$ge a v great mi/ake 9 conduct 9 publi%+ my ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 a book :i* pret5d$ to innovate 9 all ! sublime/ p>ts ( philosophy1 & :i* ,i compos$ be=e ,i 0 five-&-tw5ty4 ,b :at success ! same doctr9es bett] illu/rat$ & express$ may meet ) adhuc sub judice lis e/4 ,i wi% ,i _h always conf9$ myself to ! m easy p>ts ( erudition4' ,accord+ly1 ab\t t5 ye>s aft]1 ,hume pres5t$ 8 #8sceptical d\bts' 9 a mild] =m1 & accompani$ by a #8sceptical solution' ( !m1 9 an ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+2 b x 0 ,hume 9 ! orig9al ,treatise1 n z reca/ 9 ! ,inquiry1 t mov$ ,reid4 ,kant1 l ,reid1 0 awak5$ f :at he calls 8 #8dogmatic slumb]' by ,david ,hume2 b x 0 ! ,inquiry1 n ! ,treatise1 ( :i* la/ he appe>s ignorant1 t r\s$ ,kant4 ,reid grappl$ ) ! m op5 & all-p]vad+ unc]ta9ties ( ! e>li] "w4 ,let u look into ! book :i* appall$ ! "y m9i/] ( ,new ,ma*> by ! spectre ( a mean+less univ]se & illusory human nature4 ,its au?or seem$ to be indulg+ 9 #8a peculi> /ra9 ( hum\r :5 he set out 9 8 introduction by promis+ ) a grave face no less ?an a complete sy/em ( ! sci5ces ^u a f\ndation entirely new1 namely1 human nature1 :ile ! int5tion ( ! :ole "w is to %[ t !re is nei!r human nature nor sci5ce 9 ! _w4 ,he surely believ$1 aga9/ 8 pr9ciples1 t he %\ld be read1 & t he %\ld reta9 8 p]sonal id5tity till he reap$ ! reputation ju/ly due to 8 metaphysical acum54' ,reid f\nd him tak+ = grant$ z 8 fundam5tal maxim1 t no?+ c be admitt$ z true :i* _c be logically d$uc$ f impressions ( s5se4 ,hume f\nd ! impressions ( s5se to be transitory1 & di/+ui%$ 9 _! succession by degrees ( int5sity1--s5sations :5 9 _! highe/ int5sity1 memories :5 9 an abat$ degree1 & m]e fancies :5 ! int5sity is at a m9imum4 ,8 maxim =bade recognition ( m reality 9 ! univ]se ?an a mom5t>y reality ( isolat$ p]ceptions1 9 _! diff]5t degrees ( int5sity1 b )\t any reasonable retrospective memory1 or any reasonable expectation ) its hopes or fe>s4 ,:at we call #8exi/5ce' 0 resolv$ into an un9telligible *aos ( felt impressions--a purposeless procession1 9 :i* ! p]cipi5t loses 8 v selfhood & all besides4 ,! ,pa/1 ! ,di/ant1 ! ,future1 are all illusions4 #8,?+s' & #8p]sons' are only unconnect$ transitory feel+s1 )\t any p]man5t p]son to feel !m4 ,! ^w #8id5tity' is mean+less4 ,a p]son _c be m ?an a mom5t>y idea4 #8,i nev] cat* self except 9 ! =m ( a pass+ feel+4' ,pres5t feel+ alone exi/s4 ,x is impossible )\t contradiction to express a philosophy :i* de/roys intelligible expression2 virtually dismiss+ z absurdities all p]sonal pron\ns1 all sub/antive n\ns1 & all v]bs2 leav+ ab/ract adjectives z ! only p>ts ( spee*2--&1 z su* adjectives are really un9telligible1 leav+ u ! spee*less & motionless victims ( philosophical suicide4 ,:5 ,i />t ) ! prelim9>y maxim ( ,hume1 ,i lit]ally lose #8myself' at la/ 9 a radically untru/wor?y univ]se1 or ,i f9d myself susp5d$ ov] a bottomless abyss4 ,"h are ! la/ words ( ?is intellectual suicide at ! end ( 8 de/ructive analysis3-- #8,i am affright$ & conf\nd$ ) ! =lorn solitude 9 :i* ,i am plac$ by my philosophy4 ,:5 we trace up ! human und]/&+ to its fir/ pr9ciples1 we f9d x to lead u into su* s5tim5ts z seem to turn into ridicule all our pa/ pa9s & indu/ry1 & to disc\rage u f all future inquiries4 ,no?+ is m curi\sly inquir$ aft] by ! m9d ( man ?an ! causes ( ph5om5a2 nor are we cont5t ) kn[+ ! imm$iate causes1 b pu% on our inquiries till we arrive at ! orig9al & ultimate pr9ciple4 ,?is is our aim 9 all our /udies & reflections4 ,& n[ we mu/ be disappo9t$ :5 we le>n t ?is tie lies m]ely 9 ourselves1 & is no?+ b t det]m9ation :i* is acquir$ by cu/om4 ,su* a discov]y n only cuts (f all hope ( ev] atta9+ satisfaction1 b ev5 prev5ts our v wi%es2 s9ce x appe>s t :5 we desire to "k ! ultimate & op]at+ pr9ciple or some?+ :i* resides 9 ! ext]nal object1 we only contradict ourselves1 or talk )\t a mean+4444 ,! int5se view ( ^! manifold contradictions & imp]fections 9 human reason has s wr\ght ^u me & heat$ my bra91 t ,i am ready to reject all belief & reason+1 & c look at no op9ion ev5 z m probable or likely ?an ano!r4 ,all :o believe any?+1 on any subject1 ) c]ta9ty1 mu/ be fools4' ,?is is ! issue ( ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature :5 ! logical und]/&+ is f9ally resolv$ into transitory & isolat$ feel+s1 )\t p]mitt$ f9al po/ulates ( reason1 9 ! =m ( fai? or 9 any o!r =m1 to connect & int]pret !m4 ,x 0 ?is issue t ,reid took s]i\sly4 ,he set himself1 at fir/ = 8 own satisfaction only1 to consid] ! gr\nd he _h = tru/+ exp]i5ce1 :5 ,hume report$ t exp]i5ce dissolv$ into s5sational atoms4 ,accord+ly he sp5t mu* ( 8 "t at ,new ,ma*> 9 reflect+ fir/ ( all on 8 p]ceptions ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,he began ) ^!1 because x seem$ t ev5 z ! f\ndations ( ab/ract ma!matics lie 9 ! ma!matical axioms & def9itions1 s ! f\ndations ( all concrete reason+ are to be f\nd 9 ! rational con/itution ( p]ception ?r\gh ! five s5ses4 #8,9 ! tree ( human k1 p]ception is ! root1 common und]/&+ is ! trunk1 & ! sci5ces are ! bran*es4' ,"h is 8 own acc\nt ( 8 /ate ( m9d :5 he 0 engag$ 9 ^! ,new ,ma*> wre/l+s3-- #8,if my m9d is inde$ :at ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature makes x1 ,i f9d t ,i h be5 only 9 an en*ant$ ca/le1 :5 ,i seem$ to be liv+ 9 a well-ord]$ univ]se4 ,i h be5 impos$ ^u by spectres & app>itions4 ,i blu% inw>dly to ?9k h[ ,i h be5 delud$4 ,i am a%am$ ( my frame1 & c h>dly =be> expo/ulat+ ) my de/9y4 ,i see myself1 & ! :ole frame ( ,nature1 %r9k into fleet+ ideas1 :i*1 l ,epicurus's atoms1 dance ab\t 9 empt9ess4 ,desc>tes no soon] began to dig 9 ?is m9e ?an scepticism 0 ready to break 9 ^u him4 ,he did :at he c\ld to keep x out4 ,malebran*e & ,locke1 :o dug deep]1 f\nd ! difficulty ( keep+ out ! enemy /ill to increase2 b !y lab\r$ hone/ly 9 ! design4 ,!n ,b]keley1 :o c>ri$ on ! "w1 despair+ ( secur+ all1 be?\ght himself ( an exp$i5t4 ,by giv+ up ! mat]ial _w1 :i* he ?\ght might be sp>$ )\t loss1 & ev5 ) advantage1 he hop$ by an impregnable position to secure ! _w ( spirits4 ,b1 alas6 ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature wantonly sapp$ ! f\ndation ( ?is p>tition1 & dr[n$ all 9 "o univ]sal deluge4' ,ne>ly =ty ye>s aft] he left ,new ,ma*>1 ,reid says#f t 9 e>ly life he #8believ$ ! :ole ( ,b]keley's sy/em'--till ,hume op5$ 8 eyes to #8consequ5ces' t foll[ f ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes & 8 successors1 #8:i* gave me m uneas9ess ?an ! want ( a mat]ial _w4 ,s x came into my m9d m ?an =ty ye>s ago' to "q its f\ndation4 ,hume accord+ly made ,reid revise critically ! philosophy 9 :i* he _h be5 educat$ by ,george ,turnbull4 ,! issue appe>$ aft] he left ,new ,ma*>4 ,reid 0 n[ to be plac$ 9 a condition m fav\rable to int5se & p]si/5t ?\ght4 ,on ,novemb] #bb1 #agea1 he 0 admitt$ to ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51 z "o ( its reg5t ma/]s1 9 succession to ,mr4 ,alex&] ,rait4 ,! patronage 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,college1 & ! m9ute :i* records 8 election sugge/s ! reputation :i* ! rural pa/or _h n[ secur$ among ! cultur$ few1 not)/&+ 8 mode/ & retir$ life4 ,x 0 n )\t reluctance t ,reid left ,new ,ma*>4 ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 :o knew him well1 tells t :5 ! deputation f ,k+'s ,college came to invite him to become a reg5t1 #8he at fir/ decl9$1 expla9+ t he desir$ to live 9 retirem5t till he %\ld complete "s lit]>y projects :i* engag$ him4 ,mrs4 ,reid1 h[ev]1 hav+ discov]$ ! err& ( ! visitors1 urg$ h] husb& to accept ! (f]1 be+ less fond ( retirem5t1 & hav+ no objection to a bett] income & bett] society4 ,:5 h] le>n$ gue/s repeat$ _! proposal aft] d9n]1 %e second$ !m ) su* cog5t argum5ts t ,mr4 ,reid 0 beat out ( all 8 objections4'--,scotl& & ,scotsm54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,old ,,ab]de53 ,a ,,reg5t ,,9 ,,k+',s ,,college #agea-agfd ,reid's movem5t f ,new ,ma*> to ! academic home op5$ = him 9 ,old ,ab]de5 plac$ him & 8 "y family amid/ surr\nd+s t t\* imag9ation by _! natural beauty & hi/oric associations4 ,= c5turies ! ,college1 f\nd$ by ,bi%op ,elph9/one1 & at fir/ presid$ ov] by ,hector ,boece1 ) its *apel & cr[n$ t[]1 9 ! old univ]sity t[n1 ,betwe5 ! ,don & ! ,dee1 ,look+ ov] ! grey s& dunes1 ,look+ out on ! cold ,nor? ,sea1 has %$ intellectual light ov] ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 especially among ! ,celts 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,at ,k+'s ,college "o sees a m9iature ,ox=d almo/ "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,grampians4 ,p]haps ,reid's temp]am5t 0 too prosaic to contemplate 8 new surr\nd+s ) ! s5tim5t :i* ! city at ! m\? ( ! ,don aft]w>ds call$ =? 9 ,?ack]ay1 :o1 9 #8a delightful t\r 9 ! nor?1 0 *>m$ ) ,inv]ness1 & fell 9 love ) ,old ,ab]de5--an eld]ly decay$ m\ld]+ old beauty :o lives quietly on ! sea%ore1 ne> h] gr& new granite si/] ( a city4' ,! affectionate recollection ) :i* ,sir ,james ,mack9to% recall$ 8 /ud5t days at ,k+'s ,college1 & ! companion%ip !re ( ,rob]t ,hall1 is ano!r te/imony to its *>ms4 ,! ar5a 9 :i* ^! two1 call$ by _! fell[-/ud5ts #8,plato & ,h]odotus1' enc\nt]$ "o ano!r mo/ frequ5tly 0 9 morals & metaphysics4 #8,aft] hav+ %>p5$ _! weapons by read+1 !y (t5 repair$ to ! spaci\s s&s ^u ! sea%ore1 & /ill m to ! picturesque sc5]y on ! banks ( ! ,don above ! old t[n & ! ,brig ( ,balg[nie1 to discuss ) eag]ness ! problems ( exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 sc>cely an important position 9 ,b]keley's ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 9 ,butl]'s ,analogy1 or 9 ,edw>ds on ! ,w1 ov] :i* !y did n debate ) ! utmo/ int5sity4' ,f ^! discussions 9 ! environs ( ! #8old univ]sity t[n1' ,mack9to% 0 wont to say t he #8le>n$ m ?an f all ! books he ev] read4' ,x 0 9 ! canoni/'s manse1 pleasantly plac$ ne>ly 9 front ( ! ,college1 imm$iately nor? ( ! ,sn[ ,*ur*1 at ! entrance to ,p[is ,h\se1 t ,reid f\nd himself 9 ! w9t] ( #agea4g ,x 0 r5t$ by him f ! ,univ]sity4 ,! qua9t manse1 ne/l$ among trees1 ) its l[ ?at*$ ro(1#h has disappe>$1 & ) x o!r picturesque old h\ses1 :i* add$ *>m to ! neighb\rhood :5 ,reid taught 9 ,k+'s ,college ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,! cr[n t[] ( ! ,college *apel rose almo/ 9 front ( ! manse1 ! rival ( ,/4 ,giles's at ,ed9burgh & ( ,/4 ,ni*olas's at ,newca/le1 unique 9 ,scotti% academical ar*itecture4 ,ea/w>ds 9 ! quadrangle 0 ! ,hall 9 :i* ! /ud5ts d9$1 a memorial ( ,bi%op ,elph9/one1 & ! dormitories ( ! /ud5ts1 :i* 7 ( lat] date4 ,g5]al ,monk's t[] /ood 9 ! ea/]n corn]2 beh9d ! ,hall 0 ! kit*51 & ne> x ! ,college well1 :5ce ! l9ks /ret*$ to ! %ore1 #8! grey s& dunes' 9 ^? days unbrok5 by tame /reets & mod]n villas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr(essorial sy/em ( divid$ "w1 :i* assigns special dep>tm5ts ( le>n+ to suppos$ exp]ts1 _h n sup]s$$ 9 ,k+'s ,college ! me?od ( reg5cy :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( all ! univ]sities ( ,scotl&4 ,! reg5t 0 intru/$ ) ! education ( 8 pupils f ! fir/ matriculation to graduation2 or :5 ,lat91 ,greek1 & pure ma!matics 7 ea* provid$ = pr(essorially1 reg5ts 9 philosophy ea* taught 9 successive sessions ! v>i\s bran*es ( natural & physical sci5ce1 & ( moral & metaphysical philosophy4 ,?is sy/em 0 foll[$ 9 all ! ,scotti% univ]sities until la/ c5tury4 ,x 0 modifi$ by ! ,commission ( #afij1 :i* orda9$ t1 besides a sep>ate pr(essor ( ,lat91 "o ( ! f\r reg5ts %\ld pr(ess ,greek only1 & take *>ge ( und]graduates 9 _! fir/ ye>4 ,by ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury #8reg5t+' 0 :olly aboli%$ 9 f\r ( ! five ,univ]sities--9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agjh1 9 ,glasg[ 9 #agbg1 9 ,/4 ,&rews 9 #agdg1 & 9 ,m>is*al ,college & ,univ]sity 9 #agec4 ,b 9 ,k+'s ,college ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,philosophy1 natural & moral1 7 /ill reg5t$ :5 ,reid began to tea*4 ,he 0 ?us requir$ to tea* ma!matics & ! sci5ces ( matt]1 z well z psy*ology & moral philosophy4 ,he ?us gave lectures on ! philosophy ( m9d only e ?ird ye>4 ,"o ( ! o!r two ye>s 0 giv5 to natural hi/ory & ! easi] p>ts ( physical sci5ce2 ! second to ma!matics & natural philosophy4 ,dur+ #agea-eb1 :i* 0 8 fir/ session1 ,reid z reg5t taught natural philosophy to und]graduates ( ! ?ird ye>2 9 ! foll[+ w9t] ! same /ud5ts1 9 _! f\r? ye>1 7 /ill 9 8 *>ge4 ,8 full sequ5ce1 accord+ly1 did n comm5ce till #agec-ed1 :5 = ! fir/ "t he took ! second class1 consi/+ ( ^? beg9n+ philosophical /udies4 ,s 8 successive ?ree ye>s c\rses ran ?us3--#agec-ef1 #agef-ei1 #agei-fb4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ea* c\rse1 z #8promot]1' he pres5t$ 8 und]graduates to receive ! ,ma/]'s degree1 & also deliv]$ a graduation !sis4 ,8 !ses 7/ill extant 9 manuscript at ,birkwood7 7 9 ,lat92 !y deal *iefly ) ! me?ods & human conditions ( philosophical inquiry4 ,two-?irds ( ,reid's lectures at ,k+'s ,college 7 9 ?is way conc]n$ ) natural hi/ory & appli$ ma!matics3 only "o-?ird 0 giv5 to ! c5tral object ( 8 intellectual int]e/ at ,new ,ma*>4 ,i h exam9$ a manuscript volume ( notes ( ! lectures 9 #8,natural ,philosophy' :i* he gave 9 #ageg-eh4 ,!y compreh5d1 aft] an introductory exposition ( ! prov9ce & me?ods ( physics1 ! laws ( motion1 a/ronomy1 optics1 electricity1 & hydro/atics4 ,! notes %[ t ,reid 0 well abrea/ ( ! physical sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,at ! "t ( ,reid's appo9tm5t z a reg5t ( philosophy 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ! alt]native ( reg5cy or pr(essoriate 0 discuss$ 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,he ent]$ readily into ?is & o!r que/ions ( ,univ]sity re=m1 & prevail$ on 8 colleagues to make "s important *anges4 ,l>gely ?r\gh 8 influ5ce ! tea*+ session 0 ext5d$ f five to sev5 mon?s2 ! ,humanity or ,lat9 class 0 bett] organis$2 ! burs>y end[m5ts 7 r$i/ribut$ = competition2 & 9 ! ord] ( und]graduate /udy1 ! sci5ces conc]n$ ) ! outw>d _w 7 made to prec$e psy*ology & e?ics1 :i* 7 res]v$ = ! la/ ye>1 z m consi/5t ) ! developm5t ( ! human m9d 9 its natural asc5t f ext]nal obs]vation to reflection4 ,an acc\nt ( ! *anges 0 publi%$ 9 #aged4 ,x is curi\s t x 0 ?r\gh ,reid's influ5ce t ! reg5cy sy/em 0 reta9$ 9 ,k+'s ,college1 9 pref]5ce to ! pr(essorial1 :i*1 9 ord] to secure division ( lab\r among ! tea*]s1 "u ! gr[? ( k1 _h be5 already adopt$ 9 ! o!r ,univ]sities4 ,8 h& may be trac$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( reasons = ?is cons]vative policy3--#8,e pr(essor ( philosophy 9 ?is ,univ]sity is also tutor to ^? :o /udy "u him2 & x seems to be g5]ally agre$ t x mu/ be detrim5tal to a /ud5t to *ange 8 e session4 ,& ?\gh x be all[$ t a pr(essor :o has only "o bran* ( philosophy = 8 prov9ce may h m leisure to make improvem5ts 9 x = ! b5efit ( ! le>n$ _w1 yet x does n seem extravagant to suppose t a reg5t pr(essor ought to be suffici5tly qualifi$ to tea* all t 8 pupils c le>n 9 philosophy natural & moral 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree sessions4' ,half a c5tury lat] ! high] academical ideal impli$ 9 a pr(essoriate prevail$1 accord+ to :i* ! pr(essor is responsible = promot+ 8 bran* ( human k1 z well z = ! in/ruction ( y\?--9 educat+ influ5ce m p[]ful1 :5 he incites to /udy by ! vitality :i* orig9al rese>* is apt to communicate to 8 lectures4 ,! developm5t ( a univ]sity1 x has be5 rem>k$1 is prompt & easy :5 ea* dep>tm5t ( its cyclopdia is sep>ately taught by an able pr(essor2 :]eas a univ]sity :i* ab&ons in/ruction to reg5t-tutors mu/ be cont5t n only to tea* little1 & t little ill1 b to cont9ue to tea* :at is else:]e obsolete & explod$4 ,9 a lett] ( ,reid's 9 #agee1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! re=m$1 if some:at (fici\s1 academical discipl9e :i* !n prevail$3-- #8,! /ud5ts "h1' he says1 #8h lately be5 compell$ to live )9 ! ,college4 ,we ne$ b look out at our w9d[s to see :5 !y rise & :5 !y g to b$4 ,!y are se5 n9e or t5 times ?r\gh\t ! day /at$ly1 by "o or o!r ( ! ,ma/]s--at public pray]s1 s*ool-h\rs1 meals1 9 _! rooms1 besides occasional visits :i* we c make ) little tr\ble to ourselves4 ,!y are %ut up )9 walls at n9e at night4 ,?is discipl9e ha? inde$ tak5 "s pa9s & resolution1 z well z "s exp5se1 to e/abli% x4 ,! bo>d ( ! fir/ table is #ej m>ks p] qu>t]1 i4e4 #eds4 #b;d41 & ! second #dj4 ,! r5t ( a room is f #g %ill+s to #bj %ill+s 9 ! session4 ,!re is no furniture 9 _! rooms b a b$/ead1 tables1 *imney-grate1 & f5d]2 ! re/ !y mu/ buy = !mselves4 ,all o!r p]quisites f #ab to #ag %ill+s4' ,?is discipl9e 0 m or less 9 vogue dur+ ! rema9d] ( la/ c5tury4 ,ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] ! date ( ,reid's lett]1 :5 ,johnson & ,boswell visit$ ,ab]de51 ,johnson says t #89 ,k+'s ,college !re is kept a public table1 b ! s*ol>s 9 ! ,m>is*al ,college are bo>d$ 9 ! t[n4' #8,! ab&onm5t ( ?is cu/om1' ,mr4 ,rait tells u1 #8seems to h be5 a gradual process1 & to h tak5 place dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! re/ra9t ( collegiate resid5ce _h become exce$+ly irksome4' ,) ! increas+ age ( entrants1 s*oolboy discipl9e might seem less exp$i5t4 ,in/ruction 9 ! art ( danc+ 01 x seems1 provid$ by ! ,univ]sity "u ! re=m$ regulations1 to add manly grace to ! rude bodily vig\r ( ! ,scotti% und]graduate4 ,reid 9 advocat+ ?is may h rememb]$ ,locke's advice 9 8 ,?\ghts on ,education3 #8,danc+ be+ t :i* gives graceful motions all ! life1 & above all ?+s manl9ess & a becom+ confid5ce1 ,i ?9k x _c be le>n$ too e>ly4 ,b y mu/ be sure to h a good ma/]1 t kn[s & c tea* :at is graceful & becom+1 & t gives a fre$om & ease to all ! motions ( ! body4 ,"o t tea*es n ?is is worse ?an none at all4' ,h[ long ?is civilis+ art 0 cultivat$ 9 ,reid's ,college ,i h n discov]$4 ,9 ,ab]de5 ,reid f\nd himself 9 ! society ( p]sons ( m ?an prov9cial em95ce1 de/9$1 inde$1 to leave _! m>k on ! ?\ght & lit]ature ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,*air ( ,m$ic9e 9 8 ,college 0 occupi$ by 8 c\s91 ,dr4 ,john ,gregory1 a successful obs]v] ( ext]nal nature & man4 ,9 ,m>is*al ,college1 ,?omas ,blackwell1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,greek :5 ,reid 0 an und]graduate1 0 n[ ,pr9cipal2 soon foll[$ by ,george ,campbell1 :o became ! philosophical !ologian ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 by 8 criticism ( ,hume's reason+ ab\t miracles1 & a ma/] 9 lit]>y1 biblical1 & ecclesia/ical criticism1--9 8 ,philosophy ( ,rhetoric1 8 ,translation ( ! ,gospels1 & 8 ,hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,campbell 0 n9e ye>s y\ng] ?an ,reid1 l him an alumnus ( ,m>is*al ,college2 he _h be5 m9i/] ( ,ban*ory-,t]nan = n9e ye>s be=e he 0 call$ to ,ab]de54 ,he rivall$ ,reid himself 9 analytic p[] & calm1 c&id1 lum9\s reason+4 ,alex&] ,g]>d1 l ,reid1 a ,univ]sity re=m]1 & au?or ( essays on #8,ta/e' & on #8,g5ius1' 0 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,m>is*al ,college1 & !n ( ,div9ity !re1 & aft]w>ds at ,k+'s4 ,!re 0 ,william ,duncan1 too1 ^: ,logic 0 = a "t 9 vogue 9 ,scotti% ,univ]sities--a reg5t 9 ,m>is*al ,college :5 ,reid began to tea* philosophy at ,k+'s2 & ,reid's lifelong fri5d ,/ew>t 0 /ill 9 ! ,*air ( ,ma!matics4 ,p]haps ! mo/ widely kn[n ,ab]donian :5 he liv$ 0 ,james ,beattie1 poet m ?an philosoph]1 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,m>is*al ,college1 ^: essay on #8,tru?' gave him a "n 9 ! intellectual _w1 :ile ! grace & pa?os ( ! #8,m9/rel' & ! #8,h]mit' appeal$ to a wid] class1 & secur$ a popul> reputation4 ,ab]de5 & its neighb\rhood 7 !n ! home also ( accompli%$ physicians & naturali/s & s*ol>s--,sk5es & ,ogilvies1 ,dunb>s & ,gordons4 ,z ,i h said1 ,reid's fir/ ye>s at ,k+'s ,college 7 mu* giv5 to academical re=m4 ,8 lat] ye>s !re 7 di/+ui%$ by 8 connection ) a ,society = philosophical inquiry1 !n quick5$ 9 ,scotl& by ! fa%ionable scepticism ( ,david ,hume4 ,reid & ,gregory orig9at$ ?is #8,ab]de5 ,philosophical ,society1' or #8,wise ,club1' z x 0 call$4 ,x 0 ! p>5t ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable books 9 ,scotti% philosophical lit]ature 9 ! latt] "p ( la/ c5tury4 ,! fir/ meet+ 0 on ,janu>y #ab1 #ageh1 & ! la/ 0 9 ,febru>y #aggc4 ,! orig9al memb]s 7 ,dr4 ,john ,gregory1 ,dr4 ,david ,sk5e1 ,pr(essor ,john ,/ew>t1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,trail1 ! ,rev4 ,george ,campbell1 & ,mr4 ,?omas ,reid2 to :om 9 ! same ye> 7 add$ ! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,g]>d1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,f>quh>1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,gordon1 & ,mr4 ,john ,k]r4 ,james ,beattie jo9$ !m 9 #agfj1 ,dr4 ,george ,sk5e & ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie 9 #agfc1 ,mr4 ,james ,dunb> 9 #agfe1 & ,mr4 ,william ,trail 9 #agff4 ,reid 0 secret>y ( ! ,society1 & ! m9utes = _m ye>s are 9 8 h&writ+4 ,x met once a =tnight on ! second & f\r? ,w$nesdays ( ea* mon?4 #8,! memb]s1' ,sir ,w4 ,=bes tells u 9 8 ,life ( ,beattie1 #8met at five o'clock 9 ! ev5+--= 9 ^? days at ,ab]de5 x 0 ! cu/om to d9e e>ly--:5 "o ( ! memb]s1 z presid5t1 took ! *air1 & left x at half an h\r aft] eight1 :5 !y p>took ( a slight & inexp5sive collation1 & at t5 o'clock !y sep>at$4' ,at ^! meet+s x appe>s t "p ( ! ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t 0 ! read+ ( a %ort essay1 compos$ by "o ( ! memb]s 9 8 turn4 ,besides ^! disc\rses1 a lit]>y or philosophical "q 0 propos$ ea* night1 = discussion at ! next meet+4 ,& x 0 ! duty ( ! propos] ( ! "q to op5 ! discussion2 by him1 also1 ! op9ions ( ! memb]s :o took a "p 9 x 7 dige/$ into an ab/ract1 :i* 0 engross$ 9 ! album ( ! ,society4 ,i am told t ! ,lion ,inn1 on ! ,spital ,hill ne> ,reid's manse1 & sometimes ! ,lemon ,tree ,inn1 9 ! new t[n1 7 ! usual places ( meet+4 ,! common att5dance 0 five or six4 ,"o ( ! rules enjo9$ mod]ation & =bade toa/s4 ,! meet+s 7 giv5 p>tly to essays by ! memb]s1 & p>tly to oral discussions ( propos$ que/ions4 #8,philosophy1' accord+ to ! rules1 #8compreh5ds e pr9ciple ( sci5ce :i* may be d$uc$ by j or lawful induction f ! ph5om5a ei!r ( ! human m9d or ( ! mat]ial _w4' ,p]haps no society ( ! k9d 9 ?is c\ntry has fulfill$ its end s well4 ,! #8,rank5ian ,club' & ! #8,select ,society' 9 ,ed9burgh la/$ long]1 or enroll$ m memb]s1 b nei!r ( !m 0 ! p>5t ( s mu* good lit]ature4 ,! #8,inquiry' ( ,reid1 ,beattie's essay on #8,tru?1' ,g]>d on #8,ta/e' & on #8,g5ius1' & ,campbell's books on #8,miracles' & on #8,rhetoric' appe> 9 fragm5ts or 9 g]m 9 ! m9utes ( ! #8,wise ,club' ( ,ab]de54 ,its vitality 0 su/a9$ & /imulat$ by ! sceptical speculations ( ,hume1 :i* 7 mu* 9 t\* ) educat$ op9ion 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( la/ c5tury1 :5 spiritual philosophy 0 languid 9 ,brita9 & ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! tone ( ^? engag$ 9 ! philosophical v9dication ( belief appe>s 9 "o ( ,reid's lett]s1 :o writes ?us to ,david ,hume 9 #agfc3-- #8,y\r fri5dly adv]s>ies1 ,drs4 ,campbell & ,g]>d1 z well z ,dr4 ,gregory1 return _! complim5ts to y respectfully4 ,a little ,philosophical ,society "h1 ( :i* all ?ree are memb]s1 is mu* indebt$ to y = its ent]ta9m5t4 ,y\r company1 al?\gh we are all good ,*ri/ians1 w\ld be m acceptable ?an t ( ,a?anasius2 & s9ce we _c h y ^u ! b5*1 y are br\ght (t5] ?an any o!r man to ! b>2 accus$ & def5d$ ) great zeal1 b )\t bitt]ness4 ,if y write no m 9 morals1 politics1 & metaphysics1 ,i am afraid we %all be at a loss = subjects4' ,x is int]e/+ to f9d 9 ! records ( ! ,society ! subjects ( ! diss]tations contribut$ by ,reid dur+ ! six ye>s 9 :i* he 0 its ma9spr+1#i z well z ! que/ions :i* he propos$ = debate4 ,!y signally illu/rate ! c\rse ( 8 ?