,! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,sci5ces ,,numb] #i ,,agriculture ,,( ,,! ,,hidatsa ,,indians ,,an ,,indian ,,int]pretation ,,by ,,gilb]t ,,liv+/one ,,wilson1 ,ph4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,m9nesota ,,m9neapolis ,bullet9 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota ,novemb] #aiag ,,price3 #ge ,,c5ts ,,rese>* ,,publications ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,m9nesota ,^! publications conta9 ! results ( rese>* "w f v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! ,univ]sity & are (f]$ = ex*ange ) univ]sities1 sci5tific societies1 & o!r in/itutions4 ,pap]s w be publi%$ z sep>ate monographs numb]$ 9 sev]al s]ies4 ,!re is no /at$ int]val ( publication4 ,application = any ( ^! publications %\ld be made to ! ,univ]sity ,libr>ian4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,sci5ces #a4 ,,?ompson ,,& ,,w>b]1 ,social & ,economic ,survey ( a ,rural ,t[n%ip 9 ,s\!rn ,m9nesota4 #aiac4 #j4ej4 #b4 ,,mat?ias ,,nordb]g ,,orfield1 ,f$]al ,l& ,grants to ! ,/ates1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,m9nesota4 #aiae4 #a4jj4 #c4 ,,edw>d ,,van ,,dyke ,,rob9son1 ,e>ly ,economic ,conditions & ! ,developm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,m9nesota4 #aiae4 #a4ej4 #d4 ,l4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,weld ,,& ,,o!rs1 ,/udies 9 ! ,m>ket+ ( ,f>m ,products4 #aiae4 #j4ej4 #e4 ,,b5 ,,palm]1 ,swamp ,l& ,dra9age1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,m9nesota4 #aiae4 #j4ej4 #f4 ,,alb]t ,,erne/ ,,j5ks1 ,indian-,:ite ,amalgamation3 ,an ,an?ropometric ,/udy4 #aiaf4 #j4ej4 #g4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,all91 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,t>iff ,relations ( ! ,au/ralian ,colonies4 ,9 press4 #h4 ,,frances ,h4 ,,relf1 ,! ,petition ( ,"r4 ,9 press4 #i4 ,,gilb]t ,l4 ,,wilson1 ,agriculture ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians3 ,an ,indian ,int]pretation4 #aiag4 #j4ge4 #aj4 ,,note/e9 ,,& ,,relf1 ,editors1 ,commons ,debates = #afbi4 ,9 press4 #aa4 ,,raymond ,a4 ,,k5t1 ,/ate ,aid to ,public ,s*ools4 ,9 press4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,ma!matics #a4 ,,frank=t] ,,& ,,fr>y1 ,equilibria 9 ,sy/ems ,conta9+ ,alcohols1 ,salts1 & ,wat]4 #aiab4 #j4ej4 #b4 ,,frank=t] ,,& ,,krit*evsky1 ,a ,new ,phase ( ,catalysis4 #aiad4 #j4ej4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,eng9e]+ #a4 ,,george ,,alfr$ ,,maney1 ,second>y ,/resses & ,o!r ,problems 9 ,rigid ,frames3 ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,solution4 #aiae4 #j4be4 #b4 ,,*>les ,,frankl9 ,,%oop1 ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,concrete ,road-,mak+ ,prop]ties ( ,m9nesota ,/one & ,gravel4 #aiae4 #j4be4 #c4 ,,frankl9 ,r4 ,,mcmillan1 ,%r9kage & ,"t ,effects 9 ,re9=c$ ,concrete4 #aiae4 #j4be4 7,cont9u$ inside back cov]7 ,illu/ration3 ,maxidiwiac1 or ,buffalobird-woman ,photograph$ 9 #aiaj ,! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,sci5ces ,,numb] #i ,,agriculture ,,( ,,! ,,hidatsa ,,indians ,,an ,,indian ,,int]pretation ,,by ,,gilb]t ,,liv+/one ,,wilson1 ,ph4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,m9nesota ,,m9neapolis ,bullet9 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota ,novemb] #aiag ,,copyright #aiag ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,m9nesota ,,preface ,! field ( primitive economic activity has be5 l>gely left uncultivat$ by bo? economi/s & an?ropologi/s4 ,! pres5t /udy by ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,wilson is an attempt to add to ! scanty k already at h& on ! subject ( ! economic life ( ! ,am]ican ,indian4 ,! "w 0 begun )\t !ory or !sis1 b solely ) ! object ( ga!r+ available data f an old woman exp]t agriculturi/ 9 "o ( ! olde/ agricultural tribes accessible to a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,t ! /udy has unexpect$ly reveal$ c]ta9 v>ieties ( maize ( app>5tly great value to agriculture 9 ! semi-arid areas we/ ( ,m9nesota is a cause ( satisfaction to bo? ,mr4 ,wilson & myself4 ,?is fact aga9 emphasizes ! wisdom ( rese>* "w 9 our univ]sities4 ,:51 n[ & !n1 su* practical doll>-&-c5t results foll[ su* purely sci5tific rese>*es1 ! wond] is t univ]sity rese>* "w is n g5]\sly end[$ by bus9esses :i* l>gely pr(it by ^! rese>*es4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! an?ropological "w ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota t occasional publications w be issu$ by ! ,univ]sity on an?ropological subjects1 al?\gh at pres5t !re is no ju/ification = issu+ a consecutive s]ies4 ,! pres5t /udy is ! second "o 9 ! an?ropological field publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity4 ,! e>li] "o is numb] #f 9 ! ,/udies 9 ! ,social ,sci5ces1 issu$ ,m>*1 #aiaf4 ,,alb]t ,,erne/ ,,j5ks ,pr(essor ( ,an?ropology ,,cont5ts ,,pages ,=eword #a-e ,*apt] ,i--,tradition #f-h ,*apt] ,,ii--,beg9n+ a g>d5 #i-ae ,turtle #i ,cle>+ fields #i ,dispute & its settlem5t #aj ,turtle break+ soil #aa ,turtle's primitive tools #ab ,beg9n+ a field 9 lat] times #ac ,trees 9 ! g>d5 #ae ,our we/ field #ae ,burn+ ov] ! field #ae ,*apt] ,,iii--,sunfl[]s #af-ba ,rem>k by ,maxidiwiac #af ,plant+ sunfl[]s #af ,v>ieties #af ,h>ve/+ ! se$ #ag ,?re%+ #ah ,h>ve/+ ! mapi-naka #ah ,effect ( fro/ #ah ,p>*+ ! se$ #ai ,f\r-vegetables-mix$ #ai ,sunfl[]-se$ balls #ba ,*apt] ,,iv--,corn #bb-fg ,plant+ #bb ,a morn+'s plant+ #bc ,soak+ ! se$ #bc ,plant+ = a sick woman #bd ,size ( our bigge/ field #bd ,naxu & nucami #be ,hoe+ #bf ,! wat*]s' /age #bf ,explanation ( sket* ( wat*]s' /age #bh ,sweet ,grass's sun %ade #cj ,! wat*]s #cj ,boo?s #ca ,eat+ cu/oms #cb ,y\?s' & maid5s' cu/oms #cc ,wat*]s' songs #cc ,clan c\s9s' cu/om #cd ,/ory ( ,snake-head-ornam5t #ce ,gre5 corn & its uses #cf-da ,! rip5+ e>s #cf ,second plant+ = gre5 corn #cg ,cook+ fre% gre5 corn #cg ,roa/+ e>s #cg ,mtua-lakapa #ch ,corn bread #ch ,dry+ gre5 corn = w9t] #ci ,mapdi 7corn smut7 #db ,mapdi #db ,h>ve/ & uses #db ,! ripe corn h>ve/ #db-dg ,husk+ #db ,reject+ gre5 e>s #dd ,braid+ corn #de ,! small] e>s #df ,dry+ ! braid$ e>s #dg ,se$ corn #dg-di ,select+ ! se$ #dg ,keep+ two ye>s' se$ #dh ,?re%+ corn #di-eh ,! boo? #di ,ord] ( ! day's "w #eb ,! cobs #ec ,w9n[+ #ed ,remov+ ! boo? #ee ,?re%+ braid$ corn #eg ,am\nt ( h>ve/ #eg ,si\x pur*as+ corn #eh ,v>ieties ( corn #eh-fj ,description ( v>ieties #eh ,h[ corn travels #ei ,uses ( ! v>ieties #fj-fg ,atki tsoki #fj ,mpi nakapa #fj ,mnakapa #fa ,atki #fb ,boil$ corn ball #fb ,tsdi tsoki & tsdi tapa #fb ,mdpozi i'tia #fc ,o!r s(t v>ieties #fc ,maikadicak #fc ,mp mpi'kiuta1 or corn balls #fc ,p>*$ s(t corn #fd ,p>*+ :ole ripe e>s #fd ,p>*+ h>d yell[ corn ) s& #fd ,mdpozi pkici1 or lye-made hom9y #fd ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! v>ieties #fe ,fodd] yield #ff ,develop+ new v>ieties #ff ,sport e>s #fg ,names & description #fg ,na'ta-tawoxi #fg ,wida-akata #fg ,ita-caca #fg ,okijpita #fg ,iticakupadi #fg ,*apt] ,v--,squa%es #fh-ha ,plant+ squa%es #fh ,spr\t+ ! se$ #fh ,plant+ ! spr\t$ se$ #fi ,h>ve/+ ! squa%es #fi ,slic+ ! squa%es #gj ,squa% spits #ga ,spitt+ ! slices #gb ,9 case ( ra9 #gc ,dry+ & /or+ #gc ,squa% blossoms #ge ,cook+ & uses ( squa% #gf ,! fir/ squa%es #gf ,boil+ fre% squa% 9 a pot #gf ,squa%es boil$ ) blossoms #gg ,o!r blossom messes #gg ,boil$ blossoms #gg ,blossoms boil$ ) mdpozi i'tia #gg ,blossoms boil$ ) mpi nakapa #gh ,se$ squa%es #gh-ha ,select+ = se$ #gh ,ga!r+ ! se$ squa%es #gh ,cook+ ! ripe squa%es #gi ,sav+ ! se$ #gi ,eat+ ! se$s #hj ,roa/+ ripe squa%es #hj ,/or+ ! unus$ se$ squa%es #hj ,squa%es1 pres5t se$ #ha ,squa% dolls #ha ,*apt] ,,vi--,beans #hb-hf ,plant+ beans #hb ,putt+ 9 ! se$s #hb ,hoe+ & cultivat+ #hc ,?re%+ #hc ,v>ieties #hd ,select+ se$ beans #he ,cook+ & uses #he ,amaca dih1 or beans-boil$ #hf ,gre5 beans boil$ 9 ! pod #hf ,gre5 corn & beans #hf ,*apt] ,,vii--,/or+ = w9t] #hg-ig ,! ca*e pit #hg ,grass = l9+ #hh ,grass bundles #hi ,! grass b9d+ rope #hi ,dry+ ! grass bundles #hi ,! will[ floor #hi ,! grass l9+ #ij ,sk9 bottom cov]+ #ij ,/or+ ! ca*e pit #ij ,! pun*eon cov] #ic ,ca*e pits 9 ,small ,ankle's lodge #ie ,fir/ acc\nt #ie ,a second acc\nt on ano!r day #if ,diagram ( ,small ,ankle's lodge #ig ,*apt] ,,viii--,! mak+ ( a dry+ /age #ih-ajd ,/ages 9 ,l-a-fi%hook village #ih ,cutt+ ! timb]s #ih ,digg+ ! po/ holes #ii ,rais+ ! frame #ajj ,! floor #ajj ,/ay+ ?ongs #aja ,ladd] #aja ,enl>g+ ! /age #ajb ,pres5t /ages #ajb ,build+1 wom5's "w #ajb ,measurem5ts ( /age #ajc ,dry+ rods #ajd ,o!r uses ( ! dry+ /age #ajd ,*apt] ,,ix--,tools #aje-ajf ,hoe #aje ,rakes #aje ,squa% knives #ajf ,*apt] ,x--,fields at ,l-a-fi%hook village #ajh-aab ,ea/-side fields #ajh ,ea/-side f5ces #ajh ,idikitac's g>d5 #aaj ,fields we/ ( ! village #aaj ,we/-side f5ce #aaa ,crops1 our fir/ wagon #aab ,*apt] ,,xi--,miscellanea #aac-aah ,divisions betwe5 g>d5s #aac ,fall[+1 own]%ip ( g>d5s #aac ,fro/ 9 ! g>d5s #aae ,maxidiwiac's philosophy ( fro/ #aae ,m5 help+ 9 ! field #aae ,suck+ ! sweet juice #aaf ,corn z fodd] = horses #aaf ,disposition ( we$s #aaf ,! spr+ clean-up #aaf ,manure #aag ,worms #aag ,wild animals #aag ,ab\t old t5t cov]s #aah ,*apt] ,,xii--,s9ce :ite m5 came #aai-abj ,h[ we got potatoes & o!r vegetables #aai ,! new cultivation #abj ,iron kettles #abj ,*apt] ,,xiii--,tobacco #aba-abg ,obs]vations by ,maxidiwiac #aba ,! tobacco g>d5 #aba ,plant+ #abb ,arr[-head-e>r+'s tobacco g>d5 #abb ,small ,ankle's cultivation #abb ,h>ve/+ ! blossoms #abc ,h>ve/+ ! plants #abd ,sell+ to ! ,si\x #abe ,size ( tobacco g>d5 #abf ,cu/oms #abf ,accessories to ! tobacco g>d5 #abf-abg ,f5ce #abf ,! scrotum basket #abg ,old g>d5 sites ne> ,indep5d5ce #abi ,,hidatsa ,,alphabet a z a 9 :at e 0 ai 0 air i 0 i 0 pique o 0 o 0 tone u 0 u 0 rule 0 a 0 fa!r 0 ey 0 !y 0 i 0 ma*9e 0 u 0 hut 0 e 0 met 0 i 0 t9 c 0 % 0 %un x 0 * 0 ma*5 7,g]man7 j 0 * 0 mi* 7,g]man7 z 0 z 0 azure b1 d1 h1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 r1 s1 t1 w1 z 9 ,engli% b1 w1 int]*angeable ) m n1 l1 r1 int]*angeable ) d ,an apo/rophe 7'7 m>ks a %ort1 ne>ly inaudible brea?+4 ,native ,hidatsa words 9 ?is !sis are writt5 9 ! =ego+ alphabet4 ,?is does n apply to ! tribal names ,hidatsa1 ,m&an1 ,dakota1 ,arik>a1 ,m9it>i4 ,,agriculture ,,( ,,! ,,hidatsa ,,indians ,,an ,,indian ,,int]pretation ,,=eword ,! ,hidatsas1 call$ ,m9it>is by ! ,m&ans1 are a ,si\an l+ui/ic tribe4 ,_! language is closely ak9 to t ( ! ,cr[s ) :om !y claim to h once =m$ a s+le tribe2 a sep>ation1 x is said1 foll[$ a qu>rel ov] a sla9 buffalo4 ,! "n ,hidatsa 0 =m]ly borne by "o ( ! tribal villages4 ,! o!r villages consolidat$ ) x1 & ! "n 0 adopt$ z t ( ! tribe4 ,! "n is said to mean 8will[s10 & x 0 giv5 ! village because ! god ,itsikamahidic promis$ t ! villag]s %\ld become z num]\s z ! will[s ( ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,tradition says t ! tribe came f ,m9iwakan1 or ,devils ,lake1 9 :at is n[ ,nor? ,dakota2 & t migrat+ we/1 !y met ! ,m&ans at ! m\? ( ! ,he>t ,riv]4 ,! two tribes =m$ an alliance & attempt$ to live toge!r z "o p4 ,qu>rels betwe5 _! "y m5 caus$ ! tribes to sep>ate1 b ! ,m&ans loyally aid$ _! fri5ds to build new villages a few miles f _! own4 ,h[ long ! two tribes dwelt at ! m\? ( ! ,he>t is n kn[n4 ,!y 7 f\nd !re ) ! ,arik>as ab\t #agfe4 ,9 #ahjd ,lewis & ,cl>k f\nd ! ,hidatsas 9 ?ree villages at ! m\? ( ! ,knife ,riv]1 & ! ,m&ans 9 two villages a few miles l[] d[n on ! ,miss\ri4 ,9 #ahcb ! arti/ ,catl9 visit$ ! two tribes1 rema9+ ) !m sev]al mon?s4 ,a ye> lat] ,maximilian ( ,wi$ visit$ !m ) ! arti/ ,bodm]4 ,copies ( ,bodm]'s sket*es1 9 beautiful li?ograph1 are f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,m9nesota ,hi/orical ,society4 ,catl9's sket*es1 also 9 li?ograph1 are 9 ! ,m9neapolis ,public ,libr>y4 ,smallpox ne>ly ext]m9at$ ! ,m&ans 9 #ahcg-h1 n m ?an #aej p]sons surviv+4 ,! same epidemic r$uc$ ! ,hidatsas to ab\t #ejj p]sons4 ,! remnants ( ! two tribes unit$ & 9 #ahde remov$ up ! ,miss\ri & built a village at ,l-a-fi%hook b5d close to ! trad+ po/ ( ,=t ,b]?old4 ,!y 7 jo9$ by ! ,arik>as 9 #ahfb4 ,neighbor+ l&s 7 set ap>t z a res]vation = !m2 & !re ! ?ree tribes1 n[ settl$ on allotm5ts1 /ill dwell4 ,! ,m&ans & ,hidatsas h mu* int]m>ri$4 ,by cu/om *ildr5 speak usually ! language ( _! "m1 b und]/& p]fectly ! dialect ( ei!r tribe4 ,9 #ahgg ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 = sev]al ye>s gov]nm5t physician to ! ,=t ,b]?old ,res]vation ,indians1 publi%$ a %ort description ( ,hidatsa-,m&an culture & a gramm> & vocabul>y ( ! ,hidatsa language4#a ,m ext5sive notes int5d$ by him = publication 7 de/roy$ by fire4 ,9 #aijb ! writ] 0 call$ to ! pa/orate ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* ( ,m&an1 ,nor? ,dakota4 ,9 ill heal?1 he 0 advis$ by 8 physician to pur*ase pony & gun & seek ! op52 b spade & pick pli$ among ! old ,indian sites 9 ! vic9ity prov$ m int]e/+4 ,a consid]able collection ( ar*aeological objects 0 accumulat$1 a "p ( :i* n[ re/s 9 ! %elves ( ! ,m9nesota ,hi/orical ,society2 ! re/ w %ortly be plac$ 9 ! collections ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,9 #aijf ! writ] & 8 bro!r1 ,fr$]ick ,n4 ,wilson1 an arti/1 & ,e4 ,r4 ,/e9brueck drove by wagon f ,m&an to ,indep5d5ce1 ,=t ,b]?old res]vation4 ,! trip 0 made to obta9 sket*es = illu/rat+ a volume ( /ories1 s9ce publi%$4#b ,at ,indep5d5ce ! p>ty made ! acqua9tance ( ,edw>d ,goodbird1 8 "m ,maxidiwiac1 & ! latt]'s bro!r ,wolf ,*ief4 ,a fri5d%ip 0 ?us begun :i* has be5 ( ! greate/ value to ! writ] ( ?is pap]4 ,a ye> lat] ,mr4 ,george ,g4 ,heye s5t ! writ] to ,=t ,b]?old res]vation to collect objects ( ,m&an-,hidatsa culture4 ,among ^? t 7 obta9$ 0 a r>e old m$ic9e %r9e4 ,description ( ?is %r9e & ,wolf ,*ief's /ory ( its orig9 h be5 publi%$4#c ,9 #aijh ! writ] & 8 bro!r1 bo? n[ resid5t 9 ,m9neapolis1 7 s5t by ,dr4 ,cl>k ,wissl]1 curator ( an?ropology1 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 to beg9 cultural /udies among ! ,hidatsas4 ,?is "w1 g5]\sly support$ by ! ,museum1 has be5 cont9u$ by ! writ] ea* succe$+ summ]4 ,8 reports1 prep>ations to edit :i* are n[ be+ made1 w appe> 9 ! ,museum's publications4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 ! writ] 0 admitt$ z a /ud5t 9 ! ,graduate ,s*ool1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 major+ 9 ,an?ropology4 ,at sugge/ion ( 8 advis]1 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,e4 ,j5ks1 & ) p]mission ( ,dr4 ,wissl]1 he *ose = 8 !sis subject1 ,agriculture ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians3 ,an ,indian ,int]pretation4 ,x 0 ! advis]'s op9ion t su* a /udy held promise ( m ?an usual int]e/4 ,mo/ ( ! tribes 9 ! ea/]n area ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates practic$ agriculture4 ,x is well kn[n t maize1 potatoes1 pumpk9s1 squa%es1 beans1 sweet potatoes1 cotton1 tobacco1 & o!r famili> plants 7 cultivat$ by ,indians c5turies be=e ,columbus4 ,e>ly :ite settl]s le>n$ ! value ( ! new food plants1 b h left u meag] acc\nts ( ! native me?ods ( tillage2 & ! ,indians1 driv5 f ! fields ( _! fa!rs1 became rov+ hunt]s2 or adopt+ iron tools1 =got _! primitive implem5ts & me?ods4 ,! ,hidatsas & ,m&ans1 %ut 9 _! /ockad$ villages on ! ,miss\ri by ! ho/ile ,si\x1 7 n able to ab&on _! fields if !y w\ld4 ,liv+ q out ( ! ma9 l9es ( railroad traffic1 !y rema9$ isolat$ & ) culture almo/ un*ang$ until ab\t #ahhe1 :5 _! village at ,=t ,b]?old 0 brok5 up4 ,x seem$ probable t a c>efully prep>$ acc\nt ( ,hidatsa agriculture might v ne>ly describe ! agriculture practic$ by our nor!rn tribes 9 pre-,columbian days4 ,x 0 hop$ t ?is !sis might be su* an acc\nt4 ,b ! writ] is a /ud5t ( an?ropology2 & 8 int]e/ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 !sis c\ld n be t ( an agriculturi/4 ,! "q arose at ! beg9n+ ( 8 labors1 ,%all ! mat]ials ( ?is !sis be pres5t$ z a /udy m]ely 9 primitive agriculture1 or z a phase ( mat]ial culture int]pret+ some?+ ( ! inn] life1 ( ! s\l1 ( an ,indian8 ,x is ! latt] aim t ! writ] endeavors to accompli%4 ,b aga9 came up a "q1 ,by :at plan may ?is be/ be done8 ,! m usual way w\ld be to collect exhau/ively facts f available in=mants2 sift f !m ^? facts t are typical & repres5tative2 & pres5t ^!1 prop]ly gr\p$1 ) ! collector's int]pretation ( !m4 ,b = 8 purpose & aim1 x has seem$ to ! writ] t ! type *oice %\ld be human2 t is1 in/ead ( seek+ typical facts f multiple s\rces1 he %\ld r seek a typical in=mant1 a repres5tative agriculturi/--presumably a woman--( ! ,indian gr\p to be /udi$1 & let ! in=mant int]pret h] agricultural exp]i5ces 9 h] own way4 ,we might ?us expect to le>n h[ mu* "o ,indian woman knew ( agriculture2 :at %e did z an agriculturi/ & :at 7 h] motives = do+2 & :at proportion ( h] ?\ght & labor 7 giv5 to h] fields4 ,aft] consult+ bo? ,indians & :ites resid5t on ! res]vation1 ! writ] *ose = typical or repres5tative in=mant1 8 int]pret]'s "m1 ,maxidiwiac4 ,! writ]'s summ] visit ( #aiab to ,=t ,b]?old ,res]vation 0 plann$ to obta9 mat]ial = 8 !sis4 ,8 bro!r aga9 accompani$ him1 & = ! exp5ses ( ! trip a grant ( #ejj 0 made by ,curator ,wissl]4 ,?is trip ! writ] w rememb] z "o ( ! pleasante/ exp]i5ces ( 8 life4 ,! g5]\s int]e/ ( ,dr4 ,j5ks & ,dr4 ,wissl] 9 8 plans 0 equal$ by ! fai?ful cop]ation ( int]pret] & in=mant4 ,! writ] & 8 bro!r arriv$ at ! res]vation 9 ! beg9n+ ( corn h>ve/4 ,z already /at$1 ,maxidiwiac 0 ! pr9cipal in=mant1 & h] acc\nt 0 tak5 d[n almo/ lit]ally z translat$ by ,goodbird4 ,models ( tools1 dry+ /age1 & o!r objects p]ta9+ to agriculture 7 made & photograph$1 & sket*$4 ,be=e ! h>ve/ clos$ notes 7 obta9$ :i* furni%$ ! mat]ial = ! great] "p ( ?is !sis4 ,9 ! summ]s ( #aiac1 #aiad1 & #aiae1 additional matt] 0 recov]$4 ,previ\sly writt5 notes 7 read to ,maxidiwiac & corrections made4 ,9 addition to ! museum's annual grant ( #bej1 ,dean ,a4 ,f4 ,woods1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 9 #aiad contribut$ #fj = photograph+1 & collect+ specim5s ( ,hidatsa corn2 & ,mr4 ,m4 ,l4 ,wilson ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bozeman1 ,montana1 obta9$ = ! writ] a grant ( #ej = l purposes4 ,a few words %\ld n[ be said ( in=mant & int]pret]4 ,maxidiwiac1 or ,buffalobird-woman1 is a daught] ( ,small ,ankle1 a lead] ( ! ,hidatsas 9 ! try+ "t ( ! tribe's removal to :at is n[ ,=t ,b]?old res]vation4 ,%e 0 born on "o ( ! villages at ,knife ,riv] two ye>s aft] ! 8smallpox ye>10 or ab\t #ahci4 ,%e is a cons]vative & sighs = ! good old times1 yet is aw>e t ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ,indians mu/ adopt civiliz$ ways4 ,ignorant ( ,engli%1 %e has a quick intellig5ce & a memory t is m>vel\s4 ,to h] pati5ce & loyal int]e/ is *iefly due :atev] ( value is 9 ?is !sis4 ,9 ! swelt]+ heat ( an ,augu/ day %e has cont9u$ dictation = n9e h\rs1 ly+ d[n b nev] flagg+ 9 h] acc\nt1 :5 too we>y to sit long] 9 a *air4 ,goodbird's te/imony t 8 "m 8kn[s m ab\t old ways ( rais+ corn & squa%es ?an any "o else on ?is res]vation10 is n )\t probability4 ,until rec5tly1 a small "p ( ,goodbird's pl[$ field 0 ea* ye> res]v$ = h]1 t %e might plant corn & beans & squa%es1 cultivat+ !m 9 old fa%ion$ way1 by hoe4 ,su* corn1 ( h] own plant+ & selection1 has tak5 fir/ prize at an agricultural fair1 held rec5tly by ! res]vation au?orities4 ,edw>d ,goodbird1 or ,tsakakaskic1 ! writ]'s int]pret]1 is a son ( ,maxidiwiac1 born ab\t ,novemb]1 #ahfi4 ,goodbird 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! res]vation *ildr5 to be s5t to ! mission s*ool2 & he is n[ native pa/or ( ! ,congregational *apel at ,indep5d5ce4 ,he speaks ! ,hidatsa1 ,m&an1 ,dakota1 & ,engli% languages4 ,goodbird is a natural /ud5t2 & he has ! r>] gift ( be+ an arti/4 ,8 sket*es--& !y are _m--are crude2 b !y are drawn 9 true p]spective & d n lack _s4 ,goodbird's life1 dictat$ by himself1 has be5 rec5tly publi%$4#d ,indians h ! g5tle cu/om ( adopt+ v de> fri5ds by relation%ip t]ms4 ,by su* adoption ,goodbird is ! writ]'s bro!r2 ,maxidiwiac is 8 "m4 ,= 8 "p 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,agriculture ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians1 ! writ] claims no cr$it beyond arrang+ ! mat]ial & putt+ ! int]pret]'s ,indian-,engli% translations into prop] idiom4 ,bits ( ,indian philosophy & %rewd or humor\s obs]vations f\nd 9 ! n>rative are n ! writ]'s1 b ! in=mant's1 & are z !y fell f h] lips4 ,! writ] has s9c]ely endeavor$ to add to ! n>rative ess5tially no?+ ( 8 own4 ,agriculture ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians is n1 !n1 an acc\nt m]ely ( ,indian agriculture4 ,x is an ,indian woman's int]pretation ( economics2 ! ?\ghts %e gave to h] fields2 ! philosophy ( h] labors4 ,may ! ,indian woman's /ory ( h] toil be a plea = our bett] appreciation ( h] race4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,tradition ,we ,hidatsas believe t our tribe once liv$ "u ! wat]s ( ,devils ,lake4 ,"s hunt]s discov]$ ! root ( a v9e gr[+ d[nw>d2 & climb+ x1 !y f\nd !mselves on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,o!rs foll[$ !m1 until half ! tribe _h escap$2 b ! v9e broke "u ! weight ( a pregnant woman1 leav+ ! re/ prison]s4 ,a "p ( our tribe are !re=e /ill b5ea? ! lake4 ,my fa!r1 ,small ,ankle1 go+1 :5 a "y man1 on a w> p>ty1 visit$ ,devils ,lake4 8,b5ea? ! waves10 he said1 8,i he>d a fa9t drumm+1 z ( drums 9 a big dance40 ,?is /ory is true2 = ,si\x1 :o n[ live at ,devils ,lake1 h also he>d ?is drumm+4 ,^? ( my p :o escap$ f ! lake built villages ne> by4 ,^! 7 ( e>? lodges1 su* z my tribe built until v rec5t ye>s2 two su* e>? lodges are /ill /&+ on ?is res]vation4 ,! site :]e an e>? lodge has /ood is m>k$ by an e>!n r+1 ris+ ab\t :at 0 once ! h>d trampl$ floor4 ,!re are _m su* e>!n r+s on ! %ores ( ,devils ,lake1 %[+ t1 z tradition says1 our villages /ood !re4 ,!re 7 ?ree ( ^! villages1 my fa!r said1 :o sev]al times visit$ ! sites4 ,ne> _! villages1 ! p made g>d5s2 & 9 ^! !y plant$ gr\nd beans & wild potatoes1 f se$ br\ght ) !m f _! home "u ! wat]4 ,^! vegetables we d n cultivate n[2 b we d ga!r !m 9 ! fall1 9 ! woods along ! ,miss\ri :]e !y gr[ wild4 ,!y are good eat+4 ,^! g>d5s by ,devils ,lake ,i ?9k mu/ h be5 r small4 ,i "k t 9 lat] times1 :5ev] my tribe remov$ up ! ,miss\ri to build a new village1 our fields1 ! fir/ ye>1 7 q small2 = cle>+ ! wood$ bottom l& 0 h>d "w4 ,a family usually add$ to _! cle>+ ea* ye>1 until _! g>d5 0 z l>ge z !y c>$ to cultivate4 ,z yet1 my p knew no?+ ( corn or squa%es4 ,"o day a w> p>ty1 ,i ?9k ( t5 m51 w&]$ we/ to ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,!y saw on ! o!r side a village ( e>? lodges l _! own4 ,x 0 a village ( ! ,m&ans4 ,! villag]s saw ! ,hidatsas1 b l !m1 fe>$ to cross ov]1 le/ ! /rang]s prove to be enemies4 ,x 0 autumn1 & ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 0 runn+ l[ s t an arr[ c\ld be %ot f %ore to %ore4 ,! ,m&ans p>*$ "s e>s ( ripe corn ) ! gra9 on ! cob2 !y broke ! e>s 9 pieces1 ?ru/ ! pieces on ! po9ts ( arr[s1 & %ot !m across ! riv]4 8,eat60 !y said1 :e!r by voice or signs1 ,i d n "k4 ,! ^w = 8eat0 is ! same 9 ! ,hidatsa & ,m&an languages4 ,! w>riors ate ( ! p>*$ corn1 & lik$ x4 ,!y return$ to _! village & said1 8,we h f\nd a p liv+ by ! ,miss\ri ,riv] :o h a /range k9d ( gra91 :i* we ate & f\nd good60 ,! tribe 0 n mu* int]e/$ & made no ef=t to seek ! ,m&ans1 fe>+1 besides1 t !y might n be fri5dly4 ,h[ev]1 a few ye>s aft]1 a w> p>ty ( ! ,hidatsas cross$ ! ,miss\ri & visit$ ! ,m&ans at _! village ne> ,bird ,beak ,hill4 ,! ,m&an *ief took an e> ( yell[ corn1 broke x 9 two1 & gave half to ! ,hidatsas4 ,?is half-e> ! ,hidatsas took home1 = se$2 & soon e family 0 plant+ yell[ corn4 ,i ?9k t se$ ( o!r v>ieties ( corn1 & ( beans1 squa%es1 & sunfl[]s1 7 gott5 ( ! ,m&ans#e aft]w>ds2 b !re is no /ory tell+ ( ?is1 t ,i "k4 ,i d n "k :5 my p /opp$ plant+ gr\nd beans & wild potatoes2 b gr\nd beans are h>d to dig1 & ! p1 anyway1 lik$ ! new k9d ( beans bett]4 ,:e!r ! gr\nd beans & wild potatoes ( ! ,miss\ri bottoms are desc5d$ f ! se$ plant$ by ! villag]s at ,devils ,lake1 ,i d n "k4 ,my tribe1 z our old m5 tell u1 aft] !y got corn1 ab&on$ _! villages at ,devils ,lake1 & jo9$ ! ,m&ans ne> ! m\? ( ! ,he>t ,riv]4 ,! ,m&ans help$ !m build new villages "h1 ne> _! own4 ,i ?9k ?is 0 hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,firewood gr[+ sc>ce1 ! two tribes remov$ up ! ,miss\ri to ! m\? ( ! ,knife ,riv]1 :]e !y built ! ,five ,villages1 z !y call$ !m4 ,smallpox 0 br\ght to my p "h1 by trad]s4 ,9 a s+le ye>1 m ?an half my tribe di$1 & ( ! ,m&ans1 ev5 m4 ,^? :o surviv$ remov$ up ! ,miss\ri & built a village at ,l-a-fi%hook b5d1 :]e !y liv$ toge!r1 ,hidatsas & ,m&ans1 z "o tribe4 ,?is village we ,hidatsas call$ ,mua-iduskupe-hicec1 or ,l-a-fi%hook village1 aft] ! b5d on :i* x /ood2 b :ite m5 call$ x ,=t ,b]?old1 f a trad+ po/ t 0 !re4 ,we liv$ 9 ,l-a-fi%hook village ab\t =ty ye>s1 or until #ahhe1 :5 ! gov]nm5t began to place families on allotm5ts4 ,! agriculture ( ! ,hidatsas1 z ,i n[ describe x1 ,i saw practic$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,l-a-fi%hook village1 9 my girlhood1 be=e my tribe own$ pl[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,an e>? lodge ,note ladd] at "r ( lodge entrance4 ,dry+ /age be=e entrance lacks ! usual rail+s4 7,photograph by c\rtesy ( ,rev4 ,george ,curtis47 ,illu/ration3 ,l-a-fi%hook village 9 process ( be+ dismantl$ 7ab\t #ahhe7 ,dry+ /age 9 =egr\nd is floor$ ,arik>a fa%ion ) a mat ( will[s4 ,! ,arik>as at ?is "t _h jo9$ ! ,hidatsa-,m&ans4 7,photograph by c\rtesy ( ,rev4 ,george ,curtis47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,beg9n+ ,a ,,g>d5 ,turtle ,my great-gr&mo!r1 z :ite m5 c\nt _! k91 0 nam$ ,atkic1 or ,s(t-:ite ,corn4 ,%e adopt$ a daught]1 ,matatic1 or ,turtle4 ,"s ye>s aft]1 a daught] 0 born to ,atkic1 :om %e nam$ ,ott]4 ,turtle & ,ott] bo? m>ri$4 ,turtle _h a daught] nam$ ,icawikec1 or ,corn ,suck]2#f & ,ott] _h ?ree daught]s1 ,want-to-be-a-woman1 ,r$ ,blossom1 & ,/rikes-_m-wom51 all y\ng] ?an ,corn ,suck]4 ,! smallpox ye> at ,five ,villages left ,ott]'s family ) no male memb]s to support !m4 ,turtle & h] daught] 7 !n liv+ 9 ,ott]'s lodge2 & ,ott]'s daught]s1 z ,indian cu/om bade1 call$ ,corn ,suck] _! eld] si/]4 ,x 0 a cu/om ( ! ,hidatsas1 t if ! elde/ si/] ( a h\sehold m>ri$1 h] y\ng] si/]s 7 also giv5 to h] husb&1 z !y came ( m>riageable age4 ,left )\t male k9 by ! smallpox1 my gr&mo!r's family 0 h>d put to x to get meat2 & ,turtle gladly gave h] daught] to my fa!r1 ,small ,ankle1 :om %e knew to be a good hunt]4 ,ott]'s daught]s1 reckon$ z ,corn ,suck]'s si/]s1 7 giv5 to ,small ,ankle z !y grew up2 ! elde/1 ,want-to-be-a-woman1 0 my "m4 ,:5 ,i 0 f\r ye>s old1 my tribe & ! ,m&ans came to ,l-a-fi%hook b5d4 ,!y came 9 ! spr+ & camp$ 9 tepees1 or sk9 t5ts4 ,by ,butt]fly's w9t] c\nt1 ,i "k !y began build+ e>? lodges ! next w9t]4 ,i 0 too "y to rememb] mu* ( ?is4 ,two ye>s aft] we came to ,l-a-fi%hook b5d1 smallpox aga9 visit$ my tribe2 & my "m1 ,want-to-be-a-woman1 & ,corn ,suck]1 di$ ( x4 ,r$ ,blossom & ,/rikes-_m-wom5 surviv$1 :om ,i n[ call$ my mo!rs4 ,ott] & old ,turtle liv$ ) u2 ,i 0 taught to call !m my gr&mo!rs4 ,cle>+ ,fields ,soon aft] !y came to ,l-a-fi%hook b5d1 ! families ( my tribe began to cle> fields1 = g>d5s1 l ^? !y _h at ,five ,villages4 ,ri* black soil 0 to be f\nd 9 ! timb]$ bottom l&s ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,mo/ ( ! "w ( cle>+ 0 done by ! wom54 ,9 old times we ,hidatsas nev] made our g>d5s on ! untimb]$1 prairie l&1 because ! soil !re is too h>d & dry4 ,9 ! bottom l&s by ! ,miss\ri1 ! soil is s(t & easy to "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,map ( newly brok5 field drawn "u ,buffalobird-woman's direction4 ,! heavy dots repres5t corn hills2 ! da%es1 ! cle>+ & break+ ( gr\nd betwe51 done aft] hills 7 plant$4 ,9 ! l[] left h& corn] is ! gr\nd t 0 9 dispute4 ,my mo!rs & my two gr&mo!rs work$ at cle>+ our family's g>d54 ,x lay ea/ ( ! village at a place :]e _m o!r families 7 cle>+ fields4 ,i 0 too small to note v mu* at fir/4 ,b ,i rememb] t my fa!r set b\nd>y m>ks--:e!r wood5 /akes or little m\nds ( e>? or /ones1 ,i d n n[ rememb]--at ! corn]s ( ! field we claim$4 ,my mo!rs & my two gr&mo!rs began at "o end ( ?is field & work$ =w>d4 ,all _h heavy iron hoes1 except ,turtle1 :o us$ an old fa%ion$ wood5 digg+ /ick4 ,) _! hoes1 my mo!rs cut ! long grass t cov]$ mu* ( ! field1 & bore x (f ! l9e1 to be burn$4 ,) ! same implem5ts1 !y next dug & s(t5$ ! soil 9 places = ! corn hills1 :i* 7 laid (f 9 r[s4 ,^! hills !y plant$4 ,!n all summ] !y work$ ) _! hoes1 cle>+ & break+ ! gr\nd betwe5 ! hills4 ,trees & bu%es ,i "k mu/ h be5 cut (f ) iron axes2 b ,i rememb] little ( ?is1 because ,i 0 only f\r ye>s old :5 ! cle>+ 0 begun4 ,i h he>d t 9 v old times1 :5 cle>+ a new field1 my p fir/ dug ! corn hills ) digg+ /icks2 & aft]w>ds1 l my mo!rs1 work$ betwe5 ! hills1 ) bone hoes4 ,my fa!r told me ?is4 ,:e!r /one axes 7 us$ 9 old times to cut ! trees & und]gr[?s1 ,i d n "k4 ,i ?9k fields 7 nev] !n laid out on gr\nd t _h l>ge trees on x4 ,dispute & ,its ,settlem5t ,ab\t two ye>s aft] ! fir/ gr\nd 0 brok5 9 our field1 a dispute ,i rememb]1 arose betwe5 my mo!rs & two ( _! neighbors1 ,lone ,woman & ,goes-to-next-timb]4 ,^! two wom5 7 cle>+ fields adjo9+ t ( my mo!rs2 z w be se5 by ! accompany+ map 7figure #a71 ! ?ree fields met at a corn]4 ,i h said t my fa!r1 to set up claim to 8 field1 _h plac$ m>ks1 "o ( !m 9 ! corn] at :i* met ! fields ( ,lone ,woman & ,goes-to-next-timb]2 b :ile my mo!rs 7 busy cle>+ & digg+ up ! o!r end ( _! field1 _! two neighbors invad$ ?is m>k$-(f corn]2 ,lone ,woman _h ev5 dug up a small "p be=e %e 0 discov]$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 !y 7 %[n ! m>k my fa!r _h plac$1 ! two wom5 yield$ & accept$ paym5t = any rights !y might h4 ,x 0 our ,indian rule to keep our fields v sacr$4 ,we did n l to qu>rel ab\t our g>d5 l&s4 ,"o's title to a field once set up1 no "o ev] ?\ght ( disput+ x2 = if "o 7 selfi% & qu>relsome1 & tri$ to seize l& belong+ to ano!r1 we ?