\ghts 9 ^! ye>s4 ,on ,may #bd1 #ageh1 #8,mr4 ,reid intimat t he design$ z ! subject ( 8 disc\rse "s ,obs]vations on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1 & p>ticul>ly on ! ,p]ceptions we h by ,sight4' ,on ,june #ag1 #ageh1 he read a pap] #8,on ! ,difficulty ( a j ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d2 ,g5]al ,prejudices aga9/ ,d----d 7sic7 ,hume's ,sy/em ( ! ,m9d2 & "s ,obs]vations on ! ,p]ceptions we h by ,sight4' ,on ,m>* #ad1 #agei1 he pres5t$ an #8,analysis ( ! ,s5sations ( ,smell & ,ta/e4' ,on #bf? ,febru>y #agfj #8,mr4 ,reid intimat t 9 8 disc\rse he 0 to cont9ue 8 ,analysis ( ! ,s5ses'2 & accord+ly1 on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ 9 ! same ye>1 he gave notice ( 8 int5tion ( #8tak+ ,dr4 ,gregory's place & read+ a pap] on ! ,s5se ( ,t\*4' ,9 ,july #agfa he appe>s ) a pap] on ! #8,transit ( ,v5us' 9 t ye>2 & on ! #bf? ,janu>y #agfb he gives a #8,val$ictory ,address1' z fir/ annual presid5t ( ! ,society 7! memb]s hav+ previ\sly tak5 ! *air by rotation7--on #8,euclid's ,def9itions & ,axioms1' 9 :i* he returns to ! fav\rite /udies ( 8 y\?4 ,9 #agfa he _h resum$ 8 inve/igation ( ! ,s5ses1 = 9 ,septemb] he is cr$it$ ) ano!r pap] on ! #8,s5se ( ,see+4' ,8 la/ contribution1 9 ,octob] #agfb1 0 on #8,p]ception1' :i* summ$ up 8 *>act]i/ic "w 9 ! ,society4 ,& aft] read+ ?is pap]1 #8,mr4 ,reid decl9$ to give x = ins]tion 9 ! ,records1 9 reg>d t he propos$ soon to s5d x to ! press1 along ) "s o!r disc\rses :i* he _h read be=e ! ,society4' ,a m9ute on #bh? ,octob] #agfd ann\nces t1 #8z ,dr4 ,reid has left ?is c\ntry1 no disc\rse is to be expect$ f him4' ,! foll[+ ,que/ions = debate 7 propos$ by ,reid dur+ ! six ye>s ( 8 memb]%ip3--#ageh1 #ac? & #bf? ,july1 #8,are ! ,objects ( ! ,human ,m9d prop]ly divid$ into ,impressions & ,ideas2 & mu/ e ,idea be a copy ( a prec$+ ,impression8' ,?is closely t\*es ! fundam5tal assumption ( ! sceptical philosophy4 ,^? :i* foll[ sugge/ a disposition to e?ical & social discussion4 #ab? ,june #agei1 #8,:e!r ,mank9d ) reg>d to ,morals always 0 & is ! same8' #a/ ,april #agfj1 #8,:e!r x is prop] to educate ,*ildr5 )\t in/ill+ ,pr9ciples into !m ( any k9d :atev]8' 7,beattie's celebrat$ exp]im5t 9 ! education ( 8 son may be connect$ ) ?is47 #ae? ,april #agfa1 #8,:e!r ,moral ,"* consi/s 9 ,affections 9 :i* ! ,w is n conc]n$1 or 9 fix$1 habitual1 & con/ant ,purposes8' #h? ,janu>y #agfb1 #8,:e!r by ! enc\ragem5t ( prop] ,laws ! ,numb] ( ,bir?s 9 ,great ,brita9 might be ne>ly d\bl$1 or at lea/ greatly increas$8' ,"h we h a sort ( inv]t$ ,mal?usianism sugge/$4 #bbnd ,novemb] #agfc1 #8,:e!r e ,action des]v+ ,moral ,approbation mu/ be done f a p]suasion ( its be+ morally good8' ,beattie1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,sir ,w4 ,=bes1 ?us ref]s to ! ,society & to 8 own philosophical relation to ,reid3-- #8,i h ( late be5 mu* engag$ 9 metaphysics2 at lea/1 ,i h be5 lab\r+ ) all my might to ov]turn t vision>y sci5ce4 ,i am a memb] ( a club 9 ?is t[n :o /yle !mselves ! ,philosophical ,society4 ,i hope y w n ?9k ! worse ( ?is ,society :5 ,i tell y1 t to x ! _w is indebt$ = a ,comp>ative ,view ( ! ,faculties ( ,man1 & an ,inquiry into ,human ,nature on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se4 ,i h %[n t all g5u9e reason+ does ultimately t]m9ate 9 pr9ciples :i* x is impossible to disbelieve1 & z impossible to prove2 t1 !re=e1 ! ultimate /&>d ( tru? to u is ,common ,s5se1 or t in/9ctive conviction into :i* all true reason+ does resolve itself2 t !re=e :at contradicts ,common ,s5se is 9 itself absurd1 h[ev] subtle ! argum5ts :i* support x4 ,my pr9ciples 9 ! ma9 are n ess5tially diff]5t f ,dr4 ,reid's2 b !y seem to (f] a m comp5di\s me?od ( de/roy+ scepticism4 ,i int5d to %[ 7& h already 9 "p %[n7 t all sophi/ical reason+ is m>k$ by c]ta9 *>act]s :i* di/+ui% x f true inve/igation2 & ?us ,i flatt] myself ,i %all be able to discov] a me?od ( detect+ sophi/ry1 ev5 :5 "o is n able to give a logical confutation ( its argum5ts4' ,beattie argu$ m 9 ! temp] ( a p>tisan ?an ,reid1 :o criticis$ ,hume 9 ! _s ( a free & c&id inquir] aft] tru?4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y #agfb ! honor>y ,doctorate ( ,div9ity 0 conf]r$ on ,reid by ,m>is*al ,college4 ,8 fame 0 n[ m ?an local4 ,9 ,decemb] #agfc he accept$ ! invitation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ to fill ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy :i* ,adam ,smi? _h resign$4 ,be=e he ent]$ on ?is new c>e] he _h giv5 to ! _w an ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se4 ,?is classic "w embodies ! result ( tw5ty ye>s ( /eady reflection at ,new ,ma*> & ,ab]de51 9 que/ ( ! actual f\ndation ( human k4 ,be=e we foll[ him to ,glasg[1 we mu/ exam9e ?is issue ( 8 intellectual life 9 ,ab]de5%ire--due to ! *all5ge ( mod]n agno/icism 9 ! p]son ( ,david ,hume4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,univ]sal ,,scepticism ,,v]sus ,,inspir$ ,,common ,,s5se3 ,,an #8,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,common ,,s5se' #agfd ,z e>ly z ,octob] #agfb1 z we h se51 ,reid _h giv5 signs ( an int5tion to (f] ! _w "s results ( 8 m$itations reg>d+ ! f\ndations ( belief4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! end ( ! foll[+ ye>1 he produc$ 8 fir/ book1 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se4 ,its motto expresses its lead+ argum5t--#8,! inspiration ( ! ,almighty give? !m und]/&+4' ,= x 0 to ! inspirations1 or revelations1 ( :at he call$ ! #8common s5se' or #8common judgm5t1' reg>d$ z ! root ( any human und]/&+ ( man & 8 environm5t1 t he made 8 f9al appeal aga9/ ! all-embrac+ d\bt ( ,hume4 ,?is 0 ! rock on :i* he took 8 /& 9 ! univ]sal deluge4 ,reid 0 n[ 9 8 fifty-f\r? ye>4 ,hi!rto 8 mode/y _h conceal$ 8 /r5g? f all b a few fri5ds4 ,8 book 0 conc]n$ ) que/ions t 7 n likely to )draw him rapidly f #8! obscurity ( a le>n$ retirem5t4' ,! ,inquiry1 ) its appeal to ! f9al reason lat5t 9 human nature1 is n to be int]pret$ z an appeal to popul> op9ion aga9/ !ories ( philosoph]s4 ,9 fact1 its impli$ argum5t is n obvi\s to popul> intellig5ce1 al?\gh x is pr(\ndly connect$ ) all ! *ief int]e/s ( human life4 ,great books ( ?is sort attract only ! few :o ?9k4 ,8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,rose1 m5tions t #8,alex&] ,mill>1 ! ,london booksell]1 be+ 9 ,ab]de5 at ?is "t1 & 9 company ) ,dr4 ,reid1 prote/$ aga9/ books 9 metaphysics z bad b>ga9s = publi%]s2 by :i* he said he _h himself lo/ money1 b nev] ga9$ any4 ,not)/&+1 ,dr4 ,reid1 hav+ 8 ,inquiry ready = publication1 sold x to ,mr4 ,mill> = #ej4 ,:5 8 fri5ds bant]$ him ^u ! small sum he _h receiv$ = s valuable a p]=mance1 he jocosely repli$1 8,i ?9k x is well sold40'#aj ,ano!r p>allel "h occurs betwe5 ,reid & ,kant4 ,! ,kritik ( ,pure ,reason1 ,kant's fir/ great "w1 appe>$ 9 #agha1 :5 he 0 9 8 fifty-sev5? ye>4 ,s1 too1 ) ,locke1 :o inaugurat$ ! era ( mod]n ?\ght 9 :i* ,reid & ,kant are *ief figures4 ,8 ,essay1 l ,reid's ,inquiry1 0 ! fir/ fruit ( tw5ty ye>s ( reflective ?\ght1 & x too made its appe>ance :5 its au?or 0 9 8 fifty-sev5? ye>4 ,x is curi\s to contra/ ! balanc$ caution & mod]ation ( ^! long pond]$ treatises ) ! m p>adoxical productions ( o!rs1 ^: intellectual ard\r & impati5ce spe$ily committ$ !m to all-compreh5sive sy/ems4 ,desc>tes1 at =ty1 ) 8 provisional d\bt & recon/ruction on a sl5d] f\ndation2 ,sp9oza1 y\ng] /ill1 ) 8 rational evolution ( ! univ]se f a s+le sub/ance2 ,b]keley ) 8 analysis ( ! mat]ial _w into significant ideas1 deliv]$ at ! age ( tw5ty-five ) ! impetu\s en?usiasm ( ,iri% juv5ile g5ius2 & ,david ,hume ) 8 univ]sal dis9tegration ( human k & belief1 plann$ be=e he 0 "o-&-tw5ty1 compos$ be=e he 0 tw5ty-five1 & eag]ly giv5 to ! _w 9 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>4 ,reid1 ) 8 #8good & well-we>+ p>ts1' *>act]i/ically repres5ts ! re/ra9$ au?or%ip ( ^? :o treat our %ort life on ?is planet z %ort en\gh = well-weigh$ answ]s to ! f9al que/ions ab\t life & ! univ]se4 ,z ,reid's ,inquiry 0 really an appeal to human nature 9 arre/ ( ,hume's intellectual suicide1 he desir$1 be=e pres5t+ x to ! _w1 to submit ! argum5t privately to ! ,ed9burgh sceptic4 ,?is 0 done ?r\gh _! common fri5d ,dr4 ,blair4 ,aft] ,hume _h read portions ( ! manuscript1 he wrote ?is c\rte\s lett] to ,reid on ,feb4 #be1 #agfc3-- #8,by ,dr4 ,blair's means ,i h be5 fav\r$ ) ! p]usal ( y\r p]=mance1 :i* ,i h read ) great pleasure & att5tion4 ,x is c]ta9ly v r>e t a piece s deeply philosophical is wrote ) s mu* _s1 & af=ds s mu* ent]ta9m5t to ! read]1 ?\gh ,i mu/ /ill regret ! disadvantages "u :i* ,i read x1 z ,i nev] _h ! :ole p]=mance at once be=e me1 & c\ld n be able to comp>e "o "p ) ano!r4 ,to ?is reason *iefly ,i ascribe "s obscurities :i*1 9 spite ( y\r %ort analysis & ab/ract1 seem to hang ov] y\r sy/em2 = ,i mu/ d y ! ju/ice to own t :5 ,i ent] into y\r ideas1 no man appe>s to express himself ) great] p]spicuity ?an y d1 a tal5t :i* above all o!rs is requisite 9 t species ( lit]ature :i* y h cultivat$4 ,!re are "s objections :i* ,i w\ld will+ly propose to ! *apt] 8,( ,sight10 did ,i n suspect t !y arise f my n suffici5tly und]/&+ x4 ,i %all !re=e =be> till ! :ole c lie be=e me1 & %all n at pres5t propose any fur!r difficulties to y\r reason+s4 ,i %all only say t if y h be5 able to cle> up ^! ab/ruse & important subjects1 in/ead ( be+ mortifi$1 ,i %all be s va9 z to pret5d to a %>e ( ! praise2 & %all ?9k t my errors1 by hav+ at lea/ "s coh]5ce1 h l$ y to make a m /rict review ( my pr9ciples1 :i* 7 ! common ones1 & to p]ceive _! futility4' ,9 8 reply to ?is lett] ,reid recognises ! debt :i* philosophy owes to ! sceptical criticism ( ,hume4 ,he writes ?us to ,hume3-- #8,,k+',s ,,college1 #ah? ,m>* #agfc4 #8,,sir1--,on ,monday la/ ,mr4 ,john ,f>quh> br\ght me y\r lett] ( ,febru>y #be?1 enclos$ 9 "o f ,dr4 ,blair4 ,i ?\ght myself v happy 9 hav+ ! means ( obta9+1 at second h&1 ?r\gh ! fri5d%ip ( ,dr4 ,blair1 y\r op9ion ( my p]=mance2 & y h be5 pleas$ to communicate x directly 9 s polite & fri5dly a mann] z m]its great ackn[l$gm5ts on my "p4 #8,9 attempt+ to ?r[ "s light on ^! ab/ruse subjects1 ,i wi% to pres]ve ! due mean betwe5 confid5ce & despair4 ,b :e!r ,i h any success 9 ?is attempt or n1 ,i %all always av[ myself y\r disciple 9 metaphysics4 ,i h le>n$ m f y\r writ+s 9 ?is k9d ?an f all o!rs put toge!r4 ,y\r sy/em appe>s to me n only coh]5t 9 all its p>ts1 b likewise ju/ly d$uc$ f pr9ciples commonly receiv$ among philosoph]s1--pr9ciples :i* ,i nev] ?\ght ( call+ 9 "q1 until ! conclusions y draw f !m 9 ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature made me suspect !m4 ,if ^! pr9ciples are solid y\r sy/em mu/ /&2 & :e!r !y are or n c bett] be judg$ aft] y h br\ght to light ! :ole sy/em t gr[s out ( !m1 ?an :5 ! great] "p ( x 0 wrapp$ up 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,i agree ) y !re=e1 t if ?is sy/em %all ev] be demoli%$1 y h a j claim to a great %>e ( ! praise1 bo? because y h made x a di/9ct & det]m9ate m>k to be aim$ at1 & h furni%$ prop] artill]y = ! purpose4 ,:5 y h se5 ! :ole ( my p]=mance1 ,i %all take x z a v great fav\r to h y\r op9ion ^u x1 f :i* ,i make no d\bt ( receiv+ light1 :e!r ,i receive conviction or no4' ,hume's philosophy be+ ! suicide ( intellig5ce1 c h>dly be spok5 ( z a #8sy/em4' ,x is n con/ructive1 b :olly de/ructive1 & !re=e a negation ( sy/em1 philosophic or o!r1 9 a f9ally spee*less & motionless agno/ic d\bt4 ,hume's lett] to ,reid 0 8 only rejo9d] to ! ,inquiry4 ,9 #agfc he _h ceas$ to produce philosophical books4 ,8 recognition ( ! #8deeply philosophical' nature ( ,reid's argum5t is a te/imony to ! wor? ( ! "w on :i* ,reid's lit]>y reputation *iefly re/s4 ,! #8%>e ( ! praise' :i* ,hume claims1 ,reid 0 ready to conc$e4 #8,i hope1' he says 9 ! ,d$ication ( ! ,inquiry1 #8,i hope t ! au?or ( ?is sceptical sy/em wrote x 9 ! belief t x w\ld be useful to mank9d4 ,& p]haps x may prove s at la/4 ,= ,i conceive ! sceptical writ]s to be a set ( m5 ^: bus9ess x is to pick holes 9 ! fabric ( k :]ev] x is weak & faulty2 & :5 ^? places are prop]ly repair$1 ! :ole build+ becomes m firm & solid ?an x 0 =m]ly'4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! intellectual progress ( mank9d has be5 su/a9$ by an alt]nation ( sceptical & cons]vative philosophies4 ,aft] prolong$ cogitation1 ! #8weak & faulty' place 9 ! #8fabric' ( mod]n philosophy seem$ to ,reid to lie 9 an unprov$ assumption ) :i* mod]n philosoph]s set out 9 _! speculations4 ,= !y took = grant$ t only ! s5sations & ideas )9 ea* m9d c\ld be p]ceiv$3 yet we naturally #8believe t we are see+ & h&l+ ! v outw>d ?+s !mselves' t make :at is call$ ! mat]ial _w4 ,if ! philosoph]s are "r1 we h no imm$iate revelation ( ! qualities ( outw>d ?+s1 & no evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce1 except ! succession ( *ang+ s5sations & ideas ( s5sations :i* alone are pres5t$ to u4 ,i c nev] directly enc\nt] an ext]nal object4 ,:at ,i suppose to be outw>d is all 9 my m9d4 ,) a _w ?us imprison$ )9 me1 is !re any legitimate way ?r\gh :i* ,i c assure myself ( realities outside my m9d1 includ+ o!r liv+ p]sons :o h _! own s5sations & ideas z mu* z ,i h m9e1 b num]ically diff]5t f my private /ock8 ,if n1 grave consequ5ces seem$ to foll[3 fai? & hope mu/ die out ( human life4 ,s ,reid argu$4 ,! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature 0 ! sc>ecr[ t w>n$ ,reid ( ! de/ructive consequ5ces ( ?is assumption1 t we are %ut up among our own ideas2 z he _h himself 9 y\? be5 taught to believe1 & by :i* he _h be5 l$ on to ,b]keley's conception ( a :olly ideal mat]ial _w4 ,he n[ began to see ?is ideal mat]ial _w ( ,b]keley 9 a new light4 ,x seem$ to leave him alone 9 ! univ]se ( 8 own m9d4 ,! ideal matt] ( ,b]keley _c1 he argu$1 in=m me ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r liv+ p]sons3 :at ,i h suppos$ to be o!r p]sons mu/ be1 l ! re/1 only "s ( my own ideas4 ,if ,i all[ t my own s5sations & ideas are my only possible orig9al data1 ,i _c f su* transitory phantoms inf] ! real exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons4 ,) ?is />t+-po9t z my only "o1 ! :ole univ]se naturally suppos$ to surr\nd me--bodies & spirits1 fri5ds & relations1 all dead ?+s & all liv+ p]sons--ackn[l$g$ by common judgm5t to h a p]man5t exi/5ce1 :e!r ,i am hav+ ideas ( !m or n--vani% at once4 ,my private s5sations & ideas c nev] really signify to me ! exi/5ce ( o!r consci\s be+s2 only :at might be call$ public ideas1 common to o!r m9ds & to me1 c\ld d ?is4 ,& su* objects are n prop]ly call$ #8ideas'--public or private2 !y are dead ?+s & liv+ p]sons2 !y exi/ :e!r ,i individually h s5sations & ideas or n4 ,9 %ort1 ,reid c\ld f9d no?+ 9 ,b]keley's philosophical !ory--z he int]pret$ x#aa--:i* af=d$ ev5 probable gr\nd = conclud+ t !re 7 9 exi/5ce o!r intellig5t be+s--fa!rs1 bro!rs1 fri5ds1 or fell[-citiz5s4 #8,i am left alone1' ! only creature ( ,god1 9 t =lorn /ate ( egoism into :i* x 0 said "s ( ! disciples ( ,desc>tes 7 br\ght by ?is same prelim9>y assumption ( _! ma/]--a suffici5t r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! fav\rite po/ulate :i* leads to x4 ,to act ^u x w\ld argue insanity 9 ! ag5t2 x mu/ !re=e be empty v]bal speculation4 ,s ,reid fur!r argu$4 ,b ev5 ?is solitude is n ! la/ issue ( ,reid's bte noire4 ,! sy/em 9 :i* ,i h be5 educat$1 he said1 n only leaves me absolutely alone2 x ext+ui%es me1 along ) ! ext]nal univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons2 x is at la/ lit]ally suicidal4 ,x trans=ms p]si/5t p]sonal exi/5ce into a m]e succession ( unconnect$ s5sations & ideas4 ,if ! magic circle ( s5sations & ideas1 )9 a self t p]si/s amid/ p]petual *anges1 _c be brok5 ?r\gh1 !n ev5 ?is suppos$ #8self' mu/ be an illusion1 & ! ^w self mu/ be mean+less4 ,! p]sonal pron\n #8,i1' z well z ! p]sonal pron\n #8y1' are bo? alike unmean+4 ,! univ]se resolves at la/1 n m]ely into s5sations t are all ref]able to myself1 b into s5sations )\t any self--into isolat$ s5sations--:i* seem inde$ to foll[ "o ano!r 9 an ord]ly way1 b )\t any gu>antee t ! seem+ ord] is m ?an transitory1 or t ! illusory cosmos may n at any mom5t become *aos4 ,is !re no?+ )9 ! res\rces ( reason to arre/ ?is intellectual suicide8 ,has reason got any?+ to %[ 9 ju/ification ( ?is prelim9>y sacrifice ( a conviction on :i* m5 h to act1 :atev] _! !ories may be8 ,mu/ ,i surr5d] ! conviction1 t :5 ,i am see+ or t\*+ ,i am actually hav+ reveal$ to me some?+ t is ext5d$ & solid1 & t1 z su*1 mu/ be m & o!r ?an ! private s5sations & ideas ( ! p]son t is see+ & t\*+8 ,mu/ ?is conviction1 & o!rs l x1 on :i* human exp]i5ce practically dep5ds1 be all sacrific$ on ! alt> ( au?ority & conjecture8 ,?is _h be5 ! "q ar\nd :i* ,reid's ?\ghts 7 revolv+ 9 ! tw5ty ye>s prec$+ ! publication ( 8 book4 #8,= my own satisfaction1' he tells u1 #8,i ent]$ into a s]i\s exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is sceptical sy/em is built2 & 0 n a little surpris$ to f9d t x leans ) its :ole weight ^u a hypo!sis :i* is anci5t inde$1 & ha? be5 v g5]ally receiv$ by philosoph]s1 b ( :i* ,i c\ld f9d no solid pro(4 ,! hypo!sis ,i mean is--t we d n really p]ceive ?+s t are ext]nal1 b only c]ta9 images & pictures ( !m impr9t$ ^u ! m9d1 :i* are call$ 8impressions0 & 8ideas40 ,i ?\ght x unreasonable1 ^u ! au?ority ( philosoph]s1 to admit an hypo!sis :i*1 9 my op9ion1 ov]turns all philosophy2 all religion & virtue1 & all common s5se2 & ,i resolv$ to inquire into ?is subject anew1 )\t reg>d to any hypo!sis4' ,to accept z a spiritual fact ! judgm5t ( human nature1 :i* assures me t :5 ,i am see+ or t\*+ ,i am #8face to face' ) a reality t exi/s indep5d5tly ( my *ang+ s5sations or ideas1 in/ead ( try+ 9 va9 by reason+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ?is reality by means ( int]v5+ s5sations & ideas1--?is 0 ! alt]native he adopt$4 ,i dismiss ! unw>rant$ supposition t only my own m9d & its invisible cont5ts c be imm$iately manife/$ to me2 & ,i fall back on ! p]ception ,i h ( some?+ solid & ext5d$1 & !re=e m & o!r ?an a m]e s5sation or idea1 z :at is pres5t to me :5 ,i see & t\*4 ,recognition ( ! fact t our five s5ses someh[ br+ u into a consci\sness ( :at is nei!r a transitory s5sation nor an idea ( a s5sation1 b some?+ indep5d5t ( me1 & t w\ld cont9ue to exi/ aft] ,i individually _h ceas$ to exi/--?is recognition ( ext]nal realities is ,reid's key to s\nd philosophy4 ,x is a displacem5t ( ! s-call$ #8ideas' ( ! philosoph]s1 & ( fallaci\s inf]5ces f\nd$ ^u !m1 & a sub/itution ( ! common reasonable s5se1 or common judgm5t ( reason1 :i* nei!r requires nor admits ( logical pro(4 ,reid might say t :at is mo/ wor? prov+ _c be logically prov$4 ,we all h a direct p]ception ( ext]nal reality :i* _c be eradicat$ by reason+4 ,abolition ( ! prejudice :i* int]pos$ reason+s f\nd$ on unreal ideas betwe5 our p]ception & ! solid & ext5d$ reality1 seem$ to ,reid1 9 virtue ( its f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 to be ! *ief good he _h z a philosoph] secur$ to mank9d4 ,9 8 old age he writes ?us to ,dr4 ,gregory3-- #8,! m]it ( :at y are pleas$ to call my philosophy lies1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly 9 hav+ call$ 9 "q ! common !ory ( ideas1 or images ( ?+s 9 ! m9d1 be+ ! only objects ( ?\ght--a !ory f\nd$ on natural prejudices1 & s univ]sally receiv$ z to be int]wov5 ) ! /ructure ( language4 ,yet1 7 ,i to give y a detail ( :at l$ me to call 9 "q ?is !ory1 aft] ,i _h long held x z self-evid5t & unque/ionable1 y w\ld ?9k1 z ,i d1 t !re 0 mu* ( *ance 9 ! matt]4 ,! discov]y 0 ! bir? ( "t1 n ( g5ius2 & ,b]keley & ,hume did m to br+ x to light ?an ! man t hit ^u x4 ,i ?9k !re is h>dly any?+ t c be call$ m9e 9 ! philosophy ( m9d :i* does n foll[ ) ease f ! detection ( ?is prejudice4' ,yet ,reid's ,inquiry has be5 condemn$ z an unphilosophical appeal f ! ?\ghtful to vulg> intellig5ce1 mak+ ! unreflect+ _m supreme judges 9 que/ions intelligible only to ! reflect+ few4 ,8 employm5t ( #8common s5se' to express ! regulative pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy w\ld put 8 book outside philosophical lit]ature1 if ?is t]m 7 tak5 z a synonym = unreason$ op9ion--! av]age judgm5ts ( ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,reid's own acc\nt ( :at he means by common s5se1 n to speak ( ,hume's recognition ( ! #8deeply philosophical' "* ( ! argum5t 9 ! ,inquiry1 %\ld protect him aga9/ ?is imputation4 ,he describes ! common s5se to :i* he con/antly appeals z #8! fir/ degree ( reason1' & z hav+ = its (fice #8to judge ( ?+s self-evid5t4' ,z su*1 he contra/s x ) reason+1 or #8! second degree ( reason1 :i* draws conclusions t are n self-evid5t f ! self-evid5t judgm5ts ( ! common s5se4' ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! common rational s5se1 on :i* a k ( ! univ]se1 l ! human1 :i* falls %ort ( omnisci5ce1 mu/ ultimately turn1 & ^? judgm5ts t are rea*$ by logical reason+1 corresponds to :at ! ,greeks di/+ui%$ z noetic & dianoetic p[] ( reason 9 man4 ,reid's g5u9e judgm5ts ( ! common s5se may be reg>d$ z ! div9ely inspir$ response to que/ions :i* c be det]m9$ = man only by ?is ideal man lat5t 9 u all--judgm5ts v]ifi$ by ! insanity t is impli$ 9 resi/+ !m 9 our actions4 ,z obtrusive examples ( judgm5ts ( ! common s5se1 ,reid takes ! logically undemon/rable convictions 7#a7 ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( me & my p]ceptions2 7#b7 ( my individual p]sonal exi/5ce1 & cont9u\s p]sonal id5tity2 & 7#c7 ( ! uni=mity1 & !re=e int]pretability1 ( nature1 imply+ t ,i may =m conclusions ab\t :at ,i h n exp]i5c$ by :at ,i h exp]i5c$4 ,i _c demon/rate ! tru? ( ^! judgm5ts3 ,i c only ju/ify !m 9 reason by %[+ t human nature responds to !m1 & =bids me to reject !m 9 my actions1 on pa9 ( be+ judg$ a lunatic1 :atev] ,i may say 9 my speculative !ories4 #8,su* orig9al & natural judgm5ts1' he says1 #8are "p ( ! furniture :i* nature ha? giv5 to ! human und]/&+4 ,!y are ! inspiration ( ! ,almighty4 ,!y s]ve to direct u 9 ! common affairs ( life1 :5 our reason+ faculty w\ld leave u 9 ! d>k2 !y are "p ( our con/itution2 all ! discov]ies ( our reason are gr\nd$ ^u !m2 !y make up :at is call$ ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,a rem>kable deviation f !m1 aris+ f a disord] 9 ! con/itution1 is :at we call lunacy1 z :5 a man believes t he is made ( glass4 ,:5 a man suff]s himself to be reason$ out ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se by metaphysical argum5ts1 we call x metaphysical lunacy1 :i* diff]s f ! o!r species ( ! di/emp] 9 ?is1 t x is n cont9u$1 b int]mitt5t2 x is apt to seize ! pati5t 9 solit>y & speculative mom5ts2 b :5 he ent]s into sanity1 ,common ,s5se recov]s h] au?ority4' ,x is ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree examples ( ! common s5se t is ! subject ( ! ,inquiry--int5d$ z prelim9>y to o!rs :i* may foll[4 #8,a cle> enum]ation & explication ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se' 0 h5ce=w>d ,reid's ultimate aim2 b ?us f> he took ^? involv$ 9 our exp]i5ce :5 we are ta/+1 or smell+1 or he>+1 or t\*+1 or see+4 ,z axioms & def9itions are ! prelim9>ies ( ab/ract ma!matical reason+s1 s our s5su\s p]ceptions ?r\gh ! five s5ses are ! prelim9>ies to reason+s ab\t concrete realities 9 ! _w ( *ange4 ,! lead+ pr9ciple ( ! ,inquiry is1 t some?+ ext5d$1 solid1 & movable is directly manife/$ 9 our s5su\s exp]i5ces1 equally ) ! direct manife/ations ( our own s5sations & o!r feel+s :5 we are consci\s ( !m2 & also t we are oblig$ by common s5se to reg>d ext5d$1 solid1 & movable ?+s z o!r ?an m]e transitory s5sation or idea4 ,ext5d$ ?+s1 l>ge or small1 refuse to be melt$ d[n into s5sations or /ates ( "o's private consci\sness4 ,take ?is specim5 ( philosophical argum5t = accept+ p]ceptions :i* _c be logically demon/rat$1 b :i* ! common s5se ( human nature refuses to reject3-- #8,suppose ,i am prick$ ) a p91 ,i ask1 is ! pa9 ,i feel a s5sation8 ,und\bt$ly x is4 ,!re c be no?+ t resembles pa9 9 an inanimate ?+3 ! pa9 mu/ be 9 me1 a liv+ be+4 ,b ,i ask aga91 is ! p9 a s5sation8 ,to ?is "q ,i feel myself "u a necessity ( answ]+ t ! p9 is n a s5sation1 nor c h ! lea/ resemblance to any s5sation4 ,! p9 has l5g? & ?ickness1 figure & weight4 ,a s5sation c h none ( ^! qualities4 ,i am n m c]ta9 t ! pa9 ,i feel is a s5sation ?an t ! p9 is n a s5sation4 ,yet ! p9 is an object ( s5se2 & ,i am z c]ta9 t ,i p]ceive its figure & h>dness by my s5ses z t ,i feel pa9 :5 ,i am prick$ by x4' ,?is is to say t if1 ) ! philosoph]s1 ,i call ! p9 z well z ! pa9 a s5sation or an idea1 ,i mu/ mean by #8s5sation' & #8idea1' :5 ,i apply ^? words to ! p91 n a private self-conta9$ feel+ or a fancy1 9 :i* ,i am only manife/+ my consci\s self1 b 7s to speak7 a public s5sation or idea--p]ceivable by o!r p]sons z well z by me--a manife/ation1 9 %ort1 ( :at is outside my m9d--( some?+ t exi/s p]man5tly 9 space & n transitorily 9 me--& t is ?us fit to be a m$ium ( communication betwe5 me & o!r liv+ p]sons1 in=m+ me ( _! exi/5ce & 9 "s measure ( _! ?\ghts--all :i* 7,reid takes = grant$7 ea* p]son's private feel+s & fancies c\ld n d4 ,b to employ ! words #8s5sation' & #8idea' 9 ?is new mean+1 & to speak ( an idea z public or ext]nal1 w\ld be an abuse ( language4 ,we mu/ m>k1 always by appropriate words1 di/9ctions :i* we are oblig$ to ackn[l$ge 9 fact4 ,! inspirations or revelations ( ! common s5se1 9 & ?r\gh :i* ! ,almighty ,p[] gives u an und]/&+ ( ! life & _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 inspirations 9 :i* all m5 are believ$ m or less to p>ticipate1 require u to di/+ui% ! solid & ext5d$ p91 z some?+ public or outw>d1 9 contra/ to ! private feel+ ( pa91 ( :i* no "o except ! p]son :o feels x is consci\s4 ,i am ?us oblig$ to recognise m 9 exi/5ce ?an my own s5sations & ideas--z mu* oblig$ z ,i am to recognise my s5sations & ideas !mselves :5 ,i am consci\s ( !m4 ,only s c ,i f9d myself liv+ 9 an environm5t t is capable ( signify+ ! contemporane\s life1 & "s ( ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( o!r p]sons4 ,9 all ?is ,i am only fall+ back on ! div9e revelations ( ! common s5se4 ,!y make me reject 9 conduct :at is inconsi/5t ) !m2 al?\gh ?is natural obligation is all ! reason ,i c give 9 ju/ification ( my ob$i5ce4 ,x is ?us t ,reid recognises 8 "r 9 reason to grasp realities t are indep5d5t ( 8 individual self2 & he ?9ks t he is do+ ?is philosophically by gett+ rid ( ! unphilosophical supposition1 t he ne$s to "w 8 way to !m by logical reason+1 f\nd$ on :olly inw>d impressions4 ,! true philosophy ( p]ception ) him is to dis*>ge ! m$ium1 & at once take ! bull by ! horns4 ,"s may ?9k t ! ,inquiry repres5ts wa/$ lab\r--t ! #8metaphysical lunacy' :i* aboli%es p]sonal pron\ns z mean+less words1 & inconsi/5tly reasons t all :o reason mu/ be fools1 is at ! be/ ! idle intellectual pa/ime ( p]sons :o pret5d to be univ]sal sceptics--all :i* ,reid has tak5 too s]i\sly1 & :i* at any rate by its self-contradiction refutes itself4 ,= x ass]ts t ass]tion is impossible4 ,x is an argum5t t concludes = ! rejection ( ! po/ulates )\t :i* x is impossible = human be+s to reason at all4 ,x is a philosophy t de/roys itself 9 de/roy+ all philosophy4 ,! suicide does n ne$ to be put to dea?4 ,yet ! suicide1 d\bly sla9 9 ! ,inquiry1 may be us$ z a w>n+ ( ! consequ5ce ( do+ viol5ce to ! g5u9e common s5se1 or ideal man t is lat5t 9 ea* man2 especially on subjects 9 :i* d\bt is easi] ?an 9 ! case ( outw>d ?+s & p]sons4 ,! #8metaphysical lunacy' ( d\bt ab\t ! exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons may be ackn[l$g$1 :ile ! common s5se1 unawake 9 its moral or spiritual elem5ts1 fails to prote/ aga9/ e?ical a!ism or agno/icism4 ,:at ,reid calls ! common s5se is alive consci\sly 9 v>i\s degrees1 9 diff]5t p]sons1 9 diff]5t c\ntries & p]iods4 ,a common s5se ( ! exi/5ce ( outw>d ?+s & p]sons is practically awake 9 all sane m9ds4 ,b ! spiritual convictions1 ( :i* "s are h>dly consci\s1 may be reject$ ev5 practically )\t obvi\s lunacy4 ,& some?+ is ga9$ = ^? convictions1 if x c be %[n1 z a r$uctio ad absurdum1 t _! rejection involves ! moral sceptic too 9 ! #8lunacy' ( univ]sal d\bt & pessimi/ despair4 ,t ,reid lays mu* /ress on #8call+ 9 "q ! common !ory ( ideas or images 9 p]ception' is expla9$ by 8 assumption1 t ?is !ory involves p]v]sion ( ! common s5se ev5 9 its prelim9>y contact ) outw>d ?+s 9 s5se1 ?us obvi\sly discr$it+ x z ! f9al c\rt ( appeal 9 e o!r in/ance4 ,x may 9 ?is way be tak5 z a plea = a m fai?ful adh]5ce on ! "p ( philosoph]s to ! g5u9e common-s5se judgm5ts1 :i* c be made to respond to an adequate appeal1 h[ev] dormant !y may be 9 individuals4 ,?is f9al appeal to human nature mu/1 9 %ort1 be to human nature z x is 9 fact1 n to human nature z di/ort$ 9 hypo!sis4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! root ( ! agno/icism :i* is f\nd 9 hi/ory alt]nat+ ) ! f9al fai? ( ! common s5se1 lies deep] ?an 9 mi/ak5 hypo!ses ( philosoph]s ab\t our p]ceptions 9 s5se4 ,reid's sub/itution 9 philosophy ( imm$iate = m$iate p]ception ( matt] is !re=e an inadequate cure4 ,! p]iodically return+ d\bt conc]ns1 n ! outness or inw>dness ( :at is reveal$ to s5se1 b ! mean+ & "* ( ! ,p[] t is at "w )9 ! univ]se ( matt] & m9d1 & ) :i* we fir/ come into contact & collision 9 s5se4 ,is x1 9 its f9al & p]vad+ ,p[]1 a bad or a good sort ( univ]se t we op5 our eyes ^u1 :5 we beg9 to ex]cise our s5ses8 ,:at are its f9al relations to me1 & my f9al relations to x8 ,nobody d\bts ! exi/5ce ( ?+s & p]sons1 s f> z !y are reveal$ to ! s5ses4 ,b :at is our impli$ ,common ,s5se ( ! f9al mean+ ( ! ,:ole8 ,am ,i to put an optimi/ or a pessimi/ ultimate int]pretation ^u x all8 ,! lurid mixture ( pa9 & pleasure1 evil & good1 pres5t$ by ! animat$ _w1 comb9$ ) spiritually dormant common s5se 9 individual m51--is surely a m pot5t factor ( agno/ic d\bt ?an an errone\s acc\nt ( p]ception 9 circulation among p]sons :o speculate4 ,reid's c\rse ( ?\ght amid/ new surr\nd+s 9 ,glasg[ br\ght him ne>] to ! s\rce & corrective ( ! scepticism t is ar\s$ by ! suspici\s-look+ univ]se ( m+l$ good & evil1 to :i* our s5se p]ceptions introduce u4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,glasg[ ,,college3 ,,! ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy #agfd-aghj ,9 ,novemb] #agfd we f9d ,reid1 n[ almo/ fifty-five ye>s ( age1 9 ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,old ,college 9 ! ,high ,/reet ( ,glasg[4 ,! ,reid family liv$ !n1 & = two ye>s aft]1 n 9 ! ,pr(essors' ,c\rt )9 ! ,college1 b a qu>t] ( a mile away1 9 an old-fa%ion$ /reet call$ ! ,drygate4#ab ,! manuscript 9 ! family bible records t ,reid 0 admitt$ to ! ,glasg[ pr(essor%ip on ! #ab? ( ,june4 ,he c>ri$ ) him f ! qua9t manse 9 ,ab]de5 to 8 new home 9 ! ,drygate1 8 wife1 ?ree daught]s1 all above tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & two boys2 !y left ?ree infant *ildr5 buri$ 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! ,glasg[ ,*air suppli$ an income1 includ+ fees1 some:at 9 advance ( ! ,ab]de5 reg5cy2 & its duties requir$ conc5trat$ /udy ( intellectual & moral ag5cy 9 man1 in/ead ( ! disp]sion ov] a wide range ( ! ph5om5a & laws ( matt] & m9d :i* 0 necess>y 9 ,k+'s ,college4 ,yet x 0 #8n )\t reluctance1' we are told1 t he cons5t$ to te> himself f a spot :]e he _h s long be5 fa/5+ 8 roots2 & mu* z he lov$ ! society 9 :i* he pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 days1 ! advantages ( ! *ange h>dly comp5sat$ = ! sacrifice ( feel+ caus$ by ! break 9 8 e>ly habits & associations4 ,glasg[ 9 #ahih is ev5 m *ang$ f ,glasg[ 9 #agfd ?an ,ab]de5 :5 ,reid liv$ 9 x f ,ab]de5 z x is n[4 ,to-day ,glasg[ is ! second city 9 ,brita91 ) ne>ly a million ( p1 ! indu/rial metropolis ( ! nor?1 ) all ! /ir ( indu/rial life4 ,x 0 !n a prov9cial t[n ) h>dly ?irty ?\s& inhabitants1 almo/ inaccessible f ! sea1 surr\nd$ by ! cornfields & h$g][s & or*>ds ( ,lan>k%ire1 its few /reets conv]g+ on ! ,ca!dral & ! ,college ) _! hi/oric associations4 #8,glasg[1' accord+ to ,humphrey ,cl9k]1 #8is ! pride ( ,scotl&4 ,x is "o ( ! prettie/ t[ns 9 ,europe4' ,p5nant describes x z #8! be/ built ( any second-rate city ,i ev] saw4 ,! view f ! ,cross has an air ( va/ magnific5ce4' ,9 #agfd x 0 only lay+ ! f\ndations ( its pres5t comm]cial fame4 ,! tobacco trade ) ! ,am]ican plantations1 & ! sug> trade ) ! ,we/ ,indies1 _h h>dly alt]$ its "* z an anci5t ,*ur* & ,univ]sity t[n4 #8,jupit] ,c>lyle1' ref]r+ to ,glasg[ be=e ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 speaks ( #8a few families ( anci5t citiz5s :o pret5d$ to be g5tlem52 & a few o!rs1 rec5tly settl$1 :o _h obta9$ weal? & consid]ation 9 trade4 ,! re/ 7 %opkeep]s & me*anics1 :o occupi$ l>ge w>]ooms to furni% c>goes to ,virg9ia4 ,x 0 !n usual = ! sons ( m]*ants to att5d ! ,college = "o or two ye>s1 & a few ( !m complet$ _! academical education4' ,! ,college 9 ! ,high ,/reet1 erect$ e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 seem$ to ,samuel ,johnson 9 #aggc #8)\t a suffici5t %>e 9 ! magnific5ce ( ! place4' ,nev]!less he f\nd #8le>n+ an object ( wide importance1 & ! habit ( application mu* m g5]al ?an 9 ! neighb\r+ ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4' ,! two ,college squ>es1 connect$ ) memories ( _m g5]ations 9 ! we/ ( ,scotl&1 h be5 lik5$ to ^? ( ,l9coln ,college 9 ,ox=d4 ,ab\t ! middle ( la/ c5tury f ?ree to f\r hundr$ /ud5ts ga!r$ 9 ^? curi\s old c\rts1 almo/ all liv+ 9 ap>tm5ts 9 ! t[n1 a few bo>d$ 9 ! h\ses ( pr(essors4 ,!y wore sc>let g[ns1 #8mo/ ( :i*1' :5 ,wesley visit$ ,glasg[1 #87 v dirty1 "s v ragg$1 & all ( v co>se clo?4' ,! h\ses ( ! pr(essors =m$ a squ>e on ! nor? side ( ! ,college1 built e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ea/w>d 7 ! ,college g>d5s & ! p>k1 ?r\gh :i* ! classic ,mol5d9> f\nd its way to ! ,clyde4 ,x 0 a qua9t & curi\s old-_w life t 0 !n liv$ 9 ! ,college1 & 9 ! ,high ,/reet1 pass+ f ! ,college to ! ,ca!dral at "o end & f ! ,college to ! ,cross at ! o!r4 ,9 ! half-c5tury be=e ,reid 0 admitt$ to 8 ,glasg[ ,*air1 ! ,univ]sity _h pr(essors ( m ?an ,scotti% reputation4 ,glasg[ is 9 fact associat$ ) almo/ all ! names t adorn ! lit]ature ( ,philosophy 9 ,scotl& 9 ! la/ c5tury & 9 ?is4 ,adam ,smi? 0 ,reid's imm$iate pr$ecessor 9 ! ,*air ( ,morals4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts _h be5 = five ye>s be=e ! _w :5 he resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip to give to lit]ature :at ,sir ,james ,mack9to% describes z #8p]haps ! only book :i* produc$ an imm$iate1 g5]al1 & irrevocable *ange 9 "s ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! legislation ( all civilis$ /ates'--fit to be rank$ ) ! classic works ( ,grotius1 ,locke1 & ,montesquieu--its au?or #8! fir/ economical philosoph]1 & p]haps ! mo/ eloqu5t !oretical morali/1 ( mod]n times4' ,smi?'s pr$ecessor 0 ,francis ,hut*eson1 au?or ( t ,inquiry into our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue :i* gave rise to ,reid's ,new ,ma*> essay on #8,quantity' 9 #agdh1 ! reput$ fa!r ( mod]n philosophy 9 ,scotl&2--& 9 ! second qu>t] ( la/ c5tury ! mo/ pot5t ag5t & pione] ( ! lib]al culture & lit]>y ta/e :i* made ! intellectual mod]ation ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,scotl& s rem>kable a contra/ to ! less tol]ant spiritual f]v\r ( ! sev5te5?4 ,?is influ5ce 0 cont9u$ by 8 fri5d & biograph]1 ,william ,lee*man1 ! ,pr9cipal ( ,glasg[ ,college 9 #agfd1 /ill rememb]$ z "o ( ! philosophical !ologians ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 #8,x 0 ow+ to ,hut*eson & ,lee*man1' says ,c>lyle1 #8t a new s*ool 0 =m$ 9 ! we/]n prov9ces ( ,scotl&1 :]e ! cl]gy till t p]iod 7 n>r[ & bigot$1 & _h nev] v5tur$ to range _! m9ds beyond ! b\nds ( /rict or?odoxy4 ,= ?\gh nei!r ( ^! pr(essors taught any h]esy1 yet !y op5$ & enl>g$ ! m9ds ( ! /ud5ts1 :i* soon gave !m a turn = inquiry2 ! result ( :i* 0 c&\r & lib]ality ( s5tim5t4 ,f exp]i5ce ?is fre$om ( ?\ght 0 n f\nd s dang]\s z might at fir/ be appreh5d$2 = ?\gh ! m d>+ y\? at fir/ made excursions into ! unb\nd$ regions ( metaphysical p]plexity1 yet all ! m judici\s soon return$ to ! l[] sph]e ( long-e/abli%$ tru?s1 :i* !y f\nd n only m subs]vi5t to ! good ord] ( society1 b necess>y to fix _! own m9ds 9 "s degree ( /ability4' ,g]%om ,c>mi*ael1 too1 is n to be =gott54 ,he 0 ,hut*eson's pr$ecessor1 ) an intellectual & religi\s influ5ce n inconsid]able 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( la/ c5tury1 au?or ( a ,lat9 manual ( logic :i* appe>$ 9 #agbj1 & a ,synopsis ,!ologi ,naturalis1 publi%$ %ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 #agbi1 b be/ kn[n p]haps z editor ( ,puff5dorff4 ,reid ?us ent]$ ,glasg[ ,college :5 x 0 ! c5tre ( ! reviv+ philosophical & lit]>y activity ( ,scotl& 9 ! mod]n _s4 ,he met colleagues & fell[-citiz5s :o 7 9 sympa?y ) 8 own s9c]e & indep5d5t sci5tific temp]4 ,! ag$ ,simpson1 re/or] ( anci5t geometry1 :o _h lately retir$ f ! ma!matical *air1 :i* he _h adorn$ = half a c5tury1 0 a cong5ial ma!matician ( ,european fame4 ,joseph ,black1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ,briti% *emi/ ( 8 g5]ation1 0 illu/rat+ 8 own discov]ies 9 8 ,college lectures1 & draw+ ! att5tion ( ! _w to ! ph5om5a ( lat5t heat4 ,! vig\r & acut5ess ( ,mill> 7 educat+ a new g5]ation 9 jurisprud5ce & /atesman%ip4 ,moore1 ! au?or ( ,zeluco1 an em95t ,glasg[ physician1 0 add+ to its lit]>y "n4 ,! gr&fa!r1 & aft]w>ds ! fa!r1 ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton held 9 succession ! ,*air ( ,anatomy1 bo? colleagues ( ,reid1 :o might h be5 se5 9 ! ,college ,c\rts :5 8 future editor & comm5tator 0 !re 9 8 infancy4 ,reid's inaugural lecture z ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy1 deliv]$ on ! #aj? ( ,octob] #agfd1 is among 8 unpubli%$ manuscripts at ,birkwood4 ,! op5+ s5t5ces 7delet$ z irrelevant 9 aft] ye>s7 are n )\t int]e/ 9 ! *>act]i/ic mode/y & c&\r ( ! ref]5ce to ,adam ,smi?1 8 pr$ecessor3-- #8,be=e ent]+ ^u ! subject ( my prelections1 !re are "s ?+s :i* ,i ?9k prop] to lay be=e y1 & to :i* ,i beg y\r att5tion4 ,i d\bt n t y are all s5sible ( ! loss :i* ! ,univ]sity1 & y 9 p>ticul>1 su/a9 by ! resignation ( ! le>n$ & +5i\s g5tleman :o la/ fill$ ?is *air4 ,^? :o knew him mo/ & _h mo/ access to att5d 8 prelections1 & especially ^? :o mo/ pr(it$ by !m1 w be mo/ s5sible ( _! loss4 ,i _h n ! happ9ess ( 8 p]sonal acqua9tance1 = want ( opportunity2 ?\gh ,i wi%$ = x1 & n[ wi% = x f> m ?an ev]4 ,b ,i c\ld n be a /rang] to 8 fame & reputation1 nor to ! respect ) :i* 8 lectures f ?is *air 7 he>d by a v cr[d$ audi5ce4 ,i am mu* a /rang] to 8 sy/em1 unless s f> z he ha? publi%$ x to ! _w4 ,b a man ( s great g5ius & p5etration mu/ h /ruck new light to ! subjects :i* he treat$1 z well z h h&l$ !m 9 an excell5t & in/ructive mann]4 ,i %all be mu* oblig$ to any ( y1 g5tlem51 or to any o!rs1 :o c furni% me ) notes ( 8 prelections1 :e!r 9 morals1 jurisprud5ce1 politics1 or rhetorick4 ,i %all always be desir\s to borr[ light f e qu>t]1 & to adopt :at appe>s to me s\nd & solid 9 e sy/em1 & ready to *ange my op9ions ^u conviction1 or to *ange my me?od & mat]ials :]e ,i c d x to advantage4 ,i desire to live no long] ?an ?is c&\r & +5uity1 ?is op5ness ( m9d to education & in=mation1 live ) me4' ,an apology foll[s = ! imp]fect prep>ation ( a fir/ c\rse1 inadequately provid$ = by ! miscellane\s lectures 9 physics & metaphysics at ,ab]de54 ,! pa/ p]=mance ( ,adam ,smi?1 & ! high expectation associat$ ) ! new pr(essor1 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry1 7 d\btless fre% 9 ! m9ds ( ! cr[d$ audi5ce t met on t ,octob] morn+ 9 ! fa9t light ( ! ,old ,college class-room4 ,! audi5ce1 ! new pr(essor1 & 8 pr$ecessor1 h all n[ rec$$ into ! dim di/ance1 & are se5 "u ! cold light ( hi/ory4 ,! lectures deliv]$ 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ are pres]v$ at ,birkwood1 9 ,reid's valley ( ! ,dee--lectures on ,pneumatology1 ,e?ics1 ,jurisprud5ce1 & ,political ,philosophy--= ! mo/ "p embodi$ 9 sub/ance 9 ! publi%$ ,essays ( 8 old age4 ,reid's placid temp]am5t & re/ra9$ imag9ation sugge/ sob] unadorn$ /atem5t1 & cauti\s inf]5ce f\nd$ on fact1 n f]vid eloqu5ce1 z ! "* ( 8 prelections4 ,he 0 m likely sl[ly to influ5ce op9ion by 8 books ?an to />tle a y\?ful audi5ce by spok5 words4 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by ! acc\nt ( ,reid 9 ! ,glasg[ class-room giv5 by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 :o 0 among 8 /ud5ts 9 #aggb-gc4 #8,9 8 elocution & mode ( in/ruction1' ,/ew>t says1 #8!re 0 no?+ peculi>ly attractive4 ,he seldom if ev] indulg$ 9 ! w>m? ( extempore disc\rse2 nor 0 8 mann] ( read+ calculat$ to increase ! effect ( :at he _h committ$ to writ+4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 ! simplicity & p]spicuity ( 8 /yle1 su* ! gravity & au?ority ( 8 "*1 & su* ! g5]al int]e/ ( 8 "y he>]s 9 ! doctr9es :i* he taught1 t by ! num]\s audi5ces to :i* 8 in/ructions 7 address$ he 0 he>d uni=mly ) ! mo/ sil5t & respectful att5tion4' ,& ?is deliv]y ( deep & pati5t ?\ght1 reg>d+ ! duties & relations ( man1 & ! f\ndation ( 8 beliefs1 0 cont9u$ 9 ! class-room = sixte5 ye>s4 ,z we might expect f _! m5tal aff9ities1 ,reid greatly e/eem$ ! works ( ,bi%op ,butl]4 ,among ! manuscripts at ,birkwood is an ab/ract ( ! ,analogy2 & ,butl]'s e?ical writ+s 7 recomm5d$ to 8 /ud5ts z ! be/ 9 ! lit]ature ( moral philosophy1 ) regret to see !m sup]s$$ 9 ,engl& by ! productions ( inf]ior morali/s4 ,9 tone & me?od ( inquiry ,reid is ! ,butl] ( ,scotl&4 ,& ,butl]1 too1 is ! ,reid ( ,engl& 9 8 tru/ful appeals to :at ,reid w\ld call ! common s5se4 ,:5 ,butl] asks himself :e!r we may n be deceiv$ 9 our natural s5se ( our cont9u\s p]sonal id5tity1 he replies1 t #8?is "q may be ask$ at ! end ( any demon/ration2 because x is a "q conc]n+ ! tru? ( p]ception by memory4 ,& he :o c d\bt :e!r p]ception by memory c 9 ?is case be dep5d$ on1 may d\bt also :e!r p]ception1 by reason+1 or inde$ :e!r any intuitive p]ception1 c4 ,"h !n we c g no fur!r4 ,= x is ridicul\s to attempt to prove ! tru? ( ^? p]ceptions1 ^: tru? we c no o!rwise prove ?an by o!r p]ceptions :i* !re is j ! same gr\nd to suspect2 or to attempt to prove ! tru? ( our faculties1 :i* c no o!rwise be prov$ ?an by ^! v suspect$ faculties !mselves4' ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ! argum5t t re/s on ! data ( ! s5se or reason ) :i* human nature is inspir$4 ,reid's homely lett]s to 8 ,ab]de5 fri5ds1 ,&rew & ,david ,sk5e1 give "s int]e/+ pictures ( ! details ( ! family's life1 9 ! ye>s :i* imm$iately foll[$ ! settlem5t 9 ,glasg[4 ,! extracts t foll[ may help ! read] to =m ! pictures4 ,9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,&rew ,sk5e1 dat$ ,novemb] #ae1 #agfd1 we see ! ,moral ,philosophy class-room on a w9t] morn+ a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago1 & life 9 ! ,drygate home a few weeks aft] ! family ent]$ x3-- #8,i mu/ laun* =? 9 ! morn+1 s z to be at ! ,college 7:i* is a walk ( eight m9utes7 half an h\r aft] sev51 :5 ,i speak = an h\r )\t int]ruption to an audi5ce ( ab\t a hundr$4 ,at elev5 ,i exam9e = an h\r ^u my morn+ prelection2 b my audi5ce is a little m ?an a ?ird "p ( :at x 0 9 ! morn+4 ,9 a week or two ,i mu/1 = ?ree days 9 ! week1 h a second prelection at twelve1 ^u a diff]5t subject1 :]e my audi5ce w be made up ( ^? :o he> me 9 ! morn+ b d n att5d at elev54 ,my he>]s commonly att5d my class two ye>s at lea/4 ,!y pay fees = ! fir/ two ye>s1 & !n !y are cives ( ! class1 & may att5d gratis z _m ye>s z !y please4 ,_m att5d ! moral philosophy class f\r or five ye>s2 s t ,i h _m prea*]s & /ud5ts ( div9ity & law ( consid]able /&+1 be=e :om ,i /& 9 awe to speak )\t m prep>ation ?an ,i h leisure =4 ,i h a great incl9ation to att5d "s ( ! pr(essors "h1 sev]al ( :om are v em95t 9 _! way2 b ,i _c f9d leisure4 ,mu* "t is consum$ 9 our college meet+s ab\t bus9ess1 ( :i* we h commonly f\r or five 9 ! week4 ,we h a ,lit]>y ,society once a week1 consi/+ ( ! ,ma/]s & two or ?ree m2 :]e ea* ( ! memb]s has a disc\rse once 9 ! session4444 ,ne> a ?ird "p ( our /ud5ts are ,iri%4 ,?irty came ov] lately 9 "o %ip1 besides ?ree t w5t to ,ed9burgh4 ,we h a good _m ,engli%1 & "s =eign]s4 ,_m ( ! ,iri%1 z well z ,scot*1 are poor1 & come up late to save money2 s t we are n yet fully conv5$1 al?\gh ,i h be5 tea*+ ev] s9ce ! #aj? ( ,octob]4 ,^? :o pret5d to "k1 say t ! numb] ( /ud5ts ?is ye>1 :5 fully conv5$1 w am\nt to #cjj4444 ,by ?is "t ,i am sure y h en\gh ( ! ,college2 = y "k z mu* z ,i c tell y ( ! f9e h\ses ( ! ,ma/]s1 ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory1 ( ,rob9 ,f\lis' collection ( pictures & pa9t+ college1 & ( ! f\ndry = types & pr9t+-h\se4 ,!re=e ,i w c>ry y home to my own h\se1 :i* lyes among ! middle ( ! weav]s1 l ! back-wynd 9 ,ab]de54 ,y g ?r\gh a long1 d>k1 abom9ably na/y entry1 :i* leads y into a clean little close4 ,y walk up/airs to a neat little d9+-room1 & f9d z _m o!r little rooms z j accommodate my family2 s scantily t my ap>tm5t is a closet ( six feet by eight or n9e (f ! d9+-room4 ,to balance ^! little inconv5i5ces1 ! h\se is new & free ( buggs2 x has ! be/ air & f9e/ prospect 9 ,glasg[2 ! privilege ( a l>ge g>d51 v airy1 to walk 91 :i* is n s nicely kept1 b "o may use fre$om ) x4 ,a five m9utes' walk leads u up a rocky precipice into a l>ge p>k1 p>tly plant$ ) firs1 & p>tly op51 :i* ov]looks ! t[n & all ! c\ntry r\nd1 & gives a view ( ! w9d+s ( ! ,clyde = a great way4 ,! anci5t ,ca!dral /&s at ! foot ( ! rock1 half ( its height bel[ y1 & half above y2 & inde$ x is a v magnific5t pile4 ,:5 we came "h1 ! /reet we live 9 7:i* is call$ ! ,drygate7 0 infe/$ ) ! small-pox1 :i* 7 v mortal4 ,two families 9 our neighb\rhood lo/ all _! *ildr51 be+ ?ree ea*4 ,little ,david 0 seiz$ ) ! infection1 & _h a v great eruption bo? on 8 face & ov] 8 :ole body1 :i* y w believe w\ld discompose 8 "m4444 ,al?\gh my sal>y "h be ! same z ,ab]de51 yet if ! class does n fall (f1 nor my heal?1 s z to disable me f tea*+1 ,i believe ,i %all be able to live z easily z at ,ab]de51 not)/&+ ! diff]5ces 9 ! exp5se ( liv+ at ! two places4 ,i h t\*$ ab\t #gj ( fees1 & may possibly make out ! #ajj ?is session4444 ,! common p "h h a gloom 9 _! c\nt5ance1 :i* ,i am at a loss :e!r to ascribe to _! religion or to ! air & climate4 ,!re is c]ta9ly m ( religion among ! common p 9 ?is t[n ?an 9 ,ab]de52 & al?\gh x has a gloomy en?usia/ical ca/1 yet ,i ?9k x makes !m tame & sob]4 ,i h n he>d ei!r ( a h\se or ( a head broke1 or ( a pocket pick$1 or ( any flagrant crime1 s9ce ,i came "h4 ,i h n he>d any swe>+ 9 ! /reets1 nor se5 a man drunk 7except+1 int] nos1 "o ,pr(--r7 s9ce ,i came "h4444 ,if ?is scroll tire y1 impute x to ?is1 t to-morr[ is to be employ$ 9 *oos+ a ,rector1 & ,i c sleep till t5 o'clock1 :i* ,i %all n d aga9 = six weeks4' ,aft] ! fir/ w9t]1 & :5 he _h ga9$ "s exp]i5ce ( ,glasg[1 he writes to ,dr4 ,david ,sk5e1 on #ac? ,july #agfe3-- #8,i h a /rong incl9ation to att5d ! *ymical lecture ! next w9t]2 b am afraid ,i %all n h "t4 ,i h _h b v imp]fect h9ts ( ,dr4 ,black's !ory ( fire4444 ,*emi/ry seems to be ! only bran* ( philosophy t c be said to be 9 a progressive /ate "h1 al?\gh o!r bran*es are nei!r ill taught nor ill /udi$4 ,i nev] consid]$ ,doll&'s telescopes till ,i came "h4 ,i ?9k !y op5 a new field 9 optics :i* may greatly enri* t "p ( philosophy4444 ,i f9d a v>iety ( ?+s "h to amuse me 9 ! lit]>y _w1 & want no?+ s mu* z my old fri5ds1 ^: place ,i _c expect at my "t ( life to supply4 ,i ?9k ! common p "h & 9 ! neighb\rhood greatly inf]ior to ! common p ) y4 ,!y are ,botian 9 _! und]/&+s1 fanatical 9 _! religion1 & cl[ni% 9 _! dress & mann]s4 ,! cl]gy enc\rage ?is fanaticism too mu*1 & f9d x ! only way to popul>ity4 ,i (t5 he> a gospel "h :i* y "k no?+ ab\t2 = y nei!r he> x f ! pulpit nor w y f9d x 9 ! ,bible4 ,:at is y\r ,philosophical ,society do+8 ,/ill battl+ ab\t ,d4 ,hume8 or h y "t to look 98444 ,i believe y d n l to be *>g$ ) complim5ts1 o!rwise ,i w\ld desire ( y to rememb] me respectfully to ,sir ,ar*ibald ,grant1 ,sir ,ar?ur & ,lady ,=bes1 & o!rs ( my c\ntry acqua9tances1 :5 y h occasion to see !m4' ,9 ano!r lett] to ,dr4 ,david1 writt5 ab\t ,*ri/mas 9 8 second w9t]1 we f9d t-- #8,mr4 ,watt has made two small improvem5ts 9 ! /eam-eng9e4#ac ,^! are m9utely describ$4 444 ,i h att5d$ ,dr4 ,black's lectures4 ,8 doctr9e ( lat5t heat is ! only ?+ ,i h yet he>d t is altoge!r new4 ,& inde$ ,i look ^u x z a v great discov]y4444 ,i h n met ) any botani/s "h4 ,our ,college is consid]ably m cr[d$ ?an x 0 la/ session4 ,my class inde$ is mu* ! same z la/ ye>1 b all ! re/ are bett]4 ,i believe ! numb] ( our /ud5ts ( "o k9d or ano!r may be betwe5 f\r & five hundr$4 ,b ! ,college at ,ed9burgh is increas$ ?is ye> mu* m ?an we are4 ,! ,moral ,philosophy class !re is m ?an d\ble ours4 ,! ,pr(essor1 ,f]guson1 is inde$1 z f> z ,i c judge1 a man ( a noble _s1 ( v elegant mann]s1 & has an uncommon fl[ ( eloqu5ce4 ,i he> he is ab\t to publi%1 ,i don't "k "u :at title1 a natural hi/ory ( man2 exhibit+ a view ( him 9 ! savage /ate1 & 9 ! sev]al successive /ates ( pa/urage1 agriculture1 & comm]ce4 ,our ,society ,s5ate is n s h>moni\s z ,i wi%4 ,s*emes ( int]e/1 pu%$ by "s & oppos$ by o!rs1 are l to divide u into p>ties1 & p]haps engage u 9 law suits4 ,mrs4 ,reid1 ,pegie1 & ,i1 h all _h a sev]e cold & c\gh4 ,i h be5 keep+ ! h\se ^! two days 9 ord] to get ! bett] ( x4' ,on #8,decemb] #cj?1 #agfe1' a less sangu9e view appe>s1 9 a lett] to ,&rew ,sk5e3-- #8,i assure y ,i c r>ely f9d an h\r :i* ,i am at lib]ty to dispose ( z ,i please4 ,! mo/ disagreeable ?+ 9 ! tea*+ "p is to h a great numb] ( /upid ,iri% teagues1 :o att5d classes = two or ?ree ye>s to qualify !m = tea*+ s*ools or be+ diss5t+ tea*]s4 ,i prea* to !m z ,/4 ,francis did to ! fi%es4 ,i don't "k :at pleasure he _h 9 8 audi5ce2 b ,i %\ld h none 9 m9e1 if !re 7 n 9 x a mixture ( reasonable creatures4 ,i confess ,i ?9k !re is a small] proportion ( ^! 