\ght "s evil w\ld come ^u him1 z t "s "o ( 8 family w\ld die4 ,!re is a /ory ( a black be> :o got into a pit t 0 n 8 own1 & _h 8 m9d tak5 away f him = do+ s6 ,turtle ,break+ ,soil ,lone ,woman & ,goes-to-next-timb] hav+ )drawn1 my gr&mo!r1 ,turtle1 volunte]$ to break ! soil ( ! corn] t _h be5 9 dispute4 ,%e 0 an indu/ri\s woman4 ,(t51 :5 my mo!rs 7 busy 9 ! e>? lodge1 %e w\ld g out to "w 9 ! g>d51 tak+ me ) h] = company4 ,i 0 six ye>s old !n1 ,i ?9k1 q too little to help h] any1 b ,i lik$ to wat* my gr&mo!r "w4 ,) h] digg+ /ick1 %e dug up a little r\nd place 9 ! c5t] ( ! corn] 7figure #a72 & circl+ ar\nd ?is f day to day1 %e gradually enl>g$ ! dug-up space4 ,! po9t ( h] digg+ /ick %e =c$ into ! s(t e>? to a dep? equal to ! l5g? ( my h&1 & pri$ up ! soil4 ,! clods %e /ruck sm>tly ) h] digg+ /ick1 sometimes ) "o end1 sometimes ) ! o!r4 ,roots ( co>se grass1 we$s1 small bru% & ! l1 %e took 9 h] h& & %ook1 or /ruck !m aga9/ ! gr\nd1 to knock (f ! loose e>? cl++ to !m2 %e !n ca/ !m into a little pile to dry4 ,9 ?is way %e accumulat$ little piles1 scatt]$ r irregul>ly ov] ! dug-up gr\nd1 av]ag+1 p]haps1 f\r feet1 "o f ! o!r4 ,9 a few days ^! little piles _h dri$2 & ,turtle ga!r$ !m up into a heap1 ab\t f\r feet high1 & burn$ !m1 sometimes )9 ! cle>$ gr\nd1 sometimes a little way outside4 ,9 ! corn] t _h be5 9 dispute1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! field1 my gr&mo!r work$ all summ]4 ,i d n rememb] h[ big our g>d5 0 at ! end ( h] summ]'s "w1 nor h[ _m piles ( roots %e burn$2 b ,i rememb] di/9ctly h[ %e put ! roots ( we$s & grass & bru% into little piles to dry1 :i* %e !n ga!r$ into heaps & burn$4 ,%e did n attempt to burn ov] ! :ole gr\nd1 only ! heaps4 ,aft]w>ds1 we increas$ our g>d5 f ye> to ye> until x 0 z l>ge z we ne$$4 ,i rememb] see+ my gr&mo!r digg+ along ! edges ( ! g>d5 ) h] digg+ /ick1 to enl>ge ! field & make ! edges ev5 & /raight4 ,i rememb] also1 t z ,turtle dug up a little space1 %e w\ld wait until ! next season to plant x4 ,?us1 additional gr\nd dug up 9 ! summ] or fall w\ld be plant$ by h] ! next spr+4 ,!re 7 two or ?ree elm trees 9 ! g>d52 ^! my gr&mo!r left /&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,figure #b4 ,drawn f specim5 9 au?or's collection4 ,l5g? ( specim51 #cg in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,figure #c4 ,drawn f model made by ,buffalobird-woman1 duplicat+ t us$ by h] gr&mo!r4 ,specim5 is ( full size4 ,l5g? ( wood5 h&le1 #ce in*es2 l5g? ( bone blade1 #h in*es4 ,! blade is made ( ! %\ld] bone ( an ox4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^u ,turtle fell all ! "w ( cle>+ l& to enl>ge our g>d52 b %e lik$ to h me ) h] :5 %e work$1 & ,i rememb] be/ :at ,i saw h] d4 ,z ,i 0 a little girl !n1 ,i h =gott5 mu* t %e did2 b ?is t ,i h told1 ,i rememb] di/9ctly4 ,turtle's ,primitive ,tools ,9 break+ gr\nd = our g>d51 ,turtle always us$ an a% digg+ /ick 7figure #b72 & :5 hoe+ "t came1 %e ho$ ! corn ) a bone hoe 7figure #c74 ,digg+ /icks are /ill us$ 9 my tribe = digg+ wild turnips2 b ev5 9 my gr&mo!r's lifetime1 digg+ /icks & bone hoes1 z g>d5 tools1 _h all b giv5 place to iron hoes & axes4 ,my gr&mo!r 0 "o ( ! la/ wom5 ( my tribe to cl+ to ^! old fa%ion$ implem5ts4 ,two o!r wom51 ,i rememb]1 own$ bone hoes :5 ,i 0 a little girl2 b ,turtle1 ,i ?9k1 0 ! v la/ "o 9 ! tribe :o actually work$ 9 h] g>d5 ) "o4 ,?is hoe my gr&mo!r kept 9 ! lodge1 "u h] b$2 & :5 any ( ! *ildr5 ( ! h\sehold tri$ to get x out to look at x1 %e w\ld cry1 8,let t hoe alone2 y w break x60 ,beg9n+ a ,field 9 ,lat] ,times ,z ,i grew up1 ,i le>n$ to "w 9 ! g>d51 z e ,hidatsa woman 0 expect$ to le>n2 b iron axes & hoes1 b\ght ( ! trad]s1 7 n[ us$ by ev]ybody1 & ! "w ( cle>+ & break+ a new field 0 less difficult ?an x _h be5 9 our gr&fa!rs' times4 ,a family _h also great] fre$om 9 *oos+ :]e !y %\ld h _! g>d51 s9ce ) iron axes !y c\ld m easily cut d[n any small trees & bu%es t might be on ! l&4 ,h[ev]1 to avoid hav+ to cut d[n big trees1 a r op5 place 0 usually *os54 ,a family1 !n1 hav+ *os5 a place = a field1 cle>$ (f ! gr\nd z mu* z !y c\ld1 cutt+ d[n small trees & bu%es 9 su* way t ! trees fell all 9 "o direction4 ,"s ( ! timb] t 0 fit might be tak5 home = firewood2 ! re/ 0 let lie to dry until spr+1 :5 x 0 fir$4 ,! object ( fell+ ! trees 9 "o direction 0 to make !m cov] ! gr\nd z mu* z possible1 s9ce fir+ !m s(t5$ ! soil & left x loose & mell[ = plant+4 ,we s\ght always to burn ov] all ! gr\nd1 if we c\ld4 ,be=e fir+1 ! family c>efully rak$ (f ! dry grass & leaves f ! edge ( ! field1 & cut d[n any bru% wood4 ,?is 0 done t ! fire might n spread to ! surr\nd+ timb]1 nor out on ! prairie4 ,prairie fires & =e/ fires are ev5 yet n unkn[n on our res]vation4 ,plant+ season hav+ come1 ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold plant$ ! field 9 corn4 ,! hills 7 9 r[s1 & ab\t f\r feet or a little less ap>t4 ,!y 7 r irregul>ly plac$ ! fir/ ye>4 ,x 0 easy to make a hill 9 ! a%es :]e a bru% heap _h be5 fir$1 or 9 soil t 0 free ( roots & /umps2 b !re 7 _m /umps 9 ! field1 left ov] f ! previ\s summ]'s cle>+4 ,if ! plant] f\nd a /ump /ood :]e a hill %\ld be1 %e plac$ ! hill on ?is side ! /ump or beyond x1 no matt] h[ close ?is br\ght ! hill to ! next 9 ! r[4 ,?us1 ! corn hills did n /& at ev5 di/ances 9 ! r[ ! fir/ ye>2 b ! r[s 7 always kept ev5 & /raight4 ,:ile ! corn 0 com+ up1 ! wom5 work$ at cle>+ out ! roots & small] /umps betwe5 ! hills2 b a /ump ( any consid]able size 0 left to rot1 especially if x /ood midway betwe5 two corn hills1 :]e x did n int]f]e ) _! cultivation4 ,my mo!rs & ,i us$ to labor 9 a simil> way to enl>ge our fields4 ,) our iron hoes we made hills along ! edge ( ! field & plant$ corn2 !n1 z we _h opportunity1 we work$ ) our hoes betwe5 ! corn hills to loos5 up ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d ,drawn f specim5 made by ,yell[ ,hair4 ,l5g? ( specim51 foll[+ curvature ( t9es1 #cf in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e ,drawn f specim5 made by ,buffalobird-woman4 ,l5g? ( wood5 h&le1 #db in*es2 spread ( t9es ( antl]1 #ae in*es4 ,al?\gh our tribe n[ _h iron axes & hoes f ! trad]s1 !y /ill us$ _! native made rakes4 ,^! 7 ( wood 7figure #d71 or ( ! antl] ( a black-tail$ de] 7figure #e74 ,x 0 ) su* rakes t ! edges ( a newly op5$ field 7 clean$ ( leaves = ! fir+ ( ! bru%1 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! field ) a horn rake ,illu/ration3 ,hoe+ squa%es ) a bone hoe ,trees 9 ! ,g>d5 ,trees 7 n left /&+ 9 ! g>d51 except p]haps "o to %ade ! wat*]s' /age4 ,if a tree /ood 9 ! field1 x %ad$ ! corn2 & t on ! nor? side ( ! tree nev] grew up /rong1 & ! /alks w\ld be yell[4 ,cottonwood trees 7 apt to gr[ up 9 ! field1 unless ! "y %oots 7 pluck$ up z !y appe>$4 ,our ,we/ ,field ,! field :i* ,turtle help$ to cle>1 lay1 ,i h said1 ea/ ( ! village4 ,i 0 ab\t n9ete5 ye>s old1 ,i ?9k1 :5 my mo!rs det]m9$ to cle> gr\nd = a second field1 we/ ( ! village4 ,!re 7 five ( u :o und]took ! "w1 my fa!r1 my two mo!rs1 ,r$ ,blossom & ,/rikes-_m-wom51 my si/]1 ,cold ,m$ic9e1 & myself4 ,we began 9 ! fall1 aft] h>ve/+ ! corn f our ea/ g>d51 s t we _h leisure = ! "w2 we _h be5 too busy to beg9 e>li] 9 ! season4 ,we *ose a place d[n 9 ! bottoms1 ov]gr[n ) will[s2 & ) our axes we cut ! will[s close to ! gr\nd1 lett+ !m lie z !y fell4 ,i d n "k h[ _m days we work$2 b we /opp$ :5 we _h cle>$ a field ( ab\t sev5ty-five by "o hundr$ y>ds1 p]haps4 ,9 our ea/1 or yell[ corn field1 we c\nt$ n9e r[s ( corn to "o naxu2 & ,i rememb] t :5 we came to plant our new field1 x _h n9e naxu4 ,burn+ ,ov] ! ,field ,! next spr+ my fa!r1 8 two wives1 my si/] & ,i w5t out & burn$ ! fell$ will[s & bru% :i* ! spr+ sun _h dri$4 ,we did n burn !m e day2 only :5 ! wea!r 0 f9e4 ,we w\ld g out aft] breakfa/1 burn until tir$ ( ! "w1 & come home4 ,we s\ght to burn ov] ! :ole field1 = we knew t ?is left a good1 loose soil4 ,we did n pile ! will[s 9 heaps1 b loos5$ !m f ! gr\nd or scatt]$ !m loosely b ev5ly ov] ! soil4 ,9 "s places ! gr\nd 0 q b>e ( will[s2 b we collect$ dry grass & we$s & dead will[s1 & /rew$ !m ov] ^! b>e places1 s t ! fire w\ld run ov] ! :ole area ( ! field4 ,x took u ab\t f\r days to burn ov] ! field4 ,x 0 well kn[n 9 my tribe t burn+ ov] new gr\nd left ! soil s(t & easy to "w1 & = ?is reason we ?\ght x a wise ?+ to d4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sunfl[]s ,rem>k by ,maxidiwiac ,?is t ,i am go+ to tell y ( ! plant+ & h>ve/+ ( our crops is out ( my own exp]i5ce1 se5 ) my own eyes4 ,9 old5 times1 ,i "k1 my tribe us$ digg+ /icks & bone hoes = g>d5 tools2 & ,i h describ$ h[ ,i saw my gr&mo!r use !m4 ,!re may be o!r tools or g>d5 cu/oms once 9 use 9 my tribe1 & n[ =gott52 ( !m ,i _c speak4 ,!re 7 families 9 ,l-a-fi%hook village less indu/ri\s ?an ours1 & "s families may h till$ _! fields 9 ways a little diff]5t2 ( !m1 also1 ,i c n speak4 ,?is t ,i n[ tell is z ,i saw my mo!rs d1 or did myself1 :5 ,i 0 "y4 ,my mo!rs 7 indu/ri\s wom51 & our family _h always good crops2 & ,i w tell n[ h[ ! wom5 ( my fa!r's family c>$ = _! fields1 z ,i saw !m1 & help$ !m4 ,plant+ ,sunfl[]s ,! fir/ se$ t we plant$ 9 ! spr+ 0 sunfl[] se$4 ,ice breaks on ! ,miss\ri ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,april2 & we plant$ sunfl[] se$ z soon aft] z ! soil c\ld be work$4 ,our native "n = ! lun> mon? t corresponds mo/ ne>ly to ,april1 is ,mapi-oc-midi1 or ,sunfl[]-plant+-moon4 ,plant+ 0 done by hoe1 or ! woman scoop$ up ! soil ) h] h&s4 ,?ree se$s 7 plant$ 9 a hill1 at ! dep? ( ! second jo9t ( a woman's f+]4 ,! ?ree se$s 7 plant$ toge!r1 press$ into ! loose soil by a s+le motion1 ) ?umb & fir/ two f+]s4 ,! hill 0 heap$ up & patt$ firm ) ! palm 9 ! same way z we did = corn4 ,usually we plant$ sunfl[]s only ar\nd ! edges ( a field4 ,! hills 7 plac$ eight or n9e paces ap>t2 = we nev] s[$ sunfl[]s ?ickly4 ,we ?\ght a field surr\nd$ ?us by a sp>se-s[n r[ ( sunfl[]s1 _h a h&some appe>ance4 ,sometimes all ?ree se$s spr\t$ & came up toge!r2 sometimes only two spr\t$2 sometimes "o4 ,v>ieties ,( cultivat$ sunfl[]s we _h sev]al v>ieties1 black1 :ite1 r$1 /rip$1 nam$ f ! color ( ! se$4 ,! v>ieties diff]$ only 9 color2 all _h ! same ta/e & smell1 & 7 treat$ alike 9 cook+4 ,:ite sunfl[] se$ :5 p\nd$ into meal1 turn$ d>k1 b ,i ?9k ?is 0 caus$ by ! p>*+4 ,ea* family rais$ ! v>iety !y pref]r$4 ,! v>ieties 7 well fix$2 black se$ produc$ black2 :ite se$1 :ite4 ,h>ve/+ ! ,se$ ,al?\gh our sunfl[] se$ 0 ! fir/ crop to be plant$ 9 ! spr+1 x 0 ! la/ to be h>ve/$ 9 ! fall4 ,= h>ve/+1 we reckon$ two k9ds ( fl[]s1 or heads4 ,a /alk spr++ f se$ ( "o ( our cultivat$ v>ieties _h "o1 sometimes two1 or ev5 ?ree l>g] heads1 heavy & full1 b5d+ ! top ( ! /alk ) _! weight ( se$4 ,"s ( ^! big heads _h ea* a se$ area z mu* z elev5 in*es across2 & yield$ ea* an ev5 d\ble h&ful ( se$4 ,we call$ ! se$ f ^! big heads mapi-i'tia f mapi1 sunfl[]1 or sunfl[] se$1 & i'tia1 big4 ,besides ^! l>g] heads1 !re 7 o!r & small] heads on ! /alk2 & wild sunfl[]s be>+ simil> small heads grew 9 _m places along ! ,miss\ri1 & 7 sure to be f\nd spr++ up 9 ab&on$ g>d5s4 ,^! small] heads ( ! cultivat$1 & ! heads ( ! wild1 plants1 7 nev] m ?an five in*es across2 & ^! & _! se$ we call$ mapi-naka1 sunfl[]'s *ild or baby sunfl[]4 ,our sunfl[]s 7 ready = h>ve/+ :5 ! little petals t cov]$ ! se$s fell (f1 expos+ ! ripe se$s b5ea?4 ,also1 ! back ( ! head turn$ yell[2 e>li] 9 ! season x w\ld be gre54 ,to h>ve/ ! l>g] heads1 ,i put a basket on my back1 & knife 9 h&1 pass$ f plant to plant1 cutt+ (f ea* l>ge head1 close to ! /em2 ! sev]$ heads ,i toss$ into my basket4 ,^! heads ,i did n let dry on ! /alk1 z birds w\ld dev\r ! se$s4 ,my basket fill$1 ,i return$ to ! lodge1 climb$ ! ladd] to ! ro(1 & spread ! sunfl[] heads ^u ! flat "p ( ! ro( ar\nd ! smoke hole1 to dry4 ,! heads 7 laid face d[nw>d1 ) ! backs to ! sun4 ,:5 ,i 0 a girl1 only ?ree or f\r e>? lodges 9 ! village _h peak$ ro(s2 & ^! lodges 7 r small4 ,all ! l>g] & bett] lodges1 ^? ( :at we deem$ weal?i] families1 7 built ) ! top ( ! ro( flat1 l a floor4 ,a flat ro( 0 useful to dry ?+s on2 & :5 ! wea!r 0 fair1 ! m5 (t5 sat !re & gossip$4 ,! sunfl[] heads 7 dri$ face d[nw>d1 t ! sun fall+ on ! back ( ! head might dry & %r9k ! fib]1 ?us loos5+ ! se$s4 ,! heads 7 laid flat on ! b>e ro(1 )\t sk9s or o!r protection b5ea?4 ,if a /orm ?reat5$1 ! un?re%$ heads 7 ga!r$ up & borne into ! lodge2 b !y 7 left on ! ro( ov]night1 if ! wea!r 0 fair4 ,:5 ! heads _h dri$ ab\t f\r days1 ! se$s 7 ?re%$ out2 & ,i w\ld fet* 9 f ! g>d5 ano!r supply ( heads to dry & ?re%4 ,?re%+ ,to ?re% ! heads1 a sk9 0 spread & ! heads laid on x face d[nw>d1 & beat5 ) a /ick4 ,?re%+ might be on ! gr\nd1 or on ! flat ro(1 z might be conv5i5t4 ,an av]age ?re%+ fill$ a good siz$ basket1 ) en\gh se$ left ov] to make a small package4 ,h>ve/+ ! ,mapi-naka ,! small] heads ( ! cultivat$ plants 7 sometimes ga!r$1 dri$1 & ?re%$1 z 7 ! l>g] heads2 b if ! season 0 gett+ late & fro/ _h fall51 & ! se$s 7 gett+ loose 9 _! pods1 ,i m (t5 ?re%$ ^! small] heads & ^? ( ! wild plants directly f ! /alk4 ,= ?is ,i bore a c>ry+ basket1 sw++ x ar\nd ov] my brea/ in/ead ( my back2 & go+ ab\t ! g>d5 or into ! places :]e ! wild plants grew1 ,i held ! basket "u ^! small]1 or baby sunfl[] heads1 & beat+ !m sm>tly ) a /ick1 ?re%$ ! se$s into ! basket4 ,x took me ab\t half a day to ?re% a basket half full4 ,! se$s ,i took home to dry1 be=e sack+ !m4 ,! se$s f ! baby sunfl[]s ( bo? wild & cultivat$ plants 7 sack$ toge!r4 ,! se$s ( ! l>ge heads 7 sack$ sep>ately2 & 9 ! spr+1 :5 we came to plant1 our se$ 0 always tak5 f ! sack conta9+ ! h>ve/ ( ! l>g] heads4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 we usually /or$ away two1 sometimes ?ree sacks ( dri$ sunfl[] se$ = w9t] use4 ,sacks 7 made ( sk9s1 p]haps f\rte5 in*es high & eight in*es 9 diamet]1 on an av]age4 ,sunfl[] h>ve/ came aft] we _h ?re%$ our corn2 & corn ?re%+ 0 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,octob]4 ,effect ( ,fro/ ,because !y 7 ga!r$ lat]1 ! se$s ( baby sunfl[]s 7 look$ ^u z a k9d ( second crop2 & z ,i h said1 !y 7 kept ap>t f ! e>li] h>ve/1 because se$ = plant+ 0 select$ f ! l>g] & e>li] ga!r$ heads4 ,ga!r$ ?us late1 ?is second crop 0 ne>ly always t\*$ by ! fro/1 ev5 be=e ! se$s 7 ?re%$ f ! /alks4 ,?is fro/+ ( ! se$s _h an effect ^u !m t we r e/eem$4 ,we made a k9d ( oily meal f sunfl[] se$1 by p\nd+ !m 9 a corn mort>2 b meal made f se$ t _h be5 fro/$1 seem$ m oily ?an t f se$ ga!r$ be=e fro/ fell4 ,! freez+ ( ! se$s seem$ to br+ ! oil out ( ! cru%$ k]nels4 ,?is 0 well kn[n to u4 ,! l>ge heads1 left on ! ro( ov] night1 7 sometimes caught by ! fro/2 & meal made f _! se$ 0 m oily ?an t f unfro/$ se$4 ,sometimes we took ! ?re%$ se$ out ( doors & let x get fro/$1 s z to br+ out ?is oil9ess4 ,fro/+ ! se$s did n kill !m4 ,! oil9ess br\ght out by ! fro/+ 0 m app>5t 9 ! se$s ( baby sunfl[]s ?an 9 se$s ( ! l>g] heads4 ,se$s ( ! latt] seem$ nev] to h z mu* oil 9 !m z se$s ( ! baby sunfl[]s4 ,p>*+ ! ,se$ ,to make sunfl[] meal ! se$s 7 fir/ roa/$1 or p>*$4 ,?is 0 done 9 a clay pot1 = iron pots 7 sc>ce 9 my tribe :5 ,i 0 "y4 ,! clay pot 9 use 9 my fa!r's family 0 ab\t a foot high & eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 z y see f measurem5ts ,i make ) my h&s4 ,?is pot ,i set on ! lodge fire1 work+ x d[n into ! coals ) a rock+ motion1 & rak$ coals ar\nd x2 ! m\? ,i tipp$ slightly t[>d me4 ,i ?rew into ! pot two or ?ree d\ble-h&fuls ( ! se$s & z !y p>*$1 ,i /irr$ !m ) a little /ick1 to keep !m f burn+4 ,n[ & !n ,i took out a se$ & bit x2 if ! k]nel 0 s(t & gummy1 ,i knew ! p>*+ 0 n done2 b :5 x bit dry & crisp1 ,i knew ! se$s 7 cook$ & ,i dipp$ !m out ) a horn spoon into a wood5 b[l4 ,aga9 ,i ?rew into ! pot two or ?ree d\ble-h&fuls ( se$ to p>*2 & s1 until ,i _h en\gh4 ,z ! pot grew q hot ,i 0 c>eful n to t\* x ) my h&s4 ,! p>*+ done1 ,i lift$ ! pot out1 fir/ ?r[+ ov] x a piece ( old t5t cov] to protect my two h&s4 ,p>*+ ! se$s caus$ !m to crack op5 some:at4 ,! p>*$ se$s 7 p\nd$ 9 ! corn mort> to make meal4 ,p\nd+ sunfl[] se$s took long]1 & 0 h>d] "w1 ?an p\nd+ corn4 ,f\r-vegetables-mix$ ,sunfl[] meal 0 us$ 9 mak+ a di% t we call$ dpatsa-makihik1 or f\r-vegetables-mix$2 f dpatsa1 f\r ?+s2 & makihik1 mix$ or put toge!r4 ,f\r-vegetables-mix$ we ?\ght our v be/ di%4 ,to make ?is di%1 en\gh = a family ( five1 ,i did z foll[s3 ,i put a clay pot ) wat] on ! fire4 ,into ! pot ,i ?rew "o d\ble-h&ful ( beans4 ,?is 0 a fix$ quantity2 ,i put 9 j "o d\ble-h&ful :e!r ! family to be s]v$ 0 l>ge or small2 = a l>g] quantity ( beans 9 ?is di% 0 apt to make gas on "o's /oma*4 ,:5 we dri$ squa% 9 ! fall we /rung ! slices ^u /r+s ( twi/$ grass1 ea* sev5 ,indian fa?oms long2 an ,indian fa?om is ! di/ance betwe5 a woman's two h&s out/ret*$ on ei!r side4 ,f "o ( ^! sev5-fa?om /r+s ,i cut a piece z long z f my elb[ to ! tip ( my ?umb2 ! two ends ( ! sev]$ piece ,i ti$ toge!r1 mak+ a r+2 & ?is ,i dropp$ into ! pot ) ! beans4 ,:5 ! squa% slices 7 well cook$ ,i lift$ !m out ( ! pot by ! grass /r+ into a wood5 b[l4 ,) a horn spoon ,i *opp$ & ma%$ ! cook$ squa% slices into a mass1 :i* ,i n[ return$ to ! pot ) ! beans4 ,! grass /r+ ,i ?rew away4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f ,drawn f specim5s 9 au?or's collection4 ,to ! mess ,i n[ add$ f\r or five d\ble-h&fuls ( mix$ meal1 ( p\nd$ p>*$ sunfl[] se$ & p\nd$ p>*$ corn4 ,! :ole 0 boil$ = a few m9utes m1 & 0 ready = s]v+4 ,i h already told h[ we p>*$ sunfl[] se$2 & t ,i us$ two or ?ree d\ble-h&fuls ( se$ to a p>*+4 ,i us$ two p>*+s ( sunfl[] se$ = "o mess ( f\r-vegetables-mix$4 ,i also us$ two p>*+s ( corn2 b ,i put m corn into ! pot at a p>*+ ?an ,i did ( sunfl[] se$4 ,p\nd+ ! p>*$ corn & sunfl[] se$ r$uc$ _! bulk s t ! f\r p>*+s1 two ( sunfl[] se$ & two ( corn1 made b f\r or five d\ble-h&fuls ( ! mix$ meal4 ,f\r-vegetables-mix$ 0 eat5 fre%ly cook$2 & ! mix$ corn-&-sunfl[] meal 0 made fre% = x ea* "t4 ,a little alkali salt might be add$ = season+1 b ev5 ?is 0 n usual4 ,no o!r season+ 0 us$4 ,meat 0 n boil$ ) ! mess1 z ! sunfl[] se$ gave suffici5t oil to furni% fat4 ,f\r-vegetables-mix$ 0 a w9t] food2 & ! squa% us$ 9 its mak+ 0 dri$1 slic$ squa%1 nev] gre51 fre% squa%4 ,! clay pot us$ = boil+ ?is & o!r di%es 0 ab\t ! size ( an iron d9n] pot1 or ev5 l>g]4 ,= a l>ge family1 ! pot might be z mu* z ?irte5 or f\rte5 in*es high4 ,i h describ$ t 9 use 9 my fa!r's family4 ,:5 a mess ( f\r-vegetables-mix$ 0 cook$1 ,i did n remove ! pot f ! coals1 b dipp$ out ! vegetables ) a m\nta9-%eep horn spoon1 into wood5 b[ls 7figure #f47 ,sunfl[]-se$ ,balls ,sunfl[] meal ( ! p>*$ se$s 0 also us$ to make sunfl[] se$ balls2 ^! 7 important articles ( diet 9 old5 times1 & _h a p>ticul> use4 ,= sunfl[]-se$ balls ,i p>*$ ! se$s 9 a pot 9 ! usual way1 put !m 9 a corn mort> & p\nd$ !m4 ,:5 !y 7 r$uc$ to a f9e meal ,i rea*$ into ! mort> & took out a h&ful ( ! meal1 squeez+ x 9 ! f+]s & palm ( my "r h&4 ,?is squeez+ x made x into a k9d ( lump or ball4 ,?is ball ,i enclos$ 9 ! two palms & g5tly %ook x4 ,! %ak+ br\ght out ! oil ( ! se$s1 cem5t+ ! p>ticles ( ! meal & mak+ ! lump firm4 ,i h said t fro/$ se$s gave out m oil ?an unfro/$2 & t baby sunfl[] se$s gave out m oil ?an se$s f ! big heads4 ,9 old5 times e w>rior c>ri$ a bag ( s(t sk9 at 8 left side1 support$ by a ?ong ov] 8 "r %\ld]2 9 ?is bag he kept ne$les1 s9ews1 awl1 s(t tann$ sk9 = mak+ pat*es = moccas9s1 gun caps1 & ! l4 ,! w>rior's p[d] horn hung on ! outside ( ?is bag4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is s(t-sk9 bag ! w>rior commonly c>ri$ "o ( ^! sunfl[]-se$ balls1 wrapp$ 9 a piece ( buffalo-he>t sk94 ,:5 worn ) fatigue or ov]come ) sleep & we>9ess1 ! w>rior took out 8 sunfl[]-se$ ball1 & nibbl$ at x to refre% himself4 ,x 0 amaz+ :at effect nibbl+ at ! sunfl[]-se$ ball _h4 ,if ! w>rior 0 we>y1 he began to feel fre% aga92 if sleepy1 he grew wakeful4 ,sometimes ! w>rior kept 8 sunfl[]-se$ ball 9 8 fl9t case t hung always at 8 belt ov] 8 "r hip4 ,x 0 q a g5]al cu/om 9 my tribe = a w>rior or hunt] to c>ry "o ( ^! sunfl[]-se$ balls4 ,we call$ ! sunfl[]-se$ ball mapi1 ! same "n z = sunfl[]4 ,sunfl[] meal1 p>*$ & p\nd$ z describ$1 0 (t5 mix$ ) corn balls1 to :i* x gave an agreeable smell1 z well z a pleasant ta/e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,corn ,plant+ ,corn plant+ began ! second mon? aft] sunfl[]-se$ 0 plant$1 t is 9 ,may2 & x la/$ ab\t a mon?4 ,x sometimes cont9u$ pretty well into ,june1 b n lat] ?an t2 = ! sun !n beg9s to g back into ! s\?1 & m5 began to tell eagle-hunt+ /ories4 ,we knew :5 corn plant+ "t came by obs]v+ ! leaves ( ! wild gooseb]ry bu%es4 ,?is bu% is ! fir/ ( ! woods to leaf 9 ! spr+4 ,old wom5 ( ! village 7 go+ to ! woods daily to ga!r fire wood2 & :5 !y saw t ! wild gooseb]ry bu%es 7 almo/ 9 full leaf1 !y said1 8,x is "t = y to beg9 plant+ corn60 ,corn 0 plant$ ea* ye> 9 ! same hills4 ,ar\nd ea* ( ! old & dead hills ,i loos5$ ! soil ) my hoe1 fir/ pull+ up ! old1 dead roots ( ! previ\s ye>'s plants2 ^! dead roots1 z !y collect$1 7 rak$ (f ) o!r refuse to "o end ( ! field outside ( ! cultivat$ gr\nd1 to be burn$4 ,?is pull+ up ( ! dead roots & work+ ar\nd ! old hill ) ! hoe1 left ! soil s(t & loose = ! space ( ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]2 & 9 ?is s(t soil ,i plant$ ! corn 9 ?is mann]3 ,i /oop$ ov]1 & ) f+]s ( bo? h&s ,i rak$ away ! loose soil = a b$ = ! se$2 & ) my f+]s ,i ev5 /irr$ ! soil ar\nd ) a circul> motion to make ! b$ p]fectly level s t ! se$s w\ld all lie at ! same dep?4 ,a small vessel1 usually a wood5 b[l1 at my feet held ! se$ corn4 ,) my "r h& ,i took a small h&ful ( ! corn1 quickly transf]r+ half ( x to my left h&2 /ill /oop+ ov]1 & ply+ bo? h&s at ! same "t1 ,i press$ ! gra9s a half in* into ! soil ) my ?umbs1 plant+ two gra9s at a "t1 "o ) ea* h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g ,i plant$ ab\t six to eight gra9s 9 a hill#g 7figure #g74 ,!n ) my h&s ,i rak$ ! e>? ov] ! plant$ gra9s until ! se$ lay ab\t ! l5g? ( my f+]s "u ! soil4 ,f9ally ,i patt$ ! hill firm ) my palms4 ,! space )9 ! hill 9 :i* ! se$ k]nels 7 plant$ %\ld be ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet]2 b ! complet$ hill %\ld ne>ly cov] ! space brok5 up by ! hoe4 ,! corn hills ,i plant$ well ap>t1 because lat]1 9 hill+ up1 ,i w\ld ne$ room to draw e>? f all directions ov] ! roots to protect !m f ! sun1 t !y might n dry out4 ,corn plant$ 9 hills too close toge!r w\ld h small e>s & few] ( !m2 & ! /alks ( ! plants w\ld be weak1 & (t5 dri$ out4 ,if ! corn hills 7 s close toge!r t ! plants :5 !y grew up1 t\*$ ea* o!r1 we call$ !m 8smell-ea*-o!r02 & we knew t ! e>s !y bore w\ld n be plump nor l>ge4 ,a ,morn+'s ,plant+ ,we ,hidatsa wom5 7 e>ly ris]s 9 ! plant+ season2 x 0 my habit to be up be=e sunrise1 :ile ! air 0 cool1 = we ?\ght ?is ! be/ "t = g>d5 "w4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! field ,i w\ld beg9 "o hill1 prep>+ x1 z ,i h said1 ) my hoe2 & s = t5 r[s ea* z long z f ?is spot to yond] f5ce--ab\t ?irty y>ds2 ! r[s 7 ab\t f\r feet ap>t1 & ! hills /ood ab\t ! same di/ance ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! hills all prep>$1 ,i w5t back & plant$ !m1 patt+ d[n ea* ) my palms1 z describ$4 ,plant+ corn ?us by h& 0 sl[ "w2 b by t5 o'clock ! morn+'s "w 0 done1 & ,i 0 tir$ & ready to g home = my breakfa/ & re/2 we did n eat be=e go+ into ! field4 ,! t5 r[s mak+ ! morn+'s plant+ conta9$ ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty-five hills4 ,i usually w5t to ! field e morn+ 9 ! plant+ season1 if ! wea!r 0 f9e4 ,sometimes ,i w5t out aga9 a little be=e sunset & plant$2 b ?is 0 n usual4 ,soak+ ! ,se$ ,! v la/ corn t we plant$ we sometimes put into a little tepid wat]1 if ! season 0 late4 ,se$ us$ = replant+ hills t _h be5 de/roy$ by cr[s or magpies we also soak$4 ,we left ! se$ 9 ! wat] only a %ort "t1 :5 ! wat] 0 p\r$ (f4 ,! wat] %\ld be tepid only1 s t :5 p\r$ ?r\gh ! f+]s x felt h>dly w>m$4 ,hot wat] w\ld kill ! se$s4 ,se$ corn ?us soak$ w\ld h spr\ts a ?ird ( an in* long )9 f\r or five days aft] plant+1 if ! wea!r 0 w>m4 ,i "k ?is1 because we sometimes dug up "s ( ! se$s to see4 ,?is soak$ se$ produc$ /rong plants1 b ! fir/-plant$1 dry se$s /ill produc$ ! fir/ rip5$ e>s4 ,if w>m wat] 0 n conv5i5t1 ,i sometimes put ^! la/ plant$ corn se$s 9 my m\?2 & :5 well wett$1 plant$ !m4 ,b ^! m\?-wett$ se$s produc$1 we ?\ght1 a great _m wida-akata1 or goose-upp]-ro(-(-m\?1 e>s4 ,plant+ = a ,sick ,woman ,x 0 usual = ! wom5 ( a h\sehold to d _! own plant+2 b if a woman 0 sick1 or = "s reason 0 unable to att5d to h] plant+1 %e sometimes cook$ a fea/1 to :i* %e invit$ ! memb]s ( h] age society & ask$ !m to plant h] field = h]4 ,! memb]s ( h] society w\ld come ^u an appo9t$ day & plant h] field 9 a %ort "t2 sometimes a half day 0 en\gh4 ,!re 7 ab\t ?irty memb]s 9 my age society :5 ,i 0 a "y woman4 ,if we 7 invit$ to plant a g>d5 = "s sick woman1 ea* memb] w\ld take a r[ to plant2 & ea* w\ld /rive to complete h] r[ fir/4 ,a memb] hav+ complet$ h] r[1 might beg9 a second1 & ev5 a ?ird r[2 or if1 :5 ea* _h complet$ "o r[1 !re 0 b a small "p ( ! field yet unplant$1 all pit*$ 9 miscellane\sly & f9i%$ ! plant+4 ,size ( ,our ,bigge/ ,field ,:5 our corn 0 91 we began plant+ beans & squa%es4 ,beans we commonly plant$ betwe5 corn r[s1 sometimes ov] ! :ole field1 m (t5 ov] a "p ( x4 ,our bean & squa% plant+ ,i w describe lat]2 & ,i speak ( x n[ only because ,i wi% to expla9 to y h[ a ,hidatsa g>d5 0 laid out4 ,! l>ge/ field ev] own$ 9 my fa!r's family 0 ! "o :i* ,i h said my gr&mo!r ,turtle help$ cle>1 at ,l-a-fi%hook village1 or ,=t ,b]?old1 z ! :ites call$ x4 ,! field1 begun small1 0 add$ to ea* ye> & did n rea* its maximum size = "s ye>s4 ,! field 0 ne>ly rectangul> 9 %ape2 at ! "t ( its greate/ size1 its l5g? 0 ab\t equal to ! di/ance f ?is spot to yond] f5ce--"o hundr$ & eighty y>ds2 & its wid?1 to ! di/ance f ! corn] ( ?is cab9 to yond] :ite po/--n9ety y>ds4 ,! size ( a g>d5 0 det]m9$ *iefly by ! indu/ry ( ! family t own$ x1 & by ! numb] ( m\?s t mu/ be f$4 ,:5 ,i 0 six ye>s old1 !re 71 ,i ?9k1 t5 9 my fa!r's family1 ( :om my two gr&mo!rs1 my "m & h] ?ree si/]s1 made six4 ,i h said t my "m & h] ?ree si/]s 7 wives ( ,small ,ankle1 my fa!r4 ,x 0 ?is ye> t my "m & ,corn ,suck] di$1 h[ev]4 ,my fa!r's wives & my two gr&mo!rs1 all indu/ri\s wom51 add$ ea* ye> to ! area ( our field2 = our family 0 gr[+4 ,at ! "t our g>d5 rea*$ its maximum size1 !re 7 sev5 boys 9 ! family2 ?ree ( ^! di$ "y1 b f\r grew up & br\ght wives to live 9 our e>? lodge4 ,naxu & ,nucami ,9 our big g>d5 at ,l-a-fi%hook village1 n9e r[s ( corn1 runn+ l5g?wise ) ! field1 made "o naxu1 or ,indian acre1 z we usually translate x4 ,!re 7 t5 ( ^! naxus1 or ,indian acres1 9 ! g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h ,"s families ( our village c\nt$ eight r[s ( corn to "o naxu1 o!rs c\nt$ t5 r[s4 ,! r[s ( ! naxus always ran ! l5g? ( ! g>d52 & if ! field curv$1 z x sometimes did ar\nd a b5d ( ! riv]1 or o!r irregul>ity1 ! r[s curv$ ) x4 ,9 our g>d5 a r[ ( squa%es sep>at$ ea* naxu f its neighbor4 ,f\r r[s ( corn runn+ wid?wise ) ! g>d5 made "o nucami2 & z 0 ! naxu1 ea* nucami 0 sep>at$ f its neighbor by a r[ ( squa%es1 or beans1 or 9 "s families1 ev5 by sunfl[]s4 ,l ^? ( ! naxus1 ! r[s ( ! nucamis (t5 curv$ to foll[ "s irregul>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! g>d5 plot4 7,see figure #h47 ,hoe+ ,hoe+ "t began :5 ! corn 0 ab\t ?ree in*es high2 b ?is v>i$ some:at ) ! season4 ,"s seasons 7 w>m1 & ! corn & we$s grew rapidly2 o!r seasons 7 cold]1 & delay$ ! gr[? ( ! corn4 ,corn plants ab\t ?ree in*es high we call$ 8"y-bird's-fea!r-tail-corn10 because ! plants !n _h blunt ends1 l ! tail fea!rs ( a v "y bird4 ,corn & we$s alike grew rapidly n[1 & we wom5 ( ! h\sehold 7 out ) our hoes daily1 to keep ahead ( ! we$s4 ,we work$ z 9 plant+ season1 9 ! e>ly morn+ h\rs4 ,i cultivat$ ea* hill c>efully ) my hoe z ,i came to x2 & if ! plants 7 small1 ,i w\ld comb ! soil ( ! hill lightly ) my f+]s1 loos5+ ! e>? & te>+ out "y we$s4 ,we did n hoe ! corn alone1 b w5t "r ?r\gh ! g>d51 corn1 squa%es1 beans1 & all4 ,we$s 7 let lie on ! gr\nd1 z !y 7 n[ "y & h>mless4 ,we ho$ b once1 n v _m we$s com+ up to bo!r u aft]w>ds4 ,9 my girlhood we 7 n tr\bl$ ) mu/>d & ?i/les2 ^! we$s h come 9 ) :ite m54 ,9 _m families hoe+ end$1 ,i ?9k1 :5 ! corn 0 ab\t sev5 or eight in*es high3 b ,i rememb] :5 my mo!rs f9i%$ hoe+ _! big field at ,l-a-fi%hook village1 ! corn 0 ab\t eighte5 in*es high1 & ! blossoms at ! top ( ! plants 7 appe>+4 ,a second hoe+ began1 x is true1 :5 ! corn silk appe>$1 b 0 accompani$ by hill+1 s t we look$ ^u x r z a hill+ "t4 ,hill+ 0 done to firm ! plants aga9/ ! w9d & cov] ! roots f ! sun4 ,we hill$ ) e>?1 ab\t f\r in*es up ar\nd ! roots ( ! corn4 ,n a great _m we$s 7 f\nd 9 ! g>d5 at hill+ "t1 unless ! season _h be5 wet2 b we$s at ?is season are apt to h se$s1 s t x 0 my habit to be> su* we$s (f ! field1 t ! se$s might n fall & spr\t ! next season4 ,) ! corn1 ! squa%es & beans 7 also hill$2 b ?is 0 an easi] task4 ,! bean hills1 especially1 7 made small at ! fir/1 & hill+ !m up aft]w>ds 0 n h>d "w4 ,if beans 7 hill$ too high ! v9es got beat5 d[n into ! mud by ! ra9s & rott$4 ,! ,wat*]s' ,/age ,our corn fields _h _m enemies4 ,magpies1 & especially cr[s1 pull$ up mu* ( ! "y corn1 s t we _h to replant _m hills4 ,cr[s 7 fond ( pull+ up ! gre5 %oots :5 !y 7 a half in* or an in* high4 ,spott$ goph]s w\ld dig up ! se$ f ! roots ( "y plants4 ,:5 ! corn _h e>$1 & ! gra9s 7 /ill s(t1 blackbirds & cr[s 7 de/ructive4 ,any hills ( "y corn t ! birds de/roy$1 ,i replant$ if ! season 0 n too late4 ,if only a "p ( ! plants 9 a hill _h be5 de/roy$1 ,i did n di/urb ! liv+ plants1 b replant$ only ! de/roy$ ones4 ,9 ! place ( ea* miss+ plant1 ,i dug a little hole ) my h&1 & dropp$ 9 a se$4 ,we made sc>ecr[s#h to fright5 ! cr[s4 ,two /icks 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd = legs2 to ^! 7 b\nd two o!r /icks1 l out/ret*$ arms2 on ! top 0 fa/5$ a ball ( ca/-away sk9s1 or ! l1 = a head4 ,an old buffalo robe 0 drawn ov] ! figure & a belt ti$ ar\nd its middle1 to make x look l a man4 ,su* a sc>ecr[ w\ld keep ! cr[s away = a few days b :5 !y saw t ! figure nev] mov$ f its place1 !y lo/ _! fe> & return$4 ,a plat=m1 or /age1 0 (t5 built 9 a g>d51 :]e ! girls & "y wom5 ( ! h\sehold came to sit & s+ z !y wat*$ t cr[s & o!r ?ieves did n de/roy ! rip5+ crop4 ,we c>$ = our corn 9 ^? days z we w\ld c>e = a *ild2 = we ,indian p lov$ our g>d5s1 j z a "m loves h] *ildr52 & we ?\ght t our gr[+ corn lik$ to he> u s+1 j z *ildr5 l to he> _! "m s+ to !m4#i ,also1 we did n want ! birds to come & /eal our corn4 ,horses1 too1 might break 9 & crop ! plants1 or boys might /eal ! gre5 e>s & g (f & roa/ !m4 ,our ,hidatsa "n = su* a /age 0 adukati ikak-matsati1 or field wat*]s' /age2 f adukati1 field2 ikak1 wat*2 & matsati1 /age4 ,^! /ages1 :ile common1 7 n 9 e g>d54 ,i _h "o 9 my g>d5 :]e ,i us$ to sit & s+4 ,a wat*]s' /age resembl$ a /age = dry+ gra91 b x 0 built m simply4 ,f\r po/s1 =k$ at ! top1 support$ two p>allel beams1 or /r+]s2 on ^! beams 0 laid a floor ( pun*eons1 or split small logs1 at ab\t ! height ( ! full gr[n corn4 ,?is floor 0 ab\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,wolf ,*ief's table--=ty-?ree by ?irty-five in*es--& 0 ?us l>ge en\gh to p]mit two p]sons to sit toge!r4 ,a ladd] made ( ! trunk ( a tree re/$ aga9/ ! /age4 ,su* /ages we did n value z we did our dry+ /ages1 nor did we use s mu* c>e 9 build+ !m4 ,if ! po/s 7 ( gre5 wood1 we did n tr\ble to peel (f ! b>k2 at lea/1 ,i nev] saw su* po/s ) ! b>k peel$ (f4 ,! beams 9 ! =ks ( ! po/s (t5 lay ) ! b>k on4 ,! pun*eons t made ! floor ( ! /age 7 free ( b>k1 because !y 7 commonly split f old1 dead1 float+ logs1 t we got d[n at ! ,miss\ri ,riv]2 if ! :ole /age 0 built ( ^! dead logs1 z 0 (t5 done1 ! b>k w\ld be want+ on e beam4 ,a wat*]s' /age1 inde$1 0 usually ( r r\gh con/ruction2 wood 0 pl5tiful & easy to get1 & ! /age 0 rebuilt ea* ye>4 ,z ,i h said1 x 0 our cu/om to locate our g>d5s on ! timb]$1 bottom l&s1 & :5 we cle>$ (f ! timb] & bru%1 we (t5 left a tree1 usually ( cottonwood1 /&+ 9 ! field1 to %ade ! wat*]s' /age4 ,! /age /ood on ! nor?1 or %ady1 side ( ! tree4 ,cottonwood se$l+s 7 apt to spr+ up 9 newly cle>$ gr\nd4 ,if !re 0 no tree 9 ! field1 "o ( ^! se$l+s might be let gr[ into a small tree4 ,cottonwoods grew v rapidly4 ,! tree t %ad$ ! wat*]s' /age 9 our family field1 & :i* ,i h indicat$ on ! map1 0 ab\t z high z my son ,goodbird's cab91 & _h a trunk ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cottonwood tree /&+ 9 ,wolf ,*ief's corn field ?is pres5t summ]1 is p]haps ab\t ! height ( ! trees t us$ to /& 9 our fields at ,l-a-fi%hook village4 ,explanation ( ,sket* ( ,wat*]s' ,/age ,my son ,goodbird has made a sket*1 "u my direction1 ( a wat*]s' /age 7figure #i74 ,! /age 0 plac$ close to ! tree %ad+ x1 ab\t a foot f ! trunk4 ,holes = ! po/s 7 dug ) a long digg+ /ick2 & ! po/s 7 set firm1 l f5ce po/s4 ,! /age 0 made ne>ly squ>e1 s t ! wat*]s c\ld sit fac+ any side ) equal ease4 ,! beams support+ ! floor might be laid ea/ & we/1 or nor? & s\?2 b z ! tree /ood always on ! s\? side ( ! /age1 ! floor beams lay always 9 "o ( ^! two ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i ,r$rawn f sket* by ,edw>d ,goodbird4 ,9 ! sket* a sk9#aj is se5 ly+ on ! /age floor4 ,?is is a buffalo calf sk91 fold$ fur out1 to make a seat = ! wat*]4 ,! sk9 might be fold$ tail to head1 or side to side2 & sometimes x 0 fold$ fle% side out4 ,x nev] hung d[n ov] ! edges ( ! /age floor1 b 0 fold$ up neatly to make a k9d ( cu%ion4 ,! pun*eon floor1 at be/ nev] v smoo?1 0 r h>d to sit ^u2 & lett+ a "p ( ! sk9 hang d[n ov] ! side w\ld h be5 wa/e ( good cu%ion mat]ial4 ,! ?ree poles on ! "r ( ! /age support ano!r calf sk91 us$ z a %ield aga9/ ! sun4 ,! poles m]ely re/$ on ! gr\nd2 !y 7 n ?ru/ into ! soil4 ,!y c\ld be %ift$ ab\t ) ! sun1 s t ! wat*] _h %ade 9 any "p ( ! day4 ,! calf sk9 us$ = a sun %ade hung on ! poles head d[nw>d2 :e!r x lay fur or fle% side d[n did n matt]4 ,sk9s dress$ by ,indians h holes cut along ! edges = ! wood5 p9s by :i* !y are /ak$ out on ! gr\nd to dry4 ,! poles uphold+ ! sk9 %ade we cut ( will[s2 & we 7 c>eful to trim (f ! bran*es1 leav+ little /ubs /ick+ out on ! trunk ( ! pole4 ,^! little /ubs we slipp$ ?r\gh "s ( ! holes 9 ! edge ( ! sk9 %ade to uphold x & /ay x 9 place4 ,x 0 n necess>y to b9d ! sk9 d[n ) ?ongs2 j slipp+ ! /ubs ?r\gh ! holes 0 en\gh4 ,poles = a sun %ade 7 cut indiff]5tly ( dry or gre5 wood2 & !y la/$ ! entire season4 ,! ladd] by :i* we m\nt$ a wat*]s' /age re/$ aga9/ ei!r ( ! corn]s next ! tree1 aga9/ "o ( ! two beams support+ ! floor2 h[ev] we did n consid] a wat*]s' /age to be sacr$1 & we plac$ ! ladd] any:]e x might be conv5i5t4 ,! ladd] 0 a cottonwood trunk1 cut ) ?ree /eps2 m 7 n ne$$1 z ! /age floor 0 n high4 ,sweet ,grass's ,sun ,%ade ,if ! tree %elt]+ a /age _h scant foliage1 we (t5 cut ?ick1 leafy cottonwood b\ghs & ?ru/ !m horizontally ?r\gh ! bran*es ( ! tree to increase its %ade4 ,x 0 a common ?+ = ! wat*]s to tie a robe across ! face ( ! tree = ! same purpose4 ,if no tree grew 9 ! g>d51 a small cottonwood ) ?ick1 leafy bran*es 0 cut & propp$ aga9/ ! s\? or sunny side ( ! /age4 ,!re 0 an old woman nam$ ,sweet ,grass :o _h no tree 9 h] g>d54 ,%e built a /age j l t 9 ,goodbird's sket* 7figure #i74 ,to %ade x ,i rememb] %e cut sev]al small cottonwood trees & set !m 9 holes made ) h] digg+ /ick1 along ! s\? side ( h] /age4 ,!y /ood !re 9 a r[ & %ad$ ! /age q effectively4 ,h] /age /ood r close to ! edge ( h] g>d54 ,! ,wat*]s ,! season = wat*+ ! fields began e>ly 9 ,augu/ :5 gre5 corn began to come 92 = ?is 0 ! "t :5 ! rip5+ e>s 7 apt to be /ol5 by horses1 or birds1 or boys4 ,we did n wat* ! fields 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 to keep ! cr[s f pull+ up ! newly spr\t$ gra92 su* damage we 7 cont5t to repair by replant+4 ,girls began to g on ! wat*]s' /age to wat* ! corn & s+1 :5 !y 7 ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s ( age4 ,!y cont9u$ ! cu/om ev5 aft] !y _h gr[n up & m>ri$2 & old wom51 work+ 9 ! g>d5 & /opp+ to re/1 (t5 w5t on ! /age & sang4 ,two girls usually wat*$ & sang toge!r4 ,! village g>d5s 7 laid out close to "o ano!r2 & a girl ( "o family w\ld be jo9$ by ! girl ( ! family :o own$ ! g>d5 adjo9+4 ,sometimes ?ree1 or ev5 f\r1 girls got on ! /age & sang toge!r2 b nev] m ?an f\r4 ,a drum 0 n us$ to accompany ! s++4 ,! wat*]s sometimes rose & /ood ^u ! /age z !y look$ to see if any boys or horses 7 9 ! field1 /eal+ corn4 ,old] girls & "y m>ri$ wom51 & ev5 old wom51 (t5 work$ at porcup9e embroid]y z !y wat*$4 ,v "y girls did n embroid]4 ,boys ( n9e to elev5 ye>s ( age 7 sometimes r tr\blesome ?ieves4 ,!y 7 fond ( /eal+ gre5 e>s to roa/ by a fire 9 ! woods4 ,sometimes--n e day1 h[ev]--we _h to gu>d our corn al]tly4 ,a boy caught /eal+ 0 m]ely scold$4 8,y mu/ n /eal "h aga960 we w\ld say to him4 ,8 p>5ts 7 n ask$ to pay damage = ! !ft4 ,we w5t to ! wat*]s' /age q e>ly 9 ! day1 be=e sunrise1 or ne> x1 & we came home at sunset4 ,! wat*+ season cont9u$ until ! corn 0 all ga!r$ & h>ve/$4 ,my gr&mo!r1 ,turtle1 0 a famili> figure 9 our family's field1 9 ?is season4 ,i c rememb] h] /ay+ out 9 ! field daily1 pick+ out ! rip5+ e>s & braid+ !m 9 a /r+4 ,boo?s ,!re 7 a good _m boo?s 9 ! g>d5s t lay we/ ( ! village4 ,usually a boo? /ood at "o side ( e field 9 :i* 0 a wat*]s' /age4 ,to make a boo?1 we cut diamond will[s1 /ood !m 9 ! gr\nd 9 a circle1 & b5d+ ov] ! leafy tops1 ti$ !m toge!r4 ,a few leafy bran*es 7 int]wov5 into ! top to increase ! %ade2 b !re 0 no fur!r cov]+4 ,a boo? _h a floor diamet] ( n9e or t5 feet1 & 0 z high z ,i c conv5i5tly rea* ) my h&s--six feet4 ,! girls :o sang & wat*$ ! rip5+ corn cook$ 9 ^! boo?s4 ,i (t5 did s :5 ,i 0 a "y girl2 = cook+ at ! boo? 0 done by all ! wat*]s1 ev5 "y girls ( t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,i h (t5 se5 my gr&mo!r1 ,turtle1 also1 9 h] boo? v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 9 ! corn season4 ,eat+ ,cu/oms ,a meal 0 eat5 sometimes j aft] sunrise1 or a little lat]2 b we nev] _h regul> meal h\rs 9 ! field4 ,we cook$ & ate :5ev] we got hungry1 or :5 visitors came2 or we /ray$ ov] to o!r g>d5s & ate ) our fri5ds4 ,if relatives came1 ! wat*]s (t5 ent]ta9$ !m by giv+ !m some?+ to eat4 ,to cook ! meal a fire 0 made 9 ! boo?4 ,meat _h be5 br\ght out f ! village1 dri$ or fre% buffalo meat usually4 ,fre% meat 0 laid on ! coals to broil2 dri$ meat 0 ?ru/ on ! end ( a /ick t lean$ ov] ! coals2 & :5 "o side 0 well toa/$ x 0 turn$ ov]4 ,fre% squa%es we boil$ 9 clay or iron pots2 a good _m brass or copp] kettles also 7 9 use :5 ,i 0 "y4 ,we 7 fond ( squa%es4 ,a common di% 0 gre5 corn & beans4 ,! corn 0 %ell$ (f ! cob & boil$ ) gre5 beans t 7 %ell$ also2 sometimes ! beans 7 boil$ 9 ! pod4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj ,r$rawn f sket* by ,goodbird ( specim5 made by ,buffalobird-woman4 ,to s]ve ! corn & beans we p\r$ ! mess into a wood5 b[l & ate ) spoons made f ! /ems ( squa% leaves4 ,figure #aj is a sket* ( su* a spoon4 ,! squa% /em 0 split at "o end & ! split 0 held op5 by a little /ick4 ,/ems ( leaves ( our native squa%es h t9y prickles on !m1 b ^! did n hurt ! eat]'s lips4 ,leaf /ems ( native squa%es ,i ?9k are firm] & /rong] ?an ^? ( :ite m5's squa%es1 su* z we n[ raise4 ,my gr&mo!r1 ,turtle1 0 a fai?ful wat*] 9 our family field 9 ! wat*+ season4 ,i rememb] %e us$ to br+ home 9 ! ev5+ all ! uneat5 corn %e _h boil$ t day4 ,y\?s' & ,maid5s' ,cu/oms ,we always kept dr9k+ wat] at ! /age2 & if relatives came out1 we freely gave !m to dr9k4 ,b boys & "y m5 :o came 7 (f]$ nei!r food nor dr9k1 unless !y 7 relatives4 ,our tribe's cu/om 9 su* ?+s 0 well und]/ood4 ,! y\?s ( ! village us$ to g ab\t all ! "t seek+ ! girls2 ?is inde$ 0 almo/ all !y did4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! girls 7 on ! wat*]s' /age ! boys 7 pretty sure to come ar\nd4 ,sometimes two y\?s came toge!r1 sometimes b "o4 ,if !re 7 relatives at ! wat*]s' /age ! boys w\ld /op & dr9k or eat2 !y did n try to talk to ! girls1 b w\ld come ar\nd smil+ & try to get ! girls to smile back4 ,to illu/rate our cu/om1 if a boy came out to a wat*]s' /age1 we girls t 7 sitt+ ^u x did n say a ^w to him4 ,x 0 our rule t we %\ld "w & %\ld n say any?+ to him4 ,s we sat1 n look+ at him1 nor say+ a ^w4 ,he w\ld smile & p]haps /op & get a dr9k ( wat]4 ,inde$1 a girl t 0 n a y\?'s swee!>t1 nev] talk$ to him4 ,?is rule 0 obs]v$ at all times4 ,ev5 :5 a boy 0 a girl's swee!>t1 or 8love-boy0 z we call$ him1 if !re 7 o!r p]sons ar\nd1 %e did n talk to him1 unless ^! happ5$ to be relatives4 ,boys :o came out to ! wat*]s' /age1 gett+ no enc\ragem5t f ! girls !re1 soon w5t away4 ,a v "y girl 0 n p]mitt$ to g to ! wat*]s' /age unless an old woman w5t along to take c>e ( h]4 ,9 old5 days1 mo!rs wat*$ _! daught]s v c>efully4 ,wat*]s' ,songs ,mo/ ( ! songs t 7 sung on ! wat*]s' /age 7 love songs1 b n all4 ,"o t little girls 7 fond ( s++--girls t is ( ab\t twelve ye>s ( age--0 z foll[s3 ,y bad boys1 y are all alike6 ,y\r b[ is l a b5t basket hoop2 ,y poor boys1 y h to run on ! prairie b>efoot2 ,y\r arr[s are fit = no?+ b to %oot up into ! sky6 ,?is song 0 sung = ! b5efit ( ! boys :o came to ! ne>-by woods to hunt birds4 ,"h is ano!r song2 b t y may und]/& x ,i %all fir/ h to expla9 to y :at ikupa means4 ,a girl :om ano!r girl loves z h] own si/]1 we call h] ikupa4 ,i ?9k y\r ^w *um1 z y expla9 x1 has ab\t ! same mean+4 ,?is is ! song3 8,my ikupa1 :at d y wi% to see80 y said to me4 ,:at ,i wi% to see is ! corn silk com+ out on ! gr[+ e>2 ,b :at y wi% to see is t naughty "y man com+6 ,"h is a song t we sang to tease "y m5 t 7 go+ by3 ,y "y man ( ! ,dog society1 y said to me1 8,:5 ,i g to ! ea/ on a w> p>ty1 y w he> news ( me h[ brave ,i am60 ,i h he>d news ( y2 ,:5 ! fight 0 on1 y ran & hid6 ,& y ?9k y are a brave "y man6 ,behold y h jo9$ ! ,dog society2 ,!re=e1 ,i call y j pla9 dog6 ,^! songs f ! wat*]s' /age we call$ midaxika1 or g>d5]s' songs4 ,! words ( ^! ,i h j giv5 y we call$ love-boy words2 & !y 7 int5d$ to tease4 ,!re 0 ano!r class ( songs sung f ! wat*]s' /age t did n h love-boy words4 ,i w give y "o ( ^!1 b to make x intelligible1 ,i mu/ fir/ expla9 a cu/om ( my tribe4 ,clan ,c\s9s' ,cu/om ,let u suppose t a woman ( ! ,tsi/ska ,doxpaka m>ries a man ( ! ,midipadi clan4 ,_! *ild w be a ,tsi/ska2 = we ,hidatsas reckon e *ild to belong to ! clan ( 8 "m2 & ! memb]s ( ! "m's clan w be clan si/]s & clan bro!rs to h] *ild4 ,ano!r woman ( ! tribe1 ( :at clan does n matt]1 also m>ries a ,midipadi husb&2 & !y h a *ild4 ,! *ild ( ! fir/ "m & ! *ild ( ! second we reckon z makutsati1 or clan c\s9s1 s9ce _! fa!rs be+ ( ! same clan1 are clan bro!rs4 ,9 old times ^! clan c\s9s _h a cu/om ( teas+ "o ano!r2 especially 0 ?is teas+ common betwe5 "y m5 & "y wom54 ,= example1 a "y man1 unlucky 9 w>1 might be pass+ ! g>d5s & he> "s mis*iev\s girl1 8 clan c\s91 s++ a song taunt+ him = 8 ill success4 ,f any "o else ?is w\ld be tak5 = ! deepe/ insult2 b see+ t ! s+] 0 8 clan c\s91 ! "y man only call$ out good humor$ly1 8,s+ l\d]1 c\s960 ,i c be/ expla9 ?is cu/om by tell+ y a /ory4 ,/ory ( ,snake-head-ornam5t ,a long "t ago1 9 "o ( our villages at ,knife ,riv]1 !re liv$ a man ,mapuksaokihec1 or ,snake-head-ornam5t4 ,he 0 a great m$ic9e man2 & 9 8 e>? lodge he kept a bull snake1 :om he call$ 8fa!r40 ,:5 ,snake-head-ornam5t />t$ to g to a fea/ he w\ld say to ! bull snake1 8,come1 fa!r1 let u g & get some?+ to eat60 ,! snake w\ld crawl up ! man's body1 coil ab\t 8 neck & ?ru/ 8 head =w>d ov] ! man's cr[n & =ehead2 or he w\ld coil ab\t ! man's head l ! head clo? a hunt] us$ to we>1 ) 8 head ?ru/ =w>d z ,i h said4 ,be>+ ! snake ?us on 8 head1 ,snake-head-ornam5t w\ld ent] "s man's lodge & sit d[n to eat4 ,! snake h[ev] nev] ate ) him1 = 8 food 0 n ! same z ! man's2 ! bull snake's food 0 hide scrap+s :i* ! wom5 ( ! lodge f$ to him4 ,:5 ,snake-head-ornam5t came home aga9 he w\ld say to ! bull snake1 8,fa!r1 get (f40 ,! snake w\ld creep d[n f ! man's head1 b be=e he ent]$ 8 hole he w\ld roll himself ab\t on ! e>? lodge floor4 ,snake-head-ornam5t w\ld say to him1 8,:at are y do+8 ,d y ?9k ,i am bad smell+1 & d y want to wa% (f ! smell f y\r body8 ,x is y :o are bad smell+2 yet ,i d n despise y60 ,! snake1 he>+ ?is1 w\ld creep into 8 hole z if a%am$4 ,snake-head-ornam5t made up a w> p>ty & l$ x aga9/ enemies on ! ,yell[/one ,riv]4 ,! p>ty n only fail$ to kill any ( ! enemy1 b lo/ ?ree ( _! own m54 ,?is 0 a k9d ( disgrace to ,snake-head-ornam5t2 = z lead] ( ! w> p>ty he 0 responsible = x4 ,he ?\ght 8 gods _h des]t$ him2 & :5 he came home he w5t ab\t cry+ & m\rn+ & call+ ^u 8 gods to give him ano!r vision4 ,he 0 a brave man & _h _m honor m>ks2 & 8 ill success made 8 he>t sore4 ,9 old times1 :5 "o m\rn$1 ei!r man or woman1 he cut (f 8 hair1 pa9t$ 8 body ) :ite clay & w5t )\t moccas9s2 he also cut himself ) "s %>p in/rum5t4 ,9 ^? days also1 :5 a man w5t out to seek 8 god1 he w5t away f ! village1 alone1 into ! hills2 & ?us x happ5$ t ,snake-head-ornam5t1 on 8 way to ! hills1 w5t m\rn+ & cry+ pa/ a g>d5 :]e sat a woman1 8 clan c\s91 on h] wat*]s' /age4 ,see+ him1 %e began to s+ a song to tease him3 ,he said1 8,i am a "y bird60 ,if a "y bird1 he %\ld be 9 a ne/2 ,b he comes ar\nd "h look+ gray1 ,& w&]s aimlessly ev]y:]e outside ! village6 ,he said1 8,i am a "y snake60 ,if a "y snake1 he %\ld /ay 9 ! hills among ! r$ buttes2 ,b he comes ar\nd "h look+ gray & cry+1 ,& w&]s aimlessly ev]y:]e6 ,:5 ! woman sang1 8he comes ar\nd "h look+ gray10 %e meant t ! man 0 gray f ! :ite clay pa9t on 8 body4 ,snake-head-ornam5t he>d h] song1 b kn[+ %e 0 8 clan c\s91 cri$ out to h]3 8,my eld] si/]1 s+ l\d]6 ,y are "r2 let my fa!rs he> :at y say4 ,i d n "k :e!r !y w feel %ame or n2 b ! snake & ! :ite eagle bo? call$ me #8son'60 ,:at he meant 0 t ! snake & ! :ite eagle 7 8 dream gods2 & t !y _h bo? call$ him 8son10 9 a vision4 ,9 h] song ! woman _h taunt$ him ) ?is4 ,if %e _h be5 any "o b 8 clan c\s91 he w\ld h be5 beside himself ) ang]4 ,z x 01 he kept 8 good humor1 & did h] no hurt4 ,b ! woman _h sung h] song = a cause4 ,ye>s be=e1 :5 ,snake-head-ornam5t 0 q a "y man & z yet _h won few honors he w5t on a w> p>ty & kill$ a ,si\x woman4 ,:5 he came home he 0 look$ ^u z a successful w>rior2 & he 01 ( c\rse1 pr\d t p n[ look$ up to him4 ,n long aft] ?is1 he jo9$ ! ,black ,m\? society4 ,x happ5$1 "o day1 t ! wom5 7 erect+ palisades ar\nd ! village to def5d x1 & ,snake-head-ornam5t1 z a memb] ( ! ,black ,m\?s1 0 "o ( ^? ov]see+ ! "w4 ,?is woman1 8 clan c\s91 0 r sl[ at h] task & did n move ab\t v briskly4 ,snake-head-ornam5t1 see+ ?is1 approa*$ h] & fir$ (f 8 gun close by h] legs4 ,%e look$ ar\nd1 b see+ t x 0 ,snake-head-ornam5t t _h %ot1 & kn[+ he 0 h] clan c\s91 %e did n get angry4 ,j ! same %e did n =get2 & ye>s aft] %e _h a good humor$ rev5ge 9 ! taunt+ song ,i h giv5 y4 ,,gre5 ,,corn ,,& ,,its ,,uses ,! ,rip5+ ,e>s ,! fir/ corn 0 ready to be eat5 gre5 e>ly 9 ! h>ve/ moon1 :5 ! blossoms ( ! prairie gold5 rod are all 9 full1 bright yell[2 or ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/4 ,we ate mu* gre5 corn1 boil+ ! fre% e>s 9 a pot z :ite p d2 b e ,hidatsa family also put up dri$ gre5 corn = w9t]4 ,?is took ! place ) u ( ! cann$ gre5 corn we n[ buy at ! trad]'s /ore4 ,i knew :5 ! corn e>s 7 ripe en\gh = boil+ f ^! signs3 ,! blossoms on ! top ( ! /alk 7 turn$ br[n1 ! silk on ! end ( ! e> 0 dry1 & ! husks on ! e> 7 ( a d>k gre5 color4 ,i d n ?9k ! y\ng] ,indians on ?is res]vation are z good agriculturi/s z we old] memb]s ( my tribe 7 :5 we 7 "y4 ,i sometimes say to my son ,goodbird3 8,y "y folks1 :5 y want gre5 corn1 op5 ! husk to see if ! gra9 is ripe en\gh1 & ?us expose x2 b ,i j g out into ! field & pluck ! e>4 ,:5 y op5 an e> & f9d x too gre5 to pluck1 y let x /& on ! /alk2 & birds !n come & eat ! expos$ k]nels1 or little br[n ants climb up ! /alk & eat ! e> & spoil x4 ,i d n ?9k y are v good g>d5]s 9 ^! days4 ,9 old times1 :5 we w5t out to ga!r gre5 e>s1 we did n h to op5 _! faces to see if ! gra9 0 ripe en\gh to be pluck$60 ,second ,plant+ = ,gre5 ,corn ,our gre5 corn season la/$ ab\t t5 days1 :5 ! gra91 ?\gh n yet ripe1 became too h>d = boil+ gre54 ,to provide gre5 corn to be eat5 late 9 ! season1 we us$ to make a second plant+ ( corn :5 ,june b]ries 7 ripe2 & = ?is purpose we left a space1 n v l>ge1 vacant 9 ! field4 ,9 my fa!r's family ?is second plant+ 0 ( ab\t tw5ty-eight hills ( corn4 ,x came ready to eat :5 ! o!r corn 0 gett+ h>d2 b x (t5 got caught by ! fro/4 ,ne>ly e g>d5 own] made su* a second plant+2 x 01 inde$1 a usual practice 9 ! tribe4 ,cook+ ,fre% ,gre5 ,corn ,our usual way ( cook+ fre%1 gre5 corn1 0 to boil x 9 a kettle on ! cob4 ,fre%1 gre5 corn1 %ell$ f ! cob1 0 (t5 put 9 a corn mort> & p\nd$2 & !n boil$ )\t fats or meat4 ,prep>$ ?us1 x _h a sweet ta/e & smell2 mu* l t ( ! cann$ corn we buy ( ! trad]s4 ,%ell$ gre5 corn1 9 ! :ole gra91 0 also boil$ fre%1 mix$ ) beans & fats4 ,roa/+ ,e>s ,gre5 e>s 7 sometimes roa/$1 usually by an individual memb] ( ! family :o want$ a little *ange ( diet4 ,! wom5 ( my fa!r's family nev] prep>$ a full meal ( roa/$ e>s t ,i rememb]2 if any "o want$ roa/$1 fre%1 gre5 corn1 he prep>$ x himself4 ,:5 ,i want$ to roa/ gre5 corn ,i made a fire ( cottonwood & prep>$ a b$ ( coals4 ,i laid ! fre% e> on ! coals ) ! husk remov$4 ,z ! corn roa/$1 ,i roll$ ! e> g5tly to & fro ov] ! coals4 ,:5 prop]ly cook$ ,i remov$ ! e> & laid on ano!r4 ,z ! e> roa/$1 ! gre5 k]nels w\ld pop sometimes ) q a %>p s\nd4 ,if ?is popp+ noise 0 v l\d1 we w\ld laugh & say to ! "o roa/+ ! e>1 8,ah1 we see y h /ol5 t e> f "s o!r family's g>d560 ,gre5 corn 0 regul>ly tak5 out ( ! g>d5 to roa/ until fro/ came1 :5 x lo/ its fragrance & fre% ta/e4 ,to re/ore its fre%ness1 we w\ld take ! gre5 corn silk ( ! same pluck$ e> & rub ! silk well into ! k]nels ( ! e> z !y /ood 9 ! cob4 ,?is measurably re/or$ ! fre% ta/e & smell4 ,we did n d ?is if ! e> 0 to be boil$1 only if we int5d$ to roa/ x4 ,= gre5 corn1 boil$ & eat5 fre%1 we us$ all v>ieties except ! gummy2 = :5 gre5 !y ta/$ alike4 ,b = roa/+ e>s we ?\ght ! two yell[ v>ieties1 h>d & s(t1 7 ! be/4 ,mtua-lakapa ,a common di% made f gre5 corn 0 mtua-lakapa1 f mtua1 gre5 corn2 & lakapa1 mu%1 or some?+ mu%y2 ?us1 :eat fl\r mix$ ) wat] to a ?ick pa/e we call lakapa1 ev5 if unboil$4 ,rip5+ gre5 corn1 ) ! gra9 /ill s(t1 0 %ell$ (f ! cob ) ! tip ( ! ?umb or ) ! ?umb nail4 ,! %ell$ corn 0 p\nd$ 9 a mort> & boil$ ) beans2 x 0 flavor$ ) spr+ salt4 ,corn ,bread ,we also made a k9d ( corn bread f gre5 corn4 ,gre5 e>s 7 pluck$ & ! corn %ell$ (f ) ! ?umb nail1 s z n to break op5 ! k]nels4 ,boil$ gre5 corn c\ld be %ell$ ) a mussel %ell because boil+ t\gh5$ ! k]nels2 b unboil$ gre5 corn 0 %ell$ ) ! ?umb nail4 ,two or ?ree wom5 (t5 work$ at %ell+ ! corn z x 0 r t$i\s "w4 ,:5 en\gh ( ! corn _h be5 %ell$1 x 0 put 9 a corn mort> & p\nd$4 ,"s ( ! e>s 7 naturally long] ?an o!rs3 a numb] ( ^! _h be5 select$ & _! husks remov$4 ,"s ( ^! husks 7 n[ laid d[n side by side1 b ov]lapp+ l %+les1 until a %eet 0 made ab\t t5 in*es wide4 ,ano!r r[ ( husks 0 laid ov] ! fir/1 transv]sely to !m2 & s until f\r or five lay]s ( ! gre5 husks 7 made1 ea* ly+ transv]sely to ! lay] ( husks b5ea?4 ,! %ell$ corn1 p\nd$ almo/ to a pulp1 0 p\r$ out on ?is husk %eet1 & patt$ d[n ) ! h& to a loaf ab\t sev5 or eight in*es squ>e1 & an in* or two ?ick4 ,h[ev]1 ?is v>i$2 a girl w\ld make a mu* small] loaf ?an w\ld a woman prep>+ a mess = h] family4 ,! ends ( ! upp]mo/ lay] ( husks 7 n[ fold$ ov] ! top ( ! loaf1 leaf by leaf2 !n ! next lay] ( husks b5ea?2 & s until ! ends ( all ! husks 7 fold$ ov] ! top ( ! loaf1 q hid+ x4 ,two or ?ree husk leaves _h be5 split into /rips half an in* to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,^! /rips 7 ti$ toge!r to make b&s to b9d ! loaf4 ,?ree b&s pass$ ar\nd ! loaf ea* way1 or six b&s 9 all4 ,no grease nor fat1 nor any season+1 _h be5 add$ to ! loaf2 ! p\nd$ gre5 corn pulp 0 all t ent]$ into x4 ,! loaf made1 n[ came ! bak+4 ,! a%es 9 ! fire place 9 an e>? lodge lay q deep4 ,a cavity 0 dug into ^! a%es ab\t z deep z my h& is long4 ,into ! bottom ( ?is cavity live coals & hot a%es 7 rak$1 & ^u ^! ! loaf 0 laid2 a few a%es 7 rak$ ov] ! top1 & ^u ^! a%es live coals 7 heap$4 ,! loaf bak$ 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,we call$ ?is loaf naktsi1 or buri$-9-a%es-&-bak$4 ,s(t :ite & s(t yell[ corn 7 good v>ieties f :i* to make ?is buri$-&-bak$ corn1 z we call$ x4 ,dry+ ,gre5 ,corn = ,w9t] ,e ,hidatsa family put up a /ore ( dri$ gre5 corn = w9t]4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ,i prep>$ my family's /ore4 ,9 ! prop] season ,i w5t out into our g>d5 & broke (f ! e>s t ,i f\nd1 t 7 ( a d>k gre5 outside4 ,sometimes ,i ev5 broke op5 ! husks to see if ! e> 0 j "r2 b ?is 0 seldom1 z ,i c\ld tell v well by ! color & o!r signs ,i h describ$4 ,i w5t all ov] ! g>d51 pluck+ ! d>k gre5 e>s1 & putt+ !m 9 a pile 9 "s conv5i5t spot on ! cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,if ,i 0 close en\gh ,i toss$ ea* e> ^u ! pile z ,i pluck$ x2 b z ,i drew fur!r away1 ,i ga!r$ ! e>s into my basket & bore !m to ! pile4 ,i left (f pluck+ :5 ! pile conta9$ five basketfuls if ,i 0 work+ alone4 ,if two ( u 7 work+ we pluck$ ab\t t5 basketfuls4 ,gre5 corn = dry+ 0 always pluck$ 9 ! ev5+1 j be=e sunset2 & ! newly pluck$ e>s 7 let lie 9 ! pile all night1 9 ! op5 air4 ,! corn 0 n br\ght home on ! ev5+ ( ! pluck+1 because if kept 9 ! e>? lodge ov] night x w\ld n ta/e s fre% & sweet1 we ?\ght4 ,! next morn+ be=e breakfa/1 ,i w5t out to ! field & fet*$ ! corn to our lodge 9 ! village4 ,z ,i br\ght ! baskets into ! lodge1 ,i empti$ !m 9 a pile at ! place m>k$ ,b 9 figure #aa1 ne> ! fire4 ,sitt+ at ,a1 ,i n[ began husk+1 break+ (f ! husks f ea* e> 9 ?ree /rokes1 ?us3 ,) my h& ,i drew back half ! husk2 second1 ,i drew back ! o!r half2 ?ird1 ,i broke ! husk f ! cob4 ,! husks ,i put 9 a pile1 ,e1 to "o side4 ,no husk+ pegs 7 us$1 su* z y describe to me2 ,i c\ld husk q rapidly ) my b>e h&s4 ,z ! e>s 7 /ripp$1 !y 7 laid 9 a pile ^u "s ( ! disc>d$ husks1 spread = t purpose4 ,! fre%ly husk$ e>s made a pretty sight2 "s ( !m 7 big1 f9e ones1 & all _h plump1 %9y k]nels4 ,a twelve-r[ e> we ?\ght a big "o2 a few v big e>s _h f\rte5 r[s ( k]nels2 small] e>s _h n m ?an eight r[s4 ,two kettles1 mean:ile1 _h be5 prep>$4 ,"o m>k$ ,d 9 figure #aa1 0 set ^u coals 9 ! fireplace2 ! o!r1 ,c1 0 susp5d$ ov] ! fire by a *a9 atta*$ to ! dry+ pole4 ,! kettles held wat]1 :i* 0 n[ br\ght to a boil4 ,:5 en\gh corn 0 husk$ to fill "o ( ^! kettles1 ,i ga!r$ up ! e>s & dropp$ !m 9 ! boil+ wat]4 ,i wat*$ ! corn c>efully1 & :5 x 0 ab\t half cook$1 ,i lift$ ! e>s out ) a m\nta9 %eep horn spoon & laid !m on a pile ( husks4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa ,:5 all ! corn 0 cook$1 ,i load$ ! e>s 9 my basket & bore !m out ^u ! dry+ /age1 :]e ,i laid !m 9 r[s1 side by side1 ^u ! /age floor4 ,!re ,i left !m to dry ov] night4 ,! "w ( br++ 9 ! five basketfuls ( corn f ! field & boil+ ! e>s took all day1 until ev5+4 ,9 ! morn+ ! corn 0 br\ght into ! lodge aga94 ,a sk9 t5t cov] _h be5 spread on ! floor & ! half boil$ e>s 7 laid on x1 9 a pile4 ,i n[ sat on ! floor1 z an ,indian woman sits1 ) ankles to ! "r1 & ) ! edge ( ! t5t cov] drawn ov] my knees1 ,i took an e> ( ! half boil$ corn 9 my left h&1 hold+ x ) ! great] end t[>d me4 ,i _h a small1 po9t$ /ick2 & ?is ,i ran1 po9t =w>d1 d[n betwe5 two r[s ( k]nels1 ?us loos5+ ! gra9s4 ,! "r h& r[ ( ! two r[s ( loos5$ k]nels ,i n[ %ell$ (f ) my "r ?umb4 ,i !n %ell$ (f all ! o!r r[s ( k]nels1 "o r[ at a "t1 work+ t[>d ! left1 & roll+ ! cob ov] t[>d ! "r z ,i did s4 ,!re 0 ano!r way ( %ell+ half boil$ corn4 ,z be=e1 ,i w\ld run a %>p5$ /ick d[n two r[s ( k]nels1 loos5+ ! gra9s2 & ,i w\ld !n %ell !m (f ) sm>t1 quick /rokes ( a mussel %ell held 9 my "r h&4 ,we /ill %ell half boil$ corn 9 ?is way1 us+ l>ge spoons in/ead ( %ells4 ,!re 7 v few metal spoons 9 use 9 my tribe :5 ,i 0 a girl2 mussel %ells 7 us$ in/ead = mo/ purposes4 ,if :ile ,i 0 %ell+ ! corn1 a girl or woman came into ! lodge to visit1 %e w\ld sit d[n & l5d a h& :ile we *att$2 ?us ! %ell+ 0 soon done4 ,! %ell+ f9i%$1 ,i took an old t5t cov] & spread x on ! floor ( ! dry+ /age outside4 ,on ?is cov] ,i spread ! %ell$ corn to dry1 c>ry+ x up on ! /age 9 my basket4 ,at night ,i cov]$ ! dry+ corn ) old t5t sk9s to protect x f dampness4 ,! corn dri$ 9 ab\t f\r days4 ,:5 ! corn 0 well dri$1 ,i w9n[$ x4 ,?is ,i sometimes did on ! floor ( ! dry+ /age1 sometimes on ! gr\nd4 ,hav+ *os5 a day :5 a slight w9d 0 bl[+1 ,i fill$ a wood5 b[l f ! dri$ corn t lay heap$ on ! t5t cov]2 & hold+ ! b[l al(t ,i let ! gra9 p\r sl[ly f x1 t any *aff might be w9n[$ out4 ,! corn 0 n[ ready to be put 9 sacks = w9t]4 ,corn ?us prep>$ we call$ maadackih1 f adackih1 treat$-by-fire-b-n-cook$1 a ^w also us$ to designate food t has be5 prep>$ by smok+4 ,all v>ieties ( corn c\ld be prep>$ 9 ?is way4#aa ,! ,arik>as on ?is res]vation h a diff]5t way ( prep>+ & dry+ gre5 corn4 ,!y make a big heap ( dri$ will[s1 & ^u ^! lay ! e>s1 gre5 & fre%ly pluck$1 9 ! husk4 ,:5 all is ready1 !y set fire to ! will[s1 ?us roa/+ ! corn2 & !y (t5 roa/ a great pile ( corn at "o "t1 9 ?is way4 ,! roa/$ e>s are husk$ & %ell$1 & ! gra9 dri$1 = /or+4 ,corn t has be5 roa/$ 9 ! ,arik>a way1 dries mu* m quickly ?an t prep>$ by boil+4 ,( late ye>s "s ,m&an & ,hidatsa families occasionally roa/ _! corn 9 imitation ( ! ,arik>a way2 b ,i nev] saw ?is done 9 my y\?4 ,i d n l to eat food made ( ?is dri$1 roa/$ corn2 x is dirty6 ,,map,,di 7,,corn ,,smut7 ,mapdi ,mapdi is a black mass t gr[s 9 ! husk ( an e> ( corn2 x is :at y say :ite m5 call corn smut fungus4 ,sometimes an e> ( corn appe>s v plump1 or some:at swell$2 & :5 ! husk is op5$1 !re is no corn inside1 only mapdi1 or smut2 or sometimes "p ( ! e> w be f\nd ) a little gra9 at "o end1 & mapdi at ! o!r4 ,^! masses ( mapdi1 or corn smut1 t we f\nd gr[+ on ! e>1 we ga!r$ & dri$ = food4 ,!re is ano!r mapdi t gr[s on ! /alk ( ! corn4 ,x is n good to eat1 & 0 n ga!r$ up at ! h>ve/ "t4 ,! mapdi t gr[s on ! /alk is commonly f\nd at a place :]e ! /alk1 by "s accid5t1 has be5 half brok54 ,we look$ ^u ! mapdi t grew on ! corn e> z a k9d ( corn1 because x 0 borne on ! cob2 x 0 f\nd on ! e>s ! gra9 ( :i* 0 gr[+ solid1 or 0 ab\t ready to be eat5 z gre5 corn4 ,we did n f9d _m mapdi masses 9 "o g>d54 ,h>ve/ & ,uses ,we ga!r$ ! black masses & half boil$ & dri$ !m1 /ill on ! cob4 ,:5 well dri$1 !y 7 brok5 (f ! cob4 ,^! brok5 (f pieces we mix$ ) ! dri$ half boil$ gre5 corn1 & /or$ 9 ! same sack ) !m4 ,mapdi 0 cook$ by boil+ ) ! half-boil$ dri$ corn4 ,we did n eat mapdi fre% f ! g>d51 nor did we cook x sep>ately4 ,mapdi1 boil$ ) corn1 ta/$ good1 n sweet1 & n s\r4 ,i /ill foll[ ! cu/om ( my tribe & ga!r mapdi ea* ye> at ! corn h>ve/4 ,,! ,,ripe ,,corn ,,h>ve/ ,husk+ ,z ! corn 9 ! fields began to %[ signs ( rip5+1 ! p ( ,l-a-fi%hook village w5t hunt+ to get meat = ! husk+ fea/s4 ,?is meat 0 usually dri$2 b if a kill 0 made late 9 ! season1 ! meat 0 sometimes br\ght 9 fre%4 ,:5 ! corn 0 fully rip5$1 ! own]s ( a g>d5 w5t out ) baskets1 pluck$ ! e>s f ! /alks & pil$ !m 9 a heap ready = ! husk+4 ,! empty /alks 7 left /&+ 9 ! field4 ,a small family sometimes took z _m z ?ree days to ga!r & husk _! ripe corn2 ?is 0 because !re 7 n _m p]sons 9 ! family to d ! "w4 ,9 a big family1 l my fa!rs1 h>ve/+ 0 m spe$ily done4 ,we _h a l>ge g>d51 b we nev] sp5t m ?an "o day ga!r+ up ! corn1 :i* we pil$ 9 a heap 9 ! middle ( ! field4 ,! next day aft] ! corn 0 pluck$1 we gave a husk+ fea/4 ,we took out into ! field a great deal ( dri$ meat t my mo!rs _h already cook$ 9 ! lodge2 or we took ! dri$ meat into ! field & boil$ x 9 a kettle ne> ! corn pile4 ,we also boil$ corn on a fire ne> by4 ,! meat & corn 7 = ! fea/4 ,in/ead ( dri$ meat1 a family sometimes took out a side ( fre% buffalo meat & roa/$ x ov] a fire1 ne> ! corn pile4 ,hav+ !n arriv$ at ! field1 & />t$ a fire = ! fea/1 all ( our family :o _h come out to "w sat d[n & began to husk4 ,^w _h be5 s5t be=eh& t we 7 go+ to give a husk+ fea/1 & ! invit$ help]s soon appe>$4 ,!re 0 no p>ticul> "t set = _! com+1 b we expect$ !m 9 "o ( ! morn+ h\rs4#ab ,= ! mo/ "p ^! 7 "y m5 f n9ete5 to ?irty ye>s ( age1 b a few old m5 w\ld probably be 9 ! company2 & ^! 7 welcom$ & giv5 a %>e ( ! fea/4 ,!re might be tw5ty-five or ?irty ( ! "y m54 ,!y 7 paid = _! labor ) ! meat giv5 !m to eat2 & ea* c>ri$ a %>p /ick on :i* he skew]$ ! meat he c\ld n eat1 to take home4#ac ,! husk+ season 0 look$ ^u z a "t ( jollity2 & y\?s & maid5s dress$ & deck$ !mselves = ! occasion4 ,( c\rse ea* "y man gave p>ticul> help to ! g>d5 ( 8 swee!>t4 ,"s girls 7 m popul> ?an o!rs4 ,! "y m5 7 apt to vie ) "o ano!r at ! husk+ pile ( an attractive girl4 ,"s ( ! "y m5 rode ponies1 & :5 h] corn pile _h be5 husk$1 a y\? w\ld sometimes l5d 8 pony to 8 swee!>t = h] to c>ry home h] corn4 ,%e load$ ! pony ) loose e>s 9 bags1 b\nd on ei!r side ( ! saddle1 or ) /r+s ( braid$ corn laid ^u ! pony's back4 ,! husk+ season1 l ! gre5 corn season1 la/$ ab\t t5 days4 ,! "y m5 help$ fai?fully ea* day1 & :5 !y _h husk$ all ! corn 9 "o field1 !y mov$ to ano!r4 ,?us all ! corn piles 7 spe$ily husk$4 ,! husk+ 0 always done 9 ! field4 ,we nev] c>ri$ ! corn to ! village to be husk$1 z ! husks w\ld !n h dri$1 & hurt ! h&s ( ! husk]4 ,z we pluck$ ! e>s1 we pil$ !m 9 a heap 9 ! field1 to keep ! husks moi/ & s(t4#ad ,reject+ ,gre5 ,e>s ,z ! husk]s work$ !y 7 c>eful n to add any gre5 e>s to ! husk$ pile4 ,a gre5 e> w\ld turn black & spoil1 & be fit = no?+4 ,e husk] knew ?is2 & if a "y man 0 help+ ano!r family husk1 he laid 9 a little pile beside him1 any gre5 e>s t he f\nd4 ,^! gre5 e>s belong$ to him1 to eat or to fe$ to 8 pony4 ,la/ ye> a :ite man hir$ me to ga!r ! corn 9 8 field & husk x2 & ,i kept all ! gre5 e>s = myself1 = t is my cu/om4 ,i d n "k :e!r t :ite man lik$ x or n4 ,x may be he ?\ght ,i 0 /eal+ t gre5 corn2 b ,i 0 foll[+ ! cu/om t ,i le>n$ ( my tribe4 ,i am an ,indian2 if a :ite man hires me to d "w = him1 he mu/ expect t ,i w foll[ ,indian cu/om4 ,braid+ ,corn ,mo/ ( ! corn z x 0 husk$ 0 toss$ into a pile1 to be borne lat] to ! village4 ,?is 0 true ( all ! small] & less favor$ e>s3 ! be/ ( ! l>g] e>s 7 braid$ into /r+s4 ,z we husk$1 if a long e> ( good size & appe>ance 0 f\nd1 x 0 laid aside = braid+4 ,= ?is purpose ! husk 0 b5t back ^u ! /ub ( ! /alk on ! big end ( ! e>1 leav+ ! ?ree ?9 leaves t cl+ next to ! k]nels /ill ly+ on ! e> 9 _! natural position4 ,! "p ( ! husk t 0 b5t back 0 cut (f ) a knife2 ! ?ree ?9 leaves t rema9$ 7 n[ b5t back on ! e>1 & ! e> 0 laid aside4 ,ano!r e> 0 treat$ 9 ! same way & laid beside ! fir/1 also ) its ?9 leaves b5t back4 ,& ?us1 until a r[ ( e>s lay ext5d$ side by side ^u ! gr\nd1 all ! e>s ly+ po9t =w>d4 ,ano!r r[ 0 />t$2 & ! e>s1 also ly+ po9t =w>d & lean$ aga9/ ! fir/ r[1 7 laid s z to cov] ! ?9 b5t-back leaves ( ! fir/ r[1 to protect !m f ! sun4 ,z ! braid+ 0 done ) ^! ?9 leaves1 if !y 7 too dry--z ! sun 0 v apt to make !m--!y w\ld break4 ,:5 a quantity ( ^! e>s1 all ) ?9 husk leaves b5t back1 _h accumulat$1 "o ( ! husk]s pass$ !m to someone ( ! "y m51 :o braid$ !m2 or "o ( ! wom5 ( ! family own+ ! field might braid !m4 ,ev5 ) c>e ! ?9 leaves 7 sometimes too dry = ! braid] to h&le safely2 & he w\ld fill 8 m\? ) wat] & bl[ x ov] ! leaves4 ,fifty-f\r or fifty-five e>s 7 commonly braid$ to a /r+2 b ! numb] v>i$ m or less4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 we (t5 braid$ /r+s ( fifty-six or fifty-sev5 e>s4 ,i d n "k :y ?is numb] 0 *os52 b ,i ?9k ?is numb] ( e>s 0 ab\t ( a weight t a woman c\ld well c>ry & put ^u ! dry+ /age4 ,:5 ! /r+ 0 all braid$1 ! braid] took ei!r end 9 8 h&1 & plac+ 8 "r foot aga9/ ! middle ( ! /r+1 gave ! ends a sm>t pull4 ,?is /ret*$ & tight5$ ! /r+1 & made x look neat] & m f9i%$2 x also tri$ if !re might be any weak places 9 x4 ,we braid$ all v>ieties ( corn b two1 atki tsoki1 or h>d :ite1 & tsdi tsoki1 or h>d yell[4 ,^! v>ieties we reckon$ too h>d to p>*1 & = ?is reason !y 7 n braid$4 ,we did1 h[ev]1 sometimes p>* h>d yell[ to be p\nd$ up into meal = corn balls4 ,! /r+s ( braid$ corn 7 borne to ! village on ! backs ( ponies4 ,"s families laid t5 /r+s on a pony2 b 9 my fa!r's family we nev] laid on s _m1 believ+ x made too heavy a load = ! poor bea/4 ,! braid$ /r+s 7 hung to dry on ! dry+ /age ^u ! rail+ t lay 9 ! upp] =ks2 & if !re 0 ne$1 poles or dry+ rods 7 laid across ! rails & /r+s 7 hung ov] ^! also4#ae ,^! dry+ rods 7 laid across only :]e ! =ks support$ ! rails 7at ! same places ! /ay+ ?ongs 7 ti$71 = at ^! places ! /age c\ld bett] be> ! weight ( ! heavy /r+s ( corn2 ! dry+ rods 7 b\nd at ei!r end to ! rail+1 to /ay !m4 ,! ,small] ,e>s ,mean:ile ! small] & less favor$ e>s 7 be+ c>ri$ home 9 baskets4 ,x took ! memb]s ( my fa!r's family a :ole day1 & ! next day foll[+ until late 9 ! aft]noon1 to get ?is "w done4 ,ea* c>ri]1 z %e br\ght 9 a basket ( corn1 asc5d$ ! log ladd] ( ! /age & empti$ ! corn on ! /age floor4 ,"h ! corn lay 9 a long heap1 9 ! middle ( ! floor2 = a free pa? 0 always left ar\nd ! edge = u wom52 hav+ ?is pa? = our use1 we did n h to tread on ! corn z we mov$ ab\t4 ,also1 if a pony came 9 ) a load ( braid$ corn1 ! heavy /r+s c\ld be h&$ up to u wom5 on ! /age z we mov$ ar\nd 9 ?is free pa?4 ,z ,i n[ rememb]1 our family's husk$ corn :5 pil$ on ! /age floor1 made a heap ab\t eight y>ds long & f\r y>ds wide1 & ab\t f\r feet high 9 ! middle1 f :i* po9t ! pile slop$ d[n on all sides4 ,?is 0 ! loose corn1 ! small] e>s2 & besides ^! !re 7 ab\t "o hundr$ /r+s ( braid$ corn hung on ! rail+ above ! heap4 ,i give ^! measurem5ts1 judg+ z ne>ly z ,i c f ! size ( our dry+ /age1 & f our av]age ye>ly corn yield1 :5 ,i 0 a "y woman4 ,i ?9k ! figures are approximately accurate4 ,= ab\t eight days ! corn lay ?us 9 a long heap ^u ! /age4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! e>s on ! top ( ! heap _h become dry & smoo? & ?reat5$ to roll d[n ! sides ( ! pile4 ,we n[ took dry+ rods & laid !m along ! floor aga9/ ! po/s1 two or ?ree ( !m1 = ! :ole l5g? ( ! /age on ei!r side1 & on ! ends ( ! /age4 ,planks split f cottonwood trunks 7 lean$ aga9/ ^! dry+ rods1 on ! side next ! corn4 ,! corn heap 0 n[ spread ev5ly ov] ! floor ( ! dry+ /age = ! dep? ( ab\t a foot2 ! split planks prev5t$ ! dry smoo? e>s f slid+ (f ! /age4 ,! dry e>s _h a t5d5cy to roll or slide d[n ! sides ( ! corn pile1 z fre% e>s did n4 ,?is spread+ out ! corn heap ev5ly _h also ! effect ( /irr+ up ! und]ly+ e>s & expos+ !m to ! air4 ,if ra9 fell :ile ! corn 0 ?us dry+ on ! /age1 x gave u no conc]n4 ,! corn soon dri$ aga91 & no h>m 0 done x4 ,! corn1 spread ?us 9 an ev5 heap1 took ab\t ?ree m days to dry1 or elev5 days 9 all4 ,!n we began ?re%+4 ,dry+ ! ,braid$ ,e>s ,! /r+s ( braid$ corn hang+ on ! rails at ! top ( ! po/s ( ! dry+ /age1 dri$ mu* m quickly ?an ! loose e>s heap$ on ! /age floor4 ,! w9d1 rattl+ ! dry e>s ( ! /r+s toge!r1 0 apt to %ell out ! dry+ k]nels2 x 0 !re=e usual = u be=e ?re%+ "t to tie ^! braids toge!r s t ! w9d c\ld n rattle !m4 ,to d ?is ,i w\ld asc5d ! ladd] & make my way along ! edge ( ! /age floor1 mak+ places 9 ! corn ) my feet z ,i walk$1 s t my feet w\ld be on ! /age floor & n tread on ! dry+ corn4 ,i w\ld pu% t5 ( ! braid$ /r+s toge!r on ! rail or ! dry+ rod on :i* !y hung1 & tie !m by pass+ ar\nd !m a raw hide ?ong4 ,^! braid$ /r+s1 b\nd ?us 9 bundles ( t51 hung on ! /age until we 7 ready to /ore !m 9 ! ca*e pit2 & ?is we c\ld n d until we _h our ma9 h>ve/1 ! loose e>s1 ?re%$ & ready to /ore also4 ,,se$ ,,corn ,select+ ! ,se$ ,i h said t = braid+ corn we *ose ! longe/ & f9e/ e>s4 ,9 my fa!r's family we us$ to braid ab\t "o hundr$ /r+s1 "s ye>s less1 "s ye>s m1 z ! season _h be5 wet or dry2 = ! yield ( f9e e>s 0 always less 9 a dry ye>4 ,( ^! braid$ /r+s we select$ ! v be/ 9 ! spr+ = se$4 ,my mo!rs reckon$ t we %\ld ne$ five braid$ /r+s ( s(t :ite1 & ab\t ?irty e>s ( s(t yell[1 = se$4 ,( maikadicak1 or gummy1 we rais$ a little ea* ye>1 n mu*2 t5 e>s ( ?is1 = se$1 my mo!rs ?