9 my class ?is ye> ?an !re 0 ! la/4 ,i h long be5 ( ! op9ion t1 9 a "r con/itut$ ,college1 !re ought to be two pr(essors = ea* class--"o = ! dunces1 & ano!r = ^? :o h p>ts4 ,! prov9ce ( ! =m] w\ld n be ! mo/ agreeable1 b p]haps x w\ld require ! greate/ tal5ts1 & !re=e ought to be acc\nt$ ! po/ ( hon\r4 ,!re is no "p ( my "t m disagreeably sp5t ?an t :i* is sp5t 9 college meet+s2 & ,i %\ld h be5 att5d+ "o at ?is mom5t if a bad cold ,i h got _h n furni%$ me ) an excuse4 ,^! meet+s are become m disagreeable by an evil _s ( p>ty t seems to put u 9 a f]m5t1 & ,i am afraid w produce bad consequ5ces4 ,! temp] ( our nor!rn ,colonies makes m]cantile p "h look v grave4 ,x is said t ! effects 9 ^! colonies belong+ to ?is t[n am\nt to above #djj1jjj4ad ,! m]cantile p are = susp5d+ ! ,/amp-act1 & r$ress+ ! grievances ( ! coloni/s4444 ,9 :at light ! ,h\se ( ,commons w view ?is matt] ,i don't "k1 b x seems to me "o ( ! mo/ important matt]s t h come be=e !m4 ,i wi% (t5 an ev5+ ) y1 su* z we h enjoy$ 9 ! days ( =m] times1 to settle ! important affairs ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ( ,colleges & ,corporations4 ,i h f\nd ?is ! be/ exp$i5t to ?9k ( !m )\t melan*oly & *agr94 ,& ,i ?9k all t a man has to d 9 ! _w is to keep 8 temp] & to d 8 duty4 ,mrs4 ,reid is tol]ably well j n[1 b is (t5 ail+4' ,9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,david1 9 ,m>* #agff1 he ref]s to ! dea? ( 8 e>ly fri5d1 ,john ,/ew>t1 ! ,ma!matical ,pr(essor 9 ,m>is*al ,college1 & 8 companion 9 ! ,engli% t\r ?irty ye>s be=e3-- #8,mr4 ,/ew>t's dea? affects me deeply4 ,a s9c]e fri5d%ip1 begun at twelve ye>s ( age1 & cont9u$ to my "t ( life1 )\t any int]ruption1 _c b give "s pangs4 ,y "k 8 wor?2 yet x 0 %ad$ ev] s9ce y knew him by too great ab/raction f ! _w4 ,! =m] "p ( 8 life 0 m amiable & m social2 b ! :ole 0 ( a piece 9 virtue1 c&\r1 & humanity4444 ,i h always reg>d$ him z my be/ tutor1 ?\gh ( ! same age ) me4 ,if ! giddy "p ( my life 0 9 any degree sp5t innoc5tly & virtu\sly1 ,i owe x to him m ?an to any human creature2 = ,i c\ld n b be virtu\s 9 8 company1 & ,i c\ld n be s happy 9 any o!r4 ,b ,i mu/ leave ?is pleas+ melan*oly subject4 ,he is happy2 & ,i %all (t5 be happy 9 ! remembrance ( our fri5d%ip2 & ,i hope we %all meet aga94' ,a m9ute acc\nt ( ,black's !ory ( lat5t heat foll[s4 ,lat] 9 ! same ye>1 ,black 0 call$ to ! ,*air ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,ed9burgh1 :i* he fill$ = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 & 9 ,reid's lett]s to ! ,sk5es !re is mu* ab\t c&idates = ! vacant (fice 9 ,glasg[1 ) a sugge/ion t ,david ,sk5e %\ld himself ent] ! li/s4 #8,!re is a great _s ( inquiry among ! "y p "h4 ,lit]>y m]it is mu* reg>d$2 & ,i conceive ! opportunities a man has ( improv+ himself are mu* great] "h ?an at ,ab]de54 ,! communication ) ,ed9burgh is easy4 ,"o goes 9 ! /age coa* to ,ed9burgh be=e d9n]2 has all ! aft]noon !re1 & returns to d9n] at ,glasg[ next day2 s t if y h any ambition to get into ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh 7:i* ,i ?9k y ought to h71 ,i conceive ,glasg[ w\ld be a good /ep4' ,! appeal 0 ineffectual4 ,meantime 8 own appo9tm5t1 z an #8exam9ator' ( c&idates = ! vacant ,ma!matical ,*air 9 ,m>is*al ,college1 made a visit to ,ab]de5 necess>y1 z anticipat$ 9 a lett] on #8,may #h?'3-- #8,my class w be ov] 9 less ?an a mon?1 & by t "t ,i %all be glad to h "s respite4 ,i hope to h ! pleasure ( see+ my fri5ds 9 ,ab]de5 9 ,augu/1 if n soon]4 ,we h _h a /rong] ,college ?is ye> ?an ev] be=e4 ,we h be5 rem>kably free f riots & disord]s among ! /ud5ts2 & ,i did n inde$ expect t #cej "y fell[s c\ld h ke5 kept quiet = s _m mon?s ) s little tr\ble4444 ,y'll say to all ?is t cadg]s are aye speak+ ( crooksaddles4 ,i ?9k s !y ought2 besides1 ,i h no?+ else to say to y1 & h _h no "t to ?9k ( any?+ b my crooksaddles = sev5 mon?s pa/4 ,:5 ! session's ov]1 ,i mu/ rub up my ma!matics aga9/ ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,!re is "o c&idate = y\r pr(ession ( ma!matics to g f ?is ,college2 & if y\r ,college get a bett] man1 or a bett] ma!matician1 !y w be v lucky4#ae ,i am s s5sible ( ! hon\r ! ,magi/rates h done me 9 nam+ me to be "o ( ! exam9ators1 t ,i w n decl9e x1 ?\gh ,i confess ,i l ! hon\r bett] ?an ! (fice4' ,9 ! autumn ( #agff ,reid ex*ang$ ! h\se 9 ! ,drygate = an (ficial resid5ce 9 ! ,pr(essors' ,c\rt ( ! ,old ,college4 ,?is appe>s 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,&rew ,sk5e on ,decemb] #ag?3-- #8,i live n[ 9 ! ,college1 & h no di/ance to walk to my class 9 d>k morn+s1 z ,i _h be=e4 ,i enjoy ?is ease1 ?\gh ,i am n sure :e!r ! necessity ( walk+ up & d[n a /eep hill#af ?ree or f\r times a day 0 n ( use4 ,i h ( late _h a little ( y\r di/emp]1 f9d+ a gidd9ess 9 my head :5 ,i lie d[n1 or rise1 or turn myself 9 my b$4 ,our ,college is v well peopl$ ?is session4 ,my public class is above ?ree score1 besides ! private class4 ,dr4 ,smi? nev] _h s _m 9 "o ye>4 ,!re is no?+ s uneasy to me "h z our factions 9 ! ,college4' ,9 ,febru>y #agfg1 along ) o!r local news1 we f9d ?is 9 a lett] to ,david ,sk5e3-- #8,we are n[ resolv$ to h a canal f ,c>ron to ?is place1 if ! ,p>liam5t all[s x4 #dj1jjj 0 subscrib$ la/ week by ! m]*ants ( ! ,c>ron ,company = ?is purpose4#ag ,our m$ical college has fall5 (f greatly ?is session1 mo/ ( ! /ud5ts ( m$ic9e hav+ foll[$ ,dr4 ,black to ,ed9burgh4 ,! natural & moral philosophy classes are m num]\s ?an !y h ev] be52 b ,i expect a great fall+ (f1 if ,i see ano!r session4 ,i 0 j n[ see+ y\r furnace along ) ,dr4 ,irv9e4444 ,if ,i c\ld f9d a ma*9e z prop] = analys+ ideas1 moral s5tim5ts1 & o!r mat]ials belong+ to ! f\r? k+dom1 ,i believe ,i %\ld f9d 9 my he>t to be/[ ! money fir/4 ,i h ! m use = a ma*9e ( ?is k9d1 because my alembic = p]=m+ ^! op]ations--,i mean my cranium--has be5 a little out ( ord] ?is w9t]1 by a v]tigo1 :i* has made my /udies g on heavily1 ?\gh x has n hi!rto int]rupt$ my tea*+4 ,i h f\nd air & ex]cise & a clean /oma* ! be/ rem$ies2 b ,i _c comm& ! two =m] z (t5 z ,i c\ld wi%4 ,i am s5sible t ! air ( a cr[d$ class is bad1 & (t5 ?\ght ( c>ry+ my class to ! ,common ,hall2 b ,i 0 afraid x might h be5 con/ru$ z a piece ( o/5tation4' ,reid's lett] ( condol5ce to ,dr4 ,david ,sk5e on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 9 ,septemb] #agfg1 m5tions ! loss ( 8 own infant daught]1 #8my sweet little ,bess1' & also ref]s to an excursion to ,hamilton #8) ,mr4 ,beattie'--! only occasion on :i*1 = m ?an ?ree mon?s1 he _h be5 m ?an ?ree miles f ,glasg[4 #8,hav+ "t at comm&1' he _h be5 tempt$ #8to fall to ! tumbl+ ov] books2 z we h a va/ numb] "h :i* ,i _h n access to see at ,ab]de54 ,b ?is is a m>e magnum1 :]e9 "o is tempt$ by hopes ( discov]ies to make a t$i\s voyage1 :i* seldom repays ! lab\r4 ,i h long ago f\nd my memory to be l a vessel t is full3 if y p\r 9 m1 y lose z mu* z y ga92 & on ?is acc\nt ,i h a ?\s& times resolv$ to give up all pret5ce to :at is call$ le>n+1 be+ satisfi$ t x is m pr(itable to rum9ate on ! little ,i h laid up ?an to add to ! indige/$ heap4 ,i h _h little society1 ! ,college p be+ out ( t[n1 & h almo/ lo/ ! faculty ( speak+ by disuse4 ,i blame myself = hav+ correspond$ s little ) my fri5ds at ,ab]de54 ,i wi%$ to try ,lumsd5's exp]im5t :i* y 0 s good z to communicate to me4444 ,a na/y cu/om ,i h ( *ew+ tobacco has be5 ! reason ( my obs]v+ a species ( z na/y little animals4 ,i spit 9 a bas9 ( sawdu/1 :i*1 :5 x comes to be dr5*$1 produces a va/ numb] ( animals1 ?ree or f\r times z l>ge z a l\se1 & n v diff]5t 9 %ape2 b arm$ ) f\r or five r[s ( prickles l a h$gehog1 :i* seem to s]ve x z feet4 ,its motion is v sluggi%4 ,x lies dr5*$ 9 ! a=esaid mass1 :i* sw>ms ) ^! animals ( all ages f top to bottom4444 ,i h gone ov] ,sir ,james ,/ew>t's great book ( political economy1 :]e9 ,i ?9k !re is a great deal ( good mat]ial--c>elessly put toge!r inde$2 b ,i ?9k x conta9s m s\nd pr9ciples conc]n+ comm]ce & police ?an any book we h yet _h4 ,we _h ! fav\r ( a visit f ,sir ,ar*ibald ,grant4 ,x gave me mu* pleasure to see him reta9 8 spirits & vig\r4' ,a lett] 9 ,octob] m5tions t ,reid _h #8pass$ eight days lately ) ,"l ,kames at ,blair-,drummond1' & t 8 lord%ip is prep>+ a f\r? edition ( 8 ,elem5ts4 ,he adds1 #8,i h be5 lab\r+ at ,b>b>a ,cel>5t = ?ree weeks bygone4' ,a new fri5d1 ,"l ,kames1 "h comes 9 sight4 ,! la/ ( ! ,sk5e lett]s is dat$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #aggj4 ,aft] press+ ,david ,sk5e to visit him 9 ,glasg[1 he ends ?us3--#8,z to myself1 ! immat]ial _w has swall[$ up all my ?\ghts s9ce ,i came "h2 b ,i meet ) few t h travell$ f> 9 t region1 & am (t5 left to pursue my dre>y way 9 a m solit>y mann] ?an :5 we us$ to meet at ! ,club4' ,! homely simplicity ( ,reid's "* is %[n 9 ^? lett]s4 ,!y diff] f ! lett]s we h aft] ! ,sk5es disappe>4 ,^! are almo/ all on que/ions 9 philosophy1 & %[ a sl[ b /eady advance 9 reflection ^u ! #8common s5se' con/itution ( man's k ( ! univ]se ( matt] & m9d4 ,9 #aggb !re 0 sorr[ 9 ! ,reid h\sehold4 ,! two elde/ daught]s1 ,jane & ,m>g>et1 bo? di$1 9 ! bloom ( y\?1 leav+ only ! ?ird daught]1 ,m>?a1 :o n long aft] m>ri$ ,dr4 ,patrick ,c>mi*ael1 a ,glasg[ physician1 & y\nge/ son ( ,pr(essor ,g]%om ,c>mi*ael4 ,?is m>riage add$ mu* to ! com=t ( ,reid's lat] ye>s4 ,we h a pass+ glimpse ( ,reid 9 #aggc1 :5 he 0 ent]ta9$ 9 ,glasg[ by ,johnson & ,boswell1 at ! ,s>ac5's ,head ,inn1 9 ! ,gall[gate1 #8t p>agon ( inns 9 ! eyes ( ! ,scot*1 b wret*$ly manag$4' ,! travell]s arriv$ !re on ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 on _! return f _! romantic excursion to ! ,we/]n ,highl&s4 ,at ! ,s>ac5's ,head1 on ! foll[+ morn+1 z ,boswell tells u1 #8,dr4 ,reid1 ! philosoph]1 & two o!r ,glasg[ pr(essors1 breakfa/$ ) u1' & !y met !m aft]w>ds at supp]4 #8,i 0 n mu* pleas$ ) any ( !m1' ! sage wrote to ,mrs4 ,?rale4 #8,! g5]al impression ^u my memory1' ,boswell says1 #8is1 t we _h n mu* conv]sation at ,glasg[1 :]e ! pr(essors1 l _! bre?r5 at ,ab]de51 did n v5ture to expose !mselves mu* to ! batt]y ( cannon :i* !y knew might play ^u !m4' ,x is a pity t ,boswell's indiff]5ce1 or indol5ce1 on ?is occasion has depriv$ u ( talk at ! ,s>ac5's ,head & 9 ! ,college ,c\rt1 z dramatic 9 its way z ! pictures ( ,rasay or ,in* ,k5ne?4 ,not)/&+ ,reid's cauti\s & mode/ sil5ce1 or want ( vivacity1 he surely said & he>d some?+ at ^? ,glasg[ breakfa/s & supp]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e dea? _h put an end to ! lett]s to ! ,sk5es1 ,reid _h become intimate ) "o ( ! mo/ notable m5 ( ! "t 9 ,scotl&4 ,i d n "k h[ ! intimacy began1 b z e>ly z #agfg we h f\nd him ref]r+ to a visit to ,"l ,kames at ,blair-,drummond1 & to ! my/]ies ( ,b>b>a ,cel>5t4 ,?is means t he 0 at "w on ! ,brief ,acc\nt ( ,ari/otle's ,logic1 ) ,rem>ks1 publi%$ sev5 ye>s aft]w>ds z an ,app5dix to "o ( ,"l ,kames' ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man4 ,! ,sket*es appe>$ 9 two qu>to volumes1 9 #aggd1 & ! ,brief ,acc\nt fills ab\t sev5ty pages 9 ! second volume4 ,x 0 ,reid's only appe>ance 9 pr9t 9 ! sixte5 ye>s ( 8 public pr(essor%ip 9 ,glasg[4 ,?is1 along ) ! essay on ,quantity1 giv5 to ! ,royal ,society 9 #agdh1 & ! ,inquiry1 9 #agfd1 made up 8 "w z an au?or1 until aft] he _h ceas$ to be an oral tea*]4 ,9 ,h5ry ,home1 ,"l ,kames1 not)/&+ a temp]am5t v diff]5t f 8 own1 ,reid f\nd cong5ial companion%ip--a /rong disposition to metaphysical speculation1 a ready & accompli%$ if n deeply le>n$ lawy]1 & a consid]able au?or4 ,kames 0 f\rte5 ye>s 8 s5ior4 ,curi\sly1 ,h5ry ,home's close/ e>ly fri5d%ip 0 ) ,david ,hume4 ,?irty ye>s be=e 8 fri5d%ip ) ,reid1 he advis$ ,hume ab\t ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 & _h giv5 ! y\? an introduction to ,bi%op ,butl]4 #8,my op9ions1' ,david writes 9 #agcg1 #8are s new1 & ev5 "s t]ms ,i am oblig$ to make use (1 t ,i c\ld n propose1 by any abridgm5t1 to give my sy/em an air ( likelihood1 or ev5 to make x intelligible4 ,i h _h a great] desire ( communicat+ to y a plan ( ! :ole1 t ,i believe x w n appe> 9 public be=e ! beg9n+ ( next w9t]4 ,i am at pres5t ca/rat+ my "w1 t is1 cutt+ (f its nobl] p>ts1 t is1 endeav\r+ x %all give z little (f5ce z possible4 ,?is is a piece ( c[>dice = :i* ,i blame myself4 ,b ,i resolv$ n to be an en?usia/ 9 philosophy :ile ,i 0 blam+ o!r en?usiasms4' ,x 0 ?us t ,hume wrote ab\t ! book :i*1 ev5 9 its #8ca/rat$' =m1 />tl$ ,reid 9 ! manse at ,new ,ma*>1 & det]m9$ 8 :ole intellectual life4 ,9 #agea ,home publi%$ ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality & ,natural ,religion1 on :i* ,jona?an ,edw>ds congratulat$ him 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,ersk9e4 ,yet 8 speculations1 & 8 association ) ! sceptic1 rais$ a suspicion ( 8 or?odoxy 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,accord+ to ,"l ,woodh\selee1 8 biograph]1 #8! int]c\rse ( ,"l ,kames 0 frequ5t ) 8 mu*-valu$ fri5d ,dr4 ,reid1 & !y correspond$ on v>i\s topics ( philosophy--a correspond5ce :i*1 not)/&+ ! dissimil>ity ( "* 9 _m respects betwe5 ^! two em95t m51 subsi/$ = a long p]iod ( ye>s1 ) ! mo/ p]fect cordiality & mutual e/eem4' ,dr4 ,reid1 ,dugald ,/ew>t tells u1 liv$ 9 ! mo/ cordial & affectionate fri5d%ip ) ,"l ,kames1 not)/&+ ! av[$ opposition ( _! s5tim5ts on "s moral que/ions to :i* he atta*$ ! highe/ importance4 ,bo? ( !m1 h[ev]1 7 ! fri5ds ( virtue & ( mank9d2 & bo? 7 able to temp] ! w>m? ( free discussion ) ! =be>ance & good hum\r f\nd$ on mutual e/eem4 #8,no two m51' ,/ew>t adds1 #8ev] exhibit$ a m /rik+ contra/ 9 _! conv]sation or 9 _! con/itutional temp]s--! "o sl[ & cauti\s 9 8 decisions1 ev5 on ^? topics :i* he _h mo/ dilig5tly /udi$2 res]v$ & sil5t 9 promiscu\s society1 & reta9+1 aft] all 8 lit]>y em95ce1 ! same simple & unassum+ mann]s :i* he _h br\ght f 8 c\ntry resid5ce2 ! o!r1 lively1 rapid1 & communicative2 accu/om$ by 8 pr(essional pursuits to wield ) address ! weapons ( controv]sy1 & n av]se to a trial ( 8 p[]s on que/ions ! mo/ =eign to 8 ord9>y habits ( inquiry4 ,b ^! *>act]i/ical diff]5ces1 :ile to _! common fri5ds !y l5t an additional *>m to ! di/+ui%+ m]its ( ea*1 s]v$ only to enliv5 _! social int]c\rse1 & to cem5t _! mutual atta*m5t4' ,f #agfg till ! dea? ( ,"l ,kames 9 ,decemb] #aghb1 _! int]c\rse 0 unbrok54#ah ,"l ,kames ?us expla9s ,reid's contribution to ! ,sket*es3--#8,9 review+ ! =ego+ ,sket*1 x occurr$ to me t a fair analysis ( ,ari/otle's logic w\ld be a valuable addition to ! hi/orical bran*4 ,a di/9ct & c&id acc\nt ( a sy/em t = s _m ages gov]n$ ! reason+ "p ( mank9d _c b be acceptable to ! public4 ,curiosity w be gratifi$ 9 see+ a phantom del9eat$ t s long fasc9at$ ! le>n$ _w2 a phantom :i*1 l ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 or hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon1 is a /ructure ( inf9ite g5ius1 b absolutely useless1 unless = rais+ wond]4 ,dr4 ,reid1 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,college ( ,glasg[1 reli%$ ! ?\ght1 & 8 fri5d%ip to me prevail$ on him1 aft] mu* solicitation1 to und]take ! labori\s task4 ,no man is bett] acqua9t$ ) ,ari/otle's writ+s2 & 7)\t any en?usia/ic atta*m5t7 he holds t philosoph] to be a fir/-rate g5ius4' ,measur$ by ! pres5t /&>d ( ,ari/otelian criticism1 ,reid's exposition ( ! ,organon1 & e/imate ( its place 9 ! developm5t ( human und]/&+1 may seem meagre & inadequate2 especially z ! issue ( sev5 ye>s ( prep>ation1 & z 8 solit>y contribution to philosophy 9 ^! sixte5 ye>s4 ,b :5 we rememb] t ,ari/otelian logic 0 !n "u an eclipse1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 & t ,reid's #8,brief ,acc\nt' 0 an attempt to draw ! ,organon out ( ! obscurity to :i* x _h be5 condemn$ by lead]s ( mod]n ?\ght1 ! m]it ( 8 sob] & sagaci\s comm5t>y may be m recognis$4 ,x is z a signal monum5t ( ab/ract$ intellectual activity1 r ?an z a philosophical in/rum5t = advanc+ or organis+ our k1 t ,reid reg>ds ! syllogi/ic logic4 ,he concludes t ! art ( syllogism is bett] fitt$ to promote s*ola/ic litigation ?an real improvem5t 9 ! sci5ces2 he sees 9 x only #8a v5]able piece ( antiquity & a great ef=t ( human g5ius4' ,:5 he contra/s ! utility ( ,bacon's ,organum1 z a factor 9 ! progressive intellig5ce ( mank9d1 he fails to see t ea* ,organon may consi/5tly supplem5t ! o!r4 ,reid *>act]i/ically ends 8 acc\nt ( ! old ,organon by sugge/+ an ,organon1 diff]5t f ei!r ! old or ! new1 z /ill want+4 ,?is %\ld nei!r1 l ,ari/otle's1 unfold only ab/ract =ms ( d$uctive reason+1 nor1 l ,bacon's1 only me?ods = v]ify+ inductive g5]alisations4 ,x %\ld be conc]n$ ) ! rational pr9ciples :i* compose ! ,common ,s5se ( mank9d4 #8,all ! real k ( mank9d may be divid$ into two p>ts3 ! fir/ consi/s ( self-evid5t propositions1 ! second ( ^? :i* are d$uc$ by j reason+ f self-evid5t propositions4 ,! l9e t divides ^! two ought to be m>k$ z di/9ctly z possible1 & pr9ciples t are really self-evid5t r$uc$ to g5]al axioms4 ,al?\gh fir/ pr9ciples d n admit ( direct pro(1 yet !re mu/ be c]ta9 m>ks by :i* ^? t are truly su* may be di/+ui%$ f c\nt]feits4 ,^! m>ks ought to be describ$ & appli$ to di/+ui% ! g5u9e f ! spuri\s4444 ,?is is a subject ( su* importance t if inquisitive m5 c be br\ght to ! same unanimity 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! o!r sci5ces z 9 ^? ( ma!matics & natural philosophy1 ?is might be consid]$ z a ?ird gr& era 9 ! progress ( human reason4' ,?us 9 #aggd ,reid's ?\ght /ill conv]ges on ! subject :i* _h engag$ him s9ce ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature f\nd its way into ! manse ( ,new ,ma*>4 ,p]haps he 0 unduly sangu9e 9 expect+ unanimity reg>d+ ! +r$i5ts ( ! f9al reason ( mank9d--s imp]fectly develop$ 9 ! individual consci\sness1 9 its high] elem5ts1 z long z m5 are dispos$ to resi/ ! f9al v5ture ( ! he>t & consci5ce 9 _! int]pretation ( ! _w & ( human life4 ,x 0 9 #aggd t ,reid's appeal 9 #agfd to ! common reason ( human nature ar\s$ ho/ile criticism4 ,he _h be5 second$ by o!rs 9 8 response to ! sceptics4 ,! resort to a #8s5se' ( self-evid5t tru?1 9 8 ,inquiry 9 #agfd1 :i* itself look$ l a reply to argum5t by feel+1 0 foll[$ 9 #agff by ,an ,appeal to ,common ,s5se on behalf ( ,religion1 by ,dr4 ,james ,oswald1 m9i/] ( ,me?v5 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,9 #aggj ,beattie's ,essay on ! ,nature & ,immutability ( ,tru?1 9 opposition to ,sophi/ry & ,scepticism1 foll[$4 ,oswald & ,beattie 7 n deep & pati5t ?9k]s l ,reid2#ai b ! ris+ lit]>y & social reputation ( ,beattie1 secur$ = ! ,essay on ,tru? m rapid & widespread admiration ?an 0 giv5 to ! ,inquiry4 ,beattie (t5 visit$ ,london1 0 !re "o ( ! lions ( ! day1 0 made a ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d1 & _h int]views ) ,george ! ,?ird1 :o admir$ 8 book1 conf]r$ a p5sion on ,beattie1 & ralli$ ,mr4 ,dundas ab\t #8,scot* ,philosophy4' ,reid1 ,beattie1 & ,oswald ?us became kn[n z a triumvirate ( #8,scotti% ,philosoph]s'2 & ! appeal to common s5se1 9 :i* !y 7 at lea/ v]bally agre$1 began to be spok5 ab\t z #8! ,scotti% ,philosophy1' a t]m :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,?is ,scotti% triumvirate1 help$ into vogue by ,beattie1 r\s$ ,joseph ,prie/ley1 an ,engli% diss5t]4 ,prie/ley _h ab&on$ ! ,calv9ism ( 8 e>ly cre$ = mat]ialism1 philosophical necessity1 & free ?\ght1 &1 aft] s]v+ = "s ye>s z pa/or ( a noncon=mi/ *apel 9 ,*e%ire1 & next z a s*oolma/] mu* devot$ to exp]im5ts 9 ! natural sci5ces1 0 already kn[n z an au?or 9 natural sci5ce4 ,9 #aggd1 :5 he 0 liv+ ) ,"l ,%elburne1 z libr>ian & lit]>y companion1 he appe>$ = ! fir/ "t z a metaphysical critic1 9 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,reid's ,inquiry1 ,beattie's ,essay1 & ,oswald's ,appeal to ,common ,s5se4 ,he play$ ^u ! t]m #8common s5se1' & took = grant$ t ! aim ( ! triumvirate 0 to sub/itute m]e feel+ & au?ority = reason1--! au?ority ( ! multitude = t ( ! philosophical elect1--alleg+ bl9d in/9ct :5 unable to produce argum5t1 & multiply+ in/9cts to suit ea* controv]sial em]g5cy4 #8,z m5 h imag9$ innate ideas1 because !y _h =got h[ !y came by _! ideas1 ! ,scotti% philosoph]s set up almo/ z _m di/9ct in/9cts z !re are acquir$ pr9ciples ( act+4' ,he ridicul$ ,reid = 8 suppos$ discov]y ( ! root ( scepticism 9 ! ideal hypo!sis2 *>g+ him ) innoc5tly mi/ak+ a metaphor = a sci5tific !ory1 & = ov]look+ ! lead+ "p :i* m5tal association plays1 z ! cause ( ^? convictions :i* ,reid mi/ook = infallible con/itu5ts ( common s5se4 #8,if we consid] ! g5]al t5or ( ! writ+s ( ^! philosoph]s1' ,dr4 ,prie/ley said1 #8x w appe> t !y are say+ "o ?+ & do+ ano!r--talk+ plausibly ab\t ! necessity = admitt+ axioms z ! f\ndation ( all reason+1 b mean+ to recomm5d p>ticul> assumptions ( _! own z axioms--n z be+ f\nd$ on p]ception ( ! agreem5t ( ideas1 :i* is ! great doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,locke1 & :i* makes tru? to dep5d ^u ! necess>y nature ( ?+s1 to be !re=e absolute1 un*angeable1 & ev]la/+1 b m]ely on "s unacc\ntable in/9ctive p]suasions1 dep5d+ ^u ! arbitr>y con/itution ( our nature--:i* makes all tru? be relative to ourselves only1 & consequ5tly to be inf9itely vague & prec>i\s4 ,?is sy/em admits ( no f9al appeal to reason prop]ly consid]$1 :i* any p]son might be at lib]ty to exam9e & discuss2 on ! contr>y e man is taught to ?9k himself au?oris$ to pron\nce dogmatically ^u e "q1 accord+ to 8 pres5t feel+ & p]suasion1 "u ! notion ( its be+ some?+ orig9al1 in/ructive1 & incontrov]tible2 al?\gh1 /\tly analys$1 x may appe> to be m]e prejudice4' ,?us1 z oppos$ to ! man ( /raw he set up "u ! "n ( ,reid1 ,prie/ley po/ulat$ a mat]iali/ic conception ( man1 z only an organism1 ! s-call$ m5tal & moral p[] ( :i* 0 ! natural issue ( physical /ructure2 8 p]ceptions ! effects ( _! own objects2 & on ! :ole a necessitat$ sy/em ( ! univ]se1 :i* exclud$ morally responsible ag5cy4 ,reid made no reply at ! "t to ?is argum5tative dis*>ge4 ,9 an unpubli%$ lett] to ,dr4 ,price he gives a reason = 8 sil5ce4 #8,i w n answ] ,dr4 ,prie/ley1' he says1 #8because he is v lame 9 ab/ract reason+4 ,i h got no light f him4 ,& inde$ :at light ) respect to ! p[]s ( ! m9d c "o expect f a man :o has n yet le>n$ to di/+ui% ideas f vibrations1 nor motion f s5sation1 nor simple appreh5sion f judgm5t1 nor simple ideas f complex ideas1 nor necess>y tru?s f cont+5t tru?s8'#bj ,9 #agge ,reid writes to ,"l ,kames3-- #8,dr4 ,prie/ley 9 8 la/ book ?9ks t ! p[] ( p]ception1 z mu* z ! o!r p[]s t are t]m$ m5tal1 is ! natural result ( an organic /ructure su* z t ( ! human bra94 ,consequ5tly1 ! :ole man becomes ext9ct at dea?2 & we h no hope ( surviv+ ! grave b :at is d]iv$ f ! ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,i w\ld be glad to "k y\r lord%ip's op9ion1 :e!r1 :5 my bra9 has lo/ its orig9al /ructure1 & :5 "s hundr$ ye>s aft]1 ! same mat]ials are aga9 fabricat$ s curi\sly z to become an intellig5t be+--:e!r1 ,i say1 t be+ w be me2 or if two or ?ree su* be+s %\ld be =m$ out ( my bra91 :e!r !y w all be me1 & consequ5tly be all "o & ! same intellig5t be+4 ,?is seems to me a great my/]y2 b ,dr4 ,prie/ley d5ies all my/]ies4444 ,i am n surpris$ t y\r lord%ip has f\nd little ent]ta9m5t 9 a late ,fr5* writ] on human nature4 ,f :at ,i le>n ! ,fr5* philosoph]s are become rank ,epicureans4 ,i dete/ all sy/ems t depreciate human nature4 ,if x be a delusion t !re is some?+ 9 ! con/itution ( man t is v5]able & wor?y ( its au?or1 let me live & die 9 ?is delusion r ?an h my eyes op5$ to see my species 9 a disgu/+ light4 ,e good man feels 8 indignation rise aga9/ ^? :o disp>age 8 k9dr$ or c\ntry2 :y %\ld x n rise aga9/ ^? :o disp>age 8 k9d8 ,7 x n t we sometimes see extremes meet1 ,i %\ld ?9k x v /range to see a!i/s & high-%od div9es cont5d+ :o %\ld mo/ black5 & deg5]ate human nature4 ,yet ,i ?9k ! a!i/ acts ! mo/ consi/5t "p ( ! two2 = surely su* views ( human nature t5d m to promote a!ism ?an to promote religion & virtue4' ,?is allusion to contempor>y ,fr5* philosoph]s is almo/ ! only "o ,i f9d 9 ,reid4 ,! *ief works ( ,condillac appe>$ be=e ! ,inquiry1 b x does n seem t !y1 or ,did]ot & ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/s1 7 kn[n to him4 ,t ,kant is n ref]r$ to1 nor ev5 kn[n by "n1 is less surpris+4 ,?is ignorance is *>act]i/ic ( ,reid's home-br$1 self-conta9$ philosophy4 ,inquiry into our conception ( ,p[] or ,causation becomes prom95t 9 ,reid's lett]s to ,"l ,kames ?r\gh\t #8! sev5ties1' along ) exp]im5tal inve/igations 9 physics & physiology :i* %[ cont9u$ int]e/ 9 natural causes4 ,a lett]1 writt5 9 #agge1 conta9s a curi\s conjecture ) reg>d to ! g5]ation ( plants & animals1 m speculative ?an 0 8 habit4 ,he is #8apt to conjecture1' he tells 8 fri5d1 #8t bo? plants & animals are at fir/ organis$ atoms1 hav+ all ! p>ts ( ! animal or plant1 b s sl5d]1 & fold$ up 9 su* a mann]1 z to be r$uc$ to a p>ticle f> beyond ! rea* ( our s5ses1 & p]haps z small z ! con/itu5t p>ts ( wat]4 ,! e>?1 ! wat]1 & ! air may1 = any?+ ,i "k1 be full ( su* organis$ atoms4' ,he !n goes on to consid] ! relation ( ?is hypo!sis to ! idea ( active design 9 nature1 & expresses d\bt ab\t ! possibility ( ! atoms be+ end[$ ) p[] to =m !mselves into an organis$ body l ! human4 #8,i _c help ?9k+ t su* a "w z ! ,iliad1 & mu* m an animal or vegetable body1 mu/ h be5 made by express design4 ,x seems to me z easy to contrive a ma*9e :i* %\ld compose a v>iety ( epic poems & trag$ies1 z to contrive laws ( motion by :i* un?9k+ p>ticles ( matt] %\ld coalesce into a v>iety ( organis$ bodies4' ,he sugge/s t ! organisation is ! issue ( con/ant & uni=m div9e activity4 #8,c we1' he asks1 #8%[ by any good reason t ! ,almighty f9i%$ 8 "w at a /roke1 & has cont9u$ ev] s9ce an inactive spectator8 ,& if ,8 cont9u$ op]ation be necess>y1 x is no miracle1 :ile x is uni=m1 & accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,?\gh we %\ld suppose ! gravitation ( matt] to be ! imm$iate op]ation ( ! ,deity1 x w\ld be no miracle :ile x is con/ant & uni=m2 b if x %\ld cease = a mom5t1 only by ,8 )hold+ ,8 h&1 ?is w\ld be a miracle4' ,?is is to say t all natural *anges are imm$iate effects ( div9e action1 proce$+ accord+ to natural law or rule4 ,! sugge/ion illu/rates ! b5t ( ,reid's ?\ght 9 lat] life4 ,if our common s5se ( ! cont9u\s indep5d5t exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s1 & ( _! manife/ation 9 ,p]ception z directly z /ates ( our own m9ds are manife/$ to u :5 we are consci\s ( !m--if ?is 0 ! factor ( ! ,common ,s5se t engag$ him 9 ,new ,ma*> & ,k+'s ,college days1 ! ,p[] or ,causality :i* all *anges 9 ! univ]se presuppose n[ becomes prom95t1 alike 9 8 correspond5ce & 9 8 books4 ,:at is meant by ,p[]1 & :]e is ! ,p[] c5tr$ t is impli$ 9 ! *anges t are always go+ on1 9 ourselves & 9 our surr\nd+s8 ,prie/ley's assumption t matt] expla9s all ! ph5om5a ( a human m9d2 ! !ory ( univ]sal necessity advocat$ by ,kames2 & ! duties ( 8 ,glasg[ pr(essor%ip1 all t5d$ to c>ry 8 reflections onw>d f ! m]ely physical to ! e?ical judgm5ts ( ! common s5se1 & s upw>d f ! m]ely natural to ! spiritual int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 #8,fir/ t :i* is natural1 !n t :i* is spiritual4' ,?is runs ?r\gh 8 correspond5ce ) ,"l ,kames4 ,t !re is no absolute necessity = m5 be+ bad2 t _! immoral acts are c5tr$ & orig9ate 9 !mselves & n 9 ,god2 t x w\ld be unju/ to exact z a duty :at x is n 9 a p]son's p[] to d2 t :at a man does volunt>ily or ) delib]ate int5tion1 x is also 9 8 p[] n to d2 t :at is done )\t 8 w is n really done by him at all2 & t real p[] is moral ag5cy1--^! are ultimate judgm5ts1 rea*$ #8n by logical reason+1' b 9 #8! m tru/wor?y way ( imm$iate p]ception & feel+1' to :i* ,reid s (t5 appeals4 #8,if ,i c\ld suppose ,god to make a devil a devil1 ,i _c suppose t ,he w\ld condemn him = be+ a devil1' is 9 a lett] to ,"l ,kames4#ba ,! impot5ce ( matt] r ?an its indep5d5ce is n[ insi/$ on2 ) ! inf]5ce t at any rate x _c cause our p]ceptions1 z ,prie/ley suppos$4 ,he beg9s to see t p[] mu/ be ref]r$ to m9d or _s alone1 & t matt] is p[]less4 #8,effici5t causes are n )9 ! sph]e ( natural philosophy1 :i* is conc]n$ only ) ! laws or me?ods accord+ to :i* ,p[] op]ates4 ,x exhibits ! gr& ma*9e ( ! mat]ial _w1 analys$1 z x 71 & tak5 to pieces4 ,x belongs to metaphysics & natural !ology to %[ ! ,p[] t cont9ues & gives motion to ! :ole2 accord+ to laws :i* ! naturali/ discov]s1 & p]haps accord+ to laws /ill m g5]al4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 ?us t ,reid's unev5tful life ( ?\ght--deep1 /eady1 unobtrusive--0 su/a9$ = sixte5 ye>s1 :5 he 0 educat+ ! ris+ g5]ation 9 ! old class-room at ! ,college2 unfold+ philosophy 9 correspond5ce ) a sympa!tic fri5d2 contribut+ essays to ! ,lit]>y ,society :i* met mon?ly at ! ,college2 & prep>+ 8 #8,brief ,acc\nt' ( ,ari/otle--all until he _h rea*$ 8 sev5tie? ye>4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,may #aghj he wrote to ,"l ,kames ( a *ange t _h occurr$ ! day be=e3-- #8,i f9d myself gr[+ old2 & ,i h no "r lo plead exemption f ! infirmities ( t /age ( life4 ,= t reason ,i h made *oice ( an ,assi/ant 9 my (fice4 ,ye/]day ! ,college at my desire made *oice ( ,mr4 ,ar*ibald ,ar?ur1 prea*]1 to be my assi/ant & successor4 ,i ?9k ,i h done good s]vice to ! ,college by ?is1 & procur$ "s leisure to myself1 ?\gh ) r$uction ( my f9ances4' ,x 0 ,reid's desire1 :ile 8 faculties 7 yet vigor\s1 to devote 8 /r5g? to fur!r philosophical au?or%ip4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ sixte5 ye>s ( 8 life 8 lectures 7 deliv]$ to ! /ud5ts by ,mr4 ,ar?ur1 to :om ! pr(essorial "w 9 ! class-room 0 transf]r$4 ,ar?ur1 !n ?irty-six ye>s ( age1 0 a native ( ,r5frew%ire1 a di/+ui%$ alumnus ( ,glasg[1 z x seems f a po/hum\s volume ( 8 ,essays1 & a man n unlike ,reid 9 m9d & "*1 b 9 inf]ior =m2 at ?is "t *apla9 & libr>ian ( ! ,univ]sity1 & a memb] ( ! ,lit]>y ,society4 ,aft] "o ( ,ar?ur's ,sunday s]vices 9 ! ,college *apel1 ,reid _h :isp]$ to "o ( 8 colleagues on ! pr(essorial b5*--#8,?is is a v s5sible fell[1 & 9 my op9ion w\ld make a good pr(essor ( morals4'#bb ,he is describ$ by a contempor>y z #8a man ( unprepossess+ ext]ior1 ( inv9cible ba%fulness1 :i* cont9u$ to clog 8 mann] & imp$e 8 ex]tions dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life2 b ( a ?\ghtful1 grave1 sil5t habit1 :i* l$ him to a due e/imate ( :at he 0 individually adapt$ to4' ,he surviv$ ,reid1 z 8 successor1 a little m ?an a ye>1 :5 he 0 foll[$ 9 ! ,*air by ,james ,mylne1 a /rong man unkn[n 9 philosophical lit]ature1 ^: pr(essorial c>e] ( =ty ye>s made him a famili> figure to g5]ations ( ,glasg[ /ud5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,philosophical ,,retirem5t3 ,,au?or%ip ,,9 ,,old ,,age #aghj-agie ,dugald ,/ew>t1 :5 illu/rat+ ! *anges 9 human memory t are connect$ ) disease & old age1 ref]s ?us to ,reid3--#8,"o old man ,i h myself _h ! good =tune to "k1 :o1 aft] a long1 an active1 & an hon\rable life1 hav+ begun to feel "s ( ! usual effects ( advanc$ ye>s1 has be5 able to f9d res\rces 9 8 own sagacity aga9/ mo/ ( ! inconv5i5ces ) :i* !y are commonly att5d$2 & :o1 by wat*+ 8 gradual decl9e ) ! c\rage ( an indiff]5t obs]v]1 & employ+ 8 +5uity to ret>d its progress1 has conv]t$ ev5 ! infirmities ( old age into a s\rce ( philosophical amusem5t4' ,= sixte5 ye>s ,reid _h be5 dis*>g+ t "p ( ! duties ( a pr(essor :i* belongs to ! class-room3 ! rema9+ sixte5 ye>s ( 8 life1 devot$ to orig9al rese>* & au?or%ip1 illu/rate ! words ( ,/ew>t4 ,he cont9u$1 aft] ! appo9tm5t ( ,ar?ur1 to live z be=e 9 ! ,pr(essors' ,c\rt 9 old ,glasg[ ,college--a placid1 me?odical life1 /eadily indu/ri\s1 a sagaci\s int]pret] ( nature & ( man1 /ill active 9 ! academic s5ate--) occasional recreation 9 visits to ! c\ntry4 ,! ye> #aghj 0 sadd5$ by ano!r ( ^? dome/ic sorr[s :i* =m$ ! *ief int]ruption to ! tranquil happ9ess ( 8 life2 = 8 elde/ son1 ,george1 di$ 9 ,newf\ndl& 9 ,febru>y1 at ! age ( tw5ty-five4 ,two ye>s lat] ! only rema9+ son1 ,david1 0 tak5 away2 aft] :i* 8 daught]1 ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 alone surviv$ ( ! n9e sons & daught]s4 ,v soon aft] he _h be5 releas$ f ! public "w ( ! pr(essor%ip1 lett]s to 8 c\s91 ,dr4 ,james ,gregory1 !n an ,ed9burgh ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e1 speak ( activity 9 trans=m+ ! lectures into ! =m ( philosophical essays = publication4 ,?is ent]prise 0 inde$ ,reid's pr9cipal employm5t = ! next eight ye>s4 ,! ,essays appe>$ 9 two in/alm5ts1 9 #aghe & #aghh4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t 0 a matt]-(-fact inquiry into ! intellectual p[] ( man2 ! second 0 a matt]-(-fact inquiry into man's moral p[]3 ! #8facts' inquir$ ab\t & appeal$ to 7 ! invisible ones ( :i* m5 are consci\s1 n ^? t c be se5 & t\*$--above all1 ! f9al convictions ( :i* ! ,common ,s5se consi/s4 ,bo? in/alm5ts appe>$ 9 ! same decade ( la/ c5tury 9 :i* ,kant's #8,kritiks' ( ,pure & ,practical ,reason 7 giv5 to ! _w4 ,reid's ,essays =m1 z x 71 ! inn] c\rt ( ! temple ( :i* ! ,ab]donian ,inquiry is ! ve/ibule4 ,b ! ve/ibule is a m f9i%$ "w ( con/ructive skill ?an ! inn] c\rt1 = ! ag$ ar*itect appe>s at la/ z if emb>rass$ by accumulat$ mat]ial4 ,! ,essays1 great] 9 bulk1 p]haps less des]ve a place among mod]n philosophical classics ?an ! ,inquiry1 not)/&+ its n>r[] scope1 conf9$ z x is to man's p]ception ( ! ext5d$ _w1 z an object-lesson 9 ! me?od ( appeal to ! common s5se4 ,9 ! ,essays an advance is made t[>ds a f9ally e?ical int]pretation ( man & ! univ]se4 ,we h no long] ! light ( lett]s to ,"l ,kames 9 ?is clos+ /age ( ,reid's life2 = ,kames di$ 9 #aghb4 ,reid's retir+ mode/y depriv$ him ( t l>ge lit]>y int]c\rse to :i* 8 philosophical position might o!rwise h l$4 ,8 correspond5ce ) m5 em95t 9 lett]s or philosophy seems almo/ conf9$ to ,kames1 ! ,gregories1 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 & ,dr4 ,price4 ,i f9d no trace ( correspond5ce ) 8 ,ab]de5 fri5ds ,campbell & ,beattie1 ^: pursuits _h s mu* 9 common ) 8 own4 ,b lett]s to ,dr4 ,james ,gregory take ! place 9 ! #8eighties' :i* ^? to ,"l ,kames took 9 ! #8sev5ties'2 !y reveal an old age giv5 to pro(-%eets1 sci5tific exp]im5ts1 & b5ignant int]e/ 9 social progress4 ,"o dat$ #8,glasg[ ,college1 ,april #g1 #aghc1' tells ( ! ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s 9 ! press3--#8,i %all be mu* oblig$ if y w cont9ue to fav\r me ) y\r obs]vations2 !re=e ,i h put (f exam9+ ^? y h s5t until ! manuscripts be return$1 :i* ,i expect ab\t ! end ( ?is mon?1 along ) ,dugald ,/ew>t's obs]vations4' ,aga9 he writes 9 ,june3--#8,i _c get m copi$ ( my pap]s till next w9t]1 & inde$ h n mu* m ready4 ,?is p>cel goes to page #feh4 ,i believe :at y h got be=e may be "o-half ( all ,i int5d4 ,! mat]ials ( :at is n yet ready = ! copi] are p>tly disc\rses read 9 our ,lit]>y ,society1 p>tly notes ( my lectures4 ,y\r judgm5t ( :at y h se5 flatt]s me v mu*1 & adds greatly to my own op9ion ( x2 ?\gh au?ors seldom are defici5t 9 a good op9ion ( _! works4 ,i am at a loss to express my obligations to y = ! pa9s y h tak54' ,he ref]s 9 ano!r lett] to :at he reg>ds z ! s\rce ( ! fa%ionable agno/icism aga9/ :i* 8 life 0 a cont9u$ philosophical prote/3--#8,i h (t5 ?\ght ( :at y propose--to give a ,hi/ory ( ! ,ideal ,sy/em & :at ,i h to say aga9/ x1 by itself2 & ,i am f> f be+ satisfi$ t x /&s 9 ! mo/ prop] place 9 ! ,essays4 ,i h endeav\r$ to put x 9 sep>ate *apt]s e4g4 ,essay ii4 *4 #g-ae1 ^: titles may direct ^? :o h no ta/e = x to pass ov] !m4 ,i obs]ve t ,bayle & o!rs1 :o at ! re=mation ( ,natural ,philosophy gave new light1 f\nd x necess>y to contra/ _! own discov]ies ) ! ,ari/otelian notions :i* !n prevail$4 ,we may n[ wi% _! works purg$ ( ?is controv]sial "p2 b p]haps x 0 necess>y at ! "t !y wrote1 :5 m5's m9ds 7 full ( ! old sy/em1 & prepossess$ 9 its fav\r4 ,:at ,i take to be ! g5u9e ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d is 9 s l[ a /ate1 & has s _m enemies1 t ,i appreh5d ^? :o w\ld make any improvem5t 9 x mu/1 = "s "t at lea/1 build ) "o h&1 & hold a weapon ) ! o!r4' ,s ,reid claim$ ! (fice ( mod]n re=m] ( ! philosophy ( human m9d1 z ,bacon & o!rs _h be5 ! re=m]s ( ! sci5ces :i* int]pret ext]nal nature4 ,on #8,m>* #ad1 #aghd1' he m5tions ! progress ( ! book3--#8,i s5d y n[ ! rema9d] ( :at ,i propose to pr9t ) respect to ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ! ,m9d4 ,x may p]haps be a ye> be=e :at relates to ! ,active ,p[]s be ready2 & !re=e ,i ?9k ! =m] might be publi%$ by itself1 z x is v unc]ta9 :e!r ,i %all live to publi% ! latt]4 ,i ?9k ! title may be ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,x w easily divide into eight ,essays2 b ) reg>d to ?is1 z well z :e!r ! two p>ts may be publi%$ sep>ately1 ,i wi% to h y\r advice & ,mr4 ,/ew>t's4 ,i appreh5d t ! ,second ,"p--,i mean :at relates to ! ,active ,p[]s--w n be ne> s l>ge z ! ,fir/4' ,on #8#bnd ,may #aghe' he ann\nces t ! ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s are ready = publication1 d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,gregory & to ,dugald ,/ew>t3--#8,i s5d y enclos$ :at ,i propose z ! title ( my ,essays1 ) an ,epi/le :i* ,i hope y & ,mr4 ,/ew>t w all[ me to prefix to !m4 ,:e!r y\r "n %\ld g fir/1 on acc\nt ( y\r doctor's degree1 or ,mr4 ,/ew>t's1 ,i leave y to adju/ betwe5 y\rselves4 ,i "k n h[ to express my obligations to y bo?1 = ! aid y h giv5 me4' ,! book ?us u%]$ into ! _w 9 #aghe treats ( ^? con/itu5ts ( ! common s5se t are impli$1 n only 9 p]ception ( ?+s ?r\gh ! five s5ses & memory1 b also 9 imag9ation & 9 ! exp]im5tal sci5ces t deal ) ! pa/1 ! di/ant1 & ! future4 ,"o ( !m conta9s ! rudim5ts ( a criticism ( ! common s5se pr9ciples t f9ally regulate all ab/ract reason+s1 & above all1 ^? t det]m9e our judgm5ts ( tru?s cont+5t ^u ,w--human & div9e2 9 all ( :i* :at philosoph]s call$ #8ideas' seem$ to him to spoil ! g5u9e common s5se & its inspirations4 ,! fif? ,essay deals ) ! (fice & relations ( our ab/ract conceptions4 ,( ?is ,essay ,s*op5hau] rem>ks t #8! be/ & mo/ intellig5t exposition ( ! nature & ess5ce ( conceptions :i* ,i h be5 able any:]e to f9d is 9 ,?omas ,reid's ,essays on ! ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds condemn$ by ,dugald ,/ew>t 9 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,n to wa/e pap]1 ,i w briefly rem>k ) reg>d to ,/ew>t1 t he belongs to t l>ge class :o h obta9$ an undes]v$ reputation ?r\gh fav\r & fri5ds1 & !re=e ,i c only advise t n an h\r %\ld be wa/$ ov] ! scribbl+ ( ?is %all[ writ]4'#bc ,?is unwor?y criticism ( ,/ew>t is f> remov$ f ! calm judgm5t ( ,reid4 ,t our p]ceptions are n relat$ to _! objects z effects are relat$ to _! causes1 is insi/$ on 9 ! ,essays1 9 opposition to ,prie/ley1 :o treats cognitive acts z ! issue ( p[] :i* belongs to matt]4 #8,m51' ,reid says1 #8h be5 prone to imag9e t1 z bodies are put 9 motion by "s impulse or impression made ^u !m by contigu\s bodies1 s ! m9d is made to ?9k & p]ceive by "s impression made ^u x by contigu\s objects4 ,b to say t an object :i* ,i see ) p]fect indiff]5ce makes an impression ^u my m9d is n good ,engli%4 ,x is evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* ?is phrase is us$ by mod]n philosoph]s t !y mean1 n b>ely to express by x my p]ceiv+ an object1 b to expla9 ! mann] ( p]ception4 ,!y ?9k t ! object p]ceiv$ acts ^u ! m9d 9 "s way simil> to t 9 :i* "o body acts ^u ano!r4 ,! impression ^u ! m9d is conceiv$ to be some?+ :]e9 ! m9d is altoge!r passive4 ,b ?is is a hypo!sis :i* contradicts ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,:5 ,i look ^u ! wall ( my room1 ! wall does n act at all1 nor is capable ( act+3 ! p]ceiv+ x is an act or op]ation 9 me4' ,9 %ort1 ! relation betwe5 p]ceptions & _! objects is a unique relation1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! causal1 ! only causality involv$ be+ ! p]cipi5t p[] t is 9 me4 ,^? ,essays ( ,reid :i* treat ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! common s5se t are impli$ 9 ! ,intellect p[] ( man1 appe>$ 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aghe4 ,9 ,septemb] he in=m$ ,dr4 ,gregory ( ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,price1 ! mo/ em95t contempor>y ,engli% metaphysician3--#8,i _h a lett] f ,dr4 ,price lately1 ?ank+ me = a copy ( ! ,essays ,i ord]$ to be pres5t$ to him2 :i* he has read1 & calls a "w ( ! fir/ value2 comm5ds me p>ticul>ly = treat+ ,dr4 ,prie/ley s g5tly1 :o1 he says1 _h be5 unhappily l$ to use me ill4' ,he !n ref]s to 8 own heal?1 :i* seems to h suff]$ f ! m5tal /ra91 n[ reliev$ by ! issue ( 8 book3--#8,z y are s k9d z to ask me ab\t my di/emp]1 ,i ?9k x is almo/ q gone1 s z to give me no uneas9ess4 ,i ab/a9 f fruit & malt liquor1 & take a little port w9e1 mo/ly noon & night1 n above two bottles a week :5 alone4 ,! m ,i walk or ride1 or ev5 talk or read audibly1 ,i am ! bett]4' ,dr4 ,beattie writes ?us to ! ,bi%op ( ,*e/] 9 ,octob]3-- #8,has y\r lord%ip read ,dr4 ,reid's ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ,man8 ,^? read]s :o h be5 conv]sant 9 ! mod]n philosophy ( m9d1 z x appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,locke1 ,b]keley1 & ,hume1 w be mu* ent]ta9$ ) ?is "w1 :i* does great hon\r to ! sagacity & pati5ce ( ! au?or4 ,x conta9s ! pr9ciples ( 8 ,inquiry1 laid d[n on a l>g] scale1 & appli$ to a great] v>iety ( subjects4 ,dr4 ,reid treats 8 oppon5ts & _! t5ets ) a respect & a solemnity t sometimes tempt me to smile4 ,8 /yle is cle> & simple2 & 8 av]sion to ! ^w idea is s great1 t ,i ?9k he nev] once uses x 9 deliv]+ 8 own op9ions4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ,/ill+fleet took ! al>m at ,mr4 ,locke's indiscreet use ( t ^w4 ,x 0 inde$ an ignis fatuus t decoy$ him 9 spite ( 8 excell5t und]/&+ into a ?\s& pits & quagmires4 ,b]keley x bewild]$ /ill m4 ,& x r$uc$ ,david ,hume to ! condition ( a c]ta9 old g5tleman ( :om we read1 t-- ,flutt]+ 8 p9ions va91 ,plumb d[n he dropp$1 t5 ?\s& fa?oms deep4' ,:e!r our p[] ( conceiv+ is s f> a te/ ( possibility1 z t :at is di/9ctly conceiv$ mu/ be conclud$ to be possible1 & :at _c be conceiv$ impossible1 0 a "q :i* int]e/$ ,reid4 ,x is discuss$ 9 ! ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 & also 9 ! draft ( a lett] to ,dr4 ,price1 pres]v$ among ! manuscripts at ,birkwood2 9 :i* x is argu$ t our p[] ( conception _c be a crit]ion ( :at is possible4 ,! argum5t turns mu* on ! mean+s ( #8conception1' #8possibility1' & #8impossibility4' ,he ?us addresses ,dr4 ,price3-- #8,i w\ld will+ly sugge/ "s subject on :i* ,i might h ! fav\r ( y\r ?\ghts :5 y h leisure & are dispos$ = su* correspond5ce4 ,:at occurs to my ?\ghts j n[ is a metaphysical axiom v g5]ally adopt$1 &1 ,i ?9k1 occasionally adopt$ by y 9 y\r ,review ( ! ,pr9cipal ,que/ions 9 ,morals--,t :at we di/9ctly conceive is possible4 ,f ?is axiom ,d4 ,hume inf]s t x is possible t an univ]se may />t into exi/5ce )\t a cause1 & o!r l extravagancies4 ,! use he makes ( x l$ me to consid] x a good _m ye>s ago1 & ,i h a /rong suspicion t !re is "s fallacy 9 x1 :i* has impos$ on m5's und]/&+s1 ow+ to ! ambiguity ( ! ^w conceive4 #8,z to ! hi/ory ( ?is axiom1 ,i suspect x to h tak5 its rise f :at ,desc>tes laid d[n z ! crit]ion ( tru?1 :i* he ma9ta9$ to be cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,quidquid cl>e et di/9cte concipio esse v]um1 id e/ v]um4 ,cudwor? seems to h foll[$ him 9 ?is1 mak+ ! crit]ion ( v]ity to be cle>1 self-consi/5t intelligibility4 ,^? :o came aft]1 judg+ x difficult to ma9ta9 t ev]y?+ is true :i* is cle>ly conceivable or intelligible1 h ma9ta9$ t ev]y?+ t c be cle>ly conceiv$ is at lea/ possible4 ,?is seem$ to be ! prop] correction ( ,desc>tes' maxim1 & x has pass$ f "o h& to ano!r )\t /rict exam9ation4 #8,:atev] is true or false1 :atev] is possible or impossible1 may be express$ by a proposition4 ,n[1 :at d we mean :5 we say t we conceive a proposition8 ,i ?9k no m is meant1 if we speak prop]ly1 ?an t we und]/& :at is meant by t proposition4 ,if ?is be s1 x mu/ surely be grant$ t we may und]/& ! mean+ ( a proposition :i* expresses :at is impossible4 ,he :o und]/&s ! mean+ ( ?is proposition1 8,two & two make f\r10 mu/ equally und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is o!r1 8,two & two d n make f\r40 ,bo? are equally und]/ood2 t is1 ! conception ( bo? is equally cle>2 yet ! fir/ is necess>ily true1 & ! second impossible4 #8,p]haps x w be said1 t we may n m]ely conceive ! mean+ ( a proposition1 b we may conceive x to be a true proposition1 & t x is our be+ able to conceive x to be true t gives u gr\nd to ?9k x possible4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i beg y w\ld att5d v c>efully to ! mean+ ( ^! words--8,conceiv+ a proposition to be true40 ,i c put no o!r mean+ ^u !m b judg+ x to be true1 t is1 giv+ "s degree ( ass5t to x4 ,judgm5t or ass5t admits ( v>i\s degrees1 f ! slighte/ suspicion to ! mo/ delib]ate conviction2 f ! mo/ mode/ & diffid5t ass5t to ! mo/ p]t9aci\s & dogmatical4 ,i conceive !re maybe inhabitants 9 ! moon2 t is1 my judgm5t leans a little t way4 ,i w\ld n use t expression unless ! probability1 h[ev] small1 seem$ to be on t side ( ! "q4 #8,if ?is be ! mean+ ( conceiv+ a proposition to be true1 !n ! mean+ ( ! axiom w be1 t a proposition :i* appe>s to u to h any degree ( probability1 h[ev] small1 mu/ at lea/ be possible4 ,b ! axiom1 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 is surely false4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give in/ances ( ?is to a ma!matician4 #8,if x %\ld be said t conceiv+ a proposition to be true means1 nei!r b>ely to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! proposition1 nor ! giv+ any degree ( ass5t to x1 ,i w\ld be glad to "k :at x really does mean4 ,= ,i am at a loss to "k :at p[] ( ! und]/&+ we mean by ! conceiv+ a proposition to be true1 if x is nei!r simple appreh5sion1 by :i* we b>ely und]/& ! mean+ ( a proposition1 nor judgm5t1 by :i* we ass5t to ! proposition or diss5t f x4 ,i "k ( no p[] ( ! und]/&+ int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two4 ,& if !re is none1 ,i ?9k ! axiom mu/ be false4 #8,!re are _m propositions :i*1 by ! faculties ,god has giv5 u1 we p]ceive to be n only true1 b necess>ily true2 & ! contradictions ( ^! mu/ be impossible4 ,s t our k ( :at is impossible keeps pace ) our k ( necess>y tru?4 #8,by our s5ses & our memory1 by te/imony & o!r means1 we h ! c]ta9 k ( _m tru?s :i* we d n p]ceive to be necess>y2 _! contr>ies !re=e may be possible = aught we "k4 ,b we "k t :atev] is true1 :e!r necess>y or n1 is possible4 ,our k !re=e ( :at is possible keeps pace ) our k ( tru?1 :e!r cont+5t or necess>y4 ,beyond ?is1 ,i am afraid our k ( :at is possible is conjectural4 ,& al?\gh we are apt to ?9k ev]y?+ to be possible :i* we d n p]ceive to be impossible1 yet 9 ?is we may be greatly deceiv$4 ,y "k well1 sir1 t ma!matics af=ds _m in/ances ( impossibilities 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 :i* no man w\ld h dream$ ( or believ$1 until !y 7 discov]$ by accurate & subtle reason+4 ,p]haps if we 7 able to reason demon/ratively to z great an ext5t 9 o!r subjects z 9 ma!matics1 we might discov] _m ?+s to be impossible :i* we n[ take to be possible4 ,we are apt to ?9k x possible t ,god might h made an univ]se ( s5sible & rational creatures1 into :i* nei!r natural nor moral ,evil %\ld ev] ent]4 ,x may be s = :at ,i "k4 ,b h[ are y c]ta9 t ?is is possible8 ,i c di/9ctly conceive x1 say y2 !re=e x is possible4 ,i d n admit ?is argum5t4 ,may n a man :o is a ma!matician z di/9ctly conceive t 9 ! inf9ite v>iety ( numb]s gradually asc5d+1 !re is no ratio :atsoev] :i* is n equal to ! ratio ( "s "o :ole numb] to "s o!r :ole numb]8 ,yet ! ma!matician c demon/rate t !re are innum]able ratios :i* are n equal to ! ratio ( "s "o numb] to ano!r4 ,_m ma!maticians1 tak+ x = grant$ t x 0 possible to squ>e ! circle1 h sp5t _! lives 9 a fruitless pursuit4 ,may n our tak+ ?+s to be possible1 9 matt]s ( high] mom5t1 :5 we c %[ no good reason t !y are s1 lead u into unnecess>y disputes & va9 !ories8 ,ought we to admit t z a j argum5t 9 reason+1 or ev5 z a press+ difficulty1 :i* is gr\nd$ on ! supposition t su* a ?+ is possible1 :5 9 reality we h no good evid5ce ( its be+ possible1 & = any?+ we c %[ to ! contr>y1 x may be impossible8' ,a lett] to ,dr4 ,gregory 9 ,m>* #aghf %[s ! ,essays on ! ,active or ,moral ,p[]s 9 ! press3--#8,i am pr\d ( ! approbation y express ( ! ,essays4 ,i h made "s corrections & additions1 b su* z ,i hope w n make x necess>y to write ! book ov] aga94 ,b ,i wi%1 if ,i f9d heal? & leisure 9 summ]1 to add "s ,essays to g be=e t on 8,lib]ty ( ! ,w10 9 ord] to give "s fur!r elucidation ( ! pr9ciples ( morals4 ,i expect y\r rem>ks & ,d4 ,/ew>t's on :at is 9 h&4 ,x w be no inconv5i5ce to wait two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r mon?s4' ,two ye>s lat]1 e>ly 9 #aghh1 :5 he 0 9 8 sev5ty-eigh? ye>1 ! five ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man 7 publi%$4 ,?is 0 ,reid's la/ appe>ance z a philosophical au?or4 ,! eight ,essays ( #aghe1 & ! five ,essays ( #aghh1 all relate to human ,p[]--p[] imman5t or intellectual1 & p[] ov]tly op]ative or moral4 ,9 ,m>*1 a few weeks aft] ! book appe>$1 ,beattie writes to ,sir ,w4 ,=bes3-- #8,i h be5 look+ into ,dr4 ,reid's book on ,! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man4 ,x is writt5 ) 8 usual p]spicuity & acut5ess2 is 9 "s p>ts v ent]ta9+2 & to me1 :o h be5 oblig$ to ?9k mu* on ^? subjects1 is v int]e/+ ?r\gh\t4 ,! "q conc]n+ ,lib]ty & ,necessity ( ! ,w is v fully discuss$1 & v ably1 & ,i ?9k no?+ m ne$ be said ab\t x4 ,i c\ld h wi%$ t he _h giv5 a full] exam9ation ( ! passions1 & be5 a little m practical 9 illu/rat+ ! duties ( morality4 ,b 8 mann] 9 all 8 writ+s m turn$ to speculative ?an to practical philosophy2 :i* may be ow+ to 8 hav+ employ$ himself s mu* 9 ! /udy ( ,locke1 ,hume1 ,b]keley1 & o!r !ori/s2 & p>tly1 no d\bt1 to ! habits ( /udy & modes ( conv]sation :i* 7 fa%ionable 9 ?is c\ntry 9 8 y\ng] days4 ,if ,i 7 n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! ,doctor1 ,i %\ld conclude f 8 books t he 0 r too w>m an admir] ( ,mr4 ,hume4 ,he confutes1 x is true1 "s ( 8 op9ions2 b pays !m mu* m respect ?an !y are entitl$ to4' ,to ,beattie's less pr(\nd intellig5ce1 indignant s5tim5t 0 m acceptable1 9 def5ce ( fundam5tal fai?1 ?an ! calm inquiry & sympa!tic criticism ( ,reid4 ,! ,lit]>y ,society :i* met mon?ly 9 ! ,college 0 occasionally a *annel = 8 ?