\ght 7 a pl5ty4 ,h>d :ite & h>d yell[ corn1 ,i h said1 7 n braid$1 because n us$ = p>*+4 ,= se$ ( ^! v>ieties1 "s good e>s 7 tak5 f ! dry+ pile on ! corn /age & /or$ 9 ! ca*e pit = ! next ye> ) loose gra9 ( ! same v>iety4 ,! e>s 7 n put 9 a sack1 b ?r[n 9 ) ! loose gra94 ,:5 ,i select$ se$ corn1 ,i *ose only good1 full1 plump e>s2 & ,i look$ c>efully to see if ! k]nels on any ( ! e>s _h black he>ts4 ,:5 t "p ( a k]nel ( corn :i* jo9s ! cob is black or d>k color$1 we say x has a black he>t4 ,?is imp]fection is caus$ by pluck+ ! e> :5 too gre54 ,a k]nel ) a black he>t w n gr[4 ,an e> ( corn has always small gra9s t[>d ! po9t ( ! cob1 & l>ge gra9s t[>d ! butt ( ! e>4 ,:5 ,i came to plant corn1 ,i us$ only ! k]nels 9 ! c5t] ( ! cob = se$1 reject+ bo? ! small & ! l>ge gra9s ( ! two ends4 ,se$ corn 0 %ell$ f ! cob ) ! ?umb2 we nev] ?re%$ x ) /icks4 ,sometimes we %ell$ an e> by rubb+ x aga9/ ano!r e>4 ,keep+ ,two ,ye>s' ,se$ ,corn kept = se$ w\ld be be/ to plant ! next spr+2 & x w\ld be f]tile1 & good to plant1 ! second spr+ aft] h>ve/+4 ,! ?ird ye> ! se$ 0 n s good2 & x did n come up v well4 ,! f\r? ye> ! se$ w\ld be dead & useless4 ,kn[+ t se$ corn kept good = at lea/ two ye>s1 x 0 my family's cu/om to ga!r en\gh se$ = at lea/ two ye>s1 9 seasons 9 :i* our crops 7 good4 ,"s ye>s1 9 spite ( c>eful hoe+1 our crops 7 poor2 ! e>s 7 small1 !re 0 n mu* gra9 on !m1 & :at gra9 !y bore 0 ( poor quality4 ,we did n l to save se$ out ( su* a crop4 ,also1 fro/ occasionally de/roy$ our crop1 or mo/ ( x4 ,:51 !re=e1 we _h a ye> ( good crops1 we put away se$ en\gh to la/ = two ye>s2 !n1 if ! next ye> yield$ a poor crop1 we /ill _h good se$ to plant ! ?ird season4 ,9 my fa!r's family we always obs]v$ ?is cu/om ( putt+ away se$ = two ye>s2 & we did ?is n only ( our corn1 b ( our squa% se$s1 beans1 sunfl[] se$s1 & ev5 ( our tobacco se$s2 = if ,i rememb] rightly1 ! tobacco fields 7 sometimes injur$ by fro/ j z 7 our corn fields4 ,n all families 9 our village 7 equally wise4 ,"s 7 q improvid5t1 & 7 n at all c>eful to save se$ f _! crops4 ,su* families1 9 ! spr+1 _h to buy _! se$ f families t 7 m provid5t4 ,sav+ a good /ore ( se$ 0 !re=e pr(itable 9 a way4 ,9 my fa!r's family we (t5 sold a good deal ( se$ 9 ! spr+ to families t want$4 ,! price 0 "o tann$ buffalo sk9 = "o /r+ ( braid$ se$ corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,corn /age ( ,butt]fly's wife ,?is /age lacks rail+s1 & is floor$ ,arik>a fa%ion ) a will[ mat4 ,a pile ( dry+ corn is se5 on ! /age floor4 ,9 ! anci5t villages1 :]e ! lodges 7 cr[d$ toge!r1 ! rail+s 7 always pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,owl ,woman p\nd+ corn into meal 9 a corn mort> ,ev5 to-day1 families on ?is res]vation come to me to buy se$ corn & se$ beans4 ,a h&ful ( beans1 en\gh = "o plant+1 ,i sell = "o calico--en\gh calico1 t is1 to make an ,indian woman a dress1 or ab\t t5 y>ds4 ,,?re%+ ,,corn ,! ,boo? ,! ?re%+ season 0 always a busy "o1 = all ! families ( ! village w\ld be ?re%+ _! corn at ! same "t4 ,corn 0 ?re%$ 9 a boo?1 "u ! dry+ /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab ,! figure has be5 r$rawn f sket*es by ,goodbird4 ,! orig9al is a /age n[ /&+ on ! res]vation1 b ) mat ( will[s = floor2 to ?is ,goodbird add$ a ?re%+ boo? z he saw us$ by 8 gr&mo!r :5 he 0 a boy4 ,goodbird's sket*es are closely foll[$1 except+ t ! floor ( slabs is re/or$4 ,! figure tallies 9 e respect ) ,buffalobird-woman's description1 & ! model made by h] = ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,to make ! boo?1 ,i began ) ! section at "o end ( ! /age4 ,z is %[n 9 figure #ab1 on ! po/s ,a & ,d1 & ,b & ,c1 7 b\nd two poles1 e & f1 at ab\t two feet bel[ ! /age floor2 ^u ^! 7 b\nd two o!r poles1 g & h2 ! poles e1 f1 & h 7 b\nd outside ( ! po/s t support$ !m4 ,a long raw hide ?ong 0 us$ = ! corn] ties4 ,! fir/ pole 0 rais$ 9 position & b\nd firmly to ! po/2 & if a second pole 0 to be laid ov] ! fir/--z 0 done at two ( ! corn]s--! ?ong 0 drawn up & made to b9d x also to ! po/4 ,we always kept a numb] ( ^! raw hide ?ongs 9 ! lodge aga9/ j su* uses z ?is2 !y 7 /rong1 & s]v$ e purpose ( ropes2 we oil$ !m to keep !m s(t4 ,a t5t cov] 0 n[ fet*$ out ( ! lodge4 ,t5ts 7 ( diff]5t sizes1 f ^? ( sev51 to ^? ( sixte5 buffalo c[ hides4 ,a woman us$ :atev] siz$ t5t cov] %e own$2 b a cov] ( ?irte5 sk9s 0 ( conv5i5t size4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac ,ar\nd ! curv$ bottom ( ! t5t cov] 0 a r[ ( holes1 ?r\gh :i* wood5 p9s 7 driv5 to peg ! t5t to ! gr\nd4 ,! t5t cov] 0 b\nd to ! f\r ov]-hang+ poles1 inside ( ! f\r po/s1 by means ( a long ?ong wov5 9 & out ?r\gh ! holes1 z %[n 9 figure #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad ,b\nd ?us to ! poles1 & q enclos+ ! space )9 !m1 ! t5t cov] made a k9d ( boo?4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! cov]1 includ+ ! smoke flaps1 t n[ hung sweep+ ! gr\nd1 7 drawn 9 & spread flat on ! gr\nd to make a floor = ! boo?2 & /ones laid ^u !m weight$ ! cov] aga9/ ! w+4 ,9 figure #ab ! f\r po/s1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 enclose "o section ( ! dry+ /age2 ! boo? did n enclose ! :ole gr\nd space ( ?is section1 b ab\t ?ree fif?s ( x4 ,figure #ad1 ,i ?9k1 w expla9 ! arrangem5t ( ! boo?4 ,! end corn]s1 ,x & ,y1 7 b\nd to opposite po/s1 ,m & ,n1 respectively1 ! lapp+ edges1 at ,o1 =m+ a door ?r\gh :i* ! ?re%]s ent]$ ! boo?2 ,p & ,p 7 b\nd to po/s at p & p2 ! f9al corn]1 ,m1 0 left unti$ until ! ?re%]s _h ent]$ & 7 ready to beg9 _! task4 7,comp>e ) figure #ab1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! po/s are diff]5tly lett]$47 ,be=e !y did ?is !y w5t above & remov$ ! planks & dry+ rods laid ar\nd ! edge ( ! /age floor1 & pu%$ ! corn back t[>d ! middle ( ! floor into a long heap aga91 t x might n fall ov] ! edge1 n[ t ! planks 7 tak5 away4 ,"o ( ! floor planks 0 n[ remov$1 at ,r4 ,?r\gh ! ap]ture ?us made1 corn 0 pu%$ d[n to left & "r ( ,r2 ?is 0 cont9u$ until !re 0 a pile ( corn j "u ! ap]ture1 & runn+ ! wid? ( ! boo?1 ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty in*es high4 ,! ?re%]s n[ ent]$ ! boo? & ti$ ! corn] at ,m1 clos+ ! door4 ,9 my fa!r's family !re 7 usually ?ree ?re%]s1 wom52 & !y sat 9 a r[ on ! floor ( ! boo?1 fac+ ! pile ( corn4 ,ea* woman _h a /ick = a flail1 ) :i* %e beat ! corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae ,flails 7 ( a% or cottonwood4 ,an a% flail w\ld be ab\t ?ree & a half feet long & f ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* to an in* 9 diamet]1 & 0 cut gre54 ,a cottonwood flail 0 seldom us$ gre52 & z x 0 !re=e light] ?an ! gre5 a%1 a cottonwood flail 0 a little great] 9 diamet]1 b ( ! same l5g?4 ,we 7 c>eful t a flail %\ld n be too heavy1 le/ x break ! k]nels 9 ! ?re%+4 ,k9ik9ik /icks 7 sometimes us$ = flails4 ,a diagram 7figure #ae7 has be5 drawn to illu/rate h[ ,i work$ 9 a ?re%+ boo? :5 ,i 0 a "y woman4 ,z %[n1 ,i sat on ! extreme left2 "o ( my mo!rs & my si/] sat z indicat$1 on my "r4 ,m ?an ?ree seldom work$ 9 a ?re%+ boo? at ! same "t1 at lea/ 9 our family2 h[ev]1 ,i h kn[n my si/]1 ,n-fro/1 to make a f\r?4 ,i h ev5 kn[n five to be ?re%+ 9 ! boo? ( "s o!r family 9 ! village1 b nev] m ?an five4 ,to ?re% ! corn1 ,i rais$ my flail & br\ght x d[n sm>tly1 b n sev]ely1 ^u ! pile ( corn4 ,! gra9 z x 0 ?us beat5 (f ! dry cobs w\ld fall by its own weight into ! pile1 & "w its way to ! bottom2 :ile ! light] cobs w\ld come to ! top ( ! pile4 ,beat+ ! e>s ) ! flails caus$ _m ( ! k]nels to leap & fly ab\t2 b ! t5t cov]1 enclos+ ! boo?1 caught all ^! fly+ k]nels4 ,x 01 inde$1 = ?is t ! boo? 0 built4 ,z ! cobs1 beat5 empty ( gra91 accumulat$ on ! pile1 we drew !m (f & ca/ !m out ( ! door ( ! boo? ^u a t5t cov]1 spread to receive !m1 "u ! middle section ( ! /age4 ,_m ( ^! cobs _h a few small gra9s cl++ to !m2 & ^! mu/ be sav$1 = we wa/$ no?+4 ,hav+ paus$ !n to ?r[ out ! cobs1 we return$ to ! pile & ?ru/ our flails 9 "u x1 draw+ !m upw>d ?r\gh ! corn1 ?us work+ ! un?re%$ e>s to ! top4 ,z mu* z we c\ld1 we tri$ to keep ! un?re%$ e>s 9 ! middle ( ! pile1 & ! ?re%$ gra9 pu%$ to "r & left1 z w be se5 by /udy+ ! diagram4 ,to ?re% "o pile1 or fill+ ( corn 9 a boo?1 took a half day's "w4 ,ord] ( ! ,day's ,"w ,our habit 0 to beg9 q e>ly 9 ! morn+1 enclose ! boo? ) ! t5t cov]1 & set to "w ?re%+2 f9i%+ ! fir/ fill+1 or pile1 ab\t midday4 ,9 ! aft]noon we began a second pile1 fir/ heap+ ! already ?re%$ gra9 to "r & left1 & beh9d ! ?re%]s4 ,i h said t on ! gr\nd "u ! second section ( ! /age1 a second t5t cov] 0 spread to cat* ! cobs4 ,a "p ( ?is t5t cov] 0 drawn 9 "u ! edge ( ! boo? to help c>pet ! floor ( ! boo?4 ,at ! end ( ! day we turn$ our att5tion to ! pile ( cobs2 & ) our ?umbs we %ell$ (f e gra9 t clung to ! cobs4 ,f ! cobs ( a day's ?re%+ we collect$ ab\t z _m gra9s ( corn z w\ld fill a :ite man's hat4 ,?is 0 tak5 into ! boo? & ?r[n on ! pile ( ?re%$ gra94 ,we n[ dispos$ ( ! gra9 = ! night4 ,if we _h gott5 ?r\gh ?re%+ r e>ly 9 ! day1 we bore ! newly ?re%$ gra9 9 baskets into ! lodge1 & empti$ x into a bull boat4 ,if we _h gott5 ?r\gh our ?re%+ r late 9 ! day1 we made ! door ( ! boo? tight1 & left ! gra9 on ! boo? floor ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,! ,cobs ,! day's ?re%+ ov]1 we att5d$ to ! cobs4 ,i h said t we %ell$ (f any k]nels t clung to !m aft] ?re%+1 s t !y 7 n[ q clean ( gra94 ,all day long1 z we ?re%$1 we _h wat*$ t no horses got at ! cobs to trample & nibble !m1 or t any dog ran ov] !m1 or any *ildr5 play$ 9 !m4 ,!n1 9 ! ev5+1 if ! wea!r 0 f9e1 & !re 0 little w9d1 "o ( my mo!rs or ,i c>ri$ ! cobs outside ( ! village to a grassy place & heap$ !m 9 a pile ab\t five feet high4 ,a pile ( cobs ( su* a height ,i usually ga!r$ f a day's ?re%+4 ,9 our prairie c\ntry1 on a fair day1 ! w9d usually dies d[n ab\t sunset2 & n[1 :5 ! air 0 /ill1 ,i fir$ ! cob pile4 ,z ! pile began to burn1 ,i c\ld usually see ! burn+ cob piles ( two or ?ree o!r families light+ up ! ga!r+ dusk4 ,i _h to /ay & wat* ! fire1 to keep any mis*iev\s boys f com+ to play 9 ! burn+ heap4 ,*ildr5 ( f t5 to fifte5 ye>s ( age 7 q a pe/ at cob-fir+ "t4 ,!y _h a k9d ( game !y 7 fond ( play+4 ,ea* w\ld cut a long1 flexible1 gre5 /ick1 & at ! edge ( ! ,miss\ri he w\ld get a ball ( wet mud & /ick x on 8 /ick4 ,he w\ld try to approa* "o ( ! burn+ piles1 & ) 8 /ick1 slap ! mud ball sm>tly into ! burn+ coals1 "s ( :i*1 /ill gl[+1 w\ld /ick 9 ! wet mud4 ,us+ ! /ick z a sl+1 ! *ild w\ld ?r[ ! mud ball into ! air1 aim+ (t5 at ano!r *ild4 ,o!r *ildr5 w\ld be ?r[+ mud balls at "o ano!r at ! same "t1 & ^!1 ) ! bits ( gl[+ *>coal cl++ to !m1 w\ld g sail+ ?r\gh ! air l %oot+ />s4 ,kn[+ v well t ! *ildr5 w\ld get into my burn+ cobs if ,i ev5 turn$ my back1 ,i 0 c>eful to /ay by to wat*4 ,at la/ ! fire _h burn$ d[n & ! coals 7 dead2 & no?+ 0 left b a pile ( a%es4 ,x 0 n[ night1 & ,i w\ld g home4 ,e>ly ! next morn+1 be=e ! prairie w9ds _h aris51 ,i w\ld g out aga9 to my a% heap4 ,on ! top ( ! a%es1 if no?+ _h di/urb$ !m 9 ! night & an unexpect$ w9d _h n bl[n !m ab\t1 ,i w\ld f9d a ?9 cru/ _h =m$4 ,?is cru/ ,i c>efully broke & ga!r$ up ) my f+]s1 squeez+ ! pieces 9 my h& into little lumps1 or balls4 ,sometimes ,i 0 able to ga!r f\r or five ( ^! little balls f "o pile ( a%es2 b nev] m ?an five4 ,^! balls ,i c>ri$ home4 ,!re 7 always sev]al baskets hang+ 9 ! lodge1 ready = any use we might want ( !m2 & x 0 our habit to keep "s dri$ buffalo he>t sk9s1 or "s dri$ buffalo paun* sk9s1 9 ! lodge1 = wrapp]s1 mu* z :ite families keep wrapp+ pap] 9 ! h\se4 ,! a% balls ,i wrapp$ up 9 "o ( ^! sk9s1 into a package1 be+ c>eful n to break ! balls4 ,i put ! package 9 "o ( ! baskets1 to hang up until !re 0 occasion = its use4 ,^! a% balls 7 us$ = season+4 ,i h expla9$ else:]e h[ we us$ spr+ salt to season our boil$ corn2 & t e day 9 ! lodge1 we ate mdkpa1 or p\nd$ dri$ ripe corn boil$ ) beans4 ,b 9 ! fall1 in/ead ( season+ ?is di% ) spr+ salt1 or alkali salt z y call x1 we pref]r$ to use ?is season+ ( a% cru/4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 = ea* meal ( mdkpa we fill$ ! corn mort> ?ree times1 two-&-a-half d\ble h&fuls ( corn mak+ "o fill+ ( ! mort>4 ,ea* "t we fill$ ! mort>1 we dropp$ 9 ) ! corn a little ( ! a% cru/1 a bit ab\t z big z a :ite *ild's m>ble4 ,f9ally1 a piece ab\t z big1 or p]haps a little l>g]1 0 also dropp$ into ! boil+ pot4 ,we ,indians 7 fond ( ?is season+2 & we lik$ x mu* bett] ?an we did our spr+ salt4 ,we did n use spr+ salt1 inde$1 if we _h a% balls 9 ! lodge4 ,we call$ ^! a% balls mdkpa isp1 or mdkpa d>k5]4 ,we did n make a% balls if ! dogs or horses _h trampl$ on ! cobs2 or if *ildr5 _h muss$ 9 ! fire2 nor w\ld we make a% balls if ! day _h n be5 r calm1 = a high w9d 0 sure to bl[ du/ into ! cobs4 ,we burn$ cobs & collect$ a% balls aft] e ?re%+ day1 unless h9d]$ by /orm or high w9d4 ,b ev5 if ! h>ve/ 0 a good "o1 ! a% balls t we got f ! burn$ cobs = season+ nev] la/$ long4 ,we 7 s fond ( season+ our food ) !m t e family _h us$ up its /ore be=e ! autumn _h pass$4 ,w9n[+ ,i h said t aft] ! day's ?re%+ we /or$ ! newly ?re%$ gra9 = ! night1 ei!r 9 ! boo? or 9 a bull boat 9 ! e>? lodge2 & t we !n fir$ ! cobs t _h accumulat$ dur+ ! day4 ,! next morn+ we spread an old t5t cov] outside ! lodge1 ne> ! dry+ /age2 & we fet*$ ! loose gra9 ( ! previ\s day's ?re%+ out ( ! boo?1 or ! e>? lodge & spread x ev5ly & ?9ly ^u ! t5t cov]4 ,! gra9 0 "h left to dry until ev5+4 ,a little be=e sunset1 & be=e ! prairie w9d _h di$ d[n1 we fet*$ baskets & w9n[$ ! gra94 ,! basket 0 half fill$ ) gra91 held al(t1 & ! gra9 p\r$ g5tly out 9 ! w9d4 ,wood5 b[ls 7 (t5 us$ = w9n[+1 in/ead ( baskets2 b !y did n hold z mu* gra94 ,! w9n[+ ov]1 ,i w\ld take up a few gra9s ( ! corn to te/ ) my tee?4 ,if1 :5 ,i bit a k]nel 9 two1 x broke ) a %>p1 snappy s\nd1 ,i knew x 0 q dri$2 if x broke dull & s(t1 ,i knew ! gra9 ne$$ ano!r day's dry+2 b at ! mo/1 ?is second day's dry+ 0 en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af ,! w9n[$ gra91 n[ well dri$1 0 borne into ! e>? lodge & /or$ tempor>ily 9 bull boats4 ,9 ! diagram 7figure #af71 is %[n :]e ! bull boats full ( gra9 us$ to /& 9 my fa!r's lodge4 ,"s ye>s our h>ve/ fill$ ?ree bull boats ( ?re%$ gra92 "s ye>s x fill$ five4 ,9 ! ye> illu/rat$ by ?is diagram1 !re 7 ?ree bull boats /&+ betwe5 ! planks at ! left ( ! door1 & ! fire2 & two bull boats on ! o!r side ( ! fire1 all full ( gra94 ,! ?re%$ gra91 ,i h said1 receiv$ its f9al dry+ & w9n[+ ^u a t5t cov] 7or cov]s7 spread on ! gr\nd ne> ! e>? lodge4 ,x 0 my own habit always to spread ^! t5t cov]s beside ! dry+ /age on ! side f>!/ away f ! lodge4 ,h[ev]1 ! p>ticul> spot :]e ! w9n[+ 0 done1 0 det]m9$ by ! conv5i5ce ( ! h\sehold4 ,we did n usually ?re% consecutive days4 ,we ?re%$ "o day2 dri$ ! gra9 & w9n[$ x ! second2 & ?re%$ aga9 ! ?ird day4 ,remov+ ! ,boo? ,dur+ ^! days ! boo? did n rema9 always 9 "o place4 ,:5 ! corn on ! floor ( ! fir/ section _h all be5 ?re%$1 ! boo? 0 remov$ to ano!r section4 ,i w n[ expla9 h[ ?is 0 done4 ,9 figure #ag my son has diagram$ ! floor plan ( my mo!rs' /age & ?re%+ boo?1 z ,i rememb] !m4 ,! /age /&s 9 front ( ,small ,ankle's lodge1 :i* faces t[>d ! we/4 ,! /age is divid$ into ?ree sections1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,! po/s ^u :i* ! floor ( ! /age re/s are d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 i1 j1 k4 ,! boo? 0 fir/ rais$ "u section ,a1 bas$ ^u fg & enclos+ gr\nd space lmfg4 ,sometimes we got up e>ly1 b\nd ! poles to ! po/s & erect$ our boo? be=e breakfa/2 !n aft] we _h eat51 ?ree or f\r ( u w\ld g out to ?re%1 "o fir/ go+ up to pu% d[n ! corn4 ,%e rais$ a plank along ! side1 fg1 j )9 ! boo?2 ?is1 if ! door ( ! boo? 0 on ! side lm4 ,! corn on ! floor ( ! /age 9 section ,a 0 !n %ov$ d[n z want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag ,gr\nd plan ( e>? lodge "h accompanies t ( /age to %[ relative positions ( ! two /ructures4 ,! /age always /ood1 z "h1 directly be=e ! lodge entrance4 ,! figures are drawn to scale4 ,! corn pu%$ d[n = "o ?re%+1 made a pile runn+ ! wid? ( ! boo?1 & ab\t =ty in*es wide & tw5ty in*es high4 ,:5 ! pile 0 ?re%$ "o ( ! wom5 w5t up & %ov$ d[n ano!r pile4 ,! corn 9 "o section 0 ?re%$ 9 ab\t ?ree su* piles4 ,sometimes1 if we work$ h>d & _h pl5ty ( help1 we ?re%$ "o :ole section 9 "o day2 b ! beat+1 beat+1 beat+ ( ! corn 0 h>d "w1 & we m (t5 /opp$ :5 we>i$ & re/$ until ! next day4 ,i h already said t we (t5 sp5t ! next day at ! light] "w ( dry+ & w9n[+4 ,:5 ! corn 9 section ,a 0 all ?re%$1 ! boo? 0 mov$ ov] "u ! floor ( section ,b1 enclos+ fgno2 & aga9 a plank 0 tak5 up to let d[n ! corn4 ,n[ ?is plank 0 always tak5 up above ! side ( ! boo? opposite ! door2 & ! door 0 always plac$ d[n w9d4 ,?us1 if ! w9d 0 f ! nor?1 ! door w\ld be plac$ on ! s\? side ( ! boo?1 & ! plank 0 tak5 up on ! nor? side1 j )9 ! boo?4 ,corn 0 always ?re%$ 9 ! boo? on ! side opposite ! door4 ,sections ,a & ,b ( my mo!rs' /age1 z %[n 9 diagram 7figure #ag7 conta9$ only yell[ corn4 ,section ,c1 or a "p ( x1 conta9$ :ite corn4 ,braid$ /r+s ( corn 7 also hung all ar\nd ! rail+ above1 b ^! 7 n to be ?re%$4 ,section ,b hav+ be5 ?re%$1 ! boo? 0 remov$ to section ,c1 enclos+ hiqp4 ,i h said t ?is section _h :ite corn4 ,n[ ?is :ite corn 0 pil$ t[>d ! s\? end ( ! /age2 & betwe5 x & ! yell[ corn 0 left a n>r[ vacant place on ! floor4 ,above ?is vacant place1 meat 0 (t5 dri$2 b ?is meat 0 remov$ :5 we 7 ready to ?re%4 ,plac+ ! boo? to enclose hiqp1 directly "u ! vacant place1 made x easy = u to raise a plank "h to pu% d[n ! :ite corn4 ,if we _h plac$ ! boo? on ! s\? end ( ?is section1 we %\ld h _h to dig into ! corn pil$ "h1 9 ord] to raise a plank4 ,our family's ?re%+ la/$ ab\t five days 9 a ye> ( good yield2 if ! ye> 0 a poor "o1 ?re%+ la/$ only two or ?ree days4 ,?re%+ ,braid$ ,corn ,! /r+s ( braid$ corn 7 /or$ 9 ! ca*e pit 7:i* ,i w describe lat]7 9 ! :ole e>4 ,if1 dur+ ! w9t]1 or ! foll[+ spr+1 ,i want$ to ?re% a /r+ ( braid$ corn1 ,i put ! :ole /r+ into a sk9 sack2 & ?is sack ,i beat & %ook1 turn+ x ov] & ar\nd until all ! gra9 _h fall5 (f ! cobs4 ,! sack 0 !n empti$4 ,am\nt ( ,h>ve/ ,our h>ve/$ corn1 9 a good ye>1 la/$ my fa!r's family until ! next h>ve/1 ) a small quantity ev5 !n unus$4 ,"s ye>s we ran out ( corn be=e ! h>ve/ came1 b n (t54 ,we ate our corn z long z x la/$1 n husb&+ x t[>d ! la/1 because we knew !re 7 elk & buffalo & antelope to be _h = ! hunt+4 ,if we ran out ( corn at all1 x 0 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/2 sometimes a little e>li]4 ,sometimes :5 we _h eat5 all our la/ ye>'s h>ve/ !re 0 a small quantity f ! previ\s season's h>ve/ ) :i* we ek$ out our %ortage4 ,my mo!rs1 h[ev]1 7 indu/ri\s wom51 & our %ortage1 if any1 0 nev] = long4 ,"s families1 n v provid5t1 _h consum$ all _! h>ve/ z e>ly z 9 ! spr+2 b su* nev] happ5$ 9 my fa!r's family4 ,si\x ,pur*as+ ,corn ,! ,/&+ ,rock ,si\x us$ to buy corn ( u1 com+ up 9 midsumm]1 or autumn4 ,!y came n because !y 7 9 ne$ ( food1 b because !y lik$ to eat our corn1 & _h always meat & sk9s to trade to u4 ,= "o /r+ ( braid$ corn !y gave u "o tann$ buffalo robe4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,corn ,description ( ,v>ieties ,we rais$ n9e well m>k$ v>ieties ( corn 9 our village4 ,foll[+ are ! names ( ! v>ieties3 ,atki tsoki ,h>d :ite 7,:ite h>d7 ,atki ,s(t :ite 7,:ite7 ,tsdi tsoki ,h>d yell[ 7,yell[ h>d7 ,tsdi tapa ,s(t yell[ 7,yell[ s(t7 ,makadicak ,gummy 7,gummy7 ,dohi ,blue 7,blue7 ,hici cpi ,d>k r$ 7,r$ d>k7 ,hitsiica ,light r$ 7,light-r$7 ,atki aku hitsiica ,p9k top 7,:ite1 k9d ( light r$7 ,our ,hidatsa ^w = corn is koxati2 b 9 speak+ ( any v>iety ( corn1 ! "w koxati is commonly omitt$4 ,9 l mann]1 atki means :ite2 b if "o w5t into a lodge & ask$ = 8atki0 x 0 always und]/ood to mean s(t :ite corn4 ,( ! n9e v>ieties1 ! atki1 or s(t :ite1 0 ! k9d mo/ rais$ 9 our village4 ,! makadicak1 or gummy1 0 lea/ rais$1 z almo/ its only use 0 9 mak+ corn balls4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 we rais$ two k9ds ( corn1 tsdi tsoki1 or h>d yell[2 & atki1 or s(t :ite4 ,! names ( ! v>ieties sugge/ pretty well _! *>act]i/ics4 ,! atki aku hitsiica1 or :ite-)-light-r$1 0 m>k$ by a light r$ or p9k color t[>d ! top or be>d end ( ! e>4 ,! "n p9k-top :i* y sugge/ = ?is v>iety w1 ,i ?9k1 d = an ,engli% "n1 if ! lit]al translation ( ! ,indian t]m is1 z y say1 r clumsy4 ,we plant$ ea* v>iety ( corn sep>ately4 ,we ,indians und]/ood p]fectly ! ne$ ( keep+ ! /ra9s pure1 = ! diff]5t v>ieties _h n all ! same uses ) u4 ,h[ ,corn ,travels ,we ,indians knew t corn c travel1 z we say2 ?us1 if ! se$ plant$ 9 "o field is ( :ite corn1 & t 9 an adjo9+ field is ( "s v>iety ( yell[ corn1 ! :ite w travel to ! yell[ corn field1 & ! yell[ to ! :ite corn field4 ,p]haps y d n und]/& :at ,i mean by corn travel+4 ,well1 let u suppose t !re are two fields ly+ side by side1 ! "o 9 yell[1 ! o!r 9 :ite corn4 ,:5 ! corn ( ! two fields is ripe1 & ! e>s are op5$1 x w be f\nd t _m ( ! e>s 9 ! yell[ r[s t /& ne>e/ ! :ite field w h :ite k]nels /&+ 9 ! cob2 also1 9 ! r[s ( :ite corn t /& ne>e/ ! yell[ field1 !re w be _m e>s ) yell[ k]nels mix$ 9 ) ! :ite k]nels4 ,we ,indians did n "k :at p[] x 0 t causes ?is4 ,we only knew t x 0 s4 ,we also knew t :5 a field /&s alone1 away f o!r fields1 & is plant$ ) :ite corn1 x w gr[ up 9 :ite corn only2 !re w n be any yell[ gra9s 9 ! e>s4 ,& s ( any o!r v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah ,sometimes two wom51 own+ adjo9+ fields1 w\ld make an agreem5t2 !y w\ld divide _! fields into sections & plant ! correspond+ sections on opposite sides ( ! division l9e alike4 ,?us 9 ! diagram 7figure #ah71 ,a & ,a may be plant$ 9 a v>iety ( yell[ corn2 ,b & ,b may be plant$ 9 beans & squa%es2 & ,c & ,c may be plant$ 9 a v>iety ( :ite corn2 b ev5 ?is did n make s v mu* diff]5ce2 /ill ! corn travel$4 ,we ?\ght t p]haps ! reason ( ?is 0 t ! gr\nd "h 0 s(t1 or mell[$ & brok5 by cultivation4 ,we ?\ght corn c\ld n travel readily ov] h>d1 or unbrok5 gr\nd2 & z y notice 9 ! diagram1 al?\gh ! two pat*es ( yell[ corn are sep>at$ f ! :ite corn by ! two pat*es ( squa%es & beans1 yet ! beans & squa%es are 9 s(t1 or cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,we ?\ght corn travel$ m easily ov] s(t gr\nd4 ,h[ev]1 we really did n "k :at made corn travel2 we j knew t x did4 ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,v>ieties ,atki ,tsoki ,i ?9k t p]haps at fir/1 !re 0 b "o v>iety ( corn1 atki tsoki1 or h>d :ite2 & t all o!r v>ieties h sprung f x4 ,i "k t :5 we plant h>d :ite se$1 e>s (t5 develop t %[ color 9 ! gra94 ,sometimes e>s are produc$ be>+ p9k gra9s t[>d ! be>d end ( ! cob2 su* e>s we call iputa 7top7 hitsiica 7p9k72 t is1 p9k top1 or light-r$ top4 ,9 color ^! e>s diff]$ 9 no wise f atki aku hitsiica4 ,h>d :ite 0 v g5]ally rais$1 ne>ly e family 9 ! tribe hav+ a field ( x4 ,!re 7 two *ief di%es *iefly prep>$ f h>d :ite corn2 ^! ,i w n[ describe4 ,mpi ,nakapa4 ,i put wat] 9 a pot1 & 9 ?is ,i dropp$ a section ( a /r+ ( dri$ squa%1 ) "s beans4 ,dri$ squa% 0 always /rung on long grass /r+s2 & hav+1 f "o ( ^! /r+s1 cut (f a piece ,i ti$ ! ends toge!r1 mak+ a wrea?1 or r+1 f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 ?is r+ ( dri$ squa% slices t ,i dropp$ into ! pot4 ,:5 well boil$1 ,i lift$ ! squa% slices out by ! /r+ & dropp$ !m into a wood5 b[l1 :]e ,i ma%$ !m & *opp$ !m f9e ) a horn spoon4 ,! ma%$ squa% ,i dropp$ back into ! kettle aga91 ) ! beans2 ! n[ empty /r+ ,i ?rew away4 ,mean:ile corn _h be5 p>*$1 & "s buffalo fats _h be5 held ov] ! coals on a /ick1 to roa/4 ,! p>*$ corn & roa/ fats ,i p\nd$ toge!r 9 ! corn mort>2 & ! p\nd$ mass ,i /irr$ into ! kettle4 ,! mess 0 n[ ready to be eat54 ,?is di% we call$ mpi-nakapa1 or p\nd$-meal mu%2 f mpi1 some?+ p\nd$1 & nakapa1 mu%1 some?+ mu%y4 ,! di% 0 especially a morn+ meal2 aft] eat+ x we />t$ to "w4 ,mnakapa4 ,a second way ( prep>+ h>d :ite corn 0 z foll[s3 ,i p\nd$ ! corn 9 a mort> to a meal1 b )\t fir/ p>*+ x4 ,mo/ ( ?is meal 0 f9e1 b !re 7 _m co>s] bits 9 x1 "s ( !m z big z qu>t] gra9s ( corn4 ,wat] 0 put 9 a kettle2 ,i add$ ! p\nd$ meal1 & :5 x boil$ put 9 beans4 ,no fats 7 add$4 ,z ! mess boil$4 ,i /irr$ x ) a wood5 paddle to prev5t scor*+2 ,i did n /ir ) a horn spoon z ! hot wat] s(t5$ & spoil$ ! horn4 ,:5 well boil$1 ! mess 0 s]v$4 ,we call$ ?is di% mnakapa4#af ,a season+ ( spr+ salt1 z we call$ x1 0 (t5 add$4 ,a small palmful ( ! salt 0 mix$ ) a little wat] 9 a horn spoon2 ?is dissolv$ ! salt & let ! s& & dirt drop to ! bottom4 ,! dissolv$ salt 0 p\r$ (f ?r\gh ! f+]s1 held to ! m\? ( ! horn spoon2 ?is /ra9$ out ! s& & dirt4 ,! salt turn$ ! mu% slightly yell[4 ,z ! s(t mu% boil$ up 9 ! cook+1 we 7 fond ( dipp+ a horn spoon into x1 & lick+ (f ! back ( ! spoon4 ,?is 0 especially a *ildr5's habit4 ,also at morn+ & ev5+ meals we ate h>d :ite corn p>*$ & mix$ ) fats2 or mdpozi i'tia1 boil$ :ole corn4 ,atki ,?is is a s(t1 or z y call x1 a fl\r corn1 & 0 p]haps ! favorite v>iety gr[n by u4 ,! ^w atki means :ite2 b :5 appli$ to corn we translate s(t :ite1 to di/+ui% f atki tsoki1 or h>d :ite4 ,! use ( atki1 or s(t :ite1 0 v g5]al1 s9ce x c\ld be made into almo/ e k9d ( corn food us$ by u4 8,x is ! "o v>iety10 we us$ to say1 8t c be us$ 9 any & e way40 ,s(t :ite corn1 p>*$ & p\nd$ into a meal1 0 boil$ ) squa% & beans to make mpi nakapa4 ,! unp>*$ gra9 0 p\nd$ = meal to make mnakapa2 b al?\gh good1 we did n ?9k ! mu% made f s(t :ite meal 0 z good z t f ! h>d :ite corn meal4 ,boil$ ,corn ,ball4 ,a less frequ5t di% made f s(t :ite corn 0 boil$ corn balls2 x 0 made only f ! dri$ ripe gra94 ,i p\nd$ a quantity ( gra9 into meal1 & p\r$ ! meal into a pot hav+ hot wat]--b n too mu* wat]--/irr+ x well ab\t4 ,i n[ lift$ out "s ( ! mass into my left palm & patt$ x d[n ) my "r1 mak+ a cake ab\t z big ar\nd z a bak+ p[d] biscuit1 b n s ?ick4 ,?is cake ,i dropp$ into a pot ( boil+ wat]1 :]e x sank to ! bottom4 ,i cont9u$ until ! pot 0 full1 or until ,i _h all ,i wi%$ to cook4 ,no salt or o!r season+ 0 add$4 ,z ! pot boil$1 "o c\ld see ! corn cakes move ar\nd 9 ! wat]2 b !y nev] float$1 nor did !y break ap>t4 ,! boil+ la/$ ab\t an h\r4 ,9 old5 days we ate ^! corn balls alone2 n[ we m (t5 eat !m ) c(fee4 ,tsdi ,tsoki & ,tsdi ,tap ,! two v>ieties ( tsdi1 or gold5 yell[ corn1 c\ld be p\nd$ & boil$ to make mu%1 or mdakapa2 or !y c\ld be boil$ :ole1 to make mdpozi i'tia4 ,mdpozi ,i'tia4 ,= ?is di% ,i put ! %ell$ ripe gra91 ) fats1 9 a pot & boil$ !m until ,i saw ! k]nels break op52 !n ,i add$ beans1 & :5 ^! 7 boil$1 ! mess 0 s]v$4 ,?is di% we call$ mdpozi i'tia4 ,i d n "k ! d]ivation ( mdpozi2 i'tia means l>ge4 ,i ?9k y c translate 8corn boil$ :ole40 ,h>d yell[ & s(t yell[ corn1 roa/$ 9 ! gre5 e>1 ta/$ sweet1 z if a little sug> 7 9 !m4 ,especially 0 ?is true at ! "t :5 k]nels 7 beg9n+ to turn yell[4 ,at ?is "t ea* k]nel %[s a little yell[ spot on ! v top4 ,= ?is reason ?is season 0 call$ tsidotsx1 or yell[-drop "t2 = ! little yell[ spot look$ l a drop on ! top ( ! k]nel4 ,o!r ,s(t ,v>ieties ,dohi1 or blue1 hici cpi1 d>k r$1 & hitsiica1 light r$1 7 all s(t corns & 7 cook$ & prep>$ & /or$ j l atki2 ^! f\r v>ieties ta/$ exactly alike1 if cook$ 9 ! same way4 ,maikadicak ,maikadicak1 or gummy corn1 is ( diff]5t colors2 "s is ( a light r$2 "s yell[ flak$ ) r$2 & "s is 9 color l h>d :ite2 b all ^! slightly diff]+ /ra9s are alike 9 ?is1 t :5 ! k]nels dry !y %r9k up & become r\gh1 or wr9kl$4 ,! "n1 maikadicak1 comes f kadicak1 or gum-l4 ,maikadicak 0 ! lea/ gr[n ( our five pr9cipal v>ieties ( corn2 h[ev]1 a good deal ( ?is v>iety is /ill rais$ on ?is res]vation4 ,maikadicak 0 sometimes roa/$ gre51 :5 ! k]nels *ew$ up gummy 9 ! m\?2 b ! "o recogniz$ use ( ?is v>iety 0 to make corn balls4 ,mp ,mp ,i'kiuta1 or ,corn ,balls4 ,into a clay pot :ile yet cold1 ,i put %ell$ corn & set x on ! fire4 ,z ! gra9 p>*$1 ,i /irr$ x ) a /ick4 ,! heat made ! k]nels pop op5 some:at1 b n mu*4 ,mean:ile fats 7 roa/$ ov] ! coals on ! po9t ( a /ick2 & ^! & ! p>*$ gra9 7 dropp$ into ! corn mort> & p\nd$ toge!r4 ,i !n rea*$ into ! mort> & took out a h&ful ( ! meal1 :i* be+ oily ) ! fats1 held toge!r 9 a lump4 ,?is lump ,i squeez$ 9 my f+]s & !n tapp$ x g5tly on ! edge ( ! mort>1 mak+ a slight d5t or groove1 l5g?wise1 9 "o side ( ! lump4 ,! lump or ball--x 0 n exactly r\nd--,i dropp$ into a wood5 b[l4 ,! process 0 repeat$ until ! b[l 0 full4 ,our native "n = corn ball is mpi mp i'kiuta1 f mpi1 some?+ p\nd$1 mp1 mort>1 & i'kiuta1 hit or press$ aga9/2 t is p\nd$ meal press$ aga9/ ! mort>2 b we translate1 j corn ball4 ,corn balls 7 an acceptable pres5t = a woman to give h] daught] to take to h] husb&2 ! son-9-law might himself eat ! corn balls1 or %>e !m ) 8 p>5ts or si/]s4 ,z ,i h said1 ! "o recogniz$ use ( gummy corn 0 = p>*+ to make corn balls2 b any ( ! s(t corns c\ld be us$ to make corn balls1 z s(t yell[1 s(t :ite1 blue1 light r$1 & ! l4 ,p>*$ ,s(t ,corn4 ,corn ( any ( ! s(t v>ieties p>*$ 9 a pot z j describ$1 0 (t5 c>ri$ by hunt]s or travel]s to be eat5 z a lun*4 ,! corn 0 c>ri$ 9 a little bag made by dry+ a buffalo's he>t sk94 ,p>*+ ,:ole ,ripe ,e>s4 ,we p>*$ ! :ole e>s1 sometimes1 ( ripe s(t :ite & s(t yell[ corn4 ,we _h _m squa% spits pil$ up 9 ! re> ( ! lodge beh9d ! b$s2 ^! made excell5t roa/+ /icks4 ,! e> 0 /uck on ! end ( ! /ick & held ov] ! coals4 ,p>*+ ripe corn on ! e> 0 a w9t] cu/om2 b boys h]d+ horses 9 ! summ] also p>*$ :ole e>s sometimes = _! midday lun*4 ,we did p>* o!r k9ds ( corn ?us1 besides s(t :ite & s(t yell[1 b !y 7 n s good4 ,! gummy 0 n cook$ 9 ?is way4 ,p>*+ ,h>d ,yell[ ,corn ) ,s&4 ,we sometimes p>*$ h>d yell[ corn 9 a clay pot ( our own make1 ) s&4 ,d[n on ! s& b>s by ! ,miss\ri we f\nd clean1 pure s&2 if ,i want$ to p>* h>d yell[1 ,i put a h&ful ( ?is s& 9 my clay pot4 ,! pot ,i n[ set on ! coals ( ! fire place until ! s& )9 0 r$ hot4 ,) a piece ( old t5t sk9 to protect my h&1 ,i drew ! pot a little way f ! coals & dropp$ a d\ble h&ful ( corn )94 ,i /irr$ ! corn back & =? ov] ! s& ) a little /ick4 ,:5 ,i ?\ght ! corn 0 q heat$ ?r\gh1 ,i put ! pot back on ! coals aga91 /ill /irr+ ! corn ) ! /ick4 ,v soon all ! k]nels crack$ op5 ) a %>p crackl+ noise2 !y bur/ op5 mu* z y say :ite man's popcorn does4 ,h>d yell[ corn p>*$ 9 ?is way 0 s(t] ?an ev5 ! s(t corns p>*$ 9 a pot )\t s&4 ,no v>iety ( corn 0 good cook$ 9 ?is way1 except h>d yell[2 no o!r k9d w\ld d4 ,mdpozi ,pkici1 or ,lye-,made ,hom9y4 ,!re 0 ano!r way 9 :i* we prep>$ h>d & s(t yell[ & h>d & s(t :ite2 ?is 0 to make x into hom9y ) lye4 ,i collect$ ab\t a qu>t ( a%es2 only two k9ds 7 us$1 cottonwood or elm wood a%es4 ,:5 ,i 0 cook+ ) su* wood & ?\ght ( mak+ hom9y1 ,i 0 c>eful to collect ! a%es1 rak+ away ! o!r k9ds fir/4 ,i put on an iron kettle ne>ly full ( wat]1 & br\ght x to a boil4 ,into ! boil+ wat] ,i put ! a%es1 /irr+ !m ab\t ) a /ick4 ,!n ,i set ! pot (f to /eep = a %ort "t4 ,:5 ! a%es _h settl$ ,i p\r$ ! lye (f into a vessel & clean$ ! pot ?or\ghly4 ,9 e>li] times ! a%es 7 boil$ 9 an e>!n pot z inde$ ,i h (t5 se5 x done :5 ,i 0 a girl4 ,i 0 n q tw5ty :5 we b\ght an iron pot = cook+4 ,be=e t we us$ only e>!n pots = cook+ 9 our family4 ,hav+ clean$ ! pot ,i p\r$ ! lye back into x1 put ! pot on ! fire1 & add$ %ell$1 ripe1 dri$ corn4 ,?is ,i boil$ until ! hulls came (f ! gra9 & ! corn k]nels appe>$ :ite4 ,i add$ a little wat]1 & took ! pot (f ! fire2 ,i dra9$ (f ! lye4 ,i p\r$ wat] into ! pot & wa%$ ! corn1 rubb+ ! k]nels betwe5 my palms2 ,i dra9$ (f ! wat]4 ,i p\r$ 9 wat] & wa%$ ! corn a second "t1 9 ! same way2 ,i dra9$ (f ! wat]4 ,aga9 ,i put wat] 9 ! pot & boil$ ! corn 9 x4 ,z ! corn 0 already s(t1 ?is boil+ did n take long4 ,i n[ add$ fats1 & beans1 & sometimes dri$ squa%1 all at ! same "t2 & ! pot ,i replac$ on ! fire4 ,:5 ! beans & squa% 7 cook$1 ! mess 0 ready to eat4 ,corn s prep>$ we call mdpozi pkici1 or boil$-:ole-corn rubb$4 ,x is s call$ because ! hulls ( ! k]nels 7 rubb$ (f betwe5 ! palms at ! "t ! corn 0 wa%$ 9 wat] aft] ! lye 0 p\r$ (f4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,v>ieties ,we ,hidatsas ?\ght t our five pr9cipal v>ieties ( corn1 h>d & s(t :ite1 h>d & s(t yell[1 & gummy1 _h *>act]i/ics t m>k$ !m q di/9ctly "o f ! o!r4 ,= "o ?+1 !y _h ea* a di/9ct ta/e4 ,if at night ,i 7 giv5 to eat ( h>d :ite corn1 or h>d yell[ or s(t yell[1 ,i c\ld at once tell ea* f any ( ! o!rs4 ,if ,i 7 giv5 mu% at night made f ^! ?ree v>ieties1 ea* by itself1 ,i c\ld di/+ui% ea* v>iety1 n by its smell1 b 9 my m\? by ta/e4 ,meal made by p\nd+ ripe h>d :ite corn became ?ick & mu%y :5 boil$ 9 a pot4 ,tsdi tapa1 or s(t yell[ corn1 0 q s(t to p\nd :5 we made meal ( x2 & ! boil$ meal1 or mu%1 seem$ to conta9 a good deal ( wat] 9 x--t is1 x seem$ ?9 & gruel-l :5 we came to eat x4 ,to p\nd tsdi tsoki1 or h>d yell[ corn1 into meal took a long "t2 b :5 x _h be5 p\nd$ & ! meal boil$ into food1 x 0 v good to eat & _h an appetiz+ smell4 ,( ! n9e v>ieties ,i h nam$1 ! atki1 or s(t :ite1 0 ! e>lie/ matur+4 ,if se$s ( all n9e v>ieties 7 plant$ at ! same "t1 ! s(t :ite w\ld always be ! fir/ to rip5 9 ! fall2 & ! tsdi tsoki1 or h>d yell[1 w\ld be ! la/ to rip54 ,al?\gh ! blue1 light r$1 d>k r$1 p9k top1 & s(t :ite 7 all s(t or fl\r corns1 yet ! s(t :ite 0 ! e>lie/ to rip54 ,i reckon ! s(t :ite1 also1 to be ! s(te/ ( all our v>ieties ( corn4 ,i also rate ! h>d yell[ & h>d :ite z equal 9 value4 ,bo? are equally h>d1 & c n be p\nd$ up into ! f9e fl\r or meal :i* we get f ! s(t v>ieties4 ,! h>d yell[ & s(t yell[ we ?