\ghts ?r\gh all ! ye>s ( ! ,glasg[ pr(essor%ip1 z ! m fam\s #8,wise ,club' _h be5 at ,ab]de54 ,pr9cipal ,lee*man1 ,black1 ,moor1 ,ar?ur1 & ,dr4 ,?omas ,hamilton 7 also memb]s4 ,"s ( ,reid's contributions be=e #aghh seem to h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! ,essays4 ,aft] t he /ill f\nd v5t = 8 ?\ghts 9 pap]s = ! ,society1 & 9 lett]s to ,dr4 ,gregory1 *iefly ab\t ,p[] & ,causation4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ^? submitt$ to ! ,society 9 8 la/ ye>s1 ,i f9d #8,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,mod]n ,sy/em ( ,mat]ialism1' 9 :i* ! impot5ce ( matt] is ma9ta9$2 z also 9 ano!r1 entitl$ #8,miscellane\s ,reflections on ,prie/ley's acc\nt ( ,h>tley's ,!ory ( ! ,human ,m9d4' ,!n we h #8,obs]vations on ! ,utopia ( ,sir ,?omas ,m4' ,a %ort essay #8,on ,p[]1'#bd 9 ,m>* #agib1 0 8 la/ metaphysical p]=mance3 x sums up 8 conclusions reg>d+ our conception ( causation1 z regulat$ by ! ,common ,s5se4 #8,obs]vations on ! ,dang] ( ,political ,innovation1' sugge/$ by ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 7 read 9 ! ,society on ,novemb] #agid4 ,?is la/ ,essay is *>act]i/ic4 ,x presses a di/9ction betwe5 two political attitudes t are apt to be conf\nd$--! "o speculative1 deal+ ) ab/ractions1 treat+ ! facts ( ! case & hi/ory z irrelevant2 ! o!r practical1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! actual conditions1 !re=e dispos$ to modify its ideals by a due reg>d to :at has be5 & n[ is4 ,! fir/ asks :at t organisation ( society is1 :i*1 ab/ractly consid]$1 is mo/ fav\rable to progress3 ! o!r cauti\sly consid]s h[ ! inh]it$ political organism may ) lea/ friction be adapt$ to ! *ang$ conditions ( ! social evolution4 ,reid assumes ?is la/ z 8 attitude1 argu+ t ! ,briti% ,con/itution enc\rages cont9u\s ord]ly evolution1 n sudd5 revolution1 & t ?is is illu/rat$ 9 its hi/ory s9ce #afhh4 ,at fir/1 he _h look$ ) sangu9e hope to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 b1 l ,edmund ,burke1 :o %ortly be=e _h be5 ,rector ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 8 hope gave place to fe>4 ,x is int]e/+ t x 0 ! ,v9dici ,gallic ( ,sir ,james ,mack9to% t _h inspir$ him ) ! hope2 =1 accord+ to 8 daught]1 ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 he 0 /ruck ) admiration on read+ ! book1 & us$ (t5 to speak ( x z "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s essays 9 political philosophy he _h ev] met )4 ,j]emy ,b5?am z well z ,mack9to% 0 kn[n to ,reid by 8 writ+s1 z appe>s 9 ?is lett] to ,dr4 ,gregory1 9 ,septemb] #aghh1 :i* ref]s to ,b5?am's ,def5ce ( ,usury1 publi%$ ! ye> be=e3-- #8,i am mu* pleas$ ) ! tract y s5t me on ,usury4 ,i ?9k ! reason+ unansw]able1 & h long be5 ( ! au?or's op9ion1 ?\gh ,i suspect t ! g5]al pr9ciple--t b>ga9s ought to be left to ! judgm5t ( ! p>ties1 may admit ( "s exceptions2 :5 ! buy]s are ! _m1 ! poor1 ! simple1 & ! sell]s few1 ri*1 & cunn+4 ,! =m] may ne$ ! aid ( ! magi/rate to prev5t _! be+ oppress$ by ! latt]4 ,x seems to be ^u ?is pr9ciple t po/age1 freight1 ! hire ( *airs & coa*es1 & ! price ( bread1 are regulat$ 9 mo/ great t[ns4 ,b ) reg>d to ! loan ( money 9 a comm]cial /ate1 ! exception c h no place--! borr[]s & l5d]s are ^u an equal foot+1 & ea* may be left to take c>e ( 8 own int]e/4' ,?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,reid is f\nd prep>+ ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 :i* appe>$ ?ree ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 9 ! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl& publi%$ by ,sir ,john ,s9clair4 ,x 0 n communicat$ by him to ,sir ,john1 b transmitt$ by ,pr(essor ,j>d9e1 9 "n ( ! ,pr9cipal & ,pr(essors1 at ^: reque/ ,reid seems to h engag$ 9 ?is "w4 ,x 0 an anonym\s publication1 b x has be5 attribut$ to him1 & x be>s int]nal evid5ce ( 8 h&4 ,8 colleague1 ,pr(essor ,ri*>dson1 9 8 biographical acc\nt ( ,pr(essor ,ar?ur1 ,reid's successor1 publi%$ 9 #ahjc1 m5tions t #8! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,univ]sity 0 all writt5 by ,dr4 ,reid1 except ! /atem5ts respect+ ! bus9ess ( p>ticul> classes4' ,x %[s intellig5ce !n uncommon 9 ,scotl& ( ! m$ival con/itution ( ,univ]sities1 & appreciation ( ! true academical ideal4 ,! life begun at ,k+'s ,college =ty ye>s be=e 9 projects ( ,univ]sity re=m1 0 fitly clos$ by ?is acc\nt ( ! great we/]n seat ( le>n+4 ,mrs4 ,reid di$ e>ly 9 #agib4 ,8 feel+s 7 ?us express$ 9 a lett] to ,dugald ,/ew>t3-- #8,by ! loss ( my bosom fri5d1 ) :om ,i liv$ fifty-two ye>s1 ,i am br\ght into a k9d ( new _w1 at a "t ( life :5 old habits are n easily =got1 or new ones acquir$4 ,b e _w is ,god's _w1 & ,i am ?ankful = ! com=ts ,he has left me4 ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael has n[ ! c>e ( two deaf old m51 & does ev]y?+ 9 h] p[] to please !m2 & bo? are v s5sible ( h] goodness4 ,i h m heal? ?an at my "t ( life #hb ,i _h any reason to expect4 ,i walk ab\t2 ent]ta9 myself ) read+ :at ,i soon =get2 ,i c conv]se ) "o p]son if he articulates di/9ctly & )9 t5 in*es ( my left e>2 ,i g to *ur* )\t he>+ a ^w ( :at is said4 ,y "k ,i _h nev] any pret5sions to vivacity1 b ,i am /ill free f languor & ennui4' ,aft] ?is sorr[1 8 daught]1 ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 liv$ mu* 9 8 h\se 9 ! ,pr(essors' ,c\rt4 ,%e became a wid[ 9 ! same ye>1 = h] husb& di$ a few mon?s aft] ,mrs4 ,reid4 ,elizabe? ,leslie1 daught] ( 8 /epsi/] ,m>g>et1 0 also an inmate1 & add$ to ! com=t ( ! clos+ ye>s4 ,soon aft] h] fa!r's dea? ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael w5t to live at ,ab]de54 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,inspir$ ,,common ,,s5se ,,& ,,causation3 ,,active ,,or ,,moral ,,p[] ,,9 ,,man ,philosophical recognition ( ! g5u9e ,common ,s5se or natural judgm5t ( mank9d1 especially 9 two ( its factors1 :i* seem$ to ,reid obscur$ if n suppress$ by dogmatic hypo!sis1 gave its "* to 8 :ole intellectual life4 ,he f\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 t #8all philosoph]s2 f ,plato to ,mr4 ,hume1 agree 9 ?is1 t we d n p]ceive ext]nal objects imm$iately1 & t ! imm$iate object ( p]ception mu/ be "s image pres5t to ! m9d4' ,to rid philosophy ( ?is hypo!sis1 z a m]e prejudice1 inconsi/5t ) ! absolute tru/wor?9ess1 & !re=e ) ! supreme & f9al rational au?ority ( our natural judgm5t1 0 ! *ief aim ( 8 ,ab]donian life--culm9at+ 9 ! ,inquiry 9 #agfd4 ,he f\nd1 9 ! second place1 t #8to conf\nd ! notion ( ag5t or effici5t cause ) t ( physical cause has be5 a common error ( philosoph]s1 f ! days ( ,plato to our own'2 & x seem$ to him z subv]sive ( moral relations 9 ! univ]se z ! o!r 0 ( physical relations4 ,accord+ly1 our conception ( ,p[] or ,causation *iefly engag$ him 9 ,glasg[4 ,?is appe>s 9 8 #8,essays' on moral ,p[] 9 man2 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,kames & ,gregory 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life2 z well z 9 ! unpubli%$ fragm5t on #8,p[]1' 9 #agib1 :i* 0 8 la/ expression ( reflective ?\ght4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,p]ception & ! ,philosophy ( ,causation--our common s5se ( ext5d$ reality 9 our fir/ int]c\rse ) x 9 ! s5ses1 & our common s5se conception ( #8p[]' & #8cause' :i* arises 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *anges amid/ :i* we live & h our be+--^! 7 ! two poles ( ,reid's philosophical life4 ,8 :ole life 0 a w> aga9/ two common errors ( philosoph]s reg>d+ ^!1 f ! days ( ,plato to our own1 9 ea* ( :i* ! se$s ( speculative & practical scepticism seem$ to lie ?ickly4 ,if ^! two fundam5tal convictions 7 untru/wor?y1 !n fai? 9 any?+ mu/ lose its su/a9+ /r5g?4 ,= our p]ceptions ?r\gh ! five s5ses are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all our reason+s ab\t ! actual univ]se1 & our causal judgm5ts are ! means ( int]pret+ ! realities to :i* ^? p]ceptions only introduce u4 ,we f9d ourselves cont9ually 9 contact & collision ) ,p[] t is ext]nal to ourselves individually2 & we seem1 too1 to be ex]t+ p[]s ( our own3 on ! ,p[] lat5t 9 ! univ]se1 our happ9ess or mis]y1 our :ole de/9y1 dep5ds4 ,:at does all ?is mean8 ,:at is meant by ! judgm5t t all *anges 9 ! univ]se are #8caus$'2 & :at is ! orig9 ( ?is judgm5t1 or ( ! conception ( #8cause' t is involv$ 9 x8 ,are ! p[]s :i* we recognise 9 u & ar\nd u to be ref]r$ only to inanimate ?+s z _! c5tres2 or only to liv+ & self-consci\s p]sons2 or to bo?8 ,prie/ley1 z an advocate ( ! claim ( matt] to acc\nt suffici5tly = self-consci\s life 9 man1 & ,kames & ,prie/ley by _! univ]sal necessity1 confirm$ ,reid's disposition to inquire fur!r into ! nature & orig9 ( ! conception ( p[]1 & ! judgm5t t e *ange presupposes :at we ambigu\sly call a cause4 ,8 c\s9 ,gregory1 too1 inquir$ ab\t causation1 & gave ! results to ! _w 9 an ,essay on ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,relation ( ,motive & ,action1 & t ( ,cause & ,effect 9 ,physics1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agib4 ,t e *ange mu/ be caus$1 ,reid reg>d$ z a po/ulate ( :i* ! contradictory 0 absolutely inconceivable3 x 0 necess>ily impli$ 9 ! common rational s5se ( ,man1 &1 :ile incapable ( logical pro(1 0 t )\t :i* no?+ else c\ld be prov$4 ,t ! ?+s pres5t$ to our s5ses are !mselves p[]less2 t all p[] is spiritual1 ref]able only to ,w2 & t ?is is ! common s5se implicate ( our physical & moral exp]i5ce ( *anges1 0 ! proposition :i* ,reid n[ set himself to ju/ify4 ,our exp]i5ce ( our own volunt>y ex]tion is ! only exp]i5ce :i* directs u to ! qu>t] 9 :i* p[]1 prop]ly s call$1 resides4 ,a volunt>y ag5t is our only example ( a cause1 or ( t to :i* *ange mu/ be f9ally ref]r$ z its responsible s\rce4 ,we c f9d no productive p[] 9 any inanimate ?+4 ,matt]1 in/ead ( be+ ! univ]sal cause1 is 9 itself p[]less1 & c acc\nt = no?+4 ,! mat]ial univ]se is virtually an ext]nal sy/em ( int]pretable signs1 regulat$ by non-mat]ial p[]4 ,take ! foll[+ extracts f v>i\s lett]s ( ,reid's to ,gregory1 f #aghe onw>ds1#be 9 ! unpubli%$ pap] on ,p[]3-- #8,p[] to produce an effect supposes p[] n to produce x2 o!rwise x is n p[] b necessity1 :i* is incompatible ) p[] tak5 9 a /rict s5se4444 ,i am n able to =m a conception h[ p[] 79 ! /rict s5se7 c be ex]t$ )\t w2 nor c !re be w )\t "s degree ( und]/&+4 ,!re=e no?+ c be an effici5t cause 9 ! prop] s5se b an intellig5t be+ i4e4 a p]son4 ,h5ce ! only notion we c =m ( ,almighty ,p[] is1 t ,god c d :atev] ,he wills4 ,matt] _c be ! cause ( any?+3 x c only be an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( a real cause4444 ,9 physics ! ^w cause has ano!r mean+1 :i*1 ?\gh ,i ?9k x an improp] "o1 yet is di/9ct1 & !re=e may be reason$ ^u4 ,:5 a ph5om5on is produc$ accord+ to a c]ta9 law ( nature1 we call ! law or rule ! cause ( t ph5om5on2 & to ! laws or rules ( nature we accord+ly ascribe p[] or effici5cy4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( physics is to discov]1 by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 ! laws ( nature1 & to apply !m to ! solution ( ph5om5a4 ,n[ a law ( nature is a purpose or resolution ( ! ,au?or ( nature to act accord+ to a c]ta9 rule4 ,!re mu/ be a real ag5t to produce ! ph5om5on accord+ to ! law4 ,a malefactor is n hang$ by ! law1 b by ! execution] accord+ to ! law4' ,aga93--#8,a cause 9 ! prop] & /rict s5se signifies a m9d t has p[] & w to produce ! effect4 ,a cause 9 ! physical s5se means only some?+ :i*1 by ! laws ( nature1 ! effect always foll[s2 z :5 we say t heat is ! cause t turns wat] into vap\r4444 ,betwe5 a physical cause & its effect ! conjunction mu/ be con/ant2 unless 9 ! case ( a miracle4 ,:at ,d4 ,hume says ( causes 9 g5]al is v j :5 appli$ to physical causes--t a con/ant conjunction ) ! effect is ess5tial to su* causes1 & impli$ 9 ! v conception ( !m4' ,aga93--#8,i wi% t ! same g5]al "n--cause--_h n be5 giv5 to bo?4 ,!y diff] toto g5]e4 ,= a physical cause is n an ag5t4 ,x does n act1 b is act$ ^u4 ,y accord+ly give !m diff]5t names2 call+ ! "o ! ag5t & n ! cause1 ! o!r ! cause & n ! ag5t4 ,b ,i ?9k ?is too bold an innovation 9 language4 ,m5 h be5 s mu* accu/om$ to call ! ,deity ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ?+s1 t to ma9ta9 t ,he is no cause at all w\ld be too %ock+4 ,to say t ! _w exi/s )\t a cause w\ld be acc\nt$ a!ism1 9 spite ( all explanations4444 ,! words ag5t & action are less ambigu\s4 ,we say "o body acts ^u ano!r2 & 9 va9 w\ld "o attempt to aboli% ?is language4 ,to rem$y ?is ambiguity ( 8cause0 & 8ag5t10 ,i say t ea* ( ^! words has two mean+s--a lax or popul> & a philosophical4444 ,x is rem>kable t ! philosophical mean+ mu/ h be5 ! fir/1 & ! popul> a corruption introduc$ by "t4444 ,p[] is fir/ conceiv$ f be+ consci\s ( x 9 ourselves4 ,conceiv+ ( inanimate be+s f :at we are consci\s ( 9 ourselves1 we at fir/ ascrib$ to !m su* p[] z we are consci\s (1 till exp]i5ce in=ms u t inanimate ?+s h n ! same p[]s z we h2 b language 0 =m$ be=e ?is discov]y 0 made4444 ,x is a curi\s "q h[ we come by ! cognition ( p[] & cause1 s t we ascribe !m to ?+s t h no w nor intellig5ce4 ,i am apt to ?9k t savages1 :5ev] !y see motion :i* !y _c acc\nt =1 !re !y suppose a s\l4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( society language is =m$4 ,at l5g? ! m acute & speculative few discov] t "s ( ! ?+s :i* ! vulg> believe to be animat$ are inanimate4 ,:at use mu/ wise m5 make ( ?is discov]y8 ,w !y affirm t ! sun does n %9e nor give heat8 t ! sea nev] rages nor ! w9ds bl[8 nor ! e>? br+ =? grass & corn8 ,! wis] "p w speak ! common language1 & suit x to _! new notions z well z !y c2 j z philosoph]s /ill say ) ! vulg>1 t ! sun 8rises0 & 8sets40' ,t morally responsible int5d+ ,w is our ultimate conception ( ,p[] or ,cause1 prop]ly s call$1 is n less ! lesson ( ! ,birkwood manuscript #8,on ,p[]' ( #agib4 ,?us3-- #8,w is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! notion ( ,p[]4 ,volition & :at naturally foll[s ^u our volitions1 is all t we conceive to be 9 our own p[]4 ,:at a man nev] will$ c nev] be imput$ to him z 8 action4 ,a be+ t has no w c h no p[]4 ,:5 we impute p[]s to dead matt]1 x mu/ be 9 "s popul> or analogical s5se1 b n 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,!re c be no productive p[] 9 an inanimate object4444 ,a cause is t :i* has p[] to produce an effect4 ,:5 we ascribe p[] to ?+s inanimate z causes1 we mean no?+ m ?an a con/ant conjunction by ! laws or rules ( nature1 :i* exp]i5ce discov]s4 ,?us we say t ! sun has p[] to reta9 ! planets 9 _! orbits1 & t heat has p[] to melt lead4 ,if ! ignorant be l$ by ! ambiguity ( ! ^w to conceive p[] 9 ! sun or 9 heat to produce ! effects attribut$ to !m1 ?is is a vulg> error :i* philosophy i4e4 ( common s5se corrects4 ,by :at ag5ts ^! effects are imm$iately produc$ we "k n2 b we h good reason to believe t !y _c be produc$ by inanimate matt]4' ,reid also all[s t1 = any?+ we c tell1 ?+s :i* h no prop] p[] ( _! own may be t]ms 9 a sequ5ce t is subject to an absolute necessity ( be+ ! sequ5ce t x is4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x transc5ds our k2 we mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! common s5se conviction ( p]si/5t uni=mities 9 fact p]vad+ ! univ]se ( *ange1 :e!r ?is fact is ! result ( a div9e necessity or ( arbitr>y div9e w4 ,natural uni=mities are presuppos$ 9 all our reason+ ab\t our natural surr\nd+s1 & )\t ?is presupposition ?+s c\ld n be reason$ ab\t or =m$ into sci5ce4 ,all our k ( natural ev5ts1 beyond orig9al p]ceptions ( s5se1 consi/s 9 int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( :i* ! s5ses make u aw>e4 ,^u ?is judgm5t ( ! common s5se our inductions are all gr\nd$1 s t x may be call$ ! inductive pr9ciple4 ,)draw tru/ f x & exp]i5ce becomes bl9d z a mole4 ,we may feel :at is pres5t at ! mom5t1 b ! di/ant & ! future are :olly hid 9 d>kness4 ,p[] or intellig5t ag5cy is ?us ! exclusive *>act]i/ic ( consci\s p]sons3 int]pretable ord] is ! *>act]i/ic ( inanimate ?+s4 ,^! are two correlative judgm5ts or inspirations ( our natural common s5se ^u :i* human reason+s turn4 ,reid f9ds :5 he reflects pati5tly t he is oblig$1 by a rational in/9ct z x 71 to recognise himself & o!r p]sons z ! c5tres ( responsible p[]1 ! only sort ( p[] or causality 9 exi/5ce t c be suppos$ by u2 & also to recognise 9 ! imp]sonal _w )\t1 some?+ t 9 itself is passive & impot5t1 b :i*1 z a sy/em ( int]pretable s5se signs1 may be said metaphorically to =m ! language ( nature1 ( :i* ! natural sci5ces are 7s f>7 ! int]pretation4 ,! univ]se is ?us a mat]ial ord] direct$ by spiritual p[]1 9 a measure correspond+ to ! body & ! _s 9 man1 z man n[ is4 ,b ?is l>g] conception c>ries u beyond ! mode/ philosophy to :i* ,reid conf9$ himself2 al?\gh he m ?an once approa*$ x1 p]haps ?r\gh "s unconsci\s rem9isc5ce ( ! ,b]keleyism ( 8 y\?1 ( :i*1 ,i ?9k1 he fail$ to see ! real drift1 z x 0 unfold$ 9 ,alciphron & especially 9 ,siris4 ,yet ! foll[+ scrap1 :i* ,i f9d among unpubli%$ manuscripts ( 8 lat] life1 %[s t su* ?\ghts 7 n q abs5t f 8 m9d3-- #8,! anci5t philosoph]s call$ ,god ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w4 ,?is1 consid]$ z a figurative expression1 is de/itute nei!r ( beauty nor ( tru?4 ,:at ! s\l ( man is to 8 body1 t ,god is to ! univ]se1 9 sev]al respects2 b n 9 all4 ,!re are _m respects 9 :i* ! metaphor fails3 7#a7 ,! human s\l did n make its own body1 b ,god made ! _w2 7#b7 ! human s\l is ignorant ( ! nice texture & me*anism ( its body1 b ,god kn[s ! :ole me*anism ( ! univ]se1 because ,he conceiv$ & made x2 7#c7 ! human s\l receives mu* ( its in=mation by bodily organs3 ,god's k ( all ?+s is imm$iate & n dep5d5t on bodily organs2 7#d7 our p[] ov] our own bodies is limit$3 ! p[] ( ,god ov] ! univ]se is unlimit$2 7#e7 our bodies are :olly made up ( in]t & s\lless matt]3 ! univ]se is /or$ ) v>i\s ord]s ( liv+ be+s & free ag5ts1 subject to ! ,div9e ,p[] z _! moral gov]nor & capable ( pay+ back ! s]vice ( rational subjects4' ,b ! philosophy ( ! ,common ,s5se1 z repres5t$ by ,reid1 did n rise to ! conciliation ( ! natural ord] ( ! mat]ial ) ! orig9ative fre$om ( ! spiritual _w1 9 :i* op]at+ law 9 outw>d nature is recognis$ z imm$iate div9e ag5cy1 or a "p ( a revelation ( p]fectly reasonable ,w 9 & ?r\gh a univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,end--#agif ,9 ! la/ w9t] ( 8 life ,reid read an int]e/+ disc\rse on #8,muscul> ,motion1' 9 ! ,lit]>y ,society1 ( :i* he s long _h be5 a memb]4 ,aft] describ+ articulately ! progressive *anges 9 ! human muscles :i* m>k ! advance ( age1 & propos+ an explanation1 he ?us concludes 8 la/ public disc\rse3-- #8,may ,i be p]mitt$ to m5tion t x 0 my own exp]i5ce ( "s ( ^! effects ( old age on ! muscul> motions t l$ my ?\ghts to ?is explanation1 :i*1 z x is ow+ to ! infirmities ( age1 w1 ,i hope1 be treat$ ) ! great] indulg5ce4 ,x is bo? pleasant & useful to contemplate ) gratitude ! wisdom & goodness ( ! ,au?or ( our be+1 9 fitt+ ?is ma*9e ( our body to ! v>i\s employm5ts & enjoym5ts ( life4 ,! /ructure is admirable z f> z we are p]mitt$ to see x 9 ?is infancy ( our be+4 ,& ! int]nal /ructure :i* is beh9d ! veil t limits our und]/&+1 & :i* gives motion to ! :ole1 is1 9 a mann] mo/ wond]ful1 ?\gh unkn[n to u1 made subs]vi5t to our volition & ef=ts4 ,?is gr& "w ( nature1 l ! fruits ( ! e>?1 has its maturity1 its decay1 & its dissolution4 ,l ^? also1 9 all its decay x n\ri%es a pr9ciple )9 :i* is to be ! se$ ( a future exi/5ce4 ,7 ! fruit consci\s ( ?is1 x w\ld drop into ! e>? ) pleasure1 9 ! hope ( a happy ,resurrection4 ,?is hope1 by ! m]cy ( ,god1 is giv5 to all good m54 ,x is ! consolation ( old age1 & m ?an suffici5t to make its infirmities sit light4' ,! dissolution ( ! mat]ial organism :i* = eighty-six ye>s _h s]v$ ! writ] ( ^! words 0 n[ ne>4 ,( 8 few e>ly philosophical associates1 ,campbell & ,beattie only 7 alive at ! beg9n+ ( #agif1 & 9 ,april ( t ye> ,campbell di$4 ,reid foll[$ him six mon?s lat]4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 !n ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,ed9burgh1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mon?s be=e ! end3-- #8,9 ! summ] ( #agif1 ab\t two ye>s aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife1 he 0 prevail$ on by ,dr4 ,gregory to pass a few weeks at ,ed9burgh4 ,he 0 accompani$ by ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 :o liv$ ) him 9 ,dr4 ,gregory's h\se1 a situation :i* unit$ "u ! same ro( e advantage ( m$ical c>e1 ( t5d] atta*m5t1 & ( philosophical int]c\rse4 ,z ,dr4 ,gregory's pr(essional engagem5ts necess>ily int]f]$ ) 8 att5tions to 8 gue/s1 ,i enjoy$ m ( ,dr4 ,reid's society ?an might o!rwise h fall5 to my %>e4 ,i _h ! pleasure1 accord+ly1 ( sp5d+ "s h\rs ) him daily1 & ( att5d+ him 9 8 walk+ excursions1 :i* frequ5tly ext5d$ to ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles4 ,8 faculties 7except+ 8 memory1 :i* 0 consid]ably impair$7 appe>$ z vigor\s z ev]2 &1 al?\gh 8 deafness prev5t$ him f tak+ any %>e 9 g5]al conv]sation1 he 0 /ill able to enjoy ! company ( a fri5d4 ,mr4 ,playfair & myself 7 bo? witnesses ( ! acut5ess :i* he display$ on "o occasion1 9 detect+ a mi/ake1 by no means obvi\s1 9 a manuscript ( 8 k9sman1 ,david ,gregory1 on ! subject ( 8,prime & ,ultimate ,ratios40 ,9 app>5t s\ndness & activity ( body1 he resembl$ m a man ( sixty ?an ( eighty-sev54 ,he return$ to ,glasg[ 9 8 usual heal? & spirits2 & cont9u$ = "s weeks to devote z =m]ly a regul> portion ( 8 "t to ! ex]cise bo? ( body & m9d4 ,x appe>s f a lett] ( ,dr4 ,cleghorn's to ,dr4 ,gregory1 t he 0 /ill able to "w ) 8 own h&s 9 8 g>d52 & he 0 f\nd by ,dr4 ,br[n occupi$ 9 ! solution ( an algebraical problem ( consid]able difficulty1 9 :i*1 aft] ! lab\r ( a day or two1 he at la/ succe$$4' ,x 0 ?us 9 summ]4 ,9 ,septemb] he 0 attack$ by a viol5t disord]1 & aft] a sev]e /ruggle1 att5d$ ) repeat$ /rokes ( palsy1 he pass$ away on ! #g? ( ,octob]4 ,?us end$ ! tranquil life ( deep & pati5t ?\ght1 :i* op5$ at ,/ra*an & almo/ spann$ ! eighte5? c5tury1 morally & intellectually ! repres5tative ( ,scotti% philosophical re/oration "u ! conditions ( ! "t4 ,8 a%es 7 laid 9 ! ,college ,*ur* burial-gr\nd1 )9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,college ( :i* he _h s long be5 ! *ief ornam5t1 & "u a tomb/one be>+ ?is inscription3-- #8,memori sacrum ,,?om ,,reid1 ,s4,t4,d41 quondam 9 ,s*ola ,regia ,ab]don5si ,philosophi ,pr(essoris2 nup] v]o 9 ,univ]sitate ,glasgu5si1 ab anno #agfd usque ad annum #agif1 ,philosophi ,moralis ,pr(essoris2 qui 9 ,sci5tia ,m5tis ,human1 ut olim 9 ,philosophia ,naturali illu/ris ille ,baconius ,v]ulamius1 omnia in/auravit2 qui +5ii acum9e doctr9que omnig51 summam morum gravitatem1 simul atque comitatem1 adjuvavit2 qui obiit #g ,octob]1 #agif1 annos natus #hf4 ,cujusque ossa cum c9]ibus ,,elizebe? ,,reid1 conjugis c>issim1 triumque fili>um morte prematura abrepturam1 sepul*ro condita sunt4 ,hoc ,monum5tum poni jussit filia piissima1 unica sup]/es1 ,m>?a ,c>mi*ael4' ,aft] ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ _h 9 #ahgb ex*ang$ ! ,college 9 ! ,high ,/reet1 ) its t\*+ memories1 = its new & /ately home on ! bank ( ! ,kelv91 ,reid's rema9s 7 c>ri$ to ! ,necropolis :i* ov]looks 8 old home 9 ! ,drygate1 & ! tomb/one 0 remov$ to ! ,college on ,gilmore ,hill4 ,i f9d ,reid's w1 dat$ #g? ,may #agib1 record$ 9 ! ,%]iff-,c\rt ,books ( ,lan>k%ire4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael are executors1 ) ,mr4 ,leslie & ,mr4 ,rose conjo9$4 ,furniture1 books1 & pap]s are left to ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 except a few books = ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y4 ,( ! re/ ( ! prop]ty1 p]sonal & real--aft] paym5t ( debts1 includ+ #cjj to ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael1 #8payable 9 full ( my daught]'s to*]1' & #8#cjj to ,john ,s>g5t1 ,london1 c\s9-g]man ( ! de>e/ ,elizabe? ,reid1 my wife'--"o half is assign$ to ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 & ! o!r half1 9 equal portions1 to #8my si/]s1 ,mrs4 ,leslie & ,mrs4 ,rose1' burd5$ ) #8a lif]5t annuity ( #aj1 to my /epmo!r1 ,janet ,fras]1 wid[ ( ,mr4 ,lewis ,reid4' ,! real prop]ty is describ$ z consi/+ ( #8elev5 & a half falls ( gr\nd1 ) ! :ole h\ses !reon1 & ! well !re91 b\nd$ on ! we/ by ,william ,/reet1 on ! nor? by ! prop]ty ( ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael1 on ! s\? by ! prop]ty ( ,joseph ,crombie1 & on ! ea/ by ! prop]ty ( ,john ,duguid & ,wm4 ,risk1 all 9 ! ,b>ony p>i%4' ,?is prop]ty appe>s to h be5 b\ght ab\t #aghj1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,reid ceas$ to tea* 9 ! ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ?is life1 mu* )drawn f ! public eye 9 ! int]e/ ( philosophic reflection1 0 n unappreciat$ :5 x end$1 is %[n by ! recognition :i* imm$iately foll[$4 ,on ! day aft] he di$ ! ev5t 0 ?us ann\nc$ 9 ! ,glasg[ ,c\ri]3-- #8,?omas ,reid1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 di$ on ! sev5? day ( ,octob]4 ,8 +5i\s & elaborate works1 especially 8 ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 & 8 ,essays on ! ,intellectual & ! ,active ,p[]s ( ,man1 are noble & la/+ monum5ts ( 8 em95t abilities1 8 deep p5etration1 & 8 ext5sive le>n+4 ,by unravell+ sceptical p]plexities1 ov]turn+ ill-f\nd$ hypo!ses1 & re/+ e conclusion on evid5t pr9ciples1 he has br\ght ab\t a memorable revolution 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,human ,nature4 ,8 "* ?r\gh life 0 di/+ui%$ by an ard5t love ( tru?1 & an assidu\s pursuit ( x 9 v>i\s sci5ces2 by ! mo/ amiable simplicity ( mann]s1 g5tl5ess ( temp]1 /r5g? ( affection1 c&\r1 & lib]ality ( s5tim5ts1 :i* display$ !mselves 9 ! habitual ex]cise ( all ! social virtues2 & by /ead9ess1 =titude1 & rational piety4' ,a few days lat] a m elaborate /udy ( 8 "* appe>$ 9 ! ,c\ri]3-- #8,dr4 ,reid 0 unque/ionably "o ( ! pr(\nde/ philosoph]s ( ! age2 & al?\gh "s :o ?9k x a pro( ( weakness to diff] f ,mr4 ,hume h slight$ ! speculations ( ,dr4 ,reid1 & und]valu$ ! precision :i* he lab\r$ to introduce1 8 ,inquiry into ! ,s5ses w probably be coeval ) our language4 ,x is f\nd$ on facts :i* mu/ cont9ue to int]e/ m5 :ile _! con/itution cont9ues un*ang$4 ,9 8 pursuit ( new k he /udi$ ! late improvem5ts 9 *emi/ry2 he obs]v$ ! great political ev5ts :i* h happ5$1 & contemplat$ t ) :i* ! "t seems pregnant ) ! ke5 int]e/ ( "o ent]+ on life4 ,he v5]at$ religion--n ! noisy1 cont5ti\s sy/ems :i* lead m5 to hate & p]secute ea* o!r1 b ! sublime pr9ciple :i* regulates ! conduct1 by contr\l+ ! selfi% & animat+ ! b5evol5t affections4 ,:5 vilifi$ by intemp]ate philosoph]s e4g4 ,prie/ley1 he made no reply1 be+ satisfi$ ) hav+ /at$ :at he ?\ght ! tru?2 & :5 outrag$ by zealots :o falsely call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 he bore ! outrage meekly1 us+ no t]ms ( compla9t or reproa*4 ,he 0 to ! la/ mom5t free f t morose qu]ul\s temp] :i* has be5 deem$ insep>able f age4 ,in/ead ( rep9+ at ! prosp]ity & enjoym5ts ( ! "y1 he delight$ 9 promot+ !m2 & aft] hav+ lo/ all 8 own family except "o daught]1 he cont9u$ to treat *ildr5 ) su* condesc5sion & b5ignity t "s v "y ones notic$ ! peculi> k9dness ( 8 eye4 ,8 end accord$ ) ! wisdom & goodness ( 8 life4 ,he us$ sometimes to say1 8,i am a%am$ ( hav+ liv$ s long aft] hav+ ceas$ to be useful10 ?\gh at t v "t he 0 acquir+ & communicat+ useful k4 ,dur+ 8 la/ illness1 :i* 0 sev]e1 he compla9$ ( no?+ b ! tr\ble t he gave 8 affectionate family1 & he look$ to ! grave z a place n ( re/ m]ely b ( triumph4' ,! affectionate judgm5t ( 8 contempor>ies1 9 ! fir/ days ( sorr[1 in/ead ( exce$+1 fall %ort ( ! delib]ate judgm5t ( lead]s ( ,european ?\ght 9 a lat] g5]ation4 ,! rise ( 8 reputation 0 sl[4 ,z !re are too _m :o make !mselves appe> m wise ?an !y are1 x 0 ! m uncommon fault ( ,reid to appe> less a philosoph] ?an he really 04 ,extreme caution made him suspici\s ( +5i\s conjecture 9 matt]-(-fact inquiry1 & p]haps bl9d$ him to ! l>ge "p :i* imag9ation z well z reason has to play 9 progress4 #8,x is g5ius1 & n ! want ( x1' he says1 #8t adult]ates philosophy1 & fills x ) error & false !ory'2 & 9 ! _s ( ?is w>n+1 z well z by temp]am5t1 he 0 intellectually cons]vative m ?an progressive or adv5tur\s4 ,9 outw>d appe>ance he 0 some:at "u ! middle size1 ) a bodily con/itution ( uncommon /r5g? & t5acity1 ma9ta9$ by a me?odically regulat$ life & habitual s]5ity ( temp]4 ,raeburn's picture1 n[ 9 ,fyvie ,ca/le1 = :i* he sat dur+ 8 la/ visit to ,ed9burgh1 expresses ! deep & p]si/5t ?\ght1 z well z ! reposeful & b5evol5t temp]1 :i* gave unity to 8 long life4 ,copies ( ?is picture are pres]v$ at ,birkwood1 9 ! ,college ( ,glasg[1 & 9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y at ,ed9burgh1 z well z 9 ! great w9d[ ( ! ,mit*ell ,hall ( ,m>is*al ,college4 ,!re is also an excell5t m$allion by ,tassie1 done six ye>s be=e ,reid's dea?4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mrs4 ,c>mi*ael1 9 ,febru>y #ahje1 all :o 7 desc5d$ ( ! ,rev4 ,lewis ,reid ( ,/ra*an1 by 8 wife ,m>g>et ,gregory1 _h pass$ away4 ,8 second wife & wid[ di$ at ,ab]de5 9 #agih1 l h] /epson1 9 h] eighty-sev5? ye>1 hav+ surviv$ him ab\t eighte5 mon?s4 ,! great-gr&daught] ( ,mrs4 ,leslie 8 half-si/]1 ,grace ,anna ,leslie1 n[ ( ,birkwood1 m>ri$ ,dr4 ,ross ,pat]son 9 #ahfd4 ,_! y\nge/ daught] has *>ge ( ! ,reid family pap]s1 to :i* ,i owe _m facts fir/ publi%$ 9 ^! pages4 ,a son ( 8 o!r half-si/]1 ,mrs4 ,rose1 a m$ical (fic] 9 ! ,indian army1 0 introduc$ 9 #ahje to ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 !n ,record] ( ,bombay1 by ,pr(essor ,ogilvie ( ,ab]de51 z a relative ( ! advocate ( ! f9al philosophical appeal to ! ,common ,s5se2 & ,mack9to% 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,ogilvie expresses ! deep int]e/ ) :i* he saw #8! nephew ( ,dr4 ,reid1 ^: philosophy1 l y1 ,i d n embrace1 b ^: "* & tal5ts e cultivator ( sci5ce mu/ v5]ate4' ,sir ,james's lat] judgm5ts ( ! philosophy1 aft] a m att5tive /udy ( its scope1 7 m fav\rable4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,retrospective ,,& ,,critical ,we f9d tru?1 z ,pascal says1 n only by logical reason+ b by an act ( imm$iate reason1 n to be effac$ by all ! subtleties ( ! speculative sceptic1 :o is ?us conf\nd$ by ! resi/ance ( rational human nature4 ,?is is a g5]al expression ( ,reid's m elaborate reply to sceptical di/ru/ 9 all human k & belief4 ,t g5u9e human nature1 :5 awak5$ into consci\s life1 is practically irresi/ible1 is :at ,reid insi/s on2 = no sane man acts 9 contradiction to ! common s5se ( :i* he is consci\s1 al?\gh he c speculate sceptically 9 an ab/ract way1 & may ev5 s]ve tru? 9 do+ s4 ,= ?is scepticism may am5d philosophical sy/ems 9 :i* ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( human nature are n !oretically recognis$ 9 _! integrity2 & x may also /imulate ! unphilosophical to a deep] & tru] insight ( :at ! natural pr9ciples are on :i* m5 mu/ proce$ 9 _! actions4 ,b ! pr9ciples !mselves are n rea*$ by reason+3 !y are ! inspiration ( ,god2 & x is ?is div9e inspiration t makes exp]i5ce & reason+ at all possible = m54 ,t ,i am an individual self-consci\s p]son1 to :om some?+ o!r ?an1 & indep5d5t (1 my individual self is pres5t$ 9 my s5ses--s indep5d5t ( me individually t x c in=m me ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons ^: consci\s life is num]ically diff]5t f m9e2 t ! free ag5cy ( a p]son is ! only sort ( p[] t we are oblig$ to recognise1 p]sons be+ reveal$ z responsible p[]s 9 & ?r\gh our moral nature2 & t ! p[]less ?+s ( s5se1 ( :i* we are imm$iately p]cipi5t 9 our s5se p]ceptions1 are int]pretable = purposes ( common life & sci5ce1 inasmu* z _! *anges mu/ be det]m9$ by natural laws1 all reason+ be+ o!rwise impossible--^! ,i ?9k are ! *ief #8inspirations' or #8revelations' ( ! ,common ,s5se on :i* ,reid enl>ges4 ,?is acc\nt ( ^? inspirations is n (f]$ z complete2 only z results1 m or less fragm5t>y1 rea*$ by ! deep & /eady reflection ( a long life4 ,reid's philosophical appeal to ! div9e inspirations ( ! common s5se1 )\t :i* no?+ c be prov$1 on behalf ( tru?s :i* d n admit ( direct logical pro(1 b only ( a sort ( philosophical ju/ification1 has be5 disp>ag$ z an ignoble retreat f ! /&po9t ( ! philosoph]1 9 ! int]e/ ( popul> prejudices & bl9d au?ority4 ,x has be5 spok5 ( z an appeal f ! reason$ judgm5ts ( ! reflect+ m9ority to ! unreason$ op9ions ( ! unreflect+ majority1 an op5+ = arbitr>y dogmas to ent] & cru% free inquiry4 ,?is is ! drift ( ! criticism ( ,prie/ley 9 la/ c5tury1 & ( ,f]ri] 9 ?is1 :ile ,kantian critics compla9 ( ,reid's lazy arre/ ( philosophy at ! level ( ord9>y beliefs4 ,besides ?is1 :at ,reid claims z #8! *ief m]it ( 8 philosophy'--t ( que/ion+ ! common assumption t ext]nal ?+s _c pres5t !mselves 9 our p]ceptions1 b only unau!nticat$ repres5tations ( !m--proce$s1 accord+ to ,prie/ley1 on a mis9t]pretation ( ! metaphorical language ( philosoph]s3 to refute x is an idle wa/e ( controv]sial lab\r1 tak+ figures ( spee* = s]i\s sci5ce4 ,if #8common s5se' 9 ?is philosophy means only un9tellig5t op9ion1 z oppos$ to ! judgm5ts ( ?9k]s1 ,reid's response to ! sceptic may well be reg>d$ z an arre/ ( intellig5ce1--bl9d dogmatism in/ead ( philosophy4 ,b c&id critics int]pret words 9 ! mean+ int5d$ by ^? :o use !m4 ,?is appeal to ! judgm5ts nam$ ^? ( ! common s5se1 is int5d$ z an appeal to reason itself--reason1 t is to say1 9 its f9al =m 9 a f9ite intellig5ce1 ^: exp]i5ce ( ! univ]se is incomplete1 & work+ "u conditions impos$ ^u its ex]cise 9 intellig5t be+s :o are n omnisci5t4 ,reid's ,common ,s5se is ! f9al p]ception ( a be+ :o c "k ! univ]se ( reality only 9 "p1 & is !re=e ne$$ by man 9 t int]m$iate position 9 :i* an absolute beg9n+ or end ( ?+s mu/ be to him incompreh5sible4 ,x is an appeal to t :i* mu/ 9 reason be f9al1 9 an intellig5ce t only p>tly %>es 9 div9e omnisci5t reason4 ,al?\gh its judgm5ts are n evolv$ f premises1 !y are nev]!less :at all m51 except infants & lunatics1 m or less di/9ctly ackn[l$ge 9 _! individual actions1 al?\gh !y may miscon/rue !m 9 _! un$ucat$ op9ions1 or spoil !m by indulg5ce 9 purely speculative sy/ems4 ,! div9e inspiration ( ! common s5se is !re=e man's f9al support1 amid/ ! s-call$ #8cont+5cies' ( temporal *ange 9 himself & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,a philosophical appeal to x is ( practical importance 9 ref]5ce to :at1 at ! human po9t ( view1 are cont+5t tru?s ( moral reason+3 ! necess>y tru?s ( ab/ract ?\ght1 x has be5 well said1 #8suffici5tly gu>d !mselves4' ,accord+ly ! judgm5ts ( ! common s5se :i* *iefly int]e/$ ,reid are :at he calls fir/ pr9ciples ( #8cont+5t' tru?s1 z di/+ui%$ f ab/ract necessities ! opposites ( :i* are self-contradictory or un?9kable4 ,cont+5t tru?s1 on ! o!r h&1 may be reject$ 9 ?\ght2 b ^? :o reject !m speculatively mu/ proce$ ^u !m 9 _! actions & reason+s1 includ+ ev5 sceptical reason+s4 ,! man ^: scepticism involves a practical surr5d] ( ! common judgm5t1 t :at we call ! outw>d _w is indep5d5t en\gh ( 8 individual exi/5ce to make x a tru/wor?y m$ium ( int]c\rse = him ) o!r liv+ p]sons2 & :o acts accord+ly on ! belief t #8o!r p]sons' are only consci\s /ates ( 8 own individual m9d1 w\ld be pron\nc$ a lunatic4 ,aga91 ! fatali/1 :o rejects practically ! moral judgm5t t ref]s ! issues ( a delib]ate volunt>y det]m9ation to ! volunt>y or p]sonal ag5t z its responsible c5tre1 insanely sits /ill 9 ! mid/ ( dang]1 & refra9s f ex]t+ a p[] :i* he d5ies4 ,& he :o refuses to proce$ ^u ! logically undemon/rable po/ulate ( univ]sal natural ord]1 by ceas+ to reason ab\t :olly un9t]pretable *aos1 is inevitably cru%$ by ! ,univ]sal ,p[] t he ignores4 ,x is ?us t practical disreg>d ( inspir$ f9al reason appe>s to ,reid to be #8de/ructive at once ( ! sci5ce ( ! philosoph]1 ! prud5ce ( ! man ( ! _w1 & ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian4' ,! unju/ z well z ! j1 s f> z !y live at all1 mu/1 he sees1 live by fai? 9 :at _c be ei!r prov$ or disprov$ by direct demon/ration4 ,& if all ^? f9al judgm5ts ( practical reason 7 contradict$ 9 daily action1 z well z 9 academic !ory1 #8piety1 patriotism1 p>5tal affection1 & private virtue w\ld appe> z ridicul\s z knight-errantry3 ! pursuits ( pleasure1 ambition1 & av>ice mu/ be gr\nd$ ^u ?is sort ( belief z well z ^? t are hon\rable & virtu\s4' ,on ! o!r h& !re are common prejudices :i*1 :ile !y la/1 are popul>ly dignifi$ z #8common s5se4' ,"s n[ univ]sally admitt$ tru?s ( sci5ce at fir/ %ock$ m51 al?\gh aft]w>ds f\nd to be 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al common s5se to :i* philosophy appeals4 ,t we are liv+ on a mat]ial ball t revolves 9 space2 t ! revolv+ ball revolves also on its axis2 t ! sun does n rise & set1 b is at re/2 ! exi/5ce ( ! antipodes2 ! invisibility ( ! di/ances ( ?+s--are a few examples4 ,in/ead ( contradict+ ! common s5se1 ! common s5se1 9 ! light ( fur!r exp]im5tal evid5ce1 f9ally imposes !m ^u u4 ,at any rate _! contradictories _c be ju/ifi$ by ! univ]sal intellectual p>alysis :i* is ! alt]native to ! rejection ( a g5u9e judgm5t ( ! common s5se4 ,! ass]tion t ! e>? is 9 motion & ! sun relatively at re/ does n contradict sane human nature3 t *anges 9 nature are all :olly *aotic1 & !re=e :olly un9t]pretable1 c nev] become a sci5tific discov]y1 because x implies subv]sion ( all sci5ce & makes sci5tific reason+ impossible4 ,! invisibility ( ! di/ances ( ?+s1 rightly und]/ood 9 ! light ( its evid5ce1 draws no prote/ f g5u9e human nature4 ,human nature or f9al reason prote/s1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! mat]ial _w is believ$ to be s unreal t ,i _c by means ( x f9d t !re are o!r human be+s4 ,! impot5ce ( all ?+s pres5t$ to ! s5ses does n contradict reason 9 ! common s5se 9 ! way ! impot5ce1 & consequ5t irresponsibility1 ( man does4 ,b ,reid1 ,i ?9k1 makes too little ( ! s]vice ( philosophical reflection1 9 quick5+ into consci\s life 9 ! individual ! po/ulates on :i* human k & conduct f9ally turn1 & 9 develop+ _! mean+4 ,su* prim>y assumptions z ! real exi/5ce ( outw>d ?+s2 our own individual p]sonal exi/5ce2 & ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 are held ) v diff]5t degrees ( intellig5ce1 by ! indol5t & ?\ghtless & by ^? :o reflect4 ,advance 9 philosophy is advance 9 int]pret+ ! mean+ ( ea* ( ^! ?ree po/ulates1 & ( _! mutual relations1 z se5 9 an improv$ conception ( :at #8matt]' means1 :at #8self' means1 & :at #8,god' means4 ,! common s5se or f9al reason ( man is develop$ 9 diff]5t degrees 9 diff]5t p]sons1 9 diff]5t places1 at diff]5t p]iods ( human hi/ory1 & 9 ! same p]son at diff]5t times 9 8 life4 ,x is n individually indep5d5t ( evolution>y law2 al?\gh its g5u9e con/itu5ts are lat5t 9 ea* man & may be made to respond to an adequate appeal4 ,! practical reason ( ! common s5se1 :ile n f\nd$ on b presuppos$ 9 philosophy1 may nev]!less be deep5$ & enlight5$ 9 ea* man by reflection & criticism4 ,its f9al action is !re=e f> f sup]s$+ ! philosoph]1 :o has to sy/ematise man's advanc+ exp]i5ce ( ! univ]se 9 ! light ( an idealis$ common s5se1 or ! common s5se 9 ! ideal man1 :i* ! philosoph] tries to approa* m ne>ly4 ,9 ?is intellectual progress ! crud] conceptions ( #8matt]' & #8self' & #8,god1' z well z ( ! f9al physical & ! moral relations ( ! ?ree po/ulat$ exi/5ces1 are purifi$ & exp&$2 b always )\t disp>agem5t to ! prim>y roots4 ,improvem5t ( human k1 9 h>mony ) ! awak5$ common s5se inspirations1 is our intellectual ideal4 ,x may p]haps be said t ,reid makes 8 appeal to ! root pr9ciples ( practical reason--! ess5tial sanity ( mank9d--only on behalf ( :at no "o s]i\sly calls 9 "q2 & moreov] t he attributes ! scepticism ) :i* he /ruggl$ to a speculative !ory ( philosoph]s1 in/ead ( to facts 9 nature & 9 man1 :i* sugge/ di/ru/ 9 ! #8inspirations' on :i* human und]/&+ dep5ds1 9 its lack ( omnisci5ce4 ,:at ne$1 x may be ask$1 = a prolong$ endeav\r to ju/ify belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! h\se 9 :i* we live1 ! planet on :i* x /&s1 or ! human be+s among :om we seem to play our p>ts8 ,only insane p]sons--really insane--c be f\nd to d\bt realities l ^!4 ,insanity _c be cur$ by an elaborate dispro( ( ! #8ideal sy/em'2 & z = ! sane1 su* common s5se sanities z ^! are safe en\gh )\t ?is philosophical appeal to human sanity4 ,z reg>ds ^? beliefs--si non rogas intelligo4 ,i "k all t ,i ne$ to "k1 z long z ,i am n ask$ to ju/ify & expla9 my k1 logically or o!rwise1 & rema9 cont5t$ to enjoy ! ?+s t unpractical ?9k]s va9ly try to und]/&4 ,t sceptical di/ru/ 9 our orig9al faculties1 & 9 ,p[] or ,provid5ce t is f9ally op]ative 9 ! univ]se 9 :i* we h our be+1 lies deep] ?an ! #8ideal sy/em' :i* 0 ,reid's bugbe>2 & also t x arises mo/ly 9 connection ) less obtrusive elem5ts 9 ! common s5se ?an our p]ceptions ?r\gh ! five s5ses1 is 9 h>mony ) ! gradual developm5t ( ,reid's own ?\ght :i* ,i h tri$ to trace4 ,= he advanc$1 z we saw1 f reflection ^u ^? #8inspirations' ( ! common s5se t are impli$ 9 our physical p]ceptions1 to reflection ^u ^? o!r data ( ! common s5se t are impli$ 9 our p]ceptions ( p]sonal & morally responsible ag5cy4 ,x is 9 t\*+ & see+ ! mat]ial _w t ! common s5se is fir/ awak5$2 & ?us ! mat]ial _w is ! mo/ obtrusive object 9 human exp]i5ce1 its p]ceptions af=d+ ! fitte/ prelim9>y object-lesson on ! (fice ( ?is f9al reason 9 ! :ole rational economy ( man4 ,ext]nal p]ceptions are ! beg9n+s ( all reason+s ab\t concrete exi/5ce4 ,!y are ! obvi\s examples ( ^? orig9al judgm5ts1 :i* are #8! inspiration ( ! ,almighty1' m obvi\s ?an ! (t5 dormant ones t are moral & spiritual4 ,all ! discov]ies ( our reason are gr\nd$ on !m4 ,a rem>kable deviation f !m1 aris+ f a disord] 9 ! con/itution1 is call$ lunacy by all2 z :5 a man believes t he is made ( glass3 b :5 a man suff]s himself to be reason$ out ( !m by metaphysical argum5ts he w\ld call ?is metaphysical lunacy2 :i* diff]s f ! o!r species ( ! di/emp] 9 ?is1 t x is n cont9u$1 b int]mitt5t4 ,he ?us te/s reason 9 its f9al au?ority1 z di/+ui%$ f reason 9 its innum]able inf]5tial ex]cises3 ! au?ority may be logically v9dicat$ z reasonable1 b its judgm5ts are n conclusions orig9ally d$uc$ f premises4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! ,reidian prote/ on behalf ( a philosophical recognition ( ! bl5d$ judgm5t & feel+ :i* makes ?is common reason t is m or less consci\sly alive 9 all m51 is a prote/ on behalf ( ! regulative au?ority ( ?is reason 9 its g5u9e integrity4 ,all philosophical sy/ems1 s f>1 proce$ ^u & ackn[l$ge its judgm5ts2 b1 z x seem$ to ,reid1 (t5 only aft] spoil+ !m4 ,he made x 8 p>ticul> mission to re/ore !m 9 _! g5u9e integrity to philosophy z ! prime factors ( all true !ories4 ,9 p]ception does ! outw>d reality actually appe>1 ext5d$ z x really is1 )\t any unext5d$ m$ium int]pos$1 exactly z ! int]nal reality ( a pa9 or a pleasure appe>s )\t a m$ium1 :5 ,i am consci\s ( be+ pa9$ or pleas$8 ,if s1 let u !n1 ,reid w\ld say1 accept ?is fact z f9al1 ev5 al?\gh we _c acc\nt = x2 in/ead ( p]v]t+ x by suppos+ t ! ext]nal reality is "o ?+1 & ! imm$iately p]ceiv$ object ( :i* alone we are curi\s a diff]5t ?+2--dream+ t ?is suppos$ int]nal object1 z its copy1 expla9s our p]ception ( ! ext]nal object t is imp]ceptible4 ,aga91 accord+ to g5u9e common s5se1 ! #8self' :i* ,i am oblig$ to presuppose is invisible2 my body or my bra9 is ext]nal to x1 z mu* s z ! sun & moon are2 = !y are all p>ts ( ! mat]ial _w--all objects ( my s5ses--unlike my prop] p]sonality1 :i* is approa*$ only ?r\gh ! inn] consci\sness1 & n at all ?r\gh p]ception ( ! s5ses4 ,"h1 too1 ,reid prote/s on behalf ( ! g5u9e common s5se1 & aga9/ ! sci5tifically p]v]t$ common s5se (f]$ to him by ,prie/ley4 ,= ! di/9ctive feature ( ,reidism is n vague ackn[l$gm5t ( ! common s5se1 b ackn[l$gm5t ( x z x is f\nd to be :5 /eadfa/ reflection is appli$ to ! f9al m5tal exp]i5ce ( man4 ,a mod]n critic may compla9 t ,reid's po9t ( view is too n>r[ & special1 & 8 me?od too matt]-(-fact to entitle ! result to be call$ philosophy4 ,x looks unlike philosophy prop]1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! univ]se & univ]sals1 & is l a special sci5ce ( human m9d1 hav+ human m9d = its f9ite object or prov9ce1 z o!r special sci5ces h _! limit$ prov9ces4 ,= in/ance1 a/ronomy has ! /ell> bodies2 *emi/ry1 ! elem5t>y con/itution ( bodies2 geology1 ! ph5om5a 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/2 & s on4 ,n[ ! f9al problem ( univ]sal reality1 or at lea/ univ]sal reality 9 ultimate relation to man1 is ! prop] bus9ess ( ! philosoph]1 :o contemplates ! all-compreh5sive syn!sis :i* su/a9s or expla9s ea* special sci5ce1 & ev5 ! univ]se ( nature & man2 :ile1 z human philosophy1 x /ill recognises ! inh]5t inf9ity t makes realities ov]leap ! special sci5ces4 ,= philosophy is ! supreme speculation1 conc]n$ ) ,matt] or outw>d ,nature1 ,self or ,_s1 & ,god or ! f9al all-det]m9+ ,p[]--& ( ?is f9al inquiry ,reid _h h>dly a conception4 ,yet we mu/ all[ t :5 ,reid's me?od is call$ #8inductive1' x is m ?an inductive 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w induction 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,he does n rea* ! sev]al pr9ciples ( ! common s5se by ! way ( probable g5]alisation f obs]v$ facts2 r z tru?s :i* arise out ( lat5cy into m or less di/9ct consci\sness1 9 response to /eadfa/ m$itation4 ,!y are philosophically recognis$ #8inspirations1' or #8revelations'--n t5tative g5]alisations2 & _! ju/ification mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ord9>y v]ification ) :i* we are famili> 9 sci5ces ( outw>d nature4 ,! common s5se provides mat]ial to ! philosoph]1 n ready made1 b /ill n m]e issue ( empirical g5]alisation4 ,h[ f> a philosophy ak9 to t ( ,reid admits ( philosophical expansion1 or ( be+ br\ght up to date at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! fundam5tal que/ions ( religi\s ?\ght are at ! root ( our d\bts & p]plexities1 may be consid]$ on a review ( ! =tunes ( ,reid's appeal to ! inspirations ( f9al reason 9 ! c5tury :i* has pass$ s9ce he di$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,reid ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,s5se ,,philosophy3 ,,reid ,,9 ,,france3 ,,reid ,,& ,,hamilton3 ,,reid ,,& ,,scoto-,,hegelian ,,idealism3 ,,e?ical ,,or ,,!i/ic ,,f9al ,,fai? ,h[ has ,reid's prote/ ( reason 9 ! "n ( common s5se--a prote/ aga9/ sceptical p>alysis ( human intellig5ce1 physical & moral--f>$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,has ,reid by ?is prote/ e/abli%$ :at is ( la/+ value ei!r to human happ9ess or to philosophical !ory8 ,:at has mod]n ?\ght1 z develop$ at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to say to a ,scotti% eighte5? c5tury inquiry into human m9d t f9ds its root 9 a po/ulat$ s5se ( reality1 :i* mu/ be tak5 z f9ally au?oritative :5 x is recognis$ 9 its g5u9e integrity8 ,h[ d fai? & d\bt n[ /& f9ally relat$1 z comp>$ ) _! relations :5 ,reid oppos$ ,hume8 ,is !re /ill room = philosophical argum5t f\nd$ on ! div9e inspirations ( ! ,common ,s5se1 "u1 = in/ance1 our trans=m$ conception ( ! univ]se z an evolution8 ,expansion r ?an subv]sion ( ! philosophy :i* ultimately argues f ! common s5se1 has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 go+ on4 ,matt]-(-fact /udy ( human m9d1 z engag$ 9 p]ception ( ! mat]ial _w1 & 9 ! moral ex]cise ( volunt>y ag5cy1 :i* ) ,reid makes ?is p]ception ( matt]1 & moral consci\sness ( free ag5cy its prom95t spiritual facts1 has n[ ris5 to criticism ( our conception ( ! ,supreme ,p[] t is f9ally at "w 9 ! univ]se 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+4 ,& a less purely academic scepticism ?an t aga9/ :i* ,reid summon$ ! common s5se n[ confronts u4 ,if ,reid's mission 0 to call att5tion to our direct m5tal grasp ( outw>d realities1 by explod+ a !ory :i* seem$ to p>alyse t grasp1 x w\ld h be5 8 correspond+ mission n[ to ju/ify1 9 "n ( ! moral & spiritual elem5ts ( ! common s5se1 ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! univ]se1 :i* f9ds 9 ! facts ( matt] & man a cont9u\s self-revelation ( omnipot5t love & m]cy--& ?is 9 ! face ( a _w :i* repels our m philan?ropic civilisation1 by its abundant suff]+ & s94 ,in/ead ( philosophy at w> ) common s5se1 common s5se is n[ alleg$ z at w> ) ! f9ally moral & religi\s conception ( ! univ]se1 :i* ,reid accept$ z conclusive "u ! premises ( an old-fa%ion$ natural !ology4 ,n[ univ]sal natural law is suppos$ to exclude ,god1 & s5ti5t mis]y to make !i/ic fai? 9 ! goodness1 & !re=e tru/wor?9ess1 ( ! ,supreme ,p[] an ana*ronism1 :i* mu/ give place to univ]sal pessimi/ d\bt & despair4 ,h[ c we re/ ) tru/ 9 ^? practical pr9ciples ( human nature to :i* ,reid appeal$1 :5 !y & we are f\nd 9 a univ]se s full ( evil z ?is 9 :i* we f9d ourselves8 ,are we n navigat+ ! ocean ( life 9 a vessel t is n seawor?y8 ,^! are que/ions n[ express$ or felt4 ,= =ty ye>s aft] ,reid's dea? ! high] ?\ght ( ,scotl&1 repres5t$ by its lead]s1 rema9$ well )9 ! old l9es4 ,x 0 /ill c>eful analysis ( :at is pres5t$ 9 human consci\sness1 ) a gradual decl9e ( int]e/ 9 ! metaphysical & moral problems :i* ,hume's agno/ic di/ru/ _h introduc$ ev5 into ,reid's mode/ treatm5t ( ! common s5se4 ,scotti% philosophy became a se>* = natural sequ5ces & co-exi/5ces among ph5om5a1 in/ead ( se>* = firm intellectual & moral foot+ 9 a univ]se to :i* we are introduc$ by be+ p]cipi5t ( an inf9itesimal "p ?r\gh our five s5ses4 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury ,dugald ,/ew>t 0 ,reid's ackn[l$g$ successor1 less orig9al1 & ev5 less adv5tur\s1 ?an 8 ma/]1 b unrecognisable 9 ! ill-temp]$ criticism ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,) dignifi$ eloqu5ce1 wid] intimacy ) society ?an ,reid's1 & m le>n+1 he appli$ inductive me?ods to f9d ! laws t det]m9e intellectual "* & ! education ( ! human m9d1 also to solve social que/ions1 9 graceful language--all :i* t\*$ ! popul> imag9ation m ?an 8 some:at prosaic pr$ecessor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,?omas ,br[n1 ! "y ,ed9burgh ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy1 & colleague ( ,/ew>t1 rais$ a revolt aga9/ ,reid & ,/ew>t 9 "s ( _! *>act]i/ic philosophy4 ,?is brilliant y\?1 m9or poet z well z philosoph]1 _h practis$ m$ic9e 9 ,ed9burgh be=e 8 appo9tm5t1 9 #ahaj1 at ! age ( ?irty-two1 to ! *air ( ,/ew>t4 ,9 m$ical practice he _h be5 ! colleague ( ,dr4 ,gregory1 ,reid's c\s91 & s long 8 correspond5t4 ,br[n1 unlike ,reid1 0 "o ( ! precoci\s philosoph]s4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he appe>$ z a critic ( ! ,zoonomia ( ,d>w91 & a few ye>s lat] z au?or ( an ,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect1 :i* conta9s ! ess5ce ( ! philosophy t 0 aft]w>ds exp&$ & appli$ 9 8 ,lectures4 ,he di$ at ! age ( =ty-two1 leav+ works undi/+ui%$ by ! deep & pati5t ?\ght ( ,reid1 & diffuse 9 /yle1 b ab\nd+ 9 +5i\s analysis--an int]e/+ contribution to ! logic ( physical inquiry1 in/ead ( appeals to c>efully consid]$ judgm5ts ( ! ,common ,s5se 9 ,p]ception & 9 ,causation4 ,br[n recognis$ in/9ctive belief 9 natural con/ancies ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce among ph5om5a1 & treat$ associations among m5tal /ates z ! *ief explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,! orig9ative moral ag5cy ( int5d+ & intellig5t ,w1 s prom95t latt]ly 9 ,reid1 disappe>s 9 ,br[n4 ,& ,br[n1 l ,prie/ley1 disp>ag$ ,reid's claim to m]it = rev]s+ ! philosophical prejudice t #8ideas' are ! only objects ( human cognition1 reg>d+ x z a metaphor mi/ak5 = a dogma4 ,inde$1 ! empirical laws ( association t5d ) ,br[n1 z ) ,prie/ley1 to be ! sole ultimate laws ( m9d3 p]haps ?is t5d5cy 0 re/ra9$ 9 expression z mu* by p]sonal respect = ,reid & ,/ew>t z by conviction4 ,aft] ,br[n1 philosophy 9 ,scotl& 0 = a "t dormant--sup]s$$ by ,combe & phr5ology4 ,b contemporane\sly1 9 #8! tw5ties1' a philosophy m ak9 to ,reid ?an to ,br[n made its appe>ance 9 ,engl&2 al?\gh ! analogy is n on ! surface1 & has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 obs]v$4 ,col]idge1 especially 9 8 ,aids to ,reflection1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe1 insi/s ) eloqu5t emphasis ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 #8! ,reason1' :i* is div9e or inspir$1 & m]e #8,und]/&+1' :i* g5]alises ! ph5om5a t em]ge 9 exp]i5ce3 he also presses ! di/9ction betwe5 free ag5cy1 z impli$ 9 morally responsible causation1 & ! me*anical ord] ( nature ) :i* physical sci5ces are exclusively conc]n$4 #8,! ,reason1' to :i* ,col]idge appeals1 corresponds 9 function to #8! ,common ,s5se' ( ,reid4 ,x is describ$ z fix$ & f9al2 z 9 all its decisions appeal+ to itself2 & z #8mu* ne>] to s5se ?an ! und]/&+1' = x is direct insight ( tru?1 :]eas und]/&+ mu/ ref] all its judgm5ts to premises4 ,t man1 because he is morally responsible1 mu/ orig9ate1 )9 8 individual p]sonality z _! f9al c5tre1 all acts = :i* he is responsible1 is ) ,col]idge a po/ulate1 #8! pro( ( :i* no man c give to ano!r1 yet e man may f9d = himself1' & s see ! true mean+ ( ! words p[] & causality4 ,9 %ort1 ?is po/ulate is among ! inspir$ revelations ( ! ,common ,s5se t are conta9$ 9 our %>e ( ,div9e ,reason4 ,we may speak ( und]/&+ z #8human1' ) its (t5 discordant g5]alisations2 b !re c be no m]ely #8human' ,reason4 ,!re nei!r is nor c be b "o & ! same ,reason2 ! light )\t :i* ! individual und]/&+ w\ld be d>kness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! philosophy t c>efully measures its conclusions by ! ,common ,s5se f\nd its way f ,scotl& into ,france e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 9 arre/ ( ! mat]ialism & scepticism :i* _h tak5 ! place ( ! spiritual philosophy ( ,desc>tes & ,pascal4 ,9 #ahaa ,roy] ,coll>d1 em95t z a philosoph] & a /atesman1 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,p>is4 ,9 t ye>1 :5 he 0 prep>+ 8 lectures1 he accid5tally f\nd a copy ( ,reid's ,inquiry at a book-/all ne> ! ,se9e4 ,he 0 *>m$ ) its cont5ts1 :i* !reaft] inspir$ 8 tea*+4#bf ,?r\gh ,roy] ,coll>d1 ,reid's philosophy became ! dom9ant philosophy ( ,france1 & x /ill reta9s an elevat+ spiritual influ5ce 9 ! national s*ools4#bg ,9 #ahbh ,reid's works 7 translat$ & discuss$ by ,j\ffroy1 a lead+ ?9k] 9 8 g5]ation1 :o ?us leav5$ ?9k+ m9ds among contempor>ies4 ,b ,victor ,c\s9 0 ,reid's mo/ eloqu5t & fam\s mission>y4 ,he _h be5 educat$ by ,roy] ,coll>d 9 ,reid's pr9ciples4 ,8 ard5t & compreh5sive g5ius1 h[ev]1 became dissatisfi$ ) :at he call$ a #8sage b timid doctr9e1' & treat$ x z a vigor\s b h>dly philosophical prote/ aga9/ ! sceptic 9 ! "n ( uncritical common s5se4 ,9 8 en?usiasm1 ,c\s9 turn$ to ,g]many = #8a philosophy s mascul9e & brilliant t x c\ld comm& ! att5tion ( ,europe4' ,at fir/ he ?\ght he f\nd 9 ,kant ! pr(\nd refutation ( ! sceptic1 & ! gr& con/ructive philosophy he want$4 ,b soon ,kant's mode ( expell+ ! #8mortal poison' seem$ z unsatisfactory z ,reid's1 & he p>t$ company ) him s f> z to jo9 fir/ ,s*ell+ & !n ,hegel 9 an eclectic or all-reconcil+ sy/em4 ,b 9 ! end ! fasc9ation ( ,hegelian ?\ght abat$4 ,!re might1 aft] all1 be deep] mean+1 & m capacity = developm5t1 9 ,reid's appeal ?an he _h suppos$4 ,s 9 8 lat] ye>s ,c\s9 return$ to 8 fir/ love4 ,8 ,philosophie cossaise1 :i* appe>$ 9 its late/ =m 9 #aheg1 is an eloqu5t appreciation ( ,hut*eson1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,reid1 & ,beattie1 ) ,reid z ! *ief figure 9 ! c5tre4 ,meantime a =midable intellectual =ce _h appe>$ 9 ,scotl&1 9 argum5tative collision ) ^? ,g]mans by :om ,c\s9 _h be5 fasc9at$1 & also ) ,c\s9's own eclectic assimilation ( all philosophies4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 w>n+ 8 contempor>ies aga9/ ! #8mascul9e & brilliant' ,cont95tal philosophy1 & en]getically recall+ !m to ,reid1 by two essays 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review--"o 9 ,octob] #ahbi1 de/ructive ( ! #8,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$1' ! o!r 9 ,octob] #ahcj1 con/ructive1 on ,reid's #8,philosophy ( ,p]ception4' ,! recon/ruction ( ! philosophy ( ! ,common ,s5se1 conta9$ by implication 9 ^! fam\s essays1 01 9 #ahdf1 elaborat$ 9 comm5t>ies :i* embrace ! lit]ature ( philosophy1 9 ,hamilton's ,reid4 ,! ,glasg[ pr(essor re-appe>$ 9 ! company ( ! mo/ le>n$ ( all ,scotti% philosoph]s1 educat$ especially by ,ari/otle & 8 comm5tators1 by ,kant1 & by ,reid himself1 ^: mode/ ent]prise 0 n[ measur$ by ! pr(\nde/ problems & mo/ compreh5sive conceptions ( anci5t & mod]n speculation4 ,! magnific5t intellect ( ,hamilton rais$ deep que/ions among u t lay dormant 9 ,reid4 ,hamilton 9 ,scotl& is s f> 9 p>allel ) ,c\s9 9 ,france1 t--mov+ 9 opposite directions--!y bo? help$ to g]manise ! philosophy :i* makes its la/ appeal to ! common s5se4 ,c\s91 dissatisfi$ ) ! #8timidity' ( ,reid1 tri$ to reconcile a philosophy t %\ld compreh5d ! ,inf9ite ) ! philosophy t is conf9$ to exp]i5ce4 ,hamilton's mission 0 to clip ! w+s ( ! speculative adv5tur]s4 ,?is made him put ! emphasis on ! inadequacy ( a human und]/&+ = fully cop+ ) ! et]nal reality4 ,:ile he prais$ ,reid = mak+ ! ,common ,s5se 9 its integrity ! necess>y crit]ion ( philosophy1 he claim$ = himself ! special cr$it ( di/+ui%+ its necessities z ( two sorts--! "o a positive p[]1 ! o!r ! impot5ce impli$ 9 f9ite intellig5ce4 ,h5ce human exp]i5ce re/s on a condition$1 or 7s f>7 p>alys$ intellig5ce2 & if omnisci5ce only c be call$ #8k1' :ile to "k #89 "p1' !re=e ) involv$ my/]ies1 mu/ be call$ ignorance--x foll[s t man kn[s no?+4 ,ignorance is !n ! consummation ( human philosophy1 & its highe/ atta9m5t is ?is discov]y4 #8,our dream ( k is a little light r\nd$ ) d>kness4' #8,! highe/ rea* ( sci5ce & philosophy is ! sci5tific recognition ( human ignorance4' #8,d\bt is ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all our ef=ts to "k4' #8,! la/ & highe/ consecration ( all true religion is an alt> to ! unkn[n & unkn[able ,god4' ,man's k ( exi/5ce mu/ be relative to 8 limit$ exp]i5ce & intellig5ce4 ,! mission>y ( a neglect$ tru? is apt to be "o-sid$ & ev5 p>adoxical1 & /r5u\s expression 0 natural to ,hamilton4 ,f 8 fir/ essay 9 #ahbi to 8 la/ 9 #ahee he s\ght to %[ ! inconsi/5cy ( inf9ite k ) our limit$ %>e ( inspiration 9 ! ,common ,s5se4 ,accord+ly1 ! negative & incomplete1 or :at ,bacon calls #8brok5' "* ( man's k1 r ?an its positive victories1 is ev] supreme 9 ! ,hamiltonianis$ ,reid1 along ) a reca/ ( ,reid's acc\nt ( ! ,common ,s5se z involv$ 9 p]ception ( ! outw>d ?+s ( s5se4 ,! respective (fices ( ,reid & ,hamilton might be comp>$ 9 ?is aphorism ( ,pascal--#8,la ,nature s\ti5t la ,raison impuissante4' ,ne$ = ! common s5se ) :i* human nature is *>g$1 illu/rates ! impot5ce ( man's unomnisci5t und]/&+ & limit$ %>e ( ! ,div9e ,reason4 ,tak+ ^? words ( ,pascal1 ,reid puts emphasis on #8la nature'2 ,hamilton on #8impuissance4' ,b bo? are recognis$ by ea*3 x is a diff]5ce ( emphasis4 ,nei!r ,hamilton nor ,mansel excludes ! cons]vative influ5ce ( #8la nature1' tak5 9 its integrity1 9 ! way ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] does1 :5 he re/s philosophy only on ! /rongly emphasis$ "p ( ,hamiltonian philosophy4 ,9 ,hamilton ! #8raison impuissante' is insi/$ on really 9 ord] to make room = #8la nature'2 on ! gr\nd t ! logical und]/&+1 "h #8la raison1' is too impot5t to be able to disprove ! g5u9e judgm5ts ( ! ,common ,s5se4 ,br[n's rebellion aga9/ ,reid e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 9 ! int]e/ ( a univ]sal physical causation or association1 has its p>allel 9 ,f]ri]'s revolt1 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 aga9/ ! ,hamiltonian ,reid1 9 ! int]e/ ( ab/ract metaphysics z oppos$ to uncriticis$ common s5se4 ,9 ! "n ( philosophy he excludes f philosophy all except necess>y tru?s ( ab/ract reason2 neglect+1 z b5ea? its reg>d1 ! _w ( *ange1 9 :i* ,reid's mix$ & practical reason1 or ,common ,s5se1 _h be5 (f]$ z f9al guide4 ,! (fice ( philosophy1 accord+ to ,f]ri]1 is among ! et]nal tru?s1 :i* alone c be absolutely demon/rat$1 & :i* relieve philosophy f #8! ov]sight ( popul> op9ion & ! errors ( psy*ological sci5ce1' :i* _h be5 unwor?ily dignifi$ z ! f9al te/ ( tru?4 ,! natural beliefs ( mank9d1 in/ead ( be+ wor%ipp$ z div9e1 are bani%$ 9 ,f]ri]'s philosophy1 on ! gr\nd t _! self-contradictor9ess is demon/rable3 ! bus9ess ( ! philosoph]1 accord+ly1 is to sub/itute #8reasonable ?9k+' = #8common s5se4' ,! #8raison impuissante1' emphasis$ by ,hamilton--! ignorance 9 :i* ,hamilton revels--is n all[$ by ,f]ri] to be ignorance at all2 = #8man _c be said to be ignorant ( self-contradictions t c be k = no m9d1 human or div9e4' ,indep5d5t or unp]ceiv$ matt] is n m]ely hid f man's k on acc\nt ( 8 #8raison impuissante'2 x is hid f all intellig5ce1 because inconsi/5t ) ! necess>ily m9d-dep5d5t ess5ce ( ,be+4 ,pure reason does n ne$ to be f9ally supplem5t$ by practical pr9ciples ( common s5se4 ,x is able to %ift = itself )\t ?is surr5d]4 ,! conciliation ( common s5se ?9k+ & philosophy is accompli%$ by ! submission ( common s5se to univ]sal compulsory reason4 ,op9ion mu/ submit to demon/ration1 in/ead ( demon/ration1 intelligible only by ! few1 hav+ to make way = ! undemon/rable dogmas ( ! unreflect+4 ,reid1 ,i suspect1 c\ld h>dly recognise1 9 ! /uff$ figure ?us put up by ,f]ri] to be knock$ d[n1 ei!r ! #8common s5se' 9 :i* he f\nd ! root ( a human k ( ! realities reveal$ 9 place & "t ?r\gh\t ! long exp]i5ce ( man1 or ! #8p]ception' 9 :i* ?+s ext]nal to ! individual m9d make _! appe>ance #89 "p4' ,! practical impassibility ( disbeliev+ ! exi/5ce ( o!r liv+ be+s1 ( disc>d+ memory z :olly delusion1 ( treat+ man z irresponsible1 & our surr\nd+s z *aotic or :olly un9t]pretable1 alike = sci5ce & 9 common life--^! 7 alleg$ con/itu5ts ( ! common s5se ) :i* ,reid conc]n$ himself4 ,!y all lie outside ! demon/rations ( ,f]ri]1 9 :i* he unfolds 8 !ory 9 =ms ( arti/ic beauty & easy grace1 :i* make him ! mo/ picturesque figure 9 ! succession ( ,scotti% philosoph]s4 ,yet ,br[n & ,f]ri] 9 ! end help$ on ! expansion ( ,reid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e ,f]ri] pass$ away 9 #ahfd1 a revolution 9 ! conception ( ! univ]se 0 9 progress 9 ,brita94 ,! idea ( cont9u\s physical evolution ( ext]nal nature & ( man1 promulgat$ biologically by ,d>w91 & by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z ! all-compreh5sive g5]alis$ law ( a univ]se t 0 suppos$ to be ! outcome ( unkn[able ,p[]1 has become a popul> cre$ )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,simultane\sly1 me?ods ( developm5t ak9 to ,hegel 7 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,hut*eson ,/irl+ 9 8 ,secret ( ,hegel1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,glasg[ by ,dr4 ,caird1 :o adorn$ ,reid's *air = ne>ly ?irty ye>s--me?ods = mak+ explicit lat5t ,div9e ,reason z :at expla9s & su/a9s ! univ]se4 ,reid's appeal 9 a practical temp]1 to ! mix$ & moral reason 9 man1 z t ) :i* man is inspir$--an appeal wid5$ & prolific ( deep] que/ions 9 ,hamilton--0 /ill too cauti\s to attempt to =mulate ! my/]ies ( exi/5ce1 9 fully intelligible pr9ciples1 :i* %\ld remove ! d>kness ar\nd ! #8little light' ) :i* ,reid 0 satisfi$4 ,he w\ld h look$ ) di/ru/ at ! m ambiti\s intellectual con/ructions :i* seem$ to be sup]s$+ ! common s5se ( human nature1 z ! human response to ! sceptic or agno/ic1 ^: philosophical k turn$ all k into ignorance at ! la/4 ,reid 0 too human to be satisfi$ ) m]ely physical g5]alisations ( sequ5ces & co-exi/5ces ( ph5om5a1 f9ally un9telligible1 & !re=e unwor?y ( tru/2 & he w\ld h be5 too cauti\s to accept a network ( ab/ract intellectual necessities1 lat5t 9 ! univ]se1 z ! la/ & be/ human acc\nt ( nature & man z actually f\nd 9 place & "t4 ,to re/ satisfi$ ) ! evolution>y g5]alisation he w\ld h reg>d$ z involv+ ! #8common error ( philosoph]s s9ce ! days ( ,plato1' 9 conf\nd+ moral ag5cy ) physical causation4 ,( ! magnific5t ,hegelian con/ructions he w\ld probably h said1 :at he says ( ,samuel ,cl>ke's !ological demon/ration--#8,^! are ! speculations ( m5 ( sup]ior g5ius4 ,b :e!r !y be z solid z !y are sublime1 or :e!r !y be ! w&]+s ( imag9ation 9 a region beyond ! limit ( human und]/&+1 ,i am unable to det]m9e4' ,! alt]natives pres5t$ to ?is g5]ation--ei!r agno/ic pessimi/ despair or univ]sal sci5ce 9 :i* man is 9 "s s5se id5tifi$ ) ,god--f9al nesci5ce v]sus f9al omnisci5ce--ultimate & univ]sal problem ( exi/5ce tak+ ! place ( a ,reid's sci5ce ( human m9d--repres5t ! un5d+ /ruggle betwe5 sceptical di/ru/ ( ! ,univ]sal ,p[]1 ignorantly wor%ipp$1 & reasonable e?ical fai? 9 ! ,univ]sal ,p[]1 ) consequ5t hope = m54 ,x is 9 ,scotl& a new =m ( ! w> ) ,david ,hume to :i* ,reid's life 0 giv54 ,x has be5 go+ on s9ce ,socrates argu$ ) ! ,sophi/s at ,a!ns1 & s9ce ,job ju/ifi$ ! morality ( ,provid5ce among ! ,ea/]n emirs4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury "q1 #8,:at is ,matt]8' has ris5 9 ! n9ete5? to ! "q1 #8,:at is ,god8' ,! inspir$ ,common ,s5se or ,common ,reason ( ,reid seems to be sublimat$ 9 univ]sally necessitat+ dialectical ,reason1 9 ?is ,scoto-,g]man way ( resi/+ ! agno/ic4 ,to fill ! place ( ! #8unkn[n & unkn[able ,god' ( ! ,hamiltonian emphasis1 human k appe>s id5tifi$ & co-ext5sive ) ! ,div9e1 9 an absolute idealism1 presum$ to be ! only adequate refutation ( all subv]t+ d\bt4 ,! #8raison impuissante1' su/a9$ by & culm9at+ 9 #8la nature1' or inspir$ common s5se1 is ex*ang$ = :at looks l a pan!i/ic necessity t leaves no room = moral ag5cy 9 man or ,god1 & :i* scorns ! incomplete k t _c disp5se ) a fai? v5ture at its root4 ,yet ,reid1 if he 7 n[ among u1 might f9d ! common s5se n sup]s$$ b idealis$1 9 ! m articulate response ( reason 9 man to ! all-p]vad+ active ,reason :i* ! lat] philosoph] id5tifies ) 8 own4 ,t ! common s5se lat5t 9 man is ! inspiration ( ,god is an assumption ) :i* he />t$ 9 8 ,inquiry4 #8,! inspiration ( ! ,almighty give? man und]/&+4' #8,! _s ( man is ! lamp ( ! ,"l4' ,s ! common s5se moral tru/ 9 ,god1 or univ]sal moral v5ture1 is at ! root ( all human life & human k1 giv+ unity & vitality to ! :ole4 ,x is ! #8little light'--a ray f ! p]fect div9e light1--& ! univ]se is int]pretable = all human purposes only 9 & ?r\gh x4 ,x is t 9 ea* ( u ?r\gh :i* ! inspirations 9 ! ideal man1 :5 dormant 9 individuals1 c nev]!less be made to respond1 9 an e?ical or religi\s common s5se ( ! inf9ite love & m]cy ( ! all-su/a9+ ,p[] t is always wait+ to be graci\s--to respond to ! inspirations ( ,hebrew prophets & ,*ri/ian apo/les4 ,if #8k' means only :at is rea*$ by ! logical und]/&+ elaborat+ mat]ials giv5 by s5se2 & if ! "n is d5i$ to ! inspirations ( ! ,common ,s5se1 :at ^? inspirations %\ld be call$ becomes a "q ab\t ! mean+ ( a ^w4 ,god is !n #8unkn[able' by man1 only inasmu* z fai? 9 ! p]fect reason & goodness ( ! ,univ]sal ,p[] is m ?an an ord9>y sci5tific g5]alisation4 ,b if we recognise 9 ! ,common ,s5se1 & 9 its und]ly+ ,!i/ic ,fai?1 t )\t :i* all our k mu/ dissolve 9 ignorance1 !n ! fai? mu/ be accept$ z 9 reason ! f9al gr\nd ( ! k2 & !re=e z 9 u ! la/ =m ( ! univ]sal reason1 9 & ?r\gh :i* :at is div9e 9 u prote/s aga9/ limitation to an intellig5ce t becomes p>alys$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is its indisp5sable factor4 ,if k means omnisci5t physical sci5ce ( ! univ]se ( reality1 !n ! univ]se ( reality is f9ally unkn[n & unkn[able4 ,b if man c live 9 intelligible relations to :at transc5ds natural sci5ce1--call ?is :i* enables him s to live1 #8k1' #8sci5ce1' #8common s5se1' #8fai?1' #8inspiration1' #8revelation1' #8feel+1' or #8reason1'--x is treasure f\nd = ! philosoph]4 ,c ,reid's #8common s5se' be sublimat$ into ! univ]sal consci\sness ( ,hegelian dialectic1 & does ?is translation ( fai? into absolute sci5ce con/itute ! true ideal ( ,scotti% common s5se philosophy at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,is common k1 & sci5tific k 9 special sci5ces1 only k #89 "p1' :ile ! true philosoph] may aspire to "k ev5 z ,god kn[s8 ,mu/ man ?us claim omnisci5ce z ! only fit gr\nd ( 8 prote/ aga9/ sceptical nesci5ce8 ,or1 mu/ 8 int]pretation ( ! exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* he is pass+ be1 ev5 9 ! end1 only an inspir$ fai?-v5ture1 in/ead ( ! omnisci5ce :i* elevates ! common s5se into itself8 ,r1 mu/ n ! suppos$ omnisci5ce1 :i* is dissatisfi$ ) fai?-v5tures1 because fai? is suppos$ to be bl9d1 be itself only ! common s5se "u ano!r "n--b ) its intellectual con/itution m articulately explicat$8 ,surely only omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce c disp5se ) ! moral & religi\s v5ture ( our inspir$ common s5se & its impli$ !i/ic fai?1 z ! root ( reason 9 man--9 8 int]m$iate place & (fice1 betwe5 p]fect k & total ignorance4 ,s und]/ood1 ,reid's philosophy is virtually ! philosophy t makes its f9al appeal to ! div9e 9 man1 lat5t 9 ea* individual man1 9 & ?r\gh :om ! univ]se is gradually int]pret$ z a revelation ( p]fect reason or p]fect goodness4 ,true philosophy is !n ! moral & religi\s v5ture :i* accepts & applies ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 9 ! assurance t1 9 g5u9e submission to _! inspir$ au?ority1 we _c f9ally be put to intellectual or moral confusion4 ,fai? 9 ,god is lat5t ev5 9 ! p]ceptions ( ext]nal s5se1 9 :i* ,reid f\nd ! fir/ example ( ! op]ation ( ?is inspiration4 ,alike 9 ! out] _w ( ! s5ses1 & 9 free or responsible ag5cy 9 man1 filial fai?1 e?ical or !i/ic1 may be ju/ifi$ by reason+1 al?\gh x ,_c be rea*$ by logic z a direct conclusion f premises4 ,x is our prim>y po/ulate1 & n an object ( logical pro(2 !re=e cr$ible 9 reason :ile x is n demon/rable4 ,9 ?is way a humanis$ ,hegelianism1 :i* seeks to re/ore or reta9 ! (t5 dormant fai? 9 ! p]fectly good ,god1 & ?us 9 ! future ( man1 may ev5 be tak5 z 9 l9e ) ,reid1 "u ! alt]$ intellectual conditions at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x virtually appeals at la/ to moral fai?4#bh 99 99 99 99 99 ,poetry 9 ano!r way ?an philosophy expresses & int]prets = man ! inspir$ exp]i5ce t transc5ds physical sci5ce & its logical und]/&+4 ,& we f9d 9 ! great poets ( ! ,victorian era an appeal ?r\gh ! imag9ation to ^? elem5ts 9 human nature1 to :i* ,reid made argum5tative appeal z a philosoph]4 ,9 ?is lies ,wordswor?'s #8heal+ p[]4' ,8 #8,intimations ( ,immortality' express div9e inspirations1 ?r\gh :i* man le>ns to und]/& himself & 8 surr\nd+s--inspirations t1 dormant1 #8fade into ! light ( common day1' yet1 recov]$ by reflection1 #89 a season ( calm wea!r1 ?\gh inl& f> we be1 our s\ls h sight ( t immortal sea :i* br\ght u hi!r4' ,& #8,9 ,memoriam' is ,t5nyson's prote/ aga9/ ! d\bt+ _s ( ! age1 on behalf ( ! f9al & life-det]m9+ pr9ciples1 :i* und]lie cre$s1 belong to our e>lie/ *ildhood1 & on :i* ! wise/ & be/ h re/$ ) a m or less intellig5t consci\sness ?r\gh ! ages--,god reveal$ 9 ! ideal man lat5t 9 all m54 ,! human (fice ( inspir$ common s5se or e?ical reason1 f9al = be+s ^: #8k' mu/ be int]m$iate betwe5 omnisci5ce & bl9d ignorance ( m]e s5se & feel+1 is its tacit philosophy-- #8,our wills are ours1 we "k n h[1 ,our wills are ours1 to make !m ,?9e4 ,we h b fai?3 we _c "k2 ,= k is ( ?+s we see2 ,& yet we tru/ x comes f ,!e1 ,a beam 9 d>kness3 let x gr[4 ,let k gr[ f m to m1 ,b m ( rev]5ce 9 u dwell2 ,t m9d & s\l1 accord+ well1 ,may make "o music z be=e1 ,b va/]4' ,our sci5tific int]pretation ( ! ev]-*ang+ univ]se at la/ re/s on e?ical !i/ic fai?1 & ! ,*ri/ian revelation ( div9e love is respond$ to by ! div9e inspiration ( ,god 9 ,man1 9 ! =m ( ! spiritual ,common ,s5se4 ,if ?is be n s1 we _c rely on ! ,common ,s5se1 = x !n belongs to a morally untru/wor?y univ]se4 ,e/abli%$ on ?is fai?1 philosophy or !ology1 9 ,scotl& & ?r\gh\t ! _w1 awaits ! sceptical criticism & ! spiritual heal+ p[] ( ! ma/]s ( ?\ght 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 = its fur!r developm5t1 & application to human affairs4 ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes #a ,! above f data at ,birkwood4 #b ,scotti% ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #hd-hh2 #abh4 #c ,! numb] is1 un=tunately1 unrecord$4 #d ,birkwood ,,mss4 #e ,9 ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 by ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 !re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is ,mr4 ,bisset4 #f ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,,ii4 *4 #aj4 #g ,:ile he liv$ "h1 he seems to h reta9$ ! incumb5cy ( ,new ,ma*> till ,may #ageb4 #h ,long ago remov$4 ,i h an engrav+ ( x4 #i ,^! ,,ms4 diss]tations h be5 lately recov]$1 & ,i h ?us be5 able to comp>e !m ) ! ,inquiry1 9 :i* ,i f9d !m mo/ly embodi$4 #aj ,birkwood ,,ms4 #aa ,i h else:]e discuss$ ! true mean+ ( ,b]keley's philosophy4 #ab ,betwe5 ! ,college & ! ,ca!dral1 div]g+ to ! ea/4 #ac ,watt began ^? exp]im5ts 9 ,glasg[ ab\t #agfc4 #ad ,! ,am]ican revolt 0 a sev]e /roke to ,glasg[ at ! "t1 ?\gh x l$ to a great developm5t ( manufactures 9 ! city aft]w>ds4 ,see ,colville's ,by-,ways ( ,hi/ory 7#ahig71 pp4 #bha-cad4 #ae ,william ,traill1 a ,glasg[ graduate1 0 elect$4 ,playfair 7( ,/4 ,&rews71 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ,john ,playfair ( ,ed9burgh1 0 also a c&idate1 !n only eighte54 #af ,! ,bell ( ! ,brae4 #ag ,! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal 0 comm5c$ 9 #agfh & op5$ f sea to sea 9 #agij4 #ah ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 :o (t5 met him at ,blair ,drummond1 m5tions t #8= m ?an fifte5 ye>s ,reid sp5t great "p ( ! ,college vacation !re ) ,"l ,kames4' #ai ,kant's uncritical id5tification ( ,reid's philosophical appeal to ! common rational s5se ) ! popul> appeal & declamation ( ,oswald & ev5 ,beattie1 is expos$ by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick 9 ,m9d 7,april #ahie74 #bj ,birkwood ,,mss4 #ba ,birkwood ,,mss4 #bb ,pr(essor ,ri*>dson's ,memoir ( ,ar?ur4 #bc ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 translat$ by ,mr4 ,haldane & ,mr4 ,kemp1 ii4 #bdj4 ,s*op5hau] makes o!r int]e/+ ref]5ces to ,reid4 #bd ,birkwood ,,mss4 #be ,see also ,reid's ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s1 ,i4 #a-f1 & passim4 #bf ,m4 ,b\tr\x1 9 ,revue ,franaise d',edimb\rg1 ,no4 #d4 #bg ,reid's philosophy 0 ,r5an's #8ideal' 9 8 e>ly life1 accord+ to 8 biograph]4 #bh ,s 9 ! #8,prelim9>y ,notice1' 9 ! new edition ( ,dr4 ,/irl+'s ,secret ( ,hegel--la/ p>agraph4