\ght 7 ! be/ v>ieties f :i* to prep>e half-boil$ dri$ corn = w9t] /or+4 ,! d>k & light r$s 7 also us$1 & if n q s good1 7 b little inf]ior4 ,inde$1 = half-boil$ dri$ corn1 all v>ieties 7 us$1 ev5 ! maikadicak1 or gummy2 b ?is la/ we did n ?9k a good v>iety = ?is way ( putt+ up corn4 ,our gummy corn _h b "o well recogniz$ use2 x 0 good = p>*+ to make corn balls4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj ,fodd] ,yield ,i d n ?9k !re 0 any p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! fodd] yield ( ! v>i\s races ( corn :i* we ,hidatsas cultivat$2 b ! fodd] yield 0 always mu* heavi] 9 ra9y ye>s4 ,9 a dry season1 ! /alks ( ! corn w\ld be small & weak2 & ! leaves w\ld be small] ?an 9 seasons ( good ra9fall4 ,develop+ ,new ,v>ieties ,we ,hidatsas knew t slightly diff]+ v>ieties c\ld be produc$ by plant+ se$s t v>i$ some:at f ! ma9 /ock4 ,a woman nam$ ,good ,squa% us$ to raise a v>iety ( corn t ta/$ j l s(t :ite4 ,?is corn _h l>ge swell+ k]nels ) deep yell[1 almo/ r$di%1 /ripes runn+ d[n ! sides ( ! gra94 ,we call$ x ,adaka-dahu-ita koxati1 or ,arik>as' corn1 ?\gh x 0 n ,arik>a corn at all4 ,good ,squa%'s daught]1 ,hunts ,wat]1 lives on ?is res]vation2 %e may h "s ( ! se$ ( ?is v>iety4 ,,sport ,,e>s ,names & ,description ,q (t5 e>s ( corn appe> t are m>k$ by "s unusual =m2 & = ! m m>k$ ( ^! =ms1 we _h special names4 ,foll[+ are "s ( !m3 ,na'ta-tawoxi4 ,f na'ta1 gra92 & tawoxi1 a "n appli$ to y\?1 or ! "y1 & convey+ ! idea ( small4 ,?is is an e> ( corn hav+ sev5te5 or eighte5 r[s ( v small k]nels4 ,our l>ge/ e>s ( corn _h usually b f\rte5 r[s ( k]nels ( normal size4 ,9 ! old leg5ds ( my tribe appe> _m wom5 be>+ ?is "n ,na'ta-tawoxi4 ,wida-,akata4 ,f wida1 goose2 & akata1 ro( ( ! m\?4 ,?is is an e> hav+ two r[s ( corn on ei!r side1 ) vacant spaces on ! cob betwe5 ! d\ble r[s2 (t51 t[>d ! l>g] end ( ! e>1 ! two r[s w exp& into ?ree4 ,goodbird has made a draw+ ( su* an e> 7figure #ai74 ,a wida-akata e>1 we ?\ght1 looks l ! ro( ( ! m\? ( a goose4 ,ita-,caca4 ,=k$ face1 or clov5 face2 f ita1 face4 ,a k9d ( d\ble e>4 ,goodbird has made a draw+ ( "o 7figure #bj74 ,okijpita4 ,f ok1 or oki1 head-ornam5t1 plume2 ijpu1 top2 & ita1 fruit4 ,?is is a small e> t sometimes appe>s at ! top1 on ! tassel ( ! plant4 ,okijpita e>s1 if l>ge en\gh1 we ga!r$ & put 9 ) ! re/ ( ! h>ve/2 b small] e>s ( ?is k9d1 h>dly wor? ?re%+1 we ga!r$ & f$ to our horses4 ,sometimes1 if ! h>ve/]s 7 9 ha/e1 ^! e>s 7 left 9 ! field on ! /alk2 a pony 0 !n l$ into ! field to crop ! e>s4 ,iticakupadi4 ,iticakupadi1 or muffl$ head2 s call$ because ! k]nels come d[n & cov] ! face or be>d$ end ( ! cob q to ! po9t4 ,we ?\ght su* an e> look$ l a man ) 8 head muffl$ up 9 8 robe4 ,muffl$-head e>s 7 m num]\s 9 good crop ye>s ?an 9 poor ye>s2 & we ?\ght su* e>s1 if o!rwise well favor$1 made good se$ corn4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,squa%es ,,plant+ ,,squa%es ,spr\t+ ! ,se$ ,squa% se$ 0 plant$ e>ly 9 ,june2 or ! latt] "p ( ,may & ! fir/ ( ,june4 ,9 prep>ation = plant+1 we fir/ spr\t$ ! se$4 ,i cut out a piece ( tann$ buffalo robe ab\t two & a half feet long & eighte5 in*es wide1 & spread x on ! floor ( ! lodge1 fur side up4 ,i took r$-grass leaves1 wett$ !m1 & spread !m out flat1 matt$ toge!r 9 a ?9 lay] on ! fur4 ,!n ,i op5$ my bag ( squa% se$s1 & hav+ set a b[l ( wat] beside me1 ,i wet ! se$s 9 ! wat]--n soak+ !m1 j wett+--& put !m on ! matt$ grass leaves until ,i _h a little pile heap$ up1 9 quantity ab\t two d\ble-h&fuls4 ,i next took broad leav$ sage1 ! k9d we use 9 a sweat lodge1 & buck bru% leaves1 & mix$ !m toge!r4 ,at squa% plant+ "t1 ! sage is ab\t f\r in*es high ,into ! mass ( mix$ sage-&-buck-bru% leaves1 ,i work$ ! wett$ squa% se$s1 until !y 7 di/ribut$ well ?r\gh x4 ,! mass ,i !n laid on ! grass matt+1 :i* ,i fold$ ov] & ar\nd x4 ,f9ally ,i fold$ ! buffalo sk9 ov] t1 mak+ a package ab\t fifte5 by eighte5 in*es4 ,we call$ ?is package kakui kidakci1 squa%-?+-b\nd1 or squa% bundle4 ,?is squa% bundle ,i hung on ! dry+ pole ne> "o ( ! po/s4 ,! bundle did n hang directly ov] ! fire1 b a little to "o side4 ,s$ si fem9a 9 domo m5/rua erat1 %e %\ld tell x s t ! package ( se$s c\ld be remov$ to ! next lodge1 or !y w\ld spoil4 ,aft] two days ,i took ! bundle d[n & op5$ x4 ,f a horn spoon ,i sipp$ a little tepid wat] into my m\? & blew x ov] ! se$s4 ,i took c>e t ! wat] 0 nei!r too hot nor too cold1 le/ x kill ! se$s4 ,i reb\nd ! bundle & hung x up aga9 on ! dry+ pole4 ,at ! end ( ano!r day ! se$s 7 spr\t$ ne>ly an in* & 7 ready to plant4 ,i took a h&ful ( ! grass-&-leaves1 & f !m sep>at$ ! spr\t$ squa% se$s4 ,a wood5 b[l _h be5 plac$ beside me ) a little moi/ e>? 9 x4 ,into ?is b[l ,i put ! se$s1 spr9kl+ a little e>? ov] !m to keep !m moi/4 ,i 0 n[ ready to beg9 plant+4 ,plant+ ! ,spr\t$ ,se$ ,usually two or ?ree wom5 did ! family plant+1 work+ toge!r4 ,"o woman w5t ahead & ) h] hoe loos5$ up ! gr\nd = a space ( ab\t fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 = ! hill4 ,c>e 0 tak5 t ea* hill 0 made 9 ! place :]e !re _h be5 a hill ! ye> be=e4 ,i am sure t 9 old5 times we rais$ mu* bett] crops1 because we 7 c>eful to d s2 us+ ! same hill ?us1 ea* ye>1 made ! soil "h s(t & loose1 s t ! plants ?riv$4 ,"o woman1 !n1 z ,i h said1 ) h] hoe1 loos5$ up ! soil :]e an old hill _h /ood1 & made a new hill1 ab\t fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,foll[+ h] came ano!r woman :o plant$ ! spr\t$ se$s4 ,f\r se$s 7 plant$ 9 ea* hill1 9 two pairs4 ,! pairs %\ld be ab\t twelve in*es ap>t1 & ! two se$s 9 ea* pair1 a half in* ap>t4 ,! se$s 7 plant$ r "u1 or on "o side ( ! hill1 & ab\t two in*es deep 9 ! soil4 ,a c>eful woman plant$ ! se$s ) ! spr\ts upright2 b ev5 if %e did n d ?is1 ! spr\ts grew quickly & soon appe>$ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,we _h a reason = plant+ ! squa% se$s 9 ! side ( ! hill4 ,! squa% spr\ts 7 s(t1 t5d]4 ,if we plant$ !m 9 level gr\nd ! ra9s w\ld beat d[n ! soil1 & x w\ld pack h>d & get some:at cru/$1 s t ! spr\ts c\ld n break ?r\gh2 b if we plant$ ! spr\ts on ! side ( ! hill1 ! wat] f ! ra9s w\ld fl[ ov] !m & keep ! soil s(t4 ,likewise1 we did n plant ! spr\t$ se$s on ! top ( ! hill because "h too ! ra9 0 apt to beat ! soil d[n h>d4 ,we ,indian wom5 help$ "o ano!r a good deal 9 squa% plant+2 especially w\ld we d turns ) our relatives4 ,if ,i got beh9d ) my plant+1 "s ( my relatives1 or fri5ds f ano!r family1 w\ld come & help me4 ,:5 a gr\p ( relatives ?us labor$ toge!r1 f\r wom5 commonly w5t ahead mak+ ! hills1 & two wom5 foll[$1 plant+ ! spr\t$ se$s4 ,h>ve/+ ! ,squa%es ,! squa% h>ve/ began a little be=e gre5 corn came 94 ,x 0 our cu/om to pick squa%es e f\r? morn+2 & ! f\r? pick+--twelve days aft] ! fir/ pick+--br\ght u to gre5 corn "t4 ,! fir/ pick+ 01 naturally1 n v l>ge--?ree or f\r basketfuls1 ,i ?9k1 9 my fa!r's family2 & ^! we ate ourselves4 ,! basket us$ = br++ 9 ! squa%es 0 ab\t fifte5 in*es across ! m\? & elev5 in*es deep4 ,! second pick+ 0 ab\t t5 basketfuls1 en\gh = u to eat & sp>e a little surplus to our neighbors4 ,aft] ?is ea* pick+ increas$ until a maximum 0 rea*$1 & !n ! pick+s decreas$ 9 size4 ,! fif? or six? pick+ 0 usually ! l>ge/4 ,! pick+s 7 made be=e sunrise4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 "o ( my mo!rs & ,i usually att5d$ to ! actual pick+4 ,x 0 h] habit to get up e>ly 9 ! morn+1 g to ! field & pluck ! squa%es f ! v9es1 pil+ !m up 9 "o place 9 ! g>d54 ,%e return$ !n to ! lodge2 & aft] ! morn+ meal1 ! re/ ( u wom5 ( ! h\sehold w5t out & fet*$ ! squa%es home 9 our baskets4 ,squa%es gr[ fa/1 & unless we pick$ !m e f\r days1 we did n ?9k !m s good = food4 ,moreov]1 squa%es t 7 f\r days old we c\ld slice = dry+1 kn[+ t ! slices w\ld be firm en\gh to reta9 _! %ape unbrok54 ,if ! squa%es 7 pluck$ gre5]1 ! slices broke1 or crumbl$4 ,we c\ld tell :5 a squa% 0 f\r days old4 ,its diamet] !n 0 ab\t ?ree & a qu>t] in*es2 "s a little m1 "s a little less2 b we *iefly judg$ by ! color ( ! fruit4 ,a :ite squa% %\ld j h rid itself ( gre52 a gre5 color$ squa% %\ld h its color a d>k gre54 ,we c\ld judge q accurately ?us1 by ! /ate ( ! colors4 ,! hills yield$ "s ?ree1 "s two1 "s only "o squa% at a pick+4 ,i h made z _m z six trips to our family g>d5 = ! squa%es ( a s+le pick+2 our g>d5 0 di/ant z f> z f "h to ,packs ,wolf's cab9--?ree qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,we pick$ a good _m squa%es 9 a season4 ,"o ye> my "m fet*$ 9 sev5ty baskets f our field4 ,i h kn[n families to br+ 9 z _m z eighty1 or ev5 a hundr$ baskets1 9 a season4 ,! baskets1 z !y 7 br\ght 91 7 borne up on ! dry+ /age1 & ! squa%es empti$ out on ! floor = slic+ & dry+2 squa%es n cook$ & eat5 fre% 7 slic$ & dri$ = w9t]1 except+ ^? sav$ = se$4 ,slic+ ! ,squa%es ,slic+ squa%es = dry+ began ab\t ! ?ird pick+4 ,sometimes1 9 good ye>s1 a few squa%es might be slic$ at ! second pick+2 b at ! ?ird pick+1 slic+ & dry+ began 9 e>ne/4 ,:5 ! squa%es1 empti$ f ! baskets1 made a great heap on ! floor ( ! dry+ /age1 ! wom5 ( ! family made a fea/1 cook+ mu* food = ! purpose2 "s old wom5 7 !n invit$ to come & cut up ! squa%es ) knives1 into slices to dry4 ,we reg>d$ ^! old wom5 z hir$2 & ,i rememb] t 9 my fa!r's family we hir$ sometimes eight1 sometimes t51 sometimes only six4 ,i ?9k t at ! "t ,i 0 a "y woman1 :5 my mo!rs made su* a fea/1 ab\t t5 old wom5 came4 ,^! old wom5 asc5d$ ! dry+ /age1 & sat1 five on ei!r side ( ! pile ( squa%es4 ,ea* ( ! old wom5 _h a squa% knife 9 h] h&1 made ( ! ?9 "p ( ! %\ld] bone ( a buffalo1 if x 0 an old-fa%ion$ "o2 but*] knives ( /eel are n[ us$4 ,! squa%es 7 cut ?us3 ,an old woman w\ld draw a robe up ov] h] lap1 z %e sat ,indian fa%ion1 ) ankles to ! "r1 on ! floor ( ! /age4 ,%e took a squa% 9 h] left h&1 & ) h] bone knife 9 h] "r1 %e slic$ ! squa% into slices ab\t ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! squa% 0 slic$ f side to side1 n f /em to blossom4 ,an old woman slic+ squa% w\ld take up a squa%1 cut out ! /em pit & ! blossom1 !n turn ! squa% sidewise & slice1 beg9n+ on ! side ne>e/ h]4 ,! cut 0 made by press+ ! bone blade d[nw>d into ! squa% z ! latt] lay 9 h] palm4 ,! fir/ ?ree slices & ! la/ ?ree ( a l>ge squa%2 or ! fir/ two & ! la/ two ( a small] squa%1 ! old woman put beside h] 9 a pile1 z h] e>n+s = h] "w2 ^u ?is pile also w5t any squa% ?\ght too small to be wor? slic+4 ,^! end slices we ?\ght less valuable ?an ^? f ! middle ( ! squa%2 & unlike ! latt]1 !y 7 n spitt$ on will[ /icks1 b 7 tak5 home by ! old woman work] 9 h] blanket1 or h] robe1 or 9 some?+ else 9 :i* %e c\ld c>ry !m4 ,ab\t ?ree sacks ( ^! inf]ior slices w\ld be c>ri$ home at "o "t by an old woman work]4 ,^! less valuable slices be+ cut close to ! r9d 7 ( solid fle%4 ,! bett] slices _h ea* a holl[ 9 ! c5t]1 caus$ by ! se$ cavity4 ,! old wom5 did n spit _! solid slices on will[s1 b dri$ !m on ! gr\nd1 c>efully gu>d+ !m aga9/ ra92 = if wet1 ! dry+ slices w\ld spoil4 ,squa% ,spits ,all ! bett] slices1 ! ones to be reta9$ by ! family t hir$ ! old wom5 work]s1 7 spitt$ on will[ rods to dry4 ,^! rods we call$ kakuiptsa2 f kakui1 squa%2 & iptsa1 spit1 /r+]4 ,! ^w may be translat$ squa% spit4 ,squa% spits 7 usually made ( ! small will[s t we call mida hatsihici1 or r$ will[2 f mida1 wood2 & hici1 light r$4 ,:5 ! out] sk9 ( "o's f+]1 = example1 is peel$ (f1 ! color ( ! fle% b5ea? we call hici4 ,?is r$ will[ h[ev] is n k9ik9ik1 :i* :ite m5 call r$ will[4 ,a squa% spit %\ld be ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]2 & its l5g? %\ld be measur$ f ! c5t] ( my *e/ to ! end ( my index f+]1 z ,i d n[2 or ab\t two feet1 six1 or two feet1 sev5 in*es4 ,a spit 0 %>p5$ at "o end to a po9t4 ,at ! o!r end !re 0 left ab\t an in* ( ! natural b>k l a button1 to keep ! squa% slices f slipp+ (f4 ,! re/ ( ! rod 0 peel$ b>e4 ,small ,ankle us$ to make our dry+ spits = u4 ,he cut ! rods 9 ,june or e>ly ,july :5 ! b>k peel$ (f easily2 he peel$ (f ! b>k ) 8 tee?4 ,x 0 8 habit to cut q a numb] ( rods at a "t & aft] peel+ !m1 he w\ld tie !m up 9 a bundle ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ rods1 s t !y w\ld dry /raight--w\ld n w>p1 ,i mean1 9 dry+4 ,9 seasons :5 !y 7 n 9 use our squa% spits 7 made into a bundle z big z ,i c\ld hold 9 my two arms & b\nd ab\t ) two ?ongs4 ,! bundle 0 /or$ away on ! floor ( ! lodge1 "u ! eaves1 or 9 ! atuti1 z we call$ ! space "u ! desc5d+ ro(4 ,! next ye>1 9 h>ve/ "t1 ! bundle 0 unb\nd & ! spits exam9$ to see if any _h w>p$4 ,su* w>p$ ones 7 ?r[n away1 & new ones 7 made to take _! places4 ,spitt+ ! ,slices ,ea* ( ! old wom5 hir$ to slice our squa%es work$ ) a pile ( ^! squa% spits beside h]2 & z %e slic$ a squa% %e laid aside ^? slices :i* %e reta9$ z h] pay2 & tak+ ! o!rs up 9 h] "r h&1 %e spitt$ !m ) a s+le ?ru/1 ^u "o ( ! will[ spits4 ,! spitt$ slices 7 !n sep>at$ ab\t a half in* ap>t1 s t ! fir/ two f+]s ( ! h& c\ld be ?ru/ a/raddle ! spit betwe5 ea* slice & its neighbor4 ,?is 0 to give ! slices air to dry4 ,"o will[ spit held ! slices ( f\r squa%es1 & two slices f a fif? squa%1 if ! squa%es 7 ( av]age size4 ,sometimes an old woman br\ght h] gr&daught] along to help h]1 ! little girl spitt+ ! slices z h] gr&mo!r cut !m4 ,dry+ rods1 :i* ,i h already describ$1 7 laid across ! upp] rails ( ! /age2 & ea* spit z x 0 load$ 0 laid ) ei!r end re/+ on a dry+ rod4 ,! spits 7 laid ) a c]ta9 me?od4 ,ea* project+ end bore two squa% slices1 :i* act$ z a button to /ay ! spit f be+ bl[n d[n by ! w9d4 ,z ! dry+ rods re/$ transv]sely on ! upp] rails1 ! spits :i* ! rods bore lay p>allel ) ! rails1 & !re=e l5g?wise ) ! /age4 ,! spits 7 laid ) ! heavi]1 or b>k cov]$ end t[>d ! front1 or ladd] end ( ! /age1 :i* 9 our family1 0 ! "r1 z "o came out ( ! lodge door4 ,illu/ration3 ,owl ,woman putt+ squa% slices on a spit ,illu/ration3 ,squa% slices dry+ ,are on squa% spits & on /age built to resemble ! top ( an old "t corn /age4 ,:5 a pair ( dry+ rods 0 q fill$ ) ^! load$ spits1 !y made :at we call$ "o itski--"o walk+ /ick1 or "o /aff4 ,we c\nt$ ! quantity ( squa% we dri$ z s _m /aves4 ,we nev] laid ! load$ spits on ! floor ( ! /age1 z ! weight ( ! load caus$ ! dry+ squa% slices to w>p1 ?us mak+ !m h>d to h&le4 ,9 ,case ( ,ra9 ,if a sudd5 ra9 came up ! day we began dry+ squa%1 we felt no conc]n1 = ! slices hav+ j be5 cut1 7 /ill gre5 & w\ld n be h>m$4 ,b if ra9 ?reat5$ ! second day1 or !reaft]1 we wom5 ran up on ! /age & drew ! load$ spits t[>d ! middle ( ! dry+ rods2 & ov] !m we spread hides1 ^u :i* we laid poles1 or unus$ dry+ rods to weight ! hides aga9/ ! w9d4 ,sometimes we ev5 la%$ ! poles d[n ) ?ongs4 ,if ! dry+ squa% got wet aft] ! fir/ day1 ! slices swell$ up1 & ! fruit spoil$4 ,dry+ & ,/or+ ,:5 ! squa% slices _h dri$ = two days1 two wom5 ( ! family w5t up on ! /age2 & work+1 "o f ! front1 ! o!r f ! re> end ( ! /age1 !y took ! spits "o by "o1 & ) ?umb & f+]s ( ea* h& slipp$ ! dry+ slices into ! middle ( ! spit1 ?us loos5+ !m f x2 & = ! same purpose1 ! spit itself 0 turn$ & twi/$ ar\nd z x lay skew]$ ?r\gh ! slices4 ,:5 well loos5$1 ! squa% slices 7 aga9 spac$ ap>t z be=e1 & ! spit 0 replac$ on ! rods1 to be left = ano!r day4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! ?ird day ! slices 7 dry en\gh to /r+4 ,! /r+s1 ?ree to six 9 numb]1 _h be5 prep>$ f dry grass4 ,ea* /r+ 0 sev5 ,indian fa?oms long2 we ,hidatsas measure a fa?om z ! di/ance betwe5 a woman's two out/ret*$ h&s4 ,ea* grass /r+ _h a wood5 ne$le ab\t t5 in*es long1 b\nd to "o end4 ,all ! slices on "o spit 7 n[ slid (f & ! work] by a s+le ?ru/ skew]$ ! wood5 ne$le ?r\gh !m & slid !m d[n ! long /r+ to ! f>!r end2 ?is end ( ! /r+ 0 n[ loop$ back & ti$ j above ! fir/ ?ree or f\r slices ( ! dri$ squa% t fell d[n ! /r+2 do+ ?us made ^! slices act z a button or an*or to prev5t ! re/ ( ! squa% slices f slipp+ (f ! /r+4 ,9 /r++ ! squa% slices1 ! spit 0 held 9 ! "r h&1 ! left h& /raddl+ ! spit ) ! index & second f+]s4 ,! slices 7 slid d[n ! spit t[>d ! "r h&1 ! spit be+ !n drawn out & ca/ away4 ,! squa% slices 7 held firmly 9 ! fir/ two f+]s & ?umb ( ! left h& & ! ne$le 0 run ?r\gh ! hole left by )draw+ ! spit4 ,z ! spit _h a great] diamet] ?an ! grass /r+1 ! slices easily slid d[n ! /r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba ,:5 /r++ slices ( squa% myself1 ,i always sat on ! floor ( ! dry+ /age ) a pile ( load$ spits at my left side4 ,z ,i unload$ a spit1 ,i dropp$ x at my "r side4 ,! grass /r+ hung ov] ! edge ( ! /age floor1 on ! side ne>e/ ! lodge4 ,on ! gr\nd bel[ ,i _h spread "s scrap$ hides1 s t ! squa% slices1 fall+ d[n ! /r+1 w\ld n t\* ! gr\nd & become soil$4 ,:5 a /r+ became full1 ,i toss$ ! end ov] ! edge ( ! floor1 lett+ x fall d[n ^u ! heap on ! scrap$ hides4 ,! ne$le us$ to skew] ! slices 0 b\nd to ! end ( ! grass /r+ two in*es or m f its extremity1 z %[n 9 figure #ba4 ,:5 ! /r+ 0 fill$1 "o _h b to turn ! ne$le a?w>t1 & x became a button or an*or1 prev5t+ ! slices f slipp+ (f4 ,! /r+s fill$ ) dri$ squa% slices1 7 n[ tak5 into ! lodge4 ,betwe5 ! "r front ma9 po/ ( ! lodge & ! circle ( out] po/s & ne> ! pun*eon fire scre5 at ! place x b5t 9 t[>d ! wall1 a /age _h be5 built4 ,two =k$ po/s1 ab\t z high z my head1 support$ a pole t5 or twelve feet long2 & ov] ?is pole ! /r+s ( squa% 7 loop$1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y hung at a height to let ! dogs run "u )\t t\*+ & contam9at+ ! squa%4 ,i speak ( ! "r front ma9 po/2 ,i use "r & left 9 ! ,indian s5se1 :i* assumes t an e>? lodge faces ! doorway2 ! door inde$ is ! lodge's m\?4 ,on sunny days ^! /r+s 7 tak5 outside4 ,sev]al ( ! long poles1 or dry+ rods1 already describ$1 7 br\ght d[n f ! top ( ! /age & la%$ to ! outside ( ! /age po/s on ei!r side4 ,if ! h>ve/ 0 a good "o1 a r[ ( ^! rods might ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ei!r side ( ! /age1 & ev5 ar\nd ! ends4 ,on ! rail+ ?us made ! squa% /r+s 7 tak5 out & hung on a fair day2 9 ! morn+1 on ! ea/ side2 9 ! aft]noon1 on ! we/ side ( ! /age4 ,on wet days1 ! squa% /r+s 7 left inside ! lodge2 & if ! ra9 0 fall+ heavily1 a t5t sk91 or scrap$ ra:ides1 dri$ & ready to tan1 7 ?r[n ov] !m to protect f dampness4 ,! air 9 ! lodge 0 damp on a ra9y day2 & sometimes ! ro( leak$4 ,:5 ! /r+s ( squa% 7 ?\ght to be ?or\ghly dri$1 !y 7 ready = /or+4 ,a portion 0 pack$ 9 p>fle*e bags1 to be tak5 to ! w9t] lodge1 or to be us$ = food on j\rneys4 ,! re/ 0 /or$ away 9 a ca*e pit1 cov]$ ) loose corn4 ,sev]al seasons1 z ,i recollect1 ! wom5 ( my fa!r's family 7 a mon? h>ve/+ & dry+ _! squa%es4 ,squa% ,blossoms ,besides our squa%es1 we also ga!r$ squa% blossoms1 ?ree to five basketfuls at a pick+2 & !y 7 a recogniz$ "p ( our squa% h>ve/4 ,on e squa% v9e are blossoms ( two k9ds2 "o k9d be>s a squa%1 b ! o!r nev] be>s any fruit1 = x gr[s1 z we ,indians say1 at ! wrong place among ! leaves4 ,we ,indians knew ?is1 & ga!r$ only ^! b>r5 blossoms2 if we did n !y dri$ up anyway & became a dead loss1 s we always ga!r$ !m4 ,^! blossoms we pick$ 9 e>ly morn+ :ile !y 7 fre%1 b n if ra9 _h fall5 9 ! night1 z ! ra9 spla%$ dirt & s& into ! blossoms1 mak+ !m unfit = food4 ,! blossoms we took home 9 baskets4 ,on ! prairie !re is a k9d ( grass :i* we ,indians call 8antelope hair40 ,we *ose a place :]e ?is grass grew ?ick & 0 two or ?ree in*es high1 to dry ! blossoms on4 ,!y 7 tak5 out ( ! basket "o by "o2 ! gre5 calyx leaves 7 /ripp$ (f & ! blossom 0 p9*$ flat1 op5$1 & spread on ! grass1 ) ! inside ( ! blossom upw>d1 ?us expos+ x to ! sun & air4 ,a second blossom 0 split on "o side1 op5$1 & laid ^u ! fir/1 ^u ! petal end1 s t ! ?ick]1 bulb\s "p ( ! fir/--! "p inde$ t _h be5 p9*$ flat--rema9$ expos$ to dry4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ until q a space on ! grass 0 cov]$ ) ! blossoms4 ,!y rema9$ all day dry+4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i w\ld g out & ga!r !m1 pull+ !m up 9 :ole %eets4 ,splitt+ !m op5 & lay+ !m d[n "o ^u ano!r1 caus$ !m to adh]e z !y dri$1 s t !y lay on ! grass 9 a k9d ( ?9 matt+4 ,i always began pull+ up ! blossoms f "o side ( ?is matt+1 & z ,i say1 !y came away 9 :ole %eets4 ,we put away ! dri$ blossoms 9 bags1 l ^? us$ = corn4 ,^! bags 7 made ) r\nd bottom & s(t-sk9 m\? t ti$ easily4 ,bags 7 usually made ( calf sk94 ,9 my fa!r's family we always put away "o sack full ( dri$ squa% blossoms = w9t]4 ,,cook+ ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,squa% ,! ,fir/ ,squa%es ,! fir/ squa%es ( ! season t we pluck$ 7 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 t is1 !y 7 ga!r$ z soon z we ?\ght !y 7 fit = cook+2 & t same day we pick$ blossoms also4 ,!re might be ?ree or f\r basketfuls ( squa%es at ?is fir/ pick+4 ,^! squa%es we did n dry1 b ate fre%2 z !y 7 ! fir/ vegetables ( ! season1 we 7 eag] to eat !m4 ,we cook$ fre% squa%es z foll[s3 ,boil+ ,fre% ,squa% 9 a ,pot4 ,i took a clay pot ( our native manufacture1 p>tly fill$ x ) fre% squa%es & add$ wat]4 ,! small] squa%es ,i put 9 :ole2 l>g] ones ,i cut 9 two4 ,i did n remove ! se$s2 left 9 ! squa% !y made x ta/e sweet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb ,r$rawn f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,i n[ took big leaves ( ! sunfl[] & ?ru/ !m1 /em upw>d1 betwe5 ! squa%es & ! sides ( ! pot2 ! leaves !n /ood 9 a circle ar\nd ! inside ( ! pot1 ) ! upp] surface ( ea* leaf inw>d4 ,i add$ m squa%es until ! pot 0 q full1 ev5 heap+4 ,! sunfl[] leaves ,i !n b5t inw>d1 fold+ !m naturally ov] ! squa%es4 ,i n[ set ! pot on ! fire4 ,"u my direction ,goodbird has made a sket* ( a pot ( fre% squa%es 7figure #bb72 ! sunfl[] leaves are plac$ & ready to be fold$ d[n4 ,squa%es ?us prep>$ 7 boil$ a little long] ?an beef is boil$4 ,! sunfl[] leaves 7 put ov] ! pot m]ely z a lid or cov]+4 ,x is h>d to cook squa%es )\t a cov]1 & ?is 0 our way ( provid+ "o4 ,blossoms 7 n add$ :5 squa%es 7 ?us prep>$4 ,:5 ! cook+ 0 done1 ! gre5 sunfl[] leaves1 us$ z a cov]1 7 remov$ ) a /ick1 & ?r[n away4 ,i _h a b[l ( cold wat] ne> by4 ,i dipp$ my h& into ! wat] & lift$ out ! squa% pieces "o by "o1 & laid !m on a b[l or di%4 ,! cold wat] protect$ my h&2 = ! squa%es 7 q hot4 ,mo/ ( ! wat] 9 ! pot _h boil$ out1 only a little be+ left 9 ! bottom ( ! pot4 ,! pieces ( squa% imm]s$ 9 ?is hot wat] ,i lift$ out ) a horn spoon4 ,n mu* wat] 0 ev] put 9 ! pot anyh[1 = x 0 ! /eam mo/ly t cook$ ! squa%es4 ,! pot 0 q heap$ ) squa%es at ! fir/1 b ! cook+ r$uc$ ! bulk1 mak+ ! heap g d[n4 ,! squa% pieces 9 ! bottom ( ! pot 7 apt to be a little burn$ or br[n$2 & s 7 made sweet]1 & 7 v good to eat4 ,?is 0 ! way we cook$ fre% squa%es 9 my fa!r's family until ,i 0 eighte5 ye>s old2 at t "t we got an iron d9n] pot1 & began to boil our food 9 x in/ead ( ! old fa%ion$ clay pot4 ,fre% squa%es1 to be at _! be/1 %\ld be cook$ on ! day !y are pick$2 left ov] to ! next day !y nev] ta/e s good4 ,squa%es ,boil$ ) ,blossoms4 ,fre% squa%es 7 sometimes boil$ ) fre% blossoms & fats4 ,sunfl[] leaves 7 n !n us$ z a cov]+4 ,squa%es s cook$ 7 usually small2 & :5 done1 !y 7 lift$ out ( ! pot ) a horn spoon4 ,cook+ ?is mess 0 really by boil+1 n /eam+1 z 9 ! mess above describ$4 ,o!r ,blossom ,messes ,:5 ,i want$ to cook fre% squa% blossoms1 ,i pluck$ !m e>ly 9 ! morn+1 /ripp+ !m ( ! little po9ts1 or spicules %[n z a1 a1 & a 9 figure #bc4 ,^! spicules ,i /ripp$ backw>d1 or d[nw>d4 ,i d n "k :y we did ?is2 x 0 our cu/om4 ,!n ,i broke ! blossom (f ! /em at ! place 9 ! figure m>k$ ) a dott$ l9e4 ,! gre5 bulb\s "p ( ! blossom ,i cru%$ or p9*$ betwe5 my ?umb & f+]1 to make x s(t & ha/5 cook+2 = ! yell[1 blossom "p soon cook$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc ,i w n[ give y recipes = "s messes made ) ^! fre%1 cru%$1 spicule-/ripp$ blossoms2 h[ev]1 dri$ blossoms 7 (t5 us$ 9 ^! messes in/ead1 & 7 j z good4 ,boil$ ,blossoms4 ,a little wat] 0 br\ght to boil 9 a clay pot4 ,a h&ful ( blossoms1 ei!r fre% or dri$1 0 toss$ into ! pot & /irr$ ) a /ick4 ,!y %runk up q small1 & ano!r h&ful ( blossoms 0 toss$ 94 ,?is 0 cont9u$ until a small basketful ( ! blossoms _h be5 /irr$ into ! pot4 ,into ?is a h&ful ( fat 0 ?r[n1 or a little bone grease 0 p\r$ 92 & ! mess 0 let boil a little long] ?an meat is boil$1 & a little less ?an fre% squa% is boil$4 ,! mess 0 !n ready to eat4 ,blossoms ,boil$ ) ,mdpozi ,i'tia4 ,mdpozi i'tia 0 made1 ! pot be+ put on ! fire 9 ! e>ly aft]noon & boil$ = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,9 ! night foll[+ ! fire w\ld g out & ! mess w\ld get cold4 ,9 ! morn+ ! pot 0 set on ! fire aga91 & if ,i 0 go+ to use fre% blossoms ,i w5t out to ! field to ga!r !m1 expect+ to return & f9d ! pot heat$ & ready4 ,! newly ga!r$ blossoms1 cru%$ z describ$1 ,i dropp$ 9 ! rew>m$ mess1 & boil$ = half an h\r1 :5 ! pot 0 tak5 (f1 & ! mess 0 s]v$4 ,sometimes ?is mess 0 fur!r v>i$ by add+ beans4 ,blossoms ,boil$ ) ,mpi ,nakapa4 ,! blossoms 7 fir/ boil$4 ,meal ( p\nd$ p>*$ corn & fats 7 !n add$ & ! :ole 0 boil$ = half an h\r4 ,l ! previ\s mess1 ?is 0 sometimes v>i$ by add+ beans4 ,,se$ ,,squa%es ,select+ = ,se$ ,se$ squa%es 7 *os5 at ! fir/ or second pick+ ( ! season4 ,at ^! pick+s1 z we w5t f hill to hill pluck+ ! f\r-days-old squa%es1 we obs]v$ :at ones appe>$ ! plumpe/ & f9e/2 & ^! we left on ! v9e to be sav$ = se$4 ,we nev] *ose m ?an "o squa% 9 a s+le hill2 & to m>k :]e x lay1 & ev5 m1 to protect x f fro/1 we 7 c>eful to pull up a we$ or two1 or break (f a few squa% leaves & lay !m ov] ! squa%2 & ?us protect$1 x 0 left on ! v9e4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( v>iety 9 our squa%es4 ,"s 7 r\nd1 "s r elongat$1 "s _h a flatt5$ end2 "s 7 d>k1 "s ne>ly :ite1 "s spott$2 "s _h a purple1 or yell[ top4 ,we did n recognize ^! z diff]5t /ra9s1 z we did ! v>ieties ( corn2 & :5 ,i select$ squa%es = se$1 ,i did n *oose = color1 b = size & g5]al appe>ance4 ,squa%es ( diff]5t colors grew 9 ! same hill2 & all v>ieties ta/$ exactly alike4 ,9 lat] pick+s1 :ile we cont9u$ to ga!r ! f\r-days-old squa%es we did n di/urb ! se$ squa%es4 ,!y 7 easily avoid$1 = if n pla9ly m>k$ by ! leaves ,i h said we laid ov] !m1 !y c\ld be recogniz$ by _! great] size1 & _! r\gh r9d4 ,a f\r-days-old squa% is small] & has a smoo!r r9d ?an a mature squa%4 ,ga!r+ ! ,se$ ,squa%es ,! "t = pluck+ ! se$ squa%es 0 aft] we _h ga!r$ ! fir/ ripe corn1 b _h n yet ga!r$ our se$ corn4 ,x 0 our cu/om to pluck our corn until ! fir/ fro/ fell2 !n to ga!r our se$ squa%es2 & aft]w>ds our se$ corn4 ,"s ye>s ! fir/ fro/ fell v e>ly1 be=e we _h pluck$ our fir/ corn2 9 su* seasons we ga!r$ our se$ squa%es fir/1 = we nev] let !m lie 9 ! field aft] ! fir/ fro/ _h set 94 ,on ?is res]vation ! fir/ fro/ falls at ! end ( ! moon foll[+ ?is pres5t moon4 ,we ,indians call ! pres5t moon ! wild *]ry moon1 because ,june b]ries rip5 9 ! fir/ half1 & *oke-*]ries 9 ! second half ( ! moon2 & we reckon ,june b]ries z a k9d ( *]ry4 ,our next moon we call ! h>ve/ moon2 & 9 x wild plums rip5 & ! fir/ fro/ falls4 ,! se$ squa%es :5 pluck$1 7 all tak5 into ! e>? lodge & laid 9 a pile1 on a b5*4 ,! b5* 0 made ( planks split f cottonwood trunks1 laid l5g?wise ) ! lodge wall4 ,! squa%es 7 pil$ 9 a heap on ?is b5*2 !y 7 bigg] ?an f\r-days-old squa%es & _! r9ds 7 r\gh] & h>d1 l a %ell4 ,cook+ ! ,ripe ,squa%es ,:5 n[ we want$ to h squa% = a meal1 ,i w5t ov] to ?is heap ( ripe se$ squa%es & br\ght a numb] ov] ne> ! fire4 ,!re ,i broke !m op51 c>efully sav+ ! se$s4 ,i w\ld lay a squa% on ! floor ( ! lodge2 ) an elk horn scrap] ,i w\ld /rike ! squa% sm>t bl[s on ! side1 splitt+ x op54 ,! brok5 half r9ds ,i pil$ up "o above ano!r1 concave side d[n1 until ready to put !m 9 ! pot4 ,ripe squa%es 7 less delicate ?an gre5 f\r-days-old squa%es1 & did n spoil s quickly4 ,i 0 able to boil ab\t t5 ripe squa%es 9 our family pot2 b x took ?ree su* cook+s ( t5 squa%es ea* to make a mess = our family1 :i* ,i h said 0 a l>ge "o4 ,we boil$ ^! ripe squa%es l ! f\r-days-old1 9 a v little wat]4 ,sav+ ! ,se$ ,always ne> ! fireplace 9 our lodge !re lay a piece ( scrap$ hide ab\t two feet squ>e4 ,x _h _m uses4 ,:5 boil+ meat we w\ld lift ! /eam+ meat f ! pot & lay x on ! hide be=e s]v+4 ,we also us$ ! hide = a dry+ clo?4 ,?is piece ( hide ,i drew ne> me :5 ,i 0 break+ ripe squa%es2 & z ,i remov$ ! se$s ,i laid !m 9 a pile on ! hide4 ,squa% se$s1 fre%ly remov$ f ! squa%1 are moi/ & mix$ ) m or less pulpy matt]4 ,to remove ?is pulp ,i took up a small h&ful ( ! fre% se$s1 laid a dry corn cob 9 my palm & alt]nately squeez$ & op5$ my h& ov] ! mess4 ,! por\s surface ( ! cob absorb$ ! moi/ure & suck$ up ! pulpy matt]1 ?us cleans+ ! se$s4 ,z ! cleans$ se$s fell back ^u ! hide ,i took up ano!r h&ful & repeat$ ! process4 ,if !re 0 a w>m autumn sun1 ,i (t5 c>ri$ ! hide ) ! cleans$ se$s ^u x1 & laid x on ! floor ( ! dry+ /age outside = ! se$s to dry2 b if ! day 0 *ill or w9t] _h set 91 ,i dri$ ! se$s by ! fire4 ,:5 q dri$1 ! se$s 7 put 9 a sk9 sack to be /or$ 9 a ca*e pit4 ,! /or+ bag 0 (t5 ! :ole sk9 ( a buffalo calf1 ) only ! neck left op5 = a m\?2 or x might be made ( a small fawn sk92 or x might be made ( a piece ( old t5t cov] & %ap$ l a cyl9d]4 ,eat+ ! ,se$s ,sometimes we boil$ ripe squa%es :ole1 se$s & all2 & we !n ate ! se$s4 ,!y ta/$ some?+ l peanuts4 ,^! se$s ( boil$ squa%es 7 eat5 j z !y came f ! squa%4 ,i w\ld take up two or ?ree se$s 9 my m\?1 cru%+ !m ) my tee?2 & ) my tongue ,i w\ld sep>ate ! k]nels f ! %ells :i* ,i spat out4 ,i 0 r fond ( squa% se$s4 ,i h also he>d ( families :o prep>$ squa% se$s by p>*+ or roa/+2 b ,i nev] did ?is myself4 ,roa/+ ,ripe ,squa%es ,i h he>d t 9 old days my tribe us$ to roa/ fall-kept ripe squa%es4 ,!y 7 buri$ 9 ! a%es & roa/$ :ole4 ,i nev] did ?is myself1 h[ev]4 ,!re is a /ory t an old man :o 0 bl9d1 0 h&$ a squa% ?us roa/$4 ,he f\nd ! squa% to 8 lik+1 b did n "k h[ x _h be5 cook$4 8,girl10 he cri$1 8let me h ! bro? ?is 0 boil$ 960 8,! squa% 0 roa/$ 9 ! a%es2 x has no bro?10 answ]$ ! girl :o _h h&$ x to him4 ,! bl9d man laugh$4 8,i ?\ght x 0 boil$ 9 a pot10 he said4 ,i judge f ?is /ory t sev]al squa%es _h be5 roa/$1 & t ! bl9d man got "o z 8 %>e4 ,/or+ ! ,unus$ ,se$ ,squa%es ,x 0 our cu/om to remove to our w9t] village 9 ! mida-pxdi widic1 or leaf-turn-yell[ moon2 x corresponds ab\t to ,octob]4 ,i rememb] ! leaves us$ to be fall+ f ! trees :ile we 7 work+ ab\t our w9t] lodges1 gett+ ready = cold wea!r4 ,:5 mov+ "t came 9 ! fall1 any squa%es left ov] 9 ! lodge1 uneat51 7 /or$ 9 a ca*e pit until spr+4 ,b x 0 a difficult ?+ to /ore ^! squa%es s t !y w\ld keep s\nd2 & :5 spr+ came _m ( !m w\ld be f\nd to h rott$4 ,"s families 7 m c>eful 9 mak+ ready & /or+ _! ca*e pits ?an 7 o!rs4 ,squa%es kept be/ :5 /or$ 9 c>efully prep>$ pits4 ,on ! family's return ! next spr+ ! ca*e pit 0 op5$2 & ! squa%es t _h kept s\nd c\ld be us$ = cook+1 & _! se$s c\ld be plant$4 ,! numb] ?us /or$ ov] w9t] 0 n l>ge4 ,! se$s ( rott$ squa%es 7 j z good to plant z 7 ! se$s ( ! s\nd squa%es4 ,we c>ri$ no squa% se$s ) u to our w9t] village4 ,= our spr+ plant+ we dep5d$ on ! se$ we _h left /or$ 9 ! ca*e 9 our summ] lodge1 9 my fa!r's family4 ,! se$s ( a ripe squa% are swell$ & plump 9 ! c5t]2 ^? ( a f\r-days-old squa% are flat4 ,we c\ld tell 9 ?is way if squa% se$s 7 ripe4 ,squa%es1 ,pres5t ,se$ ,i grew our native squa%es 9 my son ,goodbird's g>d5 until f\r ye>s ago4 ,i /opp$ cultivat+ !m because my son's family did n seem to c>e to eat !m4 ,la/ ye> a squa% v9e came up wild 9 my son's g>d54 ,! squa%es t grew on x 7 ( two colors4 ,i sav$ "s ( ! se$ & plant$ !m ?is ye>4 ,x is f _! yield t ,i h giv5 y se$4 ,z ,i h said1 squa%es 7 ( diff]5t colors & v>i$ a good deal 9 %ape2 yet we recogniz$ b "o /ra9 ( se$4 8,we plant b "o k9d ( se$10 we said1 8& all colors & %apes gr[ f x1 d>k1 :ite1 purple1 r\nd1 elongat$40 ,squa% ,dolls ,!re is "o o!r ?+ ,i w tell be=e we =sake ! subject ( squa%es4 ,little girls ( t5 or elev5 ye>s ( age us$ to make dolls ( squa%es4 ,:5 ! squa%es 7 br\ght 9 f ! field1 ! little girls w\ld g to ! pile & pick out squa%es t 7 prop] = dolls4 ,i h done s1 myself4 ,we us$ to pick out ! long ones t 7 p>ti-color$2 squa%es ^: tops 7 :ite or yell[ & ! bottoms ( "s o!r color4 ,we put no decorations on ^! squa%es t we _h = dolls4 ,ea* little girl c>ri$ h] squa% ab\t 9 h] arms & sang = x z = a babe4 ,(t5 %e c>ri$ x on h] back1 9 h] calf sk9 robe4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,beans ,plant+ ,beans ,bean plant+ foll[$ imm$iately aft] squa% plant+4 ,beans 7 plant$ 9 hills ! size & %ape ( squa% hills1 or ab\t sev5 by f\rte5 in*es2 b if made 9 op5 gr\nd ! hills 7 n plac$ s f> ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,squa% hills1 l corn hills1 /ood ab\t f\r feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 measur+ f c5t] to c5t]2 b bean hills might be plac$ two feet or less 9 ! r[4 ,beans1 h[ev]1 7 v commonly plant$ n 9 op5 gr\nd1 b betwe5 our r[s ( corn2 ! hills 7 arrang$ z %[n 9 diagram 7figure #h1 page #be74 ,corn hills1 ,i h said1 /ood f\r feet1 or a little less 9 ! r[1 & ! r[s 7 ab\t f\r feet ap>t1#ag :5 corn 0 plant$ by itself4 ,b if beans 7 to be plant$ betwe51 ! corn r[s 7 plac$ a little f>!r ap>t1 to make room = ! bean hills4 ,putt+ 9 ! ,se$s ,to make a hill = beans1 ,i broke up & loos5$ ! soil ) my hoe1 scrap+ away ! dry top soil2 ! hill ,i !n made ( ! s(t1 slightly moi/ "u-soil4 ,! hill1 z sugge/$ by ! measurem5ts1 0 r elongat$4 ,i took beans1 ?ree 9 ea* h&1 held 9 ?umb & fir/ two f+]s1 & buri$ !m 9 a side ( ! hill1 two in*es deep1 by a simultane\s ?ru/ ( ea* h&1 z ,i /oop$ ov]2 ! two gr\ps ( se$s 7 six in*es ap>t4 ,i h he>d t "s families plant$ f\r se$s 9 ea* gr\p1 in/ead ( ?ree2 b ,i always put 9 ?ree se$s & ?9k t ! bett] way4 ,figure #bd w expla9 ! two ways ( plant+4 ,i am n sure t ,i "k j :y we plant$ beans always 9 ! side ( ! hill2 ,i h said we plant$ squa% ?us because ! spr\t$ se$s 7 t5d] & ! soil 9 ! side ( ! hill did n bake h>d aft] a ra94 ,also1 we 7 c>eful n to make our bean hills too l>ge1 z ! heavy ra9s turn$ ! s(t soil into mud :i* beat d[n ov] ! v9es1 kill+ !m4 ,hoe+ & ,cultivat+ ,^! subjects ,i h suffici5tly describ$1 ,i ?9k1 :5 ,i told y h[ we ho$ & cultivat$ corn4 ,?re%+ ,?re%+ 0 9 ! fall1 aft] ! beans _h rip5$ & ! pods 7 dead & dri$4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! wea!r _h be5 favorable1 ! bean v9es 7 q dry & c\ld be ?re%$ ! same day !y 7 ga!r$4 ,b if ! wea!r 0 a little damp1 or if1 z 0 usually ! case1 ! v9es 7 /ill a little gre51 !y _h to be dri$ a day or two be=e !y c\ld be ?re%$4 ,to prep>e = ?is labor1 ,i w5t out into ! field & pull$ up all ! corn /alks 9 a space f\r or five y>ds 9 diamet]2 ?is 0 = a dry+ place4 ,i pull$ up ! v9es ( "o bean hill & transf]r$ !m to my left h&1 :]e ,i held !m by ! roots2 ,i ga!r$ ano!r bun* ( bean v9es 9 my "r h&1 z _m z ,i c\ld conv5i5tly c>ry2 & ,i took ^! v9es1 borne 9 my two h&s1 to ! dry+ place1 & laid !m on ! gr\nd1 roots up1 spread+ !m out a little4 ,i ?us work$ until ,i _h pull$ up all ! v9es t grew ne> ! dry+ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd ,r$rawn f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,i made sev]al su* dry+ places1 z ! ne$ requir$2 & on !m ,i put all ! bean v9es to dry4 ,at ! end ( ab\t ?ree days1 :5 ! v9es 7 dry ,i took out into ! field half ( an old t5t cov] & laid x on ! gr\nd 9 an op5 space made by cle>+ away ! corn /alks4 ,?is t5t cov]1 s laid1 0 to be my ?re%+ floor4 ,we nev] laid ?is t5t cov] at ! edge ( ! field on ! grass1 because 9 ?re%+ ! v9es1 "s ( ! beans w\ld fly up & fall outside ! t5t cov]1 on ! gr\nd4 ,we always pick$ ^! /ray beans up c>efully1 aft] ?re%+4 ,?is c\ld n be done if we ?re%$ on ! grass4 ,my ?re%+ floor ready1 ,i took up "s ( ! dry v9es & laid !m on ! t5t cov] 9 a heap1 ab\t ?ree feet high4 ,i got ^u ?is heap ) my moccas9$ feet & sm>tly trampl$ x1 n[ & !n /&+ on "o foot1 :ile ,i %uffl$ & scrap$ ! o!r ov] ! dry v9es2 ?is 0 done to %ake ! beans loose f _! pods4 ,:5 ! v9es 7 pretty well trampl$ ,i pu%$ !m ov] two or ?ree feet to "o side ( ! t5t cov]2 & hav+ fet*$ fre% v9es1 ,i made ano!r heap ab\t ?ree feet high1 :i* also ,i trampl$ & pu%$ aside4 ,:5 ,i _h trampl$ ?ree or f\r heaps 9 ?is mann] ,i 0 ready to beat !m4 ,we pref]r$ to tread out our beans ?us1 because beat+ !m ) a /ick made ! se$s fly out 9 all directions ^u ! gr\nd2 :5 ! v9es 7 trampl$1 ?is w\ld n happ54 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! tread+ 0 ov]1 !re 7 always a few unop5$ pods /ill cl++ to ! v9es2 & to free ! beans f ^! pods1 we beat ! v9es at ! end ( e ?ree or f\r tread+s4 ,?is beat+ ,i did ) a /ick1 ab\t ! size ( ! /ick us$ z a flail 9 ?re%+ corn4 ,i always ?re%$ my beans on a w9dy day if possible1 s t ,i might w9n[ !m imm$iately aft] ! ?re%+4 ,if ! w9d di$ d[n1 ,i cov]$ ov] ! ?re%$ beans & wait$ until ! w9d came up aga94 ,a small c>ry+ basket or a wood5 b[l1 0 us$ to w9n[ )4 ,aft] ! beans 7 w9n[$1 !y 7 dri$ "o m day1 ei!r on a t5t cov] 9 ! g>d51 or at home on a sk9 plac$ on ! gr\nd ne> ! dry+ /age4 ,at ! end ( ?is day's dry+1 !y 7 ready to be pack$ 9 sacks4 ,our bean h>ve/s v>i$ a good deal f ye> to ye>2 9 my fa!r's family1 f z little z half a sack1 to z mu* z ?ree b>rels4 ,! bigge/ h>ve/ our family ev] put up1 t ,i rememb]1 0 equival5t to ab\t ?ree b>relfuls4 ,( c\rse we did n use b>rels 9 ^? days4 ,bean ?re%+ nev] la/$ long2 x 0 "w t c\ld be done rapidly4 ,ga!r+ up ! v9es1 ?re%+1 & w9n[+ took ab\t a day & a half2 ! actual ?re%+ la/$ only ab\t half a day4 ,b ?is does n take into acc\nt ! "t ! v9es & ! ?re%$ beans lay dry+4 ,i rememb] t "o ye>1 :5 our crop 0 ( good size1 = ! :ole "w ( ?re%+ & labor ( gett+ our bean crop 91 ,i sp5t b ?ree days4 ,9 ?is "t ,i _h ga!r$ up ! v9es1 ?re%$ !m1 & w9n[$ ! ?re%$ beans4 ,h[ev]1 ! "t necess>y = ^! labors v>i$ mu* ) ! crop1 ! wea!r1 & ! gre5ness ( ! v9es4 ,v>ieties ,!re 7 five v>ieties ( beans 9 common use 9 my tribe1 z foll[s3 ,amaca cipica ,black bean ,amaca hici ,r$ bean ,amaca puxi ,spott$ bean ,amaca ita w9aki matuhica ,%ield-figur$ bean ,amaca atki ,:ite bean ,^! v>ieties we plant$1 ea* by itself2 & ea* k9d1 aga91 0 kept sep>ate 9 ?re%+2 also1 only beans ( ! same v>iety 7 put 9 "o bag = /or+4 ,black1 r$1 :ite1 %ield-figur$1 spott$1 ea* _h a sep>ate bag4 ,besides ! =ego+ v>ieties1 !re 7 "s families :o rais$ a v>iety ( yell[ beans4 ,i once plant$ "s se$ ( ?is v>iety1 b did n f9d t !y br$ v true to color2 ,i d n "k if ?is 0 because ,i did n get v good se$4 ,i d n ?9k ^! yell[ beans 7 9 use 9 my tribe 9 v old times4 ,:e!r !y 7 import$ to u by :ite m51 or1 z seems likely1 7 br\ght f o!r tribes1 ,i d n "k4 ,! :ite beans n[ rais$ 9 ?is "p ( ! res]vation1 se$ ( :i* y h pur*as$1 is f :ite man's /ock4 ,! se$ 0 br\ght to u1 ,i ?9k1 :5 ,i 0 a little girl1 or ab\t sixty ye>s ago4 ,b we ,hidatsas & ,m&ans _h :ite beans be=e ?is4 ,! two /ra9s are easily di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! :ite man's v>iety1 ! eye is a little sunk5 9 ! se$4 ,9 ! native :ite beans1 ! eye is on a level ) ! body ( ! bean4 ,select+ ,se$ ,beans ,9 ! spr+1 :5 ,i came to plant beans1 ,i 0 v c>eful to select se$ = ! foll[+ po9ts3 se$ %\ld be fully ripe2 se$ %\ld be ( full color2 se$ %\ld be plump1 & ( good size4 ,if ! r$ 0 n a deep r$1 or ! black a deep black1 ,i knew ! se$ 0 n fully ripe1 & ,i w\ld reject x4 ,s also ( ! :ite1 ! spott$1 & ! %ield-figur$4 ,did ,i le>n f :ite m5 ?us to select se$8 7,laugh+ he>tily47 ,no1 ?is cu/om comes d[n to u f v old times4 ,we 7 always taught to select se$ ?us1 9 my tribe4 ,:ite m5 d n seem to "k v mu* ab\t rais+ beans4 ,our s*ool tea*] la/ ye> rais$ beans 9 a field ne> ! s*ool-h\se2 & :5 h>ve/ "t came1 he tri$ to pluck ! pods directly into a basket1 )\t tread+ or ?re%+ ! v9es4 ,i ?9k x w\ld take him a v long "t to h>ve/ 8 beans 9 t mann]4 ,cook+ & ,uses ,( ! sev]al v>ieties1 ,i l to eat black beans be/4 ,especially ,i l to use black beans 9 mak+ mdakapa4 ,h[ev]1 all ! o!r k9ds 7 good4#ah ,i h already describ$ to y "s ( ! di%es we made1 & /ill make1 ) beans4 ,foll[+ are "s messes ,i h n describ$3 ,amaca ,dih1 or ,beans-,boil$4 ,! beans 7 boil$ 9 a clay pot1 ) a piece ( buffalo fat1 or "s bone grease4 ,if ! beans 7 dri$ beans1 !y 7 boil$ a little long] ?an squa% is boil$--a half h\r or m4 ,spr+ salt1 or o!r season+1 0 n us$4 ,gre5 beans1 %ell$ f ! pod1 7 sometimes prep>$ ?us1 boil$ ) buffalo fat or bone grease2 b gre5 beans did n h to be boil$ q z long z dri$ beans4 ,gre5 ,beans ,boil$ 9 ! ,pod4 ,gre5 beans 9 ! pod we boil$ & ate z a vegetable f ! "t !y came 9 until fall2 b we did n plant beans1 z we did corn1 to make !m come 9 late 9 ! season1 t we might !n eat !m gre54 ,gre5 beans 9 ! pod 7 boil$ 9 a clay pot1 ) a little fat ?r[n 94 ,pods & se$s 7 eat5 toge!r4 ,b a gre5 bean pod has 9 x two little /r+s t are n v good to eat4 ,at meal "t ! boil$ pod 0 tak5 up 9 ! f+]s & c>ri$ to ! eat]'s m\?4 ,at "o end ( ! pod is always a k9d ( little hook2 ! unbrok5 pod 0 tak5 into ! m\? ) ?is little hook =w>d1 betwe5 ! tee?2 & ! eat]1 seiz+ ! little hook betwe5 ?umb & f+]1 drew x out ( 8 m\? ) ! two little /r+s t 7 always atta*$ to ! hook4 ,gre5 ,corn & ,beans4 ,p\nd$ gre5 %ell$ corn 0 (t5 boil$ ) gre5 beans1 %ell$ f ! pod4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,/or+ ,,= ,,w9t] ,! ,ca*e ,pit ,we /or$ our corn1 beans1 sunfl[] se$ & dri$ squa% 9 ca*e pits = ! w9t]1 mu* z :ite p keep vegetables 9 _! cell>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be ,r$rawn f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,a ca*e pit 0 %ap$ some:at l a jug1 ) a n>r[ neck at ! top4 ,! wid? ( ! m\?1 or entrance1 0 commonly ab\t two feet2 on ! v l>ge/ ca*e pits ! m\? 0 nev]1 ,i ?9k1 m ?an two feet eight1 or two feet n9e in*es4 ,9 diagram 7figure #be71 ! wid? ( pit's m\? at ,,bb %\ld be a little m ?an two feet1 n>r[+ to two feet a little high] up4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 we built our ca*e pits s t !y 7 ea* ( ! size ( a bull boat at ! bottom4 ,o!r measurem5ts 71 z ,i "h %[ ) my h&s1 "o foot eight in*es f ! top ( ! m\?1 :]e x is level ) ! gr\nd1 d[n to ! pun*eon cov] t lay 9 ! tr5* dug = ! purpose2 & two feet & a half f ?is plank cov] to ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 m>k$ ,,bb 9 ! diagram4 ,desc5t into "o ( ^! big ca*e pits 0 made ) a ladd]2 b 9 a small "o1 su* z ,i h made y 9 v]tical-section model1 9 a bank by ! ,miss\ri1 & :i* y h photograph$1 ! dep? 0 n s great4 ,9 "o ( ^! small] pits1 :5 /&+ on ! floor )91 my eyes j cle>$ ! level ( ! gr\nd above1 s t ,i c\ld look ar\nd4 ,:5 su* a pit 0 half full ( corn1 ,i c\ld desc5d & come out aga91 )\t ! help ( a ladd]4 ,at o!r times ,i _h to be help$ out2 ,i w\ld hold up my h&s1 & my "m1 or "s "o else1 w\ld come & give me a lift4 ,usually1 two wom5 work$ toge!r ?us 9 a ca*e pit1 "o help+ ! o!r out1 or tak+ ?+s f h] h&s4 ,"o ( my mo!rs 0 usually my help]4 ,! digg+ & /or+ ( a ca*e pit 0 wom5's "w4 ,= digg+ ! pit1 a %ort h&l$ hoe 0 us$2 ( iron1 9 my day2 ( bone1 ,i h he>d1 9 old5 times4 ,i h dug m ?an "o ca*e pit myself4 ,i began by digg+ ! r\nd m\?1 dragg+ ! loos5$ e>? away ) my hoe4 ,z ! pit grew 9 dep?1 ! excavat$ e>? 0 c>ri$ (f 9 a wood5 b[l4 ,i /ood 9 ! pit ) ! b[l at my feet & labor$ ) my hoe1 rak+ ! e>? into ! b[l4 ,:5 x 0 full1 ,i h&$ ! b[l to my "m1 :o bore x away & empti$ x4 ,x took me two days & a good "p ( a ?ird to dig a ca*e pit1 my "m help+ me to c>ry (f ! dirt2 su* a ca*e pit1 ,i mean1 z we us$ 9 my fa!r's family1 & :i*1 z ,i h said1 0 l>ge en\gh = a bull boat cov] to be fitt$ into ! bottom4 ,a tr5* = ! pun*eon cov] ( ! m\? 0 ! v la/ "p ( ! ca*e pit to be dug2 b ,i w describe ! use ( ?is tr5* a little f>!r on4 ,grass = ,l9+ ,:5 ! ca*e pit 0 all dug1 x _h next to be l9$ ) grass4 ,! grass us$ = ?is purpose1 & = clos+ ! m\? ( ! ca*e pit1 0 ! long blui% k9d t gr[s ne> spr+s & wat] c\rses on ?is res]vation2 x gr[s ab\t ?ree feet high4 ,9 ! fall1 ?is k9d ( grass becomes dry at ! top1 b is /ill gre5 d[n ne> ! roots2 & we !n cut x ) hoes & pack$ x 9 bundles1 to ! village4 ,?is blui% grass 0 ! only k9d us$ = l9+ a ca*e pit4 ,we knew by repeat$ trials t o!r k9ds ( grass w\ld mold1 & did n keep well4 ,grass ,bundles ,i rememb]1 "o "t1 ,i w5t out ) my "m to cut grass4 ,i took a pony along to pack our loads home4 ,i load$ ! pony ) f\r bundles ( grass1 two on ea* side1 b\nd to ! saddle4 ,a bundle 0 ab\t f\r feet long1 & f two & a half to ?ree feet ?ick1 press$ tight toge!r4 ,"o bundle made a load = a woman4 ,besides ! f\r bundles load$ on my pony1 my "m pack$ "o bundle back to ! village1 & ?ree or f\r dogs dragg$ ea* a bundle on a travois4 ,we reckon$ t ?ree ( ^! bundles w\ld be ne$$ to l9e & close a l>ge ca*e pit2 & two & a half bundles1 = a small] pit4 ,a hundr$ su* bundles 7 ne$$ to cov] ! ro( ( an e>? lodge4 ,long e/abli%$ use made u able to make ! bundles ab\t alike 9 weight1 ?\gh ( c\rse we _h no scales to weigh !m 9 ^? days4 ,! ,grass ,b9d+ ,rope ,ea* bundle 0 b\nd ) a rope ( grass4 ,9 a b$ ( ?is grass z x /&s by ! spr+ or /ream1 !re is (t5 f\nd dead grass f ! ye> be=e1 or ev5 f two ye>s previ\s1 /&+ among ! o!r grass /ems t are /ill some:at gre5 at ! roots4 ,to make a b9d+ rope ,i mu/ use only dead grass4 ,i did s 9 ?is mann]3 ,i /oop$1 took a wisp ( grass 9 my h&s1 twi/+ x to ! left & at ! same g5tly lift+ x1 :5 all ! dry /ems w\ld break (f at ! roots4 ,i took a half /ep =w>d1 laid ! twi/$ end ( ! /r& on ! gr\nd1 & grasp$ ano!r wisp ( grass1 :i* ,i twi/$ to ! left & broke (f z be=e2 b ,i twi/$ ! new wisp 9 su* mann] t x made "p ( ! cont9u$ twi/$ /r&4 ,i cont9u$ ?us until ,i _h a /r& long en\gh to tie my bundle4 ,figure #bf is a sket* made aft] my description ( a grass bundle1 %[+ ! grass rope & ! tie4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf ,exact reproduction ( sket* by ,goodbird4 ,! tie is pron\nc$ accurate by ,buffalobird-woman4 ,dry+ ! ,grass ,bundles ,^! grass bundles we fet*$ home & laid on ! dry+ /age until we 7 ready to use !m4 ,j be=e us+1 we took ! bundles up on ! ro( ( ! e>? lodge1 broke ! b9d+ ropes & spread ! grass out to dry1 = "o day4 ,! ,will[ ,floor ,! walls ( ! ca*e pit 7 left b>e = ! grass l9+2 b a floor 0 laid on ! bottom4 ,?is 0 r simply made by ga!r+ dead & dry will[ /icks1 & lay+ !m ev5ly & snugly ov] ! bottom ( ! pit4 ,! ,grass ,l9+ ,ov] ?is will[ floor1 ! grass1 n[ ?or\ghly dri$1 0 spread ev5ly1 to a dep? ( ab\t f\r in*es4 ,grass 0 !n spread ov] ! walls to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es1 & /ay$ 9 place ) ab\t eight will[ /icks4 ,^! 7 plac$ v]tically aga9/ ! walls & nail$ 9 place ) wood5 p9s made ea* f ! =k ( a dead will[1 z %[n 9 figure #bg4 ,! ends ( ! /icks %\ld rea* to ! neck ( ! ca*e pit1 at ! place m>k$ ,b1 9 diagram 7figure #be1 page #hg74 ,we 7 c>eful to spread ! grass l9+ ev5ly ov] ! walls2 & we 7 especially c>eful n to let ! root ends get matt$ toge!r1 z !y 7 v apt to d4 ,x w be notic$ t ! will[ floor+ ( ! pit1 ! will[ /ay+ rods1 & ! wood5 p9s t held !m 9 place1 7 all made ( dead & dry will[s2 ?is 0 done t ev]y?+ )9 ! pit might be p]fectly dry4 ,x did n take long to place ! grass l9+ ( ! ca*e pit4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg ,sk9 ,bottom ,cov]+ ,if ! ca*e pit 0 a small "o1 we cov]$ ! bottom ) a circul> piece ( sk91 cut to fit ! pit bottom1 & laid x directly on ! grass matt+ t cov]$ ! will[ floor2 b if ! ca*e pit 0 a l>ge "o1 we fitt$ into ! bottom ! sk9 cov] ( a bull boat1 ) ! will[ frame remov$4 ,/or+ ! ,ca*e ,pit ,! ca*e pit 0 n[ ready to be /or$4 ,my "m & ,i--& by 8my "m0 ,i mean always "o ( my two mo!rs1 = my "m t bore me 0 dead--fet*$ an old t5t cov] f ! e>? lodge1 & laid x by ! ca*e pit s t "o end ( ! cov] hung d[n ! pit's m\?4 ,^u ?is t5t cov] we empti$ a big pile ( %ell$ ripe corn1 fet*$ 9 baskets f ! bull boats 9 :i* x _h be5 tempor>ily /or$ inside ! lodge4 ,we also fet*$ _m /r+s ( braid$ corn1 & laid !m on "o side ( ! t5t cov]4 ,la/ly1 we fet*$ "s /r+s ( dri$ squa% & laid !m on ! t5t cov]4 ,( dri$ squa%1 ,i fet*$ b "o /r+ at a "t1 d\bl$ & fold$ ov] my left arm4 ,a /r+ ( dri$ squa%1 z ,i h said1 0 always sev5 ,indian fa?oms long2 & ,i h describ$ an ,indian fa?om z ! di/ance f ! tips ( ! f+]s ( "o h& to ! tips ( ! f+]s ( ! o!r1 ) bo? h&s out/ret*$ at ei!r side4 ,z ^! measurem5ts 7 made by ! wom5 work]s1 an ,indian fa?om av]ag$ ab\t five & a half feet 9 l5g?4 ,a /r+ ( dri$ squa%1 sev5 ,indian fa?oms 9 l5g?1 we knew by exp]i5ce to be j ab\t ! weight t a woman c\ld conv5i5tly c>ry4 ,a /r+ eight fa?oms long w\ld be too heavy2 & "o six fa?oms long w\ld be r %ort4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh ,plan ( ca*e 9 horizontal section3 ,a1 floor ready = /or+2 ,b1 ! fir/ s]ies ( braid$ /r+s2 ,c1 loose corn2 ,d1 fir/ squa% /r+4 ,9 v]tical section3 ,e1 ! fir/ s]ies ( braid$ /r+s ( corn2 ,f1 add+ loose corn2 ,g1 ! fir/ squa% /r+2 ,h1 loose corn fill$ 9 ar\nd squa%4 ,all be+ n[ ready1 my "m desc5d$ into ! ca*e pit4 ,lean+ ov] ! m\?1 ,i h&$ h] a /r+ ( braid$ corn4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 we usually braid$ fifty-f\r1 or fifty-five e>s1 to a /r+2 & a woman c\ld c>ry ab\t ?ree /r+s on h] left %\ld]4 ,^! braid$ /r+s1 z ,i h said1 my "m & ,i fet*$ f ! dry+ /age2 %e /ood on ! /age floor & h&$ me ! braid$ /r+s1 & ,i bore !m (f to ! ca*e pit4 ,lean+ ov] ! pit !n1 z ,i h said1 ,i h&$ my "m "o ( ! braid$ /r+s t n[ lay 9 a heap on ! t5t cov]4 ,my "m took ! /r+ ( corn1 fold$ x once ov]1 & laid x snugly aga9/ ! wall ( ! ca*e pit1 on ! sk9 bottom cov]+1 ) ! tips ( ! e>s all po9t$ inw>d4 ,fold+ a /r+ ?us kept ! e>s f slipp+1 & /ay$ !m m firmly 9 place2 & ! e>s1 laid husk end to ! wall1 7 bett] pres]v$ f dang] ( moi/ure4 ,my "m cont9u$ ?us all ar\nd ! bottom ( ! pit1 until %e _h surr\nd$ x ) a r[ ( braid$ corn laid aga9/ ! wall1 two e>s deep2 = ! /r+s1 be+ d\bl$1 lay !re=e two e>s deep4 ,my "m n[ />t$ a second r[1 or s]ies1 ( /r+s ( braid$ corn d\bl$ ov]1 lay+ !m ^u ! fir/ s]ies2 & l ^!1 ) ! e>s all po9t$ inw>d4 ,:5 ?is s]ies 0 complet$1 ! bottom ( ! ca*e pit 0 surr\nd$ by /r+s ( braid$ corn1 :i*1 because d\bl$1 n[ lay f\r e>s deep4 ,my "m n[ call$ to me t %e 0 ready = ! %ell$1 or loose1 corn4 ,obey+ h]1 ,i pu%$ ! %ell$ corn t lay on ! t5t cov]1 d[n ! ov]hang+ end ( ! sk9 into ! ca*e pit1 until ! floor ( ! pit 0 fill$ up level ) ! top ( ! f\r-ti]$ s]ies ( /r+s ( braid$ corn4 ,x w be se5 n[ h[ necess>y x 0 t a hide or bull boat cov] be put 9 ! bottom ( ! ca*e pit1 to receive ?is %ell$ gra94 ,i next pass$ d[n a /r+ ( dri$ squa%1 sev5 fa?oms long2 & ?is my "m coil$ & pil$ up 9 ! c5t] ( ! ca*e pit ^u ! %ell$ corn4 ,?is loose corn1 ,i h already said1 lay level ) ! topmo/ r[ ( e>s laid aga9/ ! pit's wall1 b did n q cov] ! e>s4 ,i rememb]1 z ,i look$ d[n into ! pit1 ,i c\ld see ^! corn e>s ly+ 9 a circle ab\t ! loose corn )94 ,figure #bh1 drawn "u my direction1 %[s 9 a s]ies ( r\gh sket*es h[ ! ca*e pit 0 fill$4 ,aga9 ,i pass$ d[n /r+s ( braid$ corn to my "m4 ,^! %e d\bl$1 z be=e1 & laid !m ar\nd ! wall ( ! ca*e pit1 until !y came up level ) ! top ( ! squa% heap coil$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,we did n h any fix$ numb] ( r[s ( corn to place n[2 my "m j pil$ ! d\bl$ braids ar\nd ! wall until !y came ev5 ) ! top ( ! coil$ squa% /r+4 ,my "m !n call$ to me1 & aga9 ,i %ov$ loose corn into ! ca*e pit1 until x j b>ely cov]$ ! coil$ squa% pile & ! topmo/ r[ ( braid$ e>s4 ,! object ( our putt+ ! squa% 9 ! c5t] ( ! %ell$ corn 0 to protect x f dampness4 ,! %ell$ ripe corn did n spoil v easily1 b dri$ squa% did4 ,we 7 c>eful1 !re=e1 to /ore ! /r+s ( squa% 9 ! v c5t] ( ! ca*e pit & surr\nd !m on e side ) ! loose corn2 ?is protect$ ! squa% & kept x dry4 ,we cont9u$ work+1 my "m & ,i1 until ! ca*e pit 0 fill$4 ,9 an av]age siz$ ca*e pit we w\ld usually /ore f\r sev5-fa?om /r+s ( dri$ squa%1 coil$ ea* 9 a heap 9 ! c5t] ( ! ca*e & hidd5 z describ$1 9 ! loose corn2 & z ,i recollect x1 ,i ?9k x took ab\t ?irty or m /r+s ( braid$ corn to lie ar\nd ! wall ( an av]age siz$ pit2 b my memory "h is a little unc]ta91 & ?is e/imate may n be q accurate4 ,we fill$ ! pit ab\t up to ! po9t m>k$ ,b 9 ! diagram 7figure #be71 ! la/ two feet be+ fill$ ) %ell$ corn only2 ?us ! la/ /r+ ( squa% put 9 ! ca*e pit %\ld be cov]$ ) at lea/ two feet ( loose corn4 ,ov] ?is %ell$ corn1 at ,b 9 ! diagram1 we snugly fitt$ a circul> cov]1 cut f ! ?ick sk9 ( ! flank ( a buffalo bull4 ,a bull's hide is ?ick] ?an a buffalo c['s1 & = ?is reason 0 seldom made into a robe2 b !re 7 purposes = :i* a bull's hide 0 pref]r$4 ,?us ! heavy ?ick-hair$ p>ts ( a bull's hide 7 mu* us$ = mak+ saddle sk9s1 because ! heavy wool protect$ ! horse's back2 & ! %ort hair$ p>ts 7 mu* us$ = mak+ ca*e pit cov]s4 ,us+ ^! p>ts ( ! hide = cov]s1 we did n h to bo!r to scrape (f ! hair1 :i* 9 summ] is v %ort on a buffalo's flanks4 ,! sk9 cov] 0 laid hair side up1 s t ! fle% side w\ld come next to ! loose corn4 ,on ?is hide cov] my "m & ,i laid grass1#ai ( ! same k9d z us$ = l9+ ! ca*e pit wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi ,r$rawn f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,! ,pun*eon ,cov] ,^u ?is grass1 if ! pit 0 "o ( ! small] ones1 we laid pun*eons2 & ^! pun*eons1 z ,i h said1 re/$ 9 a tr5*4 ,! pun*eons1 split f small logs1 7 laid 9 ! tr5* flat side d[n1 s t !y w\ld n rock4 ,!re 7 ab\t five ma9 planks1 or pun*eons1 ! middle "o be+ ! heavie/1 ! bett] to su/a9 ! weight ( any horse t might happ5 to walk ov] ! ca*e pit's m\?4 ,on ei!r side ( ^! ma9 pun*eons 7 two %ort] ones1 laid to cov] ! small area ( ! pit's m\? n cov]$ by ! ma9 pun*eons4 ,figure #bi by ,goodbird1 drawn f ! small model ,i made = y 9 ,wolf ,*ief's y>d1 w expla9 ?is4 ,! pun*eons %[n 9 ! figure exactly fit ! tr5*2 & _! circumscrib$ outl9e repres5ts also ! %ape ( ! tr5*4 ,! dott$ circle repres5ts ! pit's m\?1 n[ hidd5 by ! ov]-ly+ pun*eons4 ,^u ! pun*eons we n[ laid grass1 q fill+ ! pit's m\?1 & ev5 heap$1 x might be1 a foot high above ! level ( ! gr\nd2 ?is we trampl$ d[n h>d1 well into ! m\? ( ! pit4 ,ov] ?is grass we fitt$ a second cov]1 cut z 0 ! fir/ f a buffalo bull's hide2 & ^u ?is we heap$ e>? until ! pit 0 fill$ level ) ! gr\nd4 ,la/ly1 we rak$ a%es & refuse dirt ov] ! spot1 to hide x f any enemy t might come pr[l+ ar\nd 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! village 0 des]t$4 ,i h said t pun*eons1 re/+ 9 a tr5*1 7 us$ to cov] ! m\? ( a ca*e pit ( small] size4 ,if ! pit 0 ( ! l>g] size1 ,i dug ab\t two feet d[n 9 ! neck or op5+1 a rectangul> place on ei!r side1 ) my knife4 ,pun*eons 7 ?ru/ d[n into "o ( ^! rectangul> op5+s & drawn ?r\gh into ! o!r1 cov]+ ! m\? ( ! pit2 & z 9 ! small] pit1 !re 7 sev]al ma9 pun*eons1 ) "o or two small] & %ort] ones at ei!r side4 ,grass 0 /uff$ into ! two op5+s1 above ! ends ( ! pun*eons1 to firm ! latt]4 ,above ! pun*eons1 ! m\? ( ! pit 0 fill$ 91 z 0 t ( ! small] pit1 ) grass1 a circul> sk9 cov]1 & e>?4 ,! two rectangul> op5+s :i* ,i dug ) my knife 9 ! neck ( ! l>g] pit1 71 z w be not$1 a little f>!r d[n ?an 0 ! floor ( ! tr5* ( ! small] pit4 ,?is 0 because ! neck 0 long] 9 a pit ( ! l>g] size4 ,,ca*e ,,pits ,,9 ,,small ,,ankle',s ,,lodge ,fir/ ,acc\nt ,9 diagram 7figure #cj71 ,i h m>k$ ! positions ( ! ca*e pits we _h 9 use 9 my fa!r's family1 :5 ,i 0 a girl4 ,ca*e ,a 0 us$ = h>d yell[ %ell$ corn2 b ! braids pil$ aga9/ ! wall ( ! pit 7 ( :ite corn2 s also ( ,b & ,c4 ,9 ca*e ,d 7 /or$ dri$ boil$ corn & /r+s ( dri$ squa%4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj ,sometimes 9 "o ( ! ca*e pits outside ( ! lodge we put a bag ( beans1 or sometimes two bags4 ,ea* bag 0 ( sk9 & 0 ab\t z long z "o's arm2 its %ape 0 long & r\nd4 ,9 ! fall1 :5 we w5t to our w9t] lodges1 corn1 squa%1 beans1 & :atev] else 0 ne$$1 we load$ on our horses & took ) u4 ,z soon z we came to our w9t] lodge we made ready a ca*e pit at once & /or$ ^! ?+s away4 ,we op5$ a ca*e pit :5ev] we got out ( provisions4 ,:5 %\ld ?is be1 y ask8 ,:5 we got out ( provisions4 ,?is might happ5 at any "t4 ,"o w9t]1 ,i rememb]1 we got out ( provisions & a numb] ( our p left ! w9t] village & w5t to ! lodges at ,l-a-fi%hook village1 to op5 a ca*e4 ,! ,si\x surr\nd$ !m !re4 ,our p took refuge 9 a k9d ( =t t belong$ to ! trad]s & fir$ d[n f an upp] room2 !y kill$ two ( ! ,si\x4 ,ca*e pit ,f 9 ! diagram1 we made aft]w>ds4 ,pit ,e 0 also ( lat] make2 we dug x aft] we got potatoes2 x 0 inside ! lodge & ne> ! corral = horses4 ,ca*e pit ,c we _h to ab&on because mice got into x & we c\ld n get rid ( !m4 ,s we fill$ x up ) e>? & dug pit ,d4 ,we /or$ gummy corn 9 ca*e pit ,d & us$ x = two ye>s4 ,! ?ird ye> ! ,si\x came aga9/ our village 9 ! w9t] "t & /ole our corn & burn$ d[n my fa!r's lodge4 ,i h be5 tell+ y h[ ! ca*e pit 0 us$ = /or+ ?+s = w9t]2 b ,i d n mean t x 0 ( no use 9 summ] "t4 ,9 e>ly spr+ we put into a ca*e pit two big packages ( dri$ meat & a bladd] full ( bone grease4 ,we did n take !m out until ab\t ,augu/ or a little e>li]4 ,! meat w\ld /ill be good1 & ! bone grease w\ld be h>d & sweet1 j z if x 7 froz54 ,a ca*e pit la/$ = a long "t1 us$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,a ,second ,acc\nt on ,ano!r ,day ,we _h f\r ca*e pits to /ore gra9 = my fa!r's family2 "o held squa%1 vegetables1 corn1 etc4 ,a second held %ell$ yell[ corn4 ,9 ?is ca*e ! usual /r+s ( corn laid ar\nd to protect ! %ell$ gra9 f ! wall1 7 ( :ite corn4 ,we did n braid h>d yell[ corn4 ,x 0 corn t we did n (t5 use = p>*+4 ,a ?ird ca*e held :ite %ell$ corn1 protect$ by ! usual braid$ /r+s ( :ite corn4 ,a f\r? ca*e pit 0 a small "o inside ! lodge2 "h we /or$ dri$ wild turnips1 dri$ *oke-*]ries1 & dri$ ,june b]ries2 & any valuables t we c\ld n take ) u to our w9t] village4 ,our ca*e pits 7 = ! mo/ "p locat$ outside ! lodge1 because mice 7 f\nd inside ! lodge1 & !y 7 apt to be tr\blesome4 ,9 ! ca*e pit :]e we /or$ our yell[ corn1 we /or$ ! gra9 loose1 n 9 sacks4 ,i knew ( c\rse :]e ea* ca*e pit 0 locat$4 ,! ,si\x sometimes came up aga9/ u 9 w9t] & raid$ our ca*$ corn4 ,"o w9t] 7ab\t #ahgg7 !y came up & burn$ our lodges & /ole all t 0 9 our ca*e pits4 ,we return$ f our w9t] qu>t]s to our p]man5t village a little be=e ice breaks on ! ,miss\ri1 or 9 ! latt] "p ( ,m>*4 ,diagram ( ,small ,ankle's ,lodge ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca ,r$rawn f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,a4 ,b$ ( ,small ,ankle & ,/rikes-_m-wom54 ,b4 ,b$ ( ,wolf ,*ief & wife4 ,c4 ,b$ ( ,be>'s ,tail & wife4 ,d4 ,b$ ( ,son-(-a-,/> & 8 wife ,buffalo-bird-woman4 ,e4 ,b$ ( ,flies-l[1 ,yell[ ,front ,hair & ,fell-^u-8-h\se1 ?ree boys4 ,f4 ,b$ ( ,turtle4 ,g4 ,place = /or+ ax1 hay1 wood1 or any ?+ t c\ld be pil$ or laid away4 ,h4 ,b$ ( ,small ,eyes1 eld] si/] ( ,/rikes-_m-wom52 ! b$ "h by ! fireplace be+ ! w>me/ 0 commonly res]v$ = an eld]ly p]son4 7,small ,eyes is probably ! same z ,r$ ,blossom74 ,k4 ,corn mort> & pe/le4 ,l4 & ,m4 ,ca*e pits4 ,n4 ,plat=m ( slabs on :i* 7 /or$ food1 ut5sils1 etc4 ,p4 ,lazy-back or native *air4 ,,xxx4 ,small ,ankle's m$ic9es1 or sacr$ objects4 ,figure #ca is a diagram ( ,small ,ankle's lodge1 z ,i rememb] x4 ,my ?ree bro!rs slept 9 b$ ,e1 b (t5 ,wolf ,*ief or ,be>'s ,tail & _! wives w\ld be away1 /ay+ at "s o!r lodge1 p]haps at ! wife's "m's2 sometimes !y visit$ ?us = a long "t4 ,! boys might !n make use ( ! vacant b$ ( ! visit+ c\ple4 ,all b$s 7 cov]$ ) sk9s1 z ,i h be=e describ$ to y4 ,small *ildr5 slept ) _! p>5ts4 ,i d n "k :y my fa!r put 8 m$ic9e %r9es 9 ! re> ( ! lodge4 ,ours 0 a big family & !re 0 n room en\gh = all ! b$s on "o side4 ,probably ,small ,ankle want$ ! m$ic9e objects ne> 8 b$ & n :]e ! *ildr5 74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,a ,,dry+ ,,/age ,/ages 9 ,l-a-fi%hook ,village ,!re 7 ab\t sev5ty lodges 9 ,l-a-fi%hook village1 :5 ,i 0 a girl4 ,a corn dry+ /age /ood be=e e lodge4 ,t be=e ,small ,ankle's lodge 0 a ?ree-section /age1 ( eight po/s4 ,:ite ,fea!r1 or 8 wives1 own$ two ( ^! big eight-po/ /ages1 "o be=e ea* ( _! two lodges2 = ,:ite ,fea!r _h f\r wives4 ,_m ,gr[?s--a woman--_h a big eight-po/ /age4 ,!re 7 a few o!r eight-po/ /ages 9 ! village1 b !y 7 small1 ) n>r[ sections & po/s plac$ relatively r close to "o ano!r4 ,! re/ ( ! /ages 9 ! village1 z ,i recollect1 7 all six-po/1 or two-section1 /ages4 ,9 all cases1 :e!r ( a six-po/ or eight-po/ /age1 ! floor 0 upheld by two long1 b n>r[ beams1 t ran ! :ole l5g? ( ! /age4 ,! description ,i %all n[ give ( ! mak+ ( a dry+ /age1 is ( an eight-po/ /age1 su* z always /ood be=e my fa!r's lodge4 ,cutt+ ! ,timb]s ,! timb]s we us$ = build+ a dry+ /age 7 all ( cottonwood4 ,be+ ?us ( a s(t wood1 ! timb]s did n la/ s v long :5 expos$ to ! wea!r2 & a /age built ( cottonwood timb]s la/$ only ab\t ?ree ye>s2 ! f\r? ye>1 unless ! /age 0 rebuilt1 ! po/s rott$ & ! /age w\ld fall d[n4 ,unlike ! po/s ( a wat*]s' /age1 ^? ( a dry+ /age 7 always c>efully peel$ ( b>k1 z !y rott$ m quickly if ! b>k 0 left on4 ,my "m's dry+ /age1 z ,i h said1 _h eight po/s2 & ^! po/s we cut ) =ks at ! top4 ,if we c\ld f9d !m1 or if we _h "t to hunt = !m 9 ! woods1 we cut d\ble-=k$ po/s1 l t ( figure #cb4 ,b x 0 mu* easi] to get ! small] po/s1 ( ! height ( ! /age floor4 ,su* a po/ _h b "o =k at ! top1 9 :i* lay "o ( ! beams t support$ ! floor2 & a companion po/1 long] & n s heavy1 /ood by x to support ! rail+ at ! top ( ! /age4 ,h[ev]1 9 reckon+ ! numb] ( po/s ( a /age1 ,i c\nt a s+le-=k$ po/ & its companion z b "o po/4 ,= ! two long beams on :i* ! floor ( ! /age 0 to be laid1 we cut two r sl5d] logs1 ! longe/ we c\ld f9d 9 ! woods4 ,all ^! timb]s we cut 9 ! summ] "t1 peel+ (f ! b>k & lett+ !m lie until w9t]1 to dry4 ,!n :5 !re 0 sn[ on ! gr\nd1 we hit*$ ropes to ! season$ timb]s & dragg$ !m into ! village4 ,! /age 0 built ! foll[+ spr+ or summ]1 to be ready = ! fall h>ve/2 s t we commonly cut ! timb]s = a /age n9e mon?s or a ye> be=e !y 7 to be us$ 9 build+ x4 ,digg+ ! ,po/ ,holes ,:5 we 7 ready to beg9 build+1 ! fir/ ?+ we _h to d 0 to m>k ! po/ holes4 ,we laid ! two long floor beams p>allel on ! gr\nd1 at su* a di/ance ap>t z to enclose ! space necess>y = ! /age4 ,we !n m>k$ ! places = ! po/ holes1 at prop] di/ances along ! inside ( ! two beams2 !re 7 eight ( ^! po/ holes1 f\r on a side4 ,^! po/ holes 7 dug ) a long digg+ /ick1 & ! dirt remov$1 to ! dep? ( a woman's arm f ! %\ld] to ! h&2 t 0 z f> z "o c\ld rea* d[n to lift out ! dirt4 ,to get ! po/ holes all ( a dep?1 ,i took a /ick & measur$ on x ! l5g? ( my arm f %\ld] to f+]s2 ?is /ick ,i us$ to probe ! holes to see t !y 7 ( a prop] dep?4 ,we n[ laid d[n all ! po/s 9 a r[1 & s adju/$ !m t ! =ks t 7 to receive ! floor beams lay all 9 a /raight l9e2 t is1 if ! po/s 7 two-=k$ po/s1 all ! =ks ,c 7figure #cb7 w\ld lie 9 a /raight l9e2 & if ! po/s1 or "s ( !m1 7 s+le-=k$ po/s1 _! tops w\ld lie 9 a l9e ) =k ,c ( ! d\ble-=k$ po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb ,on all ! po/s a *>coal l9e 0 n[ drawn at ,a 7figure #cb74 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b 7figure #cb7 %\ld be ! l5g? ( a woman's arm1 :i* also 0 ! dep? ( ! po/ hole4 ,b 9 cutt+ ! po/s1 no matt] h[ c>eful we 71 !re 0 always "s irregul>ity 9 l5g?s s t ! "p f ,a to ,b ^u ! v>i\s po/s might slightly v>y4 ,all hav+ n[ be5 m>k$ ) ! *>coal l9e1 ! po/s 7 roll$ ea* to its prop] po/ hole & ! "p ,,ab on ! po/ 0 c>efully measur$ & comp>$ ) ! hole's dep?4 ,= ?is purpose ! /ick us$ to probe ! po/ holes came aga9 into use4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! "p ,,ab on any po/ happ5$ to be an in* or two long] ?an my arm its po/ hole 0 deep5$ to ! same ext5t4 ,all ?is 0 necess>y 9 ord] t :5 ! po/s 7 dropp$ into _! holes1 ! =ks t 7 to receive ! floor beams w\ld lie all at ! same height4 ,i h said t a *>coal l9e 0 drawn ar\nd ea* po/ at ,a 7figure #cb74 ,! position ( ?is l9e1 aft] ! fir/ "o 0 drawn1 0 obta9$ by measur+ f ! =k ,c2 & c>e 0 tak5 t ! measurem5ts on all ! po/s %\ld be exactly alike4 ,! *>coal l9e q encircl$ ! po/4 ,rais+ ! ,frame ,! po/s 7 n[ rais$ & dropp$ into ! po/ holes2 rais+ 0 by h&4 ,! po/s 7 turn$ s t ! =ks lay 9 prop] position to receive ! floor beams & upp] rails2 a two-=k$ po/ 0 plac$ ) ! prong ,c 7figure #cb7 turn$ inw>d4 ,a s+le-=k$ po/ _h to h a companion po/ beside x1 also =k$1 to support ! rail+ at ! top ( ! /age4 ,?is companion po/ 0 n s heavy1 b ( c\rse 0 long]4 ,x /ood j beside ! ma9 po/ & 0 c>efully adju/$ to receive ! upp] rail prop]ly4 ,x 0 la%$ to ! ma9 po/ by a gre5-hide ?ong4 ,?is ?ong might pass ar\nd ! %ort] po/ j bel[ its =k2 or x might b9d ! companion po/ to "o ( ! prongs ( ! =k itself4 ,if ,i _h sev]al two-=k$ po/s & sev]al "o-=k$ po/s ) companion po/s beside !m1 x requir$ "s little bit ( fitt+ to adju/ !m all s t ! floor beams & rails w\ld lie prop]ly4 ,to bett] p]mit ?is to be done1 x 0 n my cu/om to firm ! e>? ab\t ! po/1 until ! frame _h be5 set up & adju/$2 = little irregul>ities 9 ! fitt+ c\ld be cur$ by slightly mov+ ! po/s z !y /ood unfirm$1 9 _! holes4 ,:5 ! frame 0 prop]ly adju/$1 ,i took my digg+ /ick--x 0 always a long "o t 0 us$ = digg+ holes--& ramm$ ! e>? ar\nd ! foot ( ea* po/1 firm+ x4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( my tribe :5 digg+ ! po/ holes1 to dig ea* "o j ! diamet] ( its po/1 or z ne>ly to x z we c\ld2 !n ! po/s :5 rais$ fitt$ snugly into ! holes4 ,! two long floor beams hav+ be5 rais$ into position1 ! two poles t 7 to make ! top rail+ 7 also rais$4 ,^! rails 7 ( ! same l5g?1 b 7 n s heavy1 z ! floor beams4 ,we 7 n[ ready to lay ! floor4 ,! ,floor ,! floor ( ! /age 0 ( cottonwood planks4 ,cottonwood logs1 n9e to twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 _h be5 cut ( prop] l5g?4 ,out ( ! c5t] ( ea* 0 split a plank1 or bo>d1 ) ax & w$ge4 ,^! planks 7 laid to make ! floor1 ! ends ( ! planks re/+ on ! two floor beams t lay on ! =ks ( ! po/s4 ,we took c>e to make ! floor z snug z possible4 ,! planks 7 c>efully fitt$ toge!r1 & if !re 0 any little crook$ place 9 a plank t left a crack 9 ! floor1 we /uff$ a dry corn/alk into ! crack s t no e> ( corn c\ld fall ?r\gh4 ,! planks t made ! floor 7 n b\nd to ! floor beams1 nor weight$ d[n 9 any way2 _! own weight /ay$ !m 9 place4 ,i h said t ! dry+ /age _h to be rebuilt ab\t e ?ree ye>s because ! po/s rott$ d[n 9 t "t4 ,?is 0 n true ( ! floor planks2 !y la/$ mu* long] & 7 us$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,/ay+ ,?ongs ,! eight po/s ( ! /age /ood 9 pairs1 a po/ on ei!r side ( ! floor2 & betwe5 ! tops ( ea* pair ( po/s a gre5-hide ?ong 0 b\nd1 & left to dry4 ,^! ?ongs /ay$ ! /age & made x /rong] & firm]2 (t5 !y 7 also made to b9d d[n ! upp] rails to ! =ks ( ! po/s4 ,ladd] ,! /age /ood always 9 front ( ! e>? lodge ) its long] side to ! door4 ,a ladd] /ood at ! "r h& nigh] corn] po/--z "o comes out ( ! lodge--) ! foot ( ! ladd] re/+ a little way f ! /age4 ,! top ( ! ladd] lean$ aga9/ ! end ( ! floor beam on ! side next ! lodge4 ,( c\rse if ! ladd] 7 left "h ) no?+ to /ay x1 x w\ld fall aga9/ ! loose planks ( ! /age floor & =ce !m out ( position4 ,to prev5t ?is a pole 0 b\nd firmly to ! two po/s ,a & ,b 7figure #ab7 & re/+ on ! two floor beams j outside ! po/s4 ,! ladd] re/$ aga9/ ?is pole4 ,to receive ! pole1 ! floor beams 7 made to project a little bit =w>d at ! ladd] end ( ! /age4 ,! ladd] 0 made ( a cottonwood trunk1 ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ) not*es cut 9 x = /eps4 ,at its l[] end x 0 br\ght to an edge t x might m firmly re/ on ! gr\nd & n turn :5 someone /epp$ on x4 ,at ! upp] end a not* 0 cut 9 ! back to receive ! end ( ! floor beam aga9/ :i* ! ladd] re/$4 7,see figure #cc47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc ,! ladd] _h always "o fix$ place2 or1 if = any reason x _h to be mov$ dur+ labors1 we took pa9s to w>n our fri5ds4 ,a woman 9 our village once mov$ h] ladd] to ano!r place on h] /age & =got ab\t x4 ,:5 %e />t$ to come d[n %e /epp$ 9 ! old place & fell & broke bo? h] arms4 ,we did n l to h a ladd] remov$ f its accu/om$ place = fe> ( j su* accid5ts4 ,:5 ! own] desc5d$ f h] dry+ /age1 %e took d[n h] ladd] & laid x on ! gr\nd beside ! /age4 ,x 0 n prop] = /rang]s to g up on ! dry+ /age1 nor 7 *ildr5 all[$ to g up !re4 ,neighbors sometimes came 9 & borr[$ ! ladd]2 b :5 n 9 use1 its prop] place 0 on ! gr\nd by ! /age4 ,y ask me h[ we ,indian wom5 asc5d$ & desc5d$ a ladd]4 ,i nev] ?\ght ( our hav+ any p>ticul> cu/om 9 ?is2 b n[ t y call my att5tion to x1 ,i rememb] t a woman asc5d$ & desc5d$ a ladd] ) h] face t[>d ! /age1 giv+ h] ! appe>ance ( go+ up sidewise1 & com+ d[n 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 go+ up a ladd] ,i usually plac$ my left foot on ! l[e/ /ep2 br\ght my "r foot ar\nd 9 front & ov] my left to ! second /ep2 !n my left foot pa/ & beh9d my "r foot1 ) my face t[>d ! dry+ /age4 ,my left h& might or might n t\* ! ladd]1 z ,i 0 us$ to asc5d+ x & felt no fe>4 ,9 desc5d+ a ladd] ,i plac$ my "r foot on ! highe/ /ep1 & ov]lapp$ ) my left2 & s until ! bottom 0 rea*$4 ,i d n "k if o!r wom5 _h exactly ?is cu/om1 = ,i nev] obs]v$ or ?\ght any?+ ab\t x2 b ,i d "k t always1 asc5d+ or desc5d+1 an ,indian woman w5t sidewise1 ) h] face t[>d ! /age4 ,enl>g+ ! ,/age ,"s ye>s1 if our family's corn crop 0 v l>ge1 we ext5d$ our dry+ /age1 mak+ x five po/s long in/ead ( f\r po/s long1 on a side4 ,o!r families did likewise1 z !y _h ne$2 "o family might h corn en\gh to require a /age five po/s long1 :ile ano!r family ne$$ "o only f\r po/s long1 on a side4 ,/ages1 inde$1 v>i$ 9 l5g? ) ! ne$s ( ! family1 b !y 7 all ( ab\t ! same wid?4 ,pres5t ,/ages ,! /age t ,i h be5 describ+ is ( ! k9d t 0 9 use 9 my tribe :5 ,i 0 a "y girl ( twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ( age4 ,at pres5t we no long] use ?is1 our old =m1 b ! ,arik>a =m in/ead4 ,! ,arik>a /age diff]s 9 hav+ a floor ( will[s1 & is easi] to make4 ,x took two days to erect a /age ( ! old fa%ion$ k9d1 su* z ,i h be5 describ+4 ,build+1 ,wom5's ,"w ,build+ ! dry+ /age 0 wom5's "w1 al?\gh ! m5 help$ raise ! heavy po/s & floor beams4 ,9 my fa!r's family1 my two mo!rs & ,i built ! /age2 b my fa!r also help$ u1 especially if !re 0 any heavy lift+ to d4 ,measurem5ts ( ,/age ,i w n[ give y ! measurem5ts ( su* a /age z we us$ 9 my fa!r's family4 ,pac+ x (f "h1 on ! gr\nd1 ! l5g? ( ! /age 01 ,i ?9k1 ab\t s long--?irty feet4#bj ,its wid? 0 ab\t ?us--twelve feet4 ,f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! /age floor 0 a little high] ?an a woman c rea* ) h] h&1 or ab\t six feet1 six in*es2 !re 7 horses 9 ! village1 & ! /age floor mu/ be high en\gh s t ! horses c\ld n rea* ! corn4 ,f ! floor ( ! /age to ! upp] rail+ 0 ab\t s high 7hold+ up a /ick71 or five feet & n9e in*es4 ,i w n[ give y ! measurem5ts ( ! po/s & beams2 & = ?is1 we w use ! little model :i* ,i h made = y4 ,9 ?is model ,i h us$ d\ble-=k$ po/s on "o side1 & s+le-=k$ po/s1 ) companion po/s1 on ! o!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd ,9 ! diagram 7figure #cd71 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 are d\ble-=k$ po/s2 a1 b1 c1 d1 are s+le-=k$ po/s2 & xa1 xb1 xc1 xd1 are companion po/s4 ,! d\ble-=k$ po/s1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 %\ld be ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet] betwe5 ! l[] =k & ! gr\nd1 b tap]+ slightly t[>d ! upp] =k4 ,?is upp] =k1 if x 0 n 9 ! po/ naturally1 might be cut to receive ! upp] rail4 ,! po/s a1 b1 c1 & d1 %\ld be t5 in*es 9 diamet]2 & ! companion po/s1 xa1 xb1 xc1 & xd1 %\ld be1 p]haps1 f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,all ( ^! po/s are set 9 ! gr\nd ) ! small]1 or bran* end upw>d4 ,! floor beams %\ld ea* be ab\t n9e & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] at "o end1 tap]+ to f\r or five in*es 9 diamet] at ! o!r end4 ,?is tap]+ 0 ! natural gr[? ( ! trunk2 x 0 n1 ,i mean1 cut tap]+ ) an ax4 ,! beams 7 s laid t ! heavy ends 7 always at ! front ( ! /age z we call$ x2 t is1 at ! end :]e ! ladd] /ood4 ,! upp] rails 7 ab\t ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 *os5 = /r5g?1 if possible ( trunks t 7 bran*less1 or ne>ly s4 ,^! upp] rails 7 also laid ) ! heavy ends t[>d ! front1 or ladd] end1 ( ! /age4 ,i h said t if ! long po/s1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 _h no natural =k at ! top1 "o 0 cut2 b all o!r =ks1 & ^? also on ! tops ( ! %ort] po/s 7 natural4 ,we took pride 9 build+ ! /age ( well *os5 timb]s1 & 9 mak+ ! p>ts fit snugly4 ,! floor especially 0 laid z smoo? & z ev5ly z possible2 & "h & !re1 if a crack appe>$1 a dry corn /alk 0 caulk$ 9 to make ! floor snug & smoo?4 ,we 7 also c>eful to *oose /raight1 well =m$ trunks = po/s & floor beams4 ,dry+ ,rods ,ly+ across ! top ( ! /age 9 h>ve/ "t1 ) _! ends re/+ on ! upp] rails1 7 (t5 a numb] ( dry+ rods4 ,a dry+ rod 0 a pole av]ag+ a little m ?an two in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t ?irte5 feet long1 its l5g? p]mitt+ six or sev5 in*es to project ov] ! rail on :i* ei!r end re/$4 ,^! dry+ rods 7 mu* us$ 9 h>ve/ "t4 ,:5 old wom5 came to ! /age to slice squa%es1 !y spitt$ ! slices1 z ,i h describ$1 on will[ spits2 & ^! spits aga9 7 laid on ! dry+ rods1 ea* end ( a spit re/+ on "o ( ! rods4 ,! dry+ rods _h o!r uses4 ,if ! day 0 w>m1 old wom5 work+ on ! floor ( ! /age w\ld lay two or ?ree ( ^! rods across ! upp] rails & ?r[ a buffalo robe ov] !m1 & ?us h %ade :ile !y work$4 ,!y b\nd ! robe d[n ) ?ongs to hold x firm4 ,:5 n 9 use ! dry+ rods 7 laid l5g?wise on ! floor ( ! /age t ! w9d might n bl[ !m ab\t4 ,o!r ,uses ( ! ,dry+ ,/age ,by f> ! *ief use ( ! dry+ /age1 0 to dry our vegetables1 especially our corn & slic$ squa%es4 ,firewood1 collect$ f ! ,miss\ri riv] 9 ! ,june rise1 0 (t5 pil$ on & "u ! /age floor1 to dry4 ,! keep]s ( ! ,okip c]emony us$ to br+ out _! buffalo head masks1 & air !m on ! dry+ /age t /ood be=e _! lodge door4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,tools ,hoe ,iron hoes _h come into g5]al use :5 ,i 0 a girl1 b !re 7 two or ?ree old wom5 :o us$ old fa%ion$ bone hoes4 ,i ?9k my gr&mo!r1 ,turtle1 0 ! v la/ to use "o ( ^! bone hoes4 ,i w describe ! hoe %e us$1 z ,i rememb] x4 ,! blade 0 made ( ! %\ld] bone ( a buffalo1 ) ! edge trimm$ & %>p5$2 & ! ridge ( bone1 t is f\nd on ! %\ld] blade ( e animal1 0 cut (f & ! place smoo!d4 ,! h&le ( ! hoe 0 split1 & grooves 7 cut 9 ! split to receive ! bone blade2 ?is 0 slightly cut to fit & 0 s set t ! edge po9t$ a little backw>ds4 ,raw-hide ?ongs b\nd ! split firmly ab\t ! blade & a /\t ?ong1 runn+ f a groove a little way up ! h&le1 brac$ ! blade 9 place4 7,see figure #c1 page #ab74 ,"u my directions1 ,goodbird has made a hoe su* z ,i saw my gr&mo!r use1 us+ ! %\ld] bone ( a /e] = a blade4 ,y c make necess>y measurem5ts f x4 ,hoe h&les 7 made ( cottonwood or "s o!r light wood4 ,rakes ,we ,hidatsas began our till+ season ) ! rake4 ,we us$ two k9ds1#ba bo? ( native make2 "o 0 made ( a black-tail$ de] horn 7figure #e1 page #ad71 ! o!r 0 ( wood 7figure #d1 page #ad74 ,( ! two1 we ?\ght ! horn rake ! bett]1 because x did n gr[ worms1 z we said4 ,worms (t5 appe> 9 a g>d5 & d mu* damage4 ,x is a tradition ) u t worms are afraid ( horn2 & we believ$ if we us$ black-tail$ de] horn rakes1 n _m worms w\ld be f\nd 9 our fields t season4 ,we believ$ wood5 rakes caus$ worms 9 ! corn4 ,^! worms1 we ?\ght1 came out ( ! wood 9 ! rakes2 j h[ ?is 01 we did n "k4 ,h[ev]1 horn rakes 7 heavy & r h>d to make2 & = ?is reason1 ! h&i] & m easily made wood5 rakes 7 m commonly us$4 ,all ?is t ,i tell y ( our tools & fields is our own lore4 ,:ite m5 taught u none ( x4 ,all t ,i h told y1 we ,indians knew s9ce ! _w began4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce ,squa% ,knives ,squa% knives ( bone 7 /ill 9 use :5 ,i 0 "y4 ,i h (t5 se5 old wom5 us+ !m b1 z ,i recollect1 ,i nev] saw "o be+ made4 ,! knife 0 made f ! ?9 "p ( a buffalo's %\ld] bone2 nev]1 ,i ?9k1 f ! %\ld] bone ( a de]1 elk1 or be>4 ,! bone ( a buffalo c[ 0 be/1 because x 0 ?9n]4 ,if ! squa% knife 0 too ?ick1 ! slices ( squa% 7 apt to break z !y 7 be+ sev]$ f ! fruit4 ,bone squa% knives1 z ,i rememb]1 7 us$ = slic+ squa%es & = no?+ else4 ,a squa% knife %\ld be cut f gre5 bone2 x w\ld !n keep an edge1 = gre5 bone is firm & h>d4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ev] saw anyone %>p5+ a bone knife s f> z ,i c n[ recollect4 ,!re 0 no h&le to a bone squa% knife1 beyond ! natural bone4 ,a bone squa% knife la/$ a long "t4 ,old wom5 9 our village :o us$ ^! bone knives1 br\ght !m out ea* summ] 9 ! squa% h>ve/4 ,x 0 _! habit1 ,i ?9k1 to keep ! knives 9 ! back "p ( ! lodge1 by ! own]'s b$4 ,:e!r x 0 cu/om>y to keep ! knives 9 bags1 or 9 "s o!r receptacle1 ,i d n "k4 ,my mo!rs us$ a :ite man's /eel knife = slic+ squa%es2 b z ,i h said1 !re 7 old wom5 9 ! village :o /ill us$ ! old] bone knives4 ,yell[ ,squa%1 ,i rememb]1 0 "o2 an old ,hidatsa woman nam$ ,blossom 0 ano!r2 s also 0 ,goes-ar\nd-!-end4 ,?is model ( a squa% knife 7figure #ce7 t ,i h _h my son ,goodbird make = y1 is ( r dry bone2 ,i h _h him grease x1 t x may be m l gre5 bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf ,,map ( ,,g>d5s ,s4,e4 ( ,,village4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,fields ,,at ,,l-,a-,,fi%hook ,,village ,ea/-,side ,fields ,figure #cf is a map ,i h made ( ! g>d5s ea/1 or bett]1 s\!a/1 ( ,l-a-fi%hook village4 ,! fields lay1 z indicat$ on ! map1 ^u a po9t ( l& t w5t out into ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,! map is only approximately correct4 ,!re 7 _m o!r g>d5s ?an ^? repres5t$ "h on ! map2 = ,i h made no attempt to indicate any b ^? t lay 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! field my family till$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ,i rememb] pretty cle>ly1 & believe my map to be1 z f> z x goes1 fairly accurate4 ,our family g>d5 is ! "o m>k$ 8,/rikes-_m-wom5's & ,buffalobird-woman's40 ,x lay j s\? ( ,lone ,woman's & ,want-to-be-a-woman's4 ,! field 0 r irregul> at fir/2 a corn] ( x1 z ,i h said1 0 claim$ by ,lone ,woman & ,goes-to-next-timb]1 z !y _h />t$ to cle> x4 ,my mo!rs b\ght out ! rights ( ! claimants1 9 ord] to keep our field m ne>ly rectangul>1 s t we c\ld c\nt our ,indian acres m accurately4 ,?is corn] is m>k$ by a dott$ l9e1 on ! map4 ,i rememb] t :5 ,i 0 a little girl1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! field 7 r irregul> at fir/2 & my gr&mo!r1 ,turtle1 w\ld g along ! edge ) h] digg+ /ick & dig up ! gr\nd to make ! corn]s come out m ne>ly squ>$1 & ! sides ( ! field be /raight5$4 ,! field 0 also enl>g$ f ye> to ye> t[>d ! sides2 & mu* ( ?is "w my gr&mo!r did ) h] digg+ /ick4 ,! g>d5 :5 complet$ 0 ! l>ge/ ev] own$ 9 my family2 x 0 ?is field ^: size ,i measur$ (f = y on ! prairie ! o!r day4 ,! village g>d5s v>i$ 9 size4 ,"s families till$ l>ge fields2 o!rs r small ones4 ,"s families did n "w v en]getically2 & ^! 7 (t5 put to x to h food4 ,o!r families work$ h>d1 & always _h a pl5ty4 ,families 7 n all equally indu/ri\s4 ,!re 7 no wat*]s' /ages nor boo?s 9 ^! ea/-side fields4 ,! gr\nd rose 9 a %elf1 or bluff1 j nor? ( ! g>d5s2 f ?is %elf ! wat*]s c\ld wat* _! fields & s+ to ! gr[+ corn )\t ! tr\ble ( hav+ to build /ages4 ,! soil ( ! ea/-side g>d5s 0 bottom l& & prairie1 ) little or no timb]4 ,ea/ ,side ,f5ces ,our fields on ! ea/-side ( ! village 7 f5c$1 z w be se5 f ! map4 ,! f5ces 7 made ?us3 ,po/s 7 cut ( any k9d ( wood two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & =k$ at ! top4 ,^! 7 set 9 holes1 at di/ances ab\t z we n[ use = corral po/s1 or twelve feet f po/ to po/4 ,po/s 7 sunk ! l5g? ( my =e>m & f+]s into ! gr\nd4 ,holes 7 made ) digg+ /ick & knife1 & ! dirt drawn out by h&4 ,rails 7 laid 9 ! =ks ( ! po/s & b\nd d[n ) /rips ( b>k2 elm b>k 0 /ronge/1 b o!r k9ds 7 us$4 ,! rail+ ?us made ran ab\t ?ree & a half feet f ! gr\nd1 ! height ( ! po/s t upheld x4 ,all ! rails 7 peel$ ( b>k4 ,no attempt 0 made to firm ! /ructure1 z we did our dry+ /ages4 ,our object 0 b to keep out ! horses1 & if ! f5ce 0 /rong en\gh to )/& ! w9ds we ?\ght t en\gh4 ,z w be se5 f ! map1 "s ( ! fields 7 f5c$ q ar\nd2 b ?is 0 done only :5 ! field 0 isolat$4 ,:5 sev]al g>d5s adjo9$1 a s+le f5ce usually ran ar\nd !m all1 & n ar\nd ea* individual field4 ,:5 sev]al g>d5s 7 enclos$ 9 a s+le f5ce1 ea* own] look$ aft] t "p ( ! f5ce t bord]$ h] own l&1 & kept x 9 repair4 ,we did n run our f5ces close to ! b\nd>y ( our g>d5s z :ite m5 d4 ,z we built our f5ces *iefly to keep horses out ( ! g>d5s1 we plac$ !m f> en\gh away s t ev5 if ! horses approa*$ ! f5ce1 !y c\ld n rea* ov] & nibble ! gr[+ corn4 ,i ?9k our f5ces /ood twelve or fifte5 feet away f ! cultivat$ gr\nd1 z ,i pace x "h on ! gr\nd4 ,i "k no reason :y !y 7 run ?us1 except z ,i h said1 to keep ! horses f nibbl+ ! corn4 ,y see1 fifte5 feet is q a little di/ance2 & ! f5ce c\ld h /ood clos] to ! cultivat$ gr\nd & /ill be5 f> en\gh away to keep ! horses f nibbl+ ! crops4 ,all ,i "k is1 t x 0 a cu/om ( my tribe1 & ,i always foll[$ ?is cu/om if ,i _h a f5ce to build4 ,z w be se5 by ! map1 ! corn]s ( ! f5ces 7 turn$ r r\nd2 n built squ>$1 z :ite m5 build _! f5ces4 ,we c\ld n squ>e ! corn]s z :ite m5 d :5 !y build wire f5ces1 because we c\ld n lay ! rails 9 ! =ks ( ! po/s & b9d !m d[n firmly if we did s4 ,p]haps t is ! reason we ran ! f5ces s f> f ! cultivat$ gr\nd1 t ! f5ce1 turn+ ! corn]s1 might n invade ! cultivat$ gr\nd--if y w look at ! map y w see :at ,i mean4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n "k if ?is is ! reason or n4 ,horses did n tr\ble u mu*1 z we did n p]mit !m to graze ne> our g>d5 l&s2 !y 7 pa/ur$ on ! prairie4 ,we always _h f5ces ar\nd our fields z long ago z ,i "k any?+ ab\t2 & ,i h he>d t our tribe _h su* f5ces 9 ! villages !y built at ! m\? ( ! ,knife ,riv]1 to protect _! fields !re f _! horses4 ,su*1 ,i h he>d1 has be5 our ,indian cu/om s9ce ! _w began4 ,at ! v fir/ x is true1 we did n own ponies2 b we soon got !m4 ,i ?9k my tribe obta9$ ponies f ! we/]n tribes4 ,9 my own y\? we ,hidatsas got _m ( our horses f we/]n tribes1 especially f ! ,cr[s4 ,idikitac's ,g>d5 ,on ! map !re appe>s a g>d5 m>k$ z belong+ to a woman nam$ ,idikitac4 ,%e made h] g>d5 aft] all ! o!rs _h be5 f5c$ 94 ,!re 0 a road t w5t d[n to "s ,june-b]ry & *oke-*]ry pat*es1 9 ! small timb] t /ood beyond ! g>d5s2 x 0 a m]e pa? us$ by villag]s afoot1 by wom5 ) _! dogs1 & sometimes by horsem54 ,n[1 ,idikitac laid out h] field s t x enclos$ a small section ( ?is road2 & %e built a f5ce ar\nd x & tri$ to keep ! villag]s f go+ across h] l&4 ,! p did n l ?is4 ,idikitac w\ld tie up h] f5ce tight1 b ! villag]s go+ d[n to ! *oke-*]ry pat*1 w\ld g "r ?r\gh h] g>d51 foll[+ ! road t _h be5 !re2 sometimes !y ev5 w5t ?r\gh ) horses4 8,y mu/ n make y\r g>d5 "h10 ! p said to ,idikitac1 8?is is a road60 ,& ,idikitac answ]$1 8,i d n want y to d damage to my g>d560 ,!re 0 q a deal ( talk 9 ! village ab\t ?is matt]1 & q a bit ( tr\ble came ( x4 ,fields ,we/ ( ! ,village ,! fir/ field cle>$ by my fa!r's family on ! we/ side ( ! village1 is t m>k$ ,a1 on ! plot leg5d$ ) ,turtle's "n1 on ! map 7figure #cg71 :i* ,i h _h my son ,goodbird draw = y ( our we/-side fields4 ,a c\lee bord]$ "o end ( ! field2 & 9 ! ra9y mon?s ! wat] wa%$ out mu* ( ! good soil4 ,will[s gr[+ up along ! edge ( ! c\lee also gave u mu* tr\ble4 ,we !re=e ext5d$ our field to ! o!r side ( ! c\lee1 to include ! "p m>k$ ,b4 ,aft]w>ds we add$ ano!r field1 m>k$ on ! map ) my "n1 ,maxidiwiac4 ,9 ,turtle's g>d5 !re 0 a wat*]s' /age1 ,c1 ) a tree beside x4 ,!re 0 also a boo?1 ,d4 ,pepp]m9t & ,yell[ ,hair _h ea* a wat*]s' /age & a boo? 9 h] g>d51 z indicat$ on ! map4 ,ano!r /age & a tree /ood 9 a g>d5 ne> by1 ! "n ( ^: own] ,i h n[ =gott54 ,i h m>k$ ! position ( /age & tree 9 ea* field only approximately except 9 ,turtle's g>d52 z ?is 0 "o ( our own family fields1 ,i rememb] ! position ( /age & tree v accurately4 ,9 ?is map1 z 9 t ( ! ea/-side g>d5s1 ,i h indicat$ only ! fields t lay 9 ! vic9ity ( ^? cultivat$ by my own family2 !re 7 _m o!rs1 b ,i c n1 aft] s _m ye>s1 accurately m>k _! positions1 nor tell ! names ( ! own]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg ,we/-,side ,f5ce ,a f5ce protect$ our we/-side g>d5s also1 b only on ! side ne>e/ ! village1 probably because ! horses c\ld be expect$ to come f t direction4 ,?is f5ce diff]$ some:at f ^? on ! ea/ side4 ,! f5ce 0 built ?us3 ,a heavy /ick 0 %>p5$ at "o end & driv5 into ! gr\nd ) an ax2 x 0 loos5$ by work+ x f side to side ) ! h&s1 & )drawn1 leav+ a hole ab\t a foot deep4 ,into ?is hole 0 ?ru/ a diamond will[1 butt end d[nw>d1 = po/4 ,! long tap]+ top ) ! twigs & leaves /ill on x1 0 b5t ov] & ar\nd a rail 7t 0 rais$ into position = ! purpose7 & !n twi/$ ar\nd ! po/ & ti$ d[n ) b>k4 ,a second rail 0 b\nd to ! po/ bel[ ! fir/4 ,! sket* on ! map gives an idea ( :at is meant1 & 9 figure #ch is sket* & diagram by ,goodbird4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch ,reproduc$ f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,on ! left is po/ newly plac$ ) foliage intact4 ,on ! "r is po/ ) foliage omitt$ to %[ h[ top 0 b\nd d[n ov] rails4 ,?is f5ce 0 ne>ly or q %\ld] high to a woman1 or ab\t f\r feet2 & ! po/s 7 ab\t two feet ap>t1 s t ev5 a travell] go+ afoot c\ld n squeeze 8 way betwe5 !m4 ,crops1 ,our ,fir/ ,wagon ,! fir/ wagon own$ 9 my tribe belong$ to ,_h-_m-antelopes4 ,my fa!r hir$ him = a pair ( tr\s]s to haul 9 ! corn f our g>d5s1 "o ye>4 ,_h-_m-antelopes fet*$ 9 ?ree wagon loads f my g>d52 ! field ,i mean1 m>k$ ) my "n2 & ?ree m wagon loads f ! field ,a1 9 ,turtle's g>d54 ,f ! field ,b1 9 ,turtle's g>d51 ! family fet*$ ! corn t ye>1 = t field we _h plant$ all to sweet corn2 n gummy corn1 b corn plant$ to half-boil & dry1 = w9t]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,miscellanea ,divisions ,betwe5 ,g>d5s ,:5 two-fields adjo9$ ! divid+ space1 or gr\nd t ran betwe5 !m1 we call$ madupatska2 x 0 always ab\t f\r feet wide4 ,! ^w really means1 ,i ?9k1 a rais$ ridge ( e>?4 ,we /ill use ! ^w 9 ?is s5se4 ,d[n by ! gov]nm5t s*ool h\se at ,indep5d5ce1 our ag5t has run a road2 & ! e>? dug out ( ! roadway has be5 pil$ along ! side 9 a l[ ridge to get rid ( x4 ,?is ridge1 runn+ along ! side ( ! road1 we call madupatska4 ,b ! madupatska divid+ two g>d5s 9 old times 0 nev] rais$ 9 a ridge4 ,x 0 no?+ b a f\r-foot-wide divid+ l9e4 ,no?+ grew on x4 ,ea* g>d5] ho$ h] half ( ! madupatska to keep x clean ( grass & we$s4 ,we 7 p>ticul> ab\t ?is2 we did n want to h any we$s 9 our g>d5s4 ,i d n mean t ,i1 = example1 0 accu/om$ to hoe exactly "o half ( ! madupatska t bord]$ my g>d51 leav+ exactly ! o!r half to my neighbor4 ,i m]ely ho$ z ne$$1 & my neighbor did likewise2 b ! "w 0 pretty equally divid$1 ea* woman recogniz+ t %e %\ld d h] %>e4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! own] ( a g>d5 w\ld come to h] next neighbor & say1 8,i d n want y to h any h>d feel+s1 nor speak aga9/ me2 b ,i want to plant ! madupatska t divides our g>d5s1 9 squa%20 or in/ead ( squa%1 %e might want to plant x 9 sunfl[]s or beans4 ,p]mission be+ giv51 %e w\ld plant z %e _h reque/$2 & !reaft]1 ( c\rse1 %e w\ld hoe all ! madupatska1 because %e _h a crop /&+ on x4 ,b ev5 !n ! gr\nd w\ld n be h]s1 & h] neighbor might refuse ! p]mission ask$4 ,i h said t x might be ask$ to plant squa%1 or beans1 or sunfl[]s4 ,a g>d5] nev] ask$ to plant corn on ! madupatska t bord]$ h] field4 ,r[s ( corn hills %\ld be ab\t f\r feet ap>t2 & z ?is 0 ! wid? ( ! madupatska1 ev5 a s+le r[ ( hills w\ld h cr[d$ ! corn2 b beans or squa%es or sunfl[]s plant$ on ! madupatska did n d s4 ,fall[+1 ,own]%ip ( ,g>d5s ,! fir/ crop on new gr\nd 0 always ! be/1 ?\gh ! second 0 ne>ly z good4 ,! ?ird ye>'s crop 0 n s good2 & aft] t1 ea* ye>1 ! crop grew less1 until 9 "s seasons1 especially 9 a dry summ]1 h>dly any?+ 0 produc$4 ,! own]s !n /opp$ cultivat+ ! g>d5 & let x lie = two ye>s2 ! ?ird ye> !y aga9 plant$ ! g>d5 & f\nd x w\ld yield a good crop z be=e4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s _! g>d5 lay fall[1 ! family own+ x w\ld plant _! season's crop else:]e4 ,9 my fa!r's family we own$ g>d5 l&s bo? on ! ea/ & on ! we/ side ( ! village1 z ,i h told y 9 expla9+ ! two maps made = y4 ,?is made x easy1 if ne$ arose1 to "w "o g>d5 :ile we let ! o!r re/4 ,!re 7 families 9 ! village :o own$ m fields ev51 ?an did my fa!r's h\sehold4 ,sometimes :5 a woman di$1 h] relatives did n tr\ble !mselves to "w h] g>d5 = a c\ple ( ye>s1 b j let x re/2 !n !y w\ld beg9 plant+ x aga91 & ! gr\nd 0 sure to br+ =? a good crop4 ,i ?9k our cu/om ( fall[+ gr\nd may h aris5 9 ?is way4 ,:5 a woman di$ leav+ a g>d51 & h] relatives did n at once take possession1 x 0 f\nd t a two ye>s' re/ increas$ ! yield2 & s ! cu/om ( fall[+1 p]haps1 arose4 ,e "o 9 ! village knew ! value ( a two ye>s' fall[+4 ,gr\nd t 0 newly brok5 produc$ good crops = a long "t4 ,our family's we/ side g>d5 once got to produc+ v poor crops2 & we let x lie untill$ = two ye>s4 ,i d n recollect h[ long x 0 be=e we let x re/ aga94 ,!re 0 no rule h[ long we %\ld use l& be=e we fall[$ x2 nor 0 !re any rule t we %\ld let x re/ = j two ye>s4 ,we m]ely knew t two ye>s' re/ br\ght a poorly produc+ field back into good condition4 ,sometimes a woman di$ & h] g>d5 0 ab&on$ by h] relatives1 :o p]haps _h m l& ?an !y c\ld use4 ,= ?is & o!r causes1 !re 7 always "s ( ! cultivat$ l&s ( ! village ly+ vacant4 ,we nev] _h all our fields 9 use e ye>2 !re 7 always "s ly+ untill$1 ei!r = fall[+1 or = "s o!r reason4 ,if a woman di$ & h] relatives did n c>e to till h] g>d51 x 0 free to any "o :o c>$ to make use ( x4 ,h[ev]1 if a woman desir$ to take possession ( su* an ab&on$ field1 x 0 ?\ght "r t %e %\ld ask p]mission ( ! dead own]'s relatives4 ,p]mission might be ask$ ( ! dead woman's son1 or daught]1 h] "m1 h] husb&'s si/]1 or ( ! husb& himself4 ,! woman did n wait two ye>s be=e ask+2 if %e want$ ! dead woman's field1 %e j w5t to ! relatives & ask$ = x4 ,:5 ! own] ( a field di$1 ,i nev] he>d t h] relatives ev] sold x2 if !y did n c>e to use x !mselves1 !y gave x to "s "o :o did1 or let x lie ab&on$4 ,fro/ 9 ! ,g>d5s ,! fields t lay on ! we/ side ( our village got fro/$ m easily ?an ^? on ! ea/ side4 ,inde$1 our we/-side g>d5s suff]$ a good deal f fro/4 ,! reason 0 t ! gr\nd along ! ,miss\ri 0 l[] on ! we/ side ( ! village2 & fields t lay on l[] gr\nd1 we knew1 7 m likely to get fro/$ ?an ^? on high] gr\nd4 ,g>d5s on ! high] gr\nds ea/ ( ! village 7 seldom t\*$ by fro/4 ,maxidiwiac's ,philosophy ( ,fro/ ,fields ly+ on l[] gr\nd cat* fro/ m easily ?an ^? t lie high]4 ,on a w>m day1 ! gr\nd becomes w>m$2 b at night cool air comes up out ( ! gr\nd1 & we c see t :]e x meets ! w>m air above1 x creates a k9d ( sn[ ho> fro/4 ,also1 "s days ! w9d is high2 & t[>d ev5+ x dies d[n4 ,! hot airs are !n suck$ d[n into ! gr\nd & cause moi/ure to rise up out ( ! gr\nd 9 /eam4 ,aft]w>ds1 if ! cool air comes up out ( ! gr\nd & meets t hot air1 x makes a k9d ( sn[ on ! we$s & corn1 kill+ !m4 ,b y c n see ?is /eam until ! cold air arises2 !n x becomes visible4 ,m5 ,help+ 9 ! ,field ,did "y m5 "w 9 ! fields8 7laugh+ he>tily47 ,c]ta9ly n6 ,! "y m5 %\ld be (f hunt+1 or on a w> p>ty2 & y\?s n yet "y m5 %\ld be out gu>d+ ! horses4 ,_! duties 7 else:]e1 also !y sp5t a great deal ( "t dress+ up to be se5 ( ! village maid5s2 !y %\ld n be work+ 9 ! fields6 ,b old m51 too old to g to w>1 w5t out into ! fields & help$ _! wives4 ,x 0 !irs to plant ! corn :ile ! wom5 made ! hills2 & !y also help$ pull up we$s4#bb ,:5 _! swee!>ts 7 work+ 9 ! fields1 "y m5 (t5 came out & talk$ to !m1 & maybe work$ a little4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n mu* real "w t !y did2 !y 7 b seek+ a *ance to talk1 ea* ) 8 swee!>t4 ,suck+ ! ,sweet ,juice ,:5 ! fir/ gre5 corn 0 pluck$1 we ,indian wom5 (t5 broke (f a piece ( ! /alk & suck$ x = ! sweet juice x conta9$4 ,we did ?is m]ely = a little ta/e ( sweets 9 ! field2 we nev] took ! gre5 /alks home to use z food at our meals4 ,did old m5 d ?is1 y ask8 7laugh+47 ,h[ c\ld !y1 ) _! tee? all worn d[n8 ,old m5 c\ld n *ew su* h>d /uff6 ,no1 j wom5 & *ildr5 did ?is--suck$ ! gre5 corn /alks = ! juice4 ,corn z ,fodd] = ,horses ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! h>ve/ season1 :5 we pluck$ gre5 corn to boil1 we ga!r$ ! e>s fir/2 aft]w>ds we ga!r$ ! gre5 /alks f :i* ! e>s _h be5 /ripp$4 ,^! /alks ) ! leaves on !m we f$ to our horses1 ei!r )\t ! lodge1 or inside1 9 ! corral4 ,we commonly husk$ our corn1 z ,i h said1 out 9 ! fields1 pil+ up ! husks 9 a heap4 ,aft] ! corn 0 all 91 we drove our horses to ! field to eat bo? ! /&+ fodd] & ! husks t lay heap$ ne> ! husk+ place4 ,horses readily ate corn fodd]1 & by ! "t spr+ came aga91 !re 0 little left 9 ! field2 n only 7 ! husks dev\r$1 b mo/ ( ! /&+ /alks 7 eat5 (f ne>ly or q to ! gr\nd4 ,disposition ( ,we$s ,we$s t we cut d[n 9 hoe+ a field1 we let lie on ! gr\nd if !y 7 "y we$s & bore no se$s nor blossoms1 b if ! we$s _h se$$1 we bore !m (f ! g>d5 ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty y>ds f ! cultivat$ gr\nd & left !m to rot4 ,9 old5 times we ,indian wom5 let no we$s gr[ 9 our g>d5s4 ,i 0 v p>ticul> ab\t keep+ my own g>d5 clean all ! "t4 ,! ,spr+ ,clean-up ,we nev] bo!r$ to burn we$s2 b 9 ! spr+ we always clean$ up our fields be=e plant+4 ,we pull$ up ! /ubs ( corn /alks & roots1 & pil$ !m ) ! previ\s ye>'s bean v9es & sunfl[] /alks1 9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 & burn$ !m2 ?is 0 commonly done at ! husk+ place1 :]e ! husks _h be5 pil$4 ,!re 0 n a great deal ( refuse left f ! corn crop1 h[ev]1 z ! horses _h eat5 mo/ ( x = fodd] 9 ! previ\s fall2 b bean v9es !y w\ld n eat4 ,i nev] saw any "o fire _! corn /alks 9 ! fall4 ,our ye>ly clean-up 0 always 9 ! spr+1 :5 e field mu/ be rak$ & clean$ be=e plant+4 ,manure ,we ,hidatsas did n l to h ! dung ( animals 9 our fields4 ,! horses we turn$ into our g>d5s 9 ! fall dropp$ dung2 & :]e !y did s1 we f\nd little worms & insects4 ,we also not$ t :]e dung fell1 _m k9ds ( we$s grew up ! next ye>4 ,we did n l ?is1 & we !re=e c>efully clean$ (f ! dri$ dung1 pick+ x up by h& & ?r[+ x t5 feet or m beyond ! edge ( ! g>d5 plot4 ,we did likewise ) ! dropp+s ( :ite m5's cattle1 aft] !y 7 br\ght to u4 ,! dung ( horses & cattle rais$ %>p ?i/les1 ! k9d t gr[s up 9 a big bu%2 & mu/>d1 & ano!r plant t has black se$s4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( we$s came to u ) ! :ite man2 o!r we$s we _h be=e1 b !y 7 native to our l&4 ,our corn & o!r vegetables c n gr[ on l& t has _m we$s4 ,n[ t :ite m5 h come & put manure on _! fields1 ^! /range we$s br\ght by !m h become common4 ,9 old times we ,hidatsas kept our g>d5s clean ( we$s4 ,i ?9k ?is is h>d] to d n[ t we h s _m m k9ds ( we$s4 ,i d n "k t ! worms 9 ! manure did any h>m to our g>d5s2 b because we ?\ght x br$ worms & we$s1 we did n l to h any dung on our g>d5 l&s2 & we !re=e remov$ x4 ,worms ,our corn1 we knew1 rais$ a good _m worms4 ,!y came out 9 ! e>s2 x 0 ! corn k]nels t became ! worms4 ,wood also became worms4 ,leaves became worms4 ,all ^! br$ worms ( !mselves4 ,i knew also1 :5 ,i 0 a "y woman1 t flies lay eggs1 t aft] a "t ! eggs move ab\t alive2 & t lat] ^! put on w+s & fly away4 ,:e!r all flies d ?is1 ,i did n "k1 b ,i knew t "s d4 ,_m worms appe>$ 9 our g>d5s 9 "s ye>s2 9 o!r ye>s !y 7 few]4 ,wild ,animals ,did buffaloes or de] ev] raid our g>d5s8 7laugh+47 ,no4 ,buffaloes h ke5 sc5t1 & !y c\ld w9d an ,indian a long way (f4 ,:ile !y c\ld smell u ,indian p1 or ! smoke f our village1 !re 0 no dang] t !y w\ld come ne> to eat our crops4 ,antelopes liv$ out on ! pla9s1 9 ! op5 c\ntry2 !y nev] came ne> our fields4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 %eep liv$ 9 ! clay hills1 9 ! v r\ghe/ c\ntry1 :]e c$> trees & sage bru% gr[4 ,black-tail$ de] liv$ f> away 9 ! ,bad ,l&s1 9 ! little r\nd pat*es ( timb] t are f\nd !re1 :]e ! c\ntry is v r\gh4 ,!y 7 n f\nd ne> our village1 nor 9 su* places z ^? 9 :i* we plant$ our g>d5s4 ,:ite-tail$ de]1 h[ev]1 liv$ 9 ! heavy timb] t l9es ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,a few are /ill f\nd on ?is res]vation4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh haunt+ ! woods ne> our g>d5s1 ^! de] nev] mole/$ our crops2 !y nev] ate our corn e>s nor nibbl$ ! /alks4 ,ab\t ,old ,t5t ,cov]s ,i h said t we made ! ?re%+ boo? "u ! dry+ /age ( an old t5t cov]4 ,buffalo hides t we want$ to use = mak+ t5t cov]s1 7 tak5 9 ! spr+ :5 ! buffaloes %$ _! hair & _! sk9s are ?94 ,! sk9 t5t cov] :i* we !n made w\ld be us$ all t summ]2 & ! next w9t]1 p]haps1 we w\ld beg9 to cut x up = moccas9s4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 aga91 we c\ld take m buffalo hides & make ano!r t5t cov]4 ,n all families r5ew$ a t5t s (t54 ,"s families us$ a t5t two ye>s1 & "s ev5 a mu* long] "t2 b _m families us$ a t5t cov] b a s+le season4 ,x 0 a v usual ?+ = ! wom5 ( a family to make a new t5t cov]1 9 ! spr+4 ,old t5t cov]s1 z ,i h said1 7 cut up = moccas9s1 or !y 7 put to o!r uses4 ,!re 0 always a good deal ( ne$ ab\t ! lodge = sk9s t _h be5 scrap$ b>e ( hair2 & ! sk9s 9 a t5t cov] 71 ( c\rse1 ( ?is k9d4 ,e b$ 9 ! e>? lodge1 9 old times1 0 cov]$ ) an old t5t cov]4 ,sk9s ne$$ 9 ?re%+ "t 7 p>tly ( ^! b$ cov]s1 tak5 d[n f ! b$s4 ,(t5 ! piece ( an old t5t cov] f :i* we _h be5 cutt+ moccas9s w\ld be br\ght out & us$4 ,!n we commonly _h o!r buffalo hides1 scrap$ b>e ( hair1 /or$ 9 ! lodge1 ready = any use4 ,buffaloes 7 pl5tiful 9 ^? days1 & sk9s 7 easy to get4 ,we _h always abundance = use 9 ?re%+ "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,s9ce ,,:ite ,,m5 ,,came ,h[ ,we ,got ,potatoes & ,o!r ,vegetables ,! gov]nm5t has *ang$ our old way ( cultivat+ corn & our o!r vegetables1 & has br\ght u se$s ( _m new vegetables & gra9s1 & taught u _! use4 ,we ,hidatsas & our fri5ds1 ! ,m&ans1 h also be5 remov$ f our village at ,l-a-fi%hook b5d1 & made to take our l& 9 allotm5ts2 s t our old agriculture has 9 a measure fall5 into disuse4 ,i 0 ?irty-?ree ye>s old :5 ! gov]nm5t fir/ pl[$ up fields = u2 two big fields 7 brok51 "o betwe5 ! village & ! ag5cy1 & ano!r on ! f>!r side ( ! ag5cy4 ,new k9ds ( se$s 7 issu$ to u1 oats & :eat2 & we 7 made to plant !m 9 ^! newly pl[$ fields4 ,ano!r field 0 pl[$ = u d[n 9 ! bottom l& along ! ,miss\ri2 & "h we 7 taught to plant potatoes4 ,ea* family 0 giv5 a c]ta9 numb] ( r[s to plant & cultivate4 ,at fir/ we ,hidatsas did n l potatoes1 because !y smell$ s /rongly6 ,!n we sometimes dug up our potatoes & took !m into our e>? lodges2 & :5 cold wea!r came1 ! potatoes 7 froz51 & spoil$4 ,= ^! reasons we did n take mu* int]e/ 9 our potatoes1 & (t5 left !m 9 ! gr\nd1 n bo!r+ to dig !m4 ,o!r se$s 7 issu$ to u1 ( wat]melons1 big squa%es1 onions1 turnips1 & o!r vegetables4 ,"s ( ^! we tri$ to eat1 b did n l !m v well2 ev5 ! turnips & big squa%es1 we ?\ght n s good z our own squa%es & our wild prairie turnips4 ,moreov]1 we did n "k h[ to dry ^! new vegetables = w9t]2 s we (t5 did n tr\ble ev5 to h>ve/ !m4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 eag] to tea* ! ,indians to raise potatoes2 & to get u wom5 to cultivate !m1 paid z mu* z two doll>s & a half a day = plant+ !m 9 ! pl[$ field4 ,i rememb] ,i 0 paid t sum = plant+ !m4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s1 f9d+ ! ,indians did n h mu* ta/e = potatoes & r seldom ate !m1 our ag5t made a big ca*e pit--a root cell> y say x 0--& b\ght our potato crop ( u4 ,aft] ?is he w\ld issue se$ potatoes to u 9 ! spr+1 & 9 ! fall we w\ld sell our crop to him4 ,?us1 h&l+ potatoes ea* ye>1 we le>n$ little by little to eat !m4 ,! ,new ,cultivation ,! gov]nm5t also broke up big fields ( prairie gr\nd1 & _h u plant corn 9 !m2 b ^! fields on ! prairie ne> ! hills ,i d n ?9k are s good z our old fields d[n 9 ! timb] l&s along ! ,miss\ri4 ,! prairie fields get dry easily & ! soil is h>d] & m difficult to "w4 ,!n ,i ?9k our old way ( rais+ corn is bett] ?an ! new way taught u by :ite m54 ,la/ ye>1 #aiaa1 our ag5t held an agricultural fair on ?is res]vation2 & we ,indians compet$ = prizes = ! be/ corn4 ,! corn :i* ,i s5t to ! fair took ! fir/ prize4 ,i rais$ x on new gr\nd2 ! gr\nd _h be5 pl[$1 b aside f t1 ,i cultivat$ ! corn exactly z 9 old times1 ) a hoe4 ,iron ,kettles ,! fir/ pots1 or kettles1 ( metal t we ,hidatsas got 7 ( yell[ t9 brass2 ! ,fr5* & ! ,crees also trad$ u kettles made ( r$ t9 copp]4 ,z long z we c\ld get our native clay pots1 we ( my fa!r's family did n use metal pots mu*1 because ! metal made ! food ta/e4 ,:5 ,i 0 a little girl1 if any ( u w5t to visit ano!r family1 & !y gave u food cook$ 9 an iron pot1 we knew x at once because we c\ld ta/e & smell ! iron 9 ! food4 ,i h said t we began cook+ food 9 an iron kettle 9 my fa!r's family :5 ,i 0 ab\t eighte5 ye>s old2 b ! great iron kettle t lies 9 ,goodbird's y>d 0 giv5 u by an ,arik>a woman be=e ,i 0 born4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,tobacco ,obs]vations by ,maxidiwiac ,tobacco 0 cultivat$ 9 my tribe only by old m54 ,our "y m5 did n smoke mu*2 a few did1 b mo/ ( !m us$ little tobacco1 or almo/ none4 ,!y 7 taught t smok+ w\ld injure _! lungs & make !m %ort w9d$ s t !y w\ld be poor runn]s4 ,b :5 a man got to be ab\t sixty ye>s ( age we ?\ght x "r = him to smoke z mu* z he lik$4 ,8 w> days & hunt+ days 7 ov]4 ,old m5 smok$ q a good deal4 ,"y m5 :o us$ tobacco c\ld run2 b 9 a %ort "t !y became %ort ( brea?1 & wat]1 ?ick l syrup1 came up into ! m\?4 ,a "y man :o smok$ a great deal1 if *as$ by enemies1 c\ld n run to escape f !m1 & s got kill$4 ,= ?is reason all ! "y m5 ( my tribe 7 taught t !y %\ld n smoke4 ,?+s h *ang$ greatly s9ce ^? good days2 & n[ "y & old1 boys & m51 all smoke4 ,!y seem to ?9k t ! new ways ( ! :ite man are "r2 b ,i d n4 ,9 old5 days1 we ,hidatsas took good c>e ( our bodies1 z is n done n[4 ,! ,tobacco ,g>d5 ,! old m5 ( my tribe :o smok$ _h ea* a tobacco g>d5 plant$ n v f> away f our corn fields1 b nev] 9 ! same plot ) "o4 ,two ( ^! tobacco g>d5s 7 ne> ! village1 ^u ! top ( "s ris+ gr\nd2 !y 7 own$ by two old m51 ,bad ,horn & ,be>-looks-up4 ,! e>? lodges ( ^! old m5 /ood a little way out ( ! village1 & _! tobacco g>d5s 7 n f> away4 ,be>-looks-up call$ my fa!r 8bro!r0 & ,i (t5 visit$ 8 lodge4 ,tobacco g>d5s1 z ,i rememb] !m1 7 almo/ univ]sal 9 my tribe :5 ,i 0 five or six ye>s ( age2 !y 7 /ill commonly plant$ :5 ,i 0 twelve ye>s old2 b :ite m5 _h be5 br++ 9 _! tobacco & sell+ x at ! trad]s' /ores = "s ye>s1 & our tobacco g>d5s 7 becom+ neglect$4 ,z late z :5 ,i 0 sixte51 my fa!r /ill kept 8 tobacco g>d52 b s9ce t day individual g>d5s h n be5 kept 9 my tribe4 ,in/ead1 j a little space 9 ! vegetable g>d5 is plant$ ) se$ if ! own] wi%es to raise tobacco4 ,! se$ we use is ! same t we plant$ 9 old times4 ,a big insect t we call ! 8tobacco bl[]0 us$ always to be f\nd ar\nd our tobacco g>d5s2 & ?is insect /ill appe>s ab\t ! little pat*es ( tobacco t we plant4 ,! reason t tobacco g>d5s 7 plant$ ap>t f our vegetable fields 9 old times 01 t ! tobacco plants h a /rong smell :i* affects ! corn2 if tobacco is plant$ ne> ! corn1 ! gr[+ corn /alks turn yell[ & ! corn is n s good4 ,tobacco plants 7 !re=e kept out ( our corn fields4 ,we d n foll[ ?is cu/om n[2 & ,i d n ?9k our new way is z good = ! corn4 ,plant+ ,tobacco se$ 0 plant$ at ! same "t sunfl[] se$ 0 plant$4 ,! own] took a hoe & made s(t e foot ( ! tobacco g>d52 & ) a rake he made ! loos5$ soil level & smoo?4 ,he m>k$ ! gr\nd ) a /ick into r[s ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t4 ,he op5$ a little package ( se$1 p\r$ ! se$ into 8 left palm1 & ) 8 "r s[$ ! se$ v ?ickly 9 ! r[4 ,he cov]$ ! newly s[$ se$ v lightly ) soil :i* he rak$ ) 8 h&4 ,:5 ra9 came1 & w>m?1 ! se$s spr\t$4 ,! se$ hav+ be5 plant$ ?ickly1 ! plants came up ?ickly1 s t !y _h to be ?9n$ out4 ,! own] ( ! g>d5 w\ld we$ out ! weak plants1 leav+ only ! /rong] /&+4 ,! e>? ab\t ea* plant 0 hill$ up ab\t x ) a buffalo rib1 into a little hill l a corn hill4 ,x 0 a common ?+ to see an old man work+ 9 8 tobacco g>d5 ) "o ( ^! ribs4 ,"y m5 seldom work$ 9 ! tobacco g>d5s2 n us+ tobacco v mu*1 !y c>$ little ab\t x4 ,arr[-head-e>r+'s ,tobacco ,g>d5 ,an old man1 ,i rememb]1 nam$ ,arr[-head-e>r+1 or ,mai-pokcahec1 _h a pat* ( tobacco along ! edge ( a field on ! ea/ side ( ! village4 ,he 0 a v old man4 ,he us$ a big buffalo rib1 %>p5$ on ! edge1 to "w ! soil & cultivate 8 tobacco4 ,he caught ! rib 9 8 h&s by bo? ends ) ! edge d[nw>d2 & /oop+ ov]1 he scrap$ ! soil t[>d him1 n[ & !n rais+ ! rib up & loos5+ ! e>? ) ! po9t at "o end--pok+ up ! soil1 s to speak4 ,he wore no %irt z he work$2 b he _h a buffalo robe ab\t 8 middle1 on :i* he knelt z he work$4 ,small ,ankle's ,cultivation ,my fa!r always att5d$ to ! plant+ ( 8 tobacco g>d54 ,:5 ! se$ spr\t$ he ?9n$ out ! plants1 we$$ ! gr\nd & hill$ up ! tobacco plants lat] ) 8 own h&s4 ,tobacco plants (t5 came up wild f se$ dropp$ by ! cultivat$ plants4 ,^! wild plants seem$ j z good z ! cultivat$ ones4 ,!re seem$ little pref]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,h>ve/+ ! ,blossoms ,tobacco plants began to blossom ab\t ! middle ( ,june2 & pick+ !n began4 ,tobacco 0 ga!r$ 9 two h>ve/s4 ,! fir/ h>ve/ 0 ( ^! blossoms1 :i* we reckon$ ! be/ "p ( ! plant = smok+4 ,old m5 7 fond ( smok+ !m4 ,blossoms 7 pick$ regul>ly e f\r? day aft] ! season set 94 ,if we neglect$ to pick !m until ! fif? day1 ! blossoms w\ld beg9 to se$4 ,?is pick+ ( ! blossoms my fa!r (t5 did1 b z he 0 old1 & ! "w 0 sl[ & took a long "t1 my si/] & ,i us$ to help him4 ,i well rememb] h[ my si/] & ,i us$ to g out 9 late summ]1 :5 ! plants 7 9 bloom1 & ga!r ! :ite blossoms4 ,^! ,i w\ld pluck f ! plants1 p9*+ !m (f ) my ?umb nail4 ,pick+ blossoms 0 t$i\s "w4 ,! tobacco got into "o's eyes & made !m sm>t j z :ite m5's onions d to-day4 ,we pick$1 z ,i h said1 e f\r? day4 ,only ! gre5 "p ( ! blossom 0 kept4 ,! :ite "p ,i always ?rew away2 x 0 ( no value4 ,to receive ! blossoms ,i took a small basket ) me to ! g>d54 ,!re 7 two k9ds us$2 "o 0 ! b>k basket t we wove1 & ( :i* y h specim5s2 ! o!r k9d 0 made ( a buffalo bull's scrotum1 ) hair side out4 ,su* a basket z ! latt] 0 a little l>g] ?an ! cr[n ( a :ite man's hat1 ! hat b& be+ ab\t ! same diamet] z ! rim t we put on ! basket4 ,x _h ! usual b& to g ov] =ehead or %\ld]s4 ,i bore ! basket 9 ! usual way on my back2 or ,i c\ld sw+ x ar\nd on my brea/ :5 actually pick+1 ?us mak+ x easy to drop ! blossoms into x4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ,i took ! basket (f & set x on ! gr\nd :5 pluck+ blossoms4 ,i w\ld make a little r\nd place 9 ! s(t soil ) my h&s & set ! basket 9 x1 s t x w\ld /& upright4 ,! basket did n collapse1 = ! sk9 cov]+ 0 t\gh & rigid1 n s(t4 ,i (t5 us$ ! scrotum basket also = pick+ *oke-*]ries or ,june b]ries4 ,x 0 m conv5i5t :5 b]ry+ to c>ry ! basket swung ar\nd on my brea/4 ,go+ home ) ! basket fill$ ) b]ries1 ,i bore x 9 ! usual way on my back4 ,my fa!r usually work$ ) u2 & inde$ x 0 to help him1 because he 0 old1 t we pick$ ! blossoms at all4 ,x 0 sl[ "w4 ,i did n expect to ga!r m ?an a f\r? ( a small basketful e f\r days2 & z ! blossoms %runk a good deal 9 dry+1 a day's pick+ look$ r scant4 ,:5 we fet*$ ! blossoms home to ! lodge1 my fa!r w\ld spread a dry hide on ! floor 9 front ( 8 sacr$ objects ( ! ,big ,birds' c]emony2 !y 7 two skulls & a sacr$ pipe1 wrapp$ 9 a bundle & ly+ on a k9d ( /&4 ,we reg>d$ ^! objects z a k9d ( %r9e4 ,nobody ev] walk$ betwe5 ! fire & ! %r9e z t w\ld h be5 a k9d ( disrespect to ! gods4 ,my fa!r spread ! new-pluck$ blossoms on ! hide to dry4 ,ly+ "h be=e ! %r9e1 x 0 c]ta9 no "o w\ld =get & /ep on ! blossoms4 ,x took q a "t to dry ! blossoms4 ,if ! wea!r 0 damp & murky = sev]al days1 my fa!r1 on appe>ance ( ! sun aga91 w\ld move ! hide ov] to a place :]e ! sun %9+ ?r\gh ! smoke hole1 w\ld fall on ! blossoms4 ,! smoke hole1 be+ r l>ge1 w\ld let ?r\gh q a /rong sunbeam1 & ! dry+ blossoms 7 kept directly 9 ! beam4 ,:5 ! blossoms _h q dri$1 my fa!r fet*$ !m ov] ne> ! fireplace1 & put !m on a small sk91 or on a plank4 ,we commonly _h planks1 or bo>ds1 split f cottonwood trunks1 ly+ 9 ! lodge2 !y _h _m uses4 ,my fa!r !n took a piece ( buffalo fat1 ?ru/ x on ! end ( a /ick & roa/$ x sl[ly ov] ! coals4 ,?is piece ( hot fat he t\*$ lightly "h & !re to ! pil$-up blossoms1 s z to oil !m slightly1 b n too mu*4 ,he next mov$ ! sk9 or bo>d d[n ov] ! edge ( ! fire pit1 tipp+ x slightly s t ! heat f ! fire w\ld /rike ! blossoms4 ,"h he left !m a little :ile1 b wat*+ !m all ! "t4 ,n[ & !n he w\ld g5tly /ir ! pile ( blossoms ) a little /ick1 s t ! :ole mass might be oil$ equally4 ,?is done my fa!r took up ! blossoms & put !m into 8 tobacco bag4 ,! tobacco bag t we us$ !n 0 exactly l t us$ to-day1 ornam5t$ ) quills or bead "w2 only 9 ^? days old m5 nev] bo!r$ to ornam5t _! tobacco bags1 j hav+ !m pla94 ,:5 my fa!r want$ to smoke ^! dri$ blossoms1 he drew !m f 8 tobacco bag & *opp$ !m f9e ) a knife1 a pipeful at a "t4 ,cur$ 9 ?is way1 tobacco blossoms 7 call$ duatkiducki4 ,!y 7 smok$ by old m5 unmix$4 ,! blossoms 7 always dri$ )9 ! lodge4 ,if dri$ )\t1 ! sun & air took away _! /r5g?4 ,h>ve/+ ! ,plants ,ab\t h>ve/ "t1 j be=e fro/ came1 ! re/ ( ! plants 7 ga!r$--! /ems & leaves1 ,i mean1 left aft] ! h>ve/+ ( ! blossoms4 ,my fa!r att5d$ to ?is4 ,he took no basket1 b fet*$ ! plants 9 8 arms4 ,he dri$ ! plants 9 ! lodge ne> ! place :]e ! ca*e pit lay4 ,= ?is he took /icks1 ab\t fifte5 in*es long1 & ?ru/ !m ov] ! beam betwe5 two ( ! ext]ior support+ po/s1 s t ! /icks po9t$ a little upw>ds4 ,on ea* ( ^! /icks he hung two or ?ree tobacco plants by ?ru/+ ! plants1 root up1 ^u ! /ick1 b )\t ty+ !m4 ,:5 dry1 ^! plants 7 tak5 d[n & put into a bag2 or a package 0 made by fold+ ov] !m a piece ( old t5t cov]2 & ! package or bag 0 /or$ away 9 ! ca*e pit4 ,:5 ! tobacco plants 7 q dry1 ! leaves readily fell (f4 ,leaves t rema9$ on ! plants 7 smok$1 ( c\rse2 b x 0 ! /ems t furni%$ mo/ ( ! smok+4 ,!y 7 treat$ l ! blossoms1 ) buffalo fat1 be=e putt+ into ! tobacco p\*2 we did n treat tobacco ) buffalo fat except z ne$$ = use1 & to be put into ! tobacco p\*1 ready = smok+4 ,i d n rememb] t my fa!r ev] sav$ any ( ! blossoms to /ore away 9 ! ca*e pit1 z he did ! /em1 or plant tobacco4 ,fri5ds & visitors 7 always com+ & go+2 & :5 !y came into ! lodge my fa!r w\ld smoke ) !m1 us+ ! blossoms fir/1 because !y 7 8 be/ tobacco4 ,9 ?is way1 ! blossoms 7 us$ up ab\t z fa/ z !y 7 ga!r$4 ,be=e putt+ ! tobacco away 9 ! ca*e pit1 my fa!r 0 c>eful to put aside se$ = ! next ye>'s plant+4 ,he ga!r$ ! black se$s into a small bundle ab\t z big z my f+]s bun*$ toge!r1 or ab\t ! size ( a baby's fi/1 wrapp+ !m up 9 a piece ( s(t sk9 :i* he ti$ ) a /r+4 ,he made two or ?ree ( ^! bundles & ti$ !m to ! top ( 8 b$1 or to a po/ ne> by1 :]e !re 0 no dang] ( _! be+ di/urb$4 ,we _h no way ( select+ tobacco se$4 ,we j ga!r$ any se$ t 0 borne on ! plants4 ,( c\rse !re 7 always good & bad se$s 9 e package2 b z ! own] ( a tobacco g>d5 always plant$ 8 se$ v ?ickly1 he 0 able to we$ out all ! weak plants z !y came up1 z ,i h already expla9$4 ,a tobacco plant1 pull$ up & hung up 9 ! lodge1 we call$ oputi3 opi1 tobacco1 & uti1 base1 f\ndation1 sub/antial "p4 ,! ,m&ans & ,arik>as rais$ tobacco exactly z we did1 9 little g>d5s4 ,sell+ to ! ,si\x ,we us$ to sell a good deal ( tobacco to ! ,si\x4 ,!y call$ x ,pananita*ani1 or ,ree's tobacco4 ,a bun* six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 b\nd toge!r1 we sold = "o tann$ hide4 ,size ( ,tobacco ,g>d5 ,my fa!r's tobacco g>d51 :5 ,i 0 a little girl1 0 some:at l>g] ?an ?is room2 & t1 z y measure x1 is tw5ty-"o by eighte5 feet4 ,i h se5 o!r tobacco g>d5s plant$ by old m5 t measur$ some:at l>g]2 b ?is 0 ab\t ! av]age size4 ,cu/oms ,if any "o w5t into a tobacco g>d5 & took tobacco )\t notify+ ! own]1 we said t 8 hair w\ld fall out2 & if any "o 9 ! village began to lose 8 hair1 & x kept com+ out :5 he bru%$ x1 we w\ld laugh & say1 8,hey1 hey1 y man6 ,y h be5 /eal+ tobacco60 ,:at8 ,y say y got ?is tobacco out ( ,wolf ,*ief's g>d5 )\t ask+8 7laugh+ he>tily47 ,!n be sure y\r hair w fall out :5 y comb x4 ,j wat*1 & see if x doesn't6 ,i h said t my fa!r s(t5$ ! soil ( 8 tobacco g>d5 ) a hoe4 ,aft] ! plants began to gr[1 ! hoe 0 n us$1 ei!r = cutt+ ! we$s or = hill+ up ! plants4 ,i h said t ! weak plants 7 cull$ out by h&1 & t ! /rong plants 7 hill$ up ) a buffalo rib4 ,,accessories ,,to ,,! ,,tobacco ,,g>d5 ,f5ce ,:5 ,i 0 a little girl e tobacco g>d5 _h a will[ f5ce ar\nd x4 ,i rememb] v well see+ su* f5ces built4 ,po/ holes 7 made by driv+ a %>p /ake into ! gr\nd ) an ax2 ! /ake 0 )drawn1 & into ! hole left by x1 a diamond will[ 0 ?ru/ = a po/2 on ?is will[ 7 left all ! upp] bran*es ) ! leaves4 ,a rail 0 run f ! po/ to its next neighbor1 at ! height ( a woman's %\ld]1 & /ay$ 9 place by b5d+ ov] ! leafy top ( ! will[ po/1 & draw+ x ar\nd ! rail1 !n twi/+ x d[n & ar\nd ! body at ! po/ 9 a spiral mann]4 ,if ! leafy top ( ! po/ 0 long en\gh1 & sl5d] en\gh1 x might1 aft] be+ wrapp$ spirally ab\t ! po/1 be ev5 drawn out & wov5 into ! f5ce4 ,bel[ ! top rail at a conv5i5t di/ance1 !re ran a second rail1 b\nd to ! po/ ) b>k4 ,besides ^! rails1 bran*es & twigs1 & z ,i h said1 ! tops ( ! po/s !mselves1 7 int]wov5 into ! f5ce to make x z d5se z possible4 ,! po/s ( ! f5ce /ood ab\t two & a half feet ap>t1 mak+1 ) ! rails & ! int]wov5 twigs1 a b>ri] s d5se t ev5 a dog c\ld n pu% ?r\gh x4 ,!re 0 an op5+ left to ent] ! g>d51 clos$ by a k9d ( /ile--b>s ( small poles ?ru/ "r & left betwe5 ! po/s2 aga9/ ^! b>s 7 lean$ "o or two bull b]ry bu%es1 :i* 7 remov$ :5 ! own] want$ to ent]4 ,if a weak place 0 f\nd 9 ! f5ce1 x 0 /r5g!n$ ) a bull b]ry bu% ?ru/ into ! gr\nd & lean$ aga9/ ! f5ce or wov5 into x4 ,! ,scrotum ,basket ,i h said t we us$ a basket made ( ! scrotum ( a buffalo bull1 = pick+ tobacco blossoms4 ,a fre% scrotum 0 tak51 & a rim or hoop ( *oke-*]ry wood 0 b\nd ar\nd its m\?2 *oke-*]ry limbs are flexible & easily b5t4 ,! hoop 0 sew$ 9 place ) s9ew pass+ ?r\gh ! sk9 & ar\nd ! hoop spirally4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci ,reproduc$ f sket* by ,goodbird4 ,a ?ong 0 b\nd at ei!r end to opposite sides ( ! hoop1 & ! :ole 0 hung ^u ! dry+ /age1 or at ! entrance to ! e>? lodge 9 ! sun4 ,! sk9 0 !n fill$ ) s& until dry1 :5 x 0 empti$1 ! ?ong remov$1 & a b&1 or lea!r h&le1 0 b\nd on "o side ( ! hoop1 at places a few in*es ap>t1 & ! basket 0 ready = use4 ,! scrotum is ! t\ghe/ "p ( ! buffalo's hide4 ,:5 dri$ x is z h>d & rigid z wood4 ,figure #ci is a sket* by ,goodbird %[+ :at ! basket 0 l4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj ,d[n 9 ! bottoms along ! ,miss\ri ne> ,indep5d5ce s*ool h\se are ! g>d5s--n[ ab&on$--us$ by ! neighbor+ families :5 !y fir/ came to ?is "p ( ! res]vation1 ab\t #ahhf4 ,! fields are pla9ly m>k$ 9 ! und]bru% & trees f ! fact t !y are relatively op54 ,goodbird accompani$ me to ! sev]al locations & ,i made maps ( ! fields1 :i* ,i include 9 figure #dj4 ,:ile n accurately survey$--,i _h to pace (f ! di/ances--! fields are fairly accurately repres5t$ by ! maps4 ,figure #dj1 ,i1 is a diagram 9 v]tical section ( ! l& surface 9 :i* ! g>d5s lie4 ,t[>d ! "r is se5 ! bas9 ( ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,at ! extreme left is a bit ( ! prairie t abuts ! foo?ills4 ,betwe5 are two level t]races1 "o eighty y>ds1 ! o!r & l[]1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five y>ds 9 wid?4 ,f\r ( ! g>d5s lie 9 ! eighty-y>d t]race2 field ,a1 ( ,small ,ankle2 ,b ( ,big ,foot ,bull2 ,e ( ,cr['s ,brea/1 & ,h1 a small bit ( gr\nd us$ by ! ,small ,ankle family = a squa% g>d54 ,g>d5s ,c ( ,small ,horn2 ,d ( ,legg+s2 ,f ( ,cr['s ,brea/2 & ,g ( ,c$> ,woman1 lie 9 ! l[] & wid] t]race4 ,) "o exception ! fields are call$ by ! names ( ! male heads ( ! families1 a cu/om t probably began at ! "t allotm5ts 7 fir/ made4 ,! relative positions ( ! fields are n z %[n 9 ! figure1 except ( ,a & ,b1 ! g>d5s ( ,small ,ankle & ,big ,foot ,bull4 ,^! are sep>at$ by a wagon road t desc5ds to ! l[] t]race1 z indicat$ on ! map4 ,d\btless ! two t]races h be5 made by ov]-fl[ wat]s4 ,x is likely t bo? are /ill subject to ov]fl[ at long int]vals1 especially ! l[]4 ,! soil is light & s&y1 b black & ri*4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! riv] w\ld seem to sugge/ t ! l& w\ld be f]tiliz$ by silt deposit$ ^u x2 b my ,indian in=mants seem to atta* no significance to ?is4 ,fields 7 locat$ ne> ! ,miss\ri 8because ! soil !re is s(t & easily work$1 & does n become dry & burn up ! crops40 ,,gilb]t ,l4 ,,wilson4 ,,footnotes #a ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,e?nography & ,philology ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological & ,geographical ,survey4 #b ,gilb]t ,l4 ,wilson1 ,my?s ( ! ,r$ ,*ildr54 ,g9n & ,company1 #aijg4 #c ,george ,h4 ,pepp] & ,gilb]t ,l4 ,wilson1 ,an ,hidatsa ,%r9e & ! ,beliefs ,respect+ ,x4 ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,an?ropological ,association1 #aijh4 #d ,gilb]t ,l4 ,wilson1 ,goodbird1 ! ,indian3 ,8 ,/ory4 ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,co4 #aiad4 #e 8,9 ! g>d5 vegetable family are five2 corn1 beans1 squa%es1 sunfl[]s1 & tobacco4 ,! se$s ( all ^! plants 7 br\ght up f b5ea? ! gr\nd by ! ,m&an p4 8,n[ ! corn1 z we believe1 has an enemy--! sun :o tries to burn ! corn4 ,b at night1 :5 ! sun has gone d[n1 ! corn has magic p[]4 ,x is ! corn t br+s ! night moi/ures--! e>ly morn+ mi/ & fog1 & ! dew--z y c see y\rself 9 ! morn+ f ! wat] dripp+ f ! corn leaves4 ,?us ! corn gr[s & keeps on until x is ripe4 8,! sun may scor* ! corn & try h>d to dry x up1 b ! corn takes c>e ( itself1 br++ ! moi/ures t make ! corn1 & also ! beans1 sunfl[]s1 squa%es1 & tobacco gr[4 8,! corn possesses all ?is magic p[]4 8,:5 y :ite p met our ,m&an p we gave to ! :ites ! "n ,maci1 or ,waci1 mean+ nice p1 or pretty p4 ,we call$ !m by ?is "n because !y _h :ite faces & wore f9e clo!s4 ,we said also #8,we w call ^! p our fri5ds6' ,& f t "t to ?is we h nev] made w> on :ite m54 8,our ,m&an corn mu/ n[ be all ov] ! _w1 = we gave ! :ite m5 our se$s4 ,& s x seems we ,m&ans h help$ e p4 ,b ! se$ ( our v>ieties ( corn 7 orig9ally ours4 8,we "k t :ite m5 mu/ also h _h corn se$1 = _! corn is diff]5t f ours4 ,b all we old] folk c tell our native corn f t ( :ite m540--,,w\nd$ ,,face 7,m&an7 #f ,corn suck]1 i4 e41 ! extra %oot or /em t (t5 spr+s up f ! base ( ! maize plant4 #g ,buffalobird-woman says %e plant$ six to eight k]nels to a hill4 ,j :at patt]n %e us$ %e c\ld n tell until %e w5t out ) a h&ful ( se$ & plant$ a few hills to revive h] memory4 ,! ?ree patt]ns %[n 9 figure #g w %[ h[ %e laid ! gra9s 9 ! bottom ( ! sev]al hills4--,,gilb]t ,l4 ,,wilson #h 8,twice 9 ! corn season 7 sc>ecr[s us$2 fir/1 :5 ! corn 0 j com+ up2 & aga9 :5 ! gra9 0 =m+ on ! e> & gett+ ripe40--,,edw>d ,,goodbird #i ,9 ,augu/1 #aiaj1 ,buffalobird-woman relat$ ! /ory ( 8,! ,gr&son10 9 ! c\rse ( :i* %e said 9 explanation ( ref]5ce to a wat*]s' /age3 8,i w n[ /op a mom5t to expla9 some?+ 9 ! o!r =m ( ?is tale4 8,accord+ to ?is way ( tell+ x1 !re 0 a g>d5 & 9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 0 a tree4 ,!re 0 a plat=m "u ! tree made ( trunks & slabs2 & !re ^? two girls sat to wat* ! g>d5 & s+ wat*-g>d5 songs4 ,!y did ?is to make ! g>d5 gr[1 j z p s+ to a baby to make x be quiet & feel good4 ,9 old times we sang to a g>d5 = a l reason1 to make ! g>d5 feel good & gr[4 ,?is cu/om 0 "o us$ 9 e g>d54 ,sometimes "o or two wom5 sang4 8,! s++ 0 begun 9 ! spr+ & cont9u$ until ! corn 0 ripe4 ,we ,indians lov$ our g>d5s & kept !m clean2 we did n let we$s gr[ 9 !m4 ,always 9 e g>d5 dur+ ! gr[+ season1 !re w\ld be "s "o work+ or s++4 8,n[ 9 old times1 _m ( our g>d5s _h re/+ /ages1 or wat*]s' /ages1 su* z ,i h j describ$4 ,we always made our g>d5s d[n 9 ! woods by ! riv]1 because !re is bett] gr\nd !re4 ,:5 we cut (f ! timb] we w\ld (t5 leave "o tree /&+ 9 ! g>d54 ,"u ?is tree 7 erect$ f\r =k$ po/s1 on :i* 0 laid a plat=m4 ,?is made ! /age2 9 ! tree ov]head we (t5 spread robes & blankets = %ade4 8,?is re/+ /age 0 small4 ,x 0 j big en\gh = two p]sons to sit on com=tably4 ,corn 0 nev] dri$ on x2 x 0 us$ = a s++ & re/+ place only4 ,x 0 rea*$ by a ladd]4 ,its height 0 ab\t f\r & a half feet high4 8,?is re/+ /age or wat*]s' /age 0 built on ! nor? side ( ! tree s t ! %ade ( ! tree w\ld fall ^u x4 ,robes 7 laid on ! floor ( ! /age to make a c\* or b$4 ,sometimes p ev5 slept on ?is plat=m--sometimes a man & 8 wife slept !re4 8,?is re/+ /age we us$ to re/ on aft] work+ 9 ! g>d52 & to s+ "h ! songs t we sang at ?is season ( ! ye>1 & :i* ,i h call$ wat*-g>d5 songs4 ,a place to cook 9 0 n f> away on ! edge ( ! g>d54 ,x 0 a k9d ( boo?1 or b[]4 ,) a /ake we made holes 9 ! gr\nd 9 a circle1 & into ! holes ?ru/ will[s4 ,! tops ( ^! will[s we b5t t[>d ! c5t] & jo9$ toge!r to make a b[]4 ,ov] ! top we ?rew a robe4 ,we built a fire b5ea? to cook by4 8,our g>d5s ,i am describ+ 7 ^? at ,l-a-fi%hook village2 & !y 7 on ! ,miss\ri on ei!r side ( ! village4 ,!y 7 /rung along ! riv] bank = a mile or m on ei!r side ( ! village40 #aj ,9 r$raw+ ,goodbird's sket* ?is calf-sk9 has be5 omitt$1 t ! con/ruction ( ! /age floor might be %[n4 #aa 8,my wife is dry+ half-boil$ corn on ! e> ?is ye>4 ,?is way we f9d makes ! dri$ corn sweet]1 b takes long] to dry x4 ,we cook x 9 w9t] by dropp+ ! e>1 cob & all1 into ! pot4 ,?is me?od ( dry+ corn 0 kn[n also 9 old times40--,,edw>d ,,goodbird #ab ,buffalobird-woman means t ! busk]s arriv$ 9 ! fields 9 ! morn+ to beg9 ! day's labors4 ,m ?an "o corn pile might be husk$ 9 a s+le day4--,,gilb]t ,l4 ,,wilson #ac ,wat] ,*ief hav+ /roll$ into ! cab9 :ile ,buffalobird-woman 0 dictat+1 "h int]rupt$ ) ! foll[+3 8,! own] ( a field w\ld come & notify ! cri] ( "s society1 z ! ,fox or ,dog society1 or "s o!r4 ,! cri] w\ld g on ! ro( ( ! society's lodge & call1 #8,all y ( ! ,fox society come hi!r2 !y want y to husk4 ,:5 y all get "h1 we w g to t "o's g>d5 & husk ! corn6' 8,we "y m5 ( ! society all ga!r$ toge!r & m>*$ to ! field to :i* we 7 bidd54 ,9 old times we took our guns ) u1 = ! ,si\x might come up to attack u4 ,z we approa*$ ! field we began to s+1 t ! girls might he> u4 ,we knew t our swee!>ts w\ld take notice ( our s++4 ,! girls !mselves did n s+4 8,at ! corn pile 9 ea* g>d5 w\ld be ! woman own] & maybe two or ?ree girls4 ,on our way to "s field1 if we pass$ ?r\gh o!r fields ) corn piles at :i* 7 girls1 ea* "y man look$ to see if 8 swee!>t 0 !re2 & if he saw h] he w\ld yell1 expect+ t %e w\ld recognise 8 voice4 8,sometimes two societies husk$ at "o corn pile4 ,any ( ! societies might be ask$4 ,if ! pile 0 too big = "o society1 ano!r society 0 ask$1 if ! own] c\ld af=d ! food = ! fea/4 8,diff]5t societies w\ld be husk+ 9 diff]5t g>d5s all at ! same "t4 8,sometimes a gr\p ( "y m5 belong+ to diff]5t societies 7 ask$ to come & husk4 ,?is 0 *iefly at small g>d5s2 ! societies 7 usually ask$ to come & husk ! big corn piles ( ! l>g] g>d5s4 8,if a society w5t e>ly1 !y got ?r\gh j aft] midday4 ,by e>ly ,i mean n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+4 8,:5 we _h f9i%$ husk+ "o pile1 we w5t to ano!r4 ,we work$ late1 by moonlight1 ev54 8,"s man ( ! family & 8 wife w\ld be out all night & wat* by ! corn if !y _h n gott5 all ! husk$ e>s borne 9 to ! village4 ,also :ile ! pile await$ husk+ wat*]s /ay$ by to protect aga9/ horses40 #ad 8,corn 9 old times 0 ga!r$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,a basket 0 c>ri$ on ! back & ! corn 0 toss$ into x ov] ! %\ld]1 or ! basket 0 set on ! gr\nd & fill$4 ,?is "w 0 done by ! wom54 ,! corn hav+ be5 pluck$1 ! own] ( ! field notifi$ p :at food %e want$ to s]ve--meat or boil$ corn-&-beans--& "y m5 came to husk ! corn4 ,a pile might be ?ree or f\r feet high & tw5ty feet long4 ,! m5 husk]s sat on "o side ( ! pile & ! wom5 on ! o!r4 ,! big e>s 7 /rung 9 braids4 ,a braid 0 long en\gh to rea* f ! ?igh ar\nd "u ! foot & up aga9 to ! o!r side ( ! ?igh4 ,a husk] w\ld try ! newly made braid ) 8 foot z he held ! ends 9 8 h&s4 ,unless ?is 0 done a weak place 9 ! /r+ might escape notice & ! braid break1 & all ! o!rs w\ld !n laugh4 8,small e>s 7 toss$ into "o place4 ,f\r or five wom5 w\ld c>ry (f ^! e>s 9 baskets2 !y bore ! fill$ baskets "r up ! ladd] to ! top ( ! dry+ /age4 ,! braid$ /r+s 7 (t5 borne home on ! backs ( ponies1 t5 /r+s on a pony4 ,!y 7 hung l dead snakes on ! rail+s above ! floor ( ! /age to dry4 8,boys & "y m5 w5t to ! husk+ bees because ( ! fun to be _h2 !y want$ to see ! girls60--,,edw>d ,,goodbird 7relat$ 9 #aiji74 #ae 8,sometimes = fun we lads us$ to take long poles ) nooses on ! end & sn>e (f "o e> ( a braid ( corn z x hung dry+2 = ! braids 7 s(t :5 fre%4 ,an e> brok5 (f1 we w\ld run (f & make a fire & p>* ! corn4 ,?is 0 :5 we 7 little fell[s1 t5 or elev5 ye>s old4 ,! own] w\ld run aft] u1 & if he caught "o ( u1 :ipp$ him4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 our cu/om2 & ! own] & ! boy's fa!r bo? look$ ^u x z a k9d ( l>k1 & n any?+ v s]i\s40--,,edw>d ,,goodbird #af ,9 #aiaj ,buffalobird-woman gave an int]e/+ & detail$ acc\nt ( ! mak+ ( a clay pot4 ,a newly made pot1 %e expla9$1 0 rubb$ ov] ) boil$ p\nd$-corn meal2 & %e add$ ?is r humor\s v>iation ( ! recipe above3 8,?is mu%1 or boil$1 p\nd$-corn meal 0 made ?us3 8,a clay pot 0 ?ree-qu>t]s fill$ ) wat] & put on ! fire to boil4 ,mean:ile1 twelve d\ble h&fuls ( corn 7 p\nd$ 9 ! corn mort>2 usually we p\nd$ ?ree or f\r d\ble h&fuls at a "t4 ,?is began aft] breakfa/2 x 0 "w & made u wom5 sweat4 ,! corn 0 h>d1 ripe corn1 yell[ or :ite4 8,^! twelve d\ble h&fuls 7 ?r[n into ! pot ( n[ boil+ wat]1 & boil$ = half an h\r4 ,z !re 0 no grease 9 ! pot1 we _h to /ir ! cont5ts ) a smoo? /ick to keep f /ick+4 8,z ! corn boil$ a scummy sub/ance w\ld rise to ! top4 ,to ?is ! woman cook+ w\ld t\* ! po9t ( h] horn spoon1 & c>ry x to h] tongue & lick x (f4 ,:5 %e c\ld ta/e t x 0 /icky en\gh1 %e knew t x 0 "t to add beans4 ,x took1 z ,i h said1 ab\t half an h\r = ! corn to boil to ?is po9t4 8,%e n[ add$ "s spr+ salt4 ,?is is alkal9e salt :i* we ga!r$ ab\t ! m\? ( spr+s4 ,x 0 :ite4 ,! woman put "s ( ?is salt 9 a cup & made a /rong liquor--9 old times in/ead ( a cup %e us$ a horn spoon4 ,%e n[ add$ ! salt liquor to ! mess4 ,x took ab\t en\gh ( ?is :ite salt to make a heap+ tablespoonful to "o pot ( ?is corn mess4 ,z ! salt liquor 0 p\r$ into ! pot1 ! woman held h] h& ov] ! m\? ( ! cup1 s t if any pieces ( grass or o!r refuse 7 9 x1 !y w\ld be /ra9$ out by h] f+]s4 8,! corn :5 x is p\nd$ does n p\nd ev5ly2 & s :5 x 0 put into ! pot1 ! f9] "p ( ! meal 0 cook$ fir/4 ,?is rose to ! top1 & 9 old times 0 skimm$ (f4 ,! co>s] p>ts ( ! meal took long] to cook2 b ! skimm$-(f "p1 :5 ! o!r 0 done1 0 p\r$ back into ! pot aga94 8,:5 ! p\nd$ corn meal _h n[ all cook$ & ! salt _h be5 add$1 ! beans 7 put 9--r$1 spott$1 black1 or %ield-figur$1 we did n h :ite beans 9 v old times2 !y 7 br\ght 9 by :ite m54 ,! pot 0 n[ let boil until ! beans 7 done4 ,beans 7 always add$ to ! pot4 8,a pot ( corn meal & beans 0 almo/ always on ! fire 9 ! lodge4 ,! boys ( ! lodge lik$ to come ar\nd :5 ! corn 0 cook+ & dip horn spoons into ! ?ick1 ris+ liquor1 & lick x (f z ,i h describ$ ! woman do+ z %e cook$4 8,x 0 ?is /icky1 ris+ liquor tak5 (f ! boil+ corn to keep & return to x1 t 0 us$ to rub ov] a newly made pot4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! pot 0 ready to boil corn 94 8,aft] us+ a pot1 x 0 usually rubb$ ov] ) ! residue ( ! boil$ corn meal1 or mu%1 because ?is made ! pot look bett] & la/ long]4 8,! skimm$-(f liquor f a pot ( boil+ corn meal 0 also f$ to a baby ^: "m _h di$1 & ^: family c\ld n hire a woman to nurse x40 #ag ,measur+ f c5t] ( corn hill to c5t] ( next corn hill4--,g4 ,l4 ,w4 #ah 8,i h rais$ :ite beans mo/ly ( late ye>s because x is easi] to sell !m to :ite m54 ,?is summ]1 h[ev] 7#aiac71 ,i plant$ sev]al acres also to o!r k9ds ( our ,hidatsa beans1 r$1 black1 spott$4 8,i f9d t ! black beans h yield$ be/1 next ! r$1 !n ! spott$1 la/ ( all ! :ite4 ,i h obs]v$ be=e t ?is is true2 t black beans yield ! mo/40--,,wolf ,,*ief #ai ,sl\gh grass1 a species ( ,sp>t9a4 #bj ,buffalobird-woman "h means a ?ree-section /age4 ,a /age ( f\r sections w\ld be =ty feet or m 9 l5g?4--,g4 ,l4 ,w4 #ba 8,! fir/ t rakes are m5tion$ 9 ! /ories ( my tribe s f> z ,i "k1 is 9 ! tale ( #8,! ,gr&son4' ,!re is a little lake d[n ne> ,%ort ,riv] :]e liv$ an old magic woman1 :om we call ,old-woman-:o-nev]-dies4 ,!re is a level piece ( gr\nd ne> by1 ab\t five miles long by "o & a half mile wide4 ,?is flat l& 0 ! g>d5 ( ,old-woman-:o-nev]-dies4 ,h] s]vants 7 ! de] t ?rong$ ! ne>-by timb]4 ,^! de] work$ h] g>d5 = h]4 ,all buck de] h horns2 & ) _! horns ! de] rak$ up ! we$s & refuse ( ,old-woman-:o-nev]-dies's g>d54 8,n[ de] %$ _! horns4 ,old-woman-:o-nev]-dies got ^! %$ horns & b\nd !m on /icks & s we got our fir/ rakes4 ,h] gr&son saw :at %e did & aft]w>ds taught ! p to make rakes also4 8,9 lat] times we le>n$ to make rakes ( a% wood in/ead ( horns2 b we /ill reckon ! tee? to mean ! t9es ( a de]'s antl]4 ,sometimes de] h six1 sometimes sev5 t9es on an antl]4 ,s we make our a% rakes1 "s ) six1 "s ) sev5 tee?4 8,if ! ,gr&son _h n se5 :at 8 gr&mo!r did1 we ,hidatsas w\ld nev] h kn[n h[ to make rakes1 ei!r ( horn or ( a% wood40--,,wolf ,,*ief 7told 9 #aiaj74 #bb 8,9 my tribe 9 old times1 "s m5 help$ _! wives 9 _! g>d5s4 ,o!rs did n4 ,^? :o did n help _! wives talk$ aga9/ ^? :o did1 say+1 #8,t man's wife makes him h] s]vant6' 8,& ! o!rs retort$1 #8,look1 t man puts all ! h>d "w on 8 wife6' 8,m5 7 n alike2 "s did n l to "w 9 ! g>d5 at all1 & c>$ = no?+ b to g ar\nd visit+ or to be (f on a hunt4 8,my fa!r1 ,small ,ankle1 lik$ to g>d5 & (t5 help$ 8 wives4 ,he told me t t 0 ! be/ way to d4 #8,:atev] y d1' he said1 #8help y\r wife 9 all ?+s6' ,he taught me to clean ! g>d51 to help ga!r ! corn1 to hoe1 & to rake4 8,my fa!r said t t man liv$ be/ & _h pl5ty to eat :o help$ 8 wife4 ,"o :o did n help 8 wife 0 likely to h scanty /ores ( food40--,,wolf ,,*ief 7told 9 #aiaj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces #a4 ,,h]b]t ,g4 ,,lampson1 ,a ,/udy on ! ,spread ( ,tub]culosis 9 ,families4 #aiac4 #j4ej4 #b4 ,,julius ,v4 ,,h(man1 ,! ,importance ( ,se$ ,*>act]i/ics 9 ! ,natural ,reproduction ( ,conif]\s ,=e/s4 ,9 press4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature #a4 ,,e/h] ,l4 ,,sw5son1 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,composition & ,/ructure ( ,ludus ,cov5triae2 ,,h>d9 ,,craig1 ,note on ! ,home ( ,ludus ,cov5triae4 #aiad4 #j4ej4 #b4 ,,elm] ,,edg> ,,/oll1 ,o!llo3 ,an ,hi/orical & ,comp>ative ,/udy4 #aiae4 #j4ej4 #c4 ,,colb]t ,,se>les1 ,les ,s5tim5ts de l',acadmie ,franaise sur le ,cid3 ,edition ( ! ,text1 ) an ,introduction4 #aiaf4 #a4jj4 #d4 ,,paul ,,edw>d ,,kretzmann1 ,! ,liturgical ,elem5t 9 ! ,e>lie/ ,=ms ( ! ,m$ieval ,drama4 #aiaf4 #a4jj4 #e4 ,,ar?ur ,,j]rold ,,tieje1 ,! ,!ory ( ,*>act]ization 9 ,prose ,fiction prior to #agdj4 #aiaf4 #j4ge4 ,,curr5t ,,problems #a4 ,,william ,,&]son1 ,! ,"w ( ,public ,s]vice ,commissions4 #aiac4 #j4ae4 #b4 ,,b5jam9 ,f4 ,,pitt5g]1 ,rural ,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5ts 9 ,m9nesota ,high ,s*ools4 #aiad4 #j4ae4 #c4 ,,g]h>d ,a4 ,,gesell1 ,m9nesota ,public ,utility ,rates4 #aiad4 #j4be4 #d4 ,l4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,weld1 ,social & ,economic ,survey ( a ,community 9 ! ,r$ ,riv] ,valley4 #aiae4 #j4be4 #e4 ,,gu/av ,p4 ,,w>b]1 ,social & ,economic ,survey ( a ,community 9 ,nor!a/]n ,m9nesota4 #aiae4 #j4be4 #f4 ,,joseph ,b4 ,,pike1 ,bullet9 = ,tea*]s ( ,lat94 #aiae4 #j4be4 #g4 ,,augu/ ,c4 ,,krey1 ,bullet9 = ,tea*]s ( ,hi/ory4 #aiae4 #j4be4 #h4 ,,c>l ,,s*l5k]1 ,bullet9 = ,tea*]s ( ,g]man4 #aiaf4 #j4be4 #i4 ,,william ,,watts ,,folwell1 ,economic ,addresses4 